CDP Report: Marseille Immigration Reception Facility

MARSEILLE IMMIGRATION RECEPTION FACILITY JACK PRESCOTT

Introduction Page 5

Brief/Concept Page 17

Design Narrative Page 79

Technical and Environmental Page 111

CONTENTS

Cost Appraisal

Page 133

(1)

INTRODUCTION

Introduction

(2) 8

Introduction

CROSSING THE MEDITERRANEAN: A FATAL JOURNEY

The Mediterranean Region has seen an upsurge in migrants fleeing persecution, conflict and poverty. A record number are set to drown this year if the current death rate remains unchecked, after 10 times as many lost their lives during the first three months of 2015 as during the dame period in 2014 (International Organisation for Migration, 2015). Syrians and Eritreans represent the highest percentage of migrants that have arrived on the Island of Lampedusa this past year. Deaths have amplified this last year, largely due to the number of migrants attempting to cross the Mediterranean which has led to fatalities. Reasons for this are not clear, but could be due to escalating numbers of migrants attempting to reach Europe. In 2014, 112,000 fluctuating numbers of migrants were discovered by Italian authorities. Policies now reflect prioritisation as being search and rescue, this is in response to the high numbers across the Mediterranean. This has led to many thousands of lives being saved.

Although measures are now in place global figures still do not portray the accurate rate of fatalities, as many of the unrecorded deaths may occur in the remote areas of the region.

It has been reported that boats and the people on board have been lost at sea without there being any details of their death ever being recorded. It has been estimated by some experts that for every deceased person found on urbanised land that two other people are never found (Weber and Pickering, 2011).

9

Introduction

100 MEDITERRANEAN EAST AFRICA US/MEXICO BORDER BAY OF BENGAL HORN OF AFRICA SOUTH-EAST ASIA SAHARA CARIBBEAN SOUTH AFRICA OTHER

(taken from IOM calculations and Grant, S)

10

200

300 3,072

Introduction At the heart of many political and humanitarian debates are issues related to borderedrelated deaths. It is claimed by many that there is a soaring “human cost� connected to border control policies of many of the European States. It has been professed that the increase in deaths is due to migrants looking to move covertly along the more dangerous routes in order to prevent detection from the authorities. The migrants turn to smugglers to gain entry through sometimes treacherous waters in order to evade the stringent entry requirements. This only opens up a new set of dangers as it can often put the migrant at risk of abuse extortion and in many cases lead to fatalities (UNODC, 2011).

The indiscretion of this type of migration means that authorities are often unaware of what is happening and therefore cannot offer protection to the migrant thus leaving the migrants vulnerable to the criminal offenders who will only seek to profit from now what has become very lucrative process (Esses, et al, 2013). Furthermore, after closure of Mare Nostrum, an EU funded search and rescue vessel and Europe’s only Immigration Reception Facility in Lampedusa, Italy these figures are going to increase (Moorhead, 2014). This report will demonstrate how I will attempt to tackle this current issue surrounding immigration in the Mediterranean, through our group urban strategy and the introduction of an Immigration Reception Facility in Marseille.

11

Introduction

HISTORICAL ANALYSIS: MIGRATION IN THE LATE 19TH CENTURY

Flow of Immigrants 12

(3)

High Medium Low

Introduction

MARSEILLE HISTORY

Since the 19th Century (partly due to its geographical location) Marseille has become a major first point of settlement for a diverse group of migrants. This is what makes it more distinct and sets it apart from other French cities. As seen in the analysis diagram opposite it became a staging post for long distance migrations from all over the world (mainly the Mediterranean).

The port itself had many assets during this time period. Economic players, industrial development and new markets opening up the colonial empire. Furthermore the inauguration in 1869 of the Suez Canal boosted sea exchanges. It became the “Gateway to the East�. It became a major industrial city in 1872 when ship repairs took off. It was ranked fourth in the world (behind Liverpool, New York and London) as it attracted new activities and a permanent import-export trade (Aissaoui, 2008).

13

Introduction

HISTORICAL ANALYSIS: MARSEILLE AND FRENCH DECOLONISATION SINCE 1943

FRENCH TERRITORIES Decolonised Countries and Territories Departments and Overseas Territories RATE OF FLOW Very High High Medium Low (4) 14

Introduction During the second half of the twentieth century Marseille was affected by global phenomena that had implications for this port city opening up to the Mediterranean. The city did not recover very easily from the destruction of the Second World War. The port industry declined rapidly whose major operation veered away from Fos. Additionally it was subjected to the shock of decolonisation from both an economic and migratory point of view.

In 1962 the city took in numerous Algerian immigrants and a large workforce from the Maghreb region. These people were housed in new buildings at the time in districts North and East of the city. Urbanisation spread up into the hills and then across them to form what is in fact a vast agglomeration joining up cities of Aix, Martigues and Aubagne. The metropolitan area has more than 1.5 million people living, studying and working in it. However there is mixed views of it. On one hand there is a poor city characterised by criminal gangs but on the other hand there is an attractive, lively city where culture and tourism have become prime factors for economic development (Maussen, 2009).

15

Introduction

(5) 16

Introduction Marseille is a vibrant port city and has been for centuries. It has had very strong connections with the rest of the Mediterranean for a long time, and has had a particularly strong connection with the Maghreb region throughout. The French conquests of 1830 onward saw the colonisation of Algeria and Marseille has therefore been deemed as the key ‘gateway’ to Europe for North Africa ever since. The Nazi occupation of Marseille during the Second World War caused many North Africans to flea the country, however the liberation of France and in turn, Marseille, encouraged their return along with over a million further immigrants to France. Furthermore, following the independence of Algeria in 1962, the city saw the influx of around 150,000 Algerians, many of whom have since stayed, contributing to Marseille’s diverse demography (Maussen, 2009).

17

BRIEF AND CONCEPT DEVELOPMENT

Major Container Ports Secondary Ports

Brief/Concept 20

Marseille

Brief/Concept

URBAN DESIGN STRATEGY: ARRIVAL, OPPORTUNITY, INTEGRATION As a way of tackling the Mediterranean immigration issue, the urban design strategy consists of signing Marseille up to a network of secondary ports across the Mediterranean as shown in the model I made opposite. Throughout history, port cities have been vibrant places, with thriving economies due to their trade which brought with them migrants from all over. In recent years however containerisation has seen the overnight decline of many port cities as investment has been plunged into a small number of large ports and secondary port cities have subsequently suffered.

The project proposes a series of freeports within secondary port cities within the Mediterranean. As part of the wider proposal for Marseille as an independent city state to join the Arab Maghreb Union, Marseille will be home to one of these freeports. Along with the free movement of goods within a new network of port cities, will be the free movement of people. This in turn will reinvigorate the economies of these cities within the Mediterranean celebrating the arrival of migrants, offer the opportunities of enterprise and ultimately aid in the integration into existing communities.

21

Brief/Concept

22

The ‘Arab Maghreb Union’ was formally established in 1989 to construct political and economic unity between member nations. Although relatively small in terms of population [88million in 2012], it is home to large phosphate, oil, and gas reserves is a ‘transit centre to southern Europe’

Algeria

Mauritania has the lowest population

within the region and is the poorest with is GDP per capita sitting at just $2200 USD. Its slavery has been deemed a human rights issue [human rights watch]. It has had links with France for a long time from whom it gained independence in 1960.

as with the majority of the Maghreb, was occupied by the French and was only liberated during the mid-twentieth century. Therefore its French influence can still be felt today. The links between the two countries have been recently strengthened with the 2006 nuclear power agreement which will see the creation of a new plant operational from 2019.

Morocco

Libya is the second smallest to Mauritania

Brief/Concept

Tunisia

in terms of population but is significantly more wealthy with its GDP per capita sitting at $14,100 USD. Its oil reserves have arguably put the country in the international spotlight for decades, however its more recent unrest of 2011 during the Arab Spring saw the country plunged into turmoil and the outbreak of a full-scale revolt.

MARSEILLE & THE MAGHREB

has had strong links with France and Spain for centuries having been occupied by both simultaneously.

The’Kingdom of Morocco’ was founded in 1956 when the country gained independence, however influences of both nations still live on. Marseille is twinned with Marrakech

has probably the strongest and most long standing links with France with it being one of its longest held overseas territories. Marseille is home to over 150,000 Algerians - which is the most of all foreign nationalities at 18% of its population.

Marseille has had connections with the Maghreb Region for many years, which has lead many commentators to suggest that it’s associations with Africa are stronger than those with Europe.

23

Brief/Concept

24

North Marseille City State Joins in 2014

Brief/Concept

MARSEILLE JOINS THE AMU

Formed in 1988

Marseille has had connections with the Maghreb region throughout history and coupled with growing the political tensions within France currently, Marseille is conveying a disconnect with the establishment of Paris which is stronger than ever. With a significant portion of the population of the city being migrants who do not have the right to vote, and the mainstream parties facing pressure from the far right to reduce further, public sector provision, the needs of the currently disjointed and impoverished communities are not likely to be met in future years.

The project proposes the establishment of Northern Marseille as an independent city state and a member of the Arab Maghreb Union. There will be free movement of goods and labour within the union a new government elected by everyone currently residing in North Marseille.

25

Brief/Concept

26

The Marseille Immigration Reception Facility is embedded within the urban design strategy located to the North of Marseille in one of the infamous northern ‘quartiers’. This will become the new immigration hub for these new migrant communities arriving whilst also dealing with the social tensions of the existing migrant colonies living in tough high rise tower blocks.

Brief/Concept

LOCATION

27

FACTSHEET Brief/Concept

•

The city has seen North Africans (Arab and Berber) between the two World Wars; SubSaharan Africans after WW2; immigrants from Algeria, Morocco, and Tunisia (the Maghreb)in 1962 onwards and the

OTHER

Pied-Noirs (people with French/European ancestry) from the former French Algeria and then immigrants from Comoros

OTHER

TURKEY

TURKEY

EU

EU

MAGHREB

MAGHREB

followed (98% Sunni Muslim).

•

Marseille’s ethnic diversity is seen as an inspiration to many as it was awarded the European Capital of Culture in 2013.

•

The Port of Marseille offers services to Corsica, Sardinia, Algeria and Tunisia.This traditional activity, with a long history, is continuing to increase.

•

Marseille is now said to be 30% to 40% Muslim as Jean Claude Gaudin says “We are reinventing ourselves as a modern metropolis. We have tradition of respecting different nationalities, even when it isn’t easy”

28

% OF IMMIGRANT POPULATION OF MARSEILLE BY COUNTRY OF ORIGIN

% OF IMMIGRANT POPULATION OF MARSEILLE BY COUNTRY OF ORIGIN (World Population Review, 2014)

% OF IMMIGRANT POPULATION OF MARSEILLE BY COUNTRY OF ORIGIN MAGHREB

% OF IMMIGRANT POPULATION OF MARSEILLE BY COUNTRY OF ORIGIN

‘A MELTING POT’ % OF UNEMPLOYMENT IN MARSEILLE WITH A MIGRANT BACKGROUND

% OF MUSLIM PEOPLE IN MARSEILLE

4000

Brief/Concept

% OF UNEMPLOYMENT IN MARSEILLE WITH A MIGRANT BACKGROUND

(Greenfield, 2014)

% OF UNEMPLOYMENT IN MARSEILLE WITH A MIGRANT BACKGROUND

AMOUNT OF MIGRANTS ENTERING MARSEILLE EACH YEAR

Marseille is one of the Mediterranean’s most important ports and throughout its long history, many nationalities have docked there and been assimilated into the city, turning it into a cultural melting pot. Marseille is a hive for immigrants trying to find space for their new lives and old culture, even as both evolve into something different.

4000

There are currently five passenger ferries that arrive into the Port of Marseille everyday.

Records have been broken once again this year, with 2.4 million passengers travelling through the port (up 4% compared to 2013).

The Tanit, the Mediterranean’s largest ferry, began operating to Tunisia during 2013, boosting traffic to the country by 10%, while traffic to Algeria fell 11%.

Marseille its position AMOUNT OF MIGRANTS ENTERING MARSEILLE EACHconfirmed YEAR as France’s leading cruise port with numbers up 10% to 890,000 pax. The number of passengers taking cruises with Marseille as their home port was up 18% in 2012 and they represented 35% % OF SOCIAL HOUSING FOR MIGRANT WORKERS IN SECOND DISTRICT of all passengers, up 2% on the previous year % OF SOCIAL HOUSING FOR MIGRANT WORKERS IN SECOND DISTRICT (Moore, 2014).

4000

(Moore,AMOUNT 2014) OF MIGRANTS ENTERING MARSEILLE EACH YEAR

29

Brief/Concept Marine Le Pen’s Front National Party has gained popularity in recent years, with its vocal attitude towards the strengthening of anti-immigration policy 30

Front National posters reflect the party’s strong anti-immigration views.

(6)

Brief/Concept

WELCOMING IMMIGRATION

The gap between the ideology of the French far right and social landscape of Marseille is widening and the rise of the ‘Front National’ Party is a reflection of this. With Marine Le Pen as leader of the party publicly declaring her disdain for the needs of ethnic minorities, many in Marseille are the target of her campaign. During a time where Muslims in France have been forced to pray on the streets due to a shortage in Mosques, Pen denounced such activity, deeming it to be ‘public disorder’ (Lichfield, 2015).

The far right are avid campaigners against immigration and are keen to associate the social problems within France and particularly Marseille with those originally from overseas.

The project aims strongly to aid in solving these issues from a polar opposite stand point.

The proposal welcomes further immigration and relies upon the rise of new industry and enterprise, stimulated by a new freeport and an agreement with the Maghreb to provide jobs as well as public services funded by the new city state.

31

Brief/Concept

(7) 32

Brief/Concept

CULTURE SHOCK: BREAKING DOWN THE BARRIER

Culture shock is the personal disorientation a person may feel when experiencing an unfamiliar way of life due to immigration or upon visiting a new country. There are four phases: 1) Honeymoon 2) Negotiation/Frustration 3) Adjustment 4) Mastery The barriers listed below contribute to causing culture shock: - language barrier - generation gap - information overload - technology gap - skill independance - homesickness There is no true way to entirely prevent culture shock as individuals in any society are personally affected by cultural contrasts differently (Ward et al, 2005). However the Marseille Immigration Reception Facility will attempt to break down the barriers concerned with culture shock as will see in the next chapter.

33

Brief/Concept

(8) 34

Brief/Concept

HISTORICAL PRECEDENT: ELLIS ISLAND NEW YORK, USA

Ellis Island has two faces. It was seen as “THE ISLAND OF HOPE” for many as one side faces the Statue of Liberty, a welcoming beacon and gateway symbolising a new promised land.

It was also seen as the “THE ISLE OF TEARS” with the other side facing Lower Manhattan with it’s densely packed grey buildings, forbidding as it was beckoning.

The two faces reflected government policy for immigrant processing. Newcomers from first/second class passed straight through whilst the rest had to pass through Ellis Island.

Admitting the fit and excluding the weak and hopeless (Hine et al, 1997). It was designed to intimidate while it inspired also (seen as a “palace” welcoming newcomers).

The following page analyses the journey the migrant took through the building having read a number of short stories within the book “Ellis Island: Echoes from a Nation’s Past” by

by Lewis Hine et al. Although this was a very harsh way of immigrant processing, the fact that it created a set of visually charged spaces that evoked memory on the migrant and that it was the first architectural experience of this new promised land is what I want to take forward into my design.

35

HOPE

ANTICIPATION

DESPERATION/ ANXIOUSNESS

HUMILIATION

Rejected and sent back

FEAR

ELATION

“Stairs of Separation”

Brief/Concept

9

10

8

Detention

Legal Inspection 11 Money Exchange 1

2 Baggage Room

3

Social Workers

4 Registry Room “Great Hall of Judgement”

12 “Kissing Post”

Ticket Office

6

5 Medical Examination

7 Hospital/ Quarantine 36

CRITICAL ANALYSIS OF MIGRANT JOURNEY

2

3

4

5

6

Immigrants disembark ship, lined up in front of main door underneath a metal canopy which was oppresively large and formed into groups.

Immigrant’s leave baggage before going upstairs for processing - however robberies did occur here.

Brief/Concept

1

At the top of the stairs an inspector stamps ID cards and doctor waits at top of stairs to keep an eye on weaknesses or illness however immigrants unaware.

Immigrants enter “Great Hall of Judgement” which was their first architectural experience. There was a great deal of waiting here as people moved slowly along aisles of iron railings (replaced by benches in 1900). ”Herded like cattle” during this phase.

(9)

“Great Hall of Judgement”

The medical area instilled fear into the immigrant. INSPECTION - CLASSIFICATION LABELLING, elevated perch officials detects immigrants opposed to bathing whilst others check for illness/disease. Some immigrants had to strip in an open room which was humiliating. they were then labelled with chalk.

Immigrants who passed the six-second exam continued through the maze of metal rails toward the far end of the hall for the legal inspection.

(10)

Tough Medical Inspection 37

HOPE

ANTICIPATION

DESPERATION/ ANXIOUSNESS

HUMILIATION

Rejected and sent back

FEAR

ELATION

“Stairs of Separation”

Brief/Concept

9

10

8

Detention

Legal Inspection 11 Money Exchange 1

2 Baggage Room

3

Social Workers

4 Registry Room “Great Hall of Judgement”

12 “Kissing Post”

Ticket Office

6

5 Medical Examination

7 Hospital/ Quarantine 38

CRITICAL ANALYSIS OF MIGRANT JOURNEY

8

9

10

11

12

Immigrants who were marked were taken out of the line and kept for further examination and sent to the hospital and quarantine areas.

One by one, the passengers were called forward to speak with a uniformed inspector seated on a tall stool behind a high desk. Interpreters helped the immigrants communicate however this was traumatic for the immigrants as they were seen as being interogated.

Brief/Concept

7

The immigrants arrived at the top of another staircase at the other end of the Great Hall. This staircase had three aisles. Immigrants who were being detained were often brought down the center aisle. People who were traveling west or south walked down the right side of the staircase. Those going to New York City or to the north walked down the left side.

Legal detainees lived in a dormitory room on the third floor. These were more like pens and they werre very overcrowded.

They might wait a few days or even a month. Then their case would be reviewed in the Hearing Room but ost likely they were sent back via ferry/ship.

(11)

“Stairs of Separation”

(12)

“Kissing Post”

A post office, a ticketing office for the railways, and social workers to help the immigrants who needed assistance. There was also an office to exchange money.

This is where family and friends waited for their loved ones. After months or years apart, they kissed and hugged and shouted with joy and relief.

39

Brief/Concept 40

“Memory is not about remembering a fact or about recalling information. Memory is the complete intellectual and emotional immersion in the event itself. It is about understanding in depth the consequences of the event both backwards and forwards in history. It has to resonate in the soul. Without that resonance we would just be machines, robots with no empathy or understanding about what those facts mean for ourselves or for others. Memory is a key dimension for orientation in our lives, and architecture is all about orientating people.�

Daniel Libeskind

Brief/Concept

MEMORY

I want to create a set of visually charged spaces that will trigger memorable moments for the migrant as they move through the building. I want to engage memory through the visceral experience of the migrant by intensifying their emotions. I believe memory is a fundamental way to orient the emotion, the mind and the soul. These emotions initially will not be positive for the migrant as I want to create a sense of anticipation and trepidation but then will open out into soothing spaces taking them on an emotional journey.

This will be done through light, through proportions, through acoustics, through materials, and through the language of architecture.

41

Brief/Concept

(13) 42

Brief/Concept

CURRENT PRECEDENT: LAMPEDUSA IMMIGRANT RECEPTION CENTRE ISLAND OF LAMPEDUSA, ITALY Lampedusa Immigrant Reception Centre is seen as “THE ISLAND OF HOPE” for migrants of North Africa crossing the Africa-Europe border across the Mediterranean in search of a better life (Davies, 2013).

It has become a primary European entry point and place of “transit” for the migrants of North Africa and afar. The compassionate welcome from islanders is at odds with Italy’s harsh immigration laws. It was a successful as a reception centre up until 2009 where an unexpected increase in migrants caused overcrowded conditions and since forced its closure. It is the first step in a registration process that can take up to one month and is a closed “contention” facility guarded by police (World Health Organisation, 2011).

The following page analyses the journey the migrant took through the building. This was done after reading the Parliamentary Assembly Council of Europe Report on Lampedusa in 2011. Although this centre diminished due to overcrowding, I was able to take a lot of the successful processes involved forward and implement them within my scheme.

43

HOPE

INITIAL EUPHORIA

ANTICIPATION

HUMILIATION

FEAR

ELATION

Brief/Concept

7 5 Asylum Detention Centre

2 1

Identification and Asylum Separation Zone

Cultural and Linguistic Mediation

Asylum Temporary Accomdation 8

6 7

Disinfectant Zone - Cleaning and Environmental Hygiene Services

Admin Temporary Accomdation

Pschosocial assistance

9

Catering

3 Medical

Quarantine

Short Term Healthcare 4 Temp. Accom and Expulsion

Rejected and sent back CRITICAL ANALYSIS OF MIGRANT JOURNEY 44

2

3

4

5

Immigrants disembark boats and as each boat arrived at the port, anxious smiles were clearly visible on the faces of the migrants. Some dropped to their knees and prayed on the edge of the dock.

Migrants arrive at the dockside feeling ecstatic that they have arrived. They are then identified and separated if they are an asylum seeker. They are channelled into one or the other depending on either bus during transfers.

Migrants are screened and quarantined if theey have a contagious disease. There is also basic emergency medical care and referred to specialised health centres if the condition is bad.

Brief/Concept

1

(14)

Arrival of migrants onto dockside

(15)

Medical Inspection

Those with infectious diseases will be housed in separate accomodation in the expulsion centre were they will be treated until they get deported.

For the migrants seeking asylum they enter the Asylum detention centre, that usually means long waiting hours. It can be quite harsh for them when they have to wait for an entire day to shower and change their clothes, after coming by sea all the way from Libya.

45

HOPE

INITIAL EUPHORIA

ANTICIPATION

HUMILIATION

FEAR

ELATION

Brief/Concept

7 5 Asylum Detention Centre

2 1

Identification and Asylum Separation Zone

Cultural and Linguistic Mediation

Asylum Temporary Accomdation 8

6 7

Disinfectant Zone - Cleaning and Environmental Hygiene Services

Admin Temporary Accomdation

Pschosocial assistance

9

Catering

3 Medical

Quarantine

Short Term Healthcare 4 Temp. Accom and Expulsion

Rejected and sent back CRITICAL ANALYSIS OF MIGRANT JOURNEY 46

7

8

9

Recent reports emerged that refugees were made to stand naked in the open air while waiting to be sprayed for scabies were described as being like ‘a concentration camp’.

Brief/Concept

6

Migrants are first processed by Italian police at Lampedusa’s two centres and are given hot meals, access to showers and beds. The centre has a capacity of 800 beds however in recent years due to the influx there was a total of 2800 at one point and it became overcrowded so tents were used.

(16)

Recent protests regarding unsanitary conditions

(17)

Accomodation Facilities

Italian police on Lampedusa told IRIN that migrants are issued with new shoes and clothes before they leave the holding centres. Futhermore there is cultural and linguistic mediation as well as pschosocial assitance if need be. Also migrants will be catered for.

A designated ferry then transports migrants from Lampedusa to Sicily several times a week. Next, they are allocated to holding centres in places such as Mineo, Naples or Bari, where it takes 7-30 days to receive a six-month visa.

47

Brief/Concept

(18)

48

Brief/Concept

ADAPTABILITY

The main reason for the failing of the Lampedusa reception centre in Italy was due to an influx in Syrian refugees in 2008 (Tayler, 2014). The centre became overcrowded as a result. Therefore it is integral for my design to be capable of expanding and adapting to cope with with an increase in occupancy level in the future.

Poetically an architectural expression I would like to make would be for the ad-hoc modular structure to expand southwards “engulfing” and finally inhabiting the ground floor of Zaha Hadid’s CMA CGM Tower. The CMA CGM has a large ship container trade, one of the third biggest in the world. In essence there are two opposite trades occupying the same land. One being a building to welcome the people from the poorest continent in the world whilst the other is the result of modern capitalism. It is therefore my intention to completely ignore the CMA CGM Tower and expand these modules southwards, even touching the Tower as if it wasn’t even there. Similar to the congregating of slums around expensive high rise accommodation in Mumbai.

(19)

Zaha Hadid’s CMA CGM Tower 49

E SITE

Brief/Concept

50

With the amount of migrant deaths rising over the past year whilst crossing the fatal Mediterranean Sea in search of a better life, EU leaders hold a crisis summit to seek a solution to this current political dilemma. The Marseille Immigration Reception Facility is an alternative route the EU could take in tackling this current immigration issue.

PRIMARY ROUTE PULLING EXISTING COMMUNITIES DOWN BOULEVARD

CREATING A NEW SECONDARY ROUTE

CONNECTION TO CITY

Brief/Concept

OUTLINE

As part of a wider urban design strategy consisting of signing Marseille up to a network of secondary ports across the Mediterranean, making them into freeports thus allowing the free movement of labour and goods between them. This in turn will reinvigorate the economies of these cities within the Mediterranean celebrating the arrival of migrants, offer the opportunities of enterprise and ultimately aid in the integration into existing communities.

The Marseille Immigration Reception Facility will be the transitional phase from ‘Arrival’ into ‘Opportunity’. As you can see the current masterplan concept shows the powerful route that was created to pull existing segregated communities down through the boulevard enticing them with services such as education and market place, echoeing notions of Brick Lane in Spitalfields.

I will now propose that this design will create a new secondary route connecting the initial point of entry to the new key ‘Opportunity’ phase which will provide accommodation and employment for these new migrant communities.

51

Brief/Concept

(20) 52

POSITION The initial reasoning for the position of Marseille’s Immigration Reception Facility delved into the notion of chaos and order. Where the flyover interweaves appears very chaotic with either side the current masterplan has attempted, in essence to create order to these new migrant settlers.

Brief/Concept

“CONFLICT OF CULTURES”

On the other hand it can be noted that these two concepts can mean the total opposite. The flyover could be perceived as an astonishing piece of engineering, ordering traffic to and from the city centre. Whilst the masterplan scheme containing an ad-hoc modular system with a souk market on ground floor level will be chaotic.

The positioning also relates well to the chaotic conflict between the emerging migrant and the French national.

53

% OF UNEMPLOYMENT IN MARSEILLE WITH A MIGRANT BACKGROUND

NUMBER OF PASSENGER FERRIES ARRIVING IN THE EAST PORT OF MARSEILLE EACH DAY

Brief/Concept

1500 4000

AMOUNT OF MIGRANTS ENTERING MARSEILLE EACH YEAR TOTAL PASSENGER FERRY CAPACITY

% OF SOCIAL HOUSING FOR MIGRANT WORKERS IN SECOND DISTRICT

% OF MIGRANTS THAT USE PASSENGER FERRIES DOCKING AT MARSEILLE FERRY TERMINAL (figures taken from Marseille Port Guide 2014)

1,500-3,500

ESTIMATED MAXIMUM NUMBER OF PEOPLE USING THE NEW IMMIGRATION RECEPTION BUILDING EACH DAY 54

MARSEILLE IMMIGRATION RECEPTION FACILITY

It was establshed early on in the project that my scheme would solely be an Immigration Reception Facility. Marseille’s current ferry terminal located southwards of the facility has only recently been built in 2013. It was therefore concluded that it would not be viable to create a new ferry terminal. Instead migrants travellling by ferry from the Maghreb-Arab Union and afar will arrive at Marseille’s ferry terminal before being placed on secondary smaller vessel. As you can see in the model opposite shows the route the migrant will take from Marseille’s ferry terminal to the Marseille’s new Immigration Reception Facility.

Brief/Concept

ROUTE

MARSEILLE FERRY TERMINAL 55

HOPE AND INITIAL EUPHORIA

ANTICIPATION

TREPIDATION/ FRUSTRATION

SERENITY

Sent back with greater knowledge and skills

Suitable Temporary Accomodation for Detainees and Asylum Seekers

Detention Facility

Brief/Concept

Catering migrants given food and water on arrival

Social, Culture and Linguistic Mediation

Border Control/Identification and Asylum Separation

Cleaning and Environmental Hygiene Services

TERMINAL SPACE

Quarantine for Contagious Diseases

Short Term Healthcare

Longer Term Healthcare and Treatment in Temporary Accomodation

56

Local Support Network - set migrants up with accomodation Money Exchange and Ticket Office for Tram

Medical Screening

Sent back with greater knowledge and understanding of

Educate and help migrants learn new skills

Immigration Lawcourts

EU Citizens arrive by ferry

Immigrants arrive by ferry/other form of boat

ELATION

Education about Illness and Health

EU Citizens will be able to walk straight through the building once past border control

Immigrants enter Opportunity Stage where there will be employment and accomodation

Brief/Concept

JOURNEY OF EMOTIONS AND CRITICAL PROCESSES

As shown in the diagram opposite is the critcal processes that will happen within the Marseille Immigration Reception Facility. It also shows the journey of emotions the migrant will take from arriving all the way through to leaving the building into the opportunity phase.

57

PORT FOR SMALLER ILLEGAL VESSELS

TEMPORARY HOUSING FOR MIGRANTS

HOLDING FACILITY

Brief/Concept

PRAYER ROOMS

BORDER CONTROL AND IDENTIFICATION

SHORT TERM HEALTHCARE

I M M I G R A N T S

SCREENING

CLEANING AND HYGIENE

KEY:

TEMPORARY HOUSING AND EDUCATION FOR SICK MIGRANTS

EXISTING SECTION

PROPOSED VOLUMETRIC SECTION STAGES

58

LAW COURT

LAW COURT

LAW COURT

CURRENCY EXCHANGE

QUARANTINE FOR CONTAGIOUS DISEASES

ARRIVAL

LAW COURT

CIVIC/TERMINAL SPACE

CATERING/RESTAURANTS EU CITIZENS

PORT FOR LARGER FERRIES

LAW COURT

“IN LIMBO”

CULTURAL AND LINGUISTIC MEDIAT

D TION

“KISSING POINT”

Brief/Concept

BRIDGE

SCHEDULE OF ACCOMODATION AND VOLUMETRICS

LOCAL SUPPORT NETWORKS - SET UP MIGRANTS WITH ACCOMODATION AND EMPLOYMENT

This is a diagram showing my initial intentions for the schedule of accomodation and spacial volumetrics of my design. As you will see as you begin to read this report some of these initial ideas have continued through to final design whereas certain parts have been abandoned.

“BRIDGE OF LIGHT”

OPPORTUNITY

59

Brief/Concept

60

Here are some early conceptual sketches of my scheme. Early intentions from the start was to create a linear building that would span from the initial entry point into the opportunity phase. Reorienting the site towards its own play of space. Ordering the site across lines which cut themselves off from the web. Paths started to cross and out of the block, buildings who’s vectors emerge. Firstly started looking into Daniel Libeskind’s early work especially ‘Berlin City Edge’, this project weaves in a tight structure of place and structure bearing the scars of history.

This linear structure is what I want to accentuate within my design.

Brief/Concept

EARLY CONCEPTUAL SKETCHES

61

CONCEPT PLAN ONE

Brief/Concept “KISSING POINT”

62

Brief/Concept

CONCEPT SECTION ONE

VOID

“KISSING POINT”

ARRIVAL

“IN LIMBO”

“BRIDGE OF LIGHT”

OPPORTUNITY

63

CONCEPT MODEL ONE

Brief/Concept 64

Brief/Concept

An initial idea was to have a chaotic entrance to the reception facility as way of expediting the honeymoon phase concerned with culture shock.

Here migrants would have to weave in between staggered steel structures before reaching the entrance. However this was later scrapped as it was decided that migrants will already feel chaotic mentally. Furthermore, the lawcourts intially stood in between the flyover now sit under the flyover as part of a new mini masterplan.

65

CONCEPT PLAN TWO

Brief/Concept “KISSING POINT”

66

Brief/Concept

CONCEPT SECTION TWO

VOID

“KISSING POINT”

ARRIVAL

“IN LIMBO”

“BRIDGE OF LIGHT”

OPPORTUNITY

67

CONCEPT PLAN THREE

Brief/Concept “KISSING POINT”

68

Brief/Concept

CONCEPT MODEL THREE

69

Brief/Concept

70

Brief/Concept The previous pages leading up to this shows how my initial conceptual designs have evolved.

Similar with this section its interesting to note the key ideas and emotions that have been taken right through up until the final design. As shown here in the sketch section the chaotic steel tubes ahve been abandoned and lawcourts have now moved underneath the flyover.

71

Brief/Concept

However it would this was scrapped and he sketch below was implemented where the migrant would exit down a private ramp as shown which would be more humane rather than a dark lift system that would also be very costly.

An obstacle that I had to overcome through designing the arrival building was the issue concerning privacy. As my intentions is dealing with breaking down the barrier concerned with culture shock, migrants that are rejected after screening would need to exit into the healthcare facility but in a way that would not be in full view of the public which would cause humiliation. One idea was create a lift system as shown in the sketch section which would take the migrant below ground where they would be screened and then exit on a different floor to the one they have just came through.

72

Brief/Concept

Here are some sketches showing the “Limbo� space beneath the flyover. The initial idea was to create a secondary flyover however road that is taken up by this space will be redirected instead.

One of the obstacles of this space was the layout.

I initially struggled as I wanted this space to be adaptable as it was going to change over time.

As shown abover is a more labyrinth style idea that I had at the start however this would not really be suitable or adaptable enough to cope with the demands of the space. Therefore as shown in the image to the right, a tartan grid was implemented whereby a modular system could be assembled that would tie in nicely with my architectural expressions of the space.

73

Brief/Concept 74

Here is an initial sketch of the modular system that would be used for the local support networks for employment and housing. The idea was to create a lightweight, cheaply clad metal as this “Limbo� space would become stateless sense of architecture. With the arrival and kissing point becoming bespoke, this space underneath the flyover is the uncertain period where the migrant will sort out their needs before finally crossing the transition into Marseille. Therefore I want this to be portrayed with the architectural qualities of the design. Below was an initial sketch of underneath the flyover, however this has now developed as you will see in the design narrative within the following chapter.

Brief/Concept

Left, shows an initial sketch for the transition bridge which will connect the “Limbo� stage to the kissing point over a set of train lines. The concept was to create set of contemplation spaces whereby the migrant will gather their thoughts just before they meet family and friends. This has developed with my final design however the kiosks running down the centre have been scrapped and instead a secondary border control will be implemented which is a more practical solution.

Below, shows the initial kissing point sketch. The main concept was the compression of the bridge. As migrants enter they will be overwhelmed and will heighten the sense of elation as they enter into a much taller, comfortable space. This has followed through into my final design and its interesting to look back once you have read the full report.

75

ARRIVAL AND SCREENING STRUCTURE

CONCEPTUAL SKETCH OF SCREENING FACILITIES

Brief/Concept 76

CULTURE AND LINGUISTIC MEDIATION PODS - “IN LIMBO”

Brief/Concept

CONCEPTUAL SKETCH OF LIMBO SPACE AND MEDIATION PODS

77

FUTURE EXPANSION OF TEMPORAL “LIMBO” STRUCTURE ENGULFING ZAHA’S CMA CGM TOWER

CONCEPTUAL SKETCH SHOWING THE ENGULFMENT OF THE CMA CGM TOWER

Brief/Concept 78

”KISSING POINT”

Brief/Concept

CONCEPTUAL SKETCH OF KISSING POINT

79

DESIGN NARRATIVE

SITE PLAN

Design Narrative

82

DIAGRAM LAWCOURTS

“KISSING POST”

WORKERS

OPPORTUNITY

Design Narrative

“IN LIMBO”

TRANSITION

BORDER CONTROL

OPPORTUNITY

HEALTH CARE

LIBRARY

ARRIVAL

HOLDING FACILITY

SCREENING

FUTURE EXPANSION

TEMPORARY ACCOMODATION

FUTURE EXPANSION

FUTURE EXPANSION

BAGGAGE RECLAIM LOST LUGGAGE CURRENCY EXCHANGE SHOPS CAFE TOILETS CULTURE & LINGUISTIC MEDIATION HOUSING SUPPORT NETWORKS EMPLOYMENT SUPPORT NETWORKS CRECHE PRAYER HALL

83

Design Narrative

84

Design Narrative

GROUND FLOOR PLAN

85

Design Narrative

86

Design Narrative

UPPER LEVEL PLAN

87

ARRIVAL

PROCESSING

“LIMBO”

Design Narrative

3

1 2

KEY: 1) DOCK FOR ILLEGAL/SMALLER VESSELS 2) DOCK FOR SPECIFIC FERRY 3) BAGGAGE STRUCTURE

88

KISSING POINT

OPPORTUNITY

ARRIVAL Although this will be the main dock for the vessel that will carry migrants arriving from Marseille’s Ferry Terminal, there will also be docking facilities for illegal vessels. However, it will be anticipated that if the urban design strategy is implemented then there will be a reduction in the amount of illegal vessels making the voyage to Europe.

Migrants will disembark vessels onto a 4m raised platform with an initial sense of hope and euphoria. Before entering Marseille’s Immigration Reception Facility, migrants will place their baggage onto a separate structure.

Design Narrative

TRANSITION

89

PROCESSING

ARRIVAL

3

Design Narrative

2 2 2 2 2

1

KEY: 1) ENTRANCE INTO STEPPED WAITING AREA 2) BORDER CONTROL 3) SUCCESSFUL MIGRANT ROUTE 4) UNSUCCESSFUL MIGRANT ROUTE 90

PROCESSING: BORDER CONTROL Migrants will then enter the processing phase.

There will be a build up of anticipation as migrants are identified at the primary border control. The intention of this space is a funnelling effect in which migrants are made to feel a sense of trepidation. The reason for this is to expedite the “Honeymoon� phase of culture shock. It is also to make the next part of the journey more soothing and memorable to the migrant as they enter the key space. If their is any legal complications and migrants are rejected they will exit discreetly down a staircase and into a holding facility. Migrants who exit this way will therefore not become embarrassed after being rejected. They will then be held in temporary accommodation whilst awaiting a tribunal that may take a number of weeks.

Design Narrative

4

91

PROCESSING

ARRIVAL

3 2 2 2

2

2

3

Design Narrative

2

2

2

2

2 2

2

1

KEY: 1) WAITING AREA 2) PRIVATE SCREENING ROOMS 3) SUCCESSFUL MIGRANT ROUTE 4) UNSUCCESSFUL MIGRANT ROUTE 92

PROCESSING: SCREENING Successful migrants will then enter the screening process. Migrants will enter the screening rooms were they will be met by a doctor who will determine whether they have short term health problems or whether they need to be quarantined for a contagious disease. Migrants with health problems will exit through a different passageway to a separate health care facility.

Again the design of the private exit is key in not making the migrant feel humiliated after finding out they have a health issue.

Design Narrative

4

93

ARRIVAL

“LIMBO”

PROCESSING

1

Design Narrative

11

2

11 5 16

5 6

8

5

7

9

5

5

5

6 15

10

6

6 6

14 13

12

94

3

4

6

KEY: 1) BAGGAGE RECLAIM 2) LEFT LUGGAGE 3) CURRENCY EXCHANGE 4) KIOSK 5) HOUSING SUPPORT NETWORK 6) EMPLOYMENT SUPPORT NETWORK 7) RESTAURANT 8) LOADING BAY 9) STOREROOM 10) STAFF ROOM 11) TOILETS 12) PRAYER HALL 13) CRECHE 14) LIBRARY 15) VENDING MACHINES 16) LEISURE AND GAMING AREA

Successful migrants will then enter the “Limbo” phase where they will reclaim their baggage. The reason for them being “in limbo” is because they haven’t yet entered France. In order to bypass the next border control they must firstly enrol into the housing support network and employment support network. Without these documents they will not be able to enter Marseille. Within this phase will be a currency exchange, kiosks and restaurant. Migrants will usually be spending a number of hours within this space so therefore leisure and gaming facilities will be provided together with a large library. As it is anticipated that many of the migrants passing through the facility will be Muslim, there will be a prayer hall that faces towards Mecca. Although it can be used by other religions too. For families that are passing through, a creche will be available to drop children off whilst they resolve local support network matters. Deliveries for the restaurant will take place to west side loading bay and placed into the storeroom. A tartan grid was implemented to lay out these adaptable modular systems as shown opposite.

Design Narrative

“LIMBO”: GROUND FLOOR

95

ARRIVAL

“LIMBO”

PROCESSING

18

17

Design Narrative

17

17 17

17 17

19

KEY: 17) CULTURE AND LINGUISTIC MEDIATION PODS 18) ENTRANCE FROM LAWCOURTS 19) EXIT TO TRANSITION PHASE 96

The mezzanine level consists of culture and linguistic mediation pods which are open and will ventilate the space. The concept of these pods was to give migrants with a no language skills a sense of dominance and superiority. Entrance from the lawcourts will be from the north. A subtle perforated edge separates the main space and transition phase whereby migrants will advance.

Design Narrative

“LIMBO�: MEZZANNINE LEVEL

97

ARRIVAL

Design Narrative 98

PROCESSING

“LIMBO”

Design Narrative

“LIMBO”: ROOF ISOMETRIC

99

ARRIVAL

PROCESSING

“LIMBO”

Design Narrative KEY: 1) ENTRANCE FROM LAWCOURTS 2) ENTRANCE FROM BAGGAGE RECLAIM 3) EXIT TO RESTAURANT 4) EXIT TO LOCAL SUPPORT NETWORKS 5) CURRENCY EXCHANGE 6) KIOSK 7) LIBRARY 100

1

2

5

6

4

3

7 N

The key space captures the Alhambra gardens meeting the souks of Marrakech. A tartan grid has been adopted to lay out the space. The intention of this space is to become soothing for the migrant as they have passed through the laborious processing phase. As you can see in the isometric opposite there is a grand entrance for the migrants from the lawcourts which is pivotal as it opens up this Rogers-esque viewpoint facing the library. This tall space consists of two courtyards, one stone and one light timber separated by a subtle, pure water feature that runs central to the core. Over the years in Northern Africa numerous wars have been fought over water and it is my intention to use water within this space as a way of bringing these migrants together. As shown opposite this central space will become a waiting area for migrants with the souk style local support networks leading off it. This was done as way of breaking down the culture shock barrier in way that subtly reminds migrants of their homeland.

Design Narrative

KEY SPACE

Migrants will take a journey through a series of thresholds which leads to the library. A place to educate migrants about this new world they are now entering and bring different nationalities together. The library has inhabited the ground floor of Zaha Hadid’s CMA CGM Tower. This was purposely done as a way of ignoring the polar opposite trade that currently occupies the tower (3rd largest shipping container company in the world).

101

Design Narrative

102

Key Space 103

Design Narrative

ARRIVAL

PROCESSING

“LIMBO”

3 4 3 3

Design Narrative

1 1 2

1 2

1 1

2

KEY: 1) SECONDARY BORDER CONTROL 2) INTERVIEW ROOMS 3) CONTEMPLATION PODS 4) SUCCESSFUL MIGRANT ROUTE 104

TRANSITION

The point of transition links being in a state of “Limbo” and the Kissing Point. It also bridges across three railway lines that are used mainly for industry. Here the migrant will pass through a secondary border control where they will need to show documents in relation to health, employment and housing. If for some reason they don’t have them, migrants have to be interviewed. However, once migrants pass through this will be a space for contemplation where migrants can gather their thoughts before they reach the end of the journey. Here there will be pods that look back over the railway. It should also be noted that compression of this space (floor to ceiling height of 2.4m) has been deliberate in order to enhance the sense of elation as they exit into the vast Kissing Point.

Design Narrative

TRANSITION

105

ARRIVAL

PROCESSING

“LIMBO”

3

2

Design Narrative

1

3

KEY: 1) KISSING POINT 2) SEATING FOR WAITING FRIENDS AND RELATIVES 3) EXIT TO OPPORTUNITY PHASE 106

KISSING POINT

KISSING POINT Migrants will reach the penultimate stage of this journey as they descend slowly down a ramp into the Kissing Point in reference to Ellis Island.

Here migrants will be met with an overwhelming sense of elation as they may meet up with family and friends they haven’t seen for years. A shutter system will be adopted as way of ventilating the space but also it will open up views of the chaotic souk scenery surrounding it and sense smell of this new world they have now entered.

There will also be a seating area for relatives or friends that are waiting to meet the migrants.

Design Narrative

TRANSITION

107

ARRIVAL

PROCESSING

“LIMBO”

Design Narrative Social Spaces and Low-Medium Skilled Industrial Warehouses 108

TRANSITION

KISSING POINT

OPPORTUNITY

Finally the migrant will exit the reception facility into the Opportunity phase of the urban design strategy. Streets of housing will surround the existing industrial warehouses with social spaces at the end of each. The concept of the housing was to create a steel framework for the migrants to infill certain parts of their new home over time so it will eventually grow into an organic shape and bring vibrancy to the area. Enterprise zones will exist on ground floor level in addition to industrial warehouses will provide employment to the migrants.

Design Narrative

OPPORTUNITY

With the expected influx currently, to be those from the Maghreb region, market spaces in the form of souqs running along long stretches and culminating in squares formed by the breaks in residential development would be introduced. This industry is expected to adapt in future years when, due to the growth in affluence of the Maghreb community and there is a new wave of immigration from elsewhere as the basic requirements for such industry will have been established.

Ad-Hoc Modular Housing and Enterprise Zones 109

Design Narrative

110

Design Narrative

SECTION

111

TECHNICAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL

Piezoelectric materials are used to obtain energy from exerted forces or Photovoltaic panels convert solar energy into direct current electricity vibrations. The polarity of charge results in an alternating current (AC), using semiconducting materials that exhibit the photovoltaic effect. which is then converted into direct current (DC). The converted current STRATEGY is Marseille has a hot mediterranean/ dry-summer subtropical climate. SumSUSTAINABLE then used to charge a capacitor or a battery, which can store the energy mers are dry and hot due to the domination of subtropical high pressure for later use. systems.

Piezoelectric materials are used to obtain energy from exerted forces or Photovoltaic panels convert solar energy into direct current electricity Average Person weighing 60kg generates 0.1 watt per second Annual average hours of sunlight/day: 7.15 vibrations. The polarity of charge results in an alternating current (AC), using semiconducting materials that exhibit the photovoltaic effect.

Number of people pass through Tokyo train terminal eachwhich day:is400,000 Total annual hours of sunshine in Marseille eachMarseille year: 2858 then converted into direct current (DC). The converted current is has a hot mediterranean/ dry-summer subtropical climate. SumArea covered in Piezoelectric tiles: Days of strong sun: 170 then used to charge a capacitor or a battery, which can store the energy mers are dry and hot due to the domination of subtropical high pressure Energy created each day: 1,400kw/sec per day Days of weak sun: 60 for later use. systems.

Estimated maximum number of people that will pass through the Marseille 10W solar panel in 7.15 hours of sunshine x 0.85Annual (this factor Average Person weighing 60kg generates 0.1 watt per second averageallows hours for of sunlight/day: 7.15 Immigration Reception Facility each day: 7,500 natural system losses) = 60.775WH for each solar panel Number of people pass through Tokyo train terminal each day: 400,000 Total annual hours of sunshine in Marseille each year: 2858 Estimated area covered in Piezoelectric tiles: 50 square meters Estimated area covered in solar panels: 65 square meters Area covered in Piezoelectric tiles: Days of strong sun: 170 Energy each day: 1,400kw/sec per day of weak sun: 60 Estimated energy that will be created each day: 357kw/sec per created day Estimated energy that will be created each day: Days 3950.375kwh

Average Person weighing 60kg generates 0.1 watt per second Estimated maximum number of people that will pass through the Marseille 10W solar panel in 7.15 hours of sunshine x 0.85 (this factor allows for Number Immigration Reception Facility each day: 7,500 of people pass through Tokyo train natural system losses) = 60.775WH for each solar panel Estimated area covered in Piezoelectric tiles: 50 square meters Estimated area covered in solar panels: 65 square meters terminal each day: 40,000 Estimated energy that will be created each day: 357kw/sec per day Estimated energy that will be created each day: 3950.375kwh Energy created each day: 1,400kw/sec per day Estimated maximum number of people that will pass through the Marseille Immigration Reception Facility each day: 7,500 Estimated area covered in Piezoelectric tiles: 50 PHOTOVOLTAIC PANELS PIEZO ELECTRIC PADS PIEZOELECTRIC square meters PHOTOVOLTAIC PANELS SOLAR PIEZO ELECTRIC PADS Estimated energy that will be created each day: 357kw/sec per day

Biomass is biological material derived from living, or recently living organisms. It most often refers to plants or plant-based materials which are specifically called lignocelBiomass is biological material derived from living, or living organisms. It most often refers to plants or lulosic biomass. As an energy source, biomass can either recently be plant-based materials which are specifically called lignocelused directly via combustion to produce heat, or indirectly lulosic biomass. As an energy source, biomass can either be after converting it to various forms of biofuel. used directly via combustion to produce heat, or indirectly

after converting it to various forms of biofuel.

In terms of the group urban strategy biomass energy could be generated by recycling waste from the temporary In terms of the group urban strategy biomass energy could accommodation in the arrival phase, new ad-hoc housing in be generated by recycling waste from the temporary the opportunity phase and also waste from the existing accommodation in the arrival phase, new ad-hoc housing in communities in the integration. This energy created couldthe be opportunity phase and also waste from the existing used for the Immigration Reception Facility. communities in the integration. This energy created could be used for the Immigration Reception Facility.

BIOMASS

Technical and Environmental 114

The Mistral is a strong wind from the NW affecting the eastern Mediterranean coast of France, from Marseille to St. Tropez. with sustained winds often exceeding forty kilometers an hour, and sometimes one wind from the NW affecting the eastern MediterThe Mistralreaching is a strong ranean coast ofwelcomes France, from Marseille to St. Tropez. with sustained winds hundred kilometers an hour. From 14-18 September, Marseille often exceeding forty kilometers an hour, and sometimes reaching one France’s most beautiful kites to celebrate its famous mistral wind. hundred kilometers an hour. From 14-18 September, Marseille welcomes

France’s most beautiful kites to celebrate its famous mistral wind.

Wind probability: 42% Average wind speed: 15mph Wind probability: 42% Average air temperature: 17°C Average wind speed: 15mph So the Wind Power at 15 mph is: P=½(1.2)(1.1)(6.7)³ = 198 watts Average air temperature: 17°C So you could expect about 40% of 60% of the So wind Whichatis15 mph is: P=½(1.2)(1.1)(6.7)³ = 198 watts thepower.

Wind Power (.40)(.60)(198watts) = 47.52 watts.

So you could expect about 40% of 60% of the wind power. Which is Estimated number of 12ft wind turbines across site: 20 (.40)(.60)(198watts) = 47.52 watts.

Estimated energy that will be created each day: Estimated 950.4kwhnumber of 12ft wind turbines across site: 20 Estimated energy that will be created each day: 950.4kwh

BIOMASS

WIND TURBINES

WIND TURBINES

Annual average hours of sunlight/day: 7.15 Total annual hours of sunshine in Marseille each year: 2858 Days of strong sun: 170 Days of weak sun: 60 10W solar panel in 7.15 hours of sunshine x 0.85 (this factor allows for natural system losses) = 60.775WH for each solar panel Estimated area covered in solar panels: 1950 square meters Estimated energy that will be created each year: 43,256,606kwh

ENVIRONMENTAL DESIGN NARRATIVE: ARRIVAL HEATING STRATEGY: As the arrival building is merely a point of transition with people moving through the space, together with Marseille’s modest climate it will now act as a shelter and will not need to be heated which will lead to savings in energy costs.

LIGHTING STRATEGY: Solar shading devices will now be implemented on the south facing elevation as there will be higher internal solar gains. North facing louvres will also be implemented but may become ad hoc in comparison to the south face of the building.

RENEWABLE ENERGY RESOURCES: Photovoltaic panels will be placed on the roof of this building which will provide an abundance of energy to be used in building two. Marseille has a hot mediterranean/ dry-summer subtropical climate. Summers are dry and hot due to the domination of subtropical high pressure systems.

Technical and Environmental

VENTILATION STRATEGY: A natural stack ventilation strategy will be implemented whereby cool air enters from below, pushing warm air upwards and finally exiting through vents in the stepped roof structure.

As the Immigrant Reception Facility will be busy with over 7,500 people using it each day, piezoelectric tiles will be implemented to harvest the kinetic energy produced when walking across a given area. Piezoelectric materials are used to obtain energy from exerted forces or vibrations. The polarity of charge results in an alternating current (AC), which is then converted into direct current (DC). The converted current is then used to charge a capacitor or a battery, which can store the energy for later use.

115

Technical and Environmental RAINWATER COLLECTION

116

Approximate available space for rainwater collection for “Limbo” Building: 1500 square metres Total annual rainfall in Marseille, France last year: 450mm “Limbo” Building: 0.45 x 1500 = 675 cubic metres (675,000 Litres per year/1,849 litres per day)

ENVIRONMENTAL DESIGN NARRATIVE: “LIMBO�

VENTILATION STRATEGY: A natural stack ventilation strategy will be implemented whereby cool air enters from the east and west facing windows, pushing warm air upwards and finally exiting through the structural ventilation pods as shown opposite. The following page consists of a cooling strategy for summer where a passive evaporation cooling system will be implemented through the ventilation towers.

LIGHTING STRATEGY: Solar shading devices in the form of timber roof louvres will now be used to manage the sunlight pentetration into the key space below as there will be higher internal solar gains.

Technical and Environmental

HEATING STRATEGY: The whole of this space will be closed with glazing and doorways will be inserted on either side of building one and three as a way of closing off this space so therefore it will become the only building that needs to be heated. Therefore saving on energy costs. Ground source heat pumps that were originally proposed will be implemented as a way of heating the building during five winter months. The following page consists of a heating strategy for winter through the use of an air to air heat exchanger.

RENEWABLE ENERGY RESOURCES: Rainwater collection will also be used as a way of reusing the water to flush out toilets and also for the water feature which is the focal point of the space.

Furthermore it can be noted that the height of the central core of this space is raised 10m above the flyover to reduce air pollution from vehicles passing by. A thick concrete slab will now be inserted either side of this roof structure as a way to mitigate the 117

HOT AIR ENTERS FROM ABOVE THROUGH WINDCATCHER AND BAFFLE WITH A BAFFLE TO DIVERT WIND INTO TOWER

N.W. Mistral Wind

WATER SPRINKLER TO COOL AIR BY EVAPORATION

SUMMER COOLING STRATEGY: PASSIVE DOWNDRAUGHT EVAPORATIVE COOLING SYSTEM

Technical and Environmental

Windcatchers facing North-West (as shown in the plan above) will divert the warm Mistral wind into the tower as shown left. A passive downdraught evaporative cooling system will be implemented whereby this warm air causes the water to evaporate into a mist and travel downwards through the tower into the main space. This ties into my concept nicely as I want to create a soothing, calm atmosphere as the migrant enters the space.

WATER COLLECTED IN DRAIN AND FED CENTRAL WATER FEATURE FOR RE-CIRCULATION AND AID A FURTHER COOLING PROCESS

118

AIR TO AIR HEAT EXCHANGER 10W FANS DRAW HEAT UPWARDS OUTDOOR INTAKE AIR PREHEATED DRYER AIR

WARM AIR FROM DRYER EXHAUST

The winter heating strategy consists of ground source heat pumps as shown in the diagram. Energy created through the PVP panels across the arrival and Kissing Point buildings will power the pump which will harness heat from underground thus pumping water through it. This will be spread over the vast 7,371m² ground floor space. Furthermore an air to air heat exchanger will be inserted into the each tower where a 10W powered fan will draw exhaust heat up will then pass through it as part of a heat recovery ventilation process where it will then provide fresh, clean air and improved climate control. These are an effective and very low cost way on reducing the heat loads thus reducing carbon emissions and energy bills in the long term.

Technical and Environmental

WINTER HEATING STRATEGY: GROUND SOURCE HEAT PUMPS AND AIR TO AIR HEAT EXCHANGER

GROUND SOURCE HEAT PUMPS

119

SUSTAINABLE STRATEGY Piezoelectric materials are used to obtain energy from exerted forces or vibrations. The polarity of charge results in an alternating current (AC), which is then converted into direct current (DC). The converted current is then used to charge a capacitor or a battery, which can store the energy for later use.

Average Person weighing 60kg generates 0.1 watt per second Number of people pass through Tokyo train terminal each day: 400,000 Area covered in Piezoelectric tiles: Energy created each day: 1,400kw/sec per day Estimated maximum number of people that will pass through the Marseille Immigration Reception Facility each day: 7,500 Estimated area covered in Piezoelectric tiles: 50 square meters Estimated energy that will be created each day: 357kw/sec per day

PIEZO ELECTRIC PADS

Biomass is biological material derived from living, or recently living organisms. It most often refers to plants or plant-based materials which are specifically called lignocellulosic biomass. As an energy source, biomass can either be used directly via combustion to produce heat, or indirectly after converting it to various forms of biofuel.

In terms of the group urban strategy biomass energy could be generated by recycling waste from the temporary accommodation in the arrival phase, new ad-hoc housing in the opportunity phase and also waste from the existing communities in the integration. This energy created could be used for the Immigration Reception Facility.

BIOMASS

Technical and Environmental 120

Photovoltaic panels convert solar energy into direct current electricity using semiconducting materials that exhibit the photovoltaic effect.

Marseille has a hot mediterranean/ dry-summer subtropical climate. Summers are dry and hot due to the domination of subtropical high pressure systems.

Annual average hours of sunlight/day: 7.15 Total annual hours of sunshine in Marseille each year: 2858 Days of strong sun: 170 Days of weak sun: 60 10W solar panel in 7.15 hours of sunshine x 0.85 (this factor allows for natural system losses) = 60.775WH for each solar panel Estimated area covered in solar panels: 65 square meters Estimated energy that will be created each day: 3950.375kwh

PHOTOVOLTAIC PANELS

SOLAR

The Mistral is a strong wind from the NW affecting the eastern Mediterranean coast of France, from Marseille to St. Tropez. with sustained winds often exceeding forty kilometers an hour, and sometimes reaching one hundred kilometers an hour. From 14-18 September, Marseille welcomes France’s most beautiful kites to celebrate its famous mistral wind.

Wind probability: 42% Average wind speed: 15mph Average air temperature: 17°C So the Wind Power at 15 mph is: P=½(1.2)(1.1)(6.7)³ = 198 watts So you could expect about 40% of 60% of the wind power. Which is (.40)(.60)(198watts) = 47.52 watts.

Estimated number of 12ft wind turbines across site: 20 Estimated energy that will be created each day: 950.4kwh

WIND TURBINES

Annual average hours of sunlight/day: 7.15 Total annual hours of sunshine in Marseille each year: 2858 Days of strong sun: 170 Days of weak sun: 60 10W solar panel in 7.15 hours of sunshine x 0.85 (this factor allows for natural system losses) = 60.775WH for each solar panel Estimated area covered in solar panels: 1200 square meters Estimated energy that will be created each day: 72,930kwh

ENVIRONMENTAL DESIGN NARRATIVE: TRANSITION AND KISSING POINT

VENTILATION STRATEGY: A natural stack ventilation strategy will be implemented whereby cool air enters from below, pushing warm air upwards and finally exiting through vents in the stepped roof structure as shown left.

LIGHTING STRATEGY: Solar shading devices will now be implemented on the south facing elevation as there will be higher internal solar gains. North facing louvres will also be implemented but may become ad hoc in comparison to the south face of the building.

Technical and Environmental

HEATING STRATEGY: As the arrival building is merely a point of transition with people moving through the space, together with Marseille’s modest climate it will now act as a shelter and will not need to be heated which will lead to savings in energy costs.

RENEWABLE ENERGY RESOURCES: Photovoltaic panels will be placed on the roof of this building which will provide an abundance of energy to be used in building two. Marseille has a hot mediterranean/ dry-summer subtropical climate. Summers are dry and hot due to the domination of subtropical high pressure systems.

121

PORTAL FRAME STEEL STRUCTURE

Technical and Environmental 122

STRUCTURAL AND CONSTRUCTIONAL NARRATIVE: ARRIVAL

Due to its exposed seaside location the building will be subject to heavy weathering with the high salt content of the air speeding up material degradation. A mild steel cladding will be implemented as shown opposite (precedent: Thomas Heatherwick’s East Beach Cafe) with the intention of rusting and gaining significant character over time. It is important to note that an oil based coating will be applied to the mild steel after it has weathered which will prolong the life of the structure.

The 30m wide walkway leading up to the building will be supported by vertical 350 UB with a horizontal 2m steel truss above and below. There will also be a piece of steel frame at 5m intervals across the walkway. This will also continue into the building itself but will be connected to 350 UB H section either side which will connect to a 2m truss above. Lateral bracing will connect the bottom of the UB to the steel roof truss above to create a portal frame structure throughout.

Technical and Environmental

The intention of the arrival building was to create a bespoke structure as this will be the first architectural experience the migrant embarks upon when entering Marseille. The concept was to create a monumental structure but one which can adapt. Over time it is anticipated that immigrants emerging in Marseille will rise so therefore the concept here will be for the building to expand. For example In Lampedusa Immigrant Reception Centre in 2008 there was an influx in Syrian refugees, the centre could not cope with the demand and ended up closing. It is therefore essential that increase this is prepared for. As shown in the exploded isometric opposite the profile metal deck and steel frame can be added over time.

123

Technical and Environmental

124

Furthermore a separate baggage structure will stand alone as shown here. This will also reflect the same materiality as the arrival building. Steel columns will run at regular intervals up until the “Limbo� stage where it will then descend into it.

The mild steel cladding that wil rust over time will be used to shelter the baggage.

Technical and Environmental

A profile metal deck will be implemented as seen in the images opposite. This will be filled with concrete and will be supported using the floor and roof trusses collectively. This is advantageous as solar panels can be attached to the concrete slab providing easy installation and future maintenance. The underside of the profile metal deck as shown opposite will provide a sturdy entrance for the migrant as they descend towards the border control. The solid element of the concrete slab is intended to instil a sense of stability and hope as they enter into their first architectural experience of this new life.

125

AD-HOC COLD ROLLED MODULAR COMPONENTS

Technical and Environmental 126

The intention of the “Limbo” space beneath the flyover was to create a temporal stateless architecture to accentuate the idea that the migrant is in a zone of uncertainty. They are not quite in Marseille just yet. Structurally I wanted this to be represented as shown in the exploded isometric opposite. A steel structural frame will be laid out across a tartan grid system which is the main component encased in concrete beneath the flyover to mitigate vehicle noise. Over time it is anticipated that this space will change and expand. Therefore the components that exist with this overall substructure need to be flexible and mobile. An ad hoc, modular system will be implemented as shown in the image opposite which will be clad in a cold rolled metal as it is a lightweight material that can be assembled and dissembled quickly. Similar to the systems used in airports however the intention here is to create ‘souk’ type atmosphere which is something they can relate to for example Marrakech Souks (breaking down culture shock). These ad-hoc modules will be made up of a ‘kit of parts’ system. The advantages to this are a reduction in time spent on site and is easier to transport and prefabricate. Furthermore in the future they can also be dissembled and reused elsewhere.

The ‘cold rolled’ metal can be sourced locally therefore saving in transport costs.

Running in between the flyovers, the height of the space will be 10m above the existing road structure. A portal frame steel structure will support the timber louvre system that has been adopted above as a solar shading strategy. Vertical 350 UB will run along the edge, with a horizontal 2m deep steel truss above whilst ø50 lateral bracing will be used to make up the portal frame as shown opposite.

Technical and Environmental

STRUCTURAL AND CONSTRUCTIONAL NARRATIVE: “LIMBO”

Furthermore, the ground floor of Zaha Hadid’s CMA CGM tower has been inhabited as a poetic expression to ignore this polar opposite trade. Structurally, I will not disturb the existing structure of the tower however I will insert this modular system within it as shown opposite in the exploded isometric drawing.

127

Technical and Environmental VERTICAL SECTION OF A VENTILATION TOWER AND SOCIAL SPACE 128

30MM TIMBER CLADDING ø25MM STEEL TUBE 60MM STEEL PLATE ø40MM STEEL TUBE

STEEL I SECTION 300MM DEEP 75MM STYROFOAM INSULATION STEEL TRUSS 2M DEEP

CONSTRUCTION DETAIL OF LOUVRE CONNECTION

7MM ACOUSTIC FLEECE 20MM OSB PANEL 50MM CORRUGATED STEEL SHEET METAL, LOAD BEARING

200MM STEEL I BEAM

These sculptures are made of a lightweight aluminum which is fixed to the 350UB steel substructure. It cantilevers 4m but it is anticipated as it is such a tall structure then extra bracing will be needed to enable extra support as shown in the detail opposite. This is permanently fixed to a mullion encased in a concrete base slab.

The flooring of the mezzanine level will consist of 14mm tiber flooring that will sit on a 7mm acoustic fleece, 20mm OSB panel and a 50mm corrugated steel sheet metal, load bearing which will fix to the steel 350UB. As stated previously which can be seen opposite, a concrete slab will sit beneath the flyover and continue onto the vertical wall to mitigate vehicle noise from above.

Technical and Environmental

The construction detail shows one of the social pods and ventilation towers. Poetically it is recognising that it is the “In Limbo” stage of the journey. It is the idea that they are floating above the ground, giving these migrants lacking in language skills a sense of hierarchy looking down below. Thus reiterating the underlying theme of breaking down the barriers of culture shock.

14MM TIMBER FLOORING

CONSTRUCTION DETAIL OF TIMBER FLOOR CONNECTION

CONSTRUCTION DETAIL

129

STEEL BOLTS CONNECT TO STEEL 350UB SUBSTRUCTURE (LEFT SIDE)

Technical and Environmental STEEL PLATE THAT TIES INTO THE CONCRETE RAMP (RIGHT SIDE) 130

One of the major structural element of this project overall is the transition bridge that spans 30m across a number of train lines, linking the “In Limbo” stage to the final “kissing point”. Floor to ceiling height will be just 2.4m as it leads onto the final “kissing point” which will be over 30m high. This is an attempt to intentionally create an overwhelming sense of elation when they reach the kissing point. AVierendeel steel truss will be used for the bridge. It will be almost like an elevated colonnade. The heavy junctions will compensate for a lack of cross bracing. The bridge is 30m x 30m with a height of 2.5m so therefore 11 Vierendeel trusses that will span 30m which will is laid out in conjunction with the tartan grid. The interview spaces that extend outwards from this can be cantilevered using trusses that will connect to the Vierendeel. As it is bridging over existing rail tracks it is essential the structural load is placed at either end of the bridge as there cannot be any support between them due to moving trains. As shown in the section the right hand bridge junction sitting onto the concrete is connected using a steel plate that ties into the concrete. The left hand side is connected to the steel 350UB using bolts.

Furthermore as trains are frequent phasing of this part of the project will be key in not disrupting train services. Therefore the bridge could be built off site and transported to the site to be lifted into place rather than being constructed on site.

Technical and Environmental

STRUCTURAL AND CONSTRUCTIONAL NARRATIVE: TRANSITION

As I want to create quiet space for transition and contemplation it is essential the fibreglass insulation will be used throughout to mitigate the noise from the train lines beneath the structure. Thicker 50mm glazing will also be used throughout whilst the same mild steel that was used in the arrival building will be seen again as migrants enter the space of transition.

131

Technical and Environmental

132

Finally, the Kissing Point structure is very similar to that of the arrival building. Materiality is the same using the mild steel cladding which is connected to an overall steel structure. Intentionally this was to become a bespoke piece of architecture. However it does differ in some ways as I will be using steel 350 T beams that will connect to a 2m Vierendeel truss above. This will also be a portal frame structure and ø50 lateral bracing will be used as shown in the isometric opposite. The reason I will for using the Vierendeel truss is because I would like to insert glazing into it without there being any lateral bracing obstructing the light quality. Promoting this concept of the migrant “coming out of the light” to the viewer who is seated at the end of the 1:20 concrete ramp.

Poetically this ramp will be very subtle, similar to the ramp at Tate Modern in London designed by Herzog de Meuron. A mild steel shuttering system has also been adopted which will connect to the T beams which will not only ventilate the space bringing a sense of smell of this new land they are about to set foot in but also views out into the ‘Opportunity’ phase.

As shown in the image left, a steel frame will used together with a bow string truss that will support the glass panels. This framework will connect to the mullion at the base. Essentially creating one truss that will help take the wind loads. At the base the mullion will be connected to a concrete pile that will help lock the glass into place.

Furthermore, glass will be split into 5 x 6m sections that will be separated by 100 ⌀ steel tubes that will connect to the bow string truss.

Technical and Environmental

STRUCTURAL AND CONSTRUCTIONAL NARRATIVE: KISSING POINT

133

COST APPRAISAL

THE VISION The urban design proposal aim is to build upon Marseille’s existing connection with Maghreb region through a system of freeports, dedicated to Mediterranean secondary port cities. These cities are being left behind due to the continuing expansion of mass container shipping and we propose to create stronger links with smaller quantities of freight between these secondary port cities. Not only creating easier and cheaper trade routes but also a higher influx of migrants who will work and trade within this system. The site in north Marseille will be the first in this system of ports, and will accommodate for large quantities of migrants who wish to engage with this work and trade system.

The scheme is about regeneration through a celebration of immigration. There are political, social, religious issues that have been relevant throughout our investigation but the fundamental idea of regeneration through a revitalised economy is one that was at the heart of the project from the beginning. We aim to reinvent North Marseille in away that engages its culture, history and ideologies. Providing a solid industry that helps the people help themselves.

The incorporation of the free port is vital to the success of the overall ideology. It not only is a method to increase the financial viability of the scheme but creates a spring board of opportunity to migrant travelers from the Maghreb region. Allowing for easy free flowing travel between the associated port cities. The Marseille Immigration Reception Facility will be at the heart of it as a way creating the link from Arrival into Opportunity.

In terms of cost, it will be priceless in terms of bringing down the numbers of deaths concerned with crossing the ferocious Mediterranean Sea. It is a left wing approach that will be a the long term solution that will reinvigorate Marseille but on a larger scale it will boost the economies across othe other secondary port cities of the Mediterranean. If this was to be tested in Marseille first and it proved successful then the Marseille Immigration Reception could be replicated across these other secondary port cities. It will be funded by a combination of the EU and members of the Arab-Maghreb Union.

It is anticipated that in the next 10-20 years, the demand for phosphorous will increase and with Morocco holding the the vast amount of the worlds reserves, it is expected to become thriving more developed country. Therefore the Moroccan government will be able to contribute significantly to this project which would in turn open up a gateway to Europe for these North African migrants.

A benchmark I intially looked into to estimate the cost of the Marseille Immigration Reception Facility was Stansted Airport by Foster & Partners as it has many similarities to my building.

Benchmark Stansted Airport by Foster & Partners Total Cost: £100,000,000 Area: 85 700m² Cost per square metre: £1,167 /m²

Cost Appraisal 136

Marseille Immigration Reception Facility: Arrival Building: 2,250m² “Limbo” Ground Floor: 7,371m² “Limbo” Mezzanine Level: 3121m² Transition Bridge: 1104m² Kissing Point: 3000m² Total Area: 16,846m² x £1,167 = £19,659,282 However this is only an initial estimation and as there are no Immigration Reception Centres that exist in the same capacity as Ellis Island or my design I will delve into more detail by estimating in accordance with the SPON’s Architect’s and Builder’s Price Book 2015. The cost breakdown is as follows:

137

Cost Appraisal

Cost Appraisal

138

139

Cost Appraisal

Cost Appraisal

140

141

Cost Appraisal

BIBLIOGRAPHY Aissaoui, R (2008). Algerian Migration to France: Algerian Migration to France from the Early Twentieth Century to the Interwar Period: The Early Stages of Migration. Available at http://migrationeducation.de/50.1.html?&rid=123&cHash=2db3cf7083451b47c5da09ca11a35f1e (Accessed 20/11/2014).

Brian, T and Laczko, F (2015) Fatal Journeys: Tracking Lives Lost during Migration. International Organisation for Migration (IOM). Available at http://publications.iom.int/ bookstore/free/FatalJourneys_CountingtheUncounted.pdf (Accessed 13/11/2014).

Davies, L (2013) Why Lampedusa remains an island of hope for migrants. Available at http://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/oct/16/lampedusa-island-of-hope (Accessed 15/11/2014) Esses, V, M, Medianu, S and Lawson, A,S (2013)Uncertainty, threat, and the role of the media in promoting the dehumanisation of immigrants and refugees. Journal of Social Sciences, Vol 69 (3) p 518–536.

Grant, S (2011). Recording and Identifying European Frontier Deaths. Journal of Migration and Law. Vol 13, pp 135-156.

Greenfield, D (2014). French City with 40% Muslim Population is the Most Dangerous City in Europe. Available at http://www.frontpagemag.com/2014/dgreenfield/french-city-with-40-muslim-population-is-the-most-dangerous-city-in-europe/ (Accessed 20/01/2015).

Hine, L, W, Jonas, S and Kotker, N (1997). Ellis Island: Echoes from a Nations Past: A Celebration of the Gateway to America. New York. Aperture.

International Organization for Migration (IOM) (2014) IOM assists probes into the deaths of hundreds of migrants lostthis month off the coast of Malta. Press briefing, 23 September.

Available at www.iom.int/cms/en/sites/iom/home/news-andviews/press-briefing-notes/pbn-2014b/pbn-listing/iom-assistsprobes-into-the-deat.html. (Accessed 20/11/2014).

Lichfield, J (2015) Rise of the French far right: Front National party could make sweeping gains at this month’s local elections. Available at http://www.independent.co.uk/news/ world/europe/rise-of-the-french-far-right-front-national-party-could-make-sweeping-gains-at-this-months-local-elections-10078824.html (Accessed 15/01/2015).

Maussen, M, J, M (2009) Constructing Mosques: the governance of Islam in France and the Netherlands. Amsterdam Institute for Social Science Research (AISSR) ch 3, p63.

Moore, D (2014) Multicultural Policies and Modes of Citizenship in European Cities: MARSEILLE. Available at www.unesco.org/most/p97mars.doc (Accessed 12/12/2014) Moorehead, C (2014) Fatal Journeys: Tracking Lives Lost During Migration. Geneva. International Organization for Migration.

Parliamentary Assembly Council of Europe (2011). Committee on Migration, Refugees and Population Report on the visit to Lampedusa (Italy) Available at http://assembly.coe.int/CommitteeDocs/2011/amahlarg03_REV2_2011.pdf (Accessed 18/11/2014) Port Information guide for the Port of Marseille (2014) Available at http://www.marseilleport.fr/en/Resources.File.ashx?sn=Private&id=422&ct=Inline&ah=true&ex=2015-04-25T23:33:42&cr=5qLIWABOkfOWSgLHJ6fLXg== (Accessed 18/12/2014) Tayler, J (2014). Amid Record Waves of Refugees, Italy Finding Limits to Its Compassion. Available at http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/specialfeatures/2014/10/141031-italy-immigration-crisis-human-trafficking/ (Accessed 15/12/2014) Interview: Daniel Libeskind: The world’s most famous architect says he sees buildings as the ultimate cultural endeavour. The Jewish Chronicle. Available at http://www.thejc. com/lifestyle/the-simon-round-interview/31407/interview-daniel-libeskind (Accessed 18/12/2014) United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC) (2011). Issue Paper: Smuggling of Migrants by Sea. United Nations/UNODC. New York City/Vienna.

Ward, C, Bochner, and Furnham, A (2005) Psychology of Culture Shock. 2nd ED. East Sussex. Routledge.

Weber, L. and Pickering, S (2011) Globalization and Borders: Death at the Global Frontier. Basingstoke. Palgrave Macmillan.

World Health Organisation Regional Office for Europe (2011) Increased Influx of Migrants in Lampedusa, Italy. Available at http://www.euro.who.int/__data/assets/pdf_file/0004/182137/e96761.pdf (Accessed 10/11/2014) World Population Review (2014) Available at http://worldpopulationreview.com/world-cities/marseille-population/ (Accessed 20/12/2014)

IMAGERY Figure 1: Available at: http://singaporedailynewsblog5.blogspot.co.uk/2015/04/hundreds-of-migrants-feared-dead-as.html# Figure 2: Available at: http://fotojournalismus.tumblr.com/post/89352226248/boat-migrants-risk-everything-for-a-new-life-in Figure 3: Prescott, J. (2014) Historical Analysis: Migration in the Late 19th Century (Museum Photo) Figure 4: Prescott, J. (2014) Historical Analysis: Marseille and French Decolonisation Since 1943 (Museum Photo) Figure 5: Prescott, J. (2014) Port of Marseille (Site Photo) Figure 6: Available at: http://www.tvn24.pl/wiadomosci-ze-swiata,2/jean-marie-le-pen-nie-wystartuje-w-wyborach,531477.html Figure 7: Available at: http://www.northcountrypublicradio.org/news/npr/248742786/with-the-help-of-smugglers-syrian-refugees-sneak-into-europe Figure 8: Available at: https://traskavenue.files.wordpress.com/2012/07/ellis-island-and-statue-of-liberty.jpg Figure 9: Available at: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/8a/4a25609a_original.jpg Figure 10: Available at: https://farm8.staticflickr.com/7128/7844875428_383692ef98_o.jpg Figure 11: Available at: http://teacher.scholastic.com/activities/immigration/tour/images/stop9/photo-b.jpg Figure 12: Available at: https://ephemeralnewyork.files.wordpress.com/2010/03/ellisislandkissingpost.jpg Figure 13: Available at: http://www.rfi.ro/sites/default/files/articol/imagini_revoltatoare_din_lampedusa_bruxelles_cere_explicatii_italiei.jpg Figure 14: Available at: http://292fc373eb1b8428f75b-7f75e5eb51943043279413a54aaa858a.r38.cf3.rackcdn.com/76949d540f8cc35cfce4293edfa3f123212064761-13021900854d9dd805-620x348.jpg Figure 15: Available at: http://i.dailymail.co.uk/i/pix/2011/04/03/article-1373002-0B6C619100000578-841_638x357.jpg Figure 16: Available at: http://static.guim.co.uk/sys-images/Guardian/Pix/pictures/2013/10/16/1381946865345/Migrants-from-North-Afric-022.jpg Figure 17: Available at: http://www.dw.de/image/0,,17179376_303,00.jpg Figure 18: Available at: http://www.airoots.org/wp-content/uploads/2009/10/rickyburdettslumhighrise2-600x401.jpg Figure 19: Prescott, J. (2014) Zaha Hadid CMA GM Tower (Site Photo) Figure 20: Prescott, J. (2014) Port of Marseille and Flyover (Site Photo)