Shaping [Re]settlement Ecologies

Shaping [Re]settlement Ecologies From repressive and neglected to inclusive and responsive citizenship in Mumbai.

Shibani Jadhav

Ms. Design and Urban Ecologies

Gabriela Rendon Instroctor

Victoria Marshall Advisor

source:Times of India

Context Timeline Events

1992 -1993 Hindu-Muslim riots.[Over 1000 people killed following distruction of Babri Masjid in Ayodhya]

1994 - 2004 Attal Bihari Vajpayee [Bhartia Janta Party]

1970

1965

1975

1980

1985

1988

1991

Policies Initiatives

2000

1995 Slum Rehabilitation Act [SRA], Maharashtra, India. It serves as the planning authority for all slum areas in Greater Mumbai and to facilitate the rehabilitation of slum dwellers into authorised dwelling units.

1971 Maharashtra Slum Areas [Improvement, Clarence and Redevelopment] Act. 1977 Maharashtra Housing and Area Development Authority [MHADA ].

1974 National Slum Dwellers Federation (NSDF), India.

1986 Formalization of Mahila Milan (MM), a women based grassroots organization. Formation of Alliance SPARC+NSDF+MM 1984 SPARC, India 1985 SPARC+NSDF

Legend Mumbai City State National Organizations

1997

1994

1990 Asian Coalition for Housing Rights (ACHR) in Thailand.

1989 Mahila Milan conducted first horizontal exchange program.

2008 November Series of shooting and bombing for four days in Mumbai.

2012 Death of Bal Thakrey 2014 - incumbent Narendra Modi [Bhartia Janta Party]

2004 - 2014 Manmohan Singh [Indian National Congress]

2006

2003

1995 Shiv Sena came in power in coalition with BJP. [Realises dream of changing Bombay’s name to Mumbai]

1966 Foundation of Shivsena by Bal Thakrey [With an ideology of Marathi nationalism and Hindu nationalism]

Activities

2005 26 July Floods.

[Appro. 5000 people lost their lives.]

2004 Maximum City, Suketu Mehta.

2012

2009 2008 Slumdog Millonire, Danny Boyle.

2003 Vision Mumbai, Mc Kinsey 2002 Mumbai Urban Transport Project [MUTP].

2014

2016

2014 September ‘Make in India’ an initiative to make India a global manufacturing hub.

2013-2022 Rajiv Awas Yojana [RAY)] Centrally Sponsored Scheme, aimed to make India Slum free by 2022.

Program ends in 2014.

2005-2014 Jawaharlal Nehru National Urban Renewal Mission (JnNURM) scheme.

- Basic Services to the Urban Poor (BSUP).

2022

2022 Pradhan Mantri Awas Yojana “Housing for All” by 2022

2015 To free central govt. land of slums state govt. eyes salt pans in Mumbai.

2003 Mumbai Urban Infrastructure Project [MUTP].

1996 Launch of Slum Dwellers International (SDI) 1998 SPARC Samudhaya Nirman Sahayak (SSNS or Nirman).

1996 Urban Poor Development Fund in Columbia. Today known as Urban Poor Fund International (UPFI).

2001 Rehabilitation of 15,000 Slum Dwellers along railway tracks in Mumbai.

[SPARC + NSDF]

2007 SDI launches Urban Poor Fund International (UPFI). Recieves $ 10 million from Bill and Mellisa Gate Foundation.

2009 SDI launches enumeration program links to GIS mapping.

2003 Alliance for the first time was contracted to facilitate Resettlement of approximately 130,000 Project Affected People by MUTP

2014 SDI launches “Know Your City” campaign.

2011 Household enumeration and facilitate resettlement of people affected by airport expansion.

2016 Resettlement of people affected by construction of Monorail, Metro and .

Context Timeline Events

1992 -1993 Hindu-Muslim riots.[Over 1000 people killed following distruction of Babri Masjid in Ayodhya]

1994 - 2004 Attal Bihari Vajpayee [Bhartia Janta Party]

1970

1965

1975

1980

1985

1988

1991

Policies Initiatives

2000

1995 Slum Rehabilitation Act [SRA], Maharashtra, India. It serves as the planning authority for all slum areas in Greater Mumbai and to facilitate the rehabilitation of slum dwellers into authorised dwelling units.

1971 Maharashtra Slum Areas [Improvement, Clarence and Redevelopment] Act. 1977 Maharashtra Housing and Area Development Authority [MHADA ].

1974 National Slum Dwellers Federation (NSDF), India.

1986 Formalization of Mahila Milan (MM), a women based grassroots organization. Formation of Alliance SPARC+NSDF+MM 1984 SPARC, India 1985 SPARC+NSDF

Legend Mumbai City State National Organizations

1997

1994

1990 Asian Coalition for Housing Rights (ACHR) in Thailand.

1989 Mahila Milan conducted first horizontal exchange program.

2008 November Series of shooting and bombing for four days in Mumbai.

2012 Death of Bal Thakrey 2014 - incumbent Narendra Modi [Bhartia Janta Party]

2004 - 2014 Manmohan Singh [Indian National Congress]

2006

2003

1995 Shiv Sena came in power in coalition with BJP. [Realises dream of changing Bombay’s name to Mumbai]

1966 Foundation of Shivsena by Bal Thakrey [With an ideology of Marathi nationalism and Hindu nationalism]

Activities

2005 26 July Floods.

[Appro. 5000 people lost their lives.]

2004 Maximum City, Suketu Mehta.

2012

2009 2008 Slumdog Millonire, Danny Boyle.

2003 Vision Mumbai, Mc Kinsey 2002 Mumbai Urban Transport Project [MUTP].

2014

2016

2014 September ‘Make in India’ an initiative to make India a global manufacturing hub.

2013-2022 Rajiv Awas Yojana [RAY)] Centrally Sponsored Scheme, aimed to make India Slum free by 2022.

Program ends in 2014.

2005-2014 Jawaharlal Nehru National Urban Renewal Mission (JnNURM) scheme.

- Basic Services to the Urban Poor (BSUP).

2022

2022 Pradhan Mantri Awas Yojana “Housing for All” by 2022

2015 To free central govt. land of slums state govt. eyes salt pans in Mumbai.

2003 Mumbai Urban Infrastructure Project [MUIP].

1996 Launch of Slum Dwellers International (SDI) 1998 SPARC Samudhaya Nirman Sahayak (SSNS or Nirman).

1996 Urban Poor Development Fund in Columbia. Today known as Urban Poor Fund International (UPFI).

2001 Rehabilitation of 15,000 Slum Dwellers along railway tracks in Mumbai.

[SPARC + NSDF]

2007 SDI launches Urban Poor Fund International (UPFI). Recieves $ 10 million from Bill and Mellisa Gate Foundation.

2009 SDI launches enumeration program links to GIS mapping.

2003 Alliance for the first time was contracted to facilitate Resettlement of approximately 130,000 Project Affected People by MUTP

2014 SDI launches “Know Your City” campaign.

2011 Household enumeration and facilitate resettlement of people affected by airport expansion.

2016 Resettlement of people affected by construction of Monorail, Metro and .

My Practice

Research Questions: Main Questions:

How can the process of [re]settlement, be looked at as a means to alleviate social, economic and spatial segregation, in order to nurture inclusive and dignified citizenship in Mumbai?

What can be learned from the existing [re]settled location, in order to productively disrupt the future [re]settlement initiatives?

Linked questions:

What can be done to shape new relations and practices that transcend across generations for cohesive growth and production of spaces, post [re]settlement?

How can the informed preferences of the displacees, both as individuals and as groups simultaneously, drive design practice?

What leads? design or policy? Design informs policy and policy informs design.

Practice Plan: Summer, 2015

Fall, 2015

May, 2016

Spring, 2016

Research Analysis + Theoritical Grounding

December, 2016

The Listening Archive, a sociospatial analysis of existing resettlemet initiatives, Mumbai.

Association With Alliance: NSDF, SPARC and MM.

Macro Mapping [proximities ]

Mapping [I] + Relation between pre and post [re] settlement locations

Defining the project interventions

Deep Mapping [Re]settlement.

Youth Program.

Summer, 2017

SPARC submits the report to the governing agency to influence future resettlement initiatives.

Added to Report + An interactive tool for organizations and activists to set criterias.

Formulate an outline for the program. [desirable outcomes + engagment strategies] Two Months Fleid Work [I]: Research + Building a bond + Interviews + Documentation

February, 2017

Re- articulate program based on feedback and on field prototyping.

Field Work [II] [Communication + documentation: video, photographic, on field dragraming]

Progam is active in different [re]settlement initiatives in Mumbai and is a tool to connect local communities.

Deep Mapping

http://jadhavshibani.github.io/DeepMappingResettlement/Mumbai/

Listening Archive

“They did not come together to gather savings. But it was savings that got

people together. A collateral to bring us

together to share challenges and comfort each other.”

-Rose Molokoane [Deputy president of SDI and founder of FEDUP, South Africa]

“The distance between two buildings should be wide enough, to avoid disasters.

In times of emergency, at the least a fire truck or an ambulance should be able

to maneuver. Last year there was an incidence where an apartment had caught fire. The fire truck could not reach the location and we extinguished the fire by ourselves.”

- Parveen Sheikh, MM Community Leader.

Natvar Parikh Compound, Mumbat.

“[T]he government has relocated us and given us a new life but our future is in our kids, so they [the government] should also think about basic needs for children, like playgrounds and schools. Even the elderly need a ground to walk.”

-Lallubhai Compound Resident.

Units

Design Concerns

Residents led Design Change/ Suggestion

Draw back of changes made by residents

1. The Toilet opens in the kitchen, leading to unhygienic conditions while cooking or if the drains are blocked.

1. The bath/shower area can open in the kitchen. 2. Sealed the entry from kitchen and made an opening through bath so one can access toilet through the bath area.

“Cannot use toilet if someone is having bath.”

2.. Kitchen is to big and bed room is small

Interchange position of Kitchen and Bed room.

The exhaust of kitchen is let out in corridors through a small opening for ventilation.

3.. Lack of storage space

Storage above the toilet and bath. Storage between the wall and the ceiling

1. The doors of the units face each other (lack of privacy)

Building

2. A Narrow and DARK corridors

bath

Neighbourhood

toilet

up

unit

bed room bath toilet

The narrow alleys formed due to close spacing of buildings is become a dumping ground - specially the once that are not used by the residents to commute.

Make sure there is enough distance between buildings for light to reach the units on ground floor at least at peak hours of the day.

buildings are too close to each other – NO light & ventilation

If the narrow alleys are activated for the use of residents (seating area, plants, play area for kids, community farm/garden, parking for two-wheelers/ bicycles) then there is a possibility that they might avoid throwing garbage in these alleys.

NO open space for kids to play

Disposal of Garbage - wet & dry Unit is not flexible to incorporate domestic commercial activities (stores, chakki, tailoring, ironing, etc.)

Spaces that do not have any activity or cannot be used for any activity are used as dumbing grounds.

up

kitchen

Washing cloths - “Use of old method of washing cloths against a big stone may be one of the reasons for leakages.”

Wider and Shorter corridors.

B

living room

Everyday leakages (not related to rain) has caused paint to come off the ceiling (Papdi) and eventually walls.

Maintenance& related (habits)Issue

Use of common corridors as personal space - store bicycles, tie domestic animals.

unit

bed room

1. Leakages on lower floors: Causes - construction defects, AND/ OR due to changes made by residents within the units (alteration with toilet and bath, change in position of kitchen and bed room.

Material Issues

Doors of units should be staggered for optimum privacy (and use of corridor to entertain guests)

unit

corridor

Structural Issues

living room

kitchen

unit

Youth Program

Youth Program:

Ins tig at

e

+ Encourage active engagement and participation of youths in neighbourhood and organizational activities.

ion rat ne ge

Objectives

tion among you c a ng ter n er i

+ Collective conciousness of spaces [pre and post resettlement] + Recognise & promote basic skills such as drawing, photography, filming and so on.

Tra ns fe

As

ledge across g w o en kn er f o a r

ns tio

s

ry in eve day act e ivi c tie an t s i s

washing & drying of cloths use & maintenance of common spaces

garbage disposal

+ Collective interventions. + Empowerment through action.

+ Contribute to the ongoing work of the community leaders and organizations. + Learn from lived experiences of the elderly.

Youth Program: Pilot Project Timeline introduction introduction

Purpose

1st Month Getting to know eachother.

Share experiences of past and present.

Age group: 10 - 18 years Number of individuals: 8 - 10 Where: a cluster of 5 -8 buildings within an existing [re]settlement initiative.

collaborative action Collaborative action

collective consciousness 2nd Month

3rd Month

4th Month

Build collective consciousness: the macro dimention by identfying favourable and unfavourable spaces to realise its influence on the individuals in the neighbourhood, micro dimention by identyfying spaces that capture or have the potential to capture lived experiences & affective dimensions of sense of place.

5th Month

6th Month

7th Month

8th Month

Instill a sense of belonging through collective intervention.

Empowerment through action.

Un pack the restrictive boundries for cohesive production and growth of different actors of the spaces.

Shape new relations within and around the neighbourhoods.

Activities

Unfold new practicies of the urban ecology.

Journies: map flows pre to post [re] settlement and flows to schools, play areas and other everyday activities. drawing storyboards and performing small plays to share their lived experiences.

+ Workshops to introduce research methods and techniques. + Informative Interviews and workshops: community leaders, residents, environmentalists, activists. + Site visits and interactions with institutional organizations such as local research centers [Tata Institute of Social Sciences], hospitals, hospitals, + Skill Building: Photo and Video documentation. Illustrating spaces and experiences.

Identify / priortise intervention based on insights gained in phase two.

Collectively draft an action plan.

Exicution of intervention. examples of possible interventions: a. spread awareness [through flyers, videos] for health & hygine for young girls and women, garbage disposal, and so on. b. craft spaces for a healthy environment and for communal activities: alleys between buildings which are currently filled with trash, causing nuicence to ground floor residence.

Trans generation interaction and involvement across neighbourhoods to strengthen ties and instill solidarity.

Youth collaborations with institutional organizations and their activities in the city.

A platform to open up converzations in relation to socially stigmatised youth concers.

The Scenario

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From repressive and neglected to inclusive and dignified citizenship in Mumbai.

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Creating meaningful spaces

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Shaping [Re]settlement Ecologies

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Transfer of knowledge across generations.

Thank You