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Urban Models
Burgess’ Model • On a plain piece of paper have a go at remembering the Burgess model. • HINT: this is the one with lots of circles!
Burgess Model
Hoyt’s Model • On a plain piece of paper have a go at remembering the Hoyt model. • HINT: this is the one with circles and wedges!
Hoyt’s Model
Quick Task on Burgess and Hoyt • Using the information we have just spoken about write a short description of each of the models on your sheet in the ‘description’ segment. • Think about: – What the model is showing – how it is structured? – What information it is based upon
Limitations of the Burgess Model • Does not account for the physical landscape – Based on Chicago and even this city does not follow the pattern due to the coastline!
• Burgess did not foresee the development of commuter villages. • Urban regeneration and gentrification has changed the status of housing in inner cities. • Council estates in the suburbs do not fit model. • Decentralisation of shops and industry does not fit the model – out of town shopping centres. BUT – Simple, good basic understanding, idea of city growth explained well
Limitations of the Hoyt Model • Like Burgess there is little reference to the physical environment. • No reference to out-of-town services. • The growth of a sector can be stopped as landuse leapfrogs out of the old inner city. – Council estates have prevented the large high class sector developing in other areas of Bristol BUT – Some cities seem to follow the model, looks at effects of communication routes, provides alternate explanations to Burgess’ model.
Harris and Ullman Model • Otherwise known as the multiple nuclei model. • Idea that cities are not formed around one CBD but a number of separate nuclei in the urban pattern. • These nodes become specialised and differentiated based on a number of attributes: – Differential accessibility. Some activities require specialized facilities such as port and rail terminals. – Land use compatibility. Similar activities group together. This may be defined as centripetal forces. – Land use incompatibility. Some activities are repelling eachother such as high quality residential and heavy industrial. This may be defined as centrifugal forces. – Location suitability. Some activities cannot afford the rent of the optimal site for their location.
Harris and Ullman Model • The multiple nuclei model was the first to consider the complexity of the city and its surrounding areas • Realisation that the CBD is not the only part of a city that affects land use • Still a simplification of the urban landscape • Physical landscape still not entirely integrated
Mann’s Model • A British Urban Land Use Model. • A combination of the ideas of Burgess and Hoyt with both concentric rings and sectors. • Based on Sheffield, Nottingham and Huddersfield. • The role of the prevailing wind is important.
Mann’s Model – Limitations and Advantages • Once again there is no reference to the physical landscape. • No acknowledgement of the multiple centres in Harris and Ullman’s model. • Does not forsee the advent of reurbanisation that is happening today with the regeneration of decaying old industrial centres.
BUT • Takes in the role of council estates in the suburbs. • Notes the influence of environmental factors. • Makes a model more specific to the UK .
Mann’s Model Can we relate it to Ipswich?
Round-Up • On a new piece of paper: – Sketch either the multiple nuclei model or Mann’s model as best you can remember it. – Write down the three points you think are the most important from this lesson. – Write one thing you have learnt today that you did not know before Hand this to me as you leave!