Important Utterances of H.I.M. Emperor Haile Selassie I [Part 2 of 2]

DOMESTIC

INITIATING FACULTY OF TECI-INOLOGY �uring this technological era, the achievement of tl1e sciences and wl1at tl1ey ca11 contribute to social dev �lopment cannot be under-estimated. Developing nat1ons �re no,v eager for 1nore tec;hno1ogica1 knowled­ ge to· raise the standard of living of their peoples, for it is this \:\1l1icl1 cleveloped nations J1ave used to achieve their present scientific status an<l social aclvancement.

Edt1cation in engi11eering, wl1ich is a basis for eco­ nomic and social development and a guide for techno­ logical progress in industry and other allied fields, has been given t11e priority it deserves in plans for the na­ tional development of Our country. It vvas \Vtth the realizatio11 that technological edt1cation, shown in action in dif·ferent a1·eas of 1·esearch and practice, wo11ld place Ethiopia alongside the developed nation� that We founded tl1e En.gi!1eering College some yea�s ago. Tl1ere is no better e'vidence crf Our constant en­ deavour to achieve edv.catl()nal progresi� �n Ouk· co·L1r1try than the prod11cts of t!.11e Engineering College \.v"flO are now carrying I1eaVJ' res·oons1bllities ir1 dif·ferent gover,n111ent and private ageni�ies. Vie cha1·2"e those at present under training in tl1is newly - establishecl Facl1lty of Technology to work steadi1v to acqt1i1·e the nece8sary technical knowledge to f1.1lfill wl1at is exoected of tl1em in contributing towards lasting national progress.

We thank the Government of the Federal Rep11b­ lic of Ger111any for constructing and eq11ipping thi.c; educ·ational institution, which will further strength�-n tl1e longstanding friendship betvv::!en the pcopl� s of 011r two co11ntries, and whicl1 ,vill be a last1ng w1 tness of that friendship to coming generations. W11en We today dedicate this new campus, where both the present gene- 305 -

21*

1·ation and generations to com e will acquire knowledge, ,ve wot1ld lik.e to ask Baion von Braun, here rep1·esen­ ting tl1e Government an d people of tl1e Federal Repttb­ lic of Germany, to convey OL11· heartfelt thanks to that Government ancl people. for their assistance and cooperation.

We also take this occasion to thank H.E. the A1nbassador of tl1e l�cderal Rept1blic of Germany, Dr. Fec]1ter, for liaiso11i11g and channelling the assistance ·a11d co-operation w,e have received from the West Ger111an Governn1ent not only to build and eqt1ip this Fact1ltv of Tecl1nology bJt also in other fields of deve­ lopment.

It gi.ves Us great satisfaction to see this n1a_gnifi­ ce· nt educational institution completed, the result of hard work, inspiration a1d collaboration of the archi­ tect, the contractors ancl the 1nany others co11cerned.

We also tl1ank the Dean, Professor R. Bisanz, the staff and tl1e se1·vice per�onnel f· o1· tl1e sel·fless dedica­ tion and well directed a�tion which they l1ave shown jn order to in1prove the offerings of tl1is Fact11ty. And We especially cl1arge those 1ne1nbers of the staff who are Ethiopians and pione�rs in their field to try to leave a lastin_g and wortl1y standard for posterity, sipce their l1nclertakings will t1ndot1btedly serve as an exa1nple to their compa.triots.

We invite all consci�ntiot1s Ethiopians, a11d others con1ing fro111 other cot1nt.ries, to pre1Jare the1nselves, when joining tl1is fine c.ncl \Vell-eqt1iJJped Faculty of· Technology, to 111ake full t1se of the education offered so as to serve Etl1iooia and A f1·ic,t. A nd for l1elp to prepare ·for tl1e task We pray to l\l111igl1ty God, wl10 is the sot1rce of ,skill a11d wlsdo1n.

Nove1nber 24, 1911 ·- 306 -

DOMES TIC

ON VISIT TO CHILALO AGRICULTURAL UNIT W � are happy to _be here and to visit once again the ach1even1ents of tl11s Development Project tl1at has been �stablished in this Governorftte General by Our In1pe:1al Govern1nent and tl1e ass !stance of the Royal S\\1ed1sl1 Government. The Eth1opian people have always been 1nore tl1an self st1fficient in agricult11ral produces but tl1at is not enough.

Recog11izing the in1portance of agriculture for the economic develop1nent and welfare of 011r country, it has alw �ys been Ou1· �etermi11ed endeavour to in1prove the agr1c11lt11ral practices and the standard of living of Our people engaged in agricultu1·e, and who consti­ tute tl1e vast 111ajority -of 011r population. The ''Ende1·assie'' of this gove1·no1·ate, Sahlu Defaye, l1as jt1st ex­ plai11ed to 11s the agricL1ltural develop1nent proiects la11ncl1ed he1·e and tl11tir progress. It is Ot1r fervent hope that ag1·icultu1·al age1-t1:ies SiJ.ch as; the Chi]a]o Agrict11tural De,,elopn1ent Urtit, -�1hich e.na·b1e far111ers to learn and practise the 1noderr1 te.chr11c1l1es of agricult11re, will be institt1ted all over 011r Empire.

Since tJ1e results ancl achieven1ents of those orga­ nizatio11s tl1a.t have al1·eady been established will pro­ vide a basis for those organizations that will be estab­ lished in the future, We appreciate highly the plan of operation of an d the frt1its so fat· achieved by the Cl1ilalo Agri�11ltural Develop1nent Unit. Our • st1pport for the fulfilment of its goals will always cont1n11e. r ea e iv F rd hi T y ur O in 1t 01 d te in As We have po Plan and as our Minister of Agric11lture has explained, this type of development work should not be limited ur O er ov l al t u o d ie rr ca e b ld u o to a few a1·eas b u t sh ro p e ag k ac p m 1u in in 1n n te Empire . Accordingly, tl1e •

- 307 -

D 1):1'.1:ESTIC

jects wl1icl1 l1ave al1·ead3r been established will be made to e;{panc1 tl1ei1· areas of co\1erage and their nt1mbers cor1·es1Jo11di11gly i11cre·ased. \1,.'e ¥lill closely follow the steps i11 orde1A to expedite this partic11lar task.

For tl1e develop1nent of Ot1r economy which is '}Jri111arily agrict1ltL1ral, it is O·ur· be'l.ief that there is no better 111etl1ocl than tl1at of modernizing the JJresent agrict11 tt1ral practice8 and t11ereb�l i111prove the stanclarcl of living of OL1r JJeople.

Tl1e 1·esea rcl1 '"'01·k and tl1e e,�ce1lent rest1lts obtain­ eel by tl1e Cl1!lalo Agric111ttrraI Development Unit, whicl1 is tl1e frttit of the cooperation of tl1e Etl1iopian a11cl S\i\1ecl isl1 Go,,er11111ents, is a Q'Liarantee for the im·rJrove1nent of Ol11· people's ,:1.Jelfare and Ot1r cot1ntry's clevelop111c11t. TI1is gi,,es 1 ..,Ts pa·1-tict1lar satisfaction. · t11e neecl for greater I-To,:i./eve1�, \Ve do not o,,er1ook a2;rict1lt11re i11 order to efforts to i11111ro'.1e Etl1io1Jian .. reacl1 tl1e ·-�or.1ls \\Te l1c1.,,e set for n;1rselves.

We si11cerely exte11:l Ot1r r:r1titt1de to the s,,Ject,sl1 Go,1er,1.111er1.t fo1· 111akinr. a, 1ai1ab1e its aicl for tl1is lar_ge. proiect and for otl1P:r de·lelonment \Vorlcs. We l1ope that for the 1111.1t11al \x.1el fc1 re and de,1elop111ent of tl1e neo11les of Etl11opi11 a11rl s,�rede11. tl1is historical frienclshio a 11d rn-oneratin11 will be contin11011i;;lv strengthe11ed in tl1e f11t11re. Etl1101)ia is b11t )ne of 111a11v cou�tries to ,�l11ch tl1c s,�1eclish go,,er11111erit has exte11de d as�ista11ce. Th at is v1l1v S,vecli�l1 assistc1nct� is 1(no,vn tl1ro11gl1 011t tlie \vorld. Vie ar· e l1a1)1)y th8t I-Tis Excellency t11e Sweci1�.11 P-. 111l18c::sc1.clor is in ot1r rn1cl�t to,18.,/. We hone t11at R1s 1 <ll\ 1 1 frie1 Excf'11�11r-v. the An1basS<1c lor, \:\1111 con, ev to tl1e s,,,ectisl1 Gnve1·11111P 1t �ncl pe.ople tl1e h i gl1 esteem We ]1a,,e fo1· tl1e aicl offe1·ed.

Realizi11g tl1at the achieve1ne11ts of tl1e Chilalo Agric11ltt1ral De,,elo1)111�11t U11it a1·e clt1e to the asJJira1

- 308 -

DOMESTIC

tions and acceptance of tI1e people, tlle c ooperat·10 n o . f · o v e 1n G G o e Our r 11 e 1�a l a11d Governtllent om1c1. a1s a,nd . ·· ·orts of tl1e Project D ii·ector tl1e d eter1111ned e ff and tlle _ en1�loyees of tl1e Ch1lalo A?rict1ltt11·al Develop111ent .

Unit, \Ve tl1a11k tl1en1 all. It 1s because of Otir desii ·e tha � tl1e JJe�ple participate 11:01·e in tl1e clevelop111e11t 1101)� procl�n1at1011s s11cl1 as t11ose provid­ e th at v\ k , o1 , :V ing fo1· local ad1111n1st1·at1011 will l,e i1nple111ented. !v1ay tl1e Al111igl1ty give f1·t1ition to 011r past efforts a11d bless Ot11· ft1tt11·e encleavot1rs tl1at will be carried 011t for· tl1e develop111ent of Ot1r Cot111try.

Decen1bcr 31, 1971

ON TflE OCCASION OF TI-IE 25t11 ANNIVERS 1\RY CELEBRATIONS OF ETHIOPI1\N 1\IRLINES

It -is with a S'ense of sa·tisfactio11 that We are pre­ .se11t I1e1·e ·to,day to prcs1c1.e o · ve.r -the Twenty-Fiftl1 An11i­ versary Celeb1·ation.s c,f E�tl1iopian Ai1·lines' whose r1ote· wo11tl1y 1achieveme11ts of tl1e past years as vveil as its present level of develop111ent \i\/e l1ave obse1·ved -;,vitl1 pleast11·e .

We wisl1 ·to say l1ow pleased We are to have with Us 011 tl1i· s occ. asion 011r friend His Exce11e11cy Major Gene1·al Yakt1bt1 G·owo11, !-lead of ,the Federal Military Gove1·11n1e11t of Nigeria .

Ethiopian Airli11es 11:=ts over tl1e yea1·s not 011ly 1 developing a11d i 11 s 11r vo lea 11c e , 's ry l1elped 0111· ·cou11t s l1a it 1t bt rld wo de tsi ot1 e th tl1 vvi 11s 1cr tio ti1 J.a e no 1· ·0-1 its p1 also cont�ib11ted 1n11cl1 ·towa1·ds e11abling 0111· co11ntry to m·eet ,its 11eeds i11 t11e field of civil aviation by train­ ing 1nany specialized Etl1iopian pe1·s0�11e!·· Mor_eo�er, by ,extending its se1·vices 011tsjde Etl11op1a, Eth1op1a11 - 309 -

DOMESTIC

Airlines has in add1tion given n1echanical and flight training vo 1technical s,tudents who have come from va­ rious b1·0.th·erly African countries. In ·this, Ethiopian Airlines has ,demons·trated in a concrete manner its sup­ port for the cause of our continental Unity and solida­ rity. Th·e co-operation which the Airlines is making in this regard shall always have Our support and en­ couragement because such endeavours will help further the great cause of African Unity .to which Our ceaseless efforts are dedicated.

Our pres·en.t ·day :a nd age ·demand .that Heads of State establish; personal contacts among then1selves to discuss bilateral and international qu·estio11s both in the interest of th·eir respective peoples and the ca11se of world p.eace. In fulfiln1ent ·of thes·e o, bjectives the flights which We hav� had w-ith Ethiopian Airlines during Our visits to vario·11s countries have affor.ded Us the oppo1·tu11ity to no. t· e with satisfaction the efficiency of the Airlines a11d the exc·elle11t se1·vices wl1ich it r.enders.

J.t js only when all concerned accomplish their task in ·a spirit of co-operation tl1at s·11ch :a result can be ,achieved. For this the Board of Directors, tl1e 1nanage­ ment and non-managem·ent 1nembers of EAL are to be congratulated. Furthermore We would like to -say that EAL has been able to attain its p1·esent level of pro­ gress beca11se all its n1embers besides conscientiously discharging the respor1sibilities witl1 which they are entrus·ted, have witl1 good cha1·aoter show11 wl1ole-l1eart­ ed devotion to the· ir work and willing11ess to learn and share their knowledg·e 1a11d experiences with othe rs· We urge ·them to continue i11 .this same spjrit in the days ahead.

We wisl1 to express Ou·r pleasu1·e to the guests of EAL who have c·ome herie from £ar and near to par- 310 -

DOMESTIC

tak� 11: �these C:elebratio11s. It is ·als·o Our hope that their v1s1ts _ to different pa1·ts -and historic sites of Our coun-try will enab.le them upon -their 1·eturn home to ma�·e �se of ·�l1e11· p1·e �ent viisit ,to further acquaint Bth1op1a !to 1the1r res1Jeot1ve frie11d1y -countries.

We ex1)ress ,Qu1· d· eep appreciation to all those an? indivj�11als wl10 have ,co-operated � organizatio11 .

W]un EAL s111ce i:ts es-tab11s·hment. Ou1· thanks in this regard also go, pa1·ticularly, to rthe Trans World Air­ lines for its ·c-ontr-ib11tio11s to Our Airli11es which was m·ade possible tl1rough 1their -contint1ed collaboratio·n.

Since &t is through the Almighty's l1elp and guid­ ance that work ris initiated ,a11d fulfilled, ¥/e ,thank Hin1 for 1the s· uocess• which Ou1· Airlines has been able to aohiev.e rto-date.

1

1

1971.

The econo1nic de,relop1n.ent of 8. .na· tion ·1yvl1ich aspires and st1·ives :to1· IJrogress depends on the. clete1·� n1ination, ha1·d work, and tl1e concerted efforts deployed by the government and its people.

Man proposes and God disposes, and we are com­ manded to work diligently, for aspirations bea1· fruit when followed up with deeds a11d it is therefore necessary to translate wishes into actions.

The level of econo1nic development p1·esently attained by Etl1iopia and l1er continued rapid growth- in =the future, likewise depends :011 t- he re· solve of her people to rise to great�r heights and 011 the enco11ragement and assistance extended by Ot1r government to com­ pleme11t private enterprise - havi11g a�wafs the nation's development targets as a common obJect1ve.

- 311 -

-DONIESTIC

To attain this objective and other further deve­ lopment targets calls for dedicated work to which every­ one should co11t1·1bute. '"fh1s n1eans from the highest otlicial appointed to ser·ve to tl1ose wl10 are served.

Accordingly, the ''National Expo of Ethiopia'' which We a1·e declaring open today provides, in a small measure, adec1uate testi.J.11011y to the cooperative eitorts of tl1e gove1·11ment and pr·ivate e11terprises in the agricultural, i11dustrial and conunercial fields, by focusing 011 the eco11on1ic acl1ievements made in Ethiopia i11 the past yea1·s. We said the Expo depicts i11 sr11all 1neast1re what l1as been accon1plisl1ed i11 the eco110111ic 1ielcls, particularly the ci1·cu1nstances under whicl1 i11dustries were establisl1ed. Any undertaking requires l1ard wor·l< a11d dedicatio11. It is therefore clear tl1at tl1e1·e are ma11y cliflict1lties to be surn1ot111ted to establish these i11dttst1·ies a11d to expand tl1em.

Tl1e I111perial Ethiopian Gove1·nment in its march for progress has undertaken in the past and at tl1e prese11t time in1pressive activities in providing a 11u111ber of infrastructural and econon1ic activities in such diverse fields as education, healtl1, transportation, com­ n1Ltnicatio11, banking and othe1· esse11tial services which sl1ould normally precede economic a11d social growth in addition to its participatio11 i11 direct productive investments. These services l1a,,e not only succeeded in l1elping to build a nation-wide marketing network for the agricL1ltt1ral and i11dttstrial IJroducts of the 11atio n by bringi11g the Etl1iopian people closer togetl1er than ever before, but have also co11tributed to the enha nce­ n1ent of their welfare and well-bei11g to a great extent.

Fully aware of tl1e in1n1ense potentialities of Our country, We believe that wl1at we have accomplished so far in this regard is only tl1e beginning of a greater - 312 -

DOMESTIC

st ill lie ah h s ea d.

W e mention this in 0.rder task wic . to remind each of you to strive· and \Vork hard for the welfare of our count1·y. To this end, we have to shoulder l1eavy responsibilities so .as to leave behind a firm fotmdation for future generations.

As ·the network of infrastructural and economic services become furthe1· established throughot1t Our Empire, tl1e1·e is no doubt that the increasing number of Our people residi11g i11 the rural areas will add dncreasing marketing outlets for indt1stry and agri­ oulture, thus offeri11g new dimensions ror the business com1nu11ity. Nevertheless, to extend basic facilities and economic services with the aim of attain­ i11g a nation-wide marketing structu1·e cannot be succes·sful if built by the s o · le effort of the government.

Tl1ese effo1·ts have to be supplemented by the agricul­ tt11·al, indust1·ial and cornrne.rcial comn1u11ity which sh, ould seek to lau11ch a V-le.JJ ·thought-out pr·ogramme of marketi11g strategy ciesigned t-o se!l t.l1e agrici1ltt1ral produce a11d the indtistrial p1·oducts manufactu1·ed in the cou11try at fair and reasonable prices.

To this end, We believe that the staging of this ''National Expo'' at this j11nctu1·e will serve a usef11l purpose in familiarising consume1·s and businessmen with Ethiopian products and in enabling tl1em to see for the1nselves wl1at is in fact being prodt1ced a11d manufaotured in Ethiopia. Howev ·er, to hold a ''National Expo'' here i11 As1nara 01· � n otl1er parts _of Our country takes tin1e a11d the b�s1ness_ con1mun1ty should not wait so 1011g to popularize their prodt1cts.

011 the contrary, We feel that it is �n the inte�est of agric11ltural, ind11strial and commercial e�terpr1s�s �o promote their products ·within and outs1d·e Eth1op1a - 313 -

1)0 tvlES'fI(�

by lat111cl1i1 1g a conti1111011s p1·og1·a1111ne of sales pron10. ·tio11 at all levels, for it is desirab le ,tl1at we increasingly _ ·utilize locally produced ma11utact11red goods. It is wortl1y an.d 111eritorious to think in terms of the welfare of th.e people a11cl to work towards projects contributing to the 11ation's prjde and to tl1e prosperity of the COLlntry.

We have to be aware of t.he fact that our people a,re not only c,:1pable of assessi11g im.plications about their futu1·e but also abo11t frie11dly a11cl other 11ations.

As history attests, st1cl1 c.twareness by our forefatl1ers has be11efited sticceeding ge11e 1·ations, a11d it should therefore be em11l,tted by all ge11eratio11s.

011r people W;i ll be able to enha11ce their 111aterial t)rogress a11d attain thei1· objectiv,e of national progress tl1rough l1ard wo1·k a11d above all by sacrifici11g personal rewarcls for the sc.1ke of the co111111on good.

Sell-Sufficie11cy· As we 1ne11tio11ed earlier· Ethio1Jia l1as 110w attained a certai11 degree of self-sL1ffi.cie11cy i11 the production of a s11f-Iicient ra11ge of co11s11mer 111anufactured goods i11 the face of wl1ich tl1e co11ti11t1ed importation of con1petitive sin1ilar goods beco111es superflt1011s and a cat1se for w,1ste of 11111cl1 needeci fo1·eig11 exch[tnge for· develop· 111:ent.

We i11 Etl1i<)1Ji,1 attc.tcl1 great i111portance to tl�e _pro111otio11 of loc,tl i11d11stry. 1:11 tl1is a11d other eco11on11c . e ly l we f t111derta ki11gs fo1·e.ig11 i11vest111e11t, \Vl1icJ1 u ?� cot1rage, is always welco111e. For at tl1is ti111e in e a tries � par tic11lar wl1e11 we i11 tl1e developi11g cow1 _ in fall the fa.c1ng ,tdve1·se te1·1ns of tr,1de as a res11lt of prices of 011r p1·.in1ar-y goods o.n the one hand and the ··- 3l�l -··

DO.N!ESTIC

continued escalation. of tl1e p1·ices of i111ported manti­ factL1red go�ds 011 tl1e othe1·, we shot1ld la)' stress on . ac t1 · ce on le 1 of ot 1r 1ndustrialization programme and the � . cess111g of ot1r local 1·aw materials into fi1lished the p ro goods to speed UIJ the te mp o of ot11· economic deve­ lopm e11t.

Wl1en we talk abot1t i11dt1 stry i11 general, it includes heavy, mediL1n1 a1 1d s1nall scale industries. The i111po1·ta 1 1t disti 11ctio11, as far as we are concerned, is not so 1nt1cl1 tl1e scale of the indt1stry but the speed a11d qt1ality of the products. In the f.inal analysis prod11ct quality is crL1cial a11d that is why emphasis is give11 to the selectio11 of tl1e industry which can be ope1·ated sn1oothly a 11d efficiently.

We are aware of tl1e hard \Vork that was 1·equired to prepare this Expo. As has been explained the cost i11curred for staging the Expo may not be very n1uch and provides a good. exa1npie fo1� similar ventt1res in the ft1ture.

We take this op1Jortu11ity to tl1a11k the organizers and participa1 1ts i11 tl1is l�ational E,xpo of Ethiopia as \Vell as those wl10 co11ceived the idea of stagi11g this significant eve11t. . . this c 1 wl1 ls e 1 goa �_ 111 exp1·essi11 g OL1r hope that tl Expo has set to acco111plisl1 will come to fru1t1on, We declare ,it ,open today.

1

February l, 1972

NAVAL GRADUATION TI1e fact that n1ore t11an two-thirds of _ tl1e e�rth's surface is covered by sea l1as not been an 1n1ped1me11t _ to man; instead, the latter has t1sed and cont1 1111es to - 315 -

DOMES1'IC

use this huge body of water to further his material and social development, to increase his mutual collabo1·ation, and to e11hance l1is civilization. Sea communi­ cation l1as indeed been and ren1ains still one of the most significant media of technological progress.

It was with an acute awa1·eness of this fact that sixteen years ago, this day, We established the Imperial Ethiopian Navy so that it co11ld rightly take its place, a11d pa1·ticipate actively i11 the nation's progress and developme11t along this line. Every time We have visited l1ere, We have, witl1out fail, stressed toe need for·· the existence of a 11aval force, enun1e1·ated its ad­ vantages, specified its roles and responsibilities, and have reite1·ated the solemn tr11st We l1ave placed upon you, the officers and men of tl1is Navy.

011 this occasion, We a1·e 011ce again pleased to be present in your midst, a11d to officiate in the passing out ceremonies of the 1nidshipmen, warrant officers and seamen, and to note with encot11·agement tl1e pre­ vious yea1·'s acl1ieven1ent of the I1nperial Navy, its increase in manpower, and the growth in experience and knowledge of its men.

Etl1iopia has a long n1aritime tradition vvhicl1 the lmpe1·ial Ethiopian Navy sl1ould build t1po11. Tltlrteen years have now passed si11ce the first w1ong yo11 grad11ated from tl1e Navy Scl1ool a11d College, a11d were assigned to variot1s posts withi11 tl1e Navy.

Duri11g these yea1·s, yot1 l1ave 1·eceived extensive t1·a 111ing in the li11es of yom· profession, you l1ave co111e far in your expe1·ience and 1naturity, a11cl you l1ave also adva11ced considerably i11 yoL11· 1·a11ks.

As a rest1lt, you have been made to talce charge of the 1najo1· functio11s of tl1e Navy and a1·e prese11�ly e lul W own. ru11ning its various departn1ents 011 your - 316 -

DOMESTIC

this is gratifying in one sense, it also means a heavy . · ·i · f ns p en r es 1 b1 !· tY w?�ch requires you to perform bt1rd � � _ your ·daily duties w1t,h ·diligence, far-sightedness and exemplar.y co·nd11c·t.

In particular, when at the present time many _ adverse forces a1·e atte11t1vely awaiting to disturb the cat1se ?f pe a�e, yo11 �ill be forced to approach your tasks 111 a d1ffere11t light and carry them out in a map.ner co11sistent \vith tl1e dictates of the situation.

It will be Y?t1r respo�s�bility to maintain an act1te pre­ sence of 1111nd and v1g1lance at all times, and to keep those worki11g under yo11 in a higl1 degree of prepared­ ness so that yo11 can promptly recog11ize the situation and respond swiftly to whatever challenges it may im­ pose on yot1.

Fo1· those of you who graduate today, We would also like to remind you that the ,,alue of your contribu­ tion to the ove1·-all atta.i111nent of the J\Tasiry's ol)jecti�1es can only be assessed. by the arnount of pe1·sonal sacrifice you are prepared to ma'ke, the degree of devotio11- and co-operatic,r1 J,ou d<�111onstrate ir1 yo11r work, a11d by the unceasing efforts yo11 expend to improve yo11r knowledge and experience.

As yo11 know, a g1·eat deal of financial as well as human effort has been invested in your training and ed11catio11 both in the College, and in tl1e Naval Training Centre at Dongollo. Now, therefore, when you are about to be.�in your respective duties in the various branches of the service, yo11 are to remember that your fo 1· efathers did not enjoy the kind · of opportt1nities that you now enjoy, they di? 11ot h�ve the comfort that yot1 now have, and that 1t was with a great · deal of hardship and sacrifice that they - 317 -

DOMESTIC

preserved and ha11ded down to Us the heritag e which We now cherish.

Consequently, as you carry out your daily share of duties, you have to tl1 ink of tl1e kind of heritage you will hand over to the coming generation, and also to ask yourselves whetl1 er or not you have done a worthwhile job fo1· tl1e day.

In their st1·iving f0r technological progress, dev& lopi11g 11ations today ma-ke by far the greater effort in adapti11 g to thei1· partict1lar needs those mechanical devices designed and mant1factt1red by the advanced countries. While this is a basically essential undertak­ ing, i11 order to avoid t1ndt1e dependence on external sources 011 e should also start to make s01ne headwa)7 towards self-st1fficiency by attempting to make, even if it be on a modest scale, one's own devices. You l1ave tl1 erefore to en1ploy yo11r alreadv acquired know­ ledg,e, experience ·and skill to i1nprovise, where neces­ sary, 111 order to alleviate some of the technical problems yot1 face from ti1ne to time.

From 011r constant review of the Navy's achieve­ ment, We find that the traini11g scl1 e1ne it has instituted for its 1nen is very gratifying. We l1ave been pleased to ·note that the IEN has provided manifold training opportt1nities to its me11 thro11 oh schola1·sl1ip schen1 es it has sought and obtai11 ecl f1·�1n f1·iendly countries· Apart from the obviot1s ed11cational advantages that are to be derived from tl1is wortl1y venture, the fact that tl1is initiative ft1rthe1· serves to strengthen the ·bonds of frie11dshiJ) ·between tl1 ese countries and Ethiopia can11 ot be 1111 derestin1 ated. Indeed, We would like at tl1 is oppo1·tt111 e 111 01ne11t to extend 011r thanks to these cot111tries for tl1eir co-operation and assistance.

In today's ceremony, \Ve a1·e partict1larly deliglited - 318 -

D0�1E STIC

to wit11ess the graduat_io n of �wo Sudanese midshipmen wl10 have bee11 pt11·st1111g their cot1rse of study for the last four years with you.

Eve11 tl1ougl1 this is not the first time that St1danese natio11als have been trained in our Navy, it gives Us a great _ pleasu1·e to see this repeated, since We tr11st that 1t serves to strengthen the friendly relations that We ever wish and seek to promote and foster witl1 our 11eighbouri11g countries. Besides the training tl1ey have received during these years, We hope that tl1e warm friendship that these young men have been ;a·ble i'o develop among you and the local po· p11lace will en·able them to consider Ethiopia as their second cou ntry.

As is t1sual on the occasion, Vt/e observe today a n11n1ber of ships and sailors from friendly countries.

Over and above the ce1·emonial sig11ificance the pre­ sence of tl1ese ships lends to the occasion, We believe that the occasion further he1os us to secure more friends and also affords ot1r sa�Iors the opportunity to widen their professional horizon and outloo·k.

We therefore wish to thank those friendly countries for having sent their ships and delegates to participate i11 tl1e Navy Dav of this yea1·.

Fjnally, We would also like to express Our aooreciation to Commodore Iskinder Desta and those officers and men who are 1·endering their services with devotion· and diligence to the growth and development of the Imperial Ethiopia11 Navy.

February 8, 1972

- 319 -

DOMESTIC

POLICE COLLEGE Ti111e waits for 110 011e, whether one takes ad­ va11tage of it or 11ot. As ti1ne passes so does man, and it is therefore essential that lie leaves behind ]astino0 acl1 ieven1e11 ts i11 l1is life for ge11 erations to come. He has to weigl1 the 1·est1lts of l1is e11deavours, t1sing time as a gat1ge, for all of t1s will be j11dged by what we are able to acco111 plisl1 at a given tin1 e. ·Ever since We were elected to lead Our people, We 11a \1e 11e,,er spared a11y effort to speed existing fJ1·ojects a11cl to lat1ncl1 11ew 011es fo1· tl1e overall growth a11d clevelo1Jn1e11t of Ot1r co11 11 try.

Tl1 e n1 ainte11a11ce of 11atio1 1al secl1rity is a prere­ q t1 isite fc>1· tl1e growtl1 a11d develop1nent of a nation.

We are tl1e1·efore tl1 a11 kft1l to the Al111igl1ty God to Vlit11 ess today tl1at tl1is Aba Dina Police Training College, v.1l1icl1 We establisl1ed for tl1 e t1·aining of Our young 111en, is observin.g its 25tl1 a11 nive1·sary by fulfilling the objectives for wl1icl1 it was established. As ent11nerated 1 10w ancl ,ls We Ot1rselves l1ave followed them closely, the ac11ieven1 e.11ts of this College are indeed enco111·,1gi11g. We are eve11 n1 01·e JJleased wl1e11 We con­ sider tl1e fact tl1at the College 11as been self-st1fficient i11 trai11i11 g cleclicatecl and loyal 31ot111 g EthioJJia11s ca p­ _ able of gt1iding t11 is i 1 1stitt1tion wl1icl1 , at tl1e ti1ne of its establish1ne11t, was sta.ffed by foreig11ers. Tl1ere is no­ tl1i 11g n1ore 1·ev.,arcling a11cl gratifying tl1a11 to leave behi11d a self-st1fficie11t syste111 i11 all fields for tl1e "vel­ fare of tl1e ·i11clividt1,1l as vvell as for tl1e countr)' as a ,vl1ole. U11less tl1 erc is ,1 self-st1fficie11cy i11 all fields, tl1ere ca11 be 110 gL1ar,111tee against l1umiliation a11d de­ gradation. Altl1ot1 gl1 we live j 11 a11 age of interdepe11• -- 320 ·-

DONIESTIC

dence, �t is necessary to become self-stifficient as much as possible.

We are ])leased that this College has produced _ gradt1ates :w ho are a pride to Ot1r people and vvho I1ave acqt111·ecI the 11ecessary skill and know-how to­ gether with w!1at is 1·eq�1ired of a police officer, in accord?nc e wit� 0Ltr �11·ectives which We have given from t11ne to t11ne during graduation of officers from tl1is institt1tion. . The gradt1ates of tl1is institt1tion ' and those wl10 will graclt1ate in tl1 e ft1t11re, m11st always strive to n1eet tl1e reqt1irements and dedication that tl1e professio11 dema11ds, to live up to the objectives for which this i11stitt1tio11 was established, as well as to 1naintai11 its 25 years of good reputation. Ceaseless efforts and dedication are tl1e key to progress.

In any con1munity, tl1ere are alv1ays the strong and the weak, the ho11est and tl1e t1·eacl1erot1s a11d tl1 e police officer is dt1t)1-bound to p1·otect the 01Jpressed, to defend the up1·igl1t, to l11111t tl1e cri111i11al, and i11 general to t1pl1old the law. Tl1e ,,1ork of the policeman can be facilitated 011ly th1·011gh the co-operation of Our people and especially when this co-operation is expressed in deeds. Tl1e contribt1tion of tl1ose who are served can­ not be 1111deres·tin1a:ted. Tl1erefore each and every one shot1ld contribt1te his share.

On tl1is occasion, We would like to express Ot1r heartfelt thanks to the Swedish instrt1ctors of tl1e College 11ntil Ethiopian instrt1ctors could take over gradt1ally, a11d to all those governments vvhich helped in the expa11sion of this instit11tio11. We also thank you, tl1e Ethiopian i11strt1ctors and yot1r former � ol­ leagt1es, no longe1· with t1s, for yot1r efforts to bring this College to its present standard. We pray to the - 321 -

22*

:DOMES'fIC

Almigl1ty to bless you1· e11deavours for the further ex­ pansio11 and growth of tlus College so that it can attain an even higher academic sta11dard .

Febrt1arv 1 J, 1972

AT EXHIBITION OF ETHIOPIAN BOOKS UNESCO is providing a use1'.t1l service by desi­ gnating specific years to highlight basic and t1rgent pro­ ble1ns and by ,generating \Vorld-witle activities to resol­ ·ve them.

Tl1is )'eat·, 1972, has been L1nanin1ot1sly declared as ,tn International Book Year by the Sixteenth Sessio11 <J·f tl1e UNESCO General Confe1·ence. We call upon all cit·izens to support this event and to participate in the d.ifferent programmes organized to enhance its objectives.

Bv c.iesignating 1972 as the International Book Year, UNESCO hopes to t1nderscore the in1porta.nce of books as one of the n1ajor means of promoting the llnity and develoo111ent of mankind. It hopes to enhan­ ce the theme of ''books for all'' and e111ol1asize tl1e need of the indispensability of books i n the better1nent of man.

The ·rnternatio11al Book Yea.1· is e11visaged at a time in vvhich stt1dies are conducted. to find ways and means by which books can be made inexpensively_ av�tlable and widely distribt1ted. It should also assist 1n encouraging at1thors and tra11slators to produce ino�e and dive1·se works. The Year shot1ld especia lly J1elo .111 ct1ltivating and spreading widely good reading I1abit s among the pt1blic. d rl vVo In fo11nding UNESCO after the Second.

-- 322 --

DOMESTIC

\Va·r, the world sot1ght to enI1ance peace throt1g h e d 11 cat1on and cuItt1re. The International Book yea r 1s · aIso a1· me d at . advanc1no° and reflec· t1·ng th1s ·· bas1·c purpose, by creating awareness through books of different peoples and cultures.

In ord�r to celebr:a!e fully the International Book Year, a n ational organ1z1ng committee has been est abli­ ·s?ed, tl1rough_ tl1e au _ spices of the UNE,CO Commis­ sion, to organize d1ffere11t activities which shall be car­ ried out durin_ ? !he year. It is necessary that the impact of these act1v1t1es goes beyond being ceren1onial and -result in 1n·ea· st11·es whioh will contribute towards the improvetnent, enricl1ment, and greater love of litera­ ture and reading.

Etl1iopia is noted for her rict1 literature and it is gratifying to note, as 1n an.ifested by the Textbook ex­ hibition organized a year ago by the Ministry of Edu­ cation and Fine Arts, that b{Joks app1·opriate to present­ day needs are i11c1·easi11g;ly bezr.tg prod1J.ced. 1-1�1-\l..re,ver, the developn1ent of boo1cs relevant to t..-:11an>-1�rit� XBe,{;:,ds and to fOntempo1·a1y SO(.�tety is still at an inf,1�1t sta..�e.

Shortage of t1· ained personne19 finance, aJ1d the absence of sophisticated book indt1stries l1ave m ade it necessary to reso1·t, although t· en1oorarily ancl decre asingly, to the importation of books from abroad.

Importing books is expensive and is a temporary and ng di ea r · l ra ne ge r fo s ok bo h is solution. To publ ­ m co ac ch hi 1 w g in tt se n a i op th E textbooks rooted in the i ty. r o ri p n ve gi e b ld u 1o sl c li b u p e th modate tl1e needs of ir 1e t1 1 g n ri a sh f o ty 1i b si n o sp Writers have contint1ed re i �facti ?n t sa _ in w ra g d f o d n a g n ti knowledge through wri 1 1a c n a n f1 e th n a th r e th ra r fro1n t11e service they 1·ende . e v ri e d a y m y e th h remunerations whic to d ee n ry st u d in k o o b e th in ed lv All those invo - 323 -

DOMESTIC

take initiatives whicl1 will ensure the productio n of books which co11ld n1eet the needs of the country.

It is essential that efforts are exerted to encourage a greater participation of the lar_�er pt1blic and to en­ st1re that boolcs are not prod11ced solely to respond to the wishes of the highly educated and the intellectt1als.

In areas like literacy, in which world-wide endeavo11rs are being made and in ,vhich Ethiopia is increasing!)' participating thro11gh functional literacy programmes, the need of follow-t1p materials is f1.c11te and constitutes a major concern. It is not s11ffici1�nt to enable the indi­ vidt1al to 1·ead and write if he is to revert back into illi­ ter.acy. G·e11erating 1activ1ities w11ich will help ,in the pro­ d-L1ction of follow-tl'P material sho11ld be given top prio­ rity this yea1· whe11 t11e developn1ent of books is focused 1.1pon.

The International Book Year is an appropriate occasion and all tl1ose involved in activities related to the prod11ction of books sho11lcl pl)Ol their talents toP.:e1th·er :to aocelera-te tl1e urod·t1otion of relevant reading materials, and to e.ns11re that the appropriate n1echa­ nisn1.s for the coordination and pt·l1motion of book pro­ dt1ction and distrib11tion �1·e created and institt1ted.

We expr.�ss Ottr ardent wish that the Internati0nal Book Year ,vill yield frt1itful 1·est1lts and urge all Eth1ionians to st1nno11t t· he -spi1·it ,and .ajms ·of ·this event by participating in its variot1s activities. We also hope that this occasion will hel p to stren _gthen and ct1lti,,ate the Jove for reading, and the sea.1·ch for ,vays and n1ea�s by ,vJ1ich the vast majority of tl1e Etl1io1Jian people will in tl1e near ft1tt1re have easy access to the treasury of books.

FelJruary 23, 1912

- 324 -

DOMESTIC

ETHIO - SOVIET 1'RAOING CENTRE It. is recognized th�t the establishment of various .

1ndustr1al and co�merc1al enterprises is basic in secur­ in � and acc.elerating .a nation'·s economic growth. In �111s con 1:1ect1011 �e have spared no effort in encourag­ mg t· he 1nore�se. 1 !1 a number of ·such projects in Our country and 1nv1t1ng tl1e pursuit of these aims in Our 1nutual interests.

As Our country's economy is based primarily on . a.gr1c11lture, We l1ave repeatedly stated tl1at Ethiopia's agricultural potential, if fully exploited by modem scientific m·ethods, cannot only provide sufficient food for herself, but that this bounty could be extended to other countries as well. Sl1e could also provide the raw 111aterials necessary for agro-i11dustrial purposes.

Today, wl1en increa.sed efforts are being exerted to exploit this pote11tia.l, the1·e is n,o doubt that more modern agric11ltu1�a1 imple;me. nts and know-how are needed. Modern agricultural methods and improved farming technology a1·e gradt1ally expanding our eco­ nomy, a11d We are gratified to have been able to observe on Our periodic tours throughout the country the pro­ gressive increase of agricultural yields as well as Otrr people's rapid appreciation and application of modern farmi11g techniques.

We consider with a ma1·k of satisfaction the fact, as has been referred to, that the Ethio-Soviet Trading ­ lp he on te tra en nc co to is e iv ct je ob ' ny or Compa s maj _ at the ing to accelerate our agricultural sector, while same time encouraging Ethiopian farmers to take ad­ a th W s. nt em pl � im n er � od m � vantage of the use of s it le ib ss po g in ak m in ed st si as ve l al those w h o ha establishment.

- 325 -

Ill

DOMESTIC

that your Company also It to note gratifyi11g is _ _ pro\f1des a comprel1en�1ve �r1·angen1�nt for speedy repair and over-haul of 1ts ag1·1cultural m1plements and machines ¥lhenever the need arises. It has been brought to Our attention tl1at great difficulteis have been en� countered by our farn1ers witl1 tractors sold to them b)1 co111panies wl1ich do not provide spare parts needed for the maintenance of the life of machineries. In your case, however, it l1as been explained to Us that ),ou have fulfilled all the require1nents in this regard.

It is Our hope that the ready st1pply of spare parts will relieve the farmers of tl1is type of problems. Other importers of tractors a11d othe1· farn1 implements should also consider tl1is 111atter seriously.

As the Vice_.Director of tl1e Export Departn1ent of tl1e 11inistry of Fo1·eign T1·ade of the USSR said, the ad vantage that the peoples of Ethiopia and tl1e Soviet Union ca11 gain throt1gl1 tl1e excl1ange of trade between the two countries ca1111ot be underestimated.

Internatio11al com1nerce, apa1·t from the pecuniary be11efits, l1elps to establish and enhance good i11ter­ state relations. We are co11fident that through tl1e activjties of tl1is Con1pa11y, tl1e long-standi11g friendly relations between Etl1io1Jia a11d tl1e Soviet Union will also be fLtrther strengthened. We are therefore pleased to declare ope11 this Etl1io-Soviet T1·ading Centre au<l We wish it every �uccess.

March 16, 1972

·-

0:C.) ,,,,(.

-·

........DONIESTIC

CHILGA-GONDAR BRIDGE OPE NING Tl1e rapid advance111e11t of science and teclmology in our present day and age l1as brought our world closer and closer together.

Tod�y what happens i11 one part of the world is l1eard 1n a matte1· of 111inutes far a11d near. This develop111e11t has l1elped to create a sense of oneness an1011g n1e1:1be1·s of the l1�11na11 1·ace and l1ence tl1e joys and trag�d1es of one nation are shared by peoples of otl1er nat1011s the world over. Tl1is feeli11g of solidarity and tl1e trend in thinking in te1·n1s of global p1·oblen1s have today n1ore tl1an ever before i11dt1ced nations and peoples -to collaborate J11 various fields of e11deavot1r a11d in partict1lar in matters which are of paramot111t irnporta11ce to the develop111e11t and well-being of man.

Such co-operatio11 definitely helps i11 redt1ci11g \vorld tensions a11d in pro1noting universal understanding and the cat1se of peace in the wo1�ld.

Though this world pJ.1eno1nenon l1as co11tributed greatly to the i11terde:pendence of natio11s, the l1appy relations existing bitweer1 G1·eat Britai11 a11d Ethiopia are age-old and l1a,,e been tested in good and l1ard times. As comrades-i11-arms dt1ring the last world wa1· We recall with satisfaction the collaboratio11 which existed between our two cot111tries and the important role whicl1 Great Britain played in assisting Us in Ot1r liberation struggle agai11st Fascisn1. Eve11. thereafter the areas of co-operation contint1ed to grow from strength to stre11gth to the mutt1al _advantage of ot1r _ respective peoples . Among otl1er things the con_strt1c­ tion of bridges in Ethiopia by t_ he Ro�al _Engineers in collaboration witl1 tl1e In1per1al Eth1op�a11 A: n1y Enginee1·s is one st1ch conc1�ete example. The b1·1dge - 321-

which was constructed 0. 1/er t'ii�'O )'ears ago througl1 such pa1·tnership across th.e Gan.ale River is rendering useful and beneficial sePt.ices to Q,ur people in tl1e Governorate-General of B.ale_ This bridge, which We are about to inaugurate connecting Gondar and Chilga Awrajas and the aerial rope-,;,ia)' \1/hich is built across the Abbai River linking Our Govern.orates-General of Gojjam and Wallo, 1.11ill no d,oubt gi,,e invaluable service to Our people, as vvell as ha·,.,e an impact on the social and economic development of these parts of Our coun­ try.

At tl1is point \Ve would like to express Ou.r deep ap1Jreciation for the material aid wltich the British Gove1·runent have made to\;iards these projects and for tl1e dedication and good�rill Vlhich members of the Royal Engineers ha\1e sho\vn during the const1·L1ction work. As \Vas rightly said earlier, the work done by the ''Minton Training Exercise'' is one more bridge b11ilt which has helped in further promoting the friendship between Ethiopia and Great Britain. We are fully co11fident that man), more projects will be carried out between our D.\'O countries i11 concert to consolidate further the bonds of 011r friendship. We hope that tl1e men of the RoJ1al Enginee1·s vvho have participated in these projects ha,1e benefited too from their work experience here.

We also wish to take this oppo1·tunity to thank all those who have contribL1ted tl1eir share in making a success out of tllis task whicl1 shall give lasting benefit to Our people. We partict1larl)' ,visl1 to laud t�e I1nperial Ethiopian Army for its comn1endable civic programmes which are supplementing Our Govern ment and people's development end ea,,ou.rs.

- 328 -

DOMESTIC

In wishi11g the men safe of Exe1·cise Minton a _ rettrrn home after havmg accomplished their mission here, '\Ve declare open tl1is bridge.

May 17, 1972

AT NEW AMBO MINERAL WATER FACTORY All developed and developing nations encounter nume1·ot1s problems and setbacks in tl1eir efforts to­ wards an accelerated growth and progress, and Ethio­ pia is 110 exception in tl1is regard. To be able to over­ co111e such problems and to sustain continued econo1nic and social progress it is imperative, however, that private and governme11t endeavo11rs are mobilized in all sectors of the eco11omy. If at all levels each and every individual does his share with d.evotion and d.ili­ genc·e, the agg1·egate ·r�/4.J.rk done will .n.o �-Jotxbt co1itribute i1nmensely to thei1· e.(:()i11.orriic a,nd soci.:Jl progi:ess, and enable them to beq1t1ecitrl to poste1·ity a fl.rm r111fi sou11d foundation for contir1ued developme11t.

Thougl1 Ethiopia is predominantly an agricultural country it is also potentially rich in other resot1rces.

We a1·e ft11ly confident that witl1 the full exploitation of some of tl1ese 1·esou1·ces we will be able to make a breakthrough in ot1r great task of nation building.

It is our duty to a1·range that these resources are � tilized to 1neet Our people's basic and other needs which_ are essential for tl1eir continued welfare and well-being.

Among other things, Ethiopia is rich�y endowed with mi11eral water springs, a wealth which we _are fortunate to have and which if properly exploited oan be used for multiple purposes. The former Ambo mineral water spring which has given long and - 329 -

l)OMESTIC

extended service dates back to 1922 (E.C.) . At that ti1ne We comn1issioned a study to be made and the results of that stt1dy ascertai11ed that its water is fit to drink and tl1at it can be used for curative purposes.

Thougl1 a nu1nber of mineral water bottling plants and curiative ,spas have been establIBhed ·so far in Our country, con1pared with the pote11tial we have, We can say that not enough has been done in this regard. It is heartening, however, to see today on this new site the completion of this new Ambo Mineral Water Factory of the National Resources Development Company, which We are about to inaugt1rate, and to learn that it has three times the capacity of the old plant. We are hopeful that the product of this new factory will not only n1eet the needs of the Addis Ababa market and its surrot1ndings, but will also eventually find its way to foreign markets. Many are already familiar with A1nbo n1ineral water and it is only a question of ho\v best its expo1·ts can · be organized which has to be tl1orougl1ly studied and investigated.

In extending Our thanks to all those who have contributed their shar·e in the execution and con1ple­ tion of this project, We declare open this new Bottling Plant.

1

May 21, 1972

HSIU GRADUATION 1972

It gives Us pleasure to congratulate those of y ou g�t�er� d he11e today who are graduating in the differe�: . es, aft studi discipline s t1pon your of the completion · · · having ov·ercome many obstacles and tribulations over the years, for you are the frt1it of Our endeavours for · ·- 330 --

·-----DOMES�l'IC national development a11d p1·osperity.

To gradt1ate from a u11iversity with a degree or . n1 shot1ld no t, however, be considered the con­ d1plo a_ summation of kn�wledge and wisdom, for it is only a means of measuring your present educational status a· �pring-boar d for fur�h_er edt1cation . Indeed, it may b; said that your 1·ec·ogn1t1on of your own lack of know­ ledge is tl1e true indication of your wisdom.

Y·ou all know the 1·eason why We founded and expa11de· d institutions of learning in Our country, par­ ·oicularly those of higl1er education, and you know why We hope to expand thes-e further in the future. Such institutions serve a fundamental and lasting purpose by 1aying the foundations of k11owledge on firmer grounds.

Although it is generally believed that universities l1ave basically tl1e same goals, each university ought to sj have its own ''personality to meet the national need.

To tl1is end, We i11ish t1tJ remind yot1 of \Vl1at We said when We inaugurat.t�fI lI,iile Selassie I lJru.11ersity ten years ago : ''A fund,iin.ent�11 objective of tl1e Ur!ive1·sity must be the safeguar.rling arid de11elopment •Jf the culture of the people vvhlch it se· rves. Tltis University is a product of tl1at culture; i-t is an assembly of those capable of understandi11g and applying the accumulated l1er1tage of the Ethiopia11 people. In this University, men and women working together \:vill study tl1e well­ s-prings of our culture, ,trace its development, and mould its future'' .

A university is a dynamic insti�ution, for it is a foun·tain of knowledge where t1·utl1 1s sought through teaching ·and researcl1, where the br-othe· r!1oo_d ?f 1!1an sl1ould be cemented, ,an,d the evils of d1scrunn.nat1on, such as that existing in Rhodesia should be thoroughly inves·tigated, for :paoial discrimination and the concli- 331 -

DO.t\1ES'flC

tions now prevailing i11 Rhodesia have no place in tllis age.

One of ,t l1e basic p1·oblems faced by Ethiopia in th·e struggle for developn1ent ,is · a shortage of skilled n1anpower, wl1ich you, like tl1ose who graduated before you, -are expected to help to overcome. You realize, We hope, that merely reciting Ethiopia's difficulties and talking of her underdevelopme11t do not con1pose the 0011tr.ibut1 io11 needed fro1n you, ti11 face of the nature ,and d-eptl1 of the p1·oble111 Our Government and people face i11 tl1e 11atio11al st1·uggle for progress. What is expected of a univers,ity is ge11ttine participation in that strt1ggle, by prese·nt, ing S'Ot111d ever-lasti11g research and concrete, cons-tl"luctive ,ideas and opi11ions, for the Uni­ versity is a11 eve1�Iasti11g fot1nta:in of hope for our people.

Our University's n1ove to establish new research institu­ tes and ·to ,in1p1·ove -tl1ose al1·eady i11 existence is a move rin the rigl1t direction .

Ideas to co1nbat a11d e1·adicate the obstacles to growth and developn1ent are, then, a requirement from itl1e University con11nt1nity. That tl1e University has realized tl1e need for close relationship and co-operation wit, h existi11g nat· ional agencies -and organizations, and has taken steps ·to fulfil tl1-is, is i11deed con1mendable, and We are l1opeft1l tl1ait it will contint1e . d\�ell to No that elaboratio11 sl1ow is required to . on 1, dle tl1ot1gl1t, s and vai11 debate a1nounts :to wasting for rs, o11e's otl1e ow11 preciotts of ti1ne' as well as tl1at .

1� retards Ethiopia's pr1og·ress. Tl1e strt1ggle to increase life expeotancy a11d to e1·adicate disease and poverty, two of th� main ·obstacles to p1·og1·ess and development, _ call for d1l1g.e11t, conscie11ti-ot1s ,effort fron1 the educated.

What We expect -of st1ch pe1·sons is a serious sense of dtity · Problems and needs, rathe1· tl1an being used as - 332 -

. i. \

'I

' •

'(

'

\

I'

DOMESTIC

topics of idle talk, n1t1st create an impetus, a new driv­ ing force, toward� p �ogress. University teachers, parti­ cularly Ot1r Eth1op1an teacl1ers, must identify those problem s a11d 11eeds, co11ducting truthft1l and serious r�· searcl1 i.n. tl1e cli_ff,erent disci1)lines, expanding edt1ca­ -r1on, ad·apt1ng tl1e1r effo1·ts to meet present needs and achieving concrete results. We trust tha·t you, and those who g1·adua·ted before yo u l1ave been truly educated in 'this spirit.

Yott n111st go forth to encot1nter the problems where they exist in order to solve them . In this yot1 n111s,t act as examples ·to others. It may be that your cot1rrtry and cot1nt11rme11 require -the· sacrifice of your personal co· mfort as part of your duty. To envy the achieven1·ents of othe1·s ·and to complain of one's own ·problems is a speciality of the indolent. and is tanta­ mount to shving away from responsibility. You all k11ow that the devel(Jped v1or1d a· c11ieved its h1crh degree of advance1nent, not qt1ici,lv nor by 1nere talk, bt1t bv hard work oi;e:r :i 1011g period of time.

Was not the ·oresen·t, technolo_gicallv-advanced s-tA.ge of t'he wo1·ld acl11eved 111 _good part bv the nrodt1cts of t1niversities ? Is it necessarv to S·tress additional evidence to show how the ft1t1.11·e hone of the world c1enend·s on trtl'e education ? Indeed. mt1ch of what this beloved cot1ntrv l1as already attained, and m11cl1 of· its hone for ·tl1e f11-t11re. is based on edt1cation. This is the· reac::on wh,, We fo11ncled and chartered an a11tono­ m·ous Universitv where kn·owledge and trt1th can be searchP-d for, i· n ·freedom.

Historv tells us th:at ed11ca: tion is not a 11·ew r)henomen1on in tl1is count· ry. What is new i� the bl�nd!ng of sniritt1al edt1catio11, which c· haracterized Eth1001an teaching in tl1e ·past, with mod·ern, secular edt1cation.

1

- 333 -

DOMESTIC

Th·e importance of this is clear to anyone witnessing the progre, ss which Ethiopia is now making in so many fields, economic, s ,ooial ,a nd political.

We have given full academic freedom to Our University so ,that it might reach ·the goal set for it, and so that the· youth of Ethiopia, by de- veloping their minds th·rough res-earch and 1tµus acquiring knowledge and skill, mig,h-t m-ake ,their :country enjoy its rightful ·place, comme- nsurate with i1ts history and its prestige in the world.

Teaohin·g, -learning arrd research s·hou]d all be cl1a-rac- ter-ized 1by -a genuine seardh ,for tr11-tb. un,tram­ melled by ill-informed emotional distractions . Teachers can ·take pride in th·eir se- rvice ju-stifiably when their students become a focus of honour for their country and their rparents, as well -as a source of pride to Us who provided them with th·eir m·eans ·of education.

A studen,t'·s ambitio, n for fu·ther education, dedicat­ ed work 1and in1provemen-t should not be restricted by tii1ne or olace. bt1t must be insatiable. Your continuous efforts sb,ould be bas·ed ·on reme, mbrance that man is ·transien·t� one genera,tion reolaces an·other, while a countrv i- s oern1anenrt: an·d everlasting.

Gradua· ·tes : You are eagerly awaited, ·to di�charge the rest)()n­ sibilitv entrusted to you bv contribt1ting i11 vour dif­ ferin-g lines of ·s·tudv towards national progre�� and towards the urosne-ritv of vot1r peonle. and to Ji vP- uo to what is exnerJted of vo11 in or<ler 'to be true Eth,o­ 11 d ho i ns a p , . Have fa·ith a·nd nride in this. for so vo11 s l .

And 110w We would th·ank all tl,ose who 1,ave nd 1 e r; u nresent l n< Onr ed ' ': v h"' i niver1, nast · t i n a its ? : 0 . t�-�1 ng. -oart1c11larlv the m·emh�rs of th rd � F() P, . , d an , n Governors who a· ssist in direoting the institutio - 334 -

•

DOMESTIC

emic and administrative staff who d the aoa have· spare d · . · g �ou to this stage. no pa1- ns to brin .

M·ay ,th·e Alm 1gh.ty grant you success in your future endeavours !

July 4, 1972 .,

AG�O-INDUSTRIAL 1 EXTILE FACTORY To sustai 11 l1i111self and to contribute his share to the well-be �. 11g of his �ellow ma11 a11d society, man has to wo1·k with resolution and industry. One can only 1·eap what one has sown. St. Paul's meaningful words are worth 11oti11g here vvl1en he said that ''If any wot1ld not work, neither sl1ould he ea.t." By the same token: it is only througl1 the combined endeavo11rs of both priva·te and gove11nrn1e11t· enterprises is that ,a nat,ion can fulfil its national goals arid aspirations. The rest1lts whicl1 We have achieved so far are tl1e outcome of the resolute exertions of tl1ese endeavours.

Many facilities 11ave been extended to prornote foreign private invest1nent in Ethiopia. Tl1ese favour­ able opportunities have no doubt created a co11ducive atmosphere for foreign capital and skill to partake in Our natio11al development programmes. Vile attach great importance to st1ch participation because it s11p­ plements Our local efforts and helps to accelerate the tempo of Our economic growth. It is heartening to see the increase .i11 the nu1nber of foreign par, ticip·ation in tl1is connection. Since brothe1·hood among men can have o-reat substance through the promotion of such activities, \Ve are f 11lly -hopeful that this number _will even grow higher in the future to the mutual benefit of both Our country a11d the investor.

- 335 -

DOMESTIC

Among t�e many p1·ivate_ p�ojects which play an effective �ole 1n. the ec ?nom1c life of Our countr y is this agro-1ndustr1al proJect whose new extension We are to inaugurate today. This complex's contribution to Our economy lies in the fact tl1at it p1·oduces finish­ ed goods which are made of local material, and in so doing, has provided employment opportunities for many. We are pleased witl1 tl1e activities of this private agro-indt1strial project wl1ich We support because it is in line with the objectives of Ot1r development plan whicl1 stresses the exploitation of ot1r agricultural po­ tential as a basis for industrial development.

Tl1is 11ew extension is a11 important addition; for as was rightly said earlier it sl1all, besides expanding en1ployn1ent opportunities, help in making Ot1r coun­ t1·y more self-reliant by producing the knit-wear wl1ich we would have otherwise l1ad to import. We wish to take the opportt1nity of this occasion to congratulate you, D1·. Barattolo, for vot1r present initiative and for your tenacity and dedication in bt1ilding this agro­ industrial project to its present level of develo pment.

It is ot1r expressed hope that thro11gh yot1r example and those of you1· comoatriots in Ethiooia, many more of yo11r countryn1en will co1ne here to ·take an active role in the eco11omic de,,elopment of Ot1r cot1ntry. This will definitely help i11 i11creasing tl1e job and economic op ­ portunities of Ot1r oeople. Etl1 iopia eniovs ha ppy rela­ tions with Italy. We are confident that the trade and e��no111ic agreement signed s11bseauent to Our st �te visit to Italv will give 1nore ca11se for tl1e strengtheni_ng of these relations to the advantage of our respective people.

I11 wisl1ing this 1)1·ivate ag1·0-industrial project con- 336 -

D0�1ESTIC

tinuing p1·o_g1·ess a n d developn1ent, We declare open its 11ew extension.

1972.

MAI NEFIII RESERVOIR Ou1· pleasu�e is two-fold in coining here today . to 111augt1r,1te this water reservoi1· whose cornerstone We ,l1ad laid four years ago. First and foremost Our pleast1re is derived fron1 tl1e fact that tl1e wo�k of tl1is project l1as . bee11 successfully completed. Seconcl1y, its co1npletion will no doubt make great contri­ butio11s ,to the ba·sic needs of Ot11· ever-grow-ing city of Asmara whose present population is estimated to be over 200,000.

We yjvidly recaJ1 the 1nany proble111s which the residents of As1nara i1�td to face just a few years ago because of the limited capacity. of the water st1pply system \vhicl1 th�y l1ad then at their disposal and which was eve11 ft1rther agg1·a·vated as a 1·esult of the conse­ c:t1tive years of d1·ot1ght, b·y which this region was strick­ en. The res1dents l1ave to be congratt1lated for their discipline and co-ope1·atio11 and the manne1· in which tl1ey withst_ ood this diffict1lt period. The sa1ne goes to the Governo1·ate-Gene1·al of Eritrea and the Municipal­ ity of Asn1a1·a for tl1e st1ccessft11 interin1 measures they l1ave taken to meet the problen1. Since water is a life­ blood of a people the lasting be11efits of this r�servoir are immense. It is Our expressed l1ope tl1at 1t shall further contribute to the health and well-being of the population and the indt1strial growth of the city oE: Asmara as we11· as its s11burbs. In a growing and ··- 337 _.,

I)OMI�S'J.'IC�

cty11a111ic. �ociety it is 11_ecess,1ry to JJla11 ahead for ai1y eventt1al1t1es. Tl1 e e11v1saged wo1·ks for tl1 e expans ion of tl1is reservoir wl1icl1 we1·e n1e11tio11ed earlier have Ot1r ft1ll stlpJJOrt ar1d We sl1 all follow their development as \Ve have do11e in tl1e past in the case of the gc11erctl ,vorks of the prese11t 1·eservoir.

Growtl1 a11 cl clevelop1nent can only be attained thr<.1ugl1 prope1· planni11g, di1.ige11ce and the will to work.

It is wl1e11 gt1idecl by tl1is spi1·it that a nation can over� co1ne its sl1 ortco111 i11 gs and carry itself to greater l1eigl1ts. We i11 Ethiopi,1 shot1ld be gt1ided in this same SJJirit so tl1 at we c,l11 realize tl1e 11ational goals whicl1 we l1ave set for ot1rselves to acco1nplish in the interest a11cl ·for the well-bei11g of 0L1r cot1nt1·y. In this great 111iss-io11 vle shot1ld not falter 11or be l1alf-l1eartecl becaL1se it is tl11·ot1gl1 ot1r combi11ed efforts that "'e can bt1ild a strong l)ase ,111cl st1cceecl in 111 aking a break-tl1rougl1 at ,111 levels of ot1r develop11 1ent . It is natt1ral if we are n1ct witl1 setba.cks, bt1t if we persevere and look to tl1e ft1tLtrc vvitl1 confidence a11 d l1ope, vve sl1all st1cceed. '\Ve shot1lcl 11 ot forget tl1a t tl1e Lord's blessi11,gs and s11pport �a11 be 11,1d ,111d that ot1tsicle help vvill be forthco111111 g 011ly if we l1elp ot1rselves. \Ve tl1erefore l1ave to be steaclfast to ot1r 11atio11al icleals ,111d objectives and be able to n1obilize 011r e11ergies for their accon1plishn1e11�.

For i11 ot1r 1111ity of JJt11·pose ,111d co-operation ther� ts a lot tl1at we cc111 do to ,,ot1cl1 safe out.· cot111try's contintl­ cd l)rogress ancl prOSJJerity.

Ot1r cot111 try is ricl1ly e11dovved vvith 11atu ral r �­ sot1rces. God l1as sa11ctio11ecl tl1at we should exploit \Ve lest 11se tl1ese resot1rces ancl p11 t the111 to c.l better ,lb11s� I-Iis gifts. : \Ve vvot1ld like to take tl1e 01Jportu11ity of t�is ha 1)I)Y occasio11 to tl1,111k tl1e Italia11 government for its ·-- 338 -�

..-DOwlESTlC

Liseft1l J)articipat_io11 i11 11 aving exte11ded t11e 11ecess,try lo,111 for tl1e JJroJect. Such ,l collaboration is :i 11dic,1tive ,111d gc>ocl relatio11s existino0 betwee11 ot1r of tl1e frie11dly • t\i\lO cot111 tr1es. As We l1ave saicl ti111e a11d agai11, We Iool< forwarcl to tl1e l:t1rtl1er pro111ot:io11 of tl1 e ,114eas of co-OJ)eratio11 betwee11 ot1r two cou11tries always i11 the co111n1on i11terest of ot1r two peoples.

As ,:ve l1eard et1r]ier, tl1e Italia11 e11gineers and (�onstrtiction \vorkers l1ave an1ply de1no11strated their \Vork111a 11ship i11 buildi11g tl1is reservoir. We wot1ld like to tl1a11l< the111 for tl1is.

111 tl1anki11g Kentiba J-Jaregot, the Mt1nicipality of As1nara a11cl all tl1ose i 11dividt1als a11d orga11izatio11s who l1a,·e co11tribt1ted their sl1are towards tl1e s11ccessfu1 co111pletio11 of tl1e works of tl1is i111porta11t u11dertaki11g� 'vVe declare ope11 tl1e services of this water reservoir.

1972.

'l'}() J. ··- V.._

-

AFRICA

AFRICA DAY reminds us· of the struggles for inde­ pendence . . . . . . It

It l1as been five years ·since every year this day of April 15, was decreed to be celebrated as Africa's Ind�p�nden�� Day.· This day is celebrated throughout Africa. It reminds Us of the struggles for independence during the last. twelve months and of our African brothers tl1at are still engaged in the fight for freedom.

For $eve1·al years in tl1e past, as must be re1nembered, a large part of the African continent was under colonial rule. In the course of that time, co­ lonialists have stripped the Africans of their freedon1 and natural rights, and 11sed their resources for the benefi_t and prosperity of thei1· own cot1ntry. Even today, colonial n1asters speak ill of Africans by exag­ gerating their poverty in the press. Africans are also blan1ed for the aid tl1ey 1·eceive. This aid cannot fill the needs of tl1eir peoples overnight. From under such hun1iliation, Africans rose 11p to safeguard their right and started to struggle to obtain their independence.

This struggle began to bear fruit a·fter World War II· Tl1e first African Indepe11den t States Conference was held in Africa in 19 5 8 . The independent states at that time were only eight. Nevertheless, the freedo111 fight in Africa co11tinued with 1no1·e vigour and fervotir; and today the nun1ber of independent states has reach� ed 32. This is fot1r ti111es tl1e size of tl1ose independent cou11t1·ie s wl1ich participated in the Acc1·a Confere11c �· Last year alone Rwa11da ' B 11ru11di' Uga11da, and Algeria ac h.ieved their independence and became members of the Independent African states. Althougl1 it had been �-- 340 ---

AFRICA

duly extended at the approp1·iate time, we will aga in ventur� to express ot1r congratulations to these friend !

Y . s ie tr n cou I11 ot1r neighbou1· cot1ntry, Kenya, a 11ew political trend is taking shape and electio11s are expected to be �eld soon. It �s our �a1·nest wish that Kenya achieves 1ndepe11de11ce 11n111ed1ately after the conclusion of a successf�l election... Tl1at Kenya obtains her indepen­ de11ce w1thot1t tl1e d1sme111be1·me11t of her regions is the policy that Ethiopia s·t1·ongly supports. Ethiopia op­ poses all those \Vl10 try to dis1nember Kenya under the clain1 of tribalism.

Congo has been i11 turmoil after independence.

It has been gratifying to Us to see Katanga reintegrated last year into tl1e central government to form a united Congo Republic. We are especially pleased, because Etl1iopia has sent her troops to Congo in the name of the U11ited Nations a11d 1nade substantial contri­ bution to the t1nity of th.at country.

In Centr·al Africa too, political moven1ent is quite encouraging. Und.e1· the exninent leadership of n·r.

Kamui:u Banda, Nyasaland acl1ieved local gove1·nment u11der its nationals and the day of her independence is anxiously being awaited in the very nea1· future. It has also been ma de clear in a recent London Conference that Northern Rhodesia has secured its right of -seces­ sion from the colonialist-rt1n Federation, and it is fast marching towards i11depe11dence.

Meanwl1ile the fate of Africans in Southern s an ic fr A an . io at sit � 11s io ar ec si y pr de ; ho R a is in � � d an d n so r1 1p 1n · 1ly ar tr b1 ar d � un d fo an their leaders are conseqt1ently, the country is · in chaos·. �yve will not e ak m to t en nm er ov G sh ti ri B hesitate to remind the · ' - 341 ° -

---..

AFRICA

t1se of its responsibility to hand over authority to the A f1·ican 1najority so tl1at Soutl1e1·n Rhodesia will also be i11de1Je11de11t. U11til 11ovv tl1e British Gove1·nment ha s sl1own wisdon1 ,111cl �0L111d jL1dg111e11t i11 p1·oviding inde­ I)e. 11dence for . Africans, i 11 a 1na11n�r co11structive and objective.

Tl1e Sot1tl1 Africa11 r,1cial government apartheid policy l1as cleterior·ated i11steacl of effecting leniency and improve111ent. A la1·ge nun1be1· of Africans, fighting for tl1ei1· freedon1, a1·e f1·0111 day-to-day hauled into jails \V.ithoL1t dL1e process of law, and are made to suffer Lt11der severe co11ditio11s. Defy.ing \vorld opi nion, break.­ .i 11g intcrna tio.11,tl laws ;:111d disrespecti11g tl1e United f�atio11s Cl1arter, tl1e S0L1tl1 Af1·ican govern111ent con­ li11ues practicing its atrociot1s and odious policy. Never­ tl1eless, Etl1iopia will 11ot deny assi sta11ce to our brotl1er Af1·icans wl10 live 111 tl1at t1nfortt1nate country.

We shall 11ot pass wi.tl1ot1t exp1�essi11g ot11· regret to the Portt1gt1ese Govern111e11t, th,1t tl1e fate of Afri­ ca11s in its colo11ies l1as 11ot been up to n . ovv i111proved so els to 11ave J)repared tl1e111 for in.depe11dence. Wl1at We woL1ld agai11 re111i11d tl1e :Portt1gt1ese Gover11me11t, is to prepare Af1·ic. ans i11 its colo11ial te1·ritories for self­ gover11n1cnt i11 orcler to ct1rtail l1eavy blood-sl1ed. Etl1io­ pia vi.ill not refrai11 fror11 e11deavot11·ing to c1ssist i11 fi11d­ i11g solt1tio11s l,y ,vl1icl1 A f1�.ica11s t111der PortL1guese co­ lo11ics will obtai n indeJJe11de11ce.

111 ge11er,:1], \,Ve exte11cl q111· goocl will greetii,gs lo clll ot11· Africa11 b1·etl1re11 ,vl10 are still t111de r tile ·yolce o:f foreig11 1·t1le, ,111cl wisl1 tl1at thei r strL1ggle for freedo111 will bear frt1it so tl1at they wot1ld be mas ters of tl1eir O\v·n ·fate. Ou,r I1el:p will also 1·eaol1 them· · Fi11ally, We woulcl lil<e to speak abot1t tl1e Ma)' e her l1eld Conference of· A f1·ican Heads of State to be - 342 -

p

AFRICA

in A?dis A b a b a . All tl1e 3 2 heads o f state in the entire cont· 1 11ent l1a,,e acce1?ted. .our invitatio11 an , d expressed 11 1g11ess to part1c1pate in the c011ferenee. we tl1e1 r \-Vt·11· . are spec1 a 11y P. 1eas�cl by the 1·espo11se and co-operation . s110�11 by. OLIJ. 1 1e1gl1bour sister, Somalia, for her re­ e pa rt cons1derat1011 to tal( 1 i1 tl1 e co nf er ence following _ . ot1r reco111111e11dat1 011 and advice .

The J?u1·po�e of tl1 �s �onfere11ce is to strengthen .

African t�n 1 �y. S 111ce Etl11 op1a's l1ospitality is historically know11, 1t 1s tl1e volt111tary dttty of every individual Etl1iopia11 to exte11d tl1e usual courtesies to our dis­ ti 11gt1isl1ed gt1ests wl10 will come for the co11ference.

We entrust, tl1erefore, to you all that each one of you extend the best rece1Jtion to our l1onot1rable guests.

Let Al1nigl1ty God l1elp t1s i11 the ft1lfiln1ent of our wishes.

April 17, 1963

TUBM1\..N [�(E�GREE: COI'\JFERRED 111 this Un iversity, whicl1 ·v,.;e founded as tl1e first in Our cot1ntry a year and a half ago, it gives Us great pleasure to co11·fer the honorary degree of Doctor of Laws upo11 His Excelle11cy Mr. Tubman, the leader of a country which ha s for long been a torch of freedom to tl1e lands of West Africa. It gives Us special plea­ stire that His Excellency is the first African leader to receive an l1onorary degree fro1n this Unive1·sity. is an 1 n t1b T nt de si re P cy 11 le el xc E is I-I h Inas1 nt1c as e b · to is l1e , ia er ib L w ne 1e tl f o tl1e fot1nder a11d creator t os tm t1 1e tl e n pe ex � s h ? ho considered a great leader w � to rd g re 1n s s1 b 1 1·n � f1 a n o � effort to p u t his cot1ntry y it er sp ro p ic m o n o ec d 11 education, p u b li c I1ealtl1, a - 343 --

i11 su111, to assure fo.r l1is cou11try healthy growtl1 and L111ity. F1·orn the ti111e wl1en l1e was first chosen to be tl1e leade1· of his coL111try - ,l ci1·cu1nstance that has been repeatecl ti111e a11d ,1gain -- he l1as laboured as the leade1· of l1is coL1nt1·y for nineteen years . Tl1is may be regarded as the p1·in.1ary proof of tl1e affection wl1ich l1e has inspi1·ed a111011g 11is people. The greatness of a .leader 1n,1y be cstin1ated i11 tl1e first instance by the i111p1·ovement of l1is cou11t1·y --- l1is co11tribution to the prosperity of l1is o\v11 peop·Ie ·--- ·and, furthermore, to tl1at of neigl1bo111·ing lands. More gene1·ally, it is sl:own tl1rough ,the sacrifices he 1Jerfo1·n1s and exl1ibits in order to 111ai'l1tai11 the \velfare of 1n,t11kind ,t11d to preserve the LJeffce ()f tl1 e wo1.,ld. And, in tl1ese respects, President TL1b111a11 is a cha111pion of f1·eedo1n wl10 has done every­ tl1ing it is witl1i11 l1is powe1· to do. :r-Iis leadership of a Libe1·ia which 11as long main­ t,tir1cc1 l1er i11de1)e11cle11ce, tl1e t1nity a11d p1�ogress he has secL1red. for l1er IJCOJJle, and tl1e efforts n1ade 011 l1is part to e11able tl1ose Africans ,vho have in tl1eir ow11 la11c.fs l)erforce ]JLlt <.)11 tl1e gar111ents of freedo111 a11d st1ffe1·ed oppression ,lt ,tlie11 ha11cis to gain tl1eir i11de­ JJenclence - becat1se o .f all these ,tchieve111ents it is Ot1r hope tl1at tl1e co11ferring t1po11 His Excelle11�y �f arl l1011orary deg1·ee at tl1is ·u11iversity 111ay be ar1 111sp1 ratio11 to Africa11 stt1de11ts wl1.o will g<.1 forth by tl1 e tho11sa11cls as t1·t1e SLlIJJ?Ortc1·s botl1 of their ovln couri­ tries ancl of a 1111ited Af1·ica, \Vl1ose f11tt1re leaders they tnay beco111e.

Ed11cation is tl1e key to a 11ation's progr ess, ai1d \Ve Afric,l11s 1nt1st bear tl1at i11 n1i11d. We are 11o w to · be foL1ncl expe11di 11g 011r t1t111ost e11ergies a11d resources · . · a . . tl1e · ° n1z1n t1po11 ecl11cat1011 · Etl1101J1a ' 011 l1er· part, 1·ecog to s II) h' rs JJroven ,,a1ue of ecl11catio11, l1as awa1·decl schola 1

·- 344 -

p

. AF'RICA

· ay come here f or the1· r African stt1dents ,so that tl1ey 111 . . ans who ca' n1e studies. So.me of th e Afric he re ea r1-1er . ba on this _ sis con1pleted their studies and graduated at l1tlr various_ colleges, and have retu1·11ed to their respec­ ies, where th<:?Y are 110w to be fottild gi· vin tive. countr · g . . es1 B des tl1e ad�a11tage which this procerv1c . es. s tl1e1r � . cit1re _aff?r_ds tl1rough �he se1·v1ces they render to their own 111d1v1dt1al cou11tr1es, We are confident tl1::tt it will provide fir1n bridges to assist the e11deavot1rs of the leade1·s wl10 are prese11tly labouri11a in tl1e cause of Afr1ca11 t1n1ty.

•

•

t:::,

•

As a token of tl1e exceptio11al services rendered by Y ot1r Excellency to your country and to tl1e whole of Africa, it gives Us great pleasure to confer LIJJ011 yott the l1onorary degree of Doctor of Laws.

1\. TOAS"l, TO PRESIDENT TUBMAN We a1.·e gratified at the prese11ce at Our side tl1is evening of a11 old friend, a 1na11 for wl10111 We perso11ally ente1·tain senti111ents of close and warm friendship a11d witl1 whose cot111try Etl1 iopia l1as 1011g entertained cleep a11d rewa.rdi11g relations, Mr. Willian1 V.S. Tt1b111a11 , Preside11t of tl1e Republic of -'Liberi,1. We wot1ld like also here to express Ot1r gratitt1de to tl1e Preside11t y th pa m sy le ab tt ge or 1f t11 r ei 1 tl r fo ia and people of Liber 11rovia at o M 1 gl ou 1r tl e ag ss pa t1r O i 11 g 1r shov.,n to Us dt 11r 0 in d re r 1_ ct oc le 1b ot tr ed ct pe the tin1e whe11 tl1e t111ex cot1ntry in 1960.

Today, as Afr.io,L stands 011 the ev� o� a new life � it is wholly fitting that the Heacls of Africa� two oldest States sl1ot1ld co111e tooetl:1er to re11ew old ties, to forge 11ew links i11 the bo11cl; of f1·iendship wl1icl1 t1nite then,, �- 345 ....

AFRICA

a11d to reaffirm tl1eir dedication to the cause of Afri­ ca11 t1nity wl1icl1 spa11s tl1is vast continent and joins Liberia and Ethiopia in a con1mon endeavour.

Liberia and Ethiopia enjoy a long and enviable record of close and mutually beneficial collaboration.

In the League of Nations, Liberia a11d Ethiopia have co-operated closely i11 111atters of 111utual interest, to the greater benefit of botl1 countries. We a1·e pursuing, at the present tin1e, Ot11· cause before the International Court of Justice at The Hague in defence of the prin­ ciple of equality of tl1e races in an effort, whicl1 We know will be t1lti1nately successful, to free our brother Africans in Sot1th West Af1·ica from the yoke of op­ pression which today crushes them to the ground.

As the two oldest cot111tries i11 tl1e continent of Africa, Liberia a11d Etl�iopia have participated fron1 tl1e ve1·y begin11ing in the stru.ggle to b1·ing freedom to this conti11ent. We 1nust 110w bring to bea1· on the ever greater proble1ns which co11front Africa the 1011g expe­ rie11ce which we sl1are in directing ot1r affairs, as we seek to discer11 the path of l1er ft1ture a11d to gain for this continent l1er rightft1l positio11 i11 the direction of world affairs.

It was witl1 deep regret tl1at tl1e visit to Ethiopia earlie1· planned for· P1·eside11t Tt1bn1an was cancelled.

We take a11 eve11 deepe1· �atisfaction, tl1erefore, in his prese11ce l1ere today. We are detern1ined that Libe�ia and Etl1iopia. sl1all, side by side as brothers, as befits tl1eir history, work for tl1e acl1ie,,e111e11t of a better and l1appier future for all Af1·ica11 peoples. We are deter­ mined tl1at Liberia a11d Etl1iopia, separated tho ugh they 1nay be on the Easter11 a11d Wester11 extren1ities ?f the Africa11 co11tinent, shall grow togetl1er in friend sl11P and in l1ar111ony of relationship.

- 346 -

Al7 RICA

We take great pleasure, then, in i·aising Our glass to propose a toast to tl1e healtl1 and well-being Of pre_ 1 1am ·v.S. Tu�m a 11 a11d M1·s. Tubman and sident W·11· _ to the l?rosper 1ty a n d h a�_ p111ess of the great people whom Al1n1ghty God l1as assigned to hi_ s leadership.

May 17, 1963

ST1\.TEMENT TO TI-IE 1963 AFRICAN SU1\1�1IT . . . This

c:o,ifere,ice cannot c·lose witflout adopting a single African Charter . . . . . . Our liberty i::,· meani11gless unless all Af1·i­ ca1is ctre f,�ee . . .

We welcon1e to Ethiopia, in Our 11a1ne a11d in tl1e name of the Etl1iopia11 Government and people, the Heads of S tate a11d Government of independent Afri­ can nations who are� �cda.)' assembled in solen1n co11clave in Ethiopia's ca1,1i.t6.1 city. This conference, with­ out parallel in histo:r;.:; is a11 impressiTve testi1nonial to the devotion and dedi(;ation of wl1ich 1vve all pa1·take i11 the cause of ou1· n1other continent and that of he1· so.ns and daugl1ters . This is indeed ,1 momentous and his­ toric day for Af1·ica a119 for all Africans.

We sta11d today 011 the stage of wo.rld affairs, befo1·e the a11d.ience of world opinion. We have come togetl1er to asse1·t ot1r 1·ole in the directio11 of world affairs and to discharge ot1r duty to the g1·eat contine11t whose two l1und1·ed and fifty million people we lead.

Africa is today at mid-cot1rse, in transition from tl1e Africa of yesterday to the Africa of tomorro�. Eve11 as we stand here we n1ove from the past into the future. The task on which we have embarked, tl1e - 347 -

t\FRICA

111aki11g of Africa, will not wait. We n1ust act, to shape a11d mould the future and leave our imprint on events els they pass into history.

We seek, at this 111eeting, to determine whither v\'e are going and to chart the cot1rse of our destiny. It is no less important that we know whence we came.

An awa1·eness of ot1r past is essential to the establish1nent of our perso11ality and our· identity as Africans.

Tl1is world was not c1·eated piecemeal. Africa was bor·n no later a11d no earlier than any other geo­ grapl1ical area on this globe. Africans, no more and 110 less tl1an other· 111en, possess all hun1an attributes, tale11ts a11d deficiencies, virtues a11d fat1lts. Thousands of years ago, civilisations flourished in Africa which stiffer not at all by co111parison with those of other con­ tinents. 1· n tl1ose centt1ries, Africans were politically free and econo111ically i11dependent. Their social pat­ terns· were their awn and their cultures truly indi­ gen·ous.

Tl1e obscurity which enshrouds the ce11turies whicl1 ela1Jsed between those earliest days and the rediscovery of Africa are being gradt1ally dispersed. What is cer­ tai11 is that dt1ring those 1011g )-·ears Africans were born, lived and died. ·Me11 on other parts of this earth o�­ ct1piecl the1nselves witl1 their own co11cer11s and, in their co11ceit, proclain1ed tl1at the vvorld bega11 and ended at tl1ei1· l101·izons. All 11nk11ow11 to them, Africa develop­ ed i11 its ow11 pattern, g1·owi11g in its own life and, in the Ni11eteenth Century, fi11ally re-en1e1·ged into th e \x,1orld's consciot1sness. re rs e y The fifty event s of tl1e past hu11dred and � � . qt1ire no extendecl recitation from Us. The period of colonialis111 into wl1icl1 we were plunged culminated e nc o otir with ot1r continent fettered and bound, with -- 348 ....

'

i

1\FRICA

proud a n d ·free peoples reduced to humiliabi 0 11 . and . , . · .

slavery, with A f'r1ca s terra111 cross-batchecl an·d check ·. er_ boarded b� art1 f1c1al �11cl arbitrary boundaries. M any of us, during tl1ose bitter years, were overwhelmed in battle, and those w h o escaped conquest did so at th e cost of desperate 1·esista11ce a11d bloodshed. Others were sold i11to bondage as the price extracted by the colonialists for the ''protection'' which they extended and the possessio11 of which tl1ey disposed. Africa was a physical resource to be exploited and Africans were chattels to be pu1·cl1ased bodily or, at best, peoples to be reduced to vassalage a11d lackeyhood. Africa was the n1arket for the produce of other nations and the source of the raw 1naterials with which their factories were fed.

Today, Africa has emergecl from this dark passage.

Our Arn1ageddon is pa.st . }-�1i.f:rica has been reborn as a free continent and A.frict:1n.s r1ave been reborn as free men. The blood that was shed a11d the sufferings that were endured are today Africa's advocates for freedom and unity. Those men wl10 refused to accept the judg­ ment passed upon them by the colonies, wl10 held 11n­ swervingly throt1gl1 the darkest hours to a vision of an Africa emancipated from political, economic and spiri­ tual domination, will be reme111bered a11d revered wherever Africans meet . Many of them never set foot on this continent. Othe1·s were born and died here.

What we ma·y utter today can add little to the l1eroic struggl e of those who, by their example, have shown t1s how orecious ar e freedon1 and l1uman dignity and of how little value is life without them. Their deeds are written in history .

-- 349 -·

.Are,1s Of l{esist�111ce

Africa's \1 ictor�,1, ,1ltl1ot1gl1 1)roclai1!1ed, is not yet _ _ ll)l,tl "111cl are(. 1s of res1st,1r1ce still re111a111. Today, \Ve 11a111e as ottr first gre,1t t,1s1< the fin,1l liberati11g of those Africa11s still do111i11ated by foreig11 exploitatio11 anc1 co11trc)l. Witl1 tl1e goal i11 sight, and t111qualified trit1111pl1 witl1i11 OLtr gr,lSJJ, let LIS 11ot 110w falter or lag or relax. We 111t1st n1al<e 011e fi11,1l sL11J1·e111e effort, ,vl1e11 so 111t1cl1 hc:1s bee11 ,vo11 tl1c1t tl1e tl1rilli11g sense of "1cl1ievc111e11t 11,ts brot1gl1t Lts 11ear s,1tiatio11. Our libert>' is 111ea11i11gless L111less ctll Africa11s are f1·ee. Ot1r bro­ tl1 crs i11 tl1e Rl1oclesi,1s, i11 T\;f oza111biqt1e, in Angola, i11 S0L1tl1 Afric,t cry 0L1t i11 a11gt1isl1 for ot1r st1pport a11d c1ssist:,1ncc. \Ve 111t1st L1rgc c)tl tl1eir bel1alf tl1eir peaceft1l ,1 r�cessic)11 to i11clepe11c!encc. \Ve 111L1st ,11ign and identify <)L1rsclves \\ ith ,lll ,tsi)ects <)f tl1eir strLtgg1e. It ,vot1ld L-,c 1-,etray1al ,vere we to JJay 011ly li1J-service to t11e c.at1se of their liber,1tio11 ,111cl f,1i1 to back ot11· \Vords ,vitl1 ::tctio11. To the111 ,ve say, '.)'C)Ltr JJleas sl1all not go t1n­ l1eeclecl. The resot1rc�es c)·I: Africa a11cl of all freedo111lc)vi11g 11atic)ns a1·e 111arsl1allecl 111 J'ot1r service. Be of goocl cl1ecr, for vottr c.lcliv·er,1nce is at ha 1 1d.

1

�

As \\1e re11e\\1 Olt r \'()'½' that ,l11 of Africa shall be free, : resolve tl1ctl c)lcl \VOt111ds sl1all be l1ealed and let LIS :1lsc) !)ast scars forgotte11. It w::1s tl1t1s tl1at Etl1io1Jia treat�d tl1c i11v,1cler 11carlJ, twe11t)1-fivc :,,tears ,1go, a11d Ethio­ J)i,111s fot111cl JJeace witl1 l1011ot1r i11 tl1is cot1rse. Me1 110ries of IJ,1st i11jt1sticc sl1ot1lcl 11()t ctivert t1s fro111 tl1e 111�re ,..,ressi11g bL1si11css at l1t111cl. We 111L1st live in peace ,vi�l1 OL1r for111er C<)1011isers, s11t11111i11 g rec1·i111i11atio11 and bit­ terr1css ,111cl forswcari11 (r tl1e lt1xt1ry of \1e11gea11ce aD<l b .1 cta1· . · . . a11d I so 1at1c r )11, lest tl1c ::1c 1 cl of l1�ttred e1:ode ou tt � l't), _ J)C)tso11 C)Ltr l1carts. Let tts ,let as befits tl1e digtl · �15() · ·

vvl1icl1 \Ve .clain1 fo. r. ot1rse.lves as Africans , pr. otid of ottr O\Vn spec1a I c1t1a1 1t1es, d1sti11ctio11s a1 1ct abilities. Otl r efforts as f�ee 1�1en 11 1t1st be to establis}1 .11ew re]ation­ ships, dev?1d of a 11� r�sent111ent and hostilit')', restored to otir belief _a1 1d_ fa1tl1 111 011rselves as i11diviclttflls, deal­ i11 g on a basis ot: ec;t1ality witl1 other eqt1ally free }Jeo­

ples.

Today, ,ve look to tl1e fttture calr11ly, co11fide11tly a11d cot1rageot1sly. We loo!, to tl1e visio11 of a11 Africa not 111erely free bt1t Ltnited. ·r11 facing this ne\v challen­ ge, we ca11 take co111fort a11cl enco11rage1nent fro111 tl1e lesso11s of tl1c JJast. We k11ow tl1at tl1ere are differe11ces a1110 1 1g LIS. Africa11� enjoy differe11t ct1ltt1res, disti11ctive ,1alt1es, SJJecial attributes. :But we also k11ow that u11itv ca11 be ancl 11,ts been clttained a 1 no11g men of tl1e n1 ost disparc1te origins, tl1at differe11ces of race, <)f religio11, of ct1ltt1re, of traclitio1 1, a.re no inst1perable obstacles to the cor.1ing together of peoples. History teaches 11s tl1at unity is strength a11d cat1tior1s 1JS to subn1erge a11d over­ co111 e ot1r diffe1·e11ces 111 t11e quest for con1 111on goals, to strive. with all ot1r cor11·b1ned strength, for the path to trt1e Africa11 brotl1erl1 ood arid u11 ity.

Tl1ere are tl1 ose \vho clai111 tl1at Afric,111 t1nity is in1possible, tl,at tl1e forces tl1at pt1ll t1s, s0111e i11 tl1is directio 1 1, others in tl1at, ,1re too stro11g to be over­ co1ne. Arot1ncl tis tl1ere is no lack of dot1bt ,111d JJessi1n­ isn1, 11 0 absence of c1·itics ,1nd criticis111. These speak of Africa, of Africa's ft1tt11�e a11 d of lier position in tl1e Twe11tietl1 Ce11t11ry i11 sept1lcl1ra1 tones. _Tl1ey JJred�ct 1 d 111a1 s a11 r1c Af 1g 101 a11 11 tio disse1 1tio11 a11cl disi11teora 0 terneci11 e st11ife ancl cha·os 011 ot1r cont111e11t. Let tis co11fo t111 cl tl1ese a11d, by ot1r deeds� disperse the111 . in conft1sion. Tl1ere are otl1ers \1/hose l1opes for Africa are brigl1t, wll() st,111d witl1 faces t11Jtt1rnecl i11 woncler •

-- 351 ·-

AFRICA

a11d awe at tl1e creatio11 of a new and happier life, who have dedicated themselves to its realisation and are spurred on by the exa1nple of their· brothers to whon1 they owe the achievements of Africa's past. Let us reward their trust and 1ne1·it their approval.

The road of African unity is already lined with la11dmarks. The last yea1·s ar·e crowded with 1neetings: with conferences, wit�h decla1·ations and pronounce­ ments. Regional organisations have been established.

Local groupings based on com111on interests, back­ grou11ds and traditions have been created.

Goal U1rity Bttt throL1gh all tl1at has bee11 said and written and done in these years, there runs a common then1e. Unity is the accepted goal. We argue about n1eans: We discuss alterna·tive paths to the same ob­ jectives; we engage in debates about techniques and tactics. Bt1t when sen1a11tics are stripped a\Va)', there is little argt1ment a1nong us. We are determined to create a Llni.on of Africans. In· a very real sense, our continent is unmade; it still awaits its creation and its creators. It is our duty and privilege to rouse the slum­ bering giant of Af1·ica, 11ot to tl1e nationalism of Euro• pe of the Ninetee11tl1 Ce11tt1ry, 11ot to regional conscio� usness, but to the visio11 of a si11gle African b rother� 1100d be11ding its Llnited efforts toward the achie,,ement of a greater· and 11oble1· goal .

Above all, we 111ust avoid the pitfalls of tribalis01· lf we are divided ,1111ong ot1rselves on tribal lines, ,ve t o its pe11 o nd u1·. doo1·s to f:oreig11 inte1·vention a; p i�f � . r pr clea t1ally harmful co11seqt1e11ces. The Congo 1s of what We say. We shot1ld not be led to complacency --- 352 --

AFRICA

i

I

'I

i

I

because of tl1e present a1neliorated situation in that country . The Congolese people have suffered untold misery, and the econon1ic growth of the country has been retarded beca11se of tribal strife.

B�1t while_ w_e agr�e. tl1at t�e ultimate destiny of this continent lies 1n pol1t1cal u111011, we must at the same time recognise that the obstacles to be overcome in its achieveme11t are at 011ce nume1·ous and formidable .

Africa's people did not en1erge into liberty under uni­ form conditions . Africans maintain different political systems; 011r eco11omies are diverse; our social orders are rooted in diffe1·ing cultures and traditions. Further, no clea1· co11sensus exists · on tl1e ''how'' and the ''what'' of thi·s u11ior1. Is ,it to be, in form, fede1·a1, confederal or unitary? Is the sove1·eig11ty of individual states to be 1·educed, a11d if so, by l1ow 111uch, and in what areas?

On these and othe1� questions tl1e1·e is 110 agreement, and if we wait for a.greed ans\vers generations hence, matters will be little ;1d11a11ced, \Vl1.lle the debate still rages.

We should, the.refo1·e1 :not ·be cor1cerned that com­ plete unio11 is not attai11ed fro1n one day to the next.

The union which vie seek can only come gradually, as the day-to-day progress which we achieve carries us slowly bt1t inexorably alo11g this cot1rse. We have before us tl1e examples of the U.S.A. and the U.S.S.R. We mu·st re1ne1nber how 'long ,these nations r·equired to achieve their union. When a solid foundation is laid, lif the mas·o·n is able and his 1naiterlals good, a strong house ca·n be built .

Thus, a period o·f tra11sition is inev! table: Old relations a11cl arrangen1ents may, for. _a tune lin� er · Regional organizations may fulfil leg1t1m�te· fu1! ct1ons and needs whicl1 ca11not yet be otherwise satisfied· - 353 -

24*

,AFRICA

B, ut the difference is in this: that circurrista nc ,es for v,hat they are P e- dients designe, d to serve only tablished the conditions which will ·unity v,r-ithin . o ur· reach .

we recognise thes e - temporary ex. ­ until we have es­ bring total African

Action Now

There is, n,onetheless, much that we can do to s:pe, ed this tran.sition. There are issues on which we stan,d c11nited .and. questions on which there is una­ nimit:,, of opinion. L,et us seize on these areas of agree­ ment and exploit them to the fullest. Let us take action now, actio, n . which, while taking account of present realities J nonetheless constitutes clear and unmistakable progress along the course plotted out for us by destiny.

We are all adherents, whatever our internal political system_s, of the principles of democratic action. Let us apply these to the unity we seek to create. Let us work out our .own programmes in all fields - political, economic, social and military. The opponents of Africa's g·rowth, whose interests would be best served by a divided and balkanised continent, would derive much satisfaction from the unhappy spectacle of thirty and more African States so split, so paralysed and jmmobilised by controversies over long-term goals that they are unable even to joi11 their efforts in short-te:ro measures on which there is no dispt1te. Let us give neither comfort nor encouragement to these. If W� act where we may in those areas where action is possibI·tl the inner logic of the programmes which we adopt Wl the n i r ork farthe or � . t us and inevitably impel tls still d1rect1on of ultimate t1nion.

- 354 -

AFRICA

What we still lack, despite the efforts of past . . . years, 1s the. mechan1sm which will enable us to speak with one voice. �hen we wish to do so and take and imp1'ement dec1s1on· s on African problems when we are so minded. The commentators of 1963 speak in discussing Africa, of the Monrovia States, the Bra�za­ ville Group, t11e Casabla11ca Powers, of these and many more. Let us put an end to these terms. What we reqt1ire is a si11gle Af1·ican organization through which Africa's single voice n1ay be heard, within which Afri­ ca's problems may be studied and resolved. We need an organizatio11 which will facilitate acceptable so­ lutions to dispute among Africans and promote the study ancl adoption of measures for common defence and progrrunmes f01· co-operation in the economic and social fields. Let u.s, at this Conference, create a single institution to which ,;tie ,;vill all belong, based on princi­ ples to which we all belong, based on principles to which we all subsc1·i};e} c�)x11.111ent that in its councils our voices will car.t·:1 t]Jei1" p1·oper v;1eight, secure in the knowledge that tl1e decisions tl1ere will be dictate.d

by Africans and on!:yv by Africans and that they will take full accot1nt of all vital African consideration.

Foundatio11

F,01·

Unity

W e ar e n1eeting he1·e today to lay the basis for e th on up e re ag w, no d an re , he us n t ca y.

Afri 1111it Le basic instrun1ent wl1ich will constitute the foundation d an y on rm ha d an e ac pe in r th fo the future grow th or ef nc he gs tin ee m r ou et L t. e en onen ss of this contin t pu ot n u et L . ts en m h is pl � m co proceed fro111 solid ac t, ac le g S e th y, d u st 1d 1:fi a1 off, to later co11side1·ation er h at g is th m o fr e g er n e1 the one decision, which must - 355 -

AFRICA

i11g if it is to have real meaning. This Conference can not close withot1t adopting a single African Charter. We cannot leave here withoLt having created a single Afri­ ca11 organization posses�ed of the attributes We have described. If we fail in this, we will have shirked our responsibility to Africa and to the peoples we lead.

If we succeed, then, and only then, will we have justi­ fied our presence l1ere.

The organization of which We speak must possess a well-ct1n1ulated fran1ework, having a permanent head­ q11arters and a11 adeq111te Secretariat providing the 11ecessa1·y contint1ity bet\\een meetings of the permanent organs. It 11111st include specialized bodies to work in partict1lar fields of con1�tence assigned to the organi­ zation. U11less tl1e political liberty for which Africans have fo1· so 1.011g strt1ggled is co1nplemented and bolster­ ed by a co1·responding eco11omic and social growth, the breath of life v/hicl1 sustains 011r freedom may flicker ot1t. In ot11· efforts to improve the standard of life of ot1r peoples and to flesh ot1t the bones of our i11dependence, \Ve cot111t on the assistance and support of otl1ers. But tl1is alo11e will not suffice, and, alone, woulcl only pe1·petL1ate Africa's dependence on others· A s1Jecialized body to facilitate and co-ordin�te co11tine11t-wicle eco11omic progra1nmes and to provide the 1necl1anis1n fo1· the p1uvision of eco110111ic assista11ce an1011g African 11atio11s is tl1us reqt1ired . Prompt 1 neasu1·es can be take11 tc increase trade and commer ce an1ong 11s. Africa's 111ineral wealtl1 is great; we should co-operate j11 its development. An Africa11 Develop­ inent Pro�ramme, wl1icl1 will n1ake provision �or t�� a ve 1ct prodt c_o1:�ent �·at1011 th?se 11a i_ �acl1 on tion ?Y d an ic ttviti es for which 1ts 1·esou1·ces a11d its geograph e u111 ass cliinatic conditio11s best fit it is 11eeded. We -- 356 -

> AFRICA

that each Af1·ican natio11 has its own natiotlaI deve1op. onl remain ment progranune, a nd it s for us to come � sh 1d ar ou e 1· ex pe ri toge ther a1 ences for the pr.oper 1D1. . pleme11tation of a continent-wide plan. TodaY, trave1 between .Afr�· ca n nati· ons and teleg1·aphic and telephonic con1n1un1cat1on s among us ar e cir cuitous in the ex . . at1ons between tw co oa m m R d 1c t1 . reme o neighbourr: � 1�g states are of-ten d,1fficult or even impossible. It is little wonder th at trade among us has re1nained at a discot1ragi11gly low level. These anachronisms are the 1·emnants of a heritage of whicl1 we n1ust rid ourselves - the legacy of tl1e century wl1en Africans were iso­ lated one fro1n the other. These are vital areas in wl1ich efforts must be concentrated.

Development Bank

An additional project to be i1nplemented witho11t delay is the creation of an 1-\:frica.n Development Bank, a proposal to which a.11 ()l.lf Gove1·mnents l1ave given full support and which has already received intensive study. Tl1e 1neeti11g of ot11· Finance Ministers to be held within the con1ing weeks in Kharto11m sho11ld transform tl1is proposal into fact. This same 111eeting could approp1·iately co11tint1e studies already undertaken of the impact upon Africa of existing regional econo­ te ra le ce ac to s ie ud st r l1e rt fu e at iti i11 s, ic d m grouping an the expansion of economic relations an1ong us. t en in nt co y er ev of ue tr is as a, ic fr The nations o f A g on am e 11t sp di e m ti to e of the world, h a d from tim _ is th t? d n nfi co be t us m � ls re ar themselves. These qu f o n io at in m ta n co e th m o fr continent a n d quarantined ts en em g n a rr a t n e n a rm non-African - interference. Pe le tt se l fu e c a e p e th must be agreed upon to assist in - 357 -

AFRICA

ment of these disag1·ee1nents whic�., h�JrE;\t�.=r rew they may be, cannot be left to langmsh an_;j -���=-r _ Pro­ :. cedures must be established for the peaueiE'i �c tlement of di5putes, in order tl1at the threat or UBe �:;! .:b:ce may no longer e11danger the peace of our cc:---.ti�::.� ..

Steps must be taken to estab]i�h �� �::mi de­ fence system. Military planning for the :se�-l..y,"7 of this continent must be undertaken in comm,::. -!iifbin a collective frame-work. The responsibility ::.:::. �.:ofecting this continent from armed attacks from aom�i is the primary concern of Africans themse...YeS _ Provisio·n must be made for the extension of spee.:y :E-...: effective assistance when any African State is ti i- �ate2:ed ,vith military aggression. We cannot rely so��.;- on. inter­ national morality. Africa's control over 1:=rr {J�ill affairs is dependent on the existence of appr�::.Efz mi11tary t arrangeme11ts to assure this contin.e.rrt\s p:-otecion against such threats. While guarding oTI.: O�til inde­ pendence, we must at the same time dete:at�fue to live peacefully with all nations of the "'orld.

K11owing Oursel,res

Africa l1as come to freedom undi:r ·fu,e most dilii­ cult and trying of circumstances. No small measure of . from the the handicaps under whicl1 �re labour d.cri�-e . low educational level attained b)r our pe.opleS and from their lack of knowledge of their fellow .Amcans. Edu­ t cation abroad is at best an unsatisfactor1; subs itute for education at home.· A massive effart must be launched in the educational and cultural fields ,vhl�h \vill not only raise the level of literacy and pr0\7id,e the cadres of skilled and trained technicians requisite to our growth and development but, as ,veil, ac,quaint us one - 358 -

AFRICA

\Vith another. Ethiopia, �everal years ago, instituted a progran:me o f schola:sh1ps for students coming from other A�r1can lands which has proved highly rewarding a°:d fru1tful, �11d We �rge �thers to adopt projects of. this s?rt . Serious cons1d�rat1on should be given to the establishment of an Afncan University, sponsored by all African States, where future leaders of Africa will be trained in an atmosphere of continental brother­ hood. In this African institution, the supra-national aspects of Af1·ican life would be emphasized and study­ \vould be directed toward tl1e ultimate goal of complete African unity. Ethiopia stands prepared here and now to decide on tl1e site of the University and to fix the financial contribu.tions to be made to it.

This is but the merest SlJmmary of what can be accomplished. Upon these measures we are all agreed, and our agreement sl101J.ld now fo.rm the basis for our action.

Africa has become ar1 increasingly influential force in the condt1ct of world affairs as the combined weight ly on t no s cu fo o t gh ou br is n .io in op e iv � of our collect . on matters which concern this continent exclusively, e th y 1p c1 oc ch hi w s m le ob pr g in ss but on those pre to e m co ve ha e w s A e. er l1 yw er ev en n1 l ts though o f al t u tr l 1a t1 u m in n w o gr � d an r te et b know one another i­ r·d -o co to s u r fo le ib ss o p n ee b and confidence, it has _ e th to te 1 tr n o c d n a s n o ti � ? nate our policies and ac d rl o w l a c ti ri c d n a g in t of press n e m s le e l tt c c u se sf su • issues. n o t c a d e a � i d r -o o c ! t u B � This . h a s not been easy. e v ti ra e p n u 1s s m le b ro p by all African States on common - 359 -

AFRICA

if ou1· opb1io11s arc to be_ �cco1·ded t_l1ei1· p1·op_ er weigh t.

We Africans occupy ,1 d1ffe1·ent --- 111deed a unique __ position a1nong the natio11s of tltis century. Having for so long known opp1·ession, tyranny and subjugation who, with better right, can claim for all the opportunit; and the right to live and grow as free men? Ourselves for long decades the victims of injustice, whose voices can be better raised in tl1e demand for justice and right for all? We de1na11d an e11d to colo1tialisn1 because dominatio11 of one people ·by c:1notl1er is w1·ong. We demand cln e11d to 11L1clea1· testing clnd tl1e arms race because these activities, which pose such dreadful threats to ma11's existence and waste and squander humanity's material he1·itage, are wrong. We demand an end to racial segregation as an affront to man's dignity which is wrong. We act in these matters in the right, as a matter of high principle. We act out of the integrity and co.nviction of 011r most deep-founded be­ liefs.

If we permit 011rse1,,es to be ten1pted by narro\v self-interest and vai11 a111bitio11, :if we barter our beli�fs for short-term advantage, wl10 will listen when we cla1n1 to speak for conscience, and wl10 will co11tend that our words deserve to be heeded? We n1ust speak 011t on major world isst1es, cot1rageo11sly, openly and l1o?estly, and in blunt tern1s of rigl1t a11d wro11g. If we yteld to blandishments or th1·eats, if we con1promise when �o honourable compron1ise is possible, ot1r influe11�e �ill be sadly diminished and our prestige woefully preiud_i�e� and weakened. Let t1s not deny our· ideals or sacrific 011r right to stand as tl1e cl1ampions of the poor, !h� igno�ant, the opp1·essed eve1·ywl1er �. The acts by whi� we live and tl1e attitudes by which we act must e clear beyond question. Principles alone can eo<loW - 360 -

AFRICA

our deeds �it l1 force a11d m �aning. Let us be true to b wh at we elieve, tl1at ot11· beliefs 1nay serve and honoui· us.

Prejudice Op1losed

We reaffirn1 today, i1 1 t�e ame of principle and � _ _ . r1gl1t, 011r opp?s1t1on to preJud1ce, wherever and in whatever for1n 1t n1ay be found, and partiqularly do we 1·ededicate ourselves to the eradication of racial discri1nination f1·01n tl1is conti11ent. We can never rest conte11t with ot11· achievements so long as 1nen, in any part of Africa, assert 011 racial grounds their superiority over the least of ou1· brothers. Racial discrimination constitutes a negation of the spiritual and psychological equality which we have fougl1t to achieve and a denial of the personality a11.d dignity which. we have struggled to establish for oursel les as .l\fricans. Our political and economic liberty will be de,,oid. of meaning for so long as the degradi11g spf;i:ts.cle of Soutl1 Africa's apartheid contint1es to l1aunt our waking hot11·s and to tro;uble our sleep. \Ve n1t1st redouble our efforts to banish this evil from ou1· land . If we perseve1·e, discrimi11ation will 011e day vanish f1·01n the earth. If we use the means availab. le to us ' Soutl1 Africa's apartheid, just as coory. If �e lonialisn1, will sl101·tly remain only as a 1nem _ s spectre will pool ot1r 1·esot11·ces and tise them well, thi be banished foreve1·.

In this effort, as in so many others, we stand united with our Asian friends and brothers . Africa shares with Asia a co1nmon background of col�nialism, of exploitation, of discrimination, of opl?ress1on · At Bandung, African and Asian States ded1� ated them­ _ selves to the liberation of their two contments from 1

•

'

•

'

,.

,

' 1

•

) '

�

''

- 361 -

AFRICA.

foreig11 clo111i11 ,1tic)11 ,111d affir111ed tl1e right of all natio118 to de,,elop i11 tl1ejr ow11 way:, f1·ee of any external inter­ fere11ce. Tl1e Band ting Declaratio11 and the principles e11unciated at tl1.,1t Confere11ce 1·e1nain tod:a y valid for tis all . We hope tl1at the leacle1·s of India and China' in. tl1 e spi1·it of Ba11clt111g, will fi11d tl1e way to the peaceful 1·esolution of tl1e dispt1te between their two coun­ tries.

Nt1clea1· Da11ge1·

We 1nt1st speak, also, of tl1e dangers of the ntrclear l1olocat1st wl1icl1 th1·eatens all that we hold dear and 1)reciot1s, inclt1di11g life itself. Fo1·ced to live our daily existe11ce \Vitl1 this fo1·ebodi11g and omi11ous shadow eve1· at ot1r side, \Ve can11ot lose hope or lapse into despair. Tl1e co11segt1e11ces of a11 .u11controlled nuclear co11flict a1·e so dreadft1l tl1at 110 sane man can coun­ te11ance tl1en1.. The1·e 111 LlSt be a11 end to testing. A p1·ogramme of JJ1·og1�essive disa1·111a1nent n1t1st be agreed t1po11. Africa n1t1st be freed and sl1ielded, as a de11L1clearized zo11e, from the co11seque11ces of direct, albeit, i11volt1ntary i11volve111e11t i11 the n11clear arms 1:ace.

Tl1e 11egotiations at Ge11eva, wl1e1·e Nigeria, the ·u11ited Arab Re1Jt1blic and Etl1iopia are pa rticipati11�, conti11t1e, a11cl pai11ft1lly c111d l,1boriot1sly, progress 15 being acl1 ie\1ed. 'vVe ca1111ot k110\\' wl1at po1·tion of tlie li111i.ted adva11ces alrea cly realizecl can be attrib11ted to tl1e i11c1·easi11gly i1111?orta11t r·ole bei11g played by tile 11011-alig11ed 11ations i11 tl1ese disct1ssions, but w� ca�, st1rely, derive s0111e s111all n1easure of satisfaction 10 · ate even tl1 e few te11tative steps taken towards uItim . ain rem We agree1ne11t a111ong tl1 e nuclear powers.

- 362 -

1\F'RICA

perst1ade.cl tl1at .i11 .ou1· ef fo1·ts to scatteI. tl1e C1OUdS . wh1cl1 .r11 11 tl1e l1or1zon .of ot1r futur·e, s t1ccess must come, 1f o n ly becat1se failure is untlrinkable . p. at 1en · ce · 11 are reqt1ired, aild faith an.d gr·1n1 deter111!· nat10 in the gu1da11ce of Al111 1 ghty God. Collective Security

'

'

•

•

.• •

'•

• I

.

i

l

I

II I

{ I

r

•

I•

I I

!I

We wo11ld 1 1ot close withot1t maki11g 111e11tion of the U nite� N�tio11s. We perso11 ally, \rVho have through­ out_ C?t1r l1fet1111e b�en ever _gt1ided and inspired by the pr1nc1ple of c _ollect1ve sect1r1ty, vv1ould not now propose 111east1res wl11ch depart f1·on1 or are inconsistent with tl1is ideal 01· witl1 tl1e decl,1ration s of tl1e United Nations Cl1arter. It has witl1stood tl1e test of tin1e a11d l1as proved its inl1erent value agai11 and agai11 i11 the past.

It wot1ld be worse tl1an folly to weaken the one effective \Vo1�1a 01·ga11ization wl1icl1 exists today and to w,hich each of us owes so 1nucl1.. It \Vot1ld be sl1 ee1· recl(less11ess fo1· a11y of us t<) -detract fron1 tl1is organization which, I1owever i1npe1·fect, provides the best bulwark against tl1e i1 1cursion of a11y forces wl1ich would deprive tis of ot1r l1ard-won liberty and dig1 1ity.

The Af1·ic a1 1 Cl1arter of which We have spoken . s n io at N d ite n U e th of at th tl1 1t e1 wi ist ns is wholly co The African 01·0-anization wl1icl1 We envisage is not r­ te in r al n io at 1 1r t o· i11 e ac pl e 1· ? to � i11te11ded in a ny �ay 1 ons I1as at d te ni U e � th 1 cl l1i w on ti si al po 1e on life tl nati r, he at R . es 1 1p ct oc ly t1l tf gh ri so 1d a1 so diligently ear11ed nd t en 1n le p m co ld u o w � se o p ro p the meast11·e wl1ich We d e it n U 1e tl y b n k a rt e d n � round 011t progra1nn1es u f�11y, e p o h , d n a s e ci n e g a Nation s a n d it s specialized a n1ng­ 1e n ly b L1 o d rs u o d n a ren der b o th their activities y n a m ly ip lt u m l il w k e se fu l and effective. What we - 363 -

.AFRICA

tin1es ove1· tl1e cont1·ibt1tio11 whicl1 ot11· joint endeavours

n1ay make to the as�u1·ance of world peace and the promotion of l1uman well-being and understanding.

Histo11''s Dictum A century hence, when future generations study the pages of history, seeking to follow and fathom the growth and development of the African continent, what will tl1ey find of this Confere11ce? Will it be re111embered as an occasion 011 whicl1 the leaders of a liberated Africa, acting boldly and with determination, be11t events to tl1eir will a11d shaped the future destinies of the African people? Will this meeting be memori­ alized for its solid achievements, for the intelligence and maturity which marked the decisions taken here?

Or will it be recalled for its failu1·e, for the inability of Afri·ca'·s leaders to trans-cend local prejudice and individual differences, for the disappointment and dis­ illt1sionment which followed in its train?

The questio11s give us all pat1se. The answers are within our power to dictate. The challenges and oppor­ tunities which open befo1·e us today are greater tl1a11 those p1·esented at any ti111e in Af1·ica's millenia of history. Tl1e risks and tl1e da11ger which confront us are no less great. The imme11se responsibilities which history and circun1stance l1ave thrt1st t1pon us demand balanced a11d sober reflection. If we succeed in the tasks which lie before us, our nan1es will be remember­ ed a11d our deeds 1·ecalled by those who follow us. If we fail, history will puzzle at our failure and mourn what was lost. We app1·oach the days ahead with the prayer that we who l1ave assembled here may •be granted the wisdo111, the judgment and tl1e inspiration - 364 -

AFRICA

which will enable u.s to · maintain our faI·th WI"th p e o p e 1 s . and the 11a tIo11s w h1ch l1ave entrt1sted theIr · fate to our hands.

May 23, 1963

ADDRESS AT SUM11IT BANQUET

'

•

• • •

'.

Your Excellencies the Presidents ' Your Higl1ness, Your Excellencies Prime Ministe1·s and Honotrrable Delegates, The fact tl1at ot1r capital city has been a conven­ ing place for such a l1istoric conference, which the whole world is watching v,ith the utmost interest, gives Us and Our people great pleasure and pride.

Tl1is is indeed tl1e first time that, not only in Africa b1.1t also in the Nhole ,vorld� such a large number of Heads of State B.nd Goverrunent have come together as one farf1il3r 111 o.t·der to disc11ss tl1e vvays and 1neans of achieving their 1,nity1 after J�.,1ving successfully overcome tl1eir comrn(;n difficulties . While \Ve are re­ presenting ot1r 1·especti·ve peoples and worlcing for their interest, we must not fail to vist1alize and bear in mind that the future ge11e1·ation is 1·eq11esting 11s to meet its 11eeds and requirements at this 1no1nent.

Ot1r contine11t, which i11 the past vvas dep1·ived of enlightenme11t, .used to be called the dark continent.

Today, since the torch of enlightenment is in our hands, we should utilize this light by working ha1·d for our­ selves an d the coming generations, tl1us showing to the world th at we too can attain the standards reach­ ed by others and leave lasting acl1ieve1ne11ts for future generatio11s. Likewise 0111· efforts to libe1·ate those African co1111tries still' 11nder fo1·eig11 do1nination will 1

'

"

'

'1

''

• ,• ,.

,I.

j "

J

D

'

i

y

i,

I

,f

l

l;

- 365 -

----

AFRICA

011ly be st1ccessful wl1en we pt1t into effect what we are deliberating and deciding t1pon during these days.

Otherwise, all our endeavou1·s will be futile and fruitless a11d will serve as a s011rce of satisfaction to those who do 11ot wish tis to be 1111ited. The wor�cl will regard us witl1 ridict1le instead o: f ad1niration if our efforts fail.

One ca11not 1111deresti1nate the wide reaching acl1ieven1e11ts that were attained in the past, by the n1eetings ancl exchange of ideas of Heads of State and Govern1ne11t. The1·efo1·e, a conference such as ours will 11ndot1 btedly prove to be 11seful not only to our­ selves, b11t also to tl1ose who are striving for world {Jeace.

Th11s, realizing that 11nity is stre11gth for us Afri­ cans, we pray the Almighty God to help and guide us i11 the imple1nentation of ot11· concerted decisions and resolutions 011 which we are labouring at this con­ ference. Finally, we raise 011r glass to drink to progress for our contine11t, hapJ)iness and good healtl1 for all yo11 Heads of State and Governn1ent who are here, and prosperity for 011r respective peoples.

1'1ay 25, 1963

TO TI-IE COUNCIL OF FOREIGN MINISTERS

Your Excellencies, Disting11ished Guests, Ladies a11d Gentlemen: Less tl1a11 six 1no11tl1s a0oo tl1e Assembly Hall in which we are gathered today �it11essed what is sure!Y tl1e si11gle n1ost i111po1·tant event to have occurred in Af.1·ica ·i11 this '.co11tin·ent's l1isto1·y . I·t ,vas Ot1r privileg� then to welco111e tl1e I-leads of Af1·ican States an - 366 -

�f�

AFRICA

a�se mbled in Addis Ababa Government� to c h a rt o · r 1c urse a _ s f utt!r�. It is Otir pleasure to the co d a y th e F ore1gn M1n1s_ters of the Afric 1 to we come an nations who h a v e cotne _I1e1·e to provide a11 additio11al measure of co11crete re�I1ty to _the _p1·i11ciples e1111nciated in tl1e Charter of Afr1ca11 Unity s1g11ed in this room last May. In �he sho1·t sp an of ti111e wl1ich has elapsed since tl1e Addis A ba ba Conference, positive measures have bee11 take11 to speed events along the path to con­ tinental u11ity. � ou are called upo11 now to repel a threat to tl1e U111ty a11d oneness which we seek. This is tl1e fi1·st tim e i11 which the procedures established iI1 the Cl1arter hav e been i11voked to 1naintain the peace and to preserve the unique A·frican identity whicl1 we all hold so precious. Africa�s ability to deal with her own problems, free of outside interference or influence, is in the balance. Failure could deal a crippling blow to the winning of the otijective ,vhich we have marked out for ourselves.

Yot1r task l1e1·e -is c1ea1·. It is set fortl1 witl1 pre­ cision and succi11ctness in the agreement reached at Ban1ako seve11teen days ago, signed by His Majesty Hassa11 II Ki11g of Morocco, His Excellency Ahmed Ben Bella, President of the Republic of Algeria, and His Excellency Modibo Keita, Preside11t of the Govern­ ment and chief of State of Mali, and Ot1rself. y sil ea be e, ns se is th i11 , ay n1 s tie ili r sib ou on Y 1·esp su1nmarised. Bt1t i11 anotl1er sense, no wo1·ds can serve adequately or eloqt1ently enough to define the purpos� ­ pi _as e th , es op _h l1� T . er th ge to which has brot1ght yot1 rations the dreams of ht111dreds of m1ll1ons of Africans e th on tlp t gh ei w ll f� r ei th have t�day descended in of til df 11 ha a of s 11d 11 11 1e tl 1d t a1 ar s he s th e co11scie11ce men. 'If, in this fi1·st test o f ou1· strengtl1 and 0-tlr - 367 -

-AFRICA

courage a11d ot11· 1·esolve, we can maintain faith with the principles to wl1ich we l1ave affirn1ed our adherence tl1e 1Jatl1 leadi11g to u11ity in the continent of Africa wiii be tl1at n1t1ch shorter·.

We believe tl1at yot1 ,:vill st1cceed i11 this mission.

111 the efforts ,:vhich Ot11· good f1·iend His Excellency Jviodibo Keita ancl Ot11·self expe11ded to bring His Majesty King Hassan and His Excellency Ahmed Ben Bella togetl1er, we we1·e e11cot1raged and heartened by tl1e 111any 111essages of st1pport which \Ve received from otl1e1· Af1·ican leaders. Dt1ring your discussions here, · be gt1ided by tl1e spi1·it and resolve which produced tl1e Cl1arter of Africa11 U11ity and by the determination to settle Afr·ican p1·oble1ns peacefully which has been u11iformly 111a11ifested by tl1e leaders of the African IJeoples.

We pray that Almighty Goel will bless yot1r deli­ berations l1ere.

Nov. 16, 1963

SPEECI-1 1\T THE CAIRO O.A.U. SUMMIT We have c·1·ecLtecl tliis· 5'/Ji1·it; it is ou1· child.

To b1·i11g it to it!l· fz,1ll /Jote11.tial we 11ii1st fi,·stly, clefi11e 1,11itfl JJ1·ecision. and cla1·it)1 the JJ1·og,�ct111111es ViJh,ich 1-11ill ad,1a11ce ils alorig the /Jath 111e J1a.11e c·hose11., \t11J1il,\·t si111.i1lta11eoi1sl)' avoicli11.g those cla,,1ge1·s· 11,hich co1.tlcl fri1str ate 1-vl1at hc1,'\ bee11 .s·o labo,·ioz,tsl)' won.

e 11 0 a. � We 111eet agai11, at tl1e St1111111it of Afric in

Af1·ica's leade1·s hav·c co11ve11ccl to consider conce1·t the past acco1nplisl111 1e11ts, tl1e p1·ese11t probleins

111ore,

- 368 -·

AFRICA

and the future goals of thei� n1other continent. T oday, the eyes of th e world are directed anew to a,- d1s ' t·1ngt11-· · ed gath er 1· �g of A fr1c · �n statesn1en and leaders. sh At Addis �b a b , Jt1st fot11·teen m ontl1s � ago, the . . Co11Jf.e e11 r ce of tl1e He ads of Africa-n States first a n d G overn1ne nts was l1eld. '"fc)day, tl1e Assembly of Heads of � tate an_d G o�e1·11me11t created b y tl1e Ch,irter of Afr1can lJr11ty wh1cl1 w e sig11ed i11 Addis Ababa meets in Cairo, t!1e clnc�e�! ca_1Jital of ancient Egyp t , vvitl1 a long-establ1sl1ed c1v1l1zat1on, and it is Our privileoe now ho st, P1·esident Gamal Abdel Nasser ' to extend to Ot1r . . the war111 greet111gs ot the Ethiopian Gove.rnment a11d people a11d to express to him Our thanks for the gra­ cious a11d generous ]1c)spita1ity vvhich l1as been extend­ ed to tis all i11 tl1is illustriotls cot1ntry. Etl1iopia and other East African cot1ntries are linked ,vitl1 tl1e United Arab Rept1blic not only by l1istory, bt1t. ::1lso by the life-giving waters of tl1e Blt1e 'f\Ti]e which springs in Ethiopic1 a 11d ·i 11 ·Lake V-ic.:tori,1, c1nnt1ally floodi11g tl1e great Nile Delta.

We also extend greetings today to OLir Africa11 b rothers in thos e natio11s which join t1s 11ere for the first time - Ke11va a11d Malawi - states wl1ich have at long last taken thei1· ri,ghtft1l places in the councils of free Africans a11d to t11eir valiant leaders H.E. Prime '.Ministe1· J01110 Kenyatta and H.E. Pri1ne Minister is th in 1ce e1 es pr r ei th at e ic jo l re : W . a d gs an tin B Has 11,111. a11d l\Ve see ,i1 1 tl1eir a(iditio1 1 to ot1r ra11ks a por­ tent, of ho1 Je ancl confidence fo1· the ft1ture ()f those who remain y et t1nre3Jresentecl in ot11· 1nidst. ics to s it f o h ac E . g n lo is p s t1 The agenda before attent!on . l fu re ca d an t1l tf l1 t1g 1o deser ves o u r m ost tl ra ? terized 1 1 cl b l il w s n o ! ti ra � We p ra y that ot11· delibe n , the o ti a ir sp in e m sa e th , by the same spirit of on eness -- 369 -·

2 5*

.AFRICA

ch n, hi w io at in 1·m n1arked our te de d an e ag ur co e ·sam , n ill it ca e w w If be so. . ba ba A is dd A at gs tin ee m

The achieve111ents of tl1e 111onths since Mav of 1963, stand, as well, as a favorable augu1·y fo1· the long road whicl1 still re.mains to be travelled to ou1· stated goal of African Unity. The Organization of African 'Unity is today a solid and tangible achievement. The Charter itself l1as been ratified · by tl1irty-three Africa.n States, and it was Ou1· signal privilege personally to deposit it with tl1e United. Nations Organization i11 October of last year. Tl1e OATJ'� Cou11cil of Ministers ·has met not once, but several times, dt1ring tl1e last year in seeking the sol11tion to immediate and pressing African p1·oblen1s. A stL11·dy fra111ewo1·k has been pro­ Vl.ided for close1· co-ordJnation of nation·al policies a11d p1·ogrammes in a vc1riety of dom.ains - defence, eco11on1ic U!nd s·ocial co-ope.Dation, cleve:lopmental assista11ce - these and ma11y 1nore l1ave 1·eceived added i111pe­ tus frorn the work acco.n101ished by tl1e Provisio11al Se­ cretariat and the decisions ta.lcen' i:lt the 111eetinfs of the several Con11n.issions c1·eatec1 bv. tl1e Cha1:te1· of the Organization of African U11ity.

But perb,aps mor·e i1nl!po1·ta·nt than tl1e indivi�t1al events of these 111ontl1s has been the de1nonstrated vita­ lity of the spirit of A·frica, a vitality wl1icl1 l1as per111e�t­ ed every aspect of intra-Af1·ica11 relations a11d 11as, �11 the short space of ·fo111·teen 111011ths, 1)1·odt1ced a b�sic and funclamental cl1ange j11 tl1e Af1·ica11. sce11e. Dllftng e do a y the past ye �r, We p�id stat � visits �o nearl � ! _ _ e '=' 1ai,, excl African 11at1ons, and 1n the v1ews ,vh 1 ch We with otl1er African leade1�s, We encot1 11tered a sense ·- 370 �

AFRICA

of purp ose, of �edication, o f visioi1, which, We · a r e p e t · d , f ound , 1 g d t s e n e e sis 1n the comn1on a, . ce sua ce an pt of c the ideal of African unity in th e common response t o ch n al iq the 11 ue . lenge \Vl1i�l1 n1oder· · n Afr1·ca, presents to each of _us, 1n t 11e con11non . c1·t1sacle in w 11ich we are e�tch enlisted . . It \v_as in tl1is spirit tl1at Algeria and Morocco pu t aside !heir ar111s �11cl agreed to negotiate the settlement of their �01·?er dispute ._ It was this spirit which motiv­ ated Etl11o_p1a. to call w1_thout p�use or hesitation 11_p on the Organ1zat1on of African Unity when violence e1·upt­ ed last Feb1·t1ary on th e co1nrnon frontier witl1 the neigl1bouri11g Rep11blic of Somalia. It was to tl1is spirit that Tanganyika. appealed earlier tl1is year in he1· n101nent of need. It is in this soi1·jt that African nations have 1·esponded to calls for aid fro1n their brothers. It is this spirit which vvill svveep us forv.rard to final, con­ c· iusive, glo1·iot1s victor): in the struggle to overcome tl1e obstacles whicl1 still r,err1a1!1 before us 1n t11e n1aking of a united Af1·ica.

It is in this, We believe, tl1at the real t1·it1n1ph of Africa lies today. Economic developn1ent n1ay lag; difficulties 1nay be encot1ntered in working out 11nani1nouslv accept,tble progran1mes and polices: tempo­ rary dissentions 1na\r i· nterfere \vit11 ha1·n1onio11s rela­ tions between indiviclt1al states. B11t so 1011g as the spirit of Af1·.ica 01·evai1s and stirs within ;1s,. so long �s we contin11e to think a11d work and act w1th1n tl1e Afr1.­ can context which w e have c1·eated, i1nb11ed by th e s, s � ad rv � , pe d an ds un ro ur s · Afirican atm-osp·h·ere w11ich 1n ta ,tt e b ll 1a sl �k se e w ls a We are confident that tl1e go ed. · We have created this spirit; it is ot11· child. To l1 it w ne fi de y, tl rs fi t, us m e w l ia bring it to it s full potent <

- 371 -

AFRICA

preoision and cla1·ity the progra1nmes whioh will ad­ vance us along the path we l1ave chosen, whilst si111uI­ taneously avoiding those dangers which could frt1strate what has been so laboriot1sly wor1 .. And in order that these programmes be coherent and intelligible, thev n1ust be founded t1pon painstakingly artict1lated pri�­ ciples and. policies wl1ich we, as African nations, ffillst apply, not only i11 charti11g ·the futt1re of ·the Organi­ zation of African Unity, bt1t in directing our own acti­ vities as independe11t Af1·ican states.

What do we seek for Africa? We seek to co11soli­ date and gt1arantee ot1r own preciot1s liberty as inde­ pendent nations. We seek freeclon1 fo1· our still depe11dent brothers. We seek Africa's econon:1ic growtl1 a11d ' develop111ent, the better111ent of the way of life of Africans and all 1nen. We seek the closest coIIabaration with those others - Asi,tns, Et1ropeans, North and ·south Americans - ,vho sl1a1·e ot1r desi1·es and who 'are willing to cooperate with t1s. We seek that self­ ul ri. g htf st1fficiency which will enable 1.1s to play 011r r l1ar role in international affairs a11d live in full mo11) 'with all men. We seek to n1ake 011r voices heard and our views heeded on tl1e 111ajor 1Jt·ob1ems co11fronting the world today.

Our quest, above all else, is to asst1re to Africa et 111pl co and each African state tl1e ft1llest a11d 1nost � meast1re of freedom - freedo111 t'rom all 1·e11111ants 0 ver te wha �� colonialisn1; freedo111 fro1n neo- lonialisrn, ·form it may take·' f1·eeclo111· fro111 political and 111ilitarY threats; freedon1 from aggressio11; freedon1 from inter�1 n o fr om ference by others in our inte1·nal affairs; ft�eed •

·- 372 �

AFRIC A

econo1nic domination; freedo111 froin the dang e r o f n tio uc r str . nuclea de This i� easy to state; how infinitely 1110re difficult . it 1s to acl11eve?

W� a1·e convinced_ that it is ii1 our search for Afr i­ can unity that w e sl1all discover tl1e solt1tions to tlle vexing problems whicl1 co11f1·011t us. We have taken upon ou�sel�es the libe1·ati?n of tl1e remaining depen­ dent terr1tor1es of tl1e A.f1·1can continent s11ch as An­ gola, Moza111bique an d Southern Rhodesia and the elimination of apartheid. This battle must and shall be \Von; bt1t if our victo1·y is to be real and not ephe­ meral, it is we Africans who n1ust achieve it. vVe can accept assista11ce f1·01n those wl10 seek the same ends :only if tl1e otl1er precious freedo1ns which vve equally cl1erish a1·e not thereby p1·ejudiced.

In ou1· st1·t1ggle to elin1inate from the i-\frica11 con­ ,tinent tl1e 11gly so1·e of apartl1eid, so rept1gnant and

loathso1ne to us Africans, t1nhappily, all too little pro­ gress has been recorded . M t1ch has been said and written in condemnation of this most ignoble ancl in­ l1uman fo1·1n of the abase1nent by 1nan of l1is fellows.

Each one of us he1·e ro1111dly and 11neq11ivocally co�­ demned tl1is evil. Bt1t wh,1t have tl1ese wo1·ds accom­ plis11ecl? To what results have our conden1na�i?�s le�?

Of \Vhat effect ha ve been ou1· attacks, 011r cr1t1c1sn1s.

If w e ar e trt1thful ,;,.;itl1 ou1·selves, we 1nust ad�it that tl1ere yet 1·e1nains ·fa1· to go in eli111inating racial disc1·i1nination fro111 our continent. We 1nust, firS 1 of all, look to ot1r own efforts. We have declared !I1at �11 econon1ic ties with Soutl1 Africa mt1st be· terminated· ·-· 373 -

AFRICA

Have we done so'? We l1ave cleclared that diplon1atic rela, tions with Po.rtt1gal 111 t1st ,be seve1·ed. Do Portuguese envoys still grace A:frican capitals? :rn both these areas, have we ,tcted in t1nity'?

Since this is :fundan1�ntally a ht111 1an qt1estion, we oa11 ta.ke heart i11 the fact that ·a t ou1· side in our s· tr·uggle against apa1·theid are ranged. tl1e vast majority of the l1uma11 race. But to justify thei1· st1pport \Ve 111 ust ot1r­ ;selves scrupt1lously and .1nilitantly e11 force tl1e meast1res wl1ich we l1ave agreed ·upon. . l t is not tl1e strength or the power or the dete1·1nination. of tl1ose wl10 oppose 11s tl1at will delay st1ccess in this battle, bt1t only the we,tkness of ot11· t1nity .

Ad1nittedly, tl1 e task is not an easy one. Ii11111e­ diate sacrifices a1·e required. Etl1io_pi,1's ties with Por­ tugal stretch back to tl1e l 6tl1 Centt1ry, and ot1r rela­ tions witl1 that 11a.tion l1ave ,tl\v,1ys bee11 a111icable. It was J:?-Ot easy to 1�eq t1est tl1 e recall of tl1 e Portt1guese Ambassador accredited to ot1r Court, 'bt1t 'vVe did so.

Had We not, We cot1lcl 11ot stand before )'OU today ,1nd declare that Etl1iopia has done wl1at principle ,in? conscience and tl1e bloocl of ot11· 1Jr·others in Sot1tl1 Afri­ ca, in Angola, in. Moza11 1 biqt1e, 1·eqt1ired of tis. Si 111 i­ larly Ethiopia l1 as recognizecl tl1e Pr·ovisiona] Govern­ ment in Exile establisJ1 ecI t1nde1· tl1e Ieadershi_p of H.E. Mr. Holclen Roberto.

It n1ay well be tl1 ,1t eve11. ti1e 1111itecl weigl1t of tl,_e free nations of Af1·ica is i 11 adeqt1ftte to bri11g to tJ,eir 1 tt o ;senses the govern11 1ents of S011tl1 Af1·ica and P r t�, !· tt if e, o111 .Assistance is_ requi1·ed - and it \Vill be welc co111es without conditions.

-· 374 --

AFllICA

Let t1s bri11g tl1e. co111bined pressti·re ot· Af1·1c . an · · t1e11ce to bear 011 thos e otl1e1· 1 1ations of. · tl1e_ world l.llfl . to wh01� ou1· f 1·1e11ds1 11. p ancl gooclwill are nleaningful who cla.11n aclhe1·e11ce to the san1e .{J1·i11ciples of 1:.1.eed01n' · p en e1 . ce 1 d 1 01 1n I al · c · l d 11 1e 11 n tl 1at w e ltpl1old, w110 af.:. � �. f1r1n tl1e11· SllPI??rt _f01· our str t1ggle ,1gai11st O!JIJI·ession.

Let 11s 11101·e effect1vely 111c1rsl1al Ollr i11dividt1al and col­ l�cti �e for·�es t� t1s e ot1.r inflt1ence, to exploit ot11· posi­ tion 1� var1�t1s ,111t�rnat1onal organs, to enlist tl1eir st1p­ port 1n Africa s f1gl1t fo1: freedoL11 and development. .

1bining ot11· effo1·ts witl1 tl1ese otl1ers, freeclo111 con :By can co1ne ea1·lier to our 1·en1ai11ing dependent brothers.

Witl1 their aid, we can s0011 sweep tl1e stign1a of racial discri1ninatio11 fro111 Africa.

Let tl1ere be 110 111istake: tl1e continued oppression of Africa11s 011 this co11ti11ent and the co11tint1ed do111i11ation of ot1r Sot1th /\f1·ican brotl1e1·s becat1se of race, constitt1te grave dange1·s "''l1ich tl1reaten the ,,ery fot1n­ ciations of the unity \\'e seek. We ca1111ot rest while these twin evils live on.

These are not the- only dangers whicl1 tl1reate11 tis.

Dispt1tes between African states the1nselves constitt1te potentially se1·ious obstacles in 011r path. Fore1nost among tl1e causes of st1cl1 dispt1tes are t11ose of the sort wl1ich l1ave exacerbated 1·elations during tl1c p [1st year between Morocco ancl Algeria as well as between Etl1iopia and Ke11ya and S0111al1a.

1\f1·ic::111s Unarumt1s

At Adclis Ababa, enot1gh w,1s said to de111on_strate beyond dol1bt tl1at Af1·icans are virtt1ally t1na111111ot1s in their arrree111ent tl1,1t 011ly by acceptance of the fro.rr­ tiers beq;eatl1ed to then1 by the colonialists __ ca;1 1 P�!-� 111,1nent pe'.!._�e 1·eig11 �11 ot11· conti11ent. Tl1e p rtnciple ot - 375 -

_i\.FRICA 1 of states i 1·ept� 7> rit eg int ial or rit ter a te(� the , � respect for · no less trl.!)n tl1ree times, and e1 rtrt Cl1 s . in the O.A.U ' it is only for u-s to observe ,i� ·as_ scrupulously as it de­ ·serves. Ethiopia suppo1·ts this v1e\v, nltl1c1ugl1 .she lier­ less. than others from the depredations no d ere suff self � f the imperiali_sts.

We must, however, go still furtl1er. The Charter

has accl.1Jl1ately and -adequately defined the pninciples to which we have pledged rour adherence. Africans, ;however, like all oth·er peoples, pos·sess not only virtue-s but w:ea�nesses, an,d i•t is p· erhaps inevitable that diffe­ rences will arise a111ong us from ti111e to time. J·l1st as Afri·ca, as a s-ingle entity, and the several African states indivJdu,allry, toil for the peaceful settlement of dis­ putes among states, so must we c.nsure that disputes in -Africa are settled peacefully. If ot1r contine11t is not free of internecine strife, how ca11 we l1ope to i11flt1ence others whose disputes endange.r the peace of the world?

In like manner, th·e Cha1.1ter's signatories have de­ clared theirr adh· er.ence to the comple1nentary principle of ·non-interfere11ce in the inter11al a,f.fairs· of other states a·�d this priinoiple, 11:00, "must be iiigidly observed if con­ rltct between Afr1oans i·s tJo be avoided . It is all too ofDen un �er the guise of terri·torial disputes, and ·thro?gl1 1he__medium of sU1bvers1ive activity direoted agams� leg�tlffiate governments, that tl1e foreign infl11ences which we seek to bar from ot11· co11tinent e11deav our to exert their powe1· ancl ·establisl1 fo1· thernselves a We ies foo·thold fro1n which t:o expand their· aotivi.t · must gt1ard against t11e ins.idiol1s substitution of one form of dominance and rt1le fo1· a11otl1er· we mli st be 1 l 1eo· '' ' ed vi�ilant cal to is . 1·-1 inhibit the borowth of . what . coIon1a sm''.

- 376 -

1\FRICA

Neo - Colo11ialism

N·eo-colonialisn1 toclay takes two forms: econonlic and politic al. We 1·ecognize th at economic doininance is no t only often tl1e mo1·e difficult to eliminate but often :serves as the enteri11·g wedge for politica,l domi­ ;nation. We_ ft1rtl1e1· 1·ecognize that, given the history of our contment, a11d the conditions under which we come to freedom, it is not t1nust1al that, despite our best efforts, tl1e econon1ic i11dependence which we seek is 1011g and diffic.ult in coming. J_,ong-establisl1ed pat­ terns of trade are �ot easily or qt1ickly reoriented. Let us not delude olll·selves in ,t:hinkiing ,tha.t these f.acts, for sucl1 they are, are of no significance for the future of �fnica. But let us, at the same time, toil \Yith all our strength to alter them.

When we co11sider neo-colo11i alisn1, our desires, altho11gh perhaps fl() less diffic11lt of attainn1ent, are at least e,1sier of articulatiorJ. ·we seek to avoid a rigicl and inflexible p ostu1·e v,,hich prej11<Jices our position on the 1najor issues before the \vorld. We seek to avoicl alignment, t o achieve ir11e non-alignrnent. Ot,r late good friend, H.E. Prime 1vli11ister Nel1ru of India, put it thus: ''The only ca1np we shoulcl like to be in is tl1e ca1np of pe ac e and goodwill." At Belgrade, in Sept�111ber of 196] We stated that the essence of non-al1g11ment was t� be i.I11partial, jmpartial to jt�dge actions_ and policies objectively, as we see then1 e1!her contri­ buting to or detrac.ting from the 1·esolut1on of the 1e tl d an ac p of n .io at rv se ·e p1 � � world's proble111s, the _ n­ co n v1 l1 s an 1n of l ve le ? impr ovement of the general on de si ne ce n ou en d y sl 11 ? o te . ditions. Tl1ose w h o righ g n 1 th n g in rv se re e il 11 w , � ever y major problen1 or issue . d e n g li -a n o n e b to im la c t but pradse .for .rl1e othe1·, oanno - 377 -

.1.Ii'llIC1\.

W·e miay from -011e day to the next find ourselves now 01Jposing, now supporting, novv voti11g against, first tl1e East, next the West. 1·t. is tl1t� wortl1 of the policies then1selves, We say, and not their source or sponsor. \Vl1ich determines the position. of one who is truly non:. aligned.

1

Non -Alignme11t

We repeat that non-alignn1ent is in no way a11ti­ Easte1·11 or anti-Western, any n1ore than it is anti-Nor­ the1·n or anti-Sot1thern. It is neitl1cr anti - nor pro in any absolute fashion. .It is la1·gely affir111ative, not negative. It is for peace and f 1·eed0n1. It is for a decent standard of living fo1· all 111e11. J.t is for the r·ight of the JJeople of c:tny n�tion to ,tdo1Jt that econo1nic and poli­ tical systen1 wl1ich the 111ajority of the1n freely elect to follow. It is for the right of 111en and nations f1·eely to take their stand 011 the great issttes of tl1e clay, as tl1eir consciences and their sense of 1·igl1t. c1nci jt1stice - and these alone - dictate.

It shot1ld be clea1·, l1owever, tl1at as Africans e111b :acing tl1is principle, we ,11·e not cl1oosing to fo:n1 a th1rcl bloc, a supra�power· wl1ici1 ca11 only speak w1tl1 a single voice beca1_1se it is contr<.111ecl and dictated by ,1 single organ. What v.·e see·!< to create is flexible, not infle.xible; a n1oral fo1·ce to be Ltsecl fo1· \vo1·ld peace, for econon1ic ct'evelop111ent, for tl'1e be11efit of l1t1manity.

We ca1111ot i111pose ot1r views by force. We l1ave only the power of 111oral JJerst1asio11. This is ot1r strength -­ and ,l great strength - if we will bt1t t1se it.

And, finally, there exists today, not for _Afr_ic� ctlone but for all 111a11kind ' the danger of tl1e extinctto . have 5up· 0f. tl1e l1t1n1an race by nt1clear l1olocat1st. \Ve -- 378 ·-

jt

!

r

1\FRICt\

rted it in tl1e past and We 1·eiter,tte n·ow o , tl1a. t Afr1. c.a P · ed zo11e we urge ag mt1st· be dec·1 ared. a cI ent1c1ea1·1z

a n i re ,1 ·pi·og.. res�··'�,; that efforts to ac.hie, · e ·d 'i sa , rn1ament be . . redoublecl. �he l�111tt�d 11_t1c]ea1� test. ·ban treaty consti­ _ th st 1n is cl1r�ct1on, bt1t it should be btlt the ep tutes a first of many. Ot1r 11111tecl efforts 1n11st be exei·ted to tl1is end.

Wl1at n1us,t we do to ·t.ra11sf.orm ,ou1· aspirations into . realtt)', to overco111e tl1e dangers to which We have refer1·cd, to advance to the destiny \Ve have 1narked out for ourselves? \\'e have spoken in tl1e past of some of tl1e concrete 111easures to be taken. The creation of a pern1anent 111acl1inery to settle in.tra-Afric,t11 disputes is one such n1easure. We 1nt1st tal<:e- up wl1ere tl1e colo­ nialists left off in t1·ansforming the social and econon1ic patterns of ot1r nations. In order to decrease 0L1r eco11omic dependence on tl1e develo1Jed nations, trade among A·:fu.1ioa's 11Ja·tior1s must be expa.nded . T1-.anspor­ tation and con1n1t1nicatiort facilities among us 1nt1st be expanded and i1nproved. A 1tnified African Develop111ent Prog1,a1n�ne which 11.tilizes to the f ulloot the i11di­ vidual resot11·ces of the individual African states 1nt1st be prepa1·ed and i1nple111ented. TechniqL1es n1t1st be found and e1nployed for· the most e fficie11t ,111d econo­ mic use of our resources and. finJncial n1e,1ns. In all of this, we can profit f1·01n the example of both the East and tl1e West. a en ev if at th y sa ly on s U Is tl1is e.11011gh? Let 1 e( re ,1g be 1 ca s 1e 111 an gr �o p1 � partial n1east1re of these n ee b e av h l il w y a d to o ir a .

C upon l1ere� Ollf p1·esence in 1no1:e than jt1stified. .

I s t n u1r e11 1e 1·eq las t e s h· e t ad d er, : l1o we v I d, wo t1, We ts ac ce p wh ich ce pa tie n \Vhat is n e. eded, above all, is an ce tol er an d , the m om e delays, while s,triving to overc 1

- 379 -

Afi'l{lC1\

wl1ich co111p1·el1e11ds ot1r weaknesses, our selfish ambi­ t,io11s, a11cl ot11· 11ar1·ow se1f-i11te1·est, while seeking to stre11gt· l1e11 ·ot1r \Vill a11d stiffe11 our· moral fibre and clevotio11 to p1.·inciple ,tnd international morality: wl1icb ca11. ,llone ar111 a11d sl1ield and st1pport us in the daily st1·ife whicl1 is ot11· fate as we toil to better the lot of Af1·ic,L and all 111e11 everywhere. Unless we find the 1·eqttisite cot1rage ancl fixity of 1Ju1·pose to rise above c)t1rselves; we sh·a11 be broken 011 the wheel of our ovvn in\1entio11, slaves of ou1· O\Vn despotism. The spirit of Afric,l, v.,J1ich st11·1·ouncls ot11· delibe1·ations here, is cleservi11g of the greatness wl1icl1 _A frica demands of it.

Let t1s pro\1e ot1rselves wortl1y of rt.

Jul)' 21, 196,f.

Pl{ESS CONFERENCE ON RHODESIA We 11,tve askecl. )'Oll today to co111e her·e because rts you J1,1ve alreacl.y I1eard tl1e sitt1ation i 1 1 Sot1tl1ern ]{l1oclesia 11,ts cie111c111decl it. No\\' ti1e \\101·st l1as occt1r­ recl, tl1-at is, the wl1ite 111i1101,ity go\1er11111ent in Souther11 Rl1odesia l1,1s cleclared t1nilaterally its i11depei1d e11ce .

Tl1e sit11,1tic)11 .i11 S(1t1 tl1e1·11 Rl1octesi�1 is knO\\•n to e,,ery· body. Tlre1·e ,1re ,1l1011 t 200,000 ,,,11ite s-ettle1-s \vho, by force of ar111s, arc i111.r)osi11g tl1ei1· 1·L1le t1po11 ,the 1najority of tl1e 1)opt1l,1t, ion ,,,110 11t1111bc1· �11'0t1r1d five 111illion · ., 1 11c re t1 re 111�111)' ty IJes. of t111f01·tt1r1n t·e di\'isio11s clt1·1011g rr1,1111(i11cf. E,1e11 ts i 11 S l)tttl1er· 1 1 Rl1odesi,1 l1,1ve confir111ccl tl1is. �fl1(;. ,\fric�111 St:.:1.tes ,,·l.1o �1 .rc 111e111bers tlie of tlle Ur1itc.�cl ·Ni.1ti<)11s l1�t\ '\) 111:tci� tt1� i1· \'te\\'S 011 Rl1oclesi(.111 (lt.1cst·io11 (tttitc C'lc�11�. Tl1� 111�1tter l1a.s beeit ex.tetl&i\rcl)1 C()t\Si(t,�rcci b\· tl1e 0.t.\.l. �111d. b\' tl1e ,rru·iotIS ()rgar1 s of ll1� lJ11ited N�1tio11s. \\r11.at is ·111ost sI1ock, 1

- " 3S(l . -

l

;

'I

''

I

AFRICA

1ng_ abot1t_ the sitt1,1tion in Rl1odesia is tlie f,lct tl,at f1·1ca, n people are at present conclttcti·n(1o se wl11le A , ,1- 1• 0 llS . · . ed Nations and otl,e,· or·o-'"' 11 lZ ca1npa1g11s 111 tl1e Un1t · cl, tiOOS to :, cn1•ove oppression and hun:ian SLlffering i t, Sot1tl1 ,Af11ca ancl also Soutl1 West Africa, a 11e,v sittt,l­ tio11 l1as been c1·eatecl wl1icl1 i111 poses on t11e Africt111 people of tl1e worst ty1Je of st1bjt1gation ·ancl slavery. We are confident tl1at Me111ber States of tl1e O.A.U. ancl the U.N. will take effective 1neas111·es for tl1e pt1riJose of implementi11g the. clecisions n1ade. by these lJoclies.

We 11at11rally co11de11111 tl1e t1nilater('.1l cleclarrttior1 of it1clependence by tl1e 111inority govern111ent i11 Sot1tl1er11 Rhoclesia. Beca11se of tl1e obvio11s conseqt1e11c.es of tl1is st, 0p 011 ,i11,ter11ationa. l peace and sect11·ity, We st1p­ JJOrt tl1e proposal tl1at tl1e Sect1rity Co·u11cil c)f tl1e U11 it­ ed Nations sl1ould hold an 11rgent sessio11 111 order tc) 1nake specific ·de· oisi· o11s abot1t meas11res to be ado1)ted, jn view of the latest developments in Sot1ther11 Rhocle• s1a.

We know 1nt1ch effort v;as exerted i11 tl1e past to see to it tl1at tl1e 1ninority gover11n1e11t i11 Sot1tl1ern Rl10clesi,t does 11ot t1nilate1·ally declare its jcle1Je11clence a11cl tht1s JJerpetrate slavery 111Jo11 an. Africa11 peoJJle. I11 tl1is co1111ectio11, We shall refe1· to tl1e British effort. In Ot1r judge111ent tl1e Britisl1 Governn1ent l1as ta1(en certai11 steps that we1·e intended to prevent t1nilateral cleclara­ cion of indepe11de11ce by ;t}1e So11th;er11 Rhodesia11 Gov­ er11e111en,t, a11d tl1at 1:hese steps wePe gen11iine. When tl1ese steps were being taken We l1ad the ho1Je tl1,lt tl�e effort of tl1e Britis11 Governn1ent i n Sot1tl1er11 Rl1odes1!1 wot1ld lead to success. W e also recall tl1e 111essage se11f:

by Her Majes·ty Ot1ee11 Elizabeth II to tl1,e Rh�desian Gove r11ment abot1t tl1e possible conseqt�nces o�· l!J?T. Now We are saddened that the effort of the Br1t1sl1 .

•

1

I

- 381 --

c-'-l

C

AFRICA

Governrr1ent and the efforts of all p.� ace-Ioving people throuo-hout the world l1as not restrained the minority c;over�ment from embarlcing upon an act w hich c an · na·te and unro!d miseries to African peo­ bning· un·fortu p les, a·nd perh,aps fa:r-rea�hri.ng consequ.ences for inter11ational peace cand securJYty. When you consider the steps to be taken at this n that fact cognjza, rhe of t n no ­ hour, we are fully i recognition . of the minority go· vernment, a1though u.seful, 1s not -adequate. In Gh·ana, wl1en the Heads of State a11d Government of seve11al A1fr-ican -countries mef, the Southern Rhodesian question was discussed extensively.

The same proble1n ·was discussed by the vario11s bodies of the United Nations, in 1)artic11lar the General As­ sernbly. Now it is the duty of all African peoples and Af1·ican states to think in terms of specific 111easures to 1·estore the rigl1ts and dignity of tl1e African popt1la­ tio11 in So11thern. Rhodesia. In this connection We woulrl like to recall the decision 111acle 1;,,., the Af·rican Heads of State and Governn1e11t in Accra. A decision vvas taken that the Orga11ization of African Unity sh<)ltld take ·all measures, including -the use of foroe, in relati�11 to the problem of Southe1·n Rhodesia. We take this vernGo Ethiopia11 opportL1nit)' of reiteratinothe that :::, . .

1neJ11t is now p· repared, in· ·acoovda· nce with rt:he deo1s�ons of the Accra Asse1nbly, to help in all 111easures agatn�t Southern Rhodesia that may be taken by tl1e Orga111zaition, j11cludi11g the u·se o· f fo1·oe.

Thei·e are 1nany 1neast11·es that can be taken. rfl1ere are the 1neast1res that l1ave been adopted by intei·national organizations sucl1 as 11011-1·ecognition of e er T nt. tl1e Rl1odesian wl1ite mino1·ity settle1� goverru11e � are 'PJ.10V1i·sio·n s for �he .appliorution of 1econo1nic sa·nctions the f o n a.ncl there js also a call fo1· a11 l1rgent sessio 1

·- 382 ·-·

1\FRICA

SeclM'tty Counoil to take aotion and other 111 as es 111 , on tl1 es e to cit ed on ab ov e dd iti ar e ein bo i· a . . ct u: � 1 e c 1 111 t he . , . de01s1ons· o f t 11e 0 .A.U., ·and 1t ,1,s u-p to ,tlle Afri· c· a11 Snati es no w bo ca1·-1·y oUJt 1�he de cisions 1.1 1 pi�ao- tice.

As We l1ave _mc1de 1t cl�ar earlier, the steps that can b e . taken aga�nst t!1e white settler govern ment in Rhodes1_a are speo1fied 111 the vaviot1s resolt1·tion:s, parti­ cularly 1n the last 011e at the Accra Assen1bly. We ha·ve pledged ou1·selves at the Accra As sembly to take joint m-easures, including 111ili:tary actio11, ·against the w·hite sevtle1· gover111ne111t i11 Rh,odesia in tl1,e eve11t, of UDI. We Wol1ld like to say, 011 ,t h·e pa11t :of the Ethiopian Governme11!t, w e a-re p1"epared :to under1take whatever sa-0rifioes are 11eeded - ,in terms of assistance of arn1ed fo·rces or othe1-wis e if deoided upo11 - jointly with other Afri·oa11 count1�ies.

1

Nove1nber 12, 19G5

0 A U fIBt\l1QU.ARTERS .-fhe Orga11ization of African Unity stands today as a string an d in1portant organ for tl1e pro111otion of peace and progress eve1· devised on this conti11e11t. It is only a b1·ief period si11ce the heads of the i11depe11dent African states asse1nbled in solem11 conclave h ere at Addis Ababa fo r tl1e first tin1e to tra11slate into action the cl1erisl1ed ain1s and aspirations of the African p eople e th y ad e r al d an , ty 11i er at fr for Africa11 Unity a11d s wo:tl1 it ed ov pr s ha ty ni U 1 a1 iz ic fr an A rg n O atio of ective f ef d an l ca ti ac pr a as 1t b1 l t no merely as a symbo a r fo n io ct fa i s at s f o g in el fe organ . Tl1t1s, it is w it h a job well done a n d h ig h expectation for the future tl1at we co1ne today to d edicate this bttilding as a perm anent home of tl1e OAU secreta 1·iat.

- 383 -

4

Ali'RIC,A.

Dttrincr Our visits to African countries, We have wit11essed ;111011g the co11tinent's diverse peoples and cultures the sa111e spir·it for progress, the san1e belief i11 libe1·ty a11d independe11ce a11d ,ulti1nate world peace and prosperity. We k11ow tl1at tl1e peoples of Africa sl1are con11no11 aims and i11terests, and it is this k11ow1edge whicl1 l1as JJrovicled the fi1·m fot1ndation for the OAU itself. lf tl1e peoples of Africa continue to work for the pro111otio11 o·f tl1ese comn1on aims and interests, the11 the OAU will be even more strong an.d secure.

It is fitting tl1at We sl1ot1ld .today again reatfirn1 Etl1iopia's t111swerV1.i11g st1ppo1·t f·or the OAU. We, per­ s011ally, a11d Our peoples sl1all co11tint1e to devote all efforts a11d e11ergies to tl1e gro\vtl1 of the OAU and the JJrinciJJles for wl1ich it stands.

1

()ct. 7, 1965

A'l' OPENING SESSION OF O.A.U. SUM1vfl1' lri o,·det· tliat 1,vhat we /ia,Je set for oitrselves to ca,·ry 01,tt 111Ct)' be ,·ealizecl in its full sig11i­ fica11ce, c1.nd s·o that the Char·te,· does riot re111ai11 a m.e,·e lzisto,·iccil 11iilestone, we sho11ld i11. con.c·ert c·oritin.ite to rvo,·!( ivith the sa11ie )Jigoitr ancl cletlic:c1tio11 a.. Y1,1Je J1al'e done itz the JJast. !\11·. Cl1ai1·111an, DistingL1ished Heacls of State ancl Governn1ent, O.n bel1alf of the Gove1·n111ent and people of Ethiopia, a11d also on Ot11· bel1alf We extend a warrn welcon1e to YOtl all w110 a1·e crathet·ed here today at b . solen1n n1eeting in Ot11· capital. t l11s ··- 384 -·

l

I

AFRICA

We recall that tl1ree years ago we inet in th is hall . to find w ay s an d m ea n s of 1·esolving the probl whicl1 then fa ce d 011r continent. A t that meeting w:{�� bas becom e a great land1nark in the annals of African bisto1y, W e succeeded to p11t aside ou1· differences and t1nanimously adopted ancl signed tl1e historic document the Chai·te1· of tl1e 01�ga11izatio11. o.f African Unity.

In spite of obstacles, we l1ave st1cceeded in estab­ lishing the O. rganiz,1tion of African Unity. TI1is we have achieved beca11se tl1e unity which we seek stem­ med fro111 the deep conviction whicl1 the people of Africa l1old ,fo1· ,the acoeleration o·f their political, social and econo1nic developn1ent. The fact that we suc­ ceeded in laying the fo11ndation of our unity was due primarily to the desi1·e of all Africans to unite in a common struggle against colonialism, pove1·ty, disease a11d ignorance wl1ich are e11emies of Africa.

In orde1· that v,h:::Qt v,;e have set for ot1rselves to carry out may be reaii;te(J iri its fuil significance, and so that the Cl1arte1· dt}es f!()t re!naRn a mere historical milestone, we should ir1 concert contin.t1e to work with the same vigour and dedicatio11 as we have done in the past. To this end, and in accordance with the Charter, we ought to contin11e 1ne.eting once every year to review the year's activities a11d to cha1·t tl1e . course on up rt ke ta ld ou sh e W . ar ye g in 111 co e of action fo r th of ss re og pr e th ith w s le op pe r ou t in s 1a ve q1 el o t ac ours k or w of es m m ra og pr e th h it w d s an nt our achieve1ne we set for tl1e futt1re. ty ni U an ic fr A of n io at iz an ro O e th Tl1e Charter of has become the ernbodilne;t of all the aspirations of the African peoples. Son1e of the ?reat ai111s _of t:ie ty ri da l1 s d an ty n1 t1 of g n ? i · e1 st Charter include the fo s rt o ff e 1r 1e tl f o n o ti 1a i1 1·d -0 o c an1ong Member-States; the - 385 -

26 *

q

.Ali'l{ICA

to 1·,1ise tl1e standar·d of livi11g of tl1eir people; the de­ fence and preservation of tl1ei1· sovereignty, territorial j11tegrity and inclepe11dence a11d the eradication of all fo1·n1s of colonialisn1 and tl1e pro111otion of internation al co-operatio11.

Af1ic,1 I�Ias Moved Fo1ward

Si11ce :tviay 1963 whe11 the 01·ganization of African U11ity ca111e into being, tl1e Asse111bly of Heads of State and Gover11111ent n1et twice whjle tl1e Cot1ncil of :Mi11isters 111et seve1·al times, in 01·dinary and extra­ orcli11ary sessions, to deal \vith Africa's political, econo­ n1ic, social and ct1ltt11·al problems.

We draw enco111·age1nent f1·01n tl1e i1nportant de­ ve]opn1ents that have take11 place in Af1·ica and fro111 tl1e acl1ieve1ne11ts reco1·ded in vario11s fields. Africa has co1ne a long way on tl1e 1·oad to f1·eedom and pro­ gress ancl has played an active role in tl1e community of nations.

The Confe1·e11ce We are opening today is yet an�­ the1· evidence, a111ong 1nany, of ot11· devotion and dedi­ cation . to tl1e cat1se of ot11· continent and its people.

In this spirit, we sl1all co11ti11t1e to discharge ot1r duty to this co11tinent for tl1osc t\VO l1t1ndred and fifty 111il­ lion inhabita11ts fo1· who111 we a1·e responsible, and,_ at tl1e sa111e ti111e endcavoL1r 11ot to f:::1i] to play an acti,,e role in world ,tffairs. .Af1 ica, lil(e tl1e 1·est of tl1e \Vo1·ld, is today, 111ore 111 · fro d · tl1an ever, JJass1ng per10 tl1ro11gl1 a tra11sitional , tl1e Africa tl1at was to tl1e Af1·ica tl1at is to be. Vv � I1ave 110w begt111 to tre,1d tl1e p atl1 of tl1e futt1re, a� the tas1< tl1at ,ve 11ave set for ot11·selves to carry o�it tn . ' . l is an b llJ·1c1111g a be.ttcr ,l11cl sect1re to111orrow for Af·ric, - 386 -

AFRICA

arduot1s ? 11e._ !,laving e1ne·rged fro111 a period of dat·k­ ness, Africa 1� 1n the pro�ess of becoming a totally free . nent Since . tl1e l11rtl1 of 0l1r Organization, tl1e conti uni1ty a11d ·sol-id·ar.ity of Afrioa 'is steadily growi11g in strength. Tl1e vo1ce of 250 111illi.011 .t\fricans now hearcl at international gatl1e1·.i11gs is gaining 1no1nentt1n1 day by clay. Ne,,e1·theless, if \Ve wish to strenotl 0 1en bt1r .

11n1ty, we 1nt1st ove1·co1ne tl1e factors that tend to balkanize ancl weaken ot11· conti11ent.

Cl1aos P1·ed.icted

Whe11 \Ve 111et to establish ou1· Organization, foreign circles went so far as to declare that African t1nity was a drea1n that COllld not be realized. They asst11ned that Af1·ica was torn in different directions, bent by i11te1·-state fel1ds, a11d ve11tt1red to ]Jredict tl1at instead of t1nity the1·e woulcl be c11aos a11d dissentio11.

However, by' 011r steaclfast11ess and c1evotion to Africa's nioble ,oat1se, we l1a·\ie 'lJroved ,tJ1em wrong . Tl1e Orga11ization of A·f.ricD.r1 Unity1, having exerted all efforts to defend with cot1rage and convictio11 against tl1e forces th, at u11de1·111· ine A:fr.ican ;t1ni:by, �1as e111erged trit11n1)hant.

We, Me111ber .St,1tes, sl10L1lcl walk the patl1 of Africa11 1t11ity vvitl1 u11falte1·i11g faith. Etl1iopia, for her part, \,1 .ill sp ar e no effort to see to it tl1at Oltr solidar_ity an d t1nity a1·e 111aintained ctnd stren�thened. Africa 1nust speak \Vith 011e voice 1·ingi11_g ot1t 1n p�werfttl, l1?r­ ith w tis es id ov pr n io at iz an 1·g 0 t1r O moniot1s t011es. _ t1sp d1 to s on ti lt1 so 11l ef ac pe g in :suitable n1eans of fincl to s t1 s le b a en It s. te ta -S er 1b i1 tes arising ainong J\1e . al for ti n se es re a h ic 11 w es 1r s1 ea 1n examine ancl exect1te t p o cl a to � lt s lp e l1 so ,1l d n a t n the defence of oL1r co11tine _ o p tn n o ti ra e p -o o c f o s and t111clertal<e joii1t p1·og1·a111111e ·- 387 -

4

AFRICA

al s ur ld 1lt fie c1 d an which are c ni o1 on ec l, cia so Jitical, vital to kf rioa .

Education

In point of fact� the creation of the African Deve­ lopn1ent Bank has given us a good basis for promoting economic co-operation. It is, therefore, in our interest to strengtl1en this institution and lil<:ewise the econorruc ties tl1at already exist among Men1ber-States.

111 th.e c11lt11ral field, Africa faces many problems, n1ainly as a rest1lt of the _poor level of education and the lack of adequate contacts among its peoples. In vie,v of this, great efforts m11st be 1nade in the fields of education - a key to development - so as to provide Africa with the professional and qualified technicians needed for its advancement.

Bearing in n1ind the speed with whicl1 the Organi­ zation of African Unity has developed, and anxious to further strengtl1en it with the rest of the Member-States, Ethiopia shall cont ribute her share in giving every consideration so that the h11n1an as ,vell as the 1naterial resources available to the Organization are wisel y and effectively utilized. Tl1e reso111·ces at tl1e dispos al of the Organization sl1ould be evaltl,lted in terms of tl1e relative needs a11d mutt1al t1sefulnes,s to the Member­ States. Particular care n1ust also be taken to avoid embarking upon costly projects fo1· which Meinber­ States l1ave neither the necessary financial resources nor adeq�a!e technicians. Caution !s ne �essary, 1 1n11b1t1o·t1s IJ1·oc:rr e h st1dl1 , ailu a 1n111 1·esult f r w a111 e s · b • re k a s d n 1 turn · would icau•se loss o·f i 11terest al1l h. tl1e confidence of Member-States i11 the Organi' zatiOn of African Unity. In tl1is connection, tl1e spe cial coin-

f;�

- 388 -

l

AFRICA

1nit tee whicl1 ·h-as been ent1·usted with the ,task of stu­ dying tl1e proble1n facing tl1e various br anches of the Orga nization has submitt ed its reco1nmendation and it deserves to be closely examined by all Me1nber-Sta­ tes.

F1·eedom's Defe11ce

Toclay, the m ai n p1·oblems tha.t sl1ould concern us most and engage our attention are: the defence of Africa's fr eedom, the liberation of our brothers who are still under colonial rule, the promotion of econo­ mic and social progress and tl1e efficient and effective exploitation of 011r natu1·al r esources, the broadeni11g ·of our respective systems of national educatio11, the development of tl1e l1ealth and well-being of our peoples and the safeguarcli11g i)f the intei·csts of Af1·ica by tak .. ing concerted actioJ1.s ·r,JotJ.1 in th.e political ctnd economic fields.

In spite of g1·e,1t .ha.nd.icaps� t}ie process of deco­ lonization continues. In this con11ection:1 YA.le shottl(l like to congratulate the t¥10 new independ ent States of Botswana and Lesotho on their attainment of indepen­ dence and welcome their rne1nbership - to our Organization. We are confident th at these two African sister d e an ris rp te en e th to e ar sh r ei th te bu States will contri re endeavours of 011r 01·gani zation. We a:� wel� aw� a�1on 1 t1 s1 al 1c l1t po d an l ca hi p ra og ge of the very special aruza­ rg e h T . e d c la p � re a s te in which these two Sta d an l a c t1 l1 o e m th e iv g ld t1 o � _ ons tion of African Unity sh ti a N d e it n U e th h it w rt e c n o c moral support and, in e e­ fr d n a e c en d n e ep · d 1n · Organization, g uarantee t11e1r dom.

- 389 -

4

AI1'RICA

Sta11d

011

Colo11ialism

As far as the question of colonialism is concerned, Ethiopia's stand is clear. In accordance with her ideals of freedom, Ethiopia today, as in the past, is committed to defend the 1·ights of the oppressed. Ethiopia has and shall continue to strive fo1· the con1plete eradication of racial discrimination from tl1e African Continent. She is fully aware that racial discri1nination means the negation of the moral equality of all n1en and the depri­ vation of the African of l1is dignity and personality. As long as apartl1eid is practised in South Africa, Africa will l1ave to contin11e to intensify her opposition until that scourge is totally a11nil1ilatecl fro111 ot11· continent.

Though apartheid, that 1.11ost rept1gnant and inhuman 13ystem of oppression that n1an has ever known, is still being unscrupulot1sly practised by the Government of South Af1·ica, yet those countries tl1at can bring pres1sur, e to bear upo11 it economically have refused to do so. We therefore appeal to these countries to dis�on­ tinue their trade with Sot1th Africa, 11ntil st1cl1 a nme when tl1at country changes its policy and grants its in·l1,tbi�a:11ts ,their f r,eedon1 .

For a nu1nber of years now the problen1 of Sout�� West Africa has become tl1e n1ajo1· concern of the Afri­ ca� cot1�tries. Liberia an � Ethiop!a, as forn1er me�i _ bets of the Leag11e of Nations act1no 011 bel1alf of _a tl1e African States hacl s11ed S�uth Africa for violating e t g � 11c lier mandate in S�t1tl1-West Af1·ica by i11trod �� 1n tn fail ? policy of apartheid into that ter1·itory and by n ica Afr l1er obligation to promote the interest of the pop11lation.

- 390 -

.I\FI1ICA

S<lutl1er11 Af1·ica After si� years of litigation, tl1e In te1·11ational .

Cot1rt of Just1ce dec1�ed that tl1e two states did not _ establish legal status 1n the case to stand befOre the . . .

Cou1·t, thu s 1·e:ers1ng its Judgen1ent of juriscliction given .

1n 1962. T�1s 11nfo1·tt1nate deci�:ion has profoundly sl1aken �lie J11gh l1opes tl1at. marlkind had placed in the International Co11rt of J11stice. The faith 1nan had that justice can be 1·ende1�ecl is shatte1:ed and the cause of Africa betrayed.

-}Iavi?g faile� in prepa1·ing tl1e people of Soutl1� West Africa fo1· independence, South Africa has bet­ rayed the trust given to it by tl1e League of Nations.

In view of this and its stubborn refusal to carry out the resolutions of the United Nations in this connection, it becomes all the 1nore approp1·iate to ter1ninate Soutl1 Africa's mandate over the territo1-y. Mh1dful of this, We heartily welcor11e the rece.nt -decision of the U11ited Nations whicl1 revs.1krd. -ScJ�xtl1 1!\f.ricr:i\3 mandate o,1e1· i d it i11stea.d under South-West Africa an.cl !tl!lIS u!ace itis ow . -11 admi11is·tration. Ori tliis oooasion We would like to congrat11late all Men1ber States of tl1e United Nations which supported the resolution and especially the two great po,vers, the United States and the Soviet Union.

In. Rhodesia, the sitt1ation has deteriorated. A year ago, a foreign v,,-hite minority cleclared unilateral indepen·dence. By S'O doing, the illegal riegi. me con­ demned th e African majority to servitude. After tl1e nt m rn e o G e th � ce en � nd pe :7 de in l ga n of ille declaratio _ g r1 te us 1r 1n ad ty ri 1o tl au � e th , of the United Kingdom ic om on ec of on ti ca li p ap e th d ce t 1n tl1a colon\' annot rn tu re to it e rc fo to e im g re el b sanctio n s ;�ainst the re "

- 391 -

< 1\FllICA

to tl1e rule of l,1\v. It \V,ts obvio11s tl1at the sanctj0118 iinposed ,vo11ld p1·0,1e to be i11effective. F,tced witl1 ·such a sitL1ation, tl1e Gove1·n111ent of the United King­ dom was 111·gecl to 11se force, if necessary, to quell the rebellion. Unfort11nately, tl1e B1·itish Governme11t so va1· has dis·played reluc,tance to LlS·e force.

Since tl1e econo1nic and political sanctio11s i1npo­ sed by Great Britain h,tve p1·oved ineffective so far, We .a1·e conv:i11ced 1tl1at, if: f11tt1re d·angero11s dev·elop­ ments in the very l1ea1·t of Afr·ica are to be avoided, the Gove1·runent of the ·united Kingclom sho11ld p11t do\vn the illegal regime in Rl1odesia by all n1eans at its dis­ posal, including the 11se of force.

1:.1el1l l�r,eedo111 Fig]1·te1·s

It is our d11ty to help the freedo111 fighter·s of Zin1babwe to intensify their st1·t1ggle to liberate tl1eir co11n­ try. On this occasion, we co11ld 1·eass11re the111 of our continued s11ppo1·t. We ,vo11ld like to take tl1is oppor­ tunity to co11vey 011r sincere co11.�1·at11lations to Presi­ dent Kenneth Kaunclc:1 and the Goverrunent of tl1e Rep11blic of Za1nbia for tl1eir effo1·ts and sacrific es in the strt1ggle for the libe1·ation of tl1e people of Zirnba­ bwe.

Tl1e Gove1·11111e11t of Po1·tt1gctl stt1bbornly 1101.d s on to the outn1ocled co.ncept of 1·ega1·cling its African colo­ nial territo1·ies as Port11gt1ese ovet·seas provi 11ces. P_or­ tt1gal l1as incessa11 tl'j' oppressecl tl1c Af1·ica11 11atio11a�1sts and l1as constantly cl1allenged tl1e 111any 1·esoltit1?ns a niz t rga adop ecl by tl1e Un· itecl Natio11s and our· own O � tion, calling llpon l1er to b01·ant independence to he r l .

• (JO' tru coIon1 es. We shot1ld tl1erefore cont1n11e th e s 01? e ni e th ·lintil the Government of Portugal succumbs to - 392 -

I

•

'

' "•

r

..

•• " '

"

J

• • •

!• .•.

d,, 'I

'

)

r

; .,

'I ,-

,·,

, ''

11'

.••• ••. '

�,•

AFRICA

-evitabilit)' o f gr,tnting i. nclependence to 11e1. co1 on1e . s.

We s11ot1ld also call 011ce ,lgain on '-rill C ot1n t·r1. es con cer. ned to refrain fro111 st1pplying Po1· ·ttlgal , w1· tl1 a1·n1s.

At tl1is jt111ctt1re, W e wish to give cltle regard to _ proble111s tl1at affect world peace. In tl1is coxlnection.

We refer to tl1e situation j11 Sot1th-East Asia. Th� Vietnan1 q11estion co11ti11t1es to e11gage tl1e ,tttention of the v.1hole \Vorld. .If tl1e present sitL1ation pei·sists, it will ha,,e incalct1lable consequences. We sl1ot1ld there­ :fo re appeal t o all parties co11cernecl to agree to a ''cease­ fire'' and negotiate a settle111e11t on the basis of the 1954 Geneva Agree-1nent.

It is with sadness tl1at We recall l1ere tl1e rece11t unfortunate i11ci dent <)f the Guine'-1 delegation, led by its F-01·eig11 Minister while -enro11te to Addis Ababa.

Up on lea1·ni11g tl1is ne\VS a11d noti.ng the seriot1sness of the matte1· We sent �11it!-1in hot1rs one of Ot11· Cabinet Ministers ·to Acc1�a arid Co:(1akir)' w:itl1 a view to obtain­ ing tl1e re.lease of tl1e delegation so ,1s to enable the1n t o proceed to Ac!dis Ababa. Si111ilarly, tl1e Cot1ncil of Ministers of Ot1r Organizatio11, considering tl1e gravity of tllis q11estion, dispatcl1ed a three-man delegati on to e p ho ed , s es pr ex t1r O as w It i y. kr na o C, cl r an h cc a bo.t A 11co d an s ilt st re 11l tf ui fr e ev hi ac .l 1lc that thei1· efforts wot e at ip ic rt a p to n io at eg el � ea sequently enable the Gt1in ­ at l al r, ve e o:w H . .U .A O 1e tl in the prese11t se ssion of _ , neces­ or� ef er th , i? it , in a v in g in e tempts 111acle so far· b r fo m e it t n a rt o p n 11 n a sary for t1s to take this 1natter as our deliberation. a� t t r o p im 1y e v a is s t1 The aaenda w e h a v e before ceed in ro p y a m s n o ti ra e one. We p�ay that 011r delib - 393 -

Q

AI�'IllCA

an atmosphere of harmony and understanding, and We ask the Almighty God for His guidance in this regard.

Nove1nber 6, 1966.

REPLY TO U THANT IN KINSHASA OAU SUMMIT · Mr. President, Mr. Secretary General of the United Nations, Distinguished colleagues, I take this oppo1·tunity afforded to me by the P1:es1dent of our 1neetin·g ito eXipress my gr,a:tit,ude on behalf of my colleagues for tl1e presence l1ere of the Secretary General of the United Nations at the Fourth Session of the Asse1nbly of Heads of State and Govern­ ment of the O.A.U. I wish to 1·ecall the co11sta11t conce.r11 whicl1 the Secretary-General of the United. Nations has shown to the wo1·k of the Organization of African Unit)'. I wisl1 to thank yot1, M1·. Secretary-Gene1·al, fo1· tl1e wise words and coun,sel you have given us. The significanc e of tl1e words is not goi11g to be lo·st on 11s. You1· words l1elp to stre11gtl1en ot1r faitl1 and deter111i11ation 011 behalf of our organizatio11 and also· 011 bel1alf of the United Nations. We wa11,t to asst11·e yot1 tl1at this organizati on follows the useful activities of the U11ited Nations· All 0f· us subscribe to the Cha1·ter of the United Nations· I �m glad that the Secretary-Gene1·al has spoken in t�e is th een wisest possible man11er of tl1e relations betw empl co organiz ation . a1 1d tl1e United Nations. They - 394 -

AFRICA

ment �acl1 other. Th·is 01·ganization on a sm·aller scale is ded1�ated t � the same fundamental task to which tl1e United N a-t1ons b·as consecrated itself .

In your r,en1ark·s, Mr. Secretary-G·eneral, you ·have indicated the wo1·ld of today is different from t· he w·orld of yesterday. You ha ve pointed out the factors that have created the necessity of interdepende11ce among the states a11d peoples of the world. The relations of interdepende11ce among states and peoples of the world make our task 1nore necessary because the welfare of 011e state tl1rot1gl1 this i11terdependence is 1·elated to the welfare of all of us. We must also remember the reality of today is different from the realities of yester­ day. We 1nust t1ndersta·nd we cannot tur11 the clock backward s. . In this different world o· f today we must strive to achieve what we have set for ourselves to achieve by the Cha,rters of -the Organization of African Unity and the United :t\Tations. Becat1se the world of today is so different from the world. of yesterday, be­ cause there is so m.L1(;h inte1·depend.enc. e between indi­ viduals and ·states today than was the case yesterday, gre·ater and con1mensurate responsibilities fall 11pon our shoulders. This responsibility is to see to it that inter­ nationa l peace is 11ot violated; to see to it that the benefits of progress are widely disseminated tl1roughout the world.

I said tl1at the organizations ·of African Uni�y and tl1e United Nations face similar problems. We 1n the O.A.U. are confronted with problems of preserving peace. We are concerned about working for the pro­ gress of African states. And in the same way, the r fo ks or w , rs be em m e ar e w United Nations' of w·hicl1 e th , ce an st in or F . nd ki an m re e ti th welfare o f the en d an te ta S f o s d ea H f o · ly b presen t session of the Assem - 395 -

< AFRICA

Gover11111e11t has atte111ptecl to carry the responsibilities i11 tl1e n1ost se1·ioL1s fashio11 - responsibilities that we J1ave asst1med as 111embers of the O.A.U. I believe the 1·es11lt is something that all African states will be proud of. In addition to tl1 ·is, the fact ·that the highest leaders of African states, tl1e Heads of State and Government · here f8!Ci.ilita·tes th·e expeditious considera� a1·,e ,gatfue·r·ed tion of variot1s problen1s that the African Continent faces.

As Secreta1·y General of tl1e United Nations you carry a great responsibility. All states have expressed tl1eir confidence in yot1r wisdom and in your ability to cond11ct it along tl1e path -that is useful. The confidence of 111embe1· ·states of tl1e United Nations in you was s11rely 111ani,fested W·hen your first term of secretary­ ge11eralship ha-d expirecl. Then we all joined in urging ) 011 to ·contint1e your work. This is a great tribute to the Secretary-Ge11eral dedicated to carry out the re­ sponsibilities of the United Nations as tl1ey are ind.i­ ca.ted in the Cl1arte1·. Yot1 have been measured and )'Otl have livecl 11p to yot1r task. And we appreciate it.

Yot1r efforts inside ,and 011 tside ,the United N,aitions for t11e preservatio11 of international peace and sec1lfity is n matter which need·s 110 ft1rthe1· elaboration from 11s · I say on bel1alf of tl1e 111e111ber·S of tl1e OAU that \\Uth tl1e ·guidanc1e of the Al-111.iO"ht)' we should oontin11e in carrying ot1t ot1r res,ponsibilities everywhere. God bles·s the Secretary General of ·the United Nations, and cl1e Organization of African Unity. Thank you.

1

September 20, 1967 ·

- 396 -

II

•

r;

AFRICA

AT OPENING SESSION OF 0.A.U. MEDIATION COMMISSION It is a great pleast1re to Us to i11at1gurate this first session of the Commission of Mediation Conciliatio11 and Arbitration. We exte11d to the me�bers of the commission a 1nost cordial welcome on behalf of Our­ selves and Our Governme11t and people.

T,he 1i·fe of Afr.ican U11ity -is a success story in the quest fo1· peace. It has bee11 able to cope with n1any di,ffi,c-ul,t 1situati·ons s uch as threats 10 ,peace in tl1e continent. This it has been able to achieve through frank and free disct1ssions of controversies ·within the framewo1·k of its conference institutions. In order to deal witl1 a 11umber of disputes, the Orga11ization of African U11ity has set up in·stitutions that 11ave fu11ction­ ed on an ad hoc basis. These are successft1l experi­ �n1en-ts in ,th·e n1aoh-it!ery ,fo,r 1tl1e peacef11l 1settle1nent of disputes. T,I1e ad hcdc Co-mn1is·sio11 on the Algeri'a�Moroc­ "' co border dispute testifies to this s11ccess. 1 11e 01·gani­ zation has succeeded in co11taining ancl localizing dis­ pt1tes. It has exercised its mo1·al autl1ority to prevent the escala'tion of di,sp· L1tes. It l1as encot1raged the settle1nent of disputes throt1gh co11ventional diplomatic me­ thods. It has given its blessi11gs to individt1al or ,collective initiatives for peace.

Tl1e Organization of Af1·ican Unity, i11 less _tha� 1 five years ·of its inception, has become a po,verf�l 1nst1tution for .peace. It l1as weatl1ere� many cr1s�s always -coming ot1t in tl1e end more v1rtuot1s and v1�ble.

It is tht1s trt1e tl1at i11stit11tions, like men, emerge tr1um­ pl1ant from their mo1nents of crisis.

The Com111issio11 of Mediatio11, Co11ciliation and Arbitrat io11 is ]1oldi11g its first session at a mome11t of - 397 -

< AFRICA

Africa's full-grown deter1nination -for peace. Th , e Coul1nission occupies a special place in the Charter of the Organization of A,frican Unity as one of its four prjn­ cipal i11stitutions. ·There is nothing that is closer to Our hearts tha·n the task ,vitl1 which it is entrusted - the peacefL1l settlement of disputes. It is a task of great significance; for \vithout conditions of sect1rity in peace, no 11e of tl1e objectives and aspirations enshrined in the CI1arter can be realized.

It was tl1.ree years ago tl1at the il\.ssen1bly of Heads of State ancl Gover11ment, n1eeting in Cairo, adopted tl1e protocol of your Comn1ission. And two years ago tl1e Heads of State and Gove 1·nme.nt meeting in Accra elected yoLt as members of the Commission from amongst Africa's distinguished jt1rists and en1inent citize11s. We are st1re that the Commission is in good hands.

This first sessio11 of the Cominission is to concer11 itself 111ai11ly w · itl1 q tiestions of its organizational set-up - so important if the Comn1ission is to be placed on a fir111 footing. Fro111 then 011, yot1 will be able to dis­ charge your ma11date \Vhicl1 is that of seeking adequate 1 and ap· propriate sol11 tio11s to all tl1e q L1estio11s that ma) be referred. to yot1r Con1n1issio11. Y Oll are entrusted with the great responsibility tl1at i 1 1volves no less an isst1e th,1 11 tl1at of peace anci sect1rity in our· conti1 1ent.

We extend to yot1 Our sincere ,:visl1es for st1ccess ai1d 1113 Y t11e Alm.ighty gt1ide yott in all yot1r endea,,ottrs.

7 · 6 19 , 2 1 r )e 1l n e c e D

- 398 -

AFRICA

ADJOURNING TI-1:E NIGERIAN PEACE 1·ALKS �. 111 ,ts 1nt1ch as the Fifth Sessio 11 of -the Assen1bly of Heads _ of �tate �nd Govern1nent will shortly be convened 111 Algiers, I trL1st ·that we s11all all n1eet there. _A � we concl11de 011r work I wisl1 to express my to eacl1 a11d eve :yo11e of yot1 for your co­ apprec1at1on _ _ o�era�10:1 a11d -t111dersta 11d111g 1n �L1r efforts to discharge this d1ff 1 ct11t task. Tl1e road \vl11cl1 we have jot1rneyed togetl1er dt1ring tl1e l,1s·t five weeks l1as been long and ,1rdt1ot1s. Yet, whe11 we ponder the enor1nity of the task entrt1sted to Us, we n1 ust all take satisfaction tl1at we l1ave attained agree1ne11t in s01ne areas and progress in others which will serve as tl1e 11ucleus of an overall solution for e11di11g tl1e co11f lict. I do not need to dwell at length 011 the details of ot1r ,vork, I leave that to t11e Secretariat.

2. As I l1ad occasio11 to state at tl1e opening of this negotiation, tl1e task entrt1sted to Us was, basically, two-fold: Firstly, how to e11d tr1e Nigeria11 conflict pea­ cefully witl1in tl1e 1nandate given to tl1e OAU Const1l­ tative Comn1 ittee by the Fo11rth Sessio11 of tl1e OAU Asse1nbly of Heads of State and Gover11111ent, ancl secondly, .J1 ow to dea1 with tl1e qt1estio11 of tra11s1Jorting humanitaria11 relief to tl1e civilian victi1ns of the co11flict 3 . Witl1 reg,lrd to ot1r work 011. tl1e first p� int, I feel ,that 'both sides ,are aw,are th·ait I ha· ve con1mun1cated to all n1embers of tl1e OAU Const1ltative Com1 11ittee the 1·esults of ou1· deliberations. Briefly, besides tl1e negotiations in ca111.e1·ci 11nder 1ny guidance, I h�ve met privately each leader and 1nembers of del0gat1ons se­ veral ti111 es in ,111 effort at finding con1n1011 grot1nds for settling tl1e conflict JJeaceft111y. Bt1t eacl1 l1ad 111erely - 399 -

AFRICA

reaffir1ned and reiterated its respective position as ex­ pressed ,by its proposals. Yet, as I had occasion to express to you, Gentlem,en, no ma1tter how trag1c the situation and how complex !he problem, I was hope­ ful that an end to the conflict could be forthcoming, particularly in view of the situation wl1ere hundreds of thousands, perhaps ·millions, of Nigerians - victims of the conflict - were and a1·e st1ffering and tl1eir angui­ shed cries continue to be heard tl1roughout the world for the help and rescue of all concerned.

4 . The co11flict i11 Nigeria has not come to an end. Yet, I do not despair. A peaceful settlement to the problen1 ,oan ·be cl!t.tained i. f :there is goodwill from all -concerned. We have togetl1e1· explored the obstacles involved and it is my convictio11 tl1at sucl1 exploration is the. beginning to ,a peaceful ·settlement of the crisis.

We must persevere in ou-r 1belief tl1a-t, ;however diffict1lt this tragedy may b. e, we ·can a11d m11st continue in our search for an honot1rable settlen1ent. In this the mem­ bers of the family 1nust lead tl1e way by mutual t111der­ standing and compassio11 towa1·ds eacl1 otl1er. Such an attitude on their pa1�t cot1ld. 11ot fail to inflt1ence others to conside1· this as a passi11g convulsion in tl1e evol�1tion of the family. Acco1·dingly, as we adjour11 this question for the present, I wish to t1rge you to thi11k of your future in tern1s of values n1ore endt1ring tha11 yot1r present diffict1lties. For 1ny pa1·t, I do not ab�n­ don my co11vict,io11 .that we will, w'ith God's J1elp, fiod a satisfactory sol11tion to tl1e tragedy. . . ., 5 · �i�h regard to tho se questions relating to th� _ ee civulr.an V:1ct1111s of tl1e co11 f. lict b ha1s s es, 111uch progr - 400 -

I

AFI�ICA

1nade. �irstly, botl1 sides l1ave agreed to the principles of m y first set o f compromise proposals. Both sides then acce;pted 1nt1cl1 of the details of 1ny second set of com ·pro1n-1s·e propos,1ls . I·n t. his regard I wisl1 ito recall that I ha d sub1nittecl (A) one ttir and land corridor proposal a11d (B) two successive air and land corridor co111pro1nise p1·oposals. Secondly, we 110w know in mt1ch detail the p1·e-occupatio11 of both sides on how to implement the principles. Thirdly, i11 n1y jt1dg111e11t, the facts whi ch separate tl1e two sides are details whicl1 are sL1sceptible to solution, provided tl1e pa1·ties repose trust in eacµ. other and in the j11dependent agency tl1at I have p1·ovided in my latest proposals to implernent and st1pervise the ar1·ange1ne11t. Fou1·thly, we recog1tlze tl1at tl1e Federal Milita1·y Govern1nent of Nigeria have agreed to tl1e t1·a11sportatio11 of 1·elief supplies by air to the other side in response to ot1r urging, in oi·der to l1elp the civjlia11 ,;icti1ns of the conflict. Fifthly, I be­ lieve 1tih·at 1the r.e·m.a.·iriing ,details ·oan be vv1orked. 011t at :the :111eeting 0£ the ,Consi1ltative Comn1·ittee "V'"hen. it co11si­ ders tl1e detai. led reJJOrt of t11e Secretariat in A.,1giers. I must here 1·eport w·h,tt I 11ave alluded to abo,,e, ti1at is, the solt1tio11 to this ,humanitarian problem, as vvell as to the first, 11amely, the endi11g of the co11flict, lies in tl1e willi11g11ess a11cl t111derstandi11g t11at each sicle shov..'S to tl1e Cons11ltative Con1mittee which can help bridge ce1·­ tain diffe1·ences bt1t can11ot impose a settlement. It lies 1 · a ·solution t a ve i · ar1 to ·ica Af1 in ·yot1r· hands a11d tl1a:, t ;of and to 1nove to that major iss11e whicl1 cai:i, no longer \Vait ,.

6 . We J1ave :11so bee11 ::tble to a1·range for an en1erge11cy air cor1·ido1· to tra11sport relief t? childre11, wo1nen and · tl1e aged victi1ns of the conf11�! OlJ. tl1e otl1er side by tl1e agree1nent of the Federal M1l1t�ry Go1

-- 401 -

27 *

.Af•'IllC/\ vcr�111e11t 011 Se1Jten1be1· 3, 1968, fo1· direct tr,:ln8porta­ tion of 1·elief f1·0111 l�e1·n,111do Po to Uli Airport. It is t1·ue tl1at we have spent 1nt1cl1 ti111e in ot1r deliberations to ex:plo1·e all ave11ues i11 01·cler to reacl1 some agree111e11t 011 tl1e eme1·ge11cy ai1·Iift of 1·elief Sll]?plies. As J: li.,tve repeatedly stated, tl1e ti1ne spe11t will be ,vorth-­ wl1ile if we 1·eally acl1ieve s01ne co11se11s11s 011 the h11111a11ita1·ian aspect of tl1e proble111. It is gratifying to 11ote tl1at tl1e offe1� of di1·ect air transpo1·tatio11 of relief s11p­ p]ies fro111 Ferna11do Po l1as bee11 accepted by the other sicle, ·althot1gl1 tl1ere l1�ts not :)'et bee11 agreement 011 the ai1·-str.ip wl1.ere tl1e relief s11_pplies sho11ld land. I trust tl1at i111mecliate agree111e11t can be reacl1ed 011 this 1ninor iss11e so that tl1e 1·elief agencies will 11rge11tly deliver t11e mate1·ial to tl1e needy.

7. Africa ·s·hoL1ld 11ot ::111d c,t1111ot ,lfrord t-o S(JLii:111der avvay its resot11·ces in s11ch t1�,lgeclies. 1:..Ier peoples ,111d societies 111ust lea1·11 tl1,1.t tl1ere can be great t1nitJ1 eve11 in diversity. vVe n1t1st, i11 sl1ort, 1·.ide in s11preme sere11it)1 st1ch conv11lsio11s a11cl 11ever despair that 011r futt1re lies in standi11g togethe1·.

Co11tine11tal Co11ce1·11 8. .DisLi11gr1isl1eci Gt1ests: Cr.isis sL1cl1 as ours 11a,,c c)CCL1rrcd in tl1e JJ,1st - {Jerl1,lJ)S 111c)re c)ften - a11c.I 111,l)' yet occ111·. Tl1e c1·isis i11 Nige1·i�1 is of pa1·tict1lar co11-· cern -11ot 011ly to tl1ose of t1s w110 11a ve a special dtity to perforn1, bt1t to t11e e11t.i1.· e cont.i 11e.nt, as it m.ay well affe �t tl1e 1·elatio11sl1i.1J o·f tl1e states a11cl J?eoples in otir C<)nt111ent. We are, tl1erefo1.-e, bt11·de11ed witl1 great res­ J?011si.bility towa1.- cls tl1e Af1·ican ·states a11d peoples to act in st1ch a \\Tay so as 11ot to l1 a1·in tl1eir har111oniotlS growth towa1·ds tl1e ideals enshir·ed in tl1e C11arter of -·� 402 �

AFRICA

the ·OAU. I tr�1st that we will 11ot fail to ,L]Jpi·eciatc the _ _ 0 11 11 t ly l1 tact at : �l1e co11t:111· t1ed trt1st of -eac;J1 ·otJ1er ca11 we l1ope to atta111 tl1c� spirit11al a11d matei·i,tl well-beino­ 0 les 1· op ou . pe of

.

r wot1ld like : r1ef a11cl co11cer11 tl1

9. In �011clt1sio11,

to say that it is

vv1tl1 deep � at I, n1y people, the peo­ pl�s o_f Afr1 _c� t a11cl_ tl1e wo1·Icl l1::1ve followed t11e prese11t Ntger1a.11 c,r1s1s wl11cl1 l1as caused · great loss of i11noce11t life an d tl1e dest1·uctio11 to p1�ope1·ty. I l1ave £01· tl1e past five weel(-S i11cess,1ntly e11clea vot1red to help Iincl a pe,tce­ ft1l solutio11 to tl1is c1·isis afflicting ot1r Nigerian br<.)­ tl1ers. Tl1ottgl1 tl1e 1·csults ,tcl1ieved thus far have fallen fa1· sl101·t o ·f ott1· expectatio11s, 11011tl1eless, we are l1appy to say tl1at, st1bsec1 c1er1t to 0111· deliberations here, it I1as now becon1e J?Ossiblc to b1�i11g relief in tl1e form of food, clothin,g a11cl n1eclic.i11e to tl1e civilian victi1ns in tl1ose a1·eas affected by the war. Tl1e Co11sttltativc Co111mittee 011 Nigerict, of whicl1 I an1 Chairrnan, cannot i111pose a settlemer1t c,r1 the p�tr·ties inv,Jlved in t11e con­ flict . However, gt1if]e£i by cotiscic11ce ancl reason, the co111111ittee l1as c:lttempted to reconcile tl1e divergent views of botl1 si, des to att,1i11 ,tgr·ee1ne11t· of the substance of the p1·oble1n. In tl1is regarcl, I feel t11at: t11e effort eXipe11ded 111 ·the last few ,veeks was ,vo1�thwhile.

1 O. Here j11 Addis Ababa, the co1rrn1 ittee l1as do11e its 11t111ost i11 t,1c](l.i11g the IJt·oblem of tl1e present co11flict. I l1 0JJe tl1at after presenting n1y 1·epo1·t to t]1e _ Assen1bly of Heads of State and Gove1·1� 111ent 1n Al­ . giers, g1·eat p1·ogress co11ld ·be achieved w1tl1 regard to tl1e ge11e.ral sol11tio11 of the -c1·isis.

11 . I app1·eciate tl1e exp1·essio11 o:f gratitt1de e� ­ te11ded by botl1 delegations fo1· t11e welco111e and hospi­ tality acco1·cled tl1em by 1ne, tl1e gove1·11111�11t, s11d tl1e people of Ethiopia. I believe that all Af1·1cans s11ould - 403 -

.

.

.• )i'fi l(�' J'l

:l

•

.I.

feet clt l10111e i11 c.111y b1·c)t.l1erly P.,.f_ricct11 cou11try a.nd it 1e l1ave 1·eceivecl both cleleg at \\ 1 tl ·it spi1 this i11 ation� vvas l1ere.

12. I praJ' to tl1c Ali1ugl1ty tl1at tl1e Assembly of Heads of State a11cl Governn1e11t 1neeting i11 Algiers will 1 be ,able to find a ]as-ting 'S·o}ttt:ion to the crisis plagL1i11g ·uhe si· siter .s1tate of Nigeria.

,. .

1'0 TI-IE 10'1�1-I I.N AUGURAL 'MEE fING OJ:i, T.Hf� E.C.A.

1'ocla)J, the tt·aclitiori oj: B e1·/i1i ct1zcl A lgeL·ira,\' 1 ,licl5' bee11 rezJi,cliateci, lfl'l.Cl it i,s· tlzctriks to tl.£� co,ifere11-ces of A c·c1·1i Cl11cl 110w of ;{ ddis A bc1!Jci tl1at tl1e fJeOJJ/e5 of 1lf1·ica cari, cit lo11g Toda.y, tlie t1·aclitio11 of B e,,.li1z ct11cl A lgecira.\' .I . ·rc>d,ty, ·we cLre assen1bled here at Afric::i .Hall to 111c1rk ,t p1·ot1d Jlll)n1en t ir1 tl1e 111odern i1isto1·y of tl1is great Conti11ent - tl1e �fe11tl1 A11niversa1·y of tl1e Eco110111ic Con11nissio11 for .i\frica. Tl1e celebrations i11 which \,1e are e11g'-1ged b�ing to 111i11d tl1e te11 years of strt1ggle wl1ich JJrececlecl tl1e setti11g tlIJ of this Co�111nission a11cl the tecl1 1.1ical a11d fi11a11cial diffictilties which co11f1·011ted tl1 e ne'V 01·rrt, a11izatio11 wl1en it fi11ally ca111 e i11to bei11g. T t is 0111y fitti11 o-, tl1 erefore, that 011 tI1is occasion, we talce s�ocl< of tl�e Co1nmissio11's te11 _ years of effort to 1)ro111<)te tl1e eco1101nic, tecl1nological ctncl ·social ?evelop111e11t of tl1e African 1·egio?, �nd tI1aj _ ,ve decl1cate ot1 1�se]ves anew to tl1e progressiv e an · i ot res ial ra1Jicl clevelo1J111e11t of tl1 e l1t1111a11 and n1ater �: t11 c s a ple ces -of tl1,is ·vast, r-icl1 regio11. 1-t gives lJs great · · 404 ,,,

.AFRICA

to be present 011 this occa:sio11, and to extend Our warm­ est g1�eetings to 1t he disti11gtris·hed members of this as,sen1bly, on Ot1r ow11 behalf, and on behalf of Our

beloved peo1Jle.

2. At the first session of the Econo1nic Con1mis­ sion for Africa, ft1ll 111e111bersl1ip was 011ly open to eight dev-elopi11g Africa11 co1111tt1ies. Today, We are pleased to greet tl1e ct,isti.11·guisl1ed delega·tes of more tl1an fo1·t)1 Africa11 Gove1·n1nents whicl1 are rendering ft1ll st1pport to tl1e wo1·k of the Con1missio11. Althot1gh tl1e 111e111bersl1ip has increased dran1atically, tl1ere are still Africa11 people Ii vi11g t111der the yoke of colonialism :1nd racialism, a11d vvho ar,e t1nable to be represented here today. vVe ,vi.11 co11ti11ue to lend Our st1pport to tl1e -con1plete liberatio11 of this Continent, so that i11 the shortest possible ti1ne, all of Africa will be rep1·esented here.

3. We are particularly pleased to welcome, on his first visit to Ot1r capital city, the Honot1rable U 1'11a11t, Secretary Ge11e1·al of tl1e lJ:nitecl Natio11s. We recall tl1at te11 years ago the last Sec1·etary General, Dag l:Ia1n­ m,1rskjioe}d, -attended ·the firs,t -ses·sion of tl1e Econo1nic Co1n111issio11 for Africa, a11d tl1at he partici1Jated in tv10 SL1bseq11ent 1neetings, one ,lt Tangiers a11d the other, 1961, at Addis Ababa. Today, Secretary General U Tl1ant is OL1r l1onot1red gt1est. His presence here is evide11ce of the i11terest whicl1 tl1e Secretary Ge11eral of tl1e U11-itecl ·Nations has a.J,Vla·ys taken i11 tl1e work of Africa's Econo1nic Co111n1ission.

4. We note ,:vitl1 pleast1re that ma11y clistingt1ish­ ed representatives of tl1e Member States of the United Natio11's Organization, of the Inter-governmenta· I Orga_ 11i2;ations, wl1iol1 also -inclt1de ,a nt1mber of African groL1,ps, of tl1·e Non-governmental Orga11izations a:p.d ··- 405 ....

AFRICA

t.he repre.se11tatives o·f the Fot1ndations from the deve­ Jopecl cc)t1ntries l1,1,1e co111e to pa.rticipate in the work of tl1is Session .. rl�<) yot1 all We exte11d. ,t warm welcome.

I·t is also ple�1sing to 1·eco1�d tl1.e ·fact that the Econoinic Commission for Africa 11.as always been able to count oJJ. the suppo1·t of the otl1e1· 1ne1nbe1·s of the United Na­ .., tion.s family. 1 o the 1·ep1·esentati·ves of these bodies We ·also extend Ou1· greetings and good. w .isl1es. · 5. Whe11. tl1e Com1nission w,1.s offici,tlly inaugu­ rated -on ·the 28·th -of Dece111be1·, 1958, W,e ·said at that tin1e· tl1at, only cl few yea1·s ago, rn.eetings to consider · African p1·oblen1s were l1eld outsi(le of Af1·ica, and the fate of its IJeoples were clecicled by no11-Af1·icans. To­ day, the ·t1·adition of Be1·Iin an.d. Algeci1·as h·as been re­ pudiated, an.d it is ·tl1an·ks to the conferences of Accra and no,v of Addis Ababa that the people of Africa can, at lon.g Jasr, deliherate on. thei:r own ·proble111s and future.

6. Af1·i.ca l1as macle great st1·ides to\.VEt1�d aclliev­ ing the 1neas11res of sel·f-1�eliance ·to ,vl1icl1 we all looked fo:rward . I11de1Jende11t Af11ican Gover11n1ents l1ave be­ come inc1·easingly 1no1:e proficient at organizing tl1en1selves, botl1 internally ancl in s11b-·regi.onal groupings, to f11lfill tl1eir :majo1· ·task: - 1tl1·a't of 1·aising ·th· e sta• ndard c>f living of tl1e Af1·ican pe oples :1nd br·ingin� tl1e111 as .. c1t11ckly . _ 01·bit o.f Twentieth Cen­ ,ts possible within the tury technology. �,. TJ1e Ecc)J1().t11ic Con1111issio11 - fo1· Af1·ica h,�s 1·enc1e1·e·d \'ttlt1.a·b1e c1ssista:11ce tov,.-a1.-cls achieving tl!ts goal. We ,ar·e g1�atified to 11ote tl1,1t 1111de1· the l.eade r,sl1 tJ?, first of Mr. Mekki Abbas ancl novv of M1·. Robe1·t Gar­ ?iner, , the ,vork clone by the Secretariat has served �� ·1 ncrcase- · consic1er�1bly the stocl< of Icr1:owledge -abo . the African regio11. Tl1e Sec1·etariat has car1:ied out 1

-- 406 -

AFRICA

st11dies; it ha:s ·conducted sjgnificant research and it ren­ clers expert assista11ce to n1any Af1·ican co11ntries. It is only app1·op1·iate at this tin1e tl1at We tha11k tJ1e Execu­ tive Sec1·eta1·y fo1· tl1e pe1·so11al interest l1e took and the assi�ta1:c� 'l1,e. n1acle available, i11 tl1e prepa1:ation of Eth1op1a s Tl111·d Develop111ent Plan which has 011ly recently ·bee11 la11n.ched.

O.A.U. A11cl E.C.A. 8. By virtue of its mandate, received from the United Natio11s Ge11cral Asse111bly, tl1e Econo1nic Com1nission ·fo1· Africa is co11cerned 111ainly witl1 t eclmical assistance in the a1·ea of econo1nic a11d socic.ll develop1nent. The 01·ganizn,tion of Af1·ics.11 U11ity, on tl1e otl1e1· hand, exercises major responsibility in tl1e political spl1ere. We are indeed happy to note tl1a,t close \VOJ�k­ ing 1·elationsl1ips are being established bf:tvveen t11ese t,vo 01·ga1usatio11.s, ��-Z1i1 to (J1Jser 1Ie th.3,t ti1e 01·.ganha� -" 7 · of Afr· · · !t1on , · , �m· 1car..t lJl--�...·;Jir.{ i" ....,t 1-t1· �g 1:0 cr;\,r : · � · � ,--., i . >,�t.,H .1-.t�,r.�a ·t lU.. �,A � f' " " suppo1·t to t I1e tech.U,.E{:f.:;.x sru,o.ies s.11cJ. . Pl't)posfils r1:1acit:: r>y · issic)n.

J\;r,.,t o · x1ly r1re these organ­ tl1e Econon1ic Comm · '.i2lations ·co-'.operati11g ito ,ca1·ry (J1.1t regional programmes, but· they are also m·aking it possible for the voice of Africa to be l1ea1·d as one voice i11 intern.ational cle­ bates, notably in trade negotiatlo11s 'Nhicl1 proceecl t1nde1· tl1e at1spices of tl1e United Natio11s Confe1·ence 011 Trade a11cl Deve.lOJ?ment. It is 0111· cl1erishecl 11?pe ·tl11a·t the effo1·,ts bei11g n1ade by tl1e UNCTAD to rat1on­ ,alize ·tl1e iwo1·ld's ·tradi11g s· ys·te1n will meet wit� gr� at_ er s11ccess in the new Develop1nent Decade tl1an 1t did 11� tl1e past. To this end, We ; voL1l� l bid the �ev�lopecl \v·o1 I· cl to heed tl1e Cl1a1·ter or Algiers.

9. Altl1ough we ,cannot · claim 1:hat ,the ,p�oblems 3

� i:. .., -:.•

,.;:)

)l

(, a, .J::.

.

- 407 -

1l.,.

A

,.,(j:

.u,,

, .• ,

, --.,I

•,....

l

�'-

.. J.

,,

:,

f.

.,.

,

•

Ali'RlCA

of A·f.rica l1ave been solvecl by the conce1·ted action of I1er regional organizations after ten years of experience, the lines of action tl1.,1t m11st be taken have becon1e in­ creasi11gly cleare1·. 1'he nations of Africa 1nust conti11t1e to co-operate to break clown the barri_�rs whicl1 cur1·ently 1·estrict an integrated ap1Jroacl1 to 1·egional deve1}o·prr1e11t. W-e 111t1:s·t!I i-11divi: d1tally and collectively endea­ \f'ot11· to stre11 gtl1e.11 exi1sti11g ri. nstitt1tions a11.d orgaruze new ones designed to facilitate economic co-operation ,111d we n1·t1st s, trive to dev,elop Af1·ica's abt111dant pote11tial ht11nan 1·esot1rces, which are, in the final analysis, the real wealth of Africa.

Co-011eratio11. Srr�1tegic

10. Tl1e -i1npo1-<tan·ce of eco11omic co-operation as a strategic elen1ent 1.in .econon1ic ·development cannot be too highly st1·cssed. AlJ·eady, tl1e various sub-regions ha:ve tal<:·e11 ·the in.itia,tive ·to establis'h -i11ter-governmental in�chine.ry \\ itl1in wl1ich proble111s <�t: co-01)erative e11ter­ p1.·1se c.an be disc11ssed ,1ncf resol\'t:>li. vVe are encoura­ ged by the 1·ece11t actions initiated by the Senegal River States; by tl1e econon1ic co-oper·aiton institutions of tl1e Maghreb co11nt1·ics; by tl1e contir1L1ing efforts to esta­ blisl1 indt1strial co-ordinatio11 i11 \\test Af1·ica and parti­ c1-1la1·Iy by tl1e eviclence of g1·owin�� co-operation an1ong the cou11tries of E,1ste1·11 Af1·jc�1. 1�11e vvork of the Econornic Co111111issio11� d11ring tl1e p�1st clecade, de111onstrat es that tl1c. A.f1·icc111 s111J -regions can bec oine viable econo111ic 1111its witl1i11 wl1icl1 eco110111ic, ao<l prt.rticularly incl11st1·ial develop111e·nt ca11 be plann ed ai1d xecute�. We are therefo�·e ple ased to note that t�� � _ has been, and c s�bstantive work of the Secretariat � t1nt1es to be, the evolt1tion of stt1dies and, 1nore recen y, 1

·- 408 ··-

AFlll(�A

tech nical ·support to ·the st1b-1·egional development pro­ grammes.

11. We have always been conscious of one of the basic reqt1i1·e1�1ents of n1odern tecl1nology whicl1 is, that ind11stry req111res eco11c)111ies of scale. This is \Vhy Ethi­ ()pia beoa-mc one -of the fot111ding me1nbers of the Eco11omic Con11n1u11it)1 of Eastern Africa by signi 11g tl1e Ter111s of Association i11 1966. We, Ourselves, were prese11t at Arusl1·a i n Dece1nber, 1967, when tl1e East African Co.111n1unity c,t111e into being, and We expres­ sed ·0111· \V1i1li11g11ess ,to j:oi,11 the co1nmunity. Our gover11111·e11t is now eng-aged in 11egotia•tion·s whicl1 We seri011sly l1ope will acl1ie,,e 1·esults sat.i::;factory to both par­ ties. The seeds of economic co-operation have tl1us been sovvn. It is left for tis now to nurt11re the plant so that it n1a y. gro\v c.1.11d bear fruit .

1

. Integ:rated f\otion.s 12. Expression� of ir1t.�,1�t 111ust be followed by a series of concrete arid integrf1te1-l 3.cti<)r1s. /�.mo!1g the most in1portant are irnprovirAg the transport and com111unications facilities \Vithi11 and a1nong African sub­ reg.ions, -as .a bas-is fo1· i11crea·sing ec-0nomic and c11ltura1 con:tac-ts . In the Third Pland period. Ethio1)i a is contin­ t1ing to develop its 1n :ain all-wea:tl1er road system, wl1icl1 has receivecl higl1 ·priority dt11·ing tl1e past ten yea1·s. A 1najo1· effo1�t is also bei11g n1acle to open up feeder and service-to-traffic 1·oads� so as to bring the ·lrinter·land n1ore with-in t- l1e 01�bit of the n1arket's econo1ny. At tl1e. sa111e time, the co11strttction of international highw.ay-s will co11ti11ue, sq tl�ait, �ithin the 11ex· t de�ac�e, high q11ality roads \Vil] p1·ov1de lines between Eth1op1a and her neig._ hbours. W e tl1ereforc look forward to con1

.• ·

109 -

1

AFl{ICA

li111ring co-c)perctt·io11 witl1i11 tl1e st1.b-1·egion wl1ich will le,1c.l to tl1c clevelo_p111ent of: ,111 .inregrated. 1·oad systein r· or E,1ste.r11 Af1·jc,1.

13 . T.l1.e clevelop111ent of (ti1� transportatior1, for lJc)tl1 c.io11.1estic a11d inte1·11atio11al p1t1·poses, is also of vit[tl i1111Jort�111ce. TJ1e last te11 years have seen 1·apid · to have quick pr·ogress in tl1is j:ielcl. T<.)clay it is possible . cont,1cts witl1in tl1e Ec1st Africa11 s11b-1·egion, partict1if c.t1·ly in SLtp1Jo1·t o1: t1·ade arid toL11·is111, as well as to 1· 11c.· tke cLirec.t co1111ect· io11-s ,vitl1 West1 Africa and ·the the N·ort.11. Etl1i.· opia11 Airlir1es, \Vhich now serve 17 ·i11te1:11ational ce11t1:es i11. Af1:ic,1, Euro_pe ancl Asia ancl 42 don1estic ,1ir1Jorts, vvill conti11rte to t1pg1·ade and ex­ te11cl its se1·vices ,tncl will encle[LVot1r to establisl1 closer cc)-OlJcr�, tio11 witl1 t:11.e ,t i1· tr,1nsport ca1·1·iers of tl1e other Africa11 11atio11s. It is also 01t1· l1ope that rail a11cl \V<lter tr,111sport wi 11. be sttl<.iied. <Jn. a11 integratecl basis st) tl1at virtble p1·ojects f()l� i111pro\r ing existing systeL11� �tr1d. 1:or .fo1·r11L1l,1ti11g 11cv/ ones c,111 ·be wo.rked out. TI1e recc11t OJ.)C11ing of ct nevv· teleco1.1111·1t1r1ications li11k be ­ l\vec:11 .Aclclis Ab,1l1a. ,t11ci. Abiclj�111 111arkecl an i111portant step f o1·\v,t1�cl j n 1?r·ovicli11g cli1�ect con11ectio11s bet\vee11 Africc.111 )1,ttions. Co.o tint1i11g c1evelopn1ents� wl1 icl1 ke�JJ �tb· re,tst <)f tl1e la test scien ti fie fi.r1cli11gs i11 tl1is field, 'A'Jll ,tlS<) l1cl 1) to b· r. j11,g ,t,boLtt clt1se1� co11tacts ,.111cl tl1t1s great­ er Ll 11 ity ,1,111 t)11g 11s 1a1.1.

J.Li. Ot11.· effo1·ts to ,1c! 1iev,� econo111ic co-oper,i­ d n ,l na'l tio11. 111t1st, I1oweve1·, be lJ,1ckecl by botl1 11,1tio .111Lllti-nationa} l11acl1i11e1·y Ci:1J)able <)f COpi11g_ vVitll th� c� e sp a 1a co1nplex p:oble1ns of inte¥ratio�. An essen � � _ ail n at1o )f 1 _ J � tl1e work o·f tl11s 111,1cl1111e.ry 1s tl1e p1·epa 1111ple1n.e11tatio11 of 11atio11al, stib-regional and 1·eg_iona pl::111s. Most African C<)t1ntries 110w ]1ave ricl1 experietlce 1

.... '110 -··

AFRICA

in plan for11111la tion ,111d · tile .IJrob• leill,s of tITI - J)1e1nent a• .t W t1on. I ()t1ld be very 11sef Lll i f tl1e 1·egion ,ts a whole a�d its s11b-1·egio11�l 01·ga11izations, ]?Oole(l tllis expe­ _ rience 1n orde1· to 111111prove plan11i11g 1netl1ods ,111cl 1netl1od_ s' of i11upl�111en·ting_ p�a11s. 111 tl1is \vay it will be pos­ · sible to ,1vo1.cl clt1pl1c,1t1011 ,1ncl W<.1.Ste a11(l to ,1cl1ieve ,t n1ore efficie11t exploitation of Africa's natt1r,11 resotir­

ces.

15. St1cl1 efficic1_1cy clen1anc{�; a sust,1i11ed s1,1pply of trained 1n anpo,ve.r. Altl1ot1gl1 recently tl1ere l1as ·bee11 a conside1·able jnc�eas·e in. profession,tl and tech­ nical skills a111ong Africa11· nationals, we 111ust 11ot for­ get that we still l1ave act1te shortttge of critical l1t1111,111 1�esources. In the decade that lies ahe,1d, the level of develop111e11t of our 1nanpower 1nigl1t well be ,1 111,1jor detern1inant of tl1.e speed ancl co111petence wj tl1 ,vl1icl1 Af1·ic a orga11izes itse1f t·o , 1neet the ,de1na11cls ·a11d aspira­ tions of its 1Jeople. vVe 1-11t1st zt11 > tl1erefore, take 1,1rge11t s·teps to strengthen 1a·11d extenci ol1r 11.ational an(l regio11al training i11:s·titl1t-io11,s a11d reconstrl1ct Ollr e,d11ca:tion­ al systems so tl1at tl1ey will beco1ne effiaie11t 1111.its organized to meet i\.frican neecls. Tl1e Co1n111ission l1as exercise.cl great initiative in hi,n1an resot1rces devel­ OJJn1ent 3nd We are also pleaseli to � ate that. 1n,1n_y otl1e1� i11te1·11atio11al l,odies play ,tn active role 1n this spl1ere ..It is, tl1e1·efore, appropria! e· at t?is ti1nc that we encot11·age the1n to cooper,1te ft1rthc: with the co� 1111s­ sion to develop more comprehe11s1ve and far-s1gh�ecl p1·ogran11)1es within which Africa's yot1th Ci.ln be Tl'�l!r,­ ed for effective participation i11 tl1e develop111ent prl)cess.

- 411 -

Afi'l{ICA

Develo,pment Aid

16 . We are asstlred, by the presence here totiay of higl1-level ,1�epresenta·t-ives o·f t,he developed countries, of their Govet11tn1ents' co11tinuing in,terest 1n an-d sup­ port for Africa's aspirations in e- conomic and social develop111e11t. We are also convinced that the experi­ ences of recent years have de1nonstrated to the more prosperot1s nations tl1e necessity to participate active­ ly i11 the development of tl1e less advanced regions, if all a1·e to live i11 peace and equanimity. It is therefore fitting, at this Anniversary Session of the Economic Com.mission ,for Africa, ·to ,call up.o n .the develop· ed ,coun­ tries to give urgent and sy111pathetic attention to Africa's development projects and programmes. We also u1·ge tl1en1 to come forward \Vitl1 larger and n101·e in1a­ ginative proposals for assistance to tl1e African region so that it 111ay more quickly attain the important goal of providing increasing opportunities for advancement to the African lands and the African peoples.

Distinguisl1ed delegates, Mt·. Secretary General, ·Mr. Exect1tive S·ecretary, Ho11ou.red Guests: 17. Af1·-ica, in vlre decade j·11st past, ,has ide11ti­ ficcl what need.s to be clo11e to �peed up the develop1ne11t process. Independent African Govern111ents are cognizant of the steps to be talcen a11d tl1e sac1·ifices that 'l11ust be n1ade in orde1· to tra11sfo1·111 thei1� eco-i10111ic and social syste1ns a11cl bri11g tl1em 111ore i11to line w.ith this tecl1nological age . Tl1e Econo1nic Co1n111ission for Af­ rica l1as begt1n to play ,111 effecti,re 1·ole in facilitatin� econon1ic cooperation a11d in the sol11tion of intra-Afri­ can problems. While tl1e new clecade, upo11 wl1ich we are now launched, holds great pron1ise, it also de1n,1nds the 11t1.nost in courage, effort an(l 1·esolution from all Africa, as well as fron1 those wl10 wo11ld assist her· .. 412 --

18. It is Our ferve11t hope and Our p1·ave1· that the Almighty will contintte to gt1ide the hands -of Afri­ ca's leaders as they tread the path to progress, and that He will bless the wo1·k of her devoted sons and daugh­ ters and of all tl1ose who co1ne to render l1er service.

M,ay tl1.is Ten't h Anniversary Session of the Econon1ic Commiss·io11 for Afri1ca p1·ove to be one n1ore great step forward ·uowiard the realization af the goal we all so ardently desire - a free, happy and prospero11s Africa!

1

Fel)ruary 4, 1960

AT OPENING SESSION OF 0.A.U. SUMl\111' The OAU is not si,nply a forit1r2 where tlie leade1··s of Afric·a11. states meet f1·on1 ti,ne to ti,ne to excha,zge views, but it is a ve,·y ,·eal­ istic instru111ent for the mainterzance of peace ct1icl the advant;f::1nent <Jf t/tie well-being of tl'te Af,·icari peOJJle�·.

On behalf of Our pe<}ple, Gove1·1m1ent and Otir­ se1f, We would like 1to ex-tend Our 1h,eartfelt v1elcome to to all tl1e distingt1ished I-leads of State and Government and to all delegates who are here to attend the Sixtl1 Regular Session of tl1e Assembly of I-leads of State and Gove1·nmen-t of ·t,h,e Organ-iza.tion of African Unity.

Your prese11-ce at tl1is meeti11g, in spite of pressing du­ ties in your 1.·es1Jective countries, sl1ows tl1e great 1m­ porta11ce yot1 attach to the 01·ganization of Africa11 Unity. We se11d Our greetings to those Heads of State who have been 11nable to attend our meeting i11 person.

We exte11d Our conoratulations to the delegates of the Republic of Equatorial Guinea. We are confident - 413 -

·----

I I

Ali"RICA

tl1,tt tl1e difficulties which ·tl1eir country has encount­ er·ed followi11g accession to independence is being solv­ ed to tl1e ,satisfaction of the people and Governm ent of ·Ec1 Ltatorial Gt1inea. We would like to avail Ourself of 4 adn1i1 ur O · press ation a· nd goodwill ex to occasion tl1i-s · to the people of the Repttblic of Eqt1ato1·ial Gt1inea.

We are also l1appy to welcon1e the observers and re1Jre, se11tatives of Africa11 libe1·ation n1oven1e11ts. When We exte11d Ot1r greetings to tl1e f1·eedom fighters who ·colleagues present ,ire 011. the : battlefield .t}11·011·gh their · J-1ere, We can11ot pass w.itl1out calling to memory our brothe1·s wl10 sacrificed the1nselves for the freedom and i11deJJendence of tl1ei1� countries, fighting against power­ f LI l adversa1·.ies. �Ire ·p1�esen c.e ,L111 idst tr-s of ·H . E. ·u Thant, Sec.retar)1-Ge11er.al of •tl1e U11i,ted Natio11s, wjll give Itelcleel ·sig11i· 'f1oa nee to :ot1r . :meeting. His presence will t1nders·co1·e tl1e 1ide11tity of ·pllI'_Pose of the U11ited Nations and of tl1e Organization of African Unity. We are glac] to ,velcome tl1e obse1·vers from the various ·u11itecl Natio11s Agencies and the African Regional Orga.nizations who l1,1ve ,11S<) co111e here to share our tl1oughts. l{eview }l ast ll.eco1·d

·M1·. Chair1na11, witl1 a you11g Organization like OL1rs, We believe We 111t1st review its JJast 1·ecord, <lU occasio11s lik-e vl1is, .w.i,th t,l1e view ·to ,a_pp1·,1ising wl1ether or not it l1as f· L1lf.illed, i n. so111e 111east1re, the expecta­ tio11s of its fot111cle1:s. T·J1e OAU is ·11ot sin1ply a forum. to me ti wl1ere tl1e leacle1�s of Afr. ican States 111eet f1·om ti 111e to excl1a11ge views, but it is a v.e1·y realistic instru­ n1ent fo1· tl1e maintena11ce of pe,1ce and the advanceore M 111e11t of the well-bei11g of the African peoples.

1

- 414 -

AFRICA

over, jt is ar1: institt1tion ·w.hich has already pr. oved itself to be essential . We can·11ot bt1t recall that before tl1e OAU ca �e j11to bein�, ·CPitios were quicl< ,tc) point out that tl1e idea of cont1ne11t,tl co-operatio11 was an u 11_ realizable idea. Happily, they have been proven wrong.

The OAU ]1as . �econ1e a flexi�le i11stitution serving the �eoples o[ .Africa to ·har111?n1ze their econon1ic, poli­ tical, social a·11cl ct1ltL1ral develop1nents. There have bee11 and will be ups a11d downs in ot1r efforts to achieve our objectives, bL1t the peoples of Africa a11d their leaders I1ave 1·ealized that only i11 unity of ain1s and of purposes ca11 co111mo11 IJroblems be solved. This is a great ,tcl1ieven1e11t. WI1ile we sl1ould take jt1stifi­ able pride in wl1at ,ve have acco1nplished, we n1ust con­ ti11ue to follo\v the patl1 of co-operation, if \Ve are to fulfill ·tl1e aspi1�ations of otrr peoples in all h11man en:deavouQ1S The OAU ·has also grow11 i11 terms of the structure required to advance· its aims and pt1rposes. A1nong tl1e important decisions tJf the 'First Session of the Assem­ bly held i11 Ca.iro, 1\,1�.erriber States signed the Protocol of the Co-111n1is,sio11 of '1\Aediatio11, Conci1iati·on a11d Arbitratio11, tl1ereby committing themsel,,es to solve jnter-Africa11 p1·oble1ns tl1rough an African institution.

Altho11gh so far 11ot ;_mt1ch use l1as been made of the Co1nmission, we 111ust not minimize the importance of l1a,ring a11 i11stitL1tion ready to render its services w?en the oc0asio11 arises. Ft11·tl1ern1ore, i.t is by the establ1sl11nent of st1ch i11stitt1tic)ns that we ca11 develop the habit of resorting to t11en1 as the 11eed arises.

Refugee Problem At the Seco11d Session of the Assembly held i11 Accra, Gh·ana, another importa11t decision l1rged Men1- 415 -

A£i'RlC1\

lJer .States 11ot t<.) allo\\1 tl1ose 1·eft1gees who flee fr0111 i11clepe11de11t Af1·ica11 coL111tries t<) co11cluct subversive activities ag.ainst tl1·eir coL111tries of origin. This deci­ si· <.)11 11,ts l1elpecl stre11gtl1e11 ,i11ter-Afric·a11 rela·tions by rc111oving ,1 c,1t1se of frictio11.

Tl1e FoL1rtl1 RegL1lar Sessio11 of tl1e Assen1bly held i11 tl1e De"111·oc1·at· ic :R,ept1.b-Jic of the C·o11go. , :after 1thorougJ1_ !)' di·sct1ssi11 g the sitt1a· tio11 tl1a:t was ·created by the 11 1erce11ary pl1cnome11011 ir1 Af1·ica, decided to take all 11ecessary steps to cxpe] all 111ercen,1ries from the Con­ ti11ent and co11seqt1ently Ltrgecl all Me1nber States to see to it that tl1ose 111erce11ar.ies would not rett1rn to Africa.

We are glad tl1,1t tl1is 11as bee11 st1ccessfully accomplish­ ed. FL1rtl1er111ore. tl1c ·Ki11sl1as,1 St1111111it set up tl1e OAU Co 1 1st1ltativc Co1111 11ittee 011 Nigeria i11 order to c:tssist tl1at coL1 11try to settle its i11ter11al c1·isis. Follow­ i 11g t-11is clecisio11 , tl1·c Com111 i ttec l1as 111ade co11ti11uot1s efforts to b11ing ,tboL1t rc�co11ciliation i11 Nigeria. T11 ,td(lition, tl1e FoL1rtl1 Assen1bly recon1me11ded tl1at Me111ber States ta1(c ,1 L111ified sta11d at the U11ited Na­ tio11s 011 the qt1estior1 c)f tl1e Middle East crisis anci l1el1J fi11d a solL1tio11 to it. L,1st year at Algiers, in1por­ tant isst1es, like tl1e ct)11flict i11 N· igeria and the proble111 i11 tl1e Micldlc East were dec1lt witl1 at le11gtl1. The Con­ ferc11c.c had 11rged tl1c parties i11\rolvccl i 11 tl1e Nigeriari <.'() 11flict to bri 1 1g tl1e figl1ti11g to a11 e11cI a11d 1·eqt1ested tJ1c F'eclerc1I Milit,lf.)' Go\rer11111c11t t() give am11est)' to all tJ1ose i11volvecJ i11 t11c rcbellio11.

Wc are 11ovv ,1sse111blccl l1erc to clisct1ss im1Jortant c.1Liestio11s \vl1icl1 �1ffcct tl1e ft1tL1rc of OLII� Co11ti11e11t. 1\s to g goi11 c lool< ,1 tl1e t a1·e c:tge11cl,t, we fi11cl tl1at ,ve ': sig,i tl1e OAU Co11,1e 1 1tio11 gover11i11 g ,tspects of tI1e re� fLi gee J)1·oble111 i11 Africa. We lcnow that the1·e are ovei '1 1nillio11 refLtgees i 1 1 Africa) wh() I1ave bee11 divided 1

· ._., 41(1 ....

AFRICA

1

into two categories. One, those who leave their coun­ tries as a rest1lt of oppressive colonial rtile and two tl1os � who ·con1e fr� n1 ind� pendent ,s tates to seek asy: lt1n1 �11 otl1er cot1ntr1�s. This Convention is designed to a�l�v1ate tl1e e �o 110111 1c bu1·clen borne by the reft1gee re­ c1p1ent cot1nt.r1es �nd at the san1e time to prevent re­ ft1gees fron1 car1·y111g ot1t political activities detrimental to tl1eir cot111tries of origin. The draft Convention wl1ich will b e prese11ted to us st1pplements the United Nati?ns Conve11tio 11 on Refugees . It has been carefully stt1d1ed by the e xpe rts and has been approved by the Cot1ncil of M,i11,is,te 1·s. We hope that the Convention will l1elp provide solt1tio11s to the reft1gee problem in Africa.

En·h,.1stecl Task

What We l1ave ot1tlined above shows that the Or­ ganizatio11 is actively pt1rsl1ing the task entrusted it.

We have give11 m ucl1 ti1ne regardi11g the various issues i1111erited fron1 color�iltl rt1le 8.nd \vhat attempts have bee11 111ade to provjde t11enJ. ,11itl1 solt1tio11s. Tl1e fact tl1at \;l/e regt1larly n1eet e,,ery year 111 order to e;cchange views on these vital problems a ffecting Africa is in itself a st1ccess . Tl1e Orgar1ization is f111fi11ing its raisorz cl'et,·e. Witho11t 111ini1nizi11g tl1e criticisn1 that can be made of ot1r institt1tio11, we believe tl1e service that it has already r e11dered in some of the most serio11s poli­ tical co11fliots of our contine11t, and the fact that the i 11s titution can render s11ch assistance , jt1stifies 011r be­ lief that w e are entitled to deal ot11·selves with our own problems. 111 s o doi11g, we believe we are discha rging a collective res ponsibility th at t11e Charter of the Uni­ ted Natio11s p e1·1nits 11s to f11lfill. As time p asses , . we s11all realize 1nore and more the 11eed for tl1e Organization of African Unity.

- 417 -

28*

AFRICA

Some of tl1e major problems which existed some years ago when we founded this Organization ·are still with us. Thus, most of the colonial territories which were under ,colonial and racist adn1inistrations a.re no nearer to their independence now than they were before. On the contrary, the oppressive colonial rule continues un·abate·d. Those past years have proved that the racist and colonial regimes in Africa do not listen to reason. We have learnt once more that bitter lesson that economic sanctions can never be effective· against su.ch recalcitrant states unless it is backed up by force.

To do this, one has to have the co-operation of the major powers, which so far has become difficult to se­ cure. Ultimately, therefore, the liberation <?f these ter­ ritories mu:st 1·emain the ·responsibility of freedom move1nents ·thems· elves. When •we look at tl1e 1·eport sub­ mitted by the Liber-a·tion Committee, the assistance extended to the liberation movements has not b.een adequ-at· e. Trt1e, we have .economic d- ifficulties in eacl1 of our respective countries, bu·t we should make sacri­ fices in order to assist the movements, for unless our brotl1ers 11nder colonial ·rtile are freed, ot1r own inde­ pendence remai11s in do·ubt. Not only that, world peac� itself will ulti1nately be .in jeopardy.

Specialized 1\gencies

In the eco11omic field, we have 111ade consistent efforts i11 the past six year· s to in1p1·0,,e our situations· When the Organization w·as fot1nded a number of spe­ ci�Iized ag�ncies were s·et tip. Tl1es� organs hav� s�b­ mitted stud1es which deserve our suppo1·t for the ir 11�­ _ ple�entat10,n at tl1e national and regional level. 111 tl11s regar· d, We •are happy 1to n·o'te ·tha't s· teps ·have been :tak- 418 -

AFRICA.

en to -instit1rte regional common markets customs unions, and to co-ordinate infrastructural dev�lopments. _ These are me�sures wh1cl1 could truly give sustenance _ to 011r asp1rat1011. We sho11ld therefore rededicate our­ selves in order to :see :t}1em bear fruit. l1litensify Co-operation

The considerations wl1ich inspired us to set up our Organizatio11 are still with us. The -determination of the Africa11 peoples to overcome all obstacles in the ?atl1 of unity cannot be doubted. We must, therefore, intensify 011r cooperation wi:hin tl1e structt1re of our Organization. Our problems are similar; we have to raise the sta11dard ·of living of our peoples, eradicate illiteracy, ·expa11d n1edica1 facilities, improve agricul­ tural and indu·strial developnents and ma11y other si111ilar necessities. Africa has remained tl1e source of raw material. B1.1t she has n1) say over tr1e deterrnina­ tion of tl1e price of l1er reso11rces. W'e can 1·e1no·ve this s· ituation ·only by sustai11ec1 co-operatio11, �Tot 1or1g ago� the Tenth Annive1·sarv of the Econoro.ic (:ommission for Africa wa·s held 11ere, ,vr.en important decisions in the field of economic affairs \Vere ta1<en. These deci­ sions will be s11bmitted to tl1e Assembl·y of Heads of State and Gover1unent fo1· political s11pport. Such a collabo1·ation betv1een the two organizations - the OAU and the ECA - will b�ar fruit only if we extend to b·oth 011r full support.

Befo1·e concl11ding, We would like to stress that at this Session, we m11s,t exchange vie,vs frankly on tl1e Nigerian crisis - with the determination of finding a sol11tio11 satisfactory to all. 'Tl1e situation in tl1e Middle East contin11es to move from bad to worse as a result - 41£ -

AFRICA

of the non-implementa-tion of the United Nations Se­ ourity Counciil Resolt1tion. The situ�.tion is so fraught with danger, not 011ly for the countries concerned and t;he major powers ·as well, ,that it i· s incumbent: ·upon us 1to find a solution to this long s· t· an·din·g conflict on the basis of the United Na,tions Sect1rity Counc1l Re­ solution of November 22, 1967. Fina: lly, We would · at Ethiopia is prepared like to reaffi,r m on·ce a·g.a,in ·th to partjoipate fully in ·all ·these i•ssues and to contribute her sh· are in find·ing ·aocepta· b1e solutions.

Mr . Chairman Distinguished H·eads of State and Government, We would lik·e ·to ·nl1a· nk you for listening to Our statement, a11d We pray to the Ahnighty to bless our deliberations. Long live African Unity.

September 7, 1969

0. A. U. SEVENTH SESSION OPENS At no /Jeriod iti histOY)' has there been a cen­ tury like this one 1'Vhen nian has lived under the shadow of con11Jlete a11.nihilatior1.. It is, therefore, witli great ho[Je that we have wel­ coniecl the Strategic A r,n.s Limitation Talks (SALT) b) the two Great Powe1·s, and we tr1,1st that these talks will be c,·owned witli .r;i1ccess.

1

Mr. Pr·esidenit, Distinguished H,eads of State and Government, Distingt1isl1ed Delegates, oEthi On of behalf of ; t he people Gove1·n-me11·t and . · pia and ·on Our own, We extend to you greetings and ., - 420 -

AFRICA

wa1,1nest welcome . We, also welcome His Excellency U Thant, Se�retary-General of the Unite d Nations, and We shoul d like ,to express Our appreciation to him for being here with us despite his 1nany and pressing inter­ n�ti�nal respoi1s_ibilities th�t make heavy demand on his. tune. The city ·of . �dd1s Ababa and its people, which have ha d the p1·1v1lege of being host to the Heads of State a nd Go· vernn1ent on similar occasions in the p·ast, welco111e yo u ,once more witl1 pride .and pleasure to you1· second home.

We are, l1appy to 11ote that the Seventh Session of tl1e Assen1bly of Heads of State .a nd Government is being co11vened i n an ·atmosphere of increased 11nder­ s·ta·nding i n Africa as well as i n the 1·est of ,the world. In v:ariou·s parts of tl1e world, efforts a:re being made to re­ solve some of the ou·tstanding issues of our time by negotiation and co11ciliation , based on the understand­ ing and accon11nodation of ·each other's interests. Tltis new internatio11al ·clin1:ate of 1.xndersta11ding is a deve­ t lopment of tl1e 11 most im1101·ta11ce ·to the peace, well­ being a11 d :progress c•f ni:aril�.ind. It is, therefore, a gol­ den opportu11ity fo1· all men of goodwill '.to h,elp the m·oveme11t attain Sll'Ch a m.ome11tt1m as to 1Anake it bear 1 the grea:test possible 1:esult.

As we meet for tl1e seve11th time to deliberate on matters of vital 1Inporta11ce to our continent, we cannot but be impressed by the fruits ·of o· ur previous delibera­ tions. We ·Se· e :tl1ese 1·est11ts in the ever-increasing role ou·r Organization is playing in co11tinent� l re� ations � nd the m·aturity with which it is con duct1�g its affairs.

This pa·st year l1as seen the implementation ·of some of the principles and ain1s e nsh1·ine d i n the Charter of !he Organ ization, especially with respect to the lessening of tension -among Member States and the enhancement 1

'

- 421 -

AFRICA

of the spirit of co-opera·tion to seek solutions to their conllllon problems.

The internal ·crisis in Nige1·ia has been completely resolved dL1e to the pe1·seve1·a11ce of the Federal Go­ ve1·nment and tl1e fir111 belief of Members of ot1r Orga­ nizatio11 in the basic principles of ou1· Charter. We must all be l1appy tl1at tl1is cl1allenge has been coura­ geoLtsly and wisely met. In this connection, We would 1ik·e to beg t,l1e .i11dulgence of the Assembly to ,tl1·ank the n1embers of the Co11sultative Con1mittee on Nigeria for tl1eir contribL1tion to tl1e resolution of this problem.

Now that tl1e cr·i·sis in N-ige1·ia is over, iit is our fervent l1ope it sl1all leav,e 110 after-effect an1ong the members of this fa111ily. We are c·o11vi11ced that it is in the in­ terest of ot1 r beloved peoples ,to begin ,1 11ew era of close and frater11,1l co-operation amo11gst all Member States by closing all aspects of crisis at this Session.

Total Reco11ciliatio11

It gives Us great pleast1re and satisfaction to an­ notrnce to tl1e Assen1bly tl1at total 1·eco11ciliation was attained today betwee11 Nigeria, ·on ,tl1e one 11and, a11d Ta11za11ia, Z,t111bia, Ivor·y Coast a11d Gabon, on tl1e otl1er. We wot1ld like to tl1a11lc 111any leaders of tl1e _ AU and especial!)' P·1�esicle11t Jon10 Ken)ratta for tl1e O lat1dable efforts tl1ey l1ave deployed to achieve recon­ ciliatio11. We wot1lcl also like to co110o-ratt1late Preside11t Nyerere, P.reside11t K,1t111cla, Ge11eral Y,1kt1bt1 Gowan, head of tl1e Feder·al Military Gove1·nn1ent of Nigeria, a11d tl1e Preside11ts of tl1e Ivo1·y Coast a11d Gabo11 for th·e t1nderst, andi11g a11d co-01Je1�atio11 t}1ey have sl1own to n1ake tl1e reco11cilia·tio11 l)Ossible. e 1 tl een The res·toration of brotl1-e1·ly relations betw - 422 -

----AFRICA

p,eople's Republic of the Congo and the Democratic Republic ·of tl1e -Congo is another acl1ievement that we are all l1appy abot1t. A 11ew chapter has also been ope11ed by tl1e u11derstanding reached between the Isla­ mic Republic of Mau1·itania -and the Kingdon1 of Mo­ 1 settlement · o f the border -dispute between The co. roc Alger·i,t and Morocco l1as t1sl1ered in a new ei·a of un­ de1·sta11ding a11d co-operation for the mutual benefit of tl1e . peoples ·o·f _the_ •two sister ·states -and of the Maghreb reg1011. !h� s1g111ng of _an agreement betw,een Kenya a11d Eth1op1:a, de111a1·cat111g ·their common borders, is ,1nother -exan1ple of what can be achieved by peaceful means. It is i11 ·tl1is ligl1t tl1at vVe invite all the coun­ tries faced with sin1ilar problen1s to emulate the above­ n1e11tionecl exa·mples ,as· ,a baSiis for solv,ing ·their diffe1·enc,es. 011e last example of co-opera-tive ef­ fort wl1iol1 has· .a:ohieved a satisfaotory result is t1he case of 1Eq111atori.al G-uinea. The assistance given by m·en1ber1s ·of the 01�gta11ization to Equatorial Guinea, while ad1niittedly n.ot 1nuc: h, l1as neve1�theless been in­ strumen�al · i11 1 mee·ti11g t,he initi3.l ,diffict1lties of nation­ hood.

These acl1ieven1ents can serve as testimony of ou1· respect and adherence ,t o the cove11ant we e�tered into seve11 yea1·s ago, a11d it is ·011ly when we cont111t1e work­ ing along this s11ccessful path that we have cha� ed ! or ·ot1rselves, tlra-t t· he spir-it a11d a,ims of ot1r <?rgan1zat1on w,i.11 be ever-1nore n1eani11gft1l. Althougl1 11t cannot be said tha·t iall the above-n1entioned peaceful settlements were exect1t· ed under the direct a11spices of the Orga­ zatio11 of Af1·ican Unity, it is, 11evertheless, true, that it has been ·ft1ndame11tally concerned with all tl1� se J? fO­ blen1s. Furtherm·or-e, tl1e 1ne111bers of the O:ganization, in reaching tl1ese ·settleme11ts, ·have been guided by the - 423 -

AFRICA Tw·1ring Deaf Ear

principles of the Charter, thus strengthening the Orga­ nization and cen1enti11g tl1eir unity.

While this past year has been a year of co-opera­ tion and understanding an1ong Member States, it has however been one of frustrations and set-backs in our attack on colonialism and racism. In Southern Africa, the pernicious alliance of colonialism and racism has created problems of ·on1inot1s dimensions. Ian Smith a11d l1is ·collaborators have co11solidated their regime and have declared Zimbabwe a so-called Rhodesian Re­ public. South Africa has elevated its inhuman policy of racial discrimination and exploitation of the African people and has extended its apartheid policy to tl1e in­ ternational territory of Namibia. Po1·tugal has intensi­ fied its colonial wars in Mozambiq11e, Angola and Gui­ nea Bissau. The Western Powers, who unfortunately support these regimes, have not, despite the avalanche of appeals from freedo1n-loving peoples of the world, thus far ceas·ed fro1n rendering 1naterial assistance to these regimes. As regards Portugal, despite the great efforts Africa l1as exerted to persuade this Government to abandon its colonial policy, tl1e co11ti11ued shedding · of innocent blood has made the colo11ial ,var· not only .the concern of Africa bt1t also of tl1e entire world. In keeping, therefore, with the nat11re of the problems We cannot overemphasize ·th·e need to devise a new n1etl1od by which these powers cot1ld be perst1aded to desist from continuing sucl1 a IJolicy, wl1 icl1 is detrimental to the peace a11d sec11rity ,o f the ,co11tine11·t.

It will be recalled that H.E. the President o·f Ca­ meroun presented the Lu·saka Manifesto, on behalf of the African States, to the Twenty-F-ourth Session of th e - 424 -

-----AFRICA

United Nations G e, 11eral Assembly for its serious con­ sideration a11d adoptio11. As you all know this Mani­ festo was adopted by. the overwhelming majority of the General Assembly with the exception of South Africa and Portugal. The rejectio11 by the oppr·essors of this widely s11pp?rted Manifesto showed the depth of the abyss to wl11ch they have dragged ·themselves.

This conspiracy of colonial and racist f 01·ces has gradually t11rned i11to ·a military pact, ·encon1passincr So11tl1 Af,rica, Rhodesia and Portugal. What then i� Africa to do i11 tl1e ·face of tl1is far-flu11g conspiracy?

There is ·only ·one answer - we must intensify our struggle. A11d in order to aclueve our objectives, it is incun1be11t upon u•s all to wage a united struggle by all means available ,to 11s and, today more than ever before, the necessi-ty of -a co-ordinatecl and simultaneot1s assault by the liberation. moveme11ts against ·their c-onunon ene­ mies l1as beco1ne increasingly imperative. fa1t. this junc­ tion We should like 1to :re.iterate the paran1.ou11t i1npo.r­ (;1�;:t • assista11ce t() fr0ed()Kn fir1l1te;rs of incr, e asing tan· c e • a ., �- • � • '> , rn their • strt1gg1e to re.ga1n. tr1e1r 1na.iJe11a.o1e: .rJgY.!t-S , Ao meet tl1ese cl1allenge.s� "we are convi· nce(l, n.�J in(j,epen.­ .. tak,e lightly its 1·esponsibili­ dent Africa11 country ,.,;ill ty. In this r·egard, ·since \¥e are not novices in the str11g­ gle for f1;eedom, our continu·ed e11deavot1r will no do11bt be crowned with success.

Distinguished Heads of Sta·te an.d Gov·ernment, I·t is a source of ·e11co11ragement tl1at •the na,tions of the world ar,e e11deavo111·ing to settle their differences by peacef11l means. To this end We wholeheartedly wel­ come the ·acceptance of tl1:e Rogers Peace. Pl�n by the parties concerned in ·the Middle East, ,the s1gn1ng of t�e non-aggression pact betw-een Germany and the Soviet o

- 425 -

I'll"'!

AFRICA

Union a11d the St1·ategic Arms Limitation Talks (SA­ LT) between tl1e United States a11d the Soviet Union.

Middle East The drawing tip of a long-awaited peace plan in the beleagu1ered area of the Middle East should have the sttppo1·t and encou1·age1ne11t of all peace-loving peo­ ples of ·the wo1·1d. It is i n ·this .spirit th-at Ethiopia has w·elco111ed tl1e peace plan initiated by the United States of An1erica ·to settle the Middle East Crisis within the fra1nework of ,the United Nations Security Cot1ncil re­ iber 1 967. We should like to take t, his solt1tion o Novern f . , opportt1nit, y to co11g1·att1late the pa1·ties concerned, especially P1·esident Nasse1·, for consenting to resolve the crisis 1tl1rough peaceful means. We pray that tllis initial move will augL1r a permanent and enduring peace.

Tl1e Bo111 1-Moscow accord which begi1 1s to settle · f special si­ s01n·e of the pro:ble1 ns ·of World War II is o gnificance 11ot only to Et11·ope bt1t to the wo1·Id as well.

This accord will no doL1bt c1·eate a co11dt1 cive atmo s­ phere for the two 11-wtions ·to settle thei1· differences by peaceftil means, tl1t1s providi11g tl1ei 1· tale11ted and in­ d11s �rio11s peoples ,t}1e opportu11ity of g1·eate1· heights of aoh1eve1n, e11t ·and excelle11ce by co-operation i11 1nany rd, acco tl1is field·s :of· l1t1m1a1 1 end · ea vot1,1·. We t1·11s·t ·tl1at whicl1 ha,s b1·ot1gl1t closer· two adver·s·ar·Jes, would · ser,,e ?f ility as a re111i11·der to those w,ho · do11bt tl1e possib : peaceful s· ·olt1Jtio11s -to see1n.ingly •inst1rmoun· table dtf­ fioulties.

At 110 period in histo1·y l1as tl1ere been a century like thi,s one when 1n·a n has lived t111de1· the heavy _ th wi e, shadow o r f efo com .plete annihilation. It is, tl1er · - 426 -

.._....AFRICA

gr e. at hope that we have welcomed ·the Strategic Arms Limitation Talks ( SALT) by the ,two Great Powers a11d w.e ,trust that tl1ese talks will be crowned with st1ccess. �hese 11ew and cot1rageou·s steps, bei11g taken in var1011s parts of tl1e world by thoughtful leaders, will, hopefully, c1·eate co11ditions ·tha:t will enhance this new era of 1111de1·s.tandi11g a1nong tl1e nations ·and peoples of ·the wo1·ld. I11 01·der to strengthen this new epocl1 of u11ders·ta:ndi11g, it is timperative for statesmen ·tl1e ·world over to utilize thes,e opportt1ne moments tl1at l1ave fo1· so lo11·g .elude· d th,em. It· is wrth this in mind tl1at We :hope a 1solutio11 wjll s·oon .be f·ound to the Viet11a1n war whicl1 has caused u,ntold suffering to the Vietnamese people.

Distinguished Heads of State and Goverrunent, One ·of ·tl1e paramount questions of ou1· continent is the need for econo111ic cle,relopment. OlJr str11ggle in V • :, • I. • • 11 -oe.1n.g o.f th1s sphe1�e 1s no 1ess 0�1nrrn.01ng s,.nce tne 1;1e1-1. ou1· people ulti1natel:r ·�tr.;X:t?ZI1ds ott it. 1.�lie i/ery freedom of Africa £01· wh.it"Jl'! '½'B 110.'ie sacrifi.ot:d so 1nucl1 '"'ill be ait ·s·take if we ·fail ·to JJ.J,ake our conti11ent econor11i­ oally viable. It is encouraging :fhat in orde1· to bring a,bottt this econon1ic ·independence ·tl1e ground work has been laid by the establislunent of 1·egional institt1tions and various tecl1nical bodies. We sl1ould like to stress, in tlus c, on.tex·t rthe vital roles the Eco11omic Commis­ sion fo· r Afric; a11d the Organization of African Unity arre playing for the realization of these goals.

•

·1

Stockpili11g A.imaments

We oannot pass without str-essing t�e fact t�at the va,st maj-or1ty ·Of the nations of today still r,ema1n eco- 427 -

C

Ali'RIC1\.

1 I11 tl1e light of this, it is d. elope 1·-dev t111de 1101nically u11fo1·t1111ate tl1,1t so 111ucl1 is spe11t on stockpiling arm­ ,U11e11ts, the .Lttility of wl1icl1 is li?Iited to their capacity f01· dcstr11ct1011. As we l1ave said 011 n1any occasio ns ' tl1e diversio11 of tl1ese 1�eso111·ces ·to .econon1ic development is 11ot only 111orally right but it is also politically and socially 111·ge11t, si11ce ·tl1e n1ai11te11a11ce of interna­ tio11al peace a11d sec111'ity depe11ds 011 closing th·e gap between tl1e poo1· ,t11d 1·icl1 11ations of the world. It is our l1ope tl1at the 1·ece11t steps tak·en i11 various parts of tl1c Vlorlcl to lesso11 te11·sions will contribute to the ct1r­ tail111ent of stock1Jili11g a1·111a1n·e11ts, th11s 1naki11g avail­ able tl1-e s01·ely neecled 1�esoL11·c·es for tl1e world's econo­ mic cf.evelop111e11t.

Disti11gL1isl1ed I-leads of State a11d Gover11ment, It is fortL111,tte tl1at tl1is Assen1bly p1·ecedes the for'tl1co111i11g co11fe1·,e11ce of the no11-alig11ed 11ations i11 L11saka ancl ·tl1e .twe11ty-fiftl1 an11ive1·sary of tl1e United Na·tio11s in New Y01·k. As you all k11ow th-is sessio11 of the U11ited Nations also 111 a1·ks tl1e Te11th an11iversary of tl1e Declaratio11 · 011 tl1e G1·a11ti11g of I11depe11dence to Colo11ial Cot1ntr.ies ,111d Peoples. We should, therefore, seize tl1is OIJl)OrtL111ity a11d prepar,e 0111·selves fo1· tl 1e_ task that lies ahe,:1d. It is ob\riot1s tl1at during ot1r del1beratio11 tl1is week \Ve will be co11ce1·11ed with ma.ny IJ1·oble1n·s a11cl we ,vill i11e,,itably l1ave variot1s vie ws on tl1e1n. It is 11atu1·a1 fo1· fo1·ty-011e nations to have differ­ ing 01Ji11io11s a11cl diffe1·,e11t p1·oblen1s. It is otir duty, l1c)wever, to tl1rasl1 OLl't 011r cliffere11ces a11d to reach a solLltio11 tl1.a.t will co111111a11cl ot11· 11nited stand. Becatise of 0�1r co111111011 1Jroble11 ;1s, l)e tl1ey i11 tl1e fi�ld of �c � · is rac 1101111c de\1elo1J111e11 t 01� 111 0111.· strt1ggle aga111st a e hav a11cl colo11ialis111, .it wot1ld 11ot be diffict1lt to e tak st mu co1111no11 fro11t. I·t is ·tl1is commo11 fro11t we - 428 -

t

----

., AFRICA

to L11�,1k� to co11v-ince tl1e other non-aligned nations of th·e Jt1st1ce of ot11· cat1se, and tl1ereby solicit their con­ ti11t1ed s �1ppor·t a11cl e�cot1ragen1ent in ot1r strtiggle to free Afr1ca of all vestiges of 1·acis1n a11d colonialisin.

At . tl1 e U11ited_ Natio11s, ot1r struggle tl1is year will e !11tens·e a11d persistent ·tl1an ever l1ave ,to be 1 11or _ before. Tl1e t11ne 1 s dt1e £01· a11 sma11 nati.ons to take a concer,ted s,ta11d in defen·ce of tl1e principles of the cl1arter, for we ca11not afforcl to l1ave tl1at body n1ade a 111ockery of by ·its less e11ligl1tened 1ne111bers wl10 are in­ tent 011 111 ,lki11g it ineffective. I11 order to stre11gthen it a11d to 111 ak,e it -effective ,;ve wi· ll have to t1se the wea1Jo11s at ot1r disposal, 11a1nely, ot1 r t111itecl stand and col­ lecti,,e co11science.

UN r\ctio11 Needed We -111 t1st tl1erefore be prepared to 111al<e all isst1es affecti11 g ot1 1· continent ·figure pro111inent1y ,1nd perse­ vere i 11 ot1 r efforts tc) 11ave the ·united r--Ja tior1s reassert its historic ob1igatio11 to 1ibe1·ate territories still l1nder foreig11 do1n-i11 atio11. I11 this context, tl1e U11ited Nations must strive to l1ave a11 its adoptecl 'fesolt1tions i1n1J1en1e11tecl, so that tl1e dec.isio11s of the majority woL1ld pre­ vail and tl1a-t tl1e 1n·inority of its 111e1nbers wot1lcl not be al)le to flot1t thetn. Tl1e n1 ost recent exan11Jle of tl1is is the decelaration of intention by ·tl1e 11ew Brjtish Go­ vern111ent to sell a1·ms to Sot1th Af1·ica in t1tter disre­ gard of Sect1rity Cot111cil 1·esolt1tions. This inte1 1tion by the, B1�itish Gover11n1e11t to rest11ne the sale of ar1ns to Sot1th Africa ·sl1ot1ld not 011 1y be deplored bt1t any aten1pt to ·enforce it sl1ot11cl be vigorot1sly resisted.

Distingt1isl1ecl Heacls of State a11d Gover111nent, In conclt1sio11, We sl1 ot1ld like to re1ni11d t11is - 429 -

AFRICA

august, Assembly of the importance of its task and the responsibilities en1tru1S·teid to it ,by the African people. It is Our hope that 'this conference will achieve results from which Af11ica will , benefit. We will not close Our statement withou:t expriessing Our appreciation to H.E. El Hadji Ahmadou Ahidj·o, Chairman ·of the Sixth Ses­ sion for :hi,s dedicabed and ,fruitful work.

LONG LIVE AFRIC.AN UNITY. September 2, 1970

AT LUSAKA short, conside1·able c·han.ges have taken place i,i tlie 1vorld wliose consequences we rn.1tst n.ow app,·aise and deterniine a,i appro­ p,·iate /Jath to follow.

/11

We a.re ho11oured to address this impressive and augt1st Assen1bly on behalf of tl1e States of Africa. We believe that as the States of Africa adhe1·e to the policy of non-align1nent in line with the provisions of th e Charter of tl1e 01·_g.aniza:tion of Afric·an Uni, ty, ot1r pre­ sence l1ere is in ft1lfilln1ent of tl1at undertaking.

As we meet for another epocl1 n1aking Conference of Non-Aligned Nations We sl1ould like to extend Our sincere appreciatio11 to H.E. P1·esident Kaunda and his Go,,ern1nent fo1· l1osting tl1is i111portant conference and the efficient 111anne1· with which it is organized. We are certain that We express the se11ti1nents of all gatl1er­ ed he1·e whe11 We say tl1at since Ot1r arrival in this bea�­ tiftil city, We l1ave bee11 ove1·wl1el1ned by tl1e hospitali11', wa1·1�1th and kindness of the people of Zam bia. We would like to ask Ot11· b1·othe1· President Kaunda to con- 430 -

._....AFRICA

vey Our sincere thanks and war1nest congrattilations to tl1e people and Gove1·nment of Za1nbia for tlleir warm hospitality and for the arrangements 1nacle to ensure the isuccess of tl1·e Conference.

In tl1e _setting of this young and beautiful country known ·fo1· its brave and heroic people, wise and far­ sighted leacler, we are gatl1ered once again to assess the prevailing problems of tl1e world and to cl1art new and 1sal11tary avenues for their solt1tion.

It i s over a decade ago that we first met as non­ alig11ed cot1nt1·ies and over six years since we last n1et.

Tl1e world has t1ndergone considerable changes since these meetings. Tl1e cold \var situation of the past is no 1nore as p1·onot1nced as it used to be. The war of words betw-een ·the gia111t ,pro�ago11ists is only at1dible in to­ day's international setting. The monolithic image of the two supe1· powers is 11ot any r.nore overwhelming. · iorld. In There have also been c11.anges in the Third " the last decade our nurriber has ir1creased bv.., o,,,.er a r1alf, the very concept of 11or,.-alignn1ent ha.s ,�hB.rlgeli:11 f.ro·m fear of involven1ent i11 world issues to one of. 'ir1(1epe11dent approacl1 to ea.ch controversial issue based on jts e considera.ble changes 11ave taken plac rt, sho it.

In n1er • • 1n the wo1·ld whose consequences we must now appraise and deter1nine an appropriate patl1 to follow.

Collective Efforts

In the present constellation of things the deep con­ cern of our States is tl1e act1te eco110111ic disparity among nations tl1e waste on arman1ent, the liquidation of co­ lonialis� the eradication of 1·acia1sm and tl1e consoli­ dation of' national indepe11dence. The age-old ene1nies 'of man, ht1nger, disease and jgnorance also confront us - 431 -

AFRICA

with st1ch propensity tl1at we have to face them as mat­ ters of utn1-ost p1;io1·ity. I11 addi, .tion, we s- hare and in­ deed represent tl1e grave concern of n1illions of peoples the world over about the t1·agic �;ituation prevailing in the Middle East and Sot1th East Asia. In Our view, it is in seeking solutions to these i 1 n1nediate problems that tl1·e 11011-aligned ·cou·ntries im.us· t mobilize their collective efforts and resources .

By and large tl1e non-aligned co11nt1·ies fall in the category of developing states. ·rt is tr11e that some among 11s are 111ore developed tl1an others, bt1t in con­ trast to tl1e a-dvanced i11c1't1strial 11ations the non-aligned ·cot1nt1·ies are still in tl1e early sta_ges of clevelopment.

We believe that this is a ve1·y i111portant com1non de­ non1inator a1nongst 11s whethe1· ,.,ve come f 1·om Latin An1erica, A'.s-ia, Af1·ica or Eu1·ope. Since 1the p- roblem of develop111ent is ot1r greatest concern we can co1nbine ot1r ·skill an-d t1a.Je11t ,to ·aol1ieve ,rnax·im111n growth withiI1 tl1e shortest possible ti1ne.

The non-aligned states ,1 1·e faced with tl1e for1nid­ able task of figl1ting h11nger, disease and i,gnorance, and at the ·s,a,n1e t·ime of keeoi11g JJa·c-e ·wi-t.11 e- corto1nic devel­ opment in orcler to catcl1 11p with tl1e advanced j11dt1s­ trial nations. Tl1e gap bet,veen tl1e ''I1aves'' and ''have nots'' is increasing so 111ucl1 and so fast tl1at 1111less we can do some11ing abo11t it no�'� ot11· political indeo en­ clence ancl f1·eedo1n of actio11 ,vill beco1ne v11l11erable · In orcle1· to avoid tl1is clange1· jt wo11ld be impera­ tive for the cleveloping cot1ntries to take a 1111ited stand on qt1estions affecting tr·ade, jnvest111e11t and aid. Our need for fa,1ot1rable te1·ms of tracle, external investm ents and aid shot11c1 be const1·t1ecl bv those wl10 are some­ times te1npted to clo so, as a �illing11ess on 011r part to so we l1 con1pron1ise ot1r ha1·d. ,von inde1)e11de11ce wh.ic - 432 -

.........AFRICA

p-iuch cl1�1·ish. 011r call f or better prices fo1· our pi·o­ .

Ci t , ?�· s satts�acto� y t1·ade relam?ns, fai· rer inves, tment pol­ .1c1es and a1? w!t l1o·t1t any ,s·tr1ngs at tached · are proof of our dete1·1n1nat1on to ft1rtl1er co11solidate our national independance. W e . sl1ould, therefo1·e, pe1·sist in our ef­ fort� and de111a11_d 111 co11cert with the Gro11p of 77 for th,e lill:plen1entat1011 of UNCTAD decisions.

Ma11' s Best Hope

1·11 . the context -of _ inter11ational co-opera,tion, We would like to stress the importance of and ou1· need for the United Natio ns. This world organisation, though imperfect in n1any ways, is still n1an's best l1ope for peace. Tl1e rich and tl1e sit-rong stand less in need of ·the world bo·dy. The pr, ecarious state of peace in tl1e ,vo 1·ld should not entirely be blamed on the United Natio11s. \Ve 1nust 1·emembe1· that the United Na,tions is weak because �,t -Ls the st1m tota'1 of the im­ perfections and ha.

1 )ha2:21. � rti -s�xppo·r.t of its mernbers. It .

1! " 1s . 011r f.1rm conv1nctY()t1, r.i1e:ret.<�re� inat ror t.11e ma,tntenance and pro1notior1 of ir1ter11ational peace and se­ :ct1rity as well as for safegu ard.ing the rig11ts of tl1e small nations, tl1e U11ited Nations m11st not only be strengtl1en­ ed, b11t its decisio11s 1nust also be 1.·espected and t1phe1d.

Tl1is year as �,e cele-bra te its Si lver Jubilee, let llS all reded,ioate 011rse1ves to the noble ideals a·11cl principles whicl1 are enshrined in its Cl1arter, f or in so doi11g� we shall save hu1nanity fro n1 the scot1rge of w ar. t•

,

1

.•

•�

f'

It is Ou1· co11sid.erecl opi11ion tl1at a world body like the United Natio ns sl1o uld have a t1niversal cl1a1·acter and n1embe1·ship sl1o t1 ld be considered ir1·espec­ tive of tl1e co t1ntry's so cial, eco11on1ic or p olitical sy s ­ te1n. If the U11ited Nations is to bec o111e 111ore efiect1ve - 433 -

29*

AFRIC.I\

j 11 its role a11cl 1 1101·e .re1Jrese11tcttivc i11 its views, the Peo­ ple's Rep11blic o·f Cl1i11a 111:1st occ11py its rightf11l place i 11 ,tl1is orga11 iz,ttio11. Tl1eretore, We ·s1 l1ot1ld ·reaffirn1 here tl1e principle oJ: tl1e t111ive1·s,1lity of tl1e United Nations.

T.l1e. 11on-al ignecl 11ations shot1lcl al Nays be the vanguards of st1cl1 an actio11.

1

:1)isannan1ent

On st1ch an occasion ,1nd i11 st1ch a gathering, We

cannot bttt 111.al<e 1nention of tl1e vital qt1estio11 of dis­ ar111.a111e11t. 'I1l1e proble 1n of ·a1·1na111e11t 11as a -two-fold 11cgati\1e effe-ct. ·r11 t,l1e first i11sta11ce, ,the arn1s race t,l1reate11s to e11gLt lf LIS i11 a 1111,clea r ,}1olocat1st thereby · co11stant state of insectirity.

1e,1,1i11g t}1,e w.l1ole \Vorl cl ·i11 a Seico11dl y � 11t1111,111 =a11cl 111ater"'ial resot1rces wh,icl1 are badly 11eedecl to i1 11prove l1t1111.,1n conditio11s are sqt1and­ erecl a\v-ay btrilding 11ew weap · o11 systen1 in tl1e false 11·0 JJe of ,l·tta.ini 11g g1,,eate r seoLl rity . 1 t is Ot1r ardent hope tl1at t l1c exte11·ded ,ta11cs l1eld so far in tl1is regard will at 1011g 1be,1r fr11it i11 -the ·i11te1·est of ·a11d ·for the well being of l1t111 11a11.ity.

Anotl1e1.· i1111Jo1·tant ci t1estio11, especially to 11s Afri­ cans, is tl1e fate of 011 1 · b 1·otl1e1·s wl10 a.1·e still i11 bon­ dage. In tl1is reg,11·cl, ot11· Asse111b1y l1as ,t si11gt1lar sig11i­ :ficance becat1se it is bei11g l1eld i1 1 Za 1 11bia, wl1icl1 is tl1e frontier o·f freedo1. 11. j11 Af1 ·ica. S011tl1 of tl1is b1·otherl)' cot 1ntry, sl,1very, bigot1·y, l1atred ancl 1·acialis 111 have c,111secl 1 11 L1cl1 st1f fe1·i11 g to 111illions of ot1.r brothers ai,d si ?ters. F1·eeclo111 fig--hter·s i1 1 Moza111biqt1e, An?ola, Ztin.babvve, Nrt111ibi a, Sot1tl1 A f 1·ica a11d Gt 1 i11ea Bissati 111llSt l1ea1· fro111 tl 1is l1al l tl 1e voice of liberty and .111e 11ope of cleii,,era11ce. T l1is 111eeti1 1�, sl1ot1ld i11 a tangible of 11 1ar, n e r 1·ally its l1e Jle O l p ,lncl st1 PIJ��t f01· the pe J 1

..-AFRICA

alien 1·t1le. Any 111ate­ Africa wl10 sti�l la11gt1�sl1 t111cler , 111 t111s

rial and financial hel1) connectio11 cot1lcl be cl1an11elled tl1rot1gl1 tl1e Orga11ization of African U11ity.

It is i111perative tl1at tl1e no11-alig11ecl states take a 1111ited sta11cl to pe1·st1acle tl1e Wester11 powers to cease extencling aid to tl1e colo11ial a11cl racist 1·egi1nes 111 Sot1tl1ern Africa. We are co11vinced tl1at tl1e n1or,1l force of sucl1 a clecision by tl1is at1gt1st grot1p will not be tal<en ligl1tJy. Peace, We feel, ca-1111ot be ass11recl as long as fo1·eig11 clo111inatio11 a11cl ex1Jloitatic11 co11ti11t1e, and as ilong as people are cleniecl tl1eir i11alie11able 1�igl1ts to freeclo1n a11d indepe11cle11ce. 111 orcler to enst1re JJeace ancI 1·acial l1ar1no11y 111 tl1e Africa11 contine11t, \Ve ,;visl1 to propose the following co11crete 1neast1res �gai11st Sot1th Af1·ica. ancl Po1·tt1gal: (a) Trade e111b[t1·go; (b) B1·eaki11g cliplo111atic relations; (c) Ref 11sal of 1ancli11.g 1·igl1ts ancl port facilities to all a,ircr'aft a11d sl1ips goi11g or cor11ing fron1 .

Sollt·l e1··n ,:t f1·ic� · (cl) Gene1·ot1s cor1tribt.ttio11s to tl1c S1')eci(tl Ft111cl for tl1e victi111s of apart11eicl; ancl (e) Effective st11Jport a11cl 111ateri,1l aicl to libera­ _ _ tion 1nove111ents tl1rot1gl1 tl1c Or1�ct111z:.:1 t1on of Africa11 U111ty. .•

1

- 1

.�

'l.. i.

..

_ ... ')

Worlcl Peace Distingt1isl1ed Lc,1clers, . . .

The 1111}1appy ,111d tragic state of affairs_ 111 �l1e Miclclle East is a11otl1er isst1e tl1,1t cle111a11cls tl :e attentio_n of this Confei·ei,ce. E,,ery year tl1� sol11t1011 to tl1�s �� · Moi e 1� t: 1 ac tr 11, re 1o 1 11 o� gr ve l1a to : p1·oble111 see111s tI1a11 tl,ree years J1ave elapsecl since tl1e Sect1.r 1ty Cot1n- 435 -

AFRICA

cil unani111ously passed the November 22, 1967 Reso­ lution which deals specifically with the steps to be taken to restore peace in the region. Unfortunately, this Re­ solution has so far not been implemented. Meanwhile, blood was shed and precious resources were wasted.

We strongly believe that this Resolution must remain the basis of the settlement of tl1e issue. In recent weeks tl1e acceptano, e of the Rogers Peace Plan by the con­ tending parties has given hope for optimism in this con­ nection . To this end the Conference should urge the parties concerned to implement the Resolution with the assistance of the United Nation's negotiator, Dr. Gun­ nar Jarring .

The tragic situation in South East Asia is another question on whicl1 this Conference must also pronounce itself. The people of tl1is area I1a\'e undergone much suffering and pain. We must not fail here to do our 11tmost to help relieve them from tl1e cruelty of \Var and destructio11. Tl1e. untold s11ffering of the people of Vietnam, Ca1nbodia and Laos m11st be b1·ougl1t to an end. The non-aligned countries should st1·ess the need that the people of the region should be left alone to de­ termine their own destiny. To tl1is end this gathering must urge: (a) Tl1e 1·econvening of the General Conference; (b) The withdrawal of all foreign fo1·ces from tl1e countries concerned; (c) Allow the people of tl1ese count1·ies to exer­ cise tl1eir right to self-determi11ation, and (d) Tl1at tl1e territo1·ial inteority and neutrality of the states concerned 1n;st be respected by all states. !hese are, in Ethiopia's view, s01ne of the don1i­ nant issues of 011r day on which this import ant gathe r- 436 -

........AFRICA

ing s �o�d give its _deep thoughts and weight. It is Otrr conv1ct1on that this augt1st gathering should urge the peaceful settle1nent of all these issues as the political cl�1�te fo: negotiation, based on tl1e respect of the leg1tim1ate ·interests of a11 1the parties concerned, seems now prevalently mature.

Reco11ciliation

At tl1e recent Seventh Session of the Assembly of Heads of State and Gove1·nment of the O.A.U. which was just ·held in Addis A*baba, We were able ,t'o review some of tl1ese burning issues and to adopt t1nanimous measures indicating their solutions. We believe that our coope1·atio11 in the execution of tl1ese measures will not only cement the historical association of Africa with the non-aligned states, but will also facilitate carrying out our common great tas·k. In this contex.t, We are happy to ·inform you tl1a:t the 10.A.lJ. was able ·to speak in one voice on th.ese issues ·because there. wa.s total understanding and comprel1e11sion ar1.1ong its member states. We are also happy to inf J!'ill yot1 that we v1ere able to bring about total reco11ciliation between the sister African countries of Nigeria on the one hand and Tanzania, Zambia, Ivory Coast and Gabon on the other hand.

1

The fact that we are asse1nbled here to exchange views on the pressing problen1s of ou� day ancl reaf�r1n our faith and dedication to the principles of non-align­ ment freedom and i11dependence and the welfare of our �eoples is indeed significant and historic. We have briefly outlined so1ne of the heavy bt1rdens and _un1·e­ �olved problems threatening the pea�e and sec� r1ty of the international community. It 1s highly essential that - 437 -

q

Ali'RICA

we leave tl1is Confere11c.e onJy aft:e1· l1aving adopted a co1n111on strategy and platform on the problems that have bee11 underlined. In OL11· view, though we are not 1nighty in ot11· n1aterial a11d 1nilitary resot1rces, We have, if we act in uniso11, a 111oral fo1·ce vvl1icl1 cannot be dis­ regarded. It is beca11se ·of, A!fr.ica's common stand · tl1at \Ve we1·e able to i111press upon tl11·ot1gl1 the O.A.u. the world at large tl1e aspirations of tl1e peoples of our continent. Tl1is ,tt1gt1st gatl1e1·ing .11111st likewise speak in t1nity so tl1at the rest1lts o·f OL11· cleliberations will be respected ancl acted 11pon .

We shot1lcl be a w,tre� n101·e tl1an ever before, not to allow disco:rcl a111ongst tis. We 11111st close ranks and clischa1·ge 011r obligation in l1ar111011y and t1nity of vision and ptrrpose. Let tl1.e wo1·ds of hope go fo1·tl1 from this gathe1·jng to tl1ose in bo11dage and let this hall ring out tl1e sot1nd of libe1·ty so tl1at 011r brother·s in servitt1de will clot1ble tl1ei1· st1·t1ggle to set tl1e1nselves free. Let us vow tl1at we sl1all 11ot 1�est 11ntil ,111 0111· brothers l1ave throvvn away tl1e yo]ce of colonialis111 and have torn as11ncler tl1e chai11s of bigotry and racialis1n.

May tl1e A.l111igl1ty gt1ide :1nd crown 011r efforts witl1 s11ccess.

Se1Jte111ber 9, 1970 ·

WELCO.MING TI-IE PRESIDENT OF NIGE RIA Y ot11· Excellency, Mada111 Gowan ' Dis·ti11gt1ished Gttests, It is witl1 great pleas11re itlra·t We warmly welc on1 e Ot1r -illL1strious f1·:ie11d, Ge11e1·al Y·akt1bu Gowon, 011 d an pia bel1alf of tl1e l)eople a11d Government o f Etl1io 011 011-r bel1alf.

- 438 -

I

i

1\FRICA

Even. thot1gh this is not You1· Excellency's fir·s,t vi­ sit to �dd1s Aba?a, We are confident that your present s�a·y w1�h Us. w1· !l 011ce again evi, nce to you the tra­ dF�1onal . hosp1tal1ty of Our people, their feeling of fr1endsh1:p towa1·ds y·our country as well as the admira­ tion a11d 1·espect ·tl1ey l1aVie for your person. We wish to take tl1e oppo1.1tu11it� on ·this ·occasioh to say l1ow much We always, che1·1sl1 the very pleasant memories and the spo11taneous, wa1·m welco1ne wl1icl1 w·ere accord­ e· d to Us by yot11· people duri11g Ou1· 1·epeated visits to Lagos.

Your Excellency, Extensive areas of your coun1try were devastated during the last civil war ·and m·any ,of you1· people lost their 1ives. But you have pron1ptly managed to rebuild and rehabilitate yot1r -cou·ntry a· 11d people with great deter1nina ,tion, enterpris-e and sl<ill. We a1·-e all aware of the ou·ts·tanding quali•ties ·of leadership that Y-011r Excelle11cy 1l1as demon·strated to the worid by 1na11ifest­ ing personal courage a.11d selfless. d.evotion i11 defending the ca· use of u11ity, peace and free.clam. Likewise, We are grea-tly nu.pressed b· y the faith of your people in tl1eir destiny a11d ·the ,resolv-e, perseverance and ·s-ense of pu1·pose wit1 h wl1ich they are building the econo1nic a11d social ·st· 1·ucture of their country. During the dark hours wl1e11 the u11ity of N·ige-ria was t·hrea:tened, it vvas with deep sor1·ow tha:t We follo\.ved the ·tragic events in yotrr -count1·y. In Ot11· effortlS ·to find ,a j11st sol11tio·n to the crisis We were for·t11nate to l1ave l1ad the wholehear·ted co-operation of Your Excellency. We welcome you today, 11ot in sorrow, b111t in :happiness ,and joy.

Because of you, you1· skil1ft1l -officers and brave me11, the uni:ty and ,territorial integrity of yolll· country has been vouchsafed.

- 439 -

q

AFRICA

Co111n1011

Policies

Etl1.iop.ia a11d Nige1·ia are in full accord on the f L111dan1er1tal principles of non-jntervention in other cot111t1·y's affai1·s, i11viola-bility of the territorial in·tegrity of 11atio11s, and n111tual respeot among states and peo­ IJles. The promatio11 ,of ·th,e vvell-being of ou·r peoples, ot11.· faith i11 Af1·ica11 t111:ity a11d the prevention of war c1re 11oble objectiv,es wl1icl1 b.ind our two countries. · ave b We a.1·e l1 a1)PY to ·1·ecall tl1 at Nige1:ians h · een tr·ain­ eci i11 our 1nilita1·y i11stitL�tio11s a11d that we have co-ope1··ated ·to n1t1tt1al adva11tage i11 va1·ious 'fields. We wisl1 to asst11·e Y ot11· Excelle11 cy tl1 at Ot11· educational insti­ tL1tio1 1s a1·e always ope11 to those i11 Nigeria who wish to IJL11·st1e thei1· ,eclt1catio11 l1e1·e. It is Ot1r ar-dent hope that the l1ap1Jy 1·elatio11s exis,ting between 011r t· wo coun­ tries ,vill co11ti1111e ·to gro\v c111d develop -always at their l1igl1est level.

The n1ai11 objectives of tl1e U11ited Nations Char­ te1· are peace, ·social justice a11d IJro111otion of h11man 1·igl1ts. Tl1 e , pro1notio11 a11 d ·tl1e adva11cen1e11 t of l1uman 1·igl1 ts is, in 1�act, the bt1ibt1�ess a11ci fiot1ndatio11 of the orl1e1�s. If ,tl1e c·ctL1ses vvl1jcl1 p.rodt1ce co11flicts are to be eli111ina·tecl, the11 1·acis111, colorrialis111 a11 d econo1nic ex­ !Jloitatio n 111t1s·t be co1111Jletely e1·adicated in tl1� fi rst 1 11&ta11ce. Eve1·ytl1i11 ° tl1c1t ca11 be said 011 tl1e subJect of b .

1:,1c1al a11d colo11ial policies 1 11 So11th Af1·ica l1 as alrea dY bee11 saicl. Ma11y a t,i111e, :tl1e Ur1ited Natio11s, J11 its reso­ ltitio11s, l1as co11cle11111ecl tl1ese i 11l1t1111 a11 policies. States b[tcl(i11 g tl1e 1·egi111es i11 Sot1tl1 e1·11 Af 1·ioa, pa-1·tict1Iarly tl1os-e exte11di11g 111ilita1·y a11d eco11on1ic a· ss· istanoe sl1ould be aw,1re · tl1,1t tl1ey ,lre backi 11 g racis n1 wh'icl1 has beeii : cor1cle111 ned by a-11 as tl1e ene111 y of h11m ·anity. No a,rgu- 440 -

1

Ali'RICA

n1ent, tl1er.efore, ca11 justify the sale of ar111s to South Africa by B1·.itain .

As rega1·ds the propose· d dialogue with South Afri­ ca, it is u11likely to expect the minority regime in South Africa ·to be since1·e in a11y quest for :a dialogue with rl1e Africa11 countries since i·t has rtrthlessly silenced inter-1:acial dialogt1e within South Africa itself. If, how­ eve, r, \\'e are to have .a dialogt1e 011 this question on the a1Ss1un·ption that a new siituatio11 l1as developed, then, we sl1ot1ld ait the ot1tset have ra clear idea of the issues we are to disct1ss and deliberate on it withi11 rhe f rarne­ \Vork of rthe O.A.U. -in the c· onte�t ·of ,the Lusaka Mani­ festo. Such :an approacl1 n1ight perhaps help in paving the way .to a :solutio11 to - tlliis proble111. We ·have a,lways bee11 ;Steadfast -i11 ot1r ·suppo1�t for the rule of law a11d freedon1 an1011g 11ations, and it is for ttl1is cause that· we fought, st1ffe1·ed ·and 11ltimately won. We must, therefore, IJersevere i11 ou1· ·dete11mination and keep con­ s· ta11t vigilance i11 our endeavours in -t hi,s regard.

W:!1en We -look at tl1e world sinu,ttion today, We see tl11at ,it is sti, ll facecJ. "vvith many trials ,and itrib·ula­ tio11s· . The e£fo1�ts to 'bring abo11t a peacef11l settlement to the co11flict in ,tl1e Middle East have heretofore not bee11 f 1·t1it· ft1l. It is Ou1· eNpressed jhope th·at the talks whicl1 tl1e Seoretary of State of tl1e United States of America is p1·ese11:tly l1oldi11g with tl1e conc,erned par­ Ties will help bri11,g about positive results. T·he war in Soutl1 East As· ia l1as been intern1ibtently escalating a11d ·spreadit1g. At this -ti111e of grave danger, it is the duty of all the peace-lovi11g me11 and women everywhere to do all i11 tl1eir power to bring understand-i11g an? com1passio11 for the so-ltrtion of !these problems, wh!l.ch are basica]ly hun1an j,ssues. The bt1ilding up of mt1,tual con­ 1 disputes. lving o · s · for essential fidence is 1

1

- 441 -

"

AFRICA

Chaill1eling Resources Mindful tl1a·t man's greatest enemies are poverty, disease and ignorance, W.e for ,Our part, have directed all t, he mea·ns .and resources at Our dispo&al to the era­ dioation of :these scourges. Such. e1fforts. which are being carried out by Ethiopia and Nigeria. will secure oonarete benefits only if we ar-e alble to ive in an · d stability . For it is only atmosphere of peace an through peace ·tl1at progress can be achieved. Closer underst• anding among nations is e.sren.rial for fostering world hannony ·and :the cause .of peace in the world. If ,the resources which ar·e squandered on, . armaiment· s were u·tilize· d for peaceful purposes, th.e gap between the rich and :the p· o·or with:in ·and a,mon.g n.atio,ns can ind.eed be ·drastically reduced rund eventltaily eliminated. Since t·he ·freedom and well-being of all peopI, es are indivi­ sible, we sl1ould not work for groups, nor, for races, but for the oause of all humanity. E\'ery nation ha,s a par­ ticular corrtribunio11 to make ,to the well-being and wel­ fare of :the wor'ld co1nmunity. The interests of human­ ity must therefore 1· ·emain paramount.

Distinguished Guests: .

1

Let us all 11aise our glasses to the l1ealth, long life and happin-ess o, f His Excellency Major General Gowon �nd M·ad· am Gowon; to the well.!b,.eing and proSl:er­ l'ty of the people of Nigeria, and to the ever-'grow1ng f�ai�ernal 1·elaitions existing bet\.veen Etl1iopia and Nige1·1a,. a11d to fu1·t]1er s·trengthening the gre&t cause of Afr1c·ah Unity. . .. .

March. 5,. 1971.

- 442 -

---------AFRICA

REPLY TO TOAST BY PRESIDENT OF THE SUDAN Y 011r Excelle11cy President Ni111eiri, Yotlf Excellencies, Ladies and Gentlen1en: On behalf of the people and Governn1ent of Ethio­ pia and on Our �w� behalf, We wot1ld like to express Ou1· deep app1·ec1at1on to you and througl1 yot1 to the Gove1·nment a11d tl1e b1·otherly people of tl1e St1dan, for the kind invitation extended to Us to visit tl1e sister s�ate of th·e Sudan. The warm welcome accorded to Us since Our ar1·ival i11 tl1is beautiful city of Khartoum is a clear testin1ony of tl1e deep attacl1n1ent tl1at exists be­ twe: en ou1· two peopl'es. Whenever We v.is-ited the S11dan, tl1e ·great Sudanese people have always unfailing­ ly acco1·ded Us brotherly and v;arm v1elcon1e.

It is also a distinct pleasure as vvell as a great pri­ vilege f01· Us to be here amongst Our Sudan.ese brothers to participate in the celebrations of the Sixteentt,..Anni­ versary of tl1e Indeper1dence of the ,St1d.a.:i'"A. ()n this auspiciot1s occasion, it is v;ith a sense of pr·ofour1c'� joy and-satisfactio11 that '\Ve convey the fraternal greetings and the felicitations of tt1e people of Etl1iopia to the people of the Sudan . .

Etl1iopia l1as followed \Vith great adrniration the struggle ca1·ried on by the valiant Sudanese peo1Jle to gain thei1· indepenclence from -foreig11 rule. Etl1iopia 1 gain·ed l1er indep·edence ,rejoiced wh·en 1u}1e Suda11 in January, 1956, and· assumed l1er rightful place in the commt1nity of i11dependent nations.

4 Since tl1ei1 independence, the St1da11ese people have accomplished a great deal in economic devel?p­ rnent and reconstrt1ction. In sucl1 a very short period 1

- 443 -

C

AFRICA

i11 tl1e life of a nation, few have made such great strides as the Sudan in all fields and the people of the Sudan sl1ould be proud of this .

In reading tl1e ltistory of the Sudan, one cannot fail to be deeply impressed by tl1e great sacrifices the people of the St1dan l1ave 1nade to liberate their great country from colonial rule. Tl1is struggle of the Sudan for indepe11dence has inspired tl1e struggle for national liberation i11 all African countries.

The St1dan and Ethiopia are two neighbouring sis­ t:er ·states linked together by history and geography, The two peoples have lived togetl1er for ages, sharing common ct1ltural ·and historical experiences: they share ia long, ·co·nl!lnon 1frontier; they drink .from the saine water; their ct1stoms and traditions are similar. Hence, tl1e St1dan and Ethiopia are destined by the Almighty to live togetl1er in harmony and friendship.

Grateful To S11dan It is to be recalled that wl1en Our cot1ntry was te1nporarily occt1pied by Fascist forces, our patriots re­ fused to bow to the aggressor and 1nany of them took ·refuge in the St1dan, thei1· sister co11ntry. They were heartily welco111ed by the brotl1erly people of the Sudan :who 1nade the1n feel at ho111e. It was in this hospitable land that our patriots regroupecl 11nder Ot1r personal leadership for the battle of liberation in 1941 . As We have often recalled, the EthioiJian people re111ain al:"ays grateful to the people of tl1e S11dan for the sacrifices Sudanese soldiers n1ade in tl1e battlefield on the side of their Ethiopian brothers for the liberation of Ethiopia· Mr. President, Since the independence of the Sudan, the two cou n- 444 -

-AFRICA

tries have . always :1orked together closely for the inu­ tU1al b· enefrt of tth:t�1r peoples. I·t wa·s only last Novem­ ber that We ha d the pl�asure and privilege to play host to Your Excellency during yot1r State Visit to Our coun­ try. The exchange o·f views we had on the relations of our two cot1ntries h,ls been fruitft1l. We have conclud­ nt s in th ed i1nportan t ag.ree111e e fields of ct1ltt1re ' com. merce, comn1un1cat1ons and in matters concernino- political relations between our t\VO countries. Con�rete steps have since been taken to i1nplen1ent these agree­ ments.

Non-I11terference

Our two cot1ntries are con11nitted in every respect to tl1e principles of respect for tl1e territo1·ial integrity of states and non-interference, in conformity \vitl1 the fundamental principles of the Charters of the United Nations and the Orga11ization of A.frican Unity, into tl1e internal affairs of frt]1c:-';1· st.ates.

Tl1e coining fe\:v da)rs '\"1111 1:,ro�;ide Us ·with an op­ portunity to observe closely the develo· prr1ent and gene­ ral progress being made by tl1e Sudan under Your Ex­ cellency's able, wise a11d dedicated leadersl1ip.

Mr. President, While it ca11 be said that considerable progress had been made in the libe1·ation of n1any African cot1n­ t ries from colonial rule, u11fortt1nately, the evils of co­ lonial and racial practices still persist in the Sot1tl1ern part of our continent. Only recently tl1e world was told that a settlement was reached between the Britisl1 Govern1nent and tl1e rebel 1·egime of Rhodesia. The so· -ca1led setltlement was reaol1ed without Af· rican p arti­ cipation - the party directly affected. It has made - 445 -

1\FTIICA

t111cc1·tain ai1y 1J1·ospe·ct of African }najority rule. It is i-J1er,�fore .111,111ifestly clea1· t11at tl1e Anglo-Rhodesian �1g1·ee111e11t \,\/O t1ld se1�·-1e 110 JJt1r1 Josc other than the per­ petL1c:1tio11 of tl1e e11sl,1ve111ent of tl1e five 111illion Afri­ c.:a11s. Et.l1ic,pi a . 11as rejectecl tl1is �1green1ent as being contrary to the. 1nte1·ests o:f tl1e Afr1can people of Zim­ bab,ve. She w.ill conti11t1e to 11-old the Britis·h Govern­ J11e11t 1�esponsible fo1· tl1e independence of Zimbabw e on tl1e basis of 111ajority . rt1le vvithout conclitions and qt1alificr1tions. Af1.-ican States, .in co11cert witl1 the free­ ..cl (1111 lovi11g 11atio11s of tl1e vvo1 ld, a1 e dt1ty bo11nd to co11tint1e to assist t1.1e 11ation,1list .111ovements of Zim­ l1abwe i11 tl1ei r legi ti1n ate st1·r1gglc fo1· freedo111 and inclepende11ce.

Tl1e Miclc11e East c,,isis l1as 11ot yet fot1nd ia solt1tion.

A The \\-'01.·lcl cannot afford to 1 e11·1a i11 inclifferent wl1en internatio11al peace conti11t1es to be tl1 reatened. All 11atio11s, s.r11,11] ,111cl bi-g alike, 111L1st do·t1ble their efforts 10 ,tcl1·icve ,a sett1e111ent 011 tl1·e bas· is of rl1e Sect1rity Cot1ncil reso]t1tio11 c)f ·Nove111bcr ·t 967.

M1·. Presicle11t, We feel sure tl1at as ,l 1·�st1lt of Ot1r ])resent visit to tl1e St1dan, t11e tradiitio11a· l f1·ie11dsl1ip bet\\reen the t�'0 11eigl11boL1,�i11g �tate·s ,v-i}l co11tin tie to :f.lot1 r,ish. We look fo,warcl t10 ·tl1c excl1,1110-c ·of viev.1\� ·,;vhicl1 \1Je ·sl1all be l1::l'li11�� soc)11 ()11 111,lttcrs c)f 111LltL1al i11terest . . . · May clll l1cre ',1ss-e111blecl ,raise 1t'l1eir glasses to JO1n .y enc Us i11 tl1i� to,1st: to t11e ,good 11eal tl·1 of I-Iis Excell Ma�o�· _General S, aafar El-Ni111 ieri, Preside'.1to! the 111 oc1 c:tl·•:.: ReoL�bl1c C)I· tl1e St1ci,111, to tl1e t11 o iess � _ to d a tl1e St1d ,1n n P1 OSJJer1 ty of tl1e ·ly ]JeOJJlc of brotl1e1 dan St1 ·t·· l1e eterna1 f·I..1e11c1:s 1ll. JJ of tl1e 1t,1vo s1. ster s, s tat· e · , · " 11cl Et11 i o JJ i a. �

�:d

T• a11uary 2, ·]972,

, AFRICA

REPLY TO CIIIEF SUDANESE NEGOTIATORS The cig,·een1.erit tl1at l1c1s beeri reciched by the Goverrz111e11t of tlze Sitclati c111cl Soittfz Sitdari in O 1,t;· c·azJital (:ity i.r:; of 111ore t/1a1i 111.0,n.en­ tci,·)} i1111Jo1·tarzce. l t c1t1gi1rs· 1ve ll for all tlie /JeO/Jles i11. this 7Jart of tlie worlcl a11cl for all the 7JeO/Jles of Africc1 at lctrge.

We all know tl1e diffict1lties wl1ic.h the St1da11 faced. T]1e gove1·nn1ent of the Rcpt1blic of the St1da11 is to be co11gratLtlate(I for its effori.� in fi11di11g a peace­ ft1l sol11tion to tl1e Sot1t]1 St1clan proble111. We are ex­ tremely l1aJJPY tl1at both sicles of tl1e nation, tl1e north a11d tl1e sot1tl1, were able to condt1ct tl1e talks i11 a spi­ rit of tl1e noble 1nissic)n of 11ation,li interest a11d 11ot jt1st for short-rt1n jnterests.

This is \Vl1y tl1e attention of Africa ,vas foct1secl on the delicate ancl l1appily st1ccessft1l negotia.tions which were co11dt1ctec1 in ot1r Capital city.

We and Ot1r govern1ne11t are cx.tre111ely h[lppy tl1at a peaceft1l solt1tion has been fot111d to t11e sot1tl1ern problen1. The t1nde.rstancli11_g wi1ic.�h prevailed dt1ri11g the talks sl1owed that both sides of tl1e nation were able to co11ce.ntrate 011 tl1e larger intere.:�t. of ,1 t1nitecl SL1ctan.

Tl1ey were 11ot 111isled by sl1ort-terr11 and by pt1rely per­ sonal ga\in, bt1:t by tl1e vis1io11 of a ,peacefLtl ancl prosper­ ous fL1t·11re for all tl1e peoJJle of the St1da11. Tl1is is wl1·at prevailed dt1ring yot11· talks th,lt hrtve jL1st sL1ccessft1lly C<)ncluded l1ere.

T'his is as it sl1ot1lcl be, for \,,11e11 brotl1ers qL1arre1, as ·it l1appe11s fro111. ti1ne to ti111e, -they co1n·e tog etl1er and disct1ss tl1e isst1es co11cernecl in a very ope11 111an11er ancl atte1npt to arrive at 111t1tt1ally cigre�d solt1t�o11s. We. are 1nost cleligl1ted tl1.at the Sttdan acl11evecl this toclay.

- t!47 -

AFRICA

We l1ave expressed to Your Excellency that the unity and territorial integrity of Sudan is a matte1· of supr. eme na·tiona' ;l interest to Ethiopia. We say thi.s be­ cause the stronger a nation is, it would be in a better position to consolidate its national interests, establish brotherly relations with its neighbot1rs and contribute, in a significant way, to the maintenance of peace and security. We have often said that n1ore closer co-opera­ tion between our two nations is a matter of national interest to our two peoples: thus Ethiopia has an inte­ rest in the national unity and political independence of the ,brotherly ,people o.f nh·e Sudan.

1

Divisio11 - Colonial Legacy

In the past, one could say the (livisions that existed in the ra: nks of Africans were due in som·e measures to t-he legacy of colonial -administra·tion. The manner in w.hioh they admi. nis-tered their for.n1er territories, tl1e n1anner 1in which they attempted to ,indicate divisions among African -peoples along tribal lines, sometimes along lines ·of special ·interest, were designed ·to per­ petuate th ·eir colo11ial ·system . Africa ·has now awaken­ ed to thi; s ev-il legacy of co1on·ialism.

All of 11s realize that if 11ations a1·e to be divided along tribal lines and tl1en alon_g village lines - for in each tribe there are again s11b-divisions - then we 11ave autonomous villages \\,hich cannot defend tl1en1·selves and which cannot work as a nation. These weak units in turn weaken Africa, and tl1e co11tinent will be vulnerable to colonial-type exploitation.

The strengthening of a nation and, indeed, _t hat of ?malgamating the various st1h-grot1ps in Africa� _ n a e viabl nations contrib11te to 111ake tl1at nation - t148 -

AFRICA

strong. Wl1e11 a natio11 is stro11g, the interests of tl1e ethnic gro11ps witl1in it are protected. This is a lesson that we 111t1st lea1·n in Africa, for tl1ere are those forces of evil vvl1ich vvisl1 greater dissensio11 in tl1e African ranks. Bt1t we k11ow ot1r interest lie in consolidatino­ tl1e national interest of eacl1 African country and i; consolidating tl1e interests of Africa11 cot1ntries on a continental basis.

We l1ave ofte11. said tl1at African U11ity cannot be realizecl if tl1ere is division and Liissension within its compo11e11t parts -- nations. Thl', agree1nent that has been reacl1ed by tl1e government of tl1e Sudan and the Sot1th Sudan in Our capittll city is of more tl1an mo111en­ tary importance. lt augt1rs well for all tl1e peoples in this part of tl1e worlc1 ancl for all the peoples of Af ric,1 at la1·ge.

Tl1e tangible results acbie\,.e(� in the talks l1eld l1ere in tl1e last two \Veelcs shO\\' t11at 1nan is basically rational when face;d. -wtth. gra_�..,e ,issues v1h-ich -aiffect the t1nitv, .,, or t1.ir� I1om_i:,=;la11d. Tl1is oi1r f.r?.ends - the prosperitv . l1ave ,bee11 able to acliie.\re to.da-y. V·/e lr.101( ·vv]:tl1 �J,jr.r11ra� tio11 at the policies pt11·st1ed by }:l.E. I11·e:·,ident E1-I...Jimeiri. We can say it is a rationttl policy· t.Jf reconc�ilia­ tion and a policy for the pursuit l)f peace. V./e pay tri­ b11te to 11.is efforts j11. this 1·egard and '\"f../e are happy that l1e is s11cceedi11g in his policies of creating greater 11n­ derstanding vvithi11 his co1.1ntry n" well as witl1 the 11eighbot11·ing nations.

We feel that tl1c frag1ne11tation of a 11ation al<)ng tribal and ethnic li.nes is �ontrary to the will of st1rvival and to the force of logic, because even for the tribes to 6L1rvive tl1ey 1nt1st stand together. Hence fragmentation 'alono- tribal li11es is co11t1·a1·y to tl1e nation's st1rvival, for there is no t1·ibe strong enough by itself to defencl •

- 449 -

3 0*

AFRICA

its interests. F1·agn1entation is incleed contra1-y to the laws of natL1re itself.

In this connection, vVe \vou.lr.:f ljke to express Our gratit11de and the gratitude of Ou1· nation to the distin­ gt1isl1ed members of the W 01·ld Council of Cht1rches, wl10 l1ave contribL1ted so m11cl1 to bring the parties to­ gether and \,,110 Vlere instrun1ental in reaching the hap­ py res11lts \J./e \vitness toda)'. We salute them on this a11spicious occasion. They represent the best tradition of the Cht1rch - the purs11it of peace and the promo­ tion of brotl1erly relations among tl1eir fellow men. All the sacrifices that they, have made and the n1anner in whicl1 the1r discl1arged their duties deserv· e them sincere congratulations.

We would also \Vish to thank Y011r Excellency for the very lcind vvords that )'Ott ha\1e said. We will do eveDrthing ,vithin Ot1r -power to heln - execute the unde rstanding that has been reached between the two sides 111 01-1r capital city. May God helr, )�011 in consolidating tl1e interests of yot1r nation.

Good\vill J> revailed

Witho11t gooclwill 011 both sides. today's agree111ent wot1ld 11ot h -ave bee11 poss,ible. Wl1at l1as been ach1eveo show-s ·the m·agnani111ity ,of ·t he people of Sot1ther n Sti­ da11 and ·the ·gove1·111nent -and '1Jeo1Jle of ithe cou11try · The agreen1ent toward.s acoo111·n1odati11g the irtterests of all concerned in st1ch vital q11estions calls for greater 11nderstanding and gooclw-i ll. Un·derstanding· betwee11 t\v� grot1ps witl1in a nation is not (ln easy task . We ar� . delighted that yo1.1 have been st1ccessf t1l in reaching sue a11 t1nderst,tnding. � delt r Altho11gh We were not presen.t in all of you ,

..

1

-- 450 ---

•

1

AFRICA

neve�theless, We were ti1ere witl1 yot1 in spi­ berations, . r1!· The occasion tl1at brought yot1 here toclay is a tr1t1111pl1 to the governn1ent of tl1e St1dan, the IJeople of Southern Suclan and to Etl1iopia. It has bee11 sa.id that no one ca11 pu1t ast111der wl1at G·od has joined too-ether.

And tl1is l1as bee11 111anifested toclay by the t1nde�tand­ ing and good spi1·it ,vhich prevailed clt1ring tl1e st1ccess­ ft1l talks betwee11 brotl1e1·ly peoples.

Iri ,·eply to a S/Jeech !Jy Carion Bztrges·s Carr, who JJres·e,itecl a CO/JY of the Aclcli.� Ababa ctg1-ee111e11.t ori Soz,(,tlie1··11 Sitclan, to the Em.pe1·01· on belia.lf of the W01·lcl Council of Clii,,·che,f, His l1nJJerial Maje,'it)' Ha.ile Selas·sie I .'iaicl: As We ·have s-ai'd earlier, We .a1"e very grateful for the part tl1e Wo,rld Cot1nci1 o·f Churches and the All­ Africa Confe1·ence of Churches h.1ve playeci in bringi11g the t,vo brotl1ers together. As inst1·t1ments of God, yot1 l1ave carried 011t I-Iis VVill fo1· peace and justice. Yot1 were able to brin·g two b.roth.e1!'S together ·again. \Vh.at joy is there n1ore tl1a11 tl1ls? ·�/hat y,:)tx 11.ave done is of a lasting value.

This, you n1anaged to do ir1 accordance with tl1e dictates of our Creator, Wr10 said to yot1, tl1e leaders of His cl111rch: ''Go ancl teach me11 to live i11 IJeace, in jt1stice ancl in brotl1erl1ood''. And yo11 have carried 01it the Will of the Lo1·c1.

Y011 wot1ld not have succeecled in yot1r delibera­ tions if tl1e blessing ,tnd goodwill of God did not prevail i11 the 1neeting.

May God bless this agree111(�nt and its exec11tion for the interest of all the people of the St1clan. Ancl so lonce again, We extend our gratitude to the World Council of CI1111·ches, to tl1e All-Af1·ica Conference of 1

- 451 -

.Al<'filCA

Cl1t1rcl1es ancl to all cl1t1rcl1 groLIJ?S who were i11volved 1 11 tl1is noble t111cle1·ta-ki11g. li'ebrt1a1y 29, 1872

C) A U MEDIATION COMMIT.EE Disti11gL1isl1ccl B1·otl1e.r tl·eacls of State, Y0L1r Excellencies; As ,ve co111e to tl1e close of 0L1r 111eeti11g it is only = a1J1Jro1Jriate for u·s to say ,l t ew worcls 011 the ot1tcon1e of our vlor1< l1ere. Tl1it, Co111111ittee, as all of yot1 k11ovl, \VclS set LIP to ,lssist tl1e two siste1· states of Gui11ea a11cl Se11ega 1 to 11or111 ,1lise tl1eir relatio11s based 011 friend­ shi1J ,111ci brotl1e1·l1oocl . Let Us say at tl1e Oll tset that tl1is Co111111ittee has been able to s11ccessfully discharge its clt1ty a11d acl1ieve its 11Jble objective.

Gt1i11e,1 a11d Se11egal are me1nbers of a large Afri­ ca.11 fan1ily. 111 this co11text, it 1s 11ot strange if dif­ fcre11ces sl1ot1lc\ <-1t ti1ne� occt1r betv,,ee11 its n1e111ber s · Tl1is is 11ot ,1 1Jl1e110111e11()11 JJCCL1]iar to tl1e A·frica11 fa111i1y. What 1natte.rs is tl1e a·bility to fi11d solL1tions to st1cl1 problems wl1ich are i11i11·ical to tl1e inte1·ests of Africa· MindfL1l of tl1is, tl1e OAU l1as bee11, since its i11ceptio11 11i11e �>'e,1rs ago, vigila11t 11ot to allo,v exter11al forces to t111cler111i11c frie11cllv 1·elatio11s bet\veen a11d s State ber 111e1n ,11no11g tl1e 1ne11 1ber states. Tl1e OAU l1ad. _to 111eet 111a 11y cl1,1]l�11ges wl1ile engaged i11 str ei1 g· ai1d s l1ope tl1 e11 1 11g tl1e org,111izatio11 a11cl realizi11 0- tl1e aspirations of the Africu1 peoples. In°this resp �ct , ti'.! _ at l1 OAU �1as acl11evecl wl11c 111a11y JJositi\1e 1·est1lts n a · t an J � b�!1e ic1al to tl1e A·frican peo1Jles. Tl1e i1n1Jo: � _ ef[ecti,,e role playecl by t.l1e OAU in settl111g 111ter ·· - '1.52, ·- ·

AFI\ICA

a na 1 11e fo1· tl1 e organization pute� l1as earned African dis . _ _ fo r ce for peace. Tl1e victory we 11ave 1ve 1 s po � as � _ _ acl11eved _111 Mo11.rov1a 1s yet_ another milestone in tile success history of OLtr orga1 11zatio11. l1as p1·ove11 to be worthy of the Our Co11 ?111ittee _ trt1st 1 ·eposed 111 1t b y tl1e Asse111bly of Head s of State and Gover11111e11t by fL1lfilli11g its 1nandate in a fashion wl1ich l1as beco1 11e a traditio11 of tl1e OAU. In this regard, 111ay We tcll(e tl1i s op1JortL1nity to pay tribute to all 1 11e111.be1·s of tl1e Co1111nittee whose wisdo1n, state s­ ma11sl1ip, farsigl1ted11ess a11d tireless efforts l1ave brou ol1t abot1t tl1e s,rtisfacto1.·y rest1lts w e l1ave acl1ieved tod;y.

Eacl1 Me111ber I-lead of State l1as 1 nade cl si11gt1lar co1 1tribution and, st1f fice it to say, the �uccess we l1ave acl1iev ed .is attrib11table to tl1e team work do11e by tl1e Con1n1ittee n1en1be1·s. Tl1is is no dot1bt a trit1111pl1 for tl1e cause of African t1nity.

111 the nan1e of tl1e Co1n1nittee, 111ay We express 011r appreciatio11 a11cl ad111.iratio11 for tl1e gooclvvill a11d the s1Jirit of co111p1·0111ise sl1ovv11 by Their Exce1le11cies :President Selcot1 Tot1re a11(l Preside11t Leopold Sengl101·, botl1 of \vl1om, as fot1nding 111e n1bers of tl1e Of\U, ha,,e never ceas ed to 1n,1ke val11able contrib11tions to the gro\vth of tl1e organisatio11.

Fi1 1ally, it is a 1Jleasa11t d11ty for Us tc) express 011 bel1alf of tl1is Co111111ittee, ,l11d 011 Ott r ow11 b ehalf, ot1r deep gratittide to His Excelle11cy Presidcn_t Willi� 111 Tolbert for tl1 e j111portant part l1e J?layecl 1n 1nal<� 11g OL1r meeti11g cl great st1ccess. We wish to tl1a11k l1un, and tl1ro110}1 l1i111 tl1e Govern111e11t a11d tl1e brotherly people of Libe1·ia, for the generot1s hosp�t�l_ ity exte1 1ded to tis dtiring 0111· stay ancl for tl1e �ac1l1t1 es that had bee11 pt1t at tl1e disposal of tl1e Co111m1ttee.

- 453 -

AFRICA

Long Live tl1e Spirit of Brotherhood and Under­ sta11ding a111ong Africans .

Long Live the Organisation of African Unity .

June 1, 1972

ADDRESS AT RABAT OAU SUMMIT In addressing thiis ·august ass·embly of Heads of S·ta ·te •an; d G · overmnent o· f 1the Organization of African Unity, it is 011r pa1·ticular pleasure, in tl1e fi1·st instance, to express si11ce1·e appreciation to His Majesty King Hassan II for the eloquent and inspiring address whicl1 l1e i1as just delivered.

Ever:yone here will agree \Vith Us that all of us have been. very 1nuch inspired by His Majesty's open­ ing add1·ess which 11,1s set a serious and meaningful tone for our delibe1·ations.

'Tl1ere is no doubt that tl1e ideas advanced by His 1\1ajesty will greatly contribt1te to our delibrations. All of us. here ar·e well awaPe of His Majesty Ki11g Hassan's dedication to, and t1nwave1·ing faith in, the consolida­ tion of un-ity and 11,is p · oscitive contribt1tio11 to the con­ ·solidati.on of the unity and peace of 011r conti11ent. The genero11s and typically African l1ospitality extended to all of us is yet a11other 111anifestatio11 of tl11e keen inter­ est I-Iis M1ajesity, the ·G·over11n1e11·t ,a11Jd people of Moroc­ co have in strengtl1ening our or·ganization. �ay We take this 01J1Jort1.1nity to express Our heartfelt thanl<s and tl1ose of oul� colleagues for the brother�y reception and. lavish l1ospitality. We arc deeply indebted to His Majesty }:ing Hassan for the - 454 -

AFRICA

per sonal attention h� ?as given to ensure our comfort and to c1·eate a p1·op1t�ous atmosphere for our ineeting.

Whe1:ever �e ·t�1�k of !'11or; occo, Our thoug· hts go back to His MaJesty s 1ll11str1ous fatl1er, King Moham­ m� d _ V, _wl10, tl1,r o� gh far-sigh! edness and political so­ ph1st1cat1on, led this country into indepe11dence fro111 the cll1tcl1es of colonialis111 and l�Lid the fot1ndation of modern _Mor�cco. We especially take pride to 11ote t?at Africa 'Y1ll !or ever reme1nbe�· l1i1n as a great pat­ riot. Follow111g m tl1e footsteps ot l1is fatl1er, I-Iis Ma­ jesty Ki11g Hassan has continued to contribute to tl1e well�bei11g ·and prosperity of tl1e Moroccan p·eople.

May We wish His Majesty all success in l1is encleavot1rs.

African Aspiratio11s We also take this opport11nit)1 to express Our sin­ cere appreciation to the distingt1isl1ed President of Mauritania, His Excellency Maitre M11ktar OL1lcl Dad­ dah, ,vho, in l1is capacity as ct1rre11t Chai1·1na11 of tl1e A·ssembly of Heads :of State 'an.d Gover11111e11t of the . nce the cause O.A.U., devoted all his energies to adv:a. of Africa. Our b1·otl1e1· President Ot1lcl Dadclal1, has ,von tl1e respect an.d admiration t)f tl1e peoples of Af1·i­ ca for his u11tiring effo1·ts to £111.fill the n1andate this ,ls­ sembly has entrustecl to hi1n. 011r c11rrent Cl1air111a11, like his predecesso1·, I-I.E. P1·esident I(enneth K.a11ncla, has also travelled widelv, in. spite of pressi11g state dtl·· ties, leading tl1e O.A.u: mission to Amerjca, Asia _ancl Europe fo r the p111·pose of sec11ri11g s11pl?ort f01· Afr1�an aspirations . In addition to tl1is dipl()mat1c battle against colonialism ou r Organization has contin11ed to play an effectiv; role in l,'i-inging aboti.t peace and brotherl)' relations among member states.

- 455 -

A.FRICA

\1/e shall, indeerJ�, be remiss i11 ()t1r dt1ty if We were i to pass witl1out referr ng: an1on,g othe1· things, to the an1icable settlement acbie1lecl in the Guinea-Senegal clispt1tc, consistent V/ith the spirit of ot11· Charter and the best traditions or our Organiz.ation. Tributes are rightly due to Their Excellencies P1·esident Sekou Tot1re ,1ncl Presjder1t Senghor·} 1,1litl11out \.vhose wisdom and co­ opet·ation the dispu·te c,oul ,d not have been amicably SP;ttled. We also find it fitting to JJay ot1r gratitt1de to tl1e 1nen1bers of the Cornn-1ittee witho11t \Vhose 1·elent­ less efforts the problein ,,;v.otr]d not have co1ne to sucl1 a successf11l conclu.sion. On behalf of the Com1nittee, We mt1st also express deep appreciatio11 to I-I.E. Pre­ sident Tolbert fo1· his -valua ·ble contribt1tio11 towards the st1ccessful conclt1sion of 0L11· assign1nent. Tl1e Go­ vernment and people of Libe1·ia, \Vl1·0 :made ·it possible for the Con1mittee to meet in a n1ost fraternal and con­ dl1cive at1nosphere, deserve our special gratitude.

O�.t\_.U Is Grateful

Since our last session, this Organizatio11 l1as st1s­ tained the loss of t½'O of its promi11ent a11d fo11ndi11g 1ne1nbers - the late Presidents Tubn1,1n a11cl Nkrt1111ah.

President Tubman \Vas a great elde1· states111a n wl10 was thorot1gl1ly knowledgeable on African aff,1irs. I-Ie was ;amo11g ,those who \Ve1·e ' -tin1e and .a�(J1ai11 ' called upon by ot1r Organization to 111ediate i11 int1·a-African d'1sputes . I-le was a hL1ma11is,t w·ith a strong ·faitl1 i11 the 't1ltin1 ate goodness of n1en and a .__e1·eat believe1· in the peaceful settlen1ent of conflicts. We ca11 rigl1tly say that his vv-ise coL1nsel and dedicated efforts we1·e a sot1rce ·of ·strengtl1 and unity for \vhicl1 ,rhe O.A.U. will always be grateful.

- 458 -

-----Ali'RICA

Dr. Kwan1e Nkru1nah was a great freedo111 fighter who dedicated his entire life to the cause of Pan-Afri­ canism. His unshakable belief in the unity and great­ ness of Africa has already become legendary. The dedication of these two illt1strious sons of Africa to the cause of Af1�ican t1nity has earnecl the1n a place in his­ tory.

Dear Colleagues, It goes witl1ot1t saying that ()ne of the rnain preoc­ cupations of i11dependent Africa is to wipe out colonia­ lisn1 a11d .racialis111 fro111. tl1e face of the contine11t. While the strt1ggle for freedo1n a11d i11depende11ce is gai11ing n1on.1e11tt1m, tl1e colonialist 1·egimes are resorting to renewed attacks against indepenclent Af1:ican states.

We l1ave to sta11d unitecl and give solid support to these 1ne1nber states.

We pray to the .Al111igl1ty to guide our delibera­ tions.

Long live Africar1 Unity.

14, 1972 June •

•

- 4.51 -

q

lN'l'I�ilNA1··10NAL

FREEDOM FROM 1-IUNGER CAMPAIGN F ·om time i1n111enro.Dial l1·unger, disease and illite­ 1 '.-·· l·.:\· h.a, e been n1Jan's pePSistent enemies whlich have ;·1J:c.gl1ed bis effort to lead a fuller and healthier life . .oeing a�1are of tl1e tl'rgent necessity to eradicat e ·1��_e �a11ses of 11t1n1-a11 111ise1·ies, and having realized _,·�c:.1 this could 011ly be done tl1rough their concerted �l;- ic)11s j 1 the varioLlS agencies of the United Nations, -:·1-= __ - tio. ns of the wo1id l1ave j,oined hands and pooled �:Jg.c:e.h-er ·their ues· ot11r ces a1n·d energies to figl1;t 1ba, ck these -'! ...n·p-;::,.- 5 " \� ]1en, jn 1960, rhe Food ·a11d Agricultur-e Orga­ -- ;�·a-tion. of the U11ited Nations, determined to free man­ ·- · 1d J' 01n t.l1e sco L11·ge of l1L1nger, which is one of the � ·:;::::, enemjes of n1a11, ,p1·ese11ted rt:he programme of ·· ... ;·�edom Fron1 H L111ger Cain paig11'' to !!. he Tenth Ses:·y of 1he F_A.:Q, �11d 1tl1e Ge11eral A·ssembly of tl1e U11it­ .:,.,� �:-.'�1ions, Ethiopia was 011e of tl1e foremost cot1ntries · "::.-:ppo1·t ,ind e11dorse t11e proposal. /1�part from the \1 ariou·s actio11s a11d programmes, --, �:::�b \\1e endea,1ot1r -to tinitia:te, •to e11l1ance a· nd promote i :_:; ·.\·�1farc of 01ur beloveci people, Ot1r efforts to pro­ _:.:1·,,,·_,·; and support v,11�ious progra1n,n1es at tl1e var10LtS :·.. ;_£is o.f t11e United Nations a11d its spec.ialized agen:.:· ::r.; J1a,·e gi,r en ,e11coL11·agi11g ,rest1lts. ;t a]l ti111es, Ethiopia will conti11t1e -to be tl1e fir5t ·0 :aJ::.e actio11 on s11cl1 JJ1·orr1·a111mes tl1at are designed to ::··�- �:: �1nd cr<.'.,1clicatc s. uo}1 e1�e111ies wl1,ich tl1reaten l1uman . .. ,. :J:i� and prosperity. ,,A.]J 11atio11s l1ave readily a11d fully e11dorsed_ tl1� ·,.,;·o)Josal that the ''F1·eedo111 Fro1n Ht1nger Ca1npaigii ';'.J0uld be establisl1ed witl1in the Food and Agriculture O·r_ga.njzatio n of tl1e U11ited Nations.

1

1

'

- . ') l_..,. ,., •• -�

.1

- 458 -

.._....-

IN'l'EI{N t\'l'I ONAL

Furtl1ern1ore, a sister-can1,paign, the ''World Food - e'' h,as bee-i1 '.set tllp t1ndt�r tl1e jo.int auspices Progra· 1nm of the Food and Agr1cultt1re Organization .and the Un.ited Nations.

Tl1e IJur�ose of tl1ese . progra111ffies is to study, . a·ss_ 1st and adv1s�. how e:ffect1vely :t:l1e developing coun­ tries can best ut1l1ze their natt1ral 1·esources to raise the sta11dard of living of tl1eir peoples.

T•he most effective way of utilizi11g any outside as­ sisbance is ,to create a·nd develop a11 atmosphere of self-l1elp, wl1ere the avarlable huma11 and 11atural re­ sotirces cottld be ,tapped in tl1e ,best j11terest of the peo­ ple.

Everyo11e, .in all walk·s of life, regardless of his professio11al occupation, should .feel concerned and play an active role to solve such ,problems which .affect mankind. Now, We oall upon the generosity of Our people to help develop ,agricu}ture a11d in1prove its pro­ ductiv,ity. T-h e Food and Ag,riculture Organ.izatio11 of the U11,ited Natio11s l1as found it essential that :t--Jational Comn1iittees for tl1e Freedo1n Fron1 I-lunger Ca111paig11 be for1ned, ·and that ·each 1V1e1n-ber Sta.te co-01·dinate its ,1ctivities with the World Freedom From Ht1nger Ca1n­ JJaig11 Con1,n1ittee .

Apart from tl1e contr.ibt1tio11 tl1at Etl1iopi,1 makes to­ wands t,he Freedo111 Fro1n H11nger Cam1Jaig11, We l1ere­ by appoint yot1 to serve as n1en1bers of the N-ational Committee of Etl1,iopia of tl1e Freedon1 Frain Hunger Campaign, and W,e l1ave entr-usted ·to yo� tl� e responsi­ bilities to work l1ard to realize the obJect1ves of the Campaign in close co-operation w�th the _Food and Agrict1lture Orga11iza,tio11 of the U111ted Nations. \Ve have, with pleast1re, accepted the request. to be the pat1·on of tl1is Freedon1 From Ht1nger Campaign - 459 -

Committee of Ethiopia, and l1ave inst1·ucted Our Mini.. ste1· of Agriculture to follow tlp the activities of this Ca1npaign and present periodic progress reports to Us. 17ebruary 22, 1963.

TO THE U.N. The goal of the equality of 111an which we s·eek is the antithesis of the exploitation of one people by anotlier with which the pages of history arzd in particular those written of the Africa,i and Asian continents, speak at such length.

Today, I stand before tl1e world organizatio11 which l1as succeeded to the 111a11tle disca1·ded by its disc1·edited predecesso1· . 111 tl1is body is ensl11·ined the principle of collective security wl1ich I 11ns11ccessf11ll)' i11voked at Ge11eva. Here, in this Assembly, 1·eposes tl1e best - perl1aps the last - hope fo1· the peaceful survival of manki11d.

In 1936, I decla1·ed that it \\-'dS 11ot the Covenant of the LeagL1e that was at stake, but i11te1·11ational 11101·c1lity. Unclertakings ) I saicl the11, ;1re of little worth if the will to keep the111 is lacking .

TJ1e Charter of the United Nc:tt.ions exp1·esses tl1e noblest· : asipi1·atio11·s of 1n;a11: bhe ;abj111·a1:io11 of fo1·ce in the settlement of dis·pt1tes betwee11 states; the assurance of h1· 11na11 1·igl1ts a11Jcl ft111da1nen-tal fr·eedoms for a_Il �itl1ot1t distinction rts to r·ace, t;,�x� lang11age or 1·eli� _g1011.; tl1e sa·fegt1ardir1g of i11ternational peace and se­ ct1rity.

But these, too, as were the pl11·ases of the Co- 460 -

INTERNATIONAL

venant, �e 01tly wo1·ds; tl1eir value depends wholly on 011r will to observe and l1ono11r then1 and 0oive tl1en1 content and 111ea11ing.

Tl1e pre�ervation of peace a11d the guaranteeing , . fre bas edo s 1 111s and r tghts requi re courage of 111a11 ?. a11d eternal v1g 1lance: co111·age to speak and act and, if necessary, to s11ffe1· and di e - for truth and jt1st•ice; eter• 11al vigilf1nc• e, tl1at tl1e least transore 0 ssio11 of 1nte1·nat1onal 111oral1ty shall not go u11detected and 11nre111·edied. These 1essorrs mt1st be learned anew by eacl1 s11cceed-ing ge11e1·ation, ai1d that generation is fortunate i11deed wl1icl1 learns fron1 other than its own bitter experience. This -Orga11ization a11d each of its members bear a cr11shing and awesome respo11sibility: to abso1�b tl1e wisdo1n of history and to apply it to the IJroblems of .the pres·ent, i11 order that futt1re genera­ ti1011s 1nay be born, and live, and ·die, in peace.

UN Ba.sis For Hope The record of t·he l.T11ited J�Jations7 d1Jring the few short years of its life, affords ma,nkind a solid l1asis for encol1rage111.ent and hope for th{� ft1ture. The Unitecl Nations l1 as dared to act, wl1en tl1e League dared not - in Palestine, in Korea, in S11ez, in the Congo. ,..fl1ere js not one. a111011g us today v,ho does not conjectt1re l1pon the 1·eaction of this body v,1l1en 1notives and act­ ions a1·e called into qt1estion. The opinio11 of this Or­ ganization today acts as a powerf :il jnfluence t1po11 tl1e decisions of its 111e1nbers. Tl1e spotligl1t of world opi ­ nio11, foct1sed by th e United Nations upon the trans­ gressions of the re ne gades of hu1nan society, has tht1s far proved an effective safeguard against unch�cked aggression and t1nrestricted violation of l1t11nan rights.

1

- 461 -

..

INTETTNATIONAL

The United Nations continues to serve as the fo1·um where nations whose inte1·ests clash may lay their cases before world opinion. It still provides the essen­ ,tial ;escape Vlalve w.ithout which ·the ·Slow ibuiI: d-up of pres sures would have long since resulted in catastro­ l)hic eXJ)losion. I1ts a·ctions: a11d :decisions ha1 ve •speeded the achievement of freedom by 1nany peoples on the continents of Africa and Asia. Its efforts have contri­ lJt1ted to the advancen1ent of the standard of living of peop1 iJ es i11 a· ,11 ,corners of 1the wor,ld.

Fo1· this, all 111en 111t1st give th,1nks. As I stand l1ere today, how faint, 110\v re1n()te� are the memories of 1936. 1.:row clifferent in 1963 are the attit11des of 111erl. We tl1e11 existed in a11 atmosphere of suffocating pessi111is111. Today, ca11tiot1s yet b11oyant optimisn1 is the prevailing spirit.

Bt1t e,lcl1 one of 11s l1ere knows that what has been acco1nplished is 11ot enougl1. The U11ited Nations judg111ents l1ave been and contin11e to be s11bject to frt1stra­ tion, as indivicl11al 1ne1nbe1· states have ignored its pro110L1nceme11·t,s !and cl1�s1·eg1arded -i·ts ·reco·mmendmtions . Tl1e Organization's sinews have been v\'eakened, as membe r st(1tes l1ave sl1irked tl1eir obligations to it. The a11tho­ rity of the Organizatio11 l1as been 111ocked, as indi,,idual mcn1ber states 11,lve proceeded, in ,,iolation of its com1nancls, to p111·s11e tl1ei1· owr1 ai1ns a.nd ends. Tl1e troub­ les which contint1e to plagt1e t1s virtt1ally all ar·ise ar11ong 111e1nber states of tl1is 01·ga11izatio11. b11t tl1e Orga niza­ tio11 re111ai11s i111pote11t to e11fo1·ce acceptable sol11tions · As the n1ake1· a11d enforce1· of i11ternatio11ul la,v, \vhat tl1e Ur1ited N atio11s l1as acl1ie, ed still falls regretabl)' sl1ort of ot11· goal of a11 i11ternational conur11111it)1 of na­ tions.

This cloes not 111e,111 tl1rl t tl1e u·nited N �1 tions has 1

- .-16"'0 ..;

INTERNATIONAL

failed. I have liv�d roo long. to cl1erish many illusions _ about the essential h1gl1-m1nde(lness of n1en when brought into sta1·k confrontation. \vith the issue of con­ trol over ·their security, a11d tl1ei1· property interests. Not eve ? rrow_, _wl1e11 so 1nt1cl1 ,�s •at h.azar1d, woul· d many 11at1ons w1ll1ngly entrust their destjnies to other hands.

Yet, this is tl1e ultimatt1n1 presented to us: secure the conditio11s whereby 1nen will entrust their sect1rity to a larger entity, or risk annihilation; perst1ade 111en tl1at tl1eir salvatio11 rests i11 the subordination of natio­ nal and local interests to the interests of l1t1111anity, or endanger· -n1an's ft1ture. These are the objectives, y,ester­ day unobtainable, today essential, whicl1 we mt1st la­ bour to achieve.

Until this is accomplished, mankind's ft1tt1re re111ains hazardous and permanent peace a matter for spect1lation. There is no single magic formula, no one simple step, no wo1·ds, \Vhether written i11to tl1e Orga­ nization's Cha1·ter or ir,tr, a treaty be.tv1een states� vvl1icl1 can a11to1natically gt1arantee: to 11s what 'Ne seek. Peace is a day-to-day problen1, tr1e J.J1·od11ct o. f a. mt.1ltitude of events and j11dg1nents. Pe.ace is not a11 ''is," it js a ''becon1ing." We cannot esc,lpe the dreadft1l possibility of catastropl1e by n1iscalct1lation. B11t we can re,1ch tl1e right decisions 011 tl1e myriad 5t1·bordinate proble1ns whic11 each new day poses, and ,ve can thereby 1nake our contribt1tion - and perhaps the most that can be reasonably expected of 11s in 1963 - to tl1e preservation of peace .

1a·t·ion·s has served tis N d te ni U , I·t is l1·ere -tl1·at th·e - not pe1·fectly, bu t w el l. And in enhancing the possi­ bilities that the Organization ma)' serve us better we serve and brin 0o- closer our most cherished goals .

1

- 463 -

lN'I'I!:IlN.,i\ TIONAL

Issues Of

Dee11 Co11ce1·11

I woL1lcl 111entio11. briefly today two particular issL1es \,,11ich a.re of dee.p concern to all men: disarin­ :1rr1e11t, ,1ncl tl1e establish111e11t of trL1e equality among 111e11.

Dist1rn1,t111e11t 11as bec.0111e t}1e t11·gent i111perati,,e of ot1r tin1e. I do not s,1y this hecat1se I eqt1ate the absence of arn1s to peace, 01� because I believe that b1�inging ,1n encl to tl1e nt1clear arn,s race at1toma.tically g1-1ara11tees the. peace, or becat1se the elimination of 11L1clear warheacls f1�01111. the arsenals of the world \vill bri11g in it1s \\1 a,ke that cl1a11ge ..in a·ttitt1d·e requisite to tl1e peacefL1l settlen1ent of dispt1tes between n,1tio11s. ·oisar111,t 1 11ent is vital toclay, c1uite sin1pl)'� bec,lt1se of the in1n1ense dest1·t1cti,1e capac-ity of vlhich 111e11 now clispose.

Ethiopia st1ppo1·ts tl1e atn1 ospheric nt1clear test ban treaty as ,1 step to,vards this goal, even though only a. partial step. Nations ca11 still perfect weapons of 111ass destrt1ctio11 by t1nderg1·ouncl testi11g. There is n<) gL1arantee ,1gainst the sudclen, t1nannounced rest1111ption of testing 111 the at111ospl1ere.

The 1·eal signifi(:ance of tl1e. t1·eaty is that it adn11ts of a tacit stalement betwee11 the natio11s ,vhich nego­ tiat�d it, a s· tale111,ate wl1ich 1·ecognizes tl1e b· lt1nt, tln· _ a,,o1clable fact tl1at i1C)11e woL· 1 ld er11e1·ge from tl1e total clescrtiction whicl1 wot1lcl be tl1e ll)l of all in a ntic1ear W,lr, a staleincll·e whic11 c1ffo1·ds tis and tl1e United Nations a breatl1i11g s1Jace i11 vvl· 1ich to act· .

Opport1111ity and Challenge

H · ere 'I·S ot1r opportt1nity a11cl OLil� challenge. If tl1e n,.1clear. PO\>\'e1·s ,11·e JJI�epared to cleclare a trt1ce, let t,JS

INTERNATIONAL

seize the 111oment to strengtl1en tl1e instittitions and procedt1res whic!1 �vill serve as tl1e means for tl,e paci­ fic settlen1ent of cl1spt1tes an1ong 111en.

C'.onflicts between 11ations will continlJe to arise.

The real isst1e is w]1ether tl1ey are to be resolved by fo1·c�, ?r by resor� to pe�cef_t1l 1nethods and procedt1res, acln11n1ste.recl by 1111part1al 111stitutions. This very Organization itself is tl1e greatest st1ch institt1tion. and it is in a 111ore powerft1l Unitecl Nations that we s�ek, and it is here tl1at we sl1,1ll find, the asst1rance of a peace­ ft1l ft1tt1re.

W·ere a real a11d ·effective disarmament achieved a11d 'the ft1nds n·ow ·spent i11 tl1e 'ar111s race devoted to the ·an1elioratio11 of n1'a11's state; ,vere we to concentrate only on rtl1e ·peaceut1l •t1ses o·f nt1clear k11owledge, how vast· ly ,and i11 l1ow ,short -a 'ci1ne 111ight we change the condition:s of n1;ankind. Tl1is shot1ld be 011r goal. \Vl1.en we ,talk of •tl1e q11ality of n1an, vle find, also, a challenge 1and an OJJport11·nity; a c]1allenge to ·breathe 11ew li·fe in1 to ·tl11e -ideals e11shrinecl in tl1e Cl1arter; an op1Jor-tu11ity ,to ·bring ·n1er1 closer ,to freedom and tr11e . eqt1a-li:ty, ,,111d tl111s, clc>ser ,to a love of peace.

The goal of t}1c eq Ltality of man wl1ich we seek is tl1e an.ti-thesis of ·tl1e exploitation of one people by a11other w.ith wl1icl1 ,tl1e JYages of l1istory ,and in parti­ ct1l1ar ,tl1ose written of the African ·and Asian continents, SJJeak ·rut st1oh length .

Exploitation, th11s viewed, h· as many ·faces. But wl1atever gt1ise it asst11nes, this evil is to ?e shunnecl where it does 11ot exist and crushed where .Jt does. It is t·l1e sacrecl dt1ty of th,is Organiza.tion to e11s11re tl1a·t tl1e drea111 of eqtlality is finally realized for all n:en to _ wl10111 -it is S· 1till de11ied, ·to guarantee tl1at explo1tat1on - 465 -

INTERNATIONAL

is not rei.noar11a:ted in othe· r ·forms in places w.hence it I1as: ·alr·eady been .banished .

As .a £ree Africa •has ·emerged during irhe past deoade, ·a fresh .atta·ck has been la11nched -ag-ainst ex­ ploitation wherever i·t still -exists. And in that inter­ aotion so· -commo11 ·to history, this, in 1turn, bas stimulat­ ed a11d e- ncourag·ed the remaining d·ependen·t peoples to r·enewed efforts to .throw off the yoke which h· as oppres­ sed them anid . to claiim .as !their biP�hi,ight th.e ,twin ideals of liberty -and -equali ty . : This very ,struggle ·is ·a ,struggl e' to establish ·peace, a11d until vic·tory ·is as,s·ured, th.a-t br,ot· h-er,l1ood :an· d 11nder­ standing which nourish and give life to peace can be but partial ·and incompl· ete.

In tb·e United Stat,es ,of America, the administr·a­ tion o· f Pres-id·ent �ea111ed·y is l· eading a vigo· rous attack t·o eradicate :tl1e r-em a· ining ves·tiges of 1·acial discrimi­ nation from -this co11ntry. We· know that ithis confliot w.ill be won a11d ,rh1at vight will ·t1·i1· 1111pl, 1. In this 1ime of· trial, :these efforts s·h ,ot1ld ·be enco111·aged and assist· ·ed, and we s· 1hould lend 011r sympat· l1y and support to the Ame11ican Gover111ment, today.

1

1

1

1

Will A.ncl Deter1nin::1tion Las1t May, i. n Acldis A- baba, I co11vened a meeting of Heads of Africa11 S·tates and Gove1·11111ents. In three days, t· he t· ltir.tv-two 11atio11s 14ep1·ese11,tecl a;t that Con· ference ,demonstrated to tl1e \v.orld t:l1at when ,the will a�d ·the ·d et- ern1,in-atio11 ·exis· t, 11ajtions ar1d peoples ?f dtverse backgrounds ca11 ·a11cl w.ill work togetl1er, 111 unity, for ·tl1e ac11ieveme11it of icomm·on goals :and the ass:· 1ra11ce of ·tl1·a1t equality a11d br:otl1- e1·hood w-hich we des1re. is d d A e On the quest· io11 o, f racial discrimin-ation, th 1

1

- 466 --

-

..----INTERNATIONAL

Ababa Confe1·ence taugh·t, ,to those who will learn, this ft1rt, her lesson: that u nt· il the ph-ilo·sopl1y wl1ich l1olds one race s11perio1· an d a11·otl1er inferior is fi11ally and perinanently cliscredited •a11id abandoned; that 11ntil tl1ere are no longer first class and second cliass c-it:iize11s o·f any nation; ·that until ·�he colo11r of a 111·a11's skin is of no more sig11:ifioa·11ce 1tl1· an tl1e ,colour , of his eyes; tl1at until the :basic l1uman rights are .equally gua­ ranteed to ,all, withoUJt regard to raoe; that untII. th·a·t _day, ·the dream of lasting peace and world ·c1Jt1zenish1p and th·e rule of international mor:a1iity will 11emain b11t fleeting illusions, to be pur­ sued bu·t never a:ttain·ed.

A11d u11til ·Vh·e ignoble ,an :d 11nl1appy regimes that l1old ·our br·o'tl1ers i11 A.ngola, ·in lvlozambioue and in So·utl1 A£1·ica in s11lJ-hL1man bondage have been toppled a11d destroy.ed; 1 bigot1·y and · p:rejudice ·and. malicious ax�d in11ntil 1ht1'lna11 iS1e. ]f..;i11ite1·e�t h,8."i.T,·s b1e·e1D irep1af:e,r1 h:y 11n:de:rs.�:o..r1tl­ :ng •and tolera11ce ,a11:d. ·g;oo(!Q1v-ill; 1111ti1 all Afrioa11s stftnd and s·pea.1( as free ·beings, eq:i1!al liin 1tl1,e eyes 10£ ia.Jl 1n·en, 1ais 1tl1ery iaire iJ.1 tl1e :eyes of Heave11; un·til ,tha· ·t d·ay, 1the African continent will not know oeace. We Afrioa11s will :figl1t, if necessary, and we know tl1 at we shall wi11, :as we ·are confide11t in tl1e victorv of g· ood over e,,il.

The Unii ted Nations ·has d,one m11cl1, both d1rectly a11d indi1·ectly ·to speed the disappearance o! discrimi­ nation ancl oppr·es•sion £ro1n t· l1e ,earth. Without t�e oppor·t unity ;to foct1s wor·ld opinion on Africa a· nd Asia wl1ich ithis OrganiZlabion , provides, ,the goal, for many, 1

1

1

- 467 -

C

INTERNATIONAL

might s, till lie ahead, and the ·struggle w,ould ;have taken f.ar longer. For th-is, we ar·e t- rt1ly gr.a t· ef.ul.

1

More Can Be Done But more can be ·done, . Th-e basis of racial dis­ crin1ination ,and :colonialism has been .economic, :and it is wioh economic wea,pons ·tl1,at these evils h· ave been and oan be overcom·e. In p11r, s11ance of resolutions adopted a-t 1the Ad·dis A:baba S11mm-it, Conference, Afri­ oan Stares ,have undertaken certain measures in the economic field whiich· , if ·adopted by ·all n. 1ember states of ·the Unit1 ed Nations, wot1ld soon -reduce intr,ansigence to reason. I ,ask, today, fo1· adl1.erence to these mea.sures by every na•tion r·eprese11·te-d ·here w·h-ich is ,truly devoted to t· h· e p11inoiples 1enunciated in the CI1arter.

I do not believ.e that Port11g,al and South Africa are prepared to commit ·economic or ph-ysical suicide if hon·our,able and reaso11able ,alternatives exist. I be­ liieve �ha·t .suo· h ·alternia,tives ·can be fo11nd.

But -I also kno,v th·at 11nless peaceful soluvions are devised, cot1Jns·els o·f m , ,oderati-011 ,and temperance will av.ail for naught; and anotl1er blow will have been dealt to t·h,is Organiz,a,tio11 wh:icl1 will h1an1pe1· and w·eaken sthll further i1ts u;sefulness i11 -the ·str·t1ggle ,to ens-t1re the viotory of peac·e and liberty ove1� tl1. e forces of strife and oppression.

H·ere, ,tl1en, is V· l1e oppo11tt111·i·ty presented to �s · We must a-ct w-h-ile we can, while the ·occas· ion ex1sts t? exer-t those legi'tima·te presst1res avai, lable to us, le5t time rttn o·t1t ,an · d res·ort· be had to Jess I1a.ppy m·ea�s · ority ' h t atl' Does· !his Organ he t i t izfl! ess s pos· oday t , n o , · ' and 1Vhe W-l'J.l to .aot? And if it does n·ot, are we pre­ rce enfo pared ,to ·clothe it wi-th ,the p and · owe· r to create 1

- 468 -

INTERNATIONAL

the -rule o� law? O r is -tl1e Charter a mere collection of words � wr1 t?�u� cont�nt and substance, bec-ause the es,sent1al s-p1r1t 1s ,lack1ng?

The tin1·e i11 wl1iol1 ·to ponder these quest-ions is all -too shor-t. Tl1e pages o·f history are full o. f �instances in which the unwanted and the shunned nonetheless occurred because 1nen waited to act until too late. We can brook no ·sucl1 delay.

U. N. Must Be Stre11gthened

If we are to su-rvJve, ·this Organization muist sur­ viv·e. T-o survi\ne, 1i t n· 1·u-st be ·strengthened. Its eX:ecutive must be vested witl1 great ,authority. Tlie means for ·the enforcen1ent of ·its decisions n1us·t -be fortified, and, if they do no t· exist, ,they must be ,devi.s,ed. Procedures mu·st be establis:!1ed to proteot 1the sm·all and th,e weak when ·threatened by -the s-trong and the 1nighty. All nations which fulfJ-1 th.e oonciitions of 1nembersh.i.p must be ad1nitted a11d 1allo11ve:d to :sit in this assemblage.

Equ iality ·of 1·epresentati<)D. rr1ust be assurt':d in each of its organs. Tl1e possit�ilities ,11h-ict[ e;rlst in 1the United Nations to provide tl1e n1•e<lium v;hereby the hungry n1a1 y -be fed, the 11·aked clothed, 1tl1'e ignorant instructed, mu·st be ·seized 011 and eXJplaited for the flo1vve1· of peace is not ·sustai11ed by pover-ty a11d want.

To ,achieve th;is r.equi.1·es courage and confidence.

Tl1e co ,urage, I believe, we possess. The confidence n1ust be areated, a11d t- o create ,confidence \Ve must act coura:geot1sly.

The great nwtio11s of •the world woul� do well to r, e111em.ber bhat in the n1odern ,age even their own fat�s are not who1ely in th·eir han·d·s. :Peace demands t· he 11:n1t­ ed efforts of us ·all. W,ho- can ,for.esee what spark might - 469 -

INTEll.NATIONAL

ignite the fuse? It is not 011ly tl1e small ;and ·the weak wl10 n1ust scrupulously observe their obligations to the United Nations and to each otl1er. Unle-ss the s1naller nations are accorded ·thei1· pr1ope1· voice in the settle­ ment of the vvorld's p1·.oble1ns, t1nles·s t· he equality which Africa and Asia have st1·t1ggled to ·a·ttain is reflected in expanded n1embe1·sl1ip in ,the i11stitL1tions whicl1 make up the United Natio11s, confidence will come just that n1uch harder. Unless the rigl1ts :of -the leas-t of 1nen are as assiduously p1·otected .as ·those of tl1e greatest, the seeds of confidence will fall on barren soil.

The stake of eacl1 011e .of tis is iclentical - life or deatl1. We all wish t· o live. We all seek a world in which 1ne11 are freed ·of tl1e bt1rde11s of ignorance, poverty, hunger a11d dis-ease. And \Ve s·hall all be hard­ pressed to escape the deadly 1·ai11. o·f nt1clear fall-out should catastrophe overtake u,s.

When I spoke at Geneva i11 193 6, tl1e1·e was 110 precedent for a head of state addressing the Leagt1e of Nations. I an1 neitl1er the ·first, 1101· will I be the last head of state to adclress t11e United Na-tions, but only I have addressed botl1 ·tl1e Leagt1e and tl1is Orga11i­ zatio11 in this capacity.

The problems \Vl1icl1 conf1·011t tis tod,1y .are, eq u �l­ ly, unprecedentecl. They l1ave no cou11terparts 111 ht1ma11 experience. Me11 sea1·cl1 tl1e pages o, f l1istory for solt1tions, for precede11t-s, but tl1ere a.re none. are e Wher This, then, is tl1e t1lti111ate cl1alle11ge. tlle to rs a11swe we to look for ot1r st11·vival, for the q.t1estio11s wl1ich l1ave neve1· before been posed?

We n1ust look, first· , to Aln1igl1ty God, Wl10 I1as - 470 -

'

INTERNA'l'IONAL

raise� 1na11 above ·tl1e a11iinals and e11dowed hiln with , in Hin1, intelli 1gence. and 1·easo11. We •must pt1t our ·f.aith 1tl1at He_ will_ 11ot desert tis_ ,01· _pern1it us to destroy 11uman1ty \V·h1cl1 I�Ie created 111 I-I.1s i111age.

A11d we 111t1st look i11to ourselves, into ·the depth 0 we have of ot1-r · sot1ls. We :1111t1st becorne sometl1ino 1rever be�11 a11d for wl1-ic� ot1r edt1cation and experience and e11v·1ro11-111e11t ·l1a ve 111--JJrepared us. We 111ust be00111e b�gge1·. tha11 we .J:ave bee11: 111ore cot1rageot1s, _ greater 111 sp1 r1t, larger ,111 ot1tlook. W·e 111ust becon1e men1bers o·f a 11ew r1ace, overcomi11g petty prejt1dice, o\vi11g ot1r t1lti1 nate allegia11ce 11ot .to natio11s bt1t to 011r fello·w 1ne11 withi11·tl1e l1t11nan co1n111t1nity.

October 6, 1963

O·RI.ENTAL CI-IURCI-IES CONFERENCE J-?1·om the 4tli Cerz.titrJi A.D.. . . Monl<s ancl Sairits have co111e f1·orn Egypt1 S'y;·ia a11.d other Cliristian coic1i­ tries to EthioJJia. . .

· Ve11erable ancl I-Ioly Fathers, On tl1is occasio11 whe11 yo1 1 Ve11erable I-leads of tl1e Orie11tal Ortl1oclox Cl111rcl1es are assen1bled to­ getl1er i11 ot1r capit,1] city, it is appropriate to de111on­ strate 011r joy by si11gi11g with tl1e Psal1n.ist, ''Behold ·how good ·and how p leasant it ·is for brethre11 to dwell togetl1er ·i11 1111ity." ( J)s. 133: 1). ll :e "' s se 1e 1 i ol H 1r ot Y as 1, cl 1r � l1t C 1e Tl1e U11ity of tl .

1r111g sp 1n an be to l1t 1g 01 d an k11ow, is t11e will of God d an lp a h be s ay \v al d � ul 1q exa111ple to al l 1nen. It sl nt re fe if d f o en m f o y it 11 t1 1e tl not a l1i11dra11ce to religions.

- 471 -

--INTER.NATIONAL

As chu1·ch lustory testifies, the church fathers froin tb.e Apos,tolic period up to the Third Council ( 4th cen·tury A. D. ) , did hold councils to for:1nulate the doctrines of the cht11·cl1 and to draft 1·ules of church administration.

It is witl1 the hope that your 111eeting will con­ tribute in a significant way to tl1e t1nity of the Church, and indirectly to the unity of all men, that We have invited Yot1r Holinesses and Venerable Fathers to our capital city.

Today not 011ly tl1e cl1urcl1, bt1t also the political powers of the world are f1·eqt1ently meeting, leaving their diffe1·e11ces aside, to taclcle common problems, a11d to find ways a11d means fo1· tl1e achieve1ne11t and prese1·vatio11 of world peace. Tl1e cht1rcl1 should not overlook this great task because sl1e is the origi11 of peace and fraternity.

Our own Chu1·ch is as ancient as our faitl1 and her history is replete with accot1nts of tl1e u11s\\1e1·vi11g faitl1 of our people, the i11spi.i·ing l1erois111 of our 1nartyrs, the holines·s ·of· ot1r ;saints. Tl1e l1isto1·y of our 11 :a tion has always been closely related to tl1e histo1·y of our Church, and the Cl1t11·cl1 l1as bee11 botl1 the rallying point and tl1e inspirer of ot1r national u11ity.

Cl1ristianity has flourisl1ed in our country, keep· ing its origi11al features and cl1a1·acte1· tl1rough the centuries. As a nation we ha,;e a great debt to tl1e church for our cultt1ral heritage.

Ethiopia l1as been from ancie11t tunes well k11 own for her hospitality, a11d tl1is is 11ot tl1e fi1·st ti1ne she has welcon1ed l1oly fathe1·s lilce yot11·selves. From the 4tl1 Century A.D. onward monlcs a11d saints l1ave come from Egypt, Syria a11d otl1e1· Christian cot1ntries to Ethiopia and have bee11 received with higl1 honour aud - 472 -

> INTERNATIONAL

great respect. �o 11:ention only a few ainong those were cano111zed 1n tl1e Etlliopian cI1urch , the Nin who " e ,. o1 . w l10 ca1ne rr n d"f 1 · fere11t cot111tries of the Middle Saints East and A�t1na Geb1·e-�enfas-Kidus are examples.

Th�se. holy !athers, preachrng and establishitig monas­ te�1�s m var1ot1s _ pa� ·ts of ot1_r �ount ry l1a ve greatly con­ _ tributed to Eth1op1an C?l1r1st1a111ty. Therefore, many chU1·cl1es an d 1nonaster1es are dedicated to them in undying 1ne1no1·y of th e s1Jiritual services which they rendered to o·Ll1· cou11try.

In ancient times, wl1en the Faitl1 of the whole cl1urcl1 was one, our cot1ntry had tl1e closest relations witl1 tl1e En1perors of Christia11 Byzantit1m. At the time wl1e11 several Clu·istia11 peoples i11 the Nortl1 be­ came st1bservient to non-Christian powers, ou1· cot1ntry gladly p1·ovided asylum to thousa11ds of Ch1·istian ref.u­ gees. It had equally given asylum from religious per­ secution at an ea1·lier d,1.t.e to the followers of tl1e founder of Islan1. C»r1l5.r ,}ihei1 ot11· own immediate neighbours ceased to IJe Cl',.ristia11 did our contacts with ou1· f el10,v-Christi,1ns in the �Jortl1 and East become diffict1lt to mai11ta.in.

Ethiopia, .an &sland of Cr1ristianity, has made her own disti11ctive contribution to the Christian faith; for, ever· since her· conversion to Christia1uty she l1as re­ mained faitl1ful, her age-old ties with the � pos� olic Cht1rch uni11terrt1pted. For this reaso11 she 1s umver­ sally renowned as the faithful daugl1te1· of St. M� rk of Alexandi·ia. The opportunity we l1ave today to �1sct1ss ot1r con1mon inte1·ests and proble1ns together 1s the fruit of tl1at ancient tinity. To defend the � aith and to preserve ot1r ancient ties with your re� pe�t1ve cotin­ tries, our fathe1·s the Emperors of Eth1op1a a11d the - 473 -

--....

INTEilNA'fIONAL

Ethiopian people l1ave exe1·ted gr·eat efforts all throuoh .:) ot1r history. W e are grate�t1l to all of tl1e1n.

It is therefore witl1 g1·eat joy that we welcome your Holinesses to our la11d a11d to our Cht1rch. Your Holinesses bri11g witl1 yot1 sacr·ed n1en1ories from the ancient past. Yot1r presence l1e1·e is a pledge a11d token of the desire of all Christians to be 011e.

Ever since We ascendecl the historic Throne of Ethiopia, We have conside1·ed it Our dt1ty to call for a 1neeti11g of tl1e cl1t11·cl1es wl10 belo11g to the same fold.

We were prayi11g to God fo1· His l1elp in acl1ieving this -holy pt1rpose, so ·th·at He may grar1t it to Us :to see tl1is eve11t. In a11cient ti111es the Byza11ti11e E1nperors used to st11nmon the cot1nci.ls. Ot11· sincere wish fron1 the ve1·y begi1111i11g was to see these cht1rches 111eetii1g to disct1ss tl1eir co1nmo11 i11terests and decide on their com111on problems. This wish is i.11 actt1al fact f t1lfilled ·today, and we 1are 11appy to witness it. Therefore, We tha11k Almighty Goel fi1·st because I-le l1as enabled tis to properly fulfil otir clear dt1ty, a11d, seco11dly, beca.use our long cherished desi1·e l1as now 1net witl1 fulfilinent.

He11ceforth tl1e 1natter vvill cle111a11d tl1e spi1·itt1al t1nity and hard work. of Y ot11� }lolinesses. For strengtl1 ca11 be achievecl tl1ro11gh 1111ity, a11d st1ccess is tl1e fruit of co-operatio11. Tl1e1·e is 110 dot1bt tl1at wo1·k do11e throL1gl1 a co-ope1·ative spi1·it sl1all 111eet witl1 success· Cl1rist affir111ecl:':. . . Tl1at if two of yott sl1all agree 011 earth as tot1cl1111g anytl1i11g tl1at tl1ey sl1all ask, it sl1all be done for ·them of ·my F,atl1er wl1.icl1 is i11 l1eave11." .

(M,1th. 18:19) For ce11tu1·ies past ot11· 01·thodox Ch11rcl1es have been without co11tact. Perl1a1Js that wl1icl1 still divides the two g1·ot1ps is a 111atte1· of s01ne i1npo1·ta11ce · per� 1

p

INTERNATIONAL

haps it is n ot . In a11y case, we live in a time h political differe11ces are discu_ssed around the confe�n�: table and peacefLtl a11d amicable solutio11s sotlght b, ) Ch t1r ca cl1 n afford to do no less. all. Tl1e Our a g e is cl1aracterized by notable adva11ces in the sphere of co1nm�1nications, a11� is therefore i·ightly ter111ed an ag e of t1111ty a11d of coming together. In this con11ectio11 We 1·ecall tl1e 11oble efforts of Archbishop Nathan Sode1·blo111 of Swede11 who took tl1e i11itiative for tl1e ''U.niversal Cl11·istia11 Conference'' which met in Stockhol111 as long ago as 1925. We have also followed witl1 keen interest the deliberations of the Ecun1enical Cot111cil l1eld last November i11 Vatican City under the spiritual leadership of Po1Je Pa,ul tl1e Sixth of Rome.

This Co11fere11ce 111ay 11ot be able to con1e to fi11al conclusions here a11d 110w. Yet it bel1oves the leaders of the Cl1urches to begi11 to seek ways and means of reconciliation and collaboration.

As noted in yotlr age11da., yoll are to consider the proble1n o·f peace, bec�.us.;; trae world today is facing a great dile1runa: tl1e ca.tastrophical \veapons v1hich a1.·e the result of hun1an ingenuity, me11ace the world to the point of annihilatio11, and tl1e ht1man race is more tl1an ever i1 1 need of the prayers a11d the st11Jport of the Cl1urch.

In this fact we l1ave another ground for co-opera­ tion with all tl1e Cht11·ches of the world. As the followers of Christ let t1s not forget how often ot1r catise l1as sttffered thro11gh disunity.

We wot1ld like to refer in conclusion to the question of social welfa1·e i11 the 1noder! 1 worl�. For a country ca11 acl1ieve mt1cl1 more in th1� field if � t1. p­ ported by. the chu1·ch. The will of God will be realized - 475 -

IN'l'D:RN 1\1'ION.A.l, and l1t1rr1a11ity c,111 c1cl1ie,1e progress i11 both the s1Jiritual ,l11d 1n,1terial fielcls i11 a 11ealtl1y society.

'A'e co11sider it ,t great blessi11g to ·us a11d to Our peo1Jle tl1at Y ot11· I-Ioli11esses l1ave co111e to bless our la11d witl1 )'Ot1r Stlcred p1·ese11ce. Ot11· people and Our Cl1t1rcl1 rejoice to ,velco1ne Y ou1· floli11esses in our 111idst.

1-Ioly Fatl1ers, as tl1c spirit11al descenclants of tl1e Apostles of Cl1rist ),011 l1ave a11 e111111e11t 1·esponsibility, vvl1ich 1·espo11sibility v'/Ot1ld i11clt1de the i111p1·ove111ent of tl1e ·relati0 : 11s of laity vvitl1 cle1·gy 'and of cl1111·cl1 with society.

We l1ope a11d trtist tl1,lt Goc.i v;;ill gt1ide the dis­ ct1ssio11s l1e1·e clccordi 11g to 1-I is ,,vill c1r1d that His power will assist )' ot1r I�Iolincsses .i11 f-i11cli11g co1n111on solt1tions to co111111011 problc111s i11 the sp.i1·it. of a1nity a11d co11cord. Tvfay Goel \Vl1t) l1cl1)ed tl1e 3 ·18 Fatl1ers of tl1e Cot111cil of Nioaea e11:ligl1te11 a11d l1el1J Lls all.

Ja11. 16, 19G5

20Tff ANNIVEllSARY OF U. N. CI-IARTER 1,Jie C/1ct1·te1· of t/1e U11itecl Natio11.s Q,-·ga11i­ zc1tiori e111boclie.) tl,e f 1,L11clar;1e11tal /10/Jes a11.d G!>'JJ i1·(ttiot1 s of r11a11lc i11{l, of safegi1a1�di11g l1itt11.{L11 t·igl1t5·, 111 cti11,tain i, 1g 1110 i-·lcl JJeace, ,·a i.')­ i11g glo!Jctl .\'tc111clc1,1·cl rJf li\Ji11g, a11cl fo1· a{lvanc­ 1 a1 i11g eclitc·cltio11ctl .\·tc11-zclc11·cl,) vt1itl101,1t 111aki11g 1) {li!>,ti11(:tio11 of ,�ace, .�ex, la11gi1age ctrid 1·eli•

(f?l0}1,.

T11e occasion bein rr obse1·\1ed 111arl<s tl1e 20tl1 a11-

nive,1·sa1·y of the sig11i11; of tl1e Cl1arter of tl1e United -- 476 -·

.....-Nat1011s Organizatior1. At tl1e sa111e tin1e, ,1lso, tl1e cttr­ rent year, 1965, l1,1s been desig11ated ,ts Ir1ter11ational Co-operati:0n Year a11cl is being o·bserved ,as ·sttcl1 in ac­ cor,dance \Vith the st1ggestions n1.ade by the late Prirne Mi11is�e: Nel1rL1 of India fo� ''layi11g 111ore c111·phasis on t'l1e ·SJJJr-1t of g·ood oo-ope14at1011 a11cl L1nclerstancli11g exist­ i11g betwee11 govcr11111e11ts of cot111tries \Vl1ose relations are �fte11 k110�11 in ter1ns of inter11 atio11·al problen1s, co 11f l1cts :111cl 1111st111derstandi11gs."

As a fot111ding 111e111ber of the U11ited Nations Orga11izatio11 twenty years ago toclc1y, Et11iopia 11,:ts bee11 carryi11g ot1t satisfactc)rily 11er obligatio11s for strengtl1e11i11;g 'tl1e co11s.titu,tio11,1l s·et-t1p of tl1e \Vo1·lcl body over the years. As a 111e1nbe1· of t11 e va1·iot1s agencies of t11e worlcl orga11.izat, ion, ir1 the discl,,arge of l1er dt1ties, sl1e has been also availing l1erself of tl1e services renderecl by tl1e inter11ational body.

Toclay, the JJCOJ.)les of the \Vorlcl are abot1t to st1c­ ceecl in overco111ing the barric-�rs ()f tin1e a11d SJJace by livi11g as 111e1nbe1�s of a closeiy ii11kecl fa111i1y of 11ations as a rest1lt of tl1e 2tcl va.r1ces rr1ade by 111 oclcr11 sc1e11ce ·an·d tecl111 olo-gy. It can be said, tl1erefore, ·t11at the world has 110\v reachecl the stage vvhere 111atters affect­ ing every indjviclt1al cot1ntry concern men1bers of the ·entire inte1·11atio11al cc)mtnt111ity .

Ho,· v ·bes·t -then ca.11 .a v,or]d 111ore t1n·i tecl, people 1nore intin1ately Ii11kecl, attai11 tl1e 11oble goal of fLlrther strengtl1e11 ing the spi1�it of international cc)-O!Jerati?n, establishing a11 at111ospl1ere of mt1tt1al t111clerstancl1ng a11d co1norel1 ensio11, a11d of ,nal(ing an effort for creat­ ing a world of stlJJre1ne peace ancl hap1)iness? � l1e an­ swer to tl1is ft1ndan. 1en tal qt1estio11 111t1st be r:,rov1cled by the Unitecl Natio11 s Or.ganization \vh,ch is now obser,,­ ing tl1 e t\ve11tietl1 an11-iversary of its fot1ncling. On the -- 477 -

INTERNATIONAL

occasion of this 20th anniversary observance, it is in­ deed timely to co11te1nplate wl1at this organization is' what are its potentialities and on the assessment of its achieve1nents du1·ing the past twenty years to project wl1at it sl1ould be - this organization in which man­ kind has reposed its faitl1 as a useful instrument for exploring ways of settling dispt1tes and conflicts be­ tween states and governments and £01· the maintenance of international peace and security, 111aking suggestion.s on how best to in1prove it still fu1·ther.

The Cha1·ter of the U11ited Nations Organization em1bodies ·the f 1· tn·da111entJal l1o·p·es and as1Jiratio11s of man­ kind, of safeguarding hu1nan rigl1ts, 1naintaining "'orld peace, 1·aising global standard of living, a11d for advan c ­ ,ing edt1.c a· trion:a•l ·stJand·ards· \v,itho1tt 111aki.ng :any dis·tinc­ tion of race, sex, lang11age and 1·eligion. And these hopes and aspirations of n1ankind can only be of value when we 011rselves are dedicated to pt11·s11i11g tl1e goals set by showing abiding respect fo1· the provisions of the Cl1a1·ter a11d by working fo1· tl1ei.r 11ltin1ate realiza­ tion. Unflincl1in,g dedication to the Cl1a1·ter is essential if world peace is to be strengtl1e11ed and fundamental h111nan rigl1ts a1·e to be adequately safeg11arded. In rit i s w .ord and deed, \Ve 1n11st exe1np p solute e 1· a lify , to de·fe11d in·t,ernaltio11ail 111oralitv whe11 th1·eatened, and it 11ecessarv, to sL1ffer a11d clie fo1· t1·u· t· l1 and j11stice so that this inter11at,011al 1no1·ality ,:vill be 1·einforced and st1·engtl1ened. As We said 011 ·va1·iot1s occasio11s in tl1e e ea c 1 1 p ?ast, t!1e. res ponsib l ty ·fo1· safegt1a1·cling world 1s not l11111ted to tl1e G1·eat Powers. Peace and war affe ct not only the Bi,� Po,,v1e1·s but all rnankind and are there­ f01·e the concern of all tl1e peoples of the world .

- i178 -

INTERNATIONAL

Safegt1arding Worlcl Peace Co-operation a11d 11nclersta11cling are basic to the m1aintena: nce of world peace; therefore it i's the duty of the international co1n1n.t1nity to e11deavo11r so that this spirit be strengtl1ened ancl made 11niversal a1nong all nations who hold the responsibility of safeguarding \vorld peace .

The peoples of the worlcl draw new moral strenoth and hope fro1n considering wl1at tl1e United Natiins can do in. achieving the objectives referred to above.

Beca11se of the existence of the U.N., disputes arising between two ·sta·tes, wherein, the i11terest of one of them is 'tran1pli11g 11·pon 1t he other, beoo1ne ·eve11ttl'a;Jly a matter of inte1·11atio11al public opi111on which co11lcl in­ flrt1e, nce t11e justiice of the cause. The orga11i· zauion also has the powe1· and the inflt1ence to red11ce the te1nper of such conflicts and to mitigate the fo1·ces of evil before tl1ey reach a point of explosion that can destroy ma11kind.

The activiities of tt1e United J\Tations Orga11ization can raise the living stand.ar. d of people t·hrot1g·hout the world. However, 110,;v r;an it be rpo-ssible for ·this great task to be acco111plished satisfactorily w·he11 so1ne states do not in1ple1nent tl1e decisions of the Organjzation?

How cot1ld that last hope of n1anJcind ac}1ieve its noble obiectives when some states are ours11in2; tl1eir own sel­ :fisl1 ends bv def· ying tl1e at1tho1·ity of tl1c international organizatio11? Does it not mean that, if tl1e sol11tions to the problen1s faci11g the \vorlcl are not fo11nd by the OrganizB.tion. and if these, wl1en fo1.1nd, are not accep­ ted by all n1e1�be1· st:1tes, tl1e inte1·national bodv 1 s .� ro�­ ing wea]<er and wealzer? We feel that the U.N. 1n its - 479 -

--INTERNATIONAL

efforts to provide a body of international law a. nd to secure its respect l1as fallen short of expectation.

What cot1rse of action shot1ld the s1nall nations p11rst1e v i. s a vis tl1e p1·evailing constitu.tional framew ork of the lJnited. Nation�� 01·ganization and the existing in­ ternational situation? S1na11. nations ought to refrain from n1akin_g the111.sel·ves tools fo1· igniting friction. be­ twee11 tl1e Great Po,vers. Receiving development aid and othe1· for,ns of foreign c1ssistance sl1ot1ld not be conditioned by obligations to take sicles. In order to achieve this goal, they 1nt1st not only adhe1·e to a policy of political non-alignJnent h11t tl1ey shot1ld also oppose and proscribe c.r,nsistent])' all s1nall conflicts bro11ght aboL1,t by ·the prevail1i11g inte1·na·tion1al cold ,var. At a ti1ne when We are striving ha1·d to halt tl1.e armaments race, We are convinced that a nuclea1· war threatens to devasta·te the v/h!ole wo1·lcl. However, we must work to­ gether for the ending of the little \Va1·s which are con­ st1ming the energies of tl1e small nations and decimat­ ing ot1r people.

The ,1111tenable doctr,ine of 1·acial st1p1·em·acy being a t11reat to tl1e maintenance of international .peace and sect1rity as well rts a serio11s set-back fo1· establishin g a sal11brious at1nospl1ere of 11ndersta11ding and co-opera­ tion in the worJcI, we m11st work to,�ether with a11 iden­ tity of pt11·pose f o r clest1·oyi11g tl1e philosopl1y of racism.

Has the United Nations 01·ganization tl1e auth o-. ·� ity fo:· acl1i-evi11·� ,�l1ese -e11ds? Is 1tl1'e Orga11i2:ati�n show; -1 ng a zealot1s ntly· iste cons sp1r1t to ends pt1rst1e these __ _ I·f 1t has n.o a11.tl101·i,tv fo1· doi11g these tl1'ings, are we rec1dy and wJ11ing to v0s1t it with e11ot1gh power to oarry ·-- 480 ·-·

INTERNATIONAL

out its ta:sk sa·tis;uactorily? If we are to survive the· Or­ ganization h ·a:s !also got .to survive. If it ha� to s�rvive, it should be strengthened . And, to strengthen its struc­ ture, the Organization mt1st get the requisite authority.

The weak mt �st_ not be 11��t1led 01· �1olested by the strong.

All ·state fu1fi111n·g ·condit1011s entrtJing· ·them to mem.ber­ shil1 p should be adm-iltted ·to ·the Organization. Because peace cannot reign in an atn1osphere reeking with po­ verty and ht1nger, We s11ot1ld explore and strengthen the means of feeding the h11ngry, clothing the naked, and enlightening tl1e illiterate.

Today tl1e G1·eat Powers should also \Vake up to the realizia·tio11 of tl1e fact uh'at the key to :their destiny and future haippiness does 11'ot lie in their own hands alone. There is n o peace wiithout, co-operation. Be it known that !the principle-s e11-sh11i11ed in the Charter and the ·resolt1tio11s .adop·ted by tl1e Origanization, a1·e not there only for the s1nall nations to 1·espect a11d to implement .

In efforts being made to ease tl1e gravity of v1orld prob­ lems, the smal] 11atio11s shot1]cl l1a..,;e a say. Their voices should be l1ea1·d.. An atrr1(,sp1.1ere of n111tt1al trust and confidence ca11n(1t be establisl1ed whe11 the rights of ·small natio11s are. 110t ,1cco:rded tl1e sa1ne respect as those of t11e Birr·� Po,\1ers. In orc1e1· to accon1plish these tasl<s, it js essential t() roltse the C<)nscie.nce of 1nankind.

Strength ancl 111t1tt1al t1·11st are two indispensable quali­ ties for achieving the con1mon goal . Even if tl1ere is strength, the co1n1non gro11nd of mutt1al confidence n1ust :be es·tablished. T·o ·establish ,this, we mt1st w, ork diligently. Once we are able to do v,hat is humanly possible tJ1,e rest could be left to Almighty God. So that' man who He I1as crea·ted in His own image n1ay not be clestro)recl, let 11s repose our faith in God. 1

1

June 27, 1965.

- 481 -

---

\Ve t,tl,e gre,tt pleast11·e i11 being present today to i 11,1 LtgLtrate tl1e Tr,1de Exl1ibitio11 of the People's : epttblic' <)f Bt1Igaria, i11 0L11· capital city. This Trade R Exl1ibitio11 l1,1s a SJJecial sig11ificance, coming as it does, · so sl101't ·a ti111e after tl1e n1emo1�a·ble v·isit here of the clisti 11gt1isl1ecl Pri111e Mi11 ister· of B Ll lgaria, Mr. Todor Zl1i\1l(o\1 '"111cl recc1lli11g to Us Ot11.· o,vn enjoyable visit to B t1 lgari,1 less tl1::111 two )'ea rs ,1go.

N<.') 11atic)11 ,�c:111 toclay gro\v a11cl prosper in isola­ ti<J11; 110 JJCOJJle ca11 toclay ac11ie,1 e a high standard of 111or,1l c:111cl 111,1teri,11 IJrogress except i11 co-operation ,111cl 111t1tt1[1l excl1ange v\1itl1 otl1ers. After so many centLtries of i1111)osecl isol,1ted existe11ce, we in Ethiopia 11a ve i11 t11is ce11ttt r)1 ciete1·1ninecl to tl1rt1st 0111·selves strongly i11to tl1c ticle of \vorlcl affai1·s a11d to Vlelcon1e tl1e fric11cfsl1i1J a11cl co-C)JJeratio11 of all wl10 ,vot1ld joi11 Vl itl1 t1s i11 tl1c J)eacefLtl JJt1rst1it of a better life. \Ve l1a\'C rcc<)g11 ized tl1,1t t.l1e JJrogress of ot1r nation depends to a \1ery large cxte11t t1pon its ,,,illi11g11 ess to deepen ,111cl expa11cl its eco110111ic ties \Y.i·tl1 =all ·parts of the i\\1or1d.

We l1ave rccog11izccl to<) tl1at trade is a 1nt1tual J)ro1J<)sit.ion. T11 01·cler to {JL1rcl1ase tl1e. tl1i11gs ,,,e reqt1ire fro111 abro,tcl \.'\'C 111 t1st clc\1elo1J C)ttr 0,,,11 1·esot1rces a11d n11cl 111c1: rl,cts for tl1e JJ1·oclt1cts of tl1e ricl1 land wl1icl1 11,ts l,cc11 l,est()\Vccl LI f)011 tis. We 111t1st be botl1 pL1r­ cl1,1scrs ,111cl sellers, :111cl so, ;1lso, 111t1st be tl1ose with \.:'1101n ,�e cle'-11 . Etl1ioJJi,1 tocla J' ,1bot111ds i11 opportL111i­ _ t1es ·for 111\1 cst111e11t ,111cl clcvelo1J1ne11t. Tl1ose wl10 assist LIS i11 re,1lisi11g tl1ese {JOssibilities sta11d to be11efi t ,vith Us, a11cl ,ve \.Velcc)111c tl1 eir SLt JJJJort. tl1ei1� co-operati�r,, _ ,tl1t�1r gc)o.cls ,111cl their se,rvices. Ot11· ·frie11clsl1i JJ ,,,itl1 13L1lg,1ri�1 is bctsccl C)Il tl1csc co11cliti ()r1s.

1

-- ,1s2 -

lNTEilN1\TIONAL

. \Ve thank tl1e. Bt1lgaria11 Governinent f01. the interest and conce1·n 111 t 11e s_trengtheni11g of t11e economic Iii1 ks betw' e.en ot1r cot111tr1es wl1ich has brottgllt a. bOUt e J ook for,vard to ft1rther expansion tI1is ex h·1b1t1011. W . of tl1e trade relat1011s betwee11 Etl1iopia and J3t1]o0ar1a · .

Fel)ruary 16, 1966

ITAI...J:rAN Ex1.:1IBITION We welco111e tl1is opportunity to be present here today to inat1gt1rate tl1e Exhibitio11 p1·esc11ted by tl1e Italian Gover111ne11t i11 com111 en1oration c>f tl1e 700th a1111iversa1·y of tl1e birtl1 of the immortal poet, Dante Aligl1ie1·i. I.t is an occasio11 when we are called to look back 011 cl vast period of history a11cl to dwell for a 1uoment on tl1e great tides of cl1ange wl1ich l1ave formed a11d swept o\1er tl1e ,vorld i11 the seve11 ce11tt1ries since Dante's genit1s was give11 to 111a11ki11d.

Dt1ri11g tl1e )'ears of Da11te's life and throt1gh his mag11ificen!t ''Divine Co1nedy ," ,vhich has Ot1r profound admiratio11 , the first glin1111erings of the Re11aissance, the great awake11ing of tl1e ht1111an spit·it wl1icl1 has so transforn1ed tl1e nc1tt1re of life 011 the pla11et, showed fortl1. F1�on1 Da11te's ti111e 011ward the j111mense forces of l1L1man i11tellect ,111cl in1aginatio11 ca111e to be directed wit11 increasi11g co11c.e11 tr,1tio11 and effect ttpon the natt1re of rnan and l1is 1·elations ,vitl1 J1is fellows and with tl1e world.

Tl1e br.illicl11 t acco1n1)lisl1111ents 1·ealised dt1rin_g the Renaissa11ce - .i11deed tltrot1ghout all recorded history - be,1r f,1itl1ft1l v\'.it11ess to tl1e ge11i11s and capacity of 111a11. Here i11 Africa, i11 t11is very ce11tL1ry, ft1rther testin1011y ·of tl1ese qt1alities -is t1nfolcling before ot1 1· - 483 -

INTERNltTIONA.L

eyes. Ethiopia and her sister states are now experienc­ ing tl1eir own renaissance, 1·ecreating from their own ancient 1and glorious civilizatron a new way of li.fe and hope. The great intellectual ferment which has taken hold of ,this ,continent 1provides a 6·trong modern •parallel to the great awakening of Europe which began in a small Tuscan city so long ago.

We thank the Italian Government for having arranged this informative Exhibition in Addis Ababa.

We hope that from it will come greater underst.anding through wl1ich Ethiopia and Italy will grow together in warm friendship and mutual appreciation.

1.farch 11, 1966

U.S. EXHIBITION It is with pleasure that \Ve inaugurate today tl1e Trade Exhibition prepared for Ethiopia by the United States Government.

Etl1iopia and the United States are already major trading partners with a substantial volume of commerce having existed between them for some years. The Unit­ ed States has long supported Ethiopia's commitment to the establishment of a 1nodern economjr. \Ve can trace a continuing histor·y of Ai11erican encouragement to Ethiopian trade and investrnent in rece11t years, and We look forward to still f111·tl1ei� ir1terest and action alo11g these li11es in the in1porta11t period ahead.

The adva11ce1nent of An1erica11 i11d11stry and te·chnology ·is ·today a �act of life ,tl1 roughout ithe v.r.o�ld · Tl1e tremendous for·ce and vitality of the An1er1can people drawn from dive1·se natio11s and races have created vast and impressive acl1ieve111ents '\\1hich other 1

- 484 -·

INTERNATIONAL

no ea a1 rn ·e w es tly le s st ri vi eo ng p to en1ulate. It IS · P . not however on1y material wealth which We seek for Our people, q_ut also _a n ?bler and happier way of life as well as self-evaluat1011 1n order to be able to preserve their fre�don1 and dignity_. We would root out poverty, hunger, 1gno�ance and diseases a11d i11 their place We would establ1sl1 no t a garde11 of idle pleasures but a fertile and prodt1ctive land in which n1en know the Biblical injuction, ''By the sweat of thy brow shalt thou earn 1th-y 1br-ead," 1a11d •are 1wi:lling 1to earn in 110,nest toil the fruits whicl1 modern civilization offers. The Ethio­ pian people have, witl1out depending on others, the potentials to develop their country and what is more they l1ave the ability of grasping quickly and imple� menting know-how.

Ethiopia seeks 110 cl1arity. She has at her disposal today tl1e ht11nan and other natural resources which given time and guidance \Vill forge a new way of life throughout her ancient towns a11d fields. Sl1e is willing and anxious to trade. She warmly welcomes those who come to furthe1· and assist her active participation in world markets.

Investment capital, technical and 1nanagerial skills and constructio11, enthusiasn1 for realising the vast promise which the nation holds, these are the things which Ethiopia today seeks and will use to advantage.

We believe that the An1erican people are well prepared to supply some of tl1ese essential elements, and to help lay the foundations of a sound and i�depend�D:t Ethiopian economy, capable of full prodt1ct1ve part1c1·pation .in the intwn:ation·al market place. We ·look for­ l til s · n i t ii iib E l:s .th � se � ur co d e ar g w to viewin in th � s es en 1v nt ve 1n , ity rs ve di t ea or he e rt th fu r evidence of t en id nf co e ar e W . ry st du in and capacity of America; - 485 -

INTERNATIONAL

that tl1ese q11alities will continue with increasing force to be applied to joi1 1i11g and assisting Ethiopians in building the n1ode1·n nation which is their cherished dream.

We thank His Excellency Mr. Korry and the America11 Gover11n1ent for their interest and good wisl1es in b1·inging tl1is Ex hibition to Ethiopia. We extend Our th anks to H.E. President Johnson for his message inviting Us to ina11gL1rate this ex.hibition. We wish the Exhib ition 1nuch s11ccess and We look forward to its showi11g new ways in whic h Ethiopia and the U11ited States n1ay extend the warm collaboration and frie11dship wh ich l1ave already sl1own many fruitful results for both our peoples. !vi arch 20, 1966.

WORLD EVANGELICAL CONGRESS - BERLIN Ch1-istians, let us arise a11d, . . . lead au,· bro­ thers a11d sister·s to Oi1r Saviour . . . Who only can give Zife in its fitllest se11se.

As Jes11s Christ l1as said: ''Wl1e1·e two or three are gathered together in 111y 11an1e, tl1ere I a1n in the n1idst of them.'' I·t :is ·tl1eref.ore 0111· eX:pressed .hope ,rha·t t·he�e words will be 1·ealized i11 tl1eir· f1111 sig11ificance in this great assen1bly.

We a1·e l1appy to be p1·esent i11 this farnous City of Berlin w11ere Cl11·istian leade1·s ar·e assembled to co�sid�1- ways a11d 111ea 11s of spr·eading Our Christian 0r am Grah �a1t_ � 1n tl1e world. We tl1a11k M1·. Billy n tio aga mviting Us. t� add1·ess tl1is 111eeti 11g. The prop a e om bec of the Chr1st 1an Faitl1 a111ong nations has . . . 0I

!

- 486 . -

--IN�L'EllNA�flONAL

task of pa1·a�10L111t i1nportance in tl1is age as is evi­ denced by th1s g1·eat asse1nbly of Cl1ristia11 leaders.

As you al� know, it is ce11turies past since Our . co11nt ry, Eth1op1a, acce1)ted tl1e Gospel of CI1rist. We learn from tl1e H?ly �cr�ptt11·es tl1at tl1e first Ethiopian who confessed faith 1n. Jesus Christ was baptised only a few n1ontl1s after tl1e death a11d rest1rrection of Our Lord. � ro�1 tl1en on Christia11ity spread steadily among tl1e Eth1op1an people and beca1ne the .religion of the Ethiopians i n tl1e Fot1rth Cent11ry. It is a matter of pt1ide for Us, 1a ,speciail oa:use f01· thankfulness to A·lmigh t· y God, when We ·recall that :the C-hrJstian F·aith was i11t1·oduced to O.u1· people by tl1e Imperial Court a.nd through tl1e i11strumentality of the tl1en reigning Monarch.

Ethiopian history testifies tl1at ot1r a11cestors, who rose after the first Cl1ristian Empe1·ors, were men and women w-ho had grelait zeal !and keenness d:or 1tl1e Faitl1 of Christ and who did all i11 tl1eir power for its pro­ pagation among our people. Many among tl1em, like Emperor Caleb who lived i11 the Fifth Century and Empero1· La:libela an· d ·hris ·iin1nedrate s1, 1ocessors who lived in the Twelfth Centttry, have been canonized.

Wl1en tl1e count1·ies of the Middle East, North East Africa and Asia Minor, where the Gospel was preacl1ed by the Apostles, were over-run by and st1c­ cumbed under a power opposed to the Christian Faith, tl1e sovereig11s and people of Ethiopia, firm in their deep love for tl1e Faith of Christ and st1pplen1ented by the nature of their native land, put up great struggles to preserve Ethiopia as a11 island of Christianity. Deep is Our thankfulness to our God for this grace. Nt1m• erous are our ancestors, who throughout the centuries consecrated and sacrificed tl1eir lives on the battlefield - 487 -

--IN'"fERN1\1'10N1\I..

tl1at Ethiopia 111ight sL1rvi\1e stro11g i11 he1� Christia11 Faitl1.

Wl1e11, afte1· all tl1ese wo1·tl1y p1·edecessors, We asst1111ed the leade1·sl1ip of Ou1· people l1alf a centtiry ago, We · becan1e acutely a\vare of the magnitude of the sac1·ed trL1st a11d 1·esponsibility vot1cl1safed to Us to wo1·k fo1· tl1e glo1·y of God and the contint1ed and l,tsting welfa1·e of Ou1· people. Dt1ri11g tl1e past 50 years 11ot 011ly dicl We labou1· that Ou1· people may leacl a bette1· life while 011 tl1is eartl1 but We also did 11ot spa1·e Ou1· ene1·gy a11d t1·east11·e to clevelop their spiritt1al he1·ita.ge, tl1e \1alt1e <)f vvl1ich 110 human mi11d can assess.

We have labourecl that the Holy Scriptures a11d tl1e books left to Us by the Cl111rch Fathe1·s be 1nulti­ plied by n1eans of 1noder11 printing techniques and be distribt1ted to all 11ot only in ou1· 1nodern language, bt1t also i11 Geez, ot11· a11cie11t la11guage. 0111· Etl1iopian 01·thodox Cl1t1rcl1, wl1icl1 vvas ct1t off fo1· centuries fro111 her fello\v Christia11 Cl1t1rcl1es, l1as joi11ed tl1e World Cot111cil of Cl1111·cl1es a11d co-ope1·ates in the task of stre11gthe11i11g tl1c F,�ith a11d bri11ging abo11t Cl1urcl1 1111ity. We have ·l1el1Jecl ·a11d will co11ti11L1e to l1elp the n1issiona1·ies Who a1··e se111t fro111 otl1e1· la,11ds -to preacli Gos1Jel to tl1ose of Otir peo1Jle v vl10 l1ave not co1ne. to the k11owJedge ·af G·od's s,lvi11g grace. As the t1n�ty of ·tl1·e Cl1t1rc11 '.is of g1·e,t t co11cer11 to Us a11d, God ,v1ll­ i11g, bei11g l101Jeft1l tl1at tl1is sacrecl objecti\1e migl1t be achievecl jn ot1r day ,111cl ,1gc, We \Ve1·e l1appy to have co11ve11ecl t\\10 ye ars c:lgo a 111eeti11g of tl1e I-leads of tl1e Orie11tal 01·tl1oclox Cl1t11·cl1es i11 Ot11· Capital Cit� of Addis Ababa to delibe1·ate 011 ways a11d mea11s of bringi11g abot1t l1ar111011)' a11d u11ity i11 tl1e Church.

15 th that We 1·efe1· to all tl1ese 011ly to i11dicate - 488 -

..

IN1'ERNA'l'IONAL

t-ige above. all ages is a pe1·iod in history whe11 it should be ot1r p _rm1e duty to preach the Gospel of Grace to all 011r fellow 1ne11 and . wo1ne11. Tl1e love shown in Christ by ou1· G od to 111a11ki11d should co11strain all of us wl10 a1·e followers a?d disciples of CI1 rist to do all in our power to se e to 1t that tl1e Message of Salvation is carried to tl1ose of ot11· fellows for whon1 Christ Our Saviour was sacrificed bt1t who have 11.ot had tl1e benefit of heari11g tl1e good 11ews.

Since nobody ca11 interfere i11 the real1n of God we should tolerate and live side by side witl1 those of other faitl1s. However, if tl1e threat is posed we sl1all not fail to resist with cot1rage a11y such incursions. We wish to recall l1e1·e tl1e spirit of tolerance shown by Our Lord J·est1s ·Ch11is·t ,when He gave d:orgiveness to • all 1rraluding those 1thait 1crt1ciflied Him. In these modern days, there are a m.ultitt1de of things publisl1ed i11 pri11t a11d broadcast by radio which captivate tl1e l1uman 1ni11d a11d spirit; 1na11y new ideas are disse1ninated by tl1e learned. Many wonderful appliances are produced to 1nake life n1ore and more confortable. The rich powers have passed 011 from exploring and exploiting this earth and are vying with each othe1� to explore and conqt1er the n1oon and the planets. K11owledge is increasing in ,1 bewildering manner. All this is good, wo11derful and praiseworthy.

But what will be the end of it all? It is 011r firm belief that only what tl1e Lord wills will be done. We should be careft1l that tl1e rest1lts tht1s achieved by 1nankind shot1ld not 111eet witl1 tl1e fate of the Tower of Babel, tl1e ha11dwork of th<)Se ,people of old whicl1 oa11;� to pieces in their l1ands. Tl1e Apostle Paul says: The wisdo1n of this world is foolishness with God'' and ''The Lord knoweth the thoughts of the wise and they are - 489 -

---INTERNr\'fIONAL

va·i11." Th· e ·1·easo11 ,£01· tlris ·is beoause ·gener;ally speak­ ing man 1nakes hi1nself and his wisdom the beginning and tl1e end of his ai1n iI1 life, and we are convinced that the end of this is destruction and deatl1 .

1

Our Lord Jesus Cl1rist says: ''What has a man profited if l1e shall gain the whole world and lose his own sot1l?'' Why did the effort of those who tried to build the Tower of Babel co1ne to nothing? Was it not becat1se they tried to live apart from their Creator, and becattse, vau11ti11g then1selves in their wisdom, they tried to build a tower· wl1ose top was to reacl1 unto heave11 and thus make a nan1e for the111selves? It is Ou1· conviction tl1at all the activities of the childre11 of 1nen wl1icl1 a1·e not gt1ided by tl1e Spirit and counsel of God will bear no lasting fruit, they will not be ac­ ceptable in tl1e sight of tl1e Lord and will therefore come to 11ought as the Towe1· of Babel came to nought.

It is for this reason tl1at the Chu.rch of Christ, and espec.ia:l'ly Cl1rlsti·an ·leaders, l1·ave ·sti-ch ·an ·enormous responsibility. However wise 01· 110\vever mighty a person may be, he is like a sl1ip withot1t a rudder if he is without God. A 1·t1dde1·less sl1ip is at the 1nercy of the waves and tl1e wind, d1·ifts whe1·eve1· tl1ey take it and if tl1e1·e a1·ises a wl1irlwi11d it is sn1ashed agai11st the 1·ocks a11d becomes as if it l1as never· existed. It is our firn1 belief tl1at a soul witl1out Cl1rist is bound to meet with no better· fate.

Tl1erefore O ! Cl11·istia11s, let 11s ar·ise and, witl1 tl1e spit·itual zeal a11d ea1·11est11ess whicl1 characterized tl1e Apostles a11d early Cl11·istia11s, let us labot1r to lead ou1· brothers and sisters to O t1r Saviour Jesus, Who .only can give life in its ft1llest sense.

October 28, 1966 - 490 -

·-INTERNATIONAL

E X I-IIBITION COMJ\1EM0RATING NEHRU e take gre_a t pleasu1·e today in inaugurating thls � . 1ti exhib on organized by tl1e Indian Government in honour of_ the �e�no1·y of tl1 � late Jawal1arlal Nehrti, former Prime M1n1ster of I11d1a.

Few nan1es w ill sl1i11e n1ore b1·ightly i11 the pages of the an11als of tl1e 20th Century, tl1an that of the illustrious patriot . and statesman to whom we pay homage today. H11nself, the son of a distinguished leader of I11dia's indepe11dence move1nent, Jawaharlal Nehru's wl1ole life ,vas devoted exclusively to bringing l1is nation under India11 rule.

When India's independence \Vas proclaimed, he became the fi1·st Prime Mi11ister of the new 1·epublic, and he served his nation t1ntil his untitnely death as untiringly and with tl1e same single-minded devotion to the ca11se of progress and development as he had in earlier days brought to the struggle for self-determi­ nation and freedom for his people.

We k11ew Jawaharlal Nel1ru personally, and We esteemed l1im as a friend and as a world leader dedi­ cated to the g1·eat principles which l1ave shaped the history of the post-war decades and which were so eloquently articulated at the Bandung Con·ference. He sought t1niversal peace and individt1al enlightenment and his comn1anding presence at many of the world conferences l1eld dt1ring the 1950's and early 1960's are indelibly i1nprinted upo11 the minds of his colleagues and collaborato rs. India was deprived of a great leader, and the world of a wise and understanding statesman with his passing.

We came to know Jawaharlal Nehru at the con­ ference of non-aligned states, and We left that con- 491 -

IN'l'EilNi\TIONAL

fe1·ence in1p1·essed by tl1e depth of l1is t111derstanding of tl1e wo1·ld's problen1s a11d tl1e stre11gth of his dedi­ catio11 to the cause of people a1no11g 111en and freedom, l1appiness and p1·osperity for· all.

Tl1is exil1ibitio11, devoted to the life of J awaharlal Nehru, will serve to re1ni11d tls all of the imprint which this man left on tl1e 1node1·n wor·Id. His work is a shini11g exarnple for co1ni11g generations. We thank the India11 Gove1·11me11t for 01·ganizing the exhibition and for giving Us tl1e pleast11·e of inaugt1rati11g it. We wish tl1at this exl1ibitio11 will be an appropriate homage to Jawaharlal Neh1·u. We also wish to express thanks to Prime Mi11ister Indira Ga11dhi for the message sent to Us on this occasion.

Jan. 3, 1967

ON WORLD LAW DAY We take great pleasur·e .in conveyii11g 0 1 ur greetings to t11e many 1n,en1be11s of· the legal profession \Vl10 have · led in Geneva ,to attend tl1e Conference on asse1nb World As·sembly ·of Jt1clges. Jt. js Ot1r n10st· fe· r·vent wish that ·these 1neetings yiel d 1 const1·t1ctive contr,ibutions to vhe solt1tion o·f tl1.e many, i1111)01·ta11t pro.blen1s wl1icl1 beset tl1·e world ,toclay, 1J1·oble111s wl1ich figure on yot1r agenda a·ncl wl1·iol1 ,vill b, e 01Je11ly d·ebated tln ·the days ah,ead.

T,oda y, as 1Jer,l1a IYS ·11ever ·bef01·e i11 reco1·ded his­ to1·y, tl1e 1· 111perative a , [ .i11l'e1·111a tio11al events is taxing the wi-sdo111, t· l1e jt1clg1ne11t, tl1e patience a11d t· he toler ance est qu Ma11's world's JJCOJJlcs a'l1cl gover11111,ents. of the f�r th·e n1ea11s to liv'e i11 tranqt1i]i, ty a 1 1,d 11 armony with secon l1e t · t a11(l n1an feJilow 1s off ve1. a to '11 ·t a11d. s a.v e · -

1f)2 -

1

mo·dern t·echno1ogy s que11ce of ·a full ·un·leashing of . . rp ot ent1·,a1 f or destrucr1on :has ·gro.wn ,a pace in e w es o a � · int�ntS1ty_ ancl urgenc�. The formulation and implemen­ ta·ti, on of ·sound .a· n d )'USt ru1es to g· overn the conduct of affa·irs be-tw·een :i11en and ·states ·affords the sole avenue by which mankind oan ·turn ·away the ·holocaust which threatens to engulf the en1tire human race. It is indeed only thro·u·gl1 the a,pplicaition of an acceptable' and ac� cepted body of world law ,that we can attain world peace. It -is cer-t�inly h�a· rten· ing then, that ·so many 1nembers o� tl1·e 1nter �1�t1011a:l leg a- l fraternity, judges, teachers, pJ.11vaite pract1t1oners and government offioia1s, coming from nearly every .-country of the world, repre­ serl!ting ·legal and , e- conomic and social system� which are widely ·disparate in form and content, have been able to co1ne -togetl1er Vo discuss matters of ·common concern to all. Tl1ere are, we may concltl'de, m·any areas in wh-ioh agreement is b·oth sought an·d possible.

We 111ay fur-ther ·conclude th:at ·iit is by exploitin·g and eJQpanding these areas of a-cco. rd tha,t we ca11 gr.adually create a- consensus, ·a climate of opinion, which will make effective co-o·peration amo11g all of ·the world's ·peoples not -only possible bt1-t attractive an·d rewarding.

I,f we ·can arra11ge their .day-to...day deali11gs in accord­ ance witl1 logical a- nd orderly ,pr.inciples, \Ve may hope that 011 the vital issues o:f life and , death the reasoned arp:proacl1 which will have becon1e ot1r ct1stom and ·prac­ tice will prevail.

In 1936, speaki11g before the League of Nations in this very city of ,Geneva, We warned of the consequen­ ces of permititino- the most gros-s and ·flagrant v,iolations of -international �1orality to go unpun,ished. O · ur words went unheeded ·and the consequences ,requ1re no re·pe­ tition or r. ecitafion .f_ ro.m Us today. We appealed tl1en 1

1

- 493 -

IN1'EflN 1\'TIONAL

fl1r j L1s·tice, 1ct11,d \Ve l1acl car1�ied ou'l· case ·to the highest ·i1 1terncvtio 1 1al body tl1·e 11 existing, where the ma· jority of the 1·eprese11·ta·uiv·es of the f. if=ty-tvvo 1nem,ber nations, sub­ s.titll ti· ng eX!peclie11cy .for -pr·i.11ciple, elected to s·acrifice n1y 11atio11 -to fascis111. Today it is .11ot one 11ation or 011e peo1Jle alo.11e wl10 c1·y ·ot1t for jt1stice and peace.

Tl1 e e11 ti1·e world pt1rs11es :th·is q:t1est.

We a1·e co11f.id·e1. 1t tha·t ,the 111·eeti11g \Vl1ioh will be l1 elcl a11cl rl1e discus· sio11s· ,wl1ich will ensue in t· he ,days al1eac1 will give pos-itive proof tl1·at 111en are c, ap.able of learni11 g f1·0111 tl1eir past erro1�s, .a11d that ,the faith, \Vl1ich 111a11kind has 1·e1Josed i· 11 lavv as the· .framework \\'·it· l1i·11 wlllicl1 l1t1111· a11i,ty Jn·-ay ,grow and frt1ctify ,vill be a111·ply jLIStified.

1

J t1ly 11, 1967.

Nr'\TION-W:IDE MESSAGE ON U.N. 23RD ANNIVERSARY 1ve c1ll l<11olv, c,1·e closel)' i1i­ te1·tl-1Jirzecl 1vitl1 the f1,t11da111e11tal f1·eedo111s.

The i11.cli1;i,c;ible 1,111.ity of the,c;e ,·igh.ts a1id libe1·­ tie.\", 1,tr1rle,· the, 7J1·otec:. tior1, <)f tl1.e ,·i.tle of la,. .v , i.\· t/1.e l>e.\·t e::r.JJ1·e.,·.\·i<)11 of tl1e l1igl1est c1S/Ji1·a­ tio115· o_f tl1c� i11clivicl1,tal <r11cl of 111a11kind at lct.1·ge. /li1111c111 -

,·iglit.s·,

a,\'

On tl1is day, tl1e 231·d cl nnive1·s,1ry of tl1e f01111di11g <)f tl1c U11i·tecl Natio11,s Orga11·inaitio·11 is being · (observed tl11·ot1gl1011t the worlcl, a11cl as in tl1e JJast, Ethiopia joins i11 the o·b·se1·v,1n·ce of ·t11is '. at1·s1Jici,ot1.s occ·asio11..

Tl1e U11 itecl N·,ttio 11s D,1y, \Nl1ic11 ,�,e co111111e111orate totl,:ty, 11,1s tl t\\1 ofo1c1 sig11i-fic.,111ce, fo1· J 968 l1as been

IN'fERN1\TIONAL

designated �y tl1e United Nations Gen�ral Assen1bly as the International Year for l1u1nan rights .

Not o n!Y �ave We OPJ?0 1��t- 1nities i11 t11e ,past ,to ex. th obJect1ves ancl act1v1_ t1es of tl1e Unitecl Nat plain . e . ' 1·011S Organ1zat1on, but. We ·1 1�tv� also cha111pioned tile catise for the _strengthening of tl11s sa111e organization towarcls the maintenance of. worlcl peace and the raisin0c.r of the ·standard of living of n1ankind at large.

Nonetl1eless, on tl1e partic11lar occasion which We have described as l1avi11g a t\vofolcl significance, We wot1ld like to express ot1r views specifically on tl1e sub­ ject and conte11 t of the 1·ights of n1an.

In the recorded l1istory of 1nan, tl1ere have always at whicl1 111an has risen to tl1e c11allenoe bee11 periods 0 . of tl1e t1n1es .

At yet otl1er periods 1n,1n has taken tin1e fro1n tl1e 111ost p1·essing tasks of the day and pat1sed to reconsider a· nd reassess the extent to vvhich tl1e n1ore ft1ndamental ·rtiles of conduct vvl1icl1 11e has devised anc1 laic1 for 111111self are act11ally being in1ple1nented.

St1ch is tl1e yea1� 1968 whicl1 has bee11 clesignated by the General Asse1nbly of the Unite.(:] N,1tions as tl1e International Year For Ht1man Rights.

If one we1·e to vist1alize the l1istory of n1ankind in its :wider t1niversal context, one 111ay well fi11d it to be essentially a chronicle of 1nan's strt1ggle s to ,1ssert and consolicl;te certai11 ft1nda111ental l1t11nan rights. The concept and interpretatio11 as to what these rights coin­ prise l1ave varied throt1ghot1t history accorcling to the prevalence . o:f th e ,day. But it ·is not 1i11acct1rarte t� s-ay that the 111ost all co111prising concept of }1u1nan rights ever e11t111<c-ir· utecl ,by m·a11 .is ·the one ·contai11ecl j.n ·the -Un­ ivers�tl Declar,rtio11 o · f t.T t1111,111 Rigl1ts 111ade 20 years ago. e th f o ly b 111 se s A l a r 1e e1 G e 1. tl 1· 0 , te 2 et ,1f Y ye ars - 495 -

.....

INTERNATIONAL

Uniited Nations proclaim·e d and adopted the declara-tion just referred to, how far can we say today that the hu­ man rights enumerated therein have been unexception­ ally respected or invariably protected the world over?

The persistently rep1·essive policy of apartheid in South Africa, the recent criminal acts by the illegal re­ gin1e in. Rhodesia and the silencing by means of brutal violence of tl1e voice of reason in the person of Mr. Martin Luthe1� King and Senator Robe1·t Kennedy can only empl1asize necessity for all of us, wherever we n1ay be, to redouble our efforts in ot11· cha1npio11ship of the noble cat1se of the rigl1ts of n1an.

The ft1ndamental ideas :fo1·111ing tl1e basis of tl1e Declaration of Ht1man Rights stem fro111 the recogni­ tion of tl1e self-evident trt1tl1 that the hun1an perso11, created in the image of God, is invested \vith Hu1nan dignity, i11alienable, jn·violab]e.

The gro\\1ing recognitjo11 of the fact that all n1e11 a1·e n1embe.1·s of one single h11111an fa111ily, at tl1e sa111e tune, impose on tis the realizatio11 that tl1is f11ndan1e11tal unity of mankind ca11 g1·ow a11c.] pt·osper 011ly if it is base.d on freedon1, liberty, 11niversal j11stice, ancl world peace.

Hu111an rights, ,ts we all k110,v, c11·e closely inter­ twined witl1 tl1e ft1ncla1nental f1·eedo111s. Tl1e indivisible u11ity of these rigl1ts and Iibe1·ties, t111der the protection est of the 11igh ule of law, tl1e is tl1e of expr best essio n _ � asp1rat1ons of the individt1al and of 111a11ki.n d at large· The member states of the United Natio11s Organi� d an ts righ zation have reaffir1ned tl1ei1· belief in . hu111a11 to ges pled ft1ndamental freedo111s, and taken sole1nn - 496 -

p

INTERNA110NA L

protect and sttpport these same 1·i %hts and freedoms in all:d ev e y m

anner poss1ble. This faith clear..: every ":'ay � Iy manifests itself 1n tl1e charte1· of the world oi·ganiza­ tion.

The fi�st necess?ry _step for the achievement of tI1e above-mentto�ed obJect1ves, however, is tl1e fostering of understancl1ng amongst peoples of the trt1e meanino­ and significance of these cherished rights and liberties� T:o •th·a·t e11d, in Ethiopia, We have seen 10 it that dt1ring 1968 all appropriate meast1res were taken to realize the observance of the international year for h.u­ man rights. We, therefore, instrt1cted the relevant de­ partments of Our goverment, as well other organiza­ tio11s, to implement the necessary program1ne dt1ring

1968.

In t· l1is cru·oial period w11en th·e cat1se of ht1mai1 rigl1ts is handicapped by a variety of circt1mstances, we believe tl1at paramottnt consideration n1t1st be given to honot1ring those organizations which have made out­ sta11ding· oon· tributions on fos1 te!iing the rights o· f man and such e1ninent individttals as tl1e late Martin Lt1ther King who I1ave sacrificed life itself as a rest1lt of their advocacy of the cat1se of equal rights. No less a con­ sideration mt1.st also be given to renewed and intensified efforts directed at perst1adin,g the enemies o·f ht1mari rights that their own lasting interests are best assured in· an overall respect for fundamental freedoms and li­ berties.

Since ,all men are born free and equal, invested by Almighty God wii t h ina- lien.able human ·dignity, it is only right and proper that the spirit of hu.man broth�rhoo? shot11d reign st1prem.e amon,g all peoples wl10 1nhab1t this planet, that d.i·fferences of race, tribe, langt1.a e, pigmentation, religion, or sex should not be made 7in1

- 497 33*

IN'IEilN1\l'ION AL

sti·u111ents of disc1·i1nination between mc1n and 1n,Ln-for all men are eqt1�tl before the law of creation.

The h11man rights and ft1nda1nental freedo ms we have n1entioned constitt1te the cornerstones of the con­ stitt1tion of the Ethiopi2n En1pire. The original consti­ tution We volt1ntarily gave to ot1r people was clearly base:d ·on thes·e :same rigl11 ts :and ·freedoms. Bt1t the re­ vised constitution, wl1.ile not departing from the per1nanent fo11ndations,, an1plifies the greater relief and stren.gtl1ens t11e ht11nan rights and ft1ndamenta1 liberties of the Ethiopian people.

Ft111damental Rights

:r n 1the 1·evis·ed

con·s·tittltion of Ethio·pia, tl1e ·guar­ di::1nship of ft1ndamental r·i,ghts a.nd freedon1s does not devolve on the cot1rts of law alone, b11t forms an inte­ gral part of our d11ties and responsibilities as sovereign.

This fact alone testifies, bears witness to Ot1r per­ sonal devotion and the higl1 place W e personally accord to tl1e fundamental freecloms and liberties ,vl1ose cause is being underscored throughot1t the ,:vo1·lcl d11ring tl1e p1·esen.t Inter1.1ational Yea.r fo1· I-I11man Rights.

Nor is the cause of ht1n1an 1·ights s01netl1in,g novel to the Ethiopia.11 people as a whole. Tl1rot1gl1011t l11story this 11a.ti·o11 '11as _iealot1·sly sa.fegL1arded i-ts ag·e-old free·dom 'and indepe11de11ce wl1icl1 a1·e tl1e esse11tial ing1·edients of human . rig- hts. · We thetefo1�e trt1st tl1at, following 011r own exd ample, Ot1r belovecl people ,:vill co11.tiri.11.e to comprehen to , ancl ms car e do for these cl1e1.·ishecl 1·i gl1 ts ancl f1·ee _ 11ave pro.�ran1mes which I1ave 1;�en organized i11 con­ nection with the International Year for "Human Righ�We pray tl1 e Al111igl1ty to gt1ide in his w isdom t e - 498 -

IN'fERNATIONAL

in t?eir _ endeavot1r to strengthen the wo�ld's statesn1en _ to foster good-neigllbour­ United Nations Organ1zat1on, � _ ly relations an� co-operation among states, to eliminate the cat1se of m1st1ndersta11dings an.d ways fron1 tllis pla­ net and to establish an �ncl11ring peace, to safeguai·d . ]1 t1man r1gl1ts, a1.1d to attain true equality by raising the . ankind. standard of living of all m Oetober 25, 1968.

AIJDRESS, I.L.O. GOLDEN ANNIVERSARY Thus whe,-e there was in the past strife and dissensio,i ben-veen labour arzd managenient becaicse of lack of an adequate chan11el of c·oniniunication betwee,i the1n, today better co-ope,-ation and broad harmony are lctrgely JJrevalent. This hcl[Jpy developnient must be attributed, in tl1e niciiti, to the 11.egotiati11g and bargaining proceditre evolved through tl1e in­ strit111e11tality of !LO. Thirty-three yea1·s ago, I came to Geneva to ad­ dress tl1e Leagt1e of Nations in a l1all ,vhich is 110 longer • • 1n existence . ' . .

On tl1is particular instan�e, I .ha,ve tra�e�led. to Geneva in vastly different circt1p,stances, ant1c1pat1n.� that all of 11s convot<ed in this· hall sho11ld be here with the COll1IDOil spirit of ha1·n1opy and IllllC� �ooqwill tq­ ward one a1.1other and mankind at large. We are also here with the co m m on p11rpose to participate in the special ceren1onies orgartizecl to obser,,e tl1e salt1bri?us ng d1 1n oi f e th of ry sa er iv nn A ca oc sion of th e Fiftieth of the Internation al Labo111· Organization. It is, there- 499 ..,...

I l\J'l'J�ItN1\'J'J.ONAI,

fore, witl1 great pleasL11·e tl1at I a111 l1e1·e to share some of rny tho11gl1ts ,vitl1. yo11.

Even in tl1e life of n1an a period of fifty years is A 1 inc1eed an app eciable meast1re of ti111e - a threshold 1 11 tl1e proces. s of growth )oth i11te11ect11al and spiritl1a1, norn1ally leading hin1 to greater ,�1isdon1, compassion ancl sel f-cliscov1�ry. And SJ it is ,i\1 1tl1 1nstitt1tions as ,vell.

Jt1st as 111en. are exr)cctecl to gro\x1 and de,1elop in tl1eir intellectt1al ancl 11101�nl stc:itt11·e, and proportionately in1pro\re 111 t11eir pe1·fo1·111ance a11d achieven1ents ove1· a laJJSe of ti1ne, so do \�/e expect all institt1tions� including inter11c1 tio11al or�c1 t1 iz8. ti01s, to overcon1e their short­ co111 in�s, contint1ot1s1y st1·:ving to,varcls the acl1ie·\·e111ent of the ai111s r.inc1 n1.1rr)oses ·fo1· wl1ich tl1e)' have been spe­ cifically established.

Y·et. it 1'.) c.1lt1·t1is1n ·th·flt, 11e\;er ·i11 l1t1n1a11 history l1as tl1ere bee11 n.rlV i11stitt1tion st1fficiently perfect for all people at all times.

St1cl1 is tl1e sitt1rition. JJe1·l1aps� bec.at1se 1nan in hin1sclf not bei11 g;. a pc1·f(�ct c1·e8t1011, c1espite ]1is abt111dant iclealis111 a11cl 1·esn1.11·cef11l·1ess� cioes not yet seen1 al)lc to o,,erco111e the 1 i111ita ti011s \l/i tl1 \vl11ch l1e is endo'\'\'Cli ancl e,,ol,,e i11st,tl1t1011s \"l1icl1 excel a11d s11p0 rsecle 111s verv n�t11re. TJ111s it 1s tl1�t one n,n,, ,1.1ell b� led to re­ fle.(�t tl1at, ,,is-a-,,i� tl1e n1011t1111e11tal socio-econon1ic J)r0ble111s 11r0,,,:1le11t on tl1is pl:111rt of ol11·s� ,i:il1ether tlie recent s1)ectacl11 ::i r C-X1)l oi ts a 11d 8 c11 ie,re1ne11ts of sc1e11ce�. ,,,111; 11 see11 i11 t11 c i 1· 111·0111� 1· ne1·s t:�cti \'e, a1·e, n.1a nifesta­ ti ons of tl1ose 11�r8cloxe� i11l1e1·e11t in 111an's ingenl1it�,.

A,ga.111st tl1is l11·oacl l18r�l,�ro1111d 011 tl1e 11istorical i itl,­ \\ circ11111sta,1ces i11 \\1l11le tl·c TT_Q cnn1e jnto hei11,g.

1r t t t s ood its l1i,,fl1 T)rl11�s �r1d 0:rc,,, to its n·re�ent s a t e, one 111�l)' safelJ, stntc tl·1a·t tl1 c rcco1·d of its n1anifold 1

•

-· 5l10 -

----1111111 INTERNATIONAL

activ�ties an d ac co1nplislune11ts spealc well for tl1e orga­ nization. !11 tl1is connection, t1nstinted co1nmendation u t also b_e �c�ord_ed to the in�ustriot1s perseveranc: �f those 111cl1v1lit1als �110 _ first ,11sualised the tlrgent need 1011 an d wl1� strove successf ully for �11cl1 a11 ?rga111zat _ for its establ1sl11 :1ent, ancl tl1e dedicated men and wo111en_ \;vl10 _11,1 vc tirelessly e11deavot�rcd over tl1e years to see 1t to its p1·esent level of creditable performance.

Tl1rougl1out the checkered hlsto1·y of man, certain period� l1ave bo1·11e 11101·e than their quota of quarrel and trouble, decp-1·ooted st1·ifes, devastati11g wars and tl1e rcs11ltant avvft1l destrt1ction of life and property. ·rf \Ve co11sider that tl1e l,tst l1alf cent ury h,1s been 011e such period, '!'e 111ay tl1en ag1·ee that tl1e activities and ,1cl1ieven1ents of tl1e ILO in establisl1ing inter11ational 11or111s of co11dt1ct i11 its pa1·ticula1· spl1ere are indeed re1narkable. Tl1e nt1n1e1·o u s instru111ents wl1icl1 lLO l1as succeeded t<;> prepa1·e and u nfold, even wl1ile the ,vorld was -to1·11 asu-11der in tl1e 1nost devastati11g war inflicted on tl1is pltLnet, a11d tl1e st1bsequent i111plernc11tation of tl1ese i11st1·t11ne11ts by state 111e111bers of the organization are bt1t clear exa111ples i11 tl1e evolution of more l1arn10niot1s i11dt1strial 1·elations wl1icl1 are designed to promote tl1e well being of tl1e worker, while at tl1e sa1ne t�me protecti11g tl1e i11terests of 1na11age111ent ancl tl1e society as a wl1ole. Tl1t1s where tl1ere was in tl1e past strife and clissensio11 bet,vee11 labot1r a11d n1anagen1ent beca11se of lack of an a�legt1ate cl1nn11cl of co1n11111nication between tl1em, today bette1· co-operation and broad l1armony are largely prevale11t. Tl1is happy development n111st �e _at­ tribt1ted, in tl1e mGin, to tl1 e negotiating and barga1n1ng })rocedt1re evolved tl11·<)t1oh tl1e instrt1mentality of ILO. y m in r ie rl ea d te ca di in ve ha s Nor- is tl1is all. A

l

- 501 -

.....

INTERNATIONAL

re1narks, no instit�1tions or instruments of man can be allo\\,ed to ren1ain static, if tl1ese are designed to pro­ mote tl1e well-being of the individual and society as a whole. Since stag11a11ce is 1the very negation ·of progress and develop111ent, institutio11s, instrwnents and actions n1ust, per· fo1·ce, be continuously adapted to changing circumstances and tl1e dynamis1n of huma:° nature. On this score also the ILO appears to have fared reason­ ably \\1ell. The horizon of its activities has continuous­ ly broadened so long ias 1the need ·ar·o·se to aot towards ·t11e greater realis·ation of the aims and purposes of the 01·ganization. Anachronism has been sufficiently avoi­ ded by the constant adaptation of its instruments and activities to changing circumstances. ·yet, while a great deal l1as �ready been accom­ plished, n1uch more still re111ains to be desired . And while tl1e activities of tl1e ILO l1eretofore ca11 speak for themselves, the1·e is yet need to st1·ess tl1at efforts sl1ould never be relaxed, lest we be overtal<en and engulfed by the acceler�ted onrush of tl1e astounding acl1ieven1ents of n1ode1·n s�ience and technology. , Nor sho11ld the organization lose sight of the divergent needs and 1·equirements, capabilities and limita­ tions between the ind11strially advanced nations, on the one hand, and de. veloping. nations 011 tl1e otl1er hand, and lump them together into a predeterrnined category.

While t� advanced nations have 1·eacl1ed tl1e stage of indus·tri;al refine1nent, ·w e n1ust ,also ·be co11stantly ·aware that the developing nations, because of li111ited resour­ ces, have to 'grope about with n1anifold development probl-ems. · Hence, if tl1e ILO and other similar w concert, in re, n maxiJ.11un1 to org� ns ti expert �z ? � . � . _effor� 1n · br1ng1ng--· the ever-widening gap between the ''l1aves''· ·and· .. the ''have-nots," they will l1ave - 502 -

INTERNATIONAL

b oon! u ted n�t ionly �� µromoting ti a;b -ly as 1:11 1 � ro e i[n h _ a r­ _ mony :a,nd �o-o.perat1on w1th1n 'the different \Sectors of sysite111, 1b1tt ino.r.e fundame11; a t1� 1a l , du s.

1 ,i: i t lly, ·ho\vai·d ·s tlie ,tlie pru·amo1:1·n1: cat1:se 10£ peace ,and prosp·er..uty -of this i t ll!e ref:01·e, ,dt1ty--bound :to urge ia further 1s, On e bh.

1 an. ,e 1of 1the :organization , ,the o n pamt ial1ea l < . ·1eap Much as the felicitous purpose of tl1is convocation fiftieth �he of ary nce annivers of this orga­ observa tl1e is nization, one would_ 1 l'l:deed be. re111iss were one to con­ ceal one's deep anx1et1es and concern over the ct1rrent world situation.

In 1tl1e !political ·spl1e11e, 1th,e 1struggle f,or: 1ibe1·ation, f11a!tr.ioidal oivil oo·nflicts, :and -a most vicious ·ty pe .of war rage around the w_orld, and talce their toll of life even .as ,ve a111e ,assemble-d here :today. T11e a· rmaments .1 raoe 1 dening dinoalculab.le .r-esot, rr­ coubi:nues ·unabated, isq:uan ces, wJtlle tthe v.aSFt m,aj'ority 10£ :the -peo,ples 'vvho !inhabit 1bl1is ·pla,neit i1ive 1iI1 ,aibJeat miseu·y.

Econo1nically, as I have already implied, the g ap between the advanced and the developing countries continues to widen at an alarming proportion. The af­ fluent society happens to be exalted to the mundane bliss of :a rela=tively munificent :life, just 1as the rest of ht1manity is relegated to a standard of living mt1ch be� low subsistence level . .

Socially, arrogant su.premacists are seen to be sent nt na �1g ·ep r : d n a 1 cl ive ce on c · lli i iOf n n utio r ; eitu p 1·· e th pe 11po · racial policies i n a vain atten1pt to reverse the inexor­ able tide of history and retain under abject subjt1gation the vast 1najority of their fellowmen. lities ua eq in , h lt ea w in s Such strifes disparitie among men1bers �f tl1e sa m e l1t1man fan1ily and stark injt1stices ca n on ly breed bitterness and malevolence - 503 -

. INTERNATIONAL

wl1iich, if 1eEt undl1ecked, may ,explode to the 1open with i11calculable consequences .

The plea for a conce1·ted supre1ne �ffort and sacri­ f· ice t'owa1·ds the r:eal,iza-tion of a saner and les·s s·elf-s· eek­ ing socio-economic global st1·ucture in . tµe interests of mankind at large, wh _ en cast_ in its proper perspective n1ust, therefore, be self-evident.

Can the world afford yet anotl1er convulsion which, �f it comes, will certainly shake it to its very founda­ tion? Can we sit idly by when the very survival of hu01anity, its accun1ulated experience a11d civilization are enda·nge1·ed by in11Jending calan1ity? Are we to com­ promise tl1e cause of. world. peace, human prosperity and the basic p1·inciples of justice?

These are some of the fundamental questions that we must ask ourselves: They are questions all of 11s must answer.

To tl1ese and sin1ilar questions, clearly, our an­ swe1·s 1nt1s·t 1be :firrnly in rtl1e ·n-ega·t,ive. The11, and th·en ,1lone, will we have co11rageo11sl)' a1·isen in concert to the s11pre1ne cl1allenge a11d abt1ndant oppo1·tunity of our tin1es. And then alone v1ill 0111· actions a11d endeavo11rs be j11stified before l1istory and posterity as havi11g serv­ ed the paramo11nt ca11se of world peace and tl1e v.1ell­ being of mankind.

To this end, 111ay God vo11chsafe us the strength and g11icle t1s to serve I-Jim better· in tl1e se1·vice of h11n1anity.

1

J tine 12, 1969,

.

.

-· 504 -··

ETHIOPIA DAY l1 a p to p attend y a re e _ the. first international � exhib1t1on to be held 011 Asian soil and to pay our tribtite to the t�e�1e of Expo-70, 'P1·ogress and Har­ mony for Ma11k1 nd . We �eeply appreciate the courtesy done Us· and to Our _ 11a!10� by the institution of this national day of Eth1op1a 1n the exhibition and we waa:mly ithaink rlilie I1n1)e1�i!ail J.apanese Gove1·11llnei1t Re­ presentative of Expo-70,. Ambassador Hag11iwara, for the kind welcon1e l1e has Just extended to Us. We. co1nn1end and congratulate the Imperial Go­ vernment and people of Japan that tlus g1·eat exhibi­ tion should commemorate a century of surging progress and should fittingly indicate tl1e position of leadership whicl1 Japa11 has attained in the co1nmunity of nations as one of tl1e leading industrial powe1·s of the world.

The example set by the Japanese people, which stems from a natu1·al genit1s for ene1·gy and inventiveness, can serve only as a great inspiratio11 to tl1e developing countries of Asia and Africa. Expo-70 represents the tribute of the world to such genius and, in particular, to tl1e astonishing rate of economic gro\vth which Japan I1as maintained throughout the 1960's.

A meast1re of today's Japanese triumph n1ay be gat1ged from the fact that no less than 77 nations are taking part in tl1is exl1ibition. It is also significant that a large number of exl1ibitors are taking part from the conti11ents of Asia and Africa. It is probably true to say tl1at 11ev·er before in th e history of mankind has so comprehe11sive and so friendly an exchange of ideas taken place be tw ee n so many countries from all over y, og ol hn tec , ce ien the sc , ry sto rld hi wo ' in th e fields of . industry, agriculture and national cultures.

- 505 -

lN'l'I�llNA'fIONAL

It is wo1·tl1 recalli11g tl1at dL1ring tl1e one centL1ry of l1istory wl1icl1 tl1is exl1ibitio11 con1n1en1orates, the J ,11)a11ese people, \"vl·1ile still 1·ctai11i11g ,111 the best fea­ ,tt11·0s 0£ 1tl1e'Lr 11.atL011al l1e1�irage, 11ave .suocee,ded 111 put­ .tir1g ,tl1e•111selve-s ,at t: l1e f�rn:·f1·011.t of itl1e 111-o·de:r-11 \v,orlcl.

This splendid e;(l1ibition, i11 \Vl1icl1 OL1r Governme11t ,111cl 1Jeo1Jle are p1·oud to tal(e p,t1·t, co11clt1sively den1on­ stratcs to tl1e vvo1·lcl that eco110111ic po\ve1· and afflt1ence are 110 lo11ger tl1e sole p1·ese1�ve of the nations of Et1rope a11d No1·tl1 A111erica. �[t is a pa1·tict1lar plcast1re to Us tl1at We are able to co111e l1ere to Osaka, 1·eprese11ting a 11ation in Africa wl1icl1 ca11 clai111 a11 i11clepende11t l1isto1·y and a11 1111b1:oke11 dynasty of 11early tl1rec tl1ot1sa11d years. In this, v,1e feel a close 1·elatio11sl1ip vvith tl1e J apa11ese people \\,i tl1 \,vl10111 we sl1a1·e a si111il.a1· time-l10110111·ed traditio11 a11d ,111 a11cient co11ti11t1ity of l1istory. Tl1e tl1en1e of tl1e Etl1iopia11 pavilio11 i11 tl1is exl1ibitio11 is 'frie11dsl1ip across tl1e co11t.i11ents,' whicl1 is based 11po11 Etl1iopia's co11ti11t1i11g efforts for i11te1·11atio11al l1a1·111ony and jt1sti­ ce, L1po11 which alo11e lasti11g peace in the wo1·ld can be e11st11·ed. 111 tl1e pavilio11 we l1ave also endeavoured to J)rese11t some aspects of 011r a11cie11t l1e1·itage, some of tl1e 111a11ifolcl clevelo1?111e11ts wl1icl1 are taki11g place in Ot1r co1.:111try ,111d so111e of tl1e t111iqt1e traditio11al arcl1i­ tectt1re of Ethio1Jia. I11 1·ece11t years 011r t\;vo co1111t1·ies l1ave sl1ared i11creasi11g trade a11cl eco110111ic ties a11d tl1e 1nost cor­ cli,11 of political a11cl cL1ltt11·al 1·elatio11sl1ips. 111 Etl1iopia tl1e IJrocess of eco11on1ic cl1a11 oe l1as bee11 accelerated i11 tl1e past t\vo clec,1cles a11cl })�ogress is steadily being 111clde i11 tl1e fielcl of i11cl11strializatio11. 111 tl1e field of �nclt1strial b11ild-Ll]) c.1lready ,1cl1ieved, Ja1Janase skill a11d 111vestn1e11t l1ave al1·eady J)layed a11 impo1·ta11t part· 1

- 506 -

IN'fERNATIONAL

Our t\V·O countries have 11j·oy d a foi·rnal trad a00· rne11t smce _ 1966 �11d tl. 1e e 1s a co11ti11t1ot1s xcI1ang of closer 11111<:s 111 trade and con0111jc co-op ra1.deas for tion: W bel.1 v� that tl1e fL1rtl� r application of Japanese ide as,. exp ri nc e an d. g�1� t1s a11d tl1e injection of Japane� e 1n ve st n1e11t a11d t a1n111g ca11 becorne a inajor factor 1n t�e dev lopn1�nt of the economy of Otlr nation. T!11s ?a n be achiev d especially through Japan­ _t1c p t1011 111 _ la1·ge sc l agrict1ltural e11t par i·prises, � . _ ese : � j11 tl1 bu1ld1n� ?f da111s_ for. 1rr1gat1on a11d for the ge11_ ation of el ctr1c1ty a11d 1n tl1e xpa11sion of mining and industry i n Ethiopia. The occasion of O t1r visit to Expo-70 is being t1tilized for tl1e exa111ination of a 11un1ber of p1·oj cts in such fielcls by representatives of our two gove1·nments which, We hope, may lead to some frt1itful rest1lts. By th Japanese stimult1s so provided, We beli ve that Ethiopia 1nay be enabled in the years tl1at lie al1ead to b gin to en1t1late th sl1in­ i11g Japan se example.

W tl1a11k th In1perial Government ,111d tl1e people of Japan for the opportu11ity tl1ey l1ave afforcl d Us to be pr s nt at tl1is exl1ibition whicl1, by its example, may co11tribt1te to an incr ase in the harn1ony a11d progress of manlcind an d we pray to Almighty God to gt1ide all ht1111a11 eff o1·ts i11 the direction of lasting peace and tl1e conquest o.f hung r, ignoranc and poverty in rvra)' 26, 1970 tl1e world. e

e

e

r

ree

e

e

e

e

e

e

e

e

e

r

e

e

e

e

e

e

e

e

I

e

I

e

e

e

e

e

e

e

e

e

e

.

e

,

e

••

,,I

REPLY TO LORD MAYOJ{

!

I

•

,.

' (

,.

•

h c tt m ed h li p m o c c a e v a � h e Dt1 in g Our visits W ­ p o el ev d ic m o n o ec e th in which W thinlc shot1ld h el p e th f o s er ad le th h it w r11ent of Ethiopia. Ot1r ta lk s r

e

e

- 507 -

IN1'ERNATIONAL

countries We visited will not 011ly fttrther streng then the relations betv1ee11 Ethiopia and the respective coun­ tries but also l1elp to secu re peaceft1l solutions to some of the trouble spots in the world.

While in Japan, We toured Expo-70 and took part in the Ethiopia Day celebrations. Ethiopia's participa­ tion at the exposition l1as helped to introduce and promote her ancient culture.

It is not eno.ugl1 to visit Japan. One should study the culture of the people, l1ow a rapid econo1nic deve­ lopment was achieved in st1cl1 a sl1ort time and how this can be adapted to otl1er cou11tries.

Dt11·ing Our visit to Japan, We also discussed v\1ith J apa11ese indust1·ialists investn1ent opportunities in Ethiopia, whicl1, witl1 its u11tapped natt1ral resources, could be developed not only for the benefit of tl1e Ethiopian people but also for tl1e benefit of others.

Du1·ing Our visit We wit11essed the progress of develop111ent scl1c111es \Vriich were e11viable. Sucl1 scl1en1es den1and u11wavcri11g dedication and 1·ecogni­ tion of 1·espo11sibilities. I-Ie1·e in OUI· country, to acl1i­ eve ou1· goals, 011r people 11111st work hand in ha11d vi1itl1 Ot11· Mi11iste1·s a11d other· officia.ls, a11d 011ly then ca11 we be ass11red of st1ccess.

Wlule in the So,,.iet U11ion, We discussed witl1 So\1 iet Gove1·11111e11t officials bilateral relatio11s and otl1e1· 111attcrs of great in11Jo1·ta11ce.

111 Paris, V\1 e excl1a11ged views witl1 F1·e11cl1 Go­ verr1�11e11t ofticials 011 stre11gtl1e11i11g fu1·tl1e1· the fri�11d �y relatio11s v\'l1icl1 have existed for year·s between Ethiopia a11d F1·t111cc.

Ottr ta.ll<s ,vitl1 P1·esicle11t Gamal Abdel Nasser in Cairo 11ot only ce11t1·ed 011 bilateral 1·elations but a!so 011 1·elatio11s l1et,;vee11 Etl1iopia and tl1e neighbouring ··-· 508 -·-

·---.. lNTEllNATIONAL

tl1e as s11c Sudan and other Ar·ab cou . l1 s 1tri e 0111 · C n t r ie s These talks w1.11 f t1rt11er strengthen Et liiopia's re1at.ions· \Vith all l1er ne ig l1 bot1rs.

D1111ing Ot1i1·. vJsi:t 1�0 K·eny,a, W.e ·and p1�es· i·de:i1:t J omo Kenyatta s1g11ed a treaty of demarcation of the bor ders betwee11 ou r tvvo cot111trjes. TI1e sionin0o of th treaty was on e o_f the l1igl1_Iights of Ou1· ;isit dtlrin: wI1ich We also d1�c11ssed w1tl1 Ot11· good friend Presi­ dei1t Kenyatta Af1�1can and other international affairs.

The treaty should cement the excellent relatio118 between 0111· two cot1ntries and f11rther enhance the co-operatio11 betwee11 our two peoples.

The \varm and twnultuous welcome accorded to Us i11 Kenya was a vivid manifestation of tl1e brotherly feeling a11d u11derstandi11g of the two peoples .

011 the wl1ole, the visits We have paid to the above n1entioned countries were very itnportant. 011 the otl1er ha11d, the importance of tl1e visits would be di1ni11isl1ed if We we1·e u11able to select tl1ose which we co11sider of pa1·tic11lar inte1·est to Us a1nong tl1e ma11y tl1ings We saw and follow them up in action.

If \Ve look at it objectively, we need not consider ourselves as imitato1·s. There is nothing wrong if we adapt what we co11sider vital to us. In cloing so, we 011gl1t to be caref11l i11 ot1r cl1oices, so that we will be able to prese1·ve 011r l1eritage by ble11ding some of tl1e mode1·n 1neans witl1 011r t1·aditio11al concepts.

Eacl1 a11d eve1·y Etl1iopian should bear in mind his responsibilities, lest he become a failure in his p�triotic d11ties, to help in tl1e development efforts of l11s cou11tr y whose culture and history date back to s to_ t�ke 1nany cent11rie s . W e also urge all Etluopian _ bu ld1ng p art diligently in tl1e impo1·tant task ?! nat1�n � if they \Vant to do j11stice to the trad1t1onal 1ntegrtty of - 509 -

INTJLRN ArfIONAL

0L11· fo1·efathers who handed down to us our indepen­ dence at g1·eat sacrifice.

We 1·ealize that Our people are following the path of p1·og1·ess We ;have chosen for them. The progress being made in the field of education, particularly the initiatives take11 by the people to help expand modern edt1cation in the country, is praiseworthy.

The outcome of the talk� and details of important ,1chieven1ents made in the course of Our visit to Japan, the Soviet Union, France, the United Arab Republic and Kenya will be 1nade known in due course. Our people sl1ould then be able to assess for the.mselves wl1at We have accon1plished dt1ring this visit and also what these accomplislunents mean to the country.

From what yoL1 l1ave jt1st said, you have empha­ sized tl1e in1portance of st1ch visits.

May the Al111igl1t�,r God help t1s a11d g1tide us in all our endeavot1rs. ll111e

'

11, 1970

1\DDRESS ON ''IN1"ERNATIONAL EDUCATION YEAR'' v.11,e ·U11l�ted N1aJti.ons O.er1e1:·rul .1\.ssemhlj , jjt •\.\illl be 1·eoal1],d, de ,SiigrllaJted, li11 1 a rr,esoltihl011 19,70 as ''I1llt-e1·11atio11,ail .Eclt1oru�.i!o11 Yeia:1·''. Tl1Jis 1d.ecJs.i10l; ,;vas t,1kei1 pnn1arily ir1 recog11itio11 ·of tl1e ·ur'ge11t global nee<l to formulate ne,w eclt1catio11,,1l syste111s ·and n1e. thods in educational c:tcl111-i11ist·ratio11 a11d ·gt1idance. lvien1ber sretes of the U-i1ited �a,�io1 s Orga- r1iza-tio11 ar e -in -tl1e proc ess of im­ � ple111e11t111g t� 1 1·e-solL1tior1 i 11 co-o eration \1lith U1'1E­ p � �CO · 111 ad · c11t1011, U.NESCO 111e111·be1·· s:tates and other Jnterested orga11izatio11s are condu-c.ting researches on ..... � 510 -

--�..

1N1'ERN;\TIONAL

i1n pr ove a11d t1pg1�ade educatioiii,ll t o ds th o ine sys·te111s . . . . t ra t10 11, t() 1nc1·ease b 1n .rs, ad m · ud· getary allocations a-nd . ed t1c at1011 an d to .strengthen internat· ve 1· · sa l un i for 1ona1 . . · 1e1d of education so that ,the co-ope rat�on 1n th e f' goals _ 011tJ!ned 1n -tl1e In te rn:a�1onal Eduoation Year can be realized.

The act1te pfoblem·s related 1to edt1cation are mani­ fested i·n ·t· he fact that today two.:thirds of the popula­ tio11 .of the world are denied edt1cational opporttinities \\'bile the present edt1cational syst· ems are bein,g ques­ tione·d and oriticized. Tl1ese immen·se education·al pro­ ble111s cannot be solved overnight b · ut need contint1ecl st1rdy and ap,p1·aisal, and :in tl1-is ·regarid tl1e United Na­ tions Organization deserves oredit for focusing world atte11-ti·o11 011 edt1cational problems.

Despite -tl1e ·enormity of the problems, ,the ever in­ creasi11g quest for edttcation is a trend wl1Jch we all welco111e. In pa1·tict1lar, tl1e developing countries, st1ch as Etl1-iopia, l1ave an· d a1:e contint1ing, to give priority to educatjo11 a11d educational facilities and to allocate a hi, gl1 proportio11 of their revenue -to edt1cation in order to speed tl:p ,the ·development p- rocess. To cite a specific example in this connection, world-wide stt1dy on stu­ de11t pop11lation sl1ows a marl(ed increase in the num­ ber o-f A· f1·ican stt1de11ts, par,ticularly in the seconclary a11d highe1· lea1·11ing institt1tions, a rest1lt wh, icb sl1ot1ld be a sot1rce of p1·ide. In Africa, too, there is clos� co­ operation and collaboration -in the field o-f education.

These results ca11not be ,con1sidered -as final, rather they should be taken as stepping s· tones a11d as a driving force to ,impro ve and ,strengthen educational systems and administration.

- 511 -

TN'fETI N t\'['1 ON A:L

N ,1tior1�1l ·uNESCO Corrtn1issio11 ] t \\'i 11 be rec,:1lled tl1at we 01·dered the establish111cnt of tl1e N,1tio11al EclL1catio11al Commission of Ethi­ O[Jicl i11 .lt111e, 1968, 1011g before tl1e U.N. reso111tion l)ll tl1e I11ter11ationc1l EdLJc;ation Year was passed. The clirectives of tl1e co111111iss.ion were to .formulate and de­ fi11e tl1e objective s· of ·edt1catio:n i11 Ethiopia, methods to ex1Ja11d edt1catio11 and edt1catio11al facilities in the coun­ try to speed t1p tl1e developn1ent p1·ocess and ·tl1e inte­ gr,1tio11 of eclt1cation i11 soc.ial life. The s: pirit of these (iirectives is si1nilar to th.ose of the U.N. r·esol11tion on eclt1cation. 111 addition, a special co1nmission has been set up to coordi11ate tl1e i111plen1entation of th.is impor­ ta11t resolt1tion 011 I·11-te1·natio11al Ed11cation Year. The s,Jeci,11 co111n1ission a11cl the office of the National mTE­ SCO Co111111issio11 ,vill co 11:clt1ct -ap.propriate progran1111cs ·St1cl1 as pl1blic clisct1ssio 1 1 011 edt1cation and ,related st1bjects, ancl special stamps ,vil] be iss11ed ·n1arking the I1· 11te1,11a, 1rio: .11a: l Eclt1ciati:c)11 Ye;ar ·rus f\\re.Jl as fo1llo,v"\i11.g close­ ly w11at. is bei11·g done in other ·cot1ntries in tl1is connec­ ti 011 Wl1ile speaking today abot1t tl1e spi1·it and aspira­ tio11 of the Inter11atio11al Edt1cation Year, it is appro­ !Jri. ,1 te to 111e11tion l1e1·e tl1e A1111t1al I11te1·na,tional Litera­ cy Day \Vl1icl1 w,1s obse1·ved, for tl1 e fot1rth tim·e, on Se1Jte111ber 8, l 970 tl11·011gl1ot1t tl1e wo1·Jd. 111 l 967, t· l1e gove1·11111ent of I1·a·n fo11nded tl1e Mo, C ES lJN °, 11,Lr111necl R:aza Pal1levi '}J1·ize, give11 th1·011gh to I1o11ot1r a11cl e11cot11·aoe cot111tries indi,,idt1als and or­ tllc in g,li1iza�io11s wl1ich b11ted - l1ad bs.ig11ificantl; contri ca111:1J.,1ig1 1 ito eli111.i11,1te 'il]iteracy. We l1·ave spoke11 011 t}le .ich �1as . wh 111erits of oftl1,1t prize, exan1. p le · t l1e g . i 11sp11·,i 11 . l)een followecl by tl1e gove1·111, 11ent of the Soviet Uniotl

#

INTERN ..\'l'IONAL iii

its Nc1dezl1da �1·L11;skaya Prize, also given throtioh

I1t cl1 des t for O, rve s C c :ecl�t. In 1967, 1968 NE � S � U . : an1zat1ons 1 n Eth1op1a or b , 1970 were awarded ,arid ' ' wo n honourable me nledals and cer-tr.f1ca tes, a nd . nt'10n . � t1nd a t1on fo1· tl1eir ev o I 1 F 1 l a P tl1e 1 ro11 effective can1f . . . pa igns ag�1nst 111. 1 t�_racy. The adult liter acy campaign 1 E1tl no a 1.111c p1 le1· 111 tl1e rst1J)e,1·vi.sio11 of 1tl1 e 11in­ ' 1 , e cl lati110} !on fl11d Fi11e A1 b i :1.

Ec 0 . l t1 it s anc1 tl11;ot1 _g11 tl1e col­ : isb·y of_ _ of g ver nm e11t and private or­ laborat�on a�1cl a s-s1sta nce ? _ aanizat1 ons 1s co11clt1ct1 11g s·at1sfactory edt1 cational pro­ gra.m 111es. �l1e rest11 ts acl1ievecl from year to year and partic t11arly -111 th·e last ye a r have been encot1raging ,and a�1gt1r well for the ft1 ture. \1/e I1 ave al\vays encot1ra ged · and impressed · t1pon <JUr people tl1e .i1nport ance ·of edt1cation, ancl today, wl1ile speaki1�g 011 -tl1e International Ed 1.1cation Year and 011 ,tl1e Inte1·national Literacy Day wl1ich \Vas obser­ ved 011 Se,pt. 8, ,v.e wisl1 :t,o :reite,1,a,te ·011r co11.,,iotior; t11at edt1catio11 is a collective responsibility affecting every Eth,iopia11 fa1nil)'.

Tl1e objectives of the International Edt1cation Year are to 1noder11ize and i1np1·ove ed�1c�-tional sys­ te1ns a11d ad111inistr atio11 .for ·the need of the times, to prodt1ce tJ1e necess· a 1�y ·1na npowe1· for national develop1nent a11d ·t o formt1I ate. ·new ed11cational means and ,vays to. stre11.gthen international 'cooperation ancl to safegL1 ard n1 a 11lcincl. 0!1 tl1is occassio11, We 11rge ot1r peop]e to str,ive collecti,rel)' to acl1ieve thes� ol)j�ctives throt1gl1 tl1e expansio11 of ed_11c ation and educational facilities 1

October 9, 1970.

- 513 -

INTERNATIONAL

AT THE 25TH ANNIVERSARY OF THE U.N. It took two world wars and enormous sacri­ fice of hunian Zife a1id property before 1na1i, on_ce again, returned to sanity when the found­ ing ·fathers of the United Nations entered into a solemn written pledge to live in peace aniongst themselves, and actively cooperate on.e with another.

Mr. President, Distingt1ished Leaders and, Representatives of the Worlcl Co111111t1nity : Througl1out the history of man, there often appear to be pet·iods wl1en the worst and the best products of man's resot11·ceful geni11s have been precariously poised, ,,ying with eacl1 other or in n1ere j1ixtaposition.

There have also been occasions when tl1e better part of .htunan nat11re has turned the scale in favour of man's constructive wisdom, to the benefit of mankind at large. ·The emergence of the United Nations out of the havoc of the Second World War impresses me per­ sqnally as being one such phenomenon.

As we are -assembled l1ere today for the pur·pose of observing the Twenty-fifth Anniversary of the founding· of the United Nations, I believe it is prope r that we 1should focus ou1· tho11ghts on the constants of human natt1re ·and the · 11istorical circt1msta11ces sur­ roundi_ .ng ·th� ··pirtl).. and g ·rowtl1 of this organization.

And I say this for a v,ariety of rea·sons.

In recent times it has been broadly suggested that ·the Uri'ited Nations is undergoing a crisis of confi dence; that, judged by its performance so far its ability to �ope_ V.:ith the manifold problems of 'the world we live 1n 1s progressively on the wane; that some of the - 514 -

p

INTEilNATIONAL

. visions of t l1e Charter l1a\e. bec om e ro anachron1st1.c; .

P o 1 t f re t su h. e comb1nat1on of a variety a as t, tha of ex act11:1g cha!len�es of our time, th e an d_ or s fac� the United Nations l1as failed pathetically to achieve the pttrpose of th e _Charter a11d thus, has almost forefeited its right to e· xist.

Pessin1istic_ thougl1 t· h�y may seem, these allegations are prompte . d 1n !he main? not only by ,a deeply-felt concern. fo� t�e 1mperfect1on of what is basically a J1 un1an 11:st1tt1t1on, bu� eve!'l more, by anxiety for the very survival of 1nank1nd, 1ts accumulated civilization, and its· t1ntertain destiny. Nor could tl1ere be a more fitting moment than this unique gathering to pause and ponde- r on basic issues such as those I have just 1nentioned.

The ·very fact that we are assembled here today · on an historic occasion without precedent in tl1e · apnals of our times, is a credit to ·the United Nations; Con­ sider, fo1· instance, the fate o: tl1e League of Nations whose deatl1 k11ell was sounded while it· ·wa- s still in its forrnative years. It fell ingloriot1sly ·after its first real test at a time when it cou.ld l1ave done well by tl1e scrupulous application of the ·provisions of: its Covenant.

Reacl1ed - M'ahui,ty

· In co11·trast, · the United Nations, whose Silver Jubilee we ·are assembled -here to celebrate, has· reached m · aturity ·throt1gh a life span o� a geJ?:er�tion. �nd �i1:1ce longe vity in itself, un re de em ed by gent11ne achievement, is a barren an d sterile·-thing, it is gratifying to note that this is not so, as far as tl1e Uni:ed Nations is ,concerned. e th of s se o rp u p le b o n e l tl f t o e en ru m T th e attain Chart er r;m·a in s· ,elusive in practice. The success .so far "' 515 --

lN'I'EllN 1\'l'I t)NAL,

1·ecorded ·by tl1e U11ited Natio11s, wl1e11 set against its existe11ce in ti111e, fal'l far :sl101·t of tl1e vision of its fot1nding· fatl1ers; its st1ccesses fall far sl1ort also of the · eoples every­ hopes :the \rast 1n·ajority of peace-loving p wl1e· re conti11t1e to place in it as the s11preme instrument of peace, j11stice and progres·s for all mankind.

Yet·, dt1ring the past twenty-five years, the achieve111e11ts of · tl1e United Nations, pa1·tict1Iarly in the socio­ e�o11omic field,. . and its sal11ta1·y effect on t- he p· rocess of clecolonization a1·e, on balanc-e, to its credit. And althot1gl1 the sam.e oannot be s1ai· d o.f its efforts in ha11dli11g tl1e n1ajo1· political problems v1hich still grip tl1e wo1·ld comri.111nity, the role tl1e o.rganization has played as· a peace-keeping force is surely instr11ctive and VlOrtl1wl1ile.

In t· his connexio11, it shot1ld be noted t�at tl1e arm_�d conflicts of the pa·st twenty-five years have not led to th_e car11age of 1935-194-5. I am not s11ggesti11g th .at t_ h� ar1n·ed conflicts of_ ·tl1ese later years are incon­ siderable, or. that tl1e lives lost . ·a11d resot1rces wasted sl1ol11q Q� i. gnoreq. W,hat I an1. in1plying is that gi,,en t�e tech110Iogy o:f �11-o:der11 w�rf·a1·e, we n111st be prayer­ ft1lly tl1a.nkf11l that we have 1had mo1·e tha11 one oppor­ tt111ity to redirect ot1r ene1·gies to mo1·e useft1l servic e A !or ma11l<iin ?. By giving 11s tl1is · oppo1 t11nity and n1ak1111J� 11s realize 1tl1e ·cl1oice betv,,ee11 exti11ctio11 ·a11d s1.1r­ Viival,__I believe tl1e_ U11ited Nations I1as pla,,ed a v�tal role .. If 011 no otl1e1· cot111t, tl1is alo11e jt1stifies its exist­ ence ·and 0111· devotio11 to it .

P1·eclicru11e11ts

the wl1e1·e insta11ces Ancl l1as organization those i11 . fa-iled, th· e sittLatio11 obvio11sly reflects the relu·ctance on - 516 --

-. INTERNATIONAL

the part ?f th e �nt�:national co�munity to promote re al 1zat1on of the a11ns and purposes of v· e ef fe ct 1 e th the Cl1a1:ter. �hose_ of 11s wl10 _have a sad recollection of the cr1pp�ed 1nact101?- of the League of Nations at the mon1e11t of its mo st acid test are .con1pelled to view the pred ican1e11ts of th e U�ted Nations with the gravest concern a11d apprehens1011, ·a11d st1irely, the need; .to 1-ed11ce -and eve11t11ally ·eliminate st1ch predicame�ts should steel 011r hearts and minds, and spur us on to areater effort -as . responsible members of the intero 11ational commt1n1ty.

I have· already alluded to the fact that the e,me1·gence and development of any human instit11tion, vv11ethe1· 11ational or international, cannot be serio11sly c-011sidered, nor prope1·ly appreciated, if the interplay of forces and circu111sta11ces which brought tlt abo11t ·is left 011t of tl1e recko11ing. Concisely stated, the United Natio11s, lil<:e any other ;instit11tion, is essentially a pro­ dL1ct of its time·. Its Charter was conceived · and draft­ ed by people \vl10 \Vere not at liberty to. .ind11lge in ft1tjle exe1·cises divorced from reality. Theirs was a tasl< ·to p1·epare a document of aims. and purposes at once acceptable in theory and applicable in .practice.

That task was completed when, after intricate n�gotia­ tions and inevitable conipro1nises, .the Charter was d�!Y signed at San Fra· n8isco in 1945: Its provision.s ·are 1n themselves a living testimony to the foresight and · \visdo111 of its autho1·s.

It toolc two w. orld wars a·nd �n' ormous �acrific� ._of httma11 ]ife and p1·operty before man, .011-ce ag�1n, rett1r11�d to. sanity when the ·. founding ·fat?ers of. t}:le ge ed pl n te rit w nn le.i so a to ed i11 1it d U1 Nat1ons -ente1·e to live in peace- an1ongst thems.elves,. -and actiy��y- �.0.­ operate 011e w.itl1 another.

- 517 -

Fundamental Asswnptions Like the Covenant of the League of Nations which preceded it, tl1e Charter of. tl1e United Nations was based on certain fundamental assumptions, the first of whicl1 was that the signatory States would discharge their obligations tinder the Cha1·ter in all good faith.

Unfo1·tu11ately, the stumbling block i11 both documents, was precisely tllis assun1ption. While the motives of tl1e Cove11ant a11d the Charte1· are not in doubt, it is clear that the co11d uct of the members of the respective organizatio11s is directly responsible for the premature liqttidatio11 of the League, and ·the co11tinuing predica1nents of tl1e United Nations.

Nor should this sound curious or incomprehensible, for it is a fact that people often prove to be tl1e undoi11g of their own n1ost constructive actions. Abunda11t J?roof is ft1rnished by the ambivalent traits in human natL1re a11d the lack of consistency of the conduct of internatio11al relations.

I consider my presence he1·e today as a link betwee11 the past and tl1e present. Wl1en in 1936, my ancient country, after a gallant 1·esistance agai11st tl1e · t1nprovoked agg1·essor, fell prey to its ren1orseless ene1ny, it became 1ny painful duty, as Ernperor of Ethiopia, to appear· befor·e the Leagt1e of Nations to ,11)peal f01· l1elp £01· n1y st1ffe1·ing people. Over and above tl1e fate of a 11atio11 b1·utally invaded, I also pleaded at that tin1e tl1e cat1se of tl1e 111ore ft1ndamental isstLes of internatio11·a1 11101·ality a11d collective· security· rfho11g� the ideas I ent1nciated ·tl1e11 we1·e by 110 means novel, it l1appened tp.at botl1 n1y appearance before tl1e LeagLte, as leade1· of a natio11, and 111y pronouncements _ \Vere w1tl10L1t precedent.

- 518 -

INTERNATIONAL

Twenty-seven years la�er, I also had the opportun ­ ity to address �!1e Twe_nt1eth Session of this august orga n of the l!n1ted �at1011s, :and share my preoccupa­ tioi1s . co11_ce1·n1ng this Organization and the world sitt1at1on ·In general.

W01·ld Situation Today, as I sta11d once 111ore in this l1al1, I find n1yself u11l1appy about· the wo1·ld situation and tl1e state of this Q,1·ganizatio11. Even as I speak l1ere now in Asia a11d tl1e Middle East me11 !are either locked i� mortal comba·t, or are dug in tre11ches, ready to unleash tl1e full fur� of mode1·11 weaponry on the ,adversary, tipon the sl1gl1test 1nove or pretext. Racialism and bigotry co11tinue to opp1·ess and degrade millions of my fellow Africa11s in their own fatherla11d. Tl1e ever wideni11g economic gap between the affluent and the developing ·societies on our planet continue unimpeded.

In the ar·ea of general and co1nplete disarmament, altho11gh some progress has been made which we all have acclaitned as showing signs of a breakthrough, it still re1nai11s true that we live not 011ly with the danger of a nuclear conflict hanging over us, but are also help� less witnesses of the wanton waste of world resources which could otherwise be used to improve the lot of men everywh·ere. It is tl1erefore the bo11nden duty of all leaders a11d all peoples to concern themselves with this problem 11ntil an appropriate solution is found.

The Conference of the Non-Aligned States and t·l1e Seventh Session of ·the Assembly ·of Heads of State and Govern-111ent of tl1e Orga11ization of African Unity were a st1ccess, because they were both dedic�te� to _ tl1e principles and p11rposes of the United Nations - 519 -

INTEfu"lATIONAL

Charter·, and particularly to the cau . se of Africans in ·southern AfDica who find themselves, through no fa nf · the1r own, se1·fs in th·eir own land. It is my con­ vJction that if the United Nations .is to survive as an i11stitution worthy of the respect of peoples throughout the wo1·ld, it must redouble its efforts to free the colo­ nial peoples from subj·ugation. I strongly believe that .this Cominemoriative Session cannot do less than 1·eki11dle tl1e flame of liberty in t.hese oppressed peoples _by adopting a declaration of war against their oppres­ s01·s. I -be1ieve the United Nations should ·do more!

I belie,,e it should exte11d material assistance to them just as th·e Organization of African Unity does, until ·t11e colonial and .racial systems in Southern Africa a.re b- rought to an ,end. We must not fear that s11ch action · would b1·ealc tl1e United Nations for the entente in Sot1tl1ern Af1·ica .is an alliance of minorities. On the .0011:tr-ary, 1a-s ·the overwl1elmi11g majorit)' of rehe fanuly of natio11s !fe· presented · h e· 1·e are against this unhol)' ·allia11ce; the States concerned cannot in any way affect ·ot1r Organiiatio·n.

Principles

S01111d

Qf · �ne thing we . oan be st11·e: ·tl1at fu,e priI1ciples . ·:epshrine,d in the United Natio11s Cha1·te1· are basically ,sot111d and 1·elevant - as s01111d. a11d r·elevant toda y as · �her1 \v·e�e �w'1nt faced y-fiv e ms year s prob ago; le that tl1e . . !!1. �r�!1�.l�t11�� �-!1Qsy J.?l�ipc_ iples i11to reality are not, there­ !or:�, 111l1�rent_ 1n· tl1e Cl1a1·te1·; that as has alrec1.d y be en _-pr<?:ved· by. �xpei�ien�e, . tl1e Clia1·te1· itself is amenable ··!O -�da�t�ti;b n. as .:the 11eed arises; that, above all, it is . · :�!1. :Jhe_. ii;i,t�i��¼� · ·of_ .�··t_ h�: st· 1·ortg no less than the "''eak nat ions that this '.'Organization sho11ld s11rvive. Other1

- 520 -

.....

INTERNATION AL

wise, this pilgrimage �o New Y 01·k City of so manY International . the of commt1 ers nity , at tl11S lead · · JUCtt1re · .

1 1st \V ou or y, ld in an de ed 1 m be meaningless and hi � of. ,,01d.

. And if; as I_ believe, we. are assembled here today beoa�se we co11s1der tl1e Un1ted Nations a vital orga­ . ni2iat1on both for our own time and the future the qt1estio1i ru·ises .wl1 �tl1er we hav � the will, the cot�i·age and the· dete1·m111ation to make 1t more effective more \VOrtl1y of the- ideals and pri11ciples of its Charte;. Are ,ve \Villing to inject fresh vigour into its role as the custodian of world peace and secur-ity, and the catalyst of differences whicl1 arise aimongs·t nations ? Are we prepare-d to strengthen and consolidate its n1achinery for the protection of human 1·ights and tl1e promotio11 of .tl1e economic a11d ,social well-being of -peoples throt1gh011t the world? In sum, have we the courage and determination to bacl< ·this organization with 11nselfisl1 a11c,l unsti11ted s11pport in all its efforts towarcls the f11ll realizatio11 of tl1e ai1ns a11d purposes of the Charter ?

Partial A11swer .

'l;he greater ef·fectiv·e11ess of the United Natio11s and the enhanc,ement of tits image m11st ultin1ately depe11d on the answe1·s we give to tl1ese questions. And to my mi11d, th e qtrality -and size o· f the a·ttend·ance a;t .tl1is ers to the q11est_1�ns sw an l ia rt pa ceremonial session are · I have posed. On tl1is uniq11e session and the pos1t1ve ter nc co d an n tio ta ul ns co k an n fr tio ac . we .take throuoo h . ed. m�ast1res depend th e f11ture of this Orgamzation, 1 e, well-be. 1·ng o f m-arnkind ·and, perhaps, th_e very sur­ th vival ,of tl1e hum.an race and ·its civilization accumulated tl1rough, the· ·ages.

- 521 -

INTERN,\TIONAL

Never in history have so man y leaders of diverse nations assembled in one place, at the same time, for a purpos·e so simple yet so vital and for a need so common yet so distinctive. The common need is our collective survival in peace, justice, equality, mutual 1·espect, and material abundance for all, incluiling the world'-s 11nder-privileged. Ot1r purpose in converging upon this hall from distant places, therefore, could scarcely have been merely to attend a ceremonial func­ tion. We n1ust have come here to endeavou.r also to seek in concert ways and means as to bow best to stren-gthe11 this Organization for the realization of our collective need. This is indeed a moment of supreme challe11ge, an .immense opportunity . Having by bitter experience lea1·nt the lesson taught by the collapse of tl1e League of Nations, \\7e can neither afford to shjrk tl1e challenge nor fail to seize the opportunity to act and, if need be, to sacrifice.

I am anxious and apprehensi\ e about eacl1 one of these situations, becat1se each carries the germs of a wide1· conflict and conflagration; and if left uncorrected and unremedied, each is capable of dri, ing the \VOrld to the very dangers wl1ich all of us believe instinctively mt1st be avoided. With a little 1nore co11r. age, deter­ n1i11ation and the vvill to act before it -is too..., late, we shall be capable of finding solt1tio11s to tl1ese and other pressing problen1s.

1

1

The Midclle East

tiriIn thi s reg ard I the an1 dee ply tha t cor 1ce 1·ne d . t1n1ely death of President Nasser· may 11av. e an adverse effect on ,the search for peace i 11 tl1 e 11iddle East. I trtist that the efforts made in the searcl1 fo ·r peace in the - 522 -

INTERNATIONA L

'I

..

' '

..·1

.

M iddle_ East wi, ll contin�e until a lasting peace is estab­ lished fll ·accordance with the decision of the SecuritY council of November 22, 1967.

An examp·le of the type. ·of situation I refer to IS · the _danger to air transportat10D:, one of the really great achieven1ents o� the h�man mind, enabling us to sur1110unt the barrier of distance which for centuries had hindered contact between peoples. Today, we observe with agony the many acts ·of unlawful interference to wliich air travel has been ·Subjected in recent times.

Sabotage and hijacking of civil aircraft, unless halted i111m ediately, will not o�ly jeopardize the lives of pas­ sengers and crew , but will also affect the very fabric of tl1e international society. In view of this grave peril, the world community sh·ould, as a matter of urgency, take concerted measures to guarantee the safety and freedom of international civil travel.

Of no less concern is the state of this Organization: its chronic financial problems, the paralysis of its peace­ keeping machinery; its progressive relegation to the un­ enviable role of a peripl1eral spectator on a number of crucial matters, namely, disarmament and the grave conflicts i11 tl1e Middle East and South East Asia .

• •

Urgent Attention ii'

'

'

•!

•

.'I J

:1

I' I

If the l.Jnited Nations is to be re�tored to the central position which it was designed t� occupy fn the n1aintenance of world peace and s·ect1r1ty, an� 1n the promotion of ·th e general well-being of 1na�k1nd, the situation I have just mentioned should receive urgent attention. It was to this -end that member States �f the Orga nization of African Unity and the Non-Aligned t or pp 11 s l ca vo ui eq un r ei th io at N ns closed th·eir ranks in - 523 -

INTERNATIONAL

. tl1eir 1·ecent st1nimit co nfer­ at Natio11s U11itecl 1 e of tl e11ces l1eld, 1�eSj?Cctively, i 1 1: A�ldis Ababa an d Lusalca.

I beheve vve are all co11\7inced that the United ·Natio11 s can discl1a1·ge its 1·esponsibilit� for peace-lceep­ i11g if 1neast1res are adopted to avoid a conflict of c1L1t· l1ority a111011g its organs and also t. o n1ake it 111,111 clato1·y for· all Me11 1ber States to sl1are i11 tl1e ex­ tJe11ses of its peace-lceepi11g effo1·ts, withot1t resorti1 1g to clev.iot1s \Vays. I believe it to be i11 ·the interest of all States to exert the1nselves to tl1e ft1ll i11 this area, for <)111)' \\1 hen tl1e;se t\\1.i1 1 1J1·oble1ns a1·e solved can \Ve truly say th,lt we l1ave a11ytl1ing eve· n ren1otely approacl1ing <.t collective secL11·it)' syste111.

1�-o l1 elp solve all tl1ese 1J1·oble1ns, tl1e United · atio11s 111L1st e1 1cot11·age, as does tl1e Charter, N gr(1vvtl1 of 1·egio11al i11-stitt1tio11s for, 011l·y vvhen it is st1p­ porte(l by the .peoples of: tl1e wo.i·ld in tl1is n1a11ner, will it be ,tble to discl1arge its obligation as envisaged in the Cl1,1rter. Witness tl1e st1·t1ggle and s11ccess of the · in f.i11di11g solt1tio11s to n1a11y p O.A.u. · roble1ns faci11g Africa wl1icl1 WOL1lcl otl1erwise co111e to tl1ese l1alls.

I believe that strong 1·egio11al in-stitu,tio11s devoted to tl1e f L1rtl1er�nce of the caLise of peace are i11dispensabl � to the United Natio11 s : they l1elp co11tain local conflic;ts ar1(l tl1e1·eby 1esse11 i11ter11atio11al te 1 1sio11. A case 111 JJC)i11.. t is ll1e Nige1·ia11 . civil war vvl1ose i1npact 011 _Afric::� \V,ts_ st1ccessft1lly. co11t,1i11ecl by tl1 e 01·ga11.izat1011 of A f:r1c�r.l11 l.J11ity.

M<l1·e Vi g<l1·ot1s Role .

' }11 Y l. 11 te1·111.s of ·tl1 e vvell-bei 11 0 of 111an]<1• n·d, ·it 15 coi1,,ictior1 tl1at tl1 e U1 1itecl Natio1 1s sl1011ld play a inore \'igo1 ·ot1s role t]1a.11 eve1· before. It is t1·ite to observe --· 524 --

tl1,1 t t111less tl1e 1-icl1es of tl1e worlcl are 80111e}1ow 111ade to reacl1 tl1e peoples ?f tl1 e_ .clevelo1Ji11g cotltltries, tlle conseq11e11ces to 1na11k·1ncl ,v1ll be _ q11ite as catastrOJJllic as tl1e res11lts �f a nt�clear conflict. S11rcly, it is not beyond h_t1n1�11 1_11ge11t11ty to correct this ap1Ja11ii1g sittla­ tio11 by 111st1tL1t111g meas11res wl1ich wo11ld enable tl1e cle,1eloping cot1ntries to attain a more tolerable sta11c1arcl of life for tl1eir ·peoples.

111 tl1e .111ainte11ance of i11ternational peace a11cI sec11rity, i11 sec11ring a11 agreen1e11t on genera] and com­ plete disar1nem·e11t, a11d i11 reaching a peacef11l settle111e11t of the grave co11flicts i11 the Middle East and S011th East Asia, I a111 convinced that the presence o[ tl1e represe11tatives of the Peoples Republic of China in these l1alls is i11dispensable. The ·absence of the repre· ­ sentatives of s11ch a great co11ntry, a11d st1cl1 an ind11s­ trio11s people impresses me as one of tl1ose mistakes \vhicl1 men are \V·ont to com1nit hardly suspecting their possible conseqt1ences. We therefore urge tl1is Asse111bly to ;aban· .d·o11 this cot1rse and to d·o j11stice to ,the great }Jeople of Chi11a.

Collective

St11""\1 ival

Th.e choice of tl1is age and the very ft1t11re of l1 t1111a11it.y is si111·ple : collective survival, or collecti� e exti 11 ctio11. Whe11 tl1e s·tar1< choice is tl111s revea1ecl 1n all its 11al<·ed horror, <la.rev.le hesitate as to 011r cl1oice?

The choice we, kn·ow; the 111eans we can rediscover in a rein,,igoraited and 1natt1re U11ited Nations. The will to act, and· the. co11rage a11d determi11ation t� impl� 1ne11t the decisions we 111t1st take, 111atter. Let tl11s sess1011 be tl1e 1·e-bir.th of. tl1e United Natio11s, and the re-affirma­ tion· of OLlr faith in the ever-contin11ing validity of tlle - 525 -

INTERN.\TIONAL

purposes and principles for which it was established.

A grave responsibility rests upon us : to ensure our own collective survival, and the future of unborn gene­ rations.

May the Almighty g�ant us the wisdom, courage and determination to rise to this supr,eme challenge and reap a rich reward !

October 24, 1970.

OPENING ADDRESS TO W. C. C. HELD IN ADDIS ABABA Mr. Chairman, Eminences and Distinguished Members of the Central Committee, It js with feelings of ·great spiritual ·and personal happiness that We witness the convening of this meet­ ing of the Central Committee of the World Council of Churches in Our capital ci,ty. This is particularly so as it is more ti· mely ,than ever for ·followers of Christ -to gather to del,iberate on curren·t vital issues affecting international peace and jt1stice.

We l1ave been fully aware, ever since !its establisl11nent in 1948, of the grea-t endeavours and contribu­ tions made by the World Cot1ncil of Ch11rches in bring­ ing together �ii Christians to wo1·k together for a c?m· mon cause. The coming ·together of the representatives of the various -churches to 1neet an-d discuss ,together their common problems 'tl!llder the sponsorship of the World Council of Churches, contributes not merely ,greater cordial:ity and mutual understanding among themselves; it will also, no doubt, -en·able them gradual­ ly to secure the W•i&dom and understanding required for '

� 526 -

'

'I '

i

I

(

,,

I

I (

''

INTEllNATIONAL

realizin.g 1the go al o· f unity. , a unity based on the 1ave of Christ. In thi·, s connection, We are gratif.ied to note that our chur ch, as .a member of the C·ounoil, has con tribu,ted.11ts sb are to th'1s sacred cause.

Man's ·e�oistic �notives and ·his s· elfish desire to pursue e· xclusively l11s own individual dnterests thus failin g. in ,his Go?-gi�en task of following the g�al of the unity of all, 1s w-1tness to the f, eebleness of -human nature, a�d _constrtutes the 1:11 ajor obsta cle to the unity of all Christians towards which we ·strive .

How .Jong will we, wh o are disciples of the Lord Jest1s Christ, wh? ·ar� _t aught by the :same Holy Bible, contint1e ·to remain divided among ourselves?

Realizing that the time has come for ,the Church of C,hrist, divided for rnany centuries up till now, to come together in unity and work together, it is impe­ rative for all of 'llS to •strive ,together, in accordance with the words of the Apostle, Eph· esians, Chapter 4 verses 5 and 6, to clear •the way and open it up for the realization of unity. Each church ·and all churches have the obligation, deriv,ed from their covenant with God, to proclaim the Gospel, to m ake disciples of all nations and . thus ,to make the faith grow ·and bear fruit.

T-he World Council of Churches h as the great re­ sponsibility b e fore Cl1rist to secure and maintain the rights of man and justic,e in society. The various pro­ jects and aoh.ievements of -tl1e World Council ,in the field of world peace are a testimony to its a· warene�s of this ta:sk and to its determination to discharge this h�gh re· sponsibility.

We Christians living by the faith of Christ, the Head and P,illar on whom the C,hurch is .founded, oan­ not escc1:pe· the re sponsibility to work for the peac� of the world, -and to enst1re e· quality for all human beings - 527 -

--.....

Il\J''I'l�IlN A'f ION1\I,

created by God, lest we fail in our ,duty by ·being mere 1J,1ssive witnesses to tl1e gruesome s·pectacle of human bei11·gs, created i11 the .in1age of God, being deprived by virtL1e of tl1eir ·colot1r or tl1eir poverty, of the benefits ,t11d blessi11gs that are the birthright of every man and ,111 1ne11, a11·d suffering in· agony, cast forth from the pale of fL1ll l1t1n1an ex-istence.

The World Council of Churches has clearly de1nonstrated its farsighted·ness and wisdon1 in the way it has carried ot· 1t ,its responsibilities in the field of he,1lth, edL1catio11 .a11d development. Developing coun­ tries always welcome any teohnical and material assis­ ta11ce \Vhicl1 may be offered to them in the spirit of lJrotl1erly and Cl1ristia-n love.

Aid Withoi1t Strings ·1.r is for this reason that we insist that all aid pro­ fe1·1·ed by any Christian orga ·nization sh.ot1ld be free fron1 ,1ny political motivation and f1·om all contamination by ideologic-a_l mic1·obes, and shot1ld be directed exclusive})' to tl1e .we.lfar- e of .n1anki11d and to -th,e developn1ent of tl1e standp.t·d o.f .livi�g of l1t1m·an bei11gs. For to be gL1ided by s1 t1ch · s•h-ort...sighted �deological 01· political 111otives in the offering of assistance, i,s to betray the larger pt1ropses ancl objectives ·by which the Cht1rch of J est1s .Christ sho11ld be gt1ided and l·ed forn,ard in unity of pL1rpose a.11d 011eness of 1nind. How can we realize '\ are Ltni ty t111le ss .

Go· tl1e d n1em be1 s of of tl1e l1ot1 seho ld .

11 ot alie.11ated· from each other, and unless we are bound togetl1e1· . by ..m11tual trt1-st a11d work together in the bo11ds of love a� comma11ded by Christ and. our fathers?

The.Wor·ld· Council of Ch·11rches 11-as for long been engaged _in . .re11der,irig assistance· to churches in many -- 528. .

lNTERN:\TIONAL

parts of the world for projects related to development.

We expect a_ g1·,eat deal from the new Com.mission re­ cently organ· 1zed to enst1re -tl1e greater participation of the Churcl1 i11 development efforts. It bears a very high responsi·bility.

Man does not live by bread alone. The spiritual life -does 11ot deny, however, the need for bread. There­ .fore, tl1e spiritual 1ife ?f �t1manity must necessarily in'clude the con1mon asp1rat1on of crll of us for a better standard of li·ving and for greater improvement in the quality of hum an existence.

T'he financial contributions from various member churches towards this noble task, when t, hey duly ·achieve their pm·pose, can open the doors of unity and co-operation a:nd thus assist the ecumenical purpose fo"r ·all Christians livi11g today by commencing a new chap· ter in the history of the Cl1urch. This matter should, therefore, 1·eceive -high consideration.

May God our Creator, the Helper a�d Guiding Light of t1s all, gra11t you His wisdom that your m,eet­ ing 1na y bear fruit for H-iis glory. We sincerely wish you all success atlld pray -that God may lead yoa to that unity which Christians ·all over the world eager.ly await.

January 12, 1971

ON INTERNATIONAL LITERACY DAY

Today m·arks ''International Llteracy Day"' whic� is being observed for the f.ifth time throu¥h t_h� aegis of the United Nations Edt1cational, Sc1ent1f1c and CL1ltural 01·ganiz,1tion (UNESCO). We have explained in the past i<ts aims and objectives.

- 529 35*

-.......

JN'fEfiNA'l'IONAL

We take tl1is op1Jo1·tt1ne tin1e to stress anew the in1,portance of eclt1catio11 and to u1·ge those engaged in tl1e fielcl to strive l1ard-er still a11d those who have to lear11 to reclot1ble t11ei1· effo1·ts.

EclL1.catio11 is tl1e key t, o success· for every -citizen, who is ex1?ecte.d to serve l1is cot1ntry with the dictates of t11e tin1es. Tl1is service will be mo1·e frt1itful if it is backed by education.

We ca11 cite as a11 example l1e1·e the role .of science a11cl tecl111ology in ag 1·ict1ltt11·e, f·or throt1gh better seeds a 11cl fe1··tilizers l1a rvests 11·ave been greatly ii1nproved and i11creased.

As we I1a\1e always 11oted in tl1e past ed·l1cation is the Icey to tl1e· s11ccess a11d develop1nent of 011r people a11cl We 11-rge all to stri\1e for l1·igl1er edt1ca-tion. On its part, Ot1r gove1·111nent l1as 11ever ceased fron1 encourag­ ing o.r contribt1ting :its share.

Ma11l<ind, be jt i11 pa·s,t, ]Jt·esen t or· ft1tt1re, l1as always bee11 j11dgt�d. 11ot by colot11·, or creed, but by tl1e wealtl1 of t.its lc11ow1eclge. It is 0111y tl1rot1gh learning and l<11owleclge tl1at 011e ca11 give ,,alt1,able service of be11efit to a cot111try, and it is \Vitl1 ,tl1is i11 111i11d tl1at We ha\1e always t1rgecl ·and. e11cot11 aged tl1e yot111g and tl1e adt11t to str.ivc to lear11. 111 tl1is co1111ection, t he acl Ll It eel Ll Ccl tio11 {J1·0 gra111111e� 1at111cl1ecl tl1rot1gl1 tl1e co­ OJJera tio 1 1 of gover11111e11 t a 1 1d pri\,ate agencies , l1as ac11ieved 111t1cl1 si11ce its i11ceJ, )tio 1 1 taki110- into co11sidera­ tio11 tl1e ti111e reqt1irecl to ·i11t1·oclt1ce a�d pt1blicize the JJrogra111111 e.

We are avvare t11at 1 11ore tl1a11 a n1illio11 perso11s 11a v_e _lear11ecl to reacl a11cl w1·i te, ,t11rowi 1 1g off tl1e bonds of 1ll1teracy. Tl1is is i11deed a great blessi11g a11d an ·e Xia111 �le fo1· otl1ers to follow by 11ot was·ti11g their· spare _t1n1e 1clly.

1

- 530 -

INTl�RNATIONAL

A t tl1 is jt1ctt1re We wo 11ld like to i·ecall w11at w e ,, • .

0 sai d a fe,v years a�o ,, nan101''y, never desi)air. of 1earn1ncr Y p ass y o tt. . T1·t1e edt1cation is b �e d 1 e k11��1/ Jest not o111; . ' l benefic.ial to 111 d1v 1d t1a .s btt t ·also to one's cotintry . True edti cat1011 gt)es 11a11d 111 ·11a11d witl1 011e's Ctllttlre atlcl 11 eri·tage ,an1d stren ·gt11e11s 011 e's belief in Goel Alri1 jbcrhty.

Tl1e yot11�g an d tl1� acl t1l t will 11ot be a btlrden to tJ1ei,r ,cot1n1try, 1.f ·tl1ey strive for eclt1catio11 and that is ,:vhy all sl1ot1ld eagerly seek lear11ing.

Edt1cat1 io11al prog1"a1n1nes follow the dictates of the �in1es. Ac,1cle'J1 1·ic eclt1cation is 11 ot e11ot1gh, it shot1Id be at1g111e11 ted by o tl1er practical learni11g tak,ing into con­ sideration tl1e 11eecls of everyday life. TI1is adclitional Jearni11g ca11 be .acqtlirecl tl1rougl1 books and magazines or it ca11 be incorpo1·ated .i11to eclt1oa.tional c11r1·ict1la.

The vocatio11·al-orie11,t ed training prograinmes lat1ncl1ed in Cl1ilalo, Art1ssi Governorate, and in Wol­ lamo, Sidan10 G·overno1·ate, l1ave given encot1raging rest1lts. Pla1. 1s are t1nderway to ]at1nch similar program­ mes ,in other gover11orates w]1 i. ch shot1Jd be pre·pared to etn t1late ,t11e1n .

This adt11t 1iterac11 prog,ran1me being ca1�ried out by tl1e National Literacy Can1paign Orga·nization with. the l1elp of i11clividt1a]s, private and govern1nent agen­ cies deserves tl1e st1pport of all. It is throt1gh st1ch a progran1n1e tl1·at tl1e fight against ignorance can be i11tel1sified and the conseqt1ences ste111111in,g fro1n ignor­ ance st1ch as i11jt1stice a11d h11m·iliation cot1ld be stamped ot1t, tl1ere by enst1ring national development. t�e vvelfar. e of i11divid11a]s ·a s well as peace and prospenty among nations.

As We h av e said i1 1 tl1e past, the fight a�ain�t ig110.rance oa]]s for global efforts. Etl:i� pia, ";htcl1 18 aware of th e problen1s, will ft1lly part1c1pate 1n these 1

'

'

<

.

•. 'I

n

'

•

I I

I' •'

'

- 531 -

"'

IN1 ERNATIONAL

world-wide effor·ts, a1nd th,at i, s why this country is show­ ing con1n1en,dable r:est1lts from year to year in the fight agains·t ,il11iter.acy.

For tl1is effoi�t to show ,st- ill better results, it is im­ perative that those who have l1ad the privilege of formal educatio11 -teach tl1eir less foI1tt1nate broth·ers a· nd sisters . 'Dh- is mt1st be done 110w lest one fall behind the ti1nes ·a11d ,1·egret -the co11sequenoes J,ater.

Tl1is is the age of competition, irrespective of the fields of activities, and calls ·for -dedication. Ev·eryone, reg.ardles,s of his age, should strive to lear.n. It wot1ld be ii11conccivable for a person to appreciate the mean­ ing o, f life and living itself without edt1cation. It wouild even b· e i1np: ossi-ble fo1· a perso11 to utilize his God-given gifts.

We tl1ank all tl1ose who l1ave taken part in the National Lite1·acy Campaign. program1nes as well a· s t· hose wl1·0 have -benefited fr.on1 these programn1es, and We commend the fo1·mer, fo1· what they did \Vas in acco1·d with their n·a·tional obligation.

We wot1ld also like to -tl1ank 011 this day UNESCO, tl1e variou ·s !private and gove1·nmental agencies, indivi­ dt1als and as-sociations fo1· their ·efforts and financial cont1·i- bu:tions in tl1e figl1t against illiteracy. Our ap­ preciatio11s also go to the Sl1al1 of Iran an,d the Govern1nent of tl1e Sovi, et Un-ion fo1· p· 1·oviding n1oral and ?1?·a11cial su1JJJort to the wor·ld-wide ca111paign aga inst 1ll1teracy p1·o· vidi11g inter11ational p1·izes an11t1ally through UNESCO -to ot1ts·tandi-ng nati-011al lite· 1·acj' efforts.

We t11·ge boy sco11ts and school cl1ildren 10 Etl1iopia to take a11 active pa1·t i11 tl1is noble effort of teach111g othe1·s as of the p1·ese11t acaden1ic year·. Vt'e also t1rge officials in tl1e va1·iot1s gove1·11orates to i111press ltJJ011 tl1e people ·the i1npo1·tance of the liter·ac)7 cru11� 1

1

- 532 -

lNTERNArflONAL

paign in acc�rd��ce witl1 tl1e directives issued in the p· ast by 011r M1n1ste1· of Inte1·io1·. We pray to the Almighty to bless Ou1· effo1·ts.

September 10, 1971

TO TIIE INAUGURAL AFRICA SESSION OF THE U.N. SECURITY COUNCIL Your Excellency President Mouktar Ould Daddah ' Mr. President, Disting1tl shed Members of the Sect1rity Council: It is my pleasure to welco111e the Secu1·ity Co11ncil to its firs·t ses-sion on African soil. lit is our hope that as a result of your 111eeting in Africa you will be in a better position t· o ias'. sess ·�he immense significance of the items inscribed on your agenda.

I take tl1is opportunity to express my great satis­ faction at the presence of my good friend His Excellen­ cy President Mouktru· 011ld Daddah, who, as the ct1r­ rent Chairn1an of the Organization of African Unity, has been entrusted to acquaint tl1e Council with the views of Africa on the items that figure on your agen­ da.

I would lik.e also to take this opportunity to congmtula1te His Excellency Dr. Kurt Waldheim on· his ap­ poin·tment as Secretary-General of the United Nations and wish him success in all his efforts in this exacting : office.

The fact tl1at tl1e Security Council it today con­ ­ m co d sa a is ry ta �n m di ru in er sid g matters which are mentary o n th e history of ot1r tin1es . Over a. q11arter of a century ha s alre·ady elapsed since the n�tlons of_ the ns io at N d te ni U e th of l wor d recorded in th e Charter - 533 -

q

INTERNA'fIONAL

that respect for human rights and fundamental free­ dom.s co11stitute a vital basis for the pron1otion and protection of international peace an.d security. Yet, in Africa., neither the efforts of the United Nations nor this uni\-'ersal conviction of rnan}(ind l1ave been able to elin1inate the denial of ht1111an rights and fundamen­ tal freedom, vlhile tl1e peoples in other continents have benefited from this fundamental 1·ecognition.

Colon ia l ism and the policy of racism imp , ose soul­ searcb.ing questions of huma11 rights, weiglring equally on t..lie con.science oE all men and nations of good will.

History a1nply shows tl1at tl1e free<.ion1 enjoyed by many beoomes fragile ,:vhen the denial, even to the few, of basic human rights, is tolerated.

The development of tl1e last few yea1·s in Southern A_fric-a confirn1s beyond reasonable doubt, that as re­ pression l1as increased, it has als.o crea-ted more resist­ ance, thus leaving in its w ake an esoalat· ing process of ':.iolence ,:vhich can soon engt11f tl1e \:\,hole ai·ea. Indiv­ isible as 1Jeace l1as becon1e i11 OLt·r time, there is tl1e ob,1iot1s danger that st1cl1 a process will lead to far­ reachi.ng co1u;eque11ces. Tl1e SeClirity Council has, therefore, the dt1ty 11ot on]y to torestall tl1 is tragedy hllt, by taking e.ffective and ti111ely actio11, to re111ove tl1e danger.

The present l1isto1·ic sessio11 ()f tl1e Secu1·it y Cou n­ �il sl1ould, t:1e1·efo1·e, c1ffo1·d a11 011po1·tt1nity fo1· a�011iz· mg reappr·a1sal of t)ast attitL1des }l11d fo1· the taking of :1e\\, initiati \:es 011 tl1e isst1es of colo11ialis111 a11d racism 1n Africa.

Todaj', tl1e ,1tte11tion of tl1e v/01·Id, wl1icl1 bitterly u�: 0 ! n�il recalls the di�111al _fc1i!t11�e of tl1e Leag11e Co11 v e hold tl1c basic p1·111c11?les of its Covenai1t� \Vil� in i t tha 1on abl)' be focttsed 011 ·th·i,s Hall, i11 fttll -expecta'.t - 534 -

INTERNATION AL

'

'

l•

,

,

,.

r

'I

•I

tile Sect1rity Cou11cil. will discl1arge 1· t·s respons}'b'l' 1 1ty to wards the peop1 es 1n Southern Africa.

The L�a�11e.o! _Natioll:s suffered a premature death beoause of its 1nab1�1ty �o live_ up ·to the principles of its Cove�·a1· 1t· . T he. Un1ted Na�1011s, and in particular the Security Cot1nc1l, �s the principal organ of the United Nati�ns for the n1a1ntenance of international peace anq. secu rity unde1· the. Chavte1·, _clearly stands to be judged before the colle _ �t1ve consc1�nc e of humanity on the isst1es of colon1al1s1n and rac1sn1.

The verd-ict will, obvr, ou·sly, depend 011 tlhe -1na 11_ ner in which each 1ne.mber and the Council as a whole will discharge their heavy responsibilities. Failure to live tip to t·he Charter obligations in this respect can bt1t have the most. seriot1s repe1·ct1ssions both to the effectiveness ,of ·the Uni1ted Na; t:iions and to internation­ al peace and secuflity, of w·hich you, as representative-s i11 the Security Council, are the ])resent gt1ardians.

Africa has already voiced its stand on tl1ese burn­ ing issues at the United Nations, 'v'1ithin the Organiza­ tion of African Unity and tl1e co11ferences of the non­ aligned countries. Indeed, the ent:ire world has joined Africa in condemning and rejecting the inl1uman po­ licies of colonialism and racialism .in Southern Africa.

What is called for at this critical tune is for the inter­ national con1mt1nity to move fro1n mere rejection and condemnation to that of taking action. The interna11ional community has many options, but what it has lacked so far is political will. . .

It is i1nperative tl1at your p1·esent del1berat1?ns should be guided by the lasting interests of man�1nd and in this historic task yot1 a1·e assured of th e_ unf11�ch­ ing suppo1�t o f a ·ll n1en of good will. Considerations of sho!'t-tern1 objeotives should 11ot be a:llowed ·to - 535 -

Q

stc111cl i11 tl1e w,a)' of peace a11cl jttstice.

Tl1rot1gl1t)ttt .l.1isto1·y it is tl1e i11(.tctit)11 oi: tl1ose wi10 cot1lcl l1av·e actecl, tl1.C:: :inciiffe1·cr1c0 'J.f tl1ose who shot1ld l1ave: k11ovv11 better, the sile11ce o.f tl1e voice of justice \Vl1en it 111atte-1·ed 111: ost, ul1a·t ha·s 111ade it possible for i 1 evil to trit11111) 1. T-l1e ·glo1·ious p· ages of hwnan history have bee11 \v1·it· te11 011ly i11 tl1ose 1noments wl1en men vvere able to act in co11ce1·t ito JJ1·eve11t i111pending trag­ edies. By tl1e actio11s yoLt t,1ke yot1 ca11 also i1llt1minate ·tl1e pages of l1isto1:11• May yo111· endeavo11,1·s t1sher i11 a new era of frcedo111 for· the peoples in Sou·th,e 1·-11 Af1·ica.

Tl1a11 k yot1.

Jant1ary 29, 1972

OPENING EDUCATION SECTOR REVIEW CONFEllENCE We are pleased ·t o be i11 yot1r 111idst today to ope11 tl1is Confere11ce wl1ich ,is 01·ga11·izecl tinder ·tl1 e at1spices of tl1e Ecl11catio11 Seoto1· Reviev\' j11 ,vhic·h scl1·ola1·s fron1 Etl1io1)ia- a11 cl vat"\iot1s ·i11ter11atio11a· l age11cies -are parti­ ci1)ating.

As We l1ave sta·tecl before, ''one ,of •the i111po1,ta11t co11trilJL1tjo11s We ::1re declicatecl ·to bcqt1ea·tl1 ,to OL1r b�­ lovecl lJeople is eclt1catio11''. 13::1secl 011 tl1is noble ·asp1ratio11 yoL1 ,vill cllJJ)1·ccia1 te ,tJ1at 111ajor efforts l1a· ve bee11 111acle -ju Etl1io[Jia · to ex1?a11cl 111ocle1·11 edt1oa1:!ion wl1icl1 l 1as l1elped ,to e11 l1:a11ce tl1 e grov\rtl1 a11 cl develop1ne11t ?f �L1�· cotrn't.ry. We fo·r Ot1r J?'art l1ave -spa1·ed ·no eff.01·t 111 g1v�11� Ot11· ·ft1:ll· SllJ)fJ01·t ·to rl1 e ex1)ans· io11 of itl1is fie�d. of actrv�ty by �?erso11ally ,leadi11g a11d closely st1perv1s1ng ed·ucationa· l e11dea\1ou1�s.

As y.ou l1ave 1·ea}ized i11 yot1r investigation, t11 e 1

1

1

1

- 536 -

I

�

IN'fERN1\.'f lO N1\L

eff101-ts .j11. tl1e las t few decacles i11 ·tI1e 11·eld of:. ed L1cat1011 . . rc \v, tr( l111 lcd g 1·csL1l ts. WitI1· ·tl1 e 11e111) O 1: 11ave )'1e.lc t t11e . , e dt1 c,1 tec.l few, 1t lic:t a1 1d n1t · s' be en poss -e d· ilio ... , i·ble, 11· 1 one 1 o .

1 1 n, at.t? ,tc 1 . co ge ne 111plisl1 tl1e cl1allei1gj 11 g atld dif1 gl e in ? s fictt1t ·ta·sk of 111st· 1ll111g tl1e value of 111,octern edtlcat·ioil · s of 0Ltr peo.ple ·a11cl stre11cr.otl1 en1·. 11oo tl1e1.r in ·rl1e n1i11cl . . desire fo1· l1t. 1'l1e 1)1·ese11t edticatio11al sys,ten1 h. as also preparecl tl1e 111a11y 1?rofessio11als wl10 !are tJrese1 1tly serv111g tl1rot1gl1ot1t tl1e 11,1,tio11, ,111d co11:ti11L1es to p1·epare ai,cl :i 11eet a1111t1,tlly tl1e reqt1i1:ed 111a11:1Jower for tl1e schemes a·11d develop1ne11t 1)1:ojects bei11g lau11cl1ecl. Tl1e sig, 11ifi­ cant pa11ticipatio11 ·a11d con,t1,ibt1tio11 ·of Ethio1)ia11s in tl1is important 1·eview of the edt· 1cation sector is ft1rtl1er exe1nplary ·testimony to the 1benefirts ·attai11ed :f:.ro111 the po's1ti·ve ef.f01·ts ,s o ,far exe11tecl .

It is n · ecessary l1oweve1· ·rl1a:t edt1cation ·attt1 11e itself 1 a coun try a of 11ges 11tal cl1 e 111· evelop l c. tl1e and respo11d to · tio11s ::1n.d l1opes C)f iits people. and 'bhe eve1·growing as pira .

Edt1cational 1)rogr,111-1111e· s sl1ot1ld 110.t ·re111ai11 static ancl lag bel1ind realis·tic e�1Jectations. It is for tl1ese rea11011s tl1at n1east1res have bee11 take11 fro111 ti111e to t· ime i11 · 1·ing ·abot1t Etl1-iopia 'to i11'itia·te stt1dies tl1ait will help b gent1ine an d ,1pprop1·i,ate cl1a11ges a 1 1d i111provemen t i11 tl1e e·dt1catio11a· l syste111. It will be recalled tb·ai We esbab1ish ed 1·ecently, i11 1969, the N.atio11al Oo1n1nis·sio11 f-01r Edt1cation ·a11cl ,tp·poi11ted its n1e111bers ,to stt1dy �he 1 cl h1 w by ns ea m 11d a s ay w objectives of eclt1caition, tl1e 1he ·edt1cational syste111 cot1ld better be co-ordinated, exnt · p lo ve cle · al on ti � � 11a o t i e 1t 1Janded, a11d best co11tribt I1t ,is a, pp1·opria te tl1·at this Con1.1nissio11 ·is f.t1ll� 'l)a_r.ticipat­ cl an e 1v ct Je b O t 11 o m m o c . · ing a11d co11tribtl'ti11CY0 to tl1e . e11deavot1r of ·the Edt1catio11 Sec·tor Rev1ew · 1

1

1

1

1

1

1

- 537 -

4

INTERN/\. TIONAL

The Eduoaition S·ector Review being conducte·d this year by ·the Ministry :o.f Eduoauion and Fine Arts in co­ operation with :tl1e Ba11k will I,ay t· he founda•tion for s1gntifi· cant iimprove1ne· n·t ·and ch:anges .t h•at will 1be made in ·the 1fu1ture. I·t sl1ou!ld be 1·e-emphasized that better­ ment .and -impi·oven1e111t are possible in ·vhis c· onnection only in long-term plan n• ,ing ·and ·when far..,sighte<l hori­ zons :are 'Shaped -thr1ough con1in·uous eva111at· i1on and ap­ praisal ,of t. he w,ork bein·g ·done ·in edt1:oa,tion · and ,s,imi1ar a· ctivities. The Educa•t1on S,ector Review h- as speci · merit ·and sig11ifioanc· e 1bec-a11se Ethiopians in consider­ a· ble nun11ber are ,pait1ticipat:ii11g 1a11d put- ti11g •to use the eduoavion •to cope with p1,oblem·s facing -then1 and coL1nt1·y. It 11-as a-lways ·been ,Our ·w'isl1 a111d a source grea·t plea·sur·e t· o s-ee educated ,Bthio.pians 1c·orrtribute vhe 1ove, rall betJter1nen·t of ,the co11n·try i11 a · and rposi·bive 1· 11an11e1· Useful :and ·lasting imp1·ovements a1·e o·btained wl1en the aspira!tions and h· 1opes of �a ,people '3Jr·e 1·eflected i11 all ma· jor m.easures 'Oaken. Many developmen·t projects whicl1 require ·the ;active pctrti.cipat,ion of 1the Ethio,pian people ,ati l· wrge :have 1been ,lat1ncl1ed .and eve11 greater participartion will be r·eqt1ired i11 t· h·e ft1ture when ,these actiV1ities ,increase in nt1n11ber. Making edt1catio11 avail­ able to th·e popul�tio11 at lar·ge will J,ay .a fir1n fot1nda­ tion for 1the developme11-bal activities already launcl1ed ·and those 1tihat -are, to be u·nder-take11 in ·the future. Con­ sequently, the ·primary role ,of -ed11ca:tion is ·to prepa1·e a dynamic :sooiety ·tha·t is -alert :and responsive to develop­ ment measures and which is fully aware of ,the benefits of unity 1arrd 100-operatron.

1

1

- 5J8 -

INTERNATIONAL

Etl1iop ia mt1st ·be -an a·ctive panticipant atld contr1. . . btitor 1 �1 ·t h'·1s h'1ghl� sc1ent1, fi:c a· nd techno1ogioal age.

Educat1�n, t ?erefore, n1ttst. prepare sooiety ,and youth . d1re on ,as well as · cti1 · 1n the skills required ifor this in ,t}11s : 1 es t i s ia e1 · i I· s l 1 t 1tl 1 a -t -tl1e edt1catio11 given should · new •age. errlra11ce cl11anges 1n atti-t11de wl1icl1 -sl1ould I1ave relevance 1tiona tca Jli Th ng e · . ed 11e t1 0 w a l programme, on the to ,the \vhole, sl1ould no t empl1·asize only ·acaden1ic e, ducation but sl1ou1ld also he1p ·tl1e ·111ajority of you:th to e3!rn their livelihood ,and b e -sel,f..;sufficien-t. T ·o •acl1ieve 1th-at objec­ tive e. du· cation at 011e leve l sh·ould not be narrowly c-on­ ce1ved -to be .a -ste.pping-sito11e ·to ,another, but s· hould en­ courage :the youth ,to follo\v their natt1ral inclin�tions and aptLtudes ·and -tl1ereby e11able th-e111 to beco111e t1seft1l ci,tizens. I·t is ,als10 essential that effeative ways be fot1nd ,to improve ·through education :the competenoe •and effi­ ·ciency of rt:he ,adt1lts 1in -se1·vice since edt1cation is not only for sch,ool children ,and y-ou th.

Las-tly, iit is fitti11g tl1·at yo11 ·are gathered here to counsel 011 tl1e findings of y1ot1r studies and your draft p·roposals . Exchang; e of ideas on 'the basis ·of t- horough studies a11d w·hioh are condt1cted in a fr, ank m1anner will help in fi11ding worthwhi'ie solution•s. This Conference which has n1a· ny scl1olar.s of other nationalities ,also pro­ vides a good opportun·ity ,for us ·to · benefit from -th·e ·rich e· X!pe11tise •and experiences of others. I·t is dmportant' -that· this Confere nc e ·shot1ld, in deliberarting on .the draft re­ commenda·tions ·and p.roposa- ls, keep in proper. �erspec­ _ tlve E th·ropi,a's unique 1condi-�ions, �er c- �pa- cl'tt- es and . potentials, ·an·d those elem-en-ts which will accelerate 1

- 539 -

C

INTERNATIONAL

g1·owth and p1�on1,ote 1ancl stre11gthe11 11atio11al unity. It tis fu1,tl1e1·11101·e 11ecessa1·y tl1-,t-t ·tl1e a�eco111111end·a:tio11s you ·will st1bn1it t0 the .G.ove1·111ne11·t £01· action are feasible 1

and -ser·ving ·the ·long-ter1n -i11tere. s t· s ·of the Country.

We take this 01ppor.tu.nity to thank those who have co1ne here f.rom internat,iona1 '1 :agencie·s, 11niversities and othe1· 0irg·a11izations 1t o c· o-operate ,and contribute -to the Educa·t.ion Sector ·R-ev.iew. 1·11 p1·ayi11g the A·lm,ig- hty to guide your del.ibe·ration· s ·and in wishing yot1r meeting ever)' succes-s, ,We· declare :the Edt1ca·ti·on Sector Review Confer,ence .open .

July 9, 1972

- 340 -

PERSONAL DIPLOMACY

HONOURS PRESIDENT OF W. GERMANY Your Excellenc y , President Heinrich Lubk e, Madame Lubke and Distinguished Gtiests.

We are ho11o_u1·ed a n d specially pleased by the pre-Sence here, to-night, of the President of the Federal Rep�blic of _ Ge�many, Dr. Heinrich Lubke. His visit, the f1rst o� its �ind, n_ot 011ly l1eralds a new era in the long-standing fr1endshJ!r between our two courrtrjes 1and peoples, bt1t also provides us all with an unparalleled oppor�unity for reflectio11 011 the particularly warm and friendl y ties of friendship which exist today between the Federal Republic and Etluopia, a friendship which is founded on mutual respect for the basic principles governing the conduct of affairs between men and dedi­ cation to the cat1se of peace and justice to all.

For, unless co-operation and mt1tual considera­ tion on the level of governments are also added, the effort put toward the achievement of peace cannot be complete.

The 11nprecedented eco11omic resurgence of the Federal Republic since the Second World War te.stifies to tl1e energy and ability of the German people and their leaders a11d to tl1eir capacity to overcome formiclp able obstacles in seeking a dignified and satisfactory way of life. The events of the post-war years have earned and are still ea1·ning fo r them the respect and admiration of the enti1·e world.

We in Ethiopia ha ve seen a tangible manifestation of the Federal Republic's recognition of the moral responsibilities which the wealthy and prosperous nations ow e to th e developing states and peoples �f the world, in the exte11t to which the Federal Rep�b�c has involved itself in the effo1·ts whicl1 Ethiopia ts - 541 -

Pl�l,SON i\J_,

l)IPJ...O.r-.1.1\CY

111al,ing today to dc\1elop I1er econo1ny and to bring tl1e l)lessi11gs of 1110Lier11 tecl111ology a11d lear11ing to tl1e Etl1iopi,111 peoples. \Ve ,1lso 1·ecall tl1e sy1npathy ex­ JJressed by tl1e Ge1·111,1n people vvl1e11 OL11· coL111try was i11vacied L1y tl1e e11e111y. 1·t is, tl1e1·e .fore, only proper tl1,tt We express OL1r pe1·so11al gratitt1cle for· all tl1is, ,l 11d, 'vVe look for\\1arcl to eve11 close1� co-ope1·ation and c:c)llc1boratio11 i11 ·tl1e ft1tL1re.

1·1 1 tl1c s]1ort tin1e tl1at )1C)Ll will spe11d with Us, f\1r. ·Presicle11t, J'OLI \Vill have tl1e oppo1·tL1nity to con1e to 1,110w at fi1·st l1a11d of tl1e beat1ty and ricl1 potential of tl1e Etl1io1Jia11 11,1tio11. Y0L1 v.1ill see at first l1and son1et 11i11g of tl1e JJ1·ot1cl l1erit::1ge a11d ct11tt1re of Ot1r wl1ich coL1ntry a11d ex1Jerie11ce tl1e traditio11al 110spitalit�, . tl1e Etl1io1Jia11 peo1Jle exte11cl to those vvl1om We 1·espect ,111cI 110110 Lt r. Y ()LI will, We ,11·c co11ficle11t, co111e to t1nder­ sta11d a11cl a1Jprecic1te tl1e 1:ierce clesire of the Etl1iOJJian Go\1ernn1e11t a11(l JJCOJJle fo1· JJrogress a11cl i1n1Jrove111e11t.

Y ot1 will sec vvl1(1t v(1st v.1ealth 1·esic1es i11 tl1e fe1·tile soil ,111cI tl1e great \vatersl1eds of Ot1r 11atio11. Whe11 yot1 !

1 awa ca1·1· y t,1l<e le,1\ e of ·us, We 1101Je tl1,1t yot1 \:vill ) wi t11 >'C)Lt \\1 cl r111 [t11cl lasti11g 111e111ories of tl1e frie11dsl1ip wl1icl1 L111ites tl1e Etl1io1Jia11 a11d Ger111a11 peoples, as well as a JJractic,11 1<nov.,1ec1ge of tl1e JJroble111s ,vl1icl1 face 0Ltr 11atio11, so tl1,1t relati()11s bet,:\,ee.11 Us will co11ti11L1e to l1e cl1aracte1·isccl l)J' tl1at ca11do1· a11d 111t1tt1al aJJprec.iatio11 ,v11icl1 11as l)ee11 tl1eir l1all111a1·k in 1·ecc11t )'C,t rs.

It is \\1itl1 very rc,11 JJleasL11·e, tl1e11, tl1,1t We 1·aise OL1r gl,1ss i11 a toast to yor1, M1·. P1·eside11t, to Madan1e Lt1bke� to yot1r l1ealtl1 ,1ncl l1aJJJJi11ess, to Jasti11g frie11d­ sl1i1J betwee11 Etl1iopia a11d tl1e Fe.de1·al Re{Jt1blic, and to tl1e JJr os1)erity a11d \\1e]l-bci11g of tl1e peOJ)le of yo11r _ gre,1 t 11at1011.

Octc)ber 23, 1964

- 542 -

PERSONAL DIPLO �,f ACY

QUEEN ELIZABETH II BANQUETED Yot1r Majesty, It give s Us tl1e greatest pleast1re to welcoine, 011 of th Otir own behalf an d 011 be11alf e entire Eth.i'op·1an . people, Y? t1r _ M aJ. esty and Prince Pl1ilip, wJ10 are with Us in Etl1101J1a as Ot1r ho11ot1red guests. We have long and eagerly _looked_ for,v_ar d to yot1r coming, ai1d \Ve greet yot1 this even111g w1tl1 respect a11d affectio11.

In coming to Etl1iopia, Your Majesty, Yot1 have reaffirmed tl1e frie11dsl1ip a11.d depth of feeli 11 o which have for so 1011g existed between Our t\VO nati�ns and tl1eir peoples a11d whicl1 serve as an indissolt1ble bond betwee11 tis. You l1ave, as well, co11tributed fresh evi­ dence of tl1e t1niversality of ma11 and of tl1e funda111en­ tal a11d deep-seated ties whicl1 unite all people, what­ ever their race, ct1ltt 1ral orientati.011 or economic and social backgrou11d, who sl1are co1111non pri11ciples and ideals and wl10 strive for tl1e attainment of 1nan's most cherisl1ed goals. The Con11no 1 1wealtl1 of which Yot1r Majesty is the Head stands today as a sy1nbol of tl1is universality and provides, in its own way, en­ couragement for those of t1s wl10 seek, on this Africa11 conti11e11t, to t1tilise i11 Ot1r search for tr t1e t1nity \vhat is best a1nong the co1nmo11 :instincts and aspirations sl1ared b)' all n1en.

Tl1e Etl1iopian and British peoples and Govern­ ments are old friends. Co11tacts between tis stretch back many years. Ot1r friendsl1itJ was ce1 11ented a�d re11dered i11dissolt1ble dt1ring the t111l1appy years in whicl1 Etl1iopia11s, aba11doned to tl1e aggressor, strtl�­ gled agai11st overwl1el1ning odds, first to p�eserve their nation's independenc e, and later to free it fro111 the - 543 -

PERSONAL J)IPLOMACY

despot's I1eel. We pe1·sonally cherish mixed emotions concer·ning those yea1·s, Fro1n 1936 to 1941, separated fi·o111 OUI· people, exiled in a st1·ange land while We laboured to 1nuster sympatl1y and support for Etfu0. pia's cause, We we1·e 1·eceived by the British pe ople with a wa1·mth which 11ot11�ished and strengthened Our will. And ,vl1e11, finally, the just God called the tyrant aggressor to accot111t, soldiers of many lands, march­ ing under tl1e British flag, fo11ght side by side with Our pat1·iots for the liberation of the st1bjt1gated and of justice a11d liberty over tyra.nny and tl1e triun1ph • opp1·ess1on.

Today, Ethiopia looks to the British. as staunch and firm f1·ie11ds i11 the struggle being waged through­ out the worId against poverty, igno1·ance and want.

Throughot1t the yea1·s, Etl1iopia l1as e11joyed and benefited f1·01n the i11te1·est of Britisl1 scl1olars and frie11ds who have sought to k11ow our cot1ntry well and to convey to the world, fro111 wl1icl1 our nation was so long isolated, a trt1e sense of the 1·ichness of ot11· life and diversity of ot11· c11ltt1re. As this kno\vledge l1as been difft1sed, Ethiopia l1as been helped to em�rge p1·oudly to play a ft1ller 1·ole i11 inte1·11atio11a1 affrurs · It is tlJJ011 tl1is l(11owledge a 11d 11nde1·sta11ding tl1at we have sot1gl1t to bt1ilcl tl1e inte1·11atio11al 11nity of the spirit whicl1 toclay co11sti�t1tes the .n1ost i111po1·ta11t force f· or good i11. the sea1·cl1 foi.· a Iasti11 0o· wo1 ·Id peace aud a decent way o·f life £01· l111 1na11ity. With the 1·aisin� �f a !l n1en to thei1· rigl1tft1l clig11ity and honot11· as iu<lt­ vidtials, they will be able to 1·ega1·d tl1ei1� fello ws, �f lt­ r hate ve1· ver � 11atio11, of whateve1 · race, of wl1ate � gious, lit1guistic 01· l1isto1·ical t1·aditio11 as eqt1als, wit]i­ ' .

-·d The OL·1t J ·eal . ' e. ot 1 · sy, pr1 w1t hoL 1t fea1·, w1tl1ot1t 1111due ..

Bi·it1sl1 IJeople ,t1·e L111ited with us i1 1 this field ai1d ,ve - 544 -

PERSONAL DIPLO MACY

the tha y t wil den l t con tinu onfi e to lend theu t1nc are . . . . m t he accomplishme11t of the uu· m rts stii1ung effo ense . together wi. th otl1er people of good , task to wh �ch will, . _ tI1ey have Joined their efforts. yot1r Majesty, during Yot1r reign, which com­ menced in a11 African cot1n_try only a little distance to the S?utl1, Yot1 l1aye carried forward gloriously the traditions of Yot1r lineage and brought new honour to the Throne wl1icl1 Y 011 occupy. Your Majesty person­ ally enjoys today tl1e respect, the admiration and the affection of all peoples to whom Britain serves as the symbol of indomitability in adversity, of courage when confronted by danger, of dignity and resolve when defeat, a11d of magnanin1ity and genewitl1 ned threate • • • ros1ty 1n victory.

We shall 11eve1� f01·get the warm a11d friendly reception accorded to Us by the Britisl1 people during Our state visit a decade ago. Similarly, We trust that yot1r stay witl1 us will be pleasant. We hope that you will car1·y away with yot1 cleep and abiding memories of Our natio11 a11d its people.

We ask all here assembled now to join Us in a toast to the contint1ed friendship between tl1e British and personal 1lrappiness of Her Majesty the Q1reen ·a?d well-beino of the Br itisl1 nation, to the healtl1, long life and Ethi�pian peoples, to tl1e growth in prosperity and Prince Philip, D11ke of Edinburgh.

February 2, 1965

- 545 -

36*

<

PERSON1\L

DIPLOMACY

REPLY TO A TOAST - HUNGARY We look forward ea1'°11estly to e1Jen closer J'°elatio11s with the Hungarian Governme,it and JJeople . . . . . .

Your Excelle11cy, Madam Kallai, Disti11guished Guests, It is gratifying to Us tonight to renew once more ot1r salutations of welcome to 011r g11est, the distinguish­ ed Cl1air111an of tl1e Cot1ncil of Ministers of Hungary, Mr·. Gyula Kallai. We ask yot1 Mr. CI1airman to con­ vey to the Govern111e11t and people of Hungary, the si11cere greeting and sentin1ents of warm friendship of tl1e Ethiopian people.

We know well that Ethiopia's good wishes are reciprocated for We retain happy n1emories of the entht1siastic welco1ne and general l1ospitality which were accorded to· Us at ever·y ha11d dt1ring Our most enjoyable visit to Ht111gary less tl1an two years ago.

Your visit, Mr. Cl1air111an, fo1·ges another important link in the bo11d of f1·ie11dship whicl1 draws our two natio11s closer togethe1·. D11ring the course of your stay with Us, yot1 will have the opportu11ity to vievv closely tl1e cultur·e and traditions of 0111· a11cie11t state and so better t1nclersta11d the t111iqL1e role wl1ich Ethiopia has bee11 e11ablecl to fulfil i11 A·f1·ican and world affairs.

The distance which sepa1·ates ou1· two nations is no lo11ger a11 exct1se fo1· remote a11d distant relations· While tl1e1·e are vast diffe1·ences i11 the historical experi­ ences of ot1r JJeoples, yet toda.y we are confronted with tl1e sa111e concer11s, tl1e same i11terests; and we share tl1e sa111e as1�i1·ations fo1· the fL1tu1·e of ot1r _peoples· •

- 546 -

PERSON1\L

I)IPLo�1,\CY

div ersity of tl1 e world's peoples to ve ry e Tll day co1 1. . t1te s 011e o.f 1nan k'1 11d's great resot1r . ces stit· , the ct·rr 1 erent · ·1es w 1· h w I11 11 · p1111osopl1 . � _ � nat1011s approac11 their 1.0_ blen1s lead 1nev1tably to_ develop1nent of a vast afray te a1 cl1n 1 qt1es. TI1ese variations ar 1d 1o ds n1 et l of e ea cl1 JJe op le 111t1st find soltttions, Wh'ICh necessary, for . . . are respo11s 1 ve to its part1ct1lar needs.

There ar e 1 10 _t111iver�al pa11aceas for t11e problen1s of develop111ent w1tl1 \.vl11ch tl1e greater part of man­ kind is today f�ced. Eacl1 11ation will inevitably pui·sue tl1at cour�e _wh1 cl1 appears ?est st1ited to its own ltniqtie cl1aracter1st1cs, bt1t 1 10 nat1011 ca1 1 pursue its course in isolatio11 a 1 1d 1 10 11atio1 1 ca11 develop a1 1d prosper witl1 its back tur11ed to tl1e rest of the \.Vorld i1 1 terms of trade, tecl1niqt1es, resot1rces and ideas. Each of tis depe11ds upo11 the otl1er, ca11 lear1 1 fro1n t11e. otl1er a11d in pt1rst1i 1 1g its ow 11 destiny will go ft1rtl1er a11d st1cceed more qt1ickly witl1 otl1ers. Indeed, tl1e free exchange of st1pport and ideas is a11 esse1 1tial co1 1dition to world Lt1 1clerstancli11g a11d eqt1ally to world progress.

The pas t ten years have witnessecl the great a,vakening of tl1is conti 1 1e11t, Mr. Cl1ai1·n1an. l'�ew states, eacl1 partaking of its ow11 diverse ct1lture and tradition have eme1·ged an d tl1is gives t1s reason for rejoicing while at tl1e san1e ti1 11e ,ve have to conti11ue to str11ggle for the libe1·atio11 of tl1e entire conti11e11t. Etl1iopia's t1nt ce its of 11t 1ig e th in t1e iq t1n ly n ar tio t1l is }Jartic situa e , et Y c en nd pe de yv in ed 11d �. ries of vigorot1sly clefe 1 cl1 l1 ls ea 1 d an s al � go V: 1 1 o m l1ave recog 1 1ized great co1n t en in nt co is th 1t ot gh ou 1r tl we sl1are w it h ot1r b1·ethren 1 s1 bl ta es � to em th l1 it w a11d l1ave striven e11e1·getically . ch hi w y 11t 1 U an ic fr A f o n io a11d n1ai1 1tai11 that Organizat _ y it n tt r fo t 11 1e n t1 tr 1s 1 i e serves t1s a s tl1e 111ost effectiv a11d co-operation.

- 547 -

""'

Yot11· \risit to Etl1iopia, M1·. CI1airman, is sy mbolic of Ht111gary's accepta11ce of tl1 e same ideas which have so gtiided ot1r 11ations. We belie,,e that this visit and the ciisct1ssio11s wl1ich will ensue, will open the way to ft11·tl1e1· excha11ges betwee1 otir two peoples so that frie11clsl1ip betweer1 t1s wil: grow and deepen from its at1s1Jiciot1s begin11i11gs. \Ve lool< fo1·wa1·d ear1�estly to eve11 closer relations witl1 tl1e Ht1ngarian Gover11ment and People. We are co11f1de11t tl1at significa11t avent1es of co-operation will be fot1nd, along "'hicl1 011r two nations may togetl1er fJ1·ogress i11 ft1rtl1era11ce of tl1eir common desire to JJ1·ovicle a better· a11c1 r11ore 111ea11ingf111 way of life for a11 We 1·aise ot11· glasses jn toast to the lasting friend­ sl1iJJ betwee11 tl1e EthiotJian a11d H11ngarian peoples, to tl1cir co111n1on g1·owth and l1a1Jpiness and prosperity, to the goocl l1 ealth a11d lc11g life of 0111· distinguisl1ed gt1ests, I-Tis Excelle11cy Mr. Kallai and Madam Kallai.

Fel)rt1ary 11} 19G5

PllESIDENT OF JNDIA 1-IONOURED Mr. President, It is witl1 grc,1t 1JleasL11·e botl1 for· Us pe1·sonally a11ci fo1· tl1e e11tire Et11iopia11 11atio11, tl1at We find yo11 l1e1·e witl1 Us tl1is e\1e11i11g. We, a11d all Ethiopians witl1 Us, joi11 in welco111ing yoL1 to 0111· cot111t1·y an d in co11veying to tl1e I11dia11 JJeople, tl11·ot1gl1 yot1, renewed asst11·ances of the 1·es1Ject and frie11dship ,vl1ich join us· TI1e co111111 1111ity of i11te1·est wI1 icI1 st1i·ro1111ds and fJer111e,ites 1�elc1tions bet\vee11 Etl1 io1Jia and I11dia is \vell fot111cled and soliclly based Ti ·ade between 0111· nations - 548 -

PERSON1\J_, ])JllJ... 0�1 J\CY

flo t1 ris11es. I11dia11 skills a11d capital are pa1·t·1c .ipating . of 11ent Ethiopia11 develop1 indtistry · 1'nd1an mer­ l·n tl1e . . chants . have been active 1n Etl1iopia's foreioon and · n teachers are taking doniest1c co m111erc_e. In ct1a part in the vast ed t1cat1011a 1 progra1nme wI1icI1 has be corn er-�to11 e of 9t1r JJoli�y fo1·_ !he accelerated dev!�p� 1n�1�t of Ot1r n at1011.. �nd�a n ofl1cers staff Ot1r cotlntry's Military A�ade111y at Haiar, a11d others are assigned to military 11n1ts elsew!1e1·� throt1gl1out Ethiopia. Indians of all levels are active 111 local philantl1ropy and com­ n1unit y life. All Ot11· 1·elatio11s witl1 the people of India are 11ot n ew bt1t of lon g sta n ding.

We 11aturally take satisfaction i11 the effective co­ operation thus acllieved betwee11 our peoples. But despite .all ,th·at l1 as ·been i_realized, tl1ere is 1n11cl1 n1ore that ca11 be done. There is ample room for extensive expansio11 of 1n11t11a1ly ben eficial and balanced trade between 11s, as our eco1101nies contint1e to develop. It is Ou1· deep desire that direct ai1· li11ks between Ethiopia and I11dia, as \Vell as witl1 other 11ations of the Far East, n1ay s0011 be established. Program11 1es of reci­ lJrocal tech11ical assistance can bring t1s even closer as ne\v area.s of joint activity are explored. These and other steps ca11 only serve to enhance and enricl1 an already 1·ewa1·cli11 g pa1·t nership, and We look forward to their acco1nplisl1n1 ent in the mon tl1s and years ahead.

We have ofte11 statecl, as Ot1r deepest and 111ost abidi11g faitl1 a11d conviction, th e necessity for contint1� ed peace if tl1 e n1illions, jL1st 110w en1erging. into t�e new era of p1·ogress a11d en lighten1nent which their strt1ggles l1ave fo1·etold a11d promised, are to reap the n he w t, e n 1 on 1n l ia t1c cr fruits of their labo11rs. A t tl1is he on e rn ! bo be n ca the spark of an y local conflict g n yi o tr es d f o le b a p ca wind to light a world I1olocaust - 549 -

the lives and hopes of millions upon 1nillions of in­ nocent men and women, the efforts of eac.h one of us must be redoubled to guar.d against such a catastrophe.

We have been, not unnaturally, saddened in recent weeks as two sister states, states whose peoples should be striving together to overcome the difficulties which bes.et them, have been locked : in bloody and deadly conflict. You know, Mr. President, that Ethiopians and Indians are dedicated to 1:he same ideals and unit­ ed in devotion to the same goals. W e have stood toge­ tl1er and proclaimed in union our common allegiance to the principles of Bandt1ng, principles enshrined in the Charter of the U11ited Nations and the Organization of African Unity. It has, therefore, come as a source of much solace and hope to Us that India has heard a.nd heeded the appeals wl1icl1 t11e United Nations and world leaders, Ourself an1ong them, have made that peac.e be resto1·ed . We are gratified tbat a cease-fire has been effected on the battlefields on \Vhich Indian and Pakistani forces have opposed one anotl1er and it is Our hope 'that the cease-fire \:\'ill be lasting and per­ manent. We are co11fide11t that, in the same spirit in which strife and bloodshed have been halted, an ac­ ceptable and honour·able solt1tio11 car1 be found to the problems faci11g India a11d he1· neigl1bour .

Dur½ 1g tl1e fev-1 da.),s )TOU ,,rill spend \vifh tis, �r. President, We trt1st tl1at yol1 ,,,ill con1e to appre­ ciate the special qt1alities o·f O t11� land a11d its people· The bonds. whicl1 li11k tts are c1l1·eadv close bt1t it re­ mains nonetheless in1po1�tant t11,1t we both kno"1 at first hand s01nething of the pr·obJen1s a11ct experiences whic!1 . w_e share · Ii : this 111:an11e1·, \\'e sl1all strengthen and soli­ dify the unity of mterests ,�1bicl1 is essential to the _ creation of an e,,er broader· base for o.ur united action· 1

- 550 -

PERSONAL DIPLONIACY

Ethiopia and India have 1nt1ch to accomplish to eth co nfi dent tl1at your visit will open t�p n:� ar e W e d an travel _ forward to tis 1n for harmony. ays w We n1 us t 11:ot le t tlus occasio11 pass without recal­ ling the mem ?r1e s of t!1ose days when We visited the great Rept 1bl1c of India; of the tumultuous welcome which g_reete� Us tl�e1·e, a11d _the _ lavish and outstanding _ al reception was hour generosity w1tl � wh1cl1 Our 1n1t1 by hour sustained and supplen1e11ted. We hope that these short days �ou are sl1aring witl1 us, Mr. President, although tl1ey �1�l1t not ?e as wo11derful in reception _ serve in some small as whe11 We v1s1ted I11d1a, will measure to 1·eciprocate fo1· what We experie11ced then.

May We now p1·opose this toast to the furtherance and growth of the existing warm friendship between the Indian and Ethiopia11 peoples; to the universal ac­ cepta.nce and e11richment of tl1e principles of reason and conscience whicl1 u11derlie our commo11 conception of tl1e destiny of man; and to the long life and good healtl1 of Ot1r l1onot1red guest, P1·esident Sarvapalli Radhakrisl1nan.

October 12, 1965

IA D IN F O T N E D SI E PR N O D E RR E E F E N R O G C E D Mr. President,

r tl O to it is v 's y c n le el c x E r u o On th e occasion of Y t a tl o y e iv c re to 1 re su ea ' l � p country, i·t gives Us special ­ w o n k f o it u rs u p e th this institt1tio11 itself dedicated to r tl o Y a th g in tt ! fi r ledge and truth. It is altogethe r fo , n o si a c c o is th f o Excellency s h o t1ld be th e focus n e e b , th u o y r u o y Your Excelle n c y has yourself, since - 551 -

q

PERSON AL DII)LOMACY

dedicated to that cat1se. You1· n1arked achievement of the at1gL1st rank of P1·ofessor at the youthful age of twe11ty-eight, your consistent endeavour to pursue knowledge and tl1e 11umerous books that have flowed fron1 yot1r ·pen, beai· ·wi·tness, to 1tl1is, .

Today, m·ore ·tha11 eve1· befo1·e man rea.1izes the bond of u11ity that exists within the race; he is end­ eavou1·ing to en1ploy the accumulated knowledge and wisdom of the ages. He is e1nploying modern science and tecl1nology; l1e is 1·eapi11g the benefits, however li1nited, of political and economic unity; and to that extent, he is transcending tl1e age-old barriers that have divided the race so long, and is endeavo1rring to reflect on the welfare 11ot only of l1imself and his i1n1nediate neighbour, but also 011 tl1e welfare of all the human race. Tl1is endeavot11· is in l1ar1no11y with the spirit of tl1e n1ystics of ages go11e by. ''... in tl1e mystic tradi­ tions of the different religio11s we have a remarkable 11nity of tl1e spirit. Wl1ateve1· 1·eligions they may pro­ fess tl1ey are spiritual kinsmen. While the different religions i11 thei1· historic fo1·ms bind tis to limited groups and 1nilitate agai11st tl1e develop111e11t of loyalty to tl1e world con1mt111ity, the 1nystics I1ave already stood for tl1e fellowsl1i1J of l1t1111a11ity," so Your Excel­ lency has tat1gl1t tis. A11d i11 an effort to ca1·ry out this teachi11g - to pt1rst1e t1·t1th, to p1·omote those bonds con11non to the ht1man race -- Yot11· Excellency has dedicated yot1r wl1ole life. To f1·ee tl1e htlIDan race from superstition a11d fear t11at 01·iginates from ignor­ ance; to e11able hi1n to t1·a11sce11cl the apparent obstacles of race a11d religion; a11d to l1el1J hiin recognize the blood-ties of the wl1ole ht1man 1·ace, yot1r Excellency l1as labot11·ed. To this generation, so tor1nented bet­ ween moder11 knowledge an ancient faith, your scrupttl- 552 -

PERSONAL DII)L ONIACY

ed tl1e way by whicl1 1na11 ous stt1dies have poi11t may . . 11a 1 st1perstition aild f1·0111 t 1·ad 1t10 ed be sav modern .. scept1c1sm .

Were tl1e _th?t1�hts of Plato a11d Socrates, the beliefs ?f Chr1�t1an1ty and Judais1n not harmonized \Vith H111du pl11losophy; we re Yoga and its various stages 11ot exp�sed to Weste1·n tl1ougl1t; 11ad Western religio11 ancl �l1�losophy 11ot been exposed to the philo­ sopl1y and 1·el1g1011 of the East througl1 Y ot1r Excellen­ cy�s persiste11t e11deavour, l1ow 1nt1cl1 the poorer would l1t11na11 thot1gl1t have been!

In the history of the human race, those periods which later appeared as great have been the periods wl1en tl1e men and the won1 en belonging to them had transcended tl1e differences that divided tl1em and had recognized i11 tl1ei1· me1nbership in the ht1n1an race a com111on bond. Your Excelle11cy's constant endeavour to cl1allenge this generatio11 to transcend its differences, to recognize its commo11 bo11d and to work towards a common goal l1as doubtless 1nade this age pregnant witl1 greatness. It is, tl1erefore, in recognitio11 of these labo11rs that We, with t1neq11alled pleast1re, bestow t1pon You1· Excellency the Degree of Docto1· of Letters, ho11oris caitsa .

October 13, 1965

1-IONOURING BULGARIAN LEADER s s l ab en � t si vi r u � yo We a re pleased also that 1t7 al it sp ho us ro ne ge to retur1 1 i11 some 1neasure th e _ · is v e bl ra o em 1n r 11 0 g n ri \Vhich wa·s a·ccorded to Us dt1 � a go ar ye a � an th � e or to your cot1ntry o n ly a little m ip sh d n ie fr l a n o rs e p f o to rene w a 11 d stren batl1e n the ties - 553 -

C

ct1 1cl 111t1 t Lt,1l .,t111cle1·s t,111di11g vv l1icl1 we1 ·e tl1 e11 established.

We a1·e co11vi11ced that tl1ese excl1a11ges of visits will l1el1J to stre11gtl1e11 tl1e bo11d of f1·ie11dsl1ip between ot1r two cot1 11t1·ies. Relatio11s betwee11 ot1r two nations 11.ave ex1Ja11decl 11otably i11 1·ecent years as We l1ave co111e to recog11ize tl1e vast a1·ea of com1non interest a11 d 1Jote11 tial wl1ich We sl1 are a11d ca11 develop togetl1e1· to the be11efit of botl1 ot1r peoples. The Bulgarian expe1·ie11ce i 11 ove1·co111i11 g he1· own economic problems ca11 be of great valt1e to Etl1iopia a11d tl1e1·e is mucl1 to be gai11ecl 011 botl1 sides in tl1e applicatio11 of tl1is experie11ce i11 tl1e Ethiopia11 co 1 1text. Bt1lgarian assist­ ance i11 tl1e develop111e11 t of Etl1 iopia's fishing indt1stry is ,1lreacly sl1owi11g 11otable 1·est1lts, a11d We look for­ warcl to tl1e expa11sio11 of collabo1·ation between t1s in tl1is a.11d otl1er clreas as ot11· two 11 ations proceed to­ gether alo11g the patl1 of clevelop1nent. We would like to tha11k the Bt1lgarian Gover11 111ent for· assistance al­ rec1cly 1·e11dered to Ethio1Jia. As yot1 are well aware, Yot1r Excellency, Etl1iopia sta11cts today ,ls 011e of tl1 e great potential 11 1arkets of Africa. Tl1e develop1ne11t of l1er .i1n111 e11se p1·odt1ctive resot1rces l1as ,1Jre,1cly begL111 i11 earnest, a11d tl1e next few years will st1rely wit11ess ,1 st1bsta11tial inc1·ease in her world tracle posi tio11 . TI1is 1�apid growtl1 is no\v occ11rri11 g a11cl will conti1111e beca11se our· pro.t1d and a11cic11t 11atio11 11as, ,1fter 111a11)' cc11tt11 ·ies of isolation, at last steJJI)ed for,vard to joi11 l1a11ds vvitl1 tl1e 1vvorld, to seel< k11owleclgc ,111cl t111 clersta11cli 11 g a11d to give of l1er ow11 1·eso11rces wl1e1·eve1· 11ecessary i11 tl1e cat1se of vvorlcl peace a1 1cl prog 1 ·ess.

As ot11· two 11atio11s co11ti11 t1e to aid a11d sup port 011e a11otl1er in tl1 ei1· drive towa1·ds develop1nent, we sl1 all be e11abled to f11rtl1e1· tl1e great p1·inciples whicl1 - 554 -

I

we sl1are i11 co 1:1_n1011 \Vitl1 al l tl1e e11lightened people of te d, U w e sh�ll at1gment ottr capacity 11 or ld . v ! tlle � to _ ac l11eve111e11t of world peace and to th e 111 aid make available 11ot on ly fo r ot1r })eoples bt1t for all mankind fre edo1n and opportt111ity which are the e th , \Ve ll as .frt11t_ s of wo rld progress. desir ecl The 11atio11s of tl1e wo rl? are today interdependent j11 st1cl1 a way tl1at tl1e st1ffer111g or privation of any one is ii1 greater or lesser 1neast1re a stricture 011 all others.

It is tl1e clt1ty of _ev�ry w�rld leader today to reqt1ire and acce1Jt the pr111.c1ple of tl1e collective res1Joi1.sibi]ity of all 1ne11 for tl1e welfare of their bretl1re11. We are co11fide11t tl1at in our n1eeti11gs l1ere we shall find 11ew \vays to strengtl1e11 the li11ks wl1ich already joi11 ot1r peoples a11d to aclva11ce arn1 i11 ar,n towards tl1e l1appy ft1�t1re \Vhicl1 is Ot1r hope 11.ot only for ot1r ow11 peoples bt1t for all the wo rlcl .

111 tl1e few days wl1ich yat1 will spe11d i11 Ethiopia, botl1 yot1 a11cl yot1r party will have occasio11 to gli1npse son1etl1i11g of tl1e t111iq tie life and ct1ltt1re wl1icl1 cl1arac­ terise Ot1r ancient nc1tion. Y ot1 will learn s01netl1i11g of tl1e traditio11s of Ot1r peop le ancl yot1 will l1ave an op­ portt111ity to see a11d 11nderstand at first hand the warm frie11dsl1itJ wl1i ch tl1ey extend to tl1ose who come as l1011oured gt1ests i11 tl1e 11a111e of peace and progress.

Let Us tl1e11 ra ise Our glasses, in toast to the con­ tint1ing a11d deepe11i11g frie11dsl1 ip between the �t1lgaria� a11d Etl1iopia11 peoi)les, to their united growth 1n �app1ness a11d ])rosperity, ,t11d to the health. a?d 1011g life of Ot1r distingt1ishecl gt1est, the Prin1e M1n1ster of B11lga­ ria, Dr. M·aleeva.

No\r. 23, 1965

- 555 -

:q

PERSONAL DIPL01v1ACY

PRESIDENT OF POLAND 1-IONOURED \Ve are deeply g1·atified to extend to Our honoured guest, Mr. Edward Ochab, tl1e Cl1airman of the Polish Cot1ncil of State, Our warn1 pe1·sonal greetings and the sincere salutations of all Ot1r people upon his arrival in Ethiopia. We are especially pleased, Mr. Cl1air1nan, tl1at yo· u1· visit e11ables Us to respond to tl1e generous l1ospitality whicl1 We received at every hand du1·ing 011r n1ost enjoyable visit to Poland last year.

011 sucl1 occasions as the p1·esent we are able to expand and strengtl1e11 the close ties of friendship and co-operation which have long existed between the Polish and Ethiopia peoples. As your visit continues, Mr. Cl1airman, you will have occasion to observe and so better understand the a.11cient and unique culture wl1ich provides the fo11ndation for tl1e modern Etl1io­ pian nation. Y011 will 110 dou· bt recognize important effort towards progress ancl development here which pa1·allel to a great or lesser· extent the experie11ces of Poland in her· co11sistent and increasit1gly brilliant and st1ccessful post-war econo111ic growth.

Indeed, tl1e Etl1io1Jia11 and Polish peoples sl1are many qualities i11 con1mon. Not the least of tl1ese is their re11owned and redo11btable co111·age h1 the face of g1·eat odds and against all adve1·sity. The sl1ining sto1·ies of botl1 Polish and Etl1iopia11 pat1·iots d11ring the post-war pe1·iod will ill11n1i11ate tl1e lives of gene­ ratio11s of tl1eir co1111t1·yn1e11 yet to come. Tllis same co11rage l1as been sl1own 1na11y ti1nes throughout the l?ng l1is �o1·ies of our 1·espective peoples, and it con­ t111ues alive amo11g them i11 thei1· devotion to tl1e great - 556 -

PER.SON.i\L DIPL01'I1\C Y

ip h le ich are today shared , c s p r in ra l � 0 111 . bY all the _ freedom lov1ng nations of tl1e world.

The nations o f th e w o r l� are now embarked o n a great st(t1ggle to free n1a11k11�d . fron1 tl1e cruel grasp of tyranny, p overty, l1u11ge�·, 1ll1teracy and fear. It is ch allenge ,;vh1cl1 they face, yet it is m 1o t1 s en n a � far . from 1ns, 11rmou11nable. Ir� 11111ty ,a11d friendship the peoples of th e w orld Wlll sru·ely succeed in their str �ggle.. If tl1ey sta11d alo11�, tl1ey will slowly perish a1n1dst discord and destrt1ct1011. To avoid this it is esse1 1tial tha t we grow together. We 1nt1st se�k the areas in wl1ich we n1ay aid and support 011e another. \Ve must subd11e 011r differe11ces of outlook. We must advance togethe1· towa1·d tl1e realisation of the goals and aspirations whic h lie deep within the heart and soul of every men1ber of the l111111an race.

There is mucl1 1·oom for direct and immediate co-operation between Pola11d and Etlliopia. The re­ markable gains in the development of agriculture and industry whicl1 Poland has achieved and the steady high rate of growth which l1as characterised the Polish economy in rece11t years bear reliable witness to the value of Polisl1 tecl1nology and initiative. We are warmly grateful for tl1e tecl1nical aid thus far provided by the Polish Gover111nent. It is Ou· r profound hope, Mr. Cha UIDa:t1 ' th·ait tl1e di,scussi-011s which we h·ad· w.i, th .

Your Excellency and your colleagues during Our v1s1t to Poland last yea1· an d tl1e disc11ssions in which we will engage during th e next few· days will indicate further practical ways an d 1nea11s wl1ereby the valu.able experience of yo11r pe op le may be bro11ght to_ bear ?n some of the 111ajor problems with which W e 1n Ethio­ pia are now co11fronted. As Ethiopians and Poles w�rk together, th e warm f1·ie11dship between 11s will flourisl1 1

1

1

- 557 -

--PERSONAL DIPLOMACY

and we shall progress and prosper together in the spirit of mutual respect wl1ich is the essential element in frt1itful relations between all nations.

So We ·li·ft Ot1r gla· s:s t:o ·the deeping of frie11d­ sl1ip and co-operatio11 betwee11 t11e Polish and Ethiopian 'peoples; to ,th·ei1· 1nutt1al ,g1·0\v·th in ha·ppiness a·nd pros­ peri·ty; ·to ,tl1e heal'tl1 of ot11· hon·ot1red gtleSts, Chair­ m.a11 Edward Ocl1ab a11d Mada1ne Ochab.

1

Dec. 1, 1965

TO THE KING OF NOR"\iV�t\.Y Your Majesty's visit to Ethiopia is a sot1rce of gre·at h. on · ot1r and pleasur·e :to Us pers0: 11 a· ·lly and to all the people of Ot1r nation. We wot1ld renew once more Our· welcome to you, and 1·eqt1est you to convey to yot1r people asst1rances of tl1e warm feelings of friendsl1ip and t1nderstanding which tl1e na1ne of Norway inspi1·es here i11 Ethiopia.

These feeli11gs de1·ive i11 J)art f1·0111 tl1e mt1tt1al sympatl1y and t1nde1·standi11g whicl1 l1a,,e characterised tl1e relatio11s betwee11 ot11· two 11atio11s i 11 1·ece11t years.

The Ieadersl1iJ) a11d bel1 aviot1r ol� tl1e cad1·e of Norwe­ gian 11aval officers wl10 h,1ve staffecl tl1e Etl1iopian Naval College at Massa\v,1 bear wit11ess to tl1e sple11did co-ope11ation wl1icl1 is ·1Jossi:ble betwee11 ,ot1r p. eoples.

Tl1e g1·owtl1 of Etl1iopia's effective syste111 of coastal defence is i11 large 1neast11·e a t1·ibt1te to tl1e i11spi1·ation and devotion of tl1ese mocle1·11 bea1·e1·s of No1·way's venerable 111ariti1ne traditio11s. We 111t1st 1·efer also to the . activities o·f tl1e No1·weobia11 teache1·s' doctors a11d bllstnessn1e11 wl10 l1,1ve already ft1lfilled a significant - 558 -

PERSON.t\L l)IPLOMA CY

role in furtheri11g the etnerge11ce atld deve1opment of thi opia.

E 11e w tl1e It is Ot1r desire that, in the future Eth' _ pia's coastal defence system an d naval capa' city �e more complex a11_d well developed. If W e fail to do will Ot1r cadets be unable to 1.en that , .not 0 1 1ly der . . cot1ntry, bu t also tlle country effective service to the1r will find itself vt1lnerable.

There is good reaso11 to look forward to th e 1eoian relations of Ethiopian-Nor\\ broadeni11g r furthe in all spheres of. activity i11 tl1e years to c�me. Norway }1erself l1as acl11eved . re1narkable technical proficiency a11d nota?le . econo1n1c progress through the industry and appl1cat 1 on of her people. We are anxious that tl1e lessons and experie11ce whicl1 you have acquired in creati 11g a modern democratic state be made available to Our people to l1aste11 tl1e progress which is 011r comn1on endeavot1r.

Speakin.g more generally, the political and econo111ic experience of the smaller, more developed nations today has its ow11 special significance for Africa and for all of tl1e economically developing areas of the world. Effecting the most prodt1ctive t1se of limited quantities of technical ancl financial resot1rces entails proble111s w l 1ich differ st1bstantially from those that have in the past confrontecl the great powers.

Moreover, the interests of the smaller 11ations can no longer be protected by local or limited balances of power amo11g the great. With the foundati�n of �l1e Organizatio 11 of African U11ity we l1ave a voice which deserves to be hea1·d. OL1r interests on some of the 1najor issues of tl1is critical era 1nt1st inevitably coincide , ai1d Ol11· c,tpacity to secure these interests can be - 559 -

PERSON AL IJJIJ LOMACY

st1·c11gtl1e11ed and at1g1nented 011ly by our common re­ cognitio11 a11d adaptation to this fact. Norway and Etl1iopia as well as tl1e other Scandinavian countries, in tl1eir sL1ppo· 11t ·of ,tl1e United Na·tio11s Orga11i�ati:on, have alr·eady · give11 clea1· eviclence of tl1eir willingness to JJartake in the 11evv conception of i11ternational affairs.

No1·wegia11s a11d Etl1iopians l1ave jot1rneyed to distant co1·ners of tl1e globe to ft11·tl1er tl1e ain1s of peace and 11ndersta11di11g wl1icl1 guicle tl1is vital i11stitution.

We are IJI�ot1cl, Yot11· Majesty, to ack11owledge that Ethiopia and Norway sl1are so n1t1ch of faith and idealis111. \Ve are l1opeft1l that in the years to come tl1e relations betwee11 t1s \\,i]l grow and deepen in 1nt1t11al trt1st a11cl t1nde1·standing. During the days ahead, Yot1r Majesty \\1ill l1ave occasion to view more closely t11e 11niq11e ct1lt111·e ancl prot1d traditions of Our historic E111 1Jire ancl so pe1·I1a_ps bette1· comprehend the proble111s, tl1e as1Ji1·c1tio11s, tl1e needs a11d desires of a JJeople ,vl10 ,velco1ne yo11 in all l1 011011r and friendship.

MaJ, We ask tl1is distingt1isl1ed asse111bly then to joi11 Us i11 this to·ast: to lasti11g ,frie11dsh-i p and co-ope­ ratio11 between tl1e Etl1iopian and Nor\'\1egian peoples; to the health and 1011g happy li·fe a11cl reig11 of Our n1ost estee111ecl g1 1 est, I-Tis Majesty Ki 11 g Olav of Nor­ way.

1

T nn. 11, 1966

'

PRESIDEN�r DE GAUIJLE v\7ELCOMED Mr. P1·esicle11t, Madan1e de Gat1lle Histo1·ia11s, i11 1·eciti11g tl1e eve1�ts of tl1e Twentietl1 Cei1t111·)1 , will 1·ecognise a1no11 er tl1e leade1·s of ou1· tune a f�ew me11 wl1ose ene.rgy, re;ol 11 tion and deep 1111der- 560 -

PERSON 1\l, DIPI_.01\1 1\C Y

standing of events l1�v e cat1sed then1 to control and dir ect . the ve ry destiny of 1nankind. We and all Ethiopians a�e prot1d a11d ho11ot1red to have in Our presence ton1ght sttcl1 a leader. This evening II EtI1 iopia sal11tes 011e of the great m en of this ce�tu� and one of tl1e great spokes1nen of Frencl1 ctiltttre an� civiljzatio1 1 ?f ,111y ce11tury, Ot1 r esteemed a 11ct J1onotired friend, P!·es1de11t CI1arles de Gat1lle. We extend to yott Mr. Pres.1de11t, an d to Mada1ne de Gaulle, Ot1r heartfelt oreeti11gs, and vVe reaffir1n tl1e warm admiratio11 which t11e magnificent acco1nplishments of yot1r ini111itable and gloriot1s career so jt1stly n1erit.

Tl1e world well remembers the valia11t and t1lti111ately successft1l strt1ggle which you led for tl1e restor­ atio11 of Fra11ce's birth1·igl1t of freedom and indepen­ dence. The epic 1·esistance of the French people to foreign don1i11ation and tl1e saga of their heroism and sacrifice in tl1e cat1se of tl1eir historic liberties constitute a gloriot1s cl1apte1· in the rich pages of French history.

In subseqt1e11t years, the strength, the foresigl1t and JJt1rpose wl1icl1 yot1 l1ave brot1gh·t to tl1e Fre11ch Govern­ me11t l1ave st1r1not1nted immense obstacles and opposi­ tion to re�ajn ·a11d ,,rdd new dignity 1to the sple11did nan1e of Fra11ce. The position \vhicl1 France has assum­ ed in world affai1·s in tl1e recent past under Yot1r Excel­ lency's fa1·sigl1ted leadersl1ip l1as heartened all those who are committeed to tl1e principles of national indepen­ dence a11d self-deter1nination. The nations of Africa are a,nong the n1ost a1·dent propo11ents of these great doc­ trines \Vl1icl1 were ensl1rined first in the Charter of the United Nations Organization and later again in. the CI1arter of ot1r own Organization of African Unity· The past decade ha s be en th e time of the great t1nleasl1it1g of the long-restrained energies and genius of this - 561 - -

q

PI•:llSONAJ., DIPLOJ\1r'\CY

vast, 1·icl1 co11tine11t. As the 1·est1lt of long a11d dilige11t efforts, the i11dependence of 111ost of ou1· bretlu·en here has been accomplished. In tl1e course of tl1e struggles which have been waged, the valves of nationhood and of national and cultt1ral pride have been firmly imbed­ in African soil. ded . ..

France and Ethiopia today stand fast in friendshiJJ and ttnderstanding, and there are good and st1fficient reasons wl1y this sl1ot1ld be so. Ot1r wartime experien­ ces constitt1te one st1ch reason. We too l1ave st1ffered tl1e pains of strt1ggle. Ot1r · peo_ple have earned thro11gh blood and tears the deep satisfaction gained with tl1e resto1·at.ion of a cherished and a11cient indepe.nde11ce.

A continge11t of tl1e Free French Forces participated st1ccessf11lly d11ring the struggle to liberate 011r cotmtry.

Our nation has been tested and tempered with tl1e cruel knowled_ge of experience and has en1erged wiser and st1·011ger for w11at she 11as 1111dergone.

Fra11ce and Ethiopia are convinced that the fun­ dam.ental problems of our world st1cl1 as Vietnan1 ca11 only receive a collective sol11tio11 1·es11lting f1·om tl1e expressio11 a.nd the cont1·ibution of all 11ations.

Tl1e origin of 1·elatio11s bet\vee11 Ethiopia and France goes back fa1· beyo11d tl1e years of tl1e great st1-t1ggle against the invader. Tl1e 1·elatio11s betwee11 0111� two co1111t1�ies date fron1. tl1e begi1111ing of the seve11tee11tl1 ce11tury. It is t1·t1e tl1at at tl1at tin1e, the 1nea11s of comn1unication between Etl1iopia a11d France did not facilitate the establish1ne11t of co11ti1 1t1ous relations· 11d­ Neve rthele F1·ie ss, as from of 1843 , Treat y a . ship a11d of Comn1erce concludecl between J(ing Sahle­ Selassie and your official 1�epresentative, acting in the name of Louis-Pl1ilippe, Ki11g of F1·a11ce, was asigned at Angolala.

•.- 562 _,

PEllSC)N t\.L DlI'LO:tvlAC Y

p1·ece cled_ by half a ceiltLlr Tl1 i� tr �aty y of otller . _ w a s t 1 1e 111au Oot11·ation of . sinltl,1r t1eat.tes t l 1e p o ic 1 y c o n t f n o te 1npora1·y Ethiopia. of co-opera 10 Fre11ch Sup1Jort

Etl�iopja's first_�nod�rn li:1k with the ot1tside world, the Addis A b�ba-DJ1bo11t1 Railroad, was developed and coi1str�1cted w1tl1 Fre11c� suppor�. The continuing co­ oper�t!on �f our t":'o c?�111tr1es 1n the successft11 joint ad1111n1strat1011 of tl11s cr1t1cal transportation route bears \Vit11ess to the!r �apacities to wo1·k together frt1itft1lly and l1as bee11 1nd1spensable to tl1e nation's buroeoning development . The acl1ievements of Frencl1 ct1ltu�e wer� of imn1ense significa11ce i11 c1·eati11g the basis for mo­ der11 Ethio1Jian educatio11 . French scl1olars have hrot1gl1t their kee11 intellects to tl1e stu_dy of our own a11cient cultt1re. French teachers have brot1ght knovv­ ]edge of tl1e bea11ties of tl1e French langt1age and tl1e glories of Frencl1 civilization to the e11q11iring mi11ds of generations of Ethiopian stt1dents.

Today, as Ethiopia moves ever 1nore q11ickly for­ ,vard into tl1e tecl1nical a11d ind11strial civilization of our tunes, Fre11cl1 co-operation a11d assista11ce vi.ill be more tl1a11 eve1· n ecessary in accelerating a.11d �t1_pport­ i11g Ou1· nation's achieveme11ts. The conclusion of a tecl1nical a11d c11lt1tral assista11ce agreeme11t bctwee11 our two co11ntries assures Us that this assistance will be forthcoming .

In recitinoO these evide11ces of friendship, We are ren1i 11ded with pleasure of the generosity a11d candor of the F1·ench people which We everJ\'v�ere. observed on the occasion of Ou1· me1norable reception 1n Fi·ance dt1ring Our visits. We are pleased no\v to be able to - 563 _,.

den1011st1·ate to yo11, Mr. P1·eside11t, and tl1rougl1 you to the F1·encl1 people, tl1e depth and the sincerity of the f1·ie11dship wl1ich Ethiopia I1olds for tl1ose who come in peace and witl1 11nderstanding. We are proud to have this occasion to explai11 to yot1 something of the glories, the traditions and the ct1It11re of Our uniqt1e and ancient Ia·nd and peo_ple. We believe that throt1gh the ex­ change of views that will take place, new grot1nd will be laid wl1ereon 011r peoples shall move onward arm in a1·n1 to the accon1plishment in mutual sympathy of great new tasl<s.

In tl1e spirit of comradeship wl1ich warms this evening, We ask all asse1nbled here to raise your gla.sses a11d join with Us i11 tl1is toast.

To French c11lt11re and civilization; to tl1e history friendship and t111derstancli11g between tl1e French and Ethiopian peoples; to the leaclersl1ip and heroism of an ot1tstandin·g sui atesma.n of 0· 11r ·ti111e, Pres:ident Ch,arle-s de Gat1Ile, and to Madan1e de Gat1Ile. Augt1st 28, 1966 .,

RUMANIAN PRESIDEN1 ENTERTAINED Mr. President, Madame Stoica, It gives Us great JJleast1re to welco1ne you tl1is eve1:ii11g and to exp1·ess to you Ot11· appreciatio11 fo1· having accepted Ot1r i11vitatio11 to visit Ethiopia. On this happy occasion We extend to you, Mr. President, and yot1r consort 0111· 111ost co1·dial welcome.

Two years ago, at tl1e invitation of your prede­ cessor, the late Gheorghe Gheorgl1it1-Dej, We had tl1e ·- 564 -.-

PERSONAL DIPLO:tv1AC Y

vi si ti1 of 1g yo ni ur ty beautiful and gr·eat countr rt u pp o o . · y in ng to pe 1·s . and of con11 . onal contact with the 1n · dustria.

R n1 11a f t11 o W e e a 1 lw op a pe y s recall wi'th p1easure us o . . the \Varro and fr1e11di y reception that We wei·e accorded by the Goverru11e11t �nd people of Ruinania. The sincere a?d l1e�r �y reception wl1icl1 W e have experienc­ ed tl1en 1s a v �v1 d test11nony of the great respect and admiratio11 which tl1e Ru111an-ian people have for Our people and fo 1· Us. 111 tl1e cot1rse of Our visit, We saw for Ourself tl1e great progress achieved by the Ruman­ ian people a11 d tl1e adva11tages they are drawing from tl1e benefits of 111odern civilization.

As a result of man's technological and scientific adva11ceme11t, ou1· ,vorld l1as undergone tremendous and 11nprecedented cl1ange. Dista11t worlds have been brought close1· a11d 1nysteries have been u11folded. All tl1ese achieven1ents sl1ould have brought satisfactio11 to mankind. Howeve1·, man, a1nong othe1· things, l1as ends by prod11c­ ttsed tl1ese great achieve1nents for evil "' i11g a11d accumulati11g vveapons of mass destruction \Vhicl1 are already in the possession of a number of cot111tries.

Tl1e des ire of states to impose their social and eco11on1ic systen1s 011 othe1·s has rest1lted in the e�er i11creasing stock-pile of deadly weapons. But l1app1ly the real.izatio11 that s11ch a state of affairs is incompat­ ible witl1 th e 11eeds of 011r time has led, of late, all leaders an d all m en of o-ood will to determine to live in peace a11d to coexist i; spite of tl1e ideological, social a11d econo1n ic differe11ces existi11g in the world. In turn e th of y et xi an e th d ve this sit11atio11 l1as greatly 1·elie r­ �e ot ld ou w at th r te as is d ld wor over th e fea1· o f the r ea �l u n � f o lt s_!J re a s a e wis l1ave befallen 1nankind e k ta · to ll a f· o ty u d d re c sa warfare. It is, tl1e1·efore, the - 565 -

PERSON1\L

DIPLOivIACY

ad,,antagc of tl1e 1J1·ese11t ge11eral dete11te and to strive to b1·i11g abotit e11clL11·i11g peace so that we may spare 011rscl\ cs tl1e co11d(!n111atio11 of poste1·ity ancI histo1·y.

1

Tl1e basic 11eecls of n1e11 eve1·ywl1ere are the sa.me.

1�here is 110 one a11ywl1ere i11 tl1e wo1·ld wl10 does 11ot c:l1c1·.isl1 t11 e hope o·f havi11g his s ta11da1·d of living 1·aised.

Likcv,1ise, it is tl1e fe1·ve11t desi1·e of mos t gove1·nn1e11ts to satisfv the 111ate1·ial 11eeds a11cl to elevate the standard Fo1· a11y state 01· individL1al ()f livi 1 1g of their· people. tc) li111it its ende,1,,0111·s to satisfy 011ly its selfish desires, i11 tl1is ,1ge of interdepe11de11ce, is to live outside tl1e real111. of 1·ec1lity. Tl1e e1·,1 of st1cl1 isolated existence is 1011g past. I11stcacl, 111en have st,1rtecl to tl1i1lk i11 te1·111s c)f tl1ei1· fellow me.11, tl1ei1· co1111t1·y a11d tl1e wo1·Id co111111 t1 r1ity. All 111t1st st1·ive u11ceasi11gly to f111·tl1er tl1ese si1.111Jle a.11d yet f1t11c.ia111c11tal p1·.inci1Jles a11d ideals so tl1,tt tl1ere sl1aJl be a l1ette1· to11101�row for· ge11e1·atio11s to co111e. �M-r. P1�e�;ident, \Ve sho11lcl 11ot f,1il to recall l1e1·e tl1at Etl1iopia, :f:01· ,t 1011g ti111e, l1as 111.c:1i11tai11ed f1·ie11dly 1·elatio11s "''itl1 ·R.L1111a11ia 11ot 0111y i11 ti111e of 1Jeace b11t i11 ti1ne of grc,1t trot1ble a11ci tri bt1latio11 vvl1e11 0111· ve1·y existe11ce ,1s a 11�1tion v\ ,1s th rc,1te11ed by tl1c 1:ascist aggressor.

We sl1all 1011g 1·e111e111ber tl1c 11101·al s111Jpo1·t We l1ave Fo1·eign its l1::1cl fro111 tl1e people of Rt1 !11a11ia tl11·0110-l1 O Mi11iste1·, ·M1·. Tt1telesc11 wl1e11 We 111ade ot11· a1Jpeal to tl1e I..(:�tgt1e of Natio11s. 1.t is also fitti11g to me11tion l1e1�e it]1c� va1ia111t Rt1rnarl!ia11 ,]1e1:o, E,Lia11 ,tlie G1�e-ait, ,vl1c) t�OLJ r:::1gcot1sly st1·11gglecl a11cl cleclicated I1 is 1ife for tl1e ·f1·eed,)111. ft11d i11de1Je11cle11ce of his cot111tr·y. .;

1

·- :3()G -

l'EilSON 1\I... DIPL0}..1ACY

Thot1gh ·y ot1r Excelle11cy's visit to Ottr COU11try .1S i . y ea e t_ 1 r1 1e b 1e ve l' s e tl \r 1a v t it rt, vv il l coiltrib ute s11o . in s of frieildsh'1P that alftirtl1er st.· re11gtl1 e111ng tl1e bo11d · . t1n1an1a and Etlliopia. ready exist b etvvee11 R l11 tl1is ag e of i11t ercle1)endence Rtin1ani·a and . . . s l1ot11a . I do t.h e11· tltl11ost to co-operate for Etl11 op1� the 111 t1tt1al 111ter�st of _tl1e1r 1·espective cot1ntries. Tl1ere are 111a11y are,1s . 111 �l11cl1 ·Ot1r two ·Cot111 tries ca11 effective! Y collaborate 111 tl11s rega1·d.

It is in tl1is spi1:it_ of fri�ndship a11d co-operation tl1at vVe ask all to Jo111 Us 1n wishing long life and goocl healtl1 to 11ot1, M1·. P1�esiclent and Maclame Stoica· progress a11d prosperity to Rt1rna11ia and Etl1iopia and to e11clt1ri11g vvorld pc!ace.

Dec:en1ber 7, 1DG6

EMPEROR SPEAI(S IN Tl-IE KllElvlLIN M·r. Presicle11t,

Accept, Excellency, my deep appreciatio11 for the ki11cl words add1·essecl to 111e and 1ny people. It is with great pleasttre tl1at I find inyself 011ce agai11 in yot1r great a11cl frie11dly cot111try. T he welco111e wl1ich \Vas n ia op hi Et e tl1 to e n1 h t1g ro th l 1d ec e a1 accorcl to 1n d­ ar w re 1d a1 1 cl ri a en be s l1a t si vi 1Jeople i11 111)' previot1s .

1re st ea pl l1 it vv l al ec r s ay vv al T ing ex1Je1·je11ce \vl1icl1 en ev an e n1 d cle n te ex e 111 ITI)' 1)rcse11t visit yot1 l1av ll a sh I l1 ic l1 w e, m o lc greater a 11 d 11101·e frjer1dly \.,,e al,:vays cleeply cl1erisl1. n e e v t\ e b ts is x e y . il p p a h o s Tl1e close frie11dsl1ip tl1at 11 ot s a l1 It .

1g i1 cl n a st g C)ttr lvvc) 1Jeo1)les l1clS l1ee11 of 1011 d e d 1 i a p x e n e v e s a h t <)11ly witl1stood tl 1e test of ti111e, bt1 - 567 -

PERSONAL DIPLOMACY

and grown fir1ner tl1ro11gh these years . This, I am con­ vinced, will co11tinue to be strengthened and shall, as in the past, give lasting benefit to our two peoples .

The national st1·engtl1 of a country is measured by the hur11an and material resources it has at its disposal.

Being aware that· the exploitation of my country's natural resources requires ample technical know-how, I, th1·oughout my reign, gave priority to the advance­ ment of education in Ethiopia. It is with satisfaction . that I note here that my endeavours in this field are · · bea1·ing fruit and that my country is well on its way · com•i11g ·s·elf�suf· ficien't �n •this regard. .. of 1be It is my expressed wish that tl1e widest fruitful economic co-operation be established between our two countries . The assistance extended to Ethiopia by the USSR to raise the living sta11dard of her people, 11arnely, th1·qugh the establislnnent of an oil refinery in Assab, the Tecl1nical College in Bahr-Dar and the USSR's l1ospital in Addis Ababa are worthy exan1ples of sucl1 co-operation. . The 1�ain foundation of Ethiopia's foreign policy . is to live in peace and har111ony witl1 all states a11d particu. larly witl1 l1er neighbours, and in the ligl1t of this spirit and the principles of Band11ng sucl1 as non­ i11terfe1·ence in the internal affai1·s of other states a11d · respect fo1· the territorial integ1·ity of all states a11d co­ . operating with all in va1·iot1s fields of l1t1n1an e11deavour witl1 a view to pro1noti11g tl1e gene1·al good and welfare of m.anl<i11d. Etl1iopia is equally dedicated to tl1e ca11se of freedom a11d t111ity in Africa a11d to tl1e cause of peace and 11nde1·standi11g i11 tl1e world in close col­ laboration witl1 the sister African states, ;nd my people _ sl1all continue to contrib11te our share to the str11ggle of emancipating our brethren, who are still under tl1e - 568 -

PERSONr\L DIPLO}vfACY

c o lonia! 1·t1le. We believe that w o f e k yo hatever m easure w e take 1n order to.realise our goals in attain­ te ly f1·.ee Africa, it can best be d co m pl e a a in o . one tl1rot1gh t.he O rgan1z�t1on of Africa_n U nity. It is, tlierefor e, 1n the best 111terest and for the J1ealthy pro­ gress and ?ev�lopment o f our continent to strengtllen tltls organization. The peoples of Africa are deter­ mined that not one incl1 of African soil shall remain in the l1ands of the colonialists and in this noble strug­ gle we shall no t fai l to look for support and encourage­ me11t from our proven friends among whom the USSR is pron1inei1t.

The prii1ciples of non-interf erence in the internal ·affairs of sitates ·and respect for 1 tl1e ,sovereignty and ter­ ritorial i11tegrity of independent nations \.Vhich are en1bodied in the Chai·ter of the OAU and the U.N. sl1ould be implemented i11 full measure by member states so tl1at the necessary climate will be created for full co-opei·ation. If this precondition is assured, it is our firm belief that the great goals we have set for ot1r continent to carry will not be out of reach.

League Failure

The League of Nations, by failing to r estrain tl1e fascist aggressor, allowed the forces of evil.a free re�11 a11d it wa s only after the sacrifice of the lives of mil­ lions of innocent people, amongst whom the people.of the USSR l1a d to be ar heavy losses, and the ext�ns1v� destruction to property the world over, that this evil was finally destroyed. ­ c ra p d n a d e t it m co g in e b � Once again injustice is as h .

N .

U th a, si de ho R � ticed in Africa. In the case of roved p ch hi w n po ea w approved sanctions, the same •

- 568 -

ineffective over a decade ago. I believe that this mea­ sL1re too is bot111d to fail ·t1nless it is accompanied by tl1e t1se of fo1·ce.

I would lilce to add that after much sacrifice the wo1·Id has created the United Nations Organization; btit the U. N. can only be effective provided its 111e1nbers are willing to n1alce it strong by giving their wl1ole-hearted st1ppo1·t in each and every case where j t1stice, decency and fair-1nindedness so demand. It is of tl1e utmost importance that the U.N. shottld have at ,111 ti111es the confidence and st1pport of all its members.

I wot1ld liice to refer to the efforts made by my cot1ntry conce1·ning the tragic sit11atio11 which still exists i11 Viet11a1n. It will be recalled that I have, on several occasions, expressed my deep concern that this gr,tve sitt1ation has conti11ued for so n1any years and tl1at 110 wo1·kable solt1tion has as yet been found. I ha \1e already expressed 1·eadiness to avail my good oflices and to do 111y 11tmost to bring the concerned pa1·ties to the negotiating table. It is with great concern tl1c1t I view the prese11t conflict in South-East Asia and cieep . ly regret tl1at tl1e n11me1·ot1s effo1·ts n1ade by several states have bee11 ignored by those actively engaged i11 tl1 is bitter struggle.

We are co11vi11ced that .i11 order· to save our planet fro1n total dest1·uctio11 eve1·y effort a11d all the necessary ·Sacrifices 111 LIS't be n1 ,1cle by :al'l JJeace Iovi,11g natio11s, botl1 big ancl s111all, tow,11·cts the attai 111nent of total a11? co111plete disa1·1nan1ent a11d to see to it that the ma111di­ era e 1 tl folcl gifts of the atom ',1re t1sed, instead, for f o nt rme Ccltion of disease a11d poverty and the bette 111,lI1kind.

It is 111y ardent belief tl1at all nations 1n11st live i11 1Jeace a11d f1·ie.ndship witl1 each other, regardless of -- 570 --

PERSONAL DIPLOMACY

socio -poli tical 01· struc tu n re. This rig ligio re · ht and · . · at tit ude m11st, �n ou1· opinion, b e cultivated and pe r pro developed by al l nations . I believe that all nations have to advance along _the p�th which they think is mo st reason��le a11d desirable 1n acco1·dance \Vith their Cliltu re, trad1t1011 and sense of values.

In co11clusio1:i, I want to express my deepest gra­ titu de to the Pres1�en_t, gove _ rnment and peoples of the USSR at whose inv1tat1on I am visiting this great cot111try. I am fully confident that this present visit will further strengtl1en the traditional and friendly 1·elations \Vhich exist betw een_ our t:Vo peoples. I request all gathered here to raise their glasses to this spirit of frie11dship, and to the health of the Soviet leaders and t11e continued prosperity of the peoples of the USSR, as well as, for tl1e mai11tenance a11d the pro1notion of pe,:1ce and unclerstanding in the world. t-.1arch l, 1967

HONOURING SOVEREIGNS OF IRAN

It gives Us the greatest pleasure to welcome to this distinguished gathering this evening Our good frie11d, His Imperial Majesty the Shahansl1ah of Ir�11 a11d His gracious an d lovely Empress, Farah Pahla�1.

All Etlriopia ha s long looked fo1·ward to_ Your I111per1al Majesties' visit a11d in Our nan1e and 1n the name of · y r t. t1n co ur O to e m co el w 1 Our people, We bid Y01 e W o ag s ar ye f o er b m u n When w e visited Iran a el ­ e th of h 1t n ar � w e were immediate ly struck by th , n io at n at re g at th f o co111 e accorded Us by tl1e people _ n all<l o ti c e ff a f o s e c n e id v a11d by the innun1erable e r u O f o t en m o m e esteem which sL11·1·ounded Us from th - 571 -

PERSONAL,

J)ll)LOMACY

arr.iv,11 i11 the lr,1 1 1ia11 capital. We hav e guarded and tre,1sL1red tl1e 111en101·ies of tl1 ose days. We trust, Your I111perial Majesties, tl1 at d1.1 1 ·i11g Yot1 1· stay with Us, Y ot1 will be awa1.-e of tl1 e exte11t to wl1 ich we Ethiopians .1 recip ocate tl1e feeli11 gs of frater11 al brotherhood which We experienced i11 Tel11·a11 and tl1e depth of the friend­ .sl1 ip wl1ich We entertain fo1 tl1e people and natio11 of ·r ran .

A 11 cient Pe1·sia, wl1ic·h ·ha·s li11 ·the Twen·tieth Centt11·y beco111e n1 ode1·11 I1·a11, e11joys a rich and b1 ·illiant .l1isto1 y a11d ct1ltt11.-e. Cy1:t1s tl1 e Great, Da1·it1s, Xerxes - tl1ese a1.-e na111es to co11jt1re 1 1p the n1 ost exciting a11d cc)lot1rfL1l i111ages, to 1·ecall tl1 e majesty and power of the gre,1t c1 111Ji 1 ·e tl1,1t vvas Persia 111any ce11tt1ries ago. .r 1) tl1e 1 ·eal111 of lite1 at111·e, few 11 ations indeed ca11 boctst of c:111 On1a1· Kl1ayya111 01· of a H . afiz, men whose 11,1111es are know11 to tl1e scl1 ool boy f 1·01n his ear·Jiest )'C,trs, 01· of ,1 C,1lif H,11.-ot1111 El Rashid, I1ero of tl1e storiecl A1·abia11 Nigl1ts, wl10 was born in Persia. Tl1e bctll1ty a11d sple11 doL1r of tl1e mosqt1es a11 d temples of lsf,Jl1a 11 are k11ow11 the wor·ld arot1nd, and tl1e i111pressi ve 1·L1ins of Pe1·se1Jo]is are a shri11e to \Vhicl1 stL1(le11ts of ,1 1 1ticJLtity flow in a 11 e\,e1·-endi 11g pilgrin1age.

The ncl111e Per·sia, tl1e11, calls to 11 1ind priceless car1Jets, walled garcle11s, a11d all tl1 e n1 yste1 ·y ancl gla1110L1r of tl1e East. Tl1 e 11 1ode1·11 na111 e Ira11 bes1Jeaks ,l p1·os1JeroL1s, i11cle1)e11cle11t 11 n.tio11, b L1stli 11 g witl1 i11dt1s­ trial a11cl c1grict1ltL1 1·al life, adva1 1ci11 g at an ever more r,1 1Jid pace i11 eco1101nic a,11cl social developn1 ent, a cot111t1.·)1 1·icl1 i 11 1 1att11·al 1 ·esot11·ces, wI1 e1·e tI1e benefits of tl1osc resot1!:ces arc bei11 g elevated to tli e betterme11t of tl1 e Ira 11 ia11 IJeople.

We, however·, n1t1ch as We ad111ire tl1 e imperisl1able ,1chieve1nen.ts of tl1 e Persia11 people, ad1nire 110 ·- 5'i2 -··

PERS<)N 1\l.,

J)IPLOtvlACY

less' tl 1e. acco1111Jlisl111. 1ents. of 1nodern 1·ra-11 tine1er tl1e 1rect1011 of Your d a1 1d ce 1d an 1 ot e Itllper·i·al MaJesty vvis t, • ex a1 1n�lary 111a11ner cledicated lli 1 1n ha s o � wh mself _ to 11is people. E �l11op 1 a l1as l1 erself been cal led tipon re ca rIOllS COLlfSe betwee11 the th reatenitll) a. er ste r to dangers wl11cl1 _ ha�e 011 occasion i111perilled 11 er iilde� per1de11ce. Et l11�p1a l1�s hers_elf come to grips \Vitll the problems an d d1ffict1lt1es wl1 1 cl1 bestrew tl1e pa tl1 lead­ ii 1g fron1 a11. t111d�r-developed econo111y to a 1nodern aild efficient econon11c strt1ctt1re. It is s1nall wo11der then that we i11 Ethiopia sl1ot1ld be so sensitive to the' trans� forn1ation which Yot1r I111.perial tvlajesty's reign has brot1ght abot1t i n the life of the nation whicl1 Yot1 lead.

As has Ira11, so l1ave ,ve i11 Etl 1iopia embarked t1pon far-reacl1 ing progr,tn1 n1 es of la11 d, agrict1ltt1.ral, com1nercial, edt1 cational a11cl gover11111ental refor111s. We are, tl1e11, i11 a fitting positio11 to assess a11d appraise the diffict1lties and obstacles \Vhicl1 the realization of tl1ese progran11nes has entailed for Iran, for We have ing them for Ot1rselves in Etl1iorienc expe and are been • p1a.

Tl1ese are tl1e foundations of the sincere lasting ad 111iratio11 wl1icl1 We e11tertain for the noble Iranian people a11cl, 1nore partict1la1·ly, for tl1at 1!-at ion's great _ 11 10 1 at 11d fo lid so . e th e id ov pr , r; rn � de tt1 lea and these, i11 t1pon which w e may togetl1er bL1ilcI a more fr\11t ft�l a11d lasting collabo1·atio11 bet\vee11 ot1r two cot111 tr1es 1n the 111any do111ains where \Ve share con1mon interests and purst1e con1 mon goals a11d objectives.

1t , tl1 k as t? e, or ef er th It gives Us gr ea t pleast1re, _ all l1ere raise, w ith u·s, their glasses 1 n toasting et ernal tl1 , ea � 1e tl � d an an Ir ie fr ndsl1ip between Ethiopia and � es li eS aJ M l ia er p Im welf are ,ind l1,1ppiness to their � 573 -

JJEI,.SON :\J._, J)T PLOi'vIA.CY

Mol1a111n1 ed Reza Pal1 lavi Aryamehr, Shal1anshah of Ira11, and E1np1·ess Fa1�al1 Pal1lavi, Shahbanou of Iran.

June 4, 1988

QUEEN JULIANA TOASTED You1· Majesty, Your Royal Highness, 011 behalf of the people and the government of Ethiopia, We are happy to convey to Your Majesty, to His Royal Higl1ness Pri11ce Bernhard, to Princess Beatrix, to P1·i11 ce Claus and to members of your e11 to11rage a hea1·ty and a very cordial welcome. We are ver·y pleased that yo11 have been able to accept OL11· i11vitation to visit Our country and be in Our midst today. The bonds of friendsl1ip existing between Our two cou11 tries are long standing, and we are ft1lly co11 fide11 t that this friendship will be gr·eatly stre11 gthen­ ed by Yot11· Majesty's visit.

Dur·ing Our· state visit to tl1 e Netl1erlands fifteen years ago, \Ve vividly recall tl1e warn1 and f 1�e11dl)1 1·eception wl1icl1 was accorded to Us by yo11r people wherever We went. It is expr·essed hope that Yo11r Majesty and Y011r Higl1ness will find you1· stay I1ere JJleasant and interesti11g. It is 0111· l1 ope too that yot1 will be able to see as m11cl1 of tl1e co11nt1·y, n1eet as n1anv of 0111· people as IJossible a11 d obse1·ve the efforts wl1ich We are 111 aking to in1 prove tl1e stai1dard of living of Ot11· people.

The n1e11 and wo111en of tl1e Netl1e1·lands have always been, known as a I1 a1·dworkii1g and dedicated people who have co11rageo11sly and adn1iringly struggled against the harsl1 co11ditions of nature and invasions from witho·ut. In this they l1 ave set a good example ..__ 574 -·

Pc�I,S<)N1\I., DIPL0�1AC Y

ar e W de e ep ly in1pr essed by the" er s. ot li to a·i1 1g · ence . . .1nd t1 st o ry f tl1e people of the Nethe 1n g n t1 r 1 t d an rlailds a cot1i1tr. y 11ot en do we d with much na' tural resources, btlt \vh1cl1, nevertheless, has managed througll hard work to be 011 e of th e most adva11ced and wealtllY . 111 . :he wo r ld under the wise lead ership of cot1ntr1es .

Your Ma3esty s forefatl1ers. Tl1e N etherlands has been 011e of tl1e lea din g na tio ns in the d evelop1n ent of inter­ natio11al law, _ and its co11tint1ot1s efforts in adopti11g 111odern technology fo r its development has enabled it to play a significant and effective role in prese11t world affairs.

Your Majesty is well aware of the burning issties of today wl1ich l<eep ot11· world i11 constant da11g er a11d fear of war. We would like, 011 tl1is occasion, to express Our }Jrofound satisfaction that after more than eigl1t years, tl1e parties i11 tl1e Vie tna1n war have at long last resolved to sol,1e tl1eir differe11ces at tl1e negotiating table rather tl1an o n tl1e battlefield. We would like to express Our adn1iration of and complete support to all those wl10 hav e succeeded in bri11gi11g about tl1e nego­ tiatio11s and wisl1 the1n ev ery success in tl1eir efforts.

It is Our fi1·m belief that tl1e situatio11 which pre­ sently exists i 11 tl1e Niicldle East is frat1gl1t with danger, not only to the parties directly co11ce rned, bt1t also to tl1e \Vorld co1nn1u11ity as a wl101e. W e fully support the ­ ve No of n tio lu so e r � U11ited Nations Security Council 511!-. e W t. en e11 tt1 se a to er ay w � b 1967 wl1ich opens a cer ely l1ope tl1at the parties concerned will solve �he_11 differences in or de r that peace will reign once again in this vital area which l1as b ee n a bridge between tl1e wester11 a11d e astern civilizations.

- 575 --

PEllSON,.\I., fJIPI..OMA.CY

Seek Reco11ciliation

111 ou1· continent it is with a heavy heart that We see tl1e l1ostilities continue in Nigeria. Our unflagging efforts to bring about a cessation of the civil war in this sister Af1·ican country where innocent blood is co11tin11ously being sl1ed has not been successful so far.

Tho11gh this matter has deeply grieved Us, We shall, nevertheless, continue without despair to do Our utn1ost, together witl1 the otl1er members of the 0.A.U. Co11sultative Comn1ittee on Nigeria, to bring about a reconciliation between the two sides so that the people of this African nation will be able to live in peace and tranquility in order to bt1ild together their great cot1n­ trv for their good and well-being and the great cause of African -unity. With the help of the Almighty we JJray that the hardsl1ips and s11fferings of our brothers will soon be over.

As Your Majesty is also aware, the O.A.U. is also faced with problen1s in the sot1thern part of our con­ tinent. For these t1rgent problems there is no better exan1ple than the strt1ggles of yo11r ill11strious ancestor William the Prince of Orange, who l1as proven to the world that the jt1st cat1se of a people can never be suppressed by tl1reats, imprison111ent or unworthy re­ wards.

Time may pass before j11stice prevails . However, we 11ave no dot1bt that tl1e ca11se of these people who seek f1·eedon1 will .,t1lti111ately gain victory.

We Africans are dedicated to the total liberation of ot1r brotl1e1·s who a1·e still under colonial rt1le. It is i11 defence of t11eir j11st cat1se that Liberia and Ethio­ pia, 011 their· ow11 bel1alf a11d on behalf of the African countries, J1ave st1bmitted to the International Court .... 576 -

PERSONAL DIPLO}vIAC Y

H ag t1e tl1 , the case of South wes e ,tt e sti c u J Of t Afr1.ca · · pleading fo1· Justic e and the right to indepe11dence fo; its people.

Etl1iopi a has, fo1· ye ar s, bee11 a strono and d ed'1. ed Nations and the o Au cated st1pporter of t l1e Urut cI1arters. Sl1e l� as also been a strong advocate �f th� policy of. non-al1�nn1ent. Tl1 e se principles which guide 011r fore1g11 pol icy We reaffirn1 today because W e stro11gly believe tl1at these basic tenets will I1elp solve t11e proble1ns facing our turbule nt ,vorld.

We a1·e happy to say that the excellent co-ope ­ ration and ot1tsta11ding f rie11dship existing between our two count ries have benefited ot1r two peoples. H.V.A. Ethiopia is symbolic of sucl1 co-operation. We are extremely hopeful that these areas of co-operation be­ t,veen our t,:vo cou11tries will g row and expand in the yea rs ahead, always in tl1e interest of ot1r two peoples and tl1e g r eat cat1se of ,:vorld peace.

It is a great pleasure for us to l1ave Your Majesty and Pri11ce Bernard w.itl1 us this evening. It is an added pleasure fo1· t1s, too, to have P.rincess Beatrix and Prince Claus who repr esent youth and vigot1r whicl1 are the hope fo1· peace i11 the world. We wisl1 them a hapJJY a11d st1ccessft1l ft1tu1·e.

111 conclusio11 We 1·eqt1e st yot1 all to raise y our glasses and join Us i11 a toast to th� co1nplet� health of Her Majesty Qt1een Jt1liana and His Royal I-I1ghn� ss, Prince Be1·nard •a nd ,to tl1e continued 'and laSt1ng friendship of our t\vo cot1ntries in peace and prog ress · January 24, 1969

- 577 -

. , .

8 ,: .

3

l)f�flSON1\J., JJIPLOMACY

rfOASTING YEMENI PRESIDENT 011 behalf of t11e gove1�n111ent and people of Ethio­ pia c111d Otirself, \Ve wisl1 to exp1·ess Our pleasure in \\1elco111 ing P1:eside11t Abd11lrahman Al-Eryani, the Presi­ de11t of tl1e Rept1b]ican Cot1ncil of tl1e Yemen Arab Rept1blic a11cl his entot1rage who are visiting Ethiopia for the first tin1 e.

A 10 11 g ti111 e l1as elapsed si1 1ce the people of Ethio­ pia first beg,111 to play l1ost to tl1e people of the Yemen.

Histor)' 1·ecalls tl1at v\1 hen the leade1·s of Koreish, at their 111eeti11g at Dar Al-Nad\va, decicled to lat1ncl1 a cam­ paig11 of dest1·t1ctio11 against the followers of the Prophet Mo11 a111111ed, the pr·ophet tolcl his people ''to flee to Etl1iopia, tl1e la 11cl of pe,:1ce wl1ere yo11 can save botl1 yot1r sot1ls a11cl )'Ot11: 1·eligion." Writers of Islamic 11 istory 1·e111e111be1· i 1 1 thei1· ch1:onicles tl1e kind hospitality e.�te11decI to tl1e people of the A1·abian peninsula \vho c:rossecl the Reel Sea to Etl1 iopia to seek ref11ge fron1 1·eligiot1s JJersect1ti.011 i 11 tl1ei1· l10111ela11d.

T11 the 1n .ai11te11a11ce of peace ,111ywhere i11 the ,vo�ld, goocl 11eighbo111·lincss a111011gst states is a basic necessity.

Tl1is L111cle1·st,111 di11 g 11,ts J:ot1.11d expression in the re­ _ l,1t1011s between tl1e Ye111e11 a11cl Etl1 iopi,1 a11d 11ot only ,lr� Ou1· t\vo cor111tries 111,1i11tai11 i11g their· historic re­ . _ l,ltic)11 s of f1·ic11cls]1i1J, bL1t t11 ey a1�e also e11deavouririg to 111alc ? tl1is f1·ie11dsJ 1 iJJ 11 101.·e 111eani 11 gfL1l by co-ope­ _ d an 1 the1 rctti11g J11 t1·acle a11d co111111erce. To st1·eng J)ro 111 ote ·tl1esc ,rel ,a·ti 011s, We I1 a ve ·a ]ready 1·aised• Ottr to resJJective · c1 IJJ101 · 11 c1tic 1·e1J1·esc11t,1tions fro1n legat1011 eiii bassy level. We recall, too, that last year· a t�a?e cleleg�t10 11� lee] by Yottr Excclle11c;,'s Eco11on1ic J\111115• _ ter, '11s1 tecl Etl1ic)JJi,1 c11.1cl sig 11ecl ,1 trade agree111ent.. \\le. 110.tJc tl1at as �t 1·csr1lt c)f Y011r Exce]le11cy's pi·eseJJt - 578 -

w.ill be acl1 ieved in the iillpl s visit ' 1Jrogres c111entation . . ee 111 e1 W 1t. e al so I1 ope tl1at d t1 1.11· 1g ag r at 1 tl of y . o t1 r :Ai e staJ' l1e1.e, . w �.11 h�ve tl1e op1)ortun1ty to disct1ss inatters -v,., l11cl1 w 1 ll b r 111 g ot1 r t\vo peoples closer toa11cl 011 a 111,1tter of 1 11 t1tt1al c011cern na r aet I1e , me1 y, . o . t11e 1na1 nte11a1 1c e o f· peace 111 al l regio11s of the world.

Peace is tl1e co11cer11 of all n1a11lcincl and it be­ con1es i11c111nbe11t t1po11 great as well as s111al1 nations of tl1e world t? co11 tri?t1te towar�ls sol t1tio11s to proble111s tl1at tl1reaten 111te1�nat1on_a] sect1r1ty.

Toclay, 011e ca1111 ot fail to recognize the existence of certai11 i11 ter11atio11 al JJroble111s \Vl1icl1 contint1e to tl1reate11 tl1e n1ai11te11 ance of JJeace i11 tl1e world. Tl1e f\.1iddle East proble111 l1 as, for tl1e last twe11 ty-one years, elt1ded all efforts to 111ake it st1 sce1Jtible to solt1tion.

Tl1e vvar wl1 icl1 er11 ptecl 11 1 J t1ne, 1967, 011ce again brot1gl1t to ligl1t tl1e precariot1sness of tl1e sitt1atio11 i11 tl1at pa· 1;t ·of tl1e "''orld, a11cl tl1-is realiza ·tio1 1 1Jro111ptecl the U11itecl Nations Sect1rity Cot1ncil to 1Jass tl1e ·re­ sol t1tio11 of Nove111 ber 22, 1967 in a ft1rtl1er atte1n1Jt at easi1 1g tl1e crisis per1na 11 e11tly. It is i11 the interest of all 11ations to res1Ject ancl i111plen1e11t resoltrtions aclopted by tl1e U11i ted Natio11s - l1ence ot1r insistence tl1at tl1e parties i11volvecl 111 the Midclle East conflict resol\,e tl1eir cliffere11<�es by resJJecting tl1e saicl Sect1rity Cot111cil 1·esolt1 tio11.

,v01·lcl

Peace

Tl1e \\'ar in Vietna111. is anotl1er IJroblem ,vhicl1 l1as deeply co11 cer11ecl tl1e IJeople of tl1e world · Tl1e lo11g draw1 1 0L1t co11flict i 11 tl1at Janel has c,1t1secl tlnt�ld st1fferi11g tt) botl1 sides. Tl1,1t so 1nt1cl1 life �1 ncl material reso_t1rces, wl1icl1 cot1ld l1ave bee11 11sed to aclvai1ce the - 579 -

PERSONAL DIPLOMACY

welfare of n1an, is expended on waging a destructive war saddens Us greatly. We are, however, hearte ned that the peace 11egotiations being conducted among the parties concer11ed in Paris could well prove successful so that an acceptable formula of peace can be found in order to end the war and thus remove the danger of global escalation of the conflict and assure the establrshme· nt of !peace in ,t·hat part ·of the woDld. The conflict in Nigeria, waged among brothers, is indeed a sad chapter in the history of our continent.

Because the fratricidal war in itself as well as in its repercussions to innocent civilians has reached such regrettable proportions, we cannot but intensify Our efforts in order to bring the conflict to an end. This African problern is of grave concern to the Organi­ zation of African Unity. The Heads of State Consul­ tative Committee on Nigeria l1as been created by the O.A.U. with a view to finding a solution to this tragic problem. The Committee has so far exerted a lot of efforts in this regard and shall contint1e to do so in the future in fulfilmen :t of its mandate.

It is indeed ve1·y satisfying to witness that most of the people of Africa enjoy freedom and inde ­ pendence. It is also ve1·y e11cot11·aoing that Africans in subjugated areas are intensifyi�g their relentless struggle for their rigl1ts and dignity. The a�an�e a�ong colonizers in the soutl1ern . part of Afr1�a is beti1g consolidated in order to enst1re that Africans rem�i11 denied of their right to dete1·mine their _own destiny· Tl1e Orga11izatio11 of African Unity has enlisted p hel to r the co-operation of its membe.r states in orde th� _people of Zi1nbabwe, Angola, Mozambique , �aa­ inibia, the so-called Portugt1ese Guinea, South Afri� ta op tl1i aod other colonies to secure their freedom . E - 580 -

PERSONAL DIPLOMACY

con ti11t1e lier support to tl1e struggle f or. 111unan equa lity and freedom .

The Yemen Arab Rept1blic and Ethiop1a are e d b h' 1st Y or � and geography and We neighb. ours link . . th hop e t11at is 1bo11d of. f.r1endship wJ·B 1be further ene. d as vVe . achieve closer relations by costrength . 1n eco11om1 an c d cultt1ral matters. We also operating \vish to express to you Our belief that Y011r Excellency's prese nce among tl1e people of Ethiopia will contribute to a better ?1utu�l understanding, so essential for foster­ ing a gen11111e climate of confidence.

Yol.lr Excelle11cy, distinguished guests, It gives Us great pleasure to raise Ot1r 0a-lass in a toast to Etltlo-Yemeni 1·elations, to the health of Presi­ dent Al-Eryani, to the well-bei11g and prosperity of the people of the Yemen Arab Republic and to inter­ national peace and security. \\rill

June 27, 1969

ON VISIT OF TURKISH LEADER Mr. President, We are ve ry pleased tl1at Y011r Excellency was able to accept th e friendly a11d cordial invitation whic11 We have extended to you to visit Our cot1ntry and be in 011r midst today. A ltl 1ough the relations between 01�r s 1, y nc le el xc E r ou Y , 11g di an st er o nv ·counctr'ies are of 10110 • • t s1 v1 to y tr t1n co t ea gr r u yo f the first Head of State o ­ ea pl h uc m s U n ve gi s a h Ethiopia, a measure which x­ E r u o Y e m co el w e W sure. On th is h a p p y occasion, f o le p eo p e th f o lf a cellency wholeheartedly on beh Ethiopia and on Our own behalf . .

We tha t ctio n sati sfa It is witl1 a oreat sense of s U to d e rd o cc a s a w recall the warm r:ception which - 581 -

PEllSONt\I_, l)ll'LOivlACY

by the Gover11111e11t �111d people of TL1rlcey dt1ring Ot1r state visit to you1· f1 ·ie11dly cot111t1·y i11 1967.

We we1·e greatly i 1111J1·essed by tl1e zeal, devotion a11d discipli11e of you1· people i11 their dedicated efforts wl1ich a1·e directed toward the advancement of their cot1nt1·y in tl1e social a11d eco11omic fields as well as in thei 1· faitl1 in tl1eir ft1tu1·e clestiny. Turkey has success­ ft1lly combined tl1e old witl1 the 11.ew and witl1 her steady p1·og1�ess l1as bee11 able to attain a l1igl1 level of develo1J1ne11t. Tl1e torcl1 of liberty of modern Turkey wl1ich \Vas passed a11d 11u1·tured by the blood of her galla11t me11 a11d 1nai11tained by tl1e whole nation will t1ndoubtedly contin11e to b t11·11 per111ane11tly in freedom and independence.

Tl1e moder11ization 1nove111e11t in Tu1·ke)' which bega11 to talce 1·oot clt1ri11g tl1e vvise leadersl1ip of His Excellency M11st,1fa Ka111al Atat11 1·Ic l1as fascinated Us a11d aroused Our i11terest at an ea1·lj' age. We recall \Vith pleas11re tl1e cliscussio11s ,vhicl1 We l1ave l1ad with Ou1· friencl tl1e the11 Tu1·lcisl1 Co11st1l in Hara1·, wl1e11 We were the Governo1·-Ge11e1·al of Har·ar, concerning tl1e political, eco11omic a11d social developn1e11ts made i11 T111·Icey then.

We l1ave followed closely tl1e able leade1·sl1ip wl1ich Yot1r Excelle11cy l1as co11t1·ib11ted to tl1e nation follow­ i 11g the example of devotio11 to IJt1blic se1·vice set by the fatl1e1· of 1noder11 TL11·lcey.

The tracle a11d ct1ltL11·,1l 1·el,l tio 11s existing between ot1 1· two co1 111t.ries are ,lge-old. Si- 111ila1·l)', i11 O t1r [oi1g struggle to 111ai11tai11 tl1e f1·eedo111 a11 d independence of Ot11· co11ntry We l1ave I1ad tl1e continued support ai1d sy1111Jatl1y of tl1e people of T111·key. Individ11al Ttirks, st1cl1 as Wehib Pasl1a, l1ave gallantly fought side by - 582 -

l :•

.i ,!

• ' 1 •

,•

'•J •

J 'J

"

•'

J '

I

I''

'•· .

•

j .,..,

!

)

PERSONt\L DIPLOMACY

side with their Etl1iopia11 brethren agai11st tlle fascist aggre sso1·.

Ethiopia a�1d Tt1rkey were botl1 members of the League of Nat.ion s. They . were also close witnesses to the shortconungs_ of th at 1�1-�ated Organization. Subsequently, both act1�ely part1c1pated in the creation of a new an? m ?re reliable wo1·ld body, always giving it their _t1nfl1ncl1mg_ support to the extent of consecrating · tl1e ow n sons fo1· the high ideals and 11 of live s e tl1 principles whicl1 are ensh1·ined in its Charter.

Our two cou11tries' friendly relations a re based on the universally recognized principles of respect for the sovereig� e qt1a�ty of �ndependent states, the sovereignty and terr1tor1al 1ntegr1ty of eacl1 state and in the non­ interfe1·ence in the internal affairs of states. We believe that when these principles are r ealized in full 1neasure that states ca11 act with mutual confidence. \Ve have no doubt that Your Excellency's visit will certainly contribute effectively towar d this end. It is Our earnest hope that ou1· relations will contint1e to expand in the years to com e so as to serve and promote the mutual benefit and. greate1· understanding existing between our two peoples.

Mr. Pres ident, The ,vo1·ld today is still st1ffering from the fears of war. Our eyes, today, are focused on Helsinki with tl1e full hope tl1at the results of the deliberations which are now being conducted there may shed a ray of hope on ·ot11r ·present gloomy w o.rld. The war in Vii�tn �m, g in ct bJ st1 · nd a ll to s it � ng ki 11 t1n£0 tu11:ately, ·conti·n11es ta y er is m d an · ip sh rd ha ld to the parties co11ce rne d to 1111 1the s o-ner d a g, 1 in nu � ti n · co It pains ·us to :s ee b}1i', s conflict °: to es ti ar p 1d s e th y b meaningful discussions are held � end the hostilities th e better it is for mankind· - 583 -

PERSONAL DIPl.OMACY

I-Io1Jcs Fo1· Peace 1:11 tl1e Middle Ec1st tl1e situatio11 co11tinues to be 1Jrecariot1s witl1 eve1·y passi11g clay at1g1ne11ti11g the in­ stability and dange1· of the whole area. We hope and JJray tl1 at the represe11tatives of tl1e Four Big Powers who are 1·eviewing tl1is cl11·011ic p1·oble111 will come up \Vith a solt1tion tl1at \vill enst1re peace in the area. We ea1·11estly believe tl1at tl1e \:VOI�k of the Special Repre­ se11tati,,e of ·tl1e Sec1·era-ry-Ge11 e1 ·,ll of tl1e U11ited Na·tions c,111 ,tssist st1bsta11ti.aJ,ly to,varcls tl1 is en·cl.

Vie\vi11g 0L11· Co11ti11e11t's p1·oble111s, vVe can11 ot but 11 ote tl1e tragic st1fferi1 1gs of the 1najo1·ity of tl1e people i11 the sot1ther11 par·t of Af1·ica.

In Zi1nbabwe tl1e illegal 111i1101·ity regime has passed tl1 e constitt1tio11 wl1icl1 clep1·ives the African 1 11ajo1·ity f1·0111 gt1icli11g its ovv11 desti11y. Our fears are confir111ed that anotl1e1· a1Ja1·tl1eid 1·egi111e is created, lea,vi11g 110 c11oice for ·tl1e Africa11·S exce1)t ·the t1se of fo1·c e to e11able tl1en1 to win tl1ei1· inalie1 1able 1·igl1ts. Over and above tl1e injt1stice whicl1 the Sot1th Af1·ican Gove1·n111ent is co111111itti11g agai11st tl1e Af1·ica11 n1ajority in S0L1th Af1·ica, it ada111a11tly co11tint1es its reft1 sal to l1a11cl over Na 1 11ibia to tl1e U11 ited Natio11s, tl1t1s st1b­ jecti11g tl1e popt1latio11 of this 111a11dated te1·1·itory to tl1e sa111e abl1 01·1·ent practice of ,11Ja1·tl1eid.

The new Gove1·11n1c 1 1t i11 Po1·tt1gal is pt1rst1ing the JJolicies of its JJredecessor :i11 l1a11dli11g tl1e affairs of its colo11ies i11 Af1·ica. Tl1e sitt1atio 1 1 i11 Moza1nbiq11e, Angola a 1 1cl G·t1i11ea Bissat1 l1as 1·e111ai11ed unchanged ai1 d_ s111?seqt1e11tly has e11 cot11�agecl the people of tl1e se ter1·1to1�1es to i 11 te11si·fy tl1ei1· a1· 1 11ed struogle for tile total libe1·atio11 of tl1ei1· 1·es1Jective co11ntrie;. .tn .

As Yot11· Excelle11cy is well aware, the fighting - 584 -

PERSON1\L DJllLO.tvlAC Y I

I

Nig eri. ,1 l1as bce11 goi11g 011 for ,tlinost three years 110\v Notw1thstan ct·1n g, We ,are cleter1nined, as c11au:man 0·f Hea ds. of St.ate Consultative Comm1'ttee U tl1e OA o . n t1e \V lt 11 Ot1r endeavot1rs in find·1ng Nigeria, to co11t1n . a total a11d a 1ast111g so 1t1t1.� n to this conflict. We are pleased that tl1e tw o IJart1es to the Nigerian conflict 11ave �greecl to se11:ct very s0�11 tl1eir respective repre­ se11tat1,1es f_or talk� 111 O,t1 r capital city. It is Ottr earnest 11ope tl1at 111 tl1 e 111te1·est of Africa as a whole and the great cat1se of worlcl peace the fortl1co111ino- talks in Adclis Ababa will co11tr.ibute effectively t;ward the achieve111e nt of lasti11g peac e i11 ot1r sister cot1ntry of Nigeria.

I11 sl1ort, tl1 e world today is faced witl1 serious inter11ational qt1 estio11s tl 1at constitt1te a grave tl11· eat to peace a11d secu1·ity. Nevertheless, Ot1 r faith i11 tl1e peaceful settle111ent of inter11atio11al dis1)t1tes is t1nshak­ able a11d Our 1·elations with otl1er states give evidence of Ot1r faitl1 in tl1is 1·egard. As regards African proble1ns, We si11cerely believe tl1at tl1 ey ca11 best be solved ,vitl1 in an African fran1ework.

Tt1rkey l1as control over tl1e straits lying betwee11 Et1rope a11d Asi a and as a rest1lt is c11stoclian of several gateways tl1rot1gh wl1 icl1 tl1 e forces of peace a11d war ca11 ,pass. I,�s people, ·inspired by tl1e ·111ot-to, ''Pe�ce at l101ne a11d Peace i 11 the world," spare 11 0 effort 1n the search for co11ditio11s whicl1 are condt1cive to the establishme11 t of lasti 11g peace. Solt1tio11s _to the many serio11s proble1ns facin ba tl1e world reqt11re from all ce in s· s rt fo ef e er 1c · si1 d an ill tio w 11a ns abt111da nt good e tl1 at th e pl e p o tw 1r 01 of it is tl1 e expressed desire � . d an e 1n ta a1 m ? be d in 1k a1 _n peace a11d ,vell-bei11g of n1 en r er th in e at er p -o co pron1oted, b o th ca 11 closely - 585 -

-PEilSONAL DIPLOMACY

e e of th us ca 1g of world 1i1 e1 th ng 1·e st e th 1· fo rs deavou peace and hu111an progress. . . .

We now request Our d1st1ngu1shed guests to raise their glasses to the health of Pr esident Cevdet Sunay, for the continued friendship existing between Turkey and Ethiopia and for the furtl1er strengthening of the great cause of world peace.

Dece1nber

18, 1969

ON VISIT OF DANISH SOVEREIGNS On this auspicious occasion it gives Us great pleasure to welcome once agai11 on Our own behalf and on behalf of tl1e people and Government of Ethio­ pia, Our illustrious guests, His Majesty King Frederik IX and Her M·ajesty Qt1ee11 Ingnid of Denmark, who are both here for the first ti1ne in Our country. It is Our hope that their stay l1e1·e will be a happy and a memorable one.

When We visited Your enchanting co11ntry fifteen years ago, it a£for1 ded Us tl1e ,opportt1nity :to express to the Danisl1 Governn1e11t and people tl1e warm friend­ ship We ente1·tain towa1·ds then1. We were deeply touched by the spontaneous \Velco1ne and cordial re­ the y ception wl1ic h b was and acco 1·ded then to Us ' . affection and esteem tl1at tl1e people of Denmark hold for Us and 011r people . Ot1r 1ne111orabl e visit to Your cou11try l1as definitely helped in furtl1er strengthening the relatio11s existi11g between 011r two countries. We a�e fully co11fident that Your Maj esties' present vi�it will P romot� even furtl1er thi s long-standing friendship _ both in the 111terest and well-being of our two peoples and tl1e great cause of world peace.

- 586 -

PERSON1\L DIPLOMACY

The 1non,1rcl1ica] t1·ad.ition i11 Den·111ar.k ·1s, one of .

Eu rop e. Whe11 the traditioiial am1ou 1n st old e e th nce. tion was 1nade , your MaJes ment of Your corona · ty re. . . . ab 1d 1n f g Y ou a1t r h 1n rm tl ed 1 e policies of your affi . fatl1er and Your detern11nation to continue along the path of �our pr_ed_ecessors.. You1· great father His Majesty King C:hr1st1a� X believed that the trtle leader is one who ded1ca!es hnnself to �e a _ guide and inspirer of the no�ler sentrments and asprrat1ons of his people. yot1r MaJesty has bee11 t1·ue to this tradition. While still a Crown Prince, Your iviajesty and Queen Ingrid l1ad won a special place a1nong tl1e people of Denmark as a model family. In international pt1blic life, Your Majesty has become an outstanding personality for Your arde11t support of the idea of creating a world without war .

Your Majesties, With prese11t day material and technological developn1ent, manki11d l1as entered an age which has never been know11 before in world history. Gone are the days of scientists sucl1 as Tycho Brahe who studied the stars without the aid of a telescope. Science has 1 made suoh gi·gantic ·s·trides that oelesti,al bodies millions of miles away are studied with accu.racy. Some of these celestial bodies are ·wrthin easy reach of ot1r world. We no lo ng er need to speculate on what the moon ds 1n11ade of. M·a11 ·has been ·there; he ·has -seen and touched it . He ha s br o tight back some parts of it· ­ l vo re l c gi lo o n ch � te d an a � c od fi T y, when the scienti , ;1t u1 le 1g su e on d an r le al sm ns tio have made th e w or ld it is important tl1at the leaders o f a ll the peace lo�ing t gh ei w e th at th re su en u co ntries of the w o rl d should r fo ed st li en re a h lt ea w of both human and material - 587 -

PEllSONAL J)ll)LOMACY

111an's spi1·itual develop111ent and for tl1e prornotion of world peace and l1u111an u11derstandi11g.

Causes Of War For cou11tless generations mankind has been year­ ning for peace in tl1e world. Today among other things economic distress, colo11ialism and racial oppressions are the causes of wa1·. It is sad that we still witness in ou1· p1·ese11t day a11d age various fo1·ms of denial of hu1nan rights. The policy of apartheid in South Africa is a hind1·ance to tl1e peaceft1l evolution of our conti­ nent, a situation which, if allowed to continue, may l1ave the most serious repercussions 011 the rest of the world. In spite of the condemnation of apartheid as a crime against huma11ity, the rebel regime in Rhodesia is imposing anotl1er racialist state 011 tl1e African majo­ rity. The U. N. has approved sanctions against Rhodesia, but tl1is 111easure l1as failed so far to bring abot1t the desired 1·esult. The peoples of Angola, Moza1nbique and Gt1i11ea Bissat1 are still continuing their bitter struggle against tl1e colonial policy of Por­ tugal in order to liberate completely their respective �ot1ntries from tl1e last vestiges of colonialisn1 in order to join the free world.

Progressive opi11io11 a11d wo1·ld conscience always ask the legiti1nate qt1estio11: How 1011g will Sot1th Afri­ ca, the rebel regime of Rhoclesia and Portugal continue to �g�ore the will of tl1e people, the United Nations dec1s1ons and resolt1tions a11d the demands of inter­ national law and jt1stice? The International Convention on the Elimination of All Fo1·ms of Racial Discrimi11ation binds all states, among other things, not to sponsor, defend or support discrin1ination. Racialism - 588 -

PERSON1\.L DIPLOMACY

'and n1odern civilization cannot co-exi'st · It 1s · the duty bl e task of all countries to take concrete and and no . meast1res to 1·ad1. cate it. Ethiopia, like al � effecave l the -independen1t cou11tr1es of Afrioa, rem,a:in:s commit­ ted .to tl1e c· at1se �f �he -total liberation o f Africa ,fronl all forms of colon1al1sn1 a11d racial discrimination. We wot1ld like to take this opportt1nity to express Ou deep appreciatio11 to Denmark an d the rest of the Scan� dinavian countries for thei1· steadfast support in this regard.

Tl1e war in Vietnan1 and the conflict in the Mid­ dle East are still continui11g a11d 1nany of the attempts to bring about peaceful settlements have not been en­ couraging. In ou1· trot1bled day it is all the more necessary for countries to work witl1 a view to finding solutions which will remove the danger of war.

When we work for peace we must also work for achiev­ ing th·e 1c ondi tions w-hicl1 will make :peace ,posSii'ble.

An appreciation of the co1nmon heritage of all peoples, an awareness of the growing inter-dependence of na­ tio11s and the indivisibility of the freedom and well­ being of all peoples are co11ditions wl1icl1 will help sub­ stantially in building a healthy world community. We believe that regio11al and continental organizations can be the starting point in this direction. It is in ve ha es t a St an ic fr A t en this spirit that the Independ creat ed the Organization of African Unity . �he Scan­ t o ab g in br � to g in pt m te at vi dina an countries are also r ei th r fo l el w m 1e tl h is a large Nordic Union. We w endeavot1rs in this 1·egard.

1

- 589 -

I-Io·1Jeft1l Of Peace are glacl to note l1e1·e tl1at tl1e Nigerian war is clrawi11g to a11 e11d. Mt1ch as We wot1ld l1ave likecl tl1,1t tl1is tr::1gic v.1a1· e11cl tl11·0L1gl1 peaceft1l means, a 111e,1st1re wl1icl1 \Ve l1ave done Ot11· 11tmost to achieve i11 Ot1r capacity as Cl1ai1·111,1n of tl1e O.A.U. Heads of St;:1te Co11sL1lta.tive Co111111ittee on Nigeria, it is Ot1r ,1rcle11t hope tl,at w.itl1 tl1.e st1ccess acl1ieved by the Fecle1·al Gover11111e11t, tl1e fu1·the1· st1ffe1·i11gs of Niger1a11s w110 l1ave lost so 111t1c]1 i11 life a11cl prope1·ty will sto1J fortl1\;\litl1. \Ve a1·e also ho1Jeft1l that eve11 at this stage tl1e co11flicti11g pa1·ties will be able to sort ot1t tl1ei1· cliffere11ces i11 c.l spirit of b1·otherhood and 1·econ­ ciliatio11. We are fL1lly co11fide11t tl1at tl1e fo1·tl1co1ning periocl of rec<111st1·t1ctio11 \vill e11able all Nigerians to ork togetl1er i11 love a11cl l1a1·111ony .i11 the i11terest and ,vell-being of tl1eir great cot111try.

TI1is )1ec.l r we \\1ill celebrc:1te tl1e Silver· J t1bilee of tl1e fot111cli11g of t11e Unitecl Natio11s. It sl1011ld be a11 occasio11 of 1·e-cleclica tio11 to tl1e 110ble p1·inciples e11sl1ri11ed 111 its CI1,11·ter. Since tl1is \\rorld body e1nboclies ot1r ho1Jes for tl1e SL11·vival a11d p1·og1·ess of all peoples, 111e111be1· states sl1011lcl co11ti1111e to give it tl1ei1· t111flincl1111g s11 pJJOrt. May we ,tll JJ1·ese11t l1erc 1·aise 0111· glasses i11 a . toast to ·tl1e I· 1ealtl1 of- OL1r clisvi11gL1isJ1ed gL1es·ts, His M�jest)' Ki11g Fre�1eri1( lX a11d T-Ier 1\1ajesty QL1ee11 I11gr1cl, to t]!e co11t111t1ccl welfare �111d pi·ospe1·it)' of tl1e people of D . e11111ark ,111cl to tl1e p1·0111otion of tl1e cat1se of worlcl jJeacc.

Jaritiary 16, .1970 v,..1e

1

\\

�

.

- 590 -

PERSON1\J_, l)IPl,01v1ACY

REPLY TO SARJ\GAT OF ITALY Your Excellency, \Ve ,tre deeply tot1cl1ed by tl1e warn1 \Velco111e accorded to t1s by Your Excellency, th e Government and p_eople of Italy a1 1d by th� kind words which yotl have Just acldressed Us. \Ve \V1sl1 to say that it is with oreat pleast1re that we are l1ere today in this renowned :nd a11cie11t city of Ro1ne for tl1e second ti111e in ma11y years, i11 acco1·da11ce wi th tl1e invitation you have extended to us to visit your friendly country. We take this opportt1nity to convey tl1e warm greetings and ·best \visl1es of tl1e Gover111ne11t a11d people of Ethiopia to the Gove1·nme11t and people of Italy.

Tod,ay, ·the wor]cl is at ,a cross-roads \Vl1ere the searcl1 for peace a11 d t1n.clerstandi11g is 11eecled 111ore tl1an ever before. To live in peace vvitl1 all peoples is a principle which Ethiopia l1as always 11eld sacred and is part •a11d _parcel of her greait ct11tt1ral heritage.

Today upo11 Ot11· a1·rival at tl1is beat1tift1l and great city of Ro1ne, it is witl1 a g1·eat sense of satisfaction that \Ve 11ote tl1at ot1r two cot1ntries are ft1lly dedicated to tl1is sa111e p1·i11ciple a11cl i11 co11cert, a1011g with the otl1er peace loving ·COt111·tries of tl1e worlcl, are worlci11g i11cessantly for the 1nai11tena11ce ancl pro111otio11 of the great cat1se of u11iversal peace. Tl1is com1non deno111inator l1as give11 stro11g basis for tl1e existing friend­ ship between ot1r two cot1nt1·ies to grow and develop to tl1e be11efit of ot1r two cou11tries a11cl peoples.

W e believe tl1at exchange of visits and personal co11tacts a1no11g leaders are factors wl1ich can ft1rther tl1e cat1se of t111dersta11di11g a1nong peoples and tl:e ca11se of freeclo111, jt1stice an d ht1n1 a11 progress· It 1s - 591 -

PERSONAL DIPLOMACY

i11 this spirit that we 1nade Our visit to Italy during ou1· extended visits to Europe 46 years ago. We still have a vivid memo1·y of 011r visit tl1en to your country and shall long remember tl1e rousing welcome accorded to Us the11 by the Government and people of Italy.

W,e Love Peace

Ethiopia's love for peace, a11d the hospitality for wl1ich ou1· people are well know11 have bro11ght Our country closer to tl1e 1·est of the world. Today, tho11sands of Italian citizens live happily and in tran­ quility in 011r co11ntry. Many of them consider Ethiopia as tl1eir seco11d l1on1e.

This 1nor11i11g as We left Our capital a great number of Italian 11ationals residing in Our co1mtry were at the airport to bid 11s farewell. The friendship and close collabo1·ation existing between 011r two peoples are exen1plary.

The positive co11trib11tio11s of tl1e Italian Govern­ n1ent and people to developing co11nt1·ies l1ave helped rna11y African co11ntries i11 tl1ei1· endeavou1·s to acce­ ler,ate the econo111·ic and social developn1e11t :of t· l1eir respective co11ntries. The Italia11 i11d11st1·ial and tecl1nological advance111e11ts I1ave bee11 a11 i1nmense l1elp to us in Etl1iopia. It is 0111· exp1·essed hope that these activities will g1·ow fro1n st1·e11gtl1 to st1·ength in the years ahead.

We are looki11g fo1·wa1·d to ou1· p1·esent visit !o your co1111t1·y. We a1·e co11fident that this visit will afford t1s tl1e oppo1·t1111ity to see at close 1·ange the level of progress and develop111ent whicl1 your co11ntry has attained tl1ro11gh the dilige11ce a11d hard-work •

- 592 -

PERSONAL DIPLONIACY

of th· e ·Itali an people . We in Ethiopia have great adtntrat�n fo� y�ur ��op e1 , s �apability and dedication 1s r 11� e li e f a ls o that through tlle for wo� . � ; � 1 us s1� ns ih'a t e w1 . old with Your Excellency disc concerning b1la te�a 1 a11d· international qt1 estions the area s of cooperation betwee11 our two countries will be furtl1er strengtl1ened always in tl1e interest of our two peoples a11d the great cause of world peace.

In conclusion, We would like to express Our sincere tl1anks to Yot1r Exce lle11cy and throt1gh you to the Governn 1ent and people of Italy for tl1e warm and spontaneot1s welco1ne accorded to Us today.

November 7, 1970

REPLY TO A TOAST - CHINA . . . There

is a large measure of identity in our aspirations and expectations. I know on our side there is ve,·y milch we can learn froni your experie,ice . . .

Your Excellency Premier Chou En-Lai, Ladies ancl Gentlen1en: It is a happy coi11cidence that My visit to the Pe ople's Rep11blic of China l1as come i1nn1ediately after the celebrations of tl1e 22nd Anniversary of the ­ el xc E r ou Y e, m it m er P . lic ub ep R ish e bl th t ta es men of eople p n ia op hi Et e th of lf ha be , lencies to extend on le op pe e th to s on ti la tu ra ng co d lt an Myself, our heartfe and leaders of China. is th it is v to e ir es d ed h is It l1as bee11 1ny 1011g cher 1 ru d en st o m s an m to 1 great land, whicl1 has given birtl - 593 -

39 °

J?EI1SONAL J)IPLOMACY

ing civilization. I am very happy that I am now able to exchange views witl1 tl1e dedicated leaders of the New China . The friend!y and warm reception accord­ ed Us by the Govern1nent and people of China has deeply touched Us and I would like to express through you, Mr. Prin1e Minister, my heartfelt thanks to the Cl1inese people and their Government for this kind hospitality.

China l1as radiated inflt1ences which have shaped the course of history and which have immensely benefited n1ankind. The New China is heir to the . world's oldest and 1nost continuous civilization. It was possible for· this civilization to have endured so long to have contributed so n1uch to mankind essentially because it had universal values and great creative genius. The vast wealth of history and culture no doubt offers the world today invalt1able lessons .

111 the realm of tho11ght, literat11re and the arts the contr.ibt1tions of your people are second to none.

Throt1gho11t yo11r histot·)' your sages and philosophers have taught pr·ofound wisdo1n a11d morals in a manner that combined thot1ght witl1 action. Your literature and your arts are not only living testimony to the high aesthetic sta11dards attained by your people bt1t, be­ cat1se of their i11tri11sic 11niversality, are part of the corn.man ct1l�1ral he1·itage of 1nankind.

Y011r achieve111e11ts in the material sphere have been no less i1nportant. Yot1 have s11own the world �ow to tame great 1·ive1·s, ca1·ryo11t wonderous construc­ tion works, fasl1io11 11ew i11strt11ne11ts and evolve new technologies. How ma11y i11ventions, for instance, can comp�re wit� pri11ting i11 l1aving brought benefits to 111ankl'nd, .a gift 1to ithe \\'Orld f1�01n -yot1r forefath · ers.

Tl1e Cl1inese people today have once again con1e - 594 -

PERSONAL DIPLOMACY

· ne ro us ly for ward of f eri11g to share ge th e i r experience . · with othe� peopIes 1n th e interest of mankind. With the es!abl1shme_nt of .th e People's Republic the world has witnessed 1n China a profound and fa r-reach" ng transformation wl1icl1 has led to unprecedented econt o.

1 deve1opment.

1a soc mic and Never in mode:n history has a nation successfully n1ade such a d�term1ned and massive effor t as the New China to achieve progress for so many millions of people within such a short span of time. We, in Ethio­ pi'a, l1ave -been following nhis rema; rkable ·achievement with great interest.

T oday no one refers to China without mentionino its great leader, Chair1nan Mao Tse-Tung. The Iif; history of Cl1ai r man Mao Tse-Tung is in essenc e the his­ tory of the Ne\v China. Rare are instances when an in­ dividt1al makes st1ch a profound i mpact on a nation's lustory. Cl1airman Mao's outstanding achievements in organising and leadi11g one-fourth of the human race have earned l1im an unassailable place 11ot only in the history of yot1r nation but also in world history. The depth and scop e of Cl1airman Mao's thoughts have achieved fo1· him a place of honour among the great tllinkers. His exa1nples sl1all live to inspire many generatio11s to come.

Mr. Vice-Chair1nan, Historical records show that our two countries l1ave l1ad co nt ac ts fo r centuries. In recent times, I vivi dly remen1ber Prime Minister Chou En-Lai's vi�it to Our cou11t, ry wl1icl1 en·abled llS to ·have a cordial le a? nd e m m co e th l al ec r exchange of vi ew s. I also 1 cl hi w p ou gr re lo lk fo performa11c e of th e Chinese a so al d ha le op pe se visited Our cou11tr y. T h e CI1ine erforp e th h ug ro th gli1npse of our ct1ltt1 ral heritage - 595 -

p1:;:nsON1\L l)IPLOMACY

111ances of a11 Ethio1Jia11 ct1ltt1ral gro11p that visited CI1i11a a few years ago. These p erformances have s11own to ot1r peoples cer·tain pa1·allels in our cultures.

011 th e i·nter11,1.tio11al lev·el, Etl1·i·opia has recogniz­ ed that tl1e Gover11n1ent 1Jf tl1e People's Republic of Cl1i11a is tl1e 011ly legal Gove1·nment representing the e11tire Cl1inese peo1Jle an1j has consistently supported tl1e restoration of all its legiti111ate rights in the United Natio11s. Tl1e idea of excl11cling China from member­ sl1ip of tl1e U11ited Nations l1as bee11 firmly opposed by Etl1iopia. We l1ave also establisl1ed diplomatic repre­ se.11tation in eacl1 othe1·'s capital.

These are bLit tl1e beginnings of what I hope will clevelo1J i11·to ,a 111t1ch wider ·co-o·peratio11 in 1the irrterest of ot1r two peoples. I have come here to discuss with yo11r go\1ernme11t ways and means of how best to acl1ieve such COOJ?et·ation. I a1n optimistic i.n this re­ gard, becat1se I know tl1ere is a co11u11on basis for a 11111cl1 \vjde1· co-ope1·ation.

OL11· cot111trJ', like yot11·s, has a 1011g history. Both ot1r peoples sha1·e the co1n111on experience of str11ggling �gai11st fascism a11d i1 11perialis1n. Tl1ese factors are 1n1portaI1t for greater co-operation.

011 the objective s.icle, tl1ere is the fact that both Etl1iopia a11cl Cl1i11a., a1·c, i11 va1·),i1 1g degrees, developing _ cot1nt1·1es. Tl1e1·e is a l,11·ge 111.east11·e of ide11tity in 011r '.�&pirai ti0. 11s 1,111d e·x1)ec,tc:1·t1io111s. I lc,11·o·w 011 ,o'tlr :si. d. e mhere is ver·y .1nt1cl1 we can lear.11 f 1 ·on1 yot1r expe1·ience. Yotl are, f01· exa1n1Jle, clevelopi11g tech11ologies wl1ich are . _ inoi e ada1)ted to tl1e neecls of developing countries · Re�earch work i11 yot11· co1111try in the sciences au<l a�:1ct1Itu1·e, I 1111derstand, is also gea1·ed to solve spe­ · · · cif. 1·c p1· · I1 f.ace especiall· y developing cot111· oble1 11s wI 11c .· tries · I n t·h'1s f1el cl alo11e there -is ve1·y 1nt1cl1 we can - 596 -

PERSON,\J..,

.I

.I

(

fit fro111. )'Oltr .experie 11ce. Trade bet ,1, ro \'..e e11 ot1r t\vo P . 1s a v1rtt 1a 11y t111exploited poteiltial cou ntries \V l lich -op era tio needs· to be ope 11ecl tip. Co n 1·n tl1e ct11tt1ral . field 1s yet �11otI1er area which will greatly benefit both ot1r countries.

There is wide scope for co-operation i11 the int �ational sph�re. The world _is beset �ith seemin;� 1 ntractabl e p1oble1ns, tl1e so�ut10 1 1 of wl11cl1 reciuires the . co-operat1011 of all states, big ancl sn1all. Some of these are i 11deed so crt1cial to peace that co-operatio11 is not a luxt1ry but a dt1ty.

I believe tl1e1·e is a solid basis i 11 this area on whicl1 our two cot 1ntries ca11 work togetl1er. Tl1e B andt1ng ,prii1c1ples ado·pted i11 :a co11fere.nce 111 wl1icl1 both Cl1ina and Etl1iopia participated offer, for exa1n­ ple, one st1ch basis. Ot1r t\VO 11atio11s co11ti11t1e to st1b­ soribe ·to tl1e Ba11dt111ig ,principles of n1utt1al respect fo ,r natio11al sovereig11ty a11d territorial i11tegrity, peaceft1l co-existe11ce and 11on-i11terfere11ce in tl1e inter1 1al affairs of otl1er states. We also believe tl1at an enduring peace ca11 only be fot1nded 011 tl1ese san1e principles. These principles i11spire Et11iopia's foreign policy in its bila­ teral relations with all states, i11 the U11ited Nations and in tl1e Organizatio11 of African U1 1ity.

1

. !I I I

I I

ii.

I

II

I I

I

I

Dll)LOivlACY

1

Mr. Vice-Cl1air 1nan, Cl1i11a a11d Ethiopia, and indeed all 1Jeace-loving states, can work together i11 order to find solt1tions to the most pressi11g problen1s facing tl1e world today· Disar1 11an1ent is one st1ch proble1n. It is t1nfortunate that the arms race, especially in nt1clear w� apons, conti11t1es unabated, exposing 111ankind to ever-1ncreas­ _ i11g d anger. Your country has an impo:tant role in _ promoting disarmament. Your declared intention not - 597 -

----· PEilSONAL DIPLOMACY

to be the first to use nuclear weapo11s is appreciated by the Ethiopian people and by all peace-loving peoples.

Ethiopia has always maintained that security can 11ltimately be attained with the complete destruction of all nuclear weapons a11d the prohibition of their further manufacture in a system of general and complete dis­ armament. Toward this end, Ethiopia has proposed in various inte1·natio11al forums the signing of a conven­ tion ·prohibiting the use of nuclear weapons.

Apart from the danger they pose to the survival of man and his civilization, armaments impose crush­ ing economic burdens on all countries. Tl1ey absorb resources which can be used to promote the welfare of peoples. Humanity's interests require that these resour­ ces should be .used to promote human benefits rather than lengthen the shadow of ultimate destruction. We cannot allow the present dangerous situation to con­ tinue in good conscience and without being derelict in our responsibility to our peoples.

The armed conflicts raging i11 Vietnam, Cambo­ dia and Laos are most brt1tal and devastating. They have become a heavy burden on hu1nan conscience.

The peoples in tl1ose cou11tries, wl10 l1ave had more than their share of suffering, sho11ld be allowed to re­ solve their differences without any outside interference.

To this end, Ethiopia suppo1·ts tl1e complete with­ drawal of foreign troops from tl1ose countries and re­ affirms the inalie11able rigl1t of tl1e peoples of this region to determine thei1· ow11 f11tu1·e. We appreciate that this has also bee11 tl1e position of Chi11a ever since the conflict began in this to1·1ne11ted part of the world.

In tl1e Middle East, the curre11t situation poses a grav� threat to world peace a11d security. Ethiopia has consistently supported tl1e efforts of the United Nations - 598' -

PEl\SONAL DIPL01'IACY

to find. a .peaceful an d equitable solution . W'Ithin the r1can un1t · y, which is now consultOrgan1zat1on o fAf' ing 0� how ?est to promote a peaceful solution, Ethio­ pia. 'Y1ll do its best �o fur�l1er the cat1se of a just and posrt1ve peace. I, My,self, ·have tak·en part in ,afil these efforts.

Another dangerous situatio11 prevails in Southern Africa, where problems of 01ninous dime11sions have been created by tl1e alliance of colonialism and racial­ ism, depriving the i11digenot1s people of this area of their freedom and l1uma11 dignity. SouthAfrica con­ tinues its inhuman policy of racial discrimination and exploitation which subject theAfrican majority to con­ ditions of slavery. The SouthAfrican Government has extended these obnoxious policies to Namibia whlcl1 it has occupied illegally.

The conditions ofAfricans in Zimbabwe are not different. Portugal is also intensifying its colonial wars 1n Angola, Moza1nbique and Guinea Bissau. These racist and colonial regimes contint1e to receive help from outsideAfrica. Under these conditions, the op­ pressedAfrican peoples have resorted to armed strug­ gle. The rest ofAfrica an d most countries in the world have responded by supporting their legit�ate struggle for freedom an d independence . There. 1s ?o doubt in m y m in d tl1at in th e end the cause of 1�st1�e and human dignity will prevail. I would �e re�1ss in nne <:t1on without my duty if I were to pass in this co _ ng given by the mentioning the active support bei _ of s le op pe d se ni lo co e th to People's Republic of China an m hu d an m do ee fr ve Africa in tl1eir fight to achie dignity.

Mr. Vice-Chairman, rs e g n a d d n a s m le b ro p e These are b u t a few of th - 599 -

PERSONAL DIPLOMACY

humanity is facing today. The solt1tion to the£e great problems demand abundant goodwill and sincere efforts fron1 all nations. 111 the search for solutions to all these and otl1er problems, nations 11eed to be guided by the pri11ciples of peaceft1l co-existence, equality, mutual respect, 11on-interference a11d the duty to co­ operate co11structively. China has a special iole to play in world affairs - a 1·ole com1nenst1rate with its status as a great 11ation speaki11g and acti11g for one-fourth of n1a11kind. No one can affo1·d to pretend any longer that lasting sol11tions to these problems can be found without the active participation of China.

I since1·ely l1ope tl1at in the days al1ead China and

·Ethiopia will cooperate mo1·e closely to further the cause of IJeace and progress. I look forward to a fruit­ ful disct1ssion a.nd exchange of views during my present visit. I a1n co11fide11t that as a result of this visit rela­ tions between China and Ethiopia will be further strengthe11ed.

May I now 1·eqt1est yot1 to join 1ne i11 a toast - to tl1e frie11dship bet\veen the Chi11ese a11d Ethiopian peoples, to the prospe1·ity of tl1e People's Republic of China, to tl1e healtl1 of I-Iis Excelle11cy Chairman Mao Tse-Tt1ng, to the l1ealtl1 of His Excelle11cy, Vice-Cl1air­ ma11 Lin Piao, to tl1e health of His Excellency Vice­ Chair1nan T11ng Pi-Wu and to the healtl1 of His Excel­ lency Premier Cl1ou En-Lai. October 8, 1971

- 600 -

l)EllSON 1\L DIPLO!vlACY

REPLY TO 1\ TOAST_ IRAN Wl!e,i the Jiistory o� Ira11 - co,nes to be rv1·1tte11., You,· l111p. er1al Majesty will _ ,1n -h d a� i eq_ ua lly /J1·01n1�ent /Jlace for havirig re,,ztalzzed yoit1· riatzori to face itfJ to the c/ial­ le11ges of 11iode1·1iizatiori.

Your In1perial Majesty, These ce!ebr�ti�ns l�av e been so rich i11 symbolism _ and fa1·-reach1?-g 111 1mplicat1011� that they 1nt1st surely have evoked different responses in each of your honour­ ed guests. In assessing the 1nea11i11g of these events, I ca11not, therefore, pretend to speak on bel1alf of the emi11ent l1eads of state and governn1e11t a11d tl1e many high dignitaries atte11ding this dinne1·. I know, however, that I am expressing tl1e sentime11t of all the distingt1ish­ ed leaders assembled l1ere to11ight when I say that we all feel privileged and greatly l1onot1red to join Your Imperial Majesties and yo11r justly proud nation in this ho11r of triumph.

Leaders and l1igh representatives of governments fron1 all ove1· the worl d are today participating withot1t doubt in a u11iqt1e con11nemoration. A· natio11 securely anchored in its 1011g l1istory, ethos a11d culture now pauses to loo k ba ck at tl1e long road it has travelled for twenty-five ce11turies, and to scan the terrain that _lies ahead. Eithe1· wa y the sigl1t is im pressive. Ira� 1s a cradle of civilization, where man first settled to till the la11d and whe1·e for tl1e first tin1e be learnt to put down in writing the words l1e uttered. Not only were the first permanent hu n1 an settlements establis �ed here: but also the first organized state structure, with � �ig�ly developed system of government, holding withm its - 601 -

fold. 1na11y tr·ibes and 11ations with different ½ultures and religions, took root a11d flourished in Iranian soil.

If the histo1·ical panorama behind is breathtaking, the view in f1·011t is no less fascinating. Under the wise ,1nd fa1·-sighted leadership of Your Imperial Majesty, Iran has u11dergone a spiritual and material renaissance.

Not tl1at it has not k11own many renaissances before as a 1natte1· of fact tl1e l1istoi·y of Iran is a succession of 011e renaissance after another . But tl1e present era l1sl1ered in pa1·tict1larly by the 12-point reform program­ me an11ot111ced i11 1963 by Your Imperial Majesty is clestined to beco111e one of the greatest. Indeed, Your reforn1s have already set example to tl1e rest of the world.

In tl1e last te11 yea1·s, modern Iran has successfully stood tip to the challenges of economic and social devel1op1nent as .few ·nation·s in the recent pa&t. Wi·tl1 one of tl1e fastest growi11g econo1nies in the world, Iran is increasingly developi11g into a modern, industrial state, offering a better life and a b1·oadened base of social jL1stice to its people.

Yot11· I111perial Majesty, We have borne witness to tl1e fact tl1at these com1ne1no1·ative celebrations l1ave 11ot bee11 1ne1·e occasions for j11bilatio11s a11d festivities - althouoh it should be said that few nations have more rioht than Iran today t� rejoice in the ft1ll splendor a11d glory of its long l11story. But fa.1· mo1·e i1nporta11t are tl1e higher pur­ poses tl1ese celebrations are 111eant to serve. In all res1Jects, they l1ave as mucl1 significance to the rest of t'he w-orld as ,to tJl1e ,people :of l1ian. �f y unit B t1nderscoring essential to Iranians the � . tl1e1 r history and civilizatio11, this commemoration is also ein·pl1asizi11g to the :rest :of the world the essential 1

- 602 -

l>EllSON1\L Dll'I...OtvtAC Y

11c e of civilizations aild cult Llres. tinit.y a11d i1.1 terdepe11de .

Sitting astr1de �he Or1ent a_11d tl1e West, Iran throt1011_ out t?e centu1·1es ha� f Ltlfilled a three-fold liistori�al function: that _o� _a g!ver, a taker and a sy11tllesiser of cultures and c1v1l1zat1011s .. Tl1e Persian En1pire at one time s� retch�d from th_ � _Nil� to the Indt1s Valley, with­ in which different c1v1I1�at1ons _prospered, infltlencing each other by peacef Lll interaction ratl1er tl1an impos­ ition. F�11nded 01: precepts of civic 1·esponsibility, it was possible for tl11s E111p1re to flot1rish £01· a very lono period. The Persian language was the la11gt1ao0e of commercial intercourse for most of tl1e peoples wlio lived in. this great stretcl1 of la11d . Greek and Ron1 an civilizatio11 s - tl1at are today taken for granted as forert1n11ers to Western civilizatio11 - a11d those of the East owe a great deal to Ira11.

By proving what ca11 be done with one's history the events of the last few days are also teacl1i11g the world a valuable lesson. In tin1es past ancl recent, history l1as been used to arot1se false pride, narrow nationalism and a dangerot1s feeling of st1premacy.

Instances have not been few of leaders resorting to history either to create an indulgent nostalgia for yester­ years to escape the challenges of the day, or to trigger off an ugly, aggressive imp11lse.

These celebrations show how to t1se history posi­ tively - not fo r false glorification or idle self-congra­ t . a Th n. · io t · iza 1 a t vi re , d an 1 l gt en st-r w ne , s r t,u,latio11- · but fo is why as much emphasis is placed on the fL1tt1r� as on r fo e 1n t1 a en be s ha is th y tr un co the past. All over the l el w as t, en m s se as l ua ct lle te in � tha11ksgiving, reflection, ­ ve de r fo ts ec oJ pr ew n te ra 11 as an opportt1nity to ina11g lopm ent. d n a g n lo is 1 l T . n o ss le l a n g si There is y e t another 1

- 603 -

PERSONAL DIPLOMACY

glorious past of Iran se1·ves to correct � ! in1e prespec­ tive of history too often accepted uncr1t1cally. There is sometimes temptation to judge nations by what they l1ave acl1ieved or failed to achieve in the technological age of today - a11 age that barely began 200 years ago . This myopic vision has in the recent past and even today given rise to ethnocentricism.

Perhaps by showing that history has been a much longer process with interludes of high and low points than the development of the last two hundred years, a balanced message may yet issue from Iran these days.

Such indeed are the implications of the events we are witnessing that it is only fitting that the world should have joined Your Imperial Majesties and the people of, Iran in this 1asse11tio11 orf unity :and ·corrtln11ity of Iranian history. UNESCO's association and cele­ brations of these events by national committees in all regions are expressions of a grateful world's indebted­ ness to Iran .

Yqur Imperial Majesty, It is also fitting that the founding of Your Empire

by Cyrus the Great 2,500 years ago sl1ould be the focal point of the com1nemoration - although it is common knowledge tl1at Iran's l1isto1·y did not begin wit� that. But this Empi1·e ove1· whicl1 yo u have been d�st:111ed 11.ot ,only ·to i·cign, ,bt1t •to gt1ide and revital ize with such re11ewed energy, wisdon1 a11ct devotion, was begt1n by Cy1·t1s the Great .

In co nt ra st t t o th e 1·u rta le1 n ·s of his im tin po th e, is 1 . _ figure of early history was known for }1is benevolen t, j11st and efficient admi1tistration. He is particularly re­ membered fo1· tl1e Charter of Freedom he gave bis peoples - a charter which is universally acclaimed - 604 -

PERSONAL DIPLOMACY

today as t�e forerunner to the Universal Declaration of . ts h ig R n 1a n I{u · Your Im p e ri a l Majesty has not only been p erson.1nsp.1red by th'1s great fou n ally der of yo ·ur Empire btlt . also ·h�ve d1,reoted your nation ·to draw inspi,raition . ex am es . p hi W s he n the history of Iran today � . from comes to be written, Your Imperial Majesty will no dou�t find an eq�ally prominent place fo r having re­ vitalise� y�ur nation to fa ce up to the challenges of moderrusat1on.

Witl1 t?ese 'Yords I ask all of you to raise your _ high trib ute an d homage to Their Imperial . glasses 1n Majesties and the Ira11ian nation in this, tl1eir finest hour.

October 15, 1971

ON VISITS - CHINA, IBAN, SOMALIA

We are :extremely ·pleased-at having been ·able t-0 visit China. The large turn-out and warm reception accord­ ed Us by the Chinese people was indicative of the fact that Our country is in tl1e mainstream of history.

The spontaneous and enthusiastic welcome given to Us by the Chinese ,people wer-e due mainly to the firm ·his­ torical foundation of 011r people and also to the fact that our country enjoys a good standing in the family of nations. What perl1aps gave added importance. to Our China visit is the mutual feeling of knowing each other.

What is interesting about China is not limited to her role as a great power. More interesting is the industriousness of the people. The vastness o� the country alone would no t have made it great had it not - 605 -

PERSONAL DIPLOMACY

been for the ove1·whelming desi1·e for work, a desire 011 the part of the population of the country, which e11abled the Cl1i11ese leadership to cl1art its destiny.

We we1·e able to lea1·n first-l1and about the history of Cl1ina a11d about its past and present relations with great 11ations of tl1e wor·ld. Before We left here for Cl1i11a, the prevaili11g rumot1rs were that Chairman Mao Tse-tL1ng was ill. Bt1t when We arrived in China We found Cl1airma11 Mao in good l1ealtl1 and spirit and had talks witl1 him for more tl1an two hours on impor­ tant world issues. The talks We also had with Prime Minister ChoL1 E11-lai were 11ot new to Us since We l1ad ea1·lie1· met with the Chinese Premier dt1ring his visit to Ethiopia.

We we11t to Cl1ina 11ot only fo1· a visit but also to excl1a11ge views with Chinese leaders and to see for OL1rselves what Our co L1 ntry co11ld learn from the initiatives of the Chinese people i n economic advance1ne11t. We were extre1nely pleased witl1 the ot1tcome of the talks We l1ad in China.

During 011r talks witl1 pro1nine11t Chinese officials, We were cognizant of the fact that the st1bjects discuss­ ed would l1ave a significant 1�elevance to ft1ture genera. tions. On tl1eir pa1�t, the Cl1inese, no doubt, were aware that the talks We l1ave hacl witl1 then1 have bearings on tl1eir future 1·elations witl1 Etl1iopia. The basis of Ot1r talks in Cl1i11a was eco1101nic co-ope1·ation. This is an i111po1·tant matter, a11d We fe1t dt1ty bound that this economic co-01Jeratio11 wot1ld be st1cl1 as to benefit the con1i11g ge11eratio11.

While drawi11g tip a11 eco11on1ic co-operation agree­ n1e11t witl1 Cl1i11a, We had detailed disc11ssions on com111e1·cial goods tl1e Cl1inese ,vot 1ld b L1 y fro111 us. We ,tlso explo1·e(i wh,:1t specifica1ly Etl1iopia in tt1rn could - 606 -

PE11S0i'\ ,\L l)IPLO�vl t\.CY

buy from C hina, r�ali�ing ft1lly tha·t We should 110t limit Our selves to foreign 11nports but also promote our . 11y Eth1op . ian manufactured goods. exports, espec1a 1

1

To tl1is end, it is important to realize the role of education in ind11strial advancement. TI1e steady edtl­ cational progress and the responsiveness of Our people toward modern education is noteworthy, althotigh much re1nains to be done i11 this field and We would continue to work toward this goal.

The resou1·ceft1l Chi11ese people were able to ac­ complish a great deal in the last 20 years and as a result tl1ey are now i11 a position to l1elp others. China is the most populo11s 11ation in tl1e world and what tl1is indt1striot1s people were able to accomplish in agricul­ ture and animal ht1sbandry is truthfully in1pressive.

Whe1·ever We visited in China We witnessed the efforts of tl1e people toward national development and tl1e goals they have set for themselves for ft1rther advance­ ment.

We would like to add here that We are confident tl1at Our people, gt1ided by Ot1r directives, will attain a higher standard of living and tl1at the ft1ture of Our cot1ntry looks bright .

At the end of Ot11· visit to China, We we11t to the Empire of Iran, at the invitation of the Sl1aha� shah, to attend the 2,500th Anniversary of the founding of the P�rsia11 Empir, e ·by Cy�us tl1e Great. \Ve \V�re ?ap�y to be 1n Iran where We w1t11essed the cou11try s h1stor1c past and its n1ode1·n achievements. We also l1ad talks \Vith the Shah of Iran which, We feel, will ft1rther s-tre11gthen rela t· ions between ot1r two countries.

- 607 -

Releva11ce And Si1nilarities The 2,500t11 An11iversary celebrations of the Per­ si,111 E111pi1·e sl1owed 1·elevance a11d similarities with the ·Ethiopia;1_ 1·eco.rdecI l1isto1·y wl1ich dates b�ck 3,000 ye,1rs. Tl1e Irania11s ar·e well aware of ot1r history. As is well know11 i.n Etl1io1Jia and corroborated by world J1isto.ry, the1·e \\'ere times wl1e11 Etl1iopia11 monarchs had sent en1issaries to Pe1·sia not 011ly to see the then flour­ isl1i11e: Persian civi1izatio11, bt1t also to assist in certain t1nclert,11<i11gs a11cl l1 elp 111 tl1e defe11ce of that cot1ntry. ft is for· tl1ese l1isto1·ical ties that We feel Ot1r presenc.e in the an11ive 1·sary celeb1·atio11s of the Pe.rsian Empire w,1s i1111Jo1·tant. Tl1e visit also p1·ovided Us with an op1Jortt1nity to renew the centt1ries-0Id relations bet­ v\1een tl1e two co1111t1�ies and to excl1a11ge views with the Shal1 of I1·an 011 bilateral 1·elations.

011 co11cluding 0111· visits to China and Iran, We p1·oceeclecl to S01naiia wl1e1·e We took part i11 the st1m­ I11it 111eeting of East a11cl Cent1·al African States.

Tl1e cot111tries that attended the 1neeting a1·e not 0111 y i111111ecliate 11eigl1bot1rs, bt1t also share co1nrnon geogr·apl1ic featt11·es and it is for tl1ese reaso11s tl1at \Ve feel the clisct1ssio11s bet\vee11 tl1e I-leads of State and Gove r11111 e11t 1·ep.rese11ta tives i 1 1 Mogadisht1 \Vere i1npor­ t,l11t a11c1 val11able. I11 tl1e case of Son1alia and the S11cla11, wl10 l1ave .11111cl1 i11 co1n1no11 ct1ltt11·ally witl1 Etl1io1Jia ancl sh,tre bo11claries, We believe that the 111eeti11g at tl1e I-Ieacls o:f State level will ft1rtl1er con­ tribt1t e to better t111dersta11di110-b ,111ct bo-ood neio-hb o11rb I.111ess.

Et 1io pi, 1 ­ is cle rel s.ir a ot1 s of � 111a y i11t ain ing f. r ien dl . t1011s \�.11tl1 <111 ,1r1cl \\1is]1es to live i 11 JJeace.. Tl1is is l1er _ l<r10,,v.11 pol1c)1 wJ1icl1 she wishes to abide by.

'-'

- 608 -

PERSONAL DIPLOMACY

We l1ave _done a ll vVe can to help proinote world peace. W e will not spare any effort to this end in the ft1tt1re, �nd God willing, will work for the catlse of African t1n1ty a11d fo r the liberation of 011r bretll­ ren still t1nder colonial rt1le.

During 011r 1neeti11g witl1 the So111alia leader Ge11eral Siad �arre, We exch�nged views on in1portant matters, wl11cl1 We feel will open 11ew avent1es for fut11re co-operatio11 bet\veen the two cot1ntries. We l1ave made it clear that 1nisunderstanding between I-leads of State can be detri111ental to tl1e interests of tl1eir respective peoples.

We have agreed to hold talks in the f11ture bet­ \vee11 1nin isters and senior officials from Etluopia and S01nalia.

Our talks witl1 tl1e Heacl of State of Somalia were co11ducted in an at111osphere of understanding in tl1e best interest of our two cot1ntries. We believe that con­ sultations and exchange of views among Heads of State will lead to fruitful results .

This was Our main goal when vVe visited the three countries a11d We believe the ot1tcome of tl1ose visits \Vill benefit Our people. We say this becat1se it con­ cern·s the entire ·n.ation a11d ,tl1e pt1,blic should be inform­ eel about -it.

May tl1e Almighty I1elp Us in Our endeavours which are directed towards tl1e welfare of Our people.

October 23 1971

- 609 -

40 °

PERSONAL DIPLOMACY

AT BANQUET FOR JUAN CARLOS Yot1r Royal Highness, Excellencies, We are ver·y happy to ha,,e Your Royal High­ ness1es as· -Ot11· honoured guests ·tonig- ht. Although this is yo11r first state visit to Etl1iopia, We have had the pleast1re of n1eeting you in Spain \\1hen We visited your beauti_ft1l countr·y last year·.

It is with gr·eat pleasur·e that We recall the warm and friendly •1·eception ·accorded to Us by 1:he Govern­ ment and people of Spain dt1rin,g Our State Visit as the gu-est ,of Ou1� good f1·ie11d, His Excellen-cy Ge11·e1·al­ issi111:o Fr· a11·cisco F1·an·co. 'We ·als-o l1ope rth1at1 t· he visit of Your Highnesses to Ethiopia will be pleasant and rewarding.

I·nsipired by ·theiir his'tovical 1h·eritage, the g1·ea.t Spanish people a1·e making great strides in socio-eco­ nomic developments tl1ro11gl1 ha1·d work a11d diligence · ioaited Ieadersl1ip. The d·eveI·op1nent projects under ·de· d We saw in Spain have been i1np1·essive.

Historically, Spain l11as· ,co11t1·ib11te·cl n1u -ch ·to tl1 e ci­ vilizat· ion of :the world. Eve11 ·bevo1·e the CI1,ristia11 era Spain had co1n1ne1·cial and c11lt111·al contacts with the rest of the wo1·ld. The S1Janisl1 co11tact vvith tl1e Ro111 a11 a.nd Gt�et�lc civilizatio11 s was pa1·tic1-1la1·Iy significa11t.

S1:>'.a11is11 is 011e of the fevv la11gL· tages whicl1 i·s spo­ ke11 in many parts of tl1 e wo1·Id. T.l1is i11 itself l1 as help­ ed the l1isto1·y and ct1ltt1re of S_pai11 to be known by other peoples. Spai11 hclS also J.)!'Odl1ced ,vell kno\vn ·a11tist and li·ter.ar_y 1nen. Spai11, ·the1�efo1·e, fe·eI jt1stly proud of its cult111·al an.d. historical l1 eritage.

Yot11· I-Iigl1ness, '·· Dt11·ing yot1r visit to tl1 .e Unif'eci Natio11s Econo111ic 1

1

can

- 610 -

PERSONAL DfPLOlvIACY

Coinm i�si o� fo r Afric� and the Orga11ization of Afr i­ O u r capital, We hope you will llav can Unity. m , e an . oppo1·tun1ty ito _:acq11ai1n· t yo_urself with the efforts tile peoples o f A f�1�a are m ak m� towards improving their standard of l1v1ng an d forging greater 11nity an1ong themselves .

The 01·ganizatic,n of African Unity has been esta­ blisl1ed by tl1 e !ndependent African States for the pur­ pose of expan�1n g tJ,_� a1·eas of co-operatio11 among the people? of Africa. It Is ·the determ,ina·tion of the peoples of Africa to \Vork together f 01� the purpose of accelera­ ting the process of econo1nic and social development and for the purpose of promoti11g and ens11ring the politioal •and econ·omic i11dependence of tl1e Afri­ can Cont,in·e11t. Y011ng a,s it is, ;our Organization has to its credit significant accomplishments to the peoples of Africa. It is the fir1n belief of 1-\fricans that in tl1e years to come the Organization of African Unity will be strengthened fu1.1ther and ·be in ·a positio11 to conso­ lidate the closest possible co-ope·ration in the political economic and social fields .

The Independent States of Africa have made fir.m con11nitments to make all the n.ecessarry sacrifices to­ wards tl1e libe1·ation of the s11bjugated peoples in So11th­ ern Africa fro1n the oppression by alien n1inorities.

The peoples of Africa are also cc)nfident that 1nen of goodwill tl1roughout the world will no longer tolerate the injustices being perpet1·ated upon _th� peoples ?f Southe1·n Africa. Colonialism ar�d rac1al1sm are twin evils tov.1ards th e elimination of whicl1 Africans are presently engaged in a relentless struggle.

Yot1r Highness is ft1lly aw-are that the internation­ al sitt1ation leaves 1nucl1 to be desired. Recent �vents in Sot1tl1 East Asia ,tnd the conti11t1ing problem 1n the 1

- 611 -

PERSON ,\L Dll'LOMACY

Middle Ef1st are two isst1es whicl1 a1:e a source of grav· e concern to 111anki11d. In the lo11_g run., the sect1rity of 111a11J<ind cannot be .assu1·ed t111 less ,greater· efforts are exerted by all nations to ens1.11·e 111aintenance of dur­ able peace th1·ot1gho11t the wo1·ld. "''e are co11fident tl1at y·ot1r I-Iighness' visit to Our co1 1ntry will ft1r the1· strengthen the al1·eady existing close friendship betVY·een ot1r t"vo countries. Further1no1·e, the visit will e11able t11e two nations to co-operate to their 1n11t11al benefit and contribt1te their share to­ wards the 111aintena11ce of i11 ternational peace and se• c11r1ty.

May We n.ow ask all tl1ose assembled to join Us in a toast to the healtl1 of Our gi·eat and good friend, His Excellency Generalissi1110 Fra11.cisco Franco, and Madam Franco; to tl1e J-1ealth of His Royal Highness Jt1an Carlos de Borbon and Princess Dona Sofia and to the friendship between our t\.vo cot1ntries.

May 6, 1972

AT BANQUET FOR BI-IU'ITO Yot11· Exc·ellency Presi, de11 t Ali Bl111 tto, Y011r Excellency B e· gt1m Bl111tto, Exfoell,encies, L·adies :and Gerlitlem.en, It is a great pleas11re for Us to l1ave as 011r hono11r­ ed g11est tonigl1t the Pr·esiclent of tl1e Islan1ic Rep11blic of PGtkistan, His Excelle11cy Ali BI11ltto and Beg11n1 Bl1utto. On behalf of. tl1e peo,1Jle of Etl1iopia a.nd on 011r own bel1alf, We w1sl1 to exte11d a I1eartfelt welco1ne to Your ExceJie11cy ;_:ind Bebt11n Bl111 tto.

Y 011r Execelle11cy i8 tl1e f·11·st :t{ea.d of: State of - 612 --

I

j l)EllSONJ\1, .l)IPLOMACY

Pakistan to visit Et11iopia :.111d it gives Us :.tdded plea­ ·sure to welco1ne yot1 and Begt1111 Bhutto · We fe· el pri· vileged th at You1· Excellency included Ethiopia in yo tight i�ine:ary. Altl1ougl1 short, Yot1r Excellency's st: in Ethiopia, I hope, has been enjoyable and frtlitf-ul Pakistan �nd Ethiopia are not far apa1·t geog;a­ . ph1call�. Relations bet�veen ou1· two countries go back . by Quaid-i-Azain to the time of tl1e fo11ncl111g of Pakistan ;ivlohrunmad Ali Jinnah. As members of the United Nations and of the Afro-Asian G1·oup, Pakistan and :Ethiopia have many things in common. There are areas in which our two cou11tries can co-operate for mutual benefit. In this vvorld of interdependence there is no alternative to co-operation, especially between developing countries, like Pakistan and Etl1iopia.

As Y·ot1,r Excelle11:cy knows, ,tl1e world sitt1ation still leaves a great deal to be desired. That no appre­ ciable l1eadway has been made to,Nards ensuring peace and prosperity for all nations even a quarter of a cen­ tu,ry afte1· the founding -of ,the U11ited Na;tions is, .i11deed, a sad commentary on tl1e history of our ti1nes .

It is gratifying to note that s01ne progress l1as been made i11 arms control measures. However, there ·still remains 1nuch to be done to acl1ieve total disarma­ ment. Wl1ile vast fi11ancial ancl other resot1rces are being wasted fo r procluction of arms of destrt1ction, the gap between ·the indttS'triaI,ized and tl1e developing na­ at th t t1b do no is re he T . er ev as e ns tio remains as wicl narrowing th is ga p is a prerequisite to ensure world peace and security. . , opr d ol 1f an m s ld or w e th to ce n re g fe n A passi re blems can by no 111eans b e exhausti�e. No �ne can sk ta is th of y it m or en · e afford to be overawed by th t er ex to e u n ti n co ld u o sh The international community - 613 -

PEllSON1\I.. JJJlJJ�,O�I1\.CY

all efforts to 1·esolve tl1e OLltstanding n1ajor problen1s of 0111· ti.t1 1e if 111aintenance of international peace and se­ cu1·ity is to be assurecl. We are co.nvinced that peace and prospe1·ity fo1· all can and n1t1st 11ltin1ately be achieved. And tl1is can be 1·ealized only to the extent that 1nen and nations a1·e willing and able to sacrifice f 01· the com1non good.

Wl1ile individual 11atio11s a11d 1·egional organiza­ tion·s .a1·e ,at· ·grips · to 0\1e1·come ·tl1 ejr own pa1·ticL1lar prob­ le1ns, at tl1e sa1n1e t-i1ne, 1the fa111:ily of na t· io11s is aittemp­ ting to cope witl1 tl1e 1.nore f11nda111ental issues wl1ich are not confi11ed to 11ational or 1·egional boundaries.

In this respect, it is enco11raging to note t11at there is i11·c1·e1aising 1·ec- og11itio-n, 011 el1e 011e l1a-nd, 1of· n1,u·tual -in­ terdepende11 ce. 1·t is i111 perc1ti ve tl1at tl1is l1ealthy trend sl1ould be n1 a.intainecl.

Y011r Excellency's p1·esent visit has given us an opport11nity to explo1·e tl1 e possibilities of strengthening tl1 e 1·elations between 0111· two cot1nt1·ies. vVe are co11ficlent that 0111· pe1·s011 al cont,1cts and the excl1 ange of views we l1ave l1ad will hel_p in acl1ievi11g this objective.

Excellencies, Ladies ancl Gentlen1 e11 , May We asl( all tl1ose asse111bled l1 e1·e to 1·aise yo111· glasses in a toast to tl1 e l1 ealth of I-Iis Excelle11cy Presi­ cient Ali Bh11tto ancl Beg1111 1 Bh11tto, to tl1 e prosperity and well-bei11 g of tl1 e people of the Isla111ic Rep11blic of Pakistan ancl to the st1·e11 gtl1 eni11 g of relations between Pakistan a11 cl Etl1iopia.

June 3, 1972

- 614 -

PEilSON :\L lJIPLO MACY

�['OASTING - POLISI-I LJ�1\Dl£l { Your Excellency, M adan1 Ochab, We t!1a� Yot11· Excelle11cy sincerely for the ge11e­ rot1s hosp1t�l1tr YOLl have extended tl1is eve1ling.

Etl11op1a 1s l1011ot11·ed to ha ve ha d this occasio11 to oured guest, a11d to convey welco111e yot1 as l1er h011 : throt1gl1 yot1 to tl1e Po lis h people, a11 indicatio11 of tl1e vvarn1 friendship a11ci si11cere res1)ect wl1ich tl1e nan1e of Poland i11spires here.

111 tl1e 1noder11 world i11to whicl1 Ethiopia has e111erged in this century, the distances between 11atio11s and peoples can no lo11ger be 1neast1red i11 t111its of space. Many kilometres sta11d betwee11 Poland and Ethiopia, bt1t witl1 111oder11 tra11sport available, we a11d all nations are virtt1ally neigl1bot1rs. Yet vve 111t1st also be neigl1bot1rs i11 a far cleeper ancl 1nore significa11t se11se. Tl1e interdepe11de11ce of the peoples of the world is already a11 established fact and tl1e spl1ere of mt1tual interest expa11ds dctily.

Econo111ically, co-operatio11 serves ·us all well, btit econo111 ic co-operatio11, wl1ile of crL1cial sig11ifica11ce, is not itself an end. There 111t1st also exist a body of shared pri11ciples of 111oralit)' and justice \vhich gover11s 11ot only econo1nics bt1t l1t11na11 relations as well. Many of these J)rinciples l1a\'e alreaciy been est�blisl1ed _and are enshrined jn tl1e Charter of tl1e United Nations Organizatio11 a11d tl1e International Declaration of Ht1ma11 Rigl1ts. To these princiJ)les tl1e peoples of Ethiopia and Africa are ear11estly ded�cat�d, �nd we_ are prot1d to I1ave with t1s as stat1nch allies 111 this decl1cation, tl1e people of Poland.

111 1·ece11t mo11ths tl1e world has bee11 scared by - 615 -

PEllSONAL DJlJLOMACY

crises, 111a11y of which co11ti11ue to cause destruction and havoc, in spite of tl1e avowed dedication to peace and human welfare by those wl10 scourge and destroy one another. This is a tragedy on a scale which defies description but it must cease if mankind is ever to realise the enlightened destiny which he seeks. But perhaps even more shatte1·ing to tl1e conscience of the world tha11 the political and eco11omic wars of this age, has been the vile doctrine or racism asserted by the illegal regime of Rhodesia. The disease of apartheid which now contaminates the southern portion of this continent would spread if per1nitted, but it cannot.

We are thankful to the United Nations which has risen to meet this th1·eat. We are proud to assert that the courage and strength and dedication of every Ethio­ pian stands ready to meet this threat. We are con­ vinced that the principles of justice and equality which ought to prevail, will prevail because now there is a collective will among men which will not tolerate t11e violation of these principles and whicl1 is supported by the means to enforce tl1em. We know that the n1en and women of Poland sl1are witl1 us the dedication which will force the eradicatio11 of tl1e last vestiges of racism and colonialism fron1 the ea1·th.

Indeed, You1· Excellency's visit l1as go11e far to illuminate the vast area of i11terest a11d co11cern which is held in con1mo11 by tl1e Ethiopian and Polish 11atio11s.

The avenues for co-ope1·ation betwee11 us are 11umerous and they pron1ise to lead oti1· peoples to great achieve­ ments, and mutual benefits. 0111· advance will be made in trust and friendship, Mr. Chairman, and there can be no doubt that your visit has formed an important link in tl1e ties that will bi11d 11s closely as we go for­ ward.

- 616 -

PERSONAL DIPLOMACY

ADDRESSING Tl-IE PRESIDENT OI� ITALY

It is a pleasure for U s to address this historic occasion, and in the name of Our people ·and on Our own behalf, We extend Our deepest gratitude, sincere and heartfelt thanks, to Your Excellency, Your Govern­ ment and to the entire Italian people, for ·the friendly and very warn1 welcome accorded to Us since Our a, rrival in this beautiful city . This visit will be a watershed in the history of ·the bilateral relations between Ethiopia and I·taly because it has a double significance.

First· , i,t will put to an end once and for all the erroneous concept that used ;to be entertained on the relations between the two countries since the Second World War, namely, tha• t the two countries were tradi­ tional .enemies. Since tl1e last century, our relations have been marked by dark hours and regrettable events, and also by happy turns which had succeeded each other over :the skylines of Italy and Ethiopia, but, su r, mounting thes-e vicissitudes of history, We accepted your friendly invitation to pay this present visit. By so doing, We wisl1ed to ·demonstrate once more that the so-oalled traditional or hereditary ·enmity cannot exist between the two naitions.

Secondly, We wished to take this same opportunity to strengthen the many-sided relations -that the Republic of ftaly has continued ,to enteiitain towards Ethiopi,a.

Our presence here will then achieve its goal -if it helps to further strengithen the historic ties and other links which the two peoples have a,lways tried to ma,in:tain and to safeguard in 1the past.

The hi' storic ties wh· ich I have just mentioned have been, -and ,w1i•ll be ;the pillars of our future rela·tions.

- 617 -

PERSONi\L JJII)LO!vIACY

DL11·ing the last ce11itu1·y, 1na11y E�hiopia11 int�llec� L�als ,ve.re 1110Lfld-ed i11 til1e classrc)o111-s of .Ro111a11 Ltn-1vers1t1es.

Y OL1,1· missio1 1aries were an1ong the first .-t o come to Btluopia, wi1thou·t courl!ting yo11r scholars,. doctors and technicians who h -ave s·et:tled on the he1ght·s of the Btl1i·opian plaiteaL1.

We Recall Ow· Visit Wl1en We Ottrselves 1nade ,an exte11slve tour of Europe £01· 1vhe first time 46 yea·rs ago, I.taly was one of t· l1e countries wl1ich att1·acted Us. We had then the pr-ivjlege of visiting Italy a11d We 11-ave since cherished a happy memory of that visit. Long before Us, eminent 1·epres,ent, ai�iv,es fron1 the Empire had been on missions to I,taly with a v.iew to st1-engtl1ening the f1·iendly Italo­ Ethiopian 1·e1aitions. An1ong tl1em was Our beloved father, His Highness Ras Mako· nnen, \Vho led an im­ portant delegation · ,to Rom·e in 1889. Div.ers·e agree1nents a11d treaties were sig11ed in tl1e fields of eco11omi, cs, co1nme1�ce a11d ag1·iot1Jtt11�e. His lively spirit and curiosity we1·e fL11ly sa-tisfied dt1ri11g his visi1t, since later it w-as witl1 r,are passion tl1-at he 1·elated to Us 1vl1e many techn-ioal achJeve111ents, and above all the ricl1ness of 1t'h·e l1ist, orioal vestiges of your· count·ry.

After· Adwa, peace was 1·esto1·ed ·between o· t11· two countr,ies for 1nany yea1·s t1ntil tl1e 1·ise to power of the Fascist regin1e in I taly. TI1e epide111ic of fascism and 11azism tl1en c1·L1elly sl1ook all Et11�ope, including Italy wl1icl1 was tl1e fi1·st viotin1 of that absolute madness.

The massacre wl1ich Our people st1ffered at th-at time is well k11ow11 by all. Wl10 oould have thought in 1937, wl1en We were far away from Our country in volt111 tary eX!i1le w·ith a view ·to awakening the con1

1

- 618 -

PERSON1\L DIPLOMACY

soie11ce of the world on the ·te1·11ible suffering to wh'lCh Our peop1e we1·e .b. e1. 11g sub' Je . cted, that we would visit her· e today to discuss b1lateral relations with the J,talian Head ·Of Staite ? If sometimes the v-icissi:tudes of history reveal son1e black spots in our relations, one should analyze them ·today in tl1e general context and a· fter stenile chauvinism l1as been discredited.

What happe11ed at Adwa as well as at Walwal later on, was the i11eVlitable bu1·d e· n of history. This sad experie11ce ri..s also the bitter fruit ·that all nations at s·on1e time i11 their file history are co1npelled to taste.

History repeat;s ·itself. Wl1.a·t .is tr Lte �oday 111ay be applic­ a· ble tomorrow. History can be instructive ·only if, a way, one surn1ounts its ch1angi11g phase and 1 it. One oan make ·history only if 011e avoids being in J,ts trap Forgive The Past

So, the past should be exam·ined in such a way as to help reconstruct the present and prepare for the future. The fight to death should not and cannot be conceived as the foundation for any system. It hap­ pens often, and history is 11ere to prove it, that a group or a na,tion often formulates ·a system conforming to •its preferences and then imposes 1it on other groups or nations. But ·adv-ersaries, even ·in ,tl1e heat of a £ight, are aware .that they are desbined, but not condemned, to live in the sa1ne comn1unity. It is precisely for this reason that those w.110 fight even under the same, flag do not believe in the samie faitl1 and those who fight to the fi11is·h o�ten worship the same gods. By invoking tlie pride of yo·ur great people to •such an exten� of confusing the univers·ality of your culture and .th,e Illlght - 619 -

of the st(tte, tl1e 1:;:1scist 1·cgi111e 111isgL1ided and dragged yoL1r people i1.1to ,tgg1·essiveness and adventure. But tl1e 1natL1ri ty of a nation oan be measured often by its willing11ess ,to fo1·g,ive ·tl1e e111ba1·,tssing past.

M1·. President, The Itali·a11 people l1ave gotten 1·id of one of the most i1·1·auional regitnes, and the Ethiopian people have 1·ecove1·ed from one of the mos·t ho1·rible disasters that tl1e \\1or·ld J1as: eve1· lc11ovvn. L1be1· ty has bee11 abolished not only in Addis Ababa but also in Rome . C·onscious of the -ident· ity of spirit between our two nations, \Ve ap1Jealed to the Ethiopia·n people, as soon as We re­ tL1r11ed to Addis Ababa i11 1941, not to nourish any l1atr�ed ctgai11s·t the aggres-s01· of yesterday but to con­ sicicr l1i111 ::ts ,1 J:-ello,v cre:1-tt11:e .j11 tl1c; spi1· i t o·f ,tl1e teacl1i11gs of Cl11·is t· : ''.Do 11ot r·eply evil by evil. Do not t1·ec1t your· e11en1y ,ls an ene111y." Our people, inbt1ed vvitl1 wisdo1n and a se· nse of deep generosity, have accepted tl1:is a1. Jpeal a11d tl1e sa111e Italian soldiers, victi111s of fc· tscist pro1)ag1a11d,t, wl10 pa1·ticipa·ted i11 tl1e w·[11· i11 Etl1iopia, still live peace£ ully among us today.

Tl1e er·a in \Vl1ich we live today is an era in \Vhicl1 n1an son1.eti111es u11derstands with di!-Iict1lty tl1e immense tecl1nical achieven1ents designed to enable him to control co1111Jletely every·tl1i11g sL1r1·0L1 11di 11g l1in1. The same era jn wl1icl1 tl1e nt1clea1· n1yste1·y and tl1e n1oon explorations l1a ve con1e witl1i11 the r:eacl1 of ma11, is so rich that it v\'OLilcl be co11tra1�y to l1t1ma11 11ature and t1nderstanding to live too 1nt1ol1 i11 the 11egative past, a11d to be 1·educed to tl1e passive 1·0Ie of a 111e1·e spectato1·. We musit work c1·-eate, fro111 110w on, a I1ealthy atmosphere to �ogerhe1· _ 111 \V·h1cl1 0111· peoples can e11j·oy ft1lly ·the results of the tecl111ioal evol11tion of the n1odern wo1·Id. In this we ,are 11ot ·tl1e· first to adopt such a line 1

1

- 820 -

:PE11SON1\ T ,_ J)IPLOMACY

of co11duot. The l1is_t_o ry o f the two world wars an d eq the oons t1e11ces wh1cl1 followed ·offer llS sufficient exa111ple. The sar�1 e m en wl10 were ,mortal enemies duri11g tl1e last war· 111 Et1rope, established, after ga-ininc:r their breat- l1 15 years later, tl1e European Economi� Con1n1u 1 1ity, a11d today tl1ey are co11centrating their efforits with a view to asst1re the well-being of their JJeoples. \Vl1at 111ore eloc1tte11 t example cot1ld 011e quote ? May be to111or1�ow on·e will talk less of peoples as Ger111an, Fre11ch, Italian, and Belgian, and more of people of a t111ited Euro1)e, because, the same men wl10 yes·terday witnessed tl1 e devasta�ion of Europe, are today reco11strt1cting i· t ha11d in I1and. Tl1 e sa111e spirit 111t1st exist and ,already exists i11 Addis Ababa and i11 Rome, ancl We ca11ot be 111ore pleased. Ot1r stt1 dents co11tinue to arttend yot1r t111-iversities, a11d many are yot1r engi11eers and bt1s-inessmen who are operating in a co1 1s,trt1otive m·anner in Ethiopia.

Better Fuhire

The I,talo-Bthiopian· econ·omic relations are sound bt11 t they can be expandecl. We are convinced that dt1·r i 11g ot1r, ·talks 1· 1 e1�e we sl1all ·fi11cl 11ew ways to stre· ng­ tl· 1en the friendsl1 ip \Vl1:1ch t1n.ite our two peoples and to 01;ie11t t, l1e1n to a better ft1tu1,e wl11cl1 will be profit­ able 11ot 011ly to thie t\VO peoples but also to l1umanity as a ,vhole.

Ot1r, com111ercial exohanges should profit the t,vo cot111t11ies ·equally and fairly. Ethiopia, which is rich 1.n agrict1ltt1r,e, bt1t which l1as also been indt1strialized 1 1 eoently, is 1·eacly to supply Italy ,v-ith diverse prodt1cts, and w.J1a:t We have wit11essed dt11,ing Our ,,,isit in the achieve111 en.ts by Italy i11 tl1e econo111-ic, tecl1nical and - 621 -

PERSONAL DIPLOMACY

social fields are impressive and We will be glad to see ,this expe· liien·oe sh, ared. To this end, I-taly -should con­ centraite m,ore and 1no1·.e in the establishm,ent of the Ethiopian economiic infrastructure.

But we would not like this to be limited only to economic co-operatio11. The feeli11g of respect for the sa1ne principles of mo· 1·ality a11d j11s,tice which govern l1u,1n,a·n rela·tions sh,ould ·a:1-so exist -in the relations betwee11 our tw·o countries. Those principles are em­ bodied in t]1e, Cl1·ar·ter of tl1e United Nations as well as i11 the ch, a, rter of the 01·ga11ization of African Unity.

Mr. President, A few 1110111tl1s ago, wl1e11 the; Italian Foreign M-inister vvas in Ot1r capital c·ity, We had taken tha-t occasi·on to raise with him bilat·e1·al a11d international problems, and We noted an identity of views on major issues threatening wo1·ld peace.

In the Middle East, as in Vietnam and in So11thern Af1·ica, I1 uman blood is shed 1111neoess·arily and p1·opert)1 dest1·oye, d. \Ve cannot b11t, co11·tin11ie to de111and peace in the Middl-e East, peace i11 Vietnam and j11s·tice in S011the· rn Africa. Tl1,e as-s.is·ta11ce 1Jl1at s0111e co11nt1·ies provide· to P·ortugal and ,to the r·etrograde 1·egin1es in Salisbu1·y and Pr-eto1�Ja e11ables tl1em to st1·e11gtl1en their policy of oppr·es-sio11. Tl1e c1·i111e, of the oppressed Africans is that tl1 ei1· sl<.i11. is da1·I<:e, 1· tl1a11 t11 e others.

For this ''c11i1ne'' they a1·e, s11ffe1·i11g da-ily l1un1ilia·tion.

Why ? Beca11se tl1 e opp1·esso1· f1ear· s their n11IDber, and .i•mpose apa rth s eid to keep ·tl1e blac· k i 11 i bo-nora11ce and • 1n misery as long as poss.ibJ.e. B11t tl1 e opp1·essor, as every one k11·ows, J1a·s only c1,eate, d an a1·tifiaial problem tl1ere.

TI1e opressed 011ly wisl1es to live in I1a1·n1ony a11d in peace a11d s11-are i11 a11 eq11itable way with tl1e one - 622 -

PERSONAL DIPLOMACY

wl10 ,exploits it, th,e fruits produced by his own land.

But in the face of an obs·tinate refusal by the racists in S011ther11 Afrioa to co-operate in the r·eoonstruction of a bebter world, some countries have announced in­ tentions to riesume the sale of arms to Pretoria. A£ter the r·ejeotion of the Lusaka Manif ·esto, is this a reward thait tl1e raais,ts i n Sot1ithern Africa merit? What is more regr,ettable is tlrat the first ini·tiative comes fron1 a n·ation wi�l1 whicl1 Etl1iopia l1as m·aintained the best of relations for a long tim·e, the same nation which fought on Our side against the Fascists dt1ring the last war .

We condemn the intention, whoever the originator or author may be, and We request ft1rther that Great Britain's friends exert all tl1eir influence with a view ·�o 1n1ake I1er reno11nce tl1is unfortunate inten·tion. We ·are not only condemning the sale of arms, but also any o· ther involv,ement in S·outhern Africa contributing to th·e econo1n,ic development of the Fascist regimes.

The Organization of African Unity has, in this con11:ection, decided during the last summit in Addis Ababa, to 111anda�e its c11rrent Chairman, His Excel­ lency Dr. Kaunda, to visit the capital cities of some s,tates 1as 'the l1ea<l .of a, deileg·a·t:ion c-ompo·sed of repiresen­ ta:tives from four other African states. St1cl1 a mission will have tl1e goal to persuade those states in the name of jt1stice, liberty and mo1·ali.ty to pt1t to •an. end �11 a·ssista11ce which may encourage t· l1e regunes 1n Soutl1ern Afr.ica to pt1rs11e unabated their policy of destruction and degradation of an entire .People, already abused by naked force and ,racial hatred. While on rtl1is topic, We wot1ld like to express to Your Excellency Our con1plete s·atisfactio11 for t11e decision taken by you1� Government to reno11nce the st1bsidy for the con1

- 623 -

s-t1�L1otion of the Cabora-Bassa Dam. This is an example vvhicl1 111,a-ny o·tl1e1· states sl1ould follow.

Mr. Pr·esident, A new chapter· in our bilateral relations has, as of today, been opened, and We wish, with all Our heart, ot11· two peoples no s·trive and unite their efforts more and 1nore so .tJ1&t ,their children know less of poverty bttt more of a world wl1ere peace, jt1stice and liberty prevail.

Allow Me to wisl1 a long life to the Italo-Ethlopian f1�ie11dship, gr'eate1· prosper·ity and We· ll-being to the Italian people and excellent health to Your Excellency a11d to yo11r wife.

- 624 -

---�-------

-

(.'PSI ;\ i11torn1a1io :ti \\'\\'\\ .ll'( ilC:-,fj n can bl'. obtainl'.d ll!.! .COf ll Printed in thi: l l.(._;;\ 1 �

F F()\\, 03110 9:?XO-l l 21) I

'J0'.'8F1:

9 781890 358020