Important Utterances of H.I.M Emperor Haile Selassie I [part 1 of 2]

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erances of His ltnperial Majesty Haile Selassie I 1963 -1972

One Drop Books New York, NY

Originally published by the Imperial Ethiopian Ministry of Information 1972 This edition published by One Drop Books Post Office Box 20392 New York, NY 10017-0004 www.onedropbooks.com

Printed in the United States of America 2000 ISBN 1-890358-02-9

fl is J mpe,¡ial Majesty adliressi11g tl1e 11ation over the National Broadcasting Service.

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PREFACE This co,nmemorative book contains sonie of the speeches of His Irr1.zJerial Majesty Hciile Selassie I. It is pt·esented as a humble ho,11.age to Ills Majesty the Emperor - arcliitect of modern Ethiopia, - on His 80tli Bit·thday A11niversary.

From tlze beginning of His enlightened reign, some 50 yea1·s ago, it has bee11 the urifailing habit of His Im­ /Jerial Majesty to in.spi,-e the EthiozJian /JeOJJle throitgh the S/Joken word to reszJoncl to his call for ac·tion in the interest of the nation. 1'he theme whicli l'ltns throitg/1 all his speeches is that of a singular message: to guide and e1icourage his 1iation to rise up to the challe,iges of the Modern Age. The speeches contai,ied 1-vithin this voli,me will help the reader to a1;p1·eciate the history of EthioJJia since the beginning of the second decade of this centtil'Y a11d so111.e of the motivations that characterize the coun­ '" A try unde, His leader,s·hitJ. lv.J. oreover9 sonie of tile speeches ,�effect His; liript·rictl 1\fajestj,'s historic and z1,zi­ ve1·sall)' respected ctJni_pas.r.;fonate interest in the pro­ blems of worlcl peclce, secT,li''ity and social justice.

On this 80th birthday a,iniversary of Hi.� J\,,iajesty the Empe,·or, the EthioJJia11, natio11, pays tribi1.te to its greatest leader. Tliis boolc of selected speeches is a hu,nble toke11, of tlie g1·atititde of the natio1i as it cele­ b1·ates His I,nperial !daje.(Jty's 80th birthclay anniversa1·y; a half ce11ti1ry of tvhich Jzas been 111ar!cecl by his self­ less and dedicate cl ,)et·vice to the /Jrogt·es.r; ancl welfare of His Country.

TESF.t\YE GEBRE-EGZY'

Minister of Inforn1ation.

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37tl1 C1>ro11atil>I1 1\1111i, crsary . . . • • • • • • • • ,i.\dclis 1\l)al>rl Ba11l, .. . . • • • • • • • • • • J>rojects i11 ,\ ,vassa • . . . .. . . • • • • • • S 1)eaki11g <>ll l.,i teraC..:)' Dtt)' . . . . . • • • • • • rI'o tl1e l11stitt1tc of Agric1.tltt1ral Ticscarcl1 .. • • • • ·1�11ro11c S11ccc.:l1, l 968 .. . . . . • • • • • • .i"\ir F'orcc 1\eac.len1y .. . . . . . . • • • • • Gc11eral 1�:lec.:tio11 • • • • • • • • • • • • • • NI\val C:<>llegc . . . . . . . . .. • • • • • • U 11i,,crsit): C � rac1, 10 tio11 • • • • • • • • • • • • Go11clar (�<,lll)ge .. . . . . . . • • • • • • .. .. .. .. •• •• •• As111 nr,1 l1r1i,·crs i ty Spcecl1 fro111 th c ...1�11 rl111e 1969 . . . . • • • • . .

Scl1ool for tl1e B]i11d . . . . . . . . • • • • • • . . .. . . . . . .

Etl1icJtJia11 I,:1l>(>l1r U11i<>r1s . . .. . . .. . .

College of l> 11l1lic I-Icaltl1 .. . . . . . . . . . .

U11iversit)' Gra<lt1ntio11 ])eclicati11g ll1e J 01111 F. Ke1111c<l)' "Lil.>rary . . .. . .

At Bal1ar-Dar l11stitl1te .. . . . . . . . . . . '. l'l1ro11e S1Jcccl1 1970 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . t\,.varcling J)i1)lor11as at fvlt1!t1gcta l!nli 'I'ccl1nical Scl10!)l La:111g Cornersto11e o[ tl1e 1!'ir!cl1a 1)n111 . . . . • .

Ne,v 1\sscl,t Water \Vc1rk'..; . . . . . . . . . . . .

• • • • • • • • 011e11i11g 11c,v Za\vclit11 }Ios1Jital At 1\,111assa Agrc1-I11clt1strial Cer1tre • • • • • • • • Ope11il1g r:Icctrc,11ics Exl1il)it .. • • . , • • . .

Ir1, cstitt1rc of 11e,v l'atrinrcl1 . • • • • • • • • At A<;111ara lT11ivcrsity.. . . . . • • • • • • • • 1\111111al Natior1-,vicle ,\clc1ress 1971 .. • • • • • • I11itinting Fact1lt)' of 'l'ec·h11c1l<Jg)' . . . .. . . . .

011 Visit t<J c:l1ila1o Agricl1ltt1ral lT11it . . . . . ..

011 tl1 e occasi(>tl (>f tl1e 25t11 A11r1ivcrsar)' Celebratio11 of Etl1 ic>1Jia11 Airli11cs . . . . .. . . . . . .

At N t\tionnl 1-.:x1)0 '72 - As111ara . . .. . . . . . .

Naval Graclt1atio11 . . . . . · · · · · · · . ..

J)o]ice Colle:!ge .. .. ·· ·· ·· ·· ·· ·· · . . . .. ..

At Exl1 ibiti()11 of J£tl1io11ia11 Boolcs Etl1 io-Soviet r1·radi11g Centre . . . · . · · . . . .

Cl1ilga-Gor1der Bridge 01Je11i11g . · · · · · · . . .

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'l'ABLE OF CONTENTS At ne\v Ambo Mineral v'/ater Factory • I·l.S.I.U. Gracluation 1972 • • • • • 1\gro-Inclustrial Textile Factory • • • • iv1ai Nefhi Reservoir • • • • . . • •

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.. . . . . . . . . • • • • • • 1\ frica Day rrubn1an J)egree Cor1ferred . . . . . . • • . . • • .. . . • • • • A 1'oast to President 'fubn1a11 Staten1ent to tl1e . 1963 African Sun1n1it • • • • • • . . .. . . . . . .

Acldrcss at Sun1n1it Banquet 'fo the Council of Foreign �1i11isters . . . . . . ..

Spcecl1 at the Cairo O.A.U. Sun1111it . . . . . . .

Press Confere11ce on Rl1odesia . . . . . . . . . .

0.A. U. l Ieadq uarters . .. . . .. . . . . . . · 1\t Openil1g Sessio11 of O. A. U. Sun1n1it . . .. .. l"le1Jly to U Thant in Kinshasa O.A. U. Sun1n1it .. .At 0 1Jening Session of O. 1\. U . Nfecliation Co1r1n1issio11 1\djourning the Nigerian Peace 1'alks . . . . . . .

-ro the 10th l11augural Meeting of tl1c E.C.1\. . .

At OrJening Session of 0.1\. U . St11nn1it . . . . . . . . ..

0. 1\. U. 7th Session Opens . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . .

1\ t Ltr,aka \,Ve�con1ing tl1e l) re;'.dent of Nigeria . . .

• • lleply to Toast b y President of the Sudan . . . ..

• • I�eply to Cl1ief Sudanese Negotiators . . .

0. A.U. :tvf ediation Con1n1ittec . . . . . . . . . .

Acldress at Rabat O.A. U. St1n1mit . . .. .. . .

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CI:IA·P"I'EI\ III - INTERNA fIONt\L Freeclon1 fron1 I-I unger Can1paign . . .

1·0 tl1e U.N. .. .. •• •• Oriental Cl1urcl1es Conference ..

• 20tl1 Anniversary of U.N. Cl1arter • • Bulgarian Exl1ibition .. ..

Italian Exl1ibition • . . . . • • •• u .s. J�xl1ibitio11 • • • • ..

World Eva11gelical Congress - Berli11 Exl1ibition Con1n1en1orating Nehru •

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-l'ABLE O�... CONTENTS On World Law Day . . . . . .. .. .. . . . .. . . .

Nation-wide Message on U. N . 23rd Anniversary . . . . .. .. .. . . . . . .

Address, I.L.0. Golden Anniversary Ethiopia Day . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Re1Jly to Lord Mayor . . .. . . .. .. . . .. .. . .

Address on "International Education Year" . . . . . . . .

Opening Address to W.C.C. . . . . . . . . . . . . ..

On International Literacy Day . . .. .. .. .. . . . .

To the lnaugt1ral Africa Session of tl1e U.N. Security Council Opening Education Sector Review Conference . . . . . ..

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10I-LAJP'DER !IV - PERSON-AL DIPLOM,ACY 1

1-Ionours President of West Germany . • • Queen Elizabetl1 II Banqueted .. .. • • Reply to a Toast - I-Iungary . . . . . • • President of India l-Ionot1red . . . .. • • Degree Conferred on President Of India ..

I-Ionot1ring Bulgarian Leader . . . . . . .

Preside11t of Poland l-Ionoured . . .. • • To tl1e Ki11g of Norway .. • • • • • • President de Gaulle Welcomed .. • • • • • • • • Ruman�an President Entertained Emperor Speaks at the Kremlir.t .. • • • • Honouring Sovereigns of Iran .. • • • • Queen Juliana Toasted . .. .. • • • • Toasting Yemeni President .. . . . . • • On Visit of Turkish Leader . . . • • • • On Visit of Danish Sovereigns .. • • • • Reply to Saragat's Toast . . .. • • • • Reply to Toast - Cl1ina . . . .. • • • • Reply to Toast - Iran . .. .. • • • • • • • • On Visits - China, Iran, Somalia At Banqt1et for Jt1an Carlos . .. • • • • At Banquet for President Bhutto . • • • • Toasting - Polisl1 Leader .. . . • • • •

Ad dressing the President of Italy . . .

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INTllODUC1 ION 'l'l ic: sclectecl s1)eechcs of I·lis In11)crial Majesty 1-Inile Selassie I, published i11 this cn1nn1 cn1orati·1e volun1c, tell their O\VD stor)'. For con­ ,·eniencc, tllC)' have l.>cen nrl>itrnrily clealt \Vith l1cre tinder four n1ain headings - J)o1nestic, i\frica, International ancl JJer5011al Diplon1acy. 'fhcse clivisions a-re not 1111.1tua])' exclusive, for togctl1er, they fon11 o.nc ca 11 vas, skctc} 1ecl to the universal then1c of Etl1io1)ia as a vial)]e, independent nation ancl an ae:ive 1r1e111l>cr of tl1c \VorJcl con1n1unity of nations.

It \viJl be found t]1at the "J)on1estic'' is tl1e 111ost 1)roli.fic collection of thP. E:,npcror's f)Ul)Jic utterances. Ancl since tl1e external in11)act of a nation is invariably t]1c rcflexi)11 or its il1 ternal life a11cl llolicies, there 11111,I: lin, as there is, an obvious inter-rclatio11 lJet,vce11 tl1c spccel1es ,vhich deal \Vitl1 tl1e "l)on1 csl:ic' ancl tl1c otl1cr three clivisions.

1'hc unfolding of l�thio11in's internal })rogress, as rcflectecl in these spccchs, clclincatrs c.:learly tl1e :lynan,ic Jeaclersl1ip of tl1e speaker. Since a co1nJJarntively early age, nnc J)articularl)' si11ce Noven1ber 2nd, J.930, ,vh0.n Ifis tvJnjcsty the En1peror assun1ecl t11e onerottS office of I ·Ieacl of Stale, a ne,v p1an of don,esti,: activities en1ergecl. i\ncl t]1is \Jlan l1as Majest)' tl1e l)ecn vigo11rously J.J11rsuccl thr,)11gl1 tl1c exertions of IIis En1peror.

130th llic (�over11n1nnt ancl Jl.!Otl1c ]1avc donned 11e\v garn1cnt<;, Not 011 ly ha,·c they ass11n1ccl 11e,v roles, tl1cy l1avc cvolvecl 11e\v 111oclcs of action an(l have en1lJracccl vistas of nc,v ancl progressive expectations. In a rc1nnrkal)lc ,vay t]1c speec]1e<; i11 tl1e "Don1estic" section of tl1is l)ook are a rnirror of !'his ne,v tone, this ne,v vigo111· an(l resolutio11 of tl1e nation.

JJerha11s, the n1ost apparent is tl1c clrivc for socio-econo111ic, political ancl cultural J)ro,grcss that the country has en1l)racecl ,v: itl1 Em11cror I-Inilc Selassie I at it.., heac1. ·n1is re\V l)n_gc of t]1e 11ation's l 1isto11' can bt� g1cancd ,vith facility, as one ·C'ncls I-Tis Tn1 1)erial \{njest)r's speC'cl1c,; to the nation on nearly all occnsicns.

In the 11::i.rt of this book t:ndcr the cl1a1>ter ",\frica.'' it is nl1ove all evident, that J-Iis In)pcrinl lvf1jcsty l1as played a role of exceptional lcadcrsl1ip. In his utterances 01 African issues, 011c is n1on1entaril)' in1J)rcssecl ,vith l1is concern for t1:e funclan1e11tnl 1)roblen1s \vl1icl1 affect the lives of the nations anc.l peoples of the continc11t . Ancl . since tl1e in­ csc:apal,lc r>olitical evolution of inclcpcnclcncc that ]1 as �rit)JJccl Africa, Ifis :'vlajcsl:y the En111cror l1as 1.)ecr recognized as the clclcr statcsn1 an. J-Iis counsel ancl declication to tl1c ·1ervasivc African c:111se - total liberation for tl,e \vholc of the r.ontil1cnt ·_ l1as foltncl l1 in1 in tl1c forefront of tl1e struggle.

XIV

-It is sw-ely 11ot accide11tal that in tl1e Nintl1 Sessio11 of tl1e St11nmit of tl1e l1eads of state and governn1ent of the Organizatio11 of African Unity, it ,,,as l1na11iI11ousl)' resolved that in unison, :Lll 41 1nember states sl1ould joi11 i11 celebrating tl1e 80tl1 a11niversary of the F:n1peror's birth, as a toke11 of tl1eir recognitio,n of his leadership.

I111 1?erial 1'.1ajesty i11 tl1e ft)r111u1ation a11d 'fl1c role played b)' IIis ado1Jtion of tl1e Cl1arter of tl1e Organization of Africat1 Unity c>11 11ay 25th., l 9(f3, 11eecls lll> f11rthcr 1l1entio11. It ,,,as lie, ,:vl1 0, ca]li11g for tl1e setting aside c>f 811)' anr1 al] petty cliffere11ces a111011g tl1c Africa11 states, c.:alled for tl1e signi11g of tl10 Cl1arter, and w11ose ar)penl resultecl in. tile si_g11ing :111d acloptio11 of tl1at l1istoric document.

In tl1e sectio11 , ''Inler11ational,'' since 1923, ,vl1en, througl1 l1 is inter­ \"Ctltion, Etl1ior>ia bccan,e a 111en1ber of tl1e no,v clef1.111ct Leagt1e of Natiorts, tl1is C<)1.111tr1· l1eca111c� a rccognize(l 1nen1ber of tl1e ,vorlcl co1111 11t1.11it�,. 'fI1creafter, aricl for tl1ese nearly fifty years, Ethiopia's inter­ llatoinal stat11re l1as gr<>'·"Il stcacli]),. I Iistory can 11cver forget }Tis I11111e­ rial Nlnjcst),'s ar>peal to tl1e League in 1936. i'viorc sig11ificantly, no one. ca11 e,1er forget liis prc)1)l1et:c lJttt t1nl1eeded messag<� to tliat international l)ody co11eer11ing inter11ational n1ora]ity ancl tl1e re�iionsil)ility of tl1e lar­ ger 11ati<>11s to safegt1nrcl tl1e sec1.1rity ancl territorial integrity of tl1c s1naller states.

Tn 1963, 1-Iis I111J)f!rlal }.1aje'.)t_y, acldressing Par]ia1-r1cr1t saicl, "Etl1ioJJia l1as, tl1ro1.1gl101.1t t11c past )'Car, ronti1111ed trJ acll1ere t<> tl1e traditio11al l)oli­ t:ies to ,v])icl1 \Ve l1a\ c, 011 11t1n1ero11s occasions, c1eclarecl Ot1r 11ation's clevotio11,: rcs1)ect for tl·1c rigl1tc; of others, res11ect for tlJe territorial i11te­ grit)'' :-1.11c1 !:io,,creignt)' c)f nut\011::, tl-ie peaceful selt1crl1e11t of di.:;1)11tes, s111J11ort of tl1e 11rinci[Jie of C;)llctivc �ec11rit)' as t]1e best protectio11 agai11st aggressic:11 a11d tl1e l)e�t g11arciia11 c)f }Jeace. These policies ,ve apply 1111i­ fo11nly, ,vl1etl1 er to a nc�ig11l)o11r state ,v1tl1 ,,.1l1icl1 ,,1e sl1are co11111lon frontiers c)r tc> a 11ation l1alf-\'va,, around i:l1e ,:vorld.'"

More t]1an any otl1er l1eac1 of state, His In1pcrinl Majesty has tra,,cl­ led i11 tl1c i11terest of personal co11tact ,vitl1 otl1er frienc11y l1eads of state.

Tl1is c11ston1 l1ad jts origin sir1ce l1e was Regent of tl1c Real111. For it 11111st be recorded tl1at in 1924, l1e n1ade his first visit to see otl1er 11ations a11d co11fcr ,vith tl1ejr 11ational leaders.

I 11 li is l )11blic t1ttera11ccs, I·lis ln111erial 'tvlaiesty l1a<; tin1e a11d a�air1 empl1a<;ized tl1at tl1e J)ersonal 111eeting of leaders Clll tl1c l1igl1est level s]1 ou1d l) e e11cot1ragecl, becal1se tl1rougl1 st1ch 1nceti11gs, tl1ey are able to cliscuss, 11ot cJnly 1nl1tual or bilateral problems; b1.1I: tl1e ,,,ickr prol)lems as tl1c)' affect \:\,orlcl peace ancl security.

Et11iopia, in tt1rn, l1as bee11 l1ost to several ,vor]d leaders fron1 friend]y nations. Ancl these reciprocal ,,isits 11ave been beneficial in �

xv

keeping open the lines of pcacer ul antl ha1monious contacts bet,veen Ethiopia ancl otl1cr countries. · !111It is not neccs.sar)' to i;ay too n1t1cl1 :.ilJout this pl1ase of IIis perial fv1ajcsty·.-; pcr� ;(:n:1 l cl.iplon1ac)'. '!'he s1>cecl1cs made on such r;<.:ca-.;i(lns, both l 1cre in our c,11,ital nntl in the capitals ,,isited, s1)eak for then,sel, cs. C;uincidcntall)', these: vi).it,; of J-Iis i'vfajcsty tl1c Ernpcror and llf his honourccl guc,l'·.; serve a'i a lJritlgc l)()t,vcen the Ethiopian JJCO­ r,le and the people of the host cou11trics.

XVI

l)Ot\1ESTIC:

NEW SCI-IOOLS - DEBRE - ZEIT Eve1· si11ce We were e11t1·usted with tl1e respon­ sibility of leacling Etl1iopia, one of the several wishes We cl1erished fo1· Ot1r people has bee11 to witness the ,1rrival of '-l ti111e wl1e11 Ot1r people will be able to 1·ealize tl1ei1· p1·oble111s as well els pote11tialities and tl1rot1gl1 ,mut·t1al discussio11s co1ne at1·t with solutions for improve­ n1e11t. 111 01·der to l11·i11g abot1t the fulfil111ent of 011r idea, We estal)]js]1ccl tl1<� Ministry of National Com111t111ity Develoi1111ent eigl1t yea1·s ago.

Ou1· ·first clirective to tl1e Ministry was in sl1ort to go dovvn to village level and give inst1·t1ctio11s by whicl1 tl1e people can improve living conditio11s and solve social problc111s. Tl1is p1·oject l1as been remark­ ably ex1Jandecl since the11. 1'Aany people wl10 received p1·oper trai11i11g ,1t traini11g ce11tres set tlp by the Minist1·y at Jvfajite, Awassa a11d otl1er places are cL1rrently e11gagecl th1:ougl1ot1t the En1pire in drilling wells, cleaning j)Ools, r11aintain,i1-1g \/iliage sanitation, sta1·ti11g scl1001s t111d otl·1er activities desigr1ed to assist the con1111t1nity· at large.

It gives Us g1·eat satisfactio11 to note t·he e11th.usiasm shown b)' tl1e 111any young 1ne11 wherever· they have bee11 assig11ed i11 car1·ying ot1t this p1·ogra1nme, as it l1as becon1e api1arent ·fro111 tl1e 11ndertaking of tl1e 10 places in the District of Acla.

Althcit1gh g1·eat effo1·t is bei11g exe1·tec1 l1y Ot1r gove1·nment by way of 1)la11ning and formulating ways and n1eans of eradicati11g community p1·oblems, it is not st1fficient for tl1e JJeople to rely on government st1pport alone. As has al1·eady been 111anifested by your endeavot1rs tl1e people tl1emselves 111ust co1ne to realize their own. difficulties in tl1e developn1e11t of their com- I-

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DOMESTIC

munity and try to solve them by collective participation following a11 order of priority a11d taking their poten­ tiality into accot111t. It is \vell know11 �o. you all that recognizing one's problen1s a11d str1v1ng hard to challenge them is a ma1·k of an attempt at self­ sufficiency.

A cot1ntry belongs to both leade1·s and people.

The 1nutt1al co-operatio11 between tl1em is testimony to tl1is fact. U11less tl1e people l1elp Us, Our attempt to help tl1e1n will be frt1itless. Wl1y did We becon1e a leader? Is it 11 ot for tl1e be11efit and welfare of the people?

Tl1is year n1ore tl1 a11 eve1· before tl1e people of Etl1io1Jia, n1otivated by tl1ei1· ow11 will and diligence, 11a,,e awake11ed to tl1e task of 1�aising tl1eir standard of livi11g. Y011 l1ear every day that people are engaged i11 raising fu11ds to eitl1er construct 1·oads or to use them for wl1atever JJrojects tl1ey have in 1nind. How 11oble and great a deed is tl1e act of sacrificing one's wealth, la11d a11d money, to one's 11eedy com1nunity instead of for selfish purposes! The gratitt1de re111ains forever.

If the program111 e of ''self-l1elp'' is pt1shed forward witl1 this sa1ne degree of 111otivation, you \Vill u11dot1btedly leave a tradition wortl1y of re1ne111brance by yot1r childr1e11 . It is ,believecl ,tl1at ]1avino- seen your cl1ildren Ii11ed LII) in f1·ont of the scl1ool;, you l1ave realjzed tl1at yot1r efforts i11 taki11g the initiative to co111pete i11 the progran1 111e of self-l1elp undertaken by all to bt1ild tl1ese four scl1 ools We just visited were altogetl1er 1·ewarding. 011e wl1 0 does 11ot co11tribute to his com1nu11ity a11d tl1 e con1ing ge11eration remains to be a b�1rden to l1is society a11d a11 object of ridict1le to ot1ts1de observe1·s.

By building tl1e schools 11ea1· )'Ot1r village, yot1 -2-

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DOMESTIC

have spared the time and energy of your children from travelling to far away places for their education and moreover you have secured the opportunity of seeing them grow tlp t1nder your close care. And similarly if yot1 continue to consult one another and strive to get rid of the other handicaps, say problems of obtaining clean water, better roads and sanitation for you1· co111mt1nity, yot1 will find that the accomplish­ ment is within your capacity.

It is the responsibility of the governor as well as tl1e elders to create harmony among the people in encouraging the1n to discuss their common problems and work towards tl1e betterment of their standard of living. There has not been a single Ethiopian who has not been filled with pride and rejoicing in hearing of the great efforts and co-operation manifested by the people of G11ragie in the fund.-raising scheme to finance the construction of the roads linking the people of Bale, Addis Aba.ba and the provinces. These efforts being made by· the people of Ot1r c<.r�lI1\try towarr.is � progress h ave a1 so se1·vea as ('t 1ne:ans f)/t: r'KI!A�e;ci.ci:ng Ethiopia's overseas fr1ends.

We also pledge, therefore, those elders and com� mt1nity leaders to st\1dy and formulate methods or1 problems affecting their respective comm11nities such as schooling, water st1pply, commt111ity and · home sanitation, roads and agriculture in addition to their long-practised profession .

The co-operation, and what is n1ore, the active participation in working along with the people played by you, the members of the IEAF, the Airborne Divi­ sion and the Farm Experiment Station in helping the people living in yot1r area achieve a better standard of living has highly pleased Us. (1

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DO�.fESTIC

The pri1 1cipal idea towards this n1otive of assisti11g .YOl1r fellow 1 1eigl1bot1rs lay i11 tl1e fact tl1at s01ne of you have been fortt1nate to wit11ess tl1e IJrogress 1nade in other cot111tries wl1ile 1 11ost of )'OU collected experi­ e11ces from readi11g books at l10111e; a 1 1d it l1as been tl1is s1J.irit of e11tht1siasm to wit11ess the sa1ne trends of IJrogress bei11g e11joyed by you1· brotl1ers at home that led towards tl1is objective.

Tl1ere is no si11gle sot1l who wo11ld 11ot cl1erish tl1e introclt1ctio11 of JJrogress to Etl1iopia a11d want to JJartake of t]1e be11efits tl1ereof. It is b11t tl1rough co­ operatio11 i11 worki11g side by side witl1 tl1e people by way of setti11g u1J sc11ools, drilli11g water-wells and the co11str11ctio1 1 of roads, and it is throt1gl1 tl1e realisation a11d de,,otio11 in solvi11g these problen1 s tl1at wisl1es ca11 be i11terpreted .i11 tern1s of ta11gible for111s. As We l1a,,e been i11for111ecl yot1 l1ave i11 co11st1·ucting these scl1ools eq11ally sl1ared tl1e \.vork with the people, qt1arr)1i1 1g stones, fixing tl1e fra111es and 1nixing tl1e n1ud, wl1ich 110 do11lJt will earn yo11 the love of your neigl1bo11rs.

All a111ong tJ1ose gatl1ered here l1ave co1ne througl1 the same process of tl1e l1istorical past. Tl1erefore, assL1n1i11g tl1at 100 scl1ools ,1re set 11p fo1· a pop11lation exceeding 20 n1illio11 a11d even if tl1ese nt1n1bers were i11creased to a 111illio11, tl1ere is 110 one who wo11ld not still jL1dge tl1e111 i11s11fficie11t. Self-help, i 11 tl1e benefits to be acguirecl tl1ro11gl1 ed11cation, will save the indi­ \1idL1al fro111 11avi11g to ask for assista11ce.

We hope tl1at this exe1nplary act of yours ,:viii serve t? c�eate the sa111e spirit a1no11g tl1e entire people of Etl11op1a a11d tl1e Ar111ecl Forces, tl1e Naval Force, tl1e Boy Sco11ts: st11de11ts a11cl partic11la1·ly those JJeople e1 1gageci i11 tl1e v,1orld of b11siness. We are -4-

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DOMESTIC

confident that if these and all other organizations con1bined follow the same path in working closely with the people, they will ea·sily overcome problems of water-supply, education, roads and house sanitation within their respective communities and We further believe that this would enable the people to achieve the desired standard of living wlucl1 all of Us hold dear.

Tl1e text of Ot1r previot1s speech delivered during 0Ltr -return f1·om visits abroad is available in writing.

Work and wealth a1·e at you1· disposal. You should 1·ecall Our previous saying that ''activity and helping each otl1er are of importance to all of you." May God bless all that has been accomplisl1ed and the words We have said.

January 12, 1963 .

TO EMPLOYEES IN ERITRE;\ �a t e-v....-4-�,2·-·n,::,,.i · 'l' 11,.,, 1 ... •'.r.11. Q. !L ,.,,,•• y On Our Cu.r• 1.;'>a•nu.,.r.·'-· v;{"tu-'.�..:..Ii.. ..�11..P E� a..a !l-/L ,i:'t , Y�:!:.l� happy to 11ote a:rlld realise� t!iat tr1e Vv'e1(:�fJme accJ)rded Us by the pe,ople i§ since1·e, deep r1n-d genuir1e. v�/e have already spoken clearly about the adrr1inistration of Eritrea, of the past and futu1·e. That Eritrea, befor,e the federal 11nion with Ethiopia, stayed separated for 60 years by tl1e desig11 of imperialists and colonialists and not by the will of God, has been 1nanifested by the t1ltimate 11nity acl1ieved. The strt1ggle undertaken by the people to effect tl1e re·unification of Eritrea with Ethiopia is also very clear.

It is not necessary to enu1nerate co11nt1·ies where the people and tl1e entire country having lost unity, spiritual or otherwise, have become ·playgrounds and laughing stocks to 011tsiders. The historical events of

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certai11 coL111tries bear wit11e.ss ,to tl1is fact. Woe L111to tl1ose cot111tries \\1l1icl1 weak.e11 tl1e1ns·elves by dis111e111ber111e11t! 111 otir ow.11 tin1es, .tl1ere are tl1ose expa11sio11ists wl10 by sl1edcl-ing bloocl clesire to achieve rheir a1n,bitio11 ancl by clisn1e111-beri11·g ,the111s- elves they are seen ,1s tools ,ror ,1lie11 i11terests. Our .pe·ople from Evl1iopiia sl1ecl blood ·to s,ave t-l1e1ns·elves fron1 rdi- &i11te­ gratio11. TJ1ose perso11s '\-'ll10 believe .i, 11 freei11g a cot111tr)' by secessio11 are sel[1isl1 ,111cl j)rey to ot1ts·ider-s. 'vYe ,vill 11ot acce1)t tl1eir 111oti\1 es.

Tl1e Eriitrea11 J)COJ)le a11cl tl1eir re1)1·ese11tatives · 11ly for Eritrea, · bt1t for all of Etl1iopia ,vork 11ot 0 too. Tl1ey l1ave ,�1 orked for th-e welfare of ·tl1e cot1ntry cvc11 i11 l1,1-rclsl1iJJ. Wl1a·t brings people togetil1er is 11ot 011ly its l1istor)1, ct1ltt1re ,111d geograpl1y bt1t tl1at it is ,1lso tl1e ,,arioL1s vo.lt111tary sooial associatio11s as vve]l as eco110111ic i11Lerests ,111cl s·l1ari11g i11fir111ities or bc11efits .i11 co111111011, is very -cle,1r.

A11)1011e, tl1erefore, by i11vest,i11g l1is capital a11d we,tltl1 e11joys tl1e be11efits for l1,i111self a11cl tl1is sitt1atio11 pro,,jcles ge11cral ·well..1bei11g by stre11gtl1e11i11·g tl1e t111ity of ,1 peo1)le ,t11cl -by r· ,tisi11g its livi11g standards too.

111 orcler to :11· 11ass pri,,a,te wealtl1 a11d be11efit fron1 it ,i11 pe,1ce ancl secltrit)', it · i s 11ecessary to co111ply with the ft1r1cla111e11tal !)recepts of ·tl1e society. So being, e\1e11 ·vhe accL1111L1l,ttio11 of: p1.�ivate pro1Jerty e111a11ates fro111 a l1,1rn1011ioL1s S()Ci,11 life ,tncl ent,tils certain obli·g­ ,1 tions. 011e of tl1ese typical obligations \\1ot1ld be t, o ·1JL1,t 011e's 11Jri·vate ca1Ji1tal i11to t1se. Si11oe ·vveal1tl1 is ,1sqt1irecl by 11,trcl l,1bot1r it · is 11ecess,1ry to 1na11if.est a11 additio11al effort by t1:-:;i11g tl1e invested capital.

Tl1e 11att1ral resoL1rces foL1ncl i11 Er,itrea a11d i11 tl1e otl1ers p · arts of Etl1io1)ia ren1,1i11 a J)roperty of tl1e Gove1·11·111e11t a11cl will be t1ti, lizecl i11 effective ways to 1

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DOMES'fIC

facili�ate �l1e_ speedy progress and development of the Empire. It 1s also the duty of the people to render their service to tl1e Government and tl1e Gover11Illent in tu1·n is bot1nd to se1·ve the people.

Though it is d.ifficult to effect the ove1·-all develop­ me11t of a nation i11 a sl1ort time, besides tl1e projects which have al1·eady bee11 acco1nplished, We have laid down for the develo1Jme11t of tl1is part of Ot1r country the projects OL1tlined in tl1e Second Five-Year Plan.

The projected developn1ent plan includes: 1 . The Zt1la Dan1 and the oil-fi11ding survey on the Red Sea Coast have already cost Eth. $2,000,000.

The fact that We have spent so mucl1 \Vhile the feder­ ation was still in existe11ce is proof of Our belief in th·e oneness of Eritrea a11d Ethiopia. We are negotiating with private firms to discover oil and We are confident to effect an agree1nent witl1 tl1e fi1·1ns concerned ,vhen the oil is discover·ed.

2. Tl1e st1rvey fo1· tl1e disco,rery of copper 2.11d iron 01·e will be completed i11 the 11ear futt1re.

3 . A new organization will be establisl1ed to encourage the development of cotton plantations i11 the Province of Tessenei and tl1e other lowlands and at the same ti1ne to advise and grant loans to farmers.

4. Stt1dies for the establishn1ent of a cement factory will be 11ndertaken soon.

5 . We have allotted Eth. $ 1,000,000 for trans­ port, forestry, irrigatio11 systems and for ad111inistrative purposes.

6. An additional Eth. $ 2,000,000 l1as been added to the Eth. $500 ,000 previously allocated to constrt1ct the road from Areza to Bosheka.

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DOivIJ�s·rr<..:

7. We l1ave ft1rther approved a restt1dy of tl1e tax levied on fuels us.ed by agricultural 1nachi11ery.

8. To help the people i1tl1abiti11g tl1e lowlands, We l1ave, as We expressed earlie1·, 1nade arrangements for the Areza-Bosheka road.

The ot1tli11ed are projects 11nde1·taken by the Gover11ment. We l1ave also for1nulated plans to help private enterprenet1rs help tl1emselves and the people.

Tl1e Developme11t Ba11lc vvill be f ou11ded to realise Our concern on tl1is li11e.

We 11ave also n1ade arrange1ne11ts fo1· Ot11· people to be11efit by IJurcl1asi11g sl1ares i11 private com­ panies. Ot1r endeavou1· to l1elp tl1e people also p1·est1p­ poses that the people sl1ot1ld l1elp Us. Tl1e wealtl1 of Eritrea is tl1e wealtl1 of Ethiopia a11d the ,vealth of Etl1iopia is the wealth of Eritrea.

The realisatio11 of st1ch a plan to effect the over­ all develop111ent of tl1e 11atio11al i11terest requi1·es tl1e active participatio11 of the people and We l1ave as st1ch n1ade i11strt1ctions to n1en1bers of tl1e Eritrea Assembly to labot1r for the cause. Tl1is also calls for tl1e coordi11ation of tl1e efforts exerted l1ere as ,veil as i11 tl1e capital. The Police Force l1as so far re11dered service a11d it \\1ill be give11 l1elp to co11ti11t1e its se1·vice.

It is Ot1r ferve11t ho1Je tl1at Al111igl1ty God \Vill gt1ide a11d bring Ot1r efforts to fruitio11.

January 19, 1963.

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DOr..1ESTIC

GRADUATION NAVAL COLLEGE

We feel satisfaction in b�ing present on the oc­ casion of the fifth graduation ceremony at the Massawa Naval College a11d the second at the naval school for petty officers, to award certificates and observe Our Naval Force Day. Broadly speaking, power belongs to God the Almighty . However, as members of the l1uman. 1·ace increased in number, attacks on one an­ otl1er began out of jealousy and malice. Therefore, it is quite evident that tl1ose living at the present time when tl1ere a1·e billio11s of people in the world need to possess the powe1· by n1ea11s of which they can defend the1nselves, safeguard their property and rights as \Vell as their cou11try. At the mo1nent, we do not have an adequate fo1·ce, bL1t Ot1r hope is great. When We witness the inc1·easi11g nt1mber of g1·aduates fron1 the va1·ious defe11ce forces institutions tha.t We 11.ave set 11p for tl1e protection °:ii: Ou1· coi111tr;r and people and .,r,.., a /J,y11r.,.rc -; 'fl" ·tr � . b tl g in. a. . v t,Jl. :1 1 n : , -= " � :]r .L 1 1. oine5. b . ) s .e d o serve 1e pro�ae-.: . .. .... • • " ,I� f-" r 11�)1�l"·t� "'_ere5 '{'5,... vl/ e ::,ree111 greaP:/. stit.1se.:af�t1or1 p. Iaces as we11 as h ., ., f ·i 1s 110 one vv1...10 does not · ee,. nap,py and.1 r.:rK.pe�K·1en�;.e saKif.Z·� faction in bei11g able to sur1nount all difficu.Itie.s and obstacles in the way to progress and being able to achieve 011e's go.al.

U11til quite rece11tly, we Etl1iopia11s were giving as an exc11se for the cot1ntry's retarded progress the fact that our sea ports and territorial waters had been i11 foreign hands. Today, we have regained our coastal territory and ot1r ports.

In order that 110 feat· of any kind may exist regard­ ing Our waters and to safeguard the smooth function­ ing of Our seacoast, a Naval Force made up of Ethio1

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l)ia11 Co,1st Guards a11d 111e11 has been esta� lished which is 110w vvell on its way. Tl1e1·efo1·e, the entire people of Ethiopia 111ust keep ot1rselves in re�diness for wo�k, since We have no otl1e1· 1·easons to give should Ethio­ pia's progress lag bel1ind fron1 now onwards.

Since Ot1r 111ain ai1n a11d desire has been to see tl1at self-l1elp is attai11ed in all respects, the ever-increas­ i11g 11u111ber of trained you11g n1en graduating at home a11d abroad in variot1s fields each year serves as co11crete evidence that Ou1· efforts on tl1is line have bee11 n1et witl1 blessings, sig11ifying Our having reached the 1Joi11t of tl1e desired goal. This is really praise­ worthy. Wl1at is n1ore satisfactory and a source of n1ore IJride to any i11dividual tl1an tl1e attainment of selfl1elp?

It is inappropriate to be a burde11 in any sort of \\'Ork especially tl1e works t111dertake11 in the general in.terest of a cot 1ntry.

011r l1opes will be ft1lfilled when you, Ethiopian 1nen1bers of tl1e Naval Force, are capable throt1gh com­ pleting you1· stt1dies in the ·shortest possible time, dilig­ e11tly to guard Our seacoasts and islands by using Our sl1i.ps. Tl1e e11e111y sl1ot1ld be cl1ecked from the beginn­ ing before going far a11d our history is a good example de111onstrating tl1e ardt1ous diffict1lty in,,ol\red in driving ot1t tl1e enemy a11d the after111atl1 st1ffered thereby. It is for this 1·easo11 that Ot1r seacoast should remain \Vell guarded.

Since the best cl1ance for 011e cot111tr,, to attack anotl1er co111es tl1rot1gl1 noting the ,,,eak1 1�ses of tl1e attacked and the divisions of its people \Vithin� \\'e can, tl1rot1gh organizing Ot1r defe11ce forces to tl1e 111a.x:imum 1 s re n gtl1e ning Ot1r internal t111it)', close all open­ nd b) � ? i ngs against tl1e ene1ny. Ot1r u11ity being Ot1r formid- 10 -

DOlvIES'fIC

able weapon of defence, it should be kept more streng­ thened than Our other forces of defence. Otherwise the manpowe1· and defence weapons so organized will be used for the destruction of the beloved country in serving the enemy's purpose. In extending Our con­ gratulations to all of yot1 Cadets assembled here after completing your studies, We would like you to realize that the knowledge you have acquired · so far is no end by itself but a re1ninder of the further responsibilities that await you. There should be such a 1noment in any man's life to seek rest after completing his ed11cation.

You should not l1owever overlook the fact that it is through ceaseless practice and experience and by train­ ing otl1ers that you will be able to prove your indiv­ idual qualifications and worthiness.

We remind you therefore that you 11tilize all your thoughts and knowledge to tt1e 111.tilnate objective of moral satisfactior1 a.11.d the pride '()f J()Ur countrymen, regardless of yotRr persoxial interests,, )·ou:r jot� takes care of you ar1.d tX1et'e ·t111ill 11f1t b(� any rl:�e,,! to concern yourselves witl1 y·our p,ersor1al a.ffairs.

We extend Our thanks to Commander Iskinder Desta who has helped you to reach the, present stage and all the members of the Naval Force and in par­ ticular the Norwegian officers and non-commissioned officers and other foreign nationals and We heartily thank the Government of the United States for its assistance. We hope that God will assist you in carry­ ing out the responsibilities entrusted to you.

January 23, 1963

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GROUND - J:i'ORCES rJ.�ECI-IN.ICAL SCI-IOOL .... Etl1io1;ia lzcts

c1l;-11a)1S

the fi11est .r,oldiers . . ·

/J1·oclitcerl s·onie of

Coi1te111por,1ry p1·ogress is cl1aracte1·ized by ad­ \ra11ce111e11t i11 co1111Jlex fields of l1u111a11 activity tl1at de111and tl1e exe.rtio11 of tl1e 111i11d i11 li1nitless ave11ues of tl10L1ght ,111cl actio11. Scientists ,t11d tecl111icians are tl1erefore i11volvccl i11 sL1cl1 co1111Jlicated e11deavours as se11di11g 111e11 to tl1e st,trs, ex1Jlori11g tl1e deptl1s of tl1e ocea11, or clevelo1Ji11g tl1e tre1ne11dot1s power of nt1clear e11ergy. Until st1cl1 ti111e \\1he11 We 011rselves ca11 do tl1ese, 'vVe l1ave to lear11 l1,1rcl a11cl get 011rselves prepa1·­ ecl for tl1ese great tasks; JJartic11larly in tl1e field of �• to111ic stL1cly \\1l1icl1 s11,111 be devoted to 1:,eacef11l t1se.

A11cillary to tl1ese 111,tjor scie11tific a11d tecl111ologi­ c,1l 1)rojects ,tre tl1e 111,1ny otl1e1� feats of 111oder11-day JJrogress b)' \\1l1icl1 111illio11s of ite111s of every day 11se to 1nc.111 ,111d 11,1tic)11 i11 ti111es of both peace a11d war are l1ei11g J)rOdL1ceci. Too o(te11 1Jeople are apt to forget, or clo 11ot t,11,c tir11e to co111 prel1encl tl1e clegree of toil, tl1c )1 e,1r�; of qL1ict 1)locl(ii11g a11d pe1·severa11ce required tc> ,1cc1L1ire 11e\\' sl(ills ,l11cl to fasl1ion thot1ghts, ideas i:\11cl ex1Jeri111cnts i11to tl1e tecl111oloo0ical acl1ieve111e11ts tl1at S})cll tl1is J)rogress. I 11deec), tl1ose so e11gaged deserve tl1e l1igl1esi- ,1cl111iratio11.

M::111 is b,tsic,tlI,, a creatL1re of l)eace · tl1e exi0encies of o�ir ti111es, 110,:ve�er, l1a,1e ofte11 de11�a11ded fhat in <;rcler to SL1bclL1e c,,il a11cl to e11sL1re IJeace and prosperity 1�:1111a11 e11ergy l1,1s l1acl to l1e aJJJ)lied to tl1e 1nacl1i11ery ol: cleferrce.

T11 � oriner ci,tys tl1c ,1r111s a11d eqt1i1J111e11t usecl by tlie �olclter ,111cl ll1c 111etl1ocls a11<.i 111ea11s for tl1eir de­ J)loJ'111e11t 011 tl1e b,tttlefielcl were co111parati,1ely simple· - 12 --

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I11dustrial a11d tecl111ical adva11ce has ch,1nged this co11siderably so that today the t1se of so1ne of the 1nost con1plicated 1nilita1·y 11 1,1te1�ic1l has in11J1·essed into se1·vice a large bocly of scie11tists a11d tecl1nicians wl10 play a11 e11viable 1·ole.

To l(eeJJ 011e solclier, sailor or air111an i11 the field today, sc.01·es of t<�cl111icia11s, botl1 civilian a11d in t111i­ fo1·111, a1·e 1·eqt1i1�ecl to Sll{Jpo1·t hi111 behi11d the co1nbat c.trea. Tl1e t .rai11i11g t111d 01·g,111izatio11 c)·f st1cl1 l1igl1ly skilled JJ01·sonnel takes tr·e1ne11dot1s e-f1orts and a long tin1e to bt1ild UJJ. Developi11g nations have had to depend 011 otl1e1· f1·ie11dly natio11s to assist tl1em in st1ch trai11ing a11d 01·ga11izatio11; bL1t it beco111es necessary fo1· s11ch r1atio11s to trai11 tl1eir own 11ati<J11als in these tecl111ical a11d basic skills.

Ethiopia l1as always prodL1ced s0111e of tl1e finest soldier·s; it is imJ)o1·ta11t that in the n1ocler11 context she has eqLially q1.1alified a11d sl<:i11ecl gro11ps of soldier technicia11s wl10 can 1<:eep the ntin1e1·01.1s arrns and . dieg.uip1ne11t ar1,i t1·a.11.sport in t11.e 11ighest state of rea 11ess and bE1ttle·w(Jrt11i.i1ess botl1 i11 peace ,l11d in v;ar.

Witl1 tl1e jnat,gt1ratio11 of tr1e 11ecl111ical Training Ce11tre i11 Gt1enet tocl,1y tl1e 1najoritv of tl1e tecJ111ica1 perso11nel in ou1· A1·111y will be trai11ecl here, ancl one of the most p.ressi11g 11eecls of tl1 e Jn1perial A1·111y wi11 be ft11fi11ed.

So far a 1111n1ber o·f st1cl1 tech11icia11s l1ave been t1·ained ab1·0,1d ,t11c1 We a1·e grate(t11 to tl1ose cot111tries whicl1 have assisted EthioJJia in the past and a1·e contin11ing to do so. S1Jecial 111 entio11 111ust be made to the United States Gover11111ent whicl1 l1as contrib11ted greatly to the 01·ga11ization a11d n1anagen1ent of tl1is aspect of 011r defe11ce p1·ogra111me.

We co11gr[ttt1late tl1ose of yot1 receivi11g f· rom Ot1r l1a"11cis today certificates ,1fte1· tl1e co11 1JJletio11 of tl1is - 13 -

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DOMESTIC

sixth course. It is Our l101Je that the knowledge gai11ed here \\'ill be resolt1tely applied in the interest of your cot1ntry a11d of the In1perial Army of which you are part.

We pray fo1· tl1e blessi11g of the Al1nighty God for the success of this Training Centre .

February 1963

GUENET GRADUATION 1963 Ethiopia J1as 110 choice bitt to stre11gthen l1e1·self 111ilita1·il)' fo,· he,· clefe11ce against aJ1)' aggresso,-·.

It gives Us great pleastire to avva1·d certificates to the 22nd graduating class of Officer Cadets of tlus Military Trai11ing Centre, wl1icl1 We establisl1ed 28 years ago, at a tii11e whe11 His Excelle11cy Mr. William V.S. Tubn1a11, President of Liberia, \Vas on a state visit to Our country a11d when His Excellency Dr. Felix Houphot1et Boig11y, President of the Republic of Ivory Coast cot1ld also participate with Us i11 tl1is ceremo11y.

Historically, this Military Institt1tion is t111ique whe11 compared witl1 other si1nilar institt1tions in Our c-ountry, ,for tl-t is here th-wt m·os-t o- f ·�he yot1ng u.11e11, wl10 gave their lives in tl1e defe11ce of their beloved cot111try agai11st tl1e Fascist aggressio11, 1·eceived their trai11i11g in 1nodern warfare. Sucl1 is tl1e backgrot1nd of tl1is Institt1tio11, wl1ich natt1rally, at tl1at ti1ne, did not l1ave the prese11t facilities to trai11 a11cl tt1r11 out officers i11 their prese11t 11umber.

War is a product of tl1e crt1elty a11d selfisl111ess of rnan. If all of tis t1sed tl1e good-will e11dowed i11 t1s b)' - 14 -

DOlvlESTIC

God for the benefit of our fellowmen, the effort and wealth expended on military training and armament would have been unnecessary. There is no doubt that the wealtl1 was, ted ,in :the destruction of humans could, if properly utilized, have contributed enormously to­ wards the welfare of men and the world-wide advance­ ment of civilization . To entertain tl1e thought of an unarmed world at the present time appears to be like a.n unattainable visio11. Wl1en so many are participat­ ing· in ·the arms 1.1ace, Ethiopia has 110 ·choice b11t to strengthen herself militarily for her defence against any aggressor.

It is apparent that some, for self-interest, or as the tools of others, directly 01· indirectly are hindering the realization of unity in ou1· continent which is the topic of the l1our. Apart from the unity of the con­ tinent of Af1·ica as a "'lh'hole, these eJe1nents also strive to create division Etnd dissension in ind.ividual African states for their o,�,n selfish ends . Ara1,le eiridence of this is shown in the l''ecent� :i1ist{)1·y a)f our cor�tinent . 'fl t ne o e ways o cc,moat1x1g tr11s prob,11em ]3 11n t11e f 0 f h training of Jo, yal and YJalian·t t'.)fi.1.cers and men, Even though nuclear ,vea.pons are used for defen­ sive purposes in the world today due to the de,,elop­ ment of modern science, a scie11ce in which, We are sure, Ethiopia will participate i11 the fut1114e, tl1e se1·­ vices of soldiers ,vill always be required both at home and abroad for the 1naintenance of peace and sec1rrity.

To be a soldier req11ires greater sacrifice and dedi­ cation than any other career. The deeds which he ac­ complishes are a source of pride to l1is countr,y, to his co1npatriots and to hi1nself and go dow11 in history.

It does not come easily to accomplish something which will always be remembered. A soldier is a loyal citizen O

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and a sl1ield 011 wl1icl1 tl1e cot 1ntry depe11ds. A soldie1· is discipli11ed a11d co111·ageot1s.

U1J to 110\v the trai11i11g yo1 1 l1ave received in this I11stit11tion will assist yot1 in recog11izing tl1e responsi­ bilities wl1ich lie al1ead of yot 1 a11d will form the fo11ndatio11 of your life.

Your cleeds ,1ncl i1ctio 1 1s i11 tl1e ftiture will test yot1r knowledge ancl )'Ot 1r capabilities in yot11· chosen.

1Jrofessio 1 1. To acqui1·e lear11ing and to p11t tl1is lear11i11g i11to practice are two differe11t tl1ings . Y011 have al\\rays to bear i11 111i11d tl1at yo11r co11dt1ct a11d yo11r exe1111Jlary bel1aviot 1r reflect LlfJ011 tl1e ,vhole Imperial Etl1iopia11 Arn1y.

Y011 graclt1ati11g officers, l1aving s11ccessf11lly com­ pleted yot1r training here 110,v talce yot1r place i11 Etl1io1)ia's 1nilitary ar111 . Re111e111ber yo11r duty. Be wortl1y of yot1r a11cestors. Do l1011011r to yo11rselves a11d to yo11r Natio11.

We thanl( all those ,vl10 l1ave co11trib11ted to the acl1ieven1ents of tl1is day. ]\,fay 19, 1963

BAI-IAR - DAI{ Tl�CI·INICAL SCI-IOOL We are JJleased to be }Jrese11t today 011 tl1e occasio11

of the i11a11gL1ration of tl1is SJJle 1 1clid Tecl1 1 1ical IIigl1 Scl1ool wl1icl1 is tl1e co11crete .rest1lt of tl1e Agree1ne11t wl1icl1 was sig 11ed tl1ree years ago by the Gover11me11t of �J 1e. U11io11 of Soviet Socialist Rep11blics and tl1e Etl11op1a11 Gover 111ne11t. OL1r JJleas11re is cloL1 bled by tl1e prese11ce i11 011r n1idst of y·oL1 r Excelle11cy the Minis­ ter of Higl1er a11d Seco11d,1ry Speci�1l Ed 11catio11 of the - 16 -

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U.S.S.R. as a Special Representative of yo11r Govern­ ment.

Tl1is institt1tion, apart from the benefit of training Ethiopia11 technicians to work for and serve their country, will also stand as a lasting record of the strong and lo11g-standi11g frie11dship existing between the Soviet Union and Our country.

Tl1e 1nany scl1ools and educational institutions, which it has been Our pleasure to ina11gurate from tin1e to time in va1·ious pa1· ts o·f the country, are a proof tl1at 0111· plans fo1· the 111odernization and the develop1nent of 011r co11ntry a1·e being gradually achieved. The establisl1n1e11t o·f a sufficient 11umber of well-equipped l1ospitals a11d educational instit11tio11s is today essential for the basic growth and well-being of a nation, and it can be said that of the many branches of learnil1g, technical kno,:vleclge is vital for its livelihood. The greater part of Ou1· efforts ha.s been flirected. towa1·ds giving Our belo,1ecl people. the ad.vantages of moc1ern n1edical treatir1e11t :a.ncl acc.ess to aca.demic a.n.d technical edt1cation. v'\Tith tlie gt1id.a11ce of the ,Ptlro.ighv; ·�1e are progressively moving tovvards tl1e fulfillment of Our plans. It is most gratifying to Us to see Our people recognizi11g the advantages of mode1·n medica.l a·nd educational facilities and. themselves sharing a part of the burden of 011r efforts.

One of the reqt1iren1ents o·f the recently signed Charter of African U11ity calls for African nations to assist one another . However, a nation must first be self-suffici11g before it is in a position to offer help to othe.rs; therefore, the establishment of this Technical Institution, wl1ich We today inat1gurate, will play an important role in the deve]op1nent of Our cot1ntry on the road to self-sufficiency. Tl1rough the Haile Selassie I - 17 3*

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Scl1olarsl1ip 1Jrogr,11111ne, i.:l certai11 11t1111ber of �tt1de11ts fro111 :111 fJ,lrts C)f Afric:1 will l,c acl111itted to tl1is l11stitLiti<)I1.

Tl1c co111 l1i11a tio11 of acacle111ic 1<110\vleclge witl1 tcch11ical cclt1catio11 \\1ill give great satisfaction a11d will cre,tte a self-sL1p1Jorti11g i11div.iclL1al. It is by tl1e co111bi11ccl Lise of tl1e 111i11c.i ,111cl tl1c l1ai1cl tl1at c1�t1 cle 111aterial is cl1a11gecl i11to a11 ::1rticle of lJcat1ty and \1alt1e. Tl1c ti111c ,,,11e11 111a11L1�1 l l[tlJoL1r \v,1s clcs1Jised 11as 1011g JJassed a11cl ,,,c f-111cl ot1rscl,1cs i11 a11 e1Jocl1 vvl1e11 111ant1al labot1r is ,1 soL1rce of pric.lc ,111cl J)le,1st1 re 11ot 011111 to the \\10rker lJLtt to all. Lazi11ess js tl1e sole breccler of si11, IJOvert)' (111cl clisco11t:c11t. Tl1crefore, ,111 tl1osc who e11ter tl1is Tec.·l111ic-,tl J-Iigl1 Scl1 0,J], bcr1ril1g i1.1 111i11cl tl1at tech11ologi­ ca1 i.;CIL1catio11 is a11 i111porta11t vvca1Jo11 for a coL111try's c.lc,1elo1)111c11t ,111cl J)ros1Jcrity� sl1L)t1ld rise ttp a11d vvork diligc11tl>' ,111cl i11clL1strioLlsl1, i11 orcler to l1e11efit tl1e111sclves �111d. tl1eir fellow 111e11. 0Ltr TVfi 11ister of Edt1catio11 l1as 21lre;:1cly cxplaii1ecl i11 clet::lil ll1e ,1cl,1antages to l)e (!eri ,,eel fro111 tccl111 ic�al cdticatio11. \\111at 11111Jressecl Us 111ost clt1ri11g OL1r visit to tl1e So,1 ict U11io11 \x.1as tl1c I1igl1 sta11clarcl acl1ievecl b,. 1 tl1e '.

So,1ic.t JJCOJJle i11 tl1e ficlr:l of Scic11ce a 11d Tecl111ology ii1 a jJCric)cl of less tl1a11 50 vc�1rs . . . F �r t!1is 111,1g11ificc11t, fL1ll)' cqL1ippecl edt1catio11al 111sl1tt1l1011, togctl1cr ,vitl1 111�111\, tl10 11sa11cls of tecl1nical l)o'.Jl,s ,111cl c:llso i1,1 c scl1olarsl1i i 1s a1111L1all)' for stt1de11t tc�1cl1crs to lf1tcr scr,,c tl1i�; i11stitL1tio11, \x.1l1icl1 e11al1Ies Etl1i<)J1i,1 to sl1,trc tl1c scie11tific ,111d tccl111ological 1 iet U11io11 . \\1itl1ot1t ail:)' political ,1cl1ic,,c111c11ts So, tl1e of _ str111gs att,1cl1ecl ,111<.l for 110 JJCct111iary g,1i11 , vVe reqL1est Yot1r Exccllc11c>' to co11,1e:)' OL1r si11cere a11d l1eartfelt tl1,111l(s togetl1cr \\1itl1 tl1<)se of Ot1r belo\1ed IJeople a11d Goveri1111c11t t<) tl1c (JCOJ)lc �11cl Go\rer11111e11t of tl1e ·-- 18 · -

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Soviet U11io11 and especially to His Excellency Mr. Ni­ kita Kl1rt1sl1cl1ev.

We wot11d lil<e to tl1 a11k the Soviet engineers and cllso tl1e co11tractor a11cl all whose effo1·ts have con­ tribL1 tecl to the co111 tJletio11 of this bt1ildi11g.

Ju11e 12, 1963 .

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UNIVEl:lSITY GRADUATION It gi.ves Us great pleast11·e to co11 gratulate all t11 e stt1de11ts, wl10 tl11·ot1gh their earnest efforts l1ave ove1·­ co111e tl1 e va1·iot1s obstacles j11 thei1· way a11d l1ave acl1ievecl SLlccess i11 their stt1dies. 11a11 clesires n1a11 y tl1i11gs, bt1t i· t is tl1e i11clividt1al's dt1ty a11cl respo11sibility to clesi1·e tl1e proper tl1i11gs. Anyo11e vvl10 111a1<es the \v1·011 g cl1oices will lJe a l1t11·cle11, 11ot on1)' to l1i1nsel·f bt1t to ·f1..1tt1re gene1·ations. ./�.s 'Ne hztve n1e11tio11ecl ove1· a11d ove1· agai11, tl1e te:;t of what yo11 stt1cle11ts have obtai11.ed tl11·011,gh yc)tJ.r ecl11catior1 \vill be \vhat yo11 are able to acco111p1ish 111 t11e. fL1tt1re. Great rcspo11sibilities await vot1. Yot1 1nt1st s1,ow tl1e 1·eal v,ro1·t11 of yo11r A eclt1catio11 by tl1e way i11 ,x1l1icl1 yot1 sho11lde1 tl1ese 1·espo11sibilities. Vi/e are co11ficle11t tl1at yo11 will b1·i11g a blessing to yo11r cot111t1:)', yo11r fan1ilies, to all tl1ose wl10 l1ave pla1111ecl ,tnd labot1red for yot1, a11cl to yot1rselves.

Tl1 -is U11iversity ca111e into bei11g as a res11lt of the drea1ns of 111any yea1·s. lt is i11deed gratifying to note tl1 at a larger n111nbc1· a1·e graclt1ati11 g tl1is yea1· than i11 pre\1io11s ye,11·s. Tl1is fact ,gives Us co11ficle11 ce that the 111any positio11s wl1 i.c]1 l1ave bee11 waiti11g to be filled by \Ve11-q11a1ified 111e11 a11cl won1.e11 \vill i11c1Aeasingly be filled. Tl1is e11cot1r,tges Us a11d stre11gtl1et1s 0111· confi-- 19 ··�

DO:tvIESTIC

dence tl1at We sl1all 1 ·eacl1 tl1 e goals tl1at We l1ave set for Our cot111t1·)'. Since edL1cation is 011e of the basic 11eeds of any country, We l1ave tr·ied to p1·ovide oppor­ t1111ities for ec!ucation tl11·oughout Ot1r E111pi1·e .

Ou1· many plans fo1· develo1J1nent call for slcilled and well-trained personnel, me11 who sl1ou]d co1i1e f1·om Our various instit11tions of l1 igl1e1· lea1· 1 1 i11g, indi,1iduals wl1 0 will be tl 1e IJride of tl1 e co1111t1·y It is tl1ey ,vho will IJerf orn1 a 1·eal se.rvice to thei1· co1111try, for a11y pla11 wl1icl1 does 11 ot I1ave tl1e 1J1·ope1· perso11 nel to exec11te it will 1·c111 ai11 a n1e1·e IJl,111 011 pa.pe1 .· We need vvell-qt1alified people ,vl1 0 are pro11d of bei11g Ethio1Jia11s; peo1Jle wl1 0 are {J1·o ud of beiI1g Africans; people wl10 are prepa1·ecl to execute tl1e pla11s tl1at l1ave alre;;1dy bee11 e11 visionecl. Tl1ese a1·e tl1e calibre of 1ne11 wl1 0 sl1 ot1ld be JJrodL1ced in 011r t1niver­ sity.

Tl1e person vvho, e,1e11 wl1 ile at school, realises the 11eeds of his country a11cl l1as a p1·ope1· se11se of values ancl 11rge11cy will see wl1at is 11eeded, a11d vvill be able to fill it. He 11eed 11 ot be separated fron1 l1is country and its c11ltt1re befo1·e bei11g prepared to l1andle a position of responsibility. It v,as becat1se We realizecl that a national 11niversity woL1ld l1 el1) in tl1 is traini11Pprocess tl1at We gladly tu1· 11ed over tl1 e site a11d bt1ildi11gs vvhicl1 We inl1erited fro111 0111· fatl1 er for tl1e establishment of tl1is U 11 iversity. . Now the U11ive1·sity I1as bee11 establisl1ed, and its var1ot1s colleges a11d fact1lties a1·e developing, but, as is �o111 1nonl� sa�d, ''to sta1·t a 11 ythi11g is simple; to develoJJ 1t and bring 1t to a successft1l cL1l111i11 ation tal<es 0reat ef!ort '' The diffict1lt part of tl1 is t1 11 dertal<i 11g, tl1e1 · efore, : still lies al1ead.

1 n order that this University 111 igl1t n1 ai11tai11 1 •

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DOMESTIC

standards equal to those of other universities, the members of the faculty should possess qualifications equal to those of faculties elsewhere; and the students themselves sl1ould be equal to students of otl1er univer­ sities. They should all be inspired by devotion to. their country and loyalty to their leaders. Steadfastness and perseverance a1·e invaluable in attaining these goals.

We will know tl1at this University has reached its maturity whe11 We can see a sufficient n11mber of q11alified men and women being produced, and an increasing n11mbe1· of students coining forward eagerly to talce advantage of the opportunities it affords.

It is thro11gl1 thls Unive1·sity and other similar institutions of higher learning that We can best pre­ serve the culture of Our country and i11terpret Ot1r estee111ed heritage to the wo1·ld at la1·ge. We should understand, therefore, that tl1is TJ11iversity must be ,t place not only to pr·epare men and ,Nome11. for their variou.s vocations, but a.ls(v to l1elp t11em gai11 a better kt1owledge of t· heu� cult,1re a.nd a desiK'e to diesen1in3,te

it.

The growt·h of tliis University and t.he establish­ n1e11t and development of other comparable ir1stit1.:ations will depend upon yo1l. The increasing number of st1cceedi11g elen1entary and secondary schools are not sufficient to provicle instruction for all the children of the Empire, and We are therefore planning to establish thousands more of such institutions. But the construc­ tion of edifices for required schools is not the real problem; the problem is to awaken the people to the need fo1· such schools and to get capable instructors to teach the various s�1bjects in the language of the people. We are gratef11l to God that today, through the training imparted by the various colleges a11d facttl- 21 -

DOMESTIC

ties of tl1e University, the 1Jroble111 of teacl1e1· sl1ortage is begin11i11g to be solved.

Tl1e 111ouldi11g of tl1e yot111g 111i11cls of ft1tt1re genera­ tio11s ,vill depe11d t1po11 tl1ese teacl1e1·s, for· tl1eirs is a great 1·espo11sibility; a11d \Ve v\1ot1ld lil<e to 1·e1ni11d · tl1e1n th,1t theJ' sl10L1ld tal<e to her1rt tl1is obligatio11 and act accordi11gly.

EdL1catio11 is a 111ea11s of sl1ar1Je11i11g tl1e mi11d of 111,111 both spiritL1ally ancl i11tellcctL1ally. It is a two­ eclged s,vorcl that ca11 be t1sed eitl1er for tl1e progress of 111a11lci11cl or fo1· its clestrt1ction. Tl1at is wl1y jt l1as bee11 OL1r co11st,1.11t (iesi1·c a11cl c11cle,1 voL1r to develop o.t1r edL1catio11 fo1· tl1e be11efit of 111a11ki11cl.

A qL1alifiecl 111a11 \V.itl1 visio11, t11u11oved by daily selfisl1 i11tercsts, will be ]eel t<.) 1·igl1t decisio11s by l1is co11scie11ce. I11 ge11eral, a 111,111 w110 l(IlO\VS fro111 vvl1e11ce l1e co111es a11d wl1ere he is goi11g will cooperate ,vitl1 l1is fellow l1t1111a11 bei11gs. 1�re ,vill 11ot be satisfied \\1itl1 111erely doing his ordi11a1·y cll1ties bt1t will i11spi1·e otl1ers by l1is goocl exa111ple. YOLL ,1re beir1g watcl1ed by tl1e 11atio11 a11cl yoLi sl1ot1lcl 1·ealize tl1at yott will satisfy it if yot1 do goocl; bL1t if, on. tl1e contrary, you do evil, it will lose its l1ope a11d its co11f.icle11ce i11 yot1.

Tl1ot1gl1 life is sl1ort, 011e sl1ot1Id live a11d act i11 S\1ch a way tl1at l1is acl1ie\'e111e11ts ,,,ill bri11g l1i111 a11d l11s cot111try a goocl na111e for evc1·. If l1e does 11ot use h�s trai11ing for wortl1y e11ds, l1e will be a11 e11en1y to l11 1 11self a11d a11 obstacle to otl1e1·s. I-le \Viii, i11deed, b� sick \Vl1ile st1pposedly l1ealtl1y a11d dead \Vl1ile still al1,,e.

Sii11 �ly \Vatcl1i11g otl1e1· JJeople's acl1ieve111 e11ts is a . cl1aracter1st1c of tl1e lazy 111a11. Bt1t it is to be l1oped th,tt Otlr stt1de11ts, JJro1Jerly valt1ing great achieve1ne11ts, - 22 -

DOMESTIC

many of which are the result of education, will not be satisfied to be n1ere onlookers, admiring the work of otl1er me11, but doers, actively participating in the develop111e11t of their cot1ntry. Records of tl1e past reveal the g1·eat acl1ieve1nents of our forefathers. It is up to us to t1·y to emulate tl1em, fo1· they will be stand­ ing i11 j udg111e11t of us.

We have 1na11y 11atLLral resources a11d fertile lands whicl1 await oUl· sl<ill so that they 1nay be developed to bri11g prosperity to the count1·y. The qualified tech11icians a1·e already beginni11g to develop the country.

Is this not a blessing b1·ought to us by education?

It is 011ly whe11 1nan becornes master of his fate - able to dete1·1ni11e his destiny - that l1e can be free f1·om fears a11d i11feriority. Sucl1 an individual or a 11atio11 stands respected by all. For us Africans, the co11fere11ce of the I-leads of States l1eld in May last, is a11 adequate proof that T01e a.re detern1i11ed to be mast­ e1·s of ot11· fate; o\rvr1ers of 011r \�1ea,lth; ai1d capa1Jle of .J:! r· our o (lr.1> r I·e1nov1· 11cr the ad3· r-r-t1'1.;p tl,r]·�·· ·1r ' ..f.;r,orrr• i'h� 1i"1a· continent.

Educatio11, that of the natio11 and of the indiv­ idual, is the bastio11 of tl1is goal; and it's this 1·ealisation tl1at has in the past i11dt1ced Us to offer scholarships f01· Ot1r fellow Africans to study in Ethiopia .

It was while We we1·e yet the Crovvn Prince, ene1·gized by the love for education which Ou1· father instilled in Us, that We vigorously pt11·sued the path of education for Our land. We have, ever since, persever­ in crly and 11nceasingly followed that path and We are na°w more than eve1· before convinced that it is educa­ tion that l1eals Africa.

It is this convictio11 that l1as so recently caused Us to establish with our own personal f11nds a trust to · t:,

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t.l.l,�'

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DOMESTIC

assist Africans 011 tl1e 1·oacl to l1igl1e1· learni11g. Tl1e ai1n of tl1e trL1st is to e11able Etl1io1Jia11s a11d other Africa11s of excelle11ce to 1J1·oceed fLlr tl1er i11 thei1· fields of pursLzit.

Ancl yo11, wl10 a1·e gr,1d11ati11g today, beca11se you l1ave receivecl better 01Jpo1·t1111ities tl1an yo111· fellow cou11tr)'n1e11 tl1ro11gl1 a u11i\1e1·sity ecl11catio11, have a new door 01)e11ed to yo11 - to str11ggle for tl1at degree of excclle11ce i11 tl1e service of yo111· co1111try a11d h11n1anity. 'vVc are deeJJly i11debted to tl1e lect11re1·s a11d pro­ fessors \\1110 l1ave ],1bo11red 1111ceasi11gly to make tl1is occasio11 possible a11cl \Ve exl101·t tl1e1n to vvork eve1· n1orc j11 tl1e trai11i11g of yot111g a11d co1111Jete11t 1ne11 for t11e service of tl1eir coL111try. A11cl for yo11 wl10 are gr,1d11,lti11g today,, 111ay tl1e Al111igl1ty 111ake yo111· fL1t11re. clear a11d cl1allc11gi11g.

July 2, 1963.

F1\CVLTY OF I_J1\'\iV Ed11catio11 de,1elops tl1e i11tellect; and tl1e i11tellect disti11gt1ishes 111a11 fron1 otl1er creatt1res. It is edt1catio11 that enables 111a11 to l1ar11ess nat11re a11d t1tilise �er reso11rces for tl1e \Vell-bei11g a11cl i111pro,,e111e11t of l1is life. Tl1e lcey for tl1e better111e11t and co111plete11ess of 111oder11 livi11g is eclt1catio11 .

Bt1t, ''Ma11 ca1111ot Ii,,e by b1·ead alo11e." Man, a.fte1· all, is also co1111)osed of i11tellect a11d soul. TI1ere­ fore, edt1catio11 i11 ge11eral, a11cl l1igl1er edt1cation in partict1lar, 111 �1st a1111 to JJroviclc, beyo11d tl1e JJhysical, food for tl1e 111tcllect a11d so11l. Tl1at edt1cation ,:vl1icl1 ig11ores 111a11's i11tri11sic 11att1re and neglects l1is i11tellect - 24 -

D0�1ESTIC

and re,tso11i11g power ca1111ot be co11sidered t1·t1e edL1ca­ tion.

A \¥ell organized edt1cation sl1ould not be one wl1ich 1Jrepa1·es stt1de11ts for a good re111t1neration alo11e. It shot1ld be one that can l1elp and gL1ide tl1em towards acq11iri11g clear thinking, a frt1itfL1l 1ni11d, a11d a11 elevated spirit.

Tl1e educated 1Je1·s011 that Ethiopia a11d co11ntries of he1· level 11eed is 11ot one who h,1s stu·ff ed bits o·f knowledge i11to l1is 1ni11d. The needed edL1cated i11cliv­ idt1,1l is one wl10 t1ses tl1e ideas he obtai11ed fro111 l1is lectttres, books, a11d disc11ssions to tl1e l,est advantage of l1is 0\\1 11 count1·y and his O\v11 people. It is he ,:vl10 disse111i11ates 11ew ideas i11 l1arn1011y witl1 the economic and social aspects of his own co111munity so tl1at fr11it­ f11l res111ts will be 1·ealised. This is the 1Jerso11 wl10 can show seg1ne11ts of knowledge he ,1cc1111111lated i11 his lea1·ning, inve11tiveness i11 a 11ew situatio11.

Ethiopia is a country witl1 he1· o\v11 ct1lt111·es a11d 111ores . These, 011r cttltttres a11d c11ston-is, 11101·e tha11 being tl1e legacy of our histo1·ical past, are chc1racter­ istics of ou1· Ethiopianness . We do 11ot want 0L1r legacies and traditions to be lost . OL1r wisl1 a11d desire is that edt1cation develop, enricl1, and 111ocli·fy t11e1n.

You all know the co11tint1ot1s ef·fo1·t tl1at Etl1iopia is exerti11g fo1· tl1e development of profot1nd and l1igh standa1·d edt1catio11. We need edt1cated and trai11ed persons for resear·ch, fo1· the. study a11d develop1nent o:E our· co11ntry's resot11·ces, for technology, for medicine, for the law, a11d the administration of ou1· people ac­ cording to their ct1ston1s. These are t11e needs tl1at co11s­ train Us to p1·ovide, at all levels, edttcation free of charge. And stt1clents, ever 1nindful of this p1·ivilege, - 25 -

D0�1ESTIC

sl1ould endeavou1· to 1·eco1n1Jense tl1eir cou11try a11d 11atio11.

Tl1e opportu11ity fo1· edL1catio11, afforded to tl1e few in ou1: CQLtntry, is not give11 to thern for a fashion 01· a 1node. It is given fo1· a pL1rpose, £01· a task, for a higl1 respo11sibilit)', for full a11d exl1c1L1stive use, £01· the benefit of 0L1r coL111try, and tl1e co1ni11g generation.

We have jL1st explained to yoL1 tl1e type of 1·esult a11d respo11s.ibility that We ex1)ect fro111 .}'OLl stL1dents.

It is 011 yot1, tl1e 111e111bers of tl1e Fact1lty tl1at We 111L1st rely for tl1is result. We realise tl1e l1eavy 1·es1Jonsibility We l1ave e11trusted to you. We l1ope tl1at yqu too, wl1ile believing and accepting yoL1r res1)onsibilities as your sac1·ed dt1ties, "'ill prodL1ce fo1· Ethiopia persons wl10 tal<e pride in you a11d tl1eir education a11d are ready for tl1e call of service .

It is yot1 wl10 111t1st 1noL1lcl tl1e 1ni11ds of your stt1de11ts - that tl1ey 111,1y be \Vise, farsigl1ted, intelligent, profou11d i11 tl1eir tl1inking, devoted to their cou11try a11d gover11111e11t and frL1itfL1l i11 tl1eir \Vo1·k. It is you wl10 n1t1st serve as the exa111ple. 011 tl1eir part also, tl1ey \,1ill l1ave to learn. 11ot only for111al education bt1t also self-discipli11e that shot1ld l)e wortl1y to be i11l1erit­ ed. May the Al1nigl1ty Goel be ,vitl1 yot1 i11 tl1e fulfill­ ment of yoL1r dL1ties.

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THRONE SPEECll, 1963 '

us set our goals too high; let us dema11.d more of oursel·ves tha,i we believe we po..�sess. . . . . Let

In tl1e twelve 1no11ths wl1ich have elapsed since We convened the last session of Parlia1nent, new pages have been written into l1istory which vvill be avidly studied i11 ge11e1·atio11s to co1ne. The events of the past year, whether viewed globally, whethe1A \\'e co11sider develop1.i1ents 011 the Africa11 continent 01· whether we lool< 011ly to Etl1iopia, have marked it with a special sta1np.

Today, as We review the developme11ts of the thirty-thit·d year of 011r 1·eign, vVe t1rge each Ethiopian to reflect upon wl1at the past year has 1neant to him. Natio11s and in.dividua.1s a.lilce are often more accu-.. ately jt1dge(l not c,11Iy b3, vvhat they accom.plished., bt1t by what tr1t�)i at't{�-r11ptecf. Pl\. n�J·b·ie failiir,�: niay be of 1nore val11e t1�8.1Ct }1. pl-!tty stit--;cess. r1�·i1e: rna.11 ,._vho sets his goals too low· t1.r1(1 vt11l1 accepts too little as t1.r101J.gh, sqt1anders tl1e tale11ts and abilities ·wit:h wl1ich AXn1ight3, God and natt1re have endowed l1i1n. Let i1s 110,,1, as we plan for tl1e coming year, set our goals too l1igh; let us demand more of ourselves tha11 we be11eve we possess.

Tl1e natio11's acl1ieven1ents in vi1·tually all areas of activity during tl1e past years provide, We believe, reason for quiet satisfaction. Ethiopia's educational programmes, to which the highest priority has con­ sistently bee11 accorded, have continued to expand.

More and more of tl1e you11g men and women to who111 will one day pass tl1e task of directing their 11ation - 27 -

D0�1ES'fIC

alo11o tl1e pc:ltl1 of progress a11cl e11ligl1te11111e11t arc today rece�1i11cr for111al cclL1catio11. E,:1cl1 ye,tr l1as wit11essed a1 1 i11crci1sc i11 tl1e 11u111ber of scl1ools, of students and teacl1ers ,vitl1i11 tl1e E.n11Jire. The U11iversity wl1icl1 star1ds at tl1c s11r11111it of Etl1iOJ?ia's edLtcational syste111 is ft1nctio11i11g well a11cl ft1lfilli11g the l1opes v,1hicl1 its crcatio11 l1eld out to tl1e yoL1tl1 of Ot1r 11ation. The Bal1ar Dar Tccl111ical Scl1ool i1 1aL1gL1rated dLtri.ng the past )'ear J)ro1}1 ises to fill a deep 11ecd i11 Etl1iopia's edt1catio11al facilities. Ot1r goal, tl1,1t tl1e blessings and be11cfits of cclL1catio11 \Vill be available to C\'ery Etl1io­ pian: n1ay still be clista11t, bt1t tJrogress is 111ade eacl1 ve"lr i11 tl1e directio11 of its acl1i1�\1cn1e11t. �

Better I-Iealtl1

Efforts for tl1c allevi,1ti<.)11 of st1ffe1·i11g a11cl clisease are aclva11ci11g satisfactorily. Er1cle111ic diseases wl1icl1 have saJ)pcd tl1e stre11gtl1 a11d will of so n1any of Ot11· people for t111told years are slo\,,ly yieldi11g to tl1e ass(\ults 111ot111ted agai11st tl1e111, a11d tl1ese efforts will co1 1ti 1 1t1c Llnabated Ltntil tl1ey l1ave acl1ieved co111plete a11d lasti11g SL1ccess. Ne\\' cli11ics a11d hos1)itals l1ave bee11 opened, a11d today, Ot1r 11atio11 l1as at its disposal n1ore 111edical facilities tl1,t11 e\,cr befo1·e i 11 its l1isto1·y.

In the past t\velve 111011tl1s sig11ifica11t i111pro,re­ r11e11ts l1ave been effectecl ir1 tl1e E1 11pire's tra11s1Jortatio11 and con1111t1nicatio11s syster11s. A<.iditio11al ft1nds are bei11g expe11ded i11 tl1e exp,111sion o[ tl1e 11atio11's tele­ con1n1L111icatio1 1s 1 1etv.,orl( \,,I1icl1 \\'ill serve to brir1°0 ottr neigl1bot1rs closer to LIS. l\1odcrn jet �1ircraft l1ave been adde d to tl1c fleet of Etl1iopian Air Li11cs brino0in°0 tl1e . e11t1re v,rorld 111easL1rably closer to 0L1r doorste1J. TI1e n1ost 111oder11 i 1 1ter11atio11al airport facilities have bee11 - 28 --

l)OMESTIC

aclded to ot1r civil aviation system as part of a co­ ordi11ated progran1111e whicl1 will malce Addis Ababa an inc1·easingly i1npo1·ta11t ce11t1·e for air travel. The Tl1i1·d IIigl1way Progra1nme will add new roads to Etl1iopic1's l1ig11ways system and modernise roads which already exist. TI1e i1np1·oveme11t in these areas will e11co11rage acceleratecl econo1nic activity as men travel to a11d f1·0111 Etl1ic)1Jia a .ncl througl1out the countryside 11101·e co111fo·rtably and quickly. And as t1·avel facilities in1p1·ove, an expanded effort to attract tourists is being 1.1ndertalcen in 01·der tl1at friends from foreign lands may come to lc11ow of Ethiopia's climate, l1er specta­ cular 11att11·al beat1ty a11d her 1nany historic attractions a11d places of i11tei·est. Tl1e 1·ewards which. accrt1e to the nation 11101·e tl1an justify tl1ese a.ctivities.

AgricL1lture, th. e backbo11e of the nation's eco11omy, l1as received its p1·oper sl1are of attention in Our Gover11ment's plar111ing. Intensive efforts are being to in1p1·ove farr11. i ng tech.

1 : t iq,1es. ;" f he cotto11 protaken . .

1 ·1 1 o 1s . mo,I111g out (JI tiae; ex.pe1·1menra_ Ject at Te11aah f . stage. Enlarged v· t�ter,inary servftce1; ·�Niil imprc\1e the quality of Etl1iopia�s cattle, thus n1t1ltipl)1ing many ti1nes o,,er the ,;vealth wl1ich exists in t· he country's livestock populatio11, ancl. a new slat1ghterho11se is going into proclt1ctio11 1-1ec11- Sl1ashama1111e to take advantage of tl1is pote11tial. A coordinated loct1st co11trol project, t1ndertal<en i11 con1mon with neighbo1.1ring cot1ntries, promises to red11ce, if not immediately to elin1inate e11tirely, tl1e ravar�es wl1ich this insect pest l1as infli·cted in the past 11pon Etl1iopia's crops. Grain storage facili­ ties are being co11structed whicl1 will serve to guarcl against the eco11omic and social disturbances wl1ich arise whe11 shortages occt1r. Measures will shortly be proposed to Parliament fo1· action to be taken to prer,o

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-------------- � 1 >u ;-.11,;s·.r1 c: scr,,c, for t 11e be11efit C)f 1?rese11t a11cl :fL1tt1re ge11eratio11s, i-lic 11,1tio11�s fc)rcsts ,, 1l1icl1 ,1rc 11ot 011ly valt1able i11 tl1c111se 1,,cs : \s ,t soL1rc ()f Vloocl, l:,t1t clct as 11,ltt1re's 1l1icl1, t111cl1ecic­ \\ i()11 cros of s forc:c tl1e 11st �1gai gt1,trcli,111 L�c1. c::111 tr,111sf()r111 fert·lc. ,treas i11to b[1rre11 a11cl sterile clcscrt.

I 11 tl1c i11clt1stri�:il lielcl, c.�,1rcft1lly selectecl projects �,re bci11g i1111Jlc111e11tecl ,vitl1i11 tl1e fr,t111ewo1·k of tl1e Fi,re Year l?la11. 1�,v<)r ce111e11t f�1ctorics, 011e i11 Acldis Ababr1 a11d 011c i11 ·�1 ::1ssa\\1 �1, \vill sl1ortl)' be co1111 Jletcd ,incl \\'ill ,go far tc.) 111,11.< e Etl1io1 Jia virtt1ally self­ SL1ff-icic11t i11 tl1is i1r1J)Ort,111t c:()J1str1.1ctio11 111,ttcrial. .

Sc,,cr�11 s111;.1ll i11clt1stri::1l pl�111ts l1ave OJ)e11ecl clt1ri11g tl1e !)�1st yc::1r, "111cl 111<)rc ,;;ill cc>111c i11to bci11g dL1rj11g tl1e l\vCl\1 C 111011tl1s ::1l1c,1cl, 111<�lt1c.li11g a ca11,,as a11cl rt1b·ber s 11() C f::ict()ry� a J)l1,1r111a�.:.cL1tic,1l t)la11t, ,111cl a JJa]Jer ,111cl !Jtl! J ) f1:1<;l:ory c.lesig11ccl t'() scltisf)' Etl1iOJJia's reqt1ire111e11ts for tl1csc l)asic;. c.�<>111i11c)dities.

Tl1esc ,1cl1ic,1c111crts ::ire tl1c rcsL1lts of pai11sialci11g stL1cl_y (111d cff()rt. 'Tl1c\, ,1re sot111c1 a11cl solicl. It is i11 tl1.is fa\l1io11 !'11(1 t ,1 11,1 tio11 i�. l1L1 il t. r�x1)cric11cc 1,- (1s J)'()vccl tl1al tl1e vt1st clevelo1J111e11t 1Jr<).�r�1111111c Lll)011 \\ 1l1ic;1 Etl1it)lJi21 l1as r:�111l1arkecl ca1111ot L1e. \\1 l1ollv r;11,111cccl ()LIi ()f ()lit" ()\\'11 rCS()LlfCCS. rro 111eet tl1e g,11J l1ct,\ 1ec11 tl1c t::.rgets (�st,1L1lisl1ccl a11cl tl1e 1nea11s ,t\'ctil�ll) lc. lt)c,1lly, \\'C l1a\r c l·1;:1c.I rccoLlrse to i11ter11atio11al le11<Ji11f1 i11stilL1ti<)11s a11d tC) r1�;sist;.111ce frc,111 frie11dly a11cl \\ e,1ltl11c1· 11<.lli()11s. 1�C)t tl1is ,1icl, S()111e 111 ll1e for111 of �·;:111ts. sc)111e i11 tl1c fc)r111 or loa11s, tl1e Etl1ioi,ia11 1-,J<)VCr11111,.::-11t 101.1ld be tl11c l . ]JC<) :lc ,, rlrc it gr,1 al1c tcf l t1l 1 .

L_, ,i gr �l Cl() l IS \1/Crc \Ve tc1 f::lil to cx1 Jress 0L1r ;.11JtJ1·eciatio11 f'l)r t11,� ,1. ssist<1 i1<:e \\''2 111 \'C recci vccl . \V� li,t\'C al,\/(lys recc1g11isccl !1ov,,ever, tl1at JJrivate . c�tl)Jt,tl 11 1vcst111c11t ,.:,l11 111alcc a sig11ifica11t co11trib11tio11 1;

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�o tl1e attai11ment o·f tl1e goals set i11 tl1e Seco11d :Five Year Pla11. In order to sti111t1late s11ch i11,,est111e11t, V./e pro111t1lgc1ted a sho1�t ti1ne ago a la'vv inte11ded to sti1nt1late 111creased private capital i11vest11 1e11t i11 Etl1 io­ pia. Tl1is law, wl1icl1 Parlia111e11t wjll co11sider in tl1e weeks al1cad, establisl1es JJrocedL1res to evalt 1 ate i11vest111e11t 1Jro1Josals, a11cl gL1a1·antees to the cleservi11g in­ ,,estor tl1e be11efits ancl asst11·ances vv11ich ve11tt1re caJJital seeks as ,1 co11ditio11 to 111,,est111cnt. I11 li!(c� ma11ner, the ba11l<i11g Jaws pro111t1lg,1ted several 111011ths ago afte1· tl1e. ir aJJJJ1:oval by t:11e Cl1ar11.ber of Dept1tics a11cl tl1e Se11ate 11ot 011ly 111odcr11ise Etl1iopia's ba11l<:i11g syste111, t,Ltt ft1r11isl1 tl1e cl1a1111.el for tl1e in11est111e11t of ,1clditio11al fLrnds i11 tl1e gro\vtl1 of Ethiopia's econon1y.

Co11sicle1·able clctivity l1as already bee11 i11itiatecl i11 p1·ojects fo1· tl1e exp1oitatio11 o·f Et11iopia's 111i11e1·a1 resoL11·c.es. The 1at�ge-scale potasl1 cleveloJJtne11t project at Da11ol is in the process of transformatio11 fro111 tl1e exploit21tio11_ to tr1e ]11·c1cl11ctio11 sta.�e. U11cler c1-gree1nents co11clt1cled afte1� m8.ny V11eel<s of (jiffict1lt c1nc.i cor·nplica­ ted negotiatio11s :, t\vo 1najo1, oil compa11ies have begL111 to explore f· or petrolet1111 111 Etlriopia's Reel Sea ar,cl coastal te1·rito1·ies, a11d tl1e s11ccess of these activities, as well as of tl1ose ct1rre11tl·y bei11g carrie.cl on i11 the Ogacle11, coL1ld l1 ave tl1e 111ost fa1�-reacl1i11g co11 seque11ces for tl1e 11atio11. A f 11rtl1er expansio11 of Ethiopia's gol. d­ n1ini11g pote11tial is being 1111dertake11. lt is ex1Jectecl tl1 at these i11diviclt1al 1neasures will eve11tL1ally l)e st1pple1nented by a11 overall geological Stlrvey of E,thio­ pia's mi 11.eral 1Jote11tia1 \Vhi cl1 will perr.11 it t11e pla11n111g a11cl ca1·r)1i11g ot1t of nation-\vide progra111111es for mi11e­ ral develop1ne11t at a11 ever 11101�e rap _ .id pace.

The con1 ing year will see tl1e cor,1pletion of a 11t1111be1· of lo11g-range projects i11itiated seve.ral )'ears - 31 -

DOlvIESTIC

ago. The fi11al report of . tl1� _ Blt1e Ni�e Su1·vey ':ill shortly be st1b1nitted, and 111d1v1dt1al p1·01ects are being stt1died to pt1t to t1se the vast \.\1ealtl1 of tl1e Blue Nile watersl1ed. The stt1dies t111de1·taken in tl1e Awash Valley will soon p1·oduce tl1eir first f1·t1its, a11d a ft1rther survey of tl1e Webi Sl1ebelli is bei11g pla1111ecl. We see in tl1ese 1Jrogra111mes tl1e realisation of years of effo1·t, and We are soberecl as We realise 011ce n101·e l1ow long is tl1e ti111e 1-,etwee11 tl1e .recog11ition of tl1e 11eed and the attai11n1ent o:f tl1e co11crete possibilities to n1eet it. l:;'i11a11cially, the 11atio11 re1nai11s sou11d. Exports co11ti11ue to i11crease eac11 year, altl1ot1gl1 greater efforts 111t1st be 1nade to i11trodt1ce a greater diversification i11to foreig11 excl1a.11ge ea1·11ings. Tl1e projects whicl1 We l1ave described vvill 1·edt1ce Etl1i-opia's existing depen­ dence on imports for a 11t1mber of classes of goods, tl1us 1·eleasing aclclitio11al foreign exchange for capital investme11t pttrJJoses. Govern1nent 1·evenues co11tin11e to increase, a11d wl1ile s01ne of tl1e i11crease ca11 be attri­ bt1ted to 11eVi1 a11d i11creasecl taxes, a large meas11re of tl1ese additional ear11ings are tl1e res11lt of in1provi11g ad1ni11istratio11 or tl1e inevitable prod11ct of accelerated econon1ic tt1r11over. U11de1· these circt1111sta11ces, Ethio­ J.Jia 111ay look al1eacl with a l1igl1 n1eas11re of confidence.

Wl1ile 1nttcl1 l1as bee1.1 a.ccom1Jlisl1ed do111estically, it is for its acl1ieve111c11ts i11 tl1e i11ter11ational spl1ere tl1at tl1e IJast year .will be lo11gest 1·en1e111bered. Twel,1e 1:1011tl1s ago, tl1e world l1ad barely 1·etreated fro111 tl1e ltl) of tl1e abyss i11to wl1icl1 tl1c Ct1ba11 crisis l1ad for a sl1ort t_i1�1e tl1reate11ecl to plt111ge 111a11kind. Today, a 11e ":' s1}1r1t �11d a 11ew opti1nis1n lighte11s tl1e at111ospl1ere of 111ternat1011al relatio11s as me11 seel< accon1modations 011 the proble111s of tl1e 111ode1·11 wo1·ld a11d strive for tl1e forinulae wl1icl1 will enable us all to live in peace.

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DOMESTIC

Agreement l1as been reached on a partial test ban treaty. Further measures for closer international co­ operation and collaboration are being explored. The United Nations Organization has emerged from s,ucces­ sive trials as a strengthened influence for world peace.

Today men dare to hope for a peaceful future, when yesterday we sought only the means to postpone the final holocaust.

Conflicts

Tl1.ere will contit1ue to be problems and difficulties.

No one can say that the border dispute between India and China will not again peril the peace. Fighting con­ tinues in South Vietnam, and the 11nfortunate people of that nation live in the midst of strife and bloodshed. On ou1· own continent, only days ago, African faced 00 African across the battlefield and a full-scale wa.1 wasnarrowly averted bet,1veen Ethiopia's sister nations of Algeria and Morocco. The issue of Berlin remains to remind t1s that peace is in. d . e ed a. s pr e carious as it is , • precious.

The differenee, hovvever, is that m,e11 now appear prepared to bring reason and cor1science to bear on their problems, to abjure force as a means for the settlement of their disputes and to resort to the peace­ ful methods of conciliation and mediation. If we are able to exploit the current temper, we may hope that the trend manifested in recent n1onths which has reversed the slow drift toward disaster may be accele­ rated and peace assured for tl1e present and futt1re generations.

Long after 111ore tempora1�y achieven1ents have bee11 forgotte11, the Conference of Heads of States and - 33 -

DOMESTIC

Governme1 1ts of Africa11 11atio11s l1eld i11 Addis Ababa last May will 1·e111ai11 as tl1e si11gle e,1e11t having th·e fartl1est 1·eacl1i11g i1 11plications for tl1e f11t11re of the African conti11e11t. Every Etl1iopian ca11 be pro11d of the role wl1icl1 his natio11 played in this historic meet­ i11g when Africa11s rose above local and regional i1 1terests a11d JJroclai1ned their 1111ity and oneness. Tl1ere \Vere 111any ,vho felt tl1at tl1e holding of the Conference was in itself a st1fficie1 1t ,1cl1ieve111e11t and that nothing more cot1ld be ex1Jected. Tl1ese failed to 1·eckon ,:vith tl1e s1Jirit and detern1i1 1atio11. wl1ich I1ad b1·ought tl1e leaders of Africa togetl1e1·, a11d in tl1e end tl1e impett1s wl1icl1 had so swiftly car1·ied Africa f1·0111 a dependent to a free continent gave birtl1 to tl1e Cl1arter of African U11ity wl1icl1 \vill take its 1·igl1tful IJlace witl1 tl1e great doct1n1ents of l1istory. No 011e wl10 ,vit11essed tl1e leaders of Africa gathered togetl1er in a si1 1gle l1all to assert tl1eir common ide1 1tity and brotl1erl1ood and to lay the fo11ndation for Africa's f t1t11re will soo11 forget tl1e ex1Jerie11ce.

The .�1nity to wl1icl1 ,ve all pledged our devotion at the Addis Ababa Confere11ce was tested - and IJroved - b11t a sl1ort time ago whe11 the unfort11nate border conflict wl1icl1 l1ad ert1pted betwee1 1 Algeria a11d Morocco i111perilled for· a time tl1e edi'fice of wl1icl1 tl1e fot1ndatio11 l1ad only jt1st been laid. Tl1at tl1e leaders of tl1ese t\\'O states agreed to co111e togetl1er and, l1aving met,• to order a cease-fire ' de1no11strated once aoa that 0 in Africa and African t111ity are n1ore tha11 111ere words, that they l1ave conte11t ancl st1bstance. Whe11 We fot111d Ourself, in tl1e course of tl1e series of State Visits of wl1icl1 We sl1all speak i11 a 1110111e11t, i 1 1 tl1e ter1·itory of t11e two co111bata11t states i111 1 nediately after l1ostilities l1 ad broke 1 1 ot1t, it vvas OL1r dt1ty to offe1· Ou1· services - 34 -

DOMESTIC

in an attempt to end the bloodshed. We sought no victory of prestige, no personal triumph in so doing.

We acted ot1t of ht1manity a11d out of the conviction that unless the co11flict was speedily l1alted, a severe blow would be dealt to the principles wl1ich had been establi­ sl1ed only five montl1s earlie1· in Ethiopia's capital. That the efforts which We and other African leaders exerted have cul111i11ated i11 success is a source of satisfaction for all Africans, a11d We 11111st address a special word of appreciation to Ot1r good friend, President Modibo Keita, wl10 offered lus capital, Bamako, as tl1e meeting place for the pa1·ties. We have repeatedly stated that Africans are now p1·epared and able to settle Africa11 quar1·els, that Africa I1as come to £1111 maturity, that we can a11d must 110w assume responsibility for assur­ i11g the tranquillity of ou1· continent. The cease-fire agreement 1·eached at Barnako and the successful meet­ i11g of tl1e Co11ncil of Ministers of the Orga,nization of African Unity held. i11 .AJi(lis Aba�ba bi1t a few days ago testify to the trtith of triese declarations.

The decisions t.al<en at the .tl\ddis Ababa C,onference are fast being in1.ple1nented. Final decisions l1a,ve been taken 011 tl1e establishme11t of the African Develop­ ment Bank whicl1 We have long µrged. The Defence Co1nn1ission wl1ich 111et a short time ago in Acc1·a has laid the basis for closer co-operation i11 the military sohe1·e. Dates have been fixed for the meetings of the other Co111missions created by the Charter of Af1·ican U11ity. Economic sanctions l1ave been placed in force against the Po1·tugL1ese and Sot1th African regi1nes as a 1·esult of ag1·eements 1·eached in May. The nine-nation Libe1·ation Co1nmittee set up to administer the Freedom FL1 nd has been 01·ga11ised, a11d Etl1io1Jia is prot1d to serve as a member, just as we are proud that the - 35 -

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fi 1 1,111ci,ll co11tribt1tio11 \Vl1icJ1 Etl1iopi,1 pledged to tl1e FL111cl w,ts JJro111ptly IJaid. As ti111e passes, \Ve co11f-icle11tly ,t11ticip,1te tl1at tl1e Orga11ization of Af1·ican U11ity ,x.,il] bcco111c a11 ever stro11ger force for tl1e cat1se <)f freedo111 a11d progress for all Africa ,111d all Africa 11s.

Scve11 \veel<s ago, vVc left EthiOJJia to travel to SL1cla11, tl1e U11itecl States of A111erica, Ca11ada, Gt1i11ea, M,1li, Morocco, Algeria, 1:..·ra11ce, Tt111isia, Yt1goslavia (11 1 d tl1e u·11itecl Arab Re1Jt1blic. Past visits to frienclly 11atio 11s l1,1ve JJcrst1aclecl Us of tl1e valt1c of tl1e perso11al co 1 1tacts l)ct�1ce11 leaders wl1ic]1 s11cl1 occasions afforcl, ;;1 11cl OL1r 111ost recer1t travels l1ave or 1ly 1·eco11fir111ed Us i11 this belief. At every l1,111cl We ,vere n1et witl1 tl1at ,:vn r 111 t11 a11d frie11clshi)J whicl1 is the best testi1no111· of tl1e regard ,111cl respect i11 w]1icl1 C)t1r nation is t111iformly l1elcl by tl1ose \Vl10111 we c,111 frie11ds. Eacl1 011e of t1s sl1ares i11 tl1c st1ccess wl1icl1 ,1tte11clecl tl1e talks We l1eld \,vitl1 tl1e lc,tders of tl1esc 11atio11s, for vVe spol<e alwa)'S 011 beh,llf of tl1e 11::ttio11 \Vl1ic]1 We lc,1cl a11d the people '"'110 l1,1\'C bee 1 1 st1cl1 a11 t111failing sot1rce of strengtl1 a11cl SlIJJport i 11 tl1e cliscl1arge of tl1e ardt1ot1s respon­ sibi Ii ties \Vl1icl1 l1,1\1e f,111en to Ot1r lot.

I11 tl1e U11itcd States of A111erica, We fot111d co11ti11t1ecl a1)JJreciatio11 ,111cl sy1111Jatl1y for tl1e efforts wl1icl1 Ot1r Govcr11111e11t ,111<.l J)C<)tJle are 111aki11g to SJJeed tl1e deve]op111e11t of EthioJJia, a11cl \Ve c,1111e away reass11red

by Otir tc:tllcs \\1itl1 Prcsicle11t Ke1111cdy tl1at the United States \VOt1lcl co11ti11L1e to extend ,generol1s st1pport to th esc 1,1bot1rs i11 tl1e for111 of concrete IJrojects, co11_ _ _ tr1bt1t111g st111 ft1rtl1er to Ot1r 11atio11's eco1101nic a11d socia] l1ea ltl1. I 11 Ne\v Yori<, We l1acl occasio11 to address t�1c Ge11eral Asse1. 111)1)' of tl1e Ur1ilL�cl Natio11s Orga11isa­ t1 ?11· �l11 .°:cc,tsic)11 \vl1icl1 rcc:1llccl tl1e ·,11ost ] J,1i11ft1l da}'S ()I· C)tir l 1 1·�- l)Llt ,.,,]1 icl1 ::1lst, brot1 gl1 l to 111i11cl tl1 e l l)y(1lt�/ .....

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DOMESTIC

(111cl stea?fast11ess ?f �l1c_ greclt Etl1iopian peo_ple tl11·ot1gh _ wl1ose eftorts Eth1op1a 1s today a free a11d independent state. We _left tl1e U11ited Nations Headqt1art�rs re­ confi1·n1ed 111 Ot1r belief that this Organisation, as We stated to the General Asse1nbly, represents the best, and pe1·haps the last,- l1ope for peace i11 the modern world.

011 ot1r visits to siste1· Africa11 states, We met and talked with Ol1r goocl f1·iends, President Sekou Toure in Guinea, Preside11t Modibo Keita in Mali, King Hassan II in Morocco, President Ahmed Ben Bella in Algeria and President Habib Bourgt1iba in Tunisia.

Dt1ri11g these co11versatio11s, We were repeatedly struck by the 011eness of pu1·1Jose den1onstrated wl1e11ever the isst1e of the future of Africa can1e under consideration.

In every African nation We fot111cl a uniforn1 deter1nination to translate the clecisio11s of Addis Ababa i11to n1ilesto11es a.long ·tl1e path to tl1e creation of a single a11d t1nited .A,:fr.ica, a11d a 1·eadiness to make whatever sacrifices this effort rr1igl1t rec111ire. Tliis is i11deed a goocl at1gt1ry for the f11tt1re a11d for the hopes of the African peoples tl1at the g()als Vilhich all Africans seek may be brot1gl1t to ft1ll realisation within the life­ ti1ne of tl1e present ge11e1·ation.

In other nations We exchanged views with 1·espected statesmen wl1ose natio11s have long e11joyed friendly 1·elatio11s with Etl1iopia - with El Ferik Ibrahim Abbottd in Suda11, with Prime Mi11ister Lester Pearson i11 Canada, witl1 General de Gat1lle in Fra11ce, with Marshal Tito i11 Yt1goslavia, with P1·esident Gamel Abdul Nasser in the United Arab Republic. The rest1lts of 011r talks will be of be11efit 11ot only to Ethiopia but also to all 1ne11 of good will.

Ethiopia has, throughot1t the past year, contint1ed - 37 -

DOMES�rrc

to adhere to tl1e traditional policies to wl1ich We l1ave on nt1merous occasio11s decla1 ·ed Ot11 · 11ation's devotions: respect fo1· tl1e 1·igl1ts of otl1e1·s, no11-i11terfe1·ence �n t:ie internal affairs of states, 1·espect for the terr1tor1al integrity and sove1·eig11ty of 11atio11s, the peaceful settle1nent of disputes, support of tl1e principle of collective security as tl1e best p1·otection against aggression and tl1e best gt1a1·dia11 of tl1e peace. Tl1ese policies we apply unifor1nly, wl1etl1e1· to a. neighbotL1· state witl1 wltlch we sl1are coffil11011 frontie1·s o.r to a 11ation half-way around the world. To live i11 peace and friendship witl1 all n1en today, it is 011ly 11ecessa1·y tl1at these principles find tl1e t111ive1·sal observance which We have so 1011g 11rged.

We n1ust exp1·ess Ot11· keen reg1·et that tl1e Governme11t of the Republic of So111alia, a neighbot1r whom Ethiopia aidecl along tl1e path to independe11ce, continues to flot1t and ignore these principles. Not only have the a11thorities i11 Somalia persisted in tl1eir violently anti-Ethiopian propaga11da campaig11 in the p1·ess, 1·adio and in p11blic utte1·ances, but Gove1·11ment­ instigated and st1pported violations of Ethiopia's fron­ tier· have continued throughout tl1e past year. Ar1ned bands have infiltrated Ethiopia's te1·rito1·y and comn1it­ ted acts of aggression and sabotage . By tl1ese n1etl1ods, the leaders of Somalia hope to 1·ealise their declared policy of territo1·ial aggra11clise1ne11t.

Etl1iopia's policy is to respect tl1e te1·1·itorial Tunits of other nations. We 1·espect Son1alia's fro11tiers . We do not ii1ject ot1rselves 01· othe1·wise i1 1te1·fere in So1na­ lia's inter11al affairs . B11t tl1e1·e n1ust be an end to .p�ovocation. Patie11ce is no t li1nitless, and tl1e 1·esponsib1Iity for tl1e continued dete1·ioration of relations bet­ wee11 Ethiopia and Somalia an d for a11y u11toward - 38 -

DOMESTIC

consequences which may ensue will rest squarel)' in Mogadiscio.

Today, you members of Parliament resume the work which you suspended five months ago. There is much to be done during the coming session, and the Ethiopian people expect that your labours will justify your presence here. No one of you is free to act arbitrarily without considering the conseqt1ences, or i1·rationally, without ensuring that his actions contribute to the good of tl1e Ethiopian nation. You are here as the sworn representatives of the Ethiopian people. Each one of you will be held directly and individually responsible for wl1at you do in these chambers, just as each one must satisfy his conscience that the steward­ ship which has been entru.sted to him has been well and faithfully discharged.

You mt1st free you1·sel,1es from c:l..11 outside i11fluences. You must rid yo111� d·eliberations of petty concer11s. You n1l1st place pi�inciple abo11e all else.

You must avcJid tlie least t1'1,ought of perso:rial gain or position il..1 reaching yotir decisions. Your first a11d your only pu1·pose in scru.tir1ising tl1e p1·oposals 'v\thich are submitted to yo,u or vvl1ich originate in your cham.,. bers must be the good of the peo111e for wl1om yo1..1 speak and whom yo11 serve in these 11alls. Only if you succeed i11 this will you realise the g1·eat hope� which We and the Etl1iopian people have reposed in you and which are exp1·essed in the Revised Consti­ tution which \Ve promulgated eight years ago.

We ask that Almighty God bless your work.

November 22, 1963.

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DONIESTIC

AT ADDIS Al31\.BA PLANNING DEJ�ARTMEN1' We l1ave liste11ed to tl1e stateme11ts you and the otl1ers have n1ade. Tl1e1·e is still a great deal to be done to bring Addis Ababa to tl1e level of cities built a tl1ot1sand years ago. Tl1e wo1·k that has been done from time to ti111e, i11cludi11g tl1at by yot1r predecessors, deserves merit a11d 110 criticisn1.

Yot1 young 111e11, wl101n We have educated at home and abroad, woulcl not l1ave had much to inherit had it not been for tl1e wo1·k left by those who lived before. A11d no\v yot1 l1ave to work and leave for posterity acl1ieven1ents that will not st1bject you to c.riticis1n by con1ing ge11erations .

At the time We i11s1)ected the plan, We ordered experts to check a11d correct the work. This was said 11ot to c1·iticise any work but to avoid er1·ors a11d dt1pli­ cation of effo1·ts. The cha11ges tl1e experts made may take ten or twenty years. It is in1portant to remember tl1at a big edifice needs ,t stro11g fot1ndation. A work tl1at takes three or four yea1·s cannot be con1pleted in a few days. Addis Ababa is becoming big and fan1ous and it will becon1e 1nore so wl1en it is built better. Tl1ose of you wl10 I1ave been educated in tl1is \\'Ork and are in the process of being educated m11st as� yot1rselves wl1at it wo11ld take yo11 to please gene­ rations yet to co1ne.

We believe you acknowledge tl1e fact tl1at the Mayor of Addis Ababa l1as directed the 1nulti-sided task i� co11st1ltation and understanding ,vith you. He l1as tried to 111ake yot1 carry 011t orders in tl1e spirit of co-operation.

One who undertakes a11y ve11ture is not able to acco1nplish it alo11e. Unless one is assisted by - 40 -

DOME:STIC

othe1·s, the e:ffo.rt will end up i11 1ne1·e wisl1ful thi11king.

Tl1is wot1ld i11deed be a waste of time. You must try to learn 1nore f1·0111 111en of experience and apply the sa_n1e in the work presently t1nderway and that lying still ahead. It is with this objective in mind that We expanded the education system at l1ome and sent students abroad for fttrther training. We are not strangers to wl1at has bee11 accomplished in the world.

We are only trying to aclapt o-urselves to it. It is also Our duty to see to it that everything is done well lest the futt1re ge11e1·atio11s bla1ne Us. Winning the people's faitl1 is very in1portant at all levels. The people expect earnest services because they pay taxes. You should therefore endeavour to do away with all those things that cause problems to the pt1blic.

The time may be nea.r wl1en We will be 1naking a simila1· speech. to p1J_blic serva11ts of various other organizatio11s. Tk�.e self-help sche-mes a.nd fund.--raisi11g programmes initia.te,j ·by t11e pI:t.i)lic e··1er,�ivhe.re a1·e ample p.roof of t11e peor.ile.''s a\�i'arer1ess of the economic in1portance of st1ch measures.

What is it tl1at l1as given 1norr1ent1J.m to all this ?

Isn't this the result of active participation in the field of education ? It is therefore very important that peo­ ple's confide11ce in Ou1· Ministers and various organiza­ tions be maintained.

Our expectations in those stt1dents whom We have educated have 11ot been in vai11. This, l1owever, is by no means enot1gh. Ot1r testimony shall remain valid when evidence of it is see11 practically. Praise witho11t any evidence of deed is of no value either to the giver or to tl1e 1·ecipient. We have been able during Our visit to tl1e Planning Depa1·tment to witness the professional - 41 -

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skill of tl1e )'OL111g 111e11. Tl1is is i11cleed son1etl1i11g 11ew, so111etl1i11g laclz i11g tl1i1·ty 01· twe11t)1 years back. These yo11ng e1111Jloyees ,1re f1·esl1 fro111 scl1ool ancl new to tl1e professio11. ·yOLt sl1ot1ld be,1r i11 111i11cl tl1e fact tl1at a 1na11 \Vho sa)'S ''I l1ave lear11ecl e11ot1gh a11cl will lea1·11 no f11rther'' sl10L1ld be consicle1·ecl as l<11owi11g 11otl1i11g at all. Tl1ere ca11 be 11c) ti111e l.i111it fo1· Iear.11i11g a11d tl1e p11rsuit of k11owleclgc..ft js esse11tial for yot1 to cliscove1· ways of fL1rtl1eri11g yottr edt1catio11al caJ_Jacity i11stead of dis­ co11ti11t1i11g it. Ottr t1t111ost i11terest 110\V is foc11sed 11po11 eco110111ic clevelo1J111e11t. It is q11ite 11ecessary fo1· tl1ose of )'OL1 wl10 have stt1died eco110111ics to be n1aste1·s of yot1r art i11 11si11g it botl1 i11 private life as \Vell as iI1 tl1e service o:f t]1e gover11n1e11t wl1ich yot1 are se1·ving.

Y OLL sl1ot1lcl try to 1·e11cle1· ear11est se1·vices to the JJt1blic :i11 all possible w,tys a11d tl1at i11 strict observance of tl1e existi11g regL1latio11s. Yot1 sl1oulcl l1ave tl1e se11se to feel tl1e 11ee(ls of otl1ers 111ore tl1a11 yo11r ow11. It is far v\1iser for 011e to realize that tl1e sa111e applies to hi111 too.

Wl1,1t is 111ore in11Jo1·tant at tl1e 111oment is tl1at We c1re pleased \Vitl1 all tl1at We l1ave seen. A cl1ild cornes of �ge gracl11ally passi11g tl1e differe11t age levels, t,ve11ty, tl11rty a11cl so 011. Si11ce it is 011r wisl1 to see tl1e city grovv botl1 i11 size a11d beat1ty, vVe re111ind you all to �orl( i11 l1ar111011y ,111cl wit]1 111ore co11certed effort by t,1l<111g to l1eart tl1e words We jt1st told yot1 . l)eccn1ber 20, 1963

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Ai1· Fo1·ce office1·s, c,1dets a11d soldiers, for the 111 e1·ito1·ious se1·vices yoL1 l1ave 1·e11de1·ed, We l1ave awarclecl yot1 with medals in accordance with tl1e re­ co1 11n1e11dations p1·esented by tl1e committee.

Tl1e 1011g l1isto1·y of Ethio1Jia is indicative of the fact that brave1·y, 1:esistance and loyalty are the three i1npo1·ta1 1t cha1·acteristics of Ot1r people. Bl1t f11rther i 111p1·ove11 1e11 t a11d p1·og1·ess in tl1 is line become impera­ tive beca11se of tl1 e need i11 this present age to defend one's te1·1'1itory agai11st any advancing foe. This is a policy tl1at seen1s to be pursued everywhere in the world.

J t1st as it is i111porta11 t to defe11d one's cot111try, it is equally impor·tant to prepa1·e oneself for· tl1e vvelfare of the 11atio11 . That prepa1·ation rnay be achieved tl11·ougl1 vari.011s 111eans btJ.t tl1e main agent is education.

Educatio11 sharpens the natt1J:al qt1alities and e11ables 011 e to 1111clertake t{1e tasks expected. Fu1·tl1er1nore, educatio11 is 11ot 111e1·.ely restric·ted to one department bt1t ma11y a11d va1·ied.

Yot1 can perceive fo1· yoursel\1es, therefore, with what 1nodest begin11ing We started the Air Force Train­ ing Centre and with wl1at pa1·tict1la1· interest We Ot1r­ selves l1ave followed its expansio11 and clevelopment.

Depart111e11ts l1ave bee11 established in t11 e Ground Forces, tl1e Air Force ·a11d the Navy, -so tl1 at each wo11ld, accordi11 g to its field, se1·ve the count1·y best. We con­ sider those wl10 gave you training to develop this disting11isl1ed se1·vice as having pa1·ticipated in yo11r wo1·k both in spirit and tl1011ght. These have ceaselessly done their duties, and We l1ope that they will contint1e to do so in the f11tu1·e.

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1"11e secL1rity of ,1 cot111try is ass.t11·ed, ,1s is gene1·ally believed i11 111a11y parts of tl1e wo1·ld, tl11·0L1gl1 the power a11d influe11ce tl1e co11ntry is capable of \Vielding. No nation ca11 afford to be weak, £01· a weak 11atio11 can­ not succeed i11 averti11g agg1·essio11 . I{e11ce, a person shot1ld always strive to help a11d strengthe11 his country both n1aterially a11d 1no1·ally.

That is why every Ethiopia11 sl1ot1ld diI·ect l1is thoughts alo11g tl1is li11e a.nd mak·e sac1·ifices in the in­ terest of l1is co1111t1·y.

What yot1 l1ave acco111plisl1ed at tl1e }J1·ese11t time l1as given Us mucl1 hope for the ft1tm·e. We were kept informed of your daily service and of tl1e fact tl1at you 1·endered i111mense l1elp by caring f 01· the wo11nded.

We l1ope tl1at yo11 will conti1111e to vvork l1ard and accon1plish tl1e great tasks tl1at lie al1ead of yot1. For what yot:1 l1a ve already do11e We eX!te11d Our tha11ks.

Power belo11gs to God. Within l1is ow11 spl1ere, 1nan sl1011ld conti11ue to strive . May God l1elp 11s all. :tvfay 29, 1964

COMMUNITY DEVELOPMENT Realizi11g tl1e great pote11tialities of co-operative conununity action in 11atio11al prog1·ess a11d develop1nent, We established tl1e Mi11istry of National Com111t1nity Development as early as 1957. 011r chief con­ cer11 l1as been to improve tl1e life and livi11g conditions of 011r people, specially tl1e weaker section of 0111· so­ ciety, like nomads, wl10 live i11 1111de1·-developed regions of Our E1n pire. is e11t In the world developm of today, comn1t111ity .

11n1versally 1·ecognized as ''a process designed to create - 44 -

DOMESTIC

co11ditio11s of economic and social progress fo1· the whole co��n �ty with active participatio11 and largely upon the 1n1t1at1ve of the community.''

Accordingly whe11 people have the ability a11d 1nea11s, tl1ei1· part11ership with the Government in de­ velopn1ent plans strengthens both the people and the Governn1ent. It is therefore with this belief that We have undertaken exte11sive educational plans through­ out tl1e nation.

Con1111t111ity developme11t, tl111s, con1prises two i1nportant elements ( i) the pa1·ticipation of the people tl1emselves in effo1·ts to in1prove thei1· level of living with as much relia11ce as possible 011 their own initia­ tive, a11d (ii) the provision of technical and otl1er 1·elat­ ed services in ways wl1ich encourage i11itiative, self-help and mutual aid and. 111ake these more effective.

Self ;help tl1t1s is the q_t1iniessence of comrn11nity development progra.

1 nmes.

It is tl1f;refore, essential ? . . . . ,., 'i/f'..l.'rj"1(.).�, sh trlf 1n-i, or r · .. ' ' " .. r·p ri a �-a· 1ve 1at '\1 d t th 11.-:.,�1,,� <:.l. ,,�).r, ...,, ... , . at 1n1t• ·!!.t.5-�'"0 · -·-�t-A.;_,,n\i, ..., .. _ )�l!\ , .• ,; ,. "' 1l emanate from txie �Jer,tt)le 6111(1 ·not t�e. stir.r'ietD.n:o-rJsea from ot1tside. :[t i�i3 of: <�01111·.se the. p1"ima1·�l t.ask c�f ,community developrnen·t �1�1orr1:e·rs to n1oti·va·te- and stiml.x·late the people to c1·oss ·barriers of apathy a11d helplessness.

It is quite possible tl1at ¥1eaker corr1rr1uni1:ies in outback a1·eas display neithe1.· interest 11or entht1siasm for their welfat�e, and n1ay even expect an outright handout fro1n the Government. On ·the ot11er hand, more progressive and alert ag1·ict1ltural and pa­ storal co1nmunities may display keen determinatio11 to improve their lot, relying on their community's own· genit1s and resources . While it is important to give attentio11 to both these types of situations, it shot1ld l1e re1nen1be1·ed that any help give11 to the first category of con1n1unity shot1ld always ain1 at making >

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the1n stand 011 tl1eir own feet and s11pporting the self­ l1elp pote11tial of tl1 e second group to accon1plisl1 high­ er objectives eacl1 tin1e, tl1t1s se1·vi11g as a 111odel and in­ spiration to otl1 e1·s .

Co1 n1nu11ity developn1e11t .is a t1nic1t1e progran1me, differi11 g fro1n otl1 er gover11111 e11tal departments, in that it is i11 tl1e truest se11se a partnersl1ip between tl1e Go­ ,,ernment a11d tl1e people. It encot1rages tl1e people to 111a11age t11eir ow11 t1ffairs 111 aki11g tl1 e best use of tecl111 ical a11d otl1 er reso11rces of tl1 e adn1inistration.

TJ1 ere are a 11un1 ber of essential p11blic services "''l1 ich 11ave to be ma11aged entirely by the Government st1cl1 as large scale a11d key i11 clt1stries, tra11spo1·t and con1111t111icatio11s, ed11catio11 , l1 ealth, defence, p11blic se­ ct1rity, la\\, a11 d orcler a11 cl ac1n1inistratio11 of j11stice and tl1e like.

These 11 atio11 b11ildi11g activities naturally clain1 a 1najor portion of govern111enta.l 1·eso11rces both in terms of fi11a11ce a11d 1Jerson11el. In tI1 e eternal t11ssel for na­ tio11 al prioritj' sn1all village proble1ns often are rele­ gated and are s11bjected to long delays before tl1ey are at-te11d·ec1 -to. In A111'l1 a-r-ic t11ere is a IJroverb sayi11g ''Fifty lemons ca11 ser,,e as decoration to fifty me11 b11t consti­ tL1 te a load for a si11 gle JJerson." Si1nilarly in 011r local coi11m1111ities, if people co-oJJerate to 1111 dertake small i1nprove111 ents, it cot1ld 1nake a vast difference in 011r le,,e1 of living and also co11serve 11atio11al efforts and resources for other eq11ally i1nporta11t pt11 ·1Joses.

One ca11 tl1i11k of a vast a11d t111ending catalogue of self-help JJrojects wl1icI1 ca11 be tackled by energetic co111 1n1111ity actio11: feeder a11 d li11 k 1·oads in the cot1n­ trvsi �e, s111a]� bridges, i111prove111e11 t of water supply, I �o11s111g, sa111 tatio11, co11strt1ctio11 of con1111u 1 1ity i11stitt1_ t,o11 s like sc11ools, cli11ics, co11 1111t111ity ce 11tres, or 111 1der- 46 -

DOMESTIC

taking economic improvement projects for better agri­ culture, l1andicraft, cattle breeding, poultry, fish ct1l­ ture and the like, on thei1· own initiative on a co-opera­ tive basis.

We are deeply impressed and encouraged to see Ou1· people asst1111ing social respo11sibility and making s11bstantial cont1·ibutions towards community better1nent througl1 ht1ndreds of self-help projects in all areas of life. All the san1e, in Ou1· fight against poverty, di­ sease, a11d igno1·ance, Ou1� people will have to put in greater efforts a11d sac1·ifices so that we may attain Ot1r cherisl1ed goal of a higher and mo1·e satisfying level of life and livi11g. In this noble task each 011e of Our people, 111en a11d wo1ne11, young and old, 1·ich and poor, able and disabled, l1as a role to play a11d We are sure Ot1r Empire will 111arcl1 ahead towards prosperity and progress through united efforts of all Our citizens. In order to haste11 trxis process riumero,.1s projects have been lau11ched r.ic,th \lil�th 1oi:::a.1 cc,mrr�l1nitj· s11pport as well as with intea·11a.ti1C,nr11 assist31,n,�e.

Let Us be ve1·y c!·eat' that tl1e :f\11irtistr:;r of l·�ratioval Com1nunity Development ·by itself cannot ta.ckle tl1is gigantic natio11 building task unless it is assured the fullest a11d most whole-hea1·ted co-operation of a.11 othe1· Ministries of Ou1· Govern1nent, specially t11e 1vlinistries of Ed11cation, Agricultu1·e, Public Health, I11terio1·, etc .

These 1ninistries 011ght to s11pport com1nunity deve­ lopme11t p1·ojects by assigning their respective workers and also by making available adequate programme funds on a priority basis. The Ministry of Con11n11nity Deve­ lopn1e11t is responsible for training and assigning district a11d village worke1·s to guide and 01·ganize the people for thei 1� developme11t. Similarly, the Ministry of Interior· coL1ld instrt1ct its officials to assist tl1e p1·oject - 47 -

DOtvfl�S'f.CC

tl1r()L1gl1 tl1eir JJrovi11ci,1l ,111d clistrict adn1i11istrators.

As tl1is co-ordi11atio11 a11d tea111-\vork l1as already bee11 est�1blisl1e(l, it \Vot1ld a,,oicl clt11Jlic,1tion of efforts and \,\raste of ti111<� cl11cl 111011ey. Tl1esc .111i11istries shot1lcl al­ \V�l)'S �issist ,tll JJr<)jects l,1t1r1cl1ccl bJ' tl1e co111111unity in �111 jJ()�sible ,va)'S, fc)r cx,11111Jle, tl1r<)ttgl1 tech11ical assist­ ,1,1ce �1s well as 111,tteri,1] ,1id. All Ot1r fourtee11 pro­ vi11ces sl1<)t1lcl tl1erefore be tl1i11ki11g a11cl working ot1t tl1eir regio11,1l dc�vclo1J111e11t pla11s. TI1e su1n total of tl1esc efforts ,l11d cxpcrie11ces wo11ld asst11·e general i1111Jro,,cn1c11t: ,111cl J)f()grcss of tl1e \Vl1ole E111pire. The ex,11111Jle of cle,1elo1Jc(i co1111tries ,1111ply proves the tr11tl1 of tl1e pro,1 erb ''U11it;1 js stre11gtl1." Today it is tl1e dt1t)' of ::111 Africa11s t() JJrcscrve a11d stre11gtl1en tl1e already cst:ctl)lisl1ecl Africa11 U11ity. Ot1r best co11tribt1tion to that iclec:11 \\rill be to �1orl, for ,111cl acl1ieve co-operatio11 and cfe,1ell)jJ111c11t witl1i11 Otir owr1 co1111try. : : I11 tl1is c'<)-Of)Cri:ttivc ,1er1tt1re bet\vee11 tl1e J)eople '-111cl tl1e gover11111e11t. vc)lt111t,1r>' organizatio11s like tl1e Na tic)11::1l Li ter,1cy c,t111 JJ,tig11 co111111ittee a11d other wel­ fare ,1ge11cies l1avc a great role to play, a11d indeed tl1ey l1a,,e bee11 (ioing goocl worl� i11 tl1e past and vVe l.101Je tl1ey \vii] cc)nli11t1c t<) clc) so.

Tl1c. st1ccess of co111111t111ity cle\reloi)111ent to a large 111cc.1st1re clc1Je11cls ()rt tl1c co-t)rcli11atio11 i:lt1d effective co1n111ti 1!i ca tio11 bct\\1t:e11 \',lrioLts gover11111e11tnl age11cies. \Vl11lc de1),1rt111e11talizc1ti<)11 c)f gover11n1e11t ft111cti.on a11d p,1rli,1111c11tt1ry �1cti, ity is i11evitable i11 order to cater to s1J �:ci,1lisccl interests �111cl ()roble111s, 011ce \Ve leave 011t­ sl(1rts of t()\\ 11s a11cl cities all tl1ese 11eat divisions va11isl1 [lncl tl1c totc1lit) of tl1c rt1ral JJrob1e111 lJeco111es a ,,,1st i11te::·rrel::1tecl co1111Jlex·. Wl1c11 f)C<)f)lc express tl1eir felt '1 ' ·:�(ls _ tl1e c l1,1vc tt1 ·be for111,lli�ed i11t<) J)la11s. 1"11e cl1ief �. � _ :11111 t,I· tr,1111111g vill�1ge le\1el \VOrl(ers i11 this ce11tre is to 1

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DOMESTIC .,

111eet the p1�oblcn1s of tl1e con1n111nity . 1 he only way We ca11 reacl1 tl1e villager is tl11·ot1gl1 a t1nified ,1pproach of con1111·ri11i1:y cle,,e101)111e11t v'101·]<e1·s at the village level.

Tl1e va1·i(Jtts 111i11istries ca11 support tl1e ,vo1·Jc of these 1nt1ltipt11·1)osc work.l�rs by assig11ing specialists at tl1e di­ strict le,,e1 :fo1· selcctecl p1�oj��cts.

We l1a,1 e a1rc,1cly esta.blisl1ed a National ·r3oard for Con1111l111·ity De,,elo_1).111e11t wl1icl1 is co1nposecl o·f various develop111e11tal 111i11istries, apart from tl1c Agrict1lt11re, Edt1catio11, ffealtl1, Pt1l1lit� \Vo1·1<:s and Interior.

111 tl1is task tl1e govcrn1nent officials, thro11gh their clccl·icatccl ser\rices, clisciplined behaviol1r, l1umility, l1elpft1lncss a11cl e·fficiencj' shot1lcl sho\V a11 image of selfless ,111cl clevotecl con11nt111ity wo1·kers. Tl1ey sl1011ld 111ake eve1·y effort to i11tegrate a11d preserve natio11al c11ltt11·e and pro1note and strengtl1en traclitional institu­ tio11s 1i1<c Sl1e11go, ·rctir, De1)o, lqt1b, t11ro11gl1 adminis­ trative a11d otl1e1� 111east1res. These n1t1tt1al-aid. insti­ tt1tio11s ca11 scr\re as i:1 st1re foltndatio11 of co1n111unit,,• .- · develoJJ111ent and p1.'c)g1·ess i n Etl1iopia.

It is tl1e d\.1t�/ of {t11 g(Jvex·nment -officials, religious leaders c111d ]or.�al cl1gr1itaries w110 enjoy the tr·L1st and to pro1note, co11tin11e ai1d co11fidc11ce <.)f the pt1b'1ic� • in1f)rove. a11 t11at is l1. cv.ltl1y 111 011r co111m1.1 nity life and disco1.1rage harmftil J)t·actices a11cl att1t11cles. They sho11ld gt1ic1e, st1p1Jort, and a.ssist the Joe.al commt1nity wo1·ke1·s. Moclern ,.go"t.Je.1Ann1e11tal activit,; n111st t1Aanscend old ideas of Law c>.11d Orde1· and emb1�ace and extend welfa1·e to all sections of the people. We hope and t1·1Jst that Gover11ors ancl comm1.1nity 1eade1·s will become frie11ds, pl1ilosopl1ers and g11ides of commt1nity become model develop111ent a11d event11ally tl1en1selves • social workers in t!1e co1n. m11111ty.

111 tl1is task, We s11011lcl 11ot do ft111 j11stice to Our -· 49 -

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DOl'vIES1�1C

responsibility if We did 11ot t1se 11ational and inter­ national 1·esources dt1ly imported to comple1nent Ot1r own hard labq111�.

Gradt1ates of tl1is t1·ai11i1 1g ce11tre who graduated two yea1·s ago have alread)' becon1e pio11eers in the field of co1111nunity developme1 1t a11d set 11ew traditions a11d an i1nage tl1at ''gover11me11t servants'' are ''people's servants.' They I1ave proved that tl1e go,,ernment l1as trai11ed a new type of worke1· \Vl10 can l1a11dle diffict1lt co1111nL111ity JJroble1ns. Patie11ce, cot11·age a11d persistent effort alo11e ca11 l1el1J 0L1r workers to bri11g about social cl1a11ge effectively. Yot1, w]10 11ave delibe1·ately cl1osen tl1is missionary vocation, tl1e1·efore need to be co11gra­ tt1lated. vVe should follow tl1e exa1nple of tl1is type of co1111nt1nity se1·vice; even tl1ose vvho had tl1e privilege of edt1cation ab1·oad sl1ould be p1·e1)ared to dedicate tl1eir service i11 rural sur1·0L111di11gs eve11 at tl1e cost of perso11al inconvenie11ces.

Our Natio11, \Vith 99o/o of JJeople living i11 rt1ral areas a11d serving the backbo1 1e of Ot1r eco11on1y, is desperately looking to yot1ng n1e11 of your calibre and training to rise to tl1e occasio11. \Vl1ile y·ou were at tl1is traini1 1g cent1 ·e, it is trt1e that yot1 have lea1·11t 1nany p1·i 11ciples a1 1d tecl111iqt1es of con11nu11ity develop1ne11t. To Iear 1 1 tl1ese pri11ciples a11d tecl111iqt1es is one tl1ing a11cl to apply tl1em is yet a11othe1·.

Do_ yot1 like to serve peo1Jle ? Are yot1 l1appy to work w1tl1 people ? Are yot1 doi110- your· best ? \Ve l1ope you w�ll ask yoL1rselves ·these q;estio11's as O· f.ten as YOLI ca11 wl11le yoL1 ar e i11 tl1is 11oble profession . . Tl1e comn1unity developn1ent wo1·ker's task is Llniqtie ·. We i_nt1st be prerJared to wo1·k late at nigl1t, 011 official l1ol1days or a11y od d I1our, if tl1e need arises.

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DOMESTIC

A good comm11nity development worker is always as ready to learn as to teach . If you are guided by !his principle you will always try to improve, which 1s good for your own self-improvement and for that of your work.

If you are open-1ninded and ready to learn, there a1·e n1any thi11gs wl1ich yot1 can learn not only from books a11d i11stt·ucto1·s b11t from the very life experience itself. There are defi11itely many things which you can lear11 f1·om tl1e people. If you are guided by this principle, yot1 will be surprised how pleasant life can be even u11der trying condi·tions .

Finally, We would like to tha11k tl1e staff members of the traini11g cen·tre and all tl1ose who have contribut­ ed in one way or another to the imple1nentation of this important programme of trai11ing co1nmunity development worl<:ers.

Tl1e gover11.rrient has many rlevelopment -progi�am� mes intendecl to r·aise the sta.ndard.-, ,Jf 1iviID.,g 'O,?. � Our "il on t.1.t1e1�c r part are t<een to pa:rtlic1pate peop1e. The peop1e in these national developme11t p·rogrammes, and it is your job to n1.obilize their· human and natt1ral resources in order to effectively tackle 01..1r de·\relopmental problems.

111 tl1is noble task, 1nay the Almighty grant yo11 faitl1 , courage, tolera11ce and understanding to crown your efforts with I-Tis glory and success .

July 7, 1964

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00 � 1ES'1'1 c:: 1

I-IAJUR . . . YOLl

a,·e C'OJ'/'11'}'/Gl'l(lcr.s· t()f'}'l.()J'l''OW ...

co1n111issio11i11g yot1 cadets of tl1e fifth cottr8e of Ot1r Military A.caderny, We are grateft1l to tl1e Al1nigl1ty for l1avi11g e11abled lJs to witness the f1·t1it of Ot1r a11d yot1r e11dea,1ot11·. \Ve co11gratt1l,tte yot1 also on l1,1vi11g bee11 fot111cl vvortl1y of tl1is 11a111e 011 account of tl1e k11owledge yo11 l1ave gai11eci c111d. the skill you l1a.,,e acc1t1ired, as vve11 as tl1e goocl c:011clt1ct tl1at yot1 I1a,1e exen1plified.

We I,a,;e 011 several occasio11s poi11ted ot1t tl1at Ot1r ;;1i111 jn esta1)1isl1i11g tl1is Military Acaclen1y has lJee11 to trai11 officers y\1ho \Vot1lcJ be resJJonsible fo1· tl1e clefe11ce of Ot1r cou11try. Sir1cc t!1e 1·ecr>1·cl of achieve­ n1e11t sc> far l1as been st1fficie11t e,1ide11cc of tl1e Acade1ny's al)ility to live lllJ tc) its c-;xyJe(;tations, the I.nstitu­ tion l1as l1een chosc11 as ::i. tr�1j11i-11g ce11tre by many 11eigl1bot1ri11g co11ntries. 'I'o elate, cl co11siderable 11t11nlJer of 1\frica,11s l1avc! l1c1.cl trclini11}� i11 tl1.is Acaden1y.

T11 traini11g Africa.11s, t11e Acade1ny col1ld be said to l1ave 1nacle a n.1odest contribl1tio11 to African d.efe11ce orga11izatio11s. T.here j3 no d(}t1bt tl1r.1.t t11e ft1lfil1nent of tl1c 111t1c;l1-clesired goal of Afric�tln t1nity will l1avc adcl.itio11al c11cot1rage111e11t \;\Jitl1 c,,ery i11crease in tl1e n11111lJer of stt1de11ts fro111 otl1er fJarts of Af1·ica in tl1is T nstitt1tio11 \\1110, l1ere i11 thei1· vo1-1tl1, pt1rs11e their trai111ng sicle lJy side witl1 yott. Since tl1e Acade1ny co11ld b_e _ s?icl to l1ave acco1111Jlisl1ed tl1is t,vo-fold res_po11s1b1l1t� 0111)1 wl1c11 it l1as ft1lfill(�cl its obligation, tl1ose of yot1 directly co11ccr11cd \,Vitl1 tl1is task 111t1st stri,,e hard towarcls its acl1ieve111e11t.

111 1�1rge 1neast1re it is 011 accot111t of tl1e great strtt,ggle a11cl valot,1· of lier soldie1·s a11d the tactft1I 111

•

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DOMESTIC

strategy of her leaders that Ethiopia has for so long been s·L1ccessf t1lly preserving l1er independence. A people that has i11herited st1cl1 wealth of tradition can­ not fi11d it difficult to establish a military academy cori1parable to those similar academies elsewhere and the1·eby trai11 officers who can revive the reputation beqt1eathed the1n by tl1eir forefatl1ers. The success that yo11 n1ay achieve in life can be n1easured by the exemplary life yotL 1nay lead and the self-sac1·ifice that yot1 1nay 111alce in passing on this great heritage to posterity.

You are co1nn1.,t11de1·s of tomo1·1·ow and the future leaders who will sl1oulder the responsibility of running · , it is you1· duty to this Mili·tary Academy. As st1ch harn1011ize, with mocler11 techniques, the spirit of patrio­ tism you have i11l1erited, and in turn hand this dov1n to tl1ose who follovl �,rou.

Ethio.pia is a111;:ious ito p · re,ser,,e ar1d safeguard peace 11ot only t(} he1:si.-;Jf b11t sl1e is also equ.ally • 1 d es1ro11s • tl1a· t otL:1ers enJ()}' 1t;; a · 11.a tnat men 1·· 1 1e 1n h,Lppiness and in a stable a.n.d better vv1orld. You should, tl1e1·efo1·e, always \vait i11 readiness, av,are o·f the fact that yott 1n.ay be called upo11 to represe11t Etl1iopia in resto1·ing law and 01·der, v1l1erever they 1nay be in clange1·, side by sicle ,.vith the fo1·ces of other peace-loving natio11s o·f the world. If you so prepare you.rselves, you wot1ld 11ot be taken u11aware by events.

You shoul· d not ·tl1at discipline ·a11d 01·derliness are inextricably inte1·\\1ove11 witl1 every facet of military li·fe; eacl1 and eve1·y one of you. 11111st strive diligently, free from any t1·iviality, so as to be able to pass on to tl1e next ge11eration of Ethiopia11s the maxi1nt1m of your benefits. · yot1r gradt1ation today, yot1 will be comWith 'L

•

1

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11

1

tl1e work e11 trL1stecl yot1. Hencefortl1, tl1e solcliersb yot1 con1111a11cl ,ls well as yot11· st1periors \\'ill be Jcee1)i11 g a critical eye 011 yot1 to assess yot1r k11ow­ ledge a11 cl qt1alifications. If yot1 are 11eglige11t of this fc:1ct, IJeOtJle "''ill 11 ot tl1i11 k 111 11cl1 of yot1. If, howe\re1·, yoLt declic;:1te yoL1rselves to clt1ty, yot1 sta11 d to be11efit 1 1111cl1 fro111 it j 1 1 tl1 e 1011 g 1·011.

1 11e11cj 1 1c:r

It l1as bee11 Ot1r desire to see Ot1r Military Acade111y gro,v and ex1 )a11d. Cog11iza 1 1t of tl1e fact tl1 at 111ocler11 1nilit,1ry strategy a11cl tecl1 niqt1e 11 ecessitate that Ot1r Ar111ed Fo1·ces operate i11 1111 iso11, ancl having re­ cog11izecI tl1at tl1is cot1lcl best be se1·ved by e11abli11 g officers to take trai11 i11g togethe1·, We l1ave co11 se11 ted tl1 at tl1is Acade111y be a traj11 i 1 1g ce11tre fo.r tl1e cadets of tl1 e Ar111y, Air Force a11 d NaV)'. 111 tl1 is 1 ·egard, We l1ave gi,1e11 i11 strt1ctio11 s to Or1r 11i11 ister of Defe11ce to sr1bn1it to Us a 1Jla11 for tl1e eXJJa11 £io11 of tl1e Acade1ny alo11g tl1 is li11e togetl1er ·wi tl1 tl1e f11nds 11eeded for st1cl1 ex1Ja11sio11.

We will 11 ot pass ,vitl1ot1 t 111aking 111e11 tio11 of tl1e great l1 a1)JJi11ess ,111d l1011 ot1r tl1at We today feel i 1 1 I1a vi11g \vitl1 Us Ot1r great g11est, r�Iis Excelle11 C)' Dr. I-Iei11ricl1 Lt1blce, Presicle11t of tl1e Federal Republic of Ger111a 11y. T'l1is coi11cicle11ce sl1011ld 11 1ake yo11 all tl1e 1nore ha1Jpy also. \Ve exte11d OL1r si11cere tl1c1nks to tl1 e India11 a11d Etl1io1Jia11 i11 structors '"11 1cl tl1 e Co111111a11 cla11t of tl1e Acaclen1y for l1a.vi11 g e11.ablecl yot1 to acqt1ire your prese11t trai11i11 g.

May 11 igl1ty Goel I1el1J )'Oll acquire tl1 e Al1 the .. qt1al1t � of cl1rty-111i11clecl11 ess, e11able yot1 to be vigilant botl1 �11 bocly· a11d 111i11d, a11 cl tl1 ereby facilitate yot1r \Voi·k 111 tl1e fL1t11re so tl1at yo11 111 ,1y serve yot1r cot111try - 54 -

DOlVlESTIC

faitl1fully and loyally and bring Ot1r con1bined efforts to final frt1ition.

Octc>he.r 23, 1964

LAW FACULTY We a1·e indeed pleased to congratt 1late t4is class wl10 have toclay received CeI'tificates i11 Law from the U 11ive1·sity-a11d also tl1e teacl1ers who l1a·ve n1ade your acco111plisl1n1ent possible by planning, 01·ganizing and car1·ying out tl1is pioneer· p1·oject.

You 1 11ay 1·igl1tly tal<.e great pride i11 yot1r acco1n­ plisl1me11 t, j L1st as We do.

Tl1e adn1i11istratio11 of jt1stice, in a 111 odern state, de1na11ds well trai11ed, qt1alified perso11s ,lt every level.

The int1·odt1 ction of tl1e Codes and tl1e Revised Consti­ tt1tion of Ethicipia, as well as other legislation co11ti-. � ,. n nt1ot1sly co1n11-:i.g irc..r11 ,rar·11,1rr:i.ent a11d· t..ne G · 1overn1nent, 1 l1as dran1atic,1ll)' ct\ar1ged E,thior1ia s legal systerr1. The law of tl1e E111pi1�e is now rnocler11, cor11pJ.ex ancl scien­ tific in tl1e sense tl1at it has bee11 1J1·epared by experts after careft1l stL1dy. The ad1ninistratio11 of the law of tl1e E1npire inc1·easingly de111a11ds l1ighly trai11ed persons.

111 a real se11 se tl1e develo1Jment of the 11ation depe11ds upo11 the clevelopment of ot11· legal i 11stitutions.

The pro1Je1· ad1 11i11istration of jt1stice req11ires a search for trutl1, tl1erefo1·e ·the jt1dicial functio11 re­ qt1i1�es highly selected 111en. Judges shall be chosen from among tl1ose wl10 studied law and who sacrifice their pe1·sonal i 11terests to tl1ei1· clt1ties.

An advocate who discl1arges his d11ty honestly is a j11dge. So the 11eed fo1· perso11s trained i 1 1 la\V is obvious.

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DOMESTIC

TI1t1s We a1 ·e pleased to lean1 tl1at otl1ers ,1rc followina hard upo11 tl1e footsteps o1: this class. We are plea;ed to know tl1�t s0?11 tl:1e 11u111�er of Ethi_opian lavvyers l1olcli11g a 11111vc1·s1ty clegree 111 law will lJe vi1·tually doLt bled.

We are especially IJleased to see tl1at so 1nany j11dges a11d ot11e1· civil serva11ts a11d advocates a1·e taki11g time to co11ti1111e tl1eir ed11catio11 even as tl1ey conti1111e to 1?e1·for111 tl1ei1· 1·egL1la1· claily d11ties.

Educatio11 is a11 011goi11g task. rI'he obligatio11 to iI11p1·ove 011esel.f does not ce,1se si1111Jly lJeca11se 011.e l1as a 1·cg11la1· jol). 'l...l1is .is certai11ly trt1e fo1· those who \Vor]c in tl1e ad111i11ist1·ation of la,;v arid i11 legal counselling.

We vvo11ld 11rge tl1at tl1ese pe1·so11s do all tl1ey can to iI11prove, co11tinuo11sly, tl1ei1· p1·0:fessio11al capacities thro11gl1 f·urtl1er st11dy.

Membe1·s of tl1is g1·aduating class, by sac1·ificing yot1r ti111e yot1 have �1dvancc�cl yot1rselves and the 11atio11.

We are co11fide11.t t11at tl1e qualificatio11 you have ea1·ned today \vill be 1·ecog11ized witl1i11 the legal pro­ fession. We believe it sl1ould. W('; ·belie,,e, too, that tl1e }Jrofessional attai11n1ent to be achieved by otl1er st11dents now studying law i11 otl1e1· prograu1mes of the Law Scl1ool must be recog11izecl.

Etl1iopia needs a 1nodc1·n legal profession j11st as she needs the n1oclern legal S)'Ste111 sl1e is buildi11g. The one ca11not exist withot1t tl1e otl1e1·.

Yo U11iversity all of yo11 \Vl10 a1·e tal<i11g � tra.1n1.ng 1n law - a1·e l1elpi11g i11 tl1e tasl< of building a profession.

I . _ co11gratt1late yot1. I co11gratt1late tl1is class. Talce pride 111 wl1at yo11 l1ave done b)' ser,,i11g vvitl1 conti11ui11g zeal a11cl loyalty tl1e Law of Ot1r E1111Ji1·e.

Nove111ber 25, 1964 - 56 -

DOMES1'IC

MODERN ETHIOPIANISM As the years wear by, n1an's horizon grows \Vider and th� vis·ta·s multiply. So it is with Ethiopia. As the 11at1on 1noves p1·ogressively in the accomplishments of the targets set for her political, social and cultural advm1ce, We fi11d O·L1rselves co1lfronted witl1 yet more tasks, 1nore avenues of effort tl1at demand Our atten­ tion. It is within tl1is fra1nework that, thankfully, tl1e wheels of progress have moved and l1ave brought Ethiopia tl1us far 011 tl1e path We have cl1arted for Our cot1ntry and people since We undertook the responsibi­ lity to move Ethiopia forwa1·d. Tl1e Ethiopian people, wl10 have co-ope1·ated f11lly in the irnplen1entation of all 01Lr plans, dese1·ve Our gratitude and a.ppreciation.

The catalogue of achieve111ents that you have re­ viewed on this twe11ty-fourth annivers}1ry of Ethiopia's libe1·ation is testi1nony above a,11 to three factors: ( 1) the contint1ed gi1idance of the Alr11ighty in tl1e fr1.1ctify­ ing of ot11· aims; ( 2) the incalculable sa.crilices ma.de in the campaign of liberation by tl1e Ethir.Jpian pec-ple and their vangt1a1·d, the patriots, th1·011gh whom this free­ dom, liberty and the EthiopiB.n vvay of life that We so proudly cherish today 11.ave been preserved; and (3) the u111·elenti11g loyalty and co-operation of Our people in the successful prosec11tion of the manifold national endeavo11rs.

Ethiopia is an ancient land and. her civilization is tl1e result of the harmonious alchemy of the past and the present, upo11 wl1ich we confidently build for the futu1·e. This heritage is tl1e bedrock of modern Ethiopia. In it tl1e people have chosen to distil from the past that which is t1sef11l and enduring, to adapt those worthwhile attrib11tes of our present day world, - 57 -

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a11d to fashio11 tl1is 111oder11 Etl1iopianisn1 - tl1e foun­ datio11 of ot1r social 01·der tl1at l1as se1·ved so adn1irably tl1e pt1rpose of tl1e 11atio11's ste,tdy advance.

Be it 1·ecog11ized tl1at wl1ile the institutions which Ethiopia11s l1ave i11l1erited £1·0111 tl1eir forefathers still p1·ot1dly carry tl1eir ancie11t desig11ation, the contents of tl1ese valued i11stitutions I1ave bee11 adapted to meet the rising ex1Jectatio11s of tl1e prese11t generation of Ethio• p1a11s; Be it k11own to all wl10 jt1dge ot11· i11stitutions by the l,1bels We l1ave inl1eritecl fron1 0111· l)ast civilization tl1at Ethio1Jian institutio11s, 1·egardless of their 11omen­ clatL1re, are tl1e frt1its of Etl1iopia11isn1 - tl1is optimun1 co111bi11atio11 tl1at tl1e people of Etl1iopia then1selves l1ave fashio11ecl to serve tl1e ft1lfilment of tl1eir national desti11y; Be it t111derstood that while we Ethiopians are jt1stly p.roud of our 11atio11al l1e1·itage, we do 11ot look back\vards to find ot1r 11atio11al pu1·pose bL1t fo1·ward to tl1e full 1·ealization of Ot1r natio11al goals.

Tl1is anniv-ersary of tl1e liberation of Ot11· cot111try ca111e as a result of tl1e aggressio11 agai11st Ethiopia, seqt1el to the tl1e11 prevaili11g i11te1·11atio11al conditions.

U11fort1111atel)', tl1e breakdow11 of i11ter11ational law a11d 111orality that led to this episode has 11ot been fully rectified a11d tl1e Iesso11 tat1gl1t by tl1at sad experience l1as 11ot give11 rise to efforts co111111e11st1rate witl1 tl1e i111periot1s 11eed for collective secL1rity, a11d a t 1nified pt1rpose to protect a11d gt1ara11tee wo1·Id peace.

Contra1·y to ce1·tain 11otio11s tl1at tl1e prese1·vation of world IJeace is the exclttsi ve p1·eserve of tl1e great powers, tl1e qt1estio11 of peace or war, becat1se it invol­ ves tl�e st1rvival of l1t1111a11ity, is 011e that is i11timately a11d vitally co1111ected witl1 all the peoples of tl1e world.

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DOMESTIC

All the peoples of the world, therefore, should make greater efforts to -enable those powers that are more im1ne �iately concerned with tl1e maintenance of peace , arantee harmony as to arrive at some plan tl1at will gu the basis fo1· p1·eserving world peace.

Through the s·truggle of her people, Ethiopia has su1·vived and this SLtrvival has afforded her the oppor­ tt11tlty to b1·i11g tl1e weigl1t of l1er experie11ce to the efforts deployed ·by tl1e i11ter11ational comn1unity in building a world of� peace, p1·ogress and l1uman under­ standing. We are gratified tl1at Ethiopia has been able to play a significant role in this sea1·ch for a better wo1·ld, a searcl1 to which she is committed i11 her fo­ reign and don1estic polices.

Wl1e11 we loo·k back to May 5, 1941., and contem­ plate the progress that Africa. has made in the area of independence, it a.ppea.rs as if on.e is experiencing the fulfilment of a c1r1<:e far-fetched dream. Today, there are thirty-six. voices tl1at are raisr;cJ in the defen,ce of Africa and Afri�-;(111 ca.L1ses; in t11e 1940,s there v1ere only three. Et.hiopia ha.s been gratified. a.t the e.merge11ce of these new African states to tl1e co1nmunity of sove1·eign independent nations. She is al\x;ays willi11g and ready to play her part thro11gl1 the Organization of African Unity in bringing about greater co-operatio11 an1ong the independent African states and to continue to do whatever lies in her power to aid in the struggle for the con1plete liberation of our continent.

We thank you fo1· the kind words yo.u have expres­ sed a11d for the list of acl1ievements you have reviewed.

Those of 11s who need to know ourselves should read the message of St. Pat1l in Cori11thians, Chapter 4, ver­ ses one to six. Further details of the duties and respon- 59 -

j I

1.)C)

ivl ES' l'IC

sibilities of 0L1r oflici,tl, will be a1111ot111ced in the near fL1tL1rc.

1\1a)' tl-1e Al1nigl1t� l1elJJ LlS to redott1Jle ot11· efforts c>11 tl1.is 24tl1 a1111iversary of Etl1io1Jia's liberatio11 and to be re,tcly to L111dertal<c great resrJ011sibilities to bt1ild a fLttL1rc (or con1i11g ge11e:·atio11s.

Nfay 7, 1965

We l1ave corr1e .l1ere toclay to 1.ay tr1e cor11ersto11e c)[ a11 cssc11tial cor111Jo1e11t i11 EtI1io1Jja's develo1J111e11t strL1Ctt1rc. T.l1c co11strL1-:tio11 of tl1e Assab Oil I-tefinery .111arks tl1e co111111c11ce1r1c11t of a brigl1t 11c,v era i11 tl1e l1istory of Etl1ioJ)ii:111 cc:onor11jc cle\•elop1'l1e11t, a11 era wl1icl1 \Vill st1rely \Vitness 12tl1ioJ)i,t's f.1111 aclve11t i11to tl1e .111oclcr11 i11clt1stri,1l <lge.

Tl1is gre,1t oil refinery 111c:1y J?l.OJJerly 1Je ter1ned Etl1io1)ia's first 111,1jor l1eavy ir1clLtstrial l)roject. Its i1111)orta11ce tc) tl1c fLtr:l1er grov,1 tl1 a11d expa11sio11 of E�tl1ic>pja11 i11clt1.stry i11 all its ,1s1Jects c,11111ot be over­ csti111,ltecl. vVitl·1i11 ,t �hort ti111e, Et11io1Jia ,vill be e11tirel)1 self-sL1fJicicnt i11 l11e SLl[JIJly of refi11ecl petrole11r11 proclL1cts. TI1e J)etroleLU'l1 [Jroclt1cts c:1r1:� esse11tial to the ft1 tt1rc gro\vtl1 ,111cl ex1Ja1sio11 of all sectors of tl1e Etl1io­ J)i,111 cco110111y. Roacis a11d �.-oad tra11s1Jort to tl1e i111JJOrt,111t c1grict1ltt1ral ce11trcs of tl1e 11atio11 ca11 be C>'.J)C�ctecl to 11n1Jrove L1t�tl1 in sco1Jc ,111cl effir:ie11cy as a rest1lt ()f ll1is 11ew projc�,:t. Its sttcc�ess \\'ill le11d (t1rtl1er e11co11rage111e11t to tl1e cl,�vclop11le11t of i1111t1111eral)le ne,v ,111d relatec1 i11dt1stric.1l 1Jrojccts.

1t1 1' sl10\ J-Iere at Ass,1b, alread)' the 1·efi11e1·y l1as . itself a11 importa11t ele111e11t i11 tl1e bt1rgeo11i11g local -- 60 -

· h,tve been e111ployed. econo111)1 • Tl1ot1sai:1cls of wo1·kers and h,1ve lca1·11ed v.ital 11ew skills in tl1e cott.rse of its co11strt1ctio11. I,1crc�asctl sl1ipJJi11g will ti tilize Assab's n1ocler11 JJOrt .facilities, e11st1rir1g tl1at Assab will co11its re111a.rkable growth and prosperity of 1·ece11t tint1e . )1e,1rs. We l1otJe · t\1,1t so111e clay, Goel willing, we will strilce oi·I 111 ot1r Ct)Lt11tr)' ,111d \Vill 11ot be 1·eqt1ired to bL1y c1·t.1cle oil fro111. otl1e1· coL111tries. I-I:eavy drai11s on Etl1io1?i,t's fo1·eig11 e.xcha11ge will be elin1inated, as these reqt,irc111e11ts a1·e redt1ced to tl1ose 11eeclecl to provicle t11e essc11tial SLllJtJly of cr1.1clc oil a11cl to 111ai11tai11 tl1is refi11ery i. 11 1J1·opc1· '\Vorl<ing orde1·. Altho11gl1 there are s01ne tecl·111icians t1·ai11ecl in tl1is field, tl1ey are not s11f­ ficie11t. Tl1c1·efore, we neecl 111any trained pe1·sonne] .

As expe1·ience i�; orJtt1ined, Etl1iopians wjl1 increasingly asstime lar.ger resJJ011sihilities fo1· the ad1ninistration a11d tecl111ic.al operation of this i11stallatio11. The i111pact of tl1e cstab1isl1111ent of tl1is insta11atio1i is tl111s not single ir1 its ,�ffects . bL1t mt1ltiole .

It was l<)11g c1rgL1cd ti1;;1t s1Tialle1· 11,ltions Sl1cl1 as Etl1io1Ji,L r..:c)1.11cl 11ot st1p1Jort 01· jl1stif:y tl1e constrt1ction of cor11plcx a11d costly fc1cilitics sucl1 as t]1at whicl1 rises be·fore 1Js. Tl1e co11te11tion, already disprovecl in tl1eory, vvill s00.11 be even 1r1ore effectively 1·ebt1tted in practice.

Tl1e st1ccess \vl1ic11 \Ve a1·e confide11t ,vill 1nark tl1e Assab 1·efi1 1ery's 01Jeratio11s ,;vill spl1r Etl1iopia to follow t11·is exa111i11 - e i11 otl1er a·reas vita l to the growtl1 and sel f-st1ffic:iencv of t11e 11atio11's cco110111y.

For tl1e SLlJ.Jpo1·t a11d gt1ida11ce vvhich l1ave led to tl1e acl1ieve.111e11t o·f tl1is jn1porta11t ne\v inclL1strial asset, 'vVe and Ot11· peo1Jle are deeply grate·f11l. Tl1e U.S.S.R. Go\1ern111e11t, tl11·ot1gl1 tl1e c1·edit adva11ced fo1· the fi11 a11cing of tl1is JJJ�oject, _ha�e 1·caffirmecl tl1eir sympa­ thy witl1 tl1e cleepest asp 1 rat 1 011s of OL11· peo1Jle. Tl1e �

,-- 61 -

,,

I

I

DOMESTIC

bonds betwee11 us l1ave been strengthened as a result of our co-ope1·ation i11 tl1is endeavou1· and We look forward to tl1e successfLII broade11i11g of tl1is co-opera­ tion into 1na11y otl1er areas of economic and technical adva11ce. The 1nagnificent accon1p.lisl1 1 nents of the Soviet l)eople i11 the developn1e11t of heavy industry tJ1roL1gl1ot1t tl1e .rece11t past provide a sti1·1·ing exa1nple to Our people. A fine exan1ple of Soviet a1ssista11ce is the Polytecl111ical :r11 stitL1te wl1ich is a sot1rce of know­ ledge presented to us by the Soviet Go,1ern1ne11t.

We tl1ank tl1e Soviet e11ginee1 ·s and tecl1nicians for tl1e fine co-operatio11 tl1ey l1ave sl1own with Ot1r people i11. bt1ildi11g 11p tl1is 1 ·efi11ery.

It is Our fir1n detern1ination, a11d tl1at of Ot1r Gover11n1e11t, tl1at tl1e ft1II i111pact of moder11 i11dt1strial progress will be felt to tl1e farthest co1·11ers of tl1e E1npire. All Etl1iopia11s welcome tl1e 1)1·01nise of tllis 11ew indt1strial era. We and Ot11· Govern111ent sl1all do all withi11 Ot1r J)ower to hasten the day wl1e11 its full be11efits are enjoyed by every Etl1io1)ia11.

We wisl1. to thank His Excelle11cy the Soviet Ambassador, M1·. A. BoL1dal<ov, for l1is si1 1cere co­ operatio11 and great effort in bri11ging about the co1 1clt1sio11 of tl1e constrt1ctio11 agree1ne11t for tl1is petroleun1 refinery.

Tl1is refi11ery is but 011e of the significa11t steps in Etl1iopia.'s drive for raJ)id i11cl11strializatio11 ,:vitl1in �h e frame:Vo1�k of 1noder1 1 Ethiopianisn1, for· it a11swers 1n a co 11v1 11c1ng 111a1111er tl1e aspirations of tl1e 11ation to press fo1·ward i11 co11strt1cti11g on the fot111dations already laid a.11 edifice \vortl1y of its strivi11g. :tvfa)' 9, 1965.

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D011IESTIC

WOOLLEN FACTORY

It has long been a basic tenet of Our plans and programmes for Etl1iopia tl1at the key to overall pro­ gress and economic developn1ent is the development of the vast agricultu1·al pote11tial of tl1e n.ation.

Tl1e textile indt1stry in Etl1iopia has already shown 1·e111a1·kable vitality a11d strengtl1. The reason for this is appa1·ent: the prodt1cts of tl1is industry supply a clear a11d prese11t 11eed and den1and of a great portion of Our people.

Witl1 tl1e openi11g of tl1is factory, the textile indus­ tr·y enters a new field wherein it promises to be even more successft1l. Many of the products have not until now bee11 produced locally. Tl1e simple fact that tl1e facto1·y 11ses a raw 1naterial which has heretofore been diverted to other uses, or 11sed only partially, will e11courage better inethods of sheep bree,Jing a.s weJ.l as in­ creased concern for a.11i1n.al l1ealth protectic.:011 . Ex.isti11g reso11r·ces vvi11 be ,t,1rned to pr,od11cti,.re 111se� a11cl t1].e increased availa.bilit.Y of otr1er goods 10/111 fo11ovl ria.tur­ ally as a result of i11creased 1demands 2111d abilit:/ tl"'» pa.y for them. An important elem.ent ,\1ill ·be adde�:il to the growing cycle of inte1·r1al trade and proclt1ction v1l1ich is the quintessence of economic developn1ent.

This wool factory is essential fo1· the economic growth of 011r people; its establishme11t at this time when the textile factory is in full operation is a happy augury. We hope that Ethiopia will soon be self-suffi­ cient and will be saved from becoming a dumping ground for foreign goods.

It is the growth and spread of sucl1 initiatives in all the regio11s best s11ited for animal breeding and raising that We wot1ld e11courage whe1·eve1· and whe11- 63 -

DOivIESTIC

ever J)ossiblc tl1rot1ghot1t tl1c E111pi1�e. Tl1e <�t11nt1lative revvar.cls to tl1e e11tire Etl1iopia11 people to ·be de1·i,,ed fro111 tl1e spread of .local i11clt1strics a11d tl1e development of existi11g resot1rces ::1re i1 11111ense.

We wot1ld like to exi11·ess Ot11· tl1anks to tl1e Ba11(1ue (ie B1:t1xclles, \Vl10 tl11:ot1gl1 tl1e good offices of tl1e Belgia11 Gover11111e11t extenclcd tl1e c1·edit fo1· the pt1rcJ1ase of tl1e 111acl1i11e1·y 11ecess,11·y for tl1e factory, ,:1lso to tl1e e11gi11eers a11d e111JJlo)1ees w110 11ave brot1ght abot1t tl1e co111J_Jletio11 o[ tJ1e co11strt1ctio11 ancl Our n1Jpreciatio11 to tl1e i11itirttors of tl1e J)roject. We tl1ank )'<)Ll for )'Ot1r cx1Jlanatio11s and re111arks.

J,.,fay 11, 1965.

E fl-IIO-CJ�J\1ENT I� ACTOllY r

Eacl1 clay, tl1rot1ghot1t tl1e E111pi1·e of Ethiopia, so111e 11e,,, JJroject is initiated 01: con1pleted, so1ne new progr,1mr11e is lat111cl1ecl, so111e ne,v achieve1n.ent is won, sorne 11 e\v step is taken i11 the never-endi11g labot1r to \\/}1icl1 We ,111cl OL1r Governn1e11t and {Jeople l1ave dedicated otirselves j11 tl1e st1�t1ggle to b1·i11g eco110111ic a11cl social clevelop1nent to Etl, iopi,1 a11d tl1e frt1its and bc11efits of 111oclcrnity to Ot11· peo111c. A 11ew scl1ool is 01Je11ed � ,1 11e\v road is bcgt1 !1; a. 11ew factory is i11at1gt1ratecl. It is i11 tl1is fasl1io11 tl1at a 11a.tio11 adva11ces, and tl1e sttin of tl1ese acco1111Jlisl1111c11ts, s0111e great, some s111a]l, bt1t all ir111Jorta11t, bri 11gs t1s day by day ever closer to t11e goals wl1icl1 \\'C seek. ., 1 <)d::1y, it is witl1 pleast1re tl1at We i 11augurate this 11e\\, ce1ne11 t factory. For too 1011g Etl1 ioJJia l1as been_ (ieJJe11 ?e11t 011 extern,11 sot.1rces for ot1r st1p1Jlies of th1s _ esse11t1al con1111odit)'. As tl1e pace of co11structio11 1n --- 6tl -

DOMESTIC

Our cou11t!y has increased over the years, the need for the establishment of domestic sources of production has become ever· 1nore keenly felt. We have · good reasons to believe tl1at the time is not distant when we sl1all 11ot 011ly be self-sufficient in cen1ent production bt1t shall be in· a _positio11 to supply other countries with this basic p1·oduct. We are gratified to see that Ot1r cot111try l1as the necessary raw materials, that the requisite tecl1nical skills have been developed, and the other facilities which comprise this plant have been installed a11d tl1at today this plant stands ready to play its role i11 the g1·owth of the national economy.

The cement produced i11 this plant will be used to b't1ild structures in wl1icl1 men and. women will live and work and it will, in general, serve Our country.­ The ca1·e and devotion which has gone into tb.e con­ struction of tl1is factory must be rnatched by the skJll and labour of th.ose v1ho 'NiJJ use its products, ·and failure at any step rilong the v-1a�y �,ill defeat the efforts of all. . .

To tl1e many vvJ,,o have- participated in the p1�oject which today comes to realization, We extend Our thanks: to . the friendly Gover.nment of the People's Republic of Yugoslavia; a11d to H.B. Marshal Tito, President of tl1e Yugoslav Republic; to the firms of INGRA a11d IMPRESIT and their employees; to the Ethiopian _Cement Corporatio11. Without the concerted efforts of all, this plant would not today stand com­ pleted, ready to do service to Our people.

May 20, 1965.

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6*

1)c)�11.::s1·1c;

We are pleased to fi11cl, as yot1 l1ave already stated, that tl1e i11iti,1tive take11 . i1 1 1·e11deri11g services to Ot1 r coL111 try, botl1 i1 1 regarcl to l1ealtl1 t)etter111ent and i11 l1el1Jing tl1e clisablecl, b)' Ot1r Fot1nclatio11, \.\1l1ose p .ro­ gress a11cl dt1ty V\Te follo\v closely, 11as bee1 1 q11ite satis­ factor)'. Yet, it is qt1ite obviot1s tl1at in order to ope1 1 a 11 cl extc11 d bra1 1cl1 cs of \.\1elfa re orga11izations in tl1e \'8riot1s JJro\ri11 ces so as to e11al1le Ot1r J)eople to get first-rate 111 eclical assista 11ce, it is also nccessa1·y to be ctsst1rc(f of tl,e ge11eral co-operatio 1 1 of tl1e people to­ gctl1er \vitl1 fi 11 a11 ci::1l secL1rity. \Ve c1o 11ot i11 te 1 1cl to reserve tl1e cat1se of ,:velf,1re clo11a.tions for Ot1 rsel,1es bt1t also to i11st.1ire otl1 ers to do tl1e san1e. It js ,vitl1 tl1is i11 111i11cl tl1 at ,ve freely grantecl Ot1r lJerso11 al estates a11cl proJ)Crties. Besicles, it is ex­ JJectecl of every 011 e of .vot1 wl1 0 I1 ave asst1111 ed tl1is 11 01)' res1Jo 11 sibility, that tl1e scr\1ice yot1 re1 1cter is 11ot fot111dcd 011 tl1 e 111 ere strr1ggle to ear11 )'Ot1r wages, but 011 tl1e ,vl,olehearted 1111 clersta11di11g of tl1e unfort1111ate sitt 1atio11s of yo11r fella,,, l1 11n1.a11 bei1 1gs wl1om yo11 sl1ot1ld ser\'C ,,,itl1 sy111 1)atl1 y, co11 \1ictio 11 a11d faith. TI1 c 11 at11ral ()rigi11 of every. 1 11,1 11 bei11 g n1 a11 hi111self a11 d tl111 s eqttal tl1roL1gl1 creatio11, tl1 e 011ly differe11ce lies i 11 tl1 e opJ'.>Or­ tL111ities 111,tde a,,ailable. No\:''1adays, scie1 1ce l1as 1naclc J) ?ssib]e co111 1)lex i11ve11tio1 1s ,,,J1 icl1 are }Jllt at tl1e ser­ vice of 11 1,111. Yct, 11owe\rcr tJrccisc tl1 ese i11str11111 e11ts i 1 1clt1cli 11 g co111 p11ters 111 ay be i11 tl1 eir service, tl1ey Ob\r ioL1sl)1 Iacl< tl1 e JJerfecti11 g l1L1111a11 c]1 aracteristic of S)� 11 1 p,:1tl1y, goocl 11 css, ge11c,rosity a11 d selfless11 ess - all _ of \\'11 1cl1 Goel i11 I-Jis t1.l ti11 1ate ,viscf 011 1 gra11tecl 0 1 1ly to 11 �1111 ,1 11 �ei11gs. P-'-Itl1 ot1gl1 111 a11 l1,1s fo11nd assista11 ce for , l1 1111 scl[ 111 tl1 ese 1nacl1i 11es, l1 is sL1periority lies in tl1 e · - 6G -�

D() Jvl ESTI C

f<-1ct tl1at l1e is tl1eir i11ventor and he hi111se]f is the. i11strL1111e11t of God. To follow Llp the case of a patient i11 agony with t1nf,1i1i11g te11acity, regardless of whether he is rich or t1nderprivileged, to constantly help the destitute both eco-no111·io,1lly :an(i s·piri t1ua1ly� ·these s11· 01· 1'1d -be the p.revaili11g ai111s of persons witl1 yo11r tYJ?e of duties, as tl1ey sl1011ld be of any employer. What is more, an i11dividL1al wl10 is 1·esponsible fo1· hun1a11itarian acti­ vities, o.r 011e detern1i11ed to 1·e11cle1· welfa1·e services 11111st be prepa1·ecl to face witl1 the t1tmost patience a11d farsighted11ess, ·V.!1-e 111-isL111clers·�a11di11g·s 1:ha,t 111·igl1t ar�i,se fro111 tl1e perso11 01· perso11s i11 need o·f l1elp.

Mo11ey is an i11str11n1ent, b11t there is no duty that can be fl1lly acco1nplished with its n1ere 1Jerst1::tsjve JJOvve1· . Tl1e work of tl1e welfare organizatio11 is 11ot 111e1·ely t11e distrib11t1011 of n1oney, bt1t also tl1e givi11g of JJerso11al wa1:i11t11 ) of wl1olehearted services and · e spcncl in t11e spi1·itt1al e11co1.1rageme11t. Tl1e time w ft1lfil1ne11,t of s-ucl1 dt1ties is the ,dete1�111ini11.� fc1<�to1� wh·icl1 den1onst: r·ates tl1at t·he essence of 011e's individ11a1 values is 11ot obliterr1te.d.

We wot1ld like to 111ention with g1·atit1.1de st1ch 11a111es as Woizero Woleteyes, tl1e hei1·s of Leke-Meqt1as Haile Maria111, Woize1·0 Laketch Birl<nesh, Sheh Seyeed Abiy11, M1·. J. G. Sl1ah who is a resident of our cot111t1·y, and otl1e1·s who have donated properties to the Fo1111datio11. Tl1e actions of these people assure them bot11 spir.itt1al satisfactio11 and a 11isto1·ically i111portant place fo1· ,thei1· 11a1nes w.ill be -recorded togetl1er witl1 tl1eir welfare acco1nplishme11ts. We also tl1ank the Ge1·­ man· Federal Republic, the Government of I-Ier Mr-tjesty the Qt1een of E11gland, a11d international organizations . .,_,67 -

DOMESTIC

which have exte11 ded their· help towards tl1is Foun­ c.iation.

Since it is 011ly your conscience a11d your Creator wl10 keep watcl1 a11d closely co11trol your various acti­ vities,· We l1ope tJ1at those of yo11 wl10 ar·e at present servi11g or wjll. be req11ired to serve i11 tJ1is Foundation, will ren ·der. yo11r services ·and f11lfil y·o11r a· ssi, gnments with complete· a11d 11ndivided devotio11 and c· onscien­ tiot1sness.

We p1·ay to God that He 1nay grant His blessings to t11e w�lfare dt1ties bei11g �ccomplisl1ed through this Founda·tion.

Septe1nber 3, 1965.

1-IARAR MILITARY ACADEMY Your energy and c·oitrc1ge will /Je tested iti l1eW and Ltnfan1-i/ia1� Way.� . . grea. t pleasure for Us to be It is a!�ays present a · . each year i11 Harar on tl1e occasion of tl1e Military A,cademy _Officers' gradt1ation cere1nony. Today, as We· award the diplo1nas to yo11, yo1111g cadets, hotl1 Ot1rs and those of friend!)' cot1nt1·ies, wl10 have suc­ cessft1lly co1111)lctccl the sixtl1 JJ1·<>gr,t111111 e of i11str11ction and trai11 i11g required lJy tl1c I1igl1 sta11d,1rd ·of this Milit·· ary Academy, We feel it is ,t great day for yo11 yo11ng officers and Us. As 011r JJeople co11ti11t1e to progress, the dc111a11ds 011 the i11telligence a11d capacity of tl1e civil a11d n1ilitary leaders of tl1e State· sl1ould also equally 11111ltiply. For it is crL1c.ial to the 11atio11al wcl !arc th,lt. ,vcll-edLtcated ,l11d rcst)011sible 111e11 be ., ava1I,1l1Ic to f11lfil tl1cse dcr11,t11ds. 1 1,is Jnstitt1tio11 l1as -· 68 -·

D0l\1ESTIC �. ontributed i11 vast n1east11·c to 111eeting vital needs of this kind.

It is n1uch of ai1 honour tl1at there. should b.e present her� today the distinguishe_d President of the Republic of India, Dr. Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan·. We convey to You, Mr. President, Our sincere admiration for the cad1·e of Indian officers wlio,se · efforts, ·ever since your Government established this -Institution, have bee11 hallmarks of the Academy. We are glad. to assure you that. Ethio-Indian friendship ha·s beep.. im­ measurably developed and strengthe�ed . by our . cq.:. · operation in this area. · We are hopeful that you young ·officers, well­ schooled in military and technical matters have re:. ceived in your training 011e vit<).1 eleme nt which will· be of great significance to your�elf and to· your people in the days and years to come. We speak of· discipli ne the capacity to ·control oneself _ancl ·fol1o½" ·:throt1gl1 to completion what rni.1st 'be done. anrJ to, place d,u1.fy first.

We wo1.1ld rl"!fi1ind ) GU, l1owever9 thf-:.t ircvJ'.!l disci-­ pline is not alone s1�1ffi,cient to meet th,� f11tttr.·G!" F�e., straint and understarid.ing are vita,1 i111alities for re� sponsible citizens. Your leadership 1nust be that of careful outlook, of strong 'esprit de corps� and one of exemplary efforts a11d dedication.

Your education has been stren11ous and diffic11lt, but you yourselves know better than We can tell you what an immense privilege has been bestowed upon you.

The time has now come for you to assume responsibility and in your f:i.1ture life you may yet face difficult and hard times . It is then that the value of your education, and the investment made by all your countrymen must be repaid. Serving in the army is not 1

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D0N1ESTIC

011ly for· some isolated interest. But, you will have to be 1:>repared £01· greater sac1·ifices. Y011r duties are all i11ter\voven.

Each 011e of yot1 1nt1st 11ot 011ly be prepared for the (ien1a11ds your cou11try places on yo11, but you i11t1st a1�o be prepared and willing to risk your life in tJ1c execlt tio11 of yo·111· responsibilities.

The gio1·y a11d l1ono11r whicl1 are yo11r n1agnificent l1eri tage as Etl1iopia11s 1·e1nain fo1· you to seek and sI1ow. I11 tl1is 11ew e1Jocl1 your energy a11d courage will l)e tcstccl in new a11d t111fa111ilia1· \Vays. Ethiopia antici­ l)ates t11at yot1 will do yo11r duty and n1ake her proud of yot1, as sl1e J1as bce11 prot1d of l1er soldie1·s, warriors a11cl le,tclers thro11gh the endless generatio11s wl1ich l1ave preceded }'Oll. We wot1ld also like to take this oppor­ tt111ity to e�x_press 011r gratit11de to the Academy Com1n.r.111cler� n1e.111bers of tl1e teaching staff, ru1d all tl1ose \\1110 co11tril111tecl in tl1is field fo1· their J1ard work in prod11ci11g eflicie11t officers for 011r arn1y.

October 12, 1965

·- 70 ...

D()tvIESTIC

SPEECH FRO·M THE Tl-IRONE, 1965 Tliere is 1ieithe1" shanie ,ior disgrace iii a day's wo1-/<, 1vell and tritl)' clo,ie, whcltever the task ar1.d 1-v/1.a.tever the J'·ci,ik or statits of the work­ e,-. Tl1e fa1-n1.er ci1id the laboitre,,. wlio have toiled {lilige11tly th,,oughoitt the day have ea,·,ied t/1eir b1·ead a1id lionest sleeJJ. But the 111.cl11,. 1-vhateve1·· his t·an/(, who has s/Je1it his t i111 e i11. idlene,i;;s, wl1ose ha,id has beel'l titr11ed to little of JJJ'ofit or vctl1,1,e du,·ing his wo1-/(ing hour.� has earr1.ed orzly the sco,-n and disclai,i of his fel!owme11 who111 lie has cheated.

A1111 ·ually� on this day We, and the entire Ethio-­ pia11 1?eople witl1 lJs, paus ·e in ,t1l1e rouncl of Ou1· daily acti,1 ities to ·take stocl< of the state of the nation, ·to re,1 ie,i. w the ·even.ts of the past year, a.11d to rededica,te Ot11·selves to t· h.-e 2.1:;cc1mp1is1l1.m.ent of the ta·sks ,vl1ich lie ·befo1·e Us. Each year, as 'We atten.d the o;r)eriing of a ne,11 ses·s·ion of Pa1·liamerrt, V\fe .bo\· V in thanks to A11nigl1ty Go·d f1or ,the ·gi.fts wh,ich I-I·e l1as bestowecl on 011r .be­ lov·ed c·ountry ancl p1·ay fo·1· His continued support and st1·eangth th·rougl1ou1t 1Jl1e ·com·in· g year.

Today, as w.e stand in this Cha1nber to deliver 011r s·peech f·rom the Thro11e, We .mu·st once again re-111. a1·lc upon tl1e sweeping c�hanges which l1ave ove1�tal<en Etl1 io-pia. Tl1e nation ,today stands pojsed t1pon :the edge of: the s·eco11d decade of he· r ,post-wa1· constitt1tional clevelopn : 1e11t. Tl1e te11 y·ears jt1st pa,ssed h·er-e have witnessed g1·eat and n1on1entous achievements in e,;ery phase of Ethiopia's extstenoe. Wherever one tLtrns, ·if he has 1Jll·t eyes to s·ee and the w-illingness to 1

1

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D01vIES'l'l(_�

look cle,11·1) ,t 11cl l1011estly, tl1e Etl1io1Jia11 11ation has bee11 t1tte1·.ly t1·a11sfor111cd i11 tl1c brief period which l1as elapsed si11ce 1955. 13t1t l1ow 111t1cl1 greate1· l1ave been tl1e cha11ges of tl1e far longe1· ti111e si11ce 1931 \Vl1en We pro111t1lgatecl for Ot1r people Ethiopia's first \Vritten .

Co11stitt1tio11. A11d searcl1ing ft11·tl1e1· back into tl1e past, how far l1as tl1e 11atio11 travelled 011ly dt1ri11g tl1e years of Ot11· Iifeti1 11e.

We vvere bor11 i11to tl1e 1)e1·iod wl1e11 tl1e colonial J)OWe1·s carvecl .Africa i11to so-c,1lled spl1e1·es of influence. 'vVe were but ,111 i1 1f,111t wl1e11 galla11t Etl1iopians, acting i11 accorda11ce witl1 tl1ei1· l1e1·oic traditions and i11 de­ fe11ce of tl1eir l10111ela11d, sent the i11vade1· 1·eeling back i11 clis111ay, clisorder a11cl clef eat at tl1e Battle of Ado\va . . We wit11essed tl1e co11st1·t1ctio11 of tl1e vital rail link vvl1icl1 fo1· so 1011g afforded Ethio1Jia l1er sole outlet to tl1e sea. vVe watcl1ecl cJ11ring tl1e first \Vorld War as tl1e colo11i,1l JJO\vers, 11ov\' l)ittecl 011c agai 11st tl1e other, destroyecl life a11cl 1Jro1Jerty 011 a sc,1le l1itl1e1·to t1nlcnow11 to 111::111. 'vVe lookecl 011 ,lt tl1e l)irt:11 of tl1e Leagt1e of N,1tio11s, ,1 11d We led Etl1io1)ia i11to 1 11e1nbe1·sl1ip i 11 tl1at bocly, ho1Jeful tl1at t11e c1·i 111es of tl1e IJeriod of Af1·ica's co1011is,1tio11 ,111ci \.Vor.Id War I ,vot1ld be set a1·igl1t and acleqt1ate safeg11ards erectecl agai11st tl1ei1· ft1ture occur­ re11ce.

1

1,11c U 11c,,e11 Strt1ggle We fo11gl1t t11rot1gl1 tl1e ig11oble pe1·iod of appease111e11 t wl1e 11 com bat :Etl1 io[Ji ,1 t111e strt1 qua 0-o-le l d tl1e i11 bb . w1tl1 tl1e fascists; ,vl1e11 tyra11ny acl1ieved temporary SllfJre111acy over rigl1t a11d j11stice; \\rl1en poiso11 gas and 111ocler11 ,,,ea1Jo11ry carriecl tl1e battle ao-ai11st raw courage a 11 cl braver;'. We strt1ggled £01· five 1011g years agai11st -· 72 -

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the i11vacler, C)t1r voice ,tlo11e cryi11g of tl1e J1c)1·ro1·s and ot1t1·ages con1111itted agai11st Ou1· people, seeking to 1·ally the free world to Our cat1se, a constant and living re­ n1i11der befo1·e thei1· eyes tl1at principle l1acl yielded to expediency, that Etl1iopia had bee11 sacrificed to the totalitarian b11lly. We campaig11ed, comrades i11 arms, wit11 the 11e1·oic 111e11 ,vl10 had 1·esisted from within dt1ri11g five long ye,trs, t111itecl 011 the battlefield with tl1e galla11t Alliecl fo1·ces w110 we1:e joinecl in the co11flict agai 11st tl1e brt1tality a11d despotisn1 of those who would co11t1·ol tl1e wo1·lcl a11d 1·ob n1a11kind of ht1man dig11ity a11d i11dividL1al freeclo111. We rejoiced with Ou1· people and with 1·igh.t-mi11ded people the world over as the enen1y laid dow11 a1·1ns and Etl1iopia was reborn as a f1·ee a11d i11depe11de11t 1 1atio11. Who can deny the pride a11d l1ope whicl1 a lib·e1·ated· ·Ethiopia afforded to tl1e still-colonisecl peo_ples of Africa?

Tl1ose decacles witJ1esscd 1rlom.e11tot1s eve11ts. So l1av-e tl1e bt1sy yea1�s sint�c 1 �)4, 1 111a1:l<:ed L1nceasi11g acti­ vity and corista1-1t chE111ge i11 tr.1e \'/./ay of life of (Jt11· people. Roads l1ave beer1 b11i.lt. Av·iatio11 has li11lced tl1e fa1·tl1est co1·-ners of the E1npire. Tele1?ho11ic and teleg1·apl1ic comn11-111icatio11s have brought Ethio_pia into inti111a.te co11tact wi tl1 ]1e1� f1·iends a11d neigl1bou1·s abroad.. Tl1e st1·t1cti,11·e of gove1·rune11t l1as been mo­ dernised. Ethiopia's arn1ecl fo1·ces l1ave bee11 equipped with · n1oder11 arn1s and brought to a· 11igl1 level of pro­ ficienc· y in the tec1111iqt1es of n1odern warfare. Trade and con1 111e1·ce 11ave flo111·ished. Ethiopia's a11cient pro­ vince of E1 ·it1·ea l1a.s bee11 1·et1nited witl1 the motherland, Ethio1Jia's ancie11t ports 011 the R�d Sea have been re­ tt1rned to tl1e se1·vice of t11e nat1011 and brother has been ret1nited with b1·otl1et. A11 effective system of p1·0vincial ad1ni 11istration l1a ·s been establisl1ed. Schools - 73 -

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have b1·ough·t the benefits of 1node1·n learning to ever­ inc1·easi11g numbe1·s of Ethiopia's youth. Public health facilities l1ave spared Ot11· people f1·01n tl1e ravages of hitherto t1nchecked disease. Modern cities, of which Addis Ababa is bt1t one, have grow11 in prosperity dt1ri11g tl1ese years.

Cha11ge Nature's Law The developments have followed 011e another pell1nell, at an ever increasi11g pace, for change is tl1e law of natu1·e a11d the la,v of life. Tl1e physical changes have bee11 impressive. But even more impressive and equally, if not more in1po1·tant - l1ave been the cl1,t11ges wrot1gl1t i11 tl1e me11tality a11d psycl1ology of tl1e Etl1iopian people. Tl1e physical face of Etl1iopia sl1all co11tini.1e to cl1ange i11 the yea1·s ahead. Ethiopia's cities and . to,;v11s sl1al] co11tint1e to grow. Agricttltt1re. sl1all be n1oder11ised. Commt1nicatio11s sl1all weld the 11atio11 ever closer. So, too, shall the futt1re witness the i11trodt1ction of ever more drastic and revolutionar)' cha11ges into tl1e n1e11:al attitudes a11d ot1tlook of tl1e people. New questio11S shall be posed to our ancient, traditional and ct1stom:1.ry l1abits of tl1ot1gl1t. Lo11g-l1eld conceptions and beliefs sl1all co1ne t111der ever closer critical scrutiny and exami11ation. Our respo11se to these cl1allenges vvill decide �he ft1ti.1re.

Tl1e emerge11ce o: Ethiopia fro1n he1· ce11turies of self-in1posed a11d self-i11fo1·ced isolation was itself a sl1arp brealc with tl1e co11ce1Jt tl1at pl1ysical separatio n was essential to the 11atio11's precioi.1s · i11depe11de11ce.

011ly isolatio11, it was believed, co11ld gi.1ara11tee sec11ri�)' fro1n the repeated inv1sio11 1nou11ted against EthioJJla by those who wot1ld despoil he1· la11d and rob l1er ·- 74 -

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people. The nation's solitude had thus to be jealously preserved and maintained.

Today how f �r We have come; eacl1 year, Ethio­ . pia plays host to 1ncr·easing thousands of foreign visi­ tors who travel to Our land to view the richness of Our culture, the beau· ty of Our1 countryside, the charm of Our people in their way of life. No longer uncertain of Our ability ·to protect Our vital inter-ests, no longer ques·tioning whether Our strength is indeed sufficient to protect Us against the exploiter, Ethiopia today wel­ comes all who seek entry at her frontiers, and we seek to the technology and expertise which others can bring · Our development.

New Pl1ase, New Demands

We require kno,:vledge and assistance from abroad.

Ethiopia's energies were for long cerituries co.ncentrat­ ed on her physic;al protecti.011. The 11ever,-ending � ,_ c J: ..:J o d I strugg e to sa.teguarCL ·t.nerr .a.ree.r om Liep11;;1er.1 tne nation's youth of the opportt1nity to st1J.d)' peace instead of war. Today·, we 1·equire skill and techniques beyo11d Our present capacity to provide, a.nd V.ie lo·ok to the assistance of foreign experts and technicians to bridge the gap. So, too, do We look for foreign capital invest­ ment, and as a natural and normal concommitant, the managers and the professional personnel skilled in the ways of modern industry and business life. With train­ ing and education and experience, Ethiopians will in the near future supply all of the needs of the nation.

But today, those who are prepared to aid us in Our endeavours, who are here at Our request and desire, are welcome colleagues and collaborators. Our visits to highly-d-eveloped nations abr·oad have persuaded Us il

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tl1,1t i11 tl1c sanic J,isl1io11 tl1osc cc>t111tries 11avc adapted ,L11d t1scc. l t11is cxpc1·jc,11cc ,1ncl lear11ing of otl1ers for tl1eir ow11 benefit.

All Ethiopians, of whateve1· gen�r�tion, are en­ dowed \Vith tl1e san1c inl1e1·e11t abilities a11d talents, althot1gh the acco111plislune11ts may vary fro1n 1nan to 111an and fro1n ge11e1·ation to ge11e1·ation i11 accordance with tl1e oppo1·tL111ities p1·escntecl to tl1e1n. Those today wl10 con1plai11 tl1,1t Etl1iopia l1as 11ot JJrogressed e11ougl1 fail to ,1p1Jreciatc tl1c 111ag11itude of tl1e p1·oblems which l1ave conf1·011ted tl1e nation in tl1e past a11d tl1e difficul­ ties witl1 wl1icl1 we still grapple today. (�rtJl�1city �['<> Achieve Toclay, we also accept as a11 1111denied qnd 11ndeni­ ,tble part of 111oder11 Btl1iopian life. tl1e pri11ciple that a 1nan's 11ltimate wortl1 is dctcr111ined by l1is ability and l1is achievements. I.,ct 11s, fro111 tl1e greatest to tl1e least, the . -pc1·for1na11ce of: tl1e taslcs a11d duties take pr idc in . ,1ssig11ed to 11s, \1/l1etl1er 01· 11ot we believe· tl1em worthy of our talents, wl1ether vve labot1r sile11t a11d alone, or jn the crewel a11d i11L1111in,1ted by tl1e glari11g light of p11blic OJJi11ion. rfl1e rew,:trcl foi· tl1c job well done is not i11 tl1c .recog11itio11 of others,'_ 119r i11 pt1blic praise.

Neither is it to be 1n·easurecl solely by- the n�9netary rett11·11 car11ecl by the \Vorkma11. It comes, rather, i11 tl1e i1111er satisfaction tl1at acco1npa11ies tl1e knowledge tl1at the work acco111plisl1cd 1·eprescnts -tlie best of ,vl1icl1 we ,Ire capable.

Tl1ere is 11either sl1ame 11or disgrace in a day's work well artd trt1ly do11e; \x,i}1atevcr the task and "''hatever tl1e 1·a11k or statt1s of tl1e ·worker. Tl1e farmer a11d the labot11·e1· wl10 l1ave toiled dilige11tly throughout - 76 -·

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the day have earned their bread and honest sleep.

Bt1t the man, whateve1· his task, who has spent his tin1e in idleness, whose hand has been turned to little of pro�t or value dt1ring his waki11g hours, has earned only the soorn and disdai11 of his fellowmen whom he has thu·s · chea·ted. No one is entitled to the enjoyment and the benefits of Ethiopia's development wl10 is not prepared to partake of the sweat and toil which have brot1ght the 11ation to its present stage of advancement.

To build a 1node1·n state requires. the concentrated strength and effort of each one of us. If we do not build tl1e roads and b1·idges and schools, if we do not plough tl1e fields a11d till the soil, if we do not carry on the trade a11d comn1erce of the nation, to whom shall w� look for th� accomplishment of these tasks ?

Has ed11catiqn been. gi'"ven tt1at tr1e e�11cated may disdain physical to�l and r�erspi1·ation? I-lave the r1ealthy been prote9ted from dis{::ase . triat they ma}' scorn the hard labour upo� ,}1l1ich alone Our natio11 can hope to advance ? .Ha_ve not those n1any nations which today 37 are. called ':advanced become so thro11gh the toil and labour of their.peoples ?

Eacl1 111a11 111t1st 1·epay ,vl1at l1e 11as 1·eceived fro1n I1is cot111try. Tl1e educated n1an possesses a precious infinite valt1e both to l1in1self a11d the nation. asset ' .of .

Not too long ago, students cot1ld not be fot111d to fill the day classes of our· schools. Today, 11ot only day classes. qut 11igJ1t classes are crowded to excess, and in additiori to tliis, a nationwide lite1�acy ca1npaign has been instituted. We live, today, i11 a 1·adically changed society,' a11cl We _know tl1at . the Etl1iopia11 tJeople 11ndersta11d a11d app1·eciate tl1is change.

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Let tl1ere be 110 1nistake : i11 111oder11 Etl1iopi,1, �c.tcl1 111;_111 mt1st co11trib11te. Tl1ere is 110 protectio11 fro,11 tl1e clernand tl1at a 1nan's wortl1 be assessed by l1is ;:tcl1ieve111ents. EdL1catio11 a11d learni11g offer 110 csc,LJJe fro111 tl1e obligatio11 of toil. Social position a11(l l1igl1 birtl1 JJrovicle 110 gt1ara11tee of soft l1ands and a life c>f ease a11d co111fort. t.I-igl1 origins are no passport to l1igl1 JJositio11. To tl1ose wl10 co11trib11te willi11gly, to ll1c best of tl1eir abilities, wl10, in sweat a11d toil, work ror tl1c good of tl1e 11atio11 witl1 little tho11gl1t of se]f, t() ll1e111 will 1n11cl1 be give11, eve11 to tl1e governing of tl1c 1,111d. !'�or sl1011ld ;:111yone today 111istake11ly believe tl1at ()tll )' i11 tl1e cities ca11 l1e serve l1is co11ntry. Tl1e gre,1tcr 11eccl tod;:1y is ,1111ong tl1e [Jeople, witl1 those wl10 work tl1c soil, \Vl10 (Jrovicle tl1e 11ot1risl1n1e11t a11d st1ste11a11ce Ll\Jl)Il \\ 1l1icl1 Etl1iL1JJi,1 feeds. Tl1e U11iversity Natio11al Ser\ 1ic:e Progran11ne l1as JJoi11ted tl1e way. Tocia,,'s .''OL111ger ,!se11eration 111L1st n1ai11tain tl1eir ties \Vith tl1c 11e(J!Jle \Vl10 L,re tl1e bullc a11d bacl<:bo11e of tl1e 11atio11.

Tl1e pr<).blen1 of tl1e 111,111v 1n11st become the proble111 ()f tl1c fev.1 , f<)r 011ly i11 this \\,av ca11 tl1e progress \Ve c1:tr11 be lasting a11d real a11d of be11efit to all. rrl1is \'Cry i11stitL1tio11 of ·Parli,1111e11t is itself lt stril(i11g exan1ple of tl1e resl1a1Jing a11d 1110L1lcling of c·L1st<1111 a11(l traclitio11 \Vl1icl1 l1as at every step 1narlcec1 Etl1ior)ia's develo1J111e11t over tl1e years. To serve i11 tl1c�:e Cl1,1111bers, ::1 111an 1n11st possess l1igl1 ability and cic1110_ _11strated tale11ts. T11deccl, ),ou Dept1ties n111st, in a�lcl1t1011, l1ave 1JersL1acled yot1r co11stit11e11ts tl1at yo11 cl 1s1)ose of tl1ese qt1,1lities i 11 abt1ncla11ce, for yo11 owe .. . MQ ( (] ...

l)()MES'I'IC

yoL1r cl,1i111 _to sit i11 tl1is deliberative asse111bly to tl1eir votes, cast 1n free and open elections. mo11tl 1 s al1eacl, 111t1ch will be asked of yoL1.

I the � .

Y0 �· 1 vv1�l be called llJ)On to consider dive1·se a11d con1plex leg1slat:011, �1-oposals prepared by experts after long a11cl pa111stalc1ng etiorts, enact1ne11ts vital to tl1e life ancl growtl1 o f. t11e 11atio11 . StLtdy tl1e1n carefully a11d clis­ passionately; see1c ft1rtl1e1· i11for1nation vvhen it is neces­ sa1·y; act not f1·on1 pe1·sonal interest or emotional i11volveme11t bL1t objec.tively, as rep1�ese11tatives of a u11ited 11atio!1 and people, \Vit11 tl1e pt1blic \velfare yoL1r constant co11cern.

S11ecific P1·01Josals

A proposal will be placed befo1·e yoL1 dL1ri11g tl1c co111ing season p1·oviding for tl1e establisl1n1ent of co­ operative societies in Etr1iopia. Experience else,:vl1ere l1as de1nonst1��lte.cl ti1at cooperritive program.mes cE1n be · of jnc·alculable ,,�1lue in ·stirnttlating se1f--hel11 ac,tivities in rL11·al fa1·ming area,s. Co-operative societies, 'Nl1icl1 combine existing activities into more comprehe.nsive f and sig11i ica11t u11its, br.ing to the prodt1ce1·s in t11ese areas technical, prc)dt1ctio11 ancl 1narketi11g ·facilities wl1 ich wot1ld otl1e1·wise be beyond their 111eans 01· ca1Ja­ cities to acl1ieve. Tl1is p1·og1·a111n1e is well worthy of your st1ppo1·t.

Other· projects which will co1ne tinder yot1r scrt1ti11y in ·tl1e year -al1ead deal w.itl1 st1cl1 diverse 1natters as tl1e regulatio11 of co111me1·cial road t1·a11sport and the ad1ni­ nist1·ation of the natio11's ports and l1arbot1rs. Eacl1 of them is deserving of yo111· caref11l review; each of - 79 --

------------ --------tl1e111 will co11tribute to tl1e ft1rtl1er enricJ1n1ent of the life of tl1e 11-ation.

Disti.11gt1isl1ecl Gt1ests

Duri11g tl1e past year, We l1ave bee11 p1·ivileged to receive as ·Our gt1esttS a n·u111be1· of d-isti11gt1isl1ed visitors.

Ot1r good friend, P1·eside11t I(e1111etl1 Kat1nda of the 11e\vly i11clepe11de11t Rept1blic of Za111bia can1e to Etl1iop.ia directly followi11g tl1c e11tr)1 of l1is 11atio11 into tl1e U11ited Natio11s O.rg,111isation. QL1ee11 Elizabetl1 II a11d P1·i11ce PhiliJ), 'A'l10 ca111e to Ot1r 11ation sho1·t11 tl1ereafter, \Vere welco111ecl a11cl e11tht1s-iastically acclain1ecl by Ot1r }Jeo1Jle \Vl1erever they IJassed dt11·i11g tl1eir extensive tot1r of tl1e co1111try. Tl1eir visit was a source of mt1cl1 JJleastire a11d satisfac.tio11 both to Us and to tl1e Ethiopia11 IJeople. A11d 111ost 1·ecent1y, t11e Preside11t of tl1e Rept1blic of Ir1clia, Sa1�vepalli Radl1akrishnan, 11011ot1red Etl1iopia ,vith l1is prese11ce, furtl1er testin1ony to tl1e friendly ties wl1ich bi11cl tl1ese two 11ations. We Ot1rself, dt1ring tl1e twelve 111011ths jt1st elapsed, were received witl1 war111 friendsl1ip i11 ()tlr sister African states of Malawi ,tnd Zan1bi,l. \Vitl1 tl1e leade1·s of these t,vo 11ations, as well as witl1 the clisti11gL1isl1ed visitl)rs 1·cceived by Us in Addis Aba·b,t, We l1eld t1seft1l a11cl pe11etrati11 g talks e111braci11g ,1. wiclc r,1ngc of tor)ics <)f 111t1tt1al co11cer11. \f\Te are s,ttisficd tl1at fro111 tl1esc clisct1ssio11s will co me ft1rtl1er contribt1tio11s to tl1e preservatio11 of world peace a11d the ,1dva11ce111e11t, i11 f1·eedo111 a11d prosperity, of all 1na11k.ind.

We look forw,1rcl to greeti11g i11 Ot1r capital i11 t1!� 111011tl1s ,1l1eac1 tl1e Pri111e Mi11ister of Bt1lga1·ia, tl1e Kr11g of NcJrway, a11d tl1e P1·eside11t of Pola11d, all of - 80 -·

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wl1om are coming here to reassert the bonds of friend­ ship which join Ethiopia witl1 these friendly nations.

We l1ave just 1·eturned from the Accra meeting of the Heads of African States -and Governments, where fresh evidence was adduced that the spirit of Africa grows s·teadily more ·powerful and ·a11-,pervasive, and that Afr.icans shall continue to march together, in unity and, oneness, into the promis-e of the future. At Accra, resolutions were adopted which are of signal importance to eve1·y African cou11t1·y . We wo11ld refer, in parti­ cular, to the resolution which pledges each nation on this continent to oppose subversive activities, to refrain from the conduct of any hostile propaganda campaign directed against anothe1· African state, a11d to resort to negotiations for the settleme11t of- disputes between member states, These t1nderta1�ings� if they are: in1ple­ mented in good fa-itll, shouJ.d _go far to rernov� man:;· of the causes of friction ,iv·hich i1a,,e from ti-rne t.,D time impaired intra-African relations in the past, ar1-d fu1·ther strengthen the African U11ity ChaJrter.

A s·eco11d resolutio11, which, becat1se of tl1e events of recent days, assumes vastly increased importance, relates to the situ-atio11 which exists in Southern Rhodesia. We lan1ent the unreason and the illogic w·hich p1·ecipitated Southern Rhodesia's 11nilateral de­ claration of independe11ce. We stated b11t a few days ago, and We reiterate today, that Ethiopia stands prepared to take all n1easures requ·ired to implement the resol11tions adopted at Accra, together with our African brothers, inclt1ding, if necessary, the use of force. Last night, We cabled a telegram through the - 81 -

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Secretary Ge11e1·al of the OAU to all African Heads of States a11d Govern111e11ts, JJ1�oposi11g a St1rnrnit con­ ference to discL1ss ·tl1·e deteriora,ti11g co11dition ia1 Rho­ clesia.

vVorld Co11fliots We have bee11 sadde11ed tl1at armed hostilities l1ave co11ti11t1ecl to 111ar tl1e worlcl's tranqt1illity in past n1onths. \Vitl1 1·espect to tl1e sitt1atio11 i11 South Vietnam, We t1rge aga.i11 tl1at tl1e parties to tl1e conflict agree to 11egotiatio11s i11 tl1e spirit of tl1e Ge11eva Agreement of 1954 so tl1at JJeace 111ay be resto1·ecl to that unhappy la11d a11d its t1nfortL111ate people. As regards the dispt1te bet\vee11 I11dia a11cl Pal<ista11, we 1n11st e-xpress Our gratificatio11 at tl1e cease-fire wl1ich has been effected, i11 response to appeals fro1n Ot1rself and other leaders, ·bet\\1ee11 tl1ese two 11eigl1bo11ri11g nations. We are l101Jef11l tl1at tl1rot1gl1 11egotiatio11, a 1Jer1nanent sol11tion can be fot111cl to tl1e vexi11g proble111s wl1icl1 beset then1.

We wot1lcl 11ot co11clt1de today \Vitho11t son1e words of advice to the n1e1nbers of P::1rlian1e11t assembled before Us. Eacl1 11ew Parlia111ent 11as brougl1t i11to this are11a of political activity 11ew 111en and won1e11. Each r1ew Parlia1ne11t has be11efited f1·0111 tl1e experience of tl1e Dep11ties a11cl Se11ators wl10 l1ave o-011e before tl1en1.

111 tl1is way, Parlia111e11t's respo11sibility a11d effective11ess has grov.111, a11cl its ft1tt1re co11tribt1tion to tl1e life of tl1e 11atio11 I1as i11cre,lsecl pro1Jortio11atel)'. Eacl1 n1a11 a11? wo111a11 \\1ho l1as servecl l1crc l1as departed vvith a l1e1gl1te11�d aware11ess of tl1e JJroblems of the nation; of tl1e d1sta11ce \\1l1icl1 Etl1io1Jia I1 as travelled towards tl1e era of develop11 1e11t a11d pros1Jeri ty ,vl1icl1 tl1e l�l�)OLirs of l1er JJCOfJle a11cl I1er gre,1t pote11tial wealt11 ,1 l1l,e foretell; a11d, as well, of tl1 e tasks still al1ead, of - 82 -

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the hard and arduous path still to travel of the chal­ leges w�i�h are each day posed to Ethi�pia's ancient and trad1t1onal way of life.

If we have spoken to_ you today of matters which may seem of no direct or immediate concern to Ethiopia, if We have dwelt on what has occurred in otl1e1· parts of the world, it is that you may realise that Ethiopia today does 11ot and cannot exist alone. Do not fall into the na1·1·ow11ess which looks only to the borders of yo111· natio11; Etl1i, opia is today in and of the world, and we :must 111ove ah·ead i11 concert with all mankind.

You l1ere today will, We a1·e confident, serve the nation to the best of your abilities in bringing to the Ethiopian people the fullest possibie measure of pro­ sperity and individ11al f1·eedo·m and personal dignity.

You 1n ust not fail, for ·to do so wo11ld be .to fail in the trust which We a,nd the Ethiopian people have reposed in you. Y 011 ha.\re at1 important role to f1tlfill in the task of 11ationrtl de·velopn1ent '\iiJhic!1. has been Our life�s work and wh.icl1 ]� :Ji(J'Vi! tr.ae tl(\pe zi.rid. tf;�;: ta&!� of every forward-looking Etti.iopian. It1!2.y· P\.l1ni.ghty God bless you in your lab,)ur.

November· 17, 1'965

BERI-IANENA SELAM PRINTING PRESS It is with g1·eat satisfaction that We remember when, ove1· forty-four years ago, We established what was the beginning of this printing press in Our palace grounds, on land inherited f1·om 011r father and now give11 by Us to tl1e Universit_y. _011r aim then was �wo­ fold; prjm,1rily as We have said on several occas�ons before ' to create a centre for large scale translation, - 83 -

DOl\· IESTIC

jJri1 1ti11g ,t11d distributio11 of tl1e Scriptures, the Old a11cl tl1e N·ew Testa111ents, a11d ot1r religiot1s books, tl1at ,ve1·e tl1 e11 available i11 Ge'ez a11cl 011ly 111 1 11ant1scripts; so that tl1e clerg)', tl1 e 111011aste1·ies and all tl1e Cl11·istian popt1la­ tio11 of Etl1io1)ia wot1lcl l1ave easy access to tl1e1n; secon­ dly to p1'ovicle fo1· Ot1r people adeqt1ate 1·eading material so tl1at tl1ey coL1lcl follow tl1e clay-to-day happenings botl1 i11 other JJa rts of tl1e v.1orld ancl witl1in Ot1r own E111pire.

Tl1e 1Jri11ti11g 1nacl1i11es bot1gl1t tl1en and shortly the1·eafter, l1owe\1er i11acleq11ate, 1·e11dered valuable services at tl1at ti111e. We 1·ecall tl1at, in an effort to ex1Ja11cl pri11ti11g facilities, We OJ)e11ecl bra11cl1es in otl1er provincial ce11 tres l<110,v11 as Let1l Ras Makonne11 Print­ i11 g Presses ''Kesa-tie B-e1·]1a11 I. II -and III.'' Ot1r e11cleavot1rs for ,tccele1·atio11, l1owever, i11 tl1is as i11 otl1er fielcls, ,vere disco11tint1ed dt1e to the brief occ111Jatio11 of Etl1iopia by tl1e Fascist aggressors.

Neve.rtl1eless, witl1 the ,vill of tl1e Aln1igl1ty and having liber,:tted Ot1r cot111t.ry, We \\'ere able to start again ancl one of t11e priorities give11 \V,lS to 1·e-establish tl1is print111g 1Jress . \Vitl1 tl1e vvill of God, wl10 is the i11itial a11d t1lti111atc s011rce of goocl tho11gl1ts, ancl throt1gl1 1l1e efforts of )1011 tl1e acl11 1i11istrators a11cl e111 1Jloyees of this organ­ isatio11 a11cl ,vith tl1e tecl111ical ai(i obtained fro111 ,,ar1011s gover11111e11-ts, l�erl1a11ena Sela111 Pri11tingu Press l1 as 11 0,v ,tc11ievecl tl1e l1igl1 est goal a11ticipated.

W � �re very ple,tsecl to declare ope11 today this_ 11e\\1 bt11ld111g and to obser\,e its 1noder11 J)1·i11ting 111acl1111es ,1t v\'Orl(.

OL1r greatest J)least1rc is 11ot 011ly cl11e to tl1e afore­ . saicl, b11t far 111ore i11cleed, to see yot1ng Ethiopia11s, 111e 1 1 a11cl ,vo111e11, e11gaged i11 tl1e tecl1niqt1es of tl1e '-

,

•

- 84 -

pri11ti11g t1�ade. F.i11ally, We and those who will benefit f:-0111 tl1is p1·i11ting p1·ess cxp.r·ess Ot11· sincere app1·ecia­ t1011 and tl1anks to ·tl1e Gove1·11ments of Israel France Great B1·it�in, vVest Ger111a11y, Sweden and J;pan wh� ]1ave cont1·1bt1ted to tl1is developme11t project and also to Mr. Jt1n Nt11nakt11�a.

May Goel bless all yoL11· fu.tu1·e efforts.

Awa1·e of the 11eed f:01· the establishment of a printing press tl1at wot1ld pro1note the growth of our cot1nt1·y's literacy a11d educational efforts, We establish­ ed on Maska1·a1n 3rd, 1914 the Berha11ena Selam Print­ ing Press fro1n Ou1· ow11 p1·ivy purse.

The Berhanena Selam Pri11ting Press, fro111 its in­ ception, in additio11 to the production of various spiri�ual a11d temporal books that broadened Our 11ation's knowledge, has also proved an efficient me­ dit1m for Ethiopia's educational development which is foremost in Our n1incl.

We are pleasecl to see this printing press hot1sed in its 1nodern and great building, fully t1tilising the most up-to-date eq11ipn1ent to render the services that will be demanded fron1 its present expanded status.

It is Ot1r l1ope that yot1 tl1e officials and tl1e em­ ploy.ees will exert yo111· 11tmost for :the ft1t11re prosi: erity of this p1·inting press. We are thankful to Almighty God for having enabled Us to witness this growth.

November 26, 1965

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DOMES1'IC

NAVAL CADETS - l\1ASSA\VA Y011r Majesty; Ladies and ge11tle111e11; It is a great pleasu1·e fo1· us to 1·ett1r11 once more to Massawa to address tl1e grad11ati11g cadets of tl1e Na,,al College, wl10 today joi11 the growing ranks of Etl1iopia's corps of naval officers. Tl1e need £01· you1· trai11i11g a11d dedicated leade1·sl1ip l1as 11eve1· been mo1·e ac11te. Today 0111· 11atio11's developing 111a1·itin1e activ­ ities co11ti1111e to 1·aise 11ew de1na11ds fo1· tl1ose p1·epared to take to the sea in a modern way.

We are l1ono11red by the p1·ese11ce at this ce1·e111ony of His Majesty Ki11g Olav Stl1 of Norway. His Majesty, hi111self a sailor of i11ter11ational acl1ie,,e1ne11t a11d re­ l )t1ta tio11, l1as 1·easo11 to sl1a1·e 0111· p1·ide in the accon1plisl1111e11ts of tl1is i11stitutio11, that s11cl1 l1igl1 sta11dards of acade111ic and technical excelle11ce l1ave bee11 acl1iev­ ed, a11d tl1at you11g me11, tr11ly capable of asst1ming the importa11t 1·espo11sibilities whicl1 await then1, l1ave gone forward to prove tl1en1selves i11 tl1e service of 0111· 11atio11. We are co11fide11t that We express tl1e se11ti111e11ts of this a11d all tl1e previo11s classes of tl1e college in ass11ri11g His Majesty of tl1e respect, tl1e admiration ancl gratit11cle i11 ,vl1ich tl1e Etl1iopian Navy l1olds the distinguisl1ecl No1·wegia11 Officers wl10 l1ave given so m11cl1 of tl1eir skill a11d knowledge, of tl1ei1· love of tl1e sea, to i11still tl1e pro1Je1· qt1alities a11d traditions i11 tl1e first ge11e1·atio11s of Etl1iOJJia's 111oder11 seafarers.

W�t11 tl1e 1·esto1·atio11 of Etl1iopia's ancie11t ma1·iti111e stat�1s only a few years ago, tl1ere bega11 a 11ew a11d sp��ial: �pie in the 1noder11 l1isto1·y of tl1e natio11. As Bth1op1a l1as tu1·11ed outwa1·d f1·om l1er centu1·ies of isol­ ation, sl1e l1as tun1ed to tl1e great avenue for the ties, - 86 ..;_,

DOMESTIC

trade and cul�ure which she seeks to entertain with near and distant nations and peoples of the world. Her expanding economy has required the establishment of modern forces and shipping facilities. This will shortly witness the establishn1ent of the 11ucleus of a modern shipping fleet. Tl1e nation's involvement as a maritime state is only just beginning, and you graduating cadets have tl1e privilege of guarding and promoting that in­ volveme11t ahnost fron1 its very inception. It is a great challenge and a great experience which awaits you.

The world today is torn by crises. Men seek to find peace, to maintain jt1stice and law, but the obsta­ cles are many. The co11tinuing strengtl1 and reliability of the forces of 1.1ight are the surest 1n1eans of preser,,­ ing the hard-won gains of the world's st1·uggling peo­ ples against e,,il and ana1·cl1y.

From you ar.1d fr.(,n1 ztll :/oun g. Ethiopia.ns m11cl-1 will be demat1de,d ., Tl1e 11�w v1av·•• r�}f Rife ·st,11fj_,�h is descending up(Jll tl1� nati;.,11 t\ie110.an.ds tfJR1 2iI1.fl 5J�c:rifi(;·e from all of yo:ii. "f'!1e ·be-neflts of 1x1od��r11 cdtica.ti1Jn have been bestov,ed llpon y(,11 at grer�:t cost, and it is now your solemn. o·bligatior1 to repay that cost through your uns:tJinting dedication and dev.otion ·today. You have learned science, you l1a,,e learned discipline. Let us now witness what you can acco1nplisl1 in applying this to the problems which confro11t your nation.

Our thanks go to those friendly countries for hav­ ing done Us the honour of sending thei1· naval repre­ sentatives to participate in today's graduation ceremony .

We wish to express Our_ thanks to Commander Iskinder Des•ta for ·hiis effor,t .to the growth and deve- 87 -

IJOMES'l'lC

Jop111e11t of ot1r Naval College, as w�ll as t� al� Nor­ _ wegia11 a11d Etl1iopia11 officers for tl1e11� co11tr1but1on 111 this regard .

January 18, 1966

ADDRESS TO TI-IE NATION Thanks to the Grace of God, dt1ring the years tl1at We have been e11tr11sted with the leadership of Our people, Ou1· efforts, expencled to ass11re progress in tl1e area of adn1i11istrative, economic, social and IJolitical growtl1, in education a11d social services, have yielded rewarding fr11its .

Our peo1Jle l1ave long e11joyed the tradition and experience of independe11ce. Nonetheless, in 1·ecogni­ tion of the conditio11s \:vhicl1 tl1e11 existed, aware of the long-term be11efits to be realized, We granted to Our people tl1e nation's first w1·itte11 Constitution in 1931.

Tl1e diffict1lties wl1ich We e11cou11tered i11 accomplisl1ing tl1is radical depart11re from custon1, tl1e t1·ials to wltlch We were pt1t to overcon1e and eliminate surviving fe11dal traditions in acl1ieving this notable step along tl1e path of progress, were l1eavy indeed, even weari­ s01ne . Eve11 s11rvivi11g eye-wit11esses cot1ld have b11t a vague recollectio11 of those difficult ti111es. How much less ca11 tl1ose far re111oved fro1n tl1at pe1·iod be expect­ ed to app1·eciate the tro11bles to whicl1 We were put in tl1ose days. \Vl1en We re-establisl1ed tl1e Ministries of the Gove1·nme11t in 194-3, We isst1ed a11 Order defining the duties and respo11s.ibilities of tl1e P1·ime Minister and otl1e1· Mi11isters so that all Gove1·11ll1ent officials would t1nderstancl their obligations and discl1arge their duties - 88 -

J)OMESTIC

pr�pe1·ly. The . O.rde1· established the legal basis on wh1c � tl1e various Gover·nment depar·tments would funct1011 a.11cl gave cle,11· directives to Gover11ment offi­ cials. On tl1e wl1ole, the system then laid down has worked reasonably well to the present.

Because of the p1·ogress made in the country gene­ rally, and the l1igh standard of living achieved by the people thereby, We gra11ted the Revised Constitution in 19?5, in 01�de1· to consolidate gai11s already won and to gt1a1·a11tee conti11l1ecl and accelerated p.rogress.

Under tl1e Revised Co11stitution, Our people have been guaranteed the ft1ll exercise of thei1· rights. They have, £01· the fi1·st time, di1·ectly elected their represen­ tatives to Parliament, withot1t whose discussion and approval no taxes can be levied, 110 duties imposed on the people and no laws e11acted. In tur11, a11d also in accordance with the Revised Constitt1tion, Parliament can call upon th,e Prime :tvlinister and 0th.er Ministers to give explanatio11s cox�ce1·nin.g the cond11ct of tt1e Exect1tive Depart�'.1:r;.erit.

Thus, tl1rotlgh the 1neinbf:rs of tlie Ch�tmber of Dep.uties, the people ha:\re participated directly in the affairs of tl1e Gove1·11ment, tl1ereby enabling the nation to advance rapidly in. mar1y areas of 11ational e11. deavot1r.

The efforts n1ade to expand edt1cational oppor­ tunities in the cotintry and to protect the national unity of Ou1· people l1ave n1et with success. Our people have benefited fro1n the rights and privileges embodied in the Constitution. In spite of past and continuing attempts of certain alien enemies to create differences based on tribalism and 1·eligion, the Ethiopian people have waged a successful str�ggle � gainst t�ese fore� of evil and thus prese1·ved their national umty.

Since We asst1med leadership, Our most cherished - 89 -

-------------J)OlvIESTIC

\Visl1 ,l11cl desire for n1east1res pe1·t,1ining to social \:velfare l1ave bee11 enacteci a11cl pt1t i11to practice.

Tl1ese include a 1Je11sio11 scl1en1e for governme11t e1111Jloyees; civil service legislatio11 to enst1re that civil serva11ts are cl1ose11 in1partially, a11d that they 1Jro1Jerly rende1· tl1eir services to tl1e Govern1nent and to tl1e people; laws 1·egt1lati11g 1·elatio11s between em­ JJloyers a11d e111IJloyces \Vl1icl1, by gt1aranteeing their res1Jective rigl1ts, e11st1re tl1at botl1 grot1ps can work togetl1er i11 tl1e i11tcrests of the general welfare of tl1e 11atio11, a11d co-01Jerate i11 tl1e attain1ne11t of greater 11atio11al cle,1elop111e11t ancl self-st1fficiency.

We l1ave orclered tl1at l1igl1ly i1nportant reforms be t111dertc.1l<e11: i11 tl1e syste111 of land tent1re and land t,1xatio11; i11 the ad111inistratio11 of jt1stice a11d tl1e nomi11ation a11d a1Jpoi11t111e11t of jt1clges; in tl1e expa11sion a11d gro\vtl1 of edt1catio11; .i11 tl1e systen1 of provincial ad111i11istratio11: i11 tl1e 1)ro111otio11 of efficie11cy in Go,1cr11111e11t depart111e11ts. Otl1er i1nporta11t reforms are bei11g stt1cliecl a11d will be IJllt into effect as their clet,1ils are workecl ot1t.

P1·ogress .Etl1iopia's socio-eco110111ic progress l1as been sub­ sta11tial. Tl1e First Five-Year Pla11 l1as bee11 launcl1ed a11d in1ple111e11tecl for the IJLtrpose of acl1ieving a ratio11,11 a11cl larger scale of develop111ent. Pla1111ing e11SLi r�s ;;1 sin1 Lt lta11eot1s �1cco1n1)lisl1111e11t of develop1nental IJro1ects �i�l1 a view to acl1ieving accele1·ated p1·ogress, tl1t1s avo1cl111g w,1s tage of financial 1·esot1rces, labot1r a11d !i111e . Be11efiti11g fro111 tl1e e11cot1raging results of . �l1e_ first Five-Year Pla11, a11cl tl1e experience gained i11 its 1111ple111e11t,1tio11, tl1e Seco11cl Five-Year Development - 90 -

D0l\1ESTIC

Pl,111, drawn tip 011 a m11ch wider a11d enlarged scale, is now bei11g i111ple111ented.

Alongside the progress n1ade on the domestic front in tl1e political, economic, social welfare and admi­ nistrative fields, Etl1iopia's inter11ational obligations a11d dt1ties h<:lVe grow11 ancl have beco1ne more complex tha11 at ,lny otl1er ti111e in tl1e history of the nation.

As a 111ember of the United Nations Organization ancl its vario11s age11cies, Etl1iopia l1as bee11 called 11pon to participate .i 11 nt1111e1·ous co11fe1·e11ces.

By playi11g l1ost to the Summit Conference of Africa11 Heads of State and Government th1·ee years ago, and by l1elpi11g bri11g abot1t the establishment of the Organizatio11 of Africa11 Unity, Ethio_pia has, toge­ ther with l1er African b1·otl1e1·s, ass11111ed greater respon­ sibilities not only in Africa bt1t in the wo1·Id at large.

As the headqt1arte1·s of tl1e Organizatio11 of Afri­ can Unity a11d tl1e U.11ited Nations Econon1ic Commis­ sio11 for Africa 1 the 11u.1r1ber of "'L\frica11 a11d i11ter11atio11al confe1·e11ces held. i1.1 /11-(idis Aba·ba is gro·f01i11g. A.11d so also does ou1· responsibilit;/ ·becorr1e great(�1·.

As Ethiopia's socio-econon1ic development l1as become increasingly complex, tl1e nation's acl1ninistra­ tive fra1nework, staffed by 1·esponsible officials, has expa11ded to e11st11·e a l1igh degree of efficiency and effectiveness in the condt1ct of pt1blic affairs. In addi­ tion to Our Mi11isters, an jncreased nL1n1be1· of Vice Ministe1·s, Assistant Mi11isters and Deputy Governors have been appointed to cope with the ever-expanding volt1me of work which l1as been tl1e conseqt1ence of the progress of the nation.

In 1943, We promt1lgated an Order which defined the powers, d11ties and responsibilities of ?ur Minjsters.

In· doing so, We empowered them to issue the rules - 91 -

DOiv1ES'11C

,111d regL1lations req Ltisite to tl1e 1J1·oper fu11ctioni11g of the depart111e11ts co11:fined to tl1eir care. Now, 11early a quarter ce11tt1ry late1·, We l1ave reacl1ed tl�e _s! age where each Minister mt1st assu111e ft1ll respons1bil1ty for the discha1·ge of his duties, i11cludi11g the measure of responsibility to Parliament whicl1 was foreshadowed i11 Our Revised Co11stitt1tion of 1955. If Our aims and objectives are to be 1·ealizecl, eacl1 one of us must labour and assun1e his share of 1·espo11sibility fo1· tl1e progress and prosperity of tl1e 11ation. If We do so, We are satisfied tl1at acceptable rest1lts will follow. We are encouraged to see Ou1· people each day participating more actively i11 tl1e affairs o:f the 11ation, for it is in tl1is way tl1at tl1e imperative acceleration of tl1e nation's progress sl1all be attained.

We l1ave said tl1at eacl1 Mi11ister is fully 1·esponsible fo1· l1is duties; 11onetheless, wl1en n1ajor policy issues 1·eqt1ire Ot1r atte11tio11, Ot1r Prin1e Mi11ister, or, if neces­ sary, tl1e Prime Ministe1· a11d tl1e Ministe1· concer11ed, shall bring the1n to Ot11· atte11tio11. It is tl1e dt1ty of Ot1r Prime Mi11ister to assure tl1at the work of Gover11rnent is performed; bt1t tlus does not i11 any way relieve the Mi11isters of tl1eir i11dividt1al 1·esponsibilities. To place all responsibility tLpon the sl1011lders of one i11di­ \'idual while all others sit idly by a11d seek 011ly to criticise a11d fi11d fault is, in ot1r era, to act contrary to tl1e 1nove1ne11t for tl1e J?rogress a11d adva11cement of the COLlntry.

If We ponde1· deeply 011 our sitt1atio11 today, We shall fi11d tl1at we lack for little. The 1·esources are availab le; the and nat ion 0e 's 0 you th are kno oai1 wle 1i11 d o o o . . acqt1u·1ng experie11ce; it is only necessary that \Ve resolv e to work The witl1 dete1·n1i11ation a11d dilio-e .

0 nce. . soc10-econo1n1c l)Olicy that we have adopted, a policy - 92 -

DOMESTIC

fot1nded deep in Ethiopia's national heritage and tradi­ ·tion, 1s well calculated to assure the progress of the present and ft1ture generation; all that We require is co:operation, mutt1al assistance and the profound con­ sciousness that We are fulfilling Ourselves in the dis­ charge of Our planned and assigned responsibilities.

This spi1·it, whether We term it communal, socialistic or the pl1ilosophy of the welfare state, is not new or alien to Etl1iopia's way of life.

The proble111s co11seq11ent :upon the growth and development of tl1e 11ation, whicl1 have so significantly expanded Ethiopia's international responsibilities and obligations, have also to n1eet these mushrooming do­ mestic and international obliga.tions and demands. We must design and implen1e11t methods which will, with­ out wasteful duplication of effort, recognize prope1· principles of administration, maintain discipline, and respect and observe a st.rict cli,,ision of labo111·.

We were aware of a.11 of this. J\And clurh1g past decades, witl1 exacting care and. deli.berate f�::,rethought1 We laid down tl1e broad guide.�lines for a greater future development. A11cl r1ow, ·after the most detailed revie�"11 and painstaking scrutiny of tl1e advances acl1ieved dur­ i11g this period, We have cletern1ined to introduce fur­ ther innovatio11s into the strt1ctu1·e of the nation's ad­ ministrative system, a11d We have set the1n forth in an Order whicl1 We are pron1ulgating today. The changes which We have ordered will e11able Us to devote Ot1r hours to assuring the execution of the highly important and urgen-t progran1mes designed to accelerate national growth a11d developme11t a11d to meet international obli­ gations and commitme11ts in which Etl1iopia contin11es to enter.

This Order, whicl1 amends Order No. 1 of 1943 - 93 -

D0�1ESTIC

defining t11e dt1ties a 11d 1 ·esponsibilities of the Pri1 ne Mi1 1ister and all other Ministers, p1·ovides in substance as follows : ( 1) tl1at the P1·in1e Mi 11ister sl1all be appointed

by Us, and that ]1e sl1all sub1nit to Us fo 1 · appointment

by Us tl1e proposed 1ne1 n bers of his ca·binet to head tl1e Mi1 1isters of the Gover111 11ent; ( 2) tl1at tl1e Mi11isters sl1all be 1·espo11sible to the P1·jn1e Minister; (3) tl1at the Prin1e Mi11iste 1 · and the Ministers sl1all be collectively 1·espo11sible to Us and to Parliament in accorda1 1ce wit11 tl1e provisio1 1s of t11e Revised Con­ stitt1tio11 of 1955.

Tl1is fundamental refo1 ·111. of the structtu·e of the 1 1atio 11 al acl1 11inistration is fot1 11ded t 1 po11 the at1 thority of Article 27 of tl1e Revised Co11stitution, which em­ J)Owers Us to deter1ni 1 1e, revise and 111odify the admi11istrative strt1ctt1re of tl1e Gover 1 1ment. It is designed to i11crease Governn1ent efficie11cy a11d enable Us to devote Ot1rselves exclt1sively to 1natters of high policy.

Eacl1 natio 11 elaborates its progran11nes accordi11g to its ct1ston1 s a11d ct1ltt1ral 11eritage, st1 iti11g them to its ow11 deve101)1 ne11t ain1s, cl1anging and in1proving its institt1tio11s of Governn1ent as experience and the re­ qt1ire111en.ts of t11e ti1nes ciictate. A partict1la1 · strt1cture of go\rer11me11t 1 11 ay be apt a 1 1cl practical .for one nation; it 1 n,1y not be so for a11 otl1er. Eacl1 nation n1 ust deter1ni11e, shape and adapt its go,,ern1ne11tal pattern to co11form to its custon1s and its ct1ltt1ral I1e1 ·itage.

We l1ave provided for tl1is in1proved and 1·eformed svstein of Governn1e11t accordi11g to the ideals of mo­ der? Etl1iopia1 1is111 , bt1ildi11g t1pon tl1e accu 111ulated ex­ l)er1e11ce of t11e years, 1Jreservi11g tl1ose elements of tl1e past \:vl1icl1 have prove11 t1seful, 111odifyi1 1g a11d improv- 94 -

DOMESTIC

ing those parts which_ call for change. We envisage that �uture changes and improvements may be introduced 1n _the future as th � need arises. When change is re­ tl 1n Our thoughts and 1ose of Our qu1r�d, paramount _ officials will be the i11terests of the Ethiopian people. }vfarch 23, 1966

ETIIIOPIAN STUDIES Ethiopia, as is well known, has a long tradition of recorded history running back to the inscriptions of Aksum. The country l1as also been fortunate in its scholarship, centred in tl1e age-old schools of ot1r cqurch ( universities of the age) which has been the gt1ardian of Ol11· cultt1re throt1ghout the ages.

Etl1iopia l1as bee11 no less fortunate in attracting the interest of tr1e i11te1·natio11a1 v1orld of schola1·ship, as well as tl1a.t o'.f f�J1·,�ign well-\A/ishers in far off lands.

Almost half a rniller1i�11n ago, in. 1513, the Ger­ man Joh Potke11 p1�ir1ted the first Ge�ez Psalte1· at tl1e Vatican, and a few years later v,1e find a Florentine trader, Andrea Corsali, contemplating the printing of Ge'ez books for tl1e Emperor Lebna De11gel.

So1ne two hundred years later, in the middle of the seventeenth centu1·y, the Ethiopian mo11k Gregorius held his first meeting with tl1e German scholar Job Ludolf. The friendship between these two learned me11 fron1 the two ends of Christendom, Germany and Ethiopia, was 1nost frt1itft1l. Ludolf, who has jt1stly been called tl1e ''Father of Ethiopian St-udies'' in Europe, proceeded to p1�oduce a number of significant works in the field of l1istory a11d li11gt1istics, among then1 his Histo1·ia Aethiop.ica, in Latin, which first - 95 -

,lI)J)eared. � rt 168 l :111d l1is Gra1n-111atical Li11gu-ae Aml1a­ ricae, tl1e first A111haric gra111111a1· of 1698.

J t is 11ot 11ecessc1ry l1ere to enu111erate the n1any sc·l1ools of qe11e a·11d ze111a; ·tl1c schools ·of the O · ld and tl1e New Testa111e11ts; tl1e scl1ools of the Cl1urcl1 Fatl1ers a11cl the 111011ks; tl1e scl1ools of history, art, and J iterc.1tL1re, bLtt We wotilcl 11ot IJass tl1en1 without n1en­ tio11i11g tl1e 11a111es of Y,lrecl a11d Afe,vo1·q, so vvell l<.110\-\111 to yOLl all.

Of tl1e foreig11 scl1ol,lrs of Etl1iop.ia, We sl1ot1ld like t() 111e11tio11 the E11glisl1 B1·L1ce; the Ge1·1na11 Dill111ann; tl1e Fre11cl1 H,1levy; tl1e It,1lia11 G11idj; a11d tl1e R11ssians TL1raiev a11:cl K,r,11tcl1ovsky.

Tl1� l1igl1 tr::1clitio11s of lear11i11g set by tl1ese and otl1er scl1olars, 1011g cleceased, l1a\1e bee11 continued by tl1e Btl1io1Jicists of 011r O\V11 ti111e, 111a11y of whom are 110\v gatl1ered i11 OL1r ca IJital.

Witl1 ,1 vie\v to c11coL1ragi11g st1cl1 researcl1, \Ve cstablisl1ed tl1e a1111L1al Haile Selassie I Prize for Ethio­ JJia11 Stt1clies w11icl1 \V,ls first awarded i11 1964 to the disti11gu isl1ec.i F1·e11cl1 sa·va11t Marcel Cohen ancl i 11 1965 to tl1e 11oted A111erica11 scl1ola1· Wolf Leslat1.

We are l1appy tl1at tl1e Tl1ird T11ter11ational Co11fe.re11ce of Etl1iopia11 St11clies sl1ot1ld be 111eeting i 11 Ot1r capital w11ere tl1e T11stitt1te of Ethiopia11 Stt1dies l1as 110\v bee11 operati11g ·for tl1ree years as a integral part of 011r U11ivcrsity. W e 11ope to see tl1e I11stit11te expa11d a11ci 111al(e a s11bstantial co11tribt1tio11 to tl1e o-ro\\1th of 0 scl101arshiJJ in 011r belovecl ]a11d. rer)' st1ccess W e w isl1 yo t1 e\ i11 yo11r deliberations . _ 111 tl1c co111111g cla)'S. 1\1. )ril 7, 1966

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GUEN:ET GRADUA flON

We ,l1·e ve1·y pleased to be here to award diplomas

to the Nintl1 Com111and and General Staff Class of this M:ili tar·y Training Centre. We are pleased to be l1e1·e today, 11ot only because this training Centre is 11a111ed after· Us b11t also because this Military Training Centre l1as p1·oduced gracluates who h,tve clisti11guished tl1e1nselves and wl10 will be remembered fo1· ever. That is a t1·aclitio11 wl1ich 1nust be hopeft1lly majntained.

111 Our add1·esses fro1n this very same place to the p1·eviot1s grad11ating officers of this Military Training Cent1·e, \Ve had explained in detail the duties and heavy respo11,sibi1ities and what is expected of an office1·. Th,ere is no 11eed now to repeat them. Never­ theless, tl1ere is one ft1ndamental point which yo11 s,ho11ld bear i11 mind. at all tirnes : to command, one m11st first learn l1ow to obey. Second, your educational framework m11st be fo1.111ded. on 1nilitary discipline.

Any militar)r trna.in.ing t·ha.t ls not base,1 on (liscipline falls short of tt1e basic req1iirerr1e11ts.

Office1·s a11d 1nen will allNays be needed and this Military Training Ce11t1·e will not only contint1e its prese11t f1111ctions, but tl1ere are also plans for its ex­ pa11sion. However, the implementation of these plans will depe11cl, to a very large extent, on the good example and f1·uits of tl1e contributions as well as condt1ct of the office1·s who have · graduated from the Training Cent1·e.

Yot1 sl1ot1ld not limit yo11rselves to the education p1·ovided during the sl1ort term course in this Military Training Cent1·e, for there is no limit to learning.

Throt1gl1 continuo11s reading yot1 can obtain a higher level of education, improve yourselves and your fami- 97 -

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lies and 1·e11der a more sig11iiicant service to your cou11try. Tl1ere a1·e s01ne who continue their stt1dies all tl1eir life time.

Today we live in tl1e age of technology in whicl1 11ew discoveries are n1 ade daily a11d tl1ere is much yet to which you have 11ot been introdt1ced. A continuot1s edt1catio11 is theref01·e esse11tial and there is no short cut to educatio11. Great11ess ca1111ot be acl1ieved with­ ot1t great acco1n1Jlishments. All de111a11d striving and endurance.

Yot1 are all i11debted to you1· cot1ntry. Whe11 yo11 will be req11irecl to pay that debt yo11 do not k11ow, a11d you 1nust be always prepa1·ed to se1·ve witl1ot1t anv he')itatio11. This is the first obligation of a11y man i11 t1niform.

You have stressed in yot1r soeecl1 the eager11ess of the stt1dents to learn and the willingness of tl1e instrt1c­ to1·s to teacl1, bt1t this cannot be considered extraordi­ na1·v. If tl1is were extraordinary, scl100Is and military training centres would have been 11nnecessary.

C-ontinu,ous learning and teacl1ing is expected 11ot only from tl1e office1·s but also from every 1nan i11 uniform. Ed11cation intensifies natural gifts a11d ability, but mere education, t1n]ess fou11ded on a historical and cultural fran1ework, will bear no frt1its. Tl1at is wl1y you sho11ld at all tim·es 1·einforce your learning with the cultural heritage of yo11r fore-fathe1·s - a c11ltu1·al I1eritage wl1icl1 vot1 shot1 ld revive.

Yot1r educatio11, We hope, ,vill bea1· f1·uit i11 the near f11tu1·e and We extend Ot11· thanks to tl1e i11str11c­ tors of the Trai11ing Centre. We extend Ou1· tl1anks also to tl1e Governn1ent of tl1e Federal Republic of Germany for its aid in tl1e organization of the Tech­ nical School of this Trai11ing Cent1·e and for the pro- 98 -

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visi�n of •the. necessary ·educational equipmient. This equipment will s �rv � _no t1seful purpose unless it is employed �y the ind1vidt1als who ·can not only benefit from tech111cal wo1·k bt1t also contribute to the prosper­ ity of thei1· cot1ntry.

We :pray t� Almighty God to bless all Our en­ deavou1·s 1n seelc1ng expanded benefits to Our Nation.

July 8, 1966

DEBRE ZEIT SI-IEET-METAL FACTORY It gives Us satisfaction to inaugurate this new factory which is one of the industries establisl1ed to serve the eco110111y of Our Empire. We have already devoted 1nuch care a.11d atte11tion to economic develop­ ment, in order· to increase the p1·ospe1�ity of Ot1r people and to raise tl1eir standard of living. E,thi,.Jpia, has. been blessed by Almighty God ¥1ith an a,bunclance of J1atural 1·esources a11d va,st possibilities f01· economic ·p,·roduc­ tio11. Energy, initiative and l1a1·d work are needed t4J exploit tl1ese 1·esou.rces and ·to tur11 t·he p1ossibilities into realities. Social p1�ogress goes ha.nd-in-l1and witl1 agricultural and indt1strial e�«. pa11sion. The roofing produced by this factory is a basic an� necessary ma­ terial f01· economic and social de"1elopment in town and country alil<:e. We are gratified that it is now made in the country, and all the material 11sed for the mant1fact11re of the roofing will, We hope, be mined in Ethiopia in the near future.

It is Our lifelong co11viction that all nations must live in peace with each othe1· so that tl1ey may co-operate for the common good of mankind. This co-operation must be maintained in all fields of human activity. In - 99 -

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tl1e economic field, Ot11· Gover111ne11t has always en­ cot1raged bt1si11essn1en, specialists and capital fron1 abroad to assist i11 tl1e develop11 1ent of Ethiopia, by granti11g tl1e p1·otection reqt1i1·ed to start econo.n1ic e11terprises a11d i11dt1stries wl1icl1 will be t1seful to tl1e people, and by creating tl1e fiscal a11d ac1ministrative at1nosphere co11duci,,e to f1·t1itful co-operation bet\\,een Etl1iopia11 s and tl1 ose ,vl1 0 co!11e to Ot1r cot1ntry to exercise their e11e1·gy a11cl tl1ei1· initiati,re ancl to apply tl1eir knovvleclge a11d ex1)erie11ce.

We are in1pressed by tl1e acl1ievement of the Ja1Ja11ese people in reacl1i11g a most advanced tecl1nology a11d creating a n1ost flot1risl1 i11g eco11omy witl1 ot1t losing tl1eir a11cie11t virtues or tl1ei1· traditional perso11al and soci,11 valt1es, wl1ich we I1ave witnessed duri11g Ot1r visit to Japan 011 tl1e graciot1s invitatio11 extended to Us by His Majesty the Empe1·or in 1954.

Theirs is an exa1nple to be n1editated t1pon and to be followed by other 11ations wl10 are striving to solve tl1eir problen1s a11 d to bt1ild their ft1tt1re i11 tl1is trot1bled ,,,orld. We are pleased to extend Ot1r cordial welcome to tl1e Japanese co111panies wl1icl1 l1ave i11vested tl1eir capital and thei1· technical experience to co-operate itl1 Etl1iopian capital and acln1i11istrators in tl1is facto­ ry, and i11 otl1er factories in Ot1r cot1ntry.

We take pleast1re i11 exp1·essi11g Ot1r congratt1la. t1ons to all tl1ose wl10 I1ave ,vo1·ked to form tl1is con1pany and to erect tl1is facto1·y. We also express Our l1earty encot1ragen1 e11t to tl1en1 in tl1 eir efforts and Ot1r wisl1es for co11ti11t1ecl st1ccess and development. \\7

October 2, 1.966.

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THRONE SPEECH (1966)

It ha? been Our custom, upon the annual convening of Parl1a111e11t, to pause and review the condition of the _Ethiopian 11ation a11d people. Today as We cons�der the s�att1s of Our nation from the vantage provided by tl11s Coronation Day, We take satisfaction in the deepe11i11g and strengthening of the auspicious t1·ends ea1·lie1· establisl1ed in all areas of the nation's life.

In 1966, tl1e Etltiopian nation is sound. Her people are stro11.g and united. Her present life is en­ cot11·aging, and l1er future is bright and full of promise.

Tl1e cou11t1·y's eco11omy is viable and flourishing.

Revenues fro1n botl1 internal and external sources have increased steadil)' over tl1e years. The Government's annual budgets have progressively reflected tl1e addi­ tional ft1nds available. Foreign -· trade h.as contint1ed to expand . Domestic corr1mer(,.i8.l activit)I has k.�pt pace with the accelerlttii1:g ten-:1ricl i:�f the life of t11e na;ti,on.

Foreign exchange reserves ha;1e ·been. 111,i.intained at comfortable levels. r:fhe E·thiopian do!lar i�e.mains a firn1 and solidly backed currency.

Domestic a11d foreign investment has grOi}/Il? as attractive opportunities have becorne more apparent and as tl1e economy's ability to support a s11stained 1·ate of expansion has been proven. Internal and external debt has been held to reasonable levels, and the greater part of the proceeds of contracted loans has been chan­ 4 nelled into p1 ogra1nn1es of infrastructure serving the en­ tire nation: roads, powe1· production and transportation and telecommunications facilities and services, among others. These accomplishments are the products of a united nation, tl1e acl1ievement of the diligence · and ·-�

,!j_.

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i11clt1stry of a people vvl1ose t111ity ad1nits of no tribal cliffere11ces.

In tl1e area of soci,11 affairs, Etl1iopia's edt1cational a11cl health facilities 11,t ve eacl1 year 1·ecorded encot1rag­ i11g and re\v"1rdi11g increases. Otl1 e1 · essential social services l1a,,e bee11 expa11ded. The bli11d, the handicap­ ped - 111en a11d wo111e11 ,111cl cl1ildren \Vl10 once cot1ld ho1)e f<)r little fro111 life - are bei11g assisted to con­ tribt1te lo a11d partici1Jate i11 tl1e life of tl1e 11atio11 a11cl to JJf()\'C tl1e111selves valt1able n1e111be1·s of society.

Acl1ni1tls tratio11

Witl1 the rece11t e11act1ne11t of co-ope1·ative legis]a­ tio11 , 11ew in11Jett1s l1as bee.11 given to tl1is activity wl1icl1 l1olds st1cl1 pote11tial fo1· the ft1tt1re of the eco11on1y. La­ bot11· Legislation l1as established tl1e basis for sot111d en1ploy1er-e111ployee 1·elatio11s a11d £01· tl1e p1·otectio11 of tl1e i11dustrial worker fron1 tl1e abt1ses to wl1icl1 l1e l1as bee11 subjected i11 otl1er cot111tries.

Physically, tl1e nation is sect1re. Etl1ioJJia's Arn1ed Forces are well 01·ganized a11d trai11ed, a11d pla11s are l,1id for ft1tt11·e ex1)a11sion. No Ethiopia11 11eed fear tc)cl,l)' tl1at tl1e cot1ntry's ·figl1ti11g n1e11 will be de11ied tl1e rnea11s to defe11d t11eir l10111ela11d. No 011e who reca·11s tl1e celebratio11 of tl1e Twenty-Fiftl1 A 1111iversary of Victor)' Day six. s110.rt 1no11 tl1s ago sl1 ot1lcl e11tertain the least doubt of ot1r willi11g11ess a11d ability to protect a11d preserve tl1e 11 ation's peace a11d tranqt1illity.

We repeat wl1at \Ve l1a\ e statecl on 11t1111erot1s past occasio11s. Ot1r weclJ)011s are clestinecl for defe11ce a1011e; tl1ey will 11eve1· be t1sed i11 aggressio11.

Etl1io1)ia see·ks 110 ter1·itor:,, belo11 o-i11 a- to otl1ers; EthiOJ)ia cherisl1es 110 drea111s of ex;a11:io11 at the 1

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expe11se of l1er 11eigl1boL11·s. Were this the case, we wot1ld have ,tcted 1011g ago.

Etr1i?pi,1_ l1arboL11·s 110 ill-feeli11g towards any. She , seel<S to live 111 peace and ha1·1nony with all. . Bt1t let l1i111 \vl1? woL1ld despoil tl1e Ethiopian 11at�on .bewa1·e. Let l11n1 thi11k, and think again. Our policy 1s clea1·; ot11· positio11 is sound; our deter1ni11ation is. unsl1?keable. We are a u11ited people, spared f1·om t1·1bal d1f1e1·e11ces. F 01· aJl tl1is We tha11l( Al111ighty God. Tl11·ot1gl1ou t OL1r lifeti1ne, We l1ave always u11ceasi11gly sot1gl1t ctn ever-i11c1·easi11g degree of parti­ cipatio11 by Our peo1)le in tl1e condt1ct of tl1e nation's afiai1·s.

I11 1931., wl1e11 'vVe gra11ted Ethiopia's -first w1·itten Constitutio11, We we1·e 1notivated by tl1is desi1·e.

111 1955, We 1)a\ ed the way for an eve11 deeper and wide1· i11volve1nent of Our people i11 the directio11 f Tl1e Revised Co11stitu­ o·f tl1e af ai1·s of tl1eir country. . tio11 whicl1 We pr-omt1lgatecl th .e11 is both. the basis for a11d a11 j111111t1table 111,t11i:festatio11 of t!1e 1..1nity of tl1e.

Etl1iopia11 11,1tion. The p1·esence of yot1 Parliame11ta­ rians here today testifies to tl1e wisdom of those steps.

Tl1is past year� two additional n1east11·es have been taken to acceler·ate tl1is process a11d e11sure the cot1n­ try's ft1tt1re political stability and growtl1.

The fi1·st a11d IJerhaps the n1ost sig11ifica11t political developrne11 t of 1·ece11t years occt1rred o�ly. eigl1t 1no11tl1s ago. We tl1en a11not111ced that tl1e pr1nc1ple of collective 1·esponsilJility · e1nbedded i11 Ethiopia's con­ stitt1tio11al f 1·an1ework wot1lcl be e11l,1rged by the designa­ tio11 by Us of Ot1r P1·i111e Mi11ister who wot1ld, in tur11, . net for appoi11t111ent b y Us. select l1is cabi This innovation, coupled witl1 tl1e pri11ciple of 5 5 19 e ted in th cia un e11 ty ili sib on sp e 1· 1·y ta e11 a1n 1·li pa 1

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Constitution, prepares the way for the introduction of a totally new se1·ies of modifications into Ethiopia's institutional fran1ewo1·k and guarantees tl1e contint1ed dy11a111ic evolution of the nation's political structu1·e.

We are convit1ced that tl1is step, taken in accord­ ance with tl1e nation's Co11stitution, will inject new strength into tl1e political f1·a1nework of the nation, and tl1at the permanence of the advances already ac­ complished will be secured.

The first consequences of this major 1·eshaping of Ethiopia's political fran1ewo1·k may already be seen.

111 01·der to empl1asize and p1·ovide full economic planning, a separate Ministry charged witl1 wide res­ ponsibilities in this field l1as been established, a11d work l1as already bee11 commenced 011 the preparation of a Thi1·d Five Year plan.

Land reform a11d administration, an a1·ea dese1·v­ ing of tl1e l1ighest consideration, has bee11 confided to anotl1e1· new Ministry c1·eated at tl1e tin1e of the re­ orga11ization of Ot11· Government i11 April.

Responsibility for social affai1·s has bee11 con­ solidated 11nder tl1e -direction of tl1e Ministry of National Community Develop111ent and Social Affairs .

Inforn1ation and tot1rism functions l1ave bee11 con1bined in a single Ministry in order that fuller and n101·e co1nplete publicity may be give11 to tl1e many varied aspects of Ethiopia's life a11d activities.

The institutions ea1·Iie1· c1·eated to assure tl1at all J)t1blic servants wot11d receive tl1e recocrnition whicl1 tl1eir worl( has ear11ed fo1· tl1e1n, a11d that they may look to thei1· ft1ture sect11·ity vvith co11fidence ' l1ave 110w bee11 co11so�d�ted in a si11gle age11cy.

Tl1 e M1 n1st 1·y the of Pt1 blic giv en Wo bee rks n I1as . special task of enst1ring that adequate provision is - 104 -

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�ade for tl1e !urnishin? of housing, an inc1·easingly requirement urbanrtant 1n days of rapid these mp ? � 1zat1on.

All of tl1ese cl1a11ges have been carefully consider­ ed befo1·e tl1eir introdt1ction. Tl1ey will assist in en­ suri11g the efficient ,111d effective co11duct of tl1e affairs of Our Governme11t and tl1e prope1· discharge of Ot1r dt1ties to the Ethiopian natio11 and people.

The second of these vital political measures was initiated several yea1·s ago wl1en studies were launched into one of tl1e most significant and critical exercises in 11atio11al political growth yet attempted in Ethiopia.

This work maturecl i11 the scheme of local administra­ tion based at tl1e Awraja level i11troduced by Ou1· 01·der only a short tin1e ago.

Tl1is vast project l1as slowly taken fo1·1n th1·ougl1 years of painstaki11g research and. profound examina­ tion of the needs, the beliefs, the as11ira.tions and. the capacities of eve1t)r segrx1e11t of the er1thAe 1:iopul�it1:,)XI. �.p 11�("?,'Y"ki:J� '�f{�r_ JL1 ':·.�A..fJ L'.;1..idJ,J �J1l@'l�Ji'!,.y1._�., �n� �1;:h m � !,.-))�, l.at.!i_p.Jl .·w-!.PJ.·""' ..,:�1�;'i..•.l.l..:•,� , As thl•·s pro·-i,r,'<l("" ?'1,..il.f�U·-.,· bilities in n1an11 a.r·e:.a;3 oi: pr-essing cor1c�eJ�n 10 ea�::i1 individual and corr1r1tt1riity througholtt the 11:a,t:ion v1i11 be entrt1sted to locally elected Awraja Cot1ncils.

Council me111bers will be chose11 in for1nal elections.

The juclg111ent and disc1·etion of the Ethiopian people will be tested as neve1· before, as a large portion of the decisions shaping tl1ei1· econo1nic and social life become tr1ei1· 1·esponsibility.

Pending before this session of Parliame11t is the draft Procla1nation dealing with Awraja local reven11es which will o-i·ve final s11bstance to the form already devised fo14 this great and crucial experiment in govern­ ment. You shot1ld act 11pon this proposal as a matter of urgency in orde1· · that this immense programme, so 7'.-<'J ,. -

�f;_d,,,ll

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("

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vital to eve1·y 1nan, wo111a11 and cl1ild in Ethiopia, 111ay proceed 011 schedt1le. Otl1e14 fi11a11cial legislation of vital i1npo1·ta11ce to tl1e 11atio11 will also be laid before yot1 in tl1e co111i11g year.

The st1m of all of tl1e developments we have clesc1·ibed a1·e co11sistent, We believe, with the basic I)olicy of Ou1· Gove1·111ne11t, ,l policy w�1icl1 is aimed at tl1e ,lcloptio11 a11d i1 nple111e11tatio11 of a 11ational pro­ gra111n1e l1a\1i11g the gre,ttest in1pact t1pon the largest 11t1111ber. Tl1is is Ot11· goal and pL11·pose, as it sl1ould be tl1e goal a11d pt1rpose of eve1·y gove1·nn1ent sincerely a11d deeply clevotecl to tl1e \Yell-being of its people.

TJ1e syste111 of 1·espo11Sible cabinet govern1nent placed in effect l,1st TYlarcl1 c11cleavot11·s to bri11g to each me111ber of Our Gover11111e11t ,t n101·e in1111ediate and li\1ely awareness of l1is respo11sibilities for sharing in tl1e total t,1sk of gover11i11g tl1c 11atio11 a11d, below lum, to e11cot1rage eacl1 Gover11111c11t official a11d employee to cliscl1arge 1nore effectively tl1e greater measure of tl1e autho1·ity wl1icl1 l1as bee11 delegated tl1rougho11t 011r Gover11n1ent's strt1ct11re.

Tl1e inc1·easecl e1npl1asis placed 11pon develop1nent J)la1111i11g is i11te11ded to p1·od11ce eve 1·-i11creasing eco110111ic activity dow11 to t11e s111a1lest village a11d con1111 llllity.

La11d refor111 n1e,lsL1res are calc11lated to affect a11cl inl!)rove tl1e livir1g co11ditio11s of lite1·all)' 111illio1 1s of Etl1io1Jia11s.

Tl1e introdt1ctio11 of c:l wiclesJ)reacl systen1 of local ,tcln1i11istratio11 is directed to tl1e · i11\rolve1 11e11t of st1b­ sta11tial 1111111bers of 011r people i1 1 the co11d11ct and regL1latio11 of tl1eir p11blic affairs.

011r �o.11cer11 is wi tl1 tl1e 111a11y a11d 11ot tl1e few.

Tl1e be11ef1ts of ecl11catio11 11111st be enjoyed by every - 100 -

, Ethiopian. Health facilities n1 ust be made available to all who require the1? . The ownership of a plot of land . mt1st b � brought w1th1n the capacity of eve1·yone who so des11·es. The benefit of an expanding eco11 omy n1ust be e11joyed by all.

It is Ou1· task ancl respo11sibility, as it is of Ot1r Gove1·111nent, to transfor111 tl1ese objectives into cohe­ rent, acceptable and realistic legislative and fu1ancial p1·og1·a111mes a11d to see to their acco1nplisl11nent. If this is done, tl1e d11ty owed to the Ethiopian nation a11d peo1:>le will be discharged. To st1cceed will require the si11gle-1ninded, tenacio11s, a11d unselfish cledication of each one of us .

111 tl1e inte1·11ational sphere, Ethiopia today occupies a 1·espected place i11 the co11ncil of nations.

We have won, tl1rough our efforts, our rigl1t to this position.

Our natior1 i�; knt1\vn, a.n.d, rightl:19 as a staunch advocate and su11pc,rter of tr1e 171·iR1cip·le of c1Jll·ective security, tl1e pri1·!cip1e VJK1ic;l1 t3till uk1der!ie, s t'rx.e ;r.noder.11 co11cept of the regulation of :relations a1nor1.g sta.tes .

We l1ave stood fo1·th1·ight i11 our �ttpport of the United Nations, and we have 11ot hesitated to 1·espond to tl1e call of that organizatio11.

Ethiopia is, by l1 er ow11 choice, a non-aligned state.

Ou1· politics on the vexatious inte1·natio11al isst1es o·f tl1e day have been declared to all,_ and o�r adhere:1ce to them is steadfast: the urgent 1mperat1ve of u111versal disannament the settle1nent of disputes by peaceful negotiation; 't11e supremacy of reason and logic ove1· force and irrationality .

Dedicated to the ca11se of Africa, Ethiopia re1nains prepared to implement agreed 111easures cal- 107 -

cL1l,1tcd to ,1c.lv,111cc tl1e objectives e1nbodied i11 the C"l1,1rter of tl1c Orga11iz,1.tio11 of l1frican Unity.

Etl1io1)ia's actio11s i11 l1cr i11ter11atio11al dealings l1,1ve bee11 \\1l1olcly co11siste11t witl1 l1er declarecl policies.

Vv'c ir1sist toc1::1y tr"i�lt tl1e \V,1_y t() peace an1ong n1en and 11i.1lio11s rests j11 tl1e eve11-l1ar1cled a1)1)lication and e11forc:c111c11t of tl1e 1J1·.i11cir)les of tl1e U11ited Nations [111d tl1e 01·!�,trtizat:011 of Af1·ica11 U11ity: non-i11terfere11c e i11 tl1c i11tcr11�1l atI,1irs of otl1ers; self-deter111i11ation fo1· rl1e re111ai11i11g cleJJer1clcr1t }JCOJJles of the world; respect for ll1e lcrritori,tl i11tegrity of i11clepencle11t states. _i\bovc i.lll, Etl1io1Jic1 is cledic:1ted to tl1e principle c>f tl1c ec.1t1,1lity ()l: i.tll 111cn, ir1·es_1?ecti,1e of differences c)f race.' colot11· or creecl.

As \Ve clo 11ot l)ractice or pe1·r11it discrii111nation ,vitl1i11 <)Ltr r1�ttior1, SC) vve 01J1Josc it \vl1ereve1· it is fo1111d.

As vve gt1ar,111tcc to eacl1 tl1e rigl1t to wor·ship as l1c c1100::;cs, so \Ve cle11ot111ce tl1e l)olicy whicl1 sets 1nan ,1g,1i11st 111;:111 011 jss11es of 1·eligio11 .

As vve cxte11cl tl1e l1a11cl of 1111ive1·sal brotl1erl1ood t.o i.tll, ,,vitl1ot1t regarcl to r,1ce o.r colot1r, so we conden1n ,t11y soci,11 or IJOlitic,11 orcle1· wl1icl1 clistingt1isl1es tt111<)11g Gael's cl1ilclrc11 011 tl1is 111ost speciot1s of gro1111ds. ']�l111s, we oppose tl1e secessio11ist 1·egirne in Rl1ode­ si,1 bec,tLlSe it rcft1ses to tl1e Afr.ica11 1najorit)' the rigl1t fL111)' to I)artici J),1.te .i.r1 tl1c life of tl·1,1 t territory. \"'e de11()t111cc tl1c ('iovcr11rr.ter1t of Sot1th Africa bec �1L1se t!1e evil clcctri11.e of ,11J,1rtl1eid espot1sed there cle111es t!1c b�1�ic cqt1,1lit:\/ t)[ 111<.:1. 1 ,111cl 1·aises to tl1e statt1s ()f s,1crccl (I0!�111a 8.1.1 ociic>LtS r111cl f8.ise racis111 . 'vVe _co11clc11l11 tl1e 11olicies followed i11 Angola a11d f\;I ozr1111 l) 10,_Llc; bcc;a 11sc Lll()��c terri t()ries \Vitl1l1old f ro111.

Africc:111s ti1c fttll C)Cercise of tl1ci.r rigl1ts ,1s free 111e11 .

We. sl1:Jl l 11ot 1·est 1111ti 1 tl1cse regin1es have bee11 - 108 ...

, J)OMESTIC

swept £1·0111 tl1e Af1·ican co11 ti11ent. We s11all not falter i11 the str·t1gg1c t111ti1 1:reeclo111 l1as bee11. won bv O t11· Af1·ican b1·otl1e1·s.

111 the condt1ct of tl1 e international affairs of O t11· natio11, W e have jJlacecl 11 igl1 valt1e t1pon personal co11tacts betvvee11 JJCOJ-:>le a11cl leade1�s of natio11s. In the r,ast year, We 111et a11 d clisct1ssecl with a nu1nber of \\ 0rId sta tes111e.11 i1r11Jo1·tan t world problen1 s, both in Adelis Ababa a11(i ab1·oad. The. President of France, O t11· good 1:rie11d General Cl1arles de Gat1 l]e, ho11oured Ethiopia with 11is prese11 ce earlie1· tl1is year. Only a few days ago ,ve l1ad occasio11 to n1eet with him again in Pa1·is vvl1e1�e vve clisct1ssed isst1es of 1n11t11al concern, i11cl.t1di11g tl1e qt1estion of Djibot1ti. We were pleased to 1·eceive i11 011r ca·pital His I\1ajesty Ki11,� Olaf \T of Norwa\,. a11cl tl1e leaders of Bt1lga1·ia, T-It111gary a11cl Pola.nd. Witl1 eacl1 We exc11a11ged vievls on matters of intere�t to Ol11· 1·espective states.

Ea1·1v tl1is year. We t1·ave11ec1 to the 1/fa1agasy RetJ11111 ic, tl1e Ivorv' Coast, Se11ega1, Jarn aica, 'fr111ic1ad and Tobago, a,1ci Haiti. We have j11st :returned f1·01n a tou1· of tl1e Middle ·East. ]'n Kuvvait, 'Ne 1net ·-vvit11 His Hi_ghness Sl1 eikh sa·l,811 A1-Sa]en1 A1-Se1)� 11, a11cl, in Lebano11 with Presicle11t Cl1ar1es I-Ielot1. Witl1 each of tl1ese leade1·s. '\Ve co11side1·ed 1natte1·s of commo11 i11terest a11 d We ex1Jlcti11ecl to t11e111 E,thio1Jia's position on he1· relations \\1 itl1 tht� Midclle East.

In .Torclan. a111ong otl1er in1porta11t sl1bjects re­ viewecl with Hi� M,tie;ty Ki11g H1-1ssein, We conside1·ed i­ tic an e W \'· ter c1s o11 M 1 .

1 lta St1 ar D · e tl1 of n tio e th at1es hac 1·e be 11 'vVi n tio lt1 so t 1en ,l1 11: r · iJe 1d a1 al fin pate tl1.at a ecl sho1·tly.

1

.,

No,.'ember 3, 1966

-- 109 -

D0t-.1ESTIC

v'\1ATEl{

"'

WOllKS 1\1 1-:IARAR

I11 vie,v of tl1e popL1latio11 growtl1 a11d the establish111e11t of varioL1s i11stitutio11s i11 Harar, \\1ater sl1ortage becan1e a seriot1s problen1. Recog11izi11g the t1rgency of tl1is p1·oble111, We i11st1·t1cted Ot1r Depart1ne11t of Water Resources a few years ago to investigate tl1e 1Jossibilities of t1tilizi11g Ale1naya Lake as a source of \Vater st1pply for Harar. UJJon 1·eceivi11g the feasibility stL1cly, We i1111nediately 01·dered tl1e com1ne11cement of tl,e co11strt1ctio11 worl<:. It was witl1 great a11ticipatio11 tl1at \Ve were lool<:i11g forward, togetl1e1· with Our· JJeople of 11arar, to tl1e co1111Jletio11 of tl1is p1·oject whicl1 We take great JJleasL1re. i11 i11at1gt1rati11g today.

Si11ce tl1e \Velfare of Ot11· beloved peo1Jle is Our 111,1i11 co11cer11 a11d JJreocctlJJatio11, it beco1nes i11ct1m­ be11t t1po11 Us to JJrovide it vvith adeqt1ate facilities to accelerate its JJrogress a11d ad\1a11ce1ne11t. It is 111i11d­ ft1l of tl1is tl1a.t We t1st1ally t111dertake exte11sive tou1·s of v�1riot1s JJrovinces of Ot11· cot111try f1�om ti1ne to ti1ne.

St1cl1 tot1rs f11r11isl1 Us witl1 first-l1and i11formatio11 abo11t tl1e 11eeds of Ot1r people and at tl1e san1e tin1e e11able Us to sl1are tl1eir proble111s a11d l1elp i11 overco111i11g tl1eir clifl1.ct1lties. We always clraw ,great st1·e11gtl1 fron1 tl1ese \1 isits \\1l1icl1 also afford excelle11t opport1111ities to wit11ess tl1e progress a11d acl1ieve111e11t of tl1e projects \\1 hicl1 \Ve l1ave en1barked 011 for tl1e "'elfare of Ot1r people.

We 1111dersta11d tl1a.t tl1e 1Jrese11t water st1p1Jly can ,t111plJ' satisfy tl1e 11eeds of 100,000 1Jeople.

Tl1is, togetl1er v,1itl1 tl1e otl1er basic facilities tl1at \\le I1a\1e already 1)1·0\1ided for tl1e to\v11 of Harar, \V e l1ope 111 �y e11st1re its l1ealtl1 and develop111e11t a11d ac­ celerate its gro"1tl1.

- 110 -··

DOMESTIC

We wish to. take this op_portunity to thank those who_ l1�ve c.ont �1buted significa11tly in the st.1ccessful real1zat1on of tl11s p roject.

Nov. 22, 1966.

DIRE-DAWA TE.XTILE Mll,L It gives Us satisfaction to be present here today at this textile mill to inaugurate the new extension which is a p roof of the progress achieved by the Cotton Con1pa11y of Etl1iop.ia, wl1icl1 today gives t1seful employ­ ment to more than 3500 people.

Since the raisi11g of tl1e standard of living of 0111· beloved people is OL11· pri111e duty, it is a 1natte1· wl1ich has al,vavs engaged Our attention. We are always hopeful tl1at thro11gh the economic developn1ent pro­ gra111mes that We 11.a,,e a·L1·ead.v la,t!ncl:1ed ? and those that We envisage to t1ndertake in. the futtllre iD. accor­ dance with Our Fi,1e Yea.r· Pla11, Ot1r c!iJe.rished goal in this 1·ega1·d v;ill be realized in its full significa11ce.

Ethiopia, througl1 th� bounty of t1:1e Almighty God, is blessed with abt1ndant natt1ral resou1·ces partic11larly in the field of agricult:ure a11d animal h11sbandry. It is therefore the duty of each son and da11gr1ter of Ethio­ pia to take active part in tl1e effective exploitation of these resourc·es. This is possible provided w·e are determined to work for this end. The develop1nent and growth of the textile indt1stries in Our cot1ntry have undoubtedly increased the demand for locally grown raw cotton whose production is ac cordingly in.creasing year by year . I11 the ve1·y 11ear future, Godi is expect� d to be a new sot1rce of cotton supply for the textile inc\ustries of Ethiopia from which this 1nill, We are -- 111 -

DOlvlESTIC

co11 f1cle11t, c,t11 clra,v gre,:l t be11efits in view of its p1·oxi111i ty. 'Tl1c: resr1lts of tl1e expe1·i111e11ts wl1ich were con­ cl t1ctecl i11 tl1at ;J rca i11 tl1,� fielcl of agric11Itu1·e and stock breccli11t� ctrc very e11coL1r,tgi11g. 'Ne are l101Jeft1I that t11e cJevelop11:1c11t clcti\rities wl1ic.l1 We l1ave al1·eady con1111cr1cecl t11ere wi1 ! gro,v i r1 sir11il,1r p::1ce a 11 alo11g tl1e vV::1bi Sl1ebelli ValleJ, ir1 tl1e i11terest and welfare of Ot1r cot111try a11d lJCOJJle. \Ve, for 011r part, are fo]low­ i 11g ,vi tl1 l(ee11 i11tcrest tl1e clevelo1J111ent of tl1is area wl1ose JJop11]atio11's JJrogrcss a11d well-·being We J1ave c:lt l1eart.

It is OL1.r fir111 belief tl1at tl1e s0L1ndest way to cl!)lJrc)c.1cl1 01t1· eC()J10]i1ic de,1eloJJ1ne11t plan is to indt1cc ,111d e11co11r,1ge tl1e est,1blisl1111e11t of indt1stries s11ch as tl1e 1Jrcse11t 011e vvl1ich c..:a11 JJrocess locally p1·od11ced r"1 \V 111ateri,11s. vVe ,trc 1oo1-:i11g for\vard to tl1e day vvl1ic'.l1, V\fr:- ]101Je, ,vill be iL1 tl1e 11ot too dista11t f11tt1re, \,1]1e11 tl1e JJrod11cc of tl-1is rl1ill ,·tncl si111ila1· pla11ts it1 Etl1iopia \vill not 011ly satiate lc.)cal de111and b11t will be i11 a. {)Ositio11 to export p1·odL1ce 011 a co111petitive b,1sis to 1.1ear a11cl c1ista11t coL111tries.

It is 011r lifc-lo11g co11victior1 tl1at co-operation be est,tlJlisl1ed �l111011g 11atio11s on tl1e basis of m11tt1al l,c11efi t, becat1se tl1 rot1gl1 sL1cl1 co11tacts 11nderstandi11g c,111 be JJro1noted a11cl tl1e ca11se of wo1·Icl IJeace served.

Tl1c,11gl1, so f,1r, t11e 111,1g11itL1c1c of foreig11 capital that 1,as bec11 i111ported i11tc) OL11· cot111try leaves mucl1 to be clesired, it is e11cot1ragi11g to c)bse1·ve tl1e a1nount ;.-_1lreacl;1 invcstecl in \1ario11s e11ter1Jrises in tl1e countr)'.

111 tl1e rece11t 1J,1st Ot1r Gove1·n111e11t l1as int1·od11ced tl1e i1111Jortation �f ft1rtl1er t? legislrttio11 e11co11rage _ forc1g11 c�tJJ1tal, J)artict1larly ,vl1e11 s11cl1 car)ital 1s acc _()11:1)an. 1 ccl ,vitl1 tecl111ical lc110,,,_I1ow a11d experie11ce.

Tl11s 1s t11c 1·easo11 ,vl1y We 1,ave strongly welcorned ,.,, ll�), ....

DOMESTIC

tl1e Japanese J?a�ticipation, through the Fuji Spinning and Maruben1-I1da Companies, in the capital and management of this Company.

We are impressed by the technological achieve­ n1ents and the qutstanding progress made by Japan, in st1ch � short period, which has placed it today amongst the highly developed countries of the world, despite the fact tl1at most of its raw materials are imported.

Since human capital is a very essential vehicle for the development and progress of a nation, We deeply appreciate the Japanese assistance in this connection .

We believe tha·t through the co-operation which we l1ave already established and which We shall continue to nourish in the future, Our workers and technicians will no do11bt gain skill and experience from their Japanese counterparts. We also believe that there are a.mple oppo1·tunities for tl1e further expansion of trade between Ethiopia.. and Japan in viev, of the latter's large-scale importa.tion o.f rav;1 materials an.d agricul­ tural products� r It is with pit)b'J.surr! that 'i'Vv .e note here the financial participation of t!1.e Iriter11atior1al Finance Cori:,oration of the Internatior1al Bank in this e11terprise. In express­ ing Our deep tha11ks for tl1e kind 'Nords addressed to Us by tl1e Chief Executive of the International Finance Corporation, We wish ·10 take this opportunity to re­ assure the World Bank and its affiliate of Our con­ tinued suppo1·t of their endeavo11rs for the development of Our country.

In conclusion, W e wish to extend Ot1r congratulations to all those who have contributed towards the successful completion of this new m�dern mill, and 011r best wishes for its continued well-being.

Nov. 24, 1966.

- 113 -

9*

A,,v1\SI-I POWER PLANT Wl1e11 We laid tl1 e corner-sto11 e for this second Awasl1 l1yclro-electric power plant less than two years ago, We ex1Jressecl the l1ope of looking forward to this clay \vhe11 tl1e co11strt1ctio11 ,111 d tl1e i11stallation works are co1111Jleted a11d tl1e power JJla11t is i11 full operation.

Now tl1at Ot1r \visl1 is fulfilled in tl1is regard, throt1gh tl1e boL11.1ty of tl1e Al11 1igl1ty God, it is witl1 great 1Jleast1re tl1at We ar. e IJresent here toclay to inat1gt1rate tl1is pla11t.

TJ1e JJleast1re is 11,1111ely derived fro111 tl1e fact that tl1is JJroject, tl1ot1gl1 s111all wl1 en co111pared with tl1e �1111bitiot1s 011e tl1at We e11visage to carry out in accord­ a11ce \Vitl1 Ot1r eco110111ic JJlan, will ope11 new opportun­ ities of e111ploy111 ent for Ot1r people. Tl1e st11dy for tl1e co11strtLctio11 of tl1is n1ajor electric 1Jower pla11t tl1at we i11tend to carry ot1t is ,1vailable and it is going to be erectecl at a well k11own tJlace i11 Ot1r cot1ntry where it ca11 gi\1e ,1clcled be11efits for tl1c cot111try a11d people. \Vitl1 tl1e co111pletion ancl i11 at1gt11·ation of the Koka l1Jrclro-elec.tric power pla11t, the sl1arp increase in the proclt1ctio11 of electricity was soon absorbed and con­ seqt1e11tly JJOwer SllJJplj' fell s11 ort of den1a11d. This is ,1 l1earte11i11g sig11 bec,1.L1se it is inclicati\'e of the accel­ er,1tecl grov.1tl1 of OL1r i11clt1strial develo1J111 e11t, activities, ,1s \1/ell as tl1e co11ti11t1ecl f1cI,,a11ce111e11t of tl1e standard of Iivi11g ()f Ot1r J)eOJ)le. In tl1is scie11 tific and tecl1110logic.:,1l age, electricitJ' is tl1e life-blood of a nation.

For tl1e�e ca11 be 110 J)rogress or economic de\1elopWe decided tl1is, of 111e11t w1thot1t Mi11dft1l lectricity. � _ to estab11sl1 tl11s Valley a11d to co111111e11ce tl1e detailed st �iclJ' fc)r _ tl1e cc)11strL1ctio11 or a big tJower plant on the F J 11c11,1 rIver .

- - 11,1 -

D0:WIESTIC

�s We have already stated, tl1e study fo·r the con­

struct1011 of the other 111ajo1· power plant is already completed.

Ethiopia has abu11dant natural reso11rces. To accelerate th.e effective exploitation of these 1�eso11rces for tl1e �e11efit ancl well-being of 011r people, the need for fore1g11 capital a11d skill beca1ne evident. To o,rercome tl1e obstacles a11d hi11drances i11 this connec­ tion, Vie l1ac.i to create ,1 cli1nate condt1cive for the i1nportatio11 of this ·baclly 11eedecl capital and skill. To this end We had to provide, a1no11g otl1er tl1ings, tl1e i11f1·astrL1ctL1re SL1cl1 as electricity, good roads, etc., wl1icl1 a1·e vital fo1· develop1nent. Tl1ough We l1ave gone a long way i11 c,lr1·yi11g 011t st1cl1 basic program­ n1es, yet the greate1· task. still lies ahead.

A natio11 ca11 acl1ieve cl healthy a11d ft1ll growth, provided balanced 111eas11res are taken in all fields of activities. Gt1ided. by this principle and. in a.ccordance with tl1e 1·esou.rt;es t11at 'f11e. ·have at Our disposal, ¥/e for Otl'r JJart have """rorked �tn.cl sha11 co11tin1Je to vvork for the full rea.lization. of -tr1.e said obj-ective.

Progress a11d work have 110 bo11nda1·ies. It is, therefore, the dL1ty of eve1·y 011e of 11s to co11tribute in full measure l1is sl1,1re to this 11oble ain1. We should always bear i 1 1 mincl tl1rlt edL1catio11 a11d 111odern civil·izatio11 are the frt1its of l1arcl 1,1boL1r.

The Wo1·ld Bank, i11s1Jired by ·the 11oble objective of as·sistiri g the developing CL111ntries in their q11est for progr�ess a11d clevelopment, is p1·esently l1elping Our country 1 1 1 the 1·e,1lization of vario11s inf1·astructt1ral projects. As a fot1ncling 1nember and as ,l beneficiary of the Ba11k, Ethiopia takes keen interest in its develop111ent ·. We wish to 1·e-affirm here once agai1 1 Ot1r strong sL1pport of the Bank.'s endeavot1rs wl1ich are di1·ected - 115 -

D011ESTIC

to t11 e economic w,ell.:bei11g of Our people. It is a fitting occasion to extend Our deep thanks to the World Bank for the oenerous loan it l1as 1nade available to us for tl1e const,r�ction of this and the third Awash power pla11t which is still under construction. Our heartfelt tl1anks also go to Etl1iopian Electric Light and Power Authority, and ·to all ·the co11tractors and workers who have co11.tributed their share in the completion of this 1Jroject from which Ot1r cot1ntry sha, ll draw lasting benefit.

December 11, 1966

TEXTILE MILL - MOJO We are happy to ,:vit11ess, from one day to the next, tl1e realization of our f e1·ve11t wish that ne\v indu­ stries be esta-blisl1ed in Etl1iopia. As education is the gate wl1.ich opens the way to developn1ent and progress, so is indt1strialization one of the p1·incipal paths to be followed to tl1e acl1ievement of these goals.

Tl1e improve1ne11t and expansion of agriculture and cattle-breeding which l1ave been accomplished witl1 the assista11ce of modern education shot1ld 11ot be under­ esti1nated.. These fields comprise tl1e basis of Our peo­ ple's livelil1ood and advances in these have been badly needed and hard-won .

Edt1catio11 is also esse11tial to indust1·ial growtl1 .

So to·o, is co-operation with f1·iendly nations vital and w� are gratified at the nt1mber of joint endeavours being t11�dertaken in variot1s areas of indust1·y.

T�1s 11ylo11 factory, the tl1ird p1·oject inaugt1rated by_ Us in recent weeks i11 wl1icl1 Japa11ese capital and sl<ills have bee11 enlisted, is furtl1er testimony to the - 116 -

D0�1ES'I'IC

ever-strengthening relatio11s which exist between Ethio­ pia and the friendly nation of Japan. Each new project 1s welcomed as a further step taking Us closer to Our goal.

It is O\ur desire that Ethiopia become self-suffi­ cient, botl1 quantitatively and qualitatively, in meeting her textile needs. We are confident that Our efforts wiil, in ,the ·not too distant futur,e, bring this wish to fulfillment.

We are also encouraged that increasing numbers of Ethiopians are actively participating in this and other industrial projects. A.s Ethiopian skills and kno\1/­ how increase, as Ethiopian abilities are more fully developed, Our people will attain a gr·eater and more complete mastery of the intricacies of modern technical and administrative techniqt1es and m.ethods.

We wish this ,enterprise a s11ccessful a11d prosperous life.

Dea. 25, 1966.

Education, roads . . . are prerequisites for . . . development

We are very greatly pleased by the sacrificial efforts and co-operation exhibited by the people of the Alem ·Gena and Wolla�10 areas in financing the con-. struction of the road and bridges across rivers.

Development projects . underta�en in joint stren­ e r th fo ul ef ly us gh hi ·e a1 n tio ra pe -o co d an uous exertion t d en an es r pr fo e pl am ex g in in sh a t se country and future generations.

- 117 -

I)ONIES'.l'IC:

We pre1Jare develop11 1e11t pla11s £01· ottr country witl1 tl1e LL11dersta1 1di11g that ot1r people will take an active and st1bstantial part i11 carrying out the plans to st1ccessft1l conclt1sio11s. To obliterate illiteracy from the face of tl1e cot111try the learned must help the illiterate to read and write.

Every Etl1iopian l1as a social obligation to contri­ bute as 111ucl1 as possible in fi11a11cial, 1nate1·ial or phy­ sical aid for road constrt1ctio11 a11d otl1er projects whicl1 acid to tl1e progress of tl1e cot11 1try.

Any cou11try's develop111ent can be accelerated by tl1e cooperation and participation of tl1e people in any field of e11deavot1r.

Tl1e economic v,llt1e of land a11d a town near a ro,1d is l1igl1ly re\v,1rdi11g a11d tl1ose who possess such la11d or live in st1cl1 a tow1 1 know its vitality.

We l1ave give11 an 01·der to Ot1r Ministry of Edu­ catio11 to l1elp all peOJ?lc \Vl10 m.ake efforts to bt1ild scl1ools. Tl1e Mi11 istry .renders its services in drawing IJlans for scl1ool bt1il(li11gs a11d their ad111inistration.

Tl1e I111perial Higl1way At1tl101·ity l1as been ordered to assist i11 the constrt1ctio11 of higl1ways by providing 111acl1iner)' a11d trai11ecl people.

We l1ave instrt1cted ot1r Ministry of National Co1n111t1nity Developn1ent to take a11 active part in every 1111dertaki11g tl1at conce1:ns tl1e de\1elop1ne11t of tl1e con1111t111i ty.

We l1 ave told OL11· Pri1ue Mi11ister to work diligent­ ly and direot tl1e ,vork of Ot11· rcspeorive minist1ies.

Tl1e eco110111 ic develo1J111ent 110,v i11 progress tl1rot1g !1ot1t· Etl 1io1Jia 111t1st contint1e witl1 a spirit of co­ operat1011 and l1ard work.

Com111111 1al ·1if e ca11 11eve1· be shattered. Any selfish . private goal attacl1ed to a11 association can be eradicat- 118 -

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DOMESTIC

ed. Con1munal life is highly 11seful for Ot1r people and it cannot fall apart.

If every community works its best towards the achievement of a l1igher living standa1·d then Ours and the Governn1ent's efforts will be fruitful.

Education, roads and communications are pre­ requisites for a country's development.

Tl1ose who have bad feelings about Our country will be discouraged and disappointed when they see Our rapid p1·ogress.

We knew that you started the building of this road with the understanding that this would further developn1ent of yot1r country, a11d We also know that you have made financial sacrifices during the fund raising campaign. You are good exan1ples to tl1ose who want to follov1 in your footsteps now and for the generation to com,e in. realising the spi1·it of self-help schemes.

The 1imp(11 tar1ce of l1igtr�.i\J.ays is r>ararno11nt. They ar,e useful ·durirAg t· irne of pea.ce as w·ell as hat·dshlp.

As a matter of fact, a countr)' \Vitl1out high,;Nays is like a ,drsiabled pers·on.

God willing, We hope, We may be able to see Our cou11try i11ter-co11nected by means of roads from East to West, from North to South in the near future.

The construction of feeder-roads which cot1ld connect 1 that lie around it as are the th ,¥i s ay hw hig in ma ithe could enable the farmers here to reach the market 1

easily.

W e are very happy about what has been done so far. Although you have approached the end of your k or to w v ha ou Y t. ye it ed ish fin � t no ve u goal, yo ha ed ct ru st ve in ha e W s. al go t1r yo h ac re to r hard in orde - 119 -

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tl1e I111peri;:1l I-Iigl1w,ty f\t1tl1ority to l1 elp yoL1 s1)eed tl1e co11strL1ctio11 of tl1e rc),lcl. \\le l1eartil)' tl1a11k OL1r people wl10 first co11ce.i\red tl1e pla11, who i11itiated it, vvl10 directed tl1e work, a11d tl1ose peOJ)Je who volt111tarily co11 tribt1tecl tl1eir 1noney.

Jan. 1, 1967

GINDA DAM - ERITREA 111 /1,erL tlie 111i11e,·al 1·eso1,1t·ces of oi,r coitntry a,·e e.t/Jloited. . . Et/1io1;ia can Jiave every­ t1ii11g i11 al;i1rzcla11ce . . .

U11til st1cl1 ti111e wl1e11 Ethiopia beco111es ft1lly clevelopecl a11d is self-st1fficie11t all of tis l1ave to labo11r l1arcl a11d co11tribL1te ot1r sl1are to tl1is e11d accordi11g to ot1r abilities, with \Vl1ich th-e Aln1·ighty God l1!as endow­ ed us i11 I-Lis bot1nty .

Tf \Ve l::1boL11· dilige11tly a11cl ft1lly develop ot1r cou11try, tl1e 11atio11 wi 11 11ot only be vot1cl1safed and p1·osperotis, bt1t it oa11 also ·be -a -s011roe of help rto otl1ers.

Tl1c ,:i:,realtl1 a11d natt1ral resot1rces of tl1e nation are st10I1 1I1ait loa11s co11t1�aoted ·for tl1eir exploitation ,vill L1n(lot1bte(lly prove to l1e very revvarding. Since agricul­ tt1re and a11i111al l111sba11dry are tl1e 111ain wealth of the 11atio11 a11d the mai11stay of Ot1r peo1Jle, it is with l1igh l1ope a11 d great ex1Jectatio11 tl1at \Ve are p1·ese11t l1ere i11 Gi11da to la1, tl1e fot111datio11-sto11e of tl1is da111 whicl1 e11visages tl1e co11trol c111cl regt1latio11 of tl1 e flood waters tl1at co111e fro111 tl1e l1ighla11cls so as to e11able its natio11c1l 11tilizatio11 for irrigatio11al l)t1rposes.

Tl1ere is 110 dot1bt tl1at witl1 tl1e co11strt1ction of tl1is dam a11d tl1e i11trodt1ctio11 a11d e1nployment of 1

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111ode1 :n agric11ltt�ra1 �11e�l1ods a11d tecl1niques, tl1e people of this area will de1·1ve added be11efits w11ich wjll accordingly contribute to the raising of tl1eir standard of living and ge11era.l well-bei11g. When the mineral resot1rces. of Ot11· country are exploited in addition to ot�r a�r1ct1ltt1ral 1·esou1·ces, Etl1iopia can have every­ thing 111 ab11ndance, provided we collaborate and co­ ope1·ate in tl1e realization of our 11ational ai1ns. Other­ wise we have 110 reaso11 to be bitter against the Allnigl1ty if we rt111 short of 011r needs becat1se of ot1r failure.

His Higl111ess Ras As1·ate Kassa in his speech has just enu1nerated son1e of the salient feat11res of tl1e meast1res taken for the development and grovvth of this province and the 1·esults achieved fro111 tl1e implemen­ tation of s,uch 1neast1res. Altl1ougl1 \Vl1at We have accom1plisl1ed so ·fat· 1.i11.dicates ·th,e ·f.aot :that We l1ave not failed in Ot1r e11deavo11rs to do Ot1r ut111ost fo1· tl1e good of Our people, yet a.s We have already said in t11e past, We feel that t}1e� grea.te1· ta.s1< still lies ahead.

Th.e equitable arid balc1nced grovvth of the provin­ ces of Our Empire, in accordance witl1 Our resources, b.oth in ·the fields of ,educaitio11 and health as well as in other areas of development wl1icl1 could fu1·ther pron1ote the standard of li,1 ing of Ot1r people contint1e to engage Our atte11tio11 a11d energy. Such develop­ ment enables Ot1r people to acquire tl1e san1e sta11dards achieved by the already developed cot111tries.

We ,have direoted ot1r efforts t. o this noble ob­ j,eotiVie so ,that Our ·beJ.oved ·people will not be denied the fruits of 1nodern living. It is with pleasure that vVe view tl1e progress achieved by all t�e projects which were Ia11nched in this and other provinces of Ot11· En1pire in order to develop and strengtl1en ot1r economy .

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Our pleasure is mai11-ly de1·iv<?d fro111 the.fact that these productive projects gener�te �11comes which e11able �ur people to achieve and 11:a1nta1n the �tan?ard the� aspire ,to as well ,as •to e· xero1s·e fully ,their rights w!hich We h;ve given to the1n in accordance with Our constitu­ tion.

Whe11 We view in general the l1eartening progress n1ade i11 tl1e field of education in Ethiopia, We should not overlook the fact that it is also necessary that the facilities in this regard should be sufficient. It can be said that there are n1any scl1ools in the Province of Eritrea. However, We feel tl1at tl1ey are not enough and so it :is Ou1· duty to ,augment ·their number tln the futt1re before the n1atter becomes urgent.

111 the past the develop1nent of Our country and r- l1e p1·og,ress ·of Our people were ·entirely dependent t1po11 tl1e fina11cial resou1·ces drawn fron1 Our Govern­ ment Treast1ry. Now, howeve1·, it is encouraging to know tha·t tl1e priivate sector ,is aotively partiioipating .i11 this field th1�ougl1 ·the :establis·hment of 1ast· ing and mt�tu-ally benefioial projeots. Sucl1 unde.Dtakings have 11elped i11 relieViing ·the pressure on Our Government whicl1 otherwise .sl1ould ·have borne the expense.

Tl1e initiative and eagerness 011 the part of the p11blic to participate and contribt1te in full measure its share will 110 doubt help i11 accelerating tl1e tempo of our econo1nic and social develop1nent activities. To t1nder­ stand a11d accept the very principle of self-help and to l1a ve this prin cipl e nce imp lem e11te siITT d 1ific i11 a its full 0 .

1s a n1atter fro111 whicl1 pleasure can be de1·ived.

To do one's job is one tl1ing and to be indifferent .

1n general a11d be critical of the work of others anotl1e� 11:atter. Tl1e former 1·eqt1ires competence, determ111at1on and wisdom, wl1ile the latter lacks these - 122 -

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qualities and virtues. We, therefore, urge Our cot1ntry­ themselves to the great task that m�n to r ededicate _ still awaits each one of them in the realization of Our ambitious programme of nation-building. In this regard it is gratifying to note the diligence and hard \Vork of both men and won1en in this Province, a fact which bas given Us much satisfaction . . We should bea1· in mind that it is a natural obligation for 1nankind to live by the sweat of his brov.1 It is therefore, inct1mbent upon all Ethiopians to use their energies and natural gifts and inclinations con­ structively, for the achievement of Our national goals so that there will be a bright and promising tomorrow for thei1· cl1ildren and their children's children.

After Eritrea suffered under a forced foreign rule by Great Britain and thereafter re­ it was administered . united with Ethiopia, the mother cou.ntry. Since the will of the Lord prevails 01,1r people of E1·itrea. througl1 His wise guida11ce. ha.ve ·\111itl1 d.i!igence an,1 dedicated service to their col1n_tr·y attai11ed their· pres�r!

- t st�.!ge o.f development after the period of the re-ir1tegr�.tior! of this Province with Ethiopia.

Seeing ·this ·realized :togetl1e1· ,;v11th wha-t ,the rest of Our country is doing in t1nison, gives Us pleasure.

We draw satisfaction from Our past acco1nplishments a11d have high hopes in Ot1r present undertakings which are entirely dependent 11pon the generosity of the Almighty God. It is ·our responsibility to look after the interests and welfa1·e of our people which is the will of Our a is d ar s reg thi in y lit ibi ns po res e th r, ve we .

Ho Creator collective one and should not be shunned.

Since this projeot upor:i completion 'Wlill provi�e new yrnployment opportunities for Our people and m •

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vi, ew of tl1e ·eco1101nic ,a11d social benefits rtJh,a t it en­ visages to offer We, for Ot1r part, shall closely follow witl1 kee11 inte1·est its p1·ogress and future development.

Our thanks go to Mr. De Nadai for his efforts and services whicl1 he has re11dered in con11ection with the works of th.is da111 and the establislm1ent of the share co1npa11y tl1at :i11tends to car1·y out the present under­ taking. 111. view of his co11tributions in the field of agrict1ltt1re i11 Etl1iopia, a fact tl1at has been confirmed by the 1Jrize tl1at l1e was awa1·ded by the Haile Selassie I Pr.ize T1·ust, We are confident that with his vast experie11ce in this field, he will do his t1tmost for the cleveloprr1e11t a11d SL1ccess of this project.

Before co11clt1ding Ot1r 1·en1arks, We take this 01Jportt1nity to express Ot1r deep satisfaction for the services wl1icl1 His Highness Ras Asrate Kassa and l1is assistants have rendered by contributing their share to ensure the eco11omic progress and l1ealthy develop­ n1ent of tl1is province. We are l1opeful that the present acl1ieven1ents will give added strengtl1 to their future wor1c a11d endea\rour.

Jan 18, 1967.

NAVAL CADETS - MASSAWA You liave received. . . 11,aval lore. . . and 11a1,al t1·aclitio11. . . Use it effectively i11, the .r;e,·vice of )'Olli' coi111.t1·y It alwa:}'S gives Us great e11couragement to con1e to Our Naval College, l1ere in Massawa and to address the _g�a�t1ating cadets and petty officers' who today will be Jo1n111g not only Our Imperial Navy but also Our - 124 -

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new, growing, merchant fleet. Since We addressed your pred�cess�rs one year ago, both these services have taken a big str1d� forward in their progress, and each has p�ssed an important milestone on_ its path to maturity. �n Ot1r navy tl1e distinguished foreign staff, which has given so mt1ch of its talent, skill and knowledge in training the navy from its embryonic stage, has com­ pleted its task and has ret11rned to its homeland in the knowledge that it has left Our navy standing on its own feet, commanding and manning its own ships. This notable achievement which has given Us satisfaction should not go u11remarked by Our grateful and sincere thanks to this staff which by its dedication has built Our navy on such a secure foundation.

In Our merchant navy We have begun 011 a firm foundation which will provide the beginning of a healthy and importa,11t fleet. Th,oug1'1 Ot1r }tava.1 Col­ lege and n1ercha11t ma. r ine ha 11e gone a long \Vay, we � .X � _t • were f aced wttil cl1.aii,:;;ng1irtg p1'(:;tl1ems u:urtng t;1e1r 111ception period. Corne \vhat may, ·vve shii11 coi1tinue to nurture and strengthen both orga11izat.ions with un­ failing zeal.

Since the accomplishn1ent and contribt1tion in various fields of endeavour, in this day and age, a1·e very great, We are in an era where technical know-how carries great weight .

This na va l graduation today is in a sense an extension of the Silver Jt1bilee Liberation Day Parade which We celebrated last May 5th. It is a source of plea�ure to U s to welcome the �resence �f senior 0 ns 1 wl y tio dl na en fri e th of s ip sh e fin e th d an ls admira n ar n a e le ca W at th t 11b do no is re l1e T y. da to jo.i11 Us lot fron1 their presence here.

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is ,ll)propriate tl1at \Ve ca11 ask the111 to joi11

\Vitl1 Us i11 celebr:1ti11g tl1e 11 1e111ory of that joyful day, i11 tl1e acl1ieve111e11t of v.1 ]1icl1 tl1e Allied Naval Forces l1ere 011 tl1e Red Sea a11d 011 tl1e oceans of tl1e world j)layecl st1c J1 a11 i111pl)PtaJ1t pa11t in tl1e great struggle, i11 wl1icl1 their res1)ective gover111ne11ts 11,t ,,e also played an eqL1al role i11 tl1e J)olitical field for the cat1se of world ()C,1ce and l1t1r11,111 libert)'.

We say to tl1e gradt1,tti11g caclets: Never forget tl1i1t cla)' (1r1cl tl1e respo11sibilities \Vhicl1 yot1 have to asst111 1e i11 tl1is regard. Yot1 all l1a\1e a great a11d con­ ti11t1i11g role to play i11 tl1e 111ai11tenance of yot11· cot1n­ try's i11volve111e11t as a J)eaceft1l 111aritin1e state and tl1e CXJ)ctr1sio11 of its ecor10111ic a11d cultt1ral 1·elations \Vith ()tl1er cot111tries of tl1e world.

Tl1is is a new ver11<t1re for Ethiopia and you, gra­ c.lL1,1ti11g c,1clets, 11,1ve gre,tt respo11sibilities of being in �lt the begi11ni11g. Remen1ber tl1,1t officers I1ave to live i11 ,t sl1ip to lear11 abc)LJt the ways of t11e sea, tl1at tl1e trLte bt1si11ess of officers is co11clt1cted at sea and tl1at tl1eir bL1si11ess at sea is dttty, \vl1 icl1 takes precede11ce C)\ er e\1 erytl1i11g else, over e\1ery private co11sideration. ·Here i11 tl1is ·N,1\1 c1l College ),'Oll l1ave recei\red tl1e rL1c.li111e11t,1ry 11,1v::1l lore, )'Ott l1a,,c recei\recl ,l store of · k.110\\ leclge ,tbL)Llt 11,tv,11 st1bjccts ,111(i 11aval tr,1ditio11.

It is i11ct1111bent LIIJ011 yott t() rc111e111ber all you l1a,,e bec,1 t,1L1gl1t ,111 ;'OLlr ]ife ,111d tc) ;:1t1g111e11t tl1 at know­ leclge wit11 ex1Jerie11ce g,1r11ered i11 yot1r service at sea so tl1 at �ot1 will be ,1ble tc) t1se it effectively in tl1e _ 1 ser, 1ce of- )'Oltr cot111try. :Ve l!ave co111111a11cled today tl1e av.,ard to the c�,lJ)t,1111s of Ot1r sl1iJ)S of a co111111a11cl insio11ia button so tl1at ::ill will k11ov., tl1at t11is officer l1as been especi;lly _ l'l1t)sc11 lc)r c.l very rcspo11sible ])Ositi()n. Set yot1r men 1

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a good exan1p.le and they will follow yot1 all tl1eir lives.

Y 011 are responsible for the safety of yot1r ships and your men.

Never forget tl1at We depend upon you to re111en1ber that a gre,1t trust is reposed in yot1. Yot1r n1en dep�11d :1pon yo11, upon your knowledge a11d upon your ded1cat1on to duty for their very lives. It is yo11r solemn obligation as well as that of those who will stay bel1i11d at tl1e college to pt1rs11e their higher stt1dies to repay your debt by devotio11, dedication and duty.

You will have to 111anifest this in your day-to-day activities.

It is fitting to n1ention here the good and worthy service re11dered by the petty officers of Our naval force. Likewise, We are happy to say here how pleased We were when We learnt that in followi11g the good exa1nple of their senior officers tl1ey have bee11 com­ mended for their gocid behaviour during tl1ei1· extensive tours abroad, a n1,1tter which has un.doubtedly brought added esteem to their country. We are fully confident that they shall purstle their futu1·e work v.,ith a co11tinued se11se of dedication .

We thank Dep11ty Comn1a11der Iski11der Desta for his efforts jn making this memorable day possible a11d the senior admirals of those friendly cot1ntries for their participation in this year's Navy Days.

January 2G, 19G7

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OPENING OIL REFINERY We l1ave co111e to Assab today to participate in a ceremony to wl1ich We I1ave long looked forward, and wl1ich marks tl1e 1 ·ealization of a11other notable and significant 1nilestone in Ethiopia's p1·ogress and moder­ nization - tl1e inauguratio11 of tl1e Assab Petroleum Refinery. We are gratified at tl1e attendance of so many disti11guisl1ed guests and visitors on this happy occasion, and We thank each and every one of you, and i 11 particular tl1e representatives from the Soviet Union, for joini11g t1s l1ere today.

The inauguration of tl1is installation constitutes tl1e culmi11atio11 of a train of events set in 1notion over eigl1t years ago when We paid Ot11· first State Visit to tl1e U11ion of the Soviet Socialist Rept1blics. At tl1at time, dt1ring the course of conversations co11ducted in a11 at1nosphere of tl1e t1tmost cordiality, tl1e Soviet Governn1e11t indicated their willingness to participate in Etl1iopia's economic development in various ways, and in particular by tl1e financing and constrt1ction of an oil refinery to be located 011 Ethiopia's Red Sea Coast. Initial agreement in principle was followed by detailed discussions concerni11g tl1e characteristics of the refiner)' a11d the financing of its various aspects, and st1bseqt1e11tly, by the co1n1ne11ce1ne11t of construc­ tion 011 the present site. Wl1at we 110w see around t1s today is the product of cou11tless thot1sands of 1nan­ l1 ?t!rs of efforts of Soviet and Etl1iopian expe1·ts, tecl1n1c1a11s a11d workers, and this 1·efi11ery will sta1 1d as a \Vortl1y 1no11u111e11t to their t111ceasin o- toil and to the frie1;dl two spirit �f cooperati 011 betwee11 )' 11atio11s wl1icl1 . t1 11derl1es this entire project.

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for a wide variety 1·easons.

It ft11· n isl 1es a large of _ . �neast11·e of the 111d11str1 �l �nd econon1ic independence 1n the supply_ of the Nation s 1·equirements of ·petroleu111 pro ?uc _ts vlh1cl1 W � seek fo1· 0111· co11ntry but wl1ich Eth1op1a l1as 11ot h1tl1e1·to enjoyed. It fills an essential niche in . th � indust.rial �tr1Jct11re \vhicl1 E.tl1iopia is slowly b111ld111g for herself. It complements the worl<s already t111de1·taken i.11 tl1e town of Assab w11ich a1·e tra11sforn1ing this vital ope11ing to the sea. into a tl1riving and p1·osperot1s 11ort-city. It \Vill contribute 11nmensely to tl1e economic growth of the e11tire Empire. It will pro·vide e111ployment to a consider�.ble 1111111ber of Ethiopia11s and will rest1It in tl1e t.raining and adva11ceme11t in skills of a large nun1be1· of thl1se who will be engaged. in its op1�ration over the years.

We a1·e co11fident tl1at tl1e existe11ce of tl1-is refi11e1·y will give ,1dded i1r1pet11s to tl1e highly impol·ta.l1t search for tl1e discover)' of petroleu1.n deposits i11. Etl1io1Jia. For· these, ,trt(1 fc)1· many otl1e.r ·reasoris, y"i/c vvel­ co1ne its establi.sh.n1ent, and Tii\'C loci.k f,::,1· the 1)enefits v1l1icl1 its existe1·1ce ·\vili confer· to becoi11e 1I1c,_·e:.asing1y appa1·ent jn the d,tily lives of all the pe{)p1e crf Etr1i()­ pia. ,ve l1 ave given orders that an equitable recltrction be made i11 the p1·ices of refined petrole1l111 prodL1cts and asphalt so that 011r people in all walks of life \.vill be11efit frorn the sa,,ings tht1s effected in ti1.e cost of transportation.

Each step forward alo11g the patl1 of development r y l · fo la1 ct1 rti pa 1t b1 , tio na y an 1· fo t 1 e1 1n en ht � and enlig the less-developed cou11t1·ies which l1ave for so Iong_ t t of no s cle sta d ob an ps �e1r ica nd ha by ed en rd bee11 bu own malcing, is pai11fully a11d slowly wo11. A pr?Ject t of uc e th ·od e p1 th be ly on 11 ca y er fin re is th ch su as _ ds re 1f nd 1y l1u a1 m of s t 1· fo ef ed in sta su d an d con1bine - 129 -

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not thot1sands of individuals. We tha11k today the Government of tl1e Soviet U11ion for· the assistance, bot11 fi11ancial a11 d n1ate1·ial, wl1icl1 l1as been extended to the Etl1iopian natio11, assista11ce wl1icl1 l1as 111atured i11 t11 e establisl1 n1e11t of a l1igl1ly sig11ifica11t t1ndertaki11g whicl1 testifies to tl1e frie11dly 1·elatio11s \Vl1ich ot1r two 11ations enjoy. We 111t1st also exp1·ess Ot11· gratitude to the Soviet tecl1nicia11s a11d experts wl1ose determi11a­ tio11 and declicatio11 to dt1ty, attribt1tes for \\1l1ich the)' are well-known, l1ave in the face of pl1ysical disco11lfort and hardship b1·ougl1t tl1is p1·oject to its st1 ccessft1l co11clt1sio11. We 111t1st also n1ake s1Jecial mentio11 of Ot1r officials who contrib11ted to tl1is JJroject d11r.ing its early stages; of those \Vho followed them a11d wl10 worked so diligent!)' to e11st1re tl1at all 1night take JJricle in its realizatio11 ; and, not least, of tl1e Yt1goslav experts who ad\1ised and st1pe1·vised its const1·11ctio11.

We pray tl1at Al111igl1ty God 1nay bless \vhat has been accomplisl1ed.

April 2, 1967.

UNIVERSITY GRADUATION Six years ago, wl1en We established the Haile Selassie I University, We said, ''Consideri11 b0 tl1e 1·ole of • . • • t1n1vers1t1es 1n broader sense, We ,t1�e persuaded tl1at tl1ese i11 stitt1tio11s sta11d toclay as the most p1·on1ising hope for co11strt1ctive sol11tions to the proble111s that beset t11e modern wo1·ld; problems ,vl1 icl1 prevent the peacef11l co-operatio11 of 11atio 11s, p1·oble111s wl1icl1 threaten tl1e world a11d l1t1111 a11ity ,vith death and di­ saster. From the t1niversities 11111st co111e men, ideas, kno\vledge, exr)erience, tecl1nical skills, and tl1e deep ·- 130 -

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l1u�1ane und .e1·standing vital to frt1itful 1·elatio11 s among nations. Without these, world order, for wliich We have so 1011g striven, can11ot be establisl1ed. '' In tl1e six yea1·s of its existence, the University l1as greatly expanded tl1e numbe1· of its academic insti­ tt1tions, do11bled tl1e nu111ber of its students and p1·odu­ ced n101·e than 2,500 g1·ad11ates. Eve11 so, We do not yet !egard the University as adequate to meet the po­ tent1al needs of Our cot1ntry a11d Our poeple.

It is Ot11· belief that the time is not far distant whe11 it will beco111e necessary to establisl1 mo1·e uni­ ,,e1·sities in Ou1· country to absorb tl1e growing volun1e of students e111 erging from the secondary scl1ools, and Our most cl1e1·ished l1opes vvill indeed witl1er if t11e nt11nbe1· of these yo11ng lea1·ne1·s does not increase to Our expectation. We say this, and at the san1e ti1ne find pleasu1·e i11 discerning f1·01n amongst you that the passi11 g of first youtl.1 is no ba1·rie1· to worthy achieve­ me11t; what must l;e gtiat'(ied 2.gaJ11st is relttcta.nce to lear11.

The econorr1ic p1'ogress acl1ieved y,ea1· by year in Ethiopia is bound to i11tensi·fy the need for trained perso11nel. And an inc1:ea.se in tl1,e number of q.t1a1ifiecl perso1111el mt1st l1elp to foster greater econo111ic p1Aogress, once it is u11de1·stood tl1at the laying of t11e foun­ dation of a sound economy· is 11ot t11e worl< n1erely of the university graduate. The l1erds1nan ancl tl1e farn1cr� tl1 e shopkeeper an.d the wholesaler, the c!·afts111 a� a1:d _ the builder all play tl1e1r part. An econo1ny bt111t 1n tl1is way will have st1·011 g fot111dations and, therefoi·e, permanency . We believe that this type of economy is most suited to the needs of Ot1r people.

Cogniza11t of this, yve have_ estab1i� l1ed cert�in organizations, at present 10 operation, des1g11ed to 1n1-- 131 -

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prove tl1e land ten11re syste1n, to alleviate_ tl1e plig ht of tl1e s111all farn1e1·, to expa11cl trade, to bt11ld roads a11d to Jc1y down a 11etwork of com111t1nications throt1g11 w11icl1 an effec·ti,ie i11terrelatio11 betwee11 t he vario11s eco110111ic sectors c,l11 be establisl1ed, and new 1narkets createcl.

If, as 'vVe I1ave statecl above, the basic economy is largely de1Je11cle11t on the co111111011 1na11, 110\v tl1en ca11 t11 e t111iversity grad11ate ft11fil l1is proper function in a de,,elo1Ji11g co1111try like Etl1iopia?

Firstly, ft1lly a\,1a1·e that tl1e vast n1ajority of )'Ot1r :fellow-cot1ntry111e11 l1a ve 11ot l1acl tl1e p1·ivilege of l1igl1er eclt1cation that y'Oll l1ave l1acl, )'Oll 111t1st accept the responsibility for iclentifyi11g the :ft1ndan1ental problen1s of )'Our co1111try a11cl clirecti11g tl1e skills yot1 l1ave acqtrired to\varcls tl1eir solt1tio11. Yot1r primary object sho11ld 11ot l)e to e111t1late the l1igl1 .... scie11tific and tecl1110logical e11cleavo11rs of 111ore adva11ced natio11s, bt1t to apply yo11r k11owledge to tl1e b::1sic isst1es of agricl1lt11re, pt1blic l1ea1t11, tl1e exploitatio11 of 111ineral resources, a11cl tl1e co11strt1ctio11 of roads a11cl da1ns.

Seco11clly, yot1, the gra(it1ates of today n1l1st realize tl1at the position of disti11ctio11 }'Ot1 enjoy becat1se of yot1r eclt1cation 11111st 11ot isolate you fro1n the proble1ns of the rest of yot1r fe1low-cot111tr),n1e11, nor inveigle you i11to tl1e searcl1 for lt1xt1ry and perso11al gai11. Rather shot11c1 it e11cot1rage yot1 to t111clertake "''itl1 n1anly eager­ ness �11y s�r! of work i11 a11y sort of place, to take tl1e l�ad 1n de�1s1ng \Vays a11cl 111ea11s by wl1icl1 every Ethio­ l)I_,1n can 11nprove l1is sta11darcl of living a11d t o ,:vork ,vith .tl1ose \\1110 l1a,1e alreacly go11e before you ot1t i11to !1 1� field of l1ard e11cleavo111·. 1�11ere, yo11 1nt1st translate nto tl1e vernact1lar of tl1e l)lot1gl1, tl1e s1Jade a11d the ; 1oe, tl1e lessons yo11 l1ave lear11t fro1n yo11r specialized - 139, -

D6iv1ESTIC

tr_aii1i11g 011 costly �11ode1·11 eqt1ip1ne11t a11d 111achinery. ll )'C)U canr1ot cto tl11s, all yoL1r edt1cation will have been f ti ti le� the labour will l1ave go11e to fasl1io11 a sl1i1J with0·�1 t a rudder. l)uri11g tl1e p,1st six years 1nany cl1anoes have take1� pl,tcc i11 Ethior)ia, in l1er 11eighbouri11g �ot1ntries a11d 111 tr1e rest of the world. Even so, the words We t1ttered six y·e:,1rs ago are 110 less relevant 110w tl1an tl1e.y were tl1e11. For toclay whe11 world peace and se­ ct11·ity a1·e coi1sta11tly tinder threat, We rcn1ain firm in Ot1i· co11victio11 tl1at it is f ro:n the t1ni\1 ers-ities that tl1e l-:11ovvlcdge, sl�ill ::t:1.cl t111dc.:---:tandi11g 111t1st con1e that \Vill lead tl1e worlcl 011ce agf1i1� back to the ways of })Cace.

Tl1e strife a11d division evident among the peoples of 11eigl1bouri11g states duri11g these six years ren1ind Us ft1rtl1er of wl1at We said at that ti111e, ''Unjty is stre11gtl1. No 11ation ca11 divide witl1in itself and re111ai11 IJowerft1l. '' Yot1, wl10 ·belong to tl-1e lTni,;ersity, a1�e l1eirs of a lo11g estc:1blisl1ed natio11a1 tra,Jition. ·vout cot1ntry is one wl1icl1 for seve1·al tl1ousand yea1·s l1as e1-ljoyed re­ ligious, ct1ltt1ral a11d 11ational u11ity, a stre11gth to her­ &elf, an exa111ple to l1er neigl1bo11rs. It is up to yol1 to n1aint,1in a11d foster· this tradition by diligence, indt1stry a.11cl cledication, ,t11d by showi11g tl1at yot1 love yot1r cot111t1·y dcepl�y' e11ot1gl1 to set an exan1ple for otl1ers to follo\V - and ,1s tl1e saying goes ''the longest journey is always be gu n with one step.''

As eacl1 year We JJresicle over the gradL1atio11 ceren1011y, W e �eel a spe�ia l.fat?erly pleasure in observ­ e d th te to vo de rt fo ef s 1e 1n et l1f ,1_ of ts L11 fr i11g these , . le ou Y op t1r pe O 1g o1 am n io at t1c ed of t develoJJmen . ed et pl m sixteen ly co t1l sf es cc su ng vi ha at today, ·rejoice - 133 -

DOMES'fIC

se11e11teen ye,u·s of l1a1·d \VOJ�k; a11d this is, in itself, an acl1ieve1ne11t. Bt1t wl1at yot1 l1ave l1ere begun, re1nains to be fi11isl1cd, and l1e wl10 gives UI) before the ,1vl1olc taslc is accoi111)lisl1ed 1·ese1·ves £01· himself 11ot joy a11(i 1·eward, but despair ancl bla1ne 1·icl1ly dese1·ved. So today 111a1·l(s tl1e e11d 011ly of the first cl1apter in the bool( of you1· attainn1e11ts, a11d yo11r joy, like yot1r achievernent, is inco111plete.

YoLL l1ave still fa1· to go. Alo11g tl1e to1·tt1ous paths that 11ovv lie ahead, yot1 will be exposed to the 1·igo1·ot1s teacl1i11gs of life itself. Tl1ere you will find 110 re,!dy refe1·ence books, 110 stt1dy guicles. There, there is 110 goi11g back. Tl1e lesso11s of life, :if once they are 111issecl, a1·e 111issecl foreve1· . "!We talce pleasL1re i11 congratttlati11g yot1 on yot1r acl1ievements today.

May tl1e L,)rcl go witl1 yot1 i11 all your ft1tt11·e e11de,111ot1rs.

01·

July 1, 1967

AIR FORCE Gfu\.DUATION Tl1e yot1ng men wl10 today 1·eceived the certificates and diplomas wl1ich testify to the successful co1nple­ tio11 of tl1eir course of trai11i11g ca11 tal<e pride ai1d satisfactio11 i11 their pe1·fo1·111a11ce. Eacl1 of you is to be co11gratulated on a wo1·tl1)' acl1ievetne11t.

Eacl1 st1ccessive occasio11 of tl1is lcind vi11dicates tl1e priority a11d e1npl1asis wl1icl1 We have tl1rougl1ot1t Ot1r life titne acco1·ded to educatio11 a11d trai11ing of Eacl1 sucl1 eve11t discharges in ,.11 l1atcver cl1aracter. part tl1e 1·espo11sibility wl1icl1 We l1ave asstuned as En1peror of Etl1iopia a11d tl1e p1·0111ise which We n1ade 1

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D01'1ESTIC

to Ou1· �eople that never again will our nation find herself _without the trained n1oder11 equipment and the _ and skilled soldiers required to protect her from any threat, _posed fr�m .":hatev�r quarter, to the integrity and uruty of Eth1op1a s terr1to1·y and people.

You gradt1ates are fortunate in n1ore ways than one. You were, first of all, selected over hundreds of your contemporaries to receive the training which has been provided for you. While Ethiopia's cadres of educated 1ne11 a11d women are expanding at a constantly increasing rate, edt1cation, and the skills which edu­ catio11 carries witl1 it, a1·e still among the most precious com1nodities with which one may be ent1·usted.

Good fortune is also you.rs in that you are partici­ pating in tl1e highly technical and important field of aviation. The new tech.nology, which has seen such truly aweson1e advances within the past decades and which is leadir1g us into the space age, is still on.ly in its infancy . You ,,.Jill be a part of this gro,Nth; and you will expe1·ie11,(;e arid v.,itness at fir·st. har1.d mu.cl1 that millions of otI-kers v1ill obse1;ve only f·rorr1 afa.r ancl on the side.lines.

Each era, for those ,�ho lived in it, has doubtless been stimulatir1g and exciting. But no one can deny that the years al1ead hold prospects and challenges o·f a magnitude wl1ich have confronte� few eras �deed.

The problems to be faced are, admittedly, also 1n1pos­ ing; but with energy, dedication and dete:mination, these will be overcome, and the rewards will be correspondingly enhanced and enricl1ed. .

You now enter into the full service of your nation as integral parts of the Imperial Ethiopian Armed es y tim an m ve e ha W s, ce or F e es th of Forces. The task y; it gr te d in an y it un 's re pi m E e th re su as stated is: to - 135 -

D01'1ES'l'IC

to defend tl1e Etl1iopi,111 st�tte and people ,tg,1i11st the tl1reat of aggression; to pro\1ide ti1e bt1lwarl<: ,111d sl1ield bel1incl wl1icl1 tl1c t,1sk of 1Jeaceft1l devclop111e11t n1ay IJroccecl apace. Mo1·eover, tl1e ai1· assist,111ce 1·ece11tly gr ·vc.11 to tl1e force of Congo ( l(i11sl1,1sa) is btlt tl1e l ::ltcsi: c.1�,lrf11)1e of tl1e \1it,1l role ,vl1icl1 ll1e 01·ga11izatio11 •• of \.v11ic:l1 yot1 ,1re, n.1e111·tie1·s ca11 play ii1 l1elping other cor111ti.'ies ½'ittt. ·.;.1J.1ii;l1 (ltlr 11ation 111ai11t,1ir1s brotl1erly tic:-;. T11c 01)11c)rtt111ity of service tl1t1s 1J1·ese11ted to yot1 is gre,1t, ,:l11c.i y()L1r first clt1ty, yot11· gL1icling p1·i11ciple, i11 11.;t1atc\rer tasl�s ,1re allottccl to yo11, is to serve your .r1,1tic)n. to the best of yoL1r stre11gtl1 a11cl ability. l·Iistory test.i nis tl1at Etl1io1Jia11s l1ave 11ever l1esi­ t atccl tc> figl.1t ,111d.; if .11t;cessar)- to die, j11 tl1e defe11ce ()f tl-1,�ir I1on1cl,111d a11cl vv}1ile Vile 111·ay that yot1 111ay 11.�\'t�r be called t1po11 to p11t to 1.1se tl1e 111i]itary abilities �/Cili l1ave accitrired, if f,1te sl10L:lcl so decicle We are Ct)r1ficle.t1� th;:1t )'Oll \J\1it! be \Vortl1y of tt1ose \Vl10 l1ave r.ro1·1 C '-' l;r.,forc· · 101 . '-' b \�le acJ:-::;:1owleclge tc>d,1y tl1e efforts whicl1 l1ave brot1gl1t thr;sc )'Oll11g 111e11 to tl1i.s l1appy occnsion a11d "We tJ1s.r1·k: all Y\,.I-10 J1�1ve coi1tr!l)-;Jtecl to this e\7ent. 111 pa rtict.1!.2.r, V/e 111 t1st n1e11tio11 t11e assist,111ce of tl1e.

G0,1cr).1-r.11ent of the u·nited States ,vl1icl1 I1as bee11 sc) esse11tinl in the clevelop111ent of Etl1iopia's defence c.ap::1bility.

We tl1a11lc Alr11igl1ty God for l1,1vi11g preserved TJs _ to \VItness wl1at has l1ee11 ,lc.11ie,,ed so far.

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October 1, J 9n7

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.l:j, 3 1

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b01ilES1'IC r

37TH CORONA fION ANNI,lERSARY f?evel�pnie1it iL') the c1cc·umitlatecl res·ult of l1iten.s·1ve lo rig-term effarts.

Today, 011 tl1e occasio11 of the celebration of the 'fl1i1·ty Seventh An11iversa1·y of Our co1·onation as En1pe1·or of Etl1iopia, We once more sta11d i11 this Par­ liament buildi!1g to assess tl1e events of the J?ast year and to �ppra1se tl1e fttture of tl1e Ethiopia11 11atio11.

Today, We once again give tl1anks to Alrnighty God fo1· the 1Jrotectio11 whicl1 f-le has afforded t<) tl1e Ethio­ pian state and for tl1e gifts which He has bestowed ttpon the Etl1iopia11 people.

Tl1is past yea1· l1as been a highly auspicious one fo1· Ethiopi,1. Y011 Pa1·liarne11taria11s l1ave been engaged 111 the exan1i11ation of a legislative prog1·an1m·e whicl1 l1as required ·the exte11s:ion ,of ;the sess-ion far. beyond its usual date of a.djol11:nment. You are to be co11gratt1lated for tl1e d.edicatior1 which J,ou h.ave b1·ought to your work here ar.1d for the resu.lts \lvhicl1 yo11 l1ave achieved. As you ha·1e exan1ined and stt1died in depth tl1e draft laws placed before the Senate and Chambe1· of Depu·ties, ·each of yot1 l1·as learned a11ew of tl1e com­ plexity of mocle1·11 life, of tl1e n1t1ltiple p1·oblems wl1icl1 111t1st be fa.ced a11d ove1·co111e in tl1e bt1s.i11ess of gove1·n­ i11g, of the expertise a11d l<nowledge vvhich 111L1st be developed before legislative 1J1·oposals ca11 ever1 be fo1·1nulated or p1·ogra1nn1es fo1· their imple111entation ot1tl_in­ ed. W e have often repeated that ·the process of edt1cat1on is ]ife-lo11g and never-e11d�11g; if you l1av� J?t:o.perly �nd fully discha1·ged you1· dt1t1es a11d 1·espons1b1l1t1es during the past year, yot1 l1ave come to a new a,vareness of the t1·uth of these words. ly ng si ea ·ed 1c u1 u1 bo la e av h . e W n� ig re ur O g in Dur -- 137 -

lJOMJ�S'l'IC

Lo tJr()Vicle tl1e essl�11 ti,11 fotr11datio11 for tl1e fut11re gro\,,,1tl1 ::111d. (!cv·elop111e11t of tl1c .11,1tio11. Tl1e 111011ey s1)e11t ,111d tl1e e11crgy i11,,csted i11 tl1is process l1as been e11or111()Lts, bL1t (!L1ri11g tl1ese ye,1rs Etl1iopia has t1nder­ go11e ,1 \1,1st ,111d cl1·,1stic tr,111sfo1·111ation. Today, tl1e 11,1tio11 sta11ds 011 tl1c verge of a11 L1nprecede11ted st1rge <)f ,1ctivity ,111d ex1?a11sio.11 i11 all ,11·eas of l1e1� natio11al

r

Ii c.

Tl1e sta11cl,lr(i of ]ivi11g e11jo)1ed i11 tl1e l1igl1ly devel­ <)}Jccl 11,ttic)11�.; of tl1e v"orld vv,ts 11ot ,1chieve(l overnight, 11 or \\,,ts it vvo11 e,1si1y 11or witl10L1t i111111e11se toil a11cl sacrifi· ce. Eco11on1ic ,111cl soci,11 growtl1 is a laborio11s ,111cl slO\\' IJl"()cess. Dcvelopr11er1.t is tl1e acc11n1t1lated rcsL1lt of i11te11sivc lo11g-ter111 effo1·ts. It is not e11ot1gl1 tl1,1t a 11atio11 clct,irc clevelop111er1t a11d. econon1ic 111att1ri­ ty, ,111y 1110.re tl1,t11 ,1 c11ilcf, i11 ,:visl1ing, beco1nes a ma11. ,_[i111e is r(;�t1irecl, a11cl ex1Jcric!1ce, a11d trial a11d error.

Tl1e 1Jrocesses ,111cl reqL1.ire111e11ts of 11att1re ca1111ot ·be ig11orecl or evacled. Tl1e cl1ild 11111st first cravvl, tl1en \t\,alk, before it ca11 1:L111. So, ,1lso, m11st a 11atio11 pro­ gress tl1r()t1gl1 the sL1cccssive stages of growtl1 before tl1c st,tge is re,tc11ecl wl1ere rapid a11cl ever-accelerating clevelop111e11t is possible. ,--fl1e ,1cl,1 ,111cc111e11t of c:l 11,1tio11, i11 ,1dclitio11, de­ rn,111cls certain essential p1:eco11clitio11s: political stability; ,.t col1ere11t, r,:1tio11,1I ,111d effi.cie11t strt1ct11re of gover11111e11t; a11cl 1Jeace, botl1 i11ter11,1lly, withi11 tl1e nation, ,111cl exter11all)' witl1 l1er 11eigl1bot1rs.

1:..J aJJ\Jily, Etl1iopic1 11,1s bee11 1Jlessed witl1 tl1ese dt1r­ i 11g tl1e past two ,1.11cl ,1 11,tlf clecades, a11d they l1a,,e l1ee11 lJrogressively st1·engtl1e11ecl over the years. I11 ·-- 138

.DC)MES'IIC

:t955, We p1·0111u]g,1ted OL11· Revisecl Co11stit11tio11 to .

1·efl�ct a11�l sect11·e tl1e aclva11ces i11 political 111att1rity a�l1 1e:1ecl s.111ce We gra11tecl Ethiopia's first w1·itte11 Con­ st1tt1,t1011 tw·e11ty-five yea1·s ea1·Iier. 011ly eigl1teen months ago, \Ve �1111101111ce�l 11�w and f,1r-reacl1ing political re­ £01·111s as tl1� c11l1111nat1011 of a pe1·iocl of development a1:d n1at �11·,�t10� of tl1e 1Joli tical awa1·e11ess ancl capacity of tl1e Etl11op1a11 people a11d governme11t� a11d as the P!·el11cle_ to ft1rtl1er growth alo11g these lines. The pre­ c1ot1s gtft of peace l1as bee11 ot1rs fo1· the past quarter ce11tt11·y. For ,111 of this, We give tha11l<s to Al1nigl1ty God. P(,:.ople' s Cl1a11gecl 011tlool-::

The outlool<: ,tnd ,tttitL1des of OL1r people have t1nde1·gone d1·astic cl1anges dt1ri11g tl1ese ye,trs. Tl1e 11atio11 l1as co111e to 1node1·11.ity and 111att1r.ity. Our peo1Jle have been edt1cated, 11ot so 111ucl1 by fo1·111c1l, classroom inst1·t1ctio11, but as (1 c.01J.set1t1ence of a11 increasingly b1·oad a11cl genera.I expos1.11·e to life i11 the ·twe11tietl1 ce11tL1ry a11d to t11e wo1·ld a1·ot1nd then1. Etl1iopia 11 ,ts awal<:e11ed. Ethiopia11s now de111a11d n1ore f01· the1n­ sel\res thc:111 tl1eir fatl1ers IJossessed. They l1ave acqt1ired the desi1·e to i111p1·ove tl1ei1· lot and tl1at of thei1· chi1dre11. Tl1ey a1·e willing a11d anxioL1s to cha11ge.

Tl1is is wl1at We l1ave Jabot11·ed tl1rot1gl10L1t OL1r 1ifetin1·e to 1acco111pJ:isl1: to bring Ot11· people to the point of aware11ess of the de111a11ds of n1odern life, to arouse in then1 tl1e ambitio11 to JJ1·ogress, to sti111t11ate their late11t desire for advt1nce111e11t a11cl i111prove111e11t.

1."'I1is I1as 110\V l1ee11 ,1cl1ieved, a11d witl1 tl1e 11att1ral 1·esot1rces witl1 wl1ich Al1nigl1ty God l1as enclowed Ot11: nation, t11c pat11 to develop111e11t has bee11 cleared and its vistas lie before t1s.

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l)O!vlES'flC

1 11e revolL1tio11a1·y cl1a11ges \Vhicl1 l1ave occurred i11 Etl1iopia11 ,1ttitLides 11,1,,e n1a11ifested tl1e111selves in 11L1n1e1·ous v1a)'S. S01ne have becon1e appare11t tl1roL1gh progra1111nes initiated and foste1·ed by Ot1r Gove1·nment.

Otl1ers l1ave .sprL111g spo11t,111eot1sly f1·om the peo1Jle the111selves. ·whatever tl1eir sou1·ce, tl1ey co11stitt1te a 11ew a11cl vital approacl1 to life, a.nd they testify to the revived e11ergy ,111d vigoL1r vvl1icl1 c]1a1·acte1·ize the Ethio­ }J.ia11 nation today.

We 1n,1y cite, as 011e exn1nJ).le, tl1e gro\:\1tl1 of co­ .opera tivcs withj11 Etl1iopia. T·he co11cept of co-operation is 1101: nc,v to tl1e 11atio11; tl1e il(itb a11cl tl1e icli1· ha,,e l()11g fo1·111ed 1Jart of Etl1io1Jia's traditio11al a11d CL1sto111a­ ry systen1. Bttl these are largely passive a11d 1J1�otecti,,e i11 natt1re, dc-;sig11ecl to 111a1·sl1al tl1e e11e1·gies of tl1e co.1nmt111it)' i11 tirr1e of er11erge11cy a11d 11eed. The pl1ilo­ sophy of tl1e n1odcr11 co-01Jc1·,Lti'1e, ,vl1ile d1·awing 011 the spirit of tl1e i/<:itb a11d icli,·, is ttggressive a11d dy11amic ratl1er tl1an defe11si,,e ,1J1d st,1ti�. It e1nbodies a11d den1ands a collc·:tive v-1i]li.ng11ess to participate i11 11e\\1 r forr 1s of social and eco110111ic activity .

Tl1e co-01Jerative rnove1ne11t 11,1s flou1·ished i11 ·botl1 tl1e developecl a11d tl1e clevelo1Ji11g 11ations, bttt parti­ cularl)' in co1.111tries witl1 cl large agricL1ltt1ral base.

There is no reaso11 why co-opcr,1tives should 11ot st1c­ ceed i11 Et}1iop1a. Altl1ot1gl1 t11C:� b,1sic legislatio11 \vas enacted c11l:,1 a little over a )'C,lr :1go, 111ore tl1a11 a score of co-ope1·atives have ,1l1·eady bce11 organized, and 1nore a1·e st1re to follo\v. 'vVe loolc for,vard ea(Terly to tl1c. contribt1tio11 wl1ich tl1ey will 1na!(e to E tl1i;pia's econo1r1y.

Tl1e develop111e11t of tl1e l::1bot1r 111ove111e11t witl1in Etl �iopia offers a seco11d ex,1r:1ple of tl1e 11ew spirit ,vl11ch toclay m,114lcs tl1e 11�1tion. Unio11ization req11ires "'

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sot111d and orga11i�ed clelibe1·atio11 and actio11 by 1ne11 wl10 11�ay l1ave 11e1t�1er fa111ily, 1101· 1·eligio11, 1101· tribe, 11or n�1gl1bo11r 1100d 111 com111on, but wl1 0 l1ave, notwitl1sta11d1ng, bee11 ab]e to come tob0 etl1er ' to icle11tify their • co111n1011 1nte1·ests, ;:1ncl to agree 11po11 effective p1·0gran1111es to aclva11ce tl1ose i11terests. This is tl1e new attitt1de wl1icl1 111L1st be en.cotl1·aged: the co111rnu11al as T pp ose to 1 d tl inc e li ,1idt1al app1·oacl1, the spirit of work?

111.g togetl1er tl1at al] r11a·y be11efit.

We do 11ot vvisl1 to overe1nphasize the importance of tl1e labot11· 1nove1ne11t r1s such to Ethiopia; tl1e total prod 1ct of t]1e 55 ,0()0 11111011 members represents 011ly a s11;all po1·tio11 of the totc-11 prodt1ction of all of the 11ation's vvorke1·s. Ratl1e1·, We wish to stress the moti­ vatio11 which underlies ancl pe1·vades the movement.

Further. We n1 t1st emphasize tl1at witl1 the growth of i11dl1strialization, power is passing into the hands of en1plo�·ers a11d erriployees rtli1(e, wt1ich. demands much of the111 i11 ter11-1.s of kn(r,;vledge. jl1ifl,gmcnt a11d good vvill. 1: otl1 emplo},ers ;;1nrJ e1np.loyees rraF.1st resp!)11�3 to the rh a11e11ge a11ct the 0'1portu1'i1t�v t.O act r-or Tflf.' gcJOv. 11ot of tl1e fe,N but t½� ma riv. 'There is 110 roo.n1 for irrespo11sible action. There is no ·room fo1· heedless or reckless decisions. Tl1ere is no 1·oon1 for lawlessness or defiance of constituted at1thority. Employers ancl en1nloyees are 11ot enen1ies 01· a11tagonists, but partners.

The well-bei11g of the 011c depends very largely 11po11 the well-bei11g of tl1e other. Capital and labou1· 1n11st work togethe1 · in l1ar1no11y if the large potential which their· joi11t effo1 ·ts represe11t is to be realized.

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Self-Hel1J TI1e thii·d, a11d perl1aps tl1e most impressive i11stance o·f tl1e desire a11d willi11gness of Ot11· people to - 141 -

DOl\1JiSTIC progress a11cl cl1a11ge, is foL111d i11 the local self-help ca111paigns wl1ich l1ave sr)read so 1�apidly across the face of tl1e 11atio11. The drive to local self-help p1�ogramn1es l1as s1?rL111g fro1n tl1e people tl1e1nselves and flourisl1es becaL1se of local initic1tive, in1agination and effo1·t. It is a vivid and e11coL1ragi11g testi111011y to the vitality of tl1e Etl1iopia11 people. Roads l1ave bee11 bL1ilt, schools a11d pt1blic bt1ildi11gs l1ave been constrt1cted, pt1blic l1 ealtl1 facilities l1ave been establisl1ed and n1any other co111111t111itv activities l1ave bee11 t1ndertaken a11d ft1lfilled witl1 ft111cls locally collectecl ,111d loc�tlly adn1inistered.

As a co1n1Jle111e11t to tl1is n1a11ifestatio11 of tl1e wil] c:l11cl spirit c)f tl1e Etl1iopia11 J)eople at the lowest con1111t1nal t111it, Ot1r Gove1·11111e11t embarked, seve1·al years ago, 011 tl1e stttcly a11d later tl1e graclt1al implen1enta­ tio11 of a system. of loc,:11 self-gove1·n111e11t, designed to bri11g i11to ever n101·e effective foct1s tl1e local energies a11d 1·esor1rces tl1L1s diSJ)layed. Tl1e ]ocal awra_ja 1·e­ ,,enr1e legislatio11, so csse11tic1l to tl1e ft1ll i111pleme11tatio11 of tl1is progra1111n·e, ·is pe11di11g before yot1, and We L1rge that the l1igl1est priority be accorded to tl1is vital •

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.C11 tl1e 111oder11 worlcl, 110 .11ation, a11d certainly nc, 11,1tio11 wl1ich is classifiecl a111011g tl1e less-developed, ca11 l10J)e to bri11g to its J)eOJ)le tl1e standard of living a11d tl1 e 111aterial a11cl SJ)iritL1al J)1·ospe1·ity wl1icl1 it seelcs for tl1e111 ll11less its total 1·csot1rces are e11listed in tl1e strL1ggle. SL1rel)1 E,tl1io1Ji,1's 1nost ,,alt1able 1·esou1·ces are lier !J�ople a_ 11d tl1e i11tellige11ce, e11e.rgy, devotion a11d ,1111 b1t1011 \:\1 l11ch tl1ey co11stitl1te a11d represe11t. It is to tl1e�11 tl1at we 111t1st look for tl1e attai11111ent of the goals wI11ch we seelc . · �- 142 -··

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Even assu111ing, however that the will and tl1e desire exist, there re111ai1 s tl1e' im1nensely diffictllt and : : complex task of orga111z1ng the nation's eneroies and reso11�ces and directing them in a well-concehred and fully_ integrated fasl1io11 to tl1e achieving of carefully st11d1ed and clearly cle511ed e11ds.

In Etl1iopia, i11creasecl ernphasis is ctirrently beino ?ive11 to tl1e. concept an.d f tlnct.ion of pla11ni11g. Plann� 1ng as such 1s not 11ew to Ethiopia; 011r nation passed tl11·ough the years of the First a11d Second Five-Year Pla11s witl1 c1·editable st1ccess. Now, however, eve11 grea.ter .effo1-it:s ,are · being n1ade ito mob,ilize ithe strengtl1 of the nation and le11d fresh direction and in1petus to its econon1ic activit)'.

The c1·eatio11 of the Minist1·y of Planni11g and Developm.ent, a little over a yea1· and a l1al·f ago, 1narked the first in a series of ne�, measures in this area. This Ministry l1as gather·ed tof�et11er a grot1p of higrilv skilled . E ·" . . " T� d 1·· Y expe1·ts who at·e vx·epa.rl:r.i0: - ·1ve- . ear J:� �t1c\1001�t s , h]r . . , Yi tne most �igt!li�c �,e arci• atiemp �� t PIan . Th.1s 1s certa!lt1iy thus far made to org.a.nize tk�e !1ation"s economic and financial activities a1011g developm:ent lines.

Let us riot, howeve1·, be misled. The p1·eparatio11 of an eco11omic pla11 is 011ly l1alf the task, and perhaps not even that . The real test co1nes i11 the i1nplen1en­ tatio11 a11d here eve11 the best of pla11s can be st1bverted and d�stroyed. 011ce an ove1·all econo1nic plan is adop­ ted, the nation's budget 1nust be tailored to the imple1nentation of the pla11 . Indiviclt1al develop1ne11t projects must be fitted into the priorities establisl1ed in the plan. Haphazarcl and ill-coo1·di11ated economic activity must be avoided at all costs . Investment must be con­ trolled and directed as the plan dictates . .And, most impo1·tant, all of tl1is 1nt1st be accomplished in a co0

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()rclir1�1tcc! ,tr11.I c/-lic;iL�11t fc1sl1ic)Jl. ··r,l1e res1)c,11sil)ilily f( )!" t}·i r� St!�.;ccss !)r l11e J)]�tll C!l)cS 11llt rest Lll)011 ,lily :- i 11 :�!.r:: 11 ·�i11ist;·,, C)r cl�1;,).rt:rr1e11t:, it js ,l collective reSJJ011�;!l1i!i1.,1. sl1arecl h>' ;_t!I c1c '-1e!o1J1r1c11t 111111istries co11ccr11ed ,,,itl1 ec. :c)1101'!1ic 111cl :�() ·.:;i,11 de\1 elori111c11t -- i11deec1, by II �!r�r):1ri'111.(;i1t�; (111cl (lffic:i::11s ()f t11<; go\1 ern111c11t, \\1]1at-­ c\'er t.l1clr f:()11 ccr11, ,is wc.'l[ clS tl1is ] ) ::1rli�1111ent itself.

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L�i !1ic)11i,1 's �1cl1ic\ c111c;11ts clL1ri11g tl1e t)ast year arc i 11 l !1(�:TlSC I�'CS j)!"()O r tl18t 0Ltr (.iover11Jl1C11t's J)aSt cfforts i11 clirc(:ti11i.t tl1c coL1rsc c>f c!c,1c]o1)t11e11t l1a\1e l)orrJ.e frttit. r)11l�1 cl fe:�Y'.1 1 :?clrs :.1�:,(). Et!1io1,i,.t ciisposecl of but a l1a11ti­ f1.1l of L111i\ e.rsit\, grnc1t1ates. '"foclay, the e11ro1111er1t of tl,,_, 1:r,1!1.e Sel,1ssic i lJ11iversit\/ a1011e 1111111l)ers o,;er one t!1oi s:.111c! fi\rt� J1t111clrecl stt\clc11ts. Tl1e nt1111bers of trai11Cll l:!,1 !1ic)11i,111 ei1 gi11et�rs, l£l\\1y,;rs ) cl<)ctors a11cl otl1er pro­ grar,�_1_·,.,i<)�1;.1l 111cr1 �111(. l \\1oi11e11 i1rc 11·1 l!1t.inliecl ,x.,itl1 eacl1 ·( 1 �1tio11. '"fl1f� 11,1tic)11's sec�o11clnrv scl1001s l1a\1c exoa11di..:tl. A11cl for tl10!'.;c for v\1 l1c)111 for11 1ct1 cd1-1catio11 is not.

J)r)s��ililc. t 11 c N �1 t.io11a.I L-i teracv <:a1111)a i,g11, a sel. f-i1el1) rJrOf2_r�t111111e of t11c l1i,gl1cst orc.lcr, l1c.1s bce11 i11novatcd, .�t1rcl\1 tl1is 1111.1st l)t� ,1 so11rcc of 'gr,1tificatio11 for llS all. . l .1l,C\\1 isc. ir1 J)t11)lic� l1c,1(th. fl1rtl1er strides l1a\1e l1ec 1 1 r11(1c�c. T11creao_;c�I e1r11Jl1c1�:i� 1,as 1-,ee11 1�1id 011 c11ra1 i,1c btti cs,)cc·ia!ly c)11 l)r(�vc11li\ <' i11eclici11i:�. Tl1c vast 111(1lari,1 er,1clicati()11 l)ro_g;ra111111e is 110\V t111dcr\vay. T11c 11t1111l),�r or :1\1 ::1il,ll)lc� l1()�,)it�11 l- )ecis l1as 111t1Itiplied, as l1J�; tl1('. 11L1: 1 1l)er ()r rL1r:1: l 11ealtl1 ce11trcs a11d clresser �{;_1tic)r1:-;.

T11 1950 �1lc)r1c. i11clt1strial 1)roclt1ctio11 .i11 Etl1iopin i11cr<2as 1:?c! C)\'Cr 15�'{ .,. 0\1 <�r sixly 111illio11 Etl1ioJJia11 c.lc)l!c1rs 1vv;-1s i11\1 estccl 111 i11clt1stri�1l rJrojects, ,1ncl se,,eral 1

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thousand a �diti_onal workers fot111d einployn1ent ·in the mant1factur1ng industry alone.

In transportatio11, new roads have been constrt1ct­ ed . Telec�1nmunication f �cilities l1ave expanded. Post �ffice serv1�es have_ been increased and improved. Rail, air and 1nar1ne services have contint1ed to grow, as they have a11nt1ally for many years past.

Tl1ese p1�ogrammes . do not ·Stand in splendld isola. tlon; they ,11··e :all closely anterrela:ted and interconnected.

A·s Etl1iopia's 1·oa � network ·gro.ws, new a1·eas are opened .for the 111t1·odt1ct1011 of social services; trade is gene1·ated; trave! is sti1nulated; a11d the people are exposed ito tll1e b·les·s111gs - ·a11d rthe d · ·angers - of modern life .

Developme11t is by its very 11att1re dynamic; it generates its own internal n101nentt11n. as tl1e chain-reactio11 of growth is released .

Speci(1l 1ne11tio11 r11 Ltst be n1,1de of a ne\v awraja de,1 elopme11t JJ>1·ogran·1n1e wl1icl1 is being undertaken by Our Gove1·nn1e11t v�1itl1 tl1e l1elp of bilate1·al and n1l1lti­ lateral assistc1nce i11 selected areas of tl1e count1·y. I11 the pilot areas chosen, a massive, broad-spectr·um at­ 4 ts of all deve1opeffo1 tl1e h tack is being made i11 whic 1nent agencies a11d ministries are being coordinated in a concerted effort to break thro11gh a11d overcome the 1nany obstacles to growth. The assistance of tl1e local popt1latio11 is si1nilar1y bei11g organized to achieve the greatest possible progress i11 tl1e lar�est nt1�1ber of fields of develop111ent in the shortest period of t1n1e. If these pilot progriam1nes are st1ccess·ful, as We be�ieve they will be, a viable pattern fo1· development will have been established which can be e1nulated a11d applied throt1ghourt: t·he entiire c011ntryside. es n1 1 111 n 1· ra fo og e 11d 1· pr la e tl1 to fer e 1· so al t t1s 111 Wc e ish bl ta cl es e yth wl i11 ne t1p 11 aw dr g in be wl1icl1 are 1

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Ministry of Land Refo1·1n a11d Administration. Land reforn1s, so vital to the 11ation's ft1tur,e, also pose problems of great complexity and immense difficulty.

A vast an1ount of preliminary research and study must be undertaken before effective proposals in the area of land administration can be form11lated, and this work is now fully under\vay. We and Ou1· Government are committed to tl1is effort.

To Live In Peace

Etl1iopia's fo1·eign policy re1nai11s constant, as it l1as for years: to strengthen the nation's security; to live i11 peace with her· 11eighbors; to strengthen the United Nations and the orga11ization of African Unity; to facilitate the peaceful settle1nent of disputes; to assure freedom for all irrespective of race, creed or colour. ':Dhes·e are the standards ,by which Our nation lives.

During the past year, We l1ave beco111e increas­ ingly concerr1:ed at the threats posed to world peace.

Tl1e Vietnam conflict 11ot only contint1es, bt1t n1ilitary efforts have escalated, witl1 ever l1igl1er tolls in human lives and destrt1ction exacted as tl1e price. The Middle East crisis erupted into a violent and bloody confla­ gration, witl1 the ever-present danger of involveme11t by tJhe greait •powers. Etl1iopia, ,as ·a men1ber of the Secu­ rity Council, the sup1·e1ne orga11 of tl1e United Nations cl1arged witl1 the duty of p1·ese1·vi11g world peace, has spar�d 110 effort in tl1e searcl1 for jt1st and permane11t solt1t1ons to both of these co11flicts. The fact that no improvement l1as bee11 realized i11 eitl1er area is a mat­ ter of tl1e gravest concer11 to Us. In Africa, We l1ave been sadde11ed by the fratrici- 146 -

DOMESTIC

dal civil war being waged in Nigeria which has cost so much in both human and material terms. Because of the concern felt by all Africans at this situation the Summit Conference of the 0.A.U., at the recent �eet­ ing in Kinshasa, appointed a Special Commission to assist the Nigerian Federal Government in its efforts to maintain the security and integrity of that nation, and the Commis-sion is seized of the problems confront­ ing it. The Congo has sustained a new but happily repelled threat to its sovereignty, and Ethiopia is pro11d to have participated in efforts to assure the con­ tinued exis·tence of the Congo as an independent state through the provision of military assistance to that na­ tion. The threat posed by the foreign mercenaries who have disturbed the peace of this sister African state must, onoe and for all, be rooted out and eradicated.

It is a matter of bitter disappointment to Us, as it must be. to all AiJ'icans 9 tl1at in R.hodesia:1 in South -t . ';<..., A 1 � ·n Afr1ca, 1n M.oza11rionque� rigo a ar?.� rortrJguese (JUl-• nea racist regime,§. t"�!�:)rhtinue to oppre.ss fJl.Rr b1�ot!1er:s and deny to then1 the lJ'asic hum.an. :right-s to \ll/l1ic.:ri they are entitled as free me n. New v,ays n1ust be fo1.1nd and new techniques must be devis-ed to b1·ing these govern­ ments to their knees, if not to their senses . The alter­ naitive is the use of force, and J1owever abhorrent this course ma y be, Ethiopia stands ready to act if this be required.

Good Neighbou1· Relations

On a happier note, during the p� st year Ethiopia's relations with the Suda11 a11d Somalia have been con­ siderably improved, following. direct discussions held with the leaders of these nations, and We are grat- 147 -

OO�vlESTIC

1fied tl1at tl1e govern111ents of these two sister African 11eighbo11rs are disposecl t<? live in peace and harmony ,vitl1 t1s. We hope that the basis for a permanent recon­ ciliatio11 betwee11 Etl1io1Jia and these states has been laid. As We have so often stated i11 the past, Ethiopia seeks 110 territory belonging to others. Ethiopia has 110 wish to e11gage i11 ft1tile p1·opaganda polen1ics. �thi­ opia desi1-es 011ly rto 1ive ,in 1tra11quillit)' with her neigh­ bot1rs a· nd to cooper:ate ,closely with ,tl1em for the peace­ ft1l development of 011r 1·espective territories and peo­ ples.

J-1,lJ)pily, Ethiopia's traditio11ally excellent rela­ tio11s ,vith Ke11ya, 011r 11eighbor to the South, remain un­ i111paired - i11deed, are yea1�ly stre11gthened. As clear evide11ce of tl1e spirit of brotl1erl1ood and friendship exis,ting betwee11 Ethio_pia a11d Ke11ya, We welc ·ome in tl1e gatl1eri11g tod,ty Kenya's beloved President and Our close friend, Mzee Jo1no Ke11y,atta. P1·esident K-enyat­ ta l1as l1in1self fo11gl1t a11d suffered in the cat1se of his peOJJle a11d tl1e whole of the African continent, and We are proud to ]1ave him with Us here.

Africa11 Uruty The IJast t,:velve 1no11tl1s l1ave also wit11essed a fur­ tl1er steady i11crease i11 t11e influence ,111d effective11ess of Africa's cl1ose11 i11strL1111e11t, tl1e Orga11ization of Afri­ "' ca U11ity. 1 11e J)roblen1s witl1 "''l1icl1 tl1e Oroanizatio11 is grap1)li11g today are 110 less sig11ifica11t tl1a11 tl1ey were fot1r years ago; tl1e differe11ce lies in tl1e n1aturity a11d realis111 \\ritl1 ,vhich they are approached. The 111e,1st1re of the st1ccess of tl1e Ort)',111iz,1tio11 1·ests 11ot 1 i11 its ,tbility to co11cc11tr,1te Africa11 opi 11ion a11d )11 IJ � _ 111flLle11ce tlfJ011 tl1e crises \Vl1icl1 l1,1ve sporaclic,llly flared -- 148 ·-

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equally, in the progress tlp . on _this �onti1:e11t, but, _ which 1s pa1nstak1ngly ·being made in the working out of �he �ramework f ?r closer and more effective co-ope­ ration 1n the working of Africa's day-to-day economic and social life.

During the year ahead, a number of new legisla­ tive proposals designed to advance Ethiopia along the patl1 of progress will be laid before you. We urge you to bring to then1 the same dedication and devotion which has characterized your work during the session just past. Your efforts and labours compleme11t those of· Our Government, and the nation expects that you will discharge your duties and responsibilities to the full measure of your abilities.

May Almighty God watch over and guide you in the coming year.

The greatest privilege and satisfaction which a fond parent may experience is to witness his child-, born in travail, bL1ffeted by the illnesses a11d the hazards of infancy, childhood and adolescence, at last come to young 1na11hood and take his place, strong and vigorous, in th e society in which he grew and �_eve­ loped. This is, i11deed, the greatest source of grat1fic�­ tion an d pride for the parel).t who nurtured and sacrificed so m uc h fo1· his offspring. s 1o ot e em m sa e e th d ce en ri pe ex ve ha e � ?

W Today, is dd A e t of e if l _ ul sf es � cc su ly gh hi 11t b as the brief s e ar iv ye F s.

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d s ha sse 11k pa Ba ba ba from A is dd A e th , ce e11 ist ex its birth to 111aturity. 'vVe tl1ank and. congratt1late all whose efforts l1ave co111bined to 1Jrodt1ce this splendid accom_plislunent.

We l1ave listened w1tl1 g1�eat care to what has been said here, and We wo11ld 011ly wish to re-emphasize two points to wltlcl1 reference has already been made.

First, tl1is Bank, in its co11ception and for1nation, was wl1olly Ethiopian. Tl1e i11itiative and imagination a11d e11ergy whioh cr·eated it w:ere Ethiopian. We cite tl1is, not ot1t of a11y natio11alistic pride, bt1t because ·�l1ere ,e>Gis,t 111t11tip1e sin1iila•r oppor,tunities ,for Ethio­ _pia11.s to seize upo11 and develop, opportunities wl1icl1 await, wl1icl1 cry ottt £01· attention, whicl1 require for tl1.eir realizatio11 only tl1e sa111e hard work and deter111in,1tion w11ich have ma.rk.ed tl1e ]ifetin1e of the Addis Ababa Bank.

Second, We 11ote witl1 approval tl1at in tl1eir efforts tl1e Ethio1Jia11 111a11agers a11d personnel of this Bank l1ave received botl1 financial st1pport and technical advice fro1n an j1111Jortant foreign banki11g l1ouse. This is 11.ot 11nt1st1al; it is the bt1si11ess of banks to borrow and le11d - not only 1noney, but special skills and talents as well. TJ1is frt1itftil collaboration has not only co11tribt1ted sig11ificantly to tl1e success vlhich this Ba11k has enjoyed, bt1t, equally i111portant, provides tis all with additio11al JJroof, if st1cl1 be needed, that co­ operatio11 between Etl1iopia11s and fo1·eig11ers can 1nulti­ IJly tl1e efforts of botl1 and 111axi111ize the contribution which a11 1111dertaking sucl1 as tl1is ca11 make to the develop111ent of tl1e 11atio11.

Duri11g Ot1r lifeti111e, We have laboured without c�ase to foster a11d e11cou1·age tl1e economic and fl.nan� cial development of the 11atio11 which We, no less and -- 150 ··-

no n1ore than the least Ethiopian, serve. In this, We have not asked for gratitude or expressio11 of apprecia­ tio11. We fi11d Ot1r tl1anks in the efforts put forth by who those of the seek to ak advantage opportunities � � . which n1oder11 Etl11op1a offers, and wl10, in doing so, benefit 11ot 011ly tl1emselves bt1t the nation i11 the accon1plisl1n1ents of tl1ose who are determined to help then1selves . \Ve greet toclay Lord a11d Lady Aldington, who l1ave travelled fa1· to be witl1 Us on this occasion. To the111, and to tl1e nu1nerot1s other distinguished guests and visitors We bid welcome, and We wish them a happy stay i11 Our cot1ntry.

To the Addis A'baba Bank We wish continued success. To its officers and employees and particularly to Debebe Habte Yohannes, the principal fou11der of this enterprise, We express Our satisfaction at tl1e worthy acl1ieverneJ1t. Vve thanlc again those men and_ wome11 who, by tl1eit� labol1rs, have shared in the growth of this institutic,r1. ?vi arcl1 1 ' l 9G8 .

PROJECTS IN AvVASSA This ag1·icultt1ral development project was es­ l ra tu ul ric rn ag de mo ate str on m de to re he ed ish tabl systems to the people of the area so tl1at they in t11rn could learn and practice these methods. ck la e e th a er rm f e th of s m le ob pr e : th � Some of _ or e r1c 1r a f g t1n ge � d an et ·k a1 m l? � � e th of e dg of. knowle 1 1tl on ti ,v za ni ga is or th of n io at er op co h IS prodUCe . The . i s h em r t f o s m le b ro p l1 1c s1 se ea to the local • farn1ers encoL1rag111g.

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Fa1·n1e1·s througl1 the education they acquire fron1 the farm l1ere can improve tl1eir standard of living. \Ve will not limit this type of school to one single place and one region of the cou11try.

Conce11trating industrial complexes in one area ha.s caused mass labour migration. Having made a start in this province, We are seriously considering opening industries in all the provinces to the1·eby create markets for l1ai.'1"ests of the farmer enabling him to get a fair p1·ice for l1is harvest and at tl1e same time to give the farme1· the otl1er advantages of living nea1· an indt1strial area and imp1·ove l1is living standard.

When a n1a11 is e11gaged in t1seft1l projects, he will not be tl1e onl)' be11eficiary. It will encourage. other people to look for nev.1 ways of earning their livi11g.

Li,,i11g in cities alone is 110 l1elp to the people.

But vvl1e11 we are spread tl1roughout the country and take care of 0111·sel\'es we will also help others and n1ake t11e111 t1seft1l.

111 order to exte11d tl1e services of this agricultural orga11izatio11 yot1 ,,,ill l1ave to give encot1ragement to tl1e people. \:"\le are ,,er)7 pleased v.,itl1 tl1ose pe1·so11s wl10 par­ cipated in tl1e. ,,,orks of tl1e farn1.

A1tl1ot1gl1 \Ve ca1111ot sa)' tl1e 111011ey i11vested 011 tl1_e project is \iery 111uch, v'\'e su·o11gly believe that it \t.1 111 be a11 exai11ple to s111all scale projects wluch i11 time fulfil tl1eir gre::1ter goal. \Ve are also pleased witl1

\'OU. -

11arcl1 14, 1968.

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DOMESTIC

SPEAKING ON LITERACY DAY

Conscious of tl1e fact that reading, writing and .knowle ge of _ . simple arithmetic are amo11g the national d obligations, W e have constantly stressed the need for natio11al literacy.

B·asic education is ,tl1e most vital tool we have had to off er to the ne w Ethiopia and the new Ethiopian.

A great ·deal of Our !time ,a11d 1he country's resources have ·been devoted to t·his noble task ever since We assumed the leade1·sl1ip of the nation.

As l1istory attests, Our effo1·ts to this end were directed towa1·ds expandi11g ou1· educational heritage.

We have given priority to education over the vario11s pressing 11ational tasks. That. was v1l1y We pe·rsonally held the portfolio of ,the Ministry of Education iuntil v.ery recently.

We had to bear patiently i11nun1erable challenges whe11 laying tl1e basic strticture for 111ocle1·n. education in Ethiopia. We sJre gratified to note today tl1at t.l1e example We set is be.ing v,idely follov;ed by 01Jr people in a self-help education scheme. C)ur life-long efforts, rthere£ore, have iborne -satisfaotory fruits.

Whe11 We recall the difficulties Our people faced in the past in tryi11g to adjust to the mode1·n educational system and their u11equivocal emb1·ace of it today; whe11 We see young 1nen and women who were students only yesterday, bu t wl10 today are engaged actively in the va:r.ious fields of national ;development efforts; a11d when We observe those who needed help in the past extending l1elp and educating others, We are happy and grateful ito Almighty God for blessing Our efforts. .

Although Our people have to �me to ap�rec1ate h 1s re uc he m t , n, io at uc ed n er od m f o , e lu via e th ly se en m im - 153 -

1)0:tvlI�STIC

1nore to be do11e i11 this fielcl. We shall continue to work l1a1·de1· L1ntil illiteracy is wiped out. We once said that a11 educated person shall never be inferior to his fellow 111an. Tl1is encou1·aged various organizations to work for the promotio11 of higher education of their en1ployees and thousa11ds ·of individu-als to improve tl1eir livelihood tl1rougl1 -eve11ing classes.

Tl1e ge11eral development We envisage for the country a11d ,the ,ll!igth ,standard of living We want all Etl1iopians to attai11 cannot come about without edu­ cat:io11. Tl1roughout Our life We l1ave consistently main­ tained tl1at edL1catio11 is tl1e 011ly weapo11 with which tl1e noblest 11ation .al tasks can be accomplished.

International peace and economic development are bei11g hampered by the increasing rate of illiteracy in the world toclay, pa1·ticL1larly in tl1e developing coun­ tries. BecaL1se of ,�hi, st , world leaders and jntern·ational orga111iza1tions, especially UNESCO, are waging a relent­ less war agains-t ,il1iter.acy. International Literacy Day, whicl1 is being observed world-wide today, bears witness to global e11deav,ot1rs. We will con,tint1e ro collab.orate in the fight agai11st OLir common e- nemy, illiteracy, both ait na·tio11al and i11t, erna:�ional levels .as We have done in the l)ast.

It has been some time si11ce war \Vas declared on illiteracy in this country. In the last five years alone more tl1an 750,000 me11 ,1nd women have achieved througl1 tl1e efforts and cooperation of literac y n1ai11ly _ t�e 1':'11n1stry of Eclt1cation and variot1s volt1ntary orga­ nizations. A�ottt th �·ee 1nillio11 adults are expected to lite1·ates i- 11 the next five years and become fL1nct1011al _ tl1ereb� co11tr1bt1te to -tl1e ove1·all national development as e11v1saged by tl1e Third Five-Year Plan. This can become a reality only wl1en teachers, students and edt1- 1,54 -

D0:N1ESTIC

cated Ethiopians in . gener-al voluntarily teach adults.

They must be prepared for this voluntary scheme.

Our forefathers left us a heritage of a written al�habet, of '"':hich we are all today proud benefactors. hope that will this historic It 1s Ot1r cher1shed heritage _ pass to generations to come.

Ethiopia has been the ·traditional torch-bearer of Afrioan freedom. What she must accomplish today in the fields of modern education and national develop­ ment must be infused into this historical context. Our people must be ·awar·e of this. We therefore urge all those who are educated ·to teacl1 others less fortunate to strive to s·eek the skills of literacy.

We 1tblank :the Almighty God fo.r His guidance in all Our efforts for national development, tl1e welfare of the Ethiopian people, and attempts to eradicate illite­ racy.

September 8, 1988

TO trfl-lli I�JSTITUTE OF AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH Eohiopia i· s pred·ominantly an .agricultural oountry Nhose future progress depends greatly upon the deve­ lopment of her ag'riculture.

The ·benefits obtaiined :from ,the employment of the traditional methods of agriculture, passed over to us by our forefath·ers, have not been found commensurate with t.he labour and effort expended by the farmers an? accordingly :have ·become dr,awbacks ·to ·the country s developm;ent. Lt is mindf.ul o.f ,tih·at. we ·have est�­ _ blished agricultural schools and experimental farms 1n various parts of our country so that modern methods 1

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I)() i\ r ES 'l' r (;

,t�ricL1ltL1re, vvl1icl1 ,1:c based 011 research and scie11tific ._stL1dics, ,1re introclL1Ce(i i11 Ethiopia in large 1nea­ st1res \'vitl1 tl1e objective of accelerating the tempo of tl1e economic cle\1 elop1nent of ot1r cot1ntry for the good ,111cl vvell-bei11g of ot1r J?�ople .

t)f

1 t is \Vitl1 pleast11·e tl1at we are present here today to i11,1t1gt1rate this I11s1itt1tc of Agricultural Research \Vl1icl1 l1as been cst::1bli;;l1ed witl1 tl1e assistance of the t=- cc.lcr[ll RCJ)ttblic t)f Gern1a11y1• 1's rapi d popt1la­ .> toda tl1at t :1s forec \'C 11,1 s Ex t)ert the in nces eqt1e cons l1ing 1·c:1c far ,,c 11a ,vill tl1 tio11 grow ._ , ft1lt1re. Foocl .1?roclttction . is envisaged to fall short of tl1e 11eecl of tl1c \Vo1·lcl JJOtJulatio11, tht1s tl1reatening 111�111ki11cl v.1itl1 tl1e scourge of J11111ger. As We have Scticl i11 t l1e past, a view wl1icl1 is sl1ared by 1nany, Etl1ioJJi,1, besides s,1tiati11g l1er local 11eeds, could also i)t:co111e tl1e grr111,1ry of .1er 11eigl1bo11ring countries, pro­ ,,idecl l1er ,:1gric11lt11re is ft1lly develo1)ed tl1rot1gh 1no­ c.ler11 111c;:111s. 1�11ercforc., it is 11ecessary for· Us to con­ ti11t1e OL1r e11cle,t\1ot1rs t,) jn11Jrove 011 our agricL1lture so t 11-(1 I' 'vVe ca 11 re,1lise ,111d de,,elo1J ottr g.reat pote11tials in ll1is rcg,trll. It is \>"itl1 s::1tisfac.tio11 tl1at \Ve 11ote the f,1cilities \.Vl1 icl1 tl1is i11st itt1tc \,\1ill p1·0,1icle tl1e farn1ers bot 11 i11 vVe1lcg[t ::111d Sl1c),1 g<)ver11or,1tes-general in l1elp· i11g tl1c111 to o,1 c1·co111e tl1eir dayr-to-day agric11ltural pro­ l1Je111s. ,.I'I1.e far111crs c;,111 clra,,, great be11efit from ,tr,ai11ing :111cl cx1)crt ,1(l\1icc gi\1 c11 !'o tl1c111 by tl1e staff of this l 11:-:titt1te.

I 11 ·tl1e fielcl of ag:·iot1ltt1re. 111axi111tu11 results will l)c acl1ic\1 ecl 11ot <)11ly i11 l)l"0\1 icfi11g trai11i110 a11d researcl1 facilit ies for t l1e f,1rr11ers� l)tlt also i11 p7-ovidinot, tl1en1 \\'t.t I1 crcc l'1,t a11cl 11l'arketin g faoilities fo 1· tl1e�r prod11cts.

Tl1ese are 111;:1tters of t1t111ost i1111Jorta11ce \Vhich should

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1)011ESTIC

conti11uotisly occt1py the attentio11 of the concern ed de­ partments. ':le wish to take tl1is opportunity to extend 0L1r �ea�tfelt tha?ks. to tl:e Federal Rept1blic of Gern1any tor 1ts co11tr�bt1t1ons 111 tl1e establish1ne11t of tl1is Agri­ cu1tt1r'al Insb1tt1te. Ot1r tl1a11 ks ·also cro to -·the German An1bassaclo1· for his encleavot1rs i11 tl1is 1·egarcl. T h·ese a11d tl1e otl1er ge11erot1s co11tribt1tio11s whicl1 tl1 e Federal Rept1blic of Gern1a11 y ]1as 111acle to Ethiopia i11 varioL1s fields will, no doubt, st1pple1nent her e11deavot1rs of natio11 bt11lding and a1·e, fL11·thermore, indicative of t11e long-sta11ding f1·ie11dsl1ip existing between our two col111tries In general co11clusion, We wish to thank bot11 the Gern1an a11d Ethio1Jia11 experts who have n1 ade tl1is day possible. We also \Visl1 to say that it is ot1r express­ ed hope tl1at tl1is i11stitt1te will earnestly ancl st1ccess­ fully dischar,ge tl1e 1·espo11sibilities vvitl1 w11icl1 it is e11trusted c111d t11a.t it ,vi11 be ab1e to 1ive lliJ to its expec­ tations.

OctolJcr 13, 1968

THRONE SPEECH, 1968 Duri 1 1g Our exte11sive t �·ir) io_tl1e F,11: E�ts� W� a1s.o 1 s 1a st y op h1 l11 Et 1th \v r1e 11n co st ho 1 tl e d te in � 1a �, acqt . _ � d 1 1 wo a!

1 1n 01 11d s st J1a � 01 l11 Et d ne � ai pl ex � , re 1 t and ctllt sl 1 1p nd 1e fr e th 1ed 1 1 ga t1s th 1cl a1 il, ta de t ea s gr itl isstte of l op J)e e l1e 1· t fo s le op pe e es tl1 of 1 io 1 at ir and adm _ co 1d a1 oc or , M pt gy E to ts si vi · t11 O g ·in t11 D io . p th ia E · · e to abl re we We ber e =t e S I c n · a ni e 11 t1 � Yt1goslav1,1 1n J . ' . _. . . ;\ , c g ) e( es 111 l1 d 111 b J 1 l1 l 11c fr l e th 1 i e : �� � � . _ � review �111 d sti·eilgth 1 -. l1 .

1t e 1 tJl W 11 1t eo p p o 11 tl E 1e tl cl ,1n ples witl1 :Etl1 iopi,1 - 157 -

DOMES"flC

view to reasserting Etl1iopia's friendship with the peo­ J)les of Yugoslavia a11d Iran, We, too, played host to Our distinguisl1ed guests, H.E. President Tito of Yt1go­ slavia and His Imperial Majesty the Shahanshah of Ira11. During their visits l1ere We held useful talks on a wide ra11ge of topics touching on both mutual and global n1atters.

As a follo\:\'-UP of the agree111ent reached between tl1e two neigl1bouri11g a11d sisterly countries of Ethiopia and Son1alia., to resolve a111icably a11d in peace the mis­ u11derstandi11g that existed between them and live in­ stead i11 a11 atn1ospl1ere of l1arn1011y, frate1·nity and co­ opera-tio11, We l1eld ta1ks with Soma1ia's Pr·ime Minister, H.E. Ibral1in1 Egal, dL1ri11g l1is visit to Ethiopia from Septen1ber 3 to 7, 1968. These talks l1ave resulted in bri11gi11g about a significant nor111alisation of relations bet,:\1een our t\VO coL111tries. We trL1st tl1at the two 11eigl1bot1ri11g cot1ntr.ies will co11tint1e to build on tl1is 11e,v spirit a11d ,vork togetl1er closely 011 areas of mutual concer11. V..1 e I1a ve show11 tl1e \Villing11ess to forget tl1e difficult e\1 e11ts of tl1e past and do11e all tl1at Ethiopia cotLld i11 tl1e belief ,1nd k110\vledge tl1at tl1e people of Etl1iopia a11d Sor11alia ha,1e so 111ucl1 111ore to gain and car1 understa11d eacl1 otl1er so n1 ucl1 better if tl1e mt1tual intere.sts a11d deali11gs of tl1e t\\'O cou11tries are gt1ided tinder a clin1ate of brotl1erl1ood a11d i 11 tl1e spirit of good 11eigl1bot1rli11ess. Tl1is being so, 'V\1 e entertain the �1ope tl1a t tl1e catise of 111ist1ndersta11ding tl1at existed 111 tl1e past bet,, 1ee11 tl1e t,,,.o go\1er11n1e11ts wi ll be tot.all)' rc1lll)\1 ed �111d tl1�1t tl1e,, ,,,ill 11e\1er �1oai 11 be allo,ved to � c:, r�ct1r.

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DOtvlESTIC

Addis A World Centre Ethiopia l1as beco111e the focus of world atte11tion by attt·a�ting w�rld leaders to meet in its capital city to d�scuss 1nternat1onal peace and livelihood of peoples.

Since 1963, when the Organization of African Unity was created in ot1r capital as an instrument for secur­ ing peace and prosperity for the p,.eoples of our conti­ nent, this Organization has achieved commendable re­ sults both in successfully challenging colonialism and its ramifications and in bringing together the concerted efforits of men1·ber s1lates on 1the ,economic front. In -the short period since we formed the 0.A.U., in the firm beJ.ieif itl1ait u11i1 ty ,is ;essential -£or our task o,f finding African solutions to African problems and leading the continent along the patl1 of peace, we have been able by regularly meeting under the auspices of our Orga­ nization, to accornplish q_uite a lot i11 variot1s areas.

The 0.A.U. and t·he 11nity a.nd. strength derived there­ from, provide 11s with th.e best means of defence a.gainst • ' .r.

1 J," " the forces tl1at tr"v to 11noerm1i1e Africa s quest iOr peace ·an·d progr.ess. Tod,ay , rut a :th-ne whe: n �trouble eiiupting in one COUilitr,y ,can very ·easily involve others, Africa has, under the p1·otecti,,e umbrella of the 01\U', succeeded in keeping the Cold War at bay. Like all other young organizations� however, the OAU has also had its share of set-bac·ks . One such set-back is un­ doubtedly that created by the serious problem of the Nigerian Civil War. It is to be recalled that the Fourth Assembly of O.A.U. Heads of State and Government whicl1 met in Kinshasa had forn1ed a special Consultative Committee charged with the task of finding a peaceful solution to the Nigerian crisis . With this ma11date a11d the favot1r1

�

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J)O 1:vl ESTI C

,tble gestL1re sl1ow11 by tl1e Federal leader, General Gowon, tl1e Con11nittee e111 ba1·ked 011 its task of finding ,1 solt1tio11 to this diflict1lt problem by l1olding its 1neeti1 1gs, first jn :Lagos j11 Noven1ber, 1967, a11d then 111 Nia1ney i11 1·u1y, 1968, a11d finally i11 Ot1r capital last At1gt1st to bri11g tl1e two parties togetl1er. 111 all tl1ese n1eetings vve spared 110 effort .i11 ottr qt1est for a solution that woulcl preserve Nigeria's te1·ritorial integrity, put a11 e11d to the blooclsJ1 ed ,111 d restore peace to the cou11try. Altl1ot1gl1 11ot everytl1i11g that We 11ad hoped for was. acl1ieved, We st1cceeded. i11 getti11g the two IJarties to agree to 011r _proposal for the ope11ing of a relief corrido1· to tl1e in11 ocent civilia11 victin1s of the ,va1·. Tl1is We reportecl i11 detail to the Fiftl1 Assembly of tl1e O.A.U. - lleads of State a11d Govern1nent whicl1 111et .i11 Algiers last Septe111 ber. As tl1e i\ssen1bly has 111a11dated tl1e Co11st1ltftti,1e Co111111ittee t111der Ot1r Cl1,1i1·111a11ship to co11ti11t1c its tasks, 'vVe sl1all spare 110 Nigerian to fi11c. l cl per111a11e11t solt1tion effort to tl1e • cr1s1s.

•

Solrt11e1·11 Af1·ica P1·oble1n

Tl1e proble111. of colonialis111 a11d racial discrin1i­ natio11 i11 Sot1tl1er11 Af1·ic,1 co11tin11es to i1 11pede tl1e J)rogress of tl1e co111plete dccolo11isatio11 of :the con­ ti11e11t · Tl1e resolt1tio11 1"),1ssecl b)' tl1e U.N. Sect1rity . �ot111c1l reco111111e11cling eco11c)n1ic sa11ctions against tl1e 1lle¥�l rebel regin1e of Rl1odesi,1 l1,1s failed, as We had : a11t1c1pated, to bri11g the 11st1riJers to tl1eir k11ees. As We h,ive rei)eateclly statecl i11 tl1e past, tl1is ter1·itor)' has ���1g bee,1 ,1 Britisl1 colo11 y a11d ,ls st1cl1 tl1e United t:/':·�clo111 G<.)ver11111e11t 1 1,1s tl1e co11stitt1t 1,1I respo11io1 SILltlil)' t<.) to1)1)le tl1e r. el)cl rcgi 111 c ,t11tl l1a11d over tlie 1

·-· 160 ·-

DOMESTIC

cot!ntry to its rightful ow?ers, tl1e people of Zimbabwe.

It 1s the du·ty of us �fr�cans to continue to intensify fully P:essure on ?reat Br1ta1n until st1ch time as it _ discharges this respo11s1bility.

The Sot1!h African 1·egime keeps tightening the abho1·r�nt policy o! apartheid and depriving millions of Africans of tl1e1r human and fundamental ri ohts.

Thi� sa1ne reg}111e co11tint1es to subjugate South West Africa t111de1· its oppressive rule i11 gross violation of tl1e United Nations resolution revoking Pretoria's 111andate over that ter1·itory. Racial discrimination, by the natt1re of its aftermath, like a sleeping volcano, is capable of erupting any time. Africans must, there­ fore, redouble their efforts in a concerted struggle to forestall s11ch an eventuality.

Threats To Peace

Altl1ougl1 i;r,"t1e lia·v·e done a11 'V\fe co11ld in Otrr duty 1 Ji:"7ryeace, to cont1·ibt1te 0111' slia:re to tl1e ca:use t)f \�1oba it sadde11s Us t.o see tl1a·t certain pro'b]ems, posing grave threats to world peace and secu1�ity, still elude solution. We had e11tertained the hope that tl1e \liar t:hat has been raging in Vietnam for several year·s ,vould reacl1 a settlement at the peace talks being conductecl in Paris between the two conflicting pa1·ties. We are 110w pleased to receive the good news that President Ly11do11 B. Joh11son has ordered the cessation of all air, naval and artille1·y bombardment of No1·th Vietnam.

We hope that this will result in the peaceful and pro­ gressive settlement of tl1e Vietnam war and bring an en,d to ·tl1·e st1fferings of -the Vietna, mese people. This is an in1portant decision and 1·eflects the wisdom and statesn1anship of President Johnson.

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12 *

DC)IvlJ�S'flC

111 tl1e Middle East, the stct11ds take11 by tl1e two bel ligere11t JJ,1rtics are so 11opelessly conflicting tl1at U.N. efiorts at restori11g peace in the area have so far 111aclc 11c) aj)JJrcci,tble progress. These two n1ajor crises l1a,,c creatcc1 a for1nidable a11cl grave tl1reat to ,vorld JJeace a11cl i11te1·11atio11al coo1Jeration; a11d altl1ot1gl1 the res1Jo11sibilit)' of JJatiently seeking mt1tt1ally acceptable for111L1l,1e to tl1e problen1s [J1·i111arily rests on the parties clirectly i11volvecl, it also behoves t1s ·to work hard in co11cert i11 tl1e qt1est for a11 acceptal1le solt1tio11 and tl1c restoratio11 of lasti11g peace.

I11 tl1e regi111e of inter11atio11al law, all states irrespective of tl1eir size, are eqt1al a11d as st1cl1, all sl1ot1lcl reSJ)ect tl1e territorial i11tegrity and indepe11dence of cacl1 so,,erei!:!11 state. As tl1e mai11te11ance of inter11�1tio11,1I JJeace. ,111cl scctirity is ,,ital. to ot1r existence, V\1c . l18\'C 11e,,er failecl to ex1Jlc1i11 tl1at all co11flicts and 111isL111clerst,111cli11gs, ,,,11icl1 arise a111011g states, sl1011ld be settlecl 11ot by resorti11g to force bt1t by peacef11I 111ea11s. Tl1e rece11t events i11 Czechoslovakia \Vere i 11co 11siste11t ,vitl1 t11 is basic pri 11ci I)le ancl tl111s We have 11ot refrai11ecl fro111 expressi11g Ot1r sad11ess. As 011e of tl1e s111"1ller 11at. io11s a11d, 1no1·eo,,er, as 011e tl1at l1as, c)11l)1 i11 tl1e rcce11t l)ast, e11cl11red a seve1·e t1·ial for tl1e en 11se of tl1ese Sl.l111c pri11ci pies� Etl1iopia ,viii never 118\'C. c� t1sc to clot1l)t tl1e. rigl1t11ess of this belief a11d 1 '-

COJ1\ 1Ct1011.

lT.N. 1\icls '\'orld Peace

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DOMESTIC

11izati�n, not 111erely in words bt1t in deeds. Etl1io1)ia l1as faithfully adl1ered to all tl1e resolt1tions passed by tl1e wor·lcl bod.y . si11 c� its inceptio11. Recognisi11g tl1e danger of tl1e 111 11 magtnable holocat1st which a 11t1clear war wot1lcl bring to 111a11kincl a11cl to civilization, We had repeatedly aclvocated a treaty binding on all states so that 11t1clea1· k11owledge will se1·ve the needs a11d not tl1e fears of l1t1111 a11ity . vVhe11, after 1011g a11d critical stt1dy a11d 1·esearcl1, }Jatient a11d laboriot1s 11 egotiatio11s, tl1e 11t1clea1· 11 011-p1.·oliferatio11 treaty fi11ally came t1p for r·a:tJifioatio11, E·tl1,io1)ia was a111ong ·the first to accede to it, thot1gh it fell sl1ort of Ot1r expectatio11. The t1·ea-ty ,is regar'ded as a J)ossible fir.st step to\\1ards a complete ba11 on 11t1clear wea1Jo11s a.nd ,ve stro11gly t1rge all n1en1ber states of the lJ.N. to be parties to it in the inte1·est of tl1e well-l1eing of 111a11l<ind.

1,11ese 1·ep1·ese11t grec1 t acl1ieve111ents b1it 111t1ch 1�e111ains to be d(>11e if tl1.e 1·ate of 11ational p1·ogress i. s to be accelerated. M·a11y· JJeop1e ha,;e not yet partici patecl i11 tl1e progress �Nh.icl1 l1as bee11 1nacle. Nic1.11y re1nain 011t of co11tact v1itl1 the tecl1nical benefits of the 20th ce11-tt1·1·y. The provision of basic ,primary and secondary 1·oads is still only partially complete. A large 1?ropor­ tio11 of tl1e natio11's cl1ilclren cannot yet find a place in scl1 ool. Medical se1·\,ices are 011ly available to few and the incon1e of tl1e ave1·,1ge Etl1iopian fa1nily does not pe1mit the enjoy 111e11t of n1t1cl1 beyo11d tl1e ba1·e neces­ sities of life.

Rising Expectations

As 111,1r1's fact1lty attains a higher level of de,,elop1J1er1t a11d sop11istic.ation, so clo his �a�ts in �ife. !!1e lzey to t11e ,ttt,1iru11ent of ,111)' goal lies 1n one s ab1l1ty - 163 -

DOivIESTIC

to lea1·n to d,ir- eot ·one's 1 obj-ec·tives towards cleiarly defin­ ed .ends and ,to .p u1·su:e tl1e1n i11 1a n Jo.rderly, rattlonal an. d co-ordina:ted fashion. The 1neans which modern econo111ic philosophy l1ave devised ,fo1· the attainment of suol1 goals is ·tl1·e pr·eparation of long.:te1·m proj·e·ots a· nd plans :an·d 1tl1ei1· .executi1on V· O tl1e extent possible.

Tl1e econo1nic developn1ent of Ot1r nation has in tl1e past te11 years been gt1ided by tl1e first and second Five-Yeftr Plans wl1ich were prepared and implen1ented following Ot1r di1·ectives.

Benefirting fr.om 1the :ex;per.ienoe ·of these two Five­ Yea .r Pla11s, a tl1ird Five-Year Developn1ent Plan has bee11 prepared by Ot11· Mi11istry of Planning and Deve­ lop1ne1 nt in co-o·pera:1Jion witl1 .other development 111inistries and fo1·eign econon1ic experts . We have app1·oved this Five-Year Developme11t Plan a.nd ordered its u11ple111entation as f1·om the beginni11g of the 1961 (E.C.) fiscal year.

1

1

To Raise Living Sta11da1·ds

The ft1nda1nental pu1-pose of both this and the previous IJlans is to raise tl1e level of per capita prodt1c­ tio11 and income so tl1at withi11 a ge11eration the sta11dard of living of Ot11· Etl1iopia11 people will be �1ate1·ially . i1nproved. A 1·ise in produ• ctivit)' a11d 111comes will rest1lt j11 tl1e eco1101nic advancen1ent of tl1e Etl1iopia11 peoi)le and t1ltin1ately st1·ener-th en tl1e 0 11atio11al 1·event1e.

Tl1e ai111 of tl1e Pla11 is 11ot 011Jy to achieve a rapid .

11nprove1nent i11 tl1e livi110o co11ditio11s of ' a11d providing 11:at�r1a . I con1forts £01·, tl1e 1J1·esent gene1·ation, bt1t also significa11tly stresses tl1e layi11g of tl1e foundatio11 for loi1ger ter111 growtl1, by e111pl1 asising what needs to be - 164 -

DOMES1'IC

done in resource development to provide more food for more !3:0utl1s, more scl1ools for more children and more an1en1t1es fo1· 1nore of the population.

Objectives Of Tl1e Plan

1.

2.

3.

The mai11 objectives a11d targets of the Plan are :­ To 1·aise the ge11e1·al level of Ethiopia's social and eco1101nic developme11t at the rate of six per cent per a11num .

To attain this level of ann11al growth, the Plan e11visages a total investment of Eth. $ 3,415 mil­ lion f1·om domestic savings and external loans and g1·ants togethe1· with private foreign investment sources.

To modernise and strengthen the general admini­ machinery an(l particularl·· 1 tb.e fin. a ncial st1·ative .

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Ups ln To ens11re tk1"1t the ,ja:tious social arid. econc,1rnic institutions meet tl1eir assigned targets so that the Plan's projected level of annual gro,1vth will be achieved.

Tl1011ol 0 1 a co-ordi11ated development of all the social and economic sectors is the main target of the Plan, 1no1·e emphasis is also given to agri­ culture, the mainstay of the national economy and of livelil1ood of the majority of the Ethiopian people, tl11·ough an all-front, more concerted en­ couragement a11d assista11ce.

To extend eco11omic and social development from 11rban ce11tres to rural areas whicl1 will not only 4 .....� 'I-<,

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st1stain the 111ajo1·ity of the Etl1iopian people, bt1t also provide n1ost of the 11ation's natural wealth.

I11c1·ease Employ1ne11t

Dt1ri11g tl1is a11d the st1bseqt1e11t Pla11 periods, steps will be take11 to provide, otl1e1· tl1an in ag1·iculture, 1nore OJ)po1·tunities of e111ployn1ent in w11ich every sector of ot1r growing population will be engaged, each accord­ i11g to l1is ability a11cl field of specialisation. The nat11ral reso11rces of Ethio1)ia - her 1ninerals, soils, water and e11e1·gy 1·eso111·ces - l1ave as yet l1ardly been touched.

Great st1·ess will be pt1t on a majo1· p1·ogran1me for s11r\1eys ,vitl1 a view to a fuller exploitatio11 of this t111li111ited potential. Tl1e proble1n is one of conservation as \vell as exploitatio11 of 1·eso111·ces becat1se Etluopia has s1rffered a11d conti1111es to s11ffe1� f1·om the depletion of l1er soil's 1·eso111·ces by erosion. Urgent steps, which \Vill i11vol,1e st1bst,1ntial i11\restn1ent in tern1s of ti.J11e and 1noney, \vill be take11 to co11trol tl1is serio11s loss.

To improve tl1e lot of tl1e peasa11try and to increase tl1e agric11ltt11·al 011tp11t of t11e co11ntry, great efforts 1n11st be exerted to provide adeqt1ate domestic and inter11ational n1a1·lcets fo1� the fa1·1ner's p1·odt1ce; expand indl1st1·ies for tl1e process of ag1·ict1ltt11·al 1Jrod11cts; introd11ce tech11ical knowledge leadi11g to better farming metl1ods; provide 1node1·n i11p1.1ts s11cl1 as improved seeds, fertilizers a11d l)esticides; a11d i111ple111ent la11d refo�·1n progran1111es p1·oviding ince11tives to prodt1ctive efficiency. rente As new fo1·n1s industrial of agric1.

1 lt111·al and .

1)r1ses a11d ad1ni11istrative institutions clevelop, tl1e de1�1and for a larger 11t11nber of I1ealtl1y, skilled a11d qua­ lifiecl personnel will increase. The educational system - 166 -

...

DOMESTIC

and health services at all levels mt1st be geared to meet these ?emands . In particular, this entails a rapid expa11s1on of the elen1entary school system to provide _ an adequate base £01· higher education. It also means training he existi11g technical a11d vocational g 1si � � � 1�1�t1tt1t1011s 11:ore effectively and expanding such faci­ lities to p1·ov1de fo1· the training of more qualified and skilled pe1·s01111el .

Sou11d Adminish·ation

As we l1ave time and again stressed, rapid deve­ lop1nent can11ot be realized without sound and efficient pt1blic administration which can make judicious use of available resou1·ces, time and energy. Much has been achieved in this area although ft1rthe1· improve­ ments a1·e stili required especially· at _provincial and will local levels. Tl1e central G<:i11e1·nrnent machinery • • .

• ,1 , ·• 1 be strengthertelt, .r.�1rt1c111ai-.1yr,•s�try1, t�1e. aa.rn..r.:vJl:!- ,trat1on of deve1 op1nent prfJ·g:i.".am:oJ.es .. J. ire �.Jif,),/e.1·1·:.[r1.tn..r. ·\;\/11...o"1JI.f con---1er11n1ent Go a! ci�rritr of tl1ods e tinue to improve ti1e m. and local administration, wl1ere a. more modern. s:y·sterr1 is a prerequisite for achieving natior1al o·bjectives.

However, modification in the machinery of governn1ent itself does not bring about the impetus for change without the growing civic conscio11sness on tl1e part of Our people. n, In agric11lture or industry, commerce or edu�atio _ e at c1p rt1 a to ped ag ur, co en be ll wi e ivat iti dn te iva p11 fully i11 the national economic development program�e, s l1n e th o al d an t e nm er ov G _ e � th ?� ith w :1 e e sid by sid 1n n 1o at 1p ic rt pa l na io at N n. la P e tl1 laid down in y . it al it ew n ve gi be l il w t en 1: pm lo � national deve . a1 n 1o at 1·n , te es r1 1n 1t u1 co y dl n ie fr at th We trust 0

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l)Ol\1ES'l'IC

oro-a11izatio11s ,111d lJrivate fo1·eig11 i11vesto1·s will once ag�i11 pa1·ticipate i11 tl1e 1·ealisatio11 of the objectives of tl1e Tl1ird Five-Yea1· Pl,111.

It sl1011ld be 11oted, I1owe,,e1·, that tl1e realisation of the objectives of tl1e Pla11, tl1at is, tl1e translation of ideas i11to 1·eality, 111ainl)1 depends on the ha1111011ious utilisatio11 of 011r l1eritage and national 1·esot1rces togetl1e1· witl1 tl1e blessings of modern scie11ce a11d tecl1nology. To acq11ire 1node1·n tools a11d e<.Jt1ip111e11t reqt1ired for 1·a1Jid g1·owth, it will be necessary for tl1e 11atio11 to 111ake great sacrifices a11d effo1�ts to save, by 1·ef1·aining wl1erev,er possible from lllXllriOllS C011Slll11ptio11.

Etlriopia also needs a s11fficient pool of b:ained 111a111)ower a11d 1·ightly expects to draw this f1·om among tl1e yot1tl1 fo1· \Vl1ose educrLtio11 and upbri11gi11g she l1as bee11 n1aki11g tre111endous sacrifices ove1· the last twenty­ five years. Tl1is is tl1e ti111e for tl1e111 to ans\ver to tl1e call, to st1bo1·dinate self-interest to the national cause.

We would like to call upon OL11· people to re111en1ber tl1at the 111ost i1n1Jortant facto1· i11 the success of 0111· 11ational drive is .tl1e good will and entr1ep1·e11eur­ sl1ip wl1ich eacl1 indi\1idt1al b1:i11gs to tl1is 1)a1·tic1tlar area of aotivity. T.l1e1�e ca11 ,t}1erefore be no 111e1nber of tl1e Ethiopia11 society \vl10 wo11ld 11ot be co11ce1·ned in his cot111tr)1's affairs a11cl evade beari11g his sl1a1·e of tl1e bt1rden of 1·espo11sibility.

Y 011 Pa1·lia111enta1·ia11s 11111st also play a sig11ificant r·ol� i11 tl1e social a11d eco11on1ic develo1Jment of the 11a �1 011 b)' e1nployi 11g yot1r e11ergies dilige11tly i11 yot1r daily cleliberatio11s. Y011 ca11 discl1a1·oe this respon­ sibility if yo11 declicate yo11rselves only �o the i11terests of tl1ose wl10 have elected yo11 to tl1is office. If your co 11cltlct 1neasL11·es tip to tl1is standard, you shall be - 168 -

DOiYIES1'1C

f1·e·e f1·0111 tl1e 1·eprov,1l of yot11· ow11 co11scie11ce and tl1e public .

As yott all know, Ot11· P1·in1e Minister Tsehafe Tezaz Aklilt1, has wo1·ked harcl to create an atmospl1ere of har111011y a11d t111de1·sta11di11g betvveen yot1 Parlia111e11tarians ,111d tl1e Exect1tive. Ot11· effo1·ts can be crowned with st1ccess wl1en st1ch co-ope1·ation and collaboration l)t·ev,1il. Yot11· acl1ieven1e11ts of tl1e last session are by 110 111e,111s t111i111pressive. You have do11e a co111n1e11dable job. Dt1ri11g tl1is sessio11, several legis­ lative pr·oposals for tl1e accele1·ation of tl1e social a11d eco11on1ic clevelop111ent of the natio11, as e11visaged in tl1e Five-Year Pla11, sl1all be laid befo1·e yot1, and We t1rge that you devote yot1rselves ft1lly to this task.

May tl1e Aln1igl1ty God gt1ide a11d assist yot1 in yot1r deliberatio11s.

Nove1nber 3, 1968.

P1.cIR FORCE AC1\DEMY We a1·e very pleased to be l1e1·e today to i11at1gt1rate the Haile Selassie I Air Fo1·ce .A1cacle1ny a11d to award diploinas and certificates to tl1e cadets _ ,111cl ai� ·craft111e11 wl1o }1ave satisfacto1·ily co1npleted their stt1d1es at t}1e I111pe1·ial Ethiopia11 Ai1· Force Officers School. t e 1:a n rt:1 io ot fa i t a.

V'! s · f o e 11s · se t ea gr a � l1 J,t is wit l ·1a e1 e 11p 1 l1 tl1 cl l11 w ss e · g1 ·o p1 1e tl e 1·v se ob follow and 1 e1 · l1 ,11 w ye t ar y 11 o1 fr g 11 ki 1a n is e � ·c o1 F ir � Ethiopian A . ,:v 10 s1 ce or F ir A 1e tl 11d te at to ly al We join yotl ant1t1 ­ io th 1e E tl l1e is bl ta es W ?

11 l1e vv o �. .

Forty years ag s, d e a e y 1t n 1l d 1n n a n 1a 1l iv c r t1 o � e r·v pian A i1· Force to se s u d o n ti a ta en s st a o Vl n io ct a 1· t1 O t 1n·any tl1oug ht 'L·+>ha, - 169 -

lJOMESTIC

11obody believed tl1en ·tl1at this insnittrtion could grow a11 ct develop to its prese11t stature �11d thus 1·e11der its curre11t invaluable service to tl1e nat1011.

Si11ce aviatio11 was still i11 its natal stage then, tl1is had o-ive11 g1·eate1· cause for people at that time to be mor; pessimistic of Ot1r e11deavo11rs in this regard.

In fact the results achieved so far encourage Us to look with greater optirnis1n i11 so far· as tl1e future growth and ,:vell-being of this institution a1·e concerned.

Ethiopia was amo11g the very first countries in Africa to l1ave bee11 able to establish an air force. Tllis good fortt111e was 11ot shared tl1en by many of our sister Africa11 co1111tries. Let alone establish such an institt1tio11, colonialis1n deprived thei1· men and women of acquiring a11y basic education \\1hich \Vas so essential for tl1e un1Jrove1nent of tl1eir lot.

Ot11· Air Fo1·ce l1as con1e a long way in its develo1Jn1e11t a11d today We ca11 say it has become a deterrent to any si11iste1· threat to 0111· country . It has also bee11 able to inspu·e confide11ce and trt1st in neigl1bouri11g cot111tries some of whicl1 have be11efited substa·n,tially fro1n ·its serviioes in ,t he form of both tecl111ical assistance a11d scl1olarships do11ated to their yot1tl1 f 01· crew and 111ecl1anics traini11g l1ere. . It is wo1·tl1 11oti11g tl1at O.L11· Ai1· Fo1·ce has also d1scl1arged l1ea,,y 1·esponsibilities ab1·oad and con­ s e· que11:tly Ji.el1)ed fil11·,tl1e1· Ethio1Jia'·s ,eff01,ts to fulfil her co111111it n1ents i11 strenoo-tl1enino-o tl1e pi·inciple of collective . �ect11·1ty Th is e ha s na ce m rta i11 ly ea go 1·11 od ed Et hi a op ia . aiid_ 111creasecl l1e1· 1·e11ovv11. W e a1·e g1·ateful to, a11d als o praise, the Aln1igl1ty fo1· tl1ese acl1ieve111e11ts.

It . also �ncot1ragi11g to 11ote tl1at the instructors ai1d tra111ers 1n tl1is i11stitutio11 a1·e no,\' p1·edomina ntly 1

- 170 -

DOMESTIC

Ethiopia�s..This has been one of Our cherished desires and. asp�rat1ons which we are happy to see being realized 1n full measure.

At ·this juncture we 1wish to recall ,the assistance rendered by the Royal Swedish Air Force and others in the early stages of the establishment of this institu­ tion. any­ is only by st1·iving that one can accomplish It . thing of value. Tl1erefo1·e, we should all rededicate ourselves in the future so that we can utilize what others l1ave produced and even more depend upon our inventions and ingen11ity, a measure which would cer­ tainly give all of 11s greater satisfaction and pleasure.

Our Air Force, ,in i,ts own right, can make greater striides ,in :this Tega1"d, pr.ov:ided i· t continues ito grow a· nd dev·elop ,ait Jts pres-e11t paoe .

Inasm11ch as edi1cation has to be abreast with the nation's needs� so sl1011ld our Air Force gro'1V and develop so tha1: it can ever be ready and vigilant trJ protect the te1·ritorial iJ.1tegrity a11d_ fi�ee-!J.om (Gf the country.

We have approved the establishment of tl1e Air Force Academy because we feel that this will l1elp meet the g1·owing needs of this instit11tion. Con­ sequently, it is incumbent upon the academy to sta1·t training me n no t only f01· our present needs b'ut also for our future needs. In addition ito the military and 1 at the Imperial Ethi­ en giv ady l!ie a · ion cat academic ,edu opian Air Force, the higher �ducation which will be given as a result of the establishment of the academy here will no doubt oive added support and strength to • ce or r r r Ai ou 0 t en pm lo v� de � d an th ow the gr s ed of nt de lia e va tl1 il ta de in d ar he ve W e ha ce en lig he di s.

T U re fo be re he e ar ho w en m g u yo youn 1

- 171 -

a11d b1�avery yo11 l1ave shown -i11 1tl1e field of babtle and i11 tin1es of peace are great q11alities which you have i11l1erited fro111 yo11r forefathers. Your achieven1ent will 110 do11bt set the patter11 for yo11r s1tccessors. We there­ fo1·e implore yo11, tl1e grad11ati11g class of this year and yot11· successors, to 111ai11tain and i111prove on this sta11dard so tl1at tl1is ricl1 legacy which we inherited fro111 0111· forefatl1e1·s ca11 be passed ove1· unmarred to posterity. \Ve wisl1 to take tl1is opportu11ity to extend Our l1eartfelt tha11ks to tl1e 1ne111bers of the An1erican team for tl1e val11able advice a11d assistance which they are p1·ese11tly giving to 0111· Air Force and in partic11lar, the gover11111e11t of tl1e United States of America for its great contrib11tio11s to Our country. Our thanks also go to B1·igadier General Abera Wolde-Marian1 and his colleagt1es for having made tl1is day possible.

Noven1ber 8, 1968.

GENERAJJ ELECTION Parlia111e11t as a11 i11stitution was introduced in Etl1iopia 3 8 years ago. Tl1e co-operation and collabor­ ati�n of Ot1r people in tl1e in1plernentation of the var1ot1s laws l)assed by Ot11· parlian1ent over tl1e years clese1·ve 111erit_ a11d 1·ecog11itio11. After· granting, of Our ovv1: free will, a co11stit11tio11, a11d opening tl1e first �ess1011 of tl1e parlia1ne.11t, \Ve said: ''F1·on1 now on all of J'OL1 1nt1st op�11 yotir eyes and b 1·oade11 your eyes and broacle11 yot11· \1 1e\\1S a11d ki10,,,1ectge. . . \\'e ha,,e call­ ed tipo11 yot1 represe11tati,,es� selected frorn tl1e provin­ ces, to co111e to tl1e capital city so that in getting closer to Us yo1 1 ,111ay l1elp ,aclvise Us -011 e,rer)rtl1ing good con- 172 -

DO�IESTIC

cerning the 11nity of Etl1iopia. . . In the future when 011r people a1·e s11ffi�iently ed11cated they will be able to elect ancl send their ow11 1·epresentatives. '' :t is now 1 � yea1·s since the people l1ave exercisecl the 1· 1 ght of electing tl1eir representatives in accordance \vitl1 tl1e 1·evised constit11tion of 1955, on the occasion of Our Silver J ubi. lee Coronatio11 Anniversary. The active participation of Our people in these general elec­ tions has been a s011rce of pride to us. We have given tl1e necessa1·y directives from time to tune to facilitate tl1e smooth and 01·derly conduct of elections, for change a11d in1prove1nent a1·e tl1e essence of modern times. We establisl1ed schools a11cl higher institutes of lea1·ning tl11·ougho11t tl1e E1npire so tl1at Our people 1night under­ sta11d thei1· 1·igl1ts, privileges a11d responsibilities. In addition, We had ordered that ed11catio11al program1nes be given in the ne�;spapers, on radio and TV, and other media of 111ass cornr.rflunicati.ons, on the 1·ules, 1·egulations and. prr'OCf�{iures of elections a11d on the d11ties and respor1sibi1ities of tlte elected representatives.

Parliament is an institution throug11 V11hicl1 each and every Ethiopiar1 se1·ves for the co1nmon good a11d unity of pu1·pose. As such the elections sl1011ld reflect this spirit. Parliamentarians 1nust, above a11, be imbued with a se11se of patriotisn1 and a se11se of responsibility, for unde1· the constitt1tion, they a1·e ent1·11sted with legi­ s-Jation 1011 soaial and econom,ic deV:elo.pment.

The exec11tive branch of the government 1nust take eve1·y 11ecessary step for tl1e smooth and orderly conduct of tl1e coming elections . Shortcomings in pre­ vious elections sho11ld be avoided to help cond11ct smoothly the comi11g elections.

Ai1y official wl10 misuses electio11 l,1ws £01· pet�­ sonal gai11s a11d inte1·ests at the expense of the people - 173 -

TJON1J�S'l'IC

\viii be cl1 (1rgecl a 11cl l)L111isl1ecl ,1s violati11g the national i 11tcrest . OL1r .IJarli,1111e11t js 011e of tl1e gover1u11ent t)rg(111s c11trL1stecl \;\/it11 tl1e \\1ell-bei11g a11d 1111ity of tl1e ·Etl1iopia11 1Jeo11le. T11 rts 111L1 cl1 c.tS i111proven1ents l1ave bce11 1nacle i11 otl1cr bra11cl1es of tl1e gover111nent, so l1ave tl1e 1·L1les a1 1d proced111·es governing ·na:tional electio11s bee1 1 i1 11proved a11d in1JJle111ented.

Toda)' ,1 1 1L1111lJer of )'Ot111g Etl1iOJJians are serving ·ir1 l(ey 1Josi1Ji.011s altl1c)11gl1 tl1ei1· 11t1111be1· is 11ot as high as \1/C l1 ::1 cl cnvis,tge.c l. Every Et]1iopia11 wisl1es l1is co11ntry t<1 attai11 t1 1e st,t11clard of clcvelop111e11t of otl1er coun­ tries. Tl1ose \Vl1 0 clSJJire to beco111e ca11didates i11 tl1e co111 i11g electio11s 111t1st first ::isle tl1e111selves if tl1ey are really rc�1c1y 8 11cl qt1::tlifiecl for tl1is respo11sible and de111a 11di11g tasl(.

Tl1e 0L1tlool<: 111 11,1tio11,1l aff,1irs of the legislative, execL1ti,,e a11cl jL1cliciary branc11es of tl1e goverrunent 111L1st l,e sir11i]ar, otl1ervvise 11011e of tl1e IJlans and pro­ je(�ts for 11,1tio11a 1 c]evclop11 1e11t ca11 be impleme11ted.

Tl1at is '"1l1y We ·say ito yot1 all, tl1e :electora1te, the can­ clicl,ltes a11cl officials a11d st,1ff of tl1e Electio11 Board, tl1at yo11 l1ave -a 1 1r1-tio11al clt1ty -to f11lfil in tl1e co111i11g clcctio1 1s

It is 11�vv te11 yea1·s si11ce We v.rere pleased to pre­ sc11t to tl1c In1perial N,1val College the colot1rs vvl1icl1 11� 1 \'e be�11 S() !Jrot1clly dis1Jl,1yecl 011 tl1is Jarade grot111d 1 11 l<)t1·c._11•· • \.,,l,• 1·cl·l<"'t · c I cc;.tc.I e \\' 1 11c a11c .,,._ · ()11 l1·1 · tL� · I l 1 1::1s JJassec1 (>_lL,:l'. l"\'i. ' \\/i"Lll S,llisfi.t('lit)Jl lit e (.'()tlli 11 ttir1<r (rr()\Vtl1 t() Jllttt1.1� r:i.), t)f tJtir l1111Jcri�1·1 Etl1i<J1)i,tr1 N.ctvy �t;�l its Cl)Jlfic.le11t: -- 17'1 -

DO?vlES'flC

\

pro�ess in tl1e execL1tio11 of its 111any essential ancl varied tasks: We l1ave seen ot1r ]?Orts on tI1e Red Sea _ expand 1n 1n1porta�ce with the development of the , cot1ntry s trade . !l11s trade is i11 turn inc1·easing at ,1 co1npot1nd rate with eacl1 passi11g yea1·.

T'11� growtl1 .of ot11· impopt iand expor,t con11nerce 0!1 the l1�gl1 . seas e11hances the i1n1Jortance of tl1e Impe­ rial Etl11op1an Navy to tl1e nation's well-bei11g and econo111y. Altl1ougl1 tl1e 11avy is tl1e s1nallest of ot1r armed forces, size has 11ever bee11 a c1·iterion of effi­ cie11cy. Histo1·y s11ows 111any exa1111Jles of relatively small scientifically-specialised, higl1ly trai11ecl forces, ex­ pe1·tly led, ot1tma11.oet1v1·j11g, ot1twitti11g and defeating a larger, mo1·e cumbersorne e11e1ny. It is tl1is whicl1 \Ve \Vish to say to tl1e gradt1ating caclets today. Yot1 l1ave had the exalted privilege of bei11g selected to serve in a l1ighly specialised tecl1nological se1·vice, a11cl yot1r train­ ing in the Naval College l1as been 1·emoclelled witl1 tl1is i 11 mind. The x1ee.ds of 1nodern specja.1ised traini11g l1ave been 1net l)-,.,r exte11din2._., tl1e 11a,"'1al cc\1lege ..... ct11·riculum to four yt�.ars. 1'11.is has bee11 dc)ne to enable you to acq11i1·e tl1e basic knowledge ,1r1d skills required of an officer in a modern 11avy.

Today the gradt1ating cadets are tl1e first to do so t1nder the revised a11d e11larged ct11·ricttl11n1, bL1t We wish to say to these cadets that having 1·eachecl tl1is position, your real task is j11st beginning. To eacl1 of yo11 in his sub-specialist field rests the responsibility a11d cl11ty to observe and acq11ire tl1e skills reqt1i1·ed for those particular taslcs. Wl1at yo11 l1ave is bt1t . a step to a longer, n1ore diffict1lt c111d a1·dt1ous one wh1cl1 yo11 m11st climb diligently and with vigo111· for many years yet before you 1·eacl1 the top of tl1e laclder. Even t11en tl1e task does not stop. If yot1 ask yot11· predecesso1·s, yo11 - 175 -

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will be told tl1at post-gradt1ate i11structio11 and learning are co11ti11t1ing tasks wl1icl1 mt1st be t1ndertaken seriot1sly if you a1·e to 1·en1ai11 on tl1e ladde1· and not to slide.

Education has no lin1 1i;tations and no boundaries.

Accordingly, yot1 sl1ould contin11e to dedicate your­ selves to tl1e pursuit of lear11i11g whicl1 is the only road tl1at ca11 asst1re yot1 of succf.ss in your careers.

Mucl1 of yot1r post-gradL1ate i11struction and learn­ i11g will co111e fro1n tl1e 11ew war1·a11t office1· class which was introd11ced i11to tl1e 11aval service 011e yea1· ago.

We are plea.sed to l1ave the opportu11ity of referring to tl1e war1·a11t officers. Last year in Ot11· address to yot1 011 that occasio11, We we.re pleased to int1·odt1ce tl1e new warra11t office1� school. As you will remember, We described tl1e in1po1·tance that We attach to tltls field of i11st1·t1ction. In the past, specialised instructors l1ave con1e fro1n expatriate sources. Today, however, it is a si11gular n1a1·k of the adva11ce to 111at11rity of ot1r navy in tl1is 1·espect tl1at it ca11 stand on its O\Vn two feet. This 1nea11s tl1at the 11avy is 110w self-s11pporting in that very i1n1Jorta11t a1·ea of i11strt1ctio11 in technically specialised st1bjects withi11 the service itself . Here lies tl1e i111portance of the wa1·rant of:fice1· a11d his relation­ shi1) partict1la1·ly with tl1e yo11ng cadets, ,vho are gra­ duating fro1n tl1is 11aval colle_ge . Tl1e backbo11e of tl1e technical side of the 11av\' will be tl1e ,var1·ant officer, "''hose duties will i11clt1de i1111)arti11g to tl1e yo11ng cadets t�at _ technical_ ½11owledge wl1icl1 he l1as spent l1is 11aval l1fet1111e acq111r111g. M11cl1 of tl1is i11st1·t1ctio11 botl1 to tl1e j1011ng officers ancl to tl1e cadets will take place at sea.

In this co1111ectio11 v,1e are partict1larly pleased that the g·radttates . �f tl1e r1:aV1al college 11-ave tl1e opportt1nity to see a11d v1s1t 111a11y ports of the world a11d to get - 176 -

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the. fee� of t �e sea on our flagship, HMS Ethiopia, during its . crruses each year. We live in a world which, by the miracle of mod �rn communications, is getting smaller and smaller with each passing year and the interdepende11ce of cou11tries and nations has become the rule rather than the exception in this ingenious new world. We 1ive ,as neighbours with everyone on the globe. But eve. n ,a neighbot1r' s ideas about Our beloved co11ntry depend 1nt1ch upon the encounters which that neighbour makes with Ethiopians . That is why We take the greatest pride in the visits which our flagship makes every year flying our flag in the ports and harbours of the nations of the world. Each and every on·e of you, every officer, every cadet and every sailor, when he steps ashore in a foreign port should always bear in mind that l1e reflects his cou11try's :ima.ge \�1herever he goes and is an amba.ssador-at-la1·ge for his glorious country. We a.re irnmensely p1·oud of tl1e re1Jorts 'wluch We have ha.d this .,vear· f·rorn a11 of those oountrles over � d" "'1i" the eastera hor1z(:;n, .itn �a? I\'{.,.a.1a.ysia, \..it'."'1nga.po:re" �.i. h,a.1� . land .and Ce· ylon, o.f the exe,mplary beha:vtiou..1· of Otlr ship's company a11d cadets 4JI I-IMS Ethiopif),, during her cruise to ·those col111tries in the wake of our Far East visits early last year. They echo the sa1ne tho11.ghts from cr11ises in other years of the upright bearing, smart appearance and corre.ct demeanour of Our officers and me n of the Imperial Ethiopian Navy. We consider these crt1ises and visits to be a most important task of the navy and We congratulate yot1 all on the honour which yo u bestow 11pon the uniform which you wear with such distinction.

We have spoke11 about the strategic position which our poi·ts occupy on one of the main sea highways of the world . The closure of the Suez Canal cannot be 1

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pern1a11ent and whe11 it is 1·e-o:pe11ed, it will once again 11i 0cr]1 li crht the 11 att11·e of the straits of the Bab el Mandeb as on: of t11e fot1r 1najor gateways in the world on a IJar \\'itl1 the straits o. f Gibraltar, tl1e Panama Canal and tl1e Malacca St1·a1ts. Once the St1ez Cana l is re­ ope11ed, and We l1ope ve1·y soon, W?rld shipping \\'ill pass ot1r doo1·s and we can expect w1tl1 confidence a11 i11flt1x of large n1ode.rn vessels for bunkering as \veil as for discl1arging 01· en1barking cargo and passen­ gers esse11tial for our growi11g economy. At the same ti 111e otl1er meas111·es i11 scientific discovery and exploi­ tatjo11 a11cl enl1a11cing tl1 e val11e of this region will be req11irecl. Many tl1i11gs remain to be discovered and exploited in tl1e Reel Sea during this oceanographic decacle. It is Ot11· expressed l1ope that in the not distant ft1tt1re we \Vill be able to exploit in f11ll meas1ue this great wealtl1 for tl1e good and well-being of Our people.

We 1nake all these poi11.ts to stress the growing in1portance of ot1r Imperial Ethiopian Navy in the effective defence of 011r territorial ,vaters and the safe­ gt1arding of Etl1iopia11 commerce on the higl1 seas.

We 1n11st enst1re that a11 necessary steps are taken ess to safeg suppr t1ard to the defen coast ce li11e ot1r of ' . . .

1ll1c1t trade a11d to co-operate with 011r 11eighbours · Tl1e effective defe11ce of ot11· ,vaters a11 d the sea coasts clepends in large 111eas11re 011 tl1e eter11al ,,igila nce of tl1e I1nperial Etl1iopia11 Navy.

We sl1ot1lcl like to co111me11d the e11deavours of tl1e foreigi1 s·tiaff who l1ave i·nstrt1cted a11d ,trained the cadets of the In1perial Etl1iopian Navy. We owe much to tlie111 ai1d 'W_e t�1a 1 1k tl1e111 fo1· al l they J1ave g!ven �or the catlse of tl11s trai11i11 0-. W e vie\\' witl1 sat1sfact1011 b . · ' d tl1e way 111 wl11cl1 Co1 11111. rie car Iski 11de1· Desta l1as Otlt Otir directives, a11d r ice off na l We tl1a11k the natio - 178 -

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ins�ruct �rs fo� the way in which they have carried out tl1e1r pa1nstak1ng task.

Finally We would say to the Sudanese cadets who have graduated 1today how 1pleaised We are ,to ha¥e had the honour of providing them with their naval edu­ cation. We wisl1 them well in their future career and ho�e that t_hey :"ill be able to look back on their years of 1nstruct1011 1n the 11aval base at Massawa and in the ships of tl1e In1perial Ethiopian Navy with gratitude a.nd profit.

Lastly, We greet all 011r distinguished visitors and th�nk them for thei1· courtesy in attending this gra­ du·a1tion_ cere1no. ny a11d 1the N,avy Days whioh ·acoompany it. We extend to all the frienclly countries who have sent their fine ships and men. to be represented here a warm and sincere welcome, with the hope tl1at they have found their visit of inter·est a11d value.

January 15, 1969 •

u·j�fVERSITY. GRf\.D'UATION

Realisino- that it is through education and trained intelligence tha·t knowledge can be acq11ired fo1· a better life We have been endeavo111·ing all Our life to give 011; people 1the heritage-,of eduoa-tion. Today, We a- re gratif1ed ·to see tl1e continuing _ dev·elopment <?f Ot1r coun­ try on the occasion of avvard1ng degrees, d1�lom� s and certificates to the graduating class of the yn1vers1ty We founded; -and· for this We thank the Almighty.

It was with the help of God that We overcame ·many and diversified natio11a1 and i11ternation�l. �dver­ sities when We took up the heavy respo11s1b1l1ty of guidi�g Ou1· beloved co1111try. Even for those who par- 179 -

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ticipated in Our work and were close observers of it, it is 11ot easy to ren1ember eve1·ything that has been ac­ co111plisl1ed si11ce then.

Before facing the problem of social transfor111ation, We took the establishment of schools as Our pri111ary task, so as to make the children of the country in1prove then1selves and serve tl1eir cot1ntry better by being ar111ed witl1 knowledge. We knew the indispen­ sability of freedo1n, of keeping intact the national unity a11d i11dependence l1a11ded down to tis by our fathers, of freei11g tl1e people fron1 ignorance, and making them able to defend the1nselves from alien intriguing hands ,ind in1proving their own living standards, and We were also aware of tl1e necessity of modern education to fL1rtl1er tl1ese goals.

In order to l1ave the administration of Our coun• try follo\v modern lines, We gave the first written ConstitL1tio11. Unde1� this Constitutio11, Ot1r people partici­ pated i1 1 tl1e heavy task of keepi11g and defending our history and u11ity.

Let us reme111ber the struggle our country had to defend herself against outside invaders, who had en­ circled ·her an·d bJ,ocked ·her ·doors, keeping her isolated fror11 the rest of tl1e world a11d thus detacl1ed from 111odern civilization. We should never underestimate tl1e n1ag11itude of ot1r strL1ggle to overcome direct ag­ gressive i1 1tervention f1·0111 011tside and the national re­ constr11cti11g a11d reb11ilding tl1at l1ad to be done to make tip for tl1e t1gly 1·esults of war. W on1en and men united to follow OL1r leadersl1iJJ i11 overcomi11g those difficult ye,ars of trial. And vvl1ile We \Ve1·e laying the foundation of- OL1r coL111try's peace a11cl order· and organizing the go\1er111ne11tal strL 1ctL1re, We also successft1lly retrieved - 180 -

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through political struggle part of Our own teri·itory which had been taken away from Us. As Crown �rince, when We made O,ur first trip to _Europe, V{_e did all We could to establish close re­ lat1onsh1ps with the outside world . One of our actions was. to _secure places in various schools to enable young Ethiopians to pursue their education abroad so that they might observe foreign governments and choose what could be best applied to the modern adminis­ tration of their own country .

What is more gratifying than to see the fruits of Our past endeavours, to expand the frontiers of moder­ nisation in Our country in all its aspects, and in parti­ cular the growth and development of education - the basis of all progress?

We remember tl1at there was a time whe11 We met many difficulties in trying to impress upon parents the use of education., begging them to send their children to scl1ool. T<> ·i::t'iiiiS e11d. Our effor,ts were not in vain.

Those who ma11agecJ to go to school then, an.d their followers later, 11.ave to tl1is day demor1strated the use­ fulrtess of education by setting an example through their dedicated services to their contry. When 011r people first hurried towards their schools, 110 one could predict the changes that are taking place today - that so many children, and indeed tl1eir parents, too, ,vould crowd to enter the gates.

Because of Our firm belief in the education of 011r people, as a unifying force, as a means towards better living conditions and moral standards, as a means of y, da , to at th el fe e W s, al du vi di in nt te pe training com ­ ov e t is m pm lo ve de d an ss re og pr l al � er ov s the country' ip ush of ed er ad e le th r de un n io ct re di t gh ing in th e ri cated Ethiopians .

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The advance n1,1de ·by Ou1· people has justified the 1·evisio11 of tl1e Co11stitutio11 wl1ich We promulgated thirteen years ago, tl1us openi11g tl1e seco11d chapt er in Our count1·y's developn1e11t and growth.

The Revised Constitt1tion has provided a source of law for effective 1·esults in Our governmental struc­ tures, and such legislatio11 as the civil, penal and mari­ time codes and their cor1·esponding exec11tive processes.

Based on tl1e pri11ciples of democracy, which enst1re human 1·ights and are necessary for a modern govern1nent, the framework of the state is separated into three branches of government - the Legislative, Judicial and Executive - fo1· effective results arid allo­ cation of responsibilities .

The Legislative Body, co.mposed of the deputies and senators of the Houses of Parliament, have the 1·igl1t, as stated in tl1e Constitution, to discuss and pass any law ? tax, loan, international tre�ties. They s�ould realiz� that this heavy responsibility demands careful evalution, assessment and far-sighted11ess.

T_he Judicial Body, too, bei11g tl1at branch whicl1 ens11res tl1e rigl1ts of eacl1 individt1al and enforces justic e and equity, carries heavy respo11sibility.

The Exec11tive is that part which enforces all law, decrees and p1·oclamations legislated. It plans and of exec 11te n dev elop men t dire ctio pro ject exe s, rcis es � _ � nternat1onal 1·elations and political affairs, directs under its responsibility the methods to ensure tl1e integrity, freedo1n and well-being of· tl1e 11ation.

Laws previously issued served tl1ei1· course, and e �pei·ience was d1·aw11 fro111 tl1e1n, for they provided wisd?n1 to b�ing about tl1e changes a11d improven1e�ts � equrred by tin1e. Effecting st1cl1 changes to cope w1th the demands of the day, we have now reached a stage - 182 -

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e t systen1 \V_hereby efines clea1·Iy collective responsi­ � ? . _ _ bility of n11n1sters. Every c1t1zen - includi11g each one of you_ here - bears responsibility i11 111atters relating to national p1·oblems.

The various orga11izations wl1ich form tl1e frame­ work of tl1e cou11t1·y's prog1·ess l1ave themselves been improved in tl1eir work. The indt1stries established in n1any pa1·ts of the cou11try l1ave contributed towards raising the standard of living of Ot1r people and i11creas­ ing tl1e natio11al income. Tl1ey also provide a spring­ board for future it11provements. Since a balanced development can only be achieved through planning, the Third Five�Year Pla11 is now launched with all the wisdom de1·ived from the experience of the First and Second Five-Year Pla.ns.

Ot1r 111ational 1defence svs, .,, tem, our search for· peace, progress a.n.d i11teg1:ity, n1ust be ba,sed on modern military science an.d tecl1nology. As for ot1r relations with our far and nea.r 11�eighbo11rs, V\/e 1ia'\re f{:.ir.rnu1ate(1 a policy wl1ich Ir r.as a1rea.tly e11sured fr. iertdly r. ,e1a.tioc-.s . " � . � '\; 1 r1fit",1(,n.a1.

1r1rerna the tor an oans h .

1 a.

1 "d d l mca tee d a11 development of ·the country. Our p1·oraine.11t role iri Africa's i11tercontine11.t8.l development co-operatior1 ancl the struggle against colo11ialism has also put Ethiopia in a prominent position.

But it was not vvitl1011t sacrifice or str11ggle that there is so much improve1nent and. change in the fields of education, health, agriculture, industry, commerce, administration and community development of the e o s th als wa e gl ·t1g d st1 an ce ifi cr sa of a er e .

Th try un co period of isolation. We lacked tl1en almost al l !he tti ge ng e ar e w at tl1 s an lo 1d a1 d ai l ca ni ch te us ro ne oe b now. e 1lt th st of re e th as w en th ed ev hi ac as w t 1a A ll tl - 183 -

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limited 1·esources ,111d 1n,111power t.11,tt were at our dis­ posal. But We 11cver thought for a n101nent that what was accomplisl1ed \Vas satisfacto1·y. Anyone can see that our journey on the road of progress is indeed long.

However, realizing the indispensability of skilled man­ power to accelerate our rate of progress We have given top priority to education. And this, partially fulfilled, has produced well-trained a11d l1ighly-educated adminis­ trative personnel in high positions, for Our Govern­ ment's admi11istration.

This, l1owever, is still only the beginning and has not yet con1e anywl1ere near the desired target. There is n1uch to be expected of you wl10 are graduating here, before you arrive at the p1·ojected goal. What our country needs now is an increase in the supply of trained and skilled manpower, men of professional integrity. Stude11ts, the sources of improvement and engines of developrn.ent i11 the world of work, should realize that, in return for the tremendous expenditure put into their education, the faith a11d trt1st reposed in them should be fully jt1stified.

Your action after gradt1atio11, and the action of those wl10 will step into you1· places, is the main yard­ stick by whicl1 We meast1re Ot1r progress.

As We l1ave repeatedly told you, the degrees, diplon1as and certificates We are giving you today do not signify the completion of yot1r education, but only s?ow that, after a pe1·iod of schooling, you are con­ �1dered to_ be prepared to put what you have studied into practice.

Though the tra11slation of formal education into practice is in itself one · aspect of education, it is also the scale by whicl1 the achieve111ent of each one of you can be judged. The1·e is always room for improve- 184 -

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n1ent and change, and your ability to manipulate these for th� good of our country should also give proof of education. We all hope that your efforts in the future will be su�cessful. It is when you are active p�rtici­ t the seemg problems from of our country ts, a � � p � ms1de, each str1v1ng for solution to them, that you can best prove yourselves.

Co-operation and co-ordination are prerequisites in the struggle for development. The problems of our country cannot be tackled only by economists or edu­ cationalists or public health experts, working indepen­ dently of one another, qut by co-operating, co-ordinat­ ing ·and supplementing onhers' efforts, you can meet with success and be happy that you are setting out on a new chapter in the history of progress .

All our people must stt1dy and participate in the task so as to be able to help you and others like you.

Your prese:r1t a.c.hievement5 ,vhicl1 started from almost nothing� is evi{ien.ce of l1o·i1.r ,ed11cation can be. expanded \\t'.itl1 ti1e 1·es(JlJl"Ces a11d ra:1a1i1111ovle1· we have.

Had Our d-esiI·e rnatche,i \-vith Oui: resources and manpower, Our rnost cherished hope \rVas to give to all school-age children of tl1e country the opportunity to learn by opening schools i11 each and every pa·rt of the Empire . B.ut the keeping of the health. �f. Our people, the constrt1ction of roads,_ ! he 7espons1b1lity of defending our borders and adm1n1ster1ng the country are also Our tasks; the expansion of education, though Our primary concern, could not advance to the extent We would like it to spread. Nevertheless, though we have these different responsibilities, it must be known that We have always given priority to education. We have now established a National Commission for Edu­ cation, under the ·auspices of our Prime Minister.

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l t is cvide11 t tl1(1t it reqttires ti1ne and 1no11ey to clcvelop educatio11c1l i11sti�l1tio11�.. Most of the 1noney spent on edL1catio11 g? es f ?1· bt11l?111gs, staff salary and books. It 11eeds t1111vers1ty t1·a1ned experts to train teachers at all levels, to pre par e teacl1ing books adapted to Etl1iopia and to 111ake bt1ildi11gs. This is one of the p11r1)oses of this Universit)'. The eigl1 tee11-year period req_l1ired to edL1cate yoL1 is clear evidence of the fact that it 11eeds ti111e and 111oney befo1·e we crop experts eno11gl1 to satisfy 0111· 11eed. Edt1cation i. n1plies respon­ sibility, a11d si11ce i11 tl1e 11ea1· f11t111·e you will be in 1Jositio11s of lea.clership, We have made it a point to bri11g ho111e to you that responsibility. Others who are to follo\v i11 yo111· footsteps n111st also realize it.

To t1nderstand tl1e over-all problems of the coun­ try and to take constr11ctive and l1onest n1easures to l1el1J her is essential not only to you gradt1ates and stt1de11ts of tl1e U11iversity but also to the acaden1ic staff. Lack of res1Jonsibility, destrt1ctiveness a11d over ,111d above all lawless11ess, it 1n11st be k11ow11, will not be tolerated. \\That policies 111Ltst 0111· Unive1·sity follow to dis· cl1arge its 1·espo11sibilities? Whe11 We establisl1ed tl1is u·11iversity We inte11ded that tl1e cot1rses and n1anner of p1·ese11tatio11 shot1ld be directed to discover a11d e11rich tl1e eco11on1 ic, social and political life of tl1e cou11try. Differe11t t111iversities l1ave differe11t e1 1ds to rea�ize. �Iov.,ever, tl1ere is 110 place for a university vvhicl1 fails to realize the 11eeds a11d proble1ns of tl1e people a11d gover11n1e11t it is establisl1ed to serve· A ttiliversity st1cl1 as 011rs i11 1Jartic11la1· 111ust i11vestigate tl1e problen1s of the co1111try a11d try to discover ways ai1d 1nea11s o f solvi11g tl1e111.

To that end tl1e grad11ates, tl1e students and tl1e - 186 -

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f��ult�, can wo1·� co-c)pe1·atively with appropriate at1tho­

_ r1t1es 1n tl1e sp1r1t of pt1blic service. And it is their _ ?�ty. If the__fact1lt_y a11d tl1e stt1dents of tl1is University, 1n _ co-operat1011 �1th othe1· develop1ne11t organizations, fail_ to �nd. solut !o11s to s,1tisfy the cou11try's needs, the Un1vers1ty 1s a city bttilt 011 sand. pa1·ticular, tl1e University 1nust J?articipate i11 In . va1·1011s develop1ne11t projects i11 operatio11 tinder the cot111t1·y's Five-Year· Pla11, a11d those that a1·e t1nderway need experts i11 scie11ce a11d technology. To i11crease trai11ed in this strean1 ' tl1e Unitl1e nt11nbe1· of stt1dents . versity has recom1ne11ded tl1at the percentage be raised to 60 % , and hopes to continue to follow the sa1ne patter11. Realizi11g that this i11tensification of the science-technology strea1n should also be at high-scl1ool level, ot11· Mi11ister of Educatio11 l1as studied the si­ tuation and has sta1·ted vocatio11al training at sorne schools. Tl1is progra.mn1e not only helps the individual wl10 takes pa1·t i11 it but also guarantees skillecl labot11· for the mat1)' deve1oprr1e11t f)rojects. Thot1gh it is Ot1r wish to see as rr1a11y trair1ed jn these vocatio11al fields as possible, the pla11 involves great expe11se and many t111iversity-t1·ained teache1·s i11 the fields. Dt1e to the shortao-e of university-trained teachers vocatio11al trai11ing ca�not yet be developed to matcl1 tl1e need. Realiz­ ing tl1is, the University now trains tea�he1·s for V?­ cational higl1 schools. The p1·ogramn1e will clevelop 1n the future.

We are pleased to see this day, wl1e11 the University is to gradt1ate witl1 d·egrees ov�r seventy teach­ ers. In g1·aduati11g so many the ach1eve�1e11t of tl1_e Faculty of Edt1cation sl1ot1ld be a1Jprec1ated. Tl11s reduces the cot1ntry's g1·eat sl101·tag� of teachers, dt1e to which we have had to employ h1gh-scl1ool teachers - 187 -

DOMESTIC

from other countries. The 1nany problems incurred in employing these foreign teachers cannot pass without note. We can only hope to overcome these problems when students graduating from the high schools join the teaching profession. There are amongst you graduating today those who come to Addis Ababa from various provinces under the Bede Mariam School pro­ granune. Remember the enthusiasm with which you joined the programmes six years ago, and carry edu­ cation to the provinces awaiting your services.

We would like to remind University students and staff of tl1eir responsibility to Ethiopia in their be­ haviour. True, this University, like many other for­ tunate universities, enjoys academic freedom. However, unless it exercises this freedom within the limits of the law, it has failed to recognize its responsibilities.

We would like also to remind you students and teachers that your manners and actions must also show that you have enjoyed a university education. If in word and deed you are to show your education, We would hope that you prove yourselves a good example to the people. As We said earlier, whether in Ethiopia or elsewhere, a university is a high institution, but unless its n1embers show behavio11r worthy of their education, they are failing in their responsibilities.

There should be no place at the Haile Selassie I Uni­ versity for a teacher or a student wl10 wants to exploi t the good name of tl1e University. We call on you therefore to show tl1at you are worthy of your Uni­ versi�y, for by so doing you will legitimately be a source of pride to yourselves, your pare11ts, staff and country· As you know, the ratio11ale behind freedom of th�ugh�s, �f expression, of teaching and writing in a un1vers1ty 1s that the scholar who has made lifetim e - 188 -

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research in his own field is likely to produce balanced and �ell-thought-out _id�as. And that is proper. It may be said too that this 1s the nature of a university.

C:ertain me�bers of the Faculty should, however, se­ engag­ 1der he of ly co damaging consequences 1ou ! �� � : ing 1n act1v1ty alien to their profession under cover of the University. This statement should not give rise to the misconception that a university teacher may not exercise the civil rights enjoyed by all citizens . He may. But he must realize that as a responsible member of society he cannot pass the limits of the law.

We take this opportunity to thank those who have rendered tl1eir service through teaching; We are deeply grateful also to the various governments and private institutions who have extended us aid in money and personnel.

Finally, We congratulate ,tll of you \vho have with patience, seil discipliu.e a.nd diligence completed your University r1·tiitiies. �le C!all on. you i11ilividtially to make yourself d. ,goo4i exa.mr)le by ari.E'�1lri�1·ing the call of your country anyv:;here yotl a.re reqtiir�a, r·o:r the country is in every part yours .

0

July 16, 1969

GONDAR COLLEGE Since the good health of Our people is essential for the development and progress of Our country, We have been equally concerned with regard to.the deve­ lopment of public health as We have been with regard to the development of education in Our Empire.

Our visit today confirms Our hope and belief that this College, founded to train experts in methods that - 189 -

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will preve11t 01· ct1re tl1e diseases prevalent in Our cot111 try, . l1as bee11 st1ccessful in its aims. We are glad that We are here in tl1is historic city 011 thi� occasion to award the graduating class with certificates and to see the frt1it· of the labot11· of Ot1r College.

Tl1e services of tl1is Pt1blic Health College should 11ot be t1nderestin1ated. It J1as been p1·oducing young 1ne11 and \von1e11 capable of providing a l1ealth service whicl1 is a necessary st1ppleme11t to the development of the cot1ntry. Their services n1ust be promoted and e11cot1raged to co11tinue along tl1is line. We are glad to see yot1 ready for developn1e11t, in the various fields for w.J1.icl1 yot1 1l1ave been t1·ai11ed. However, Our 1Jleasure will be dot1blecl if yot1 st1ccessft1lly implement ft1lly what yot1 have lea1·nt l1e1·e.

Tl1e basic philosophy a11d faitl1 of this College is : 'prevention is better tl1an cure.' Tl1is 1nt1st be shown and this mt1st be yo11r guide and motto of i11 action, • se1·v1ce.

Many pt1blic l1ealth experts have confirmed that 111ost of the diseases prevalent in 011r co11ntry can be pre\1e11ted. We believe yot1 l1ave observed this in your stt1dies and also that healtl1 ed11cation is a necessary tool for actio11. These diseases have 1011g been witl1 tis.

To overco1ne and eradic�1te tl1en1 We h.ave to line up cledicated n1en and wo111en a1·1ned with proper health edt1cation. Tl1is College I1as done a great deal for the society bv JJrovidi11g it witl1 tl1e necessary 1nanpower · We also tl1ank the co1n1n1111ity i11 this area for the co­ �oeration it has given to tl1e st11dents in the practical side of t11eir edt1catio11. St1cl1 co-operation, in rett1rn. facilitates tl1e services to be 1·endered to tl1is area and nls·o to otl1er provi11ces. TI1e elders of Ot11· co1nmt1n­ i ties shot1ld bear in 111ind tl1at tl1ey a1·e tl1e ct1stodians - 190 -

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of the customs a11d traditions of Our society, of which the students should be mindful in addition to their mod�r11 . edu �ation. Because of tl1is College, the com­ other area l1as be11efited more than any mu111ty 1� th1s _ commt1n1ty 111 tl1e cou11try from the services of the comn1un�ty n:u·rses, sanitJaria11s and public heal•th officers.

The results of the work of the College have clearly sl1own that witl1 co-operation and mutual respect n1ore and better acl1ieven1ents can be made. We hope that other institutions and organizations will learn from your experie11ces here, £01· you have interpreted in actio11 that unity is strength.

Since 111ost Ethiopia11s live in the 1:ural areas, this College is out to deploy more 11ealth officers, sanitarians a11d community nurses to protect and promote the 11ealtl1 of Our people. I-lad it not been for Our limited resot1rces We wou.ld have bee11 very gla.d. to have the facilities of ed11ca.tion ancl h. ealth se.rvices reach e'Jery r village in 011r COl?.ntrv N·e,re:rthe]ess� "v\ e. 11ope to see ' .:;j � ,; • 1 • exp }l!l(ie-cl at a'iil acce11e1·atet:t ra.A�e 1.n t"he sueh fac1•1•1t1es not far distant futt1x·e.

So far, this institution has graduated a.bo11t 840 students who are now rende1·ir1g tl1ei·r services to tr1e cot1ntry. We unde1·stand that some who are assigned to remote 1·ural areas do not have the opportunity to further their ,educatio·n. 111 tl1is connection we wish studied a11d r·eported to Us tJhe conditions of work and promotion opport11nities of the gradt1ates of t11is College. · Up to now this College has bee11 concerned with health educatio11 only. Fo1· the f.uture, however, we have instructed the Board and Administration of the University to 1nake a stt1dy of the possible expansion and inclusio11 of n1a11y faculties to this College, so n

a

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that it may one day be raised to the status of a t1niversity. In the old days the institutions of higher learning in Ot1r cot1ntry were to be found here in Gondar. Jt1st as universities in this present day and age have variotts faculties our traditional institu­ tions of higher learning had ramifications of their own.

We shall contint1e in Ou1· endeavot1rs to integrate the old witl1 the 11e\v so that tl1e qt1ality of our traditional education is t1pgraded a11d improved.

As the health problerns of this province are closely related to the agrict1ltt1ral activities in this area, we have give11 instrt1ctio11s to Ou1· Ministry of Agriculture to expand its extension services i11 collaboration with the College. In this 1·espect We wish to urge you to be con­ scientious in your scholastic activities and be dedicated young n1e11 and wo1nen i11 your day-to-day work. It is inct1n1bent upo11 the students pt1rst1ing their studies in this College to be kind-natt1re(l and to develop to the best of their abilities tl1is quality which is so essential to tl1eir \Vork. It goes \vithout saying that a patient and his attenda11t sha1·e tl1e same feeling, for both live i11 the• same enviro11ment and l)ass tl1rough the same experience.

To acco1nn1odate tl1e expansion scheme for the College we will 110\v have tl1e necessary plot of land 111arked for this pt1rpose .

We tha11k tl1e World fiealtl1 Organization, UNI­ CEF, tl1e Governn1ent of tl1e U11itecl States and otl1ers for their invalt1able assista11ce to tl1is College tl1rough the years. We also thank tl1e Etl1iopia11 a11d expatriate teacl1ers of College.

May tl1e Al111 igl1t)' bless tl1e .::,oradt1ati110b class and crown t11e1r . 1'·L1tL1re L111dertakings \Vlit. l1 st1ccess.

July 20, 1969

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ASMAR!\ UNIVERSITY It pleases Us to be present on the occasio11 of tl1e �-irst c?1nmen�e1nent of. A�11:ara University fo,unded by the Ti,e _Ma·dr1 Della N1gr.1z1a, Holy Family University, _ and wh1cl1 we 111at1gt1rated two years ago.

Hoping that it wo11ld do its shar·e i11 providing badly is 11ecess,try · 1na1 1 power cou11try wl1ich the he � 111 need of, \Ve gave ot11· conse11t for its establishment and a cl1a1·te1· fo1· tl1is IJrivate 11ni,1ersity. In the short ti1ne of its existence, tl1is institutio11, as was ex1Jected, is realizi11g Ot1r l1opes and expectations, thus justifying the trust 1·eposed llJ)()t1 it, by bei11g able to gradt1ate st11dents today a11d thus deployi11g tl1em to Our gove1·n1nent's age11cies and p1·ivate 01·ga11izations.

As to l1ow ecl11catio11 i11 Etl1iopia sl1011ld be ex­ pa11ded, We l1ave explained i11 detail jn tl1e speecl1es \Ve n1ade at ,graduatior1 cere111onies that were l1eld ,Jf the Haile Selassie I Uniin the different carr1ouses , versity last ·\1.,'eet..:.

It is an indispt1tab1e fact tl1at jt is the preparation of skilled and talented Ethiopians to 1111dertake respon­ sibilities in the cliffere11t fields of discipline that can ens11re Ethiopia's progress ,l11d clevelo1)111ent. ·.Ln 1orde1· to co-ordi-na: te 1t11e .econo1nic progress and accelerate the rate of developn1ent of ·Ot11· cot1ntry, it has bee11 necessary to estab1is11 five-yea1· plans.

That Etl1iopia 11eeds t1·ai1 1ed 1nanpowe:, particul_arly �n the fields of scie11ce and technology, 1s e1nphas1zed 1n th·e T·hi1·d Five-Yea1· Plan. So, ·tmive1·sities, be they · crovernmental or p1·ivate, 1n11st gear thei1· efforts to\vards �eeti11g tl1e objective� s�t in the � iv�-Year Plan. To J1elJJ 1·ealize tl1ese obJec�1_v es ft111J' 1t 1s necessa1·y. tl1at botl1 0L1r p1·ese11t univers1t1es ancl those tl1 at we e11v1sage - 193 -

14 *

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to establisl1 in the future should, i11 conce1·t, work closely together and co-operate at all levels, particu­ la·rly 1a.s regards 1the enrolment of new studenlts and· the e1nployment of instructors and p1·ofessors.

It is evident tl1 at tl1is Unive1·sity like any other institutio11 will, du1·ing its pe1·iod of development, en­ cou11ter seve1·al p1·.oblems. Nevertl1eless, We have not failed to provide it witl1 Ou1· continued assistance and tl1is We sl1all co11tinue in the fut11re. It should not be forgotte11 tl1at i11 the academic world the name of a unive1�&1ty depends not on t·he size of its enrolment b11t 011 tl1e sta11dard and quality of its education and tl1e 1ne11tal maturity of its students.

Anotl1e1· service that this University can render towards tl1e strengtl1e11ing of this natio11's unity and growth is the fo1�um it affo1 ·ds to all Ethiopian youth to come together a1 1d build a spirit of brotherhood.

It is a l1istorical fact which is clear to everyone tl1at 011r fo1·efathers, thro11gl1 continuo11s struggle, de­ fended the co11ntry, protected its people, maintai11ed its f1·eedom a11d indepe11dence and th11s kept tl1e coun­ try free fron1 tl1e yoke of colonial r11le. In so doing tl1ey l1ave helped to keep the torcl1 of freedom burning \Vl1icl1 l1as given encouragement to their African bretl1ren in tl1ei 1· str11ggle f01· tl1e f1·eedo111 and indepen­ dence of their 1·espective cou11tries. .,,_ As a11y one wl10 1·eads Etl1iopia11 l1isto1·y would k11ow, ,our· forefathers sac1"'ificed th1ei1· lives tand their prope1·ty to saf eguar·d tl1ei1· i 11dependence. Had our fo. refatl1ers 11ot been the va11o b t1a1·ds of f1·eedo1n ' Ethio p1 a Vlould 11ot have bee11 wl1at sl1e is 110w. Ethiopia _ _ 111 a 1 1 a111ed her i11de1Je11de1 1ce not because she was !� for·t1f1ed by l1er n1011ntai11s - as s0111e believe - but - 194 -

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throug h 1th� st1·u�gle and the wise leadership of her ruler,s and �e t1n11ty ·aind determination of her people.

In particular, We find it fitting and proper to men. tion here tl1� cou1:ageot1s roles played by Our beloved p�ople of E_1·1t1·ea_ 1n Ot1r _struggle du1·ing the period of trial and t1·1bulat1on. This patriotic spirit in the fight for freedom has tht1s left an example of bravery to be followed by otl1e1·s.

Tl1is U11iversity must the1·efore be one \Vhere re­ search into tl1e great l1istory of Ethiopia will be car1·ied on. It is tl1e 1·espo11sibility of this generation to translate the 1011g and magnanimous history into deeds today that will strengthe11 tl1e national economy and 1·aise tl1e sta11dard of living of the people.

Affording bette1· living sta11clards to the Etluopian people throt1gl1 the realization of tl1e various ec ·onomic projects is 011e way of strengtheni11g Ethiopia's freedom and independence. Econolnic p1·ogress in ou1· 20th centt1ry call f01· close1· ·understanding �.nd co-operation among 11ations and governments . Th.is is the trend today in Africa, Asia, Europe �tnd tr1e /�"TI.ericas.

Thro11gh rthe co.J,operiation. of nani-on · s and gove1·:rnnents9 during ou1· present day and age, a lot of advanta.ge can be drawn by the citizens of a11 1·espective co1.1ntries .

This co-operation ca11 be a vivid illustration of men, as children of God, st1�ivi11g toward un.derstanding and living togethe1· in peace and l1armony.

We wot1ld like, on this occasion of the first gra­ duatio11 of this University, to thank the President, members of tl1e board, the administration and all others who have given financial st1pport to this institution.

We are pleased to 11� te �hat yot1r � c�iev�m�nts so far follow closely tl1e obJect1ves of th1_s 111�t1tut101_1 as stated in tl1e charter. We hope tl1at tlus will co11t1n11e - 195 -

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i11 tl1e ft1tt1re a11d in tl1is co11nection We thank you all for yot1r e11deavot1rs.

Pri,,ate a11d 1nission scl1ools have l1elped in the edt1c,1tio11al develop1ne11t of th·e cot1,ntry for many years, a11cl tl1ey are still co11tint1i11g to do so in other fields as \\rell. TI1e)' are partici1Jati11g in elementary and secon ­ dary scl1ool edt1catio11 throL1ghot1t the cot1ntry and are also trai11i11g several tl1ot1sa11d teachers.

Graclt1ates of 1nissio11 and private schools are serv­ i11g tl1e 11atio11 alongside those trai11ed by the govern111e11t. A11d 011 tl1is occasio11 we thank all the mission a11d private scl1ools for participating in this greater task of edt1cational expansio11 in the cot1ntry.

A11d yot1, the graduating class, must be worthy of tl1e respo11sibilities a11d trt1st reposed in you. Yot1r grac1 t1atio11 today only indicates tl1at you are prepared to t111dertake responsibilities; tl1e 1·est1lts are yet to be sl1ow11 in '-''l1at lies al1ead of you - your work.

Since tl1e na111e of yot1r University is depende11t t11Jo11 tl1e n1eas11re of yot1r ability - the results of your ,vork - We call 011 yot1 to be diligent and of good cl1aracter in )'OL1r f Lltt1rc t111dertakings.

May tl1e Al111igl1ty l1e]p ) 0Ll i11 the discharge of )'Ot1r responsibilities. �

1

July 22, 1969

- lUG -

DOMES1'IC

SPEECI-1 FROM Tl-IE THRONE (1969) And in this age of interdependence the develop1ne11t problems of any country are affected, directly or indirectly, by a crisis in any other place .

As We open Parliament 011 this day, We like to . review and assess what has been achieved by Our Government and Our people in tl1e country's overall development, tJl1e problems encountered ·as well as plans for the future progress of Ethiopia in the economic, social a11d political fields.

While each and every Ethiopian strives to better and improve his or her standard of livi11g, the govern­ ment forges ahead in its effort to ensure to the count1·y rational development in all a1·eas. Efforts made by individuals and the gover11me.nt in this regard, however, can only succeecl if t11ere is inteJ:nal and external peace and stability ancl an assl1red e:rdsten.ce of wor�1.d peace.

This is partict1laJ:]:,,1 so v-1ith regard to developing cot1n­ tries for whose r·a.pid sooio-ecor1omic grovvth peace is indispens·able. For exan1ple, investn1ent capital ca11 flow from one country to another only wl1en there is peace and stability in tl1e recipient area. And in this age of interdepen,dence the development probletns of any country are a'ffected, directly or indirectly, by a crisis in any other place in the world.

World Monetary C1·isis

Whenever tl1ere is fluctuation in the 1najor world currencies, for instance, countries with tra� e and financial relations in these currency zones will face economic problems for rea·sons beyond their control and - 197 -

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tI11-011gI1 no fat1-lt of tl1ei1· o\v11. It sl1011ld be observecl that tl1e expe11ditt11·e 11eeded to fi11a11ce Ethiopia's de,,elop111e11t IJ1·ojects a11d to 111eet adtninistrative costs ,has bee11 i11 cr-easi11g f1·0111 yea1· ,to yea1·. Th·e price of aorict1ltt1ral p1·odt1ce, especially coffee,· has conti11ued t; decli11e. Conseqt1ently, Etl1iopia is facing financial proble1ns like 111a11y othe1· co11ntries wl1ich have been affected by the wo1·ld 111011eta1·y a11d t1·ade crisis.

To alleviate s01ne of tl1ese diffic11lties, a fiscal lJolicy dec1·ee has bee11 p1·oclai1ned by which the 11atio11al treas11ry, in close coope1·ation with the banks, l1as 111anagecl satisfacto1·ily to mobilize domestic capital tl1ro11gl1 tl1e iss11ance of t1·easury and other bonds.

Ft111ds wluch we l1ave bee11 able to seek from friendly cou11t1:ies and ,inte1,11·avional ·01·ganizations have assisted 11s i11 tl1e co11tin11ing p1·ogress of olll· development.

Howeve1·, tl1e aid a11d loans wliicl1 we secu1·ed from abroacl are 011ly a te111po1·,1.ry n1eas111·e and not intended to be a 1Jermane11t solt1tio11 to 0111· p1·oble111s. Etliiopia can solve her fi11a11cial problen1s tl1ro11gh her· O\Vn efforts a11d sacrifices. Tl1is i11volves tl1e prompt payment and collection of taxes, 1·eclt1ctio11 of expenses, judicious allocatio11 of available ft1nds and tl1e application of other si111ila1· 1neast1res. To ass11re success in acco1n­ plisl1i11g pla11.necl goals ,1 gove1·11me11t and its people 1nt1st wo1·k with cot11·age ,111d clete1·n1i 11atio11.

Becat1se of tl1e clos11re of tl1e Suez Ca11al and the decli� e i11 the volun1e of \Vo1·ld t1·ade, Etluopia's com111ercial a11d i11clt1strial ex1)a11sion in tl1e last few years l1 as_ 11o t aclv,1ncecl to tl1e stage e11visaged. 111 spite of all tl11s, l1owever, a few IJ 14ojects I1ave bee11 exect1ted. Last year alon _ e ove1: 80 la1·ge a11d s111all-scale indt1stries were establ �sl1ed tlrro11gl1011t tihe co1u1try. For example, lf:\\'0 _f,ictories, a leatl1er and a ty1·e pla11t, were set up at - 198 -

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a cost of 40 million dol �a1·s. These were fi11anced by a loan from Czechoslovakia, supplemented by· a Govern· ment budgeta1·y allocation.

The imp1·ovement and exte11sio11 of s1nall-scale i11d11s,t1·ies wi �l no� only be a s011rce of income to many ·people, b11t 1t will also be the basis fo1· the further expansion of i11dus try in general. The experience and the know-how gained in operati11g small-scale industries are pre1·equisites fo1· owning and operating large-scale enterprises. Therefo1·e, our people shot1ld not minimize or look ·down upo11 ·the importance of small-s·cale indt1stries. Eco11omic experts have time and again s·tressed the need not only for funds but also for mana­ gerial skills ,aind :entrepreneu1 ·d·al 1a:bili,ty to e· ffectively exploit natural resot1rces and to raise the standard of living of the people. We tl1erefore recommend the centre for training managers wl1ich has recently been set 11p to produce n1ore Ethiopians versed in managerial skills. Every Etl1iopian 'fi!ho has the capability a11d interest in tl1is field should ·be give11 e11cot1rage1ne11t so that he may p1·0'\re. hirnself ar1 asset to tl1e nation. 1�n investment and trade promotion organization in whicl1 the public and private sectors coope1·ate v1ill be set 11p to expand a11d promote trade.

Tl1e eff:01·t to upgrade agricultural produce in order· to make i,t ·oompetiitive tin wor:ld m·arkets is bei11g continued. Negotiations are 11nderway to correct our trade imbalance witl1 some countries. A Bill to regt1late and expand comme1·ce .and � rad� is i11 the draft stage.

The present investment law_ 1s be1n? amende� to furth�r encourage and attract fo1·e1gn capital to be 111�este� 1n �he oountry, ·wi·thin the £ram,ework of th� Th, 1rd F1ve­ year Plan. I·n addition, 11ew laws a1"e being drafted to govern internal and external trade. The draft Bill on - 199 -

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ins11rance is befo1·e yo11 a11d yo111· 11rgent action is 1·eqt1i1·ed .

Co11unt111ication Litiks

Tl1e e;xpansion of communications is one of the keys to the develop111ent of a11y country, and Ethiopia has been modernizing l1e1· la11d, sea and air commu­ nications facilities. Land comn1unications, it is realized, is one means of strengthening inte1·-African relations.

We l1ope tl1at tl1e results of tl1e African Highway Con­ ference wl11icl1 We 1opened -two weeks ago in Our capital city will help to reinforce the bo11d of fraternity and p1·01note common African development. Africa must develop her highways and other conununications linlcs in 01·de1· to exploit her endowed natural resources. This will enable tl1e continent not only to repay her develop1ne11t loa11s but also to stre11gthe11 her own economy and to establish a common ma1·ket.

The study to improve and expand the inte1·national airports of Addis Ababa and Asmara to handle heavier au·craft 01· jetliners has been con1pleted. Work on this project which is estimated at n1ore tha11 30 million dollars, to be obtained from loans a11d gove1·mnent budget, is scheduled to sta1·t this year·. The gro\vth i11 the 1111111be1· of 1ne1·cha11t ships of tl1e Ethiopian Shipping Lines l1as successft1lly 1net the increa sed den1ands of ,agricu1t111·a1 ie:x:ports -and -impo.rits :to and fron1 our &ed Sea por.ts. A m · a1�i 11e Bill ,t o _ad,minister, 1·eg11late and expa11d Etl1iopia11 po1·ts is 1111der study.

Pos·ts, Telegrapl1s and Telepl1011e services have b�en improved to 1neet current needs. In accordance witl1 the Third Five-Year Pla11, about 8 million dollars were spe11t last year to iI11prove a11d expand telecon 1- 200 -

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•

mun1cat1�n se1·v1oes. In addition more than 60 1nillion •

dollars will be spent within the Plan period. The aims and �oa�s of the expansion programme of the Telecom­ mun1cat1011s Board are to extend inter-urban and inter11ational services to meet tl1e demands of the people and the governme11t and to help accelerate the dev·elop­ ment programme of the country in general. lmp1·oved Ag1·icttltu1·e

Agrict1lture is the mainstay of the Ethiopian economy. In the Third Five-Year Plan there are many projects wl1icl1 are desig11ed to promote and improve this sector of the economy. These projects include the construction of feeder roads to facilitate the transpor­ tation of agricultural products; the establishment of more agricultural experimental stations, the expansion of agricultural research programmes and otl1er similar aotivities As we dist�losed !ast ye,ar the coo_perati�1e farms at Setit Humera 11.ad shovvn promisir1g i'esu.lts.. r-ro facilitate the expor·t and import mar1(ets and. to pro\ride

the amenities of rnode1·n living to the people in the a1·ea, all the necessary agencies a1·e being created . A model agricultural farm has been established at Wollamo Sodo, patter11ed after the Chilalo agricult11ral complex set 11p two years ago with the cooperation of the Swedisl1 Governme11t. This project will be financed by a loan f1·om th e World Bank .

The Government can only provide advice, tech­ nical know-how, expertise and better seeds, but in the final ·analysis, We would like ·to stress, it i·s ·th,e cooper-a­ tive effort and diligence of the people that can advance the agricultural sector of the economy. Much has been - 201 -

DO?vIES'l'IC

,1cco111plisl1ed by ou1· people i11 this 1·espect. Still n1ucl1 1no1·e can be aclrieved if the people realize the advan­ tages of cooperative effo1·ts. Our people can raise tl1eiJ.· standa1·d of Ii,1ing if they adopt modern methods of farming and animal husbandry on a cooperative basis. Not 11ntil every i11dividual farmer's standard of livi11g has been substa-11tially bette1·ed ca11 we say that Ethiopia l1as been ft1lly developed. In this respect the Gover11IDe· nt bear·s the l1eavy 1·esponsibili-ty of extending ,111 1111e 111ecessary as·sis·tance ,to far:mers . Oooperatives l1ave bee11 suoces-sft1lly launched in Setit Humera, Harar s si.

1111'eref 01·e, We feel Our , a dvice has not been and At· t 1 , • 1n vain.

•

Statistics 1·eveal tl1at tl1e youtl1 constitute a large 1)01·tion of Etl1·iopia's populatio11. Therefore, her econo­ .111ic developn1ent will depend 011 tl1e new vigour, new i11te1·est a11d 11ew spirit of tl1e yo11tl1. Tl1e purpose of edL1catio11 is 11ot 111erely to commission an individual for pe1·n1a11e11t e111ploy1ne11t bt1t to make him self-reliant a11d eq11i1) l1i111 witl1 the faculty for creativity. One shot1lcl stand 011 011e's own feet sh11nning idleness and i11defi11ite depe11de11ce 011 one's parents. This, of course, den1 a11ds disc.ipli11e a11cl detern1ination. The youth We l1ave edt1cated l1ave tl1e obligatio11 to serve the com111t1n:it)1 f1·om \Vhich tl1ey co1ne. Tl1eir participation in tl1e 11atio11-wide progran1111es of tl1e coW1try is eagerly a,vaited. Ot1r G·od-given 11att11·al 1·esot11·ces, wl1ether in tl1e . l1igl1la11ds or the lo\\rla11d,s ' a1·e ideal for various agrtct1l�t11·al ente1·prises. If tl1e yot1th of the country are 1 1ot ga111f:ully e1111)loye d or self-en1ployed tl1ey sho11Id bla111e tl1en1selves a11d 11ot the society whicl1 I1as educated tl1e111 at great expe11se a11d sacrifice. The )iOlI�g generatio11 ca11 be a cre dit to society if it is dedicated to serve tl1e com1non interest of the com- 202 -

DOMES'fIC

munity. �xamples of st1ch dedication are not lacking' and that 1s one of the objectives of education.

As We have repeatedly said, education is the key 1to 1the deV1elopment of our country -and should _ . �herefore be given pr�or1ty. Our people, realizing the ®p�1,�ance of. eduoaimon, hav·e ·for ithe last few years participated with the government in the expansion and development of edt1cational facilities through self-help schemes. This cooperation between go·vernment and the people has resulted in the expansion of educational facilities to accommodate the ever-increasing number of school-age childre11. ·One of the urge11t 1·equirements for the expansion of education is tl1e need for trained teachers. Last year a large number of Ethiopian tea.chers graduated as a result of tl1.e government's extensive teacl1.er train­ ing programmes. A jun.io1, college for junior secondary school teac·hers was e,5-t?J,blished at the beginning of this year to accelerat.e trie teacher train.ing programme.

Because of tlae incr,e;Jsing demand for i1istitutions of higher learning, a stt1dy is under,Nay to t1pgrade exis,ting colleges to university level and to open ne'A' ones.

To cope with the gro�ring need for manpo"Yer for the industrial sector of tl1e economy, the expansion of technical an d vocational schools has been undertaken.

A National Edt1cational Commission, responsible to Our P·rime Minister, has been established to coordi­ nate mod·ern educational concepts with the traditional and cultural values of the nation and to recommend measures for the rational development of educati?n. in the country. The main functions of the comm1ss1on will be to study the edu·cational setup and to recom-

u

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1)0 i\1 ES'l'I C

111e11cl 1ne,1st1res p,trticular]y clesig11ed to defi11e the desired edL1catio11al goals, taking into co11sideration the 11eecls a11d 1·esoL1rc·es of ·tl1e 11a1tiion, and to guar-antee eqL1al edt1catio11al oppo:·tt1nities for all.

To enable Etl1iopi1 to be conv.ersant i11 the arts ,111cl to expa11d tl1e langt1age to em brace technological te1·111s, a study for tl1e establishment of a literary aca­ cle111y for A1nl1aric .is t111:Ie1·,vay.

All the 11eccssary 1neast1res l1ave been taken for tl1e fo1·1natio11 of a 11atio11al cultL1ral and fi11e arts cot111cil charged with tl1� task of stt1dying a11d preserv­ i11g tl1e 11atio11al fi11e a1·ts l1e1·itage and generally to catalogL1e a11d a1111otatc a1·tifacts and other ct1ltt1ral ite111s, for 011e of tl1e l)Llrposes of edt1cation is to make ,t 1)erso11 co11scioLlS of l1ts cL1ltt11·al 01·igin a11d heritage.

A Natio11 al UNESCO Co111n1ission l1as been set up to sti1n11late edt1cational. scientific and ct1ltt1ral activities i11 the cou11try a11d to pron1ote excl1a11ge p1·ogram1nes 011 scie11ce a11cl ct1ltt1re betvveen Etl1iopia and the rest of tl1e \\1orld.

We ]1ave always 6ive11 1)1·io1·ity to edt1cation in tl1e iirn1 belief tl1at it is tl1e key to the cot1ntry's {Jrogress. Despite tl1e sl1ortage of fu11ds, trai11ed teacl1ers ancl othe1· edL1catio11al facilities wl1icl1 reqt1ire I1ea \')' 0L1tlay, 1)artict1l1rly i11 cle,,elopi11g countries, L111i\rersity edt1catio11 l1as bee11 1J1·ogressively pusl1ed for­ ward. A 11e\v p1·ogra111111e to prope1·ly orient freslun a11 stL1de11ts i11 tl1e U11ive1:sity witl1011t a11y 1111dt1e upset, to red11ce tl1e 11t11nbe1· of st11de11ts wl10 fail at variot1s levels of the U11iversity a11d to i11c1·ease tl1e 11t1n1ber of gra­ cltt,ltes every >'ear is bei11g tested. ates gradu The services t111ive1·sity re11clerecl by tl1e .

11 1 tl1� variot1s 111i11istri�s a11cl otl1er se1ni-govern1nent agencies, st1cl1 as tl1e I111pe1·ial Board of Teleco1n111t1;

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D0�1ESTIC

nicati�11s of �tll:iopia, th� E�hiopian Eleoti�ic Light and Power At1tl101 ity, tl1e Eth1op1an Airli11es ancl tl1e variot1s banks are a sot1rce of pride to fellow Ethiopians a11cl an asset to tl1e overall development of tl1e cot1ntr)'.

Defe11ce System

ove1· �l1e centt1ries, l1as had a 1011g history Etl1iopia, _ of l1e1·01s1n. Toclay 1t l1as cl 111 ocler11 1ni1itary and police defe�1ce S)�Ste111 to_ cot1nte1·act any l1osti1e threats against l1er 111tegr1ty, be 1t fro111 11ear or far.

A draft Bill 011 co1npt11sory national service is t111der stt1dy a11d will be prese11ted to you for yot1r co11 side1·atio11. Tl1 e Bill is desig11ecl to pr·ovide for adequate t1·ainecl regt1lar 1nilitary manpower and a reserve for the defence of the cot1ntry. The se1·vices of the ar·med fo1·ces a1·e not limited to the war front.

4 F1 01n wl1at We ha.ve learnt, tl1eir l)curticipation in the civil efforts has been sa.tisfa.ctor)' and they shoulcl continue along tl1e same lines.

The various attitt1des to n1odern life a11d ideologies l1ave not e11st1red lasting peace i11 the world; on the co11 trary, they have beco111e sot11·ces of friction and causes of conflict. As We 11ave repeatedly said, Ethiopia has always followed a policy of non-alignment and friendship with a11 11 ations. Sl1e has always striven to 1naintain ancl strengthen these J)olicies. Ethio1)ia entertains friendly 1·elatio11s v,1itl1 all cot1ntries in Africa, Asia, Europe a11d A1nerica, except perl1aps fo1· th?� e . very few cot111tries wl1icl1 clo 11ot t1nderstand Etl11op1a s real ]1isto1·y a11d tl1e good-will of the Ethiop� an people.

Etl1iopia seeks to develop peaceft1l a11d friendly rela­ tio11 s witl1 all its neigl1boL1rs.

Solt 1 tio11s I1 ave yet to be fot111cl for problc111s tl1at - 205 -

DOMESTIC

I1ave been th1.,eateni11g world peaoe in tl1e last few years.

Tl1e South African 1·egin1e conti11ues to practice its policy of apa1·theid a11d 1·acial discrimination. Despite world public opi11ion de11ounci11g this practice, the regime still purst1es its policy of oppression . As a matter of fact the Soutl1 Africa11 Government is now introducing this sha1neft1l practice into the territory of Nam·ibi,a, c'ontra1·y to rt:he reso,t1tion of 1h·e United Natio11s .

Anotl1er c1·itical pr· oblem is the Nige1·ian situation.

Mo1·e tl1a11 two yea1·s have elapsed su1ce the 011tbreak of tl1e Nigeria11 Civil War . It will be 1·evealed that the committee wl1icl1 the 01·ga11ization of African Unity established 11nder Ot1r Chairm.a11sl1ip to help find a solutio11 to tl1e Nigerian crisis, is still continuing its efforts to find a permanent sol11tio11 . In accordance witl1 1 tl1e resol11Jions of ·the O.A.U. A:ssen1bly of Heads of State and Gover111nent the aim of the Co1nmittee is to maintain the· 1111ity of Nigeria and to b1·ing peace to the country . T-he recent sixth O.A.U. S11nunit held i11 Our capital has again mandated the Con1mittee to co11tinue its efforts to help bring a peaceft1l solution to the Nigerian orisis . Acco1·dingly, tl1e Co1n111ittee is striving to bri11g about a cessatio11 of hostilities and to bring t11e two l)arties to a co11fere11ce table f01· a 11ego­ tiated settleme11·t . The Middle East c1·isis I1as become a major tl1reat to world peace today 1no1·e tl1an ever before. We would like to tak:e tl1is oppor·tunity to urge, as we have do11e i11 tl1e past, the pa1·ties to �he . conflict to resolve their diffe1·e11ces in accordance with the_ decisio?s take11 by tl1e Sect11·ity Co11n�il of tl!e United �at1011s. Tl1e 1·ece11t efforts to 1�educe ·1e11sion ID tl1e regio11 and tl1e goodwill show11 by the co11cerned - 206 -

DOMESTIC

parties_ �e11� som� hope that a peacef11l settleme11t of the cr1s1s 1s possible.

We are saddened by the unnecessary loss of human . lives an� �l1e graye t�rea! to international peace posed by tl1e civil war 1n N1ger1a, the Middle East crisis and ar. the Vietna1n We do not believe that world peace � _ oan be ma1nta1ned by foroe. Tl1e unnecessary daily loss of human lives, particularly those of civilians which is ca11sed by fighti11g and starvation in these �egions is a sad clraipte1· dn The ·his;to-ry of 1the 20th century. We hav.e equally been saddened by the conditions 11nder which our African brothers live, deprived of their basic human t"ights, subjugated by the racist colo11Jalist ad­ ministrations in South Africa, Namibia, Zin, 1babwe, Angola, Mozambique and the so-called Portuguese Guinea.

C::,'l:; = � ,,\l · � · � ',DJ ;:;,;..r1,�: 'l '\1.1(? " '" ,� 1. . ... . �,.1. � � 1,1.1. � · ve Lnia e T/v E c s,i; � 1.1: v · "i -t1' e i g 1_ :r 1ai . i, e e:xio1 'T'h of friendly coui1t1·les iri tl1e ·,,1c)1·ld. l1as not tJfi'ly cernerllt-e<l close friendl)' ties ·but l1as a.lso enabled E·thiopia to acquire its rightft1l place in the comity of nations. In 1961 (E.C.), as in past years, vve have received distinguished leade1·s and visitors from friendly countries.

Last year We had the pleasu1·e of receiving Her Majesty Q11een Juliana of the .� etherla1;ds_ and her Consort Prince Bernard, who visited Ethiopia at Our invitatidn. The Q11een's state visit will further streng­ then the friendly relations existing between the two countries. Investment by citizens of the Netherlands in the Wonji Sugar Estate as well as _the n� w Metahara Sugar Estate established i11 coope1·at1on w1tl1 the Wo1·ld 1...

o,

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,J ,: '1 )l

j'.1;-,••

DOMESTIC

·Bank is a good exa111 ple of tl1 e gro\ving friendly rela­ tio 11 s betwee11 tl1e two coL111t1·.ies.

Tl1e visit of the Ho11 orable Mr. Harold Wilson, tl1 e P1·-i111e M,i11-isiter of -G1�ea·t Britain, ·ro Our capital city last yea1·, afforclecl Us an opportt111ity to exchange views on world peace in gener·al a11d Africa11 affai1·s, particu­ larly tl1 e Nigeria11 crisis. ·r11 addition, We believe that tl1 e discL1ssions We l1eld clt11·i11g tl1is occasion to fL1rther strengtl1e11 the frie11 dly 1·e]atio11s between tl1e two coun­ tries will u 1 1dot 1 btedly bear fruit.

At tl1e begi11ni11g of last year, We paid a brief state \1isit to the frie11 dly cot1ntry of Y11 goslavia, and We J1 ad talk·s w .i-th. Our good ·fr:iend H. E. P1·esident J osep Broz Tito concer11i11g n1atte1·s beneficial to our two cot 1 ntries. Mo1·eove1·, ou1� talks embraced meas11res to be take11 agai11st tl1ose who violate the principles co11tained i11 tl1e Charter of tl1 e U11ited Nations. We also discussed 011r stancl 011 the con1111 on l)Olicy of non­ align111 ent.

In respo11se to a11 i11vita tio11 exte 1 1ded to 11 s b)' the Internatio11al Labot11· Orga 11 ization to deliver a speech 011 the ,occ:as,i,011 of ·i·ts 50th ·an11iversary, We attiended the celeb1·ation l1eld last Jt111e. Dt1ri11g that visit, We 1net His Holi11 ess Po1)e Pa t11 vi· fo1� t11e first ti111e and clisct1ssecl ,vitl·1 l1im j11ter11atio11,:1l JJeace.

111 OL11r ferve11t desi1�e to crea:te close1· cooperation betwee11. tl1e Etl1iopia11 01·tl1odox Cht1rcl1 a11d other Cl1ristian c11t1rches i11 the world, We extended an invi­ tation to I-Iis Holi1 1ess Pat1·iarc]1 Jt1sti11ia 11 of Rt1ma11ia to visit Etl1ioJJi,t. We believe tl1 at tl1e visit of His Holiness to Ot1 r cot111try l1as stre11othe11ed ft1rther the good relatio11 s existi11g betwee11 tl1e �wo sister ch11rches.

Ottr visit !,1st year to tl1 e U11 ited States of America ,lt t11.e i11 ,,itatior1 of tl1 e I-To110L1r,1ble P1·csident Nixon - 208 -

D0�1IESTIC

was a n1e111?1·a ?le eve11t in the histo1·y of relatio11s betwee11 Eth1op1a anci the An1e1·ican Co11ti11ent. Dt1r­ ing Oll.r visit the ·tall<:s We l1ad ·with Presider1t Nixon on ':01·ld p- e,acE; a11d collective security and tl1e exchange _ of Vl'ews 1:egarcl111g tr1e 1·elations between ot1r two coun­ t1·ies, have bo1'11e f1·t1itft1l -rest1lts. Tl1e Ame1·ican gove1·n.1ne11t l11 as_ t1n.anifes. ted its willing11ess to partici }Jate in tl1e eco11-0111tc develo_p111en.t p1·ojects o - f .the Thi1·d r;·ive Yef.11· Pl�11 . T.l1is clea1·ly den1011strates A1ne1·ica's frie11dly a1tt1tu·cle to, ancl ·co11.cer11 witl1, -the clevelopn1e11t r>ro­ gr,11111nes 1of -011r cot1ntry.

P c11·lia111 (;rJt. a1·y· Resp<)nsibili ties

As reg�lrcls the 1·ece.nt par1ic:tme11t,try elections, V/e

have inspectccl tl1e exl1ibits of the election resL1lts. v\'e a1·e a wc1.rc tl1at 1110s t of the n1<;-miJe1·s of tl1e Lo,,'/e1· ·flot1se l1ave bee1.1 el�cted for the :first ti1ne. It js esse11tial, tl1erefore; that :;tou follo,;,,r very clcJsely the directi, ves \Jil.hic}s 'Ne 11;;:;t'v·e -g�vei1 f.rorll tirne to ti rue co11ce:rning your ftJj1.ct. ior1s arid l1eavy 1·esponsibilities cLS rep1·ese11tativcs of tl1e people. Pe1.·so11a1 i11terest sl1011ld 11ot 1.11te1·fe1A-e c,r i11flue11ce ym1r wo1·1< when yo11 are e11ga.geci i11 tl1e ser,1ice of yot11· co11ntry, fJaJ�tict1larly i11 tl1e I-Iot1se. Your delibe1·ations 1nt1st be cor1ducted with patie11ce a11d 11.11de1·st�1nding. 111 c111y de1ibt�ratio11 tl1c do111in.a.tio11 of t11e vie\vs of 011c or a fe·w- J)ersons sl1ot1ld 11ot be a1lovvecl at tl1e expense of tl1e 111ajorJty. Tl1e 1n.erit of a p1·op,)saJ. sl1.01.1lcl 11.ot be infl11c11r·ec1 b\' tl1e p1·cstigc c)f tl1c ar1tr101· b11t r,1the1· l1)1 it:; rJt�ptl1 ancl significa11cc to the 11atio11al interest. In tl1is age of spec.ializa.tion eve1·y field has its own experts c:tncl yc:.1 s11ot1ld take ad,1a11tage of t]1e available e-x11crti ..:;e. ·E,re1· since ,ve were cl1osen by tl1e Aln1igl1t:/ to ---· 208 -.

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1)0\ r l•:STI<:

leacl Etl1iopia a11cl Ot1r belo\1ed people, \Ve have al\vays er1cle,1 vottred to e1 1st1re continued progress for the cot111try. Tl1e gooclwill ,111cl tl1e \Vho]e-hearted coopera­ tio11 of ot1r people in all OLtr e 11dea\1 0t1rs ha\'e borne frt1itft1l rest1lts. A11d, as yot1 kno\v� ot1r people have bc11efitecl co11siclerab]y fron1 tl1is.

Yott are all aware of tl1e progress tl1at has bee 11 ::1cl1ievec1 a11cl tl1e stage reachecl as \\1ell as the necessar)' 1ne::1st1res take11 fro 111 time to tin1e to 1naintain tl1e con­ ti 11t1ity of tl1is TJrogrcss. I11 tl1is con 1 1ection, Our people l1l1vc bc11cfitccl grcat]y fro 111 the i111ple111e11tation of pro­ l)C)Sctls rcco111111e11decl ·b)' the \1 c:1rious con1n1ittees set up lJy Us tc) stttdy speci fie 111 atters.

Progress de111,111cls farsig11ted11ess, dilige11ce, sou11cl j t.1cl,g111e11t, ,t 11cl t111fli 11ch i11,g -dedic,1 tion to hard \vork.

Altl1ot1gl1 a 11L1111ber of Bills desig11ed to accelerate cco11<)111ic cle,1 e1oJ)111e11 t ancl ,gro\-vtl1 of tl1e cot111trJ1 a11d to raise tl1e st,111clard of li\1i11 .g of ot11· people ,vere jJrescntecl ,1fter cletailecl stt1clies to Parlia111ent and e11c1ctecl, ,1 few Bills dee111ec1 ,,ital for t11e desired pro­ gress ,1re still 1Je11cli11g.

A dr,tft Bill .�c)ver11 i 11g 1a11dlorcl-te11a 1 1t re]atio11sl1ip, b,1scd 011 t11e civil cocle a11cl traclitio11al practices, \Vas J)rcse11tecl to l") arlia1111:11t f-1\'C years ago. Si11ce tl1e 1110.joritv of tl1e Etl1io1)ian JJC<)rJlc e,1r11 tl1eir 1ivi11g fro111 f::1r111s, We t1rge vot1 to rcco11sider tl1e draft Bill a11d t,11,e i111111ecliate ,1ctio11 011 it. for tl1e Bill is 1 1 1disoe11sable for tl1c i111prove 1 11c11t C)f tl1c sta11dard of living of far111ers. \Ve ,1re ta·l<i11� tl1e 11cccssary steps to clevelop c:t_grict1ltt1re i11 Etl1i;1Ji,1. To tl1is e11cl te11a11t farn1ers ai,cl a,1\1 C)tl1er Etl1iotJia11 \\ l1c) clcsires to e111bark LlfJ011 tlii� '1 e11tt1re will l1e e11titlecl to nw11 la11d i11 accord a11ce \\'it1, Ot 1 r p1·ocla111a.tion ct11c1 vlil] l)e assisted .to acqt1ir0 1

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D011ESTIC

cap.ital a11d �n?w-l1ow, so tl1,1t he can in1prove his own sta �clarcl of l1v1n � a11cl co11tribt1te to the econon1y of tl1e nat1011. D1·aft Bills 011 agreen1ents 1·eacl1ed with inter11atio11c1l 01·ga11izatio11s to facilitate these projects will be prese11tecl to you for deliberatio11.

Tl1e Mi11istry of La11d Reform and Administration was establisl1ed 1to S· peed 11p the development of agricul­ tL1re, the back-bo11e of tl1e Ethiopian eco11on1y. How ., n111,c11 grea·t efI01 t ·will be 1·equired to fulfil this task is easy fo1· a11yone to L1nderstand. Draft Bills, prepared after exte11sive researcl1 and studies by tl1is Mi11istry sin·ce its i establislune· nt, will be subn1itted to you dt1ring tl1is ct1rrent session. And yoL1 are 1·eciuired to deliberate on tl1e111 witl1 clt1e patienc.e and farsightedness.

I11te1·r1al Dece11h·alization

Afte1· the proclarn2.tion 011 internal self-adn1inistr,1tio11 of the Av1rajas, a. Bi11 on the co11ectio11 of pro­ vincial 1·event1es to orga11ize and finance tl1e n· evv S)1stem of administration of the provinces was st1bseqt1ently p1·esented to Pa1·liame11t.

Tl1e basic ain1s of this p1·ocla111ation are: to IJt·ovide a stepping stone for the j1nprove111ent a11d strengthening of tl1e econo111ic and social de­ ve]opn1ent of the Ethiopian people; to make available the 1neans to accele1·ate tl1e eco11oinic developme11t fro1n the levels of st1b-district, district, provi11ce, gover11orate and finally to the ove1·all progress of tl1e co11ntry; to assu1·e a system of st1pervision by tl1e people a11d t11e governn1ent of the proper allocation of the volt111ta1·y contribt1tions by the people, tl1rot1gh ·-- 211 -·

1)01'1ES1'IC

self-help schen1es, to build 1·oads, schools ancl clinics; to pr·ovide a li11k th1·ot1gl1 provi11cial cot1nsellors betwee11 tl1e people a11d tl1e gove1·11n1ent so tl1at the people ca11 t1nde1·stand gove1·111ne11t program­ mes and pla11s to effectively pa1·ticipate i11 their i111ple111e11tatio11; to create a spirit of kee11 co1111Jetitio11, individL1al a11d collective; in tl1e eco11on1ic a11d social develo1J·· 1ne11t r,rogress an1ong tl1e p1·ovinces.

Tl1is 1noder11 systen1 of ad1ni11istration l1as bee11 fot111d ver)' valt1able ai1d is bei11g extensively used i11 111a11y pa.1·ts of the world. vVe 111·J�e yot1 again, tl1ere­ fore, to reco11sicler -this draft_ legislati:011.

A11yo11e w110 exa111i11es a11d cval11ates tl1e 1egis1a­ tio11s passed by parlia111e11t �o fa1· ca11 ec:1silv realize tl1e great service renderecl l1v tl1is I-To,.1se. All tl1is 1,as bee11 achjeved- tl1rough tl1e hea]tl1v a11d clc)se co-operatio11 ,. . betwee11 tl1e exect1tive and -legislative bra11ches of tl1e .governn1ent and an a.ppreciatio11 bv tl1e parliame11ta­ _ria11s of tl1eir clL1ties a11d resoo11sibilities. We wot1ld like to t1rge those of )'OlL vvl10 have been elected for tl1e first ti111e a11cl yot11· exoeriencecl colleagL1es to strive to n1ai11tairi and st1�e11.,gthen tl1is close · co-01?eration l1et­ \\:'ee_11, tl1e t�;o b1·a11ches of tl1e gove1·11.111ent, so tl1at 1ro11r . efforts w1ll l1ear_1no1·e f1·uit fo1· tl1e benefit of tl1 e coun­ try. \Ve t)1·ay to God Al111igl1ty to gL1ide yot1 i11 yo11 r work a11d to bless tl1is_ co1111t1·), v;,itl1 )eace. l Novcn1ber 2, 1969

-·· 212 ··-·

SCI-IOOIJ FOil TI-IE BLIND '

It n is 1 or c th e in w ,1r cl eye tl1a11 the l)<)ssessio11 of . . _ C)'C s1gl1t �l11ch is 11�ccssary for the acquisitio11 of ed L1_ _ cat1on. Edt1cat1011 JS a 111e,111s which nurtu1·es a11d ct1l. " ' t1vates onc·s power ol· observation ' far-sightedness a11d the ,1l1ility to jt1dge.

Ret,11�<.Jati()n a11u bli11dr1ess of the 1ninc.l constitute tl1e g_rc,ttcr afflictio11 for n1,tnki11d. Yet dcspj te the 1 1,1r1d1cap cat1scct ,1s a result crf tl1e loss of cyesigl1t 1nany l1li11d 1Jc1·soris, throt1gh cducatio11 and thci1· personal tenl1city, h.av,c st1ccessft1lly developed •their mental and 0th.er fact1ltics <111cl I·1c1ve t-,cc:0111e useful to themselves, to tl1eir rc1· r1.tiv(!S v.11d to their cot1ntry.

It is tl vvell l<.i10¥111 fact that bli11d 111.c11 in or1r coun­ try, througl1 the cdt1catio·n whicl1 they ha.ve acqt1i1·ed witti tl1ci1� fcll()W men, l1ttvt� also t,een ab]c to w·c11cJer services as va 1 uribl(; us ,111y i 11 t11e spiritual field and n1orc sc.)• ,ts edt1c.�ato1·t·�; .a11ci tl-1cir contrsbtit�o11s lri this -, l co11ncct1on l1,1vc 'nc lpea a great. c ca1. 1r1 p,1ssxng tracutional ec.lL1catio11 fron1 ge11eration to generation. Their accon1plisl1mc11ts in tl1is 1·cgard 1·anlc high in the annals elf the Etl1iopia11 Ct1urcl1.

It is in li11e with the n1easures which We have al­ rc,tdy taken tt) expand n1odern educational facilities to Our JJeoplc, tl1at We have estab]�shed_ this i11stitt1tion of tl1e bli11d sc) tl1 at they 1nay also be able to enjoy f11lly tl1c bc11efits of rriodcrn cdt1cation w.itl1out being limited to spiritual stL1dics as in the past. It gives Us great pleasure to observe tl1at this i11stitt1tion has grow� and dc·vclope,l a11d tl1at Our efforts are s�pported by inter­ nation,11 agc11f;ies wl10 have ·fullv realized the work and tl1c obje�.;tives of tl1is project. We and Ou1· people are .

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(rreatly indebted to the German Evangelical Ce11tral t�e Age11cy for the co11tribtttio11 it. h�s �ade_ towards _ ex1)ansjc>11 of the .facilities of tl11s 1nst1tut1on which will n1ake possible tl1e additional intake of students to this school.

Great effo1·ts are being 1n,1de in Our country in order to give edt1catio11al opportunities to all Our peo­ ple. Si11ce it takes co11side1·able ti111e and the full co­ operatio11 of Our· people i11 01·der ·to achieve the goal We l1ave set to acco1nplisl1 in tl1js regard, the gen11ine efforts so far taken by Ot1r people in co-operation with Ot11· gover1lffie11t will n o dot1bt help to accelerate its fLtlfil111ent. \.Vl1ile it is 11ecessary for tl1e nation to develop and tt1ne its activities to tl1e spirit of tl1e day and to its own capabilities, it is the lazy 1na11's credo to atten1pt to attai11 at once ,l11d witl1ot1t hard wo1·k v.1hat others have acl1ieved afte1· m11ch effort and 1011g strt1ggle.

Altl1ougl1 schools for the bli11d have not been opened i11 as many places as We wisl1 in Our cou11try, yet witl1 tl1e contint1ed growtl1 of t11is institt1tion and the gro\V­ i11g number of stt1dents f1·01n tl1e vario11s provinces join­ i11g tl1is scl1ool, a11d i11 ,1iew of the fact tl1at tl1e As111ara b1�,1ncl1 of the Blind Scl1,ool is doi11g well, i·t is Otu· firn1 belief tl1at tl1e gradt1ates fro1n tl1ese scl1ools will greatly co11tribt1te to tl1e furtl1er establishl11e11t a11d expansion of si111ilar i11stitt1tio11s i11 Ot1r cot111t1·y.

To matt1re tl1rot1gh edt1catio11 is to become an asset to tl1e cot111try. 111 vievv of tl1is and 11otwithsta11d­ .i11g yot1r l)l1ys-ical l1a11d.ioap, ,it sl1ot1ld be yo11r everyday co11cern as the beneficiaries of tl1e cou11try's civilization to inake 11se of ,l1l yo11r ca1)abi]ities a11d work yo11rsel­ ves tl1ro11gh edt1cation into positio11s of self-dependence ·- 214 ---

DOlvIESTIC

an� thereby be�ome good exa1nples to othe1·s by ren­ de1·111g yo11r services in t11rn to those who stand itl need. ttgh e1nployn1e11t opportunities for the blind Alth? : .111 .111dustr1es and offices 111ay 11ot be available as requir­ We shall see tl1at e1nployers give special co11sidera­ ed, _ t1on to you a11cl e111ploy yo11 in works commensurate with yo111· g1·owi11g abilities.

111 tl1anki11g_ the Ge1·1na11 Eva11gelical Central Agen­ _ cy fo1� .1ts :fina11c1al cont1·ibt1tion fo1· the const1·11ction of the 11ew exte11sion of tl1e HSI Scl1ool for the Blind and fo: p11rcha�i11g the �arious ed11cational equipment for tl11s exte11s1011, We 111augu1·ate ancl declare open these 11ew a11nexes.

Jan11ary 6, 1970

ETI-IIOPIAi�f L-ABOUR UNIONS It is 011r ple:2,B1J):t; t(, i.n.a�,1,gurate, today, ihe 1-fead­ q11arters of the \C(J,nferler.atior1 of Ethiopian Labour Unions.

The pro1notion and 1nainte11ance of a higl1e1· standard of living fo1· 01tr people, and the e11co·urage­ me11t of i11c1·eased social harmony an1ong tl1em, con­ tinue to be an1ong Our foremost aims. These objectives can be achieved, howeve1·, only by making maximu1n use of all hu ma n and natt11·al resot1rces of Our Empire.

It is 011r desire tl1at tl1e workers coope1·ate with each othet· to gai11 ft11·the1· l<11owledge and to improve tl1eir living standards, a11d in so doing to help tl1eir co1111try as well. nt le so vo as 11e of be e nc te is ex 1e tl t a . th ng ri de Consi . or st hi ng a lo d y ha s ha d an al on iti ad t1· en be s ciations ha sm ay ni m io e un ad tr of t ep nc co e th , le op pe 11r among Q - 215 -

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Lastl\', Y./c tl1,1r1l-: �}1c Af1·ica11-A111ericar1 [Jabot1r (�c11tre ari�l c111 otl1er�\ 'Nr1c> pnrticipatc�cl i11 111,1ki11g tl1is ed ifice [l 1·ea 1it y _ :\ p:·,l 8. 1970 1

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COLLEGE OF PUBLIC 1-IEALTI-I It is ev.ide11t tl1at a h·ealtl1y a11d educated people is a11 essential co11ditio11 fo1· the development of a Tl1 is PL1blic Healtl1 College stands i11 the 11ation. fo1·ef·r'Ont among tl1ose i11stitutions We l1ave established i11 orde1· to e11st1re prope 1· 1nedical care for Our 'Deople, to ,a1neJ.iora1te tl1e standard of their l1ealth ;011ditions a11d to acqL1i1·e tl1e necessary t1·ai11ed man­ power.

Si11ce it is tl1is College tl1at p1·ovides the young n1en and wo111e11 with the 11ecessary 1nedical and tech­ nic,al -ed L1orut•io11 ,to serve Ot11· people .in the rural .areas, i 1t h· as beco:me traditional fo1· ·us to be pre­ se11-t at st1cl1 com1 11 encem,e11 .t exercises to award de­ grees, diplon1as a1 1d ce1�tificates to those who have suc­ cessft1lly co1npleted thei1· studies l1ere. It is with a par­ ticular se11se of satisfactio11 that We obse1·ve tl1e con­ tint1ed grovvth of tl1is College and the yearly increase i11 the 11t1n1ber of its gradt1ates.

The1·e can l1e no econo111ic prog1·ess ,:vitl1ot1t a l1ealtl1y po1)ulatio 11 a11d the necessa1·y skilled ma11power to mai11tain it. Tl1 e se1·vices l1itl1e1·to 1 ·e11dered by tl1ose wl10 graduated before you attest to you1· co1npete11ce and capacity to be able to shot1lde1· the responsibilities to be entrt1sted to yot1. Y01i sl1011ld, tl1erefo1·e, de111011st_rate yot1r capability i11 tl1is 1·ega 1·d tl1rot1gl1 hard and vigorous work.

Tl1ough yot1 a1·e trai11ed to se1·ve 1·L1ral areas, yotl sl1ould also be fully cog11iza11 t of tl1e ge11eral l1ealt? p1·ogran11ne of the cot111 try, so tl1ait yot1 can contr.1bute your sl1are i11 its 1·ealizatio11. Accordi11gl)', you sl1ot1ld wo1·Ic l1ard . a11 d hel p i11 findi11a- solt1tions· to pro­ l)lems, for it is yot1 a11d your· coll�tgt1es' aggregated -- 218 -·

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efforts whic� ca11 give n10111entun1 to the general work p1·ogramme 1n your field of endeavour.

As We_ l1ave �aid time a11d agai11, those trained in the. field of p11bl�c health 1nu·st have a deep..,seated des11·e �o s�rve their cot1ntry a11cl people; and tl1at their h, wn1a111tar1,,�11 :ot1t :ook and 1Jatience sho11ld be deeply e1nbeclded 1n tl1e1r pe1·so11ality, a11d that tl1eir forefa­ thers' courage and patriotism ,should be tl1eir guide­ lines.

We co11gratulatc you 011 tl1e successful con1pletion of you1· ed11oatio·n l1e1·e, a step wl1ich opens yet another ol1apte1· full of challenges and opport11nities in tl1e field you l1ave volt111tarily cl1ose11. We also congrat11late · looking forward to this your parents vvl10 have bee11 day witl1 e11th11siasm, a11d who today share you1· joy.

Ed11catio11 is the gate·\;vay to eve1·1asting enligh.ten� ment. There is n.o e11d to lear11ing arid }'OU sho11ld think of the co1npletion of your education here a.s only a con1mencen1e11t to the seco11d chapter of yo11r assign­ ment in life. We hope that you will keep apace with the latest achievements in tl1e field of Public Healtl1 wh· icl1 is 1as fast cl1angi11g in :the twentieth century as tJhe other 1disciplir1es. Y1011 sh· o11ld also try to ,enrich your knowledoe by what you ca11 acquire from the enviro11b ment yo11 work i11 and the people you serve. Imparting your experience to you1· College where it can be dis­ cusse- d .and d-ebated, no.t only benefits those who will follow yo11r footsteps b11t in a larger measure will serve your country a11d people.

During the last year's g1·aduation ceremo11y, \Ve said that this college is producing young men and - 219 -

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wo111c11 cL11)al)le <)f co11Jbatti11g . 11a11's deadly enemy ,,,l1icl1 is cl{sc,1sc. �-/ t>LL sl10L1ld� tl1erefo1·e, be 1·eady a11ct I)reparcci to figl1t Vlitl.t dete1·111i11::1tio11 j11 this war agai11st dise,lse. A solc.1i.er }Jt·erJ�11·c:;ci [01· wa1· sl10L1ld 11ot cx1)ect to get tl1c� c:ort1fc:rt v1r1ic]1. l1c 1.1.sL1ally e11joys in time of l)e,tce. 1-Ie sl10L1lci, l1ovvr�v<.:;1·, r�1obil.i�e l1i� 1ne11tal a11d jJJ1ysic,11 re:;ot1r(;es -111 c:cJ-()J}f�.r,11.1r>i1 vv11t]1 his fellow 111an Lt) ovcrvvl1f;lr:1 ttis foe ·v\1itl1 cic,.c:ic.atio11 a11(i co11rage. ;\.. s i1 i:; Lt11rc,t��()11�1blc tr). c�o11te11cl tl1at c.ii.sease is i11vi11cibJe 7 )'OLt sJ1c>L1lci ]1;:tve tl1e clete1·rni11,1tio11 a11d te11c:1city to cle,11 witl1 it SLtc�cessftilI.j'. Tl1e cclt1catio11 \Vhicl1 )'OL1 l1a,;c ;:1cqt1irccl. is )'OLtt f:ffccti, 1e \1/C:ctpo11 i11 this cr1111J),1i!l11. lr1 (}rcler to SLL[JJiJ.c:rr1e11t t.f1e se1·,1ices w11ich )iOL1 rc11dcr tc) tl1c people arid 1;el tl1e clesircd res11lt, you sJ10L1lcl <.�coy,c:1 ate l1r1cl \iV<.)ri( �ls 011e tea111 at tl1 e JJrovin­ c i ,1 I le v c·. i. ,,.11 l t l 1 scJ:i C)<)1 teac11crs, "lgric� LI1 t tir al ,111d rr1ra I l:c)r:-111'l LI 11 it y c!c\1 elop111e11t t111its ,111 cf o f-ficj als of tl1e ·Mi•

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t'l'i tr,1·1r>1· .r11"t· \., r.,,, l·-;. i·\ ........ '' .

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fr 0;1c of ,1 J),1ir or oxe11 L!11(ic1· 011e yolce hc:1ppens lo be t111rL1'ly cit1ri11g tl1c t)lot1gl1i11,g peri()d, tl1e expected l1"1r\.'CSt ,vill be f,1r less tl1,L11 origi11a.lly e11visagecl. Sir11i­ de-. natio11al l,1rly � L111Iess tl1ose i11 of }'OLI JJartici1J,lti11g , \1 ClOJ)1nc11 t e11cle,1 ,;c) t1 rs cc)-O Jerate a11cl 'ilO rl< l1ar1110111 l <) L1sly ,vitl1 011e ,111 othe..r, tl1c develo1J111e11t a11d progress <)f tl1e 11atio11 ,vill be ::1clvcrsely ,1ffectecl. 'r' ot1 11a ve bee11 tr,1i11ecl bLtsically to ser,,e yoL1r fel­ lov\' cot1r1try111cn ct11cl yot1r air11 sl1ot1lcl tl1ereforc be b,tsecl 011 this JJre1nise wJ1erc,,er yoL1 1nay be assig11ec.i to work. \Ve arc pJc,tseci to l1ave le,1r11t tl1at there c:1re for111c1 - gr,1dL1,1tes of tl1is College, ,vl10, ·afte1· l1 avi11g serv�d _ _ tl1c1r 11c.1t1tJr1, I1�1vt� jc)i11cd tl1(� l\i[cdical F',lc11lty at Haile Se];.1ssic _1 U11ivcrsity ,t11cl arc gr,1cl11,1ting as 111edic,1l cl()c�tors 111 tl1e very 11ear fLtlt1re. Tl1is is 11ot 011Iy a ��20

COMESTIC

sourc·e of p1·ide for you and yot1r colleagues bt1t ,1lso for the College.

We recall tl1at lctst year We ordered Ot1r Minister of :Pt1blic I-Iealth tc.) stt1dy a11c] 1·e1Jort to Us con­ cer1:i !1g t.he worki11g co11ditio11s a11d develop111e1.1t oppor­ tL1n1.t1es o:f the gradt1ates t1.( tl1,is C ollege. In accordance ·witl1 tl1is decisio11, ar1 i11tensi,,e · st11dy has been. made tal(i11g i11to co11side1·atio11 all cl,1ssified f)Ltblic l1ealtl1 pe1·sonne1. Followi11g t11is stt1dy We l1ave ar>1)rO'Jed a11d autl101·ized the ado1Jtil)J1 1 effective buclget,1rj ) e,t1: 1963 E.C., of a 11ew salary scale. Tt sl1ould be rlotecl that a r::1ise ir1 yot11· salaries \Vas n1rtde ir1 a.ccorc1ar1ce \Vith the r1e\i\1 salary scale clespite certai11 difficLl1til;S. \Ve felt tl1at it shoL1ld be do11e ir1 l<eeping with 011r f;fforts v'1hicl1 2.re directed to the adva11ce111ent and 'iNell-bei11g of Our people. Yot11· ap1Jreci::1.tio!�1 o.f this i� to co111e only tl1rot1.gh yoL11· ft1tt1re 11a1·cJ \7vo1·l,. \A/hat i11deed co111cl satisfy tl1e co11sc:ier1c.e more tl1an J1el·r)in� the r1e,�cJy a.11ci Cl.1ri11g t11e sicl{?

111 tt1,1111(i11.g tl1e �;taff <)f this Collcg� \Nho 111ade tl1is claJ, IJossilJ1e, \Ve r�r(1y tr1at tl1e A1rn.i�11tv wi11 help yot1 i11 the ft1l·fil111e11t of )'Oltr task \Vl1icl1 lir::s 2-.l1ead.

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·cJNIVEI{SJ.�!,Y GRADU;\.TI()N 1·r gives Us great 1?leasL11·� to be amo11.gst you today .

1 ry ev ye · (] e vV s n t1o lt1a �1c gr r t1 � yo e1· ov ? e id to pres � � We (�c) 11gratL1latc yc>tt 011 tl11s occ,1s1c)11_ fc)1· being 1s ot 1t1 e1 r c)f st. ·s a1 ye 1 11g 10 1· te a.f gi sta � is th c t ,1 1·e able to f t1r yo o er ot 1 cl w 11e a 11g 11i in eg b · : � c · a1 t1 yo y la . oc woi·]( T _ cl ge ld be ]t 1ll w u yo n he v1 f of 1· fa t 11o life and the day is fo1· yot11· wo1·tl1. ·- 221 .. ·

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·yoL1 l·1,1\1e SJJC11t 1nost of tl1e past ye,t1·s aicled ar1(I c.t(!viscc! L1y y()Ltr te,1cl1ers i11 tl1e library and in tl1e la­ bor:1t{)I")'. Bt1t (lo yc)tt k11ow wl1,1t is ex1Jected of yot1 as <)f tod,1J,? Is cacJ1 011e of yoL1 reacly to clischa1·ge the res!J011sibility laicl t1po11 yoti'? 011ce yo11 a1·e out of sc}1c)ol, tc) fi11d a 11s\vers to tl1ese '"l 11cl si111ilar questio11s, J)re�st1re of ti111e ,t11cl tl1e 11,1tt1re ()i: v\1ork 111,1y riot allow _ \1ot1 t<) Jool( i1.1to bc)ol<s ,111rJ clsl< teac11e1·s. Tl1erefore, )'OLJ shot1lcl rc,11ize ,ts of 11c)\\' tl1at yot1 are alo11e on tl1e roc1cI vVe s,t_\ r tl1is l1ecaL1se w·e trt1st tl1at yot1 ha,,e, while 21t tl1c ·u11i\1ersit\'� see11 tl1at trt1tl1, far-sigl1tedness, �111d l()_y,1lity 1111.1st re1Jlace perso11a1 l11x11ry a11d l1011est)' · c:0111fort i,1 tl1e ])rOC(-��s of 11atio11,1l develop1ne11t. ·Evc11 as ::l u·11i\1ersity is the cross-.roads of livi11g !, 11<)\,\/lcclge� fr<J111 tl1is University 111t1st co111e 111en and W<)111 t� 11, cci Lt i pJJec.1 ,vi t 11 tl1e 1Jerce1Jti,re11ess to cliag11ose tl1c JJr{)blc!11s c)f tl1e cot111trJ, a11cl caJ)able of l1el1Ji11g clc,1 cll(: tl1c li,1i11g sta11cl,1rcl of Ot1r JJeople to tl1e level tl1r1t 111ocler11ity rcc.7t1ircs. A l' so ·fro111. tl1is U11iversity 111t.1st co111c 1)eo1Jle. ahlc tc) JJreserve 011r ct1ltt1ral l1erj­ t,1.gc l)>' JJr<)111<1ti11g tl1at \\rl1 icl1 cleserves to be retai11ed (.lllCI i111 1)r0\1 i11g lll)Oll oll1crs. rrl1is is ,vl1at We expect fr<)111 Or1r ·u11i\1crsity. So clocs tl1c ft1tt1re ge11eratio11.

As <)11c of tl1c 111c,tsL1 res of tl1e U 11i,,e1·sity's pro­ gress is tl1e 11t1111bcr ()f its graclt1,1tcs, it is, i 11cleed, gra­ t if)1i11g; tc) 'll<)tc tl1,1 l :.t l,1rger 11 Lt111 bcr are gradt1ati11g tl1is ye,1r tl1"111 ever t,efore. - tl1is 111e,111s, in IJart, a11 a11s,ver l<) tl1e clc111c111cl fc.)r 111a11JJOWer \\'C 11eed i11 the str11ggle f<)r 11c1tio11al cle,,elo1J111e11t.

1�011ctl1clcss, 111cre 1111111 ber sl1ot1ld 11ot take pre­ ccc.l,211cc over cxcc1Ic11ce - tl1t1s 'vVe wis]1 011r U11iversi­ ly grc1(lt1ates to l)e l1arcl ,,1 orl(i 11 u- cledicated a11 d trL1tl1� fLil citize11s ,111cl 11ot '11;;1Jf-lJ,1l<ecl :�ossips lackino- i11 i11io .

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tiative and ,1bility to tra11 s]ate into action \vl1at they l1ave lea1·nt.

Etl1iopia has a l1isto1·y tl1a.t We are prottd of. But _ unless tl1e past 1s relatecl to tl1e JJ1�ese11t development ,111d gro�tl1 of Ot11· country, it could adversely affect Ot1r ,1cl11cve111ents. Ot1r tJeople h.ave co1nc to wl1ere tl1ey are 110w gt1idecl by tl1e i1111ate k11owledge, wisdom and cot1rage of tl1eir forefatl1e1·s. We are also pleasecl to see tl1e deter1ni11ecl and 1111ited actions of Ot1r peo­ ple, who l1 ave 1·ealized that it is tl11·ot1gh edt1cation that Ethiopia ca11 attai 1 1 its rightft11 place in tl1e wo1·ld.

Ho\vever, there still remains m11ch to be do11e.

Tl1e st1·t1ggle can be · gi ve11 ,impett1s ancl be gt1ided i11 tl1e rigl1t directio1 1 by u11iversity gradt1ates whose searcl1 fo1· trt1th, We believe, l1as instilled i11 the1n .....greater ideals.

Missi11g tl1e basic objectives of edt1cation, thereby damaging the 1111ity of the people, sl1ort-si,ghtedness a11d followi11 g ways that \,V()111cl lead yotrr country to destrt1c­ tion - tl1ese ,,,ol11d m.e,111 a total v1aste o:f t·he ti1ne yo11 h.ave spent on edL1cation.

K11owi11g 011ly tl1at Et}1iopia is one of tl1e de\1e­ loping 11ations is not enot1gh; nor wot11d talking ztbo11t her t1nderdevelo1J1ne11t, a11cl adn1iring otl1er co11ntries' advance111 e11t bring a11y so111.t.ion to the proble1ns of Etl1iopia's progress. It is yot11· respo11sibi]ity to fi11d ways a11cl 1neans of 1·aisi11g l1er to tl1e level of tl1ose developed cot1ntries.

Marvelli11g at tl1e st1itable geographic,ll setting of Ethiopia ,ind 1111tapped 1ni11e�·a1 wealtl1 is 11ot e11ot1gl1, _ eitl1e1·; no1· does tl1is l1elp Eth1op1a develop. We sl1011lcl _ 1·ealize the dionity of labottr a11 d wo1·k with ,111 our· O 1night to 8,1ve otrr co11ntry �rom being a n1ere market _ place for foreign goocls. Tl11s ca11 be acl11eved by pro-- 223 -

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ctuci11g tecl111ic,tlly sl<illed JJeople able to exploit OLlr rr1i11eral resoL1rccs.

A J1u11gry 1)e1·so11 ca1111ot be a1J1)eased by 111ereJ), bci11g told aboL1t 11is ht1.11ger; �i111ilc1rl;1, wl1at Ethio_p,ia 11ecds is 11ot ,1 pe1·so11 wl10 can t,111c about her proble1-n� bL1t so111eo11e ·wl10 js dete1�111i11ecl to se1·ve he1· ,¥ith e11tl1usias111, 1·e-i11spi1·ed ·b.Y l1er lor1g and glo1·ioL1s l1istor)' .and s11Ltrreci by tl1e 1)rese11t gaJ;. 'Tl1is ca11 best be 1na11ifesteci riot i11 word� l)t1t 1.11 clt·:i�ds. 'I.(ot1r cor1\1ictiort to 111.:�lJ? tl1e c:o L111try rn Llt3t t)r.; cl 1.:;in (j,rtstr;:1 tc�cl j 11 yo Ll.r de­ ter111 ina ti 011 to wo:rJ<:. '1-o clo t!-1at, :yot1 Ji1t1st, ir1stead of worki11g fr)1· fJerso11r:tl enc.ls, tr_)i.l fo1· tl'lc� co.111111 unity a11d co1n.mon res tilts. ·:r·11is ,votll(i, i1'J tc1rn, call for ctedicatio11 to live, work a11d sc�1�vc ir1 tl1e 1·tLral cLreas \Vr1ere it is less c�o111fortal11e. TJ1is c:tgair1 1vvot1lcl be seer1 i11 tl1� frltits of yoi.1r L1r1clericl_Jcir1gs a11cl r1r_,t i11 \vl1F.tt o(l1ers �·.a.y abot1t t!1e111 or sec j,_1 tl1ei11. \1/e 11ave s,ticl 111,111y ,t ti111e tl1at sir11ply ad111iring otl1e1�s' o.cl1icve111e11ts is not only _pl,1yi11g the 1·ole of a r11ere l)arasite bttt is alsc) tl1e prc1clice of idlers. It was ir1 tI1e iJ1tcr.ltio11 (Jf r!()l l)cir1g .. a rr1cre a(·i1r1irer of tl1c clcl1ic,1 e111e11ts of otJ:1crs, ,lrJ.cl ir1 tl1<� 1·ealizrttio11 tl1c1t it was edL1caticl11 tl1at hcts l,1·0L1gl1t tl1e r:te·veiorJed world to j t. s prese11t stage, t11at vVc e11de::tvot1red ·to exJ>a11d. cdl1catio11. i11. 011r co1111try.

Wl1e11 \1/e spca]( of cclt1cctti()11, We tl!re 11ot refer­ ri11g to tl1e ecl11catio11 011ly co11fi11e(l to -tl1e fot1r \v,1lls of �1 c;lassroo111 111.1t t<.) tl1:::Lt ·t_yr1� vvl1icl1 ca11 l1ave (l clirt�ct 1111pc1ct on the bctter1r1er1t of t:l1c· Ii\1i 11 g of 1ns co11 ditjc •0Ltr l)eO!)le.

If \VC WOLlld or1ly SLtbstitLlt(� v\'itl1 I-1(.trd \V()rlc i11 Ollf respective fic]cls tl1e ti111c t::1.l<e11 b�>' 111ere t,111( of otl1e.rs:· cldVa11ce111ents, WC \"'OLI]CJ. 11,l\'e tllC OpJ)Ol'tlllll.ty to SCf­ COI1.C!·ete rcs11lts of p1·ogrcss ir1 ou1· 0\\'11 cou11tr.)7 �111d · 224-

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talk wit� pride about it. That such opportunities can 1 be pr-0v1ded� by yo1ng Ethiopians like you, trained in modern sc1e11ce, prepared to apply modern administra­ tive tech�iques, dedicated and ready to involve ,themselves 1n tl1e strt1.?gle for ot1r n-ational development, must be nev.er borne iJ:11 mmd. a11d Our people, We, on qu1· part, gave the you . . pr1vtlege of edt1cation tl1at many of your brothers and sisters could not have. It is your duty in turn to impart this privilege to the 1·est of your brothers and sisters.

It is also your obligation to devise the best ways of shari11g it. It is yours again to counter the problems.

You -sl1ould, 1:herero1.1e, be guided by -the courage, determination, loyalty iand hone�ty passed down ,through generations, t1·an.slate v,hat yo11 have acquired from school into action to help your country and your peo­ ple.

You are expected to paa·ticipa.te full11 in the na­ tional struggle for de,.reloprrient, t() exr�iolt 1J]e :i1.atura1 resources a11d 1:ill tlie green)' fert.ile la11t{l .C'J! uUi' C{)11ntnr, 9 lest Ethiopia be a "l1a:\re,-:not ·v1hen it actt1all�/ has all tl1.e potentialities for d.e,1e1oprnent.

You already kr1ow that it is not only the know­ ledge you have acqt1ired from books tha.t yo11 will need for your work. No do11bt you will need a deep under­ standing especially of the nature and � onditions of your nt me lop ve l de na tio na 1· ou of s lem ob pr e th s .

A try cqun vary from place to place and from time to �e, t�e ll ns wi tio lu so d an ts en m ve ro 1p in s rd wa to es ch oa pr ap have to vary accordingly. Y011 can learn a great deal . ol ho sc of t ou e ar u yo ce on s 11r vo ea 1d e1 h from s11c ise e w th of u d yo in m 1·e to e lik 1ld o1 w e W ·e e1 H , ho es w ·at c1 r, So he ac -te er ph so ilo ph t ea gr t1 1 e ng of sayi said: - 225 -

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Whatever autho1·ity I niay have rests solely on k 11 orvi11g hor1, little I knorv.

We \Vould like to ren1ind yot1 once again that it is tl1rougl1 developing self-confidence and striving for in­ dependence fron1 otl1ers that one can be free from blame or fear.

Si11ce the existence of a t1niversity is to serve the con11nu11ity tl1at it is i11, it follows that the progress of st1ch a university 111 ust be in line with the country's eco­ no111ic development; and it must produce graduates with the spirit to serve and able to accept responsibility and be dynan1ic leaders.

But, of course, since any t1niversity is basically en­ trusted witl1 the task of the advancement of the fron­ tiers of knowledge, its duties and obligations should not be limited to a certain nation - it exists for the development of scie11ce and its application to the wel­ fare of n1ankind in gene1·al.

A u11iversity whicl1 fails in its dt1ty to fulfil such respo11sibilities is a source of k11owledge only in name.

Tl1e essence of a tiniversity worthy of the name lies 11ot only in its strt1ctt1re bt1 t a1so in its competence, tl1rough researcl1, to expand science and technology for the welfare of mankind. We expect no less of Our University. A t1niversity, as a social n1irror, must be able to reflect weak1 1esses and st1·engtl1s, vices and vir­ tt�es, of a society throt1gh the written a1 1d spoken n1e­ dia.. Constrt1 ctive criticisn1 assists improvement. On tl1� otl1er hand, if it is only to destroy \vhat l1as bee? btlilt, tl1e clan1age it 111 ay b 1·ing abot1t is 011ly too evi­ dent.

It 111t1st be �eal�zed tl1at it takes only a short ti1n e to destroy orga111zat1011s a11d i11stitt1tio which needed ns great effort and a tre111e11dous an1o unt of n1oney to - 226 -

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build.. What is feared n1ost today , in fact , .

1s the capa. b·1·t 11 y ·o f m? der11 sc1e11ce to destroy ·the civilizati th o n a t took mankind tl1ousands of years to build. It is easy to see today tl1at knowledge ca11 be used both to build and to destroy.

T e1 l1 ·e fo 1·e , tl 1e n1 ai11 objectives of Our national . .

Un1vers1ty an d ?tl1�1- i11stitutions of higher learning that We 1nay establ1sl1 1n the ft1tu1·e, should be to harness k11owledge towards i1np1·ovements and development.

Tl1e p1·og1·ess made i11 Ot1r University and its fu­ ture t:lan as We have closely observed it, and as you l1ave Just hea1·d, encou1·ages and strengthens Ot1r hope for furtl1e1· expansio11.

However, this can l1a1·dly be enough. It is only 1 whe11 this plan is translated into actio11 tl1at Ne can say it has bee11 fulfilled.

We are particl1larly plea_sed to see Our University gr_a·d11ating 1nedic�.l doctors fo.r ti1e seco11d tin1e a11d to l1ear that the 11�.1rtiber of me.di,;al dtJ:t�to:rs to grad1iate will increase substa11tia.1Xy i11 the coming y1�a.r� . To tha.t end We have ordex·ed tl!a.t tb.e con�rtrut�tion of the: Prin­ ce Makon11e11 Memorial Hospital be accelerated and for the Medical Faculty to enroll more students so as to be able to pt·oduce 1no1·e doctors. · The· expansion of l1igl1e1· educatio11, like that of any other 11ndertaking, should not suffer·, in its endea­ vour to be self-.r·eliant, fron1 over-dependence on foreig11 a·ssistance.

All tl1e business organizations established in Our cot111try, well-to-do Ethiopians an� foreigners, _ and all those who have be11efited from higher education can lend a l1and i11 this endeavot11· by donating land, money a11d othe1· assets. And it is p1·oper. It is a fact that many well known t1niversities l1ave grown 011 such ge- 227 -

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11erOllS I1elp. It was to be an exainple that We do11ated Our personal property, the Gt1enete Leul Palace, to be a site fo1· the U11iversity.

111 ge11e1·al, all the prodt1cts of the University are expected to l1elp Ot1r cot111try find ways for economic developme11t - and participation in this endeavot1r is 11ot onl)' l1el1Ji11g the 11atio11, bt1t it is also a sacred sacri­ fice.

Only wl1e11 tl1is Unive1·sity has thoroughly Ethio­ l)ia11ised itself and l1as 1net the den1and of the national eco110111y for skilled 111a11power, can We say it has at­ tai11ed the goal tl1at We desi1·e for it.

Tl1e progress already made towards this e11d, tl10L1gh not st1fficient yet, ca11 be said to be i11 tl1e right direoti·on.

Tl1e 1·ealizatio11 of all these presupposes under­ standi11g witl1in tl1e University comn1t1nity itself, and co-operation of tl1e Unive1·sity, tl1e Government and tl1e I)eople as a wl1ole. We are pleased today, just as yot1 are, that yo11r acl1ievements are the rest1lts of such a concerted effort.

We tl1ank all frienclly 11ations, organizations and otl1ers for assisting so that Ot1r efforts bear frt1it - in partict1lar yot11· teache1·s and otl1er University staff 111e1nbers wl10, i11 acco1·dance with tl1e 1·esponsibility cl1arged 11po11 then1, have b1·ougl1t yo11 to this stage, and tl1c. Boa1·cl of Gover1101·s, who ' ,i11 addition to thei.r assigned tasks, ·tireless!y directed the boeneral admi, 111strative dt1ties of the instit11tion. reFi11ally, to tl1ose gradt1ati11g today, We sl1ould . l 1n111c yot1 011ce agai11 tl1at yot1 are to be a sot1rce of pleast1re to yot1r {Jare11ts, of p1·ide to yot11· teachers, of l1011otir to Y<)11r lovi11gl)1 ex1Jectant cot1nt1·y, good exain- 228 -

· DOlvlESTIC 4 follow those ng responsible ou1 footsteps and to les � � � 1n all your u11dertak1ngs 1n the futt1re.

May tl1e Almighty help you so that your ft1ture is t1·t1e to yot1r and 011r expectations.

July 6, 1970

DEDICATING TfIE JOI-IN F. KENNEDY LIBRARY Ethiopia, as is well-known, has a script whose ori­ gin dat· es back to the pre-CJ1ris-tian era, and an ancient literary tradition that has passed down to us from ge11eration to generation without inter1·uption. This heri­ tage should be a sot1rce of pride and satisfaction to present gene.ration of Ethiopians. However, i, t is also .the responsibility and obligation of this generation to im­ prove and to en1i.c.h the quality and magnit11de of this literary heritage.

History tells !J1S that.� in tl1e sixteenth ce11tury, li­ braries existed in Ethiopia not only in the 1nonasteries but also at cou.rt. The effort which the Ethiopian Ern­ perors of the past ce11tu1·ies had made towards preserv­ ung ou·r lite11ary ·legacy is a .11oble deed whloh shall al­ ways be remembered in tl1e annals of Ethiopian his­ tory. Empero1· Galawedeos wl10 had allocated 10,000 woquets or ounces of gold for the purchase of books, the r11ins of a building known as the Library of Tsa­ dique Yohannes of Gondar and the efforts made by Emperors Theodros and Menelik II to gather an_ d col­ lect books a11d library works, all stand clear testimony to their devotion to the aforementioned task.

Ever since We were chosen by the Almighty to guide the· destiny of Our country, W� have spar�d no . efforts to ,add to ,and develop our li,terary tradition.

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From the time of Ot11· 1·egency, We have been preocct1pied a11d e11gaged in establishing mode1·n scl1ools, pri11• tii1g presses, pt1blic a11d school lib1·aries . Our establish­ ment of libraries has contributed in1mensely to Ot1r efforts whi1ch a1,e direc t· ed ·to ,the enlightenment of Our people and tl1ei1· matu1·ity and educatio11.

Ol1urcl1es and mona-ste1·ies have 110 doubt played and a1·e s1till playing a sig11ificant role in enriching and pre­ se1·ving Ethiopian history and liter·auure by protecting tl1e a11cient m·an·uscripts and by 1·eprod11cing these natio­ nal trea-su1·es 011 pa1·cl11ne11t. In our p1·esent day and age, whe· 11 Btl1iopia's friends ,ar-e n1any, when help can be sougl1t i11 this 1·egard, tl1e wo1·k on the preservation of,,anoienit Bnhiopian library works ,sh· ould be car1·ied out with even greater care and diligence. We have at times iJ..earlllt with rieg-ret tha·t s o· 1ne of our ,anoient manuscripts and relics of antiquity \have ,bee11 smuggled out of our country and sold by indiv:.iduals \V!ho are obsessed and guided by 'Selfish motives. If such 1·egrettable iand egoisti­ cal pec11niary tendencies are given p1·ecedence to na­ tio11al interest, Our country will event11ally suffer great damages in this 1·egard. It is the responsibility and obligation of each and ·eve1·y Etl1iopian, the1·efore, to see to �t that he or she is not begttiled by pe1·sonal interest.

It 1s tl1rot1gh tl1e legacies handed over to us by past generatio�s t �at we can co11fidently speak with pride about Eth1op1a's ct1ltt11·e and ricl1 t1·adition. We sl1ould not have to ·trav·el ·abr,oad iin -sea1·0I1 of material concern­ tin·g our culnural l1eDitage :and llistory; -but rather s�holars frio1n overseas shottld come ,and make t11eir .studies here :in Et}1,iopia . 'Dhis library w-hich We are to inaugurate today a·nd similar nation·al centres can serve ,as resou1·ce­ ft1l places for suol1 purposes. This can · only be real- 230 -

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ized 'if the g?odwill and co-operation of all concerned can be ·obtained.

A Sa11ctuary Nowadays, a modern library is primarily concern­ ed with furnishing it·s readers with extensive materials on 1all ,subje· ots wl1iol1 can facilitate 1�esearol1 and the acquirement of profou11d knowledge. We · are confident tl1at this libra1�y can meet fully the needs of its beneficiaries in full measure in this connection.

This beat1tiful and modern structure which ho11ses t·he library of Our natio11·al t1niversity is a symbol of the future and is also a clear evidence of Ethiopia's· deter­ mination and dedicated efforts in her forward march for prog1:ess and 1nodernity. It is a sanctuary where the s·tudents of the 1111iversity will be spending a greater part of their time to enricr1 'their kno'Nledge and broad­ en tl1eir perspective., }3ooks � as We ha,ve alr�a.r1Jr said time and again, n.o·urist1 the mincl. It i,�1, t!1{jt·efor.·e. t1p to the students of this university and tl1e pt1blic alilce to make full use of tl1e modern facilities of this J....,ibra1·y to enable them to b1·ighten their vision which is impo1·t­ ant for their development and growtl1.

It is fitting and proper· to 11ame this library after the la:te ·Pr· esident John Fi·tzger:ald · Kennedy whose v:ision, wgour, · cou.11age ,and above all his dedication and struggle for the 'dignity of man, for the cause of free­ dom and independence, have endeared him in Ot1r country, in Africa and in the rest of the world. He shall long be remembered by all of us, and \/-(e in par­ . ticular shall never forget the warm fnendsh1p he had for us' and Our people. The presence today. of Mrs. Rose Kennedy, the mother of the late President, and - 231 -

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I1is sister Mrs. Sn1ith fo1· the inauguration of this Li­ brary is a visible manifestation of that friendship.

Your being with Us has given great significance and meaning to this occasion. We can only say ho\v pleased We are to l1ave you here in Our midst.

In co11clusio11, We wish to take the opportunity of this happy occasion to extend Our deep thanks to the Government of the United States of America and the Ford Fot1ndation for their substantial and useful co11tribt1tion towards tl1is Library. This monument of lasting benefit shall stand as a living example of the ever-growing cooperation and friendship existing between the Governments and the peoples of the United States of America and Ethiopia. In also thanking all those who have helped in the preparation of the plan and the construction work of this building, We declare this Library open.

July 23, 1970

AT BAHR DAR INSTITUTE Mindful that both academic and technical education with all their ramifications are basic require­ ments for the economic growth of a country, We have gi¥�n g�eat emphasis 1to 1the developmenit of our human capital 1n Our endeavours of nation building. It gives Us pleasure to note that the educational programme We launched at all levels is bear-ing fruit. Tl1e fact that V:e are present here, today to preside over the gradu�­ t1on cere�ony �o award tl1e graduating class of this P·olytechn1c Institute with diplomas gives momentum to Otir endeavours in tl1is regard ' ,a measure which also adds to Our satisfaction.

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This Bahr Dar Polytechnic Ins.titute which is jointly run by the Government of Ethiopla and the and nly o as w past, established .S.R., recent �he in . . � � � _ It IS gratifymg to observe that many technicians have already been train�d and graduated in the span of the las·t few years. It IS Our expressed l1ope that throuoh the expanded cooperation of our two Governments in 1lhis field of endeavoU11· ·the D{U1l1ber of graduates from tl1is Polytechnic Institute will increase from year to y�'lr. I·t is proper to take the opportunity of tlus l1appy occasion to thank the Government of the U.S.S.R. for its useful and beneficial help. We are confident that tl1e areas of cooperation existing between our two countries, on which we have almost identical views, will gi·ow and develop i11 tl1e years to come always for the mutual benefit of our tv10 countries and peoples. It is worth noting het·e that o·u1· recent talks in Moscow with t}1e Pre0id.ent of tl1e PI·esidi.um of the U.S.S.R. hav.e gi,ie)11 lJs mi��cl1 ho:1,,� f:01· the f11rther expansion of tl1e ,ecc�E],(truic� i·elatioris already existing between our two cc)untr.ies .

We should not forget that it is through the expansion and promotion of science 3.nd technology that the developed countries have been able to raise the standard of 1iving of tl1eir 1·espective peoples and to 1·each their prese11t stage of development. The dramatic and admirable progr,ess which Japan has been able to aohiev,e in less tl1an three clecades, especially after World War II, has enabled her to be among the ranks of the leading industrial nations in the world. There is a lot that we in Ethiopia can learn and adapt from the Japanese experience in tlus regard. That i� :"hy We have given great importance to Our recent visit_ to Japan and have seen to it that the areas of cooperation - 233 -

betwce11 ot1r cot111t1·ies exp,111d to tl1e 111L1tt1al advantage of ot1r two peoples. If we i11 Etl1iopia a1·e set in the r. ight directio11 tl1e qt1estion of accelerated development vvill no doubt be self-ge11erati11g. We sl1ould, however, bear i11 n1i11d tl1at t1nless the acqt1isition of knowledge is coupled with a desire to wo1·k, no ta11gible 1·esult can be obtained. It is, therefo1·e, essential tl1at you, the gra, dt1ating class, sl1ot1ld, i11 your futt1re a1s·signments, think a11d work 11101·e fo1· tl1e be11efit of yot1r country a11cl people tl1a11 for yot1r i11dividt1al interests. Because of the impo1�tance We attacl1 to tl1is Institute, We always watcl1 yot11· progress closely and with keen i,11terest. We ofte11 co111e to this place 11ot only to award diplo111as bt1t also to 1·e1nind yot1 of the heavy respon­ sibilities a11d obligatio11s that await you. Yot1r respon­ sibilities are great, a11d yo11r country's expectations of yot1 a1,e also great. W. e 1·emind you ·of your respon­ sibili1ties beoat1se, ,as ,trained craftsn1 e11 , ·the country expects 1nuch fron1 yot1. Eve1·y Etl1iopian has his share in tl1is 11atio11al 1·espons'ibility, bt1t tl1e i1nportant thing is to bear in 1nind what leadership and responsibility entail.

Se1-ve Witl1 Ho11estv J

Fail not yoLtr coL111t1·J, a11d give the t1t111ost of yot1rselves to tl1e service of yo11r cot111try. Let l1011esty �nc � devotion be the gt1icli11g force i 11 yot1r \Vork, for 1 t 1 s 011ly v.rl1e11 these vi rt Lies are e111ployed i11 ft1ll 111 �<15ti re tl1at yot1 c,111 l1elp i11 tl1e ft1lfiln1e11t of the _ obJectives of yot1r cot111try's eco11on1ic and social deve­ lo1)n1e11t progra1nn1e.

It is evide11t t11a t 111a11 i11 l1is lifeti111e is bot1nd to · y eabl ang ei1cot111te1· pleast1re a11d l1ardship i11terch - 234 -

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Dt1ri11g tr)rii1g 1110111ents 011e ot1ght to overco111e tl1ese pai11ful pe1·i�ds with patie11cc and persevcra11ce despite 1nt1cl1 st1f�er1 11g. 01 1 tl1e otl1e1· l1a11cl, wh.en one is fully blessed \V 1tl1 11atL11·e's e11do\vme11ts one shot1ld not solely be given to pleast11·e bt1t r·ather be self-restrained and pleast1 1·e p1·ecipitates laziness, one t1seful. As excessive _ s-hot1lcl t1·y to avoid bei11g a victim of it.

D t11·i1 1g yot11· stay in tlus Institt1te you l1ave no cloubt acqt1ired profot111d k11ovvledge and the necessary technical ·skills. Hovveve1·, ·dt11·jng yot1r period of app1·e11·ticesl1ip yo11 shot1ld not fail to coope1·ate fully \\1ith )'Ot11· s11periors and t1·y a11d i 11c1·ease your know­ ledge a11d capacity while at work. As you have worked hard to 1·eacl1 tl1e present level of yol1r education, you shot1ld also be prepared in the f t1tu1·e to \York with se1·io11s11ess a11cl ten,lcity·. T11is \\'ill no doL1bt co11tribt1te inunensely to your pe1:sonal gro\vth a11.d s11ccess. We need l1ardly re111ind. y·.Jtl ()f 110,:v to succeed \vitl1 ti1e kind of trai1 1ing yot1 recei11e-::l i11 tl1ls �!11stitt1te.

We vvish yotl to l(11ow that whatever 1net1s11re We l1ave take11 i11 tl1e cou1·se of your stt1dies t1ere was n1eant, pri1narily, to l1elp yo11 to mat11re in edL1ca.tion a11d e11able yot1 to develop yoL1r r1atL1ral inclinations to becon1e good a11d t1seft1l citizens. We also vvant yo11 to r-ealize that wl1atever co11tribt1tions you 1nake should be in the 11atio11al i11te1·est. Ge11eratio11s con1e and gene­ rations pass, bt1t 011ly tlirot1gh lasti11g co11trib11tions can 011e oene1·ation's co11tribt1tion to another be considered a la;i 11g l1eritage. The Etl1iopian people have n1ain­ tained tl1ei1� 1111ity with persevera11ce and co11rage and they are pro119 of tl1ei1· age-old heritage. . C?ur fore­ _ fathers ,have without ,tri·bal and ethnic pre1ud1ces, and through thei� stro.ng belief ·that in 11nity lies strength, - 235 -

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worked . i n unison and ·thereby managed to hand ovei· the country to present generation Ethiopians.

It is, in turn, you1· sacred duty to be true to this great tr.adition. We hope that you1r education has equip ped you to understand n1ore fully t�ese bare facts . We are confident that your cultural heritage and the educatio n which you have been fortunate to acquire will enable you to become useful to yourselves and to your country.

The suocess in your st11dies sl1ould be reflected in all the -endeavours that you wlH ,unde11take in the develop­ ment of y,ou·r ooun;try. May th·e Almighty guide iand help you in all your fu·rther undertaki11gs which are directed f01· the good a11d well--being of your fellow-countrymen.

Fi11ally, We thank the staff and all those who have contributed their time and energy to the successful completion of yot1r studies.

At1gust 16, 1970

THRONE SPEECH (1970) To bring rational change in the lives of Our people, various /Jrojects are being launched and acconiplished which may perhaps not be ,·eaclily obvious to a casical observer . . . .

We thank tl1e Almighty for enabling us all to obse�ve the 40th anniversary of Our Coronation! f�r blessing tl1e servic·es We have rendered to Etluopia ,si11oe We acceded to the 1throne of 0-ur forefathers ithrougl1 His w , ill and 1Vhe rwiisl1es of Our beloved people and for sa-, feguarding tl1e peace of our nation . a n Ab ss he Holine deauh � after His � long ·a illness of . al, w and B·aslllros, who Was Wt1th Us in times of tiiiumph - 236 -

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h�s ·gr�eyed our people deeply. A great man, blessed with d1V11n1e grace ·and sp- iritual pow,er, His Holiness has oon �tan,tly prayed for th· e ·well-being of his flock in particular and for w�r �d peace and security in general.

The loss of ot1r religious leader this year is indeed great; 1how,ever, w-e tShall ·always cherish his memory through the lofty and memorable deeds our spiritual father has left behi11d him.

Ever since We assumed the heavy mantle of leadership, the basic structu1�e of 011r government, incl11ding the constitution and the development pro­ grammes that W-e drew up for the 11ation, have opened the road to p1·ogress for our people and are presently leading them satisfactorily along the charted path.

Our people have, with the time and the means at thek dispos·al, 11ever desisted from participatit1g in various development projects th.a,t ar·e bound to ell11iance their progress without disturbing the spirit of thei1· long-st, anding freedom. find 111ut:1 \Vhlcl1 th,ey 11ave maintained with great vigilar1ce. We :have been encou.,. raged by the diJige11ce of our youth in the p1.rrsuit of, and their brilliance i11 1naste1·ing higher ed1-1cation.

Last year ot1r gove1·nment acJ:,Jevecl major projects in the economic, social and political fields . Niany deve­ lopment plans are proposed for this yea1·.

To bring about a 1·atio11al change in tl1e lives of our people, various projects are being lau11ched and accomplished which may perl1aps not be readily obvious to a casual observer. However, in accordance with ·tfhe Thi-rd Five-Year 1developm·ent Plan the Imperial Ethiopian Gov:ernment, in conj11nction with various private insititutions and agencies, has continued to expand its work to imp1·ove the livi.t1g conditions of Our people in ·£ields .Jike education, a-g1'iculture, ind11s-try,

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1ni11i 11g, highways, air a11d marine corn1nt1nicatio ns, electric light and power a11d water resources.

P1·elimi11a1·y Sh1clies

11 1 efforts bei11g n1ade by Ethiopia to develop her 11att1ra- l resources, it is evide 1 1t that the making of tl1orot1gh prelimi11a1 ·y stt1dies of tl1e tasks to be later t1 11dertake11 is indispensable. For tl1is reason vast sums of money were spent last year in carrying out studies 011 tl1e developn1ent of the count1·y's mineral and hydrological resot1rces . In accordance with plans drawn trp to t1ti·lize tl1e fo1·merly wasted \Vate1·s of the ot1tflow­ i11g 1·ivers of tl1·e country by co11d11cti11g studies on them with tl1e l1elp of friendly nations with a view to l1arnessi11g tl1eir po,ver, tl1e pote11tialities of the Wabi Shebelle, like tl1ose of tl1e Awash a 11d the Abbay i1 1 the past, are now t111der i 1 1vestigation. Similarly, the potentialities of tl1e Tekezie river in the field of l1ydro-electricity and irrigation farmi11g are being stt1died in accor-dance witl1 plans d1·awn tip to t1tilize tl1e resot1roes of otl1er rivers a11d lakes. When the project n1aterializes followi11g tl1e completion of these prelin1i11ary stt1 dies 011 tl1i-s 1·iver, tl1e l1ydro-electric 1 1eeds of tl1e people of tl1e 1 1ortl1ern provi1 1ces �,ill be fully 1net. St1 rveys to 11tilize tl1e resot1rces of the On10 River are also bei 1 1g cond-t1cted. Like\\rise, -the necessary st1 rvey stations l1ave bee11 established with the view to carrying 011t st11dies 0 1 1 \\'ays a 1 1d mea11s of t1tilizing tl1e resources of tl1e lakes of th e Rift Valley for the develop · 1nent of tl1e country. Water· drilli11g operations I1ave bee 1 1 i1 1te11sified i11 arid areas like the Ogade11, Bore1 1a, Issa, Yerer-Kereyt1 a1 1d Haikotcl1 ,1nd Bt1tajira to alleviate the ,vater· problen1s of tl1e people by making 1

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sufficient appropriations for these and other rural water resources development schemes.

-The Legadadi dam which we will inaugurate tomorrow, constructed at a total cost of about Ethio­ pian $ 35 million, will go a long way to alleviate the water shorvage of ,our ioapital ,city. T·he Mai Nefhi Dam oosting Ethiopian $ 10 million will be com·pleted within the next few months to meet the wate1· needs of the city of Asmara.

To provide towns i11 ot1r Empire with st1fficient electricity and to imp1·ove the existing facilities in order to provide enough light and power to meet the existi11g needs and to provide for future indt1st1·ia1 establishme11ts, considerable investme11t was n1ade last yea1·. A1nong the p1·ojects nearing con1pletion is the Finoha Hyd-r:oeleotr-ic Piower Plant. Provinoial oentres like Gondar and Ji:m.1na have been also provided with self-contained electric stations to meet the needs of th.eh· inhabitants. Otl1er rD,ral centers9 .now not enjo)ri11g the be11efits of electric ligl1t, 'lN11l this year begin to be provided with electricity followi11g the compietion of studies for the establishment of additional powe1· stations.

Especially today it is mo1·e than self-evident to what extent the speedy betterment of the living condi­ tions of n1an and the augmentation of the wealtl1 and economic power of a society are basecl on the utiliza­ tion of mineral 1·esot11·ces. The search f01· minerals is being conducted by the Ministry of �ines in Eritrea, Beghiemdir a11d Tigre, in Wollega, S1damo, illubabor, Kaffa and Gamu Gofa with additional ft1nds secured from friendly governments and the United Nations Development Fund, since it was realized t�at. our government l1ad to 1nake tl1e necessary p1·elim1nary - 239 -

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stuclies to deter111i11e the ki11d and extent of ot1r 1nineral ,,,ealtl1 . Fro1n tl1e exploratio11 so far made there were so111e pro111ising signs of subter1·anean wealth in some parts of the cot1ntry a11d the go,,ernment has entered i11to agreeme11t witl1 a nt1111be1· of big foreign firms to pr·ospect for tl1ese minerals in Hararghie and Bale and ,1long the sea-coast and the sea-bed in Eritrea. Already work 011 these projects is proceeding in a satisfactory n1an11er.

Mi11eral Rights As it 111a)' be recalled, legislatio11 on prospecting for 1ninera1s wl1icl1 vvill safegt1ard the rights of foreign -i11vestors, ·tl1ose present and ,those who ·come to partici­ pate ,i11 11Jhe developme11t of tl1e cot1ntry, ,vas discussed a11d passecl ,by Parlia:1ne11t. Wl1e11 the Bill becan1es law ,a11d the regL1latio11s governi11g its ·exect1tio11 are promul­ gated, We are of tl1 e belief that it ,vill assist greatly in the de\i elopn1ent of Etl1iOJ)ia's 111ine1·al 1·esol1rces. \Ve l1ad bro11gl1t to yot1r :1ttentio11 last year tl1at a clraft legislatio11 to improve tl1e system of land admi11istration \Vas to be presented to yot1. As this in1portant legislatio11 affects tl1e lives of the 111ajority of ot1r people a11d shot1lcl tl1ere[ore be prepared with tl1e t1t111ost care, it l1acl 11ot ·bee11 possible to prese11t tl1e draft legislatio11 for yot1r deliber,ttion l,lst year si11ce ,1dditional time for c,1reful stt1cly ,vas re<.]tlircd. ,,,e 11ad re1ni11ded yot1 i11 tl!e past t11,1t i11 cert,1i11 \.Vays tl1e pl1ilosophy of Ethio­ J)Ja's la11cl acl111inistratio11 differs f 1·01n tl1at current abroad. I11 pri11ci1)le it is k11 own tl1at tl1ere is eno11gh c1r,1ble l,111cl i11 Etl1io1)i,1 fc)r l)Llr peoiJle. F1·on1 stt1dies _ sc) f�lr c,1rr1ccJ ot1t it l1as lJec11 discovere(l tl1at only a sili,t11 p,1rt l1f tl1is la11c1 11,1s bee11 cleveloped . The ft1ll 1

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t1tilization �f land already developed on modern lines, the 1·egt1lat1on of lancllord-tenant relatic)ns and the d�fi11itioi:1 �f t �e 1·ights of land ownership have been g1\1en p1·101·_ 1ty 1n tl1e tl1ircl five-vear develop111ent plan, and to tl11s effect a draft legislation whicl1 e111bodies son1e beneficial eleme11ts fron1 ot1r traditional land ten111·e is bei11g pr·epared. Tl1is draft legislation will be preparecl i11 st1ch a v,1av as to har111onize tl,e fan1ilv-like relatio11s bet\vee11 la11cllo1·ds and te11ants by safegt1ardin.g tl1e com111011 a11d incliviclt1al rights of everyone and by re1110,,ing tl1e ca11ses of fric:tion over land. We believe that fo1· a cot111try li'l<e Etl,ionia, heavi],, clenendent on agric11lt111·e fo1· its livelil1ood, tl,e 01·oclamation of tl1is law a11d t11 e 1neast11·es pronosed are bot1nd to stimt1late tl1e oeo11le to work togetl1er har1nonio1.1slv and thereby speed t1p the cot1ntry's pace of clevelopment.

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When God cr.�ated tlie eart'h for man it was for its t1se and 11ot fo1· its 111isL1se. This is wr1,, Parliament sho11ld 1·ea1ize the. imnort811 ce of the revised draft legisl:itio11 on land adn1inistration. We t1rge you to· deliberate 011 it witl1 t1tmost care and speed. since tl1 e orimary aim of tl1is law is to in1p1·ove the living conditio11s ·of Ot1r people. s e nt 1e W en ov pr im e th r, ie 1 1· ea cl ne tio en m As W e 1stem S\ e th to rd ga e 1· ith w 1e tin to are making fro111 time ay as a w ch su l in ec gn si de ·e a1 11 tio ra st ni 1 11i ad of Ja11d d er an th ge ly to ul ef ac pe k or ,v to le oo pe t1r O le to enab _ m 11 1e to tl ve g1 d an d se es bl nd la e th of e make go od 11s

by God. in 1d g e, lt 1r c tt in 1l ct ri g t a a th id sa 11 te f · o It 1,as been so , 1 s ) tf n t1 co e th f e o n o b k ac b 1e anin1al ht1sba11dry, is tl - 241 -

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economy. Educational progralllines and projects directed towards the moder11ization a11d mechanization of Ethiopian agric11lture have bee11 organized and in effeot for a long tim-e. We understa·nd very well that agrict1lture yields satisfactory results when tackled through modern science and tecl1nology and not when done in the traditional fasl1ion.

Insufficient a.11nual l1a1·vests cot1ld lead to ht1nger.

For instance, the p1·oble1ns encot1nte1·ed almost every­ where last year due to the s11ortage of grain have been a matter of grave concer11 to every home. We advise Our peo-ple to explore ways and 1neans of expa11ding ag1·icultt1ral production th1·ot1gh individual 01· co­ operative enterprise by utilizin_g existing edt1cational facilities a11d by securi11g c1·edits fro111 banks established to encot1rage tl1e develop1n.ent of farming. It is Our l1one tl1�t everv citizen i11 the Emnire who doesn't own la11d will acat1ire l1is own land ancl si11ce assistance is necessarv to hel1J the peonle establish themselves. We are co11fide11t that tl1is assist::ince will be made available so that none of tl1e land \Vill lie fallow.

E dl1catio11

It is a matter well know11 to vot1 tl1at mt1ch effort ihas been so far pt1t i11·to tl1e expansio11 of education the proven inst1·ume11t for tl1e social and economic well-bei11g of ot11· oeoole. The time has na�sed wl1en we h:;id to cajole parents to send their children to sr.hool. The fact that the peoole are now seen work­ ing side bv side with tl1e gover11ment for tl1e expansion of edtication by cont1·ibt1ti11g wl1at tl1ey can, provides a1nole eviclence that the attitt1de of oa�ents l1as 11nder­ gone a cl1a11ge for tl1e better. Those wl10 have been - 242 -

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·edt1c�ted.in the vari ?us fields at home and abroad are oont:1but1ng greatly 1n all the endeavot1r5 to reach Our cber1sh.ed g�als. When you members of Parliament were d1scuss1ng the 19 63 government budget you were in partict1lar deliberating on ways and means' of finding new sot1rces of reve11.ue for the development of educa­ tion. The fact that you had promptlv passed the bill presented to yot1 for levying additional education taxes to alleviate the problem shows how much you were preoccupied with this 11ational issue.

It is the wish a11d the desire of all that education should expand fast and reach the len�th and breadth of the cou11trv. and for this to be achieved, it is indis­ pensable tl1at financial reso11rces be readilv available.

The demand. for edt1cation is doubling everv year. On the other ha11d, the ca,·>acitv to extend ed11�at1onal op­ nortt1nities is alvla�\,s determined bv available ft1nds.

Thus. to accelerate t11e temno at ivhich ed�Jcat.ion is ·expanding,• the pe:o,r• 11e: must contiriue i-n tl1t:; path of o L ii-te g a1,·er11C strengthen111g t11e sp1r1t oi cooperat.lt::)n \•J11:Ki · � ment.

Technir,a1 ed11cat1011 sl10111d not be i{J()'ke!.1 \JC1\v11 1100n as not befitting 011e's dignitv v1hen it pi·eoares one for s11r,l1 iobs as farming. caroe11trv and masonrv. If education is to promote the progress of the nat1on, 1t m11st be cot1nled with the desire to do useful and crea­ tive work which is not on1v confined t o c1erir.a1 or fit ne be n ca n rso pe d ate t1c ed An s. job e tiv tra nis mi ad hie: societv wl1en l1e �hn,vs beneficial results without discriminating between jobs. o.

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Health

Since it is the funda1nenta1 responsibility of our government to safeguard th� health of our p eople, a - 243 -

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lot more was achieved la�t year in prom_oting the phy­ sical well-being of the nation. So�e hospitals and many clinics have been opened at co11s1derable expense and are now operating norrnally. In accordance with pro­ visions made to establish a self-suf-fi.cient health service in every Governorate-general depending on the avail­ ability of ft1nds a11d skilled n1edical personnel as well as giving priority to tl1e f-radicatio11 of n1alaria, 16 health centres were established in rt1ral areas at the beginning of last .,vear·. Likewise, 46 new health stations are expected to be built this year and to beco1ne operational in 1964.

As a reS' t1lt of the thoro11gh stt1dies made of the areas affected by malaria a11d identification o·f the seaso11 when tl1e scot1r,ge l)ecomes prevalent, and in ac­ corcf ance witl1 the malaria eradication programn1e to rid Ethiopia completely of the disease, it has been pos­ sible to orotect over nine tnillion people last year against infection ·or rect1rrence of the disease.

In like man11er. preventive meast1res have been taken to control epidemic diseases like cholera which er11pt and affect tl1e lives of people.

The country, blessed ancl beot1eatl1ed to the Ethio­ pian people, is exte11si,,e and ric11ly endowed. In area the countrv is an101e. The1·e is scope for Etl1iopians to become both e111.ployers and the en1nlo)red, since devel­ op1nent projects are distribt1ted \videlv over the cot1n­ trv. As there a.re p]aces like Setit-T-f t1mera ,vhere ex­ tensive agrict1ltl1ral nroiects are proceeding and where e111r>lov1ne11t on1Jortt111ities ar e a,,ailable for ten� of thou� s�� ds of P'eoule� to co11gre_gate and ren1ain idle in big _ 01·t1es 1s to 11arn1 botl1 011ese1f and 011e's cot1ntry.

Helping the disabled and tl1e phvsicallv handicap­ ped is part of ot1r t1·aditio11al n1oral dt1ty. Even today - 244 -

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are perfo1·ming shar­ 1 their charitable acts by people r t ? ing part of wl1at they have with the disabled. An insti­ tution is now to be established by the Ministry of National Con1n1t1nity Developme11t and Social Welfare to coordi11ate a11d administer charitable funds obtained both nationally and from fo1·eign sources with a view rto helping ,the disabled.

Work Fo1· Everybody

There are in11nense opportunities for work in Ethiopia for everybody. It is now some tin1e since new invest1nent legislation was proclaimed with a view to encou1·agi11g tl1e inflow of foreign capital. However, ·tl1e capital inflow abroad has 11ot been up to Our expectation. One of the face ts of Etl1iopian policy in its relatio11s witl1 f"rie11.d.ly foreign gove1·nn1ents is to widen the ave11ue of rr1utu.al eco.n.omic co-operation.

We thus re11ew otir iniiitation to all frnern.dl\"'r i11dustria.1.. ized nations to r r)articip· ate in CUI' de.,,ieloomer.at nrogra1nme throtigh thei1· pr1blic and private capital. The constitutio11al f1·an1ewo1·l< of tl1e Ethiopian Gove1·nment receives its stability from its pattern of history and tra­ dition. In •01·der to predict tl1e future of Ethiopian events one should familiarize 011eself with the history and the culture of the people and nation. .1.

""

Members of the ar1ned forces and the police are each, in their partict1lar fields, discharging their duties satisfactorily in the 111ai11tenance of law and order thro11ghot1t the cot1ntry so that_ the eco?o1nic . dev�lop­ men·t of Ethiopia continues 1n the right direction.

Members of the armed forces l1ave shown exemplary results since they began participating in civilian activi- 245 -

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ties directed towa1·ds tl1e prog1·ess and development of tl1e cou11try.

Noted O.A.U. Swrunit One of tl1e 111ai11 eve11ts i11 the political field is the 1·ece11t 1neeting l1ere i11 Our capital of tl1e Heads of State a11d Govern111e11t of tl1e Orga11iz,1tion of African Unity. ""' 1 11e SL11111111t conference discussed va1·ious 111atters of co111111011 i11terest a11d passed tl1e 11ecessa1·y 1·esolutions.

011e of tl1e rcaso11s vvhy tl1e rece11t 111eet.i11g was called a co11fere11ce of reco11ciliatio11 was tl1at tl1e differe11ce betwee11 Nigeria a11cl s0111e i11clcpe11de11t Africa11 States w,1s 1·esolved i11 a sp1irit of brotl1erly t111derstandi11g, tl1e co11ti11e11t,s bo11d of L111ity a11cl solidarity was preserved, and tl1is was procl,tiI11ed to tl1e whole \Vo1·ld.

Africa11s l1ave realized 11101·e tl1a11 eve1· before t11at it is tl1rot1gl1 tl1e 01·ga11izatio11 of Af1·ican Unity tl1at tl1e)1 can attai11 tl1ei1· t111ity a11cl solida1·ity \\1l1icl1 is the ce11tral I)illar of tl1e co11tine11t's well-being and freedom.

Tl1e spirit of frie11clsl1i1J a11d t111de1·sta11ding an1011g indepe11dent Africa11 cot111t1·ies l1as bee11 steadily gro\V­ i11g stronger fro111 year to year. In partict1lar tl1e border agree111ent sig11cd rcce11tl.y bet\vee11 Etl1iopia a11d the neighboL1ri11g frie11clJy cot111try of Ke11ya has 11ot 011ly rei11forcecl the lo11g-sta11cl i11g frater11al relations betwee11 tl1e t\\1 0 11ations bttt l1as also set a good example to otl1ers. \.Vl1e11 Preside11t Ke1111ctl1 Kat111da a11d Lady Ka­ tln�a paid a state vis;ll to ot1r c,11Jital t1po11 tl1e i11v�­ tat,0 �1 exte11clecl to tl1e111 b)' Us v,1e disct1ssed in detail :·el,t tio11� bet\vee11 tl1e tvlo cor111tries i 11 partict1lar a11d 111ter11at1onal peace ,111d sect1rity i 11 general.

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I11ten1ational Frie11dsl1ips 111 additi?tl to stre11�tl1eni11g its ties of friendship . other with �f1·1can c?untr1es as t1st1al, Ethiopia has been also expanding relat1011s witl1 tl1e cou11tries of America E11rope a11d Asia. U1Jo11 i11vitations exte11ded to the1�

by Us, I-I.E. P1·eside11t Cevedet S1111ay of T11rkey, H.E. Preside11t Jossip Broz Ti to of Yugoslavia, His Majesty Ki11g Frede1·ick a11d He1· Majesty Queen I11grid of Den111a1·k, l1ave paid state visits to Etl1iopia. We l1ave also l1eld tall(s vvitl1 I-Iis Beatit11de Patriarch Nicolaos of tl1e G1·eel< Ortl1odox Cl1urcl1 of Alexand1·ia a11d All Africa, H.E. P1·esicle11t Bedel Bokassa of Ce11tral African Re­ p11blic, I-Iis Higl1ncss Crown P1·i11ce Ca1·I Gt1stav of Swede11, 1:..1.E. Pri111e Mi11ister Burnl1a1n of G11yana, H.E. Sec1·etary of State \Villia111 Rogers of tl1e U.S., and H.E. Fo1·eign Mi11iste1· Aldo Moro of Italy i11 tl1e cou1·se of tl1ei1· visits to tl1e capita.I. D11ring the visits of these world leaders ai1d high­ ranki11g officials V-,/c ·\:\,ere alJle to excha11ge vievvs on bilate1·al 1·elatio11s ,lnd \J./ays and 1nea11 s of pro1noting world peace, progress and prospe1·ity.

We have l1eld i1nportant a11d useful tall<s with Mr. McNa1na1·a, P1·eside11t of tl1 e World Bank, on ways of furthe1· expa11di11g tl1e participation of tl1e World Ba11k in tl1e co11nt1·y's developn1e11t p1·ogra1n111 es . 1v1r. Mc­ Na1nara wl10 visited Ethiopia for s01ne four days on a speciai i11vitation extended to l1im by ·us,_ l1ad tot1red tl1e sites of the va1�iot1s development p1·0Jects t1nder­ take11 with loa11s sect1red fro111 the World Bank prior to this excl1ange of views .

We I1ave also paid state visits to Japc.tn, th� Soviet Union France a11d the United Arab Rept1bl1c upon invitations exte11ded to Us by these friendly govern- 247 -

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ments. During ou1· visit to Moscow, W e discussed with President Podgorny and otl1e1· high-1·anking Soviet offi­ cials matte1·s pe1·tai11ing to political, economic and cul­ tural relations between tl1e two cou 11 tries as well as exchangi11 g views on the wo1·ld political scene. A high­ level economic delegatio11 was rece11tly sent to the So­ viet Unio11 to finalize matters 011 wl1icl1 agreement was reached during Our visit. We a1·e l1opeful that the talks We held witl1 Preside11t Pon1pidou of F1·ance on re­ latio11 s betwee11 our two cou11tries i11 particula1· and world peace in ge11e1·al will have fruitf�l results.

Etl1iopia l1 as been able st1ccessfully to acquaint visitors \Vitl1 its ancient cultt11·al l1istory and various as1Jects of its mode1·n develop1r1ent by pa1·ticipating in Expo '70 held in Osaka, Japan. By perso11 ally attend­ ing tl1e Expo '70 ''Etl1iopia Day'' ceremonies and there­ by exchanging vie\vs witl1 pro1ninent Japanese busi1 1ess­ n1 en a11 d industrialists, We have been able to talk to the1n about tl1e particular fields in wl1ich they ca11 use­ fully participate in the developn1ent of our country.

Tl1e Lusal<a Confe1·ence

By attending the confe1·ence of non-alig11ed cou11tries in Lusaka recently, We had an e xtensive excha nge of views \Vitl1 otl1 er leade1·s 011 effective ways of streng­ thening world peace. In particular the proposals We had prese11ted wit h 1·egard to tl1e freedo1n of o�r brothers Ia11 guisl1ing t111 der tl1e yoke of 1·acialisn1 in _ South Africa a11d Sot1th West Africa l1 ave been accept­ ed by the conference.

The contint1ed de11ial of ft111dan1 ental freedo111 to, of es l peop and tl1e oppressive racial don1i11ation of, the _ South Africa, Na111ibia, Zin1babwe, Angola, Mozarn- 248 -

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�ique and Port �guese Guinea by the racialist regimes �n Southe1·n Africa �oses a threat to world peace. To �ll�st1·ate tl1e opp�ess1011 tinder which these people live, :iit IS enougl1 to cite tl1e cause of the wives of Nelson Mandella and other Africa11 freedom fighters over whose trial the ty1·a11nical South Africa11 Government has not only n1 ade a mocke1·y of its own laws but has also t1·am­ pled under foot tl1e principles of international law.

By atte11ding tl1e 10th a11niversary of Nigeria's i11depe11de11ce celeb1·atio11 s in Lagos which saw the end of the civil war i11 tl1at country and the restoration of tl1e people's unity, we have been able to reaffirm to General Gowo11 that Nige1·ia's peace and unity can always co11nt on tl1e st1pport of Ethiopia.

After Our visit to Lagos We proceeded to Cai1·0 to attend the funera_l of Ot1r close friend the late P1·esi­ 9 11 t Nasser and to share in tl1e n,ttion s g1·ief. Africans de .

• • ... , • m gene1·a1 and f-"tra{-»S 111 pa;rt1ct11ar l1ave 1ost a great ·1.. leader th1·ough the i�nti111e-l)' death of ]?rcside1Jt i'�Jissei:.

By goi11g to tb.e I1.eaclqt1a1�ters of the l�"inited 1�·9.tic.,ns and attendi11g tl1e Silver :r 1xbilee celebrations1 \�ve s·iized 5 tl1e opportt1nity to reaffi1·m Ethiopia S ft1ll suppo1't for the world organizatio11 - the last l1ope for the security and welfa1·e of n1 anl<i11d. Going there also gave us a chance to reiterate the principles which We advocated at the disca1·ded LeagL1e of Nations wl1en the fascist forces in 11nprovoked aggression invaded Ethio·pia.

Had tl1ese prii1ciples been accepted, tl1e world would l1ave been saved fro1n the Second World War a11d tl1e United Natio11s can avoid meeting the same fate as its predecessor by obse1·ving tl1ese prin�iples in order to maintain i11ter11atio11al peace, security and the well­ being of n1a11kind. We also seize? the oppo1·tu� ity to hold higl1-Ievel and fruitful talks with President Richard - 249 -

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Nixo11 on bilateral a11d A:f1·ica11 qt1estions and, in gene­ ral, on wo1·ld issL1es.

Political Co1tllicts Wl1en we vie\\1 tl1e gene1·al international situation, we 1·ealize tl1at tl1e nt1n1be1· of i11noce11t lives lost as a result of political co1 1flicts prevailing i11 the wo1·Id as well as hu11ger a11d dise,1se l1ave 11ot decreased. If men were wo1·ki11g sincerely and i11 co11cert f01· tl1e pro111otion of wo1·ld peace and pr·ogress, this p1·oble111 would l1ave been solved. We l1 ad often expressed the belief 1tl1at si11ce tl1e Great Powers possess both the wealtl1 and the 111igl1t tl1ey l1ave a speci,ll res1Jonsibility to eli1 ninate tl1e political ills affecti11g 111ankind. I-Iave tl1e Great Powe1·s exerted e11ot1gh effo1·ts to assume tllis heavy 1·espo11sibility? Have they do11e enot1gh in pooling tl1eir resources fo1· tl1e be11efit of tl1e wl1ole of 1nankind?

Wl1at l1as been do11e for those wl10 have bee11 shorn of their f u11damental l1t11nan 1·igl1ts a11d are being subject­ ed to j11l1u1na11 and opp1·essive laws? History is waiting for answer·s to these qt1estions.

In tl1is age of tra11sitio11, cl1aracte1·ized by risi11g expectatio11s, the bt1rde11 of leade1·sl1ip is heavier: all tl1e n1ore becat1se leacle1·s a1·e a li11k bet\veen the past and the ft1tt1re.

It is well k11ovv11 tl1at fro111. tl1e ti111e tl1at We asst1n1ed the respo11sibility of gt1idi11g tl1e desti11y of Our cot111try by accession to tl1e TI1ro11e of Ot11· forefatl1ers, We based tl1e govcr11me11t 011 its three 1nai 11 branches tl1e Exec Ltti ve, tl1e Legislative a11d tl1e J11dicial. Since tl1e f t1nctio11s of eacl1 brancl1 of tl1e oove1·nn1ent are defined i11 tl1e co11stitt1tio11, tl1e se1Ja�atio11 of their _powe1·s mt1st be st1·ictly obse1·ved.

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1 ?day the tasks to be undertaken in various fields of national endeavour �1·e !lot 011ly becoming more �0111plex_ but 1nore p1·ess1ng 111 cl1aracter each day. It 1S for this reason tl1at each one should fulfil his duties and s�1oulder his 1·esponsibilities with industry and entl1us1asn1 so that tl1e tasks t1ndertake11 \vill be satis­ f·acto1·ily executed. Wo1·ki11g a11d thinking for the com­ n1011 goocl a1·e dictated by the times in wl1ich we live and are i11dispe11sable fo1· tl1e pr·ogress and development of a cot1nt1·y.

Parliame11tary deliberation demands attentive liste11ing, n1utual co111prel1ension, p1·ofouncl and far-sighted vision, t111de1·sta11di11g and the ability to convince in an 01·derly 1nan11er. Matt11·e views based on inquiry and s11ppo1·ted by good 1no1·als a11d self-discipli11e, apart from prodt1cing the desired rest1lts, \vill protect 011e from making er1·ors or bei.rig j11dged wron.gly ·bj' others.

Inquiry is o. n1.agical J)O"JFe1· th.at opens the door tc� l1idden re,var·ds ar1.d m.i1st be fJttr,suecl calmly, dili_ge11tly and intelligently to a.c}1ieve this goal.

May the Aln1ighty bless tl1e services you render your country follov,ing tl1is spirit and aim.

Nover,1ber 2, 19'"/0

AWARDING DIPLOMAS AT MULUGETA BlJ"LI TECI-INICAL SCHOOL You ar·e well aware that heavy responsi1?ilities await you and that n111ch is expected -of yo11 111: the service of yot1r country as a result of your vocat� o�1al training which yoti have j11st completed. Your !ra1n1�1g has covered variotis fields, but on the whole this train- 251 -

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ing is of i 11terest to tl1e cott11t1·y, for it forms a part of the vvl1ole.

B,1sically, vocatio11al trai1u11g is n1 ucl1 more 111eaningft1l wl1e11 tl1ose t1·ai11ed . i n va1·ious fields diligently Ltse it p1 ·actically, a11d as st1ch you should all strive to 111 ake n1axi111L11n t1se of yoL1r t1·aini11g.

Wl1ile l )t11·st1i11g )'OLtr t1·aini11 g, 110 dot1bt, yot1 l1ad observed tl1at tl1e eq11i1J111e11t a11d teaching aids yott were 11sing were all foreig11 n1ade. Yot1 must tl1erefore tr)' to t1tilize, \Vitl1 the l1elp of your t1·aining, local 1)rodt1cts for bette1· t1ses i11 yot1r ft1tt1re works.

YOLl sl1ot1lcl also realize tl1at better t1tilization of local 1)rodttcts i11 tl1e ge11eral develop111ent of the cot1 11try is tl1e res1)01 1sibility of vocationally trai11ed r)eople. We are l1a1)py to 1 1ote tl1 at a good start l1as already bce11 1 11ade in tl1is field. 111 this regard, we are also benefatcto1·s of ot11· forefatl1e1·s wl10 have left us bel1i1 1d ce 1·t,1i11 vocational l<now-l1ow and t1·aditio11al skills.

Tecl1nical skill 111ea11s 111t 1cl1 1no 1·e tl1 an l1andicraft skill. It is tl1e abilit)' to co11ceive ideas a11d convert tl1e111 i11 to l)ractical 11se vvi tl1 the l1elp of 1noder11 111ac.I1i11es. St1cl1 tccl11 1iL1qes \vill defi 11itel)' give co11crete rest1lts.

We 11ceci to ext)ar1d 011r tecl111ical educatio11 to i111prove 0L1r locall)' · 1)roclt1ced tools a1 1d i 1 11ple1ne11ts for a11 effecti\'e ex1)lo1·atio11 of 111i 11e1·al resot1rces · Feasibility stt1dies J1ave. indicated tl1at t11e natio11's 111i11eral \vealtl1 is 1)le11ty a11cl tl1e1·efo1·e 1nt1cl1 is ex­ l)ected f 1·011 1 tl1ose of vot1 trai11ed i1 1 tl1is field to l1elp taJ) tl1is 111ineral \;i.,1 caltl{.

It is 11ot eno11gl1 to s,1)' tl1a t 0 1 1e lo\res ones country.

Lo\'e for tl1e cot111tr)1 beco111es 111t1cl1 111ore co11crete and - 252 --

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meaningft1l when 011 e t1tilizes local IJroducts for the ge11eral 11eecl of tl1e cot111try.

As 111 t1 cl1 as . we are happy i 11 awardi11g you . d1plo1 11as at tl1e encl of yot1 r trai11i 11 g; we t1 rge yot1 to m·�ke a bette1· :a11d 1 �101·e J) 1·oclt1ctive t1 se of yot1r acqt1ired skills, lest· yot11· d 1 1Jlo111as beco111·e 1 neani11 oless. You shot1ld also. bear i1� 111ind tl1at yot1 are e11trt1;ted to pass yot1 r tecl1n1cal skills to otl1ers so as to help in tl1e expa11sio11 of technical t1·ai11ing i11 yo11r cot1 ntry. You shot1 ld 11ot be ·co11te11t with yot1r present level of t1�ain­ in1 g but ·sl1ould .always try hard to expand yot1r kn.ow ledge.

Stri,1 e, tl1erefo1·e, to expand yot1r knowledge so tl1at yot1 1· wo1·k becomes 111t1cl1 more 1Jrodt1ctive.

May tl1 e A11nighty help yot1 in tl1is regard and also helJJ Us to bring to frt1·ition Ot1r plans for national de,1elop1nent.

No\1en1ber 27, 1970

LAYING CORNl�I{STONE OF TJ:-IE FII\JCI-IA 1-IYDRO-ELECTRIC DAM Knowledcre of Ethiopia shoulcl not be confi11ed to a few statistic;! data, bt1t 1 ·ather shot1ld incl11cle stt1dies of its nat11 ral reso111·ces which can be effectively ex­ ploited. We ha. ve ordered a systematic exploitation_ of ng hi yt er r ev f<.) sis ba y 1�it io pr a on s e ·c. these reso111 ­ re 1· ca te af ne 1 ti e 1 n sa e 1 tl at ed ish pl 1 11 co ot ac nn be ca r V : s e_ rd oa B s. ce t1r so re e es th of is � ys al f t1 l studies a 1 1d an l1b1 s1 on sp 1·e ed ad 1 1 ve gi e er ? w ls ia fic of set-11p a1 1d ,Ot1r _ e es of n th t1o ta o1 pl ex 11p d ee sp to ew ties with a vi na·tt1ral reso11 1·ces.

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It is witl1 tl1e fir1n belief that the Fincha Hydro­ Electric P·owe1· Pla11t will re11der great services to the natio11 tha' t We a1·e l1e1�e today to lay the c·o1 ·11e1·stone of tl1is very project which is the biggest of its kind in Ethiopia.

As the first of n1ajo1 · p1·ojects to ·be implemented.

01 1 the Blt1e Nile rive1· a11d its t1 ·jbutaries, the Fincha schen1e is of partict1lar sig11ifica11ce becat1se it sl1all open another 11ew cha_pte1· in the develoJJ111e11 t of Our country.

I!t is g1·atifyi11g to 11 ote tl1at t1po11 con11Jletion of tl1e works a11d ,con11ne11cement of ope1·atio11, tl1e electricity that will be p1·odt1ced at tl1-is Power Plant is goi 11g to 111ore tha11 dot1ble tl1e electricity ct1rrently p1·oduced in Etl1iopia. This is a tre111e11dous inf1·astr11ct11ral co11tri­ bt1tio 11 wl1·icl1 shall help in tl1e p 1·omotio11 of tl1e various activities a 11d tl 1e acceleration of tl1e eco1 101nic de,,el­ opn1e11 t o· f 011r coun·t1·v. Tl1e construction and erection of electric power pla11·ts -i11 different 1Jarts of Our coun­ t1·y will 11·0 do11bt f11rtl1er sti111t11ate Ot11· keen and dili­ ge11t people in rt11ei1· conce1·ted endeavou1· for develop­ m·e11t.

Tl1e 11eeds of indt1strial e11terorjses are n1anv and varied ·bt1,t elect1..ic power is one of tl1e orerea11isites for the e�tablishn1e11t and expansion of all i 11d t1 stries wl1icl1, broadly ·defined, is the organizatio 1 1 a11d utilization of local reso11rces, and tl1is inclt1des ag1 ·ict1ltt1ral i1 1dt1 stries a11cJ dairy farn1i11g, to meet tl1e needs of a co11ntry.

Witho11t, local i· ncl t1stries the needs of a peoole cannot be f1111,, 1net. It 1 tl1is 1·ega1·d it gives Us pleas111 ·e when We co11sider tl1at tl1is nroject will e11co111·age the devel011111· ent of indt1st1·ies tl1at are ·e 11,risaged to be carried 011t i11 tl 1 e G,ove1·nor;;i t:e of Wollega a11d tl1 e 11eiQ'l1ho11r­ in g orovi11ces ancl will also ft11�ther benefit tl1e wl1ole of Our people, ·as it ge 1 1erates 1nore f 1111 ds fo1· the electri1

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fl.cation of t �e oth�r !?arts of the country. This is one of Ot1r cl1er1shed lifetime objectives and We shall con­ tin'l.�e -to do_ Ot1r 11tmost, as We ·have ·done in the past, for its f111f1l1n,en�. W� have said tl1:at elect1·ioity is the life­ blood of a nat1011 111 tl1is ·scie11tific and technolooica] age. It is, ·the1·efore, 011r obligatio11 to see to it ,thatt:,Our people e11joy its f11ll benefits wl1ich is an important pre­ requjsite for their ·ge11eral advancement.

Ot1r co11nt.ry, whicl1 is bou11tifully endowed with hyd1·0-electric power pote11tial, has already made great strides in the develop1ne11t of this natural resource. Bt1t it is 11ot e11ough and. 1nuch more can be done in this connection. In your speech you have mentioned the cities and tow11s which are bei11g p1·ovided with electri­ city, but, it is necessa,rv to J)la·n ahead so that ev"ery town an1d ha111'let i·s provcided vvith electric powe1·. We hope to achieve yet greater res11lts in tl1is field in th.e future.

The geother·mal potential of Our co1.111trv is said to be equally considerable. Ivfindfu1 of this ? We h.ave direct• • ..;J ed th e departme11t c�,.Pnce.rnel}. to 1nvest1gate t.n1s question and co11du1)t tl1e nec;essar-; study a.nd research ¥1it11 the help of forei,gn experts, ·with a vie�, to l1arnessing this resource for th-e productior1 of electricity.

It is ·not only in the production of electricity that the development of the Finol1a river ope11s a new vista for '.this region, bt1t We believe that the cont1·ol and t1ti1i­ zation of the water of this river, thr,oug11 i1·r-igation, will manifest itself further in the foreseeable future in the field of agricultt1re. It is Ot1r fervent l1ope that as a- result of -the reservoir of water acc1unulated for- this Hydro-Electric Power Plant, the a1·ea that now virtual­ ly appears dry and arid will be effectvely exploited and made fruitf11l by the c111tivation ·of crops and othe1· foodstuffs. Sucl1 activities w.ill definitely serve in f11rthe1· \l •

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enhan9ing tl1e welfare ancl well-being of Our people living not only in this 1·cgio11 bt1t in the rest of th; cot1ntry ·as well. To ·tl1ese endea,vo11rs We shall give Our t1t111ost atte11tion ,a11cl co11t1 i1111ed st1pport.

It is also a sot1rce of great pleast1re to Us to realize that t11e ,roa,d ,co11strt1cted ·fo1· tl1e Fincl1a Project has already l1elped i11 p1·omoting tl1e co111n1e1·ce of this pro­ vince, as it affords tl1e people easy access to markets.

We wot1ld like to take tl1e 01Jportt1nity of this l1a1)PY ,occasio11 to express Ot1r app1·eciation for the con­ ti11ued confic1ence ancl active coo1 Je1·atio11 of tl1e World Ba11k in 111aking tl1is JJroject possible by extending the 11ecessa.ry 1oa11 to cover tl1e foreig11 excha.nge costs of the project. We also exte11d Ot1r tl1anks to the Ameri­ ca11 Agency for I11ter11atio11al Developn1ent for tl1e aid it has gra11tecl for t11e stt1dv of t11is lJroject. The Water Resot1rces Departn1ent is also to be comolin1ented on its wo1·tl1y co11t1·ib11tions ·towards the st11dy of this im­ porta11t t111dertaking.

The Et11iopian Electric Li_gl1t and Power Autl10r·ity h·as done J)ra.isewortl1v wo1·k, sjnce its establisl1n1ent as a11 al1to11omous and cl1artered institt1tion fifteen years a.go, towards the elect1·ic po,ver develoo1nent of Ot1r cot1ntrv. As a 1·es11lt of its re-organization, today, tl1e elect,�ic-itv prodt1ctio11 has already grown by n1any addt• t folds. imoortan Tl1is Fincl,a Proiect a11 w11icl is 1 • t1011 to the e· ler.t1·ification 'Oroo-ra111me of 011r country ts 110w in i,ts initial stage of co{;strt1ction a11rl mt1cl1 work is vet to be clone before it .� con1nletio11. We wo1Jld like to 1·e1ni11cl ·a.11cl 11r_gc tl1e Ethionia11 Electric . Li_ght and Power A11tl1oritv of its partic11lar resno11sibilitv in tl,e effective i1ntJle1ne11tatio11 O'f tl1is proiect and to make everv e11deavo1.1r to asst1re tl1e ea1·Iv -comnletion of tl!e works 11 11derway. Th·e cooperation of the officials in - 2!!ifl -

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this governora· te and concerned officials and the gener.a 1 . . . ct publ 1c 1s 1n 1spe11sable for the speedy and successfu1 . complet1011 o f tl1is project. To this end we are confident that eacl1 and ev,eryo11e will do his share. We are pleased_ with wl1at has been accomplished so far and also. w1tl1 tl1e co11t:ibut� ons of all the foreign firins, part1oula1·Iy the Italian firms, for their effecive and en­ cot1raging participatio11 .jn this project .

We entreat the Almighty to enable Us to wjtness the successful completion of this p1·oject whic11 We hope will serve i11 full measure the very objectives it is set to accomplish.

November 29, 1970

NEW A.SSEJ_;A WATER WORKS

Water is 11ot r;.rrs];, essential for the very existence of life, but is also a basic necessity fc,1· the economic 1 . o f a11d social advancernent a co1nmux1ity. 1\/e shot1ld not fo1·get tl1at tl1e cradles of human civilization started alo11g rive1� valleys. The ,provision of v,ater is, the1·efore, a ft1nda-mental requirement f,or tl1e rapid development of the economic .activities of a nation and the well-being of a people. r.t .is :m·indful ,of this that we are giving pr.iority to the construction of water supply systems throughout the country. Extensive studies have already been made for the construction of such works in various towns and it will not be 1011g before tl1ese works get under­ way. To bt1ild a water supply system for a city or a town is an expensive u11dertaking which requires pro­ per study an d planning. It is Our expressed hope that not only t1rban dwellers but tl1e e11tire people of Ethio- 257 -

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JJi�t vvill c11joy tl1e fL111 l)e11efits of SL1cl1 services jr1 the 11ot f,tr distcint ft1tL1re.

Tl1e to\vn .of Assela. 11,1s l1 ,1cl seriot1s water sl1ort­ ,1ges i. 11 vie\,, ()f its po1J11l:1tio11 gro\vtl1 i11 tl1e past fe\\' ye::trs. \Ve :1re l1a_ppy t() 11c)te tl1at tl1e \\1ater Sllpply syste111 wl1icl1 is joi11t1y f· i11,111cecl ·by tl1e Swcclisl1 Inter11atio11al Develop111 e11t A11t11or.i ty a11d tl1e Mt111icipality of Asscl,1, a.11ci vvl1ic11 We are i11at1gL1 rating toc1ay, wi]l 'J1ot C)11ly solve tl1c v\1,1tcr sl1ortage 1Jrob1e111 of tl1is tow11, bt1t ,vill ,1·1so l1el JJ i11 satiati11g tl1e cle111a11ds of the peo" ]Jle livi11g i11 t·11e st1rrot111cli11g are,1s. :rt is also satisfyi1 1g to obser,1e tl1c1t tl1e l\lf t.111icipality of Assela is tal<ing the 11eccss::t r\1 111e,1stl res to see to it tl1,1t tl1e water clistribt1tio11 s\1ste111 is J)rOJ)erly a11cl effici.e11tly carriecl ot1t. We are l1()t)c�fr1l tl1at \vitl1 t:l1c cr{�;Jtio11 of tl1 ese l1asi(� facili­ ties. tl1e grovvtl1 (1f tl1is J)ri11(:ilJa] tl)'\,Vt1 of tl1e Gover110rc1.te"Ge11ercll of Arr1ssi ·will serve to e11l1a11cc tl1e lot Clf its 1Jeo1J1c at :111 ]e\i'els. 'i-J,1tio11a l develop111e11t ca11 lJe sec111·ed onlv tl1rol1gl1 tl1e l"1l1ot1r a11d detcr111i11at1011 of tl1e l)eoole \\1hicl1 111ake a11d clt1tv 1111 tl1:::i.t 11cltic)11. ·rt is, tl,erefore. tl1e obli9"atio11 ,,..-, of er.1.c::11 c111d ever,, i11cli\riclr1al to ,;vorlc l1,11·d a11d se]fJec.;c.:1,1 for tl1i� 11nl1'le e11d, wl1etl1 er l1e l1e ,1t the local <)r 11n.tio11al level. ·1:::;-or it is the st1111 total o·f tl1ese efforts \:\1 l1ir.l1 ca11 co11tribt1te to tl1c l)ro111otio11 of eco110111ic clcve1o11111 ent C) 11 a 11 c:1.tio 11a1 sca1 e .

Tl1e 11ro\r111ce c)f Ar11ssi \\'l1 icl1 is a111ongst tl,e fertile re,i:;io11s of Ot1 r cot111try, is 11ot 011l-�l pote11tially rir]1 i11 a,gric�r1ltr1rc. l)llt is alsc) favot1r�1blc fo1· 1Jastoral far 111 ·i1 1g. We l1a,1e Qreat l1ot:,es i 1 1 1l1e ,1ll-cot111Jrel1 er1sive Cl1ilalo A.gricl1ltt1ral Develoo11·1e11t U 1 1it, "'l1icl1 l1·as beetl joit7tlv lat.111cl1ecl lJv Et11io-S\,'C(iisl1 (�o-01Jeratio11. 1'J,e t · reS Lllt s of t11i s re lJroiec . t \,, ,ill, 1 10 clot1bt ' have a p; a .

1111 JJact, 11ot 011]_)' 011 -tl1e agrict1ltl1ral clevelo1?n1e 11t O f· .

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tl1is 1?1·ov�11ce, bl1t <>11 tl1e otl1e1· )rovi11ces ,ts ,vel l l.. .

TI1� 111val tti:tb.l.e ass1s�a11ce a11d st1p1)o1·t giv. e11 to tl1 is proJect b)' __tl1e S vvecl 1sl1 Gover111 11e11t is clecp1y a ) )re­ _ 1 1 c1,1tecl b)' Us a11d Ot:11· ])COJJ]e. Si1.1ce We attach f!reat i111po1·ta11ce to tl1is J?.roject, W e co11ti11t1 e to f;Ilow closely i.ts JJt·ogress a11c] clevelo1Jmc11 t witl1 ]ceen i 11terest. .

Ot1r st1p1Jort w ill a1ways be fo1·tl1co111i 11 0�r to e11st1re its st1ccess.

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011 t]1is occasio11 \Ve wo11 ld like alsc) to ex·1Jress 011 r. dee. JJ appreciatio11 to the S\veclisl1 I 11terr1ationa1 Deve10JJt11 e11t At1 tl1ority ·for tl1e financial aicl it l1 as ge11e1·011sly co11t1:ibt1tecl towat�ds the co11strt1r..:tio11 of tl1e Assela \\1ate1· Sllp]Jly syste111 . It js evicle11t tl1 at \vl1at l1as bee11 acco1111Jlisl1ed l1e1·e by tl1e S·\-vecli�h Go·\1ern­ n1e11t is ap1J1·eciatecl, a11cl tl1at tl1is accon1olisl11r1c11t \,1as 1·ealisecl tl1 ro11gh the co-01Je1·�ttio11 ancl dili Q;encc of the officials 111 tl1e Gove1·11orate. \\Tl1at 11as l)cc�11 ctcl1ie,,,ecl 11ere in Assela sl1ot1ld ·be an exa1nr>le of wl1at We have bee11 strivi11g to a.chicve in gener,:tl.

Tl1e a1·eas of co-operatio11 ex ist_ing 1Jet\vee11 s,i\1eder1 -a11d Etl1iOJ)ia ·are 11t1111erotts a11d of 1011.� sta11clir1g. We a1·e ft1Ilv co11ficl.ent tl1at tl1is co-ope1�ation ancl the �1 �e-r)1cl frie11clsl1iJJ t=:xisting bctwee11 01,11· two cot111tri(!S \.\-'ill _grow fro111 stre11,gtl1 to st1·e11gtl1 111 the years al1ca(l l)otl1 i.n tl1 e i11te1·est a11d . welfare o·f 0111· JJcopJes. Vi/c; are l1a1)P}' tl1a t tl1e S\vedish A111 bassado1· to Etl1io1Jia is \�1,itl1 Us 1 ey 011r \ co11 will t, trtis we , and n, asio 011 tl1is oc;c thot1gl1ts ,111cl se11ti111ents j11 tl1is rega1·d to the frie11dly gove1·11111e11t and people of Svveden.

We have bee11 e11co111·agecl by t11e JJ,11·tic�ipc1tion of Ot1r p · eople i11 al] Ot11· e11(ieavot1rs - a . JJ,trtici1;t1tion whicl1 has l1ee11 rei11fc>rced by tl1e expans1or1 of: eclt1ca­ tio11 tl1 rot1g11ot1 t the co1111t1·y - a11d as We l1ave s,1id ·- 259 -

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in the past, not 011ly tl1e me11 but also the women are now effectively pa1·ticipating i11 tl1is endeavou1· .

In tha11king the Municipalities Department of the Ministry of Interior a1 1d all tl 1ose concerned who have contributed thei1· . sha1·e in m aking this undertaking possible, We inat1gurate the services of this project.

We are as much pleased as the people here to see this p1·oject completed and \Ve thank the Almighty for this . l)ecember 6, 1970.

OPENING NEW ZA . ,vDITU HOSPITAL Good health is not only necessary for the well­ being and l1appi11ess of n1an bt1t i� also a ft1ndan1ental pre-reqt1isite for tl1e progress and p1·os1Jerity of a natio11.

Just as edt1cation ensures p1·omotion of man's kno,�.1ledge in all fields of endeavo11r, so does proper medical care help in safeguarding and promoting his physi­ cal and ·mental grovvth. ''Tl1e preservation of health is a duty. Few see m conscious that there is a tl1ing as p11ysical morality," are sagacious words worth 11otin�! here.

Disease which knows no bound·ary, has always, througl1out man's c11eqt1ered history, been his deadliest en�my. Despite the all-ot1t \Va1· agai 11st tl1is scourge, �t private, national and inter11ationc1l levels, it has ancl ·still contin11es to clai111 · untold. lives. The tenaciot1s a11d ceas· eless effo-rts ·of scie11tis-ts a1 1d 111edical doctors 1�hrougl1 the .a:ges l1ave definit:el y 0011tributed much to · the advanc, e· n1ent of n1ed , ica1 soience wh:ich in tiurn, has h�lped im1nensely in relie,,i11g tl1e �t1ffering caused by · disease. Although it is very satisfying to observe tl,c - 260 -·:•

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cumulative ·progress made in the past decades 1n . th'1� f.1eId , there 1s still much to be done in the futt1r.e . .in Our coun r e r e H y� pt1blic health and ineclical � . . en top pr1or1t _ services are giv �es in Our development pro­ gram· 111e. In accorclance with ot1r resources, We are · sparing n o effort 1n establisl1i11g .hospitals, health cen_ _ tres a�d cl1n1cs �verywl1ere in Ot1r country so tl1at the benefits of medical service coulcl be within the· reach of everybody: In th is costly undertaking, We are not _ alone. Tl1e private, bilateral and international assistance we receive in tl1is field of activity is st1bstantial and praiseworthy.

The Seventh Day Adventist Mission, which l1as l1elped not only in the establisl1ment of the Empress Zawdi1tu M·emo1�ial Ho-sp.ital but in staffing and operat­ ing it for over three decades_7 deser,;es special 1nention on this occasion. We, and. Our people, are grateful for these dedicated services \Vh_ich ha.ve been carried out in a t1·ue Christian ti·adition - basecl on love. ' I_,ove ,, thy brother as tl1y self ', is a. not�le mess8.ge \¥h!ch t:r1e Gospel teaches us. to observe. ! t is only ¥1hei1 tl1ese words are translated i11to deeds that -man ca'.i.1 co,nt1·i­ bute his share· to the good ancl v1ell-J)eing .of l1is comn1t1y sa to d se ea pl e ar e W e. rg la at ity an 1m to ht nity and e th at th es ic rv se e th of ce an iz gn co ll . fu that it is in le op pe ur O o tg in er nd re l is ita sp o 1 t1 · H di s Empres Zaw ­ ac to nd la of e ec pi le ab lu va is th that W e l1ave granted commodate tl1e ne w hospital. re th ca al l1e st fir e th at tl1 te no to g in ag 11r co It is en facilities established by t·he Seventh Day 1?-d_ventist 1:fis­ g in at er 1s op 1t y da to t 1a tl d an d ol sion is over a century t e ou th gh u ro s th ie t li, ci fa re ca h lt a great nt1mber of hea d d an ca fa l fu ti u ea b is th at th l u � ef p o world. W e are h . ed c rr en er l1 1·t fu � e b l il w es ti li ci • fa its modern ph·ysical 6

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·1Jy tl1e se1·vices ,:vl1ich tl1c :Mission could provide be. <.;,1t1se o( jts io11,g-sl�tr1cf.ing ,tntf. rich J1. e1�:itage. We, for ()L1r p,,.1·t, a1·e confident th,tt tl1is nc·w sc�t-t1p will ·be ,tn jJllfJOrt:,tnt aclclition t() tl1e 111c(iicctl se1·vice::-; which tl,is .t./tiSSi()U is 1·c11c.le1:.i11g in Et h.i<1_pi,1. 'vVc ,1rc 11,tppy to ol'Jscrvc tl1itt tl1is hos_[)ital besi (lcs pr<1Vi(li11g ]11CClic,tl sc1·,,ic.:cs \V.iJl alS() ll()l.LSC ,l llll[Sing !')Cl-1c.1c>l wl1icl1 is very irr1J)o1·t(l11t Jc)r tl1e clcvclo,1J111cr1t a.n(l growth of ti1e hos_pit,11. ']�'.l1e ge11e1·0L1s contribt1tic)11 ()I: tJ1c! 1'.'Jo1·\:v'Cf;i,1r1. l)c�vclo:1J11·1c11t Aic.l P.rc)gra111111c 111,1clc i11 1t1is l"CL�ar(J js :11-,p1·ec:i:.ttccJ. IJ:)7 ·us.

'Ne ,11·c .i11clcecl. 11,tfJI)Y tc, .l1avc w.itl1. Lis toc.li.1y Dr. :t�Ia11Jli 1�·. Vv' ,1clclcll, tl:1.c l{c�1�rescnt,1tive o[ tl1e M . ec.lica1 Scc:ti()n of tl1c Scve11tl1 Day Ac]vcr1tist :Missit)ll. We wish t<J assL1re l1i111 tl1,:1t We sl1all co11.ti11L1e, as 'in tl1e past: tc) l1clJ) ,111cl stt.t)JJ<)J�t tl1c ,1ctivitics <)f tl1is T11stitL1tior1. Ii ·is gc)()cl to lc;a1·n t'J1at tl1e Sc·vcnth ]),1y Ac.lvcntist ·M1s­ S!()11 coopcr�1tes wi.tl1 vari<)Lts cott11tries i11 tl1c (ievcl()p­ J11c11t of eclt1c,ttioo. Vvc lc)ok· :for\.V::lrcl to the cxpa11sion o1: activities of tl1c 1·ncdic,ll services section of tl1e Mis-­ sion in this 1·eg"11·d. ·r11. tltii.nktll�J onc:.c r1gairt tl1c Scvcntl1 .D�ty Ac.lvc11tist J./fissit)11 f()f it8 IJ'f(�scnt 1.1scft1l (�011tril1t1tion anti ,ill t]1o�c who h,1,1c ccrn.t1·ibt1tccl tl1ei1� 8ha1�c in 111,1king this p1·c,jcct possible, We inat1�t ,.. 11�i1tc tl1is 11ew l1ospit,1I. Ja1111:try 27, 1J)7 I .

Si 11 <.�c "1gricultt11·e is t1· 1e 1)"t<�1· (bo11c O"f ()ur cc()r10111)' c111cl tl1c. 111,1irtst,1y ()[ ()t1r pe:�o,)le, 111 0L11· eco110111ic dcve1�fJ111?11t .c11?cuvc)t11·, -wc a re givi 1 1g gretlt empl1as}s t(! f._l,c 111ci·<:.�as111g ,1dv,rnce111cnt o1: tl1is l ,tsic nat1c,nal.

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DONIESTIC

activity so th at .with inc1·eased .t'111·oduction the over-a11 stan dard o f· liv1ng of Ou1· people will be effect1v · e1y · d. raise In His bo u11ty tl1e Al1nighty has endowed 11s \Vith _ a t1·e111enclotts ag1·1cu.ltU1·al potential whicl1 it is for us eacl1 a 1 1d eve1·y Btl1iopi,t11, to exploit to the best advan: tage of 0L11· coL1 11try and people. 11 1 order· to enable our fa1·111e�·s to : raise the level of thei1· p1·oduction, it is esse11t1al tl1at tl1ey a1·e to be given tl1e necessary guid­ _ . _ ance a11d 01·1e1 1t,tt1on to 11np1·ove on thei1· t1·aditional n1ethods of fa1·111i11g by applyi1 1.g n1odern ag1·icultural tecl1niqt1 es wl1icl1 a1·e adaptable to tl1eir local needs.

It is, tl1ei·efore, i1111Je1·ative to change the traditio11al techniques of prodt1ction by educating the farme1· and givi11g hi111 tl1e 11ecessary services wheneve1· he is in 11eed of the1n. Tl1e Ministry of National Co1 nn1t1nity Develop111e11t has a great 1·espo11sibility in supple1nent­ ing the eff01:ts 1nade by the Ministry of A.,g1·icultU1·e in this 1�ega1·cl. If v.1e d(Ji;.1ble our effo1·ts to exploit the 1·icl1 nati�nal 1·esour,:es iJestovved t1pon us by the A1rr1igl1ty ,..,,e ca1 1 l1ave e v· e1·ything in abund£tnce.

Si11ce food is esse11tia1 for 111a11's existence, tl1e 1·a.is­ ing of tl1e level of its prodt1ction is one area vvhere farn1e1 ·s defi11itely need to be helped.. B11 t unless a co11d·L1cive situatio11 is c1·eated for· the far111er to raise tl1e level of his p1·od11ctio11 the i1 1centive to do so v1ill be lac]<i 11g. Therefo1·e, i11 01�de1· to genc1·ate mo1·e e tl1 of s on iti nd co . g in liv e th ve ro np 1 i 11con1e a 11d to i e te th ea cr to l i� nt se es . is it , as ·e a1 l 1·a l)eople in tl1e 1·u . ts su r� · e1 tt be d an k or w � td ha 1· necessary ince11�ives fo r he ot g on am n, ca 1·s · ne r1 fa if ed ev This will be acl1i e.

11c · od pr r ei ·th 1· f s ce ri p le b . ta ui eq ? things, _ obtai11 e th d an rd ga re s · 11 tl in ed ct .

Far111ers ca 11 b e J)t·ote er p ro p 1f d ce u d re e b n ca s ce ri fluct11atio11 in th e p __ · 263 --

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road a1.1d n1arketing facilities are established for them.

111 Ot11· 1)res�11t e11deavours We are � iving great stress to tl1e solt1tio11 of tl1e n1any cl1alleng1ng problems that we are facing i11 tl1is connection so as to vouchsafe tl1e i11terest of both tl1e prod11ce1·s and consu1ners. As n1cntio11ed earlier the p1·oductio11 of raw material alone \Vill 11ot gt1ar,tntee tl1e maxi111 u1n benefit, and every eJiort sl1ould be 111ade to encot1rage agricultural proces­ sing £01· the rapid tra11sforn1ation of the rural sector of OL1r economy.

It is g11atifying to note ;that this ·agro-industrial develop111e11t 1Jroject whicl1 is conceived for this area will bring lasti11g benefits to tl1e st1rrounding farmers.

The silos which We are about to visit and inspect are a IJart of tl1is 111t1lti-purpose p1·oject which will no dot1bt give stability to tl1e life of tl1e fa1·mers living i11 tl1is 1·eg·io11. Fro1n wl1at We l1ave seen dt1ring Our present v· isit \Ve c,1n say that the fi1·st necessary step has been taken in the 1·igl1t direction.

I,t is 011r ·arden•t ho· pe tha-t other siinilar schemes will be j11itiated in the very near· ft1tt1re in otl1er parts of Ot1r cot1ntry so that their be11efits can be enjoyed by a.11 Ot1r people.

We wot1lcl like to take the 01)portunity of tl1is occasion to thank tl1e F1·e11cl1 Govern111ent as well ,1s tl1e Fre11ch Co1111nittee establisl1ed to fight ht1nger for tl1ej1· t1seft1l fi11a11ci,1l a11d tecl111ical assista11ce wl1ich have co11tribt1tecl to the i11itial st1ccess of tl1is project· We also tha11lc all otl1e1· persons wl10 l1a ve cont ri­ bt1tecl to tl1e st1ccessft1l executio11 of tl1is project, which s11ot1ld assist i11dividt1al fa1·n1ers in the region and at t11e_ sa111e tin1e l1el1J to p1·0111ote the general development oJ- the cot1n.try.

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May the A ln1igl�ty bless your \Vork a 1 1cl crow11 yot1r . · ft1ture e11dea\1 ot1rs w1tl1 st1ccess. lvlarch .ln, 1871 '"

OPENING ELEC fRONICS EXIIIBIT Y ot1r Excelle11cy, was with pleasure tl1at \Ve accepted your invi­ It . ta!1on to be l1ere_ t �day to inat1gt1rate the Electric ,L\p­ pl1ances and Bu1ld111g Materials Exhibition oroa11izecl 0 by tl1e Italian Foreig11 T1·ade Institt1te.

Tl1e f1·ie11clly relatio11s bet\veen Ethiopia and Italy being of 1011g sta11di11g, there is at present a st1bstantial level of trade i11 cxcl1a11ge betwee11 the two countries.

As the sta11dard of livi11g of QLlr respective peoples m11Jroves fro111 day to day, the level of tl1is trade is bot111d to g1·0\v i11 t11e ft1tt1re. Tl1is i11 itself pro,;ides sta11di11g e11cot1rage1ne11 t for tl1e exp,1nsion of trade between ou1· t\VO countries, tl1ereby c1·eating better tt11dersta11di11 g and confidence between 0L1r Go,1ern­ n1ents. As Yot11· Excellency has rightly pointed out, if tl1e achievements of tl1e city of Addis Ababa and of Ot11· other JJ1·i11cipal tow11s i11 0Lt1· E1npire 1nade in the constrt1ctio11 of large bt1ildings in the past p1·ovide an indicatio11 of their req L1ire1n.e11ts of the ft1tL1re, there is no dot1bt that tl1e electric and bt1ildi11g eqt1ip111ent being exl1 ibited today woL1ld ope11 additional 111arkets for Italia11 indt1stry a11d trade e11gaged �n _this end�av­ ou1·. TI1e constructio11 of hot1ses, for tl11s 1s a cont1nt1ing p1·ocess i11 tl1is world we live in, should also help to raise the sta11dard of livi11g of co11strt1ction workers. y oL1i· Excelle11cy wot1ld., nc) doubt, appreciate tl1at -· 265 ... .

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tl1e volu111e of trade \Vhicl1 :Etl1iopia can i1nport fro1n Italy :is largely depe11de11t 011 tl1e ex_pansion of Ethio­ J?ia11 exports to :Italy. Bt1t tl1 e flow of trade between : 0L11· two cot111t1·ies i11 tl1e JJast clecade l1as been st1ch th,lt there l1as beer1 a co11siste11.t bal,l11 ce of trade adver­ se to ·Etl1iopi�t.

Tl1is sitL1ation has gi··1e 11 .rise to s01ne conce1·n and Ot1r Mi11ister of Co111111.erce, :rndL1stry a11d Tourism · has l1eld a. series of: discL1ssio11s witl1 Itali,t11 officials and bt1si11ess leade1·s ,vitl1 a view to e11 cot1raging an increas­ ed level o.E trade a11d greate1: investn1e11t of Italia11 .capi­ tal i11 Etl1iopia11 agrict1ltL11·aJ a11d 111111e1·al develop1nent progr,1111n1es Italia11 citizens residi11g in Etl1iop.ia h,1ve sho,:v11 their u11reserved 1�eadi11ess and ·\villi11g11ess ·to co-operate \Vith Our people.i11 all endecl vqurs.

Duri11g tl1e State Visit We l1acl at tl1e u1vitatio1 1 of His Exce11e11cy Presiclent Sa1·ag,tt i11 Italy last year, ,ve had also take11 tl1e opportu11ity to e11co111·age Italian j11c\ttstry and tr,tde to ,pa1·ticip,tte in Etl1iopia's eco110n1ic de,1elopme11t. We would like to 1·ecall here the very war1n and spo11ta11eot1s welcome accorded to Us dL1ri11g tl1at ,;isit.

Tl1e a·bove objectives cc11111ot be ,tttai' 11ed witl1ot1t tl1e co-ope1·atio11 of Italia11. t1·ade i 11 i 111porti11g great­ er qt1a11tities of tl1eir j 1 n1Jort 1·eqt1i 1·e111e11ts f1 ·0111 Etl1io­ pia a11cl e11la1·ged participatio11 of Itali,111 capital in tl1e e�onomic develo1)me11t of tl1is cot111t1�y a11d We feel co11� de11t of Yot1r Exce]le11cy's co-01)eratio11 a11d ,1ssista11ce 111 tl1e e11deavou1�.

Finally, We wo11lcl like to tl1 ,111k You.r Excelle11cy and all ·tho?e \\il10 .n1ade tl1 is exl1ibitio11 possible and l1�pe that th� J)arficipants }Jrese11t today will take this opport11111ty to lea1·11 wl1at Ethiopia ca11 offe1: to - 266 -·

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Italian in(iustry ,1r1(i tr,1<.lc <.ittri11 o tl1eir st,ty h e ei i·c in t. .Etl1iopi, It :is vvitl1 p.lc,1s1.1rc tl1,1t We clccl,tre t11is Exh ibitio11 (1pC.11.

AJ>ril 6, 197.1..

Since V\:C acceded to tl1c Tl1ronc of :EtI-1iopia by the Gr,tcc oi. God, We l1avc ,tlways st1·ivc11 to imp1·ove tl1c st,t11ua1·Ll o.f li.vil1g of OL1r people, to cxpi.tncl and strcngtl1e11 tl1c cdLtCc.ltit)r1al _pr(>gra11 11nc of ·(he yotttl1 of tl1c cou11try, a11(i t111l1ol(l tl1c faitl1 o.f C)t1r Cl1urch. 'vVe a�·.c indeed gr,ttificcl to scL� tc)d,ty the frL1itic)11 of Our endc,1vours .i11 tl1csc rcgarcls £01· v1hicl1 Vic tl1anl( the .Master of tl1c wo.rld, G{Jcl. .Aln1igl1ty.

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The worlc{ ciocs 1.1(,t rc,11�lit1 static bttt is alv1t.tys ch,t11ging. \\To1�]c sl1o·u1c1 progress like the branches o·f a tree tilo11g �t river ba11l(? ,111c.l a111011g tl1c 11t1mcrot1s fo1111d,1tio11s We laicl for Eth-iopia's overall -dcvelop1ne11t, attai11i11g fll1 ULlt()C<.�f)h,llOLIS statLlS for the E,thiopi,111 Cht1rcl1 ·is 6 11c <)f tl\c 111c)st i111po1·t,1nt. 'f<) sec the Et11iopi,tn Cl1urcl1 1·cac11 tl1i· s stage of e]ccti11g a11d co11. secrating its ow11. JJrt�latc js a higl1 ,1cl1ieve111c11t.

Wl1c11 flis ·Ho]ir1css, tl1c l,ttc Abu11,1 Bassilios, was elected first as· ·,t11 A1·cl1biship ·of l=!,tl1io1Ji,1 at ,t . ,1 si11gula1� ccrc1no11y i11 Cajr<) so111.c years ,1go, We fclt ho11011r ,1s this was 011c of the i111porta11t accot11p]isl1metits dur.i 11g 0Lt1· reig11 and We tlianl<ed Our Lord ·- 267 -·

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for blessing Our efforts and ,for sparing Us to witness tl1e co11secration of tl1e first Etl1iopian patriarch.

Althot1gh His Holiness Ab11na Bassilios is no longer witl1 us, the Ethiopia11 Church will continue to follo\v tl1e spi1·itt1al IJath he has laid for her. His st1ccessor, His I-Ioli11ess Ab1111a Tewoflos, has s· erved the Etl1iopia11 Cl1urcl1 faitl1fully for many years and his experie11ces will, no doubt, help him meet his new rcs1Jonsibilities. We know both Ab11na Bassilios and Ab·u11a Te\voflos fron1 the begin11ing of their ea.rly ol1t1roh servi, ces ,a11d We shall not forget their mutual confide11cc and love.

We thank God fo.r enabli11g Us to be present here today to wish tl1e clea(l to rest !n peace and to congra­ tt1late tl1e newly co11secrated. The1·e is nothing more We oa·n do to re1Jay God for all He -has done for Our cot1ntry .except to tl1ank Him. Tt is 11ot hun1a11ly possible to repay the loving So11 who, despite -His innocence, was crt1cified to absolve 1na11kind from sin, and yet prayed on the crt1cifix to His Father to forgive tl1ose who crucified Hi111 .

Ge11eratio11s con1e and pass. The learned of 0L1r Cht1rch and tl1e laity know \Vhat f11nda1ne11tal relatio11s ,�,e. n_ow have, a11d had, witl1 the Egyptia11 Church. It is rel1g1011 that bi11ds tis \Vith our bretl1ren in Egypt· vVhe11 V\1e sav religio11, it is 11ot restricted to the pro· fessed faith. 111 this co11ectio11 110 one sl1ot1ld question tl1e faitl1 of others, for 110 11t1n1an being can be a jt1dge of the wa),s of God. At1tonorr1ot1s Cl1u1·cl1

Mt1ch effort was needed to attain at1tocepl1aly for tlie Ethiopia11 Cl111rch . Now that tl1rough the will of .... 268 ·-

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God this has bee� fulfilled, We 1·ecall the statemei1t We 1nade co11ce1·11111g an a11to11omous cl1urch for otir cou11try a11d 0111· �ree people wl1e11 Abuna Bassilios was co11secrated pat1·1arcl1.

After the nomi11atio11 of the first l1ead of tl1e Et�1iopian Cl1u1·cl1, tl1e n �xt _l1istorical stage was the ap­ po1nt111e11t of tl1e fi1·st Etl11op1a11 patriarch. Tl1e elevatio11 of His Holiness Ab11na Bassilios to the patriarcl1al tl1ro11e a11d 110w of His Holi11ess Abu11a Tewoflos con1pletes the autonon1ot1s status of Ou1� Cht1rch wl1ich gives Us g1·eat pleasure a11d satisfaction. Today's occasion serves as a 'his·torioal testin1ony.

We we1·e i11 Cairo wl1en His Holiness Abuna Bassilios was appointed patriarcl1 and shared the happi11ess of that historic moment .

Ma11 is n1ortal, and We were deeply grieved when Ahuna Bassilios left us forever, bu.t after f1-1lfilling his yoiir soul rest 1 ] . a m. l!im, to say ,;1·e.

111ission, spiritt1al • 111 peace.

We stated on ths.t historic oc:ca,sion wh.en th.e Ethiopian Church; desc1·ibed as an island of Cr1ristian­ ·it: y, attai11ed complete ,au1tonomy : '�.il\.t las·t, -tl1e work willed by God has been acco1nplished, and Ile has give11 Our i11dependent natio11 a Ch11rch, e11dov1ed witl1 at1tho1·itv, which ranks among the free chu1·ches of tl1e world.''

We ar e tha11kful to God today as We were during that h;storic mo1nent of the consec1·atio11 of the first Etl1iopia11 pat1·iarcl1. .

T he Grace of God is ete1·nal . Angels 111 heave11 e W 1d a1 se ai pr is H 11g si h rt ea on s re tu and tf1e crea p1·aise Hiin today 011 the occasion of tl1e i�vestiture l1 c · of a1 r1 at P as s lo of ew T 1 a 11 b1 A s es of His Holin

Ethiopia.

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J )<)tvl r•:S'l'l l: \'Jvc tr1c111lz tl1c L,orcl f<)r tl·1c 111ar1y ye,11:s of tl1is e-.:(;ir�si,�\li(:,ll C\'t)"!L1tic)11 bcgii111i11�� \\1it11 tl1e electio11 of l1isl101::�; [111t! 1,1ter of fJatric1rcl1s fro111 a1-11011g Etl1iopia11s, ·G<)<J lli:lS 1JJc;-::-i<��1 ()Lir cJ1:c)rts tl1t1s f,-tr i11 tl1e attai11-111�i-1l {)f r.tLtt()tl()111y for Ot1r Cl11.1rcl1, :.:1J1cl We bclie,,c tl1a� 11c1 diffic-L11t)i \vill be facccl 111 -tl1is · rega1·d i11 tl1e l:,,t111· ...- .... ,, .

'0/c sl1ot11cl ,1ll be. l1a1JPY to \Vit11ess i11 tl1is age rcligi()1.1s (111(J sect11:ir clCCC)li1lJ1isl11nc11ts a11d to see Ot1r 11,�()jJle e111barl-: 011 tl1e rigl1t scct1l,1r a11d 1·eligio11s path.

Y(1L1r T-foli11c.ss AlJt111ct 1,cwoflos : 7"'()C!c:1y is Ll jC):)tOLts ,111c.l I·1ist<)1·ic clay 11ot 011ly for _-.1()L.I , tl·11.; c·lcctcd" l)L!t alSC) for a]1 J:itl1iopia11S, for tl1ey cit\� ::\ J)Urt C)f tl1is p;rcat ,1<:l1ie\re111c11t c111braci11g tl1e c�f1'(1r{•; clt1ri11r: Ottr Rci�11 ,1.rL<..l ,tlsc) J)c\St eJ-l�orts.

A.re tl1cy . I()J l1lessed \Vl10 \,r.itnes�; toclay tl1is 11 isl<)ric: cve.11ts for \.\111 icl1 01.1 r ·forefat11e1:s ear11estly 11rc1vc:cJ, clesired c111cl 11011ecl '? l,t is 11ovv llP 1:o Yot1r ffoli11css to Jcee1), 1118i11.t8i11 ,t11·cl strc11_gtl1e11 -t11e Cl1t1rch's f1t1l<..)c.:epl1aly \Vl1ic]1 vVc 11,1,,c s��ct1recl. \/01.1r T-Ioli11css A�bl1118. Te\\ro·flos: Nov:., tl1at \101.1 11;1\rc l1cc11 e11t1·1.1sted v,,itl1 tl1e 11ecL\'Y r�s !')() 11 <-ibi 1 ities of t l1c Etl1i<)t:,i a 11 Cl1t1 rel,, 111ay the Al 111 igl1 ty God c1ssist vot1 i11 ,l11 'lOll r c11d.eavot1rs.

A 11 t-J1o�c: assc111 l11cc1 l1erc 1�ro111 f<l.r a11cl 11ea1· ha,.rc '-'1 it11csscc1 tl1is 11i�toric clav ,tc; ;:t clay of iov for all r· �tl1iOl)i�:lllS. i\�-�l.\/ Gc>c1 b"l��·s i'l11(: ·jo,1 �:lS �,,crl::1.sti1 \..,;

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Life is fttll of _tri,tls a11d tribt1latio11s a11cl r11a11 .i11 . strt1ggle to st1rv1ve a11 cl gL1icle his o,.vri c1estii1y 11as l11s _ _ _ _ 111eet to 1e 1)at ec!

I ts 1na11 y cl1alle11ges, pa1·tict1larly be · o ! � _ 111 C)tt1 111ocle111 \.\1 orlcl. F,c1t1cat1011 call har11ess 1na11's �!11n�e11�e J)Otential ,11 �cl e11able i 1 i111 to be better eqtiippecl 111 111 ? I1fe-lo1 1g J)L1rst11� SC) tl1at ]1e ca11 t1tilizc l1is stre 11gt11 a1 1cl 111tellect to tl1 e l11gl1est 11se. Manki 11d I1as be 11efitecl fro111 tl1is tl1rot1gl1 tl1c ,1ges. i\111cl1 c:l� n1a 11 l1,1s JJrogressecl. in tl1c sci enti fie ancl tesl111ological fielcls l1 e !1.,:1s 11c.1t 111acle a pnrallel e11dea­ vo1lr to e11ricl1 11in1se]f s1)irit11allv. The 111aterialis1n of tocJay is c)ver-1·icli11 g tl1e spirit11,l] val11es to the extent t11at tocla v we observe a lot of 11nrest ancl social up­ heavals \Vl1icl1 I1ave ·beco111e co1n1non pl1e1101nena the \Vo1·Id ove1·. Unlesc.; 1111111a11ity re.verts to t!1e ti111c­ · .J1011011recl va1t1es '-�1hi.ch have enabied past generations to 0\1ercon1 e ,vi t1 ,:o� 1r rl ge tl-ie adversities the\' 1,acl e11co1.1 ntered i11 t11e;r c1ai1\i 1i,,es, \Ve sl1ail 11ot 011ly be faili11_g 011rselve.s tJut posterity ,1s ,vell. I1 1 orcler to advance in ot1r resr)ectivc 11nderta1cin_gs a11d set ot1r­ sel,1es 011 tl1e right }),1t'11 we have to le.ar11 anc1 dra\.v abt111da11tly fro1n the great spiritt1a1 l1erit,l.f?;e which ot1r fatl1ers a11d forefatl1ers l1ave beqt1eathed to t1s. T11is ca.11 -give t1s st1·e11,gtl1 a11d a sense of co11tin11ity which are esse11tia] fo1· ,progress a.·11d develoon1e11t. Lear·ning a11d profo1111 d k11owleclge 11t11·tt11·e noble cl1aracter a1 1cl impa1·t v\'isdo111. TI,e fc1.111i1v t111it and ed1.1cational establisl11nents l1a,,c great respo11sibilitics i11 these e11cleavot1rs fc)r t11ey are tl1e basis of 11a tio11a1 pro_gress ancl prosneritv. Tl1e ]1arvest of life is cl1aracter ,:vhich grows with ti 1 11 e ancl it is tl1is ,,ery factor tl1at deter­ �i11 es· one's desti11y a11d ft1t11re. We sl1all alvlays bec1r 1 ,

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tl1is i11 111ind and i11 so do.i11g, we s11 all avoid pe1·sonal disaster· ar1d will not bring adverse influence on others.

It is Our· expressed l1ope that the educatio11 which you l1ave acquired here will e11able you, the graduating class, to face with determination the challenges that you are to encounter i11 your futur·e assignments so that you will be a positive co11t1·ibutio11 to the growth and deve­ lo1Jment of your· cou11t1·y. You shot1ld be well aware of the fa.ct that it is not n1ere academic achievement that is expected of you.. Your k11ow ledge and training, u11Iess put to proper and p1·actical use, vvill be wasted like l1oa1·ded 111011ey a11d you will be no better in this 1·egard tl1an tl1e t1nedt1cated. Higher education which yot1 l1ave bee11 fortu11ate to purst1e entails heavy re­ sponsibilities a11d obligatio11s. · As tl1e 1neasure of yo11r ,growtl1 i11 you1· 1·espective li11es of studies ren1 ains to be 1·evealed in you1· futt1re oaree1·s, you should now be p1�epared to render dedicated ·services commen.surate with t· l1· e ed·uoatio11 )'OU have l1ad ·here. Throughout your . ut� co111peten.ce will be gait1ged by the ta:sks yott life yo are t0 accomplish and you shall be re",arded accord­ i11.gly. It is, therefo1·e, yot1 r. pri1nary duty to work hard in 01·der to 1nake sure that the 1·est11ts of your labours are worthy of tl1e efforts spe11t on yot11· education.

Peoole wl10 l1ave had the good opportunity of the edt1catio11 yot1 have had shotild always adopt a rational a11d farsi.e;l1ted app1·oacl1 to proble1ns wl1icl1 they 111ay face in tl1e cou1·se of their ca1·eers a11d shot1ld likewise end­ eavot1r to find lasti11g sol11tio11s for the1n which are adaptable and applicable to local conditions. In t ?e ft1tt1re vo11 have to serve vour beloved country "11th sin­ ceritv an<l reveali11g faitl1ft1l11ess i 11 accordance with .t�e Golde11 Ru·J.e, ''Love tl1y neighbot1r ;a·s thyself," for 4-t 15 -- 27i - ·

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only_ then that y o u can b e useful to yourselves and of service to your fellow countrymen.

Servin,g Others There is 11othing 1nore rewarding worthwhile and . .

1n life tl1an to work fo1· the benefit of others. One can derive ?101·e pleast1re fro1n giving than from receiving.

We belrev-e tl1a,t ;eaol1 and every orre of you who in leav­ ing this iinsitituttlon ·f or his or her respective callings has co1ne to realize tl1at education is seldom prized merely is it 011 account of its usefulness to individuals. Nor . intended to be a mere ornament and a ma1·k of distinction and prominence to tl1e persons who are fortunate to receive it. Those who l1a,,e had the opportunit�, to learn should al\vays be at the disposal of those who l1ave not had its be11efit. The1·efore, it is n.ot only the individt1al but ·t11e community at large "'vvhif�h should benefit from the vi.�:ttres of ed.l.1cation. Tl1e '1-)iJords of the Holy Bible, ''Give and it shall be given 11nto Jrou9'? a,�e worth observing in your daily lives . Tliis moraent<.1us event should be fl ti1ne. in "Nhicl1 yot1 sl1ould reflect and pose ,to yot1rse1ves t·he questions, ''What kincl of service are we going to render to 011r country and what do we inte11d to accomplish in life?'' It is Our firm belief that if yo11 forego self-love and se1f-indu1gence and bre· ak ;away from worldly desires you will be ,able to make great contrib11tions to your family, community and coun.try .

It is not long si11ce the University was established.

However within tl1is short span of time it has been able to develop and expand its facilities and ser�ces with ad1niration. These have been made possible because of the tenacity and dedication of the President - 273 -

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a11d staff of this U11iversity. We deeply appreciate their e11deavo11rs _and also wisl1 to thank the Government and people of Italy for their continued generous grants and contrib11tions which have definitely helped the growth and progress of this University. We are also aware that His Holiness Pope Paul VI has been pro­ viding assistance to this University.

May the Almighty bless and guide the members of the graduating class of this year and crown their ft1ture with success.

AugtISt I, 1971

ANNUAL NATION-WIDE ADDRESS (1971) With the passage of time and as the Parlia­ me,it becomes more mature, it is but natural that tlie increasing duties and responsibilities devolving ilpon you, Pa1·liamentarians, de­ m.and farsightedness a,id profound insight.

Forty years ago today, We -established for the first tin1e in the l11istory of Our cou11try the legislative branch of the government· . Wl1.ile the ttaditio11 of counsel has always been a part of ,ot1r na1tional ethos, We brot1ght into being this i11stitution of ,counsel - the Parlia­ ment - as ·a ·vital e11tity and distinct part of Our <?o_v_ernment, so 1that ·it will share :a part of Our respon­ s1b111ty and deliberate on n1atters 1affecti1 1g tl1e welfare of Our people a. n,d the ·progress of Our country. Over !he years We have witnessed rthe growth and strengthe n­ ing ·of Ot1r Parlia1nent. We ·J1ave ·also witnessed the fo�1 ndatio11 We laid fo r democratic and . responsive a d1111nistration clevelop on 1a11 ever-sec11ve base. And for 1

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tl1is p1·aise be to 't11 e Almighty who 11 as bless ed our labot11·s.

Tl1e preside1 1t of 11·iegl1bot1ring Sudan, His Excel­ le11 cy Major· Ge11e1·al Gafar Mohamed Nim·eiri has been •to E t- hio_pia 011 a 11u1nber iof occasions and knows 011r ,cot111 ·try Well. A11d so today, we, all of · us, are parti­ ct1larly pleased to 11ave His Excellency the Pr-esident here ,i11 ot1r m i· ds-t -as Ot1r Gt1est of Honour.

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becomes 111ore 111 atu1·e, it js but natural that 1he i11 creas­ ing duties and 1·espo11sibilities -devolving t1pon you, Par­ lian1entarians, de1na 1 1d fa1·-sightedness a11d profound i·nsight. I:t ·is thus proper tha.-t Y../e shot1ld review here today some of 1the ma.in acl1ievements -and performa11ces of Our govern1ne11t durir1g ,the past t\velve months and indicate the highlig�1ts -i�,f -its rn.c1jor· plans.

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One of ·the outstanding events of the year 1963 E.C., was the elevation ·to •the Patriar,chal Throne on Ethiopi,an s,oil ·of -ul1e second Ethiopian patriarch.

In accorda11 ce with Ot1r Cano1 1 Law, His Holiness Ab1111 a Tl1eophilos was elected P-at1·iarch _ of t·he _Et!1io­ pian Orthodox Ch111·cl1 by an overv1helrn111 g maJo�ty.

The historic ceremony ·was conducted for the first time on Ethiopian soil 011 May 8th, 1971, i 1 1 tl1 e august pre­ sence of religious leaders ·a11 d delegates from Alexan­ dria me111 bers of the 01·ie11tal and Eastern 01·thodox Chu�·cl1es, a11 d i11vited gt1ests from othe1· religio�1s ?e11on1 inations. We ,11·e gratified that -the Etluop1an - 275 -

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Orthodox Oht11·cl1 has fi:n·ally ,beco111e the master of its ow11 desti11y a11d �hat the spirr�t1al life of Our p eople js keeping pace \VJth ·the material advancement of the ·i1atio11. As We declared ait the c, eremony, We consider the effort We 1ex·erted to enable ·the :Ethiopian Ortho­ dox Cht1rcl1 ·to ,stand 10n -its own feet and to ·establish its independence, as one of the n1ost fundamental con­ tr-ibut, ions We have 111ade for ·tl1e over-all ·development of Etl1,iopia. Glory to tl1e Almighty for enabling Us to wi t11ess ,tl1e :fr'Llits of Ot1r :labot11·.

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Pt1blic Healtl1 The1·e �s 11othing a, s precious to man a· s a sound n1ind in 1a sot111d body. And it is essential ,that ,the phy­ sical well-being of ot1r people n1erits as 1nucl1 attention as its spiritt1al ·welfa1·e. In th-is respect, co11siderable attention is bei11g paid to the pro1notion of public l1ea1'th. Mos·t of ·the diseases ·wl1ich affect rt:he health of the Ethiopia11 people c, a11 be controlled throt1gh pre­ \1e11tiv e, meast1res. Tl1a· t is w , I1y ,the pu·blic health pro­ gra1nine draw11 t1p by :tl1e Government leans more towards preve11tive meast1res. At tl1e same itime, ·how­ ever, ct1rative meastl'res directed towa1·ds ·adeqt1ately caring fo1· t, he sick we1·e 11eve1· lacking. Many l1ealth stations a11d cli11ics were opened -in var.ious p, arts of the count1·y in 1963 :E.C., .i11 ,accorda11ce with the plan to s :trengthe11 the rt11·al JJ11blic healtl1 :ser,,ice. Y.arious pttb­ Ii _c health i11stitL1tio11s vlere also strengtl1ened �na�­ cially a11d n1ate1·ially. I-Iospi-tals ct1rre11tly bei11g built in Arba Mi11tch, Asbe Teferi a11d Bale Goba are expe�ted to be co1111)leted a11d to 1·e11de1· ft1ll n1edical services witl1i1 1 tl1e 11ext two yea1·s. Over 500 Ethiopia11s who cor11pleted va1·iot1s cot1rses of stt1dy in ,the diffe retlt 1

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n1edic�l profe� sio�s a11d vocc1tio11s i1 1 1963 E.C., are �end:er111g 111er1tor1ous services to ;the people by work­ ing 1n ·tl�e country's n1edical institutions as physicians, pharn1-ac1st�, healtl1 officers, nurses, medical inspectors and i11 othe r· capacities.

Tl1ere was ·a11 ot1tbreak of cholera in some parts of Ethiopia at tl1e begi1mi11g of the year 1963 E.C. The Etl1i ?pian Gover1:1ment st1cc �sfully combatted t· he epi­ demic and speedily b1·ot1g-ht 1t under control by mobi­ lisin-g its htm1an a11d m a· terial tiesources and by judi­ ciously utilizing ·tl1e assistance render.ed by international organization,s. Thanks ,to the ·effective measures taken to control ,the epidemic ,i11 a relatively short period of tirn·e, the W·orld Health Organization l1as designated Ethiopia as a chloera-free zone. The exemplary spirit of cooperation on ,t:he part of Our people and other organizations ,in ·this remarkable endeavour de­ serves ·to be highly co111men.de. d.

We recall tl1at tr: 1e 1Vla!a1'\ia Eriadic(itio11 Ser,,ice \Vas es·tablished •in Our· {>0 1Jntry many yea.rs agcJ. In lil-ce 1nanner, a· three-year pr-ogram1ne ,aimed. at eradicating ·sm · a· illpox for Ethiopi:a was lau: nched in 1963 E.C., in accordance with ,the plans ,of operation formt1lated after making a t: ho14ough study of the situatio�. And no�,,, medical ·a nd public health person� el �pec1fically ? es1g­ nated for 1this operatio11 are vacc1nat1ng people 1n a�l prov.inces. It is h· oped tha: t smallpo� �,ould be eradi­ cated from Eth·iopia within ·the coming few years.

Educ.atio11

The ,eX:istence of a skilled and trained manpower is an ·absolute precondi1tion f· or ithe �rogress and devel­ opment of any cot1ntry. And rthat 1s the reason why, - 277 -

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a.111ong all the progran1mes initiated by Us for promot­ ·ing the best in·terests to ·Our people, -the expansion of eduoation has always received the highest priority.

Our Government h- as fo1·mulated plans whereby eduoational opport, unities would be made available to all and everyone, ·becau-se 1if.e without learning is barren and meaningless. I,t is in pur,suit ,of -this sacred mission tl1at within the limi= tat, ions ,of available resour,ces, ele­ mentary, iSeco11day, and vo, cational schools were opened in every province.

E ighty-fiou1· fully equipped academic and compre­ hensive seconda1·y s·chools w.ere bt1ilt at a · total cost of $28 million, ·financed b- y government revenues and the first pa11t of the educational project loans made avail­ able b- y :the International Bank £or Reconstruction and Development (t, he World B-ank). The second part of ·the educational loans fro1n ,tl1e W01·ld Bank ·w,ill help finance the ·COn·st· ruotion o, f additional secondary school's teacher ·tra- ining college a11d eX!_pand the existing high scl1ools wi·thin tl1e p1·-esent yea1·. I,t is estimated that the initial c, ost t- o ;constrt1ct, expand and ·equip ·tl1ese edt1cational insti_tutions will be $32.5 million.

Throt1gh tl1e joint .effor.ts 'of ,the Ethiopian Govern­ m,ent a11d ·people and -the as-sistance of the Swedisl1 Government, an ,add,itio11al 8 74 classroo1 11 units of elementary schools ·were bt1i1t in 1963 E.C. It is encot1raging t- o 11ote the s. teady gro, wt: h in tl1e r ot from u ber of : students adt1ating enrolling and g1 � � 1ns-t1tutions ·of highe1· lea1·ni11g. Tl1e Mu11icipal Tecl1ru­ cal Training Institt1te, bt1ilt ·tl11·ou.gl1 tl1e assista11ce of tl1e . French Gov,ern111e11t' a11d ,w}1icl1 We were pleased 11e ,v !0 1naugt1rate last year, is ·bot1ncl to p1·ovide a edu ­ 1ffiJ?etu � for the continued expansion o· f higher �ation r1n acoorda11ce with existing .plans.

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!he rate o f educational developinent has been gr�wmg ·at _· a n ever-faster.pace ,and ,the student popu­ lation has -1noreas�d .co11S1derably. It is thus essential f�r .the nun1ber. of teaohers, classroom units and the v1:tal sc h·ool eqmpment to keep ·pace w.ith ·this increas­ ing enr'ollmen t. Accordingly, ·tl1e funds allocated for the impro,1en1e11t ·a11d expansion of ·educatio11 for 1964 E. C. sho.w fill incr.ease ,of 27 percent over .those allo­ cated for rhe same ·pttrpose dur,ing 1963 E.C. It grieves Us ,tl1at ,the av a. ilability of educationa· l oppor-tunities falls short ·of Ot11� expectations . The few who ,are fo11tunate enough to benefit fr.om these limited opportunities and yet fail to make ,the best use of their ,time should regret the o. pp·o1,tu11.ities they 1are squ·ad· er­ ing. Obviously, sucl1 an unfor,tunate state of affairs cannot but g1·ieve Us. Therefore, it is the sacred duty a11d respo11sibility of s-tudents and pa1·ents :to see ·to it 'that the mistakes of the past are ·not I'e_pea.ted ,arid ithat time which should be devoted ,to 1the pu1·su.it of learni11g is D.ot w.asted by students ,heedlessly, £0llov1ing rthe •instigation of a few 1nisguided trouble-makers wl10 ha�ve yet to 1-1nderstand the value and -true meaning 1of education.

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Studies ·011 the manpower resources of Ethiopia ·have ·been oonduct.ed to determine .the kinds ,of skilled manpower required .t o .accelerate the pa_ce � f t�e coun­ ·try's economic development. Th� studies 1nd�cate the number of workers of different skills a11d vocations cur­ rently engaged in various fields of na�io11al ·endeavour and forecast !t he quantity ·and t, he quality �f · the lab�u r force which ,would be required for the period covering - 279 -

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tl1e Third ·,111d Fot1rtl1 Five-Yea1· ]?lans. Tl1e studies would help t- o l1armonize the vocatio11al t1·aining pro­ grammes of rthe country with tl1e required manpower needs in su,ch a way as -to guide our country'-s economic development alo11g the most efficient lines. l11dust1·ial Peace

An essent- ial pre-reqt1isite for tl1e harmonious pro­ gress and development of a country is the existence of an atmosphere of -cooperation a11d sympathy between m·anagement and labot1r. Coordination of efforts and a spirit of m11tual cooperation -between the two parties help t· o promote not only ,t:heir own interests rbut also stimulate th·e economic a11d social development of the country. It h- as ·been found pruden·t to revise the Labour Law of 1963, in order •to enhance the economic devel­ opment of the country by fostering ,�he spirit of mutual cooperation between management and workers. The draft ·of the revised Labot1r L·aw will be subm-itted to you for yot1r deliberation . . . . Unemployn1ent is harmful - it harms and da1nages ·the unemployed 11i111self, his na·tion and bis country. Em1Jloyers sl1ould st1·ive to create more jobs.

Workers should do their w-ork witl1 diligence ;and vigour.

These twin attributes are tl1e cornerstones for progress· A government cannot single-l1andedly stimulate, to the desirable extent, ·tl1e econon1ic growth ·and social development of a ,cou11try. It -is also indispensable for �he peop!e to prove, t· h1·ougl1 conc1·ete haJ.·d work and In a sp1r1t of self-help a11d self-reliance, tl1at they are t;ea?y to £ind satis·f·aorory soltl'tions t- o their m1anyfold social problems. Tl1e efforts beino made by the people 0 to promote -the cause of self-help by pooling their r e- 280 -

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sou:ces ·to ,tackle ·their c�min?n problems and by fol­ low1, ng the counsel and d1rect1ves of community de v e l­ opment workers, have proved to be of vital assistanc e to th e _plans drawn up by the Government in ·the fields _ of social and comn1uruty development.

Cooperatives .es·tablished in various parts of the co �ntry have proved t· o be of considerable service and large number ce to a of rural communities.

It ss1stan � 1s our fervent hope tl1at these cooperatives will continue to grow and expa11d.

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The ba-s e of the econo1ny ,of Ethiopia �s agriculture and livestock. And ·this is .duly reflected in the Third Five-Ye· ar Plan which accords the h· ighest priority to the development of agr-ict1ltural resources.

Regional agricultural projects a11d p1·ovincial agri­ oultural schemes ar{� steadily growing, ·based as they are on improved and p.rc�ductive practices.

9 We shot1ld like to mention ·in par.ticular Ethiopia S pioneer regional comprehen-sive package project - the Ohilalo Agricultural ne· velopment Unit (CADU). An agreement was signed last year with the Swedish Inter­ national Developm·ent Agency (SIDA) under which CADU will be able to expand its activities and con­ tinue - to render its services for ,the next five years.

Ethiopia is greatly indebted ·to -the Sw� d�sh Gov�rn­ ment which has· agreed 'to bear the $18 million req�tred _ for the project. This as-sistance _will enable the_ Ch1l�lo Agricultural Development Unit to render 1· ts vital service, not only .throu·ghout its ?wn prop�r province, bu,t .also in ,the surrounding districts. During the past year CADU has rendered vital service to low income - 281 -

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farn1 ers, i11 1Jartict1lar by provid-i 11 g them with better­ grade improved seeds and 111a1·keting facilities. These services are expected ·to grow and expand further dur­ i11 g tl1e neX!t twelve n1 011tl1s. Tl1e ·agricultural develop1ne11t wo1·k goi11g on ,i 1 1 the Awash Valley region is a1reacly showi 11g good rest1lts.

Dt11·i11 g the year i11 review, another agricultural developn1ent JJackage p1·oject establisl1 ed in Wollamo p1·ovinc-e distribt1ted farmland and helped settle some tl1ree l1t111clred far111ers. It also c1·eated a number of 111arketi11g ce11tres and provided variot1s agricultural services to ove1· 3500 far1ne1·s.

111 accordance \vitl1 a loa11 agreen1ent co11cluded \Vith the I11ter11atio11al Ba1 1k fo1· Reconstruction and Develop111ent (World Bank), an agrict1ltural develop­ .1nent scl1en1e centred at the Setit-Humera region was initiated last year in ·1101·tl1west Ethiopia.

The agricLtltt11·al development projects and ce11tres estab1isl1ecl eat�lier i11 Awassa and Arba Mintch l1ave also show1 1 satisfactory rest11ts. These ·agricultural pro­ jects -are p1·ovidi11 g a11 -i 11valL1able service to the sur­ rot1ncling 1·ural co.1n111t111ities by tra.i11ing and guidi11g far111ers and far111 l1a11ds, by distributi11g better seeds a11d_ �esticides a11d ,by -providi11g marketing outlets, �n add1t1011 -to the proclt1ctive developn1e11t ventt1res 1n wl1icl1 tl1ey -tl1e1nselves ·are e11gaged. .

Plans ,are also t111clerway to lat1 11ch another agr 1CLlltL1ral clevelo1)111e11t 1Jackage JJi·oject i11 Shashama �e to be fi 11a11cecl tl1rot1gl1 loa11s a 11cl assista11ce n1ade avail­ able by tl1e gover11111e11t of rtl1e U11ited States of Aine­ rica. Tl1e clraft law of tl1is loans ,vas p1·ese11-ted to yo_u for app1·oval last year. A si111ilar p1·oject for Adwa 15 also IJla1111 ecl. It is ·also l101Jed tl1at anotl1er agricultur�l develo1Jinent package p1·oject w.ould be establisl1ed in - 282 -

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ea:s�ern Wollega dt1ri1?g tl1e p1·ese11t year through an · the Government ass1sta11:ce to b � ·pro_v1ded by of the Fed�ral Republic of. Germa ny. Similar sche1nes are envi saged ·for other ·par,ts of .the .country.

Va· 1·ioL1s agrict1ltu1·al develop1nent scl1emes were launol1ed i1� 63 ?.ist1·icts of tl1e country in 1963 E.C., in ,coope1·at10� w1tl1 tl1e Swedisl1 International Develop­ me1!t Aut· l1or1ty (�IDA). Th�se schemes comprise 43 ag1·1ct1ltt1ral exper1me11tal stations i11 all tl1e governo1·ates-general, con1p· 1·el1ensive 111odern farming centres in nine of ·the governo1·ates-general, .agric111tural demons­ tration s·tations i11 six of -tl1e goevrnor ates-general, and agricultural c1·ed.it-gra11ting ce11tres for the purchase of fertil izers in five provjncia l distr-icts. The est ablishment of tl1ese institutions had provided a m11ch neecled in1pett1s for the econo1nic progress of Ethiopia by st· reng­ thening the cou11,t1·y's agricL1ltL1ral base.

Livest o c I, In tl1e field of anilnal l1usba11dry, livestock b1·eed­ ing cen·tres we1·e established last ye ar in selected and favot1rable sites in each of 011r governo1·ates-general. , yea1· to Tl1e world de111a11d ·for 111e at is -growing from ­ a c e tl1 , a 11d de � is t i of ne � o1 s . t ee � m ye ar. I 11 01·c1er to s 1e tr 11 co y dl en 1 fr l1 1t w n tio a r bo a � ll co in d he 1c n paig lat11 _ y 1· na r1 te ve te ca a d1 · e1 to ns io at iz an ·001 and i11ternational 1 a1nbiti�t1s e or m a 1 01 1t p1 s a w ry 1t 1 � co 1· diseases fron1 ou d 1o er e 1n sa e th 11g ri u D . ar J? ye st scale d, Liring the pa d te a a -in cc v re le w tt a c f o d � alone, 30111e 15 111i1Jio11 hea a�tly s a w is h T s. s e a is � d ry a � against ,,.ario11s vete1·i11 n o l1 1l m 0 2 r e v o f o 1 0 t1 o 11 d 1·o � made possible thro11gl1 the p a a sm A e th d n a 1 e Z : re b e D � _ doses of va. ccine a t tl1e l il w n i g a p a m c n o ti a in c c a v veterina r y institutes. Tl1e - 283 -

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proceed 011 an eve11 la1·ge1· s-cale during the present year.

The Southern Ethiopia livestock breeding and pasture project l1as been considerably expanded. The ·area designated .as past, ure land is extensive and the project is bound ,to enhance ·the economy of the coun­ try.

An independe11t dairy organization capable of pro­ ducing and distributing ,the dairy needs of Addis Ababa and the surrounding areas was also es-tablished in 1963 E.C., tht·ough loans sec11red from tl1e World Bank.

The es-tab1ishme11t of t, his ,dairy industry is expected to obviate within .a short time the shortage of milk in Addis Ababa 1and its surroundings. Studies have been made to establish ,similar but medium-sized modern dairies in various provincial centres during the present year.

In the .development of forest resources, an urgent af·foresta-tion progran1me was launched in ,the northern and eastern 1·eg-ions of tl1e country, particularly in Eri­ trea, Tigre, Wollo ,a11d Hararghie, in an effor,t to reclaim part of the country's vanished forestry. Many millions of variotl!S seedlings were planted within the past year.

This urgent and pressing task will contint1e unabated.

Basic A grict1lttire

Nine Otl·t of eve1·y te11 Etl1-iopians earn their livel �­ l1ood from farming and livestock b1·eeding. And agri­ culture is tl1e cornerstone of our cot1ntry's economy· Sustained eff01·ts are being ·therefore made in the devel­ opment of agrict1lture 11ot only ·to make the country self-suppo1·ting bt1t also ·to produce sufficient farm sur­ plus for export. As a 1·es11lt of -these efforts, ·the methods of farming are being imp1·oved and these improved 1

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are achieving better ever-increas­ m ethods and · g arm� � ing yields.

The soil of Ethiopia is a fertile soil. And it is loyal .and depend�bl �. Gi�en bt1t the proper atte11tio11 and care, the Eth,1op1an s011 re111ains, however n1uch it is ·tilled, a depe�dable ?ot1rce_ of livelihood .and dignity a11d wealtl1. It 1s ·thus 1ll-adv1sed .and indeed unreason­ aible to ai ban ?o11. ·the l1011ou1·.able a11d r· ewarding liveli­ hood !Of £a1·1n•1ng 1n quest of other forms of employment in urban areas. A renewed dedicatio11 and diligence in farming would !Su1·ely be a venture of more rev?ard� iI1g and lasting valt1e.

It is 11ot 011ly ,that Ethiopia is .ideal for the devel­ opment of :agricult, u·re bt1,t ·the preponderant majority of its people also happe11 ·to earn -tl1eir livelihood from farming. Draft legisla.tions ain1ed at accelerating the tempo of ag1·icultura1 develop1n. e nt ha,,e bee11 tl1erefore . ,., 1' ...J! . h prepare d, fo 11ow111g a r:·.orougrll st1!(1y ot trie: ex1st111g syst· ems of la11d ·ad1n-irh1s:tration ,ind te11·1:ire 111 tl1,.e 1/ttr1011s governorat· es-general. 'l

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Land Refo1I11 One :0f these legisla:tions ,is aimed a.t defining the relationship ,between la11dlords a11d te11ants and its draft was submitted ·to you1· last year. The spirit ·of the draft law is based upon the tr,aditio11al sentin1ents of mutt1al under.standing a11d sy1npathy, indeed the fa1nilial co�­ cern ·that exis·t between landlords and tenants. An1mat�d as i t is by ithis ·tt·aditional_ s-pirit of mutual_ con­ cern, the .intent ,of ·the .draft law 1s to define the rights, duties and respo11sibilities of te11ants and la11dlor-ds; to ensure ·a fair and eqt1itable share of ret11rns f· or both - 285 -

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JJar·ties; ·to have a written agreement or document speci­ fyi11g their obligations; and to provide an incentive for a sustained inc1·ease ,in ·th� income of both parties by _. establishing on ·a legal basis the trad1,t1onal and custo­ mary system. It is Ot1r 1hope, ·t11erefore, that the delibe­ rations you '11ave already star·ted 011 the ·draft law ·would come to a s11ccessful conclt1sion du1·ing the current ses­ sion of Parliament, leacling to its pro111ulgation.

A draft p1·ocla111atio11 -desig11ed to in1prove the law regulati11g the registration -of in1111ovable property and a bill 1·elating to the ·taxation of t1nused land will be st1bmitted to yot1 dt1ring this yea1·.

We would wish therefore to i1npress upon you tl1a·t you deliberate 011 tl1ese two major bills as soon as the)' are st1b1nitted .and event: ually adopt them.

The adoptio11 by Parliame11t of tl1ese ,three draft laws 1·elating to 1·eform·s of the system of land tenLtre would increase Ethiopia's agricultt1ral p1·odt1ctivity and enable ot1r cot1ntry ,to become ·the granary of ·tl1e Middle East.

It 1nay be .recalled tl1at i11 acldition to tl1e directives We had 1sst1ed enabling tl1ose Ethiopians who do not own land of ·their :ow11 to be i11 possess.io11 of 011e, pilot resettleme11 t schen1es were i11itiated on Cro\v11 la11ds i n Wolla1no, Arba Mi11tcl1, and Bale. We l1a,,e now issued directives for tl1e expansion of the 1·esettlement pro­ grammes on botl1 Crow11 ar1d abando11ed land based on the exper-ience gai11ed fro1n tl1e pilot schemes.

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�Iine1�al Resot11·ces It is vital that tl1e econo111y· of Ethiopia, whicl1 is a b ened a ed y_ n ? s_ . on agri�t1ltt1ral p1·oquce, be strengtl1 e; min of io11 intenstve explo1tatio11 a11d efficie11t ex1Jloitat - 286 -

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ra� resources. A ;sys-te1nat�c geological survey is thus being _ condt1cted �o cleteri:11111e the existence and extent of m1neral _ depo?1ts, particularly in those areas whicI1 are cons�- dered lt½ely to possess 111ineral resources. A s- t1rve y, �ow being conducted by syste1�a�1c _geo�og1cal _ Mines, has 1 f o f 1nd1cated & · copper M111 deposits of he � ! !

1n �he v1c1111-ty of A�mara. .A concession for the exploi­ tation and 1narket111g of -these mi11eral deposits was _ granted to ,the Nippon Company of Japan and it is hoped tl1-at the outcoi11e -of tl1is ventt1re wot1ld be satis­ factory. The searol1 for other mineral deposits and petroletl!l11 still goes 011.

T·he geological 1napping survey of tl1e northern pro­ vinces has been completed. A similar survey of the Rift Lakes -region is proceecling at an accelerated pace.

Various friend.ly governn1ents and inter11ational orga11izatio11s l1ave b£;.en req1.J.e&ted to participate in the exploitatio11 going csr1 tc1 determine irJ. the shortest possible time the ql,sa1itatRve .;a11d qliantitative deposits of minerals ii1 Ethiopia. The Ca11adian governmer1t is providing technica 1 assistance ir1 tt1is field . The first s·tt1dy •team has ·all·eady -started ·1!l1e survey '1Nit11 a vievv to investigating ,the mineral deposits in the Omo valley which encompasses tl1e governorates of Illu'babor, Kaffa, Gan1tl Gofa ·and parts of Sidamo. The technical assistance, provided by tl1e govermnent ·of the Federal Republic of Gern1any, is helping in carrying ot1t the geological and cartographic ·survey of H� rarghie to determine its mineral deposits. The geological gro11nd survey, made in Nortl1ern Ethiopia by -the Ministry �f _ Mines, J1as been co11firmed by an aerial ·photographic survey conducted ·by the British Governinent.

At the same tin1e tl1e p1·eliminary survey of mineral resources in Wollega a11d Sida1no condt1cted in collabo1

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ratio11 witl1 tl1e United Nations Development Pro­ o-ran1111e ( UNDP) has been co1npleted. In response to OLlr govern111ent's 1·eqt1es,t, the United _Nati�ns Develop­ r11e11t Program1ne 11as agreed to continue ,its technical assistance progra111me f01· �111other ·three years. This will n1ake it possible to ca1·ry out a thorough investi­ gatio11 of 1nineral cleposits in the two 1·egions. More­ over, l1ydrologic-al st1rvey of the ther1nal springs in the Danakil, the Awasl1 Valley a11d the Rift Lakes region, which is being co11d.ucted in collabor.ation with the United Nations Develop1ne11·t Progra1nme, has made a good start.

The rights of foreig11 a11d local investors in pro­ speoti11g for n1ine1·al is ·safeguarded by the Mining La,v of 1963 E.C., .the clraft of w·hich was discussed and ,lpproved by Parlia111ent. We tl1erefore once more ex­ tend an i11vitatio11 to local and foreign investors to particular in tl1e ·explo1�anio11 ,a11d development of our cot1ntry's n1i11eral resou1·ces.

Inclt1strial Efforts

The expa11sion of i11dt1strial establishn1ents to pro­ cess tl1e yields ·of agrict1l,tt11·al a11d n1i11e1·al resources and tl1e growtl1 i11 .the volt1111e of both inter11al and ex­ ter11aJ tracle t11rot1gh ,1n ef f-lc.ie11t syste111 of marketing are so11:e of ,tl1e f t111ci,t1nental 1)re-co11dition� for the eco1101111c clevelop111 ent of a cot1nt1·y. In this regard the effoi·ts 111acle -by O L11· Gover11me11t to achieve .tbese . clesirable goals are i11deed co11siclerable. · · ntere 11 g · act· I a x1st1n 1t1011 e to of tl1e expa11sio11 . · . - · . . \Vere ·or1ses· : lv,1e11ty s se rpr1 e1gl1t 11ew 111dt1str1al e11te t s 1· t..men estab 111 ' lis·l1ec1 dL1r111g 1811 b · tl1e past year. These esta ulp Ltre foocl processing, p d an textile, plywood, paper - 288 -·

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and metal factories. It is estin1 ated t11 at the valtte of the gross ot1tpt1t of .Etl1iopia's inclt1strial establishtnents _ dt1r1ng tl1e sa1ne ]Jeriod is over $467 1nillion.

The tyre factory t1nder constrt1ction in Addis A�aba 0_11 tl1e ?ebr � Zeit road a11d tl1e large tannery be111g bt11lt at EJe1·sa 111 the district of Koka are expected to begi11 p1·oclt1ctio11 '.X1itl1i11 tl1e present year. Tl1e total i11vest111er1t i11 tl1ese two indt1strial establishn1ents, fi11a11cecl fro111 go,,er111ne11tal bt1dgetary sot1rces and loans, is expectecl to be over $44.5 1nilJjon.

The indt1strial concer11s establisl1ed last year and tl1ose bei11g co111pleted l1ave created e1nploy1ne11t op­ po1·tt1nit·ies fot� 111anv people. The expansion of Ethio­ pia11 i11dt1strial establish111e11ts serves tl,e t,,,o-fold pt1r­ pose of i11creasi11g tl1e indt1strial labo11r force as well as t11e vol.111ne of 111a11L1factt1rcd co111n1odities and is tl1ere­ fore of SJJecii.:11 significa11ce. Tl1t1s. the eco1101nv of ot1r cot1ntrv will be fr1rt11e1· strengtl1ened and llnen1ploy·rnent ct1t do,vn, ]eadi11g to an equitable share of the wealth wl1ich tl1e Al1nig.hty r1as ·bestowed on ot1r cot1ntry.

T1·a{le Regt1lations

The 'Ja,vs of fo·rei_g11 a11d domestic trade enacted following the cleliberatio11 and approval of Par�ia111e�t are expectecl to accelerate tl1e pace of co111merc1al acti­ vities. A draft legislation relating to the control of con11nercial activities has been prese11ted to yot1. It is expected t<) be enactecl fol]ovvi11g your clelibera� ion dt1r­ _ jng the ct11·re11t sessio11. � l1e aim of tl1� bill 1s to eliminate t1nfai1· trade JJract1ces, to st1perv1se and con­ trol the price sit11ation, the retail trade and rr� onopolistic _ institt1tions, tcJ p1·ol1ibit i1n prot)er advert1� 111g and to make it possible for trade marl<s to be registered. Tl1e - 289 -

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bill should tl1erefo1·e be given the due consideration it deserves.

The standa1·dizatio11 of consumer goods helps to safegu.ard the interes-t of co11sumers a11d to ens11re the availability of foreig11 market 011tlets for the commodi­ ties. An institute in cl1arge of Standards and Measure1nents l1as now bee11 establisl1ed and the relevant draft legislation vesting it with the requisite powers will be shortly submitted to you.

Tl1e Laws 1·elating to standard weights and measures and the control of the ins11rance business are being i1nplemented and have al1·eady proved of great help in safeguardi11g the inte1·est of the p11blic.

The Natio11al Bank of Ethiopia I1as acl1ieved satisfactory rest1lts i11 maki11g banking services acces­ sible to the entire people, by 1naking available to J�overn1ne11t and p1·ivate orga11izations loans 11eeded for industrjaJ and commercial p11rposes, a11d by 1nai11tain­ ing a favo11rable balance of the co11ntry's foreig11 ex­ change rese1·ves. It sl1all receive 011r continued assist­ ance to l1elp s· ·tre11gthen it f111·ther.

Members of the rt1ral poptilation a1·e becon1i11g more and mo1·e co11sciot1s of tl1e i11trinsic val11e of sav­ in.�s and investn1ents a11d are 1·ealising the i1 11porta11ce of banking services. It is tl1 e1·efore l1 earte11i 11 g to 11ote tl1at d11ri11g tl1e past few years, bra11ch banki11g offices have bee 1 1 ope11ed even in tl1e s111alle1· p1·ovincial to�rns of tl1e cot111try. This is i11deed e11co111·aging fo1· tI1e plans We have drawn llI) for· tl1e eco11omic progress of Etl1iooia.

It is a well-known fact that Etl1iopia's fo1·eign ex- 290 -

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c��nge p �licy adl1eres to the free-trade system. Ethio­ payment dt1ring the past year pia s fore1�n exchange . was excessively high but we l1ope that the state of Ethio­ pia's foreign excl1ange reserves will not adversely affect the_ cot1ntry's trade dev�lopment. It is difficult to speak with any degree of cer-t1tude of the international mone­ tary system as a result of -the suspension of the standard exchange rate between the American dollar and gold.

But international trade is inextricably linked with the prevailing monetary excl1ange svstem and everv possible preca11tion will be taken to obviate trade dislocation.

Transpo1·t a11d Communications

The existence and expansion of an efficient svstem of roads and con1munications constit11te the fundamen­ of commu11al activities. tal basis for the develoome11t • Considerable efft1rts l1ave been made, the1·efore, to build highwavs and feeder-roads� im,r;x'ovc 11a1·t,01.1rs a.r1d airports, and to establisli an effe,�ti·vt:� f,·nd. 1;:fficitent net., work of te1ecomrr1unications and po.sta1 services.

Various installations were erected during the past year in the ports of Massawa and Assa'b. Storage faci­ lities, a quay and roads we1·e b11ilt in the Massawa harbour a11d a 11ew water supply system ,;vas instal1ecl in Assab. In like ma11ner, new mooring facilities were bt1ilt on -the shores of Lakes Abiata and Chama. The t Bt1 . rs• old yea six ly Ethiopian Shiooing Lines is on • • • • in that short period of time. th1s young mar1t1me 1nst1tution has rendered invaluable services by trans­ porting on its ow n shins · the goods and prodt1ce of Ethiopia to international markets.

In the field of air transport, expansion work direct­ ed to lengtl1en and strengtl1e11 the runways of both the - 291 -

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Addis Ababa a11d Asma1·a airports and the installation of other modern facilities to enable n1any types of jet­ liners to land 01· take off at all times is nearing com­ pletion.

Additional telephone exchanges were installed in Addis Ababa a11d in provincial ce11tres in the course of the past twelve months. Radio-telephone links were also established wl1ere the ex·tension of conventional lines to cer·tain areas was not f 011nd to be feasible.

At the sa1ne time radio-telephone and telex links were establisI1ed with various cot1ntries. All in all, an invest, n1e11t of ove1· $9 .5 1nillion was macle dt1ring the year in review for the in1 provement and expansion of tele­ co1nmt1 11ication se1·vices .

Tl1e improven1ent of several inter-t1 rban roads was also carried ot1t. I11 accorda11ce with tl1e plans drawn up earlier, additional high'vvavs a1 1d feeder roads were bttilt to facilitate 1n,1tters bot:11 for the farn1er and the trader in marketi 11 g thei1· wares. Tl1e expansion of tI1e network of l1ighways and feeder· roads w · ill proceed according to plan. �

Po,ve1· a11d l1·1·ig;ation

Tl1e l1vdrological ·St1rvey of the n1ost irnportant rivers is still going on ,vith a vie,v to harnessing the abt111dant ·an.d G·od-give11 vvater re.sot11·ces of Ethiopia for power a11d i1·rigation. Among tl1e hydrological sur­ veys completed is tl1a-t of the tl1ird Awash Hydro­ Electric P ower Station which began operation dt1ri�g the past year. The $75 millio1 1 Fi11cl1a Hydro-Electric Powe 1· Project 110w t1 11cler co11strt1ction is expected to go into o �erati�11 witl1in the present year. Wl1en com­ pleted, tl11s proJect wot1ld be capable of doubling the - 292 -

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present total power output of tl1e Ethiopian Electric Light and Power Authority.

The $10 illio11 11 Mai Nefhi Dam Project at � _ Asma ra wh1cl1 _ will be co1npleted this year will meet the water requ1ren1ents of the residents of Asmara.

Various efforts l1ave been made over tl1e years to ensure that those urba11 a1·eas which have water shortage are served by an adequate supply of water. Feasibility stu·dies of ·water supply systems for Shashe1nane, Ho­ saa11a, Ginir, Lekempt, Jijiga, Kobo, Dangla and Axum have been completed. A loan agreement which would enable the constrt1ction of water systems for these urban areas has bee11 sig11ed witl1 the Government of the Federal Republic of Gern1a11y and the loan agree­ ment will be dt1ly submitted £01· your approval. Studies 4 remaining othe1 towns will continue to be made for the and steps will be ta.ke.n i11 stages to solve their water supply p1·oblems.

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I vve.�]s v:/e.ire d1'J.l1.eu iri var1ot1s rt11·a..1· areas which have ·sl101·tage {}f rjota.ble 'lVater. The drilling operatio11 will continue accorrling to plan. .Ji "

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Secu1·ity and Peace Ethiopia is a peace-loving nation. And except for those times when it had to rise up in arms to fight off aggression, or to advance the ca11se of collective securi­ ty, there is 11ot one insta11ce in history �f E!hiop ia p�o­ voking a conflict by violati11g the � err1tor1al 1ntegr1ty or by interfering i11 the internal affairs of others. A?d there will never be any s11ch instance. However, Ethio­ pia will never be fou11d wanti11g in it� e� forts to stren�­ then ·its defence force, s.µstained as 1t 1s by the tr_ad1tional valour -of its gallant people, to tl1\vart the designs - 293 -

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of tJ1ose wl10 are be11t 011 violating the freedom and 011ity of its IJeople a11d its te1·1·i�o1·ial integrity. Our vioila11t Ar111ed Fo1·ces are tl1e1·efo1·e always ready to safegL1ard tl1e territo1·ial i11teg1·ity of the country and tl1e freedo111 a11d Lt11ity of tl1e Etl1iopia11 people. Tl1e civic actio11 pe1·fo1·111ed by 111e111be1·s of the Arn1ed Forces a11d thei1· 1J,11·ticipation i11 develop111ent projects of the cou11tr)' has bee11 fou11d ttseful and it is OL1r l1ope tl1at it vvi11 co11ti11L1e to expa11d.

Tl1e In1pe1·ial Etl1iopia11 Police Fo1·ce has also discl1 arged satisfacto1·ily its l1igl1 duties of safeguarding tl1e i11ter11al secLtrity of tl1e cou11t1·)1• The Police Force is also bei11g vvell _p1·oviclecl, and will continue to be provided, witl1 t 1p-to-date eqL1ipn1ent to help it carry oLtt its task.

Fo1·eig11 Policy

As ,ve l1ave 111,tde it al1t111da11tly clea1· 011 several occasions, OL1 r fo1·eig11 IJOlicy co11ti11L1ed to be i11spired by tl1e ft1nda111e11 t,1l lJrinciples of tl1e United 11atio11s Cl1,1rtcr. We adl1 crc to tl1e 1Jri11ci1)le of 11on-i11terve11ti.011 i11 tl1e i11 ter11,1l affairs of otl1e1· coL111t1·ies a11d respect for territorial i11tegrity. We believe i11 coo1Jeration a11d collaboratio11 to pro111ote tl1e cat1se of i11ter11ational secLtrity, tl1e ec1L1ality of 111a11 a11d tl1e welfare of n1an­ l<�11d · · We believe i11 tl1e IJcacef ul settle111ent of all _ di_spLites w1tl10LLt resorti11g to fo1·ce. And i11 accorda�1ce with tl1e Cl1arter of tl1e Oroa11ization of African Unity, we will strive to eradicate c�lonialis111 1·acism and apar­ th�id fro111 tl1e f ctce of Af1·ica, to f1·�1strate the eff�rts beri1g 11 1a�e by foreig11 JOWe1�s to dictate the dest1nY I d n sta o ?f tl1e Afr1ca11 co11ti11e11t a11d we \vill continue t in Llnio11 witl1 the i11dependent Af 1·ica11 States for tlle - 294 -

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total �npe�dence �11� p1·og1·ess of Ot1r Continent. The pu1·st11t of the pr111c1ples of no11-alionme11 t is also· an i11alienable �Jat�t of Etl1�op� a's fo1·ei;n policy. Guided by tl1ese pr111c1ples Etl11op1a l1as cultivated friendsl1ip witl1 all cou11tries.

111 tl1is 1·espect, it is g1·atifyino to note that the nt� n1?er ?f f1·ie11dly. gover11n1ents ;peni11g diplo111atic n11ss1011s 111 OL11· capital h,ts been growing from year to year. We are also pleased to note that ot1r relations of a111ity l1ave bee11 i1n1nensely st1·e11gthened \vith tl1ose gover1une11ts who l1ave acc1·edited e11voys to Our capital. At tl1e sa111e ti111e, I-leads of State and Govern1ne11t and deleg,:1tes are co111ing here f1·om time to time to tl1e seat of tl1e Orga11izatio11 of Af1·ica11 U11ity a11d the U11ited Nations Eco11omic Co1111nissio11 for Africa to atte11d co11fe1·ences spo11sored by botl1 Organizatio11s.

Tl1is l1as p1·ovided lJs Vlith tl1e added opportt111ity of excl1a11ging views with tliem on 1natters of mutual con­ cern.

Etl1io�Sucla11ese Relations Tl1e efforts We ,1re 111a·king to stre11gtl1en tl1e spirit of good-11eigl1 bot11·ly relatio11s ac1·oss 0L11· f1·011tie1·s are beari11g f1·t1itfL1l results. Tl1e p1·esence of ot11· ho1�ot1�e� _ gt1est, H.B. Major Ge11eral Gaafar Mohan1ed .N1me1r1, tl1e P1·eside11t of St1da11, a1no11g t1s today, is i11 itself bt1t another n1 a11ifestatio11 of tl1e e11dt1ring spirit of brother­ hood which exists between Ethiopia a11 d t'he St1dan.

Ethiopia and tl1e SL1cla11 are linked by intimate oeoorapl1ical a11d l1isto1·ical ties and the peoples of tl1e 0 fwo 11eighbot1ri11g cot1.ntries d1·ink water d1·awn from t�e same 1·iver. Ethiopians co11side1· tl1e St1danese as the1r _ own brothe.rs. And tl1e St1danese have stood by the side - 295 -

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of Ethiopia11s and shed their blood for the freedom of our country. Etl1iopia will therefo1·e neve1· forget the

debt it owes the SLtdanese people.

Perso11al Diplo1nacy

During the year in review Etl1iopia was pleased to play host to tl1e leader of the Federal Republic of Ni­ geria, H.E. Major Ge11eral Yakubu Gowo11 and Madatn Gowan, and H.E. President Leopold Sedar Sengl1or of Senegal who made official visits to OL1r country. H.E. Spiro Agnew, the \lice-P1·eside11t of the United States, a count1·y whicl1 l1as long-sta11di11g relatio11s "vvith Ethio­ pia, also visited Etl1iopia.

The exchanges of views We l1ad witl1 these visiting leaders were not confined to a 1·eview of OLttstandi11g international and Af1·ica11 issues. DLt1·ing the visit of the Nigerian leader a11 agree1ne11t was reacl1ed for re­ presentatives of tl1e t\VO cou11tries to ot1tli11e the areas of co-operation wl1icl1 woulti co11tribute to\vards tl1e further stre11gtl1eni11g of the existing friendly relatio11s between Nigeria a11d Etl1iopia. The visit of the Presi­ dent of Senegal resulted in a treaty of f1·iendship and a cultural and comme1·cial agree1nent. Tl1e visit of tl1e American Vice - President l1as co11tribt1ted greatly towards tl1e strengtheni11t::,er of tl1e existi11ba frie11dly re.lat10 . 11s between Ethio1Jia a11cl tl1e United States.

We are co11vinced that in tl1is fast-cl1a11gi11g and e��ntful world, personal di1)lo111a cy, co11ducted tl1rougl1 v1s1ts to f1·ie11dly countries a11d talks at I-lead of State �nd Gove1·nn�ent _level w �ll hell? a great de�l i11 r�s�lv; ing outstanding 1nternat1onal 1sst1es a11d 1n ot1tl1n1110 areas of collaboratio11 i11 1natters of mutual interest. It is in pursuit of this wortl1y objective th at We l1ave been - 296 -

DOMESTIC

visiting various friend!y countries without regard to the discomfort and 1nconvenience of long-distance travel.

In re�ponse t ? the invitation extended to Us by H.E._ Pres1de11t Giuseppe A. Saragat of Italy, His Hol111ess Pope Paul VI, l-I.E. Generalissimo Francisco Franco, Head of the Spanish Government, H.E. Presi­ dent G1·eg·oire l(ayiba11da of Rwanda and H.B. Colonel Mic�el M �co1nbero_ of Burundi, We visited Italy, the Vat1ca11 City, Spain, Rwa11da and Bu1·undi.

Etl1io-Italian Relations

The l1istorical relatio11s bet\veen Italy a11d Ethiopia are fa1nilia1· to a.11. Although the relations between the two count1·ies go back n1any generations, tl1e act of agg1·essio11 co1nmitted by tl1e Fascist Italiar1 lea.der in the 1930's against Etl1iopia. ·\fi;as inst.rt1mental in creat­ ing, for a brief perioa.i of ti.c�e� an atmosphere of enmity between tl1e t\.vo (;fJuntr.ie.s ., H,owever, We; ovve; .it to God wl10 c1·owned Ou.r e.fforts vvitt1 the ultunate victo­ ry to forgive those 'v'/110 tra11sgress against us� and so We rest1n1ed friendly relations ,,1litl1 Italy at the end of the Second W 01·ld War. Finally, We accepted a long-sta11di11g and repeatedly made invitation extended to Us by tl1e P1·eside11t of tl1e ne\v Italy to pay a visit to the cou11t1·y with a \1iew to erasing any linger·ing sentirnents of rancot1r and to strengthen friendly re­ lations. We l1ave been touched by the warm welcon1e accorded Us by the Italian people and the respect sl1own to Us by Governn1ent officials during Our visit to the Republic.

A basic agreement was signed in th� course of Our visit to {urther stre11gthen the economic, commer- 297 -

DOMES'fIC

cial cultu1·al a1 1d tecl1nical 1·elatio11s a11d co-operation exi;tino- betwee11 Etl1iopia and Italy·. Moreover, the Italia11°gove1·111 ne11t l1as also p1·on1ised to render assis­ tance by participati11g i 1 1 Ethiopia1 1 development schem­ es.

Ou1· visit to the V,ttican City p1·ovided Us with anotl1er op1Jo1·tLt11ity to re11ew ot11· f1·ie11dship witl1 Pope Pat1l VI, who111 We l1ad n1et dt11·ing Our visit to Geneva to ,tttend the 50th a1111ive1·sa1·y of the establishment of tl1e I11ternatio11al Labou1· 01·ganization (ILO) and to review agai11 witl1 His Holi11ess 1natters pertaining to world fJeace.

DL11·i11g Our visit to Spai11, 1·epresentatives of tl1e two cou11tries signecl an agreen1e11t on tecl1nical, c11.l­ tu1·al, touristic and conu11e1·cial 1·elatio11s a11d co-ope1·atio11 to be establisl1ed betwee11 tl1e two countries.

DL1ring Ot11· visit to Rt1wanda a11d Bt11·undi, We excha11ged views witl1 the leade1·s of both cot1ntries on matte1·s of n1t1tL1al interest and Af1·ica11 solidarity.

It was wl1ile we \Vere 011 Otu· visit to Italy ,tl1at \Ve heard tl1e news of tl1e deatl1 of Our· long-ti1ne friend and for1ner P1·eside11t of Fra11ce, Ge11e1·al Cl1a1·les de GaL 1lle. We i11terrL1pted OL11· visit a11d atte11ded tl1e men101·ial services at tl1e Catl1ed1·al of Notre Dame in Paris. It is a11 t111de11iable fact tl1at tl1e \Vorld I1as lost a11 OL1tsta11di11g a11d cleter111i11ecl leader i 11 tl1e death of Ge11er,1l de GaL1lle.

We also atte11ded i11 Mo11rovia tl1e ft111eral services of 0Li1· �lose frie11cl, tl1e late P1·eside11t \1/illian1 Tubman of Libe1·ia. Africa l1as lost a o-reat leader in the u11timely death of Preside11t TL1b 1 n� 11.

- 298 -

DOMESTIC

Sino-Ethiopia11 Relatio11s

Last yeai· We established diplomatic relations with tl1e People's Republic of China. As you know, Our governm ent l1as bee11 advocati11g for a long time now t�at the Peopl_e's Republ!c of China should take up its rightful place 1n the comity of the nations of the world.

And. bt1t tl11·,ee .weeks ago, We visited tha·t 0o-reat and histor1c country 111 1·espo11se to tl1e invitation extended to Us by the Gove1·1m1er1t of Cl1ina.

Our histo1·ic visit to the People's Republic of China l1as enabled Us to l1old exte11sive talks with the leaders of China, pa1·tic11la1·ly with Chairman Mao Tse Tung and Prime Mi11ister Cl1ou En-Lai, on n1atte1·s of mut11al concer11, on g1·ave issues facing the world a11d on the establisl1111ent a11d p·urposes of tl1e 01·ga11izatio11 of Afri­ can Unity. Moreove1·, the visit has also gained Us a las ting friendsl1ip .

The war1n welcorne accorcled ·lJs by tl1e. hos.pitable Chinese people l1a.s assured Us of the love and esteem which the people of China have fo1· Us and for t.he Ethiopian nation. The greatness of Cl1i11a is not d11e merely to tl1e fact that it is tl1e most populous country on earth. Cl1i11a is also g1·eat because of its history and its ancie11t civilization and c11lt11re. Th11s, We are indeed pleased that China has at long last gained its rightful place at the United Nations.

As mentioned earlier· tl1e foreign policy of Ethio­ pia is guided by its faith in co-operation an� c?llabo­ ration for m11tual i11terest, based on the pr111c1ple of co-existence of different ideologies. It is thus Our firm belief that the econon1ic and tech11ical assistance which will be provicled by tl1e CI1inese gove1·n1nent and the Ethio-Chlnese trade relations which will be expanded 1

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JJOi vtESTIC

will 1JrO\'e to be of additio11a! a� sista11ce to the socio­ econor11.ic clevelo1)1ne11t of Eth1op1a.

1,11e agree11 1e11t sig11ecl witl1 r·epresentatives of the C11inese gover11111e11t will l1el1J cor1·ect the bala11ce of t1·ade betvvee11 Ethiopia a11d Cl1ina. Moreover, the long-ter1r1 inte1·est-£1·ee loa11 of Eth. $203 1nillion, n1ade available by Cl1i11a fo1: eco1101nic de,1elop1nent projects of Etl1iopia, is a sig11al testi1no11)1 to tl1e dete1·111 i11atio11 of the Cl1i.ncse gover11 111e11t to 11elp Etl1iopia.

Ethio1Jia wiJl 11e\1e1· forget tl1e clebt it o\ves all tl1ose gover111r1c11ts wl10 l1ave assistecl it a11d wl10 will assist it i11 tl1e cievelop111c11t of tl1e cot111 try.

Two weeks ago vVe IJaicl a State Visit to Ira11 as gt1est of Ot1r frie11d tl1e Sl1al1,111sl1ah Mohan11ned Reza Pahl.a vi. Dt1ri11g tl1e visit We atte11ded tl1e 2,500tl1 ,11111i,1ersary celebratio11s of tl1e fot111di11g: of the E1npire of Tran by Cyrt1s tl1e G1·eat.

We ,1re gra tifiecl tl1at the occasion afforded Us tl1e (1l)portt111ity to re11ew Ot11· lo11g-stancli11g ·friendship \:Vitl1 tl1e E1111Jeror of I ra11 a 11d to co11fer witl1 ten I-leads of State and Gover11111.e11t ancl otl1er pro111i11ent leaders 011 111atters of 111t1tt1,1l co11cer11 a11cl i11ter 11ational isst1es.

A few days ago We atte11ded i11 Mogadisl10 tl1e Sevc11tl1 Co11ference of I1eads of Go,,e1·11111e11ts of East a11d Ce11t1·al Africar1 States. \Ve excl1a11ged vie,vs \vith lcacle1�s of 11cigl1bot1ri11g cot111t1·ies 011 111atters of con1111011 interest affecti11g ot1r pa1·t of tl1e conti11e11t . lie We of l1eld tl1rec � leader 111ecti1 1gs ,,,itl1 tl1e ., Government of So1r1alia, l:_I.E. Majo1· General Siad �arre 011 111t1tua1 collabo1·atio 11 a11cl otl1e1· n1atters affectt 111 g 0t1 r t\vo 11eigl1boL1ri tha e l101 J We 11g cot111 tries. .A11d the talks \\!e l1elcl will 01Je11 a patl1 leadi11g to better t111dersta11cl111g a11 cl closer collabo1·atio11 between our �

- 300 -

DOivIES"fIC

tw? _c�11ntries wl1ich a1·e inextricably li11ked in history, ad101111ng borde1· a11cl n1L1tt1al i11terests.

It is to ·be recalled that tl1e Sixtl1 Conference of I-leads of St,1te ancl Goverrune11t of East an . d Ce11tral Africa11 States vvl1icl1 was held i11 Kl1arto11111 I1ad en­ tr11sted . i ndependent tl1e Us 111issio11 of 11rging wi tl1 tl1 � _ Afr1ca.11 states to increase the fina11cial c111d n1aterial assista11ce they give to Africa11 freedo1n fighters. We dtily dispatcl1ec1 the n1essage to all tl1e leaders of the i11clepende11t African states. Tl1e response of the major­ ity of Africa11 leaders l1as been n1ost encot1raging as they l1ave asst1recl 11s tl1at tl1ey are re11dering increased assis­ tance. We are gratified thftt 011r African brethre11, who are sac1·ificin,g tl1e111selves to tl1rovv off the yoke of colonialis111, will be receivi11g tl1e assista11ce tl1ey clearly need. .,

O.A.U. a11cl 1 he lvlicldle East Leaders of ir1,jepe11dent .t\.frica11 states n1eet 011ce a year to disc11ss 111atters pertainir1g to ot1tstar1cling i11ter­ national issues, tl1e deve!op111e11t of tl1eir co11tine11 t, tl1e liq11idatio11 of colonialis1n a11d those related to Africa11 t1nity in ge11e1·al. Tl1e Eigl1t11 An11t1al Assen1bly of the Heads of State a11cl Gover111nent of tl1e Organizatio11 of African U11itv ,vas he1d in Aclclis Ababa last J11ly. Tl1e co11fere11ce s�t 11p a cc)111n1ittee co1nposed of ten leaders, incl11ding Ot11·self, c,l1a1·ged ,vith the. challe11ging task of fi11di11g an Af1·ica11 solL1tio11 to tl1e Middle East con­ flict. We, the 111e111bers of tl1e con1n1ittee 111et in tl1e Co11golese capital of Ki11shasa a11d explored ,vays and means of 1·esolv:i11g tl1e co11flict. It was decided to dispatch a 111ission co1nposecl of fou1· leade1·s to the Middle East to solicit the vie,vs of tl1e co11cerned - 301 -

parties and to 1·epo1·t back to tl1e co1nmittee. The com111ittee will meet .in Dakar, Senegal, to confer on the peace p1·oposals to be presented to the two parties.

We pray for Divine gt1idance so tl1at with the support of men1bers of the U11ited Nations the efforts being 1nade by the committee of tl1e Organizatio11 of African Unity to bt1ild a bridge of 1111derstanding between the two co11cer1 1ed parties will lead to a lasting and secure peace.

Solving a11d alleviating tl1e n1anifold problen1s which beset tl1e world does 11ot devolve upon ten1poral powers alo11e. Spiritt1al leade1·s a11cl layme11 have also a sacred d11ty to co-ordinate their efforts to advance the cause of ma11kind. It is vital a11d 11 sef11l for cht1rcl1 leaders to meet fron1 time to ti111e to disc11ss outstand­ ing international iss11es.

Tl1e Central Co1111nittee of the \Vo1·ld Council of Cl1urcl1es l1eld its 2,4tl1 a11n11al assen1bly l1ere i11 Ot1r ca1Jital last Jant1ary. Tl1e 1·esolt1tio 11s it adopted deal­ j 11g witl1 world peace and j11stice, the promotion of human rights a1 1d tl1e imoroven_1ent of 1 nan's livi11g standard, and the participation of the Cht 11·ch in social f developn1e11t are of profot1nd signi icance. 11 1 parti­ c11lar, the resolt1tions adopted by tl1e Comn1ittee on econo111ic develop1nent, racis1n a11d tl1e pron1otion of international jt1stice pro,,e, beyo11d a11V s}1adO\V of doubt, tha-t 111any c1111rch le·ade·�·s and tl1eir followers �re det�1:mined to tackle the wo1·lcl's te1npo1·al problen1s 111 a sp1r1t of solidarity.

P a1·li a111e11tm1' Res1J 011sibilities The st1stai11ed effor·ts We are n1aki11g to e11l1ance tile eco11ornic develop1nent of 0 111· cou11t1·y and social - 302 -

DOMESTIC

eople would of po­ only be in Our a strong ress g � P!? sition to bear fruitful results when tl1e three bi·anches of Our �ov�r:11ment - tl1e legislature, the executive and the Jt1d1c1ary - work togetl1er harmoniously to promote the commo11 good. The work of each of these branches com .ple �ents b11t does not s11pplant that of tlJ..e -other. Tl1e dt1t1es a11d responsi· bilities of tl1es.e three brancl1es of government are clearly defined in the Et]1io_pian Co11stitt1tion.

The exect1tive brancl1 of the government prepares bills after tl1e most careft1I stt1dy and subn1its them with Our consent for yot1r deliberations. And it would see1n to be obvious that the bills are i11tended not to harm but to bei1efit 011r people who have voted for the con1mo11 good through you, their representatives.

You I1ave been ma11dated to be he1·e eithe1· by being appoii1ted by Us or as elected representatives of the Etl1iopian people to help Us in t11e for1r1ation of laws for the land. It is ciearl1r stipulated in tlie F�e-v·ised Constitt1tion that Our JVIinister·s or ttielr re1Jrese-rrtat�1les would always be available at t'he sessions of e1ther House of Parliament to clarify the intents and pt1r­ poses of proposed laws.

As pa1·liamenta1·iar1s dealing with importar1t na­ tional q11estio11s, yo11 must not 011ly express your views in clear and 1111equivocal terms, but yo11 must also listen patiently and symoathetica11v to the views of o_thers.

You m·ust, in ,particular, refrain from attem1:t! ng to promote narrow regional interests bt1t � ork � 1l1gently to promote the national pt11·pose and national interest.

Two fundan1ental p1·e:-requisites for economic developme11t are readiness on the part of the present generation to sacrifice short-term ends for lon.g-term objectives and for posterity ·to be willing to inherit a - 303 -

C

legacy of debt i11ct1r1·ecl i� tl1� interest of its own pro­ gress. WI-1ene,re1· d1·aft leg1slat1ons fo_1· approval of loans a11d assista11ce to be sect1red f ro11·i fr1e11dly govern1nents or i11te1·11ational orga11izatio11s for imple1nenting the projects ot1tlined i11 tl1e Five-Year De,,elopment Plans or otl1er bills a1·e s11bn1itted to }'Oll, yo11 mL1st not forget tl1 at tl1e accelerated deve]op111ent of the cot1ntry de­ n1ands that yot1 co11sicler tl1ese bills 011 their own merits and in ter111s of tl1e be11efits tI1ey are i11tended to bring to tI1e people.

It is i11c11n1be11t t1pon every 011e of yo11 to prove incleecl tl1 at tl1e Etl1iopia11 Parlia111e11t is a great insti­ tt1tion worJ:i11g fo1· tl1e p1·on1otion of a great cat1se b,, t1seft1llv dravlin,g t1pon its ,vealt11 o·f experience gained ove1· tl1e years. Tl1e Ethiopia11 JJeople a1·e n1e111bers of 011e closely knit f,1111ily. In tl1ese circt1111stances it is 11eitl1er fair 11or legiti1nate for the i11terest of one group of this great fa111 ilv to be 1Jro111oted at the expense of a11otl1er. I11 vot1r cleliberatio11s, tl1ere·fore, 11011, as ,netn­ bers of Par]ia111ent, sl10111d be alvva.,,s g11idecl by the ft111clan1e11tal pri11ci1)·!e t11at all sI1ot1ld l1ave a fair and ent1itable sl1a1·e of tl1e v1eaJtl1 a11d nat11ral reso11rces of tl1e co1.1 11tr)' i11 accorda11ce ,vitl1 tl1eir individt1al labo11r ancl toil .

TI1ereforc, We 11rge yo11 to 11se \'Ot1r ti1ne and k11owlecige J)rOtJerl�,, to carry 011t I1onestly and dili.�ently tl1e taslc anc1 res1Jo11sibility e11trt1sted to vo1J a.nd to de­ liberate 011 n1atters of 1011 g-ter.n1 11atio11;1 interest s11b­ n1itted to yo11 ,vitl1 a clear �011scie11 ce.

May Goel give yo11 I-Tis gt1idance a11cl blessings!

Novc1nber 3, 1971

-- 304 --

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