Journal of Ethiopian Law Vol. 3 No. 1 (1966) by jahrastafari89

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Vol. ID No. 1 June 1966 IN TIIlS ISSUE

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CASE REPORTS ARTICLES The Administrative Framework for Economic Development in Ethiopia Ian S. Fraser The Constitutional Right to Judicial Review of Administrative Proceedings: Threshold Questions Robert C. Means An Introduction to the Sources of Ethiopian Law Jacques Vanderlinden A Commentary on the Law of A.gency-Representation in Ethiopia W. L. Church CURRENT ISSUES Involuntary Confessions and Article 35, Criminal Procedure Code Stanley Z. Fisher

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PATRONS OF THE JOURNAL OF E'l'ffiOPIAN LAW .

The Journal of Ethiopian Law was inaugurated by I-Iis Imperial Majesty Haile Selassie I in the summer of 1964 as an important step in the development of Ethiopia's lega-1 system. Subsequently, the Board of Editors of the Journal has invited those who are interested in the continuantion and expansion of the Law Jot1rnal's activities to express their support by becoming Patrons of the Journal of Ethiopian Law: H.E. Hon. Hon. I-1011. I-Ion. Hon. I-Ion.

Afeneg11s Kitaw Yitateku Blatta Matias H.iletwork Ato Hagos Tewolde Medl1in Blatta I-laile Walde Kidan t-\to Tibebu Beyene Dr. Willian1 Bubagiar Ato Negt1ssie Fitawake

H.3. 1-I.E. I-I.E. H.E. FI.E. I-1.E. H.3. H.E. H.3. I-1.E. I-I.E. H.3. I-I.E. I-:Ia1. Hm.

Ato Abate vVondemagegnehu A . to Abebe Gire Ato Adarra Fran9ois Ato Adenew Haile Michael Ato Adenew Kid.ane Ato Admasse Gessesse Dr. Maurice J. Aelion Lt. Col. Ahmed Aminu Ato Aklilu Atlabatchew Ato Aklilu Bete Mariam Ato A.lemt1 Kassa Ato Ali M. S. Berhatu Ato Amanuel Amdemichael Ato A.n1are Degefe Ato Amede Lemma Mrs._ Marica Arvanitopoulo Ato Asfeba Kahsai Ato Assefa Bekele

Tsehafi Taezaz Aklilu H. Wold Bitwoded Asfeha Woldemicael Ato Mammo Tadesse . Ato Seyoum Haregot Ato Ketema Abebe Ato Assefa Gebre Mariam Dejazmatch Berhane Meskel Walde Sellassie Colonel Leghesse Walde Hanna Ato Teshome Haile Mariam Ato Aberra Jembere Ato Belatchew Asrat Ato Muhamed Abdurahman Brig. Gen. A·bebe vVolde Meskel Ato Teshome Gebre Mariam Fitawrari Bayisa Jamo

At1) Assefa Liban At,) Assefa Metaferia At,) Assefa Tsegaye At,) Atsheba Fanta � I(esnazmatch Baye Tessema At,) Befekadu Tadesse Dciazmatch �ekele Beyene At,) Bekele Demissie ·AtJ) Bekele Gebre Amelak At,) Bekele Habte Michael At1) Bekele Nadi At,) Bekele Tesfaye At), Belay Mengesha At'.).. Belbte Walde Sellassie Woz. Beleyu Work Gebre Meskel At) Berhane Kefle Mariam Lt. Col. Berhane Woldeyes M. Russel Berman V

Ato Bulcha Den1eksa Mr. Christopher Clapha1n Lt. Col. Dama Zeng Egzer Mr. G. N. Debbas .Ato Desta Gebru Mr. Harrison C. Dunning .Ato Endale Wolde Micael Ato Enda]e Mengesha Ato Eshete Berhane Mr. William Ewing Capt. Eyassu Gebre Hawariat Dr. Eyob Gebrecristos Deja. Fikre Sellassie Gebre Maria1n Mr. Stanley Z. Fisher Ato Gebre Gebre Giorgis Keg□. Geta Gebre H�inna Kitaw Ato Gebre Hewot Wolde Hawariat Basl1ai Gebre Meskel Zeilo Ato Geb.reyest1s Haile Mariam Balambaras Gemeda Urgessa Ato Getachew Asfaw Ato Getachew Kibret Alo Gila Micl1ael Bha ta Lt. Girma Wolde Giorgis Dr. Philjppe Graven Alo Goytom Beyene Mr. Everett F. Goldberg Dr. Saba Habacl1y Ato .Hailtt Sl1enqute Ato Hailu Tesfaye Mr. G. Hamawi. Mr. N. Hatnawi Capt. Hailu Arsede Ato Haile Sellassie Awulatchew Ato Haile Leoul Habte Giorgis Ato Heroui Tibabu Dejazmatch Idris Leja1n Miss Mechtild Immenkotter Ato Kanaa Gt1ma Ato Kassa Beyene Ato Kebede Gebre Mariam Ato Kebede Kelel Mr. Michael Kindred Dr. Stanley Kirkor Mr. Lawrence Knowles Alo Legesse Abebe Capt. Legesse Wolde Mariam

t a y 1a n e S e ld o W 1a n m e L Ato Dr. Marcello Lombardi Mr. Steve11 Lowenstein i\to Makonnen Tessema Fitawrari Massaye Wolde Wessen · Mr. Paul McCarthy Mr. Robert C. Means Lt. Col. Mehrete Gebre Selam Ato Mengesha \Vold.e A1nanuel Ato Mesfin Fanta Ato Mewail Mebratt1 Ato Michael Fasil Hagi Mol1ammed Seredge Alo Mul1amt1d Nurl1t1 Sain Ato Muiugeta Berjhu11 Ato Mt1lugeta Walde Giorgis Ato Nabiye Leoul Kifle Ato Negash Yifru Alo Negga Tessen1a Ato Nirayo Esayas Keg11azn1atch Nuridine Zayer1t1 1v1r. D011ald E. Parad.is Mr. James C.N. Pat1l !vlr. Robert Picot Mr. Kenneth R. Reclden M·r. Arakel Sakadjian Ato Salel1 A. Kebire Scott and Scott, Attorneys at Law Mr. Robert A. Sedler Mr. Nor111an J. Singer Ato Solomon Abebe Mr. Roland J. Stanger 1v1r.r Peter L. Strauss Ato --radesse Tekle Giorgis Ato Tefera Degefe Ato Tefera Metiku Ato Tefferi Berhane Ato Tefferi Lemma Keg11azmatch Tegegne Habesh Ato Tereffe Gessesse Fitawrar.i Tesfa Mariam Sebl1at Ato Tesfa Zion Eyassu Ato Tesfaye Dubale Ato Tesfaye Kebede .Balambaras Teshome Getaw Ato Tessema Wolde Yohannes Mr. Michael Topping Vl

.A.to Tsegaye Te.fferi Dr,. Jacques P.M. Va.nde-rlinden Mr. Vittorio Vercellino Ato Wakgira Bonsa Mr. Frank D. Winston Ato Wolde Leoul Seyoum

. A :o A:o A:o A·.o A·.o

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Wolcfii 13erhe Woabe Woldeyes Yeshewa Work Hailu Yilma Hailu Zeude Engeda

Anyone desiring to become a patron cf the Journal of Ethiopian Law should notify the Journal of Ethiopian Law. 'Tl1e Faculty of Law, Haile Sellassie I University, P.O. Box 1176, Addis Ababa .

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AN INTRODUCTION rro THE LAWOF TORTS Clarendon La�1 Series John G. Fleming 25s (UK) The principal concern of tl1e Ja,v of torts is to repair accident loss�s. Once practically the only available so11rce for compensating tl1e disabled, it has long been shrinking i11 relative i111portance as otl1ers l1ave assumed a larger share: most importa11t are tl1e social sect1rity benefits associated with the welfare state, and private i11st1ra11ce against tl1e calrunities of life. At the same time, liability insurance l1as drastically cl1a11gecl tl1e role of tort Jaw by not only easing the burden of adverse jt1c!ge1nents but, n1ore importantly, by spreading the cost. To ponder the effect of these changes on tl1e content, place, and future of the law of torts is the primary aj1n of tl1is book, rather ,tl1an to offer yet another potted version of blackletter rules.

PRINCIPLES OF PUBLIC JNTERNATJIONAL LAW Ian Brownlie

63s (Ul()

This book is treatment of Public Internatio11al Law which emphasizes the technical aspects and major iss11es of legal principle. Whilst there is a degree of selection, all the major topics are covered, including sources, law, legal personality and recognition, the nature, creation a11d transfer of territorial sovereignty, tl1e la\-v of the sea, coffi111on ame11ities and co-operation in the use of resources, juridiction., nationality, state respo11sibility, admissibility of clain1s, the protectio11 of individuals and groups, the law of treaties, intem rational organizations, and the judicial settle ment of -disputes. Careful account has been taken of recent developments in the subject and references are provided to the literature in English and French. The over-all treatment, i11volving selection of topics and emphasis on the technical, is intended to provide a convenie11t work of reference for practitioners and a textbook suitable for botl1 first degree cot1rses and postgraduate work.

· LAWIN 'I'HE MAKING C.K. Allen

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Oxford Paperback No. 29

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This standard work was first issued in Oxford Paperbacks in 1961. Subsequently the a11thor revised bis book to take account of new case-law and statutory change, a.ad the hardbound seventh edition was published in 1964. That edition will now be available as a paperback.

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JOURNAL OF ETHIOPIAN LAW Published twice annually at the Faculty of Law of Haile Sellassie I University in co-operation with the Ministry of J11_stice EDITORIAL BOARD

H.E. Ato Belatchew Asrat, Chairman Ato Njrayo Esayas ·Professor Kenneth

Hon Dr. William Bul1agiar Dean James C. N. Pa11l Ato Negga Tessem.a EDITORIAL STAFF

Case Editors

Articles Editors

No11nan Singer Yohannes Herot1i

Rober C. Means Selamu Bekele

Editor for Administration

Alexandra Hamawi Associate Editors

Abiyu Geleta Berhanu Bayih F·asil Nahum Kassa Beyene Nabiyelul Kifle

Semereab Mikael Shimelis Metaferia Tiume-Lissan Lemma Yilma Ghizaw Worqu Tafara

Secretary

Patricia Goldberg The Journal is distributed outside Ethiopia by Oxford University Press. P.O. Box 12532, Nairobi, Kenya and P.O. Box 1024, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, ; at U.S. $7.00 a year. Please address correspondence to the Editors. Journal of Ethiopian Law, P.O. Box 1176, Addis Ababa, Ethiop·ia.

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IF WE THINK ONE MINUTE, LIFE ASSURANCE CONSTITUTES AN ACT OF THE DEEPEST FORESIGHT. IT IS THE ONLY SURE MEANS FOR A MAN TO GUARANTEE HIS FUTURE AND THAT OF HIS FAMILY. IT TAKES MANY YEARS OF STUBBORN WORK AND A CONSIDERABLE INCOME TO CONSTITUTE, THRO�GH SAVJNGS, ENOUGH CAPITAL TO KEEP ONE'S FAMILY OUT OF UNCERTAINTY. BUT IT CAN HAPPEN THAT, BEFORE YOU HAVE SAViED ENOUGH TO ASSURE YOUR OLD AGE, BRJNG UP YOUR CH.ILD ....-.wREN AND ASSURE 'IHP,JR FUTURE, TODAY OR TOMORROW, DEATH STRIKES. IT IS AT SUCH A ·MOMENT THAT LIFE ASSURANCE PROVES ITS ADVANTAGES AND OFFERS YOU UNEXPECTED HELP, FOR IT PROVIDES YOU WITH AN JNCOME AND A COMFORTABLE RETIREMENT FOR YOUR OLD AGE AND GUARANIBES 'IHE FUTURE OF YOUR CHILDREN AND SUPPORTS YOUR HOME. 'l'BERE ARE SEVERAL LIFE ASSURANCE PLANS DO NOT WAIT. SEE RIGHT NOW:

Of UNPR(ClD(NT(D S[RVIC[ TO

(THfOPIA

IMPERIAL INSURANCE Co. OF ETH. LTD. LIFE DEPARTMENT

ADDIS ABABA, Head Office .................. P.O. Box 380 TEL. 13350 ASMARA, Branch .................................... P.O. Box 881 TEL. 10081 DIRE DAWA B.ranch .............................. P.O. Box 208 TEL. 3274

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HAILE SELLASSlE I UNIVERSITY FACULTY OF LAW The Faculty of Law of Haile Sellassie I University, established in 1963� offers courses in Law leading to the LL.B degree and to a Diploma in Law. For further information contact the Assistant Dean, Faculty of Law, Haile Selassie I. University, P. 0. Box 1176, Addis Ababa.

FACULTY James C.N. Paul B.A. LL.B., Dean Robert Allen Sedler, B.A.. , LL.B., Assistant Dean Full-time

Harrison Case D1mni11g, B.A., LL. B. Stanle)' Z. Fisher, B.A. LL.B. Everett F. Goldberg, B.A. LL.B. Arthur J. Goldblatt, B.A., LL.B. Mecthild Immenkotter, Assessorin. Michael J. Kindred,B.A., J.D., M.C.L., D.E.S. George Krzeczunowicz, B.A. LL.M., Lie. Sc. Comm., Lie. Sc. Polit, Robert Charles Means, B.S., LL.B. Norman P. Metzger, B.A., LL.B. Kenneth Robe1·t Redden, LL.B. ** Peter H. Sand, Referendar, D.E.S., LL.M. Norman J. Singer, B.S., LL.B. Roland Jonathan Stanger, B.A., J.D. * Michael R. Topping, M.A., LL.B. * Jacques P.M. Vanderlinden, Dr. Droit.

Part-time

Amanuel Amdemincael, LL.M. Assefa Liban, B.A., B.C.L. Bekele Nadi, B.A., B.C.L. Berhane Ghebray, Lie. Droit, D.E.S. Getachew Kibret B.A., B.C.L. *

Muhamad Abdurahman, B.A., B.C.l,.. Negga Tessema, B.A., B.C.L. Teferi Berhane, B.A., B.C.L.

Fall semeste,� 1965-66 only. ** Spring sen1eJ·te1·, 1965-66 onlv. xv

ALUIA YS AT YOUR SERT7ICE :

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for co111plete il'ifor1natio11 contczct :

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P. 0. Box 2183 - Tel. 47470 ADDIS ABABA - Ethiopia Telegram: ETHIOTOURISM

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Prop. B. I. SURMEYAN

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Telephone 11652 P.. 0. Box 209 ADDIS ABABA (ETHIOPIA)

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TABLE OF CONTENTS Page

Table of Cases Reported

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XXl

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Patrons of the Joumal of Ethiopia.n Law ...

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Case Reports

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Articles: Th.e Administrative Framework for Economic Development in Ethiopia by Ian S. Fraser . . .

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·Toe Constitutional Right to Judicial Review 9f Administrative Proceedings: Threshold Questions by Robert C. Means .

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An Introduction to the Sources of Ethiopian Law by Jacques Vanderlindeo

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227

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303

A Commentary on the Law of Agency-Representation in Ethiopia by W. L. Church . . .

CURRENT ISSUES:

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Involun�y Confessions and Article 35, ,Criminal Procedu.re Code by Stanley Z. Fisher

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•

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TABLE OF CASES REPORTED Supreme Imperial Court

AJemay·ehu Haile v. Kendo Mekesha (Civil Appeal No. 1065/54 E.C.) ...

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Sera Mikael Brick Factory v. The Assocjation of Demissie Eshete et al. (Civil Appeal No. 55/56 E.C.) ... . . ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 13 v. Estate O'f Belaynesh t\zbte Tekle Mikael A!bdi . (Civil Appeal No. 1284/54 E.C.) . .. . . . ..

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Yesurbvara Jesopie v. Gashaw Bezza Zerfu (Civil Appeal No. 1554/57 E.C.) ... . .

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High Cotrt

Ayalew Meles v. Municipality of Addis Ababa (Civil Case No. 27/51 E.C.) ... .. . . ..

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. . . '38

Mulunesh Dagnie Et Al. v. Ethiopian Airlines, Inc. Et Al . (Civil Case No. 939/55 E.C.) ... .. . . .. .. . ... ... . .. ... . .. ... 71 Negist Ma.konnen Et Al. v. Ethiop'ian Airlires, Inc. Et Al. · (Civil Case No. 701/55 E.C.) ... ... . .. . .. ... ... Tadesse Delnessahou v. Bekeletch Kassa . . (Civil Appeal No. 759/54 E.C.) ... •

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. .. ... 71 '

. .. ... .. . .. . . . . 65

Shalom Shalomay v. The Inland Revenue Thpartment (Civil Case No. 197/54 E.C.) ... ... . .. ... .. . ... .. . ... ... . . . 58 Yishamoush Girmay v. Kassa .Retta . (Civil Case No.· 239/53 E.C.) ...

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... ... ... . .. ... 48

Zewdie Melruria v. 'Ethiopian Airlines, Inc. 3t Al.. (Civil Case No. 959/55 B.C.) . . . ... ... ... ... . .. ... .. . ... ... 71

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REPOIďż˝TS The following are nine ca.ses decided by tl1e St11)re111e Imperial and the High Courts of Ethio_pia. Tl1e An1haric judgme11t is official and cll\vays precedes fhe English. It is important to note that in those cases heard before mixecl benches of both Ethiopian and foreign judges, two separate opinjons are written, one in An1l1aric and one j11 E11glish. These opinions are not tra11slations of 011e another, b11t are independent judgements based upo11 comr11011 agree-1ne11t a1nong the judges as to the principles a11d final outcome of e,1ch case.

-2-

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f'i!Tth = 11t1t.c = _e.-,11� = rTc = �7i.=t;'f;/2'9. = 1=r== rm-A • -,Y-:J"-r":f iiI\ • hY.t.-11I\ • "7 lll;f-o ...a,c • ,-,11h c = iiI\"7 ll�..-; :,- r,;::,."' • 11m.c • ;,.-, , h"t«1-1,.":f • lit�f<ti I li'tifitl•"Ac;• lit�f-1 11 h't:+�m-• 't:CX" • o.:,. • h'17i , 0�"7 • /\at1'}::'f· • 7icti:fa,c • 'h">Jl(la-..A� 1 OhY.t. • /\+h '11i 1 1"tff11 1 (IT:J!/\V-• c"l.A-• .f+lfro;'f-"} • hil • tl9°llh«:":f • 'h"})LJ'ill-4- • f(lma,«"} • "r°htl11 1 floP:J>co9° • r+lo • ,.e-,q� 11 I :,.'hffff4 • +1i«: • m :,»",e. • "}1"1P : .,1F:,. • 't:CX" r o.:,. • fl (Ima,c• "7il1"t If fL1 1 ODI.P l:,.: heh�• 'h">Jl+'l'A• +AllhA d m-1) »>

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illttLU � fhlj:+�m·: �c� : 11:,--: OtllJ : '11C : 9°ilhf!1':.f: "h"}P,.(l(Jl)c : 11 00? .,,filh:t-l\OJ• : ro·m:,- : :rnhA : lf'i : romro· : :,--'hlf1f : fl"1'?9° : l1 ilft.it"11'lar = :'f-"hlf 1r1 = l\lD·m1 = ooA.fl = {l�m· = l14>....1'C = 11C.2t?i = h+HlH?-T : "'lilt.;f?J-:f : /tf,Wm• : "'llll;f:fw·1 : t,:Pcf10r : °It- : 4>"f-. = hCht.-:f(Dc"} : ht. KOO- : fl�-" : ..-f-1{lw•"} : lj:c�- : J!,(l,p : 11/\"} : itH'iA � f V-'t-1 : h.ltt- : Of&--ti:fm- : f,:J!:J!tr :: :

•

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•

SUPREME IMPERIAL COURT ALEMAYEHU HAILE v. KENDO MEKESHA Civil Appeal No. 1065/54 E.C. Corztractz1al obligatio11s-Bailn1e11t-Evide11ce'- Testimony of witrzesses-Arts. 2472, 2782 a,1,l 2800-02 Civ. C. On appeal fron1 an order of the High Court that the testimony of witnesses be admitted in a suit _brought by one alleging to have give11 a sum of money to the defendant for transmit tal to a third person.

Held:

with instructions. Order reversed and case remanded •

1. Since Art. 2802 Civ. C. provides that bailment in distress may be proved by a,ny means, ordinary bailme.nt must be proved in writing.. 2. The testimony of witnesses may not be introduced to prove b3:ilment of a sum of money ,vhere the sum exceeds five hundred Ethiopian dollars.

Hedar 14, 1955 E.C. (November 23, 1963 G.C.); Justices: Vice Afenegus Ti babu Beyene, Ato Wolde Hanna Gebre K.idan, Ato Tekola Wolde Kidan: - We have considered carefully the relevant provisions of the la\v and · the u�desirable · decision.* practical consequences of the High Court's ' .. . ·rhe Civil Code section on bailment in general, Articles 2779-2795, does not explicity say how bailment should be proved� Article 2802, however, provides that a bailment in distress shall not be subject to any speciaJ. form and may be proved by any means. According to Article 2800, Civil Code, a bai}.ment in distress is crea ted where a person is compelled by urgent necessity to entrust to another the cus tody of chattels belonging to himself in order to preserve them from imminent dan ger. And Article 2801(1) provides that the person to whom the chattels are offered c·annot ref use to accept them without good· cause. * Ed. Note The facts giving rise to this dispute are indicated by the following summary by the High Court (Civil Case No. 44 / 53) of the parties' pleadings in this case: In an applicatlbn dated March 3, 1962, the plaintiff claimed that the bailment consisted of a sum of E$13,140, \vhich defendant took on February 12, 1961 from plaintiff to Ato Engida Gebrehana, plaintiff's partner, who was in Jimma. It is further pleaded that the said amount of money was entrusted to defendant as he was engaged in transporting goods, merchandise and coffee for merchants. The plaintiff invoked Articles 2781-2783(1) and.2792-2802 of the Civil Code and requested that he be paid the E$13,140 with bank interest. The defendant Ato Alemayehu Haile filed the following reply, dated March 6, 1961: ''At about 7 p.m. on February 12, 1961, I was about to start in a journey from Addis Ababa to Jimma, driving a Lancia Zita\VO Truck, plate number Eritrea 2324, when Ato Ken do Mekesl1a, a resiclent of Adclis Ababa, came towards me and told me that he ha.. d put

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oL. III - No. l V W A L N A PI 10 1 1T E F JOURNAL o

be erg to tt bm ot su ab is ed or e by fir on flood6 is e us ho n's so r pe a h en Thus• w ty or· 1Je1· a p1·0 · · 1·fe 1 · re · 15 h d h en w in r o op Je e, k a qu h ar rt ea n . . y a y b _ or violently shaken r e 1Ia m n1 so s1 av gr by d ce fa d an is he or � nt de unex ci ac ile _ ob m to au following an rt o pe to pr a s hi l t 1g us ne tr en o 1b ay m � he , ur's or ty er op pr or e lif to er ng · da d ecte y e od th st cu pt es I . ce ac un s t us m he r te Ia e has a Th . � dy sto cu 's on rs pe r fame othe b ed y y ov an pr ns be ea m ay m t . en T 1 b e �e �aw th r te la � it; � se fu re to _ on as re od go ed at er e ov um ab e en os th to e ak m r ila sim it unes st m irc e us ca : be � es id � � so prov possible to put anything 1n wr1tmg. In the case under consideration, there is no urgent necessity (danger) and s s o to goe ion vis pro � this , ver we Ho _ ly. app not s doe Article 2802 _w that in the case of an ordinary bailment, the bailm �nt _must �� J?roved � � r1t1ng. I-lad. _ this not been the case there would be no point 1n spec1f1cally prov1d1ng that a ba1lm ent in distress may be proved by any means. In addition, Article 2782 provides that the rules _relating to l�ans of money shall apply to the transfer of a sum of money to a bailee. From tl11s we can con clude that any gaps in the section on bailment are supplemented by the rules on loans. Article 2472, dealing with loans, provides as follows:(1) Where the sum lent exceeds five hundred Ethiopian dollars, the con tract of loan may only be proved in writing or by a confession made or oath ta.ken in court. (2) The contract of loan may not be proved any otl1er means.

(3) The provisions of this Article shall apply as regards the manner of proving the repayment of any sum exceeding five hundred Ethiopian dol lars.

This Article, read in conjunction with Article 2802, rules out the possibility of in troducing the testimony of witnesses to prove the point in dispute.

If oral testimony were held admissible in a case of this nature, undesirable consequences would follow. For example, a person of means could be held liable for a specific sum if an unscrupulous person would bribe a third party to testify that a chattel (as money) had been entrusted to the first party (the person of means). In addition, it would disrupt tl1e orderly life of the populace.

Because the order issued by the High Court, wherein it ordered the introduc tion of oral testimony, is contrary to the law and entails undesirable consequences, that order is hereby reversed and remanded for further hearings not inconsistent with this opinion. The respondent shall limit hin1self to the mea11s of proof provid ed by Article 2472 and the Court shall give its decision after both parties present their cases. The parties shall bear. tl1eir own costs.

something wrapped in clotl1 and paper in tl1e car I was to drive. Wl1en I ,Lsked l1im to ,vbon1 I was to· give it,- he said he would phone to the person who would take the thing. He said h � had put th � wrappe d tl1ing under the seat, but I saw or received 11otbing. I drove the wl1ole _ rught and arnved .at Jrmm a at 10 a.m. I unloaded my cargo, loaded coffee on the truck a�d _ retu�ned to Ad�1s. On February 14, 1961, while I was unloadirig coffee at the Coffee Bo·ard 10 Addis . the plantiff _approched me and -asked whether I had delivered to Ato Engida Gebreha na the th1ng he h�d given me on Fe�ruary 12 or whether I had forgotten to deliver it and had r� _ I turned 1t. said I had forgotten 1t and asked what it \.Vas. He said it was mo11ey \1/rapped in paper and I a.nswered that I did not rememb er.

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1 ' a ,"} : fflf '', U) !{( : lLflJ : ;J lt• 'l."J : · ro l'l htl..lJ : fll\f, : fmcf>i irl--71'1' : 1--�� : PCJ!:.... � t, fw : '; Pt "'ll\T : ''fFt- : nct1c1 : (l{IIJ(J)(l"}: f,,,, f°2.,(l,nro·: m·lt�: D'-/l\:,..: 'llD·: '' �I\IA ==

i',"}cf,7''

011.v•, tt1+� = rtkf..A ('1)= ''fFt-= nchc= 0'ltt:1 - (ti) = fita = nPt--"r e 9 7f",,f: tr�;J--: il9°9°'1:, lDJ!,9°: °ttff1f: foi,',t'-j : Ol/t;:flD•9°: tJChC: ',(D � ' f,tAt.,' = rlPt--l·7f"f = v-�:r 9°1 = tJTJll:'f· = aolf�-1 = fltLu.. = i',1+r. � f16'�A = · ('i): ''f,,.,t-+�: v--�;J·9>1·: IP/fl:,•: ilfl: 1Pt-+�-: : h�flJmC: �11m·!P: ll,l\ : f.. {IIJlD1f � ht\ : ii'>f : '¼J!,'I:,• � ilfl : 'hl<�:,.. c; 1 ill\: ,)10D'J° : L,,4»fl.."' -: ill\ : 1,l'i:-r: 1.. IL : ilt\: "ttf...? : avm'lflcf!.r : 1-1�?11·: c;:fm· : '' f.,,lt.A �: 11

ti('t• "t : f</>l..Oa>· : f1Pt-"1·?f1·1 : 0?10C : /l01/�h9° : '/OJ« : {1 °]!/t\;f .. ; flfPt,.,J--�';.f: 0710C: ii?°: f1Pt... irf--'lf-1·: 0IJ"'10C: Tt,lf.P,"}: 'lllr:: tiCtl?-9° � nnc>;.. ti,e ftf:.mt\m· = ttu-·}9'1 = fl lf'J roiz..;1-. rm· = v... = (lwt.- ,, ..�1...., = OI/"�flC: (19° : Ocl)lflOJ• = nil: flC�--: fl(lmlD· : lP.'1t : l\.f, : .,lD'" :: hlPtlD· : 01 (}"}f..• : 1.. tL : f{lOJllJ:fW• : IJ-'t,.,f·7f1· : fii .. tpt,...,7/":.f c;:fm· f /"�flC : : :: : .,.� ... Tlot-f...';"}'} :. tif.'•9°C : hrt-: i'lilW'l'·f--;t-A :: (lC.';.9'1 : f,U : i',f:lr•):,• : illl : J'\lPt,c; ,Pt-•1·'lf:.1·· = 1--J;f, = nwflJm• = ir 'rc = �u!In'f.�2 = ',;Jt:i• = ;_;;-1,ll} = it'J+K" : © (,1,) i f,,.,t. ,,l--?'f":f· = i't'llA = noulf�.. : 9°ti'J,.<'-r '11'i:1= m·19° = ()aJ• : h1-... t- : OI/(l'i'"fl•l" : t1AnA : .,,o- : 001/.. l\lD" : ODIP/..:,... ! f1J'&-"f..7t:1",1 : ·rt,JLP.1 : i'tlPt,OJ• : hP't- : filWllJOJ• : f1P/r•l·".;.1· : 0'/10C : ;,,,lA : {loo tr� : OIJlf�-"} : .. ,.1..�.f- : hrt- : h.f,Wfl}9° : •fl{\» : n.es:A :: r ll2n°:-,;9"' : fll.. tJ · : '¼J!,�"1" : r,1c : lf'f : tit\ : flC-�·- : '1ti : irf•<J>-Ot\m-- : }\"}P,.(tt;•(lirf: ;: hlPl,(O• : '?"} : i'tJ;..il : lP/r"l'Z.01· : tJDq>,11C : (Lfil&.1A·1m• : ,,, .. e..9°:,-'i:,.., : flh.,f-f.lJ: lPt,.rrJ-•<r"f: h'}J;,J'J!..C0}: ,flflo: flf,�A::

n,,..

i'\lPt, : hv•/..- irf•7i�:r- : 0'/1flC: oui1hA : flllkA : Oh&,,&\ : i,.r f.. /.1 : lP& rrl•�:t:'}: ('t.J.'illDflJ: f"}P,"}�: (lar: .,1C: ',ro•: i\11(: f1Pt-"l''i�·,r,,: °1"� oc = roi.,11 = '11c= t,f,f..tt'Ju = OOl/..l\lD" = ,1,ti•n = J'\1il0'1"'19° .

f,IJ :I hlPt-C : fl &.+f.• : t\9',l}t\, hlP&OJ• : �f : lP&�rJ•?'f-:£• : fl, 'i�:,• : 00.. l\•r : '1Y'il•1" : fl},t,.:, .. : 1..IL : tJ•t\:,• : OD,f-. : IP/,,•f--7f1'1 : Til''t. : ]'1 {lro ,p,,Y..: f1Pt-+�-:f1: "'#1flC: fl1PJ�h9°: Wf..9°: ll0'1'i:l.il : 'Pl\f.\: fllf�(l.:,,: }llC :: 4--..,pc : �ii/Iilf�� : 'l,;Jt,:,.. : ;JltflJ : "11 • f1Pt-,,l·c'f:f, : '-''11-flC : 7'1>t**9'1'. I (liirPtt.,·: (lfPt-,,..?,cl 1·: out}hf.\: f111J.'1 1'1m• : fP'&·: ncnc: v•tr = nt,,,.,t.c; = n,,.,t-,,... � = "t-J;J!, = 1•c�· = i,f;J-- f = ni,c:,» 1 fltn"'1�9° = 1,·1>;.. fA:,»_ : 'lllr:: �IJ9° : ,,,,,.,t-c: l\J't1-r9° : h.fl'i"7.. 1 l\h1Pt9'-:;.9° i {\v•t-i·i'f 1·9°: fll?..m:,'9°: illl: tr'l : O'i;1t,:,--: ;1t1.n1 : ,'h.trJ : f\°tt1Pt,9°: l\rPt-irf,c;:9°: f...1--(lmm• : ou11:,.. : flflC.';..S,U = f,1-- (11nm· = P'AllJ"} , 1'"}�1no:,, : '-'1!:t.'1 : ilV•lt-·'J° : tn:P'1t : If'i : ;J•�..-y..c;A::

-8-

hC.hC9° : f1Pt,..,t-;;= : �),;t-SJ>l-1 = foY."1.9°C : �ro-, :: rwt.+ ?fl- : �),;J•9° : rtilt'} : �1C : f'77.�9°C: OD(f). : hH.U : 01\t,: nm+il�{l}c 1 01t1+� = t ('1) = O"lA� : ,,..ODAh:tA i

rP't--· :

: 0 : : �+� 710C"} : 'f'�H.P,'}: hP'�= }ilPttD• fu 1,<i: : rtilt '11C: : f,IJ A.filtnllJ : f Ll\1lD'-: f1Pt,..,f..�: 67'�0C: hfJA: 1·�H.P,"} : Oontr). : ��'i: {LfitCIJllJOr : ht,11J9° : ,flt\u : rnr� ar : lt-rTC 1 �D/IJJ.!!l§ : �:,t:,.. : r :: : �O : :,t: f+ilO?"'I th"l : �ft") • r : f,011J� : hAi·+OA�m·9° :i f1Pt--rf'?'fi• : T�Jl hlPtO : f '} illltl.lJ �, s flC:J;, : r,o(l�lD'1 : �ft), I hilt.�il?•.: fi•9° : hl\ilt.RODA19° : 111\ 1'11,f:�lD'- 1 : t\tLIJ : �Cf.• 1 o.:,.. :· }ioo�tJ:tA:: . . . f}tv,tC,' : frPt--+7f1.. : ��,. : V•/1.i : 'fl..-fi\_o : (J)•/t). : OljdJi':,- : O..Y.f\o : (IPL'/.'/° : .,e.1'1'PA:: fnrPttT : ,:Jl·t"J : lt'}+X-- (If:) : (t\) : ''hflCJ;. : f °7..(1,n.:,« : tD•/t ),9'1''i : 1lf.'i1· : ,,..,;� : 007. aor\h;t-:f·D• : (ISJJ'f : V.. fr : 1\1-, : "1;J'l! : +L OI : : �OIJ.�T I 'iZ:TOr oP,flrJ: {J /.J.:r-f.'/1:f(lr I fJI\P'AllJ'iT I Jt671}f,�T I 1,t.?.IP/ 11� : ,, f,1\/;\ :I 0 :

•

flt\tLIJ : �C..(- : ltilt.�"7.. : fflC};. : ro•/t), : h1Jl4..?.9° : O+lthl\,}• : 1.lt : f�Cf: : fl.-f--1· : �C� : llmz.t.ftoo•:},}• : iTP"}1f.' : rrf·•t.��(1'1·1 : (la>- : OJf.'J" : 071flC ! f10DlODt,(1 : ,Jw•}cf,"5:J':i : '}1)�-l• : +If'� : f 0'/f,')cf'/tcf'fl : 1-fllT. I hf.rH : 0'Jil&c&9° : ltl\llT : 111\'} : ltH'it\ :: . {llf.U9° : q,,-� : �1C : llhlPtt,· : ftv,t,....,..'1 : '1'�1-, : f+lthil:'f--') : a,. It� : ttll+,n� : 'h1JlfilL1i9°. = hll'.A:: . 1,"11}� : I}� : l\1Pt-+7f9f : frl•m(l,(l-r') : '1'1 : i'If-,ht;:A : ODJlc1Jf,f: I. /\fP/.•rt-?;1• : 7--'=T : il/\.'77..lf')CI• : r.,lPtfl' : f{lCJJ,-'} : •}'hJf1f 'i I f,IJ"} I ffj: c� = it·l· 1 '1•hlf11 = 1At..1.00 = h'tf. = � = 011,'1° = �c..\!· = nilt...�"7. • t\O?il L?t9° : T"lC : ff.l(lll."'f· : it'1.'�lJ"� : 4:c.�· : t,ilt...�dl/. : /\tLIJ : t;:C� : fLT : (Lf fl;rt&:,, : t\f\ : a,.l)� : f,{ll1Jt\ :I f,°1'1� : l)f, : flODfA{t : (lfi1J»9'1• : }i9°{) I 11c· = h.lJ&-- = f,ht.A :: Tf9°:,.. : --7Dfiii: Yx = �1 : ,.,. ... = '¼ : 9° 1 11 -i\1:9° : m1 'i1.. : 'llrll-r : ·t-Llf.. :: r,o,•.

ii/\ 1 hlPt'i' :. IP�-+'21 : 1-�,, : fltDIIJ(I)« : 1:1:11. : «rTC : �ji : J\1+� : § 1 00 fll:,- = r,,-.**UD(Dc = fltlPt�,· = fV't-+� = .,..�,, = flC..(-- = �thi'I» = �F ... ,... 1 +1 = Ifil2?; = '¼ = 'I° : fflmro•') = m-lt� = fl(lll.�OJ9° : f4-lll : f,0l'l� : �w• :r '6"11}� : q_e. : f1'1Pt'i : f11-•t-+=;: I ,,,.�,, : flCX:" : f,tJ"}'J : hC:)JC: : ll.ff, 1 P'AOJ'} 1 fi\lD-9° I 9°h1frf:9° : Olf.lJ-. : 1..·1:,1,: oa•tt.il : ODIP/.•l- : ��: ''rP't-- 1 hc:ti,;1 = '' f°t.oat\h-r = il1tt:�11i; s �m- • {LI\• s n:,,..e-oi.r : 1,00 flhi: :: .

,,.. �� = m1.a = Pc� = r+lllw• = tJODAil = i'l6P'm-: f 1Pt-...,..?f1· = a,1nc = 1't!.JL,c;1'i : f1?i":i; : ff."J{)� I f}f. I IPt,,t-7/l- : 1t_ou·,:\t11·�-r : i;,u. a rh '

-9-

-» ..,..'2;:r: • on jfJ. e 1 = :,,1 tt1i\ . 11 :'f 1 t:I OD� if , f,'?'1� • q f.. , -Ott· , '¼oo Ail : :f-'PA = flOT/t\:,.. = ., to- ::: 0t1A ft � tt6lJ',,1'9° : h .,y. • i. , t P' I· ?19f-'J lif!-' . h (l a -. : �J1 f'L I i I +1 : IJJ.f.j?"; : q : 9° : il'i>t.fl•:'f 01/ �All;r : r«�i!\{l : (1�91-;y.. a 0 11. )·1 : 0 O : fl Dll'1 : f·f• : &.:'f· r>'&-r/·� : "'1111(: : flm'? : ��l...�i.. : }1 &\_r r:F fl?'°:: llrP/ODAh:J!:f-a,.9° , lt.f, : fci-•Otil ro· : P'lr- : }',llh....f1c· � PC�� d..:,, : h1 Jt 1 ' +c11 : ,f-,.e...c1 t ll+lflfl,}" : tJ{l : Ot"111· : nowt,.:,, : m 1!\h : �"}.l;..(t 1p : h }Jt f..l°l I mf-+'PA :: f,"1'1� : '1�9" : f\(lC);.. : (lo,nw• ' a'.Wf.\.(l : lJ.'/rrl•?r :1: : n 9 f+w1P,-.(l:'f• : 9"tJ'tfT : (lt,(. ,l· : mt-:t· : -0,-, .. = !«?.,DP &,, r: 4""'t.. : Oil/Lil 2 0 ', ') : oPlf',-'} : hllt.f..•rf•'1t\ � 1' f...,f•1'11f,fl (D•9 '1 J: 1'1� : !}i : Df?hrotTJ:1� m•1 : IP�•·t-?f'-:f : "'h1f.1'i = oPfA(t = /l{ID:Pmc = �/t.")i-- = rnDhw.. : ODIJ').') : fil t· : m+ : �oolllt.lA ==

fl-r

ho ,n

fhLPtt; : fwt-+� ' 1-J;f, I (lCj_·r I f,°IQ� � qr.. � h ..,v»6-: l\ilfDlTJfm:• lPt-+7f·:;. : ll'?"'lff:fi = fY'i11· = OJC : 1.uom11 I «\°1°?'?i':f: � : I ft"}J;'j-f..:f.� : fh'J f.: : tDC: f�OD tD1f : h'}Jth!i=B\Tffl" : iD�l'.0}'1 6\ :: flJJ�rf• ?fl· : quo;J-- 'P. : r1,t.r,:::,- : 1.tt : f,f-·mn4' 1 £.IVlf'gQ""}� : «•c�'C :: Omcti1e& : 1tooAJ·1.Y..hA :: ill\: 1' loll,J;'t- : l't.Y.. : 1-9°(1.. : ,,if..,: : 1--�f,,9"0 : PCPr- : �it nc : ilft°1 : fl�lt I l'ttPtllr : ..,·1ott,J;'t- 1 hP'&- : fvi"ffl1.(�m- : (lf1"Tt;: : m'lf.: hlPtlD41 : i',HID4T� : illlD?.llf.."{1 : �lD•:: ft.it�: o\+lfl··l-: ouf1'\h.f' 1 .e"lfl� : flf.. : 0'/ilt..�· : lll\l\.+t..n· : hP't . : flrf--w11.. o.-1.. : m�:,.. : il •<'11 : • f"7. 1'1CD•: �oPOJ1l: ..,.. ii1'·Y.T: OJf-: P't--Or: ..,...UDt,\{l: },'} ,.�.1 fl: (lO?i\-r 2 to-ft),: 01'...Y.l',A :.i

rv--1t.:,, we

= =hr.he=''

•r'f"c

f1t,Pt'i= rIP&,.,,-.;;: = .,..�,_ Pc:..r.;= nt:'} ,:,1, = = �it = h.1c1-x- = Ii= oowt.:i • =ill\= ''P't• °h',' = ''+1,t = ili\t\lf} = r;»t.. = ttt.Ki9"'' fD?.�1'1.tl1&1 = IPJ'i:fw•"19° : l',fL,J:;J-- : ll"'lf:,.. c; : W"'i), = /\ODitm·l· : t'"'A "I"} r 1·ftT,f-:J--A :: ''fP' &- : hCl1c: : � , ,,,.,. : '',:·•'l {L : .rAff-, : fFt• : ti&. KXS'° : '' f,tt}tt-:,·9° : .�lt.Y..1·· : Oh1+�' : fl : f,f•(lllJ:fro•1 : r,::f : f.,ff� : f,1i11r:: '' fFt.: hchc:,, h'l-'tlJ : fOf/.A: t;::f: ,f• (l,p..f-;J--A:2 ''('I) 'fP'&-: hchc:, 111/llT: {lflOIJ.h+fl--:'f,;:

[!/

illl : IJ.. •t-.,f•7f:f : u.1;:1, : ll9°'/°',:,-- : OJf,'l° : h,,ff11 : lDf,'l° I

ill\ : wt,1·7fl· = V.),;r : t\UD', ;J1C ;: il9°9°'11:"t : {\ovro(l'} l tt 00,11fl:P I iDf,'/° : fo•t.·t-711·'} : 1J--�;t- : fltJIJ?i"ifA � l'l.e: 1 fi',LPt91T : tDf,9° = fo•t.-f•7f1· : a>h.A : /ltTPlf1' : ov-O,r : hl\1 = ill\°2.tt· = (1.911-- = +1n.�:,-- = ro e'J° = P 'Afll1 = rort�"i 1 , ° "'l'i'TlD·9 : hen,: : °1t\T : ',(I)• s:''

nitu .9° = :,-c·r'J° = ro·ilT = m:J>"?. = ftJ)f 't-:,-- = ''fLPt-+?f-:f- : o-->,;t- 9'1·1 '' roi tt-:i• : :t1 fto9:i-- : r.r., ( a ,e,,,: ft- :: f...1i l&''}° I j_--"} ,."J '1, : /l', tL O· : .<J> 1\.-f•1' : f°1...h+l\W-1 : TC'1·9° : f.,.(J."):f'PA :: &

''ftPt..-f--7/'l- : IJ•i;t-9':.f : ,, UC/t\ :,.. : ''ill\ : lPt-rf•� : 1,+t1JmC 1 .e1i t&'/° : il/l : f.ouro11 ! llil : tilt : o.e'1·1· I ilt\ : u�1.r,:,r : "Lit I il/l : hf.;, : ooml]f14!f : llfo9'1' I flP'&-- : 9 n1f,r'

-10-

I I

0"7,.oPm« : n7i:t-9'l-t; : 1,f.."J 91T : 1-J;:,« 1 ftf..t.(tfl:fro• : (19'T = il i\ t1Lt\(De = '1 ti 1 llt\ = "7�n t--'P. = ,_.,.,,.�:,,. 'i = "�fl V1' : (l{\ool}(l(tc:,-C : ftPt.+� : V-�;J-·911· : (lh.wt?1:Y.'i : wt-,._ ,f-7[>-:f : o0tihA : fl\(Dc : m:,,1\1\ : "l"}��:,-: 0.1/l\T : ',(De == ,,.

°'·

. 1t�tLU'I° : TC1-'l°if : floPl\ro• : (11:"};.>"J.(Dc : 1D4ll'I' : .-f-LK"t : 1'1-� oolf'iT(D« : Ollffi"} : h�tLV-"} : TC1-'l°i· : nooh•t-A : f:"};J'l(l)c: f"'I. ODt\. b-f•t114 : Oh.LPt(l)c'i : (lh_"},,(!' : lPt-,...,-.'ij: : ontihA : f"t'lltOJ-'} : hchc : ti_e. 1r1 = nttLPt9'i'f'i• = u,t--+7fl-- = oPtihA = fi\lD4"J = '":,,"" = .,,-i,,:,,. = ooir· 'i-1= {\00110,n= +/\.A= 'Im·== rt,LPtc;= ftPt,..,-.�= 1-�1, = flCY:'I°= ''fFt--=· hChC : '' l\tP/.l\lD• : :J'A : f,f•l'lmm«"} : TC1·'1° : (l{IDh,f•A : lli'h1.. : on"} • . . = hchc = fOIJ..�m,; = 1 = 1 -�r-la= l\.(1°7'i= m«lt� :, t, .. .., '' :,. 11.t\w• Lil ''fP' -,\.(l'J''lTfDc: FA"J"} : ,t-{l'J'•f--;:J A :1 OtLV·'I° : oov.•t.:,..: fh.1Pt 'i : fLPt-,,..�' 1-J;f, 1 flCY:: nl.Pt (Dc: h.11:: lPt�,1·<'1: ll''I : mf,'J°: (ltj : flt-: lPt--,,..?rl-::. hFt- : flOl/il.CDIIJ•f: ll 'J°h"}f•r ! nt,wtc.· : (ltPt-irJ-� I ootihA : f"?..t.mc 014"} = hc.hc : t\ooi111'1T = P'AITJ"} : IL'i t.m·'i ;: "'lilm1+4!f= lt.e{t11J:f(l)c :, OJI,'/°: +1(t: 'lAlf'I : 9°h1.fT : hFt- : (loPtD1J;:fm•: 9°h1fT: roi1· fl:fm«"} s b.lJ� = i\OD«rlT 1 nm:Pl\l\llJc'I° = 1,u1 = '¼f,'11:1 = 1-�1, = l\llf r:,.. : hAi·L+f..l\:,..'I° :: h'lll.tJ : ·1-�r·1.. : O't:Tth : ,(1,h.C: i'hdJ: f,,..f..'111-:, h1f.. = oorrc;:fm-= oom1 = rAllJ'i-= n"'l.t.:,,1:t\:,.. = lj:Cf: = 11:i•= +cnm-=· 00�1-l-: f°2.1'l:flD·: c;:fllr:: ff..•"};.>1, : 4>.,.'l'C: {,jij�'J° : f'i-:CY..�: (L,t'--r'} .t ..., " P'AllJ"} = lt1'1'il = fmO+l\:fllJc = onlf). = dJA?i = 'Im- :: n,1.v,'J° = m:,,:,. =· ftLV-).: f:"};.>'1: h1+fi•: @r. : OD'J'+il: T1{L: �(De :: it"}«f-�: @r : n:Pj{ : i : hLKK'J° : 01.tf.(l)c : K"}.f-: f/r"} : 01/'' (l.�t;:: 1'1-'ttJ : f,lt/A:: ''fil'J°'J°',,f: . T(Dc'J'J° : r1,nt.:,.. : ll9°9°'1-r : mY,9° : f flC� : llJc/t� : mf,'J° : ,n_e,1 t f°7f,:Pro'J°: hlf'I : "'l'J�c& 'J° : u•t-+� : rm·lt-1 : 1:C:1:C : +1lt : (llJ').:· �CY:: ft.f-1-: OJf;,'I°: ODp't.,f: (L-l-: l\"7il.L?t'I°: hlf..U: 1:1;.>"L: c&ll'I':: f+iLm- : itf,hf\ht\t0-'1° ::'' foo,fl,J: : h.L�K'I° : 11 •�--"}•?"I. : +..'PC : iiifJ 9"/Jt--<i: : t,'l°hT : 1'1� .-..r• : +ool\h+llJc : V•lt-: ...,---,n_ : fAlf', =· fP't- : itL�K'I° : f"'i..L'PC : '1Atr� n+fl.e,9° : f.'?'111 : l\h.wt,9'1-: Oit'J«l-?i : (jj : f·f--f.'111(1}«"} : f"7qr:Pro·il � '1Alf� :; f:"};.>'tm- : Ot;:'1--"1 : •Oth»C : ,n'? : l\h.wt.,c;- : l\tPt-+� : f+(lm_ tD-"} : 0011.:,.. : f"7.«f»"}(I. : 'ttf,�(\'J°:s

=�

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- 11-

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•

-- 12 --·

•

SUPREME IMPERIAL COURT

•

Div. 1 A •

:SERA MIKAEL BRICK FACTORY v THE ASSOCIATION OF DEMISSIE ESHETE ET AL. Civil Appeal No. 55 / 56 E. C. Ad1ni11istrative la•v--Laboitr re/atio1zs-Laboitr Relations Board jurisdictio1·1.-4rts. 2(k), 2(1Xi).

12(a)

a11d

30(c), Dec. No. 49 of 1962-Proc. No. 210 of 1963 .

· On appeal from a de�ision of the Labour Rel�tions Board ordering the appellant-em ployer to rehire one e.mployee who had been dismissed and to pay compensation to certain .other dismissed employees.

Held: Affirmed. '

Where the Labour Relations Board finds that one employee was dismissed because of his ·n1embership in a labour union and that other employees who were dismissed are entitled to com p_cnsation from the employer, the dispute between the employer and his employees as to the .employees' dismissal is a . ''labour dispute'' within the meaning of the provision giving the Labour Relations Board jurisdiction over disputes.

Tekemt 18, 1956 E.C. (October 27, 1964 G.C.); Justices: Afenegus Kitaw ·Yitate�u, Dr. W._Bubagiar, Ato Tadesse Tekle Giorgis: - The present case invol . · ves a dispute between a labour union and management. _After a thorough study of both the decision of the Labour Relations Board, which has been conferred with the jurisdiction to decide labour disputes by virtue -c0f Decree No. 49 of 1962*, and· the statement of appeal filed by the appellant, we hand down the following judgment. .

· Appellant's contention that the Labour Relations Board has no jurisdiction to hear such cases is without. merit and is hereby rejected. Decree No. 49 of 1962 -clearly establishes. the power of (he Labour Relations Board to hear and decide disputes arising between labour and management. That it was the President of :the workers' union, Ato Demisse Eshete, who first instituted an action in the Labour Relations Board on August 14, 1962 is evident from the application sub _mittcd, which reads in part ''.· .. At such a time when our welfare requires that we forn1 a union and live in harmony, his act was designed to disrupt our union and throw us away like old things." Article 2(a) of the above-mentioned Decree states tl1at ''award'' shall mean any decision of the Labour Relations Board in se·ttlement of a labour dispute; ••

. ·* Decree No. 49 of 1962, Negarit Gazeta, Year 21 No. 8, subsequently· was enacted by Parliament with minor amendments and was redesignated Proc. No. 210 of 1963, Negarit Ga.zeta, Year 23, No. 3.

JouRNAL oF ETHIOPIAN LAw -

VoL. III - No. 1 .

?e sa he t · e of ticl (%:) Ar n as ''the entire tio sec Sub by I d ine def is s'' ion dit con ''labour ting t? rela s the cond itions of yee plo em and s yer plo em n wee bet . field of relations on, ✓acation and sick-leav ' sati pen com of form any es, wag s h a. suc t men es employ re st period, safety measures . . . etc. This case was primarily instituted on b�half of the u�ion by its_ Preside nt who argued before the Board that defen� ant s act. was designed t� disrupt and weak6n the union. The same controversy 1s the subJect matter of tb1s appeal. The employer dismissed 27 employees at one ti�e. Tl1e President of the union was also dismissed. Tl1e Board held that the Pres1de11t of the union was dismissed because of his membership in a labour union and, in view of Art. 30(c) of the Labour Relations Decree, which states that ''no employer shall tennin ate the employme11t of any person because of membership in the labour union," the Board decided that his dismissal was illegal and ordered that he be reinstated. As the position of the other dismissed employees was the same, the Board decided that they should be compensated for the wrongful dismissal a11d that if the emplo yer should decide to hire new employees to fill their old positions, they should be given priority.

We do not agree with the opinion that the Labour Relations Decree is not concerned with individual cases, i.e., that whenever an employer singles out a dismissal, the union is not affe .cted particular employee or several employees for • 1n any way. Assume that an e1nployer has 200 employees. If such a practice were allowed, it would be quite easy for him to weake11 or even to destroy the tin.ion by dismiss ing all of them in two, tliree or four instances. Decree No. 49 of 1962, however, is basically aimed at fostering the establishment and growth of labour unions and the amicable solution of labour disputes either by conciliation or award under the good offices of the Labour Relations Board. Since such a step is advan tageou.s not only to the economy of their country, but also to the employers and the employees, we think it is in the best interest of all to safeguard the rights given to the employers and employees as well as the power vested in the Board by the Negarit Gazeta. Labour disputes include labour conditions, and that labour conditions include any for 111 of compensation is clearly established und.er the above quoted Article 2(k). The Board's action, in finding that the dismissed en1ployees are entitled to compensation and tliat the dismissal of the President of the union is invalid because motivated by his membership in a t1nion. is consistent with Decree No. 49 of 1962. The employer's appeal is therefore rejected. The President of the Board has informed this Court that the execution authorities l1ave failed to enforce the Board's decision. Disputes arising between management and labour require a quick decision and an equally quick enforc.e ment. Regarding the enforcement of the decision of tlie Labot1r Relations Board, Article 12(b) of Decree No. 49 states that ''decisions and awards issued by the Board shall be legally binding upon the persons to whom their terms apply and shall be enforceable by the competent authorities.'' rd's Boa the For this reason, the judgment execution office shall, whenever n whe does decision is sent to it for execution, follow the same procedure as it required to execute a court judgment and execute the Board's decision by attach the of rty prope ing first the movable property and, failing that., the immovable judgment debtor. 14 -

SERA MIKAEL BRICK FACTORY V. THE AS'SOCIATION OF DEMISSIE ESHETE ET AL.

This office is hereby ordered to execute the Labour Relations Board's decision without further delay. Any delay on the part of the appelant in the payment of compensation is bound to have a serious effect on the employees. In case the employer refuses to comply with the Board's decision and this Court's judgment or in case the execution office encounters difficulties in enforcing this judgment additional orders will issue upon request. Appellait is hereby ordered to pay . E$50 costs to the respondents. Delivered October 2�, 1963 in the presence of both parties. Dr. W. Buhagiar, J., dissenting: Th:s is an appeal against a decision given on August 29, 1963 by the Labour Relations Board, appointed under Article 4 of the Labour Relations Decree, 1962 (Decree No. 49 of .1962 published in the Ne garit Gazeta No. 18 of the 21st Year). ':be appellant raised the plea of lack of jurisdiction of the Labour Relations Board on the ground that the Board dealt with a matter which was not a ''labour dspute''. The matter ca.me before the Board on the application of the President of the respondent association and of 27 em?loyees 0f the appellant. The allegation was that the appellant l1ad dismissed the respondents after long years of service. It is not clear 'from the application of tie respondents, dated Nehassie 8, 1955 E.C., whether the respondents association is a registered trade union or not. The prayer in the application was that the rranager of the factory be summoned to appear before the Board and answer to :he complaint according to the law ap plica.ble. The appellant in his reply stated that the employees had been dismissed because dur·ing the rainy season there is ;lackening of work. It appears also that the appellant has indicated that it was not his intention to re-employ the dic;missed ,employees. The Labour Relations Board, in their decision, held that the appellant should pay some of the dismissed employees three months' wages, others two months' wages and others one month's wages. Tie Board also reserved the right of the ,employees to their yearly rest period. As regards Ato Demissie Eshete, the Pre .sident, who was alleged by the employer to have been dismissed because of in .suiting behaviour towards the employer, 1he Board, after having heard witnesses, found that the allegation was not provec: and that he should retu.m to his em ployment with full salary during the perial of suspension. Now, the Labour Relations Board his jurisdiction to deal with the matters with which it has been empowered to deal by Article 12 of the Decree, that is ''labour disputes'' and ''unfair labour practices''. These two phrases have the meaning attributed to them by Article 2 of the Decree. ''Labour dispute'' is defined as follovs: a,

(1) 'Labour dispute' shall mean fny controversy concerning (i) the terms. of tenure of la�our conditions; or (ii) the eligibility or authority of persons claiming the right to re present either employers or employees in negotiating, arranging, fixing, maintaining or mocifying the ter1ns of labour conditions." In this definition the in1portant wo.tds are ''labour conditions'' to which the Decree gives the following definition: ''labour conditions'' shall mean the entire field of relations between emplo yers and employees relating to the coiditions of employment such as wages, 15-

,. JOURNAL OF ETHIOPIAN LAW

VoL. I.II - No. 1 .

_ � ve, sic lea rest periods, saf d an on ati �a� , ion sat pe� com of m for ety any 11al s10 fes pro es eas dis �s and accidents� tm v1c to on s�� pen com measures, e. lik e th d an ns 1o 1t nd co re fa el w al soci . ic� st wh m� , s . ion �� applied through init def se the m fro ar cle ntly It is abunda l1 t1 ,v1t 1v1d 1e 1nd �n con al cases of an not is e cre De � the t tha e, cre De out the of d f�el lal�o�. r and the Labo ur rre ent the l1 wit t bu_ yee plo em an em.ployer or cl1 unt wh! a�no to a ters mat of labour dispute nce ruza cog take can rd Boa ns atio Rel in terms of tl1e definition; thus the Labour �el�t1ons Board cannot take cogn i zance of a dispute that may arise from the d1sm1ssal by the employer of a parti cular employee or more employees and assess the amou.nt of salary due to t he employee or employees in lieu of notice a1�d tl1e am_ount of cornpensation due for dismissal without good cause; these are matters which a.re governed by tl1e Civil Code and in respect ·of '\Vhich the ordinary civil courts l1ave jurisdiction. The Decree does not oust the ordinary jurisdiction of the civil courts and in this con nection reference may be made to Article 33 of the Decree which provide s: ''Nothing herein contained shall be deemed to prevent any employee from enforc ing the terms of his contract before tl1e appropriate Co11rts or bodies so long as such enforcement is not inconsistent witl1 the terms of any collective agreemen t or decision or award of the Board then i11 effect." The Decree does not restrict the rights of an employer or of an employee under the ordin.ary civil law provid ed that the exercise of these rights do not amount to an. 1rnfair labour practice as. laid down in Cl1apter V of tl1e Decree, a.nd particularly as regards employers as . laid down in Article 30.

�!

There is no trade dispute within the meaning of the Decree when an employer dismisses one or more employees. There would be a trade dispt1te if an employer tried to change tl1e ter111s or tenure of labour conditions by saying for example that ·as from November 10, 1963, employees will not be entitled to overtjme, or t hat no rest period will be granted; these are matters which affect the whole body of employees. Nor is the nature of a dispute altered by the fact that the dispute is brought before the Board, as in this case, by the President of the union on his own behalf and on behalf of other en1plo;1ees. Nor can tl1e case of the President of the respondent association, Ato Demisse Eshete, be said to amount to a labour dispute in that there has been discriminatio11, beca11se the allegation of tl1e appellant was that he dismissed the said Ato Deinissie Eshete because of insult ing behaviot1r 1owards the employer; there was no allegation that the dismissal was due to the fact that Ato De111issie Eshet e was President of the Union or Asso ciation. One further question may be considered a11d tha.t is whe t l1er the disn1issal by an employer of a nu.mber of employees, as in t he present case, is a trade dispute when the dismissal of one employee would not, as stated above, be a trade dispute . It is not proper in deciding one particular case to.. lay do\vn a general principle to. cover all possible contingencies that may arise in other cases that may be bro ugl1t before the Court; in the particular case now before the Court it may, l1owever, be said that the number of employees disn1issed does not by itself make a matter a labour dispute when an individual dismissal does not a1nount to a labour dispute . It has been suggested that th. e dismissal of a n11mber of employees, as in til e · prese_nt case, has the_ effect or tl1e tendency to nullify the 11nion of employees. � the f1.:st place there IS no allegatio� to tl1is effect by the responde nts and there he t _ bas no evidence whatsoever that the union has ID any way .been affected; nor Labour Relations Board, iu tl1eir decision hinted in a.ny ,vay that tl1is has l1a ppen· ed; the reason given by the appella11t fo; dismissing the employees was retrench· h w me11t, that is the reduction of the number of employees dtiring tl1e season en - 16 -

SERA MIKAEL BRICK FACTORY V. THE ASSOCIATION OF DEMISSIB ESHETB ET

AL.

work was not sufficient to keep all the enployees occupied. There is no evidence· whatsoever and no allegation has been rr.ade that the employer tried to influence the for·mation of a labour union or to interiere in any labour activities, which action would amount to a forbidden practice mder Article 30 of the Decree; therefore, it would be wrong for the Court to take into consideration matters about which there is no evidence or even allegations. For the above reasons I ·would hold that there is no labour dispute (within the meaning of the Decree) in the clairn brought forward by the respondents before the Board and that the Board hac no jurisdiction, tmder Article 12 of the: Decree, to entertain and decide on the rratter.

•

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faa.ca;i.c I ha,.t!r']{ f 'i:C t." I 0.:,.. J /lODI,\ {l I (l"J!-'P s a:(:i: ' q /l O.:J•:ftl)c J {l .,.,, n.r �!ro- I n-,. , AtJ'i" • {}"JAX-• t\Y,rf-ar, '1/l11H-fl-,;:J•:far1 • f011(lhc;,l\:ftl)c: 1)i\.lf} I fl'i-11tt.ar • f,f•DDflh1-w. s ·1-ot-l' 1 f}t\U-0-r I ODlf'i'TlD-1 1 hOI/K"f..4?9° 1 {ll\.,e. • 'i-lfli.lD• • Jc.l\"1'111 : illlll'W, • Lt.7i 1 -,w. 1 (l.tt- , .,e.-,q� , q_e , f+lfl•-r1 • ,,.:J>m-'l" • '11,+fll\:fm- s ll/l«tl. I flf,"J'l� • m.e.. • thlC , m:; ·Ill, • °lrtT • tj:Ct; , CL-l·'i" • h'i!r,.�OJ« 1 'i:Ct." • {L."f• • +cnm- • fh,tD-�'Jf : 'i:Ct." • fL,1:1 1 ro-tit. 1 .lJ-flri:9° , tj:CJ!" • 0.-f,:"f • ila\K'i--l· • t\�C.(• : 9°COD� : rf•,?tD-'l°h.:fm-1 : {l.(•;J"t • >i:,»cnw. 1 )1._,.1 , fm:,»1t_e • 17-IP • '11P'T • tj:Ct." fL,1· • 'h'}JLJ'f'IJl!rtD- • fltf•4•1 : ":'f•flG-l· : llll , :f--HH s ,flY'il+� I 1.H. I fcf>lfl • l,°l'l� II

..... ). I fhtD-l!r"}ft& • 'i!Ct: s 0.-l· • a,."). s t\Y'llrf-�: 1..lf. 1 R1:t:A

(lij:,r,h ,

=•

,flth.C • �"I • >.1+1.· • ilf(tf • ODIPlT 1 'i-lftf.lD- : L&- 7i , 'llD- • f"'l.A • till • i/ ·f"!.+coar, 'i-tffLtD-1 • fl"'l.:J>moom-,; • 1'1-'ll..C:llt\•1 -- = fl"tml,4>m· s {la,.: flh·A • w,a,." I / f"J.:,: • m11 • m..er I ff OD.r: • f lf 'J • f�-lf tL , rt-?'P"7.. , f".7.:r: , ch.,'f-'i' , 1-fll-l- • lli\f, ,fl:J" , }�, OOI//\T 1 ,o:1: • �;J'l! 1 fl1''1 • ff,ft;f• : oo,O-l•1 • l\"?'k'J:9° 1 11.,e.":f•A'J° as

f / h+ ;,O.SJ>=t: , Jc.1.';.., f'l°rf- 1'1� s tr� t nm.,e.m:,- , ft\{Jr , "7..ll-l· s m..er • 'lA • 0.?-0 .�a,. • m:t»-l', 111..c; .-l-: f;,t!r • 011-l- = a>-h.1' s ,,.. 11�•.,e. 1'1..e., ODlf'i':fm-c.· I ra:, .:f: • 'l/\O.:f':fa>-9°• ..r:cif 1 (l(f)tD- 1 'HllT • 1\1, 1 hil-1--��6 • 1'11.. 1 ODlf'iT{Jr : ODffi'} : nii I ooc;� 1 1-0-r- 1 f,ff .;f"CD-1 1 ltil+a\lll..t& 1 f).tftL 1 ..,.:J-'P"'1.. 1 ill, s Cil:J":fm-•t r /\"'/ilOD/t{l r )l{l s Ol/:,,t.•0 • fl\fl ·:fCD-9° JI

Iilf2i :

'}:9"':: P,7,":j_,. I 9'°/h.L : 1�P' : ,h?oil : ,f•lDAY "IP.C : +1 : � �1 • 1t.Y. : OD1"J?f : aJA.f. : h.°1'1-h»A I 1,;J-- : "J"Ol : ,l1'i : :t,tlJlD• :a

+� :

hOD1f" J O- : h'lf.+lPi�m- : t\tLlJ : ncnc : 9'°n'lf:'f· : rof,'J° : (/IJ�if: ll.lf1 = ffllfD4 = fDJ..:i: = ftt..Y· = tt11�. = h'i i 'lt\ft:J-:f-014 = fmf-tte = nl\��7i = 1t1111m. = f'lA'i" = "7.it:,-C = r;11,. = v11•r = 'Im·:: tt..Y· = t.•n>t = �n,; = = 1 'h'i ' ll\LL;t-:fro• = rot,u� = 0'1��7i = n1f1lm : n+--c'l'l : flA'i" = "'Lil :,•�� it.('(} : V-il:'f· : '}OD-r = n1llW• : h'i?, : fl�/\ : '1.·f : t,11.'t : "1°0'i : .,.,�c :

1no.-.· :

�r : +'l : Iilf21 :

'¼: 'I°: f+1lt--t-- I fOl/fqU,: 'I-If It"} = f"}ild1 : h' l�:fm·'i= 7i"'l"lll,SJ>-;r.. : 'll\ •0-r : +'iH'PA :: OJ·LV• : -,.tfH,nT(Dc = lit\ : ..(·Cif : 0-0:J· 1 :f(J)c = tirot:-lil = 011c11c = F..Af:t\ro• i r,,,._c'l'l = f lt\(L;J--:f-ro· = f .Oft��7i : '1.1f1lm. : .(!-C?f : V1l-r9"' : 0+1lt--i : n"Jl\ll,r : f\� ,f-m- : ttill.1-' : ��m- I f,tm'i"++ : '1-lflt"} : -r+w- : OTC : iii : iur'if! : q:9°: qo, f•'PA :

m1,ne

......

-18 C

3"lf"'

+'l : .....��,,...,..

--c11 = r = n = , °tit:,- = m1-uc: = n1t.e.�1i : h1t f"-=J: = fn..,... • .1t11,;. ,.. ,; ♦ ,,om. 1: 111\11:r:ftD- = h'l°rf:11:fm· = "'-" = hClt:flD-9° = nb�oi = r14« • hl.,,"J 'f!:t-'i : 1..lt"7 : ill\ : �fl?a ! fh11.t. : IA;f:fm• : flf�lD• : fhV•1 : ,e.a,q� : '11, : 01''1.,f: : 'l"T : "LtL : fl"ltl'l'i : 0/A:,,(t : {l'¼:,C : l\cf>il+�'i: "IH�+� : oa{lflo: flnflrf:: fLT: 111..Y..: OD�ODT: h11..1.0Dl. J flctJ/A: P'/AtJJ)-: flh ,:: oa'i?f: f1'11.t.: h'irf:: flf).:,.: ftDf,H�: fl/\f,�7i I n1111m.: fctJ/,\: v.a:,.: rtr�CD-1 = o:i.:i: 1 n..Y.. = tt11,;. = 1un'i = fl)-lfUn:fm· = CD-ilT = f"til;t-:flD- = �c?f : V11T : aotr)-"} : '111&.C+CD• : ao(lhl.m- : f{\ J/\:fm-"} : CilT'i : (1."f-"} : flODf1f : 00?f"7rf:"} : ilfl+l.J.;..T I �th{). : !§ : +1 : Iiif2§ : '¼ 1 9° 1 r+"'- : 01/0D/Ah:F : fl"1,CQ;l,C : }it&&,.jf : "llf:,• : 'i:C�: 11:,. : na,:,,1.11: rFt. 1 4-1'/A = -,... Tc = 2u/2§ = nilh'i:1·m- = r11fln.;t-:f0Jc = )-If1t1 = f\"71' 1-:,,c; = fl)-lfH,OJc9° : ODIP/.:,• : f'1A'i : f"'l.ilT : f;,&. : h�flla>-: m:,,t\l\ : 011,r: "J..:f.: '1l\11;r:fa>-: 07-AIJ'i: fl"lA": flf,,t-tD-: flfl11H1l�;r:fm-"}: fOD(lb�l\:fa>- 1 �ci'f:ftD- : ftr�a>-: ao�:'f-'i: 11:,-: 'lfllJilT: ODlf'i:flD-"}: flih1-: ODIPlT : t;:C�: 111: 1 1'1�1a>-:,,l\:fa>-: ,n_e,+'PA::

ftJ;1,C"1C • na>-&.� = "'":,. = t;:C� = 11:,.,., = nao'i'f!a>- = ft;:c_e, = tt+'f = P'&.: htii_e, , 1,."}11"}: +h-rflo: J:.OD/Ati'f'P: lD1,H�: (l/\1,�7i : it11-0m. 1 1+1.n-:i-1 = T14: = f"'l.:J>m'J° 1 1'1P.fl = n+mi'I� = +�: +m� = +cfl = h't-'L bt.bC : ao:J!tr'l : fl;JtL"I : itil;rlD-" : �1?a'l : flaoaocaoc : fl.1.9°C I 11.?tL"I : ftD"JtD• : T&'l : +ooAn..Y.. : fnV-)-: 1,"111'1 : '11, : n..Y.. : +hfl : °tltlh/A : n11Jl: (l,f-CD{l�tD• : +m� : ,f•.:J>'POI/.: tr'r : ao:,,l.0-1: OD1f10-: 1A�/A:: it..,..: +ht\: "'l.lth,/,\: h-0-'L: n,;u,c"'-C: ha>-&,.if: "IIf:,.: 'i!C�: 11."f-: n4'--Tc = 2u/2§ = n+h.t+ro- = rP'&. = 4-.e.A = +.:J>'P� = �'1 = fl.A 1 +cfl = f"t.:J>wrn:,. = ih.?'l! = hill.:( = h'tP.l\a>- = n.mr:,, = n"Jt.t;: = 1+1.nw- = +:J>'P°t�.,1: = )-Iftta>- = 1lln"l'111 = ill\tr� = +:i»a>-"'I."" v- 1 ti oo Ati:f'P = m_e,u�: fll\1,�7i : _n11-0m.: "11: fh11.t.: 1t'i,f:: ilfllf)-: m1..: tt;t-:fm- = 1,oofllt-'i : 1,"Jfl• I h19° : h'i.-f: : ilfllf)- : /,\(llt,.:fm· : h:f-1\llV • : fOI/.A : tr'r: +1'1:tA:: · hlltJ : O:\l\: f"1,CtJ;tC.: hm·t.� : "llf:'f-: t;:C..l'.': (1:,, : ;r1Pf P': ii : +, : I!if2� : '¼ : 9° : hH.tJ : fl;rl-: fl°IA'16f.b : f+1t.t(l)«'J : ro-lt�: {IT1" 'PA == lD-'11 = noiA = nctil:'f- = 111r - = mT:r = h1..t = n:\l\ = t;:C.(- = 1L1: = flm «/t�lD-: OD1,.9°f..Ol/.1 : 1i'l.tlm« : :}1,l\ : :f>/,\ : 1'11..ILV : f°t/A: �(& :1 mA1.. = 1.f"c oo,r� i'til4 � ''............fn..Y.. = n-O-'L = 1nn'i = r1ilt1t = '111:,. = = . 1.il = 1P.c = ir = t'> = Iiif2K = '¼ = ,r = rR4«:°f' = f) -lf H, = ml.+:,. = hn'> _e, 1 hilh = oF&. = il�1:,- = Tt. = ,1-uc11� = r+1..t = rh..Y.. = n-O-'L = 1on'i1 -1 4.C"7'i : "71+9° : fllfli'l'i : f+"ln'i?..t 1 fii9°il:°f' : ;J--t\l\:,, : i'19>l- : cf>/tlD' il:'f-'i: OD')."}"}:,.: '6C67: 1flfiT: V-flT = 'l?i: ftr�: fi,h.lj:: fA+1..llH'i: fA+iPl.H : ii:,,CfllD-: h;rf'i : h+�nn : 0:\1\ : lit:('itr I P.71:f: flf1R. � °IC1.: Lcaom-n:,.: htLtJ: 4-f,A: i'l.f!11 ; "l/A'16f.b: n>:7rl- : h.f,,,..tl.OD'i:flt;:C�: O.:'f-: "71+9°: 1tf;t-+ao : h'JJ.;..: /lOO'r� 1 hil4-t& : tD/,\I- 1 1.f" C'Lil : 0-1\,J-�m- : l\h.,Y.. : ,J-tJ/t : tPJ.lth,A : n11-t : Ti'lT..Y..h:f'P� .::'' . .

•

- 19.-

nil

., : : n : ' y.. .,.,.. : 07..q,-.,t\ i', chc blltJ 2 (1/\f, : n:rftD-'i": (lrf•(ltJJ/(1) 411 .o;. >m l' «:J r � : i\h ,fR l ili\ Jll'. � t . J• 'f!O L fl· 'l·• : r f:,. m O. : � : f �t'a;t'tD-1' : 1'1'�..<'ill 0 I ° A m 1 n 10 'l°(Dc Tf: f : 9"° f/ . .:J> i', ·: • f(D :J ; .. hlt : 9 °11' : 'P ti'f {IIJA ! 'Pl\0- h vlf: : €]{\0Dir i1· c; 9 oow : f, f(t m O '11i A f.,/ f l\ : : ° (L fl\ : ' (llD TtD : : 'LP,.: fl\ :ft»-1' : hl;J°l(llhA== ,, : : Ol\f,'17i'i" y-. ;,, .. '/w, fi'a' : fti : '}oo�. : J', l\f., mf,/ � H,tD-9° : : fl lf llA'i' = oiil:i• : (\ODIF'i"TlD' : hl;J°lmlD'" i 0-ftrl,:9° : V•d\-u : f;,t,. :fm•: ODlf -- : (llDf.,tlC: : (16\�'l"li : OD1lT : (Dc{ttp (10Dl\f"1 ' 'l°l� Y:Cif:ftD-1' : � }: : : llf.,10- : ti-r- : h-0-'t : 1°(1'i" : ft-ll;f�(J)c"} : Y:Ccf = 11;r: : /\ffODY:: h11Cll/� :ft»-9° , l\Aft:J!:ft»-9° = tt11: = ntt,� = n11c11c :: �c = -�·1n�1i; = Ol/lt(Dc r = nct,T: = .e�n = h'liltJDc 1-.r = hf.l\Y:l\m• = t\°"'ltit.l\:t:m-, � ni?a",11 = {}A ::. f,tJ9° : hlf',: (1� /\ : h-r- : h-0-'t : 1nnc; : hHClUl :: '¼/\9° : nqo:r : hrr -0 i\�1(1 :: OU1l;J--!f t; 0(1 : � ;r:fm: IP/1'1° (loa � .. n;J :fm : 'lt\lt l\ : l9° m- : ;t-:ftD- : (l)•{\'r : 7'1-f. : ',(l�'i": hV-19° : lDf. : (L�--:a:(l}<l � n.1{r : fDl/f,:J>m o,:fm· : on(J'�: ;J--CD·'J:A :: ill\ : "''·I tLlD·9° : (14!: ont r)-"} = Wf,'J° : OD'i:lfl 1 +:J>'P°t : f(J'',: (ltD-': ,,,�,. : n;,,ai : h:,,cp : �liltW.. : 0 ,h'? : l\"}J;.,(ll11 l\T'i': lDf.: (Dt,.7i'IT: OD,{}:,-: lD·il'r : 1'1--'t1'1: 0Dffif4': ,.e.1'1'PA : .1'1:{: +:J>'P°t = ,,� = q � = ttoaml\� .. = n&.:,.. = f'ln�:,..,- = ti � t1001- = f'l>'ct11 = ODt;:; : 1'.�C.0:(J'ft.lJ• : -Ofl hU•O;:r °tilT ! 7''}.P,.0-'J° : "'lftLlD·"} : h'lt\ft:J• :fa,. : t»-il'r : hillD'rT : 7'1f.1t; : 7'1f. : h1-"l� : f..t.7i : :fa,. : ,;Jt- 'IL�:,... u-0;1-:fro· hlt7i oorr1- : \'t\'l:fm·9°:: 1

n�a :

9�

n�c>

nit :

oro· :

ilfltLlJ : h.Y.. : +ht\ : °ttih.A : h1lJt: fhfl,f; : ',-If,.,,: },f,'lt'i'J°: t.&-7i: f.,IJ''i'A'. : f,l\4?&\'?f A : fOI/..A : fllf'} : ti : quo:,.. : (10•/r : ni�:,�w- : !ll tD-1- : 'll\ou-O;t:1 = Och'? : oomf:P : ilfl°t1'1lD• ;: flm:t>t\t\m• : Y:AY:fr = (l'l-lftl.lD": ilf,lf'l: h1�t\ : IJ''i: �•fH,lD•1: ht.Cltl\lJ•: fOI/..A: OlD·: O,n'? = f.,mf,:P : 1lt\'} : 4-f.,fr'} : (lf lO- : lD•il� : H"l,,t -1 : lDf. : oP1l1-0 : (l,,r : {IP/;\ (t'i'A::

rnt;:tr = n:r = nu.v- : Y:AY:IA = oPIPt.:i- = oP�.�'J°,:; = OTJilL?.'P = i1,t

TA: ftD-l}�ro-,;: fi'l..Y..: i'l.-0-'t: �•IH,: ,1--1A-Oto : h'l&: f.-0,V.(b: 1-IJJ>?°� 1 f,l\ht\T u foohn� : T°hlfl l : Otto-: ro-ti� : ...,.. 'lrt;ti!\: 1lt\'i"A : f'''/.A: lD' ti�: (tT;tA ::

hu.u = n�/\ = 1,oiq� = qi = h.Y.. = ,t-nt\ = oititbA = t,-0�. = hl\.B = f-t1.

a.:,..

Lt»- '} : fQ;tCQ;l.C : ht»-t,.>f : '?If:,.. : �CY:: : lC : m:P l\f, : '?If:,.. : t;:CY:: a.:,.. : f.,°l'l� : 11/l-' : a.:,.. = nt;::,..dt = 1lm.c = _e,aiq� = 0011 111 = ,,...,..c = ·· ml\ = fl�/\ : m:Pl\f., = °llfi: = t;:CY: : = TC : rhro-t-;r = -;.,:,. = �cY: = a.:,-. = m- ti� , = 11.f-:r IA :2

m-lt�1 : nou:J'lD'J°: l\dt nm:P/\Y, : dJlfrf:: �CY: : lif©it/2lt = ncti?-1 ' h4' Yo : +1- = !ill�� = q:9"' f,°l'l'i--1 = (lCfl I tt(l'i

a.:i-n"'l�--i;:,.......;

1'+ : +hit I °7.lilt.A : 1'-0-'t :

0£U.C'1J»C : hlD"t-:( : dJlf:,• m t;:CY: : . tt:i-- = ClP't. = 4-..f,A = .,.._TC 1 2D/2§ : f+(tmro- : ro-tit : fltl,lC = °ll fT = 'i!C-'!-- · 1 = n�:,...th 1 11,1i.c = f.°l'l� = oP11111 = �c =.�f.'!1!112� 1 0-'!--;,"7._: +roil'i_ 1 ilfl ·= K'iO-l-;: fU-fl,f:: �CY: : (l.,f-'f: m-ltt1 : noo?tDr' A'i!C-'!-- 1 r c00t. 1 Yiih'-.-l- : fLT I '10.1:;rlD""}: h:PC!) A . 12

tt+

-20-

�!"",

r�c� : 'J°COD&. : P,�l-9° ; '11.;.'} : fl6lb•flT : OD/!\h : tiooAti=f. : ._ J',� : flh'i!+� : 'i!Cl: : n,:,-. : : floo+OA ,-hltil : 1 : 'i>lfli\:ft&i'} h1-'t11Jt--: f dtlt.0 : t\t144-1 : -:fftoT : n�C(ltD• : ilt\..,-tl. +f.. : +Tllo : fl°IA'l6lb : fl+K t.t&i = r�c� = 'J°coo&. = Pi�l- = dtlt.O = oPlPl.T = hti!+�ro- = �c� = n,:,. : '11�1 : h1J;.fllJ&--lD· : cf>CflitA::

r�c� = 'J°coo&-- = P.�1- = "'1'111 = h.Otl4 = m..,-;1-- = °t,fro· : h�&--0..f: 'h1-f..tLU : fOI/.A : �A : J?,'10110:rA::

n,.I\

= noo.,e.9'1.,e.

V.t\T: tj:C.(!-: (L...y.:f: r,,-lt"'Joo-O:,-: '11C: Oootr�-: ft�C..l!-: 'J°Coot--: 04'l(ltD4 : oPLPlT: fh(l«'} : it+t-l11'i: rw·'11CD•: h(lllJT: i,1Pim'i'llD• : rP'C : 001110· : f,f-hL,f·lD• : OP't- : 4-J?,A : (I.tr'} I fitCD•t--jf CD- : 'i!C..l!- : OP'&.: 'i-J?,A: o,1·hL,f•(l)«: 0011111: 001_001,,,r : itODAlt1''P: n,:,-. : (lfLO•: · fHllf�..:,-1 : v.n:,-: flao-� : h.1-'lhOC : "'1Htl41'i : 0�1\9° : "'lilljf: {l'J°T: -e, = n.e°lll'1 = q_ = h� ra;ot.CD- = cil:,-c; = P;J = hh1'; = mT.,,. = hFc = ttooA ti:f'P : OP't-- : 4-J?,A : t\ht..,J•:"f-(1)« : h.1-'t(lT :r lDil'i- : hh� : h1-'tlDllJ : flf..l1CD· :r DDlPl:,• : f,°lfl� : mf,� : rof.. : m�i\f, : °llf'h : 'i!CJ!' : n,:,. : 0..�J!' I m�i\f, : OJlfrf: : 'i!CJ!' : lLT'J° : f?.'i(D«: �c: f"tf(l'1: tr'i : h°1'1 +'l'PA :: 'J°h'}f,f:9° : f P'&- :: 4-J?,A : f°t'lt\t&i : 0011111 : fl}t\0011:,-.-,:,. 1 °7t..,;J1im/.: rrot.7i',,l�'J°: oo.n:,-: "'lil,L+;f:: ootr�: r:rw+: (l.lJ''} :if P'&-i 4- f,A : h'i,1· : Oh:E, : fll\,ftCD-: '11C : ,f•h&-tit : '1'1: fOI/.A : fl.oollJ : 1\,1\ : . fA'lfllro-1: CilT'i: 011:,-: f P'&-: 4 -f,A: htj:...f •: ooh&-hC: h1j(: fl'h7',: 4-J?,A : htj:T: f'}�..'} : f,ff;r : itilft�� : ftooar(l..(-: ih"l' : f"'I f,L� .(!-t\T • flODIJ'�: _',(D«:: ilt\H.U : f'i!Tm : 11"1.C'} : ,,.,., : P'CO'T : · f..111 : +h:i•fto : f A+lP&-. � .. = t\°IC"'l'l! 'h' } JtfllJ&-t&i : (L:,C t\01/ilL+ ,.. OoolJ'� : fh'i!+�w- : 'i!C.(' : : . 'IT9' : it�Cfl'iA : fOI/.A : dt'111 ·= ',ar :: htt.u = fli\J?, = ,1--&-c: = fl°t'lflOaJc . = r,;:cx.· = f"coo&- � P.7/:Y. = mlt11 , · ODlPt.:i. , '11� = t\h'i!+� = ,;:c.(' = (L:,- = ilt\+i\t\L = heh� = flhtj: .,.. .� = 'i!C.(!-.: lLT: fl'i!:i•m : 11"1.C: J?,°1'1'11 0011111: -r-TC: @%/9.1 : 4>TftoitA s: h'i!+� : 'i!C.(': (L:,--9" : °tfllf: i : +1: 1.i1!9.% : '¼ : 'J° :r fl(lmar: tir/t);: ra;1� = ttooLPt.t.:i-1 = "h 'i = 1tcf";faJc1 = fl(l"ar = tt:,-..,,. = tt 'itt..1\1. = tr'i • f11ar1: T'iT: ih"l': fl°tftlaJc : oom'} : DPLKoo«'} : flar/ttaJc: m+;J-- : itilt....(-�, I O'i!C.(!- : 'J°Coot. : P,�:f : fcf>lOar'} : "'1'111 : ti.e,cf>flA : fl(J;tC Q;l,C: itaJc&--jf: '?If T : 'i!C.(!-: CL:i•'i ·= flihl.C : m�i\.e, : '?If:,.·: 'i!C.(!-: n,:,. : r+(lmar'} : arti1 : n�.(!-� : f,"?fl�'} : hh.'1&.: ;J&--: lPCff: Jt(l'i,fl.Y..;J--/,\:2 "h1°1Jtu· : '11.;. : or· : 'i!C.(' : CL.Y·1· : ;J--.e,-;tA :: Y,il,J: : 'i!C.('.: lt..Y..:f.9" : 0'114r : nlD/t(l'}.: "hf+il"'l(JDc : flit'}.(!- : .(!-'J°iJ : W{l',aJc;f--1,\ :: ilt\H.U : f,°l '1� : q� : it.Y.. : ..,-hft : °7.ltl'bA : '111-'t : Y,it:,C : "Lt1 : +lTT : +LCP.fl ;)-- A : "'I ft:,.: ., W•:: .

hH.U : 0�1\9° : O..tr1 : hT :r +hft : "7.l)h,/,\ : '111-'L : +ooA('a : itfl. ,f:;)--ro-'} = t\'i!CY..' = 'J°CODt- : it�CflitA :: f'i!C.(!- 1 'J°CODt- = J',�1·9" : hll19'!-::•: . 'fit,Y. : +hft : "7..lllhA : "'IODAh:J! : 6'1'1111 1 ++11ttar : '114r : fl'} 1-IP : '11P'--r : m:Pl\_e : tj:C.(!- : lLT : h1JtllJt-: 0"7'1(111 : dt'111 : t\t144- 1 1 •

-21-

l-tl.°-l- : h:,,cn0r : ill\--1-- L+f- I J!,IJ : '11C : Oil&.+� � �C..�" = (1:,. : t "}.P. -:, O

;J--1, : 011'-IP : 'l1P':'f"" : m:,»I\J!, : ,.:c� : 0, .. : �'i''.rh : '1ld1,,C : f.aiq� � -,f , 0011111 �TC : �7i.lit§/2i : (IDlf'?{l : �l'Cflh�ll �g ti��CJ?: : 9'1C on t-. : �,;ol-- : l\ft'�,1 : l-ir>:'f-- : f+�Ot»- : d1lt1l l '11?-1 : fi1'1-w 2 '11P':,.. : m:P = » "' = 0m 01/ilt. + .ef4' l = j {\ : h'Jf-1-1 u = i\1, : 'i! C.e- = = 7'1-'tllJt. = t\ . 1,1\A::

o":,..

''thlt11 ;: f,IJ : 'l1C : "10·1 : 4'f.9° : t\tLV,, : �C ..�· : '?°Coot,. : +CP -i '11?-: ,t-aoC9°� : ,.: c� : :,,c; -- : f l\0:,-. : (ID(f�.. : :J·ro-�, * ,1,t\11 : W'r-f• O:,-C: -- = c: : l\114· 4-1 : T{\-o,}• : +cfl I rn� +�ro tj:Cf: {L:, 1i1 ..�.ffl)t,.0Jc , ,,,..�:,,p.. : -- : '?1 : h1-,..4...1': l--tr,:,, : +ell : r..,. : 'l {1:'f ,f--1\A� : nc :: fh'i!1--� (D• : tj:Cf: .t+�n-l-1 : ,h'111: lt f,n--1--A'i": '11?-19° : lt.C'"lt. i �C-� � f,K'i"A: (l. A: 0th '111 : 01--f-1 LOr : f,'?'l� : flf,: it1, : LCP.O;J- A:: ilt\H.IJ: _e.u : ,.. q� : '11?-1 : (IDC9°� : ,h"1.0•"}: l\H-44.."}: 1"-.ft.-0:,. : f'l>ln O:'f--1 : -rhhA = '?A'l6J.b = 6Lb9°C = t\,n:,,1t_e. = 1,.. ,,., = 'l1r:,-- = tj:C� ' = CLT: +cfl = 1'1 .itllJt• : ll"'lilt.+ f: .. = ll'?C"'l'l!'l-rSo = t,:t,cn'i"A'' = fOTJ.A = �m•

f"}1,IJ' : '11 P'T : m:,,l\_e, : lj:C�" : {L:,--9° : f,U'} : lJJ•lt� : (L(l,p : n�, f: 07.f 1 �,;: : OQJ,CQJ,C = t,m·t.� : ailf,l• = �c�-- = a.:,-. = tlP't- = �f, A : 4>"-TC : 2!1/ j'§. = f+wo'10r 1 : f00111-0 : '1A'l61.1» ;: I� : O,l1lC : ,n:Pi\f, = "llfT : tj:Cf: : n,:,-- : nlj::,--d, : 11"1»C : _e,'?(}� : 00'}1"111 : .,,... ,re : �f@fi/jl; : Oh�irf-�: 01,'?'l� : F.l'P,' : 0rti�0r : fK'i"n:t-1 : fou1f10· : '1/A'l'ih ; c;:c� - : n,:,- = fl�Tm : -0,lhC : f,'?'l� : 00111-0 : ,,...TC : ©%/2% : )1�1 : {l�Cf: : 9°CODt. : "1lt11 : 000'� .. l-: f;J--fO-r'i" : lD·lttlD" : fK'i"fl"1'1 : {IIJ1j 111 = '?A'l61b 1 h'llltJ1 = ?'il:'f- = aolft1J,n:'f·1 = h'i" = n�c.r.- = 9°coot- = Pi7f-:f, = llhtLO-: fY'ilirf: : �CJ-7: fl.-f-T : w·ltt9l:f : f,t-f.t.1 0r'} : �rt;:,•c : fOI/.1A'G: "1lt1119° : aoC9° l. 'i" A :: fl,,..Q;L"'J t9° : f,'?'l� : 'l �'i" : ou Ail : (l61!' 9':t: : ll11--IP : '11P'T : mq»l\f, : c;:cf: : (L:,c : .f+t.n•:,-.c : f1'PTC: d1"1·;r:t!ar'}: 011C11C: +ooAh+'i"A::

r� :

f,IJ : tJcnc : f+toot.(J)c : OQJ.Cmc : hw·t.'Jf : '? •1:1, : �c..�- : {1,°f· : OP'&. : 4-f,A: 00111•0 : 'l>':-TC : 2!1/2'§. : ao(f',- : f"'"�;J1tn : ITS:A:: _fltttJ: 0011 111 : 0°,7..!f: : 'lllf1T : nm,e,u� : 01\f,', "'li : i't1i"'Offl. : h{IIJA_t1 ..f•),°f• : +cfl 1 r�c� = a.-r--l- = P't. = i't11��- = Y.111 = ,1oiit.:,» f.(D• = {IIJO't.:,• = till&. I\1.(l}c : "'I ii;rw4!.f : 0,:.J ft") : ;r T'l° : lD T1'--: ,,,..:J>'I' 07. : {l'iC : h1 -'t"' C-0 : +F.C-"/ I f,'?'l� : 'l�: 11:J!: O+:J>'P"'l,'l.}· : (l,4'C1l : t\,I\ : --1·:P'Pnt: hf\{IP 'i?- = +�;,"l{O I 't-lf ttOJc = �,n;;:'i" = ;,.;,'I! = rr'i = ilfl = +11 = ,,:c�· = f1,J: : 't-tf ttOJc1 : :r1"1P' • D : +1 : IDf2� : q: 9°: O(lmm· : w·lt�lD· : h?."1,,,.. ! O't -lfft(J}• = ODIPlT : f"J.!f: : fh-f : '111.it : 1--fl'i": tD&.1'1·· : tD-Cft.-1 : }l"}>L l hflc = hH'PA nr·Lo- = OJ«lt� = oou,t.:,-C9° : ,t·�'P"'l.'lrf:1: (ID1·1'?P/\+ i }tf tLOJ-1 = fl"'l'i!l il = m.e,9° = t\,I\ = ,n;,'l! = 0011.-J:1 = fltJl/ilttnc i n;,,1- = OIJ� l - r: P'AIIJ-,..: fi"'l.L:,,�fl-r: c;:c�: lt-r: tJ(t- 1 :i /\01/:,,1.11: fat fitf/\(114• OD

,fl,f:'} : fTtnfi+l\:'f--

o:,..

l\OD(f.,.. : OD1f'1}{1 : ti_a,..f,{\:J"t\ ::

.r.·

f£ttcm.c :i tit&&.� = '?lf -r = r,:c� = lt:i• s r+�nl\:,- = .,.., ,i = f"'i:�c� 11 m�r II f"t.,+'i!n-l- ih;,'f! , = rn'lf,r = ll1tA+�nfl:,..,; = --f"..4-'l'"'l(04 • -22-

lt.f·: ,t-hfl: 67.tih,A: '111Jt9°: "it:f>lJJ"7/\v- : h "7/\:,.. : Oil·t-+c: f°7.f..1<i: O:'f·: ih;J'l!: ltill:{1: ill\l\cf, lfl I )·'ilttD•9°: fl,"h°l'i : Of..111 : r+LKoo: ooctt- : ih;J'f!'l:'f-1: ftJJ.flm : lf'i: il1Yl1(Dc I hK"Y:�: fl).lftf.(J)c: DDLPlT: tJJ�ii:i: : a>·Cfl-1 : h1Jllhfl- : h"7�l.°l : 1\.1\ : r+?fll : fP,�',:,.C : itil+>: f.C : P'� : /\oPL'l.'J° : fl/\oP:J!fl- l f1�+1D4 : ).tftL : oPlPlT : rm•c(t« : h'i!f : 1'1-'tLK'J° : tiff : c&lt11D4"} : l.K"'l'1hA:: f,U'J° : 1D4/t1 : fl1,°lfl� : f.l� : fldtlC : m�l\f, : °IIJ:,.. : 'i!C� : ft:,- I +1'il9'J° : flh'i!+;;: : 'i:CJ!': = t,A+110:,-r:: 11:,- = h��,_� = oil++c = r"ttJJ�o,1- = rh11:,- =

"'i;,.

hii:CY:: 9°CDP&-: P,�'f: fl+lOD•: ,h"11l: lD4'il1': lDf,H�: O'\f,',7i: r r :fm·: h°,7..f.: hit.f·: '111-'t: ?ufl'i : ;JC: lf',(Dc: fl/\fL; : h111lm: h« Cfl1 hA1:'I:,-: 1'ilh: 7i'J°"IA'i: JfoP'i':fw· : Y:lil: Oil..('/}: lr/\T : (tr) : {} OD r r : : :fa,."}: "it� : /\cf,(Dc : f°IA : V11;r :f(Dc"} : V1l; : ; :,- X'ti'l° fL-r,f:"} f.JJ;J' : t\f,°llJ�: fli : f1''ll�: A�:f (Dc: t\ti,Y.. : ,t,hll: "7.til'bA : it11J;.: itillhOro· ! h"1ifa : lf'lm· : ODfflf�'i: l'T,t,a,. : lLLlJ!'l\:fro• : oo+OA : itt\ fl:fro• : f°7.A : r"1"111 : ttil,t-ffT: ,,-.f.;J°l'I° : ODP�lfl- : r11..u, : '11 P'·1· : lll�l\.e, : 'i!CY:: 11:,.. : h11'iO;J-A:: ODPwl,f: : )·If It"} : 0°7.:Pm'J° : 0'i!T"1 : 11"1.C : ih°I : .,,..1'C : (lro- : fOI/.+cnro· : ODIP/.iT : ou�t.11 : f/\llT : ).Iftf.(Dc"} : 0"7.:Pa'J°'i : 1'1�.LCill\T : 00?.mf,+(Dc = (ll&': fl lrA : ',(De: h1:(: ilY:"1: V-fl�··: qoo:,-.: oo,,ft-: n1t:cr:f(Dc: f,H(Dc I nrc'l'l = '11\:f(Dc = ).•flt = oow1.:,- = rJi\011:,...,;1-:,:ro- = n+t.;J1m'\:f(Dc'i = fl(j:CJ!' : (L:,,. : (Dc/}1 : ODIP/.,.,,. : f,Jf;}:f(Dc : fK'i'\:flD· : flt\011T I 111l;r :fro-"} : t\).lff·L : ,t,:}>tp"7.(Dc : t\cf,(D• : ooh(lil : ht\fl:f(Dc : r+'lt\n:,- : ft;: cY: = rcao� = Pi�;(, = "1"111 = f+OD,,l,t,n:,- = ih"l'l = f"'l.m�il = fl.If"} = 'r� : "11'1 ·= flODODl!\.h,r : 1''lX''ill,t-rJJc/\(Dc'i : OP'&- : 1'1-'tL'l.9° : ih"l" : = 11,,::,•,h = ,n,11ac = ,n<? (l.00�1 = h1Y:1h+t\(Dc = h1mx-- = 'IOc == 'l1c = ,:JC: f°71,IJODf:: "1"111: llt\OD{lt\"}: '1/AL'l'PA::

nil :

tt!�r :

°''

l,"1'11 : q� : i'l.--f-- : ,J·ht\ : "'I.tit.A : n11Jt9°: ro:,.:fi : fhT : h1l-'t : 1onc; : cil:,-c; : 11:,. : (lh,i. : "il t\lf'I l Ah(lll : h1;{ : "1/Ah(lil : 1'11!o+ : ht\.Pt\lr ? rct::,-"1: 11,li.C: hil: 1,:,»1.io111,;: ,J--',t1J1'&»: ill.;r: "ht\:Pt\v-: (LA: nDD/Ah:f;A:: f"}"l,.IP : '11P':,-: m:,»l\.e,: �CY:: fLT: "11: itA,t,+n /lW-9° I 9°h1f,f:9° : f°,7..:,: : rit..Y.. : rt-0-'L : ?ufl'i' : fLT'i' : cit:,- : 1'ilh: /Jll+ : 'l°;r:fw- : X'lil : n"'-:ii'i : fltfl/.il:J·:ftD- : nroJ.1,H� : O'\f,'17i : J\11 11m: i:� : aot;>-r"}: ntJJC,,.f,: lift : +la�(Dc'i': hn+: t-.11..\: ?ufl'i': /Jt\1': 'l°'T : 1.9°�9° : fl).l·fftn:fCD· : ODIPl+ : t\mt."(t':(i : f°7.b'J..LA : rm-ell : v11:,- = If':' = noiil:r:fm· = nmJ.1,tl� = 0'\'6'17i = n111lm = i,:c; = FIAllJ'> = 00 11i◄: : ih;J'l! : i't!f:tJDc: ilt\ttil,f'°700',(Dc i .e."l'l�: qi: tt--f: ,t-tJt\ : oiti lhA: i',11-'t : OA :,,(lc_·: O,hlf'l : 9°h1fT: "�lf"},J--� : lf'r : OfL'1·: 111.f·: 'lt\f,Jf;r: 'I�: OOl/l\'1•: 11,:: ff.1ffl!": 0011:,-.1 : l\°7!l:!l:9°'i': fih;J(Dcf"} rot--p''f : 00,n:1·1 : O°IC"IC : t\ODW•a� : OD'l°hC : "f'"J()?,. : t.fl- : ih"J"} : flHFo : ODllJil'i: n��.,:,-9°: "'Ito11 : if'i : ilt\'tt11ro· : 1'.f4:(Dc"} : itA"f'+ Ol\llJc9° == f,A«f?'l9° = 1,u = f(Dccil'i = rnil+J;Y-c = hcnc = n1,001Pt.+n :,We;: 0001.oo�f: f..ljf: fl,f·m(l',fl:"f• : 0{;1;},C(J;tC: nW·�>f : "JIJ:,..: c;:cY:: rt:,- : m-l}�: hoo(lm,f:: n& .:,-: t;:C..(': fL,f:: t\n.V-.,_: f.'?fl�: fl.,f,: flnT: -23-

00 Ao ;: ''w�n� = � f o:. �r �o = cJ.: 'r t\:, lfi i\cJ> = 't i f Jrt.., hA ti1 oY. , +hl\ : = .. . -: 9 : h : : d19°lb: :t;/r;o: nl\_e.',7i : h..f... : n-O>t : 1-ofi'i" h'l'l: . 'l°'i " -� °{! ,,v �: .. : ii,,.� t,..:t--w" cf, 1: OJ ,n 9° : ,f-cJ> :, : lL : f,; q: 9": ,:lit : OtL.,f014 : Oti '1,f: . ° 'lro" = r�p,_:1- 1 wy,. = a.;: ? tto-19° = 1t1( = fi\:flD4 = (lOJ• , rt\ 1 i,,,f t\ : t,._ (l• : 01!1J� � 41.'}f...O..·I: : 'lftu•n TlD4 : {lODt\(lc : °11 : Jti!\:J'lD9°9° �., ;--:fro·"} : h{ID(lnli\rlD· : O�I\ : ··� : f.°l'l° : fl� i•J1. : ..-n,11:.c : '1&\.h(l c: ir 0 � : = C l (": ft "} r,1,a, .. 1,"}J!o:,-.. : ft.cf, il'i": ti_e.t.lf:..-n1 : nAl\.:,,9°: '/l\.i : 0f\ OJ· : 1:1--1\A :: = A.nncn:i-- � r,�1:'-ftw, �-•,,t rn..Y· = +nf\ = oY.ti1hA = n-0-4. = {ID,n:,� {D•"} : 'h:POJOl/ t\rr : 'll"}�i\CD• : "lfi:.f· : n�:'f--d1 : 1ld1,C : da°l : 4-�Tc : iJrf!>r : d = = = = )·1-f tLro • no-1 fL:,. tt:,,cn · 1,1-J;.ttcil,\:�� ....n� Om'? = fi:CI: = · oou,l:, = il&.lf: : -n:r : ',(I)• :: f,U"} : fOI/ -�l°l : {111..-n,�19° : hCti"r1 : ODC9"°t..m• : .,, CD' l\ : m �cf: : n,..y. 1· : 114' :J A. 1 Jr.. u-..'} 9', : 0 tLu : m•ti1 : CD''11 : fom· Y'{ti: : or>LJ.Jl:,-- : hh : fOIJ:,,l-0 : (/D-0-1: : }'l"}f-1--mO«l'/\;I.. : �w.. ::

=''

ft�u�

n&..:t>�r<»· :

011.U : f'i:.:'f·,h : 1ld-bC : f,'?'1� : ou111-0 : «r'rC : iii1:ifi!'2/2i : "11 : .e.OJ11� = 11� = fcJ>lfl{l}c = t11ti,n = 0,1,'? = ,.fA,"f'UDot.i-- = 'ht; = n�c..l!' = n,,y,�: = P' t- = 1'-tt..�i?° = F'I = r1co:i- : 014a;i_ = lf'r = ill\1·f r,ro- = ro·•X":P = '1.{'_--c11 1 hQ;tC�C : nlD•t,.�· : °l•l:,-C : �c� : n,:,-- : tflh : hft:irf-�: : lj:C� : r1:,, : J.7lil : y,{t,)-- : 1..ft 'hf+Fa,:,100 : {loug-f. :,, : f,f--(lmro·1 : ro ., '11 : (l�,)·,11 : ·0,lbC : J1°l : 4>--TC : txi·i (l!) ic; : i!fjj : ODIJ.'l:," : i'lr.-1,,--"} : ,eu1 :

OD1f11l : lf 0/,f·•fiA ::

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•

- 247

SUPREME IMPEP,IAL COURT

Div. i

MIKAEL ABDI v. ESTATE OF BELAYNESH AZBTE 1EKLE ' Civil Appeal No. 1284/54 E.C. Saccessio11s-Wills-Admi11istration-Art. 97; Civ. C. Family law-Corn1no11 property-''GL1rbon'' 111arriage.

Property-Olv11e rslzip-Possession. Civil procedi1re-Cl1ilot.

On appeal (recomn1ended by the Fird Mirnera) from a judgment of the High Court affirming decisions by tl1e Chercher Awradja C>urt and the Hararghe Tekle Ghizat Court, all confirming the plaintiff's right of ownership and possession in execution of her deceased husba.nd's will, as against the defendant's claim bat the will was invalip. Held: Judgment affirmed.

1. A11 action to contest a will must, accorJ, ing to Art· 973, Civ. C., be brought by the perso11 who contests the validity of the will. 2. A relative of the deceased contesting tre validity of the will is not thereby entitled to take possession of the inheritance. 3. The surviving spouse, as the owner of her share in the common marital property and as the administrator of her deceased husband's share, does not have to institute court proceedings to recover the property from a perso1: who has taken its possessio.n without a valid title.

Hedar 8, 1957 E.C. �November 17� 1964, G.C.); Jt1stices: Vice Afenegus Hagos Tewolde Medhin, Ato Mengesha Wolde Amanuel, Kegn Geta Gebre Hanna Kitaw: - In view of the evidenc! and statement of claim submitted to us by tl1e ·parties to this litigation and the oral presentation argued before us, and having understood the meri1s of this case i1 detail, and in view of Articles 286(2), 973 and 996, we have rendered the folloving judgment. As evidenced by. the file, this dispute concerns the common property of Ato Abdi Gobena and his wife Woz. BelayneEh Azbte. They had lived in the bonds of ''Gurbon'' marriage for 62 years when Ato Abdi made his will in unequivo cal and indisputable terms on December 2, 1959 in the presence of his father confessor and elders. In it he defined the extent of h�s wife's share, gave detailed instructions regarding the distribution of lis share in their common property and passed away on January 22, 1960. The pr!sent appellant, Woz. Belaynesh's step son, moved into the house on the pretext of mot1rning his father's death. Taking advantage of her advanced age and general.y weak state, he lost no time in making arrangeme·nts to transfer to himself the lam and house that were his stepmother's share of the common property. In due course she became aware of his scheme, she institt1ted probate and administration hearings (Probate and Administration File 59/54) and requested that the Chercher Aw:adja Court execute the will and declare her the ow11er of the la11d and l1ot1se tl1at ve11t to her under the will. -25-

•

JouRNAL oF ET1-110PIAN LAW - VoL.

III - No. 1

ja rt rad Cou Aw er rch lish Che pt1b the t ed a notice . tha ws sho her furt file The z. Wo ted tes n y la. con o Be wh 's esh one any d c�aim to a�� is adv and s per spa new � the , llant Ato appe t esen p le e Tek . date n certa.t Mikael Abdi a on � 1? rt Cou pear in presented himself in response to this notice. To the Court's demand that he state tl1e grou�ds of his cont�st, he submitted a written statement wherein he_ allege� that the will �as not valid and stated his willingness to support the applicant, his stepmother, 1f she would drop her claim. Toe Chercher Awradja Court gave its decision on Dece1nber 18, 1962, the last portion of which is as follows: ''Ato Abdi Gobena's father confessor, Memre Asfaw Wolde Giorgis, wrote down the deceased's will on December 2, 1959 and submitted it to tl1e Court. It covered two pages, contained 18 consecutively numbered items, was neither deleted nor erased, and bore the deceased's seal and signature as well as the signature of five responsible citizens, clergymen, and dignitaries. The original copy was examined by the Court and was attached to this file after all the judges sigi1ed at the botton of each page. Memre Asfaw and Ato Tekle Mikael were each given a copy that bore the judges' signatures and the Court's seal. ''During the course of the trial, Ato Tekle Mikael admitted that Woz. Belay nesh owned the house when he told the court that all he contested was the validity of the, will; otherwise he did not object to the applicant's living in the house, be cause in the first place nobody told her to move out. ''The will states in no uncertain terms that Woz. Belaynesh and the deceased had been married for 62 years and that they owned the property jointly. It fur ther shows conclusively that Ato Abdi did not infringe on Waz. Belaynesh's rights, but identified his share a.nd distributed it among his descendants and rela tives by designating every plot by its size and boundaries. Moreover, it has been established that ever since her husband's death, the applicant lived in her house and nobody contested her ownership of the land and house. Consequently if Ato Tekle Mikael maintains that the will is not valid and the lady should be evicted, he should institute proceedings to that effect, and nobody can seize her property unlawfully and tell her to institute proceedings if she wanted to recover the pro perty she had acquired over the 62 years. ''Let a copy of this decision and Ato Abdi's will be sent to the execution of ficer so that he may execute the will. The order of stay of execution is hereby cancelled.'' tl1e above !hereupon, the from present M appellant, Ato appealed Tekle ikael, . dec1s1on to the Hararghe Tekle Ghizat Court. He instituted Civil Appeal No. 139/55, but the court affirrned the Awradja Court's decision and dismissed the appeal. Then he requested the Fird Mirrnera to review the decisions of botl1 courts. The Fird Mirmera judges were misled by the statement of facts st1bmitted to the� by the appell�nt and recommended to the Emperor's Chilot that the case be reviewed by the High Court. Their request was granted and the High Court w� s told to proceed on the following lines: (Only the conclusion of their opinion is reproduced here.) ."In_ light of the fact �hat two co·urts agreed on the disposition of the case , we studie� the cause of the d1�ute and the respective decision of both courts, wb�re• s from it app�ared that the first application was a file n. ano istr Ad and min Pro of bat e The Awra��a Co� then issued an order of stay o p� the ng re ga rd ex of i ec ut io n . perty mention.ed m the fir st applicant's administration file, and after evaJuat:JJlg •

-26-

TEKLE MIKAEL ABDI V. ESTATE OF BELAYN'ESH AzBTE

the evidence introduced by both parties it ordered that the property in possession i of the present applicant be transferred to Woz. Belaynesh. We do not agree with. that order because a probate file merely serves as an application for the establish-· ment of the ownership right and also as an application for the certificate of heir· and •the person who opens such a file does not yet own the property. Therefore.d he cannot dispossess the person who possesses it already, but must institute new proceedings if anybody contests his claim. Therefore, we request Your Majesty to order the High Court to review the case, since the two previous decisions were; arrived at in violation of the Civil Code.'' Pursuant to the recommendations of the Fird Mirmera, Civil Appeal No .. 37/56 was duly instituted in the High Court. In its decision given on April 14, 1965, tp.e High Court dealt at length with the initiation and progress of the case, explain ed that it had conducted the investigation it d.eemed necessary, and that it disa greed with the finding and opinion 'of the Fird Mirmera, affir1ned the decision of· the Chercher Awradja and Hararghe Tekle Ghizat Cou.rts, ordered the appellant to pay court costs and dismissed the case. Thus the case has been heard by three different courts which have given identic.al decisions. Once again Ato Tekle Mikael Abdi applied to the Fird Mi1mera, which in: tum recommended that the case be heard by the Supreme Imperial Court, and ''Division 4'' was designated to hear it as Civil Appeal No. 1284/56. The follow ing is the o_pinion of the Fird Mirn1era judges who recommended that the case� be heard by the Supreme Imperial Court. ''This case has come to us on a previous occasion at1:d upon our finding that there had been a miscarriage of justice, we recommended that it be tried anew by the High Court and it was duly transferred there. However, the High Court failed� to consider the reasons upon which we based our recommendation, hurried over· the matter, and found against the appellant, whom we had supported in our opin ion. Therefore, we request that Your Majesty submit a copy of this Committee's finding of facts and opinion to the Imperial Chilot and · to the St1preme Impe rial Cou.rt for ft1rther investigation and review.'' The Supreme Imperial Court, in arriving at the following decision has examined:1) The copy of the decision arrived at by the Chercher Awradja Court in Admin istration File No. 59/54. 2) The copy of the affirming decision given by the Hararghe Tekle Ghizat Court in Civil Appeal No. 139/55. 3) The copy of Civil Appeal No. 37/56, wherein the High Court considered the Fird Mirmera's opinion, and affirmed tl1e earlier two decisions. 4) The investigation conducted by the Fird Mirmera judges into the decisions of� the three courts. Moreover, the Court has studied the br·iefs submitted by both parties. It has been established that tl1is case was initiated in the Chercher Awradja" Court by Administration File No. 59/54. The necessary notice was published in the newspapers in accordance \Vith the rules for the administration of courts wherein anybody who contested tl1e will was advised to appear in Court. The: only person to do so was tl1e appellant and as the will was found valid and legal, . the Court confirmed the will on Decernbe1· 18, 1962 and ordered Ato Abdi's suc cessors to take over the property. Furthern1ore, the Co11rt registered the present -27-

JoURNAL oF ET1-1.10PIAN LAw - VoL. III � l�o. 1

•

ld cou c ins· itut he t tl1a ?im _proce edin gs in th � d rme info and on ecti obj nt's appella e orc any other r1gl1t he might enf to or l wil the ate alid inv to rt cou competent hav; bad. Apart from asserting that the will was invalid, the_ present appellant did n o legal bas any s Court _ i ou whi�h the will co � point out to the Chercher Awradja u} be invalidated. In light o� th� fact !h�t the will was per�� ctly valid and legal, the Court could not but conflfill its validity, order Ato Abdi s st1ccessors to take ov 'their respective shares and dismis� the case. Both tl1e Harar�. e Tekle Ghiz :� Court and the High Co�t enterta.i��d the _ appeal_s,_ found absolutely nothin g to investigate further or review a.nd affirmed Jts decision. The Supreme Imperial Court finds i_t _strange t�at the Fird Mirmera judges should have repeatedly expressed the op1ruon that Woz. Belaynesh should hand over all the property she acquired over the 62 years she lived in the bonds o: "Gur bon'' marriage with her late husband to l1er stepson, the present appellant, and could recover it only if she instituted procedings against l1n11 and won. As a ge neral proposition, a suit to contest a will must, according to Article 973 of the Civil Code > be brougl1t by the person who contests it and requests its invalidation. We would have appreciated it if they could I1ave referred us to 1he relevant law in the Civil Code which provides tl1at the pe1·son \vhose title to certain property has been confi1med by the Court 1nust l1a11d. over the property to the party who con tests the will and institute proceediI1gs to recover it. However, we have skipped that proposition becau.se it appears to have no connection with the Civil Code. T11e Supreme Imperial Court has not accepted tl1e appellant's argu111ent that since he was in possession of the deceased's land and l1ouse, l1e could not be evic ted unless he lost in court, because its investigation disclosed tl1at the said land and house were owned jointly by the late Ato Abdi and his ,vife, '\Voz. Belaynesh. Moreover, the Cou.rt is satisfied that tl1e deceased's share of tl1e con1mon property was in the possession and under tl1e adminjstration of Woz. Belaynesh, awaiting distribution among his successors and find.s the appellant's attempt, st1bsequent to bis moving into the l1ouse, to establish possession by merely claiming to be in pos session of the property and to cheat the otl1er st1ccessors of their share, a systen1a tic violation of the law and a mockery of justice. Wl1at is more, in answering ques tions put to him by the Chercher Awradja Cot1rt, lie said that Woz. Belaynesh continued to live in the house after l1is father's death, that he supported her, and that he did not object to her coming back to live tl1ere, becat1se to start '\iVith no body told her to move out. In light of tl1is admission that she 0\\1DS the house , we fail to see how be can validly argt1e that he \Vill not move ot1t of tl1e l1ot1se unle ss he is sued and loses in court. The only way he can get his alleged right enforced js by contesting the will, instituting proceedings pursuant to Article 937 and getting it invalidated. The three courts that affirmed the first decision l1ave preserved his right to do so, as does tl1is court. Tl1is Court finds that the ar�1ent he p�t forw�rd i� Civil App e� �� · for rules 1284/56 does not have any legal bas1s and that 1t conflicts w1tl1 the . urts co administration of courts. As such it affi1"111s tl1e decisions gi,,en by the three ranging from tl1e Awradja to the High Cot1rt and dismisses his appeal. Tl1e order of stay of execution of tl1e Higl1 Court decision is hereby c�c�� . 15 of copy 1:'he appellant shall pay the respondents E$100 damages. Let a � 1ed s1 o11 be se.nt to the High Court to inform it that its decision l1as ·been affifll GJven by the Supreme Imperial Court on Noven1ber 17, 1964. -28-

•

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""'l'C = �JI/Ifit2i = = O'l> ,iai ;, llt\=it1Pt,t; = : ' :11 : 1,f �l� : fl'I! f ftD"l(Dc : itT;e. : n1cf>?i : C (ft) "/,'i : t,"}cf,7t· : @% : r ,111 : 1 t.C .-0A : 11 ·1•, r� 0' t "'l.tilTC: t\lPt.,f·� : fOf\m:_ oo,n:,c- = {\OD{lm:,.•: ( .. 1: ,'h '1 : f °ti\lD"'P: F.."}r{l: "h"}Jt,,rOJl1J : f,&.. �!.: {\:J·· I,\:: ,. � ()'I � = u : 'l'C : � .. t o,, .. '� : rlD {l; : IP/ f j:A )Jl : : : r ,'h°l : {l,�'J'C ff� ""'rC : �a.?;JG'i: = 1\� · {l'l' fftro• = f.."J,n: ....frollJa>• = o<;:::,-.,,, = ,11t1i.C = ,1,'1 = .. . ., .. . .. .. f � .. er-. : .: 'I l " U" • llffi : • ' ·•1.1 rr t-,. I ...., � LJ.J t\ : n,. f (O (lr : l\ dJ ch 'J (lr t\ : : .,(1 § £@' te� li : C 4>"-'r n:,--= 1'111 = il"?a>•llJ:i--=oolf'I·= DJAr; = �ro· 1 ,nfq' : itil&./\"L : lJ•�:J·: /\{11 : An '1'1 : : :,.tL l\O : f1 LJ.Jt.,f--�(J)•: f1lt1 l ° : 1.tCt.: -Ot ,h {llj::,• • : :J>A : {lrt-l"lr:•9 I O'l>""'PC : ....ii : f{\(l} 'IOJc : ,f--1}{\ ,, r . « �;J. . : ch°I : ii'L�f.�'C : "'h'i : 17Ll;f.G'9. : 'r''PC : m il'r : ft\,t\OJ•"} r ,. .. ' ..(IOft ""'l'C : U : (1,f , (ltf> : , f,A:, : mC'i : fitj::,--dt : ,fidi»C : llril'P: tit\ro ;, '1 h,t-llr: {\IP�+;;:(D« : f',(t : OD,{l,r : f"'l.(11': �(l}- : f{t?/A.:: : :P f LP&-1-�0J•: Onwtro•: H"}f::it"},-....: qoo:,..: it":lt\11\ : il'1: fa:�.1: f : ao11:,-- :t,l,<i,01•9° : ,fiflo : Och'? : nt;:A: "1 fl;J""lJJ(f'..f(D• r,,•{IIJt\fi

(JO-.·

- 30-

"'°'

= (l)«ilT = ti/\(1)« = r-r,pc = u1 = 1..1,n = 001·c1n9° = O'i!"1·th = 11dl.c = ih°l: 1,/Af: fwt-+"1tJJc1 : 0011:,..: foZ.f m1 1: TC1-9° I hmf'l/\w-: h,n°I tit;:t\- 1 "'lh;J--m+.f : O+l\1'9°: h,,,_..TC : jj : q'l"'I : O°IAK- : +.�t..t : fOI/. If"} : :'f·C1'9° : oohmT : f,lf'i/A:: ilt\tLV : O'i!Tdt : 11di.4r9° : ch°l = fLlf"} : Och'? : h'i!� : °7h:J--mtf i .wt,.,t-�m- : f·11\11\0,l- : 1.H. : Ah : l\rtlt : oomf� : 0011,,-,. : i'tilL'l1. = o �;r : nf,f../l'J° :: rtiti : oomr� : 00-flT : f°t'it.ro• : l'\lPtar : i'tt\O+. : ·9°h1fT: rP&-+"1m-1 : hr't,. : 0"7 (l'ifl,f: : 'J°h"Jf :,-. : 11:J!: �ro-:: 1,1iro·9° : rPt,.,f.."1ro· : .r·11\11\0t = 11001 = i't6fbC· = Wf,'J° : l1f9° : ·1.1t : fLlf"J'J° : �OJ• :: htj:,}•,h : ,fl,h.4,- : ch°l : f,A� : ra1°1 : h'i!t\c : °7h;J- m4!f : t\1P&-+'1ro• : f°thLt\lD·"} : '1'1 : f°tfOAT : ht\11'� : (l'j!-}c,h : .,n,11.c = m°l = n-,,..TC = �if.�fG1t 1 �it�fi:� = 1,'i = O,'h°l = htj:A : "'lh:J--m +.fm- : ootiflA : .r/1.ro• : A f.�T I f,'h'l : ht;:A : "'lh:J--m+.far : h'i!-l-m : -1),h.4,-: ih°l : ,,f,/A� : /lfPt,.,f•'t1ro• : f(1�m : 0011:,-. : f°7.(lT : OOlf � : ,0:J! : �ID• s1 ->

n�tLU : IJ•/t• : 9 h1f·f--'f : fhlPt'i : fwt,.,f-� : ,..�,, : {IC.(- : rch°l : ht;:A: °7h;J-- tn+.f : ,,,..TC : :81 : noo+C?o'J° : f(lmro• : w-ti� : ll,'h1.. : 01\"7 : f+il"7°7 : lf'i : h.°l 4i+�'PA:: ili\lLV : f,°l'l�"J :

ro-.r::,, : i't.(-C1�'PA::

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- 31 -

SUPREME IMPERIAL COUR.T Div. 1 A YESURBVARA J'ESOPIE v. GASHAW BEZZA ZERFU Ci,1il Appeal No. 1554/ 57 E.C. Co11tractual obligatio1is-Employ111e1zt contract-Rigl1t to co111pensatio,1. fo, d' Arts. 2573 a11d 2574 Civ. C.-Art. 9, Leg. Not. No. 302 of 1964 Arts. 3(i) d 1�� is; a_l �,, , 10c. No. 210 of 1963.

On appeal from a Labour Relations Board decision directing the appellant-emplo er to pay compensat_ion to an employee whom tl1e Board fot1nd to have been dismissed w1th out adequate cause after less than one year's employment witl1 the appellant. Held:

Affirmed.

1. An employee dismissed without adequate cause is e11titled to compensation even though he has worked for the employer for less than one year. 2. The purpose of Leg. Not. No. 302 of 1964 is to give employees greater ,rights than they had previously enjoyed, and it would be inconsistent with its purpose to interpret Art 9 thereof as restricting the rigl1t to compensation previously given by the Civil Code, Arts. 2573 and 2574, to employees dismissed ,vithout adequate cause.

Ramie 23, 1957 E.C. (July 30, 1965 G.C.); Justices:- Afenegus Kitaw Yitat eku, Balambaras Tessema Wondameneh, Ato Tadesse Tekle Giorgis: - The Labour Relations Board, in accordance with Article 2 of Leg. Not. No. 302 of 1964 (dealing with employer-employee rel ations), decided tl1at an employ er who dismis ses an employee from his job must pay compensation even if the employee worked for the employer for less tha.n one year. The employer has appealed to this Court on the ground that the Board's decision that an employee who has worked for less than a year is entitle d_ to com a t tb e sinc pensation is inconsistent with Article 9 of Leg. Not. No. 302 of 1964, Article provides for the payment of compensation by an employ er to an e mployee dismissed by him if the employee has worked for him for one year or more. • out with , er ay Art. 9 of Leg. Not. No. 302 of 1964 states that, where an en1p1 he t r ea . good caus�, dis!llisses an employ�e who has w�rked_ for more than a � �age y ai ag l r e _av the � tunes ee thirty employ 1s entitled to compensation equal to i s 0 f p ay· re ceived by or due to him during the six immediately preceding perio ment during which he has been in the service of his present employer. .ch amend s Arn. e1es . . . . It cannot be said that Article 9 of this Legal Notice, wh! n to tio 2573 and 2574 of the Civil Code, has the implication of deny1�g comp e:� Legal an employee who has worked for less than a year. Taking Articl� 9 of t1'tl e d t o Notice to mean that an employee who has not worked for a year �s no � en mpen� co�pensation woul? lead to the_ int�rpretati�n that �n em�loyee 15 pai� c�or the d work �e sat1on after reckonmg the exact penod of time during which to ding o a e nc s d employer. B·ut such an interpretation would be unfounde i , cc �oyee if Articles 2573 and 2574 of the Civil Code, compensation is due to an �mp ot pa id the employer dismisses him from his job without adequate cause; he 15 0 OOJllPensatien en the basis of the length of time that he has worked. -32-

YESURBVARA ]BSOPIB V. GASHAW BBZZA ZERFU

As expressly stated in Article 2574 of the Civil Code, the reason for reckon ing the length of time the employee has ·,vorked is to deterrnine the amount of compensation; it is not to make the shortless of the period of service a ground for denying compensation to an employee c.ismissed from his job without adequate cause. The purpose behind amending Articl<S 2573 and 2574 of the Civil Code by Article 9 of the Legal Notice mentioned a·Jove is to grant to employees a greater right than is granted by the Civil Code. Articles 3(i) and 37 of Proc. No. 210 o: 1963, dealing with employer-employee relations, grants power to the Ministry of National Community Development to issue regulations which alter the Civil Core by increasing employees' rights. It is clear that the purpose behind the regulation embodied in Article 9 of Leg. Not. No. 302 is to alter the provisio11s of Articles 2573 and 2574 by providing for greater employees' rights. Interpreting the words of Article 9 to mean that the length of time of service is essential when demanding compensatior, creates a condition not embodied in Articles 2573 and 2574. Besides, it leads :o the inference that Article 9 restricts the rights granted to employees under the Civil Code. Taking Article 9 of the Legal Notice mentioned above to mean. that an em ployee is not entitled to compensation if le has not worked for one year for the employer is a more restrictive interpretati)n of the rights of employees th.an is laid down in the Civil Code. Moreover, it ts contrary to the purpose of the entire Legal Notice and particularly to that of Article 9. Therefore, whether on the basis of the Civil Code or of the Legal Notice, one year's service is not a prerequisite for compensation. It is, of course, only when an emplo�r dismisses an employee without ade quate cause that there is a right to compersation, but this right exists irrespective of the duration of service.- Since the Legal Notice grants more compensation to employees than the Civil Code, the only difference between Articles 2573 and 2574 on the one hand and the Legal Notice on the other is that the latter increases the rights of employees. For all these. reasons, the decision of the Labour Relations Board rende-red by interpreting Article 9 of the Legal Notte is in har1nony with the law. There fore, the appeal is dismissed. A copy of thii judgment shall be sent to the Labour Relations Board.

•

-- 33 --

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-34-

itif.9° = �1l = L1':= t\+t..nn:,-= hil = 1+1..n(I)«= 00hl\h1 = ill\ = :.i1111 = m.'i 1 n+t--= +--1'c= §-�= n+f...�11fDc,; = 'ffl:t>: 1t 'P1': • cr1'c= ti, IHl�§= 'It't>;.0-9° : ill\ : ih11-0 = m'i' = Tfl:J' : i't'P� 1 +--Tc= j� • IHf@H : q : 'I° : ._ C + IIJ : :: : : fl �(l)c t--,, OJ .?U 'l' : � : f+m+ (l(I)« : 1-t'P � : � ;,t,}c f IIJlD41 : '1' 1f."7..h+l\m- : f,�fl'IA :- ''fm'i' : 'l'fl:J' : fihh9°'i: if.9° : fl�ooq:,:(l)c, h1-'1°1" ·, 1'Cft-'i' : f"7H;,jf : ,i:,. : -'l�h+c : flX-ihA.T : '1AA.+� : n+c: a:,- : l\oPP't-T = 1-tf,:J!A'J° ::'' n+t-- = .,,._Tc = � = f+m+(l(I)«: 1,'P�, i1 f."7..h-f-l\(l)c : f,�fl'IA s- ''fltLU : h'P � : f1�'1w- : h'i!A : f+�1l..fDc1: fl>A: floP- f-1\i\'i! : fTIP(lf" : 11T : f"'IH;Jjf I 11T : }l�)lrf-C: h1);.A .C{l : fJ!C,:Jt!\f fl1'1 f.H.IJ : ft\ 1 i't'.:>.:\1 : f,'i!l..il : f"'lt\T : :,-1'1f11 : f1"7..{l1'f1T : 1.H. 1 It"?,. 4.Cilfl T : (ltD- : h.itt- : ttY.(lmtD-9° ::'' illl : +hitif.9° : Jrt,r. : i\(14- : �I\ : -tt.: �c= � = fi't-'lil = ttn'l = "7H;,if = 11:,.. = fllL:J»Y: fi·1Pt-(l)c1 : rf-;}-A :: fltLU9° : �;,t:,W : ,:JILllJ : f LCil it' oo,f):,,t {l'J' : 0- : 1'1 . : ODlPlT : fn-'Lil : J'tfl() : ll'IH;,1f : 11:,- : Thlf1f : h(lm I OD,f},f: : fi't-'lil : i'tfl() : "'IH ;,j{ : f1T : 11:J! : ilt\lf� : "7t;:fa,. 'J° : 'i!CY: : n.:,.. : ou,o:,.. : f/l(l)c9° : (l.A : JrtoP�tJ:f: A :I fl'i!Cf: I {LrJ:9°: ,"f-'hl·f1f: ODIP/..:,•: f+h /tif. : �1/..: L�: /ltJ(l. I 9°h1f,r = rlf�tD-= 11:,- = '111�.. Lcil = f(lmw-1 = f�tfl.'i! = :,..i.,11 = ll'i:CX - , -f : {1,f:: 1t:,»c9.A:s f,tJ9°: f+h'11i I�: "7llt..jf: , ,fl�A:: 11+.9°: 'h1.'lLCil: flt-'Lil I nfl'l : "7H;,jf : 11:,- : f(lmtD- : :,W1'1f1f : lll-tJ;.ll : hill) : lli\t,..-; : w lJ;: "llf T : �aJc :: f+l\l\LtD-9° : -l-1'1f11 : htLU : flA.:,W : illltLo- : ,,,,..-;,e,: f+ �4-n:,..1: f..'!11-'=119>:f : .,,._TC: tiil;t-m(l : fl:\I\: 1'11.°7.h+fl(l)c: f,�fllJA :: ''J?,tJ1). : ,_,..-;1, : hfi4C: h1 ,t'l : HaJcJ!., : 1111.. : P'l\f\ : +ooAtJ+w- : !llL:111: : hlf�: f+rPt--m- : 1,'i!l..il I flV--lli: : 00'1hA: f/l(Dc: ,,,,.�f, : °11 : i!C�: 11:,..1 : f°tODflb,}c : �m- : (l..� : llll : a>(l). I 1'1�1,LC(I : f+.�L(l)c: f.-OJ;f1: -t1i�: f,tJ : ft\L:J'f:: f+iPt-m-: fL-l-: 1'1-'LLCit: 'h1Y:;rf...C?--: li'ifl;t-(l)c:f>ll1:: fuC"7 1 Jrt(l4,: .';.I\ • m:,»l\f, : 1t.1i1Th+c ::'' illl : +htiif.: 1 11.,. = 1t(l4, = ,;."r = 1,u = -l-'lllf11 = l\hti i = ,AJ!t..(l = 00 rr-,.1 = >..t.;,°1(1). A 1. �1C: °11 = ilt\: 111:: out;:t..il: hh'11i: ;,c: T�;J"ll..'iA: (l.A: JiouAtJ;tA:: ili\H.U : f,tJ : hil : fih111l : at'i: Tfl.P : i't'P�: f,,..._TC: � : fih"l : TC 1--9° : f,m f,:J»A :: f,tJ9° : n+t-- : .,,._TC : � : ODlPl..T : frf-(lm : Thff1f : fl'i!C�· : ftT : ll.f ilmf,:,» : 1,-:;.I\ A 1 1 fl°7.A : 'I'14: : �m-:: +t. : .,,._TC: �: ''fllltJ : tt'P� : fl§.�m,: h'i!A. : f+�1✓.m-1 : :J'A : noo+f\ll'i!: f+v,t-,.: n:,.. : f"'IH;Jjf s (1,}i : -'L�h+c : 1'1-'LLCil :: ,,f1-.C;,A :: n1'11.JLU : flt : Jil;l.'-1 : f,ij:lil : f"7/l:,W : -l-'hlf11 : flO?..(l1'f1:,.. : 1.tL : ll°7.LCitn:,.. : (lID9 : b..l)t-,. : i\f,(lmtD-9° ::'' +111\o: +Y.1"l�A :: fltLU9° : �;,t:,W : .?IL"I :: +t- : �TC : �: ODIP/..:,.. : fllL:J>1: : r +wt-m•'} : fL-l- : flt-'Lil : '1011 : "'ln;,i: fL,}-: .'l�h+c: 1'1-'LLCil : t\«71:l"l : i.lD,fl:,-« : 'h1f..rf-(lmm- : '?A?i: }m- s= lf 'i9° = ftt.'lil = 1tn11 = ll'IH;,jf = 11 :,.. = n+t-- = ,,..._Tc = !! = oov,1..:, . = ,A+IP �:,..1 : n....r,.-:;.: OtLtJ : �1C: t\'i!Cf: : 11+. : 1'1J!,f-1ftKll-l-: ffLi:1: lJftfLT: lt fll;t-w-� : f"Jtf,f:1 : 1i/n,:,. : 1' 1-'tfLCil : -l-1'1f11 : 1'11--°7..fil+I\At;: : "l&\?i: �OJ•:: O'i!C�: 11.1:9°. : Jrtfl,1-,,rr:,-.: f,tJ11: foul){lft : ..r1''111: 11�;, . t:,W : ;JltllJOJ•: rJ•&. : .,,..'l'C: ,... ODlPl..T : c'h"l1 : r+h+ll : }if,f../l9° 1 fill tLU : :,..,,,,t,. : ;,.1-0J'I' : �OJ• :: f11i1+� : 1--t- : .,,...'l'C: !! : ODv,t..,)--9° • n.111 : f°7H;,'A· : rt:,, : ,tfuh ,f-C: fllt.:J» �: fi..LP&-- : I],,-,..: 'h1J;.LCil ::

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-35 -

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-n, ,

fl:

0.-r :

=�ct:=

=.t:

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= .,

=�

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-36-

o;. :

tin

"'IH;J� : {L:'f• : h'17i : flPt.fD• : (1,r : fl+� : «r-'PC : !! : ODlP(.T : ,n-i,,'} : +h-l-h1' = hf.1-t\r I n.A. = nih-,,. = 001Pt.:i- = rh'17i'> = t1:i- = t\°7t1L1.11 = t,IJ J· t;:C..(!- 1 h1°11.(&'J° � f"'IH;,� :, {L:'f- I ��h,t'C : h'17i : t\.';1'1,r : fW"l(l)c'} : 1'>H11 : (If.(. il� 1 h.'1t- 1 2: 11C: (th'J°/) : 11C) : 111-'lh'i!A : flh'},.l!-: ..l!-'J°/J: t.Cf.'iA ::

•

- 37-

•

HIGH COURT

•

Addis Aba ba, Com. Div. No. 1 AYALEW MELES v. MUNICIPALITY OF ADDIS ABABA Civil Case No. 27/51 E.C. Co,,stitutio,ial /al�-Jz,dicial review of mi111icipal orders-Ad,ninistrative actio,z-A,.,. S, Proc: No. 91 of 1947. Adntinistrative la'l-v-Exercise of JJ01ver by 11011-aLtthorized i11divic/11al. In an action by plaintiff to review and declare void municipal order directing demolition of plaintiff's house. Held:

Order declared invalid and set aside.

1. Orders of a municipality are subject to the review and control of tl1e courts. 2. Pursuant to Article 5 of Proc. No. 91 of 1947, the Director of a municipality may order the demolition of any building erected in contravention of 1\rticle 4 of Proc. No. 91 of J 947. But the order must be issued solely to the owner of the building and not to anyone else. 3. Legislative power specifically delegated to the Director of a municipality may be exercised by him alone a.nd not by anyo11e else, whether acting in his behalf or not.

Tahsas 13, 1951 E.C. (December 22, 1958 G.C.); Justices:- Dr. W. Buhagiar, Ato Kassa Beyene, Ato Makonnen Getahun: - In tl1is case the plaintiff is the owner of a l1ouse in Afework Dejazmach Street, Addis Ababa, and an order was issued by the defend.ant for the de molition of such house ; the plaintiff a lleges that this house is not a new one as it was constructed a .long time ago but tl1at certain repairs were being carried out. The pla1ntiff alleges that the order is illegal and prays th at tl1e Court declare .th a t t he order given by or on behalf of the defe ndant to the Ar ada District Court and to the Police Sta tion No. 2 to demolish the house is of no effect. Ato Fessaha appe ared as advocate for the defendant; Ato Assefa Dula who is Inspector Oeneral of the Municjpality of Addis Ababa was allowed by the Court to m ake an or al submission on behalf of the defendant. The defendant relies on the provisions of Articles 4 and 5 of tl1e P·ubli c Heal� Proclamation (Proc. No. 26 of 1942) which are now incorpor ated in the Publ�c Health Proclama�ion of 1947 (Proc. No. 91 of 1947). Tl1ese articles br!�fly provide that_ no pe�son 1s to erect any building without tl1e permission in writulg t 1 n a y f di al tbe M� � ?fficer of H �alth and of th e Director of the Municipalit ? � �a � any bu.1lcling _i s erected without sucl1 permission the Director of the Mun1c1pa lity. may order i ts demolition. On behalf of the defendant it \-Vas submitted that any r orde to Ar _tic!e 5 of the Proclam nicipality . ation gives a clear power to the M;1 to j ect sub butlding _ to be de molished and that a ny such order, \Vl1en m ade, is not copy a. ced �e scrut iny of the Co�ts. On request of the Court, the defendant produ D/Z). xh. (E n of �he order concer1:11ng th e demolition of the house in questio a bab A ThJs document conststs of a letter issued by the Municipality of Addis - 38 -

I I

AYAiEW MELBS V. MUNICIPALITY OF ADDIS ABABA •

:addressed to Arada Woreda Office, Addis Ababa, in which, after reference to other correspondence · on �e subject, it .is s:ated: ''This matter was studied by· Hi's Excelbncy the Mayor Zawde Gabresel assie who has now instructed me to order the demolition of any structure put up with out authorization on the said place. Therefore you are· ordered to demolish any new house constructed without prior authorization forthwith and as regards the land in question between the two litigants the matter concerns the Court." This document is signed ''Assefa Dula, Inspector General.'' On behalf of the plaintiff, it was admit'.ed that this order was not served on the defendant; Ato Assefa Dula, however, sated that there had been conversation · on the subject between him and the plaintiff. . .

•

This case raises the question of the prcper interpretation of Article 5 of the Proclamation and to what extent, if any, is any order made under that article is subject to be challenged in a court of law. Article 5 reads as follows: .

''If any building is erected in contravention of Article 4 of this Proclamation, the Director of the Municipality may make an order of demolition. No compen satio.n shall be payable. in the case of any suc:1 order being made." .

There _is no question that this Article �ves the Director of the Municipality the power to make an order of demolition of any house erected in contravention of Article 4. In exercising such power, it seems that the practice has been for an officer of the Mu.nicipality to issue an order to a district authority to demolish any building which, in the opinion of the Municipality, had been erected in con travention of Article 4 of the Proclamati1>n without, as in the present case, notifying the owner of the building of ruch order. This practice is in our opinion, against the provisions of Article 5 of the Proclamation and there fore illegal. It is clear from the wording of Article 5 that the power given to the Director of the Municipality is not ''to demdish'' a building but ''to order'' that a building be de1.:11olished. This in our opinion, means and can only mean· that the Director of the Municipality has the power to order the owner of a building to demolish the building which has been erectei in contravention of Article 4 of the Proclamation. The owner may or may not comply with the order; if he complies with the order that is the end of the matter. :But he may not comply with the order because he may be in possession of the pemission required under Article 4 of the Proclamation. If he is in possession of such a permission then he is perfectly en titled to challenge the validity of the order in court either in civil proceedings insti tuted by him for a declaration of the nullity of the order or, if criminal proceedings have been instituted against him for a cont�avention under the Proclamation, in those proceedings. To say, as was stated on behalf of the defendant that the orders of the Municipality are not subject to the c)ntrol of the courts is against the principles of the Constitution. There can, cf. course, be instances where Depart ments of the Public Administration or publc officers are given powers which a.re not subject to be challenged in a court of Iav; but where it is desired to give such powers the legislature must be abundantly •:Iear; in default of any specific pro visions to this effect, the powers exercised by any Department of the Public Admin istration or by any public officer are subject to the control of the Courts as any act of a private citizen. On the above grounds alone, therefore, the defence of the Municipality is untenable. But there is· another point wl1ich :;hould be mentioned. Article 5 of the Proclamation gives the powe1· to make the 01der of detnolition of a building to the Director of the Mu'licipality and to no other officer 01· person; that being so, the

-39-

•

JomtNAL oF Er1110PIAN .LAW -

Vor.. III - l\lo. I

only d cise by exer tl1e Dir ecto r of dly vali be can icle Art that er powers und the . er xh (E D/2) _ was sig _ n ed by Municipality. In the present case, the alleged ord th fa ul Inspector General of the �unicipa.�ity. Ato Asse _ J? �. subm�tted to this Cour� that the Inspector General lS an officer of th� ��1c1pal1ly o n the same level and of the same grade as .the Director of the Mun1c1pal1ty;. that n1ay be so, but the fact _ doe� not giv� any power to any offic at:Ion roclam the of 5 e � Articl that remains er _ the Drrector. but exclus1v�ly to the Director of the Muni . of equal standing with cipality; those powers cannot, therefore, be exercised by anyb_o?y else. The plain tiff's claim must succeed and the alleged order fpr the demol1t1on of the buildin g in question is hereby declared illegal and of no effect.

not necessary I � should be add� that in view _of the facts in this case it w as _ for th1 � <=:ourt to enter int � �1e question � to whether the house 1n question is an _ old _building o � a new bu1ld1ng or a ?u1ldmg :rh �_ ch has been erected in contra �ention of Art1cl � 4 of the ProclamatLon. In �h1s Judgment , the Court h as limited itself to the question whether the order on which the defendant relies, that is Exh D/2, is valid or not und,er Article 5 of the Proclamation; and therefore if the Mu : nicipality has good grounds for holding that the house in question is one which contravenes the provisions of Article 4 of the Proclamation, this judgn1ent does not preclude tl1e Municipality from taking any action according to law. shall pay the for the defendant, The Director G�ne�al of tl1 � Municipality, _ court fees to the pla1nt1ff according to receipts and E$50 costs.

) I

- 40-.

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-41 -

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1 = ""° = = = n ... • ,: OD � .t�1 l\� ·1. t 1.1 -�l ntt n1 = Iff 'l• 1 'I= 'I-Ifft ., ntt7i'P = .eu = · : t 1 '} · : Lf !lt : :i L � IHfo l 'llD l : 01.f . ' ! .. : ti1' hl ,f : O� Ith 1f'? : lf'i : 1f.: : f,.e..l "lh-1" t.:t ltA � )aiOBt :i ikfltr� I f,u : (l�:,- 1 OJ�]!�-,. : flOD,,f•"'J(llJ"} : .. .. ,o ifl F, f ir n" "< = Jrf n (l i Jt '1 m 1 n � ·ti �i il c .t ai1 = tJJ'P = rtr� , .,.If,.,. = i'1>;. . I tJ;a�?"'�ro.. = 1,, ,,5,.,1: = ni't f'l . 1c = '1 ,htD r11 = .,,,.,. >t •= ,.,�-:;. = +10.�:i-'i = °1'11' : ,�'1 rr �fm,J,(l. : no i\.h, � f"ro o : fD7. v • t\H,V : h.C -Ot : f f"k r •dt tt.· : lj::, n l.,lD· : i't(/P Ati>i"'PA :: .. ... : f, O m (1 , n n / till ') :P:,:m h frt :'8 :: O °t f11f : h·I\: :ar = 1' '1)to-9° : ,,,..h Itfr' : 71' = ,,,, = Ififjr = '¼=9°= n�f."1· = r{llJni\hf = ovAiJ = h'17i� = orI-t,1;:,.. 1 0 ,Ri.mt-. L d\ : vf•�fi � · 'l·lf l hil� : : '1-tfft .. "1 -1'l1 : '¼ 9° : f Yufiijj: : h1l : +1 1 -�--� ntto-: '1-lflf.: h+hlt7i : A:i : (JD,fl"1•: fOIJ..(l'r : «f''P°t : °1hlj'f = ll/\ : tr', : ° 1 9 i'tf,1'llD'9° :: h f"l:9° : {l}t"}_e- : Ob-A : !lHQ U.. :: °7hljf : ODIJJ h.t.Cil : lT : h'17i'P : ,f ··h/\7?1 : Ajffm · : Jtf..•C1tD- : f++ll t\_,,fl, )" � �nl� : n.lf"} : {ll\,l\lD'-9° : llh«A : "'lllt..jfm· : {lltC1'il,.I: : 'l-lflt : ,,....on� � f,flf9" : h1>(: {j:fu : '11� : f'k9° : {l(ll;r : lf'i : "1lll1fm« = f°7...f1/\'1b/\ID" � hh'17i : ,'h, tJJT : (1�/\ : 11:J! : ltf,lf1 : CDJ;.fm« 'I• : i',tr19° = h'17i<r : Olul\l.T(D• : 1111..:,-. : V•it-: -rh'17i : ),11' : h'17i 'P : lf'f : 1' 1J:.f11'. : h'J�ffli"P.f."C : OD-0,)·'i: P'Al1J1 : f"t(l'P : il/\tr', : 'IW· :: htLU9° : (11\f, : f,LO : Ofil'i;:,.. : l : cl''} : d,.lj: : }tP,.,(l.. : fh..rr\"'A·f : f�;rth : 1ld1>C : .. Yur9ii '¼ Y-.t..1m· : X f,f 9° : : : ,...,_.,..._.,... ;,,°I : h {111m•ll) ,J: : (1 t.,,,l· : ,,..x-� : (JD11,J:9° : :J'(D"� : fvi•&.�(JD : il /\lf., nh-'til : fi:"1•,h = -O�c = nr,rc = f7Lfrui:c = f,f"1it..m.. : ih°l = ,,..ODAtJ,f· 4'lfr'rr : i'tllt.l\1.ffl"1 : ro·ti� : h1-�..(lmm·'i" I h'l7i : l'thit°l'l"il : .. <' hh.'1&.: ..?C : h'JJt(l'i"fi,rl\:fm· : n,i\.• : hcnt .:fro·"} : i',:,,cfl-PA :2

-tlD-; :

= =

�

nil :

.,..,.r"' ..... -

llh'17i'i" : fi-rh'17i : fifllh ·l\:fm, : f«l'lllm· : nchc : ,11,.l·;rlD' : 01'-t 6Lh� : htLU : (11\,e : h1Y-.+tlllll : lJ''i I hlt7i :: t\�C� :: (L,f: : !+t..n·'P :fro·"} =· "'/ODAh:-J!?':f : fl"}ODt\h;J..:fm· : Jtv�1 = h+lll lD· : ,,.,..J;_e : i't1�1· : °111"'1:,.. = f /\,/\lD''i" = l\.lXbllm· = f"'lf,-:ftt- = '11�7f- : i,1,<to•?° = fi't7iou-c 1 "' r '1°l°IC : f t\ll- : 0-'lffl'" : OD{lt\m- : n.:t-i?° I i\.lLfr?° : htili : f"tfilt...i;.(l :,..,; = >,1);.u,9° = f,U = nrt-at-l· = i : +1 = ,uv'iE = q:9°: r,,..�t.m· = ?i',l..� n-r1tiA 'i 001/61.hficnc = m.eir nhti"li'P : {}O D"}t..ll = Y-.i1"7 'IT : firl-f.l1 : lf'f : f"tt.Cil(lr : mf,'J° : roi ',cl>ct:{l•)" : OD"}1J.': : {19'11 : Of,'1"1· : "'lilt..�:,..: },"}1'"7.:1..it-: ltll��"i..m- : f1i\.�:,- : '11C : f t\9° :: ·, �c..ea nll,,.,: = h lJch· = n t..:," = hll4'_e-qo = OD111"1,fl : roiz.1 Q co· = n n cn� = f/\(D• = Of'1tT = i : 4'1 : Ifif.2� : '}:9°: f,f•�t.lD · : IP/ill� : ',lD' :� f.,lJ : 2 "'lllljf: h'17i'P: F..?: lfoP�:fro•: ftr�-l·1 : A�: t,?°'l fo: i't (lt,,."} : f.,IIC04 1 n1t9°�:,- = h"77r1· = ,1·t f � .1..oi: = nft-ai::,- = i = 4'1 = 2 = q = "° = "'/ill�: 'iaJc :: h'17i'P: "'lilt..jfm·1: t1t.lou•: (1�/\9° : .e,1iro·9° : tr'Jlll'R s = 00 . : 0 '1h/\.;:ro : OJl� : �CJ.': : n,:,.. : llf'1�1-:," : ·,r : 4,1 : 1B'riJb 0.,,._'PC : 2i/9.� : h'17i'i : +h'17i : Ol'tlrfir ; +onlJOJ(l J'tA :: ,..... �--�

= (ll/D�iii�"

rur

t..r

'¼=�

(li't6f.b?-: ftlf!: "'lilljf . : � . fu: '114t-: h1f..°1..h1•i\.m«: 'Im·:: .

: ,f : : ll) row- : AT: h+t.m� : (1:\/\ : lJY:ortw- : 9°19° � {ll..119° aotp> : : • : ilhlf f"'l�+c � ! ltf.mA>;.. : f.«J,4t-:,-: f.�C : Oil,°l : ·,f ;J0,,,..01' -42-

◄

t f : h"7.'i4r : flA'i : 67.ili: - tD/\J; . : Al!.� : 1'1\\ : f":l:r:1 : 011:,. : flOD'1LA = f°2.Lml.m• : 611-:,,61.h:,.c; : f O.i· : uoo 1: : DD/\ff:,. : . fr,,.:,- c; = r (l°7,,.:,-. = nllJ_s-n = it (l:J>cf! = o,o I.I'-,..1 = n0011"1l,; 1. --:,-.: uoop..:f:: i\f,: ftLV- : '¼f,�ar}: 611-:,,6£1':,, • e, 067.ll =· 1f1'iA ., : m-Cil : 1'1P.f,�Cilfl:fm- : 0°7(111 I fitv-'f. : 'f.lftt : °71:l.'1 : f°7.filLA'1 tr'i : ill\'1110-:,-. : 001/ l\:,-. : il/\U'� I

=�

I\) 0h'1tlit11th.C : L:J>Y: : h'17i'P : A"f: : '11,mA� : 000:,,1.;:l':fw- :·.

hh'ii: : �Tl\m- : fm(l�:,-. : IA"f: • ,f•htiif-1 i 1'1�ro/\�:,-. : A"f: :· Jt1:c1m- = r++ntt--:i-. = illll.1'� 1

•

th) +hlto-9° : hA"f:�.-J: : 1_9°C: : L:J>P.TW-1 : L?t..'I° : .r�1c;: tiv-1S-U=·

0"7'i:fm·9° = fl h-A : J!,:J�f�f!w•c; : m'P&f:fw- I hmi\�;.t : 'h'i+. =· ti-flA(ll : f"'i..mP.:fw-c; : f°7.fil11i\:fro-: il/\lJ'�: f°7f,1cf>'1cf>il: 'h'i· f°7.1+'1+il : Ol/'i:fm·1S-U : 1111.;J--:fm-1 : V-ftc : +h'17i1 : rot.q· :fro- : l\°71:l.'1 : fl.-f'�"I : "l!TC : '1'111 : il/\U'� I :fm-1 : (loo-ft«: 1'11..�'1:fro-:· l.l''i = 1i1>tf11n:,-.'i = 'h1Jtfil--l·Pif:c r,f'llf OD-0:,.. = ll--f'hti7i t {\OD{lffi:,_-. : {l{\lf� : �(De ::

oo) h'17i'P : Oihf,m;r:fm- : '1/\•:

r 1111.;

f"'lill.)1'lD· : 'i!� : �1C : htLU : 01\f, : 'h1f..+oollh+ro- : l}'lj : one h�: film- I 171/ill.)1': 'f.lflf.: hi.I'� : 01t1Y: : Oh-A : f'f.lfttm- : fl{\0011:,-. I ll.m+?°n:,.. : f°t�/\m- : h'17i'P : h'l°--1: : O�i\ : (1.1.1'1 I flt\,i\m-S-U : flh-A=: f,U : 'f.lf U : -t'ilf1r'P : ,ltf,m;r:fm- : hi\ : Y:l.il : /\Ul/'i!l.il /\Ul/?f?fA : mf,9° : il,l\ : 'f.lf u = llUI/ Y:t.dJ'i : /\oo{lt.1f : oo-ft« : 0011:,.. = 'h1Pii\:fm- = r;r m+ : �m- :: f,1i m-9° : fh'17i'P : 0011:,-. : fltiJt{l- : fl'i!:,-.ch : .-fldt»C : ,n'1 :, r+��11 = 11:J! = tif,1.1'1 = (l.rocY: = (l..'Pt.f: = noot1Jw- = A"'l�'I! = ;,.-,c; =· flt;::,_-.,h : �1P'i:SJD : IJ'lj : OJ-/}). : (l.(lTfl:,_-. : f �f : /lODIJ''f. : f,f-/.,:J1m :

�(D« ::

· h'17i'P = nOJJooAh:-f.:fm- = 01/l�-r = ch --l':J--9'1' = 001P1.:,.. = nncn� =· film- = "'lilt.)1' = 'f.lftt = oofJ''f.1 = +1111nm-.-l- = 0.1.1'1 = fie: = hti7i = 'f.lftL. m-1 : f'i!CilA� : 11/llD· : n+h'17f. : i\f, : nil : fcf>l.flcfl:,-.1 : 9°ti1f:,-. =· 'i!CY: : (1,f: : /\.I.Pia>- : tiA:f.l\9° :: '

= ==

fl.I'� = l.l''i = v•ll"I: = i--h�ti& m1'i-:f nrnh-i\:fro- = tt>to•1 fit.� V-kf = r'i!:,-.ch = 11dt»c ;,1ai hf m+(l- = ncn�:fm-1 = tt:i-cn'PA n+ll_ = flODTcf>il x tt>to-= 1,s,o = +h'17f. = ftj::,.."' = .-Odt»c = ,.,,., = <rTC = .,...r7f.friiix1 .,..,....,_ .,.... cltdJ : (looflhl.9° : E : +1 : IUfiif,. : q: 9°: lDT..Y· : hODft''i,f: : n�:,.. : n+f: 'l°lD- : n+?f/.lD- : atdJ : oo;;;i,i- : --l--i1+m· : r�n4i-:,-. : th,:JOJ-f1 = o-).;J---9'� : 0--ft« : 'h1Jtmfl"hA� : f,1fl:f'PA : (I.A : ncn4i-1 : ti:PCPhA ::

fh'17i'i : f,f•h'17i : 'P'iOJ• : tiCtit--:fOJc : ;,,-,1 =· ODIP/.:,-. : 0171/ 1:1.'1 t lLl.1'1 1 �c,: = O.i: = hv-tt-- "":" = tiu-1 nncn4i- = flllm· = "'lilt.)1'= ODV,., -= +1�.-J m· : f� 04i-:,,1 : ;,.;, m·f1 : u• ).:J--9':f- : tiil+Y:'I° : ooODcooc t t.:'faJf,9° : 0011H11 : h1�"2.1'1W• : hilA.i\1. : U''i: h'1�-f,;J'·A ::

-43-

•

01/ • fl C = m l\ : f : «r h h " lD f 1 illjf : 1' : :J Y. 'i : lf .. 'A IA '? : : ,f , {l. .(' t;: I\ C 1·lttro•: K"chc<i! A: A: · O'i f ,:J� : O'/. ftL 'J,.t °: f,9 m l /r: '�"° : "° : m ( 17 : 7 fl �tfft: ll'J° �h • /\ 1 P'1. ._ fl1 ·1 u" ..• .. - 211€..J'ao� "h" "d ODtpl � .,1·: " I:!u f 11. • .lD :}-: )·9° 1f tJ11 I lj:�: f,f-'17: e. ' cp , l\7 , } o if , /\,:f' 11 h • (I •l. m PID i , , � •O 1: , l.{I f: ; ; , hl\1i'I' , h'l"I IllJ; .f ID ·� ' fl ll00< t\- • 0011 :,.. t , "hfIr , "'I (ll.'JftD- , },1J'.T .l.oP . :: t\ °'f-fl:Jf,'l : " t.lD -7 f , (!'l" : {l, l J D7., r ', f f '} : --

%!�ro'T ,

or,>.

f,1ilD''J° : h'17itJ> : (ltLlr : � ,Ji. � : {IDal,lq : ltf, :r rtan1Q-t"'J : fl>A : ft '}{IPt\h'1--lD': (llD': 1'ilh: tp>,f:: t,il:,..: f:lil: f"'l.f,:J'r(lljl1J4: 11tt·: A�: 6 · : f', : fl : tJ119" C fl-r � I : ii t\ t\ th 1:''1" � mJ!,'J°: {lm> 1111 fl 1:'? 'i9'l-'i : ,f t .. A : . ; rt\A'i: ith9°(':: (l(JIJ�OJ{l: ilD'J�lil: h1�t\'l°hC: ll.�lf : lflo: ThhA: 1',1'9°C!'fu : rof:� 1 P';J : H{ID1o 1 flf'), : IAR: : 1'9° 1)�: l](J'',Or: tillt--1: f,11: I /\A:(: /\ti,,,: l:J ..: flP,�:f,;: flhOI/�1--: k:8,c :: 'l>CO,: .,rF..l a,,r :,..: {l(ll;r: 11'1°'}9° : 1',l).?.1: h1-'tl\W'r 'i": hiP.f,&.(:ll : Otl. U• : �Ifft: f1'lU• 11:,--: "lf.o;r : f'A'i : hY:c1:t- : f,'i/rl,\ : (Lit- : ffl,n.,), : :PA : fOJJ.1 �11-1·: il/\(f',: ',(D•:: --

n�tr :

f,Acf>.'}'J° 2 11"1illi{ar: l1Y 1il"l·�m· : .orf'/r : •k'rC : fi"1.6..W•1 : :J>A : c : a,. 1·1tL : rui it'r114''} : f,f•OD/\h-1--�ar : i1.e.. ll'� : f,IJ : hti"liq> : .. rr...t..1--:, .f'lft"lflm• : hh'17i'P : ,nf,ro-1-- : 11;\l\: rfl;r : l)f,lf1 I .-rhtio: : m.�•.far',.. : IP/llt..xro·: 1,1J.'..: rf•&.. l{/IJ: 'h'}.e..�: tf'f: (lhf\�i: 1,fll"l:: V-l\•: h1-�.f1f(l.-rt; : t1-t.rii,,..Prs:c = {1Dc fl• {JD11 :, •'i" = ,,.,AflJ1 nm ,o• = OD lf�1 OIJ...rou llh-1" : ',lD• ::

= r.,,.

"1Tft09° : OOl/illJ.fa>- : 11h"}1'�m· : .•l--tr : 4!�rc : ,,,-,.e......f•oofln,f•lD- : l:/\Or: llih Ji'}f:: (lro· : h'}f."1: A"f:: A� : 'llD· : ,(lfto : /\OD+flA : .e,ro:,-: 1'fI\ = }ar : 1'11(: h'l°,f' : 11�1\: A�: ',ro• : •flf\o: nou+l1A: flP/ F,l-A : {IIJ(J'',- : f:J--m+ : fl.lf1: ill\A"f:',,f: : f+l..fl: 'l+to:J,. : ft\9"::

rUtJ....

hlf.U : Cll\f,9° : 11rf"m4>flm· : "'lill:q· : flirt\,t-�m· : 4>"-1'C : ,f--?if:: : 1'1F.. '7'/..11lD": :!>A: ,f·h'17i:. : lll1'1if.q>: & .:J>f.• : t.'lt°t: noulf'J,.: lll\f.: 1.;J t..f:fm•r, : m'Ptf:flD• : I\ODlf'I- : hti7i'P : t..ti:f(D« : flh"'l'r'f : ,.:,.. = 1l.. ;,1m-:i--: oolf',-1: ;J--ro·*A:: ll/\H.U: htLU: 111\f,: 11rf"HlHlt»·: 9°ti1f:,..: IJ'lt": it-'tf\c: ;,.a,: h{JD K"'i +. : n&.:i-- : +hitif. : {lOIJ{llxm• : ODIPlT : fl,f--7illD· : fl+f:'I° 1 th"l: . 1 il 2 r ., 1f:(!ar'} th,;JtD•f1 : V--1:J--91":f'• : fltiCti?- : f t\lD• : R" th-lj: : (l'?Af l\ "t!illP. I ttv--1 = n'i'll1ar hcnc = h>tn• = ;,.'? = ll.,n'l'il = mf,'J° = ft.1>'/r 11-1·: itf,!J!A.9° ri

9°h111:9° : hlt7i'P : t..lt:f(Dc : m.e..m• : (llJOcft" : '4��TLD4 , O'J19° : ltfil'lf:�:far ' fflm-,}-'} s our(l:,-C : hV•"J : �Cf.'" s (L,f: : fl"'llll1,tD- : hC ', f 1 tit:,.•: �Ifft : +rflfto: ,f-(lf,"lA I fl"'lt\T : +1�+014 r d p> 0 '? f: : t �T") 1 ih,;,ar f") 2 1r1;1"91:f : l't>;.(t.1 : ,11'? : oo,v1.,:,. : O"'l .r.-l"l : 1''}J;f, 1'11 1 ih'l• 1 f"tbt\h/t(l)«: 11/\lf'I s 'It& 12

,,_,,.., = t,:( m•11 · V--1:1"9>":f'·

n+1:'JP(l)« = n+ifl(I}<- = m°l = 0Div1.,:,. = /\1·11-:,-. , ih:J

= "t11r'} :

Oit>;.,(t« : ch."l 1 /l.iv�l):fro• : 'lf.:J!/A'J° ! l\lDf.. -44-

-'»i: : '1i'ttD•t-"lic.· : nrot-7i : (IPtihA. : ilt\"t.tml(J)c : "'l'i:f(Dc9° : ti enc : t-: "1.°l = h1�f,l�'1"1-: f "'l.ht\hl\:fm·: '11C li"li lr Oh-'tf : 'h1F...lbi\: : .tJ• : h "f:1·01+ : 'I IJJc :: hJLlJ9°: 01\f,: h'17i'P: 'l-•fltOJ•1: f,�lilA�: •(1{\0J•: n il: a...r+cn.- I _,,e,1i OJc s -'I-Iftt = na,:f-1\lA = rof.,9° = nil""hi,:'f- 1 001/611-ncnc -1 rof,9° "1..?'e llAl.1'�: '1"111: i (loP6liJ.1 1 h1�tL� : (lool)(lfr,r : QD"}1f:- : f•l'f-l.1 : t\QD ° e. ttf\+1.n.= = .rr'I- = hll7i'P = 1t1�'f9° = ,, ;1,.. "7ilt.'1f 9 ==

f,A+.19 : h'17i'P: "'1il.ljfOJ•"}: rtt1.oo-:,,: tfOD�:fro•: A1:: 119°'1�: .hnt-1 = _e.t1m« = 1,0IJ7rl- = 'lt\•n"1·· = ill\1.1''1 = n,1.v• = cPJilt.�· = f\_e. = fl�'th-<;: = ° fll'l'-l.CO- : UIJC::fro•9°: 'l'lC: �t\·: f(lro«: 9 il.hC: a,:f'«f>1lfr1: 01/�lil.: .t?t'I°: -h"1.°I : .,"J C : a,:f':J' t- � = '1 OJ• :: °

° 1 ; . fl1'17i'P : mfl .4 flf'I-:,.. : t.. J ro•t-t, : i't9 'lr"CJI: lr\f,� 1 hli7i'P : ell;, -:fro«"}: t\Ul/ill\+�: (lf.jf11"'1:.t-.. : hnf.: OJt-�:y.: f\f,: nil: Oi' t «f>l{r: �It: . . ftJtl>;.O:,.. : V•flT : 'h1�1 : IL'ft-:fm.i: t\iJt\:, : for:l(lt\1,r'.· : fOIJ.. l\11(1•:'f-: f flbf\: tD·: ilft'lfl?- I O'i:.CJ.':: h"'lf1�1·: Cil1·C:: itl\'l: 'll\'1: hY' A1lil: ilT : h1J.': : 'h1Jt(lm-'1 : +il°19°'1'1 : fll·LIJ1l : ODV-'lT : 1-ht--n t, : fT17 : 'iBf''if : £il:'f-: ill\1.1''1 : P-0,J: : fimn:,,A� : -Oi\(D« : OOJ'}{l,r : �f �..... : +1 : ,1,...��,.. '¼: 9°: 0�'1'-T: 01/PAh:J:: i'100Ah+'PA :: �1C: °11 : �CJ.':: fb,f:: 11'11?-: �" : Ai= hil·t•.rr:,.. = n..'it.(1}«9° = .ev = t..:r(D«t-t = n'J°'l� = 11f.t- = _e.mn �A� , .ffr,l-: 0011:,,. : nil : fA«f>t.On:,- : 'l'lC : ill\1.1''1 : iiA++nl\.ro·'J° :: ·'11C : "n : ou,(1:J•:ftv·: '1,1�i·mn+ : ',OJ• :: :

ill\.lLlJ : hH.U : (lf\f., : n+tllH/.(1}« : 9°h1..f11l : lJ ·•I\.• : hll7i'P : f+l fr':'f- = 11 ii = n01/ilt.>f'i = nmOJ'J° = fA,1·�1&.. = ll''f = ilt\i'\11'1m· = "A-r+nA ',lD•9° I h(l-'}9° : Ji(l'i11T�'PA :: 111.i;..u-9° = -rn'17i = niltn:r(D« = ODV-'l.:,.. = nnch?- = fl\.(1}«1 = 011:'f- = l\."?H1f'i : t\"'lil-r�f.C : '1D-0:'f-: P'A.1111 : +(l,r,Y..:'f-: h1-'tt.hOw·: T'hlf11 : 11,-'J.(l,rl\.:,.. I nn��9° = nOIJill:q'(D« = oowt."1- = hll7i'P1 = �1J.':t.J;'i = 1,1J.1: fllC : (LA : ..f+t.nm·1 : it 0,..-1::r : fi·hll7i: h'17i: tr'r : hil: fA«J-t.nn:,,. : ill\.tr� : '1 A++flA�0149° :: t\OJF.t.-... 1: : .,,, : ti il: "'l�l.-0 : f.,'ff\A:: ili\H.lJ : h'17i'P : f+t.n•:i•·} : nil : h(l'i•O,f--1 : h'17i'P : t\i'h'17i : i,9°{) : 11C: h."I&--: 'h1.';.h�/r : t..C�'iA :: .ev : �ex- : n�r't) : ·OA6liL : · f-r(lm: tj:Cf: : �OJ•:: hT : 0Db 11 : "L;J--�'} : f,f•t\ �n•1· : f'i�C� : >til-r_rr:,0

hll7i'P : mf.,H� : .e,?foo•7i : '?C!P/f, : OmO:l>:fOJ<t: ,.01/tif,'1:'f-: 'PC : -ijj'i : OJ'}{l:'f-: tr : +1 : Ii1f2r : '¼: 9-u : ll?a4•T : "'loPAh:F.9':f : 11C11C : .i\1:c10J<t = '1:f(1}«1 = J-, :,,cn'PA. =2

(l"'toPAt1:J!9':i: : fa,:f'fa�:,--1 : 1·1c11c : l}•),;J·•.9'1• : htLU : f\f, : oPd/1\.?.·: ·'lfilLA°l'J° I fh'17i'P1 : q_e�,,-� : �l\1->T : (ID°l.l\.Yt : nilt.f\� : �roc s: "hli7i'P : fODt\h,l:T : (lfi]a,:f:T: }. : <f,."}: IJ1£2� : '} : '/'1 ff.I.al�:,•: f<f?9°: •).tftt: 1'1-'lLCil , ·l-1\•111 , ,,r,(l(ll�: (10,(\:,•: 'i(D•:: :

•

-45 -

= =

= : = �t. r q jli I�'f. = ,,,, i l· f i"c" nft . n'1 . ° 7i'P n : A n · n 9 n '1 0 i\,,B·hta7i � /,\ •f : ro at 1'1 )• •: �: : t.m ,e c,: , ..,-. : n .. � � 1 } Ifft� t\ J.. _ 1·T • }tftl, • il > 9° 0°7/\T : · B�(1} {l C }1f»"J /L&. : ', fllf "h lfll • l111{lt. : {l : OJ) ,fl ,l• : f111. (l'J' : tf> 'P t.. • - I • l"t ''., ,r ..11..1. ........m· : --1· :J10>•0J1'Pf.\ 1 : -. ·1 : J 'iri" 1 9'° !�' .. } <1 q_e : f& .. (1-1 .. :, /\ l'? 'Jf: f\tl ,, : : 1, 11· }1J?,U 7i : 1'1 '1 'P: h 1, :,"'it ; CL: . l m :a,� = 6� " W .. & . f , ?- = ''fo:J..1 ·1 u,n:,- : noatt'i..&.A fOTJ C •, '!./1 0" : -. :::e ( 111 ',l', ll OJ· ' 1\ 1:\ • •I: i,l',OJ htf ! C >' 1,'} :,•, ;;.. , ,.+ �;� {\('{' OIJfl·O i eu 1 tt • n i � f� . , cfi ,et '1."t :,, :,,� 61!' : :,.. ., ,, : ff(llJJl..:f. "·i, ftr.o �f fl"'I : : 1r1 1 }.<;a : � i'(\ : ° 1hC 19 .lL 9°ll : ,t..t\ (l,,f °1'i �f.\ m·: J;,f 1,1 : 1,(1 :PIA: 0011 t\,l· : !f..l.:l•:'f·: )..tftf.: OD(f}' } : tilt{lfl'PA ::'' f « : fl��:{D < : 'i."t, 'J>', , D ( i •ftl : O�· 1' : (l,l : fl f /;\_: cJ, ,. : )·•ftf.£&: A�: A� --i\ :fm· (TlJlf �1 J. i\ti:i�,n-�ru : 1 f '1� : lD '1'1'/l : ro· ;t-:f : h1''i 1 o ' 'l'C x ·rh '1 · < i\;rro.. : f f :flD G)O ODlf�1: 't; �< hml\,:: 1,'i ;1�:fro-: t·. -OAmro·: ftPf.mJ;..t1 el a'\,� ro« 1: , (D au, (JO• l\.. 0 : ·1.. l c; .. 1 11 "} lJ : :, · (l : 1t\ nOD'1t\g 1 fl\ f t\,I\:fro i'PA ::

= =

'11J;.v--9° : n,,, .. t, : «r'PC : Cf .eu : �-•IIL : f 01f1/\ 0lfim· : h,tif,m--1: : ° '1 11�1\ : --n:1= : f,lf1 : i'1 U·19 : 'lt\� : 1--nl'1; : V·l\· : 1,"}_e.� : U·lf : h'J)},f 1f'i' : 1'1Jtfll"l..�Y:C : (ID•/r : ou.-n:,,c; : P'AITJ"} : f,,.f.. (lmm· : A� : �ro.. : J!,I\A :: 1f�> : ..nt\ro·src, : ff..l1:-:,-1 : .,.•.,,.,. : n9 u"}9° : V·�:J· : (\ODfl.lD'l''i : ll"'l�l.ll : fOT/fs:.f·/\� : onlf�-1: 001/l,;J1'P I f F;J : J·foo�:fro-1 : A""{:: 1,'J° l}fo : hflt--" } : f..ff(D•: "lfo:J.. : OD°]fl;J...:1:m·1'i : f�••flL : /l{ll:-f" : OI/1:l;Jr lD·1: itl;J"lm'Pt\ :1 n: h'17i'P : flfii•'l;T : i,... : cf>"} : 1Briiii l� : 'i° : f t'im : :J>/;\ .. : e : 'J :, m · , _,_ ......... ·f1n-:,.. = 1�):r n;, li/!'«r �tom.. = h11.u 111\,e f'1·1/\1'<D· ri.lf11 01-1J1·1.m· f'1·�&.lD·: "\.f,(\: :J>A: }If ft: (JJf_;'/'J: {l(O;J--: UDl.f',-1-: OT/UD1fff1: f'i,:CY:: (L..-1:: '1'"1'1C = n00 tr)- 1 nnn-l\, hti7i'P fnm-:,.. = :J>A = �?.:-�) = f'l-1-111.1- = E::.CtPJ /\.'I:: f'1•0Dl\l1T: lf'i : tt "1�:f'Pt\tr:: .eu119° : 1\0£/DD"} : ffl:J"�: 'P1,.. @·: 9°h 1..r:,. O"'illljf�:,.. = n�t.nm•: g-,1,.c,: = n ,,ci,il•'l: = ''h;h emi; tl?.I\ = , nn.,,.,-. : ffoop,.:1: : ool1hf.\ : ro Cfl : .e--1'l'i:A : (llP/t\:1-. : 6J.b;g,6J]';8, : {\"}�.et. me fi01Ja.-n = h1·1..u 4>T/r> f,f.. ODfl.h,t-m - 1 = :1-nt1l\c;: ru'� f)-11tt. :J'A : 00 ·r11,o: 1'1J;..fm•· �;t\�c,· : n ,r&..t\19'4� : 1..i' L: ?°ili1ca;,..E:1: 1,1-'i.O'r: '' (Lfl.• : f(}m,:,..,. : :Pt\ : OD1Pl"1": O"'i �l'? : �.me :: h'17i'P : 'lf..l1:-:,- : �IfIf. : f\,f'h'17f.. : rnm-:,- : ou{l:,.. : fl,l1.em, ·: 1 l ' t\•9° : 1..l·f. : h1Y-.ti:fm- = lf'i : 011ll;J--:t'!m.: 1,1J;f11'i": °h.1,t ·�f..'C: fil ·l .. �w- : ,,1:( I 01,0l:J--:fro• : V•ir : (ID•j\c : ou.- :,.. h" -l� Y.. : 1,"}J;.. n : OJ 1'9° = h1Jtllm•tp : rom-:,- : :J'A. : mf, '/° : f10-:1 .. : '?fo;J·· : fl\ '/" 1: J?,lJ 'I° : f"?..flll?im,: m'ltf!�,l-"}t;: Jtfl,t-��6�:,..•} : 1'11( {}f\ u,,0"1· f o : : ll(IO lf "}"} : �W" :: 0

o'I' :

•

iJ.(11,;r : "'Ill:,.. : (l6Ihm- : h11ll,f ·:ii : h"}�"} : lD : l : t\' OJ I?, : 11 '/ " ( OOC lliltn;r : ++'If, : f "tll�n:,, : Wf,'J° : '?Fo;J-- "t :: h .. :, �roc : : m·A f : 1 0 '1 tLU : l\f, : h'17i'P : /lrf'hltif• : h(I)cClb?t\v,. b : OI/ll:,.. : O il--l·«l>C : 1-0l1:1' :

-46-

]

r n"'lll , = r1n- n:,- = tD"'I° : 'hclt,1:1 = (lir:t:'lilo- = t,A1'1ilR'I° ::

.,,,.,:r = 9"° 1 = 'h'l.e..tr} =

f,IJ : }If ti. : n'J°il:'f- : 'J°ilhc»'f : �trn:i- : +1.c: : 9"°ilhC-:ii9"° : OtJDcir : '-CoPtD-fl;t- A :: 'h 1};.0-9° : orti-tT : Ir/ IJ1fjli : '¼ : 9"° : n�tihi\;;: : ml-'S = "llfir 'l°/'i!c1: n»:,- = flcf!Tc 9.i/ :lli = ..,.. 0011-,11ttA == ft.ouu 1119"° = h i\1i'P1 : J\(1Jct.1i : ,J-h'11iif..1 : a>-C1� : ,J-4'f11, : 0"71\:'f, : �llJc :: 1,1J 9"° : }Ifft : ODlf}'} : 1'1� : {l(R;J- : OJf,9°: 0011:i-1 : "'/lfOJC : f{\ODlf',.'} : fl°-1 /A'/i : f"7.f l;J"IT : }ID' ::

rm } .A : : f9°t ·il tf ft'i : fl(fl;r : A� : h�'P9"° : tLtJ 1& l\il: 1\1, : : 'h h f, : } : ro:,.. : fl:\i\ : f°t+i\i\'i! : fl(ll;J} f :: It •I tn : oolf} }a>' :f : l\ f tD(LtJ' "} : fcf:9° : {l(R;J"- : OJ"} : (l�OJ• : 11,"'hf, tDrf: : 'hf I\ : OD 11rf:'} : f"?.fil irt1\A'i!n-r : "I,_,:r : }OJ• ::

{l(ll;r : •·f' f..C'JohA : fi•fl i\tD• : Oif1fjli : '¼ : 9"° : flti=,r : i : +1 : (Llf"} : 'tilth : If� = hV•i\:'f• : '}oo,r : 11�1, : it(R;l• = ,f-4'flf, : floo 11� : f+m «l?tJDcO:'f- s m!!,'l° i Oil"7:fw- 'hcil ,,1:1 fi100111n-n:,. = "7il'4if = h.i\+l n-9"° :: ili\tLU : OD-Orf: : {lOl><tir : hV·'l'l° : n..ir, : flh'17i'P : h� : ODlf ',-'} : f°tJ' il l.'; : �tD- ::

h tLtJ : 01\/!, : Orf·Hllf lllJc : 9°h1 J:'f- : V·ir : ,J-h'1if.. : fl+f:'l°(JJc : Ji'? : OOIPl:'f - : ,,,.:,. : 0011:,. : {}{\OD'.°� : f\}t(l • : f 'i!Tth : 11"1.C : J.°l : {lfltJ : nchc = ll.m+il = ,e,1fl'PA == h'17i«r = nrti-t:'f- = i = +1 = 2li = i = 9"° = '1.e..l,.,..:,- = 'I-Ifft = ro1,9"° = r-,. . If ti. : itto;J-9° : O..lf1 : + hltif. : ll..m+a,. fl.!'f-: f°t 'ftr:°f' : hh'17i'P: tnf,ro:, . : 0?-1\ : �(& :: . h'17i' P9° = nai,e, m ;t-:fro· = 1.e..1c1-:,-1 = 'I-Ifft = l\"7'i:lil , l\°7if'1 t!\ i OJ!!,'l° : 1\,1\ : .,.., ti. : l\"71:l°l ., Wf, 9"° : i\ODIP/clf : fl.If"} : flitJt(lc : fij:.!'f-� : ,fltfh C : ch°l: +.TC : tf2ii : (t): f+.e..14-: ili\lf}; + :f>�t: flf�: Ol/'i:f llJc'J° : f t& A: :J>A: 0..'iC9°: 'h'ti).: 9°11.U'J°: fl.If"}: ,f-'ilf1r: '1-lf ltllJc '}: ll..i\�T: mf,9° : il. 7ic : (IOcir : 0011.!'f- : fi\llJc = noorr-,..; h '17i'P : f f..l'l-:,- "} : '1-lfU : /\OO?f C : ,e,'fl\ ir :: hH..U9° : flil,f'+C = h'17i'P = flatfm:'f- : 'hf tr : llJc Cit : htD•CibVl\lJ-c : mf,9° : hmCilVl\0- : flOl/1\:,.. : f(lm•+ = f+il4- : ,,4>A : V-ir : h'i!,rdt : �dh c = :itoi crTc = li'i'Lfig 1 li'i'LfI� 1 liif.!Ii ;JC = c;:�"° +:J>�t tr�t& : O "'l°l7"f: 'i I h't�·-: OllJc : OJ·•CO•'t : 'hoT'lt\V- : Wf,'J° : ll'l-lfft : {l(ll;J- : hf..C°lA'lt\V- : -O il� : t\ irf•'P'P� : OJf,9°: t\?'il+ ;;: : 0111 s f m-t!\ : 611a:r = ll:1 q illltPJ 1,'fA I nti7i'P arti--1::,- = i = +1 = Inf:lli = q = r = -11 . f 1.e..1.,.,..:1-1 = .,...,tL = ro,e,9° = f) l tt = il1 :1 = fl"'l'irm-9"° = 1.,i = fl..7i�:,. , -- : l\. l\t&m""T' ¾ Wf,9° : fl..{lCJr:, .�It- : 00�n:,. : hi\TlD• : ll"?lt;t- : nc;:cJ;.. : +I\f,:J'! hI\V• ::

:lr =

= '¼ :r 9° = V• il:i• = '1--h&-h&91l:: fhti"li'P : mfl..P = OJ"}{l,1• = tr. : +'} = noin�h?-O:'f-- = a;1c = 1,�"l'I° f1fl'i:!!\'i oP11··1: = 1'mfl� t!\� = 111tm· : {}oof\h,f:-r : htL+.:J- : fl,f•(lmro· : 1lf,l : +il"'l'J°:J:11,� ::

-47-

H I G H COURT

2 . o N · iv D . m o C , a b a b A Addis

YISHAMOUSH GIRMAY v. KASSA RETTA Civil Case No. 239 / 53 E.C. Classificatio11 of jL1ridicial acts-Co1zte11ts of act.

· o,y ,,rov,·s1·o,••-Legal situation created prior to Code-A rt 3348 . Civil Code- yransrt

Civ. C. Custornary laiv.

f Successions-For, 11 of i.vill-Revocatio,1-A rt. 859 Civ. C.-Pact 011 11ture successionA rts. 1114, 1115 and 1116 Civ. C.

Donation-Revocation. Adoptio,1-Revocation. In an application for invalidation of a document entitl�d '_'life-tin1e testan1e_nt�ry \\ill" made under customary law and registered with the Central D1stnct Court, the p_ la1ntiff asked for restitution of the property donated by l1er to t�e defendant. �ef�ndant obJected on the _ ground that the document was an irrevocable adoption and donation rnter v1vos. Held: Application dismissed.*

1. Both under the Civil Code and under previous law in force, a will can be revoked and amended by the testator unilaterally and without court action. 2. If the contents of an instrun1ent leave no dot1bt that its object is a11 adoption and a donation inter vivas, the fact that the iast:Iurnent is designed as a "will" has n o legal effect. 3. Where an adoption and donation created a valid legal situation under customary law, the Civil Code is not applicable, except as to the future relations bet\veen the adopter and the adopted. 4. A valid adoptjon. a.nd donation cannot be revoked unless sufficient reasons for invalidation are stated and proved. 5. An advocate cannot preserve f1is rights against his client by mere opposition ro the client's claim in court.

Hamle 5, 1953 E.C. (July 12, 1961 G.C.); Jt1dges: Dr. W. Buhagia.r. Ato Yuhar Tekle Mikael, Ato Makonnen Getahun. - In this case the plaintiff is ask ing for the cancellation of the ''life-time testa.111entary will'' mad e by tl1e plaintiff on February 13, 1959. It should be stated at the outset that notwithstanding the 0�g stateme°:t _of claim of the plaintiff and other pleadings submitted .to the Court It 18 not spec1f1cally stated on what ground it is requested that this (iocument should be annulled; such pleadings contain too ma ny irrele van.t matters and also : many allegations �nd insinuations which are comple tely outside tl1e scope of t11e present case, a.nd if they e indirectly relevan t the plaintiff never attempted to � prove them. Froi:n the pleadmgs of the plaintiff it may be gathered that the reas on for tbe cancellati� n of the said document is mistake, fraud, t1nclue ini1uence, and_ _ lack of consideration on the part of the de fenclant fo r tl1e donation or bequest in his favour.

* Affirmed o n appea I (S tlpreme lmperia ] Court, Civil Appeal No. 118/54).

- 48-

•

J•

YISHAMOUSH GIRMAf V. KASSA REITA

The fi.rst matter to be considered is, however, the nature of the document ini question. This document was signed by t1e plaintiff in the presence of witnesses on February 13, 1959; she was assisted in the drawing up of the document by her relative Ato Ambaye Aberra; there were Eive witnesses present at the time of the signature; later the document was registercl at the Central District Court of Justice: on February 20, 1959 under Proc. No. 56 of 1951. Briefly the contents of this documen� are as follows : (a) a preamble that no perso11 in the world knows of his hour of death andi that as when there is no will diffculties may arise amongst relatives after death, the plaintiff decides to draw up a will;. (b) a declaration that the plaintiff lad not been blessed by issue from her marriage and therefore she adopts the defendant as her son whom she: has separated from his mother; (c)

a declaration th:at the defendant had always been obedient to the plaintiff and that he loved her as his rr.other and supported her and for these reasons she gives all property, novable and immovable in and outside town to the defendant to the exc. u sion of all other relatives;

(d) a clause entrusting the administraion with power to dispose of all proper ty during the plaintiff's lifetime 1nd after her death to the defendant; (e) a clause stating that the plaintiff .n drawing up this document is of sound mind, etc. Now the defence of the defendant i� that this document, although called a will, is in fact a document with two purpo:es, that it is (a) a document by virtue of which the plaintiff addpted the defendant as her son and (b) a donation to have effect during the lifetime of the plaintiff of all properties of the plaintiff to the defendant. There can be no question that if the document in question is a will it can have effect only after the death of the plaintiff (the testator) and if the document is a will then the plaintiff (testator) has the rifht until her last breath of life to revoke or amend such will and make a new will This is a well-acknowledged principle not only under the new Civil Code but also under previous law in force. If the plaintiff considers this document to be a will, then it is difficult to see why she should come to cou.rt with a claim against '.he defendant for the cancellation of this doc11ment. Both parties in this case have made references to vario11s articles of the new Civil Code, but by virtue of Article 3348 )f that Code, situations created prior to the coming into force of the Code (Septa:nber 11, 1960) shall remain valid; the first question to be considered, therefore, ts what legal situations were created by the said document. Now it seems clear to this Court that although the document may have been called· a will it contained provisions which were intended to have effect immediately and not after the death of the plaintiff; thus if one looks at tl1e declaration made at. the end by the witn�ses to the document, it shows that the defendant had accepted that document; mere is no reason why the defendant should accept that document if it \Vas to be a will; a person who is a beneficiary under a will does not accept the dispositions in his favou.r. Further1nore under clause 3 of the document the defendant i. entrusted with the right to administer and to dispose of any or all the property not only after the death of tl1e plaintiff but also during her ·lifetime. Similarly, in clause 1 of the document, the plaintjff

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W A L N IA P UO JT E F O JOURNAL

�

VOL. III - :t,.Jo. 1

l � ura son this is somethin nat her as ant end def the d e t g ;sta�es that she has adop i·ng the adopter and 11ot after the death the of e tim ljfe · ·· ur d _w h.icb can b e done OnlY · force b e fore the comin 1n I a� � m sto cu r de un at th t ou g t is also to be ointed w i ll wl 11cl1 v1as to l1ave effect durin a of rm fo e th de Co l vi· ' P C· i -�into force of the new g · n · 11 s 1 e th� prese ca ,. I'k p es on � m co , ite . q� s wa nt r to sta � ; f the lifetime of the te ;� ; s 1_1111 s� I to cont1nue su an or on e _ th _ ng 1 ! or pp su en be p -wliere the donee has � . the donor Under these circumstances, t11erefore, th 1s C ourt 11olds that the .· p or n s tie per to all pro tl1e defendant of n tio na do ht trig ou an s · 1 on _ g nt 1n questi . :. docut.Ime d s . t wa wn en ra um d i oc '"""'h s l e s th wa ich wh on valid y da e th m fro as t ec eff to have a11d thereby .a complete 60 19 , 1 ! ber te� �p e for be ce for in law ·under customary es. nc u� �eq its con all As tl1 w1 l1d va r�gards the is ich wh d ate cre s wa on ati situ 1egal adoption of the defendant by the p1ain!iff a� her son, again tl�� was poss1bl_e u�der ,customary Jaw and a con1plete legal s1tuat1on was created b..,f�re !he conung into force of the Code and the new Code does not have any appl1cat1on, except that in the future all relations between the plaintiff, as adopter, and tl1e defendant, as ..adopted, shall be governed by the provisions of the new Civil Code. As regards the reason.s for cancelling this document, no mistake, or fraud or 1.undue influence or anything else has been proved which entitles the Court to ·cancel the docume11t. The plaintiff was assisted by her relative Ato Ambaye Aber ra and the whole thing was done with the help of elders. Nor is it possible to prove by witnesses anything that is contained in that document.

It may also be added that by an application dated May 31, 1961 'the advocate for the plaintiff, Fit. Ambaye Madera, made a. n opposition staring (as he had already slated in tl1e statement of claim) that he has certain rights .against the plaintiff and asked that his rights be preserved. Apart from other con siderations, tl1e Court does not see how such rigl1ts can be preserved without the .said advocate Fit. Ambaye Madera opening a file against the plaintiff and such •opposition can only be dismissed. For the above reasons the plaintifi's claim is dismissed.

The defendant has also lodged a counterclaim asking that the plaintiff give l1im possession of al] properties the subject of the donation reserving the right of :the plajntiff to have from him maintenance if she so requires.

Ato Makonnen Getahun, J., dissenting: In her staten1ent of claim submit -,t�d to this Court on February 7, 1961 and subsequently on May 31, 1961, the p lain ·,t1ff, Woz. Yishamoush Girmay has elaborated at length upon her causes of action. '!'hough it is not worthwhile to reproduce all the points rais ed therein, her . 1 al request must be ela · pr1nc borated upon. She asked that the Court order the p cancellation of the ''life-time testamentary will'' made by he r on February 13, 1959. Th � �efendant in tum arg ued strongly that the document, though d.esignated . a .will, is ill fact a doc�ment w!3ich served as concrete proo tha special rights t f were bes towed upon him by virtue of such instrume should not be nt he an nc d e revoked. Exp�aining what motivated her to make th e wi ll tl 1e plaintiff sa id ''cognizant of �e ?isputes that arise an1on relatives sed de ce in a g th eir d; a su sir to cc e ee to d re at!ve s estate, I drew up tl1is will to my g ,v ar am d on of l f di an su sp y ch ut es re atives ��d 'to have it registered so found th at it w ca he n n er ev s ve id as en ce nec�ss_arY Of the several provisions e t i n th th at · e w ill st at th es se e on co e nd ' · h Pla1nt1ff brought u p the defendan · more dearly than his · own motber t a.nd Ioves him • and provides that she bequeathed all her wealth to him. A nd provision No. 3 pro- 50 -

GIRMAY V. KASSA RETTA YISHAMOUSH .

vides that the will would hold good not only after her death but during her lifetime as well., and it authorizes the defendant to administer all her property. A few lines lower, it is stated that she has entered into this obligation in the presence of her olose relative Ato Ambaye Aberra and that under no circumstances will she mo dify or revoke the will. The above being the essentials of the will or of the obligations assumed by tlie plaintiff, it is up to the Court to determine whether the provisions in the will constitute a will or donation. I, for one, find that what the plaintiff stipulated falls squarely within the requirements of a will. I base my finding chiefly on the pre.. amble of the document introduced in evidence, which runs ''cognizant of the di sputes that arise among relatives in their desire to succeed to a deceased relative's estate, I drew up this will to ward off any such disputes a.mong my relatives and to have it registered so that it can serve as evidence when fou.nd necessary.'' All the plaintiff's will authorized the defendant to do was to administer her property on her behalf and not to alienate or exchange it on his own will. This goes to show that there was a power of guardianship or administration but not of owner .. ship. Donation is a contract whereby the owner undertakes or hinds himself to transfer a part of or the whole of his wealth to the donee. Aside from telling the defendant that s.he named him her heir, the plaintiff made no mention of anything she donated to him. Th.e will was drawn up in the presence of five witnesses who attested it and it was registered with the Central District Court on February 20, 1959. The plain tiff was shown to be the testator and the defendant, the heir, which proves that it was a will and not a donation or an assignment of rights. At this point I would like to point out that a will an.d donation are two distinct things. Whereas any thing bequeathed by a will is transferable only after the testator's death, a dona tion entails the obligation to transfer the right while the donor is still alive. Whereas the alleged donation was made two years ago on February 13, 1959, the purported donee has not introduced any evidence 10 show that he exercised his right or had the property (land) registered in his name. This means that everything is still in the hands of the plaintiff. For all the above reasons there is no right acquired by the defendant und.er the repealed law and the case should be disposed of under the Civil Code. Under the will or legacy made l;,y the plaintiff on February 13, 1959, the defendant could avail himself of the will or legacy only after the testator's death. Since Art. 859(2) provides that a testator may revoke or modify his will at anytime, any stipulation to the contrary notwithstanding, the plaintiff may revoke, modify or draw another will despite the stipulation she made to the effect that she would not do so. Moreover, I find the obligation undertaken by the plaintiff whereby she be queathed or bound herself to bequeath her estate to the defendant contrary to Civil Code Articles 1114, 1115, and 1116. Considering that under these Articles no person may bind himself by contract to leave his succession or to bequeath a legacy to a person contracting with him or to a third person, I say that the plaintiff is entitled to revoke, modify or cancel at any time the will or legacy she made on February 13, 1959. '

- 51

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-53 -

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�'!: � �-ii.'"ii,

= =

.e"l'l:� q.e, ..e-u"}"} D P' t- u•ll:t- = ,t.,11 = ,,,1c = (I�n:) = rft�• h.t--1, : a>IJ»l. : /\01/Y:l;J:fOJ" : 000111-0'l° : n..enn,:,.. : flh ·A: (D{;Ll_ : itf:(: 101" : l\OOftj:f{lr I f1"1J.7 : P'6'TOJ"1'1° : f°tfh'i"W•A•,�.,)· : fllLU• : '1T: {\ODlf',. : h1�'f'l° : hchc: hA-t•'Jl>i'J°{ J'tArt-'11..9°9 ° :: hlttJ : l\.e, : (lfl)9": hll&.t\1,: lf'i: OOOOt\h-r: fOl/.f li &.A.1ro· : J't"}f.." : ', ,.".Jfo: P'lrOJ•"} : ll"t fh'iar1n:,- ro:,,:,.. : t\f!, Of...10· : f 0 1l.<'ilh-1•Afl:,..1 : n1 1t, : u,t\•: fiOD1f ·,rt n�fl..,}• flOIJ.oot\h -t-ro· ro•tt'f' = oo,JD11111 : i\1-�nn:,. �(D• _eu 119°: fOIJ.ff..C"J: �;JY-c,: P'6'lD': fl'/°"}: '¼f,',:l"': "h.1f..OIJ."l'tf:: lL1�tl 11'i : 1,AU : lf'i9°: llt\ °t:f r OJ" : ll ..f OJ":,, : .,e;:,_," I\A nncti?a t\f, = llt\i\--1• = 7f+tn1" : m.e'l° 1J:J>?'1-- : \i n.{1 11.oonh1·0J• = f,f-h&.ltar:h.t--1,: OP't..: l)cet\-1• : o.,n: 11C: (Ii'if, :) hfll/.1'llD·: {ll\,e: ll 001r-,. = l\ttu �c� l1:,- r+Gfl i,,�'f'l° = ncn c = ft\9° lll\tt.0 f°l-OC f,"1'1� = 1--'llh .eu11 roal. = fAf•+O ..-1•"}: 9°ti1f:,.. n,11'? /lfl &.T: h1�'f9 ° : h'I';Jfl.: 'l°n1f;I. : l'tt\flm9 llt\H.U : f'?-OC : .e,"1'1� : '},'llh: fi'lmar: c&"l�: fl,n1:.. : iltJ1-:,.. : lf'i: l't"l� -i·'l'Pt\'i: {lih'l-- 1 n'' t\'' tJJ1ml1r : 0t - OD/lh,f-c& : {/DtJJ lT : f,"}fl� : flf, : O{ID•f� : t lffi� : (ul1f) h1};.h�A roll�'iA:: �1c: OJ"}: llil ic,:r. q,� :t,'i7i � 011.."li'i : oom = : 1�: l\,nf4'(l)c I t\lJ:J>?':ii: h.t..f, : li ll"th t.Afl:fm· : "h."}f...: ll"C;f"A: (lt\"'i .e,�lllC : 'i:C� · : O.i: : l't1�:f9° : h.ll1-ff:,• : JtAro(lf,.O:, -srn :: Y'll ,f-�ro• nchc :- f,°lfl� : f)f, : ilA}!:J!:fro· : llt\ht.t\•:1- : ol"'C I i(.ih : Jim:,; : OD1· : il9°1T: -nc : (In. : u ii :) .,..,;_e, : �(l}• :s

= =

-54-

=�

= =

f-,"lfl� : l]f, : t\tllJ : 7-P,f, : f+t.lt� : hchc : \1"l1lC : 1 ' "1'1� : O"t : .. ,. q1a, : h1f- = 1 'i : ,.e.tJ'}). : dt.'1"0 : OiltJ'i'-1· : Ooo«i\• : l)f,<f>Oflw- : +C:tA :: fllf.11 : f.ODOJ11 : ,.,, : i\h 1C : OJcilT : 111, : O PP' l,,f : fL:'f- : "l1lC : +hli!ft«a ° : f : f,"111� {1 7◄: 1-'lh. : i\.f11 :· f"7.1'1 W- : fltL V• : fl;J-&\ :: fltllfa9° : '¼f,'IT _ hLI\OJ«: "l11C = 00tillA = fi\(Dc'}. = Ai.,:,.. : hDPAti:i:: t ,-oom11 : ltf,: h+ Jilt: fn.-l-- r-�,: 11 C: ltf,: fODf.{l«:'f•'l : noo,r.: 1.4.ht;: &\'i I }t',(1-9° : rJ f : ti9°il-l--: (t;�hf :) m-ilT : f/lm-1: Ai'I:,.: 'I lle�= ll'r''l'C s lffI� :: (v) = ODIPt.T ht\f\o:ii = .. om11J1& : f ih"l I nt;:A = OJJil:t-m4!f = n'r«l>?i ootibA : /l'll\1'111.1: : A}!:i: = f+ht .ftro- = 1-00ro 11 = +m,:,� : oolf'J. : t(Dc .,:,.. : ',I& ! '11C : ..,,. : hltlfa : f..ODOJ11 : l\f, : htLU : cf»f-'J° : "l11C: f+hL 0 f,1 : : ooht.A : C 1 "l1 ? 7 'I : ilftlf', : 'l ft11ll.,f: : {loo ,\{l,r : (Ltr1' : 1'Tt;: h.tt!\ : nl\&.'IT : fl\0:'f· : 1A+hLft{l}c'r : Ai'l:'f· : 11:J! : 'lw• :: f,JI "}"} : foa(l{\1&9° : tft./)-0 : r++'lfl : ODlf )•'l I ft°7ill.PiT : fn 1C :· OJcilT : 10. : aaP1t! = '1:'f· = tt1Pi1'9° = "7ilt.� = n�+t.n'I° = 0"7l\:,.. = ttoo Ah1-'PA

oxn::

fo0Ail: (16f.bm• = '111. = '-� : fl(lm-t' : ODtil\ hf :i ODCIP/t,,OJc : fflm•T : t.7C : 04! : ilfttr'I : 1-IJh.OJ• : f(lm{l}c : t&l)� : 1'1'-'lK 'i : ,,.�ht..n t.'PA :: f,'?'I� : 'If, : /l A}!;J!:fOJc : f.. ODOJ11 : oonLl\:ft& : nl\ht..h l.9° :: ,.e."J '1� : qi: f1'?� : P't.. : hilh.f�'i : 'li\fL:'f-- : t"}f. : ootr'i:fro· : oom"} ; P't.W4"} : °71.t..�'i : "7P,lltf : ilft"?.f..t. 11& : OJIJJ. : ilft : 1fl : '?11C : '1ID!.2 : q:9°: llr'l'C : i : lliiii:m. : f¼ODT :{lOJll)OJc : ',,;Jl,,T : ,;JltllJ : flih°l = h'i:t\ = "'lil:J--m4!f = itI� = On1t?i = (u) = ootPt.:,-C = 1,v = wm. = +4''i7i : oolf'} : f"'lf,1'1(Dc : tr'r : n '?�t'l'PA ::

f,°lq� : q_e, : h 'l'-flcf>(Dc : f"7.ht- hf.T : ftA/!:J!TW- : f.ODOJ1f : (Lh'i: :. tt-J\:f(Dc :· llP't.. : '?1lC : fOIJ..hLl\OJc"}� : 6£b9°C : ht-lt:fm« : 1,f �l.m• . lll\"'l..h�lt- : Ai'l ,,.f:1': 11:J!: AhLA : h1)(: 1,T'i!: '11-0C: 1,1�h<j:A : Am r:,, : nf,1'1�9° : O"'lt\ :'f, : 'Im« :: fltLIJ : i:C� : fLT : hilrf•fr:,-- : r,.e.-,q1 : q�: nO.rf:;t- : ODIP/.:'f• : f {l.t\m • : ',Or ; r>h'lf,f:9° : A)!:,: : f..ODOJJf:faJc"} : lL+fltt-: f°t�lmm• : 11H11 : fc& : f )Pt.. : '1111C : {lootr)• : �w• :: 1'1J;. (u) = l\'lt'lf-H.U = v-9° = O,n"I = tJtj:A = "'lil:t-roLtf = i£Th = ii'l +?a-- = fA(Dc : U-).;J-- : ++'i7i : l'tftootr'l-1 : f,1A'AA :: ilfttLU : htLU : fl')f,: O rf--11\ K(Dc : 9°h1f:'f-c : lf"lt- : l\A)!:t: : f+hLt\OJc : A.+'lil : tif,;FA9° :: f'1111C : 1,"l'l� : {lOIJ.. : 1,.'lii-9° : fflmw· : ro•l)� = O,n°l:k:,,. : 9°'l9° : '¼f.'IT : ll:Ji « ,,..:,. = r l\OJ9°

nt--+;;:ro• = hchc-=- Oft'i 'i : nLJP,ro- = "f. = 0 °7.1-11= •

a,�r. = il ·l\�lllw· =

n1t1J = 'l 1c = 1,-,q1 = qi = 'l +t.n«-i-- = ncnc 1 00111n- = lit\ = ��(De = °t•I"} : OJJ�il : 1tt..:i• : {loo,y.. : ·(�hf) I M : {l«'iro• : f.'?'fP : OP'&-: ,ri\:,. = 0 00 -f·: (I�hr.) : {I.J'OD ftn:,,. ! f1C : aJcil'r: 1(1.: ODP'tf: CL:i•: ft\h"}�:f: 9°h 1',f;l' = "19°:,.. : nOIJ.�l.°1 : fro(l',ro• : fl\n"lfl-0 : 'IOJ« : 0"71\-"r : nooA h+«J>t!\ := .

f 00Ail : 061bOJ• : �11. : ,.-,. .. : {l(lm,:,,. : OD/Ail : On 61.1'�- : f"l11C : ,,., 'l� : (l"'l. : " r'li'b : f(l,nro• : ro•l)), : 1'1�.1'. : m,,e1:�'P A :: •

- 55 -

!l ---.. a

= ..

h = 1 ?,°1ff nc fa;, 1l . .'1& llll m· = e..t.o = "'l�ll "1..t ' f1 = { 'im· = : (\�(ll.l&' � fh..1" � .rflc : Ir.1t:1r:r.i (lflT 4'C : �:,;J:J �1 f, (lot . ?'-'lh> O. �r, ... 1 • ',ll• f,U· � cf> l"'fft,J: . .. itfrijo : : �ID• flA9° ( itA :: . .. . ....... lC f ! . . I 'i fh.:t-V-W ,f h tf'l : 1PJ'li1 � f i\f, : r� l(I}« O : " �llJ : IJ.. fl llll cf, ol'l°1 : q� : t1D1l1-0 : : ' 1 l\ P C l}fl ·, h IL .: t� ' ':°' ou ' ' lf1 ?'I' W· ' � � , . lt � f) � (!!h , ht-:, _ . + « A t llT A .. _a h (I n ) • • h ) ll n• � V• : 'h ll o (i £ m :: 11J 1: ft.+�ar: (lt1D,fc: -ll:t y ..on ff fl .. P' 11 01 : 0 � : () � ll '? .. ff, : : �ll O : U'/ 1 Jl 01J �: �°l'I°: ll l\ : {l·'ilD" : ,4, : : :,• f,1 � ft 10 : t\ tf F UD 'I' . "ll • lD : C fl f1 : :,• m : ftn ft1D ft. 1i! : f) o-ll·r ( h : D f hf) : ( P lt1D �ll)• :: � ( tl I?i ,f( --: i,� : 'lr O

?��(Jr�

{l{IIJ;�

J!,U : tj:C.("- : o.:,-- : hJ-LU : «J>J!.9°: f,tJ"} : f ov()i\ : tiChC : Jt,:,,rqo,), : ..,..ODAn.-r-itA rai11 c. = .e"l 'l� ftori 7-'llb ov:f:9° = tr·} = 111c; :fm• "}9° OD1f11l : h'f•ODflh--1· : (]�I\ : fl.4'(l(\lD"9° : l\,e4,( l/\W·9° : {JD..n:,-- : itt\m• :: flf� : lflf : fiPf..cf>C,fll\:,--1 : t1Dlf111 : 'h"}.';.flD· : ()�&,.{j;'lD" : fili',1�1' : 9°ti1f1' : itA4'flll ar9° : lltPli\T = itf-,1'/A'J° I f0!/.e41l1An:,..1 : 9° t,"} . � (IIJai .eu1 = rovti(li\w·?° = ncnc = f c11"l �1c = .rt\n:,. = itt\n:,. :,. = ll 1 = .. t\ = .r7iA n.1119° : f,'? = "}>;. t.m it*?° = Cf lf� l OD01l.:.t-4! 'h = 00111111c; = l q� : q� : o0tlf1 = "'l'lll .e,u11 = .ruA = h.tat-- = �cfa"ll�A = i\"'lt\:,- : -" r1 = fl"'lill.� 1..1&.. = (Llf"} = ')m• == hu•--}9°: fl.tr "}: ri.l-l\w· '11?Fl ro f,°l'l� : 'lf, : illf..tJ : (i:C'J.': : O.:t- : it1J;'f : U'/lll.1( = itt\<l'lilt\-)•9°:: O"J,flC: f,'?'l�: (tOTJ. : 1 ·'11'1,9° : Oh·A: 1\11;.fm·: fl1..&.�m·: 0'?9°:,.. : f,J--(tn1m·"}: ffl"l\� : t\DD 'l'OA : i'tll:f,:Jt : fl.If"}'}° I (lf,'?'1:t; : q� : flh·A : ff.l.(l{):fa,.: h.l\t- : 9°1 : fUA : h1f..lf � : il"'lm:,, : i'tA,f--7/t'J°:: ilt\JLtJ = hl\.e : n,�H l.Hl.CD• : 9°h1f:,.. : f'?-OC : {lOIL : 1'-fll'b : f(lffilD" : O}·•fa}:. : 0th'? : l.1f..': ilU'1•:,- : ',ID" : t\111lilT : f,U : tj:C�· : f1·r : ill\«'/ f.,-:f·A : lD·lt�m•"} : Jti--1..�'iA ::

n..

= ==

n9°ll1·'1m-: nchc 1 -f{l•'i : ll..Y.h : (Lh&..T : h'P,:J : 111\f,: .,. ..it/flhA : {)fl : +'lilfD• : llJ.':ll-1-- : if.th : (19°"}:,-- : oo...y.. I v--ll:,- : •flC : (ja.tfi) �(De :2

= = =

f,"l'l:� q,e 'l+t.n·:r ncnc = rtt1c = w•ilT = 10.. = onFtf l1:,-. 1'1�1'i = 1,u1 = c1,ti11 = t1i\004'nAc; = rtt.ooA'1:f:"} = r,11..'111 = ov111•0 = floP 1+� I f,U" } ,ft.lt-0 = fl'?9°'1-- : foo1,.{lar : '?11C : fOIJ.hLAOT1 : 1n. : ft"'/ ltf..'? : ., lD" ::

:,--n n

n00At1:i:sro = nth.ta11 = 00111 er = arri'I' = fl 'i:llJ«"} = ,1t1..f1 = ·1. tt f� OllD-1 : !1flf 'P;J : fl"}'?J.':: ,n'?: 'r4'C: i!'"§(f) DDtP{.-)•: it.ltf,;tA:: f tl..ll·: «f>--'l'C : (�) ,,..tr I �'l'C : Oh"}"Jfl.lf�(Dc : �--the� : I\!!, : (lODqq,}.. : (1,f''lli n:,- : 'P;J : fl.A : itOIJC�lD-: 1-'?'1°: O ·rtihA : f10fllJ«"} :: 'P,:J : {l{IIJ h,f-A: fl°7.frollJ(Dc = 'P;1 = f,ltA lliltLtJ = f,tJ"} = r,11°1 :i ncnc = n01J.1'l = h(/11 : llA lfll'i : f°111C : f,'?{)�: 1--'1� :: fft,nar"} : (J)c/t� , h1.i;..lllD·'P : !!,;J li °1 fl"'lil-1-- : itDDAti+'PA ::

= =

fooA{l (l61hro•9° = '11l = &.� = illltL1r = hchc = onAll (t,{lm· i 1''?'1� 1 qi f1'?J.': th'? = 'r''PC = ii'§ m:,,fti'tA i r-1--n14'(tw·9° = 4>--'11C = : fl l fi't°7C�m-c; : fh"}'?fl. ll�ro- : :.l'l\•l· :i +ilff,+w• : fl..1'7--'J°: {1 ,f--cf'tr lD4 u-�;r : noo1,c1n9° : 7'1..t;.wt,.n:,- : !il&«A,;1A : 0'17/lT = +htrnl.'PA :1

-56 -

1--'lh>t& : fltJJc/t1tJJc : f(lmtJJc = 9°h1f-r = :i•c4«1 : ll"'lit�ll : f+F..�1 1 ootJ'}'} : aoc"7tt& : nlll.1:-f-nA .=' ODOD1f11l : fflfl-l-- : fltlft& 1 n+11J ff,r : 'P;, : ilfllf� : nAT«l>flt!\�0Jc9° : {1'7{\,} : �(JJc :: �u : fief! : 9°h1f ,} : 1tf,f.ll9° :s 1--'lt.»tJJc = �u1 = faolt{lt\ = hchc 1 (Lmil'J = 04! : 9°h11:,.. : {IIJiltn-r : nflflT :: 'tt')}lft& : 111.L'i'm : ft\04! : 9°h11:,- : nA++nA� �'J° : "71\T I nl,1'19°:: flm�l\l\t& : f1''lh»tD•: +"l'lC: ]\}l,f•�: P't--CD4'): {l,r hhA I rvC-f- 1 1'.11.lf�'i' : 'tt'J>lV--9° : fl(l« : nil+ ff,} : �14 r : 04! : ODl f }7 : hfr'} : mf,� : ODl.-'CT : tDf,9° 1 Ailrt-ff,f: : 9°"} : 1'.11.lf� : "'Im:,.:

f7i.A 12

07"11: : ch"l : 'r''PC: it§(i) n'J�f-9°: nmt--tJJt : �1C: ft\9°:: 01'1 "lft.11;;:l& : itf,lf') : On"7C�tD" : K",h -'i! : "" : "l/;\K" : n1:C1 : 1'11-°t'i' 11.m-: v--tr = f01J.1ou,,::,- = O"'l.fmm-nt = 'P:J = Ah = �a,. = �It/A :: ilt\tLU = f"J,f}C : f,"111� : (ID?. : "l-'111» 1 f1.1·tro•1 : 'P,;J : ntJJC-f- : "7m:,. : (L1'lt& 1 ,.�..,..?- 1 fl{lmtJJc 1 ,hit1l : 11:J! : ...,-.ooc-f : (l)•/t� : ouflmT : f t\0T9° : 0"7 t\,r : O'i!&. : �14r : tD-/t� : 1'.')Jl(l'PflT: WY. : ,,.'lh»OJc : oo�(l�'PA ::

bttu = """ = n+Hl.Hl.OJc 1 9°h1-1:r = v--tr = 1,u = 'i!Cf: = lL:,- = f."111c = 1,dJll� : (lOIJ. : ,,.qJr.» : OY'il+�OJct; : On�+�ro.. : ncnc : f(lmtJJc"} : t&/t� I Ji�-r-;t-A :s 'h1>LV--9° : On'JY.�lD-' OlJ·t\+�OJc'i' : On9°il+�tD" : hchc : l\.e, : f"J,f}C : f,"l'l�. 1 (ID?. : ,,.q�: f(lmtJJc'}: OJc/t1: 7iC:;r/A:: ilt\lf�9°: Ott9°il,f-;;:ro- = hChC : It� : f+(lmro• : OJc/t� : �1?- : mY. = "1-'lh»OJc : ..,..ao fA(l: OtLU = 'i!C� 1 aorv1.:,. = 'h'l�.tJJt--'i: 1'.')}lro(l') : ilt\lf� : roY. : ,,.'11.»m +oofA(llt/A :: aoAil = fllif}-m- = l\f,"1'1� = q� = f�1�:,-- = n.e.t.(l� = Ah • tLitt. = '/9°'1 • -OC : (2) : 11C: 'h'l>tb'i!fr: nH'i'IA:i ,

•

-57-

HIGH COURT Addis Ababa, Com. Div. No. 2

SHALOM SHALOMAY v. THE INLAND REVENUE DEPARTMENT Civil Case No. 197 /54 E.C. Taxation-Income ta.r:-Deductions-Los!es-Year of dedi1ctio11-Art. 20, Leg. Not. No. 258 of 1962. Taxatio11-lncome tax-Schedules. Taxtion-lnco111e tax-Deductio11s-Deprzciatio11-Art. 16(c), Leg. Not. No. 258 of 1962. Taxation-Income tax-Deductions-E,111-loyees' salaries-Art. 17(b){i), Leg. Not. No. 258 of 1962. Taxation-lnco,ne tax-Deter11·1inatio11 oj ta>.: by estimation-Art. 40, Proc. 1Vo. 173 of 1961

Con1111ercial law-Books of acco1111t-Inientory valuation-Art. 84(2) Coriz. C.

On appeal fron1 a Tax Appeal Com:11ission decision upholding the Inland Revenue Department's assessment of the appellant ta)!-payer's inco1ne tax liability for 1952. Ifeld: Affirmed in part, reversed in part, a1d re111anded in part for further proceedings. 1. A business loss is deductible in tl1e year in \vhich it is incurred, and. only i n that year. 2. Where a taxpayer owns both a business which produces inco1ne taxable under Schedule C and the premises used for tl1e business, he may deduct fron1 his Schedule C income a reasonable allowance for the rental v1lue of the pre1nises, with the result t1iat this amount will be taxable under Scl1edule B ratller than Sc11edule C; if he does so, he may not also deduct from l1is Schedule C incone for depreciati•on and repairs on the premises. 3. Salaries paid to a Schedule C taxpayer'; children are taxable income to the children, even though the. Schedule C taxpayer m ay not deduct their salaries as business expenses for purposes of determini11g his own inrome tax liability. 4. The tax authority may not arbitrarily disre-gard a taxpayer's books of account in detem1in ing his incon1e tax liability. 5. Whether it was arbitrary for the tax authority to reject a taxpayer's books of account in determining his income tax liability is a question of fact. 6. Where there is no evidence before the court relating to whether it was arbitrary for lhe t �x authority to reject a taxpayer's books of account in determining his income tax lia�i lity, tl1� court cannot hold t11at the Tax ,\ppeal Commission erred as a n,atter of la\1/ in upholding the tax authority's determination in this respect. 7. Com. C., Art. 84{2) requires that inventories be valued on tl1e basis of current marke t prices and not, as the English version states, on the basis of the "cost price." 8. Where an_ auditor for tl1e tax authority testified before the Tax Appeal Con1m.ission that he had �•sregarded the taxpayer's book� of accou.nt with respect to the value of thc, rear-end uiventory because the value l1ad been inflated in order to reduce the t a xpayer 5 income for t�e year, ilie Tax Appeal Commission shou ld l1ave detem1ined the ac �ual value of the inventory at the end of the year on the basis of then current market prices and should not simply have accepted the Guditor's stateme11t.

Sen� 18, 1954 E.C. (June 25, 1962 G.C.); Judges: Dr. W. Bul1agiar, Ato Josef Tekle Mikael, Ato Makonnen Getahu11:- This is an appeal under Article 59 of tl1e - 58 -

SHALOM S1-IALOMAY

TI-IE INLAND REVENUE DEPARTMENT

Income Tax Decree (No. 19) from a deci �ion �f the Commission for Tax Appeals in regard to tax assessment for th_ e f1nanc1al year 1959. The appeal is on' various points which will be considered one by one. The first item under dispute is an amount of E$11,627.51 which represents· loss from coffee shipped to the United States on a consignment basis in 1958 and which loss did not materialise until 1959. The Commission for Tax Appeals did not allow such loss as deductible for purposes of assessment of tax. The Commis sion did not give any reason why this amount_ was not allowed except that as they· are expenses for 1958 the said amount is not to be taken into consideration, and the· advocate for the respondent submitted to this Court that, as the assessment for· tax for the year 1958 was made by estimation, the said amount should not· be deductible in the year . 1959. Now there is no question that the· said was,: incurred in the accounting year of 1959 and this Court has had the opportunity of deciding in a· similar case that losses incurred in one accounting year are deductible in respect of that year and not in respect of any year during which the· transaction, the cause of the loss, was completed. For this reason, the decision of the Commission for Tax Appeals is wrong in law and must be reversed: the' said amount is deductible for the year 1959. The second item is the question of rent of E.$12,000 which the appellant has paid out of the funds of his business to himself, his being the premises where the· business is carried on. The Commission for Tax Appeals has disallowed this item; again no reason is given for the disallowance; the Commission has allowed only the deduction of depreciation. The appellant claims that such amount should be · deductible and that the appellant should be subject to the tax of 9 % under Article· 10 of the Income Tax Decree; he also claims that such assessment should further· take into account depreciation and allowance for repairs. It is not contested that the appellant has in his books of account of his business placed on the debit side the amount of E$12,000 as normally incurred in a business included in the debit. side of the books; jt is only in this way that a businessman may have a clear pic ture of how the business is getting on. Also there is nothing before this Court to· snow tnat tne amount of E$12,000 is an ex.cessive rent for the premises in question. There is, therefore, no good reason u.n law why the Commission for Tax Appeals should have disallowed this ite1n. The Court, therefore, finds that the decision of· the Commission is wrong in law and that the appellant sho11ld be liable to pay the rate of tax at 9 % as prescribed in Schedu_le B, but the Court does not consider that· the appellant is entitled to depreciation and allowances for repairs and mainten -ance, as once he is paying rent, the _ premises cannot be considered as part of the: capital of the business. · The third iten1 concerns the question of the a111ount of tax payable on the amount of E$10,908, which the appellant paid as salaries to his children; it is not. disputed that salaries paid to the children of the proprietor of a business are exclud ed from deduction under Article 8(a) of the Income Tax Regulations 1958 (Leg. Not. No. 215 published in the Nega.rit Gazeta, No. 7 of the 17th Year). The appel lant alleges that the Commission for Tax Appeals should have directed that the appellant should be liable to pay only the difference between the amount he would be liable to pay and the amou.nt of ta.x which he, as employer, has paid on the salaries paid to his children; the g1·011nd for this allegation of the appellant is that there should not be double taxatio11. In the opinion of this Court, the allegation of · the appellant is not tenable. The tax paid on the salaries paid to the children is tax payable by the children on the income they had from the salaries, and Art icle 8(a) of the Regt1lations · does not provide for any deduction in such circu.m stances; it simply lays down that expenditure consisting in salaries payable to· '

- 59 -

JOURNAL OF ETHIOPIAN LAW - VOL. Ill - No. 1 ese reasons the dec isio n of the Com miss th For . wed allo e b not ion . 1 .n all . w in la i n ro w e b to id sa e b t o n n � � :� p�tnt ca hides and loss on weight in in weight in coffee loss rns e conc m ·t 1 rth T e fou tively. respec Tl1e s 54, a E$10,7 appell a.Ild n � 761 b t's � , E$l3 s b I t a t s, ook and reJect 01 4 1 · 10 . w th. at the loss in weight in respect o·f h'd 1 es was 10 �11·1e the tax autho rity sl 01 • also in respect of coffee the appellant s books shov1 11 2 .1 1 n loss in o d owe Y 2 1° • · .a e o I d · y 11 · h a� a11ow o/c T he app�llant's 1tj or th at1 x ta e th ile , wh % 12 of ht weig 1 •ook'S o : e e J r c th cannot t e ty authori b tax e th a nd impose argument On this point is th.at ·. 1n · ot1er l cases to point 1 rary assessment. This Court has had the opport11n1ty .an arb·t · e ta� author11ty · th · m�y not, of out that when books are presented to the t�x auth or1!Y,_ course, refuse to accept the books arbitrar1l)1 and this_1s a point of law which seems to be establis11 ed. In cases like the prese11t, the question whe�her the appellant has ·s ustained the actual losses in ,veight he alleges to _ h ave st1sta1�ed become s a ques stion of fact and the Court l1as no evidence before 1t to enable 1t to say whether the tax authority b.as acted arbitrarily or not in that this Court cannot enter into the ,question of wb.at the actual lo�s�s of the appella�t :wer�. For tl1�se reasons, this Court cannot l1old that the dec1s1on of �he Comm1ss1on s wrong 1n ]aw. 1 The last item concerns the an1ount of E$6,252 being over-valuation of open ing stock of coffee ; the appellant subm.ts that tl1e tax at1tl1ority arbitrarily disre garded the appellanl's books of accou n 1s which show the correct market price of the coffee at the time tl1e inve11tory was made a nd tlus in accordance with Article 84(2) of tl1e Commercial Code. The Conmission for Tax Appeals disregarded this item and the ground given for the deci�ion is that the auditor had explained that the over-valuation was done only in order to decrease the profit. This is not a good reason for the Com.mission to give; it is the duty of tl1e Commission to find out whether the auditor is correct or Il•)t in his views; there is no question that tinder Article 84(2) of tl1e Con1mercial Code the inventory is to be prepared by giving the actual mark et price of the merchandise in stock (the English version of the said Articl e is obviously wrong - the expression ''cost price'' should read as in the Amh.aric text ''actual market prire''). On this point tl1e Commission should ascertain what the ·''actual market price'' ruling at the time of the inventory was and decide the matter not on the views of the at1ditor but on actual facts. ,

For the above reasons, this Court confirms the decision of the Commission for Ta.x Appeals on ·the third and fourth items, reverses the de cision of the Com �ssion of the fir�t and second and fifth (last) items, and with regard to the fifth item, the matter 1s referred back to the Commission for their decision in accor ,dance with the principles of law laid down in this judgment. The respondent shall pay court fees according to re ceipt and costs of E$50.

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•

-64-

HIGH COURT Addis Ababa, Com. Div. No. I TADESSE DELNBSSAHOU v. BEKELETCH KASSA •

Civil Appeal No. 759 / 54 E.C. Contractz,al obligatio1is-Hiri1ig of irttellectual work-Advocate's obligations-Clients right to terminate-Co"1pe11sation for services perforn1ed-Liability for failure to perform services Arts. 2632, 2,633, 2637 arid 2638 Civ. C.

On appeal fro.m a judgment of the Awradja Court ordering the appellant, an advocate .. to refund to the respondent, his client, the fees paid to the advocate and to pay the client damages resulting to her from the advocate's failure to perform services. Held:

Order affirmed

1. Where an advocate fails to appear in court, as a result of which the file in his client's. case is closed, the advocate fails to fulfill his obligation to the client. In such a case, any services performed are of no use to the client, and the client is not liable to pay any fee for those services. In addition, the advocate must compensate the client for the loss sustained by the client, i.e., the court fees and costs for which the client was held liable. 2. Where an advocate drafts a statement of claim and appears in court, his client must pay for those services, even though the statement of claim was not satisfactory anq was. amended by an advocate subsequently employed by the client 3. Where an advocate fails to produce documents despite being ordered to do so by the court, his client is justified in terminating the contract without paying compensation for the. services rendered. 4. Where the Awradja Court renders a correct judgment, but cites the wrong grounds. in support of the judgment, the appellate court would affirm the judgment for the reasons. stated in the opinion of the appellate cour.t.

Hamle 12, 1954 E.C. (July 1·9, 1962 G.C.); Justices: Dr. W. Buhagiar, Ato Mekasha Amara, Maj. Eyassu Gabre Hawariat:- This is an appeal �om a judg ment of the Awradja Court ordering the appellant to pay the respondent the sum of E$640 together with· court fees and costs of E$50. The ground of the appeat is. that the Awradja Court erred in the assessment of the facts and in the application of the law. The case arises out of an agreement between the appellant and the respondent whereby the appellant undertook in his professional capacity as an advocate to appear on behalf of the respondent in two cases against Ato Tedla Desta; the first case (High Court, No. 971 / 52) was one in which the respondent was claiming a plot of land measuring 60,000 sq. m.; the second case (High Court, No. 297/52} was one in which the respondent was asking for accounts in respect of a partnership· between the said Ato Tedla Desta and her father. The agreement was that the· respondent was to pay the appellant E$200 in respect of the first case and E$300 in respect of the second case; it was also agreed that in both cases the appellant was to get ten per cent of the adjudged amount. At the time of the agreement the respondent paid E$500. ..

65 . _

IAN P IO I-I T E F O L A N R U JO

:LAW -

VOL.

III - No. 1

that tl1e_ fi�st case was clo �rt Cot a radj Aw the in d e . . sed The respond n� alle e l1ear�ng date� thi s file ,vas No. 971 ; . tl1 on ar e p � ap to . -�cause the red t fai 52 _ e t t, tha � a C th� rad Aw rt e cou t ?� , J by f h ee nd fou . s � as :� Wer t s file 1t appears fr f and l1er advocate failed 1t1fpla11 the e caus e b d se clo was to E$90, that he f'l1 e nst the plai11tiff. As to the i aga $50 of 3 rd awa t an second was · ar and tha. t th ere e p p a n t was 11ot co11duct1n.g 11er cas e satisf t�la app · .. the t tha d e g alle actfil�, tlle res ondent es of another advocate who cl1ang ed rvic e s the for asked the 0�1� nd fh t s be gment was given in her favour. The jud lt resu a as and � m clai of t !en t e t .-or1 gin� s a tl1e appella.nt after the sad exfrom r pape the w 1dre \VitI slie that a w 1 e1 gat o a · app ellant failed to appear on her be hal . f• _ cie D:1n tl i�e first case wher e the , _penen Before procee ding with the facts in this case it is �n�porta1�t to stat e what the la\V is under tlie Civil Code. The law as regards tl1e hinng of 1 ntellectt1al work is Ir:.id down in Arts. 2632 et seq. of the Civil Code. Under_ tl1ese articles, the person ··who gives his intellectual se rvices, as an advocate does, 1s bot1nd to carry out his obligations perso11ally (Art. 2633). and wher_e the contract or usual pra�tice so al lows and it is not incompatible with the obJ e ct of the contract, any assistants that .the advocate e rnploys must be under :1is control and at his responsibilit y. As a consequence of this personal and fiduciary characte r of the relatio11s between the advocate ai1d his clie nt, the client n1ay, at any time, terminate the contract (Art. 2637) and in such a case tl1e clie:1t is liable to pay to the advocate only the . expenses made by hin1 i11 corn1ection w:tl1 the le gal matter and a fair ren1uneration for the work that ]1e l1as completed. Loder Article 2636, the advocate must carry out the work in the best interests of his clie nt, conscientiously and in confonnity with the practice and rules of the profession ; he is liable to hls client for an error committed; sucl1 error, l1owever, must ·Je one whicl1 is t 11e conseqt1ence of evident , carelessness or ig11ora11ce; the advocate would not be respo11sible for an error of judgment in the interpretation or application of tl1e law. Under Article 2638, the advocate may. at any time, recede from the contract, provided that he does so in ,.a manner that the clie nt suffers the least possible prejudice. Now, in the pre sent case it is quite clear that in the first case (No. 971 / 52) the .,appellant did not appear before the coLrt as it was his duty to do once he assun1ed to act for tl1e respondent; as a result of this the file was closed. That is not simply , an error of judgment but jt1st carelessntss on the part of tl1e appe llant in fulfilling his o bligations towards his client; and lve say carelessness because no good reason · has bee n pt1t forward to justify tl1e absence . The appellant cannot b e heard to . say that he had rendere d pro fessional services to the respondent in tl1at he had . ,draft ed the statement of claim; any ser\ices he may have rendere d were completely �useless to the responde nt in that the ftle was closed with the loss of E$90 court • fees and costs of E$50. The appellant is, there fore, liable to refund the sum of ·E$200 and . to pay the loss sustained . by the respondent, that is E$ 90 and E$50, in ;.all E$340 .1n respect of the first case . As regards the second case (No. 297 / 52) there was an argument as to wheth er -�e. respo�dent w�s justified in withdraving the pa pers fro m the appellant after the mcident 1n the first case; the appellant argt1 e d that the first case had not been �closed whe n the responde nt terminated the contract an d therefore she bad no good reaso� to terminate. Th is fact is no t very material because under Article 2�37 the client may at an y time termi1ate . e tb In . e at th ad e voc co nt ract wi th th e , second case, however, the �vidence sl ows quite clearly that the appellant ha d prepared a statement of clann an d the e be for ha i ns ap pe oc ar ca ed sio on a fe w , >court. T he respo�dent submitted that this staten1ent of claim was not properly drafted aod tbat It was amended by d ao ye d m pl tre o ad vo e ca tly su te she bsequen :·,that on such amended state m en t of claim judgment was given i n her fav our .

-66 --

TADESSE DELNESSAHOU V. BEKELETCH KASSA

T.his is not a valid �gument; the remuneration �f an advoca�e does not depend on whether the case 1s won or lost; the a,lvoca te s remunera tion depends on the services rendered. But apart fro� th� fact that the respondent could at any time terminate the contract, she had 1n this case good reason to do so. The file shows tlhat at the hearing of Octob�r 6, 1960, tlte appellant was warned by the Court that he should produce all the documents in support of his case and give copies to the defendant. It was a fter this tha t the �espo.n dent terminated the contract with the appellant an d sought the services of arother . advocate. Although the appell ant would be entitled to a fair remuneration for services rendered, in the present case aizy services rendered were completel 1 f�t1illess as far as the respondent is concer ned. For these reasons :the appellant 1s _li able to refund the E$300 received for the second case. For the a bove reasons the court confirms the ju dgment of the AwradJ a Court not on the groun ds given by that Court b1t on the applica tion of the Articles of the Civil Co de quoted above. The appellant shall p ay costs of E$50 to the re spondent for this appeal. A copy of this judgment is to be sen1 to the Awra dja Court for execution.

- 67-

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-- 68 -

11 hil : tt1.,:.,0• 1..0-:,ll.1-Cil = r:Fl\0r = nit.:,·r-k.. r= = ll'ilwf Onf = h hVt: : 00111: : h-'11f : :fArf•�-,:,. : -,ro- : 0"71\:,. : iti'tilO'P/.\ r: +hlt7i' . = hJ!,1'1'}9°: (Ltt-: ,J·ht--hl'PA;: = 00ilm:, : 00Ail :t:9°: t\h(I-: ttil'-: .,.,, hnilk-,:,-9°: a,.� = 'h'11f'ii\'1 = roY.tt- n"1·9° i tt_ec>'TI\} = norz.ncn:,. . = 1.11 = fl'}t,...(-: 1:TC1il.�9°: \lC7'1o7i'1 : l\•t-4l\: h-'1'11: n;:c..,,c : li:l\f,T : 1h t.f�OJ-: ilt\lf-,'i: Onf,C1'Til}9° : ro-(l,r : fTi't'4?air'J : (lSJl:f : tt:>,,r : 'lt\ oolf'i-:f'1 : �t& : 0"7/\ir : 1AR'PA :: Ohtiilwf-: 0 b-A : 1'tf,C1Ti\} : h.f..;, : Of..l..(lO.'},: ·1.1-1, : \l'}t,.� : ,;:,.� iL�'J°: '1C7"1o7i'J : O:J!C-rf•C: t;:i\ _e,:,..: f-ht-_e�:,�: 'h"}f..: �nc: nAtiJ;.� ! -- :fro• : ,th f ltif◄.'1 f "7/\"1--: fit.:,Wf-kf : nrc : .,,c : "' : O:.f.CTC : "'lh&- ;J 0011� = tt-'11f1, htti\k.,:,. = ro·6ll- = 1i..1f...c1w• = tt_el-A'J° i 'J°h1f'l:9° = 01c1JJ!· : ch"l : oo'Jttil: lt�:W : il(\ : tr, : -,w. : 0"71\:,..: fl(lkro-: hChC : tt;'f,Cfl'PA :: •

ft;:c_e. : f1,J: : flOD,=ootf = f..l;:f: ro•i')� : 'h'J-'t(lTO:'f· : fi--mfcf,ro• : t1tt1t-.e- : ,::,.�/\.�9° : '1C7' lo7i'1 : X : O:J!CTC : C,:i\f,,r : r,,1,f...t..1ro• : il9°9°.,.,7.. : fltf,c>Ti\}"} : +T,,..� : 'll\lL:'f· : rr.r-,ar"} 1 "71\•1· : fh.:f-f•kf : tire = OD'11Y..' = h-'11',,. i ott1.,:.,ro• = 'J°h'J,:,. = f\'l°,1::,-.c; = i\+1o,;..:,. = (l?Ji" 11 l1l} : hooht.A : hh.i\k.,'T' : � : ODff'J : h/\0.'l· : ,f-{lfto : i\<#11. nro- = T.r4:: .,w· f•t-htir:i: : .,1l : ,.1..-:. : ott+ln➔• : hchc : OOIJ'i:flD·'J° : tf-t;t- : fOl/�:}"lfm•: ,_,., &-: O'PC(tro-: CD•&\: 'h1J.1,.,1'1l\KlD•: it.'1+C'i7i'iA= ou�:>,"Jf: ra,1,qA = ire:- = tiA,1-1, = o+c = n1·1JJ = UJcA = 001J.•l:i• = roY.tit;ro�(Dc = foo��"lf : JP&- : 'PC(t i 7'1\'1� -1 i\f,: 0T'4lODCDc : ll'J°'J°.,:,. 1 On.re : rai1.1.1ar'} : h.'1,,.C'i7i'iA : OD��'lf:• h_"}�"}� : ch'?,:.,,f,-:;-.: l\01/'Pdif:: fli..J.1,.l1ll)c : il'J°'J°.,:'f• , ODlPl..T : 'h'1itoot-i\:fro• : mf,cf''PA f 9°ti1.r,J: 19° : l\Ol/,Ot-t-"1- : 0'1"1� : "1."l : n�1f : f°t/lCD• : :PA : fl'?A� : fAi' -06-t-: ill\lf'l'i : n�:W : fCP/.l\lD•9°: �A : h'PC(t(Dc : rh'?: fOD.,{J;t : {loo lf}'i:. r:Fc+C 9°: il9°'1°'1"1·: (A�: h .&f,): f'PC(t: fl"}f£"}7i'}: (il9°9°.,,.,·) : f"tm;'f,il: ilt\tr.,: OtLV• : oov,t,.:,.: 'h1>',.,,.t..7o9°i\:fro,: ittiilO'PA:: •

O+htii'il-: -,,l : '4� : Oh·A : il+l0ll)c : hChC : f'PC(tro-•: fl'Jf£17i1 : hth1C : CDc6£b : /\Ol/.f..l1(Dc : fll..i,. : ,,.m:J>7i : ootr'} : 1''1.f..°t1'1ID-: >tA+tif...9°:: n.f,c>Ti\} : l\1. tLCDc : O:Jt:rf'C : 'i!t\f,"1- : l\fl'}t-� : ,::,Wc>l\. fo9°: flC?"&. 7i1-: fTht-fCD• 1 hn>til: '10'1 : rof,.: hJPODt- i hitP'ODt. : m.f. = ti.Jtil = i'tn'l i 'h'J-'tOC = -,oc = 1'1� = hh.:,..v-A-! = 001"lr1:,. = "l•1i:t· = tD -filb : 1'1-'LOC : f,,.J.1,.l1 : il9°9°'1"1- : �/\'I° :: llilllU : i'tf,c>-TI\)· : f"t.J'.f.. C1ro• : Ol..t . : h'1+C'i(Lf·'ii\'I! : ili\Alf-, : f'PC(tro• : fl1'fi:'17i 1 : ih"l : . htl.U : i\f, : f"tm+tan:i·• : 'J°ti"}f,1,. : f/\ro·r :: O:J!C+-r9° :. ll9°9°-,:'f· : n:;; (u) : '11+� : o,,.. fl.f, : 'h'JJ.1,.°tfill�CD- :;: Olt-CD• : h. '1TC'i(Lf-'iA : Olt.: Off.,: 1.l·t: f J-,1-,.;J(Dc: hi\k',:,-- =·'h=i'h=h.= 1':,,9°:,.: Ig : +1 : Ii!fii'it: '¼: 9°: fl'PC(tCDc: h,t-tPJ: (7'1\'1�'") : fl,tL/..OD{D•: il9°9°',:,--: OD1Pl"1· : hit. 1+C'i(l.fw'ii\'f! : ftP/��1f : 1''1{11--: ,:.,c : f'll/.1'i9f.: 'i:f(Ir : f,I\A:: fl..�'J;J --r. ro= = nh. '¼l�·t- = �1c = oou,t.."1'9° = r'Pc(to• = il'l°'I°�:, = 1:1,:.,1, i "1 A-.r = "llf:'f- = t\°7..0C : '1f,C1'f'f\'} : flJl/f,f.."lfi:: {\ODlf} : O'?A� : fill-�A

-69-

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:r..... :

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nit...:,• r- A· f: 'lf...: ovch11: t\"iht-r:,.. : OY'flr'l--: htj:t\: "'rf.1'?1i'1 A :: "" : t�•i : +,n:,'flht\:: '\'J>;.u--9" : fl'l,l1C: : ,l °1 tt"},f,ft : fl'l,l .enm·'J" 1 1C : i',tt·:: ;,. OJ = it 14' � = f© ilfl ODtiEiJ,1 ttt-_e r,,..Y.. ., 11.. r,7,dJ = nr,: n'l,l1C : ;,.OJ : i',"}�K" : ,,, ri•.. i- ! 'lf...: o0 ch-O : ilt\LPJht--r:,. : nm11Ja>· : Y-·"};J1, I it"}f.fro• : CD11 : t\,,.. m,)� : 111ft : noochn· : flo0,n,t,9'1 : h..t,f,,: noo+flA : fCJTJ.1'10:,-- : fm·A : °lY-c:J-- : O..lf1 ;: fiV-t\-1'';:m.. : n�A ¾ °'11\T: ntt1,J>i' : !@E .t t,ht-.e : fOD 661.1 : h.t-.e : h,f..ht-i : ,,..,,,..fl(\u : (lit"}..(!· : n,f'm (l',: ooch"n: it"}Y:: mf.'}" : •Of·,.: 1--t•?J"f : t\OD&..?t9° ;: itht-� : t\1-h t-� f01/.1'lt\'1."} '?�:J--: foY.f{)l�: 'Im·:: 'lf... : OI/��"11"1 : ilit°'lht-f-r : t\"1•'lt\OJ· : :f-C"1'C i f'lt\(1--t: : rr-T1�c : {l{bt\{1,} : f'Jl].h'im"} : ,.,,01()C : {lt\tr'l i O'/"}�m-9" = •,1c : roiz.ovAh+m.. : :f-C"1'C : (16J!'m·"} = 1,1:{ : flt\ (Lrf:'} : itf.,.e..t\'}" :: :f-C,f'C : ;rCi;W• : t\l]f... : fl.t-f,9° : (f', : {\OD��-Jf f m.e'J° : /\1.lL: m:,,l\i\: u-�:J--m• : i:,,'P9° ! f:rC"i'C : it&..�K'J" : ll!!o : ',(D• :: r it111i�m-"} : 1..tL : n00 ch ..fl : f1-�KODlD•: :1=c"i· C: ; c,t:: hh'J..l!" : it'JY:: 'f',4>:,,1 : ',·1�:f: {1{)1-tf'C: f\itfC: flGt-OJ·?°: 1,,,: roim·A: f.."}-0: ',ar::

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--- 70 --

"°:--,: =

HIGH COURT Add.is Ababa, Com. Div. .

NEGIST MAKONNEN ET AL. V ETHJOPIAN AIRLINES, INC. ET AL. Civil Case No. 7)1/55 E.C. MULUNESH DAGNIE ET AL. v ETHlt)PIAN AIRLINES, INC. ET AL. Civil Case No. 939 / 55 E.C. ZEWDIE MEKURIA v. ETHIOPIAN AIRLINES, INC. £T AL. · Civil Case No. 959 / 55 E.C. Con1mercial Code-Air carriage-Cltarter agr�en·zent-Liability for !1arn1 to passenger Mea11i11g of ''carrier"-Exemptio11s from lialility-No effect on third parties-Warsaw Convention-Arts. 126 and 132 Maritinze Cole.

On defendants' preliminary plea that they are not liable for injuries caused to passengers on their aircraft since, at the time of the acciden� it was not on a scheduled flight but was chartered out under a charter agreen1ent. The pl1intiffs contend th.at such agreement does not exempt defendants from any liability, as th ey were the ''carriers'' within the meaning of the Commercial Code. Held:

For plaintiffs. Defendants' preliminary p]e;a is dismissed.

l. The Commercial Code provisions which deal with carriage by air and liabilities of the carrier do not define the word ''carrier''. 2. The provisions of the Warsaw Convention of October 12, 1929 (concerning the unifica tion of rules relating to international carriage by air) do not concern flights within the boundaries of Ethiopia and are not helpul wi th respect to the definition of the term ncarrier''. 3. The principles relating to the chartering of slips (Articles 126 and 132 Maritime Code) have generally been accepted with respect to he chartering of aircraft. Pursuant to such principles, the quality of ''carrier'' goes with the power and control exercised over air craft and crew in terms of the charter-contract . 4. Exemptions from liability inserted in a ch•ar-ter-contact can not affect third party claimants.

Ter 6, 1957 E.C. (January 14, 1965 GC.); Judges: - Dr. W. Buhagiar, Ato Makonnen Getahun, Blatta Yishak Tefferi: - The claim in the above-mentioned three cases arises out of an accident which oc:;urred on September 5, 1961, �hen an aircraft, Douglas C-47A No. ET.T. 16, which belonged to the Ethiopian Airlines, the first defendant in ·all three cases, crashed at about 07.21 G.M.T. on a flight from Addis Ababa to Asmara; as a result cf this accident some people died and others ·Were injured; the. relatives of the de�ased persons and those persons who were injured are claiming damages. The sai<l aircraft was at the time of the acci dent piloted by Edward E. Valentine, the second defendant in all three cases. The plaintiffs allege in the statement of claims fiat the cause of the accident was the negligence of the Ethiopian Airlines, Inc. The defendants raised the preliminary plea that there is no liability on their part because at the time of the accident the 1ircraft was not on a not1nal schedul ed flight but had been chartered by Coron1do Petroleum Corporation under a

- 71 -

AW - VOL. L N IA P IO I·I T E F O L A JOURN

Ill - No. ]

iffs t int l11a at pla tl1e the time of tlle .. by ied den t no is It . nt e m e . . cha.rter 1]·1ght a. gre o r d e p t I· o . na emn Co o C orporat1on but r the by ed rter cha was . ft accident the aircra , t th e E m o · ex e t I · op · n Ajr•lines p � o � d t n � m e e gr a r e rt a h c . is th t � a � he m earung of ;� � it is submitted th 1�. w1 e s er rri ca n o1 e th re merciaI w� ey th as · y lit bi lia t from any e tl . r 1e_ h.c charter agre em ourt 1s wh C the re o bef n o i est qu ent ry ina im rel Th of tl1e a1rcra�t. fro m any er wn o e th c., In s, ne rli Ai liabi Ethiopian ;��ts gers on tl1e a1rcraft. en ss e pa th to ed us ca es ri ju in or h at de lity for the

�f

� �he ;Nhole problem must tha s ant end _def t11e f o ngs adi ple the in ted mit sub It is t1on f1ca tl1e Uru for of certain Rules tion ven Con the of t ligh the in red . side be con w, rsa at \vis Wa �d 1er otl sign e known as , Air by ge rria Ca nal atio ern Int to relating as , the that itted subm Commercial Code been also has It . tion nven o C saw War the does not define ''carrier'', the meaning of such Vi'ord can be obtained from the Warsaw Convention and from other sources. The charter agreement does refer to the Warsaw Convention and the agree1nent was to be interpreted in accordance with, and performance was to be governed by, the la\VS o f the Empire of Ethiopia. It should, however, be mention.ed straight away that the Warsaw Convention ap plies to international flights, while it is not contested tl1at in the present case, the aircraft was cl1artered for a flight from Addis Ababa t o Asmara and from Asmara to Addis Ababa; in such circumstances tl1e fligl1t cannot be considered an interna tional flight to which the Warsaw Convention can apply. Also Article 7(a) of the charter agreen1ent specifically lays down: ''Carriage ft1rnisl1ed by the Convention for the Unification of certain rules relating to International Carriage by air signed at Warsaw, Poland, October 12, 1929, 1,,nless such carril1ge is not 'Internatio11al carriage' as defi11,ed by said Co11ver1tion." The words underlined make it abun dantly clear that the provisions of the Warsaw C onvention \-Vere not t o apply in interpreting the charter agreement which conten1plated a flight within the bounda ries of Ethiopia only. Now it is true, as the defendants st1bmitted, that the rele vant provisions of the Commercial Code which deal with carriage by air and which d.eal with the liabilities of the carrier do not define the word ''carrier''. On the other hand, it is known that the Commercial Code in dealing with carriage by air was inspired by tl1e provisions of the Warsaw Convention. In such circumstances it would be helpft1I, if not conclusive, to lo ok at the Warsaw Convention for some light as to what is meant by ''carrier'' in the C onvention; but we find that "carrier" is nowhere defined in that Convention, and that word has given rise to ma.ny argu ments amongst jurists as to who is deemed to be a carrier in international carriage by air, particularly where, as in this case, an aircraft has been chartered by a person or body of persons. The la\v applicable in this case is not the Warsaw Conventio n but the laws of Ethiopia. ,

The first po�nt to be considered is wha t is a charter-party. Charter-parti� have for a long time been very common in maritime law and the principles appli c_able to th_e charter of a ship were adapted to the charter of an aircraft when c� ria?e by air became a common means of transporting passengers or goods. It 15 univers�lly . accepted, an_d the Maritime Code of Ethiopia so provides, that char :er-parties ID case o� �hips can be of three kinds, nam charter by demise (Art ely i�le. 126 .�f the Mant1me Code), voyage charte charter (Article 133 of r an tim d e tbe Marit1D1e Code) - in the last two cases the r· Ma rit ode refers to such cha C im e :rs as �ontracts of affreightment. The fundamental difference between a charter Y dem se and the other two types of ontracts is th at in the form er ''one partY c � und_erta es. to procure to the other nite pa rty the po sse ssi on of· a ship fo r a defi o �� UbJect to payment of rent''. In a charter-party by demise, th e vessel is p�t r t of the power and c?n tr ;_ ol of_ �he o wner; tha t power and con trol is �: vest!d c·harterer, so that during the h1nn g the vessel is to be regarded as tbe

-72-

•

NEGIST

MAKoNNEN ET AL. v. ETHIOPIAN AIRLINEs, lNc. ET AL.

own er. t�e �ether of not a and �harter-party charterer is a charter the of el vess or a time charter 1s a question of construction of the charter voyage a or ise dem by instrnment creating the charter-party. The principles relating to the charter-party of a ship have generally been ccepted and adapted in the case of a charter-party of an aircraft with some ex �eptions due to the particular featil1:es of air navigation. The three main types of g: in w e e th llo ar fo s ct ra nt co r te ar ch air (a) hire of machine without pilot or any crew, known as ''hull'' or ''bare hull'' charter; (b) hire of machine with pilot and/or crew who are to be under the direc tjon and control of the hirer; and (c) hire of machine with pilot or crew (or both) who are to remain the ser vants and under the control of the owner. The ''bare hull'' charter corresponds to a charter by demise in maritime law; its main characteristic is that the aircraft itself, without crew, is let or hired for a particular journey or a specified period. In the other two types of charter the whole capacity of the aircraft, rather than the aircraft itself, equipped with crew, is let or hired for a particular voyage (voyage charter) or for voyages to be order ed by that charterer during a specified period (time charter). In the case of a ''bare bull'' charter it is clear that the charterer would be the carrier as the aircraft is �der his control and direction together with the crew supplied by him; the char terer assumes the mantle of the owner for any liability in respect of injuries to passengers and goods. It seems also clear that the position is not the same in the other form _ of charter con:tract when the space in an aircraft is chartered complete with operating crew for a particular journey or for a specified period when the crew remains under the control of the owner of the aircraft. The position is not so clear where the crew are under the direction and control of the charterer. In the present case, however, it js not necessary to enter into the question as to who is deemed to be the carrier within the meaning of the Commercial Code in the last type of charter contract mentioned because in the opinion of this Court the only construction that can be given to the charter contract (Exh. D/1) is that of voyage charter of the space within the aircraft which was piloted by a servant of Ethio pian Airlines, Inc., who continued to have control and power over the aircraft. In fact Article 1 of the contract provides that the ''charterer shall purchase from EAL and EAL shall furnish to charterer charter air transportation, described in Schedule A attached." The Schedule provides for charter air transportation from Addis Ababa to Asmara on September 5, 1961 and from Asmara to Addis Ababa on September 6, 1961, for exclusive passenger service, exclusive cargo service, ex clusive passenger and cargo service. In the second paragraph of Article 1 Ethio pian Air Lines, Inc., is described as the carrier; this may or may not be conclusive, but from other provisions of the contract it is clear that Ethiopian Airlines, Inc. was in control of the aircraft; under Article 5 Ethiopian Airlines was not to ac cept cargo under the contract unless the charterer had prepared an Ethiopian Airline's charter air waybill; under Article 7(c) Ethiopian Airlines, Inc. would not accept cargo having a declared value in excess of E$325,000 per plane load unless advance authorisation had been obtained from an officer of Ethiopian Airlines, Inc. Furthe r1nore, the contract contains provisions which would not be necessary unless Ethiopia n Airlines, Inc. was the carrier, as for example Article 7, which prov ides that ''EAL shall not be liable for loss of any money, bullion, bonds · · · etc.'' 73 ._

'4 OL. V AW L AN PI IO I TI E oF JoURNAL

Ill - No. l

at whatever the relationship th ed tior n me be uld slio bet ween mor. e it ther Fur . . a result of the agrcen1ent entered . as cl1arte1er the d n a n c I . s , 1 ne r A" 1an Eth.1op nto t i thi p rd rti ffe rot e ct a wh a ose s remedy c01 n • ag reement does th em, such n ee tw be . A · t 11op�an E · ir 1 l h · ug mes, ll? lt a , Inc. So r. ie l1as inserted to be against the carr n � :� charter agreement variou� provi s_1ons e x_empt1ng. them fro� liability, such . 1 n relation to the charterer. In tl11s con ly o n effect have can . · s on necti 1s1 prov. on . 1·t . h w h f v1 o pr_ 1 1c ·ct b es or exemption fro . should also be mentioned that Article 7( . )(") m of n '!? , or any �ther person liability to an.y passenger, his represe n:at 1ve, next for any injury to persons or damage to proper�y l1as effect :�l�ss_ occasioned by E AL's negligence'' and in the present case the c�a1m of the pl�1nt1fts 1s based on neglig ence of Ethiopian Airlines, Inc. So tl1at even 1f the co ntract l1a� a_n?' effect on . third par ties, Ethiopian Airlines. Inc. would D•)t be free from l1ab1l1ty on tl1e plaintiffs' allegation of negligence.

The above is sufficient to dispose of the whole m atter, but it may also be mentioned that under Article 2081 of the Civil Code, liability for the accident would fall on Ethiopian Airlines, Inc. As regards the second defendant, Edward E. Valentine, there is no basis for the claim against him; he was the pilct of the aircraft whicl1 crashed and he was at the time tl1e servant of Ethiopian Ai�lines, Inc. Under the Corn1nercial Code the person liab]e is tl1e carrier and under 1l1e Civil Code the claim for any damages should in the first place be brought alai nst the ''owner'', subject to the right of recovery of the owner who l1as pa.id c)mpen sation to the victim a.gainst the per so n in whose keeping tl1e macl1ine or vehicle was at the ti1ne of tl1e accident. The claim against the seco nd defend.ant -is, therefore, dismissed. The Court holds that Etl1iopian ,.Ajrlines, I nc. was the carrier at tl1e time of the accident. as they had retained the control of the na vigation of the aircraft under the charter contract. The preliminary plea of the first defendant, that is Ethiopian AirJines, Inc.. is therefore dismessed.

•

- ;4-

•

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n.:t-V-kf: /\9°;rf.C1t& : fn.fl'iOIJ.. : llt:1:,C: _f°ttr1 : fitil+P.F-C:_ it!l:9° ::: ht-ti,'} : h,it : C,:fuHC :: n,,. '1 n ?-:,.. = OD'}«?r;1-:,.. = f;,, <t-.t :t> = r"4fl'i ai = flaifLv-1 == •

1'i = nA"7;'J- = i\.,e, = '1/\•-l· = t-t1el-- = 1&ilT = /\ll�f: 1 /\"7il+'lnc , 1tP'tr = "7h.,,r��'i = t,�,;. 1 = /\"70D111. 1 = roi�,: = r>til+P.F-c = LILT , f,IP/rA = +-Of\o = r01J.m-0+1&1 = cril-1-'i = /\ODilm:,.. = OtJJ9° = fP.'?:rA :: h1llf�W-,'} : 1.ft : f (l�J;..'} : t-t+'l'lOC: hOD/\CJ10JT : f,A� • f (l�J;,.: 7-P.� =· f01J..ou{\h+ll>'1 : l,�J;,.1 • OP'lr: i\f,: f°tft&/\OJc'} : fnil--1-P.J!C : h�A t r P'tr = 1:c;e.:,..'i = P''I = P'C'¼-l- = "77ifA = ffl/\m = '1'�9° IL!ili1 = �-:f- 1 t1P./\OJc °'tr 1 '''l1P.11: = >t1c--:f- =· '\A r- i-c-'°(lc fl nc11'i1&il m«ilT : l,�f: : flP'lr : i\f, : /\.arA : f"7f,-:f-An-l� : 9°h1!-l- : W--T'i�'} :· r,ro-- 1 ('Tl!'1t:11'f1) !+�n-:,.. n�f\o'f = P't-:fOJc1 noi1'1 il/\"7 (D1,'J° : h'llLtJ : h�f\o'f : Lf.OD(IJc : ilt.lblr : ',OJc::''

= =

�IP?-=

OfLU : �11: : 1'1.Tf-A-19° : 11Jr9>1i : 1'i : floPA"7-l-: i\� : f tr : i\1· . e'f noi1�n:,. ll'>.:r91l- = -l-1'1/\l 9°19° t1ti.1 tt.:,--r-A-f = m:r• '\'\ : rA"7T : 11.th.lr'l! : ii�1: : 2 : hoo1·foo6f9>� : fn�6:'> :· ii1l!''f = tt1� = 11:i--rr1r i .,e,u = nr� = i\f, = /\.m·A = r:r/\w-- = n�c11 =· ',� :: ll'/\+i10Jc : fn9°il-l-- : '¼OD.'}-- : t,:,,,: : 1'i : nooh.f�f: : i\� : 1,1?/ A ;· '11C: '?1 : n-'t(t-1 : 11.th.t-«'l! : fA"7-l--: ll�Y:: flP'lr: i\f,: /\"7CJ1A: /\1..._ u� fmtJJOJc rttil+P.1-c 1t!l:r = >l1h1 1'1P./\n:,.. = 'll\Lw-- = rFt--:

tirom�,r

"7.il-tc • V"> • lbtt = fi:t:.11c , +Y:'l° • fk:,.�tt.� = ,. , w,1F:,. = oo"}OJF:,• = fT-fltt.n , h.�ai 111:,. t:.7i"} • 'h"tilttv.:,• : Jtt:.n-tc : W,{1-;,. hlJ•1 {lrf•{l{l-;.:,. OD"}OJJ'-':t"T fh'i:&:J> • kfl•: 'i°tn • tiain .r·1' • fih1111 =h{l,,.��c , n�A • f.9° • 'i:fll14 ss 1. fl hC11'iOril.h. I J19°TC't"}(L-it : Tltt"t°l: k1' 1 (19° 1 ht;;&l]"} r lJ"}T&ll r (oo{lht.9° lb = " 1 1'i • ,A:J..1•00) ,. Iuf�r 2. lltrfl-t�ll14 r fh9°{l:,.: q.oo:,.. : (Tit">) {>�J: s ODOJ{l.f s flf.,ll14 K""th-t;; t foo1,_oo&faJ-•· fhr(I:,.. I '}00,1� I iJ�Y: : foo1,_oo&fiD4 : fri.:i•�tif : m�"" I fkJl'i°t'i' r fOl/'10�'1! 1' �C" iJ.Y:1:,.S !· ODOD&f (?"t'L(L) lf'i s Ol�(.{l•"} r 1,1A'I.A kT�kf r flkP'i°t'i" s fl°7'10&-'1! • �C": /JX... 1T •oo{l4i,. 4f,:,•: .. ,.1 0. sflfW, /Jf.f:: fl.01/iD41fJT l1ht;;6:J> fOD1,_0D6, f'P • h1c s oolfS:">9°. ,.e.1ill14 • �th.<;:. ,.e.1A1-A :• Oiilf�t • q • 9° • OkT�kf •,. • � 11 f,.,.,,.,1,.llJ4"} v--fl.-t�m-"} fh'l°' ao fiJ�Y: • F� s OD& 1· '11.. : 1-"'� h1'� : 1-.11Jra. {l:,._ I qoo:,, I /JfY: I (Iilf�r-Iufti I 'h I lb'h) I 1K"' I ©r I -too Ah:,• 11 Sf

1 " ,

-75-

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:. . = <l>"' : � D tOtJ 'l ° f? "·'1 } ",.. · : lrt �{ : ftJl/ • ::J }ttj = A 'P l ·l·' : lf: T � � ,IA'l°f: : ,f• C: . -. t,. � .. : .r/' ,1 fd} :. t\ J.:.__ mlt ' ": : � P' hC:9° " l"l .. � 'h'} i1 7f (]D : 1 : h A hl\t.1\ .lD" : i : : t\Or ) 8" : lC 01 : &,il r "l i't ..e ( " 1 : l\t ('f T ,9'1 11:, : m} ·'I'� 1 7·'1� : ?i' ;,.L:,• : lP : .. , ,n ,, = = ," = o 1c 1f, -P. = " · tJ L n1 o 11( i : l t- T = {l:.f"l t-t:,,c{l : ., 0 c si J?,rr .t-tfl n:,.. :: ,. } P' : c :, " : �,f f ':i: : OD11}1 /,\ : f{\(De"}: fl"7..t{\•f;' (!1",..ft:; : 0t\,fl 1"• (JD '1f , _e, .aa 1-qn e1 c; = (JD OJ'1 q:,..1 = n _e, n A'I' = "17f7f A 1 fJfl "l A = a,;, !!n?>-:f-1 = r UCJ.! (ll:J·:r I f<P/.f',:}>j>t:; = f"7..0D/r : LA.'l'"l : O'/lD·llJ:, -- ; '¼OD;J--'P.w,."} : 'llT: tr = "'I rtL'I.01/..f 01 mta��r : ;, c : 67 '1°l\ :,. = q {11),l.. = qoo ar : tfo of: i fltr'Jl\t. ?t'J°: ��l\&,.911�: "'l"l , i1.e.lf� : 0 °1AK": HC11f: = ouflm:, ,1 '1''1l·LU: h'IILU: ftJ1.lfoo�.. : fhll,f•J;Y.C: H1o : i\llr(fl1': f A6f/1•: t,:,,J!: : +4-m'I : lffo : J,"l�ht:;m"} : fll'/.l�- : J!,ODlll\lA :: rl\.:i•v·tf "l7-1P .,.,F:t· oo"�"IP':, .. i', "l Y: = f1·m:J,d\l\ = r ADI/:,.. {):,,,: : 'J°caotr : "'11:l"l = i1.e.oi1nLA"l = o,v·4" = }\11.. = t,ro·•�� = Jr.f ·IIJmC : !iJ!=Er : '¼ : 'J° : "fC1&o(lC I ft.. : i'l.C1ft:;lD·llh. : ill\ : ''1'1...fl'iD?.. : Atrr/:,..: l)�,f:: n*'l°:.f'' i IP/.ll-i"C : l.: �t;: : "1-'l: ilt\ : ''IAOlJ:,-0 : (li"C:J'/A): '11:'1· 1 111/H.?,::,..i; : tlP'lr : I\J!, : "'l'PIA'' I 'l ' 'i:,- : itf:C1lD" : OD fl66J» : '1'1�.(lm• = h�·c1 : 'ltlC :: U·fl-1:9" = (19':.f = fCPJ..11-:,-: h..-1-- qo-;,.:,. : OD 1'? F;r:,-: fh�t�: fh..\l'it12. : ta01/.(\f"1 : ((!lti) : ODP-'t rf: n,:,. : llril'I' : ',W- :: hltU : 01\f, :: n,f'm'l>(l-,)· : OD"Jfllili/,?11''i : h'ln• : ,1,,-- 11ou� : 07"1\rf: ti'i: fJt(l,f·P.F.C : 1--P.r-:.r--�- 1 hchc':.f..: ODIP/..T : 1'.1X:: ,flJLt-.'I! : ft):,,,:: .,,., 1r = tiou �c r:,..i,.,11 t.. LI.!:,, ,1•tl:J ;�,r- = n OD mc; :,.. = i\J!, = _e.1� A 3

nit

r,-,.,

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r:,-i,,rr

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= t..4!:,, ''fln..Tf"kf = 1'1•1P '11P1:,.. = OD"}"Jp:,- = ti"lf: ·f,,..flnt.. = fi,:PY: P'� 1tou1rc'' 'll1-'t'ic = ft1A o:,..htftr?'° roill ,,.fl·T : ,t-m�, (l tpA ::

(6) f{):J,t..' : P't,. : ODt : 1•flh» :

(t) ft):,,� -- : Fir : h'I'� : POIJ.,f; : (r) fl):,,t..• : P't-. : ?.';,,t.:,.. : n..�, :

•I

(�) 1'."}f..OIJ..h+fl w- : lf'IW• : OiJp�- : P'b' : t,'I'� : "t-'l� : :,-i,111 : n,f'Qj,lfl/ t = rOIJ..**oo• = r":;,: = P' 1r s 1:c�,r-.:.1.. 1

(u) nr'l>m'iw- (nrro(l�) : rt1.. :,,r-kf : i'l..ti'fCP/.. : A"'I:, .. = 11oi ouflh;r:fw- 1 hA(! : At : fOD"}OJp-1:,, : ODJ'-'tf : '1T 1 'h1f t,.(l.?J:.f : h"i"CD•llJm· : r",-.**00- 1 f4>tn'i : fP'Ir : h'r� 1 1·'1 J r..?>l- : ('101.i:?>l-) I 'h!"lP.1� : P'b' : h'I'� : 1--'lJ'b: Oh1 ,(': rn".e = 'lt\P'At1J1 1 /\.4'0D"lnc'l:'f• = J!,ODtrA

•

(t\) r "4ti«r"t = A"" :,..c; =

ror, n t.'P. =

�l!' = 1t1:1:,.. = h°7...ooll h:.t ;,,:f(l}c : fOD"}"JP''T : ODp-'l,f : fl.,f,1, : (Defl'I': f°7,. OD« : ft\°7:,•: 1:C�+l- : Ofit'i!l\-: P't.: lthh.f �: ita9°=+--TT C'i : OD{,�,r: fiJ:i»Y: = P't-1= •

'"��ft- ::

,�r 0111a, F:,.. = F&f = f1·f·l-''= r"7.'11\-..-,,. = ''1r1\-9° = °7..tfl.-1: e1:roortf = o.+:f ' f001"lP'T = mil.A= 00F&f = n..+l- n:Fc+c : f...,-* '*"°': fOD"}"Jp-':,- = (llJP'l,f = f11'•1''i: [ltJDc{\-9°: If� = Oh&.A: flOD"}"l.P'-r: .q,:� : f"tli,h,� : h"7'10t.'I!: �c»: hF:1:i-: rof,9° : hit.fl'i°OI/.: A°'l-r= :,c: -,.,��:,- = fl\:flIJc = r '1'?P'T:·flf� = 'li\P'A�'1= ODP'&..r: fL,f-1•:'' •

'i:fa,., ==

fi,:t,.,e; : P't- : OD{,: 1 ,'11., ¼ f/J�f:: P'&-: n'I'� : 1--'li'b ¾ f/J:i»Y:: 1rihL:,.: 11:,.. = +"l'lC'1.. 'i : P't!\llJ'i'f: 0"'1..hi•/\---l-: 9°/Jt.C:i': 4 m«il'I': f,-06-� t\-::

''fi't.-rf-kf : Jri.lt'i"'l.: foo"}a,p:,.. • f'?A'i : f11ll-r : P'&-: Y:C .�l- : trt\-: +lt4-1,: ft.lf)-0:,• : fOl/.1'1: �'11A�: i't.fl'i"'l.: �OJc:: f,IJ: t,:,,,: = r0111'?P'•r'i = r'?A = rA"7:,.. = r&-911·1 = 01Jil+11nc i our&-:,-,; = fV-ft,f: : h'i!flol-: fA"7:i• : +"l'lc»l--: 1'.Cil : OCil: 1''11;.f.�1�: 01/1:l"l• '11\fl-r :: h.P't-m« : h'i!+� = flf� : OD&\ti?°: OJcm.-r : 001/'?7...,.. : 11"1.&.'I! m-1: 'i!'l1T : 1\01/Cti:,, • fJ\.lt'i°t : aJf,9° : f(ta.f A: it1A°lflo.:,•: �ti : f If).: A�: A�: lIJcT'il-= flOD'} "JP'Tf: 1''1-'tV-9°: O'?A ": Y:C9f:,f7f: f,h �fD'-ift--:: h�lf.U: lrit- ' h'i!floT: Oit1t,J:: h.ta'iOIJ..: (l}•ilT: '1-tt}.A: flf�: f.l){'> = rfff4 = hi\lf). = 1-tch= o&-ti:faJ- = +,_��&.9'1.. = fLlf). = ntL1r= oov, 5 L.:,..:. V-ft,f:'J°: h�flol--: l\it1t,,J:: AUi/� .. : UI/Och:,-: f,'iC'l:f'PA::'' . fl t"h11ft-: h..ta'i"'l.: 4>m'i : Oh·A • fi'i.TV--kf : fii'l°ilT: ,00:,- : t,:,, �'i: nr,001: : f"'l.a>m«-l-: fP'&..: O,ilLK°tf: LP"}mlir:f ! fi\.(Dc'}: 1-tT. :t-A= n'I':,,"° = ,.,, = l\«?'PA'i = ooi..?..,r= roi111:r0Jc1 = (DcT'i7f = +<Y>llJ'l'C'= itD?h'-ia>"}: oooot,f : 1'1-'ttr�: ,f-19°-t'PA:: O'?/.\: 4-m'i' : n h·A : f.."l'l° ! f1t9°il-r : qoo:,.: iJ�Y:: '¼ll"'I: i\.ih1ft14: f'?!t'1: oc>l-: "'itir:,-.. : 11:F = �(1}4 :: �tr'}: 1'1){; f'11•lP: '11P''f:: ID1"lP'T; ih1fft- : 'h'1YoT: hK:'C1= h;r{lfl(I)«: "111: f\.oo1:lh: 'h.1-'t:fA·= '7'1 :J> 01/f.4-L�'1: itf,i"W'?°:: It°1 It : f °til«7 oo--r'} : m«'l''r1''i" : aorpflib?11' : (Lf ..e.4-<;::C : f"'If,m:,, oo- �: 1-°l'l° I fila>'?�A :: fttri\.+�ro•: rttril:,-- : ,oo:,. : t,'f,1: ' LPltit: flOO,f •: fOl/..lf� m« I ii.IA °7T:· f°t.lD•l\(Dc: 11H11: h'?l\'I! : 1-0lT : y,r : )lt;:�:f: h1f...°tlf1 =

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>t;,:;;. I '1°/J�r,: = f-(i> 1 !5. 1� r @?;: +tm/.\.h:1, :,

<r:> 'he.· = "°'�&-<i: = §-(c) -77-

(§) 1 (7;) ,f•flOe\b.lf� 11

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+"f :

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ill\ 1 °7.�il-rC'°;f· 1 P'AflJ"}'i: Fir: fi'fji fcJ-ii r q 1 'J° a fm,TJ : :,-'h•11f 1 .,,.._'l'C: ji • (}:.,6·1· = ;Jft"l I i� : qoo,} : -,...'l'C r ?;) n

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q : ; J {l,,.fty, Om,TJ },:Jt:,- ;Jll.flJ ♦--'l'C : E : r:J�J!.ft'i : OlLlJ• • q 'I° • · �°I n'P � f:J-m,: J (lt'P� 4"-'l'C J 1 q : 'J° : �:.,t:i-:.,tl./l a. J.-/C -,OD•r• cf>vr I

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,. r :i•r-kf = �":h•r6h • 00111r-rc; 1 ;}1'A = 'lttFA"l"> 1 ;1:c,t·c , Iiif t = q , 'J° • (}:, � ' ;Jll.flJ 1 !.�� : qoo,}• 1 · � t,) -,...'J'C : ?;) n 8• f -rr-A·.r = '> 1 } 1 00 � t\.lloo 1 th :li 1 = ·l· * *oo n,1 f · lt'P = ,,.._ • � 1:" � ,., • c f.i jjfi /'J.ii f l; � � 'J", (};.>t,)•: ,'J H.flJ: !.I� a qoo,}• • -,...,..'.:: fr) rs 9· n.e.C'T'\'i:f· 1 "'l�nc I Y:c-t·c • I.itfcnt, q. 'l° 1 (};1t:i-- 1 ;11L1TJ , i� = qoP:,-' 10.

h�tltJ n1•tt.,e, m°l m'r-fl\:f(ll• flao10JP'•1-- : '1)!:,,. hoi1--�f.� = �c,.:1..:f 1\,1\ ¾ f1ai� ,n°l = noiz.111w· ODlPl:,- i r, ..,.LJJ = '11F...I; (IP'J °IF:J•c; Y:c;e.--r--:f. = rtt11ffcr:1: ftt nitr·1 tfl/-'�n�:r- t,'1/.\ = c;:1�mfH.U'J° : 'P'i: l}t\"1 I 'h'}.<;.(l:J,.t9'l· : 1'})til4-� : /lOI/{ll.;J•;r:,• : ',(D• :: f'J°l�'i : f'h1,�il-rt: °t�il1:C t fh.)tll : i',fl'l : 'l,:J�?J:f,.: 'J°tJ C: 11:,... • r h.::,..f"kf = fA"7 ,r = '11h'i, r1:hth Y:c,::," = ll'1/.\ = 1-nl:,• = 11c= �c:e:,r--"f 9'1ticc; c�:J-- .,e,oai� ll h1°1�'i = i1�- il1""t = uitil:,...c= F

= = =

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-78-

I 'Bj;S./'fii8u8 �,<J..;(�

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rtt.:i--r-*f : f AOI/T :

*ao-" 13

ll'lh : flnP:E, : 'I>-- : r.Ii!Ifir.'!ir : q : 'I° : f'l'l�9°: +°l'lf!if : f�h..,.t't•:i• : c;:flD' ::

(�) fln.,rV-kf : , : ., : OD : °I,:,.. AIP/:,.. : h'}Jtil4,4- : t\ODC�·1' ::

:_ W•il'f' :

+9:

fh'l�il,rtc; : fhCif :

(i) 0'}7-lP : '11P',f: : OD'}d/p-':,• : °llf,}• : t&{l'f' : 1'}Hf11': 'f':t>'I°: fl°t -.

« : P' 6-9'-:,_ : l\f, : h ,�.. W· /r: ll°1 Y:l.°l J ( }'} h«: f,t-*!lfoon:,.,: (Im . P' 6- : ll01Jhc;m1 : h'1J;..'f·A I 11-n,n : h1-'tff1�--cc; : ll+O�t9' -:f-9°: 'Pil: 1,1-'tlf1 : ''J, il-t'·lt'' : he;: ''f11�--'' : itro•'f'.Y..: flP't--: l\f, : 'h1,<;.fm·A'i 1 1'1-J;..u•'J°: 111ff1•1 : f11°1Y:: P't- : I\J!,: h'l-'t -: P't-: 9':f ,f '14,f, : h1-'tlf1 : P'A"l'l : +(l'f' frocAc; : 01'?..�· ..y..;1--A :: rtt.:tr-*,,r = an1°1F1-- = '11h1 = frf-- tiw- = fh..1--r�*, = 11"1.t--<e '11n 1 fl'1-1tlf1t : �Tc = ifl!Ifir.2r; = q = ,., = nrc,1--c = +00011..'1-- == 14 1,ur = '11n = fi'l..TV-kf: "} : ., : OD: 'l"}ti : ',(D� ! fl\ft.o1''1°: fl"}}l'f: U--/r: fO/\f, :' ',(De :: -n+l\f,'I° • 1"}tt,n = h'l-'t�1.i ¾ h1,<;.;J-- ,t-?1'c; = 'h1Jtro"I = CTCJY:t..'? = r11t1 -01c; : fn&.-'t1•"} : ODffi"} : ODotpllJmC'i: ODODffi'} 1 (l'}-,,.w : .,,,,.,..1; : °llf1' : to-ll'I' : fii. 11-cc;(Lr·c; A : 0Dffi'lf14!f: dt.ltfl'f "}t; : 11H{l:f"} : 009°&,.1,t;: ·"'J ii+� J! C I h., tLU--9° : fl"}}l':}: : f 67.�Ji' tJDc fl,.,..,, : t..:J>s: : OD il'" :,.i; : P' t,. r{I}«'} : OD�"JmC : ..�1"'/\A :: f11ff,fli" : f'l'}ti : P't--: O'P� : 'fv- : III/ 15 r-kf = 11m.t--<e = 'l'ln I t\it..•r n"'l....rt,(Dc = OD01l1--i 1tiv.;1: .-.............. = q = r = f-kf : f1°1Y:: 'l'lh'i" : t\i't-'til: i'tfl'ltJc: '11'h: t..:J'f:: (l'f';tT'PA:: fl,f--LJ;t t'I° = '''l1n = Jt = l!"'l'i"'' = '''l1n = 'iTIL" i n,:J>s:qoro• = il?°'l°'l1.. = OOLP l'1- 1 fllhCTt--: m/°1•11· : ro•il'f' : i',1A°lft.o1' = fl ODilmr : I\/!, : f,1i1ft' ==

r,":,...

°'

""'**

r>i.rr-�, = ,-,,: = '11h = flit,rn�:f. = Oit..·1·r·kf = roctt'I' = oo-:,-. = llnnl'lr-1 = D'f�n�if = r+w(I, = 'h il-t'·n = f,(lllJT'PA r,t-ro(l� = ,Jtn(I .V-'i°i- : ,fl;J! : flh..TV-*ftD•f 'r-:,_-.. : 'h1J;..11r : (LJ!l'? 1 '1.,fll-f�:f. : itn(L V-'i°:f : flf:,..;;:t&'I° : rt;, : IL11-r : f, -:f� ::

(g)

f ACP/1' : ?'IL.(L : f�hc;ro1q:f!£1J- : tlJ!o9'1"' : (�ultf9'i--) ::

t\ch1f 0• : h.lt'r"t : ACTC/;I.. : f"?.Jil&.A1m« : 11tl-O : f"tooflJ(Dc : ht} 00:r<e : q,::,-.c; : hOJ·6Ih : lt1C : ,fl�C'i : C�;r : �ro« f°l A : 4-m'i"'l : t\00 �tlJmC : f-;J--h il t f U1C : ro•il'f' -: ,o�c; : fro·6'h : n1C : 'J°'}lf t : f.,.'}fl:f

'hi\�: 0°1C1. : IP/ilt,.'11-: p-.'J'C: i : frf--n14na>·1 : l\01.S,.ilr)--c:";f: P'AllJ"}'r: P'lr: flDtlJ a>-"} : Thlflf : P--TC: ii/1.'fi'f.{jj'f; : rf--uoAh--l :, ' 13. f'1..:1-r•k,f : f/;\IP/:,- : '11-h : fr,.*!J:uoo:,--: �q>J!- : .,...'J'C I f!i/Iiif�c : '¼ : '}° "r (�;,t:,.. : ;JH.tJJ : I'l'f , quo:,. : 'r'J'C: j) :1 14. f1,.:i•r--A-,r : 1ldt. lr'l! : '11-h : ;1:crf•C � IfiJ:ll; : q , 9° s ·r'hljlf : .,...'J'C r c1j SI (�;,t:i-- : ;,tl.tJJ : 3'f'2'/ : quo:,.. : 4'--'l'C , �) . 11 12.

••

�

- 79-

0? C9 C 9° : · : , l:'f Y.. f ( l1 '' 'i , l r'i · : 'e tti l t} :t ;J/;\ ./;\ 'i : {l/. • • :,. : f � 1 ir r '1 , ft l\A 'P f ,n ' 'f. A � :J> °; • �;r 1 t\ \'.:.,_ft l\m�n- � , 11. • • Fo �OJ1 1· �f,l f: 9° : tJ �(to:f : f01/.t..Pi • -- = m-(l� :i tt .. . h e .. tu r· :1� · i fl .. u = -:ff 1� 1t i · = 1.1 w: O f,\01/:'f - : 1'1, : 1'1Pi l--."f• 1 �U 'I : : lf lli\ : c: '? : � H :,. 0 i 11 '? C'J : 11 : 1 P' t.. : 01/ ti.fi;f : foY.lf · f 'i / Vf' : .. � :: / l 6.,, d 1l '.i· : O fl OI A · OI /;\ · : t l."f 'I' � • 1(1} f..l.. flP/. fta: : � //l (ltll -:f"IC : .. n (l� f : f,f '': :: If\ C1 t 0 m 1 . i" -: :,1P Pif 1' : 4: :11 � f;1--+y..m-1 : nt:,. : 0'1'1 c : 1 : 1'1J;,.IP?, : f'71/.H -0 J • ·�: J,.,f ,::,- : t'\f,DDJ.1..-01\:fm· : {lf"Y.til,f:f:!1:i:: ( "1 :J�� I, = fll·), = f°7..41�flm• :; >t :J1?- : m-'l''iif- : 11,-,. : t;:fm· :i 1111-0: 'l llll = "Lr-- : 000 1-- lD : 1l�lf1 * lltr -- ° . t\ 9 : fO '1' " : �1 1>;1.e, : ttil:f9t f, : fAlf-,.T'1 0, • :: �lIJ (t : y� o, ou : fl H• 11 : � o w : f+ A 1:+ : n� r . f f : Fir: lP }mt..1r';f.: f f,\01/:i-•: ni:,.. : J,1Fo:i-•: J\"}f..O'/Jf;J�'i: hA"'i; 0 l\ e. : (LlD·A : /\'},,�.'}: i't�·C 1 : : : ' lr� 0F , �C: 1'1Fv."f--: },1J.1..0'/..'l 'i'� i �1J.1..0l/.7f7ff.\ : mf.. : :,'l.l\ OOT/.1·f.:1.. 1 'l°/Jt.c::.-f.. = a1•{)'f' = ..e,nt.t..A fro·�: U1C : CPi;J--'i" : •fl�•C:: : hl!\Ol/"f' : rrtr : V-'.. }mt:·J1•:y.: ;,c: --,l• = C�;J ...9>1�- : m'}:J, • f : tJ i\ t1Y-'itl. 1,,1�: : = 1 c, 1,u :: . :fm· : f+tfao};. : .. ° l 19° 09 /Jt,.lt: = ?: -([i) hC...(lt.t.l\1 r. :: /tf,'f t,.:fm· tt�( >C9° h«,1·1_u• : 1

'!,,:,�;�,

=�

fm·6l!·C.·: fU1C : m·ll'I': --1111,fl: flAOl/-1•: P't-. : i\f,: }\'})tm·A = /l01 16 : : 9°: rw JlD· : : Ol;J--:J--:,� : 04'-"- :t?i/Itif.!1% q .,f.,.''};J't -� i',J;..ll : fD?..'J:'k n QDc,}•1: fAOIJ."f, : x.-c,:-,fl-1'i': OChi·: .,.f/\ : '1 11i"fi : flAOT/;I. : l\f,: ITIJ'PA: ff H·•."f .. 1 : ..f..'Cl:-f:")'. : t110.. : 0l"OC : �'I : fJ.1..c;1:1�cpA � fl,l·t\f,9° : t\�CtfC.- : n7'1};..il,l·t =rt--= r01..f1ll"lll-- ric7ic; = fh1,�--ll:,-.& = ODh.c,·91:.}·· h10. = tJ:.P: 4'1-'r : ','} : (J'',m•: 7'1�..1flc: ,e,t;J,P,/;\; ,,..}J;.u�?° : flU1C : t!rll'I': ·I· IP Cr fw OJ• : (Df.. (D• 6f!' : f Oll I\ h· Tl : /Jj;> ¥J·:;:.-, : h OJ•6lfl 'P : ',, : reJ.1..C;,:f 'PA =1 111111:fro-- 1 = (ti1::J··l\:.t=w·1) nh..:i-•r-A·f: ro·ft'I': flt\oir/•)": rt-: 'lf!,: f'P� fm· 6f.b 1t·1c = 'l l\u1 1--r-'f hrtu• rt--:fa,. = .r1"1"•l·1 :1--c� 11 H-0 : lDf. : h1&--:fw· : (\OlJ(l,f•l\{\(i:'i" 1 ,Ii.Ian·, : 'ltl)t,. : 1..1·1. : htl,V- : f<fl/.1 l 1m-1 : r-t-fJ&-- : 11H..() : /lUDW•(lf,: + flD·61b : h'IC: 111'1•0: 9°'}Jffu: 'il.frt,f· l\t\.l I (1,f•Q.'1°1/t?° : hm-611> : h1C : ll+1"f.;f. : 11..f.."C'i": lDl\f.": 'P'i"m-19° = ,fl�C: t\UDh&.,f: f01J..lf1: flD-6f. : h1C : ?°1tft,: f,&.4�-�A:: 1,1f.1J..lJ,9°: fm-611- : h1C : ,-1,1:.f. : ft+m�'i' : ofJ>?J':.f :: O.11·1• : 0l&'6lb : ll"lC : 9°1•1t : h1.';.+l\ll� = ,e&..+�A :: 9°19° : },1\\1 : hfttJ : 01\f, : h--I•1l\�."f· � tt1fi 1�� : f"'ifll:J--:J!'i' : fUD/t(lf : HfoP"f· : httv-1 : flt{. .. )-.9° : /\j''}.V,'}..<;. : 1: C�,l· : 01·1\,e : fi..&.4'J;..9° : 'k°t : lf'ia, . : O,la'? : onf.11,:JrW- : l\lDf. �:,..: fit1c,)--r-A-.r lD-{ltp: 11H'l:fm-; : flt\0'1:1- : l\f, : na1q1/;\ : 0°1.t.A--1·: '1 l\u-0..y.. = UD 1"°1{IDf = ,e,If'i':f'PA : 1,..0 f,, uo;t·A :: ,.rl\ aJ..'I" : ,11"I i n:,,c,o : 1..tt : llt\ : OJflJ -� w•,arf:: : 9°'} : 1'1f. : If} -= · ftOT/OJq' : it!!,:l=A9° :: �v-"t i'}l = 1,1.e..�tt.u .e�:,.. r,"b.'? = Jt1+i:·;. = 1tf.\Ol/:1•· : �ori.cv•/\(D•"l = "11\'P. u,n:,, : f\°1"11:,- : ()tq9u : ,et>;i\-- :: m:,,1\1\ r;l·htt tt!l:9"1 hA"?:i• 0 :,,y_ .. ;,c : f ao .,o : of. • itf.. l 0 1 7m• : 'rl--)·: i'l 'ill1..� : 'Im-:: i\61.1•C : 1.. 1. : J(l:.}'".. 1· " : f°1.<D4/.\ : ..,...111--0 : o:t�·

= =

(,,

"° :

•

- 80-

dt/ l /l"'ldJ�i:t-: f0'/.f..l..1(JJ• : 'l'l..:'J• ! •{\t,OJ•: 1.ff. : hrt-1J1,;.:,.: P'�9>1, :� 19":t-'i :. h'1'1:t- 1 f11H11 : }t(l(}(l1l : ,:JC : f{\W• : "11,.....,:,. : /t..';,il =· f/,\ iPJ:,. : ll:,,1: : f"tlf� = /ll&{llT = n1. 1t = h1�f..f.. t.1, = t-.1: c,w•:rA •= 9°19° : 7''}1).'} : h"l9"-rh : :rhil: .,K : DOif'} : '":,,"" : 1:,:,� : fi.(l, (fJ;flD' • OAD'IT : /t.f, : fir : 1'1�il:t-�9'T : h'':J-t'i!'' : .,� : h1�lf� : -- hil: (l : ., f,t-w : 9°�· oom'}: 9°1: !tJA: h1f..::J f :: .,ro. f.rIJ• �tD : hC f (l -- : il fh1 t-t9'1 � ; °flf:1:'f-- : nf..'i--m19° :: h'll\Ch..Y..:f, r .If� : hl\A+t.,:,1m I 00 r.r �-� = n1t._e -, Om.1&,:,. : hoom h h 'lili"� = h : ll'/. ;J--h "'ilD' : +9° : r,t-· f 1 .,.,, : h"'l11lD· : ,r.C'i! : 11' H1 l : /t.f, : roiz..,�t..mro-'} : ;t-hil : 00{)1. }(1,fl :· -- A = 1 0 �"'1:,-: /J:PY:'i: 0/;\01/:,..: LP'}ml1f:· n�:if: ill\: tr., ffllD•: ilT.;J \ = .,,r::r-- = 'h1.';.lD-A = f..,-t.;,A == i\f, = l\h-:,.. , .,1,:-:,-. = 00 'P1t· = +c..-r• = l\tl\ ih1f O• : 0 '11n : flh·A : 1111"0 : '11.i;.fmt.:,,9° : fOIJ..f...t..1ro• : Tt.1·· :· 7'9°.fltf9° = Jtthf..'1:-f = m·m:,-- : tt1t.il1"t·r == (lro• = '11h = lt.f.. : TC11J�: ill\, • {\lD' i fh11tf�CJJc : (lro· : 10. : Jt<j: : h'h):- : fiODlf',, : nao1'i�: Oh A : « . -OW : 1'°1C : ill\nl\'i : '111'11·9" : 0,flfi:'f• : ill\lbtr : n '11h: oom«f>9° : n· "19° , r,,t-floof. = nf..f..l\9" ,s .e..ur : nu1.;..: ro•ilT = +mt.:P'l° = l\ACP/:,.. = -- A = = rOJJ..l-l\m«1 = ti -c:J nti>(t;t-A == i\1.tiro- i rADI/:,-. = 'l1h = 1'1-'llD'A hm-6J.h : n1C : hfrf•Of..l : OU1C : ro-o,r : 1lf..'C : ooilm1· : f,!J,..A. :: f..U-· '} : 1'1;{ • l\hCif: (D•'l''r...,...'i : i\'h'} �ifrt!P:f : A."1:,.. : f<PLfil,.. /,\101' : "l D ,u.n I hA"7:,.. = '11n = h1�.. = A11 = 1\..1� = t,A,1,:J!l\9° rACPJ:,.. = '11n9 = 4 = O = = l\f.. = 11n,n = 'h1J.tf mt-� 9° = n��'i!c> = ti,:· ;,110 O'f.f11w· n-01:c :rtr1 : i\"7/tf.OJ : hA'l°hl'J°:: ch1f 0•: 0'11h : Oh·A : i\CP/mt.+9° : 1'.1 );.1.t;:C 1 11H111 : 01'�9'° : lt.,,e : fOl/'f /,\'i : ,n,:c : faoilmT : If� : 0"1 9° = OD?fifA = tti\n:,.. == r1--rlP = .,..,P'�'l° = ou'}"JP':,.. = ,e,u,� = "1'111 = oo 1'1'i!: f,'iCO;t-A::

htLtJ = �f..9° = ill\ = m·6ih = u1c. = ,1n11 = 9°1tf� = 4> ·'P'PC = fronl•:1� = ,n1l- : f+l;J1m• : ill\/,\IJ'� t fro«61b : U1C : 'lt\U,,O�Y..'f : 1111'1:flD•"} , Jt.:,-CY--kf = (D«ilT = OA.01/:,- =Ft.= l\f. =h1�fw ·1t- = itJ.1:c11t:f'PA == .e..v.1 = h1:{ 1 fitltJ: l.11:: fro«61bt; : fU1C: (J}"'it'I': 11H"n: OA 0'/r1": P't.: l\f, :· 11 l\01Jn1.;1--;--:,.. = frollJ(D«: frurili = ,_,,.:,1, r. oo-rOJJooi-f =· ,,....,_ ... .,..,,. = q. ft..lf'i:ftIJc : ,e,l-1\A :: --

"'�(Del,\=

0T'hlf1f : �: tu/Iilf2?;: q. '}°. 18 frf:nth : 1:C�T : ?i','h&..:,..: {L-l• ¾'• (9°�&,.lj!: l; : � - I : +ooAh:,..) t n1,ct : °7..tilrf:C : fn1A°lir'T : :PC'JliliJ,,. 'i!'i: n+�"7'1! : :}f,{\ : P'l\(L: �titC(t:t:: t\rf:h'it\�>:( : 'J°COD/�'i: T'iT ·1 hC�:r:fw-1: f Oln;J--t\•:: 1,1f.l·LlJ,9" : n:Pc11 : 1.l·L 1 (lif11f '1<£ : ��: 'hf:· 1:,..: °2.tili:C : fP't. : h�t\ : P'C : fi11/..fil&..A1ro•'} : f(l(J}«: :}f,A : fOI/•. fm'i I f°2.frPt\T1'i = l\A."7:,..9° : /J;,Y: = 1'.1f..°til.lT'/lT'/ = itf..--c1 = f<PLfti. 'lf:: ''f(ltIJc : :}f,I,\ : ht;:A'' : i'*�h'l°ll/,\ :: j\lDf.�rf: : OfT�lD- : n�A : 9°'J: ftJA : 11/b� : fQ;l.t,.(l• : rPt.,,.1--?f·:;-... : 'h'}f...Ol/.fil&..A1, : f\001oo:,..'i : 17. 'h'\f, = fi·m�f>(tlD41 : ,1--a11Ah"1· s: : 18. fi:h).h = J.!"c�,l.. : K"/h&.:,.. r fl.-r: {lj\ : UD*�9n : fmtl) : :1·'h•111 ! 'r'rC: fiii/9.l!: q : 'r !· (}:.>&;f.: :.>ltllJ: iR�;:: o,ar,:,.. = 'f>"-TC 1 ]:?;) r: -81-

fAll'/:,•= (JD{JDtf (rtt..(t.) I\OIJr»·llJ:,, =

r01J..:f,tt... : {)ttf\Pt\l1J lf'f =

• (ti) 17-V' : '11P'--1: : ""

fh.,l-r·*f : 17-V' : '111'"':,.. � hAOIJ:i• : {JDOD/,f : (?' ilafl..) : hW•{J;t_ : r : llDf18: f,1'1:l;'PA :: : � n�,f" f{JDQ;tl7i'm·1: l fl; trft-: 'lltP' A lJ'f1': 0,ariii:t q_ 9°. 19 ,f--7i'7ifr> fm"1ro· = fi'1_:,.. r•kf = ,1-n�� on;a,f'"',}: " 1 ..,:;� ....'111'"'-f:: (lk ; fll'/llt.7'9°: f'"'f,l,llJ1: _e(lm'PA ::

.h14,,; : r;:;. � ''11,,_,.,: '111'"'.-t., fUD1°IP'T: P'lr: fOtJ.,rPt,.'l:fm•}' : ·f01JP'tf : f1�°f--1c; : fD?.tll1:c.!1:f1 : tr /\-- : fP't, = il.i;..?.1' : i\!f:cJ?qo : J?,mllt; A 1 ...... ''

illttt.tJ • O.h.ti'fOl/..'1: 00'/''t(lt.-'e: �I.!': 'hf:1•l"; /J1'f...': Oil·A: I\UCJ..f llt.t\1,:,..: P't.-?11·: U•il-- 1· 11--,,., : '11P',f: = t,.,,.,. � mY,'J° = 1\,1\: 'll\P'Al lJ1= -flODfl'J°: 1\0'/ll&.7'9° : f,1--1\A:: •

n1"1?; : &ii .... .... :- ''1'l•IP: '11P'1:: fOl\f, : ..,�fr: fi0Dtf"}:(1IT'J'}�fm•9°: 'l.t·L ••• f','l> tf:f:1 : 'f':,,'J°'i : �••,1�:,.. : I\ODm{l:,, : nll&..I\1.ro·'} : v-tt.·: Ul/Y:l.''I : ·l·01'l'!-: 'Iro·:: ......'' I "}ffil1f'i' 1 f"1'�0t.-'I! : I·�: 'hf:1T'.: f�Ul/:,• : t,�,p.:-:j, t fFt-- : P (D•'f''f1'".. J ft ','f> l,{l}• : d11f-fl: fli1]9° : itil&..1\1., : ill\. : IJ'� f f1'rlP: ',7p-',f:: .P't-?11" : c;:fro- 1 ft..'lA : f,;rl\A :: 1

Om1 : OD1°1P'rl: : O,f-- (1,nro·: P'A"l1'1: Ft-- : UD1Pl:,-: taf,lf'} I(1 ,H OJ• : (DY-.C : n {\,{\ {I}• : (l:J" : -0fr : 11--IP: ., 1P'rf: :: n ft, 1\ 7t: : () {\p-'t\llJ 'fi": f1-n,n•T1: m·ta1?11--: tt..fi1'7iA : f,1:1\A:: °ICUl/'C :: 11,,_,., : '11P'T : t-ta:fm• : hoY.f\i'l.�:fro·: i',f lb: Ft..?1-:f : f.h__fl'f°t : A.0?,l·'i' : f"'i10 t.'I! : -,.� : 'h�:1:1c : h�,i ..,;:ar1 : 1'l�t- : ilfl : f tt· i fi't_.:,..f•A·f = "}'l'LP .,1F:r = 00"}a,,,..,:,.. f/J:P� P' t- 1 {]Dt "}-'lih1 = n,--�1-,..�1,r,:1- = f,(IIJ'r :t-A 'h"}�11•'r 1 "11;;:ro-19° n;rcl\OIJ = rori.mn1(Jr1 = ,l,°I f7'J?::J>fl• 0

(I)

f/J:P�: P'lr : aot, : 1·'lti. :

. ''fn__:,.. v-A·f = ,..,..,,., = r,1p:,.. = 001a,F,)· = r1J:,,,... "IC"? 'I! : 11,,,., : '11P'T : +J1at/'P. : ,:, f,fl : P'I\ (l. : fL t-A 1--'l�m-9' it'1�1-- :-

== r

= rt.. =

t:� :

"t-'lh. = fl {JD 1 flc: ', :,. : f,oa

Ao:A: itt\;J: mt-1i: aoclJ� : h1f°7"f: i',ilti·-: w(l"} 1 r11ro•f..': h"1'1 t,?J,f I ,n:Pf\f, : OIJ.til:i"? ,'." t f11--lP : '111'-'rf: : OD"}d]p-':,• : D7. 1i t:J-

-82-

�l-: t;:fo,.:: "J--fl�(l}t ¾ ODODl,f: (rfl..(t) : i'te&Q;\,. : ft.tr_'} -l ffi�f\f\ : f : 1 : ir : f V-1 o o1oo:,Wc;: "7'10&-'P. �c> 'i' l \ :J1t1�1� �= f : = °t f AA 'i n. &llJ:, : : : il1l(t'l : f1-C,;.,/,\ :: 20 fA"7:,• : 7fL(t9''f 1 I\IP/e .. Of1.t1,ro• 21 = ih1 o = oJ°IP'T = rtt:rr-k..r ,-ifif .. l\e& = 1t1+� = c: = ODIJJ(.ir , 0. o11m«1: = 9°hC = 11:,- = llJ«�T ''......fl..+ = �*(t•' r�"f,OJ = ouro(t�; 9°hc = fLT = "f�11�1:,- , "}'JwlP : '11P'i: : f°'l.oPCnt:fm-: AO-I\'} : OD/t'j:"}:,- t "'ltilirr �-:f'i : OD\\'}"},f--'f : f,'i�(l�A ::'' oit11:,-e1'f = flou-f\1a = ·l·fl11ilflro• = �°'l. 1�nT = 22 -,...qh» : r"'l · til:i..c-'f : 0 . " 11:,f, 9° ',t;: il/\ : l l : f ,.'llh : tJ 1, f f h. : 'l,OD�(l)c : (l"}'JwlP : '11P'.rf: : 9 hC: · mf,9° 1 'hClt:fro- : 11/\i/\1'{1:,• =· 1.tl. : nrn:,,i\.e, : °'l.til:,-� : naorr-,. , 23 : n�:P1: : P'&-: ODt : 'Jw'lh.9° : ro•ilT : f°'l.tilTf!1:f, : . 9°hC : {L:,- : 'Jw'lh,' /;\�IA : ltA,;J : rot-7i • ft.+ : **(le 1 f;'f.OJ = ODW(l.;: : 9°hC: 11:'f· : Tt:,tL �,-:,.. I ')'JwlP : '11P''f: : ftJI/.ODCllJT(l)c : AO•i\'} : 0D"i'i:1Tt; : OD\).,,:,.. : f, ' :f : '11\o f. "7 'fl''I:,. : 1t I\:,: (De :i If'i 9° : -,...qt., e& : :: 1t it •I 'Im• :,"71\ : : � 1 07i\rf:'1 : l."IY: : l\°'l.lf'IIJ)c : V•ll· : 11\&,',:,.. : f/\(l)c'J° :: fh..fl'iOI/.: AOIJ:,-,;: f67'10&-'P.: M:: 'hf:1.)--: IJ:,,p.-:j-: ,,.,,.,:,...: ODt_ -- : h"} : "} h ro-,; "' 'h 1 Y-o :, 11 67.. �°'l. h.f�J;. : f°'l.1AK(De"} : g-Ji-c;: : {) :,: 1 f. K9 : fO'/.,jlDll) : ft,:,,,,('; : P'&- : OD{, : 1,{)h,: ill\ : If', : f1 -.{lt.,(l)c : (Del)� : fl 'l"i\ : lD1,'I° : nh�A : ll°'l.m:Pi\:far : l}/\P'AllJ'i:f-- i 00//,\ : '1i\ 111l.1'- l'i = nm:i:f\i\ro- = ih1f11 = 111 f: = ++fl.e,'I:,. = .,r1�A I +111\o = 1,100 :t-A== f,IJ''J _I Ji')j{_ J fi,:Pf: :- P'&- : OD{, : 1--�h. : (D• i\�9':f : 7/\,f:l} : ',t} : (l{\ lf'l-'i = Ji11ff�:ii9° = n'lt\ol- = f°'l.til:i--c:r, = 9°hc = 11:,.. = .,.q;., = - 1\'11\ol- = ili\lf.,. 1- 1,u = fil:P1: = P'tr , oot = 'l-lli» = +n:,.'i = F�(De = noitil:i--c-'f= 9°hC: 11,r: 1,fl�: {lro(l f: : /\1\il+-�f.C : OllJ'I° : f°tfoo:f : f,ooflf\A:: f, 1im-9° : f1°ttilTC1'ft; : iliflo'f : '1/\P't\llJ'i:f : 1\1, : hfl.(!•: ifh'I° : il/\ °tf oollJ • r11 u = he;:+ � = it!f:'1° = n/\ OD'rc = P'&- = 1+A1t:f(Dc = 1,rr,;A == n+ Q;blJT/t'I° = r1,:,,,: = P'&- = oot = -,...q,._ = tt/\oo'ic = 1.u = h1�1'flh1 = ,,.. C;J/A I fl,�,: : P'&-9° : +1..;J°l'I° : 11�1,LP&- : ff..C;JA :: f,n(Dc'J° : i't"}t: : r1,:,,,: : P'&-= 1,'1�.: IJ)ci\1• ih1: lf'i'I°: h11;. WllJ: n+ t./\1: 'LIL 1 mf.. = "'l.t11:i--e1:-r- = 9°nc = 11:,.. = 1,q;., = oof\h = ttf.'icn:, -"°-;: IP//\:,.. = .,(De == l14'T;t- = h°ttilTC1'f : 9°hC : 11:,.. : 1-.fll'b : rof.. : 11-«rP : '11P'.rf: : wf,'I° -: (P''I : P'C'l,f: : h1f..°'l.fHro-) : rof,. : ;rcl\lP/ : +Alt : /\'}1,fP : '11P'1: : 1'1-'lK-'":,,: f.+C'lA : 67/\T : ',ro• :: f,lJ'J° : (tlf'} : n11: : m-410?..: '11C: {1,liOJ : 'h'J}ttDllJ : (t t.l\°I : 0oP1fODl,/ : Wf,.: /):,,f: : P'&-: OD/, : -,...f]}b: h001th : f1:'l'PA ! Wf. : °'l.tilTC1l- : ?'he : {1,f: : -,..{llb : f,'/,1:t; : fch'Jw : (.cf!:,, : W}tf(Dc-.,. : f,aJllJ&\ :: r1,:,,-'" : P'Ir : OD{, : 'Jw'llh : fl°'l. tilTC'l- : 'J°hC : 11T : 'Jwfllh : 'h1 J;.,1--ti I TC'AoflC: nCH'i'l!il h. : . fl{lm«,} : . t;rc,l· : ro-ilT : dtl)11 : +cfl : ,

trft+�m-, fh9°it:,- .• '}01>:,- t,:,.x.. i Ii� 1 rf•"1.."7& t 11i s i:f:SA :s 21·. n"..e. " : 0°1C1. 1 "7ill.� : �'f'C :i !ii : ..,-m:,.!.f.\ ,: 22. ""...e. • n,r-m+llm- • lt'P;E- s t,1•171i • �ii is 23· "".,e. 1 f1°1C1. • "7ill."Jf , .,,._'f'C • i I f--f"mcf>llD•1' : it/\ s O-J..tll:i�C"l- s P'A"J1''i • P'&- 1 fa, IIJa>-1' :,-"lf1f /\"7?f?fIA faJ"JO>- ,l..'1.•11j ff/ijjfi : ().?t:r- ;Jtf."J I:� '}OD:).,... : P.) s:

20.

I .,,.. I

- 83-

3 nt i},f -- J;P, = li\i 1-l f : « 1 l\(D 11: l.1 tm- : n � �nc 1114 �1C I '?1 : (l?"l\--f;ll v ,f. ti.et\ = : 1 t l/t h' : '1i, ,fl = Y: UD F mm. : {\'I' 1 r(lfr> s ill\ 1 +11 : f/J:J- : ir = = l t\llr ltf. ' :, tl1 'h = = W" f , lf1 <f!;, D .. t--C itU 1 t,. P' 1 : ,: t,:t, f m. : t-O-Oth» '£ = = = l 1� h. r/J Jil l = 1-' tr. t r = lb f: t UD = F 1 ,,: 'P /J:, f � 'i +&lili9"c>ttA :2 r}, ' C:= = A" P' , fl ,1•c; 1 l = tr.?J P' . , : h t, UD t h F : , tu : �thk : ',{l)c :, f/J:,,Y: 1'1f.."'l.h-f--t\{l)c : +1A� lf'A = --� hil f : : I J't{l)c{;f,l,., rf Y-.C : ll�A � hrf·•m,;c; : ro f/J:,,,..... : fl Cf: (1/J:,,1: -- -:,,,: 1 P't-- : n'I'� : 1,flh, : hrf"il"?"'i(l ) : n�.'l : l\Ui/1'1:fw•9° : f A OT/:,- : /J:,,f.... : f 0tfilt.t\1(Jr"} : lll:,'I\I\ : '1)!1": .,,fH;J�"&\. := (1,j,�01/ t9" : 111·1--LP : '11P':,.. : °llf•-,.. : (Jr{l'f' = fmm-1•"}= t"J�,p;:;. : t'1-'t4'0 tr'i: 'h1-'LJ1h..f'l.';.. = f\oY.m:J,tifro· = u-it◄ = 00 'rt,.r : 1\.f(lm * tJ:, ,.c;..r: fil1�:fro·.,'}: 'l':,,'1°1· : OX"tli-lj: : 'hftl;Jl = fWllJA :: 2

OT'hlftt•: l 4!:,, : ro·il'I' , ''/Jq,t...·'' : IP/fl•r : OU..fl"t' : !.}OD1•: ro.er: htLf : OOI/.OA'P : 1,tL : lD'il'I' : foY.h'ilD)•T1- : fAIP/1• : P't--9'--,1- : ffH : mti -O = (t.«f!:,,) = 'l lD' i n"'Ifl:,..=..,...,A�A :: ntt.u = ODlPlT = r tJ1PY:=F�=out = 1--fll'b 1 h�= '1ltro·=f.l;f ro·= ;,c= +ilOTJ"'l: f"'ltJ'�:,--1 = P'&.9'� =11:fc: f,LPt-. A: Ol/fl:,, = 'llD' J?,U9° i fi't9°il:,.. = '}£JD:,-. = /J:,,.f..--1'. = ho,.l\rl· = '}OD;l.. = '1'\'lo : rz.tt : fl.LP?. f;J-- 4>,;.:,..1 = m-¥1\'\ = t,:,,p..:y. : 11:1: = _e01•l\h;J--A : "'lt\ T 1 h1f.�l·LU = fft.-:,c 2 /J:t>P..7£· : ftfl/10/r'I! : 'l,r:'i : fh.ti'ioiz. : A"'l·r : �lD' ((a7a4 tt.fl'i"'l): llD1f1fl1': f.'11\ft,:; h'ltLU9° 1 fOJf..t.-1:"}: fA"'IT : i)q>�•: f°7.f'1f. 'i:f(Dc =1 n"'" = nh•A I f.."l'I° 1 '¼oP:J-- 'l! = rP't. = IP/ilt..KOIJ.f = IP1mt.v • h/J:,, f: = P't. • i't'I'� = 1,fl1'b = 01,.e. = oaz.�fl:1--�l- : 9°nc = t1:,- = 1--'ll'b : nou1fODtf = f.'t�A hr-Lf9° = mf. = ;rcl\lP/'. = m..e. = ,.,.,,., : '1'1 P'"f: : f,'tf:'i : dl°l : lf'i I f,rotTJA :: (ltLU : it�:\"}f rP't . : IP/ilt..KOIJ.f : IP1ml1r'i' = fAOTJ:,.. • n:e:,.. : ++'1'11ll(l)c = �il ..1:9° = mJ?. = t,11: = "111 = foot-tr :2

== =

(r) ntJ:,,.e, = P't. = oPt = �'1"- 1 rFt- = hilt..�oi = tJtj:A i (rtJ:,,f: = P't- = h'I'� : 1--'llb) f/J;'f,f: = P't. 1 oPt 1 1,111'b = rP't - = tiilt.1-oi = h�A = 1\/J:,,1: 1 Ft- 1 out : 1,'lh, J nrrz.tt(Dc J t;rc:,.. : f,(ltTJA :: (1/J:t, .,(!' : P'Ir : oPt I 1--'ll'b 2 f P' � = tiilt.�oi = h�A , Ah : h11. = t,:,, x: = P't- = 001,. = "l·'lh. • noq,,: ' 1 hf..' �r:: 1 f! hAWITJ9° s: ftLU r hij:A I P'/r : ''f"71(1/r' 1:,.. "}'i' 1 f1t..lt'i"'l. A "'l:,-1,; 1 Til.(L?'l-: ouflmT I t\"'i.�il:,•r:'f I l\lJq>f: : ?t,ht.--r: {L;'f• 1 /\1: ht'1'1! 1 f:C� l- 1 mh.ftol-'i I ll/bflol-: f oo1'1P'•1''J° : lf'I : f'?A = 'lt\111 • 1 = = mh.flol: fh.f'tf: {lt\ 'i �:, flit h.fl'i"'l.'i' : ill\ 1 IA°7T I T'i'-f·1' • fOI/ '¼00:1''£ = fl1f9° 1 rz.tt. 1 /Jq,P..l-, mt'\11 : oPilmT1 : f,m<f>AI\A 12 fA"'i"f'' /J:PP..l- 1 ll"'i.1'1 : ODhJ't�TW-1-'i 1 (1"}1•lP 1 '11P'1: : OO"}'?P':'f-- : "lff:t- 1 (J)cfl'f' 1 rh.fl'i oi = A"'.-,.. • r"'l 1nt.-e • �r: , hf:1:,.. = /J:,, P..l- : "'ih-1-'1R 1 . t T(J)c"}: il"'ll.?'11' I '11\'9 i ',a>- :t '' 25 ft,:PY:: P'�: OD/, ="l·'lh,: �'�"

-84-

•

i;tP� : ftf1A9°: r'Ir: itil&.K"'l.tD41: ht;:A: f"'l.).il:'t-t::f: 9°hC:

ft-r : 1'

qi., : 11"7..-i: : 0'/1: l°l : fltJJ9° : T'i•: hC9°:q- : '1.,e.lf"} : n,e,+c9°:: 7"l\til : ,)b : flJ')- : (JJci)�SJ>:.f"} : ooflmir • \117-lP : '11F+."} : oo"}"IJ»,)• : TIL(L : (IP,J- C1o?°'i = 1111--lP = .,,,r1+. = 00 1"1,,.,:,. = rA� = A� = �·c�.Y..'f1 = 1,:,,1:: P'lr : Ol/il+'lflC : f,'icn:t- A :: r/J:,,,: : Fir : OD(,: '1--'llh: ,J'ODA h.Y..: bh9°ilT : '}OD,r: Tl\"} : lD"ilT: f,1� ll.· : 11l\o : n.+nl\:tro•9°: q,e, h = = roi = Ll>c{l«n-r 11»-sP:i: =·,htiP:f ., n t;:A hilLK°t = OF 1r 9° , :f(Jr itoi\ ,. "} : ffi ,,.. (D• : fl ,l1°I : /.cJ!:,> : C:C9°: ODlD-flJT: ,, lb 7-() : 'r {L : C 9° "'Lt ,:"f: ti n/l'l:fOJc == r1r = tiil& -1.oiw· = n'i!A = r"t�il:,•e1:f- = 1�'11-h = n�A =fllf"} i 1-'lli.OJc : 1'1�f?tf:,4>:flD" ' t;rc,r--:i:1c; : ,hltfl:f:"} : (l..f4>C11 : f°7.f4'CfJ :flD· : thltfl"f : h'i! : f"- : +f.. ;,&,',:,• : f1;;:1t.- ::

il-r

O-r1'Jftt- : t.«f!:J>: W-ilT : f/J:,,,: : P't• : hT� : 1''llt, : OD(, : dtltfl l1 = fOIJ.ff..t.1:'i = r 111..,e�11c I ntiA ='llD" =+11fl =,1·1va,r--1tA:: ,e,u19° = (Lff..C"I: fl1f9°: 1.tL: 1,:,,,:1: ll"7?.f.:,>: ;I\� : (llf�lD": n/J:,,J!': P't:(IP/,: 7-'lh.: '�"" '1·1· : P'C: lf'i : ',ro-:: fl 1,:,, ,J!-c; : fIP"}ml:Y- : 11"11::'rt;: OP'lr I I\J!, : OD'Pt!\ : ll.P't.,9l'f: OD{l•f"'lflC'i ¾ flf,}�w-9° : fl:J,. : fl.If"} : /1.P'/rOJ-: 0D&_ft9° 1 fODQ;l./.?f : ,.,I\.(. I 1'1).ro« : ',(De :: fll:Y-9°: 1.ft: f/Jcpf:: OD',q : ODf..{I : W-ilT: fir: f'}oo,r: lP"}mt.,r'f I n/J:,,,: I P'C : hT� : 1 f°ttilirc-1· =9°nc =lL."f· =1t,r1,r--n:rro- 1 nont,1;t t.?f = -, .q� , hKf..cf? 1 ;rcl\"'I: n?iY:!l::fm• : 1'1,'tf.'111,.: m.e. =°7.tilTC1T: 9°hC: fLT: f.l\titt- :: - {1-;.c;: ft�OD1: : t�H.tJ9° s LP"}mt.,r"f: h'}oo,J:: q;e::,.: ;JC: flf.."}11: ,f.,t{} fl"'l.f..l.1(Dc =f"71n1r«e =)-C1'i =rit.ta'ioi =A"7,} = ,n;,«e = oo-,;r =001..11 = 1,lf'ifta :s 9

n�"

rlJ:,,J!'

=Fir=001,, -,..qh. =-Fir=1tri&.1.oi =nct:A =l\,e, =ftt0J 'lo-�= : f+'IPf : ll"7ili�--: nri:r,;JI, : OD(f� h1J:..: 1--1:tt:,.. • (l&,: hootr� : �(De nm'P'\f.'i : fl?icht.T : "7.tilT'i- : fl.+ : OD"}flC'IT : (Lout. : f1"}H11 ' f'1Cif , f"}"lf:'r : f1'1�ilTt • r Flr'i : foo1'i;;: • r;rll;t- : ,f;ll,t:.")'i : i:lb"ltr'J° , r t"'h11'11! = )-.C' = h.J!-1'1- , r ;,.1111 = m'i = ,rn,4> , fT9°tJc:,.. 1 : OD"}"IP'T : q·}n : flP/il�mcf!f J f"7/JJ!'"} : °ttll."f·C1"f'i : fn,.TV-*f 11f"}: fln'IA'l."f·: f,fLl,'J°/rA:: 26 nV..1: n+!f:!f:outD-: h\l.'-1: fP't.: 1i il&.?.°11..tD- =n'i:A = Ft. =roitilTC1'f, rhc = lLT = tt'IA = nrr)-.:,. =oitil :,..�1- =fLlPt. =1,"fl\A:: .,e.u9° = n11: = rtiri+�1..c = n'i:A1 = 1,+1tiA � nib'\=nh-A = f.."1'1° =·r1,:,,,: = r1t.. = nTz =1--'11t. = n'lll+'1 = n.ir1 ='iC1 = 'l''i- : f7-�f, : IP/llJl,f : h'i:A: .,e.lf"} : 'lflC:: f,tJ'J° I (llf"}' f,tJ: fl,cpf:: P' t- = Jt,rz = 1--111t. , r1t1t:1:1 = T'P'I° = fOIJ..ooflh:,.. = 11.-h.t.«e = htiA = �(De : �"}:( 1 hCil : f1C'1:fm- : i\+ll.f� : T'P'l°:.f : h 1f.lr�: f°tmhAn:,..: .hl,f../\9° 1 °7.tllTC1"f: 9°19°: 1'1\1.: 1111.-h.lr«J!: fA"7T: /Jcpf: : _ 014ilT: fl.'i'i-flT'J° • h11tt�ro•"} : 1.1·L'J° : 1 "�� = (looflh;J--:fm· , V..A1.lt : 111"'1 · Ja»(Dc = '\,e. = 0011:,.. =.rrittA;,:f'PA = "'ltt:i-- = nY,f..ll'I° == r11"1.1r«e, r1,:,, 1:: Ft-: ttoot-.c: fThtf11 : lcf!'P I O °t!He&: ODIP/.T • h'T�l& • 7-'llh 1 nm:,, ,1\,e. : °ttilT'i- s fl.+ : OD"}flC'lar = (LOD/r : 0"7.tilTC1T s 'J°tiC 2 n.:,.. : f°7.00l.m◄ I tit.:,-- : flP/f"}(),a • hilf:ilT I f"7f,f1Am- : !f:O'/.. :. rattfl

- 85 -

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:,• �- f/J:,, f�•: AJ �•: i'\ T : � IJ' {IO :,, : £4! lf ' ff "h 1 r O : i , h'1f\o'f: f,t;'�;J--A:: 1 r:�, · 1 1,.c, " IA _'f· ,; "' " l\ l � ' -"I· tf • 11. rou1"I,,,:,. , our t _ � '11 --l .. i 1' ': P • ·t\r 'li f o ' � 1 91'f rfL S! 1t l0i!1 "71 nai1:: P'tr : l flh "f. : P,. : }1 ij • J! 6 (l'l 1 01/li 1 jJJ 1 1 fl{l : � 1· (l9> fa, f\ f ., -'} : : t,a,.+:,•: -- A :J f f, = l' •( ,f · : 1 flJ 'A P 11 : fl ;J (ID t\ : & e Of'Llt

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ilf: :

f°2.til'1'i!11': 9°l1C : {1'1· ::

-0 : il-1 : · : ''Jlf:,: (llJ"}dJP''1 7..� �l- : ..,�(a11llfiro•: fo2.1 f'}7-lP '11P'-i: �n:,-: 7-()h, = r oitil:i•r.-:f,= 9°nC 11:i-- = 1-- flt-.,= ,e 'lt\A :: 21 n1-'lt1> m•: t\O?..(lm•:i•: itilT1r:,.c; ,h'1·0 rrtt- t\'}..,..IP = i'11Fi: � hit� : Y,lf'ilt.·:: rll�,:= P'1,.= Uot 1--'lit,'i"= r1,:,,f..'= P' t-= t,'P := 1-- '11i.= hv•, f 1\:-fw• '}: P'A"l'}: f,HlD-: {tcf,�9"°: f£JIJ.. t11'1·C!1:f: 9°TIC: l11": 1"fitb: ft,:,,�.. : 0Dt-t1,'1n:f 1 nortll�,,.t,...--r= l1f..·=ti�= ft\ P:r �ifl'PA:: t,:i,p.. -:,.._c; r P'lr: LP1ml1r•:f1: nai-OC: l\,,e: ll111l'Pt\ fOl/.. rom•:,"1 = �11'= ,,eout\t1 ;J'A:: "'11'1:fro·"}9"°: 'll:,..: ,t-(llJAtl·f·= ODillll/CPJ1i1= �1A1'A:: t\OI/'}�::,! : t\lf',: '11(:: r11•LP: '11 P'"'f:: it°1il6 � itfl: lf', 4 r1...tL (D•9°: Tt\,,.tti: ro·'}: V•�;rc;: Clit...ti'f°7..c;': fl0111flt- 'l!: �-£!1 : fih·A : f"1lll·1·1: tl1'1fl°f: o:,,c,n ODh;t·+A itt\n:,- f0'1.t{l:i•l!'1-- 9°nc= t1:1--= 1,fl1h ,,'l1t�:f c,•:,:a}•:: n1·1..u: ODo•t.:i•: hh'l flan-(\-: rt,:,,,:: P'lr: OD/,: 1--'lh,: A'l/\ tr,:(:: it-0•·1"tr:i:: 1\'in•= ODlft;:fw·: �ro·:: 'h'}J!.1·1.v...9° ho-1: 'lt\m•: u-� :r'J°: htJl/.til:i·c::.1-. : 9° hC: o.,1··: t1 '11\o1· : i',111 1'19':;:: r1,:,,�.. : Fir: .. .. it c;:1:w tr :: 01J:1..ll:,.c:-:(..c; itil&..K°1.. '11\o:. f h'i!A = f P' = 1,'lh. : ODt: = = fOD'}cJJp:,. = ODJ"'tf n,..y..:f.. (rP't.. Uot, 1-'lih..r:fro· OO?.til:i•c::f (L�I': OD'}fl(:',irl" I fOJJ..out..m·): fAIIIJ:,--: t,:,�Y;'}t;: rP'lr: LP'}ml1r1--1-: 0°1-0C: /\_e, flfll,fm·t\• f P'lr ti �t\ 1,: c;:,:ro .. ::

'In

0 ��:

(

= =

fl•Otl1>/r'I!: rt,:,, f:: P'Ir: itODt C: r:,•h•f11: l<l!:t,: m•{l.i-p 1 f'}OD,J:: rAIP/T : fFt• : LP1ml,r:f- : r/J:,,S.." : P't-- : ttrr"f : "i·'ltb : hrl•illP/0'/'l :fro•: (1:\/\: t\7Cl\"'lllr: hOD:t,l'l:fll·: Ok-"l· O°ttil:,--(!'1··: 9°nC lL·l·: -OD 1. 1-:,,: itt\ 'l :,: (D• : f, I\ A::

(�) ;r C I\ IP/

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)

'lu-� 'Ltt= rqOD:,-- fFt-= ,µ'}ml"lt·1.. h1Y.. : i',?°il"1·: '¼OD,)·= /Jf f:'t: }t'}f-ft,fto;l:9° : fl1f9° : 1.tl.: m-rrc:-:.1...: t\1--(ll: (l•fi: i',..ti'fD'f.: : • fl', : i\ = c; 'h1 = ;I'C {l• 111/ � tft.c;: fro :{ r,n°l: K'th-t::1·: i'tf,f-i\-9° :: illll'LU: ·t-�f,= fllw-= T°l'lc= h00 1cJJF--r 111·111= roQ.1.. = ,re:-= m·rr'f:J5= fD'f.ti i.i;.n:,-- 1= f'll:,.. = °19°--r= i't'r1.Y-. = ortr.-1.:,, = �m-:= f,U = 9°19° = 1'1l;\= (lt,:,,_r.,•: fpt,..: 11°1�:,-: he;:: ,rt\: fl:t": ILC:-lllr -� fm:t>i\i\llr'}: ft,:,,f;:: P'1,.. : 1l°l�:,--: hf,m4'At\9° :: ht\f\ : 9° 1611- : 0'"1.1� : 1"}11•0: f°ttii i_i;.:,..,. r lD- T'fl-: '11llP/il1'l1;9°: Ai\: f'¼ODi:1-: fP't- : 1P'} m l1 r: {ll 1r9° : 1.1·1.: iJ:,, f:: (D«(lrp: tt+'i"-0.C-: hf i\f,9°:: • {IIJ:, q f n11.th.t-.'P. r":,,�,= F1,..= h006 c r:,..,,,, 11 l4!:,,= {l)•il'I"= : '}1 1 fP't - IP"}ffil1f: hqou,i:: q,::,.. : ;JC: Q'}f:',:,, : o;rci\111/ : (llJj! '?

=•

- 16-

•

: '111'1'� 1 fOl/.fA : th'111 : +cflhA· :: ,.e,u : ;rcl\."71&1 : htJ:,, ..(-- : P't -: ,:J C fi, . 0 f, : h '9° : : 1'1-'t'il W • "'l.('l ' 1 : OD(, f s '1 ��:,. 1\ o th'111 oo : 1 0 n : o C f ,,l'T: l\f,'J°: O'PA:,.: 111-f-: "h"tf..°7.IPI,-: fl,:JdJfll/;\. :: lf 'i 9°: ill\: h9° lil-t : '¼OD:," : lJ�1:'i : lli\ : .l1r9° : 1..tL : (D•T'il- : ,hlt11: nr1..1tro- : l\;r : f� : : lli\ hitLI\-L ;rOJll "7 I 1 Otl.U : SJDh1y:,.. : ODdJ{\tiliJ,9'-:;,. : "'l il . : Cl\ aot.�9'l-'i : "hil;r--1:il-tlt:f : h ;rCl\"'lt& : 1'1>t+CO·t; : t\h'll\o=J:.: 0(1'- ,v.'i: (1'1'1:l>cf: : "h1-'t11�� : filt./A,:Jl,\ ::

flJ:,,f:'i: f P't--· : IP1tnl1f: tJ<j:fr-1-- ::

(ti) flJ:,,1:1 : hij:fr-1- : •

<fl l1JmC:'i.. : OJJil+'lflC :: 11

flJ:,,f:'i: fpt,..: rP1mllr: fhil-t.. J;f..C: tJ<j:fr-l-t;: tJ:,,1:1: OdJ11C: .. :, i\f, : . OD'l'P A :· 1..tt : f"7.l-�.. : f,·f:hth : h�l\ :f-- : l\ A UT/:,.. : "1tf:1T : OIIJ9° : ltilLl\1.. : ilftlf� : nm:,,l\,.e, : "ttilT� : ?i:Jt&.:,.. : f1T : (DcitT : h�tLU 1 : Jfl(r.9'1- : f"'i.OD I,- : n1f: : h>til : f A°7:,.. : °2.til:'f--c: �lh:r : OD7'9° : ltt\flT :: nlJ:,,.(' : l1..f: : f m:,,l\_e,: °2.til:'f·?-1: °71�:fw-19°: P'&.. 9'-:f-: fti'lJ;A I lf'i9°: f,f•ro(lf..lD' : 1'C'I°�: nm:,,i\,.e, : °2.til,r?-: DD?if..:,,: lit\ n:,.. :: {l + (J;b0, (, 9° : ht\,l\�r- ¾ hm:,,l\,.e, : °2.tii T?-: ?i:itL:,- : {1:,.. : f P'Ir ti�f\o'f: ;JC: fro(flc:,.. : l,:,,p..-:;,.t;: r Ft.: lP1tnG"Jl'l-: OP'&.: l\f.: n'P 'Pi\:far1: OD<f:.flJmC: "'�.:J!A : :1,nhl\'1 : ODl)f : 01JdJ1:r:i�w-1 : {\IP/I. .71'1': _e.t.P,/A :: 0

(1)

nlJ:,,..(• = P'l,- = o.oP'&f = 11:,.. = r--1:ntn = nil+fl'lt = P't. = n'l'z·:1...flh, rt,:,,.(•

= P't. = ooFtf = 11:,.. , f.-J;htn = t,i1+11111, = P't- = n'l'z = 1'1Jl'h = ''f+**ooro- : OP'1,- = ODt -,.11lh (nPcJ;.) = r,,.,t- = hilt.KOi/.. = n:9" = ll.+ = OD1flc�:,.. = �-w- nfltr-:i:r nr"ttili:el· = ro·il'P =-- l\+** :'f = P't- = IJl)c:,.. = rlJ:,, 1: = n t;:•A i m,.e,'J° = nit.ti'i"7..t; = o °71 o t-1! = ).e = 1'f:1 fOO'JdJP'T = roh.,1t :f = t\l.f)• : if.'1'171... = t;;'f!ro- :: .e.u = P't- = h'l't = -,.()}b = olJ:,,..f: = Ft- = ODt =1-flt.. = �..;,,&.:,, = fL:,.. = r+ln-:,,1 = "'11t;:fm«1'1° = "' tifl'ft; = hit+ff.f-:f, = nT1.Y.'i" = ODC'J°e = l\lJ:,,1: = rt- = 001, =1,fllh = 28 P'Ir : nilLKOI/.. : ht;:t\ :f--: Jifl,f-ff--1:1 : ..r�CflA ::''

f.U: +dJflC: hP't,..: h'r .: "l'fllb: .e.A:,, : t\hil+J;�t9'7f-: f°tillP/61: f, OD{ll\A:: (11lth.&..'l! : . flJ�f..• : /fltr : itODt, C : f :'f,.'h1J11· : l.4!� : m«il'l' : f P'Ir = n'l't : "l''lt..9'l- : P'tr : f�Ot.ro· : lllJ:P1: = g-:Jt&.:,- : n,:,.. :. i"i'l'l' ThA :: 7

(r) r"�;:

= ?i,ntt:,--

= . 11:,- ==

= P't. = ODt = -i,.flt.. = 1'·t11tt:r• = 11:,-.. = (611\:'f-- = rtJ�f.: = ?i:it LT = n.:1,) = rtJ:P..(• = P't. = ODtt; = r P'&· = ttil&.�oi = .t,'11\'I! = tit;:f\o'f = 'P'i = 7i:;11 ..,:, .. = o,:,... = �m· == riJ:,,y_-- = tttil\'l! = n�tr,1,1 = nm;,,l\l\ = r0?•.,r1

''rt,�,:

-87-

•

. �:, i; rr : . :1.e : 1> ) h� ' ;"g = ft, .& ,1 1. . lJ == ;,it� : • : � --

�?-.,

: ":J� -7f t ,., t. LP l: : r h ht f· / '1 : t\ >; .. h }P, ,, i,l 1 '" • 1 1" : : °'1. � : :i• c;eY: tti 1:h b-f r {1 : � : r L "1 K" -t : il h il � , :i• 01J \ ht ;; t l\ it. ,1 �t .. ,e fl. = F = /\ ;3 = = T : f 01/ r)• : iJ:P h{t, : J}: f;J .fJ fl /;\ : 'a : f1' lJC 'J° '7 : 9'1' � ;,..e., I h� L:i• : {1:'f" l! I 1-m n �6\ .. = qt J 1 Cir , = OC t--F .. fl ,f {l(JIJ , c ;, = -\1>1 67t :t ,r,'f I fl):,,,: : h', r1• : 1'1f...oit.m·tr :: fcrt.Om• } 1 Yo : 7'1 ' T l\f, : 't,. {lp: 'I°: ftDm·T : l):t,p...7(00 t-- Tr;.. -,. = 7 f £: 9° = 1 :' . f c; ., "7.. flff h. . 'P �:,. f = 1t.e :,,'I° = c;:, : 'r .,, 29 , �, ;J l1 OD f. = A t'fC( = fl /\ 71 m A ?i,1-t-c:'f1'i = f°tti�.i;.:,-1 = f01/LP

c..

n.i:c r":,,,: n',:Ao1.. , n+>;01J'£

o t--'e

i C: til : : rof,'J° :: hm:Plt�e :: 01/.tilrf:c : °t l,IJ : ?i",l1LT J {1:'f• : h11t11l ?i:t .L:'f-: (1,}·: ;,c: il...f!l1l: <Df,'J°: t,..(tc'}: f;J:/\ 'h.1.f!'.:: �..tfl--1:C : ff'i : ,.�,.c � i,'1-'t . = c = 1'? ., = t,ll : "'Ltai 'ilm- l ,i;. il..'k'k'l° = ,el-1t1A " h.r,�1 "1 '1: (JIJh{l?-'}'i : {1}'-'t,.: l\f, s (JIJ'P�'} t f'}1sofP: '11P'i:: UD"}"Jp,:,.: m :,,I\ l\'i" : Tt\-f:'1'£ : 1��,e : {1.f!'}11 : 01/titJ;.1 : 01/ l;J1T ., f m:,])i\f, : °'i.).il.,.I:?,: ?i,nL:'f·: (1:'f•: ,,.�l\k�:,� : ilt\rf'I : f/)ff:: x-;,1&.,:,- : 11:,,s,u : (lt"rro•: P'C : . . � t,.(l•'} : f7/\ :: ihl\ = °ttil.--1:C : :,',a, : f t,fl.,f•.f : '1 nhll .ev 1 : {lflA : :, Ol/'k'k'J° : fP'A"11 : 61!>:,,61!»:,,1 : l,&.1'C : J!,lf'iA :: fl/bl\ : flh·A: 1..'?'I° : f11n11 = oiin-1:c • fl1t-,)· 1 P'A"l'il'i "11\k'lrr, 00,,.,1..:,.. = P't-9':i: = f ,,.. m(l� = f'l.. ff� = f/J:t,Y: = 1i"1�:,- = 0»-r : P't---¥11.. 1 f.'?'I° = (l&..'i : m(l1 : f l\,'1TlD4 : ilt\lf�. : IJ-fl,f:'} -t rf•:J> t.t : rf·'?'lC 2 '":,:m•'} : ODP'l,.f : fl.,f1· . , fl'}f:'1:'f· : OI/f:l'? : nil:f:it : f,rf'iA::

frflth.t.'£ = fl):,,,:="' t- = nUDt.C = r:,..'h,111 = t..4!:,, , f/J:PY: : K',l1t.,r = 11:t·: fl;r'i" : f.ljf : f:,.. : 'h1f.: lf'I: hf.1A?i9° :: f-r :i h1f.."1.1� 2 1'4!:,.. : �, "f.b : f D'f.(l,n m· = <<r f.• : g..;,-. L:r- , f1,)· = '1l:,.. nm:,,i\f, = oaz.til "1:?« x-,n�:,. = o.:, .. = q,::,- = P'C = t.(l.1 = = t.c'hil:,.. = .ell''iA :;: f1i,nt..:,. = 0.1:r = ftDcil.'r : it!f:'1° = t\m:t,1t_e. 1 tJ?..tilrf:C = ,...;,.t.,}· = n,.."J• = 4,cn = nm:P l\f. : oY.til,J:4r: f.Kf::l>IA J>> fOIJ..t\a>·: f.1"'1: 'ICir :: f..°l'l°'J° : <<fl)q,f:: ?i:t. L:'f- : O».."J· : 7l".s,u : °7/JC'? : f1'1°hTA : Ol/.tllrf:C : f..lJf : mf,'/° : h� : .rll : f.lf'i"A :: ffTl/.flUD(D•'J° : {1°JCOT/'£ : :4111,e :: ',(D• j)) f.,I\A :: {101/1 : h1f.01/.. :J-H1f : fOl/.f ilf, : 9°19"° : '11C : f l\9'3 ::

iJ:,,

n:Flt

fT'h•IJi• : lei!:,, : ;t-cqo t fl):t,f.• = ?idlL:1-: (1:,.. : 7l".9° : Om:Plt.e: OJ/. � ili:'r : P'C : rf'i : t\«'/'}�ar'r : ,,.t'?fl4r : t\m:,11\f. : O?..tfl,f:4r : "�l\k : f,ff'i"A I 'h1>tA : fllt..A;JA :: lf'.9'°: f?t;,..t_:,.: {l,rf: : h!l:'1° t J-,fl,f•J;J!C 1 {l ll:�·l· :: 1f'?it+'i fll:,-1 OP' t. l\t, : OOl/'PA : Oh·A : il?.",l1t..,l- : (l.,t: = 'li·'r : (14,. : fll'i : JA+m(l', : P'/AlfJ'} : h1-'tflmm.. : filt.. A;,A ::

•

01ldht-'e: l)q,f:: P't.: itODt,.C: i'l,lf1f: t,.4!:J,: lD•il'I': h1f..rf·HlHllD4: . mif'I\ I\ fl):PX- X'if1L:,.. fl.:,- = P't .91-:,·. : f 0?.4,1 'll--, .. :r-ro· :, ) : 'i

(/i) -�m:,,I\ I\ =

n +f'lmm• =

.,,..,. : OD &.R'r

(g)

:,..'h •·111 : oo IPl:,, : '? Yo:J""91:1:"'} 'i : P'Ir ?1

r,-,..,,., : '11P'rf: :

OD1'?P'T : ?'fl.fl. I 'Im• : .. ,....(lf-ol : (1/)'l'f.' : P'Ir : i'1'r7. : 7•'1i'h : r+ro(l',ar'} : OfJtPl.:,- : {10 J! t.°l {l 7 : : /Jq,Y: : tJ�{\o:f. :

- 8� -

,1,:,,,: :

"7il4-A,f 1 OD 'J°l,f : l'IH,;J�,,Y.. : OiJT-'.' : Fl,. : hT"f : �{)h, : Rf:� : 1' 'l,'ltDllJ : lf..C;JA 1:

(e)

l\1J:,,1:. F&- = hTz = 1--Qt..'i, l\1J:P1:, Ft.. 001, = 1'fll'h = +cfl = 1'1JLR1: :,, : f"'l.L/\1 W-"} : f ..t-il+lJOl.m-"} : f/"}� "}�"} : A.tn/:,W : 1,:,,,: : fH:,jfA ::

(§)

= Ft- = h'l'z = 1--'11.. = +cfl = f"'l.K1::,, = +1-'1° = 11 "° • · fl ,f-tD{l�a>-: fA"7T'i I h1:1T: 1,:,,1:: ODlPl.T: ll f'¼OD,f:: 'h"})l �1.00- = f:J-+�:,., 1 Olt"79'l-: f P'&.: lP"}mt.,r • J'H;JjfA :1 /\/J:,, 1:

(�) flA"'l:'f- : 111(!':f"} I nnfi:f\o:')�,;: n+m'i9'1' : f.l.jf : fP'l, .: IP"}. mt.:W I fl"'lt&llJ:,. .'i I ll"'lil+Qnc : ooc�:,- s:

(i) 1,:,,p.-:(-,;

f Ft. ll lP"}mt.ir:f : 'h'l-'}.m:J-1\/t-'i : o'l-'lil+lJn� : oPC�:'f-'i I IP/1:l."l 1 111-lA"'ll,'J°: flOD"}"lP'T I ODP,l,f I n.:,.: f,f-H:,;r.:,-, = frt. = lP'lmt.ir'f = fl(lA,w- = n+m'i : 1-1.)f s n+ m'i"w- 1 t&il'I' • f°7.1 �T'l I fh..fl'i"'l.'i : f"71fl&.'1! : �C1 : 'hf: 1:'f- 1 f"'l.fm:J>IAA I iJ:PY:'i = f P't.: 1P'lml.1f: a,w-a,:,.::

(J)

fl/J:PY: : P't- : h'l'z : 7-Qh. : 1\ 1 .tLt& : f"'l.Kf:T : f+m:J-/\/\ I f'¼oP:'f- I f IA"'IT : f P't.: lP"}ml.1r: l\"'IW-llJT I 'h'l)}.l.� I n+ m'i I P't- I h'l'z: 7-'11..: f"'l.H.?ltD-'l: f/"});"}�"} I f}tw-t,.jf: f A."7:,. I 1,:,,,: I flOl/il,f- QflC : ooc�:,- ::

(i) ff'lJ;'l>;.1 =

= flA"'I:,- = q,::,- = ,,,.,:,. = h(l)«6J!- = 1t1c = flC�:J- : OD/,\h : f°7.1"fW-"} : ht\.lt9° : ,,c : (l}«{l'J' : 1ft 1 'J°"} u-l-: I\A°7T: 1,:,,,:: f"'l.t&/\(1}«"}: q,::,-: hil+'111C-: l\iJTY:: P't. = hTz = 1--Qta. = +cfl 1 'h'l-'lKt::P = O?t:l."l == 00Ftf

(.u) hf"});"}};. : fOD"}"JP'T : ODP'l,f : a.:,- : f"tODffl•T'l : OD"J{\MiL 9'-:fc; : m:Pltf, : "llf..Y..l- • f'¼oo,f: : fAOl/,,1• : P't.: iP1ml.1f : fl"l11C : l\f, : ill\"'l.(l)c/,\fl:,W : IIJ!o : f (lm«Jt:fw-"} : hili•ff.Y.l- : ,f-ODA,)J,fa: ooh:J-+A'i : fl�H.V-'J° : OD"Jl\liliJ.9'T : hil+1r..Y..-:f : ODlPl.'1· : ill\"'l.filLA.1t& : l\l&'I' : l\iJT1: : P'&- : h'l'Z : 1-'1'1. : th'111 : °1:Pl.11 :: .

(I) f'}OD,f:"}: fA"'IT: iJ:PY:: flP't.: ltf, : OD'P/t-"}: f"!.fltf, :r OD"] 1\61% = "1,:,, 1: = P't. = h'l'z = 1--'11.. = 1tu;,;e.,r- = Ol/:,,1.11 :1 .e.u'I° OD"Jl\61% : hH.tJ : fl:J-l-: f+Hl.H�T'l : 1'1�11 1 filL/A;J/,\:: .

(v) fl»tl\f, = f'¼oo.rf: = fA°l:i• = P'&- : iP1ml.1f = h/JT.';.

•

:,c

= lilt& = "''��:,- = flh"IC'i = flh'i!I\ = '1.1c I n+m'i • h'i:+� = mf,'J° : h�ii..,-,;: : fl:J- : ,t,(ll1J:far , f"'l.Q it-T'l : iJ:,,P.i" 1 ·11c11c = f"'l.f,11 = f'¼oo.rf:"} : flA°lT = P't- = lP1mt.1r = fl"l 11C : l\f, : n'P'PA: foitfltf,: 11C11C: 'l''iT'i: hiti�ffT == 1

(il) ili',1� : n,n:,,l\lt : lDf,'J° : ilh'i!l\ : 1\1� : OJf,'J°: l\cf>m'i(I}« 2 h..li'iOI/. : /!,U : nqoo,J: : A°lT : P'&-: 1P"}ml.1f : ro«il'I' 1 filro-"} t f,('ltlJA : ,,.,,Oi\. f,f- 100,t-e&: 'l':P9°: fooa;t�qro• = 0

- 89 ._

�

0 1 : (IPdJ(\65}. : h+l(l : 0?.I\: {lr-LtJ '1 �'9' :: g)� : r,t·F,l1m-1: /llD"'l''i : P' t0l :i• • - � 11c119 : hil,1·1r:,.. :: :, .-. AOJ/ = r 1 � (th) f11 1� fl C: h .. l i't : f..' ;J .. :J IJ-), �: i',1 h I :,• : �t-:- t\f,: (Iii) (J:t,Jl..-:f: 'h1fo . II p,t.. .. VJ' uml1r: / A"' f : , "} . :, t r : q011 f°t, 1 h1�'Plr: fD'l.f taf., A'li I q1� = w·il'l''i : om·6ib = tt1c = l\t1,11 O· : f°tfit--lif.h nr1. .. :: " :, �: ti ,:J : d "7 i.:, ' ft : oP fl] lD f ltlD" s "7. +aillt::t:1'i : P't.9':J:1: 00111\ : h1J;.!h'i"m"1' = h1"fatIT'&ID.. ,n:Ptal\ : -.c c P ,f• " "{l :f H)_'j : 4' t�( / f : ;'f 'J1ft : : 01/. • • {l,� f• L; f T '/iih : :Pf: p-'/;\IIJ1: 1\,1\ : fiJ 0r;J..A:: (u) f/;\ IP/T: 1 -0t:'f : Ft.: wrml1f: ooi..rmm-fi ..-)": P'l'"1'W•1'i": f r : f : P1/..h; ,f"/\�'P:fm·1 : f..1fl:f· : Ol/(1)« ,tc1Jfl/r:flD'1 : O"'lL'/i�OT 'Lt .

��"1 �

•

iTJT ::

(ll) OP't. ro· : fwt\m) · : f-i:n»i : iJtD•4',)• : ..ri\:t:OJ"1'i' : }\ 1'-"1c V·?°: ... :, : iJ:,, f.·: ro· fl'1' : fim :,, i\ I\: rof,'J°: A 0 "'i : 1 9'-:ftit 1, lb�'f : f 0, � : h01/ t\1•t\� 1 '11e'f: 9°nC: 1'1};.i'lm,·'.": c.q;J ..: 1\1);.f{l�n�:: on7tr

=�

(d1) fDD1dJP'T : ODP'tf : {t:,•: tt•'l"-:f·'i : fcpffi'j"(Da : P'Ir : nT ·f: -1,flJ'b: lL+: OJJ10C: iJ:,,J.1. c;: fP'i,.: w1ml�I ' : Jr,1-1;J:e-,1·ro•: OOIJ.. f4' C n«OT 2 'Lit: oiJ:,,�•: P't.: i','l'z: "t--'lh»: fK �cJ,a,•"}: fP;t, = lP'}ml1f: onll ;t- 1• I\:,: ar "}_: 11'1l :> 1,r

n.:,. =

(OD) r4'm'." P't-- il'l'z = 1-- 'l1i»9''f = foo10JP',)" oopt,f = fi•'I°�...: fl/J:,,f:: '/iiht..;f• : a.:,•: ill\ I it.}1',"7.'i: fOl/��fl6-'f: )� • : i\f..•1:, .: m4'll: flf',CD•1: Ol/1�:fro·1'1°: hilt.l\"L: 1fC1f cc;: UJJdj/\61,J,: h1J;.f"1C{l•: IP/f.." l dJ ::

(w) om:t,l\t\: ,,.r1.q1_c;,.: r+mc; : P'&-: i',,r•f: "}•flt.» : fOJJ"}07P'r1•: ODJJ-'tf : (t,}c : n' ':i•tlf1f'' : (Df ,9°: : P'&- : h'r.f : 1--fllb : fi,f·(l mro· : OD'J°tf : oowl1" : °11�TID·1'1° : °1Pi�:fm·1 : 0Dt.1tt11J:,:ro·1 : "'ll;>"l'I':: .

otJ:,,,:

= = =

9u1'1° : h1�: riJ:,,>; . 1 ti'i!fto1·: fOD1°lP'1"': ODp-'/,f : fl.·f-.1·: flf�v-�: P' t--:flD'1: O"'lfti1£P,..O:,C: 'L tf.: hiJ:,, f: : K·,),&.:,• : ft,}•: ;>C: 1'1,'¾. ...,.. qn� = ai>;i{:fllr = o.rr1?0 = ilil&..t\·1. = ntrr, = 1.11. = fOD1°lP':,• = ODP'tf fl.1'·'f = 00l1fs->1·1 = i1-v+cn· = t\'1il1�s.:· = rorL!il-:f·A = P'AflJ1 = h'},�. 'ic = filt..A:JA 1111 1,�si>:1: = rn'i!� = ilt\<Y,:.l-.. = niJ:,,,._. = K·a1t..1· = o.:,ffit\m: h'i!i"�: .P'AllJ1: ill\t\:fllr: J!,U: fOJ/il"l�f.•: P'AllJ"}: ilm:,,t\J!,: "'Ltil·l: � : ,t -(1,r,t', 1 nta:fro• : il9° : fi.lPt,0:,- : J!,qI\A :: (ll1)9u : t\.:J-(l•(l n:,...: {l)f,9° : {L;f•m:,,: f°2.filt...lA"lrD•: {):,,f.• : D'J(D•llJ,,.)•: 01."t-n: f"'l..h 'iro 'I ar = r iJ:,,1: = t,tiI\«£ = h 'i!t\91· "7..t.A"1··'1·1 = A l1J1 = taJ!, m 4>oo• : 00li{'i: oo,tfl{lC : f"'l.f il1� : h.Ci1: OCil'i": OP't.: h"A9° : 'r� : f(JV dJflflT: t..lL'I': f,f•ODlJ.1l,f': h1f..tr; : ',OJ•:: t\Wl.t..:,- : hilt..l\"Lllr1: t\t&,r: t\OIJf..•lOJ : 1'1J;.4'A : ht\: t,:,,f..• : X-:t.t,.,),: a.:,. : h*'I° : flrT : 'l':f>:P1c;: 1fC1fC : 'l1e1, : 1'1J;.lJ•9° : f1'

= ,,.,

- �o -

)

,-Et , t,t;:ftol-- = Fir: fl,�,-- = t.4!:,, = milT = 1·11:t.'PA ! lf'f9° : t�t-LU1 ,, 11CHC'i: <r.. �:,,"}: �1C1:f: flt&-ilT: F..111: 001l\?i: hl\'l:f(D«:: : r6 t : 1. : 'lV-'1� s L :r»1: : PIr : ODI, : 1''l1'b : ?i:ii,.:,. :r l1f'T ,fhil ., fl Y'ilT: h'i!ftol--: 'h"JJ.t'i�T: f'fA :-t��'I°: r1tclt'i°t'i: ra,· 1flt--� s ',-(!': 'J"CDP/r'i: 'l''i'T: h'i!A : f"7il+'lfltf'i: f1'�f,: ouh;t-1•.(':' t,t;:A.'i: fhilrf-�F..lr'I!: it1A�ltoT: h�A: 'i:fw•:: 30

it:,.=

rn.fl'i°t'i = r"7�)ntr'I! = 'l-t!' b'i!fto1": IL*!l:'r: f.'fl\A::

= rceo1rc; = 'l''iT = h'i!A = ntt1r:,. = 10-11 =·

(ji) f'J°COD/r'i : f'l''i'T : "}O•il : h'i!A : J-1.lt'iOI/.: 'l''i:,... : "off..l.1: ·

0 1a, 1 l&'m:,= t\lbll 'f: f 6:,,1:: h'11\'l! : hct:f\u1--.: f fll.ti;.t- A:: l\f"}· : f •1 -"} .c;1>;.: ootihll�'i: fl.1f'I°: 1.lt: 6:,,�: (10--il: hct:tt-): DDl.'n9'l-1: hi\.. rr,:fi = r6:,,1: = 1.,nL'T = n.;l• = �)11C1:f'i'" = hw·6lh = r6:,,.f: = oortf = ftf-l- = -: f "}}tlP(,.{1:,:J +f..OJ•7 : f"71fllr'l! : '1-C:'i : f J-1 .lt'fOIJ.. =(IP(l,fl{l1l'i : 'll -;rA.(1 .1 = 0001(11 = n;, cl\"7 = f+,._�11--T1 = ;,_,1 l- = nciic "7'1! = 'n11f_e : :.f'i = nh'i!+� = 'lt\PAllJ'il- = r+.e..1.1--:,-1 = 001, :J>f\u (lifr'1•1 = = 1°1 f+ "IC:1' : "'l'l''i:,- : itf\fl,}• :: blttJ : fl�I. : h�tl.U1 : TiL(l. 9'1' : ODLJ.ll.T � (10'/ 1:l."1: fOD1°IFT: oo P'tf: ftf-1": ():,, P..:f.1: f°7..f1llr? -fl,}•"}: OD'/° tf = "'le+:,, = 1:f,I\A "n�1tt1'I° = OE'J°tf9'-:f- = 06:,,,: = Fir = itT"f = 1•'11.» = +cnw- = h�.e..� = n�I\ = n+1n.w- = f'l'm'i" = 10--11 = n'i!A = t\OD'l "IP'T: ODFl,f: ft-f',1• : 1,Tl\l\ti, {r J10•{l : h'i!l\ '/° : <f'F..'J°: 111\ fl,J, m(l�w-: 6:,,1:: ODlPl.T: ff'¼oo,J:"} : fF/r: LP1ml.1f: '¼l\"'l: fH,:J�A::

. (t) ril:J--tiltn = 10-il = h'i!A = fl1''iT'i" = 'J°CODtr = 10-fl = tJ(i:Ar;

nll'/il:rm'1!f: n'i!A: fOIJ.t.t\1--:,,1: "nflrrf:il,J:fl:f: hll,:J�...y..: llLP1ml.1f :. !+Cflt!\ ;: "n1J.tv-9 ° : llh.fl'iOIJ.. : rf•Q;tPJt : 01/�fltf1'i : l\iJ:PP..-:f-: f°tY llLA.101-1: (lll,,}•: f,lP/r/A:: f,U'I°: 'FCODlr'i": Tr;:,. : h"'lil..tt\ 1--: fll\� : OfooP'tf = ftrf: : 1,fiJ;... = 1fC1ft!'l-1 : oo(l-flfl1l : �mf.:PA ftl.. lJ �· 10..il : tict:A : Fir : f m;'f,1\1!,: "nil;J--,fit•l:hil: ?imL:,.: 11:,,1: Ft.: fl� ,:JOI/. : t\ ooP'1r:,, = ltf.If"} : f °tf1t\ °II. OJ· = hI\f, = hTm�11(la,., = ?i:ti&.. :1, = 11:,.: roi11w·1 : 'hil:J·•·f: ilthil : f6�Y..' : X-m..t•l- : ft,)• :· flOT/.. t.. A.1ar : oow1.,.:,.: t\lP/il+'1hA 'i : l\°1a:ll\:1, = �o·:: . .

(r) r"'lil:-rrocf!f = 10..il = nri:A = nJ-t.:,.r-t·f = rai1.1.,.1(1Jc = r AIP/:,• =

Ft,c itil..tl\1. = 0011-,.1 noo'?f\t.•t; : h'i!T�: 'i:mC: flllJ'I°: h<i:: fl\: Fir"}: fh'.,.,. 'iA::

r�l\1:,. = ilai:,. 1 = flOD

flP/1{11} : ct:l\1•1--: fOIJ.f/tf;?,.: t\,)1 lf•{l : fO!J...;r,,e.._l\.. : ·qoo;J--'J! : OD"]{\ liliJ,9'1'1: l\tL'i : 67fllr6619''f ¾ rf•lr: (ltD• : OD?.1'lro·: it�,:J1C : itH,:J�,f-- ¾ °7Tl.1l'i : nm:,,l\_e : <IJ•l1'--:.f,'i : n.f art,�ro•: nai"ll':, .: fOD"}'?F:,--: OJh .. ir'1' = "n1.\�1?-: "71:l.<IJ = f,'iCfl ;J--A:: f"'ILPAm;;: : 'ttril : h<i:A: t\i!\ "'IT = 1111.:,. : v.•1rr1,7fl·'i : t\t\,t\�1.'-- : f():t,,: : ntil\'l! : n�l\�-:f-: frf'ftf : f,r9'1uc:,- : Plr : LP1ml.1-r:.-,: : IA'l°'J'°r..': fF..lr"'P,.A. :: ftryil,f--'l fltf'i : ,J•h '

- 91-

--........

m i ,1�fl'° 1.. : OP' . •il • f 1o := t; A cf' f\ • �· : f, A &. h lL = t ">t,c : "}tril : n�t\.,'f " tio : ou f : on : f C ;J '1" l'1» : t P' lf li : A: hn. :,• "7 fA : 'i" m h+ l\"7 : q ' lD : :f } = 1 f: g ht;: A : fh q 2 : (& f (), " /) ':7 f t t;' "�M I · l il• J;. C 4'} fl:flD ' II h�H.IJ9° : f" . q'i" '\ ' = il r"? 1 � = A fl t 10 n� OD = · -9' P = i?A � rA = -1trll = ti'i!A = r;,.1"',; = l .f '}O, : : ,g,. A i't1 c1Jhu f O : 1f1 ,1 : h'i :A : OJ f"} 'j" f; 'fOD1 'i"� : '}(r{l S t)tj!t\ : -<;:flD' :, (Ii) h�H.tJ , llY:ll·I: = f+m'i = lU..ll = tJij:t\"1· = 1if'J�"}�:f(Dc : nr+ ,.. m'i:flD' : ntt9°ll;J: : qou:,- : l):,,f: : oov,t.i:t· i f an1ron t.rm •'} 1 ., m = t,. m il'r : ftCJl/.1»y..:,.. : ht\'1:fa>-:: 4> 'i' ' � s (l (t« C9° : aaar(tY: . c : /J:P P..:i: ' fhY:1 : f'·'f· .. •r :: 1f le?:f.:fro tf : (1 on P' "}'?P : :, '} : fOD f°tfll'i-4''1:flD'1 : aa9°tf'Pl- = f,AtiA == .e,u<r : on 'J°t. r : 'h! -- : '"1 : (lOll,.f 1 . cf>C-OO:i 1.U :: f OIJ..h+I\T{J)«'} : "}.';1-J;. h'i!A : "1'10 m:,,1\1\: 71\..it..9'1": f,1A'I.A :: tlfi:t\"1!: dtlt.!l:fCD•'} : ll+m'iT(D«: f A"7:,.. : P't.. : h1'.f : '1· '1'1. : 1-t+l(lc : fl;\I\ : P'lr : h'l'�m- : 1-fll'h = r t,.it•1 = "1'111 f+CflA f 1r/\ i:?° :;: ft,��1--,; = r+m'i" , fhf:1:t-: Fir: h'l'z: 1,fl�: ,1,'1Pl-: fi1·· 1Q.ro•: r+m'i": 'lO·il: h'i!A: hi•m)-.: n�.I\: hhlli·ff;t-:fa>•: ;,c: l,1..e.. 1,;: "t-m1•1·ro-s +m:J>/\a>-: h1f:: tr�w-: tD�OI/.Wtn·tl-r: mf... = h'i!""1": m:,,l\f,: 0119°/,f : f,l\q{r :,

h/1.';1'>;.. : r+m'i : 1-trll : ti'i"-A : fif·Lfro· : +,n'i : fOl/.1"fw-'} : f+ 1ffi'i I A"?T: P't.: h'l'"f : 1-'ll'b'i" J {lpt,. : h'l'"flD· : "l•'llh: hti'l(l f /\"7. '17-:,-. I fOD"}'?/fl:,• I ODJ"/,f : {1 ..f,'f : f'}OD"I:"} : f /;\_OT/:,• : l):t,f: : flOIJ.f 11&,.�{lT: 1.1·1,: hCPi;t·: f,itflJA:: foPlJ;\.Gq tD-: r+m'i"m·=P't,: tP"}ml1f= fl/flt.. : h'r"fa>- : 1-fll'ba>· : h'l>Gfi : fi�lt : 10-il : tl'i!ir : hti'i!ll : h1tr : 1lril : ti'i!A : hT+fl/\(l)c : hllrf"fflc : ,:JC: ..('ontf1'1�'PA I htLIJ : O�I\ : fTm:J>/l/la>-: f+m'i"a>- 1 fqoo:,.. : ?'Ir : rP1mG1f' : /\tJ'i!fto'f : m:,,l\f, 2 OD'J°l,f: h1J;JilT'111C: f,1\.\-tA::

hf1.';1J;... r+,n'i" = 10-ll = tJ<j:A : n+m'i(J)c : m·ilT : noo1"1P'7" 2 oPJfltf: '1:t-: P'C: f°7..1l·T1 : b'i!tto:1:: fP't..a>•"} : tit.'I.K9°: oPh:J .. "l'A : 1'1-'t'fh- : (lfy,{1:,- : a>�'i : nqou:,-. : }i"}f: : 1.1-f� : fOl/..lDffi• : oP"//l 6'.ltJ»,.1..,. = na,(\ 'i".�:,. = f,1.>;:f'PA h., J-LtJ'1 : onOJ I\tiliJ.?1:1.. = f 'lOD+.1 1 f o :,,,: = 1i,n&..:t-= e1:,- =Ft..= llrm,l- = l\Ol/m:J>l\A = mf. = n'i!tto:f: m:i»i\f,: OD'J" t ,,r = f,AtiA

(i) fti<i:l\ : h1�: 10.ll: tl'i!A : nm:,,l\.,e,: '?tf:,- : 0•'1°1" : "1'1-0 : (/PrJ' lT : ll/J:,,-�-: 1ithLT : ft�· : rPt,...f,7f>'f1 : f<f>C'IA I hf"}P,"}};.: ,n:,,l\f, = 11r = nr+m'iw- = /\m;l>ftf, : '?•'l·t: : ill\ OIJ..fil&..A1..:,- = '11C-l- : 00 lj}."} : (1ou(t1](111 : ht1...lt'f07. : f,A1' : �:}'.."]&,.&,"} : 'm+ll: ftr� : n+m'i"a>- : 11Plfia>· : ,h,)11 : {bit : tiJ;.ll: .,.,�1·1 : f°7.,tn,'J°C hil"l' ,,rr:,- : 10·il : h'i!t\:· : l\ .f4'C11 : 1::,:1\A ::

nm:PI\.'\ t1'1..-r f-A"f = n°t1�:,. : 'Pt; : 'P'i"' : +m'i?''f = O� : : : l\ (lp� l\ : °1..11lD• : m:,'l\.f, : '?lf· ,}- : il : "4}1�07.. (\� f..°l'l° -92-

) )

1'1:1T: llfm:,,l\.e,: 1�(Dc: OfaLm•: fif1cft(l)c: ODOJ/\?.':' fhfi:�: 1t1c = 10-il = h'i:A = ..,..-,qc = �(De == 1o -il I hfi:� = rm:Pl\.e, : 1:r,-roc = thitfl'f I n+m'iroc : fA"'IT = Ft. : '1T1: : ,-.q,-.. 1 h+l nroc: thit-0 1 ;,C: ll"7il+'10C 1 ·1,1-'t:J!A : rof,.: +m'im•: "JO-il: tJ<;:A : .e,I\.'1A :: f"7il.,..'lfltf'i : +h;J--:, .flo I f"7ilL1."'lf : h<i!A : n-9° : hoo"J°IP'T : .aoJ" tf • o.-r--l- 1 04''1'�: 4'1.9°: -Oflo: 1\1. ft(Dc: n�:,,..(!-: P't,.: hT"f: T'i = fm-61h = = f(ID1f(IDtf ffll' {IDfPl..'T Q � : °l9°;r:ftDc"} : , h.: flRf..+roc : 1 h1"JH1l : �h 1 1:c�..r:f'i : lln.lt'i°7.. : h..l!-'l'T : f..°l'l" ; ,4'fllt/A fTmf J ,cJ-tD-1 : f111:C 1 11H-0 : Ab'i : h1"}H11 : °7..tili:C : 1.°l'l° : fl °7..0DllJ(Dc: ·-toa-l-: ll/A"'IT : P't,. : .fllm-1 : '1"JH11: hm·6Ih: it"JC: h°7..(lmtDc: 1tC.';;J--: ·61!'9°C , 9°1 = ftJA = 1'11' = rr� = .e�°lt.'PA == 1'��01 = v«tt- = °19°,,Y.l- = /\1.tf.(J)- : b�+roc: f'¼oo:,-: Ft,.: 1P"}rol1r: ;,c: f,f•il'11lt./A:: fJriili->lf..t.Cf! I h"JA-'lfto'T : tJtj:A : fl�:,,,_.. : Jriil+.';f...C : f°tfilLA "'l"J;;::ftJJc"J9° : 1t il1·�f..t--Cf! : fa>il'I' : 11°1�-r--l-: f,t..YiatJ A :: --,..:,.,

P' /A : t,.: h'l'"f: 1--'1.'h9>:f: (ti°t,f:9>:f) :: f "?'T = f+m'i ) <§ --

fa.llrJ -�tD-: 1.tL : flt9°il'T : '}oo:,- 1 �:,,..l!- : il1:ilT: *°t : 1--'ll'b9>:f 1 . 7'1>;.�-;.:, : +mil�A:: .. (/i) f�:PY:'i : 11H111 : OA"'l'T : Ft. : l\..e, : flP/.fm«/A : P't.: itT"'f : 1--'lh. (JI) f111:C : 11H1l : Ft. : lt'l'"'f : 1--'lh. (r) f1°l..l!- : Ft. : lt'l'"f : 1'-'1'1» :: (§) fat/"lfit.Cf! : �c>: 'tt..l!-1:,.: Ft. : it'l'z : 1--'1'1. ,: (�) foo�:,- : hff11'i , ooififA'i : f,-"h1f11 : "'lilt...C : Ft. , h'l'"'f : 1--'ll'b :: (1) r"'., = "m-61h = ,,.,t. = tiTz = 1--,h» 21 h��u : P't,.: h'l'"f: 1'-'lh.9>:f: ()�"'IT : �:,,..l!-: n hcA: 0"19° : b'i!: Sil= hilTff,r: 1,1-'ti'lllJ:fm-: f:rfln«:i•1 : +m'i9>l- 1 fiao«fl-: itf,7i'i!�9" :1 f11H1l'i : fch°l : "'ltD-11JT : ,--�.e, : (\9°4t\, : n�:,,,: : hT7it...�m-: +m'i • :JC : IL:r.e : (L1'1tD- : 1'1J;..it:,-Ct : �f;A t f"'l�f:"} : 9°1lJibl- }iCif • D'/ODl\l\if'i: fA�: A�: foo,h'}}til: P'b?19f: 1.'?'l": JilJ-'}: fiT**oom-: P't. h'rz ,--q,-.. = {IDfPt..T = 'I'� P:r = ,_..,..(ltJJ:fm- = tt.eooilAr :: ill\ lltJ = httu = n;t-l- = r+ut..11�:,- = r+m'i = ttTz = 1--'llb?'l- = n��1: = "'lilt.K°tf : &'iht.T : 11-r , P'C : l){\tD- : O"'lil+'lrl�f'i : ,,,.b;1,:,.. h t;:A : t&ilT : h1>t**9° : h;t-flnroc : t+m'i : "}O-il : h'i!A : ,;JC : (1"7.f 111 : 009!*9° : '1/\ '1:fm- ::

(l!) 'h1�il:,-C� i �f.,A'i : °7�..l!-1 :: (1) 'hcif:: (r) 67 00/\/\?i'i = 001'i'<'l

-- 93 --

,,., "'

"° :

•

:: :f 9-1 .. 1, "' f ll : .. � 1 1 tl D 0 f : .. :f (§) ;,,11''i": il,t\., (?;) 1°If::: , · :: " A 1 °l� I it : 1-0 "h1 f, j) ( 1,1 1P,;,<;.: f4>m'i·: rAtJTJ:1--: Pt- : tt'l: "?- 1,'lh i'm�ro.. '}: flon•tt: '" hi�l1·9° : n+,n'i·ro· : ;JC : °li"f-�,"f• f l\"l"lD � : flA �1" : i\.e : f'Ptt- : -- : f f:1 ;Jt9'-:; tJD/o,f" : '1':n,9"6;«; : f(lm- : ;!,f. 1111'1:f'i": f11H-0 : 7-�\1"1" : Ai: fOl/,ODt\tl,"f•: Jtl1A: ',OJ':: o+,n'i"lD' : (D•(ltp :: •roPf., 1 "i·;0·1· : fP '/r.: IP1 ml1f'l• : OJ•'P'i1" : 1'f(l,f•'l0l : (lOD 1°1P':,.. : ODJ»t"r :: fl, ,)· : hij-:t\� :r·: fl: : ttil--r�J.>.c : ootihA : ft\"',"f··1 : �1t-),f--1· fODJflfc;A i f,fltfh&-'f : Th•l1f : lcf!cf! : fli..U1 : f+mc; : AtJTJ:,- : P't.. : i', .rrL : 1.. ijJ1, : oo!f:!f: 9°: fffA:: f'ltt..U : f.("1�1�- : fcf'm'i" : P't-- : it'r"f : 1,ffif'o : /\.. f!i' : 001-nc :

11 :

o:r..

1..P,� : nOl/.m:,,l'llD" fOD1°lP':," ooFt.r O.·f..:f � rn1u.e,. (}f\PAllJ1= ftr'lm· l'l..lf1 i't'l�'f-- : r+mc;aJ•: AtP/1· = fU?..m:P tu:u:w� : fun1'?P':,": oPP't.r: n.:,--: ft\.CP/:1.: ,•,-0l:1,: tqo:):: t\i',i�i�": :1-- 1e1"--: oo�:,•,fh: !!,(tllJl\.1: f,t-f'lft·: O'P4!: 'll\P'A"l'i:}4..: fPi.il : i',{l(}ro•: f�;Jfo9l:f.: 9°nC: f1 :,.. = ,,,.,nt 9':y.. c.· : rP' t• o,1 ,11 l1f roiz. m:,,ti 1=m.. f'J J; i-� = r"1A ',;,f.o?':f : OJh,t\ ':f : �lf'i"il·:: Fir : i','P� : 1·'llbro· : fifl.cp : OD1ll"'r : nh•A : nm:PI\J!, = fiJ:Pf..• g-,'h&.:t- : n.. :,. = aoOJ/\tiliJ, OtJq,t.•fl = ntto:,...

I I

)

r+mci: /;\ CP/:'f• : P't• : h'r"f : 1-'l� : 1,.<'"}P,'}..�.. : (D•'l'1: ,l,ti·O : ,n;:: "l!!, tr1 f�-lXb n 'r'i" o ,,_,t- = ltJ!, it.<D-A = rOI/.-:fA no tr�- "} { ll--t-m n). ° ;i,,e..9 : "f--h--l"A : OD(D{l�'} : : {t.f--1: : UDODf..{1·1'i : fJ',&.��(11)• : fOD1'?P':'f' "'ll;,1'r Jtnn:'f· fi',& ..�i"'l:fco-1 = :,,.e..'I° = ,1--h1--A = aomfl1 = n,t-n.e OflJ'I° i'til&.1t1. a;m• == 9°ti1.r"1:� f,f..m(t�.:, .. = m·'r'i:f. u•n-- : ortIt!!,= f\Ol/'f'A n,l! ti·c::l·A mJ!,'r n,/t f11,,.. n = 9 °1(;61,1-- = .,.rA,1,·1·'i, 1'1Y.. : ff� : f,l..,;0:t: : lD''P'i"f : h1!..0l/...( lt.li' : mf,'J°: t\lbt\ : 1.lt : 1'1f..ll'/. -tltfl� mf..'1° = ,,.. ,�"'It 1111,0 f,f--11" 1,1Y-. lf� �- r,1-�:1: = ..,..mll'/t m·'P'i°f : 000,t-:1. : 1'1P.t\'1:fm• : itil°1.mil'J : ',ro· ::

= = = = =

011.V.1>',-: 4>m'i" : roaz.1•�;,-- : flrt 9°il•I: : q{m :1- : lJ;I.,f..' : .flor>Gtl.l7i : f?if..cf!:'f·: lD"'r'i1' : ilfl}£/Drf: : oun4.. J..A: i'tt\'1:f{D•· :: ,eu?° : (1/)q,,q.: "Lft = rf1P,"}.';..: +m'i :. tD- 'P1: f+.1: .fiJA: {ll}ou,f:: P 't•: lP'},nl1f : tD·ll'r: 1'1f.CJl/..1'1: '?Ag- : f..lf'iA:: fiJ;l>f..1''i": rP't•: IP"}ml1-r:1·..: (lPt-: l\.e: OD'PA1 T?- i,c-> CP/ 001 ·11·11 roz.:1::l\,n• = n1·tu = oy,.,:,. = {flJ11Y.· = •fl:r . .,ro f..V = h1f..tLU = Of..',,J: ovh1•&./:\ flao,Y,llJmC: ,f·h;J .. ;l.. t\"': ll0 1J{l&. ?i9°'i : ill\ : t,:,,¥:'i": ilt\ : T�°lt-(Jl)•· : OJ·m:'f· : i',(l ,f·J'f.,.lc: (\o�ntn;i'. : ,e{l 1'/tA::

(l;) fAOIJ:'f-- ,�,fli;1" : 0"2.til--1:�1:c.• : 00D1°ll''--l· : UDP't! : (L;l": OJtl f\o·1--: (l)c{l'}' : (J:t,p..f.. : rPt-: IP'}41l1r:y..c; : lD·'P'f:y.. : it {lti 4-c;: {1}'-'/,· : . ". , it.(0c/l1 : h . �•)' il1 r001-rODt.r lD• : .,,., /t & . .,:,.. : r Ol/.. lDf.."''' OJ : (l on"} 01P':,. • ODJPtf: {1.f,1' : /tJ!, : ',(D• :: 9°j']°: h11-\ : ff.\.O'J;f, : iJ1'f..' : 'r�: OJ•{fl,�r: flil/.ftmro· h.-0 1 1'1ro•1 = 1.tl. = 'Pc;,: lf'i: n,,.. fi'til"1--�Y.c: 1:c�1·'i fP't•: 1',&.K�'I°: �IL'r = /tJ!, 0."lA: ..{'..'}O'i:: rrr�-: fAtP/:,.: ...,11e1"•1: "'l'k'k'J°'i: O'lft·: ODffi_.Pt\/.\9°: OllJ'/°: itil&./t1..: .,(l)• :: :

**oo :

-94-

)

= =

r: 1,:,,Y:: _31 f"'l.Jil+'Pro•�m-: �,h t;: ll1: l¼ov. : ill\: A.a,:,.: fh9° 'l: P' t•: noi 'i1cn:,.: 1..lt: hH.U: f°th+ilro-'l: f,Hl111rA:: -. : OP 'lr : nil&.�°7. : "7.'l.iJ.,1:�:fc; : f+**oo-,1 'f : ''fAO'/:t- : 111C1 OJ,,,,. = 0oP'l"lP',i: = hlj!,,-;;: = 11 llP'A"'' = n°7..oo ?a-}c = mh."°'f = w-tiT = 'f : lC : f +"l , 111C1 .. J:C1:F:fro 'l'i : fmh.�;F:fro..1 : °7.�fl ID' I : ' 1: f/J:,, � : : fA"7i:'l },L�R9°'i : hC,:ft 'fi : "7il+'10C : 9'-:f s /J:,,,: : "74-f: /"t. ,00h;J-TIA : �{I)«:: h�H.U : f/J:,,Y: : 1-0e'f : h/J:,,� : P'lr: oot,: 7-'lh» : :tait.:t- = ttir = ;,c 4-T;J� -,,,-.�:,, ·t,l\.:f(Dc r.r1�1J;. = rt,:,,,: = 111l:,1t-9°: bfll\.f,: O°t11(J)c: '17..tfl,f:C: Thl11: P'C: �(De:: 'h'l.';.l1'9°: fA"7:,• . ,: = noiu;,�n:,.. = 1"1.,, = J-t��u9° = �:,»p..'f = noi,1·'10?-n,)··'i = l1P't- = /J:,, "" = n"tfDct\-0:,-. = 1.tL = f9°c 00 1r = T'i:,•'i = f"71PA,11� = flcil = OOIJ..(lT o:r-: 1..tL: h�l·LU : ;JC: '1'11''1:,•: l\"7�l"l: '�I\�: a;ro•:: ... '' O'r'i!·r-:f: : fOD'l"IP'T: ,wp,t,.r: ftii,y..:.f: (Dc{l,P: 1,-;�u: r1,:,,,:: 1-0 �l-: o�,11 = P't.:fo>•, = .rt-a•£�/\- == nr.,�:r: = 1.."1'1° = .eu, P't.:f(Dc1 Ot.111 : h"7tii,: : i·1fi.(Dc : fl;J•'i : PAllJ'l : i',A+(ll1J:fro·9°:: t�� U : 1-0l!':f : f'1*"7:f(J)c'l : 7..iLO..'i : 01\."7: 01'llf11 : fl(lw-: ;}f,A : 0/J:J> : 01ilL? 'J°: f,'i?a;J--A : f,f-- 'lt\-T9° : 9°'l£"h'f : ft /J:,,_f:"} Oh-A : : mi:,,+m-: . fl (Jlkf\4 : DI/ro:," : nft fl :f m·:: f..."I'I° = ilft : m:,, I\. I\.ro•: foo'l"lP',f: : fA67:,..: :rfl.(L = 0/J�f:: P'lr: out,: 7-'llt.: nl:,»x·: P't. : i't'Pt : 7-'lii. : frf'lD (t)...:i-1 = -i--�f-1• = m,:,»LJ = "7m:,,,; = i,; ..�l1'9° : hiJ:,»X" : �thLT : (1:,.. : rt- = :ic = r:,,c11 = -,,-i.,:,-. = "7 Y:l"l = nftll:fm· t.r1�1J;.. = 1-0l-r = o+m'illr = rP't. = il.Tz = ,,..q1i. = i',"7�.e,-;:,. = ftlJ:,,f..' = �mt.:i• = l1�'i = l\/,:,,,:: P't-: nDI/ti& : f/\n:,,,: fOO'l1P'T: oopt,f : {1:,,C: 7ft.(L'i: (*111/. = 009°t,f) = ol\."7 = (Lf4'C1l = flitJJ,OIJt, = f.iJ�.f:'i = rP't- = rP'lm lv � 11"1)!-:,-, = roim(l).:,., = a;1e1'f = "°T+il = n/\n:,,c 1,-(ilfi!'1' :

h�tllJ9° : 11le!1'f : rA"7:,.. : �1lC1f-- : +1lt\lD« : 0°,,rSJ" : l't/\llTlD.. :: T"lllt-Tllr9° : /J�p. .'f; : fP't- : 1P'llll1'·l-; ·! CD·T'r7f1 : 1,'1-'tV.� : f/J:PP.l-1 : "7lD-llJT : P't. : ilftOI/."1?1C : .eu : il9° : n:i-nnA : f,1AK :f'PA :: f/.\"7:,. : 11le!1'f : floop,t,f : 11,f·f = m:Pl\f, = = .;1tk�:,.. = P'C: f"t1� : foop,t,f : fb1'-'f : niX•: Lkt-7i : n'i!A: OOlf'iTlir : t'l-'L ;Jwm:,, : fflt...A,:JA :: 1, 'l-'tl1'9° : hfbflo:f; : f/J�f: : tttil\'l! : tit;:t\ol•: ;JC : f+l\f : °111-�:,. : 1'1Pil\:ftn· : oo;J--m:t : nftn:,•:: h+"l'lt-:fro• : l't'l� : fiJ:,, Y:: h'11\'£ : tJtj:ftG'f : hn�ftG:F:r-m : ;JC : h'i!+� : qnc : DI/f:l. ;JTav} : ffl/l,:J1'r : �CD• :: 1

'fr-9°

ou,,.. •

A J'i" " ,:- •"•• 9uIJU' .... • .....

1,:,,1: : 0111/.H,:J)!-O;t. : 1.lt : C� ;J--'l : fOIJ.J'Ol.ti,f: : (-1:tl'l.tiA): h.-; ;J-'£ : h'i!t\o:.1:: �. f m:i-1\f, : >,il;J--:i.•ilrf:nil : 1.--,1,t..,} : fb:1-:: ,

1'9'°�:,. : f01/..llJAfl:, .. : fil:J",f:ili:bil : 1f C1f C : "7�l.-fl : l\lJ:,,1:'i : ilP'lr = (liml,r:y. = (1'�'1t-9°) = ,,.,�:,-.'i = or1"rtro· = ft"tf..t.1m- = f/J -95-

· f.. f J,1f A = llJ ,n � = ll �r h 'r t £i: �: l t f l {JIJ Lu: :,,.. r:'iI fP'&- = (1'1ml1f:: tJl/ :t e 9° = l\0Di'TJ1»:,.. · ,1, op = o = . ,, tJ 4 L "f ht � c • 11 11 : f y: q_e�•f·:f.: fil;t-.- :il,J:hil 01 :'i ft t. cJJY : f1 21 1-<; .. :, = c �n " llro 4..� .. ,--11 : .. : 1· .. lt fb1'.. :l:'i = il'1A : Y:c�,y..: �ft 01J . : ! " 1 Hi : C1 1l !:" l\ h� : tJ H 1h : m '1 '1 )· .. P' A1 1 {11J -: il f;C 'i: fh.:,--r-A-f : l 'if lro : °h C l ' : : A &. tth : l\QIJ h { vA lo : /\"7 il-i"'10C'i: {1{11Jt\h : ?i,116..:t·: fL:,• = On� :: me -:- IijJ2i : �- 'r. .. fm:,,l\f,: iil:J--..l:il tnil = l\ = r:: } ' f = m (l = & q. qi:,.. r • a ll'rC : roe � +*ch'l° : l\Iflf2f. : 'I°. -fl• r; -- C : = hm:,,l\ : OIJ.�il a11 : ,t f; ;JC : ..-f•,,<»..l(]:: rl•"J()�..?°: "lf'l°e '¼. ifir-17:: '/°. nii ....: Ai: fUD'}'1P'·1· : UD/fl&.r: {1,f-1": flPf...1"f-1--'} : fll:J'"rf:{l,f:hil: -,,tii1f1:: &: ,th �10 'ho;J rh. O f-4! 'i:: 01/il+tlOC'i": f,1A "lft 1.. 1: n�/\ 1--: hUDLPt- l T: IT'/4',,f:: �a}-:: hfOl/..�ilrl:(!'f : rf'WllJ'l' vf-.: llI!}fyf : q. ?°. f,t--!f:!f:UDlD•: f il:J--tlltnll: ttoii..,t·: /\ltU: �·,)1�:,.. :: ft'1" : }',01Jilt: �m- :1 •

0? ,i; = : ll tilrf:n ?il:r-P .. : O(l}; : me i hf°7..tll1:e:f : frf"lDffffffa,. 19\iiii?: q. '/°. ili',9°ll:i•: qoo:,-: (Iuf2?;-Il:!f:li!)• ftl,"J�W- ' rJPt:. ' {I'} r rl:il·tnll1: i',(tfl{l•fl: :Pf..9°: ,f,hrf" A'i": fF&-: (l'}· 1,ll: il: �l�f t J'P ,. "' 0 rtfl,f:nll:: i',"I A°lfto:,•: f€PLfl4-�- 0-1·i'i : fhll:J °: • O'l,,e 7lD•flJ1:9 ml1f: h f"'i.f f:'1(1:,-1: H�: hf.. �1.---fhA :: h1-'tU·9°: t\•fl,h.t-lf!: o:P Y:: foZ.flt �A 1,:n :: '11�"f: (1UDODAl1-1·: f,V,.{l: 'hll--l::J..tnil: i't"IA°lflv:,,: Jr-i!l:!l: "' 9°1 : :Pf..9°: ,,,,n,f--t\'i': fm:,,t\,,e: )Lii;t---f:{lrf:hil: � ,'h�:,..: e1 :,,: roi,.e: aio:,..,- : Hfo: h�t..l:+hA :: ,,eu: f F&-: 01ml?r: t\il:J,.,l:il:..l:'nl): 'hf: ,,,:,.: ODUD(,f : K"ch-ct:: lf'ihA::

rm:'f>/\,,e = 'hil:J--tllrf:nil = 1....:it�.. :,- rL-r h+!l:*ou = m.<;.. u , .,n,1· , oo?f?fA: i·f..C1hA :: lf'i9° ! f,l·tt1'UDUJ": Fir: frf·�t--lm'i": flfli"1· 1 Oh·A'i": flf1.ft(Dc: flhilrf•��c : Otl-t\: fl°tf ,:J'l'OIJlD•: "faic :: 9°h1f--r 1 Til'P'P611»: �{IC : 'h1:{ ! f..1fl�: fAIT'/:i•: /J:t:tJ!'1: f,f--111--/\: hA 'llll9° :I

Of..111:: ()A..-J•'lfl?o-r: fUD'}OJp-1:,-: ODJfll.f:: {1·f1: : roh.,t\ :f: flh-A: h�: fl\: oo?f?fA: 1•f.C1'1A:: A�= Ai?-: fUD'}OJp,),: ODJ,'-'t,f: (1{•:f'i: . r X""C�f"f: 01,0l:, : '1f,lf1: O'l�rt : roh� :: 0°2..f �C't-:,.: 'Pl:,•: :,..1·li ' oo?f?fA: +f..C1hA:: flAi: A�:: f6D1'"JFT:: f:C�·f·:}:: P'C: f'ry_:11-:,S 1 fil:f't{l,f:hll: n�il-"f: f°7.�K"":lrm-: .-f--'1'l�l·: ,f·il4-ri:+lD''i": ,,..ii,,. 'l,Olro• : T&.f\•L: flf�lD•'} : fll:f'..-/:ilttlil : (" IfC1fC) :: q,,e'J,l•'i": rflff:,•: 'h1�.,il1"f. :: OD f..(."1 : hilfl:,-:: 0

n'hil: rtil,tnil = '11A"1fl-:,. 1ri1,.- fl\m• = lb/\ = h1Y: ·1-1-·tt:t- = Y..'1'1°: nm:,,/\,,e: "lffrf"f I ID- llT I fl'i!: fil;J",f:il,f:nil : n�tr-l·: hll00 'ilrTtIJc :: 'J(Dc:: f'hCq: °ttllrf:C • r1t..:i-r-A-f :: f1'1f.:-: '11n • f"l·?°?an: 00P'tf = rL-r'i = f1"1f:1'i" 1t..1-'Ul:,.1, oaz.til--1:c = n,11:P/\,,e = aitf�l ' (D«flT: 'h{l;J-, f:iltnil : f"?..f +c� : ?i'tltt.T: (1,f:f: illlhfr hTlD4 l "� ILU I +il4.� .-�(Dc : ft'Pt; : 'P'i I fOD}"JFT I ODJPt.. t,f : {1,f.:f : {1.,(1•9" s 1 1 C Oh«A l\ m:,,l\,e r 'hil;rtilnil : ?i'�L:,.: {1:,- : f"?.+C-0: fD?f'k 'f''i f+il+tiht\ s 'hil:t-tiltnil = f"tf+c� = h�fto'f ODlf1 iitt'l:flD' :s

-96-

-l'i\l- 1 il:r,tili:bil = ?imt-:iw = rt:iw = llih"I = i,�·**9°'i = riJ�� = P'� =· t.'1''1: 1-Qlb: ("'lilT • rP'�= ODt = h'i:�) = Tfuf·L�1:,..= 011�:,-= nmTl\f.:·

"7.til+� : irmf4! =

h1.';.lf1 = hOI/HJ-149' : lb'\• fH.U� : ?iih&..T:

IJ C'i : P'A."11 : y:,-.;rA ::

o,T : ,,.�

f,IJ : fT1'.lf1f : l.4!�'. : f1lthat--'l!: il:J-tilthil : o'P;e. : lt� : t\7�tP: '11P''1: : "lffT: l\il:r-tilthil: nJA"l floT : fOl/..filA..A1ar1 : ;,1;,'f! � (IIJOO&f : ODf..{l:f : "*4:0D'PA :: f,IJ : f+lfl(J)c : ih"I : fil;t-1:iltltit : n1A°lflo:'f· : '11� : P'A"J1 :• 0 �l7-= f,lf1: ibl\: rm:,�,\_e: il:J""--1:il--thil: ?i,n&..T: lLT1 :· '1 h P'C: 1'1� 1 ltit,f-()Q&'i : ,f-4',llJllJt : fll\P' Al1J1 : ff..C1'PA :: fl+Q;l.OIJt9° � f, {l l\ f f tJtj:f\o:f- : 7'Cil: ncti: aJ• = OT?-: 0-�;r: f"7..--�flfi?-fi,,r1 : tlfu: aoP'Cj:A.::, f."ltJP'I° = n"'l��ro-9° = rt1:1,,,til·thil = TiLn..· = ('J:"7.. = aoaat1) = l11.... 1 t11:,,l\1, : fil:J· tilthil : ?i,}1A.T : l1t1 : : P't- : liT'"f : ,.. q1i, :;; --l: : 00 1°1P'T : �°71-tt : 111};.111 : h�C1 :J""t\ � '11P' : l\17-IP : -A Oh

n:P,:

rm:,,l\,e :

1'.il; tilthil : ?. "1A.:i• 1 fLT I l\1ldi»&--'P. : iJT � : f1fC11 1 1e-:f : '1°161J> : ill\ : If� 1 fim�l\f. : "7..iil--1:C : arllT : iliJ�Y: : P'&-- :· floPI\ : "11\l. 1 0°7..lf1 : '11� : "7..tit,}C : fu;J"" : .,,.._TTC : P'C : 00111 ::, JrtflflT ==

r1:t1tn

1:c;e.:,.. =• �c;e.:,.. = 0--1:nth = �c']!c:'f-. =

(h.� :t-'1!) =

T1'ff1f = ODIPlT ., 'l!Jl!!ii = rtJ�1: = Pt- = ODt = 1--fllh = tttil\'P. = n'i:A • (!Hric) ,. r. lf'i • = Ft- = oat = 1--'lh. = P'& = nilt-�oi = tJtj;A = +T:t- = ,t,.fa1; llJ&'IT: P'C : lf'i : f°tlP� : ODlf�- : --r1Af.i\A :: 32 f'f:hth =

ntJ�,:

,,,-.*4:"°

f1:C� : ,f•"l'lC-"ft; : P't--?J"f : 0Thfflf4 : lD·ilT r hlLU : 7'11..°t._ h,t-t\(l)c : +HC1fl.'PA ::

(ii) fl?tf..+(Dc = f'¼ODT = fP'� : (l'}ml1f': ODtPl:'f· 1 ntJ:,»� = P't-- :· out : 7-flh. = Tf4:t; 1 --�1flro-'}: °7..tll--1:C : w.e'I° = °7..til'f:C-"f :,

0°701/hC • fit.lt'i°t'. : f--1:h).h : T'.T1 : OF&-: l\f. : li'P'PA : ouh;t-TA'. : fit.fl'i°t'. : f0,10&-'I! : � C- : A"7T : arT'i"ft; = OAOl/:,W ·= /J�P-"f = ODIPl.:,- = r+'J:'J:00-:,.1 = rFt- = ']!c'J°c-"f :: 01/tii,: :2

(I)

f�H.U1 : /J�P..:f : 11°l;EaT'. : 0T1fltD- : °7..til-i:C : m_er : "'l.t. il-i:C-l- : {\,}�1: : P'� : OD(, : 7-'llb : h1�..1'1:4? : 00:,,l'l:fm-1 I ouh;t-,f•A • 1'1�V·9°: OP'&-:ODtm«: 7-'lh.: Tf4:'i: h�1flm- 1· °7.til--1:c = m1,r = "'l.til-1:c-"f= 000001-thc = "'l��m-19° = nil� l\1..(l)c1 = 1�'i: • iJ�,: , rFt -= 11c11c-"f • P'iJ�"f • ll,l\'l° = l\T &J.t--:Y:"f: 0Dmf4!ft; 1 l\A� : A� : h1A"lfloT : ODJPtft; = 'J:°t,f: f"7.filA.. A7-T1 : 01/H;JJ::,-: UJF,9° : h1.'tll:J'n. 1 "'11:l"l �

"'I*·

-97-

( f) n6:,,..e:: P' tr: lftJ t: 1.. fl tb: � Dttil,f:t:1" : ;J. C : {lonlftJl)hC :

'r .,,fti:'i"

= h,fc"l O.ro� = DEJ., il "i: c : my, 'I°:

• OD : ffif :o,t; i'f" /r:Y. .-f•tiliJ. : �1 t,.9' P' : {l })t tfa' (ID U) f Jtt..K�9° : ,11"1-0 : Ol/1'i-0 1

: a){\ :

ID•/t• :

· /t) lD'fto-:f•1 : "'itt;,,::,.i; : 1)t\ : Jtt.?i1'°7TW" : f{taD•1 : "1 ��m m·19° : (l 9°9°� :'f· : DI/!..'l 01 I ,h) P'1r 91·:f-1 : OD 4' trJ m C'i" = nOJ•� f llr : O'Jf.....l"l I t..t\: �.h .. 1-t1 : 11n·

00 lPl '1"

= l\ +;:t--f;6b"f, : 11

{/IJ) j\rf•!f:!f:OD•T : it..'}.';.{lri,9':f: ·fief? : {'lf� : hllrl"•��69'1' : {l(\ lftJ :Pm C : ,11 "1--fl: "1 :Pl .-(l. :: {}"IA: U-0:," : mf,9°: (10D1'?P:,...: "l1H-0 : hG? .. ili,� ....)· : fn.\l'i"?_'i" : fCJl/10t--'P. : -,..,: : 'l\f:"IT : OJ•'l''f 1' : U·lt· : h"l A"Ilt.f.'J ;t.,1 : f°"lf flln➔--m• : ,e,u : f..'C�T = OIJ 1'21on19° : P'lr9':f.1 : n +'r ;1, : 0 &-fl., : IPt,..-t-tf1-- : flh..A ¼ mf,9° : lr"1Tllr1 : O:f-lt· : O'P�9'-:,: : i'..1A°ll\ :6. : (1iJ1Jm<f'9'° : .1'1Jtf'1 .e.... : P'AIIJ1 : 1--n'r ..f;J"A :: t\,,�·cj!';,J: : fl01J..1),n·;f,. : llr'r'i :f. : flll4A: 1\1.'-;..f"li\"lftc: (t..'lA: f0l1A: \'h.c:f,1;n:1,,;: fovJ11.�.. ll: P'lr: i'tUI/ '1t: �C�:..y.:,,f --9" : (1 ,,.:,:t\: or>n1 "} : h 1.v,t\•: h1};.<f> \!. : ..,..-� C� A:: 0

�'c;/ flt}1'f.... : (1\l •t,\ : {lj\UCf.ODffi••)• : f-7"/t.0.'i" : (*01., : ODODtf)

�..,�:r.. :

l'i:/ lD·'r'i":f-1c; : n,(lo":{, : A� : A� : F t--9'1·1 : {\OJ/ f+lJiliOm· : *!l:9°'i": i\Ol/tii..r.·: f ODt;ttl 7f: OJ,•t}i;: f"'l.nm•:, ' � r/J:,>,...: P'Ir: ODt : 1--'l '1h'i : frf•1n.m· : °2.tfl,l;C : ,;:,:m.. :: lli\tLU : J!,U : f:c:�:,.. :: lit\ : P'lrW- : .v•A"l.lt: l\6:Pf: P't� = ODt, = �'lh IP/ll:J-- ro:P = Jtflfl:'f, h1J tu•9°: 04> 'r:J· : lD·'r.,.. : t1oiz.m:,,(tro· : °2.tlli:C : ;>C : f:,>c•n : °111--'1:1-- : 1-tff.l"I : ltllt.t\1.: (11f', : It"L : ..t;tJt7if'i1:'i": (6� : n10.. fli;I�) Ai : O'P�?1"f1: roi.e,11 = i'tOIJtit = "l·'ltb D?tJ:!1:9° = ttt\n:,- rt,"'ltit ..,.. ql'b = h 'lfto°f1 = h1t,fto1· = �c�:--r--1· · n&.�.e..-- "'i"l"r:,.. = f,:rt\A ='

f,U : f:c�:1- : "l'i' : flf.1-0 : il.A,f--!l:!l:{ID9° :: lt"JAdJfto,J:9° : i\h.\- l'i 0 'l'i': t\f11/1fl/r'e : .,..�: >,�..,:,.. : fJ>'/r : "f�d/t,.9° : (n1ml.1f) m..4101/ .: ODlf).: 1'i: i'tATl;J1m9°:;: OP'/r: ltf,: {L.<D·A: fait.1·A: /J:t>f:'i": fP'lr= fl1ml1f : t\'1'/W•flJ;l.. : fl,f! : 'r'i:,": 01 f.'l°l : f ilt.f.\;JA :: f lf.U1 : f:C :E,:,.. : P'lr : \lfl,fto:f : f6:Pf:'i" : rA"'l,,)·1 : P'lr : ha'Lfti'LJ;. : tJt;:t\ :f: ;JC : t\CJl/ll+'lOC : f,U : �c�:,- : rt,n:,,t\,e : "'1..til:i"?- : .-f-mfcf! : J-t 1,tl1' 1t; = nm;'f>t\f, = 01/.tlli:c = ro•lt'r = l\rl1�'1m·9°: r6;'f>,:: P't-- : '�"'- = oat lf1 : h1f: : "'1..thi:C : f.J.,:J- : +--'r'rC : P'C : h1J;.l f1 : ODf.l."l : hfl 0

n:,.. ,:

f A"'IT : 11ll"fl ::

f A"'I:,.. 11u-0 • f A"'l:i- 0Jc'r'i1·1 = t\°'lti ijf = h,t-flf : f(IP1°1P'1" = 1'111"fl : rom : lf'i : fTtf»{IDm : 1111,fi : �OJ':: f,U : 11-lf•fl : {l'}lftJ--1: : f/,\ : -O :, "'I .. : P't-: fl1m�1f : {ID,vl:,. : l\RY.4?:,- : ll}c6J''il,. : f,lf'i� : ,t t\014 f,f•m(t).T1: ibfto1': V-O.Y..1·19°: t\�H.U : OJc1''il,.: 1'1Jtt»•fl•: l\"'lf:ld/: -98-

@!,I!

'i9° : ��/ f,tJ'l : ilA °1T : lD-T'il- : f,f'ro(l�w-"} : i'l tl1l � a lf l.JI A ffe - : rom,.: ·. f/ a,.,r'il-: h+**ao-: fl�I\ : + 1-,:,-?ou ar : il"'l.oum.:,-.: 1'�f'f 1ir'iA ' +-Oh- I f+4.f f.a,-') I ,,n-0 I r;;:1 /1.il,f'\o';f I ,.�r-'f: +oo.J!" nro• I = h� = = v11. J O"'l.til1: �l-« roi ,,..:,-., ,:c;e.fl-'i ,r,.l= nA = = AJ , 11 1 OA J: A� : +�"J"J�?Jl·: P'C: h'l )ltr).t; 1 fl,t-t\fJ . 1: s 1'. L/\-'lh.; 1 : 1 : : P'C ' l fl }i"}Jt(l)ct\c : 0°11:l°l : i'°IC: f,t.Tt.A :: OH.U : : 1C � n 1'Jl1. f il' <' :,- .: fP'&.: ltilL�Ol/.ar"} : h<i:A: P'AtJJ'l • ' l 9° h 111111: /A"7 . . = T f,U"}: f : 1ar: P't.: h<i:A : ro(lp..: ltP't.w-: hL�K9°: rt, : 11.1.. 01'.� :,i.,.(!'J -fl : H 1 ,.,�I\.{. : f,l f'j/,\ :: {\�l\T'<;OJ• : fh9°il:i• : qou:,-. : T ' l\"} :' (iJ:t>J!:) OD OJO.f : . : h' l : 1AKOJ•: fA flf',OJ• �,he<;: OI/ "7 l °7,J:: f.� t f) 1' l H1 : fA :,- : t,:t, ( - 0tp..-:f} ' : l\"7ifi'f A : (Lt)/,\ : (lt,:,i.X" : P't. : out, = ·1'fllh: P'C: +ouJ!:fli't A :133 ll''if" : fl,t-h;t-;t-f-:f. : fqou :,-. : q,::,, : OJ•ilT: f,tJ 1 1'lH1I � ill\A +m+ft: 1&lt�m- : f+ilrom: f,oui11tA ::

on,

Q/ '1�:J'A"}: (11H11'l) f1A°7T 1 P't-· : l\f, 1 h.1.';.arA: f°7..10t..;t- ;t-: ltOJJ.,J;:: ·

1,U : 11°7.-- 1: : "1"}11111 : f1A "7:,• : P'&.: l\f, = h'l�w-A : l\°1fll:t-:t-:'f· : r = 34 cp,; 00 " } r+ = nw , } a = ft.tr" = + °l'l ?a9° ., O!Hf.2� = (Iuftc) 11J ..(!- ;11,r ** f'1A : 11H11 : flF&.: l\f,: }i"}Jta A : l\°10l;t-;J--:'f• 11'lH'l:far"}: (lJ"C;t1\:fa>-"} )· OAO'/T: P't.: l\f, = l\°1'PA : il°ti't\c: (t?J'f: Wf,9°: 1:C�..Y.l--: -- : : = A ff:, Jtil, = f' � flf.. l°ll\:far: ·r"t:FAOT "}: f4'l.. '1' : 9° ,"hl.T'i" t\1\9° H� ! 1'1Jt�9° : t\l\ : itilLl\1. : T:,i-9°,; : 00 11,r : ili'l'I' : f"'l.:FAOT"} : 00111: : "'l'l''i:,-.,; : chlt-0 = "'l:t>l, n = ',ar :: 111:1,:,"L(I)« = ODOJ{lf : h11. +11\Km-: hm-6lb: it1C9° : lf'I : hit1C: OJcil'I': f°'l.1�: 11H11: OA"'IT : Ft.-: l\f.: }t"})l m-A.: ftLtJ: Of,,'IT: "'IOt.;t-,r : 1'1J;. f.t.°I : :J-il!). A :: · ftLU = ll°'l. 1: = .it flt\o'f = r1tci'f = °'l.til:'f·c i r1-?1:,; = rh.1.c;.. (1:,-.1, : "7..tilTC i f11H1l : °'l.til:,-.c : ( m f,9° : h'lft· : froh�:fro- : +mt,?J'f) - f : OD"}OJJP:,-.: 'l'l h: 11r'i t ft,:,,,:: P't.: OD(,: 1·'11.,: fl.cl> : 001 fh.. Tfk nc = 'i:fw• == . 1111111 : 0/.\°7:,- : rt. : l\f. : l\"'l'PA : r;J-+.t;.. : V'?A : W- 'l''i:f : lr ir : "'l',�CD-9° : °'l.tilrf:C: Otn°l: n+flmw-: FAflJ"} : A f. : hit+.rr:,, : 'A"})lf..ff.. C°ll\TOJc :· f°'l.filLA °l : fl.If"} 1 l\9°C00 t. : 111111"} : OA"'IT : Ft. = l\f. = i,, Jte& A = l\oi.<'n1..;1--;1-(1)« = ti"'l.--1: = au� 1..11 · = it" lJ:r(I)« :: tiOJJ. ,f;(Dc 9° : 1'�f. : f°'l.m�(IOJ• : °'ltil,f:C : n,n'? : ODIPt,.:,- .,; : t\ °'l.til1:?a : · t.+1-0Jc: f A.+ m(t', : P'AtlJ"} : ODlPl:,- : ill\ : OJc'l''i:ii : 9°"} : C9°jf : n+ OD(Dc(IY:: h11.0l/.1'10Jc: ,1,lt,O: f +CflA ::' 11H11"}: OA."7:,-: Ft.: l\.e, : . h1 )LW- A : fOIJ..f n l;f--;f--OJc : }l"7.,f: : nm:,, l\f, : °1.til1:C : (Deil'I' : l\ �ar9° :· lJ�Y: : '�I\&. : Olf'I : it 1 1: : °2.tilTC : 1-t.,;t-.: P'C : h1Jllf"} : hJ Y: = o.e,.,:,- = C9°jf = ou ro(I,: = itiln:,-. ==

"'I.,

11H11 } : OA"'IT : P'&. : l\f, =. h1Jtw·A = f°'l.fOl..;J--;J-- w- : lt°'l. 1: : h+1:*ou : 1111· • : 1.ft : ill\A.lf'lw· : ilt!\"'1:,- : lJ� ..(!-t; : rrt. : i'l1mt.Y : · Ft. : fll,nw•"} : '1'� 9° : t\"'100•111 1 : fil�f°lt.A "'

33. �'l.e, : f,J·m�1,o.0r :s

34.

1,1\1,

f1"'1C1. : 0'lilt..'j:f : .,,..;l'C : 16 : rf•mq»!)./.\. ::

- 99 -

•

• _a , :

� C "ti :: &, : n i o : l 6 P' : 1, ' t f.. h : • ,f' ''P. , :-' f h,� h t ) 1: ( tJ : f 'i" "'l. 'i ta . h f "(;/ 1\V- '1: 01'1H-0 : "'l.til--1:C : P'C = tf'f : ftPJ,.wt,.m, = fJ-"L.P'iOJJ.«;: f,L. hth: C�:-1': P't. I {JD/,: 1--'lh. f f+9:t{JD(l}«: fif'Y:'l°ro•"} =f"l;nth f C�;J:--- = P't = (TIJt = 1 ta'i"'l. : c�:J .. ...tJJ'b = flOD,l"il"l� :: '!roe .e, = lt"'l.1:'i" = fit. 0 --1--'lh.: ltit.TV-kf: fi\.ta'i"'l.'i" : f l:h1ti : 1,C�:J : h°t(lm« :l fro«611': i'11c: OD"}"IF:-1':t-c; = 1i.1+c'i"7ic;A = 1:c�1-f. = ;,c =il9'19°�·r = f,f..1 c;,A P'� r , A : (flOD"}'?P' : ) r,,..;:*on : h1:{ : n,t00/,(IJ« I 1--tlh.: Ohil --t-�f..C Olr /tf, : Oih"l I f:J'lDcf' : hf,f../t9° :: P't.: 00/,(D• : -,...qt., : hU•'1 : t\'lft{JJ•: flP/...1.P�ro� =h-fcl)(l.;..:,. OD1C1J r =h �;--: 11;: = 00 e ttir1 =hlbl\ = F:J----rc; = nttoit11, = OD"}'?FT = ilt\°1. l1Ja 9°' 1'61>1' : f"'l.OOffi•T : C�:-1"9'1' : ,i'\111f.;:lD4"} : 1.1L- : (l"i"'ll..e. : 1,��: OOI/.. m� (lm·: roo"}"IF:,.. = ooP't,r = C1 :," : fl h·A il 'l°'l° u, :,.. =i"' 1..��l"lq:fro--: ,r,f•tt:i:'PA :: lf'i9° : f-Oth.t..'P. = ft,:,i,.,: P'?. : ltOD6 'C � f1"h1l1f: l <l!:P ·J n."},f--Ct;?i'i"A 1 f"IA : mf,9° : foo"}?P'T : hlf)·T : fro•'W· : t,1c. : Jt<J: '191': ;,c : llh.TV·kf : OD'J'?P':,..: hC�:-1"'1: fl0Dilm1": fl hat\: il'l/tro- : .,...�,, : (19°9°', ,r = f01/�l."l'i" : (l)ct\u1--'1 : f ODt.l.9° = P'AtrJ"} : n+llf. : /ttLU , 1--'llh =,f-- n'r.f·; rA �"19° = 1--�� = f"?.m:,>ti:,:m .. = '/on"}"J,v,,}•, 001:,., > a :. = = n1 ?= 1'1Jtl1 --tmt9'-:f 'lf, ..-1•ti4-.. e �. = ,,eu = 1'°hlf11 ... 1'? tf = 11--r,. f = f,f..'l'?,:,A :: h1J;..u--9° '1.1c m·h'r = ,,.,..m°7t = 1111•0 = f°tmf,:,, = U'J� r: lD·A:;: ° �(IJ«9 : f(IJ«�: n"IC: l,C.V.: ·,1,1n· : f"ta>·AO·)·: fAOI/:,-: p�: m·T1 , r1,:,,,_.. P'?. = h'I"� lt"t--t = ll'LH.lD· = 11i..e..<t,ro.. = rFt-= (Tc» "1� 9°) (l"}ml1r: (D•{l'J' = h/t,/t'i" = P't.lD• = !!,t.:l{A = ...,..,flfto: f;J--(lOlD•: -- 1t\i : riAlf', : : : }ml1f f--l flilrf•<f>C : 1,'J.V.f,t.l.9°: :,..], fltLV(l .. 11H11 : Ifft': f,hllh'lA r.

== ==

= =

t,:PY:'1 : Of..111 : t\"'lm--llJ.-}• : hlD-6lb : '11C: fOT/.1)',,)· : hC�;r9'6:f: floP'l : llA"'i:," : t,:,,Y:t; : rP-' t -: fl1ml1f" : ;,c : h 1-'til--1--(}(1?, : filt..lA ;,A :2 fltLU'l° 1 9°h111· = hll I m·611» = ti1c = c�;J--9'":t._ = o�t\-- = h9°9°'1:,• f"'ff:l.1·: --�I\&.',:,...: h'1f.tLU: fFt--: OD/,: 1--'llt,: i\�: f.."C,?:·f--1--: h1-'L (l'}': flllJ'l°: hh&..i\�: ',OJ• :I OP'? : OD/,(D• : 1--'lJ-.,t;: (lt,:t,,: :: P'?.: �,'h 1-.T: 11:i•: ootihA: llf1.tl,(IJ« 2 11ft': rchti-0 : OD/l'PlD'r: hllO'/.fht.A"l'i" • P't . : {IIJtm·: 1--'lh.9° : 01,:,,,: : P'ir- : flh·A : h�..,--� : ,J--OJ'lC : ,,f/t<D·• : ootr-,..1 : l\"}oof\h:,... • fl1'1H11 : °2.tili·C : P'C : na7.lf'} : f,A:,, : tam:t>ftf, : °tth-- 1:C : ,:JC ' +f..C{l : t\"'t'l.;:lD4'l° : ft,:,, f..• : "'�i\&. : fllf} : }t'}f..': IP/.'l (t:,,c = ..e..>a.:r = .,,.._'l''l'C = FC = ODlf1 1,iln:,-- '1.'tJtu..9° = ,eu = rP'� ODtm· = 1--11>a. = n,-,1"1 = O..!l:*9°'-"' FA.llJ).,; = --1·'?'1?-'l° = n,-,1;,'l! = x-Jt.{j: (lmll) : ODA'1'l° : 'Im-- ::

= =

011"1.�'P. : fl,:t,Y:: P'?.: Jtont,C � r:1--h•t1'1 :: l.<I!:,, : lTDLJ.-'l.1· : rti.11 'i"'l.c; = f"l:hth = hC�:1... OFt-- = 1tf, t. 'P'PA , rAUJJ,l· = t,:,,p.:f-1'-i' = rP'1r: {l'Jml'Jrl-1 : OP't - : 'lf, : t\°7'PA : h" tf.l.1m- : 'l>�'r'rC'i" : ,t--h;J--,rlr': "'fh&.K'l° : P' � : ;JC : f,f•.,rfH : f,IJ't;A :: 3s

- 100 -

)

i/ r1t9°ll:,- = 4 00:'f· : ,.,:,,P..-:f :: Vlt9°it,l- : 4oo:,- : i,:,,1:1 : "l"fl : ('¼i\ "'1) ha>lt(t1 : {lOD1fODtf : ri\4:'11 = r"'l.001\h:,- = �,c = �(De ;: ,n-va = (Lm(t"} = hn.ti'i"t'i" : h"71 fl�'£ I �(!1 : 7-J;f-'f : t\l\ : f'}7-IP : ��p-',f:"} : OD"}"JJP:,• : 'J:°t : ODOD(,f : (rt\.(t.) "'/ODlfH'} : f ilt...A ;JA :: htl,U9° : r+�l>f : t\f"}P,'}.';. : fit9°ilT : ,(JP:,• : /J:,,1: : OD�q : f°trf�tIJc'} : 'krPJ. : ODOD(,f : "77if,.:,»t; : /J:,,J;.19° : = �"'-�:,- = OP'� = l\f, = "'l'PA = roitrt:i•c-:Y.. = 1..q,.b,; = r1-,..lP = aolf'} : ht\fl,1" :: ftLtJ : '¼f,�i: : f1·lll : fl-0 : i't..fl'i"t : 7-Pif, : 1'1:{ : -00 • = = ilt\"'lfilt.1A10J a,1. rr1 ih n;rci\"'1 = 1--P.1, 1..:,, = ..,..,n. , nf, = = r "l -tll'J° :: /J:,..';. = iL"x "'1:ftIJc = f+f..m-1 = ol\01c; = niJ:,,.';. = n h-A : f tt-T'J = ,--�r-l--'i = thltP :f : t\.,TCl\"'1 = n�tt- = "7il;J--m:,, = 1t1:{ 1 /J:,,.1;.,. = 1t1>t! R�:,, : OJf,'J° : flth"l : f..1'"11 : 1t1'J;.. frD"J : oomr:,, : t,filt.. .A"l'l° ::

�,,,.,+.

n�1 : O°trP&-0:'f-- : f..1'-0'i" : flfldl.&-ff! : f /J:,,1: : P'tr- : t,oot--c : fT hlf1f : l4!:,, : ODIPl:,.. :: fh'/°{1:, -- : �on:,-- : (J:,»p.-:f-1 : {lODtJ;tlif : rais Kf:+ro• : riJ:,, 1: : P' &- : oot, : 7-'ll'h : �m- :: h�tLIJ : /J:,, p.:1. : 01'1--rP : �1

P'rf: 'i: fl01/. t{I:i-c--:f : 1-- CJ lb : OD ffl 'i;J-f OJ• : ,t-1 (l : OD{I (lo : (l;J-f,9° : :p /t- ¾ "�' = r 0?..rP&-OT?° = 0011.r: = r�tto1 /J:,,p.-:;.. 7ft--l:ti«e = 1--P.1, O(l kw-- : J!,t..g""'1 A ::

Of'}P,1);.. : rn'l°ilT : '¼DPT : /Jq1: : lD'il'P : f"tm:J>ftft•:,-S'} : 'J:D?.. : ODOD/,f�i.''i: (7"1\.(L�'f) "J(li': "7'f"i:'f• I (J��: 'Ltl,: f/J:,,f:: JP/, .: OD/, 1--fll'h = +"lflc = �w· lf'i'l° = n .-odl.t.� r/J:,,,: 1,. = J-,001,.c = r:,- .'hlf11 = 1..t:,, = ODIPt..:'f-- = r/J:,,,: = ,,.,1,. = 1:c�+'f = r01J..oo?a'l:f1&1 = roo1<1F1:1 = 'kO?._ : oooot,f�i' : oo,t-c1n9° : f/J�f: : P't. : h'1'9f : 7-fll'h : +"l'lC : �w-- == +1..va = ..at\� = 1'1f..+..Ot.(r.tIJc 36 = 1t�tLtJ : 'koi = ooootf�1., = oo1·r OD/,f : n/J:,,.,e, : 1.--il,L:'f· : n.:,- : f9°COD(r.'i : 'P'i..1" : }Jlj:A : h+roll� = fl:\/\ : 1t1-'tK1:+. : ft/J:,,,: : P't• : i't'1'1 : ,..fll'h : oo;'f,�-O : hft'l:far::

= ,,.,

I/ rnti'l(l9>'f = f P't• = (t1ml�r'i = h11"1.t.«e = ,.,:,,,: = ;,c = fl\:far = '

OD+'lnc ==

-n -f fl .:'f kf : OHm'i: il9°1:'f·: itmt,.�911': f ..l"h'i,'1.it-: OP't.: Jitr-�.. : m:,,1\1, = "llf1":f.. = h t\• == rm�l\,e, = °ilf.Y--:f'i = fita,.t,.�sP'f : Ji(l,f-�1..c = h'P'iOJ- = ,.,..IP = �,,,.,:,-. 001<1,,.,:,- . itilTPif..c = ;,c = r..,-..ffH = ilt\lf� 1 m:,»l\_e : "lJfT�'i: ittIJc&w']f9'l- : l,.{l•'}: f:Fft : f"lA : Ji(t,l"Pif..C : fl\TID' 9°:: fllJw� = 1.tL : i'tt&t-']f9>1· : f+ro(t� : r"lA : nil..f"Pif..C : P'AllJ'} : 1'.1'Jtll "1:f(IJc = mlt-O = +cnttA == ,e,u = ,hti-O = r1.1..c1> = 1t1F..ir� = fOD1'"lP'T = ooF t f : fL,f--:f'i : fiJ:,,y__-- : P't- : Y..·c�,f•:f: h�tLIJ : Jiar&-']f9'l- : ;,c : ,,fl\ :f 1&1 = '11'i--�:,.. = n l1J r = ,,ft lD'm == h "·v = n ;1--:f = roiz..+'1'ftar = OI/11 r -tt f = :: f--l l}•).;1-V1,w• .. --�-<' �O : i\.� : f ()t\lD• DD1Pt.. : n -1 : , : nll--l C :

'P"

- lOl -

J .J \ t "lr:f l 1 f o : m :: C f l fh -: ff ti : t'f 'l h l . : Y:lil: 9°19°: °if, , r, m 'P • h :if � ' 1: 9: 1: ·tw , 11 , 'i' 1· , (', , .., ti, :,, � ° , 11 � ' �; � (I' }. r a,(l.;.9° , O "l� P' l°i fau r i · Dp 0-, t\_ 'i: 'f.: /J� :: : 'l � : (ll 0 • hA f H;-v 1 0t l'' · il "'l : • •rr = i,:t,P..":f " D hc : " fia C : ;J 1 ,f-: f°l c)! .,e, 1 /,\ : i\l 'I' •(l (l} : : • -OJ 'i:f 4. f1 : (1" 0. m 1 : ti: " ,e ° irf\ m : ll " ) , fifi } !� f ll • {\lD ,f-1 ·; -w : c;:( 1' ll!' °l' : : f"7.1'1:flD": 1' t(l t\' 1 A "1 ?" : l ' h _ M ' · 11\ • t, r :,,J!' (11) ':'� ;:,�: '1/\l"AllJ'i''f , {I}c c;:r w oo 1� 1, = = 'f 'f ni F '1/\ 'f = .. f tf f1, P' oP : ':' t11:fm-'l° foP,aiP':i· = .. : r )l h 11 e It ,11 '} ,. : � OD 1: h ,,, : {l f ,1• {\ : {\OI/., il dJ I rf:'J {JP{ll 1 : ":t->:. : {ll :t, l\f, : fl l-i 'l fli : 'l !, . 011 : l\ f: ° " l>il' : : m l\lD :t> ilA } :{ : 1'1 A f'i f,l : tf'C(l•: f,mf,4? c : ' e._ 9 tt_r = A l. ro·tt ° h siu19° ,ff. :,, 1 1r 'Jl'f , r ii : 'I l\. fl.OJt' l\,t\ � 01 4 .,.., (l'I' : h°t1�:,": b"'I 'i":fl049'°: fC\.lPJ T : JPIr {1) rf OD'} P' :,dJ : P' : : : 1'lP 'Jl:t-1,; = OJ<i'l''i:.f1 h01JJ'1'l�- �cf--r..:f.. foiov,n-,t , = irh11fl'f'i" lln+ ff-fl- : trlr : "'l'l''i':,-,; : "'/(JDtfH'J: fil&.A;JA :: llt\H..U : m:rt\,e. : 11f 'Jl":f· , (lilff: : h*'J° lD"l\'1' = f;J.. rot = P;J-- 1'1)t(ltIJ:flD• ,,r t1t.1A;1A �: lf'i'J°: (l/J:,,f:: P'lr: ,,,..ll�f,',;J--:flIJ«: {li',1�: 1... tt: ti.e,.tr,: <f'{t: (14>fl: "nff...1: f°t"lJ!:: fl..lf1' : {/JJAll?": lt!,111' : nf,4'C9"::

!v-9"

= ,,..

011,11,t.. <f! ft,;'J,f..' P't.. i'lout-c: fr-1'tf11 = l<l!;p = aro'r � ,n:,,ft,e : 11r?J1,t; : ll,/t 1•'J° : fnro·trjf'i' : fcf,{lfb : llt\P't\ll]'f1: � £16:P .. �<;: OA ""I:,.: P't--�1:: ro·il'r = ,f-l14-f, i,1�..11� 'h.1.ct,.,rf..c'? = f/Jq,Y:<; Plr n'l'"f ,-.q� ;1,!:l.A fu1t,1: ftLi A� 4'0/b!P:f = 'h,!!-.1r,'b?J1·, = f 0ii:,,f..": P'Ir : ' "'11,f, : },1' P,..lf 'l· : fCP/.ff.C°l : ,-al, 0?/ 6 : dl °l : {JD (D«-fI} :,-. : nl\.O-r tr'r'l° h1f..tr(b9':.1:, = = n/J:,,J.7 = P'tr = arll'r nai� "/, 1'�..1fl": UI/Y:ldJ: 1..tL(l)-«: lll\."'If,&.:,,J!: : {JIJTl1° A : f., Ifc,·A :: 0

= =

nv-��

f,n:Pl\,e : 1:WlD·: JP Ir J n,n:,,,._e : "}lfrf: : llJcll'r : foY..,-,..;,- .,. : rA� : A�: f{llJ'}"}J-P•r: ODP'tf: n,.-f,'f'}: fP't-: (TC!'°lt,9"°) (t1ml1f: Uf/{l ,,,..{}fl C'} I Om:,, I\ f, : 01 If,,,: : <D4 it 'I'' : A °'l1"f.r-: (l}dp'i-:;-.. : fit 6.�7t°17� :,,f..9°: ,,,..h--1' A: 01/ (l).aflJ :,-' } I JP t• (D4 : °'l'1 �.l7{lT : 1.tt: ,J-c ;r'Ti\1>: f°t! ;J'l'ao-,}1 "fcric::f 01/{llJt\h;l·<; f(JD1'?P',,1·: ooJ.JJtf: f1.-f"f: roh.fr' "f,: +10.: fC�;.t-: 'l'fcf:: (JDf..1�; f{JIJ"}O}p-':,-«: UOP't!: {l.,f-"f'}: ,{lh: r I .. .:f' n tt,(De = u•l.:r h qo::;, i A"" f...::;t; hsru� ,y..:.-,� = "1 it l �:,.. 1 1 l\ 01Y.t.,: fl0'lf..l1(D.a: {llJqq A: :,,f-.9°: Tll1'/io"f'} : Ol/lt(t-O'i': P-'/rlD"1: l\<PJ'rl'tf.:: 9'1" }: Of,�T: +{;b),"'/t,: C�;J,: "/,'}f.°'l,f{l&.,A"l: {JIJODt\h:,.. ,: f,(Jl,l/°lrA �

ar, :

/\'11�,f..-: fh..ti'i02.: :1,c16li/,�1': for.z..roa, : fP'/r: (l" }ml1f

. (lf..'}-fl : �.lP?a9° : (}f,1P?a9° : (}oP'}dJP'-l• : OD/-"' t.,(' : {l.,f..:f: (JJ•(t'f : = ti'i!l\.�1... = h"t>',..'f?a = ,n"l = J 1·1A �1c = °Ii rJ-1,.tilfOXJ. 4,m c;?' -1 1 : fP'/r : (l.1ml11" : t\"'ill1--(}(1C : fmllJ : 9° 19° : :ta"l : fl\'!° :: (lh1 r �'} �: (l,:r: «f1mt;m•'} : nODI\ : n 1� OI/,.):{\rf: : C: (L7fC,::1' : (lt\,l\lD": (l; : dJ 'l'1 : (l� l-f• : oo_Ptf: (1,f-1' : P'C : rl-b-i r,::tr, : f,1�A :: /\ '1° '1 lb: 0tJf/ , _ "l\.��. {l{llJ')t;°�. fin«A : 1'0D1f 1f1: IP/T : ilOl/fl11:i• � f/P�'i: f{/V A ,, .� J'i . 01/.tl\rf;C"} � fTil:r : rf:/\,C::' }!i: rf:fb"J/r{j: : h i : °ttll-tC { f .:rr.-kf

Y"�J!:

- 102 -

t. 'i = = 'lfl = oo1"1F+ = r>t..:r-r-k.1 F1A11J11: = i't Jt(Dc 1n.&; P' IP '11 + = rc = ,1(111111:1 : 014'r'rl- : 0-lr : "1il+llO�f : Lil.T : h.1-'ti1tt:,.C: .fil�IA;,f;\ ::

1t,,., , f,,,..**tJDc.-,.. = !l:oi = fPt. = n.Tz = tioaz.,i;91'f : "'Ill:,- , rtJ:P l:'i : 11H111 : OA"'IT : P'lr : l\f, : 1'1-'tW·t!\ : fOIJ..fOl:r:rw- : flOIJ.,f; , I 1 f; fl °t f"}"lf: : : , f11f:C f"710&._'1! : .,.(!1 : 'lt f:1:,- : : -t OIJ. fl 11'i f11H

1 '} }1"7.,f; • foo&.:,- : f,fl;r : f° tf7f7ite\'i : ,l. 1111 : fOIJ..f(ltj:C : ltO?.,f:'i : ih"l1: f°tflD�T = P'&. = n.�"f = '1'lllo1- : it11 11fm-1 : 1 .1·t : 1ltt-9l'f1 : fit.lt'i°t : +m'i'9'l· : 1,a'i!t;tr :: hlltJ'I° : f,,-.,.,., : flf1•'=1.';.. : h<;:,t-� : r: A f r+m'i: "'ii P' Ir: i'tT"f = 1,'lh.'i: OiJ;'f>�...: x-tltL,}c: fit .fl'i°t: +mt; = (1,l-: f.."1'1": +ootitii1: r+m'i': 10il: tJtj:IA: "7'k'k'J°: filLIA:JA:: tr, lltJ9°: P'&.: n.'rz: ?-'lh.9':f: n+mt;91,-:fw-: m•ltT: f lt-T1:. iJ:,,p.,.'f,;: fP'&.: (l'lml1r:Y..: O"'iil,f•'lOC: fcfm'iw•: Aa7:,.: Oool\: f+oolfff'I : 1' '}.'t,lf'l: ff..C;J/t• ::

§/

iJ:,,f:1: OP'&.·: l\f,: /l"'i'PA: f'tlDm•: f'}oo:,-C: fFir: (l"}mlir'f:: �

f"'lti�>fw- = 'l:e::,-: h,t-m(lr, : O:'t.l\ : fl,n1t- : mt.:,-C : fl\f\4' : rq oo:,..: rP't.: (l1ml1r : tj:�'J° : h'l,f: : f,l''iA :: illltLU : f\O-/li:9°: fl'l,:'T'i : fliJ:,,1:: f+ffH: fP't.: fl1ml1r: rilLA:JIA:: f1lda.t.'I!: (J:,,,:: P't.: }\oot.c: fT'htf1f : l4!:,, ' riJ:,,Y:: P'&-: n.T"f: ?-()h.: 'hf"}J;"}};..: riJ:,,f:: P't.: �ljf: f°7..LK'J°OM: 1.H.: tiJ!'ifDC: ffH: f+'IOl: f'}oo,1•: fP'&.: fl1mlY : 'h'J-'tlP/r'i : f'l)!T : "19°1''1° : 'h1-'tfH;,� : fH'PIA :: 'h'ltLIJ1 = fP'&. : (l"}mlir:Y.. : m:,,l\,e, : °ttil,J--?- : 0'1111:,, = OP'&. : l\f, = DD'Pl\:f a,.1c; = ooL1."7:flD-'l = "7l;,1T = n.,n:,-. == 'h'l.itv-9° = nr,;,t:,.. = ;,11.11J • ;-:,.oo{D« : ODOJ-llJT : nfl'l:fa>- :: A'ltlU : fP'/r : ()"}mlir'f : 0°2.H;Jjl:. flT: 1.H. : 'f"IC: 'h'Jf..°tf;J'r'J° : foPf,mlmC : 'ltJJe:: f,IJ'J° : f°tlf',(Dc , foo1footfa>-: iJ:,,Y:: h'I)!:,-.: "'ltD-"IT: 11°1�:,-: fl'-:,..: fl,f•:f-fl: ODm'J � +�?° ·: 1lh-- : ODJf;,)!:,- : illl°tfil1,.IA1tD-'i l : /l°7.IF'/t : '11�1· I (ti--C;J-A) f"7.f..l 1 a>- : m lJJ.. : +f..;,"J(ID ar : I\ °7. oom..:,. : .,, �-:;-- = h°tf..l 1ar = mQ;l.: :ic : 1-+,;,n� = m:,,l\l\a = fil+il:,-: q,::,.. 1 rq,::,. : qOD:,. , h"7_1foocn:,-. : 1.H. : :,,17i : +f..'I° : ilh-- : lDf,"}'J° : W)lfar',. : ODtD(l"} : il/l°2.filLA1(Dc : ',a>- :: (i'to-1 : f"'l.v&.n:,-. : ,n"I I fl)!:,. : '}OD,f: : hOD1f oo?i = n'-:,... = OD x-F..:,, = nil n:,- = ,e,1tt:1.) =1

*°'·

riJ:,,Y: = h.mtqtp = P'1r = roi,: ODf..(Dc , On.'l°ili: = qOD:,. = iJ:,,,: = ODlP lT'i : ill\ : iJ:,,,,c;. : nm:,,1\1\ar : 'll\L& : '}oo:,-C: fP'Ir : 'ft!"lt.9°: l\f, :

f+(lm,,:,-., : 1.tLf'I!: ·OD"l/lliliJ.91:Y.: OOJOD/,\h:,-C'i I fl\Lar1 : qoo:,..: fP 't (l1mlY : n.L�K'J° : nf.T : "lfl'f'} : nouro{l"} : �(Ir - s: f,IJ : f"7..1P�(lr : ntJ:,,Y: = ?i;,.,..:,. = rt:i- = rtt.tiirori'i = t"710&.'1! = .,.t! = fT'iT'i s r9°c9°c 1 h'i!A fl.rr1 -1 r tLu n'i!A = OD"ll\liliJ. = niJ:,,1: = x-;,.t..:,. = a.:,.. if.9° = h;t-r = fl�'\: 'h1-'lKf:�: lliJ�f:: P't.: i't1'1: ?-'lh.:. oo:,,l1l:. i'tilOT :s

iJ:,,.';.. = hK�+ = n�I\ • fiJ:,,,: = 1.;,.4.:,-. s a.:,. = f+m,; = h.'i:f\ola = n+ m'i:f(Dc : I\�:,. : fOD1°IP'"1' : ODJ"'t! : n...Y..'f : ouootf9'-:f1 = f11;,jf� 11 0000tf 9':f.'P' : fKf..4?:,C1 : "lfl:Y.. : f°l.1A?t-'i : OOh-1\:ftD- s ff\CD-1 2 f'¼ oo:,. = fP'&. :_ {l1m·l:rr : 1'1YuT =.'A'lf..°tftl;,� : f°7.fill� = onrr1 1 - 103 -

1it\'1T0J• := J!,IJ� : noitr"}(l1' : 1.H. : fcf,(l{l.lD: = fo:JJ;J?: : h�fto'f : r i r -1'�•r1: °lfl.1•: t\111;°f,l\f,: 11f9'�: ffi; OJ•cht,:t 'PA:: 0 -1 : (laa if'(li\ 1p-1:,� : UDP'tf : (l..y..:y. : }t'}f..t 'i t h lLIJ1 : (1D{ID/,f9'":f."-.l' n h� : : 4 1' :, : fA IP/ .. h £ 'i"OJ• : f/J:Pf.." : 1:all�..:,"11 : a...-,..: t\-0 Oril'I': roi11-:1n'i!h°l--: f<PJ.1ilLA;JflD'1 = c�:r?'l-= noamf:,>t; = Oh*a,:fw ..: m•llrr: t1oi1;.:,- = ht\,tto=I: tl'i!l\-1:.f. = 11c11t.!'�"--1 = flUDfl-Oft..n = 1i'?x-:,-- f,1f9° 1.... ll· ntLO•= 1.1t = (D<' il'I'= nrm�"1, = "I 11..Y.1,. � f tt--:,... f 00rt f = n,..y..f : i·mt?>f I m:,,i\f, : 11f9'1': n+,11'i";,�(l).. : tD·ll'r: ill\i\--:1� � rIAUJJ:,-: ffi•T 'if : fl\Tllr1 : h.ili·fr:i-: mf,'i>lD' : {/Dl�:,- : f hl.A;JAT'PA:: h1Y: : fAO'JT: tJt;:A: fFir: (l1ml1r�'i": f;°f,J!..9° : .-t-h•f"n:,,"} : .-,.dC1IC : ht;Q. 1 f- : flO D1'1P 'T : UDFtl = l1-f·l« � h'i:"8"9 : 'll\P' O�i\ � (l1ml lfl : A "l'i 1.. : ,..f.. or>C 9°C!' : ili'1fi.tD-: fcrm'i" : t\CPJ;I.. : fP'/r. = ii•-r): : "l·'l�: .e,+cllA:: fP't--: (l1ml"lf-: 1,f1�'}�... ro◄ 'r1 = hmq>l\d\lD"' : fP'lr: (l1ml1f : ,:,c : ,f l\CD•1 : °111.. .,:,. : h0?1lt-- t--i:9° : t\,t\ � l\1,.r1�1-�.. : Or'1'1 : "'ltii)Y : illlcPJ..lf',m• : 11H11 : hlDflJ'r : ,l1'11l = f4'C1lA ::

f+mt;m-: fAIP/1": P't--: n'l'·f: 'l·'ll'b t flctmC.w-: m·il'T: (1"2..1):.. :} ror>1°1F:,- ODP'ti n,1--1· r.-t-n,:,]:(Dc1 r P't-- 01-lftl1r � i'l.ilt...1\1. , ntr� I 1..tL : h+ootiti�: ft,:,»Y; : 1t•if1�,1•: n,:,.. : r+mc; : tir,:A: C�:t-1 f 1'fmf+ • n+lnm· "1'111 = l\f, {1am',,:J"IC = f+lnm-1 = d1'11l= m:J>OJJ.. �:,..: f,mil'i'A:: hl\,i\ +m'i": m-il'I': tJft-,1•: (Dc'f''f:·...; = ,:JC: ill\= ,f•f.r11•:,..: i t&T'il-- • h°tm:,,ti:froc r+,n'i': fAC"C/1·"= P't-- = it'P .: " l·'libsr'1.._ : ,:,c: F,�,:,1/rA:: h/1�1�: f+m'i": fAIP/i•: Ft--= ll'P7.: 1''11b : l\ 4>m'i'ro.. : fP't.. : (l1ml1f : flD"IA :: Clr'l''i:.i:19° : n:,,J!..9° : .,.. .. 111-A : .ril+?°IIJ :f'PA:: htLtJ?° = n�I\ rFt.. = n1,nt:1·r = O/\lt.-f"'l{}t'i" = •rh:J ...,1,.1\o = tth t...'lt°t : ?a,nt...:,.. : (1:,-C : /\CP/.1·rar : ftm'i' : h�A: f,--t-i\h4-A:: fitLU• : 1411 , r+nfl,m, fUI/ il,.,r'lnt.rt; = 1·h:J1-l..ll Jtilt.'lt°2.. : ti(i:t\ ., rm:,,l\f, = 11r9'l- = (ml!,9° = "1·mt9':F:far) h1�,fllln(lc'i" : n,n:#71\f, : '?•l;t-:fa,,, : ro-il'I'= n+l(lc-l• m•T'i1.. I\J?,'i" : nm:,,i\i\m· = fl,n�i\f, = ai•11:: = illl°t.,e °: ht...A1"T: AOIJ-r,:f : fi\:far1: h.il1•fr:,-C: h1-'t(lm..: fJ!..C,:,A:: h�l·l..lJ9 '1.il+frif,1,t; = mltnl- r+m'i'm· ll�A = >,.1�.f(Dc.:J>:(-(Dc ,�c,:,A r+mt;ro, : n�t\0T9° : n++fil\•'1 ODl� : ODIPl:,- : rcf,m'i":flD4"} : ""' P.l- = hm:J>l\ar : l\Ul/ilrr'l{ltf'i' 1 +h:J--1•flo : Ol/ilt...'l."'l.f : tl�A: 7?9° ' .r+c o.:f'PA:: h(\«9°: itil+'l"fic> : fCir1''i1'1: :,,,.9° : ..,..n.-f·A: {l{ID(JJ(l ;} : f+m:l>t\ll: f'11f:: f'l,:-r : qoo:,-C : f P't,.: n1ml1f : .rf.C 1'PA:: {1/J :,,Y:: K'tht...-r : n,:,.. : ODlj'::,..th.: ll.."l�l\rar ; fA:Fl\• : l·..,c:l· : l}•I\·: {\(lJ• '11: m.e.. = 1,:,,1,.• P'lr: h'Pz: 1''ll'b: f,1•i\l\4«tr:: +Tfto?°: f+il+'lfllllr: fP't,.: 1\1ml1f: l\1..ft(Dc: 1'1-'l'l.f::,,: {l/J :,,1:: P't--: hTz: "l"'ll'b: f,l\tiA :2 htlU : J!..ljf : hf..lfl : {l�t\ : 'P' i"014: h.ltlt(l : "l"�f, : hf1�1�.. : W-'1'1 : +1'1°7"'1. : lDf,"}9° : f °t:J!A: {ID(f'/- : 1 1 = 1 11 11-0 (10' 1t_etr +.e..r = 1ll\ar= il"LH.ro•= ll?..e..t:,- : ro•'f''f-:f'..: '11'1�)1: 1:,..= hllao111:: �(Ir:: I\W•'l''i:f. : OOJI\ DI/ti��: 111111. = f A•f'"ll: }t1t tr1 : hP't -: f'l'l ml1f : r:P.e..9° : +h7h-1 i 1fC1fC : bFC , 1f9°�: "'� : P . : 11.." ro◄T'i1"'l: ao+�il: filLl\.,:JIA:: fP't. : (l"}ml1f-9'°= fiJ:,,f: '�

(

- 104-

}

� : 1-'llb s h�DPi\h;t-*ro• : (1:\i\ ¼ b'}on,f: : 11;e:,. : ;JC : 'h1Jt ou1f f 1,cl;p 1J .,.:,-: ""7.til,f:C':f : 1'fl Ii. I i\ "}1'1 P: .,1 P',f:,;: i\;rCi\°7 : .',I\tit!\ :: 37 . '

?;/

fiJ:,,p.:f,; : fP'&-: {l'Jml'lf'i-: "1,;J'f!'IT::

IJO-)- : 1 .tl.; iJ:,.p..-:j-; fP'&- : (l"}mlir:f : OJf,9°: OJ•T'il--:· O&-lt �a,. • ih,:J'l!'IT : fi\T0J«9° :: +f-"}'?") : ( 1"7.0J")OJ« : (l'}OD:J''f! : q,::,-. : a,.ll'I' : i\ ftD-T). = f°tfilLA1w• = 1,i,11 = '?'r:,-. = f,'ic = f,if'.'t!\ == i\(D«T 'if: f"7.filLA1': fi\."},f- C '.'ilr-'.A: 1l�C-'f t :rCI\IP/OJc: hi�ilat/"7'1:fro llil\, /l.17"- 1,:1:I\A iil;i.:\"} = ro•'r'i:f'i: 'h'1J;.v-'J'1: fP't-= r r ll1mli l- • n+T: ltf,tr' l = n,t-H'P'Pt , ,n;,'f!-,:,-. iil\:fro«: l\.'lA 1,:,: i\A J -,,,c : "11 = m;J'l!'l;rTro«: iim&-"lt : 'Im-:: 'r'n11i:'r: lltti°I: f"t ;rrotf?:,. , tD-T'r:ii : &-lt:fro- : /) f,lf)- ¾ i\'ltLU : f"'l.oof..(lro-: q,::,.. : (loo tr).: .,m-::

om-A=

== n,-,.u =

'}oo:,-.: 1,:,, P..'ft; : fl1f9°: H00 1 : W-T'i'f : 11C1fC : AIP t.C I rm-T'i'f'}'.': fP'lr: (l'}ml1f"i''}: ,n,;J'f!.,:,-.: t\°7tir:i-: c;:,:ar ! iLQA: Jif,,:J!t!\9° 1: 11C1fC : ltrP&-C'.: fP'&-: :,,f..9°: +h+A: {l'Jml1f: flP't.: n')ro-'} : 1.tl. = A..t\'POJm• = llt\°ti'lr ' Om"l: oo{lLt,.:f (D«: hm.P = ">:{'11: f,flAT lltttLU = c1t1t11 r+lnn:,-. • "2.'l·t: = f11dbt.'I!: 1,:,,,: : P'&-: ttont-c : T'h•111 : 'h'Jf..'ltLU: fir : 1h11': 'h'}Jl fii9°il:,.

1,,A:,,

(D� :

nit:

= 1,rr,;A ==

1\f,,f..°l'i!'J° ::

(lft,I\: (lh •A: Y."l'I° J f'¼OD:}-'f!(D«: fP'lr: ltL�K'l°: (l'}ml:W: o:i. C11 : -Z.tl.: llt\"tL�oo -: (l'}ml1r'f : fT:J.. t!\:: 'h'ltLU'l° : P'&-: {l'Jml Yi-: h'¼OD:J''f! : '11:-l-: ;JC: f+lfoo);.t;: f+'P'/J;. : '.:fro- :: llfttLU i 011 th.t.'l!: P'Ir: ttoo&-c: fThlf1f: lit:,,: OJ- {ltp: (llD{frT I ,,.,., : PCO-f--:f I ODIPlT 1 '}oo;r'f!: fP'lr : ltLK�'l°: (l'}mlir:Y.: 'h1�: 'Joo :r'l!ar: 'lJ:"1- = Oin"I :r f+�-,11': �'}(l:f: h1Jllf).'.: 'h'}f.tt,�:,i I lh1T: 001..,.1.r,; : oomo:,, : h1�"'l.1'1:fm- : ,,.."Tl'PA ::

riJ:,,� :

fliJ:,.p..'f,; : t\P'� : (l'}ml1f"'f : °7h'iro� : 11'H11 : llft : "7611·:,-. ·:1

f'lttiC : °'IP..: f11H1l: 9°1f!ib-:f::

fth.Tf-kf: AIP/T: t&T'i'f : f°tlf).: f'ltltC : OI/P.. : f11H11 : 9°1 '6h'f • Ov-tt:i-: :J--1\1\:,, : ht;:l\a'f : f,h&.i\lr:: h'ltltJ'l° : (?;) t\"IA: 'll\111 l-f--T'i = r,.,."1: = "71oc-'f = (flc;r&,7i'il-) r;t-+,;. = rA"7:,.. = 01"1..sP 'f'i = 11�1!':Y· , (I) h(J)c� = 1t1c = oo'}"JF;r:,- • htt.,,,. .c'i(LV-'.'A = 1:c�-f--l- 1 011,'l°:· hlt'}�'}� : °ll\'l! : .,(>:C�,f-'f I OOD'}"JP'T: lDf,9° : (lOD"}"IP'T: = r/J:i> = 11..('C-T'i = 00P'tf = t1-f--'f = = roi11- = r11u11r = lltn:r9':Y. = 'i:f1& == n+--. 2li/Ifi'f2i = , . 'J°. ft&� = tt1c,; = ro1c = lD"ilT = 11n11 1 (tiT.:rA) ntt.:i•r-kf = m-ilT = OA"7-l- = rtr s "" = h1Jtm-A = ft°70l:J--;t-·,r : fOJ"Jt& : 1:1;J'l 38 -� ft&61!' :. h1C : llftO,fl,Y..:f,t; '. JiO�t

tt"'lti1,�:,.

rr.,

37. '11:t-:Y.. r c;;: 1 i"a;l.01/& s ,f•oPAh.:,• :: 38. 1''\f. 1 fi"'IC"I. : IP/ill.if, 1 .,,..TC 1 !i : ..�,n�!J_A ,: -105 -

9'l • 11ut1:fm-1:

h., :,•r-kf: a>-il'I': flAOl/:1: 2 Fir: �� 3 h'111C¾Jm •tt-·:,_,c; i h.1..'L0- 9": fAIP/:,-., P't-1: ll"'l.f'ci'lPt- : (t?'?"'i': f1'?1..... � @11n�:-,--..: ·fl� c: h. 'J)t{l{fr I ll lP/f.•l"l I fh.•rr--A·f : h·fl1f ?11· : furif:P,,�:fm .. : '1rT'j-:j', : -h1lth.t-'l!m-: 1,:,,1... : ,;,c= 1t1Yv:,•: t,1:c1ro·= 1t1Y-OTtiltrl/lW"' � flOl/..h+tt-:,,.. '11+?-l : f,-0&--t-A:: ll/J:PP..l : f"'/.fJJ'/lOJ• : 111111 : h&'J1C � ID•flcr 2 (1 1 , �'i": har6Lh: h1C9" : (l(IDllJ: t,:,,f..:(:} : h·ll,h.�-(J!(D•: o:Cllt: � ;JC: ft"'I{} tJI/IP/,r : ll°tf..l1CO- : .'I'l-r : f"'l.f , :yro»•:r·• : 'f°lei" � �]a!>v.»l:rTm« : Jt1Y:: t;:fl&':: f,rr1 : 1t1:( i f(JJ"lif!» : J:t1C : 11tf"il : Ot\a,� : I\J!, : fiOIJ .. .. ., -: i\,� : forz.f (D4/\ :,_ : h· fu 'J!9'1· : P't. CD--t\. ll:,.. : 1..It 1 11' H 0-1 : l1A .r :flD'1 = hmm•-r = /Jff..'f'i" fP'lr = ll1ml1"'f ;,c.: � 1i'J..�4 il°1t1JJ. 1-.C't-: fAII'/:, ..: 111f1l'i" � 11Y:C: hOJctth: 1t1C: llf..flA.rr � ftDl/°liT: f,;F i\A fl&'lif!» = tt1c = &ll1f9''f'i" = �C1twJ»C::;F:fma� : t\°1-f--:f.:fm«1'i : lD"'I''i:J!:f(JJ"'} : 01.l;:f : 1tfh.tll... 1 h1.1-1, : 1.. ft : horlmm•T : /J:,,f..t'i: fP' Ir- : l'l1'ml1r:f : ,:JC : 'h.1..'LillP/o»-: fl.fJ?..C'r t h� :: f ft :: (C�;:r) itil , f•ff-r : ll..1-l"l/t:f (D" : f,;/!i\A::

IP/:,

=·n•

{\(ID'}dJJP,}•: lDf,'J°: {\�1"1P':,. : 1:C�,,,-.-:j..: C�;t-: f°t1'l1lD•: ft,f• fl� s (l)c'f''i-:f : f°tlf1 : 11H·ll : ft°1il11:,.. : �ro• h.1�tLU : fl\--:,·19°: C-":J--9'l- : ht,:,,f..'f'i" : hP't--: l'l1mi 1-r:.f.. : ,,7 C : on(I°7tfl/;J--:f (J}«"} : °7 l ,:J1'I' : ht,:t,f_-- : tJl/(l)cllJ:,..: P't--: h'J�. : �W':: 0-0dt»?'e � f/JfX': P'lr: hoPlrC : f:,-ltl·f1'1 1 lcf!:,, : W"il'I' t fi\.ti'i"'I.'i" : f h.. 'i:J"'I! : (frf:ht TI) ,,.&. Y:P , rt--= ODt= 1--'ltb= 39 11,-= 'll.1��r-Lu= i\tr-l·= i\c.�;tu?>l-= il9°9°�:,i\'1'/1:l"l = ,..,. 1{l: P'A"l1 :: fftm•: Olllf',- : "1'1A!i,A:: 1'1f,.f·LU : fill»": 'h.C-":r=hA Ol/irl•= (l)c'f''i1·=,;,c = O°t 111= ODilOTJ"'l,t:1'i"= n�:,, ,,::f·'i"=.nr1r l'l1ml1r";f-: (l)cfl'f' : fTm+l'l : DDlf'I-} : "7 l.,:J1'I' : f t,:P� : h�A I n"l·A 1''1°= nm:,,i\1,= °ttil+?-= x-,1,.t:,..= fLT= lD'ilT ,fAIPJ:,- Ft--: �i\k 1 rtr�a,,-= °ttil-rc = Y..�:r'i, rt,:,,,:= K"c1tt..:r- = CL:r-- '�I\&.�:,..= �(l)c 1,u 11vu • hti.ti'ioi'i" = h1:htti'I! = 1'c � = P' t.. = OD1,,= 1--q ti»= ,:1c= n(JD{ID title I f,IJJ/r/;\ ::

=�

= =

{l{l(ll:J" : ODAh : f°t17lD" : fOJ-611- 1 h1C : fh.ti'i"'l.'i" : f"f:hth: C-":r I n-01:c = t1Y..°t11":,.= 011,,,-.:f = 1rtr = n+----rc= Fe= lf'f=· ht,:,, P..l-'i"= hP't--= l'l'Jml.ir:f = ;JC : ooft"'IIP/T : 1t1Y.."7..1t1ro· : J:t11•1'1�·1= 1 1 oP 11H11 1 -1 : "Ltl. 1-"°1:rA:: hilh: J't1f:: f,f•m(l�: "19°:,,: 1:lil · 11r:r il(fl:J"9l1·= h.,,.._'I''I'C= 6Jdt.b = IP/Y:l"l: m:J>°t'i: ..-1•1{l : lf'i : n.i19° ' h�tLU: il(ll:J"?J:f: h.,,.._'I''I'C: l&6£1-: f°tlf'l'J:°t: {llf�: ;,,,;,'£: P'�: 1 {\ T P'CO = ODIPl.T: ODlf'}: ltftllT:: lfC.9° • lt'}.';'}f:: {t(ll:J·9'1· 1 'f°lt/1, 1 l foo11P.:f : IP/1Ptf : 11H11 t T9'°uc:,.. : (L,,,-.-:j.'} : l\"'i'J:!l:'J° : f"'l P,. (l,:>°;f- I lDf,'J°: il-Oth./r.'f!: hfC: 00111:: f"tlf'}: ltf,C!'Ti\1 ·I b1lth.&-'f!D>' ilf1: 1 ;JC: h'i:: f ll: "111"�-r: ili\ltrm- i hiJ;'f,�: 1.·;,,.t.,:,..: CL-r: ;JC • s n00,,.t1nc = nti.ta'i"'l.'i= i:htti'f!= +"-1:P=Ft,.= ODt,,= .,,..qlh, l1'1'1:11il: 00 1 = oaoucaac 1'1ll. !f'PA � 1-,.il= 001,s: s P't,.'i"= f:,•9°uc :, = CL�f--'f �1 1 0 lD46£1-: h1C I h"'l."l"fm-: 11H1l: ll,/t: hll1C: a,.{t'f'9° 1 ,f•a;l."'it 1 11H11: filfflllJ/r 12 h+IP�'J° : fl;\I\ 1 ilP'l,.: "'/tii�c; 1 l\--r1t;: {lf'}Ol'.f:

*'°

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- f.,:J"l'I°: f"'l.01JIIJ : mat.: fil.LA;JTPA :: flil.(ll;r : oo An : fcri.11ar :' ,i1it,e'fl\1 , 011t1Lt.-C = h.fc = 00111: : w-il,r = h01J..1�:,- = 1;._ec>Tl\'i:f· =, = h.1A "lflo:i•: f111J9°: mj>OIJ..: 'lw•, h<PJ.. : 1 il,t-Ll\."ltDrof,9° ,f-1\ 0Qlf� {1 : f f '11\tD- : t;:�9° = A� = fl00111 1 n,rcf!:,.. = '¼00;--:,. = llJ«il.T = nt,re = 0011,...:· ,:c;e:,.. = 1\1' = h'r1'i"'i = hi"&. = 01/'1�>1 = h.l\ = rh.l\ = f--l·?f l\. = nf..C1TI\"} :: (IP"J6tf : ftJ A : lD"l : 1'11!"7..filh-r A: 1,._e.· mlmC9° :: flTiltti : l11: 1· -- : : il.(ll;r9ll-1 h. A+fl Ar' : 01/ll:, I ;e tD n1r:lf111J9° : n�;JT: Q.111 t· : b � o"4fl 'i0'/. : l..11: : S!"l'I° = 1'1S!'ltLtJ : Jil◄:,..1 : il.(ll;r?J1, : oo+n/!\ : h.il:f• ,:Jt : f,lf'iA 1: 1'1S!tLIJ : filtD- : C9°jf: (Lm(lf: 1 flh..P'i°7.. : /J�f:'i: flA "'IT : P't. : l\_e, : 9°"} : ILfilh,.,.. A = 711S!°t1·A : {1'1 '11� : ODODCDPC'i:· "'l'l''iT : filLA;Jt\ :: a -f = ro_e.r = 1+c 'i(Lf-'iA ro-61!' h.1c = 001 ir:, .. t1 f. c,E:,.. = it(ll· = = ◄ f �9':f- I {l+'r:J' :- {\.OIJ"}"JP';,.. : f"7..(l{fr : ODlf'i:ffD• : f,f--{\oPf...'i: +1 (l · :�(J)c :s lf'i9° • h1S!H ..tJ : ftt•:i• : it(ll;rP-:,� : (Lf;J' l'oo« : l\.h..lt'i"t'i: 1:ti· --flh. : IJ}tfOr'l· : °7il+ l\l\�'i t 1--fllh(J)c . /, Ft : : 1 : OD ,J-t.1:P i '£ : : tt f 1..f bJL! s .: l9°r:: h.ilLl\1 .0r"}: il9°?1'1-r: 1'1-'t'P'PA: °71:l°l: flllJ9° :· . m:l'OI/.. : 'ltD- :: _e.vs,n : (Llf1 : fl/J�1: : P't. : t,.oo&.c : f:,•'1,tf1f : lei!:,.:: iD-il'I' : 1'1f...+1ilftt»- • (lCJ;.. : ff\oo"}'f P':,.. : Y:C�.f-1--: 1'C�:r : '1°1'1°:· m:J'OI/.. s il9°9° '1T : l\. 01/1:l."I : h l\.01/!,"f I!\ 1 foo"}"IP':,.. : Y:C:P:1'--"f 9° :01---'I � : OD"Jfl:J"TID- : t,._e.mlmC9° :: 1,tJ'I° 1 nm:PI\I\ : hl\ : (J)c.if!' : n1C : 1'C.';;r91l- : v-tt- : il9°9°'1 T : flP/ 1:l"l't: +"lflC: l\it.lt'i"t 'i: l\rf:ntti'I! = ,t-�1:P : Ft. : OD/, : 1--flh. : oo(lm:,--1 1--fllh(J)c I thlt11 : r+lflfl:far"} : ID-'l''ii-: m:,,1\1\ : v-�;t- : {loot.�:,--,; : �+1.1r:,.., : l-C1:r9'l-: v-tt- : Jtfm! :J>l\l\ I flil.Ll\.19° : 1.lt : il{ll;}-ID• : fl"'lfoo:f : h.l).�'} : ]t'}}tlf"} ¾ thlt11 r I\ODiltnT : ]t'}Jt"fA ' fS!C1'PA :: f+Lil1(1)« : (l)«'P1'i : l\mf...kT : f°tfilh-ril(l)« : flJ1C : (J)cil'P : 11 H-fl : tD"1. : fl+Ll\1(1)«: +m'i": 1t11o-r: h1 f..."7.a>•A : fOl/.fltfro• : fP'tr :, (l'}ml.Y : tD_'PT .f n/J:,,1: : Ft. : lt°Li: : l\1..tf.UJc : 1100�,Y.4? : tlkT f' b(Dc6Jl' : h'lC: ill\°117- : 1'C�;J.. ?1:f: {lro«l\;J.. : ODl,\)1 : oo�t.l'l°: n+t. fl(Dc : r"'" : l.cf!:,, : w«il'P : ,f•ht\iJ!l,.A:: f,tJ : n/J:,.1: : P'Ir : 1..U : h11: = = '11c = l\OD,,,t.:i- = fOl/.!J!An-r = fOD1f oot.f(Dc = .r.t..'Jf = 'J(D« =' OtLtJ ,, 1..lt : 1'1'\I."}: 1'1' f...ILIJ : fIt-: (D«'P 'il-: f °tfilh-rt\◄:,,t1: w "1.: fl001'} H 11 : b(Dc,p'i:,i : ,r4!,f:,i : _e.(lt.H· : _e.ir,; A :: ill\tLtJ9°: tJ:"t : flf'1: '1'11:P : P''I:· P'COT : {llP/(l)«IIJT : oolj::,,.i : fOI/_e.11l\ T'i" l f h..lt'i°t,; : ,f:ntti-e : 1"t. 1:P , P'&. : OD/, : 1--flh. : 11:J! 1 111!\tJ: C9°;f : nouro«(l..f.• : IL!�l,\{\(D« :. f°tl-A : "f"IC : f,t..mlrA :: {1(Dc6Jl- : h.1c· : C�;r : �h'i"tD'} : f°t1'A : (Dctp'} : ·o:,,f...9° : 1"h+ it-: + t. : (I)«itT : 11 :,,--,..-;;: s S!t.-,r : f,f-(lmro« : it1f... : . If� • P'Ir : OD I,(D« : ,,,,q h. : fD«'P� : f1 A01/,.,.. : P' t,. : (l"}illl1r : (I)«it'P :· f67.£tt9°C: oPlf�'} : h01/l..,?1ffi• : Ok:,': h.1.';l-9°: fil.9°9°'1,)·: (l)«/A: ODL 1,.1.'I° 1 r l\. n :,.."°

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"lft'e : flJ1C : ro«il'P : f111f11 : Mflib:f :: '

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• = , ro· «7 I Ul "O " l " l h. : m / fl" L 0 = L ) 1r o"r 9" �� : fl:\'\ 1 ht. : t r r D 'f!t oqoo;r • = W ° = = 'l = 1 -<e 1.t Od ri If� 9 .� ll.1' : = m� (l"} " : : trr "}h : ,. f,t,llo'Joo•n,}, : · : l "} t " > f: W• il'P: fl° : i ·A { "l"'l J-1,, 1 11 t\,fr : t : {} :, 'I! ,h. •r k.f.' f.,'11/r-A :� f't1. ?_ -- lm 1 • : . 4o ., onu fl = iq, C"l .P'� l : • a 1 f tf� ': A · rrrc crr 1 : l l\f.. : 1 ..._ 'Jti 1�: 'l 1 · )i"}Yu:,-..: h'}� ( m } 1 lD• .. ) D :1� ODO O�f " : ?"iL J1 i.fT : ' t1 C 1t(l ..(" 0 f,J;"} : qou f 1 r &-fl·� = f.rl11 'ii7i = (-' iliie&' = ,1;9" t\,I\ llm hOD t ortfit;,-p,: : ov"J/\66J. = },} ) 4 0 :: A � i,.r..itu : ffl1i +1 : UDoo ODODl,f: 9'1"} : 'h_"}f. '1.lf"} : f.,1AK""l\;t'P f . : t.,,r1'l- -1 qou;J.. 'P.lD-: fFt : h&.AA9° : (11-ml"ff (11� : l 'i : (l;J,m� : .-l. tl,: i't7i7i/t. ! "'/lD•lTJT: i',{l&.1\1..: f.,lf"}: J!,(f'jf,\:: ' r } = 11,0,h.t.<e : rA :f-ro• m·' (D«"}) 'i "} y::i: :F 'i" 1, /\..fl.?' (r = ouOD f:1:m· 01:,.. = tJ:,,�-c; rP1r- = n1,nl11 ;,c = til\iltll/ou.. = nta.-,..�c -: f..fldbt--'f! : ftll/�*9° : Qi!,fi.-1--· : (P' AIIJ'}) : '11-n: /\Ol/1�lD·9° : (lm· : h•'l"} rttnn.r·'il·1 = UDm1 f(ID{J;},UDC1'i = ""-"llotJDIJ. = ftr� = ..,1�.,c = r or,oi1:,, 1 t,f.,--/;\ : ou ro(l1: mf.,'J° : UDht\ht\ : i't/t.fl:,, :: f'l'Jh = 11..�£: : /\°7'11·:,. : f"'lf_.&.A1-- � rt,tJ(l.r-'i:f: oam1: h1J;,(;Q,ODCl\:fm·: f'P/f,'(i:: lDf-.'J°: r,11 ·1111 : 11Y-'C : f"'i!llt..A;,:fm· : OJ•'[''i:f'l°: ("f�1t:?J:f,) fl-P'r:r : l'Jf,lf'}: n1-- t1'f> cpt oa11�- ,f>... 1''1'C = /\..1?..l"l'l:fm· = f-.:rt\A == l\9°ltfb ,,ruA � r;l·nll 1> c."·1i : n�K = rof-.'J° = nct1·li r'i,1lt'1 = Cl;r�:f1 = rtrCJoi·r:,- = /Jf:A : UD{lm:,-c; : i't 1-P.1�.. : ft'r:,,,,0 : fOIJ.m·tt· : /J:J>9'7f.. 1 = O(:ti7i: q>.,: h1J;J11- : fotJ.f.....t."1 : llfo � ··f,&_1\1. : fU> � : Ft..¥1:,..,. : {\Ut/1Pt,.:,..: 01nl :r:J! : tlfo : /\..If"} : y_.:f·t\A :: (lll,it : (l h·A : .. e.."1'1° f f;J"' hll : UDQ;}.ODC rrolilil..c; = r1n. = /J:J>?J":f '1'11;1> ct... 'r1'C i rm·611- = 1t1c : 'l°11f&1 fODh AhA: It�'.: fDDt,:1- = i',m:J'cl''J° U•l:ri O'r•fl;f,: OD�llJmC: J-,1-P.1�: f"7f-.&.fl 1..: P't•?J'"f'} : t 1P, f_.P,11�: fl t1I/f..'l"1: f, m q,t11J A::

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fqou:r 'l!w« : fP't. : n&.K�9° : (l"} ml��,- : /\1.tLCD� : f�f..«J> : (IIJ(f',-'} : f001"1P':,.. = J.!•c,:,y.:-y.. = ft..lJ;. . 1 rx-c,:.-r-:r, fA.01/:,1·· = /\if..,f?:," = = ro• T'i:f : f�f/Jl.A1w«1 : 'll'T : l\00100:, ,c; : /\D?tl;J�::,- -: 1--Pif. : hD'/. m:,,lt:ff&t = h<i!flo:-Y..: ;,c : n�,11l:,-: f.LPt.� fhJ'' P,"}J;. = m·rr1 = q>? = }

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: P'& Ill,: 11'?�:,: U : i'"JC,,f,: i\° ° : il/\CPJ.cf» Ob:,,� f, . P . f, : : 't,.: O : t9 4' 1�1 f 9° : :: i\ J;. ,e,1q'PA : oat.?.9° : fr' h�A : (ro�.-J:1'i) 11tlft"} : {14',(ti1::J-�1t;) 'hf,f•f.a;,100 : f"'I.DD"JOr"} : mQ;l., : hm:J>At\e = q=e:--1:1 : /\1"} f hili"q f = qt +cqA = 1,. = i �c=e::,. hilt.�ai r; JP o 1 itili:C : = 0 11 (l1tnl1f : (Lff l,;J� : 1t"} J;.m+9°n:,- 1 (mli:"}) : 11110•"} : (ti1::rA ) : : :,. b Y: : :,, ll : ar (1:,-- : 1,'l ilA:: K" :i» t l "'l ;,,,. � f f f

f11u,n = oitil:, ..? i ¾ ll11,,,, = 'l"IP'rf: = 00,-,,,.,:,.. = '?11:,, = f°tfiJt..A 42 r 1·,?...;J'?'I°: f"7.0011Jro•"}: mm. : flan "ltD-1: qoa; 'l!: qiT = .r1·1;,7fA :: r 0 <' 1 h .P,.. "} � "} ,. h tit OI/.. : "lao:,.: f11JI 11: 'lt il1:C: f"'lC11 fl:,-"}: th'111: 43 '11c = '?1 1 ll"'l.til:1 -e:,. = 1''1'1. : f°tf+cnm· = ft,.(tc"}. = 1,aot\h:rA == ° ffT : 'lllr :: lf'f9 t A°7.-,. : ,n+il : Olf'ltD• : lDlJJ,. : 0-lr : +Y-9° : -Of\->: Y:: P't--: h'P'!: 1·'11'b: fKf-4: ii./\°'llf"}'i: °2..til:,.?-9°: ftLo--: f ·'J-flh,: n'1A: ilt\l 'l I n,tu: l"lY: = flla•"}: qi:,.. : lilt\�: l\11:]:(Dc: ODOD .caoc: n.fil&. A"l(Dc9° :: f,rr"} : i\"}j{ 1 fOO"}'?P'T : "l{l : 11H-0"}'i" : 1\,1\e l-19°: m:,,flfla,."} = ql .-,.. = l\0'1 il+ilhA: f"'l.l�:, -1: H�?J1"..: OIJ°li':,..: h+"l'le!':J: : it"}>;. ht;:A 'lro• :: m:'f»""(J)c9° : qi:,- : n.-,,:J!l\ : oo m"} : o'li:J- = qoo.-,.. = 001foPtf'i = nqoorJ:?11 = (l)cil'P = ,e,1..ctiA = ..,..,otr, = ni-1 .OD+ar : no1t,,.I: : i'i..ti'i "'I.'i' = f"I"} H11 : rr).;t,-9':f = tt,e, = 0000 P'l-r = hi\ fl,,'J-:: '1:e:'i: : O°'lH;,,:n:,- : 1.,-i : f'ltLU"} : rr).;r : 00100:,. : hl\°'l:J!A ¼ f"l"}H-0 : oY..til:,..?i : f A°7:,C : OJIJJ.. : q;::,.. : i\"}Jl4>'lil : "1'111 : OI/:,.l11: hil&.ft1. : _e,rr1n:,• : f,lf'i"A :: i\1-Y..tLU: hlf'l t "'l.til."1'?-: n�Y..9° : ,f'h r l . ; �: { : ff�:,--: fA.'7..-,.: lD"T'fi-: i\'l)lLPltt': l\°t'I. ,J-A: f..li: 1,�,, -il�t:9f: 1''11'h: "1'111 : OI/�l-0: i',l\n:,,:: OtLtJ : 1.lt: r AOI/T : qi:,., : J\OD'f>�(I : 9°"}9°: 1\,1\ : d,'111 : "'i:,,l1l : hfil&.t\'?9° ::

- ?a :

nil..,..

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f"ttil:,•�1: = 1 'qJ'b = qi:,. = f°tt.+�n:,-1 = fq,::,. = °19°:," = o.fn _:J,: = i\1-'tl�n:,.. = f11-n11 = D'l.'l.il:,..?- : frot1J(D-"} = f11,::,, = °19°:,.. = ft,. 44 .-.., = Jrtil+1r:,..i; = "1'111 = ,;Q.IJ°e = l\°i.'l.il:, e-:f- = 1'fltb = 1+c11A Tf..,;J"l'l°: f°'lODllJ(l)•"}: qi:,.. : O"'l.til.-, C!1T : Jrtil,,.,•ff:,--: OD4»'1 (I: (L:]!/;\ J 'fA°7T: 11,::,.: oo+'lil: rori:/!l\lD•: f'}ID;t-'flD": fP't--: (l"}m�:rt -: 'lf,: P'1,. = 11�+� = f..t.'Jf = fl\rlD""} = T�1,9'1.. = 001wl11 = 11:J! = �(De :: = -,..q,-.. = {)(D(l)cllJ = :,, Y- 9° = 1·h+A = f..l:<f = 'lf-il.OIJOD' 1,11..1'i" = h1-Jt J'm'iro• = l\t):,,f...' = P'&-: hT1- : 1' '1 tb: OJuol\ it = ir-f• "I fl : a; ro•

n'P1.

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rt):,,�=

= q0°;t-CC = rP'1,. = (l"} t11 �1r = ro• ilT = /\�-,..m+ ft.:,. , fl(De T'i'f = f°'Lfilt.A1ro•1 = ..,,.,, ..n = h<DllJlf = no-I\:,• = ro,e,9° = no/\m- = '¼00 .. : lD"(IT : f...' l °I : h"}Y.."'I.:,,: A 'i" : fa; H. lJ 9"° : '} OD;r .-,.. : '1,:.-,.. : (DJ!. : ;t-:, r .: Cft"'I : (Ll\h t lD" T'i:f."}: 0 a; ILU : '}(JIJ,f:f: qi:,, : lD"il.T: l\"'im:l>l\t\: 00:J!�"} : f11th.t-'l! : ft):'f»f...' : Ft• : >.mt,.C: f;f,i\'i1f : l'l!:t> : 1,"IA?t/A:: flft,ft = 1t1 +?i = lD"ilT = Y..°l'i'> ·1 i\J' 1�1,.. : oitilTC'i" 1 1,.r1�1,� = fOD"}

°'

•'42· 1'1\f.,: fi°IC1, I 177ill.'1f: ,,,... : 6' i'·l•mc,,(l{D•: ilt : ''?.til-1·{!':l-..: 1-"f.\"J'J'i: Fir: fi!Uf�f.: '¼ • 'I° s fro"lar = J't.«P�, ,,,,._, !1% : (u) ,: -4J. },'lf., : r+m-J>(laJ• : 1,'P� � •JY•'J'C , :;:rr SI 44. ,f-q"fiflo : fOJll}OJ• :

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- 109 -

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0-tfll lD·: f'll:,, : qoP:,... : iD'" ll'l' : '?P'T : f..•C�T : /J!,1.oo"r � �OT .: 1 : f A : ,, t\� : ro,. ? 'f1" : /\en, 1 : 11 t\ 1'1 ll. -:f "1 )J i t»-1''i:-f : r ,..tJDf..{lt\-1·1 cp /;\ r P'A l1J1: ft\lD·: tJDtf'i·: {lt\"'iT: 'l l"i! : O il'P: lJllP'}ft.�• � .e.1 'l'PA: J!,f\f;\� _ ir : ilt\tf'i9°: h1f..H.IJ: ft\tD- :.1111"0: t\h�li·: h r{Jl!Jf.,flfo. ...i" ffi'i-''\f\: 1111 11 : ° a n...,..� ,t'.?° � r.. ,1,,..0 °2.� 'ltP't- = ttrh:r = fltJD..f• = tJD..flt\'1' ft\OT9 h:t--C : o:,..f.."oiz.f Od1'1fl• : tJD{lUI/CP/:,• : h1�t\fl:,.. : +·Jt\?;4� :: }\"}��ILU : 11r:,. = tt1+t1.,_ r;1-+,;..:,.. rA(111:,- = Ft- = o'Jml"tc�1- : (nt1..t"i'it11J.'i) {ltf>"-m'l'i": O°t1'l : h1Jt&.�ao- : lttrt/f..'l.'1 : 'iOJ" :: f1"}H-n � 01/.til "rC: OD{\ "'Ill'/:,• : rorz.�ll1tD- : mm : r+.e..t..101" = 11.-111 = .,ftih°1n'lgfn = :h"}P,J!,flh"} : (1'1.t:l,(ll:,..) t\{1lJ�llJmC : ',OJ• :: f[,f"�"'i69° � f°!t{!? ?. li OD()ffl/111/:,. : Or 1''i:f1 : m.4-' °t., :,.. : fl {/IJ1{/IJ:,.'i" : 0tJD;'1 P':,.. : f:C]E.l. .. � lJ :,J) ?v.-:f· : 1D4il'r : {/IJ at,{1lJ1r-:flD"1 : l\111/l;J1'r : f. lJ; 'PA :: J!...'1'l°9° : °2.1firl"� :: 11 m� f\I\m• : 'll:,.. : h.P'lr : h,9°{1,)· : {lou,f.. : f"'if.OAmm·'} : 111i"fl � l\li,ft. -:f. : W•T 'i·1· : (l•.,,rlD"A : ,f•f..;J'?ODlD4 n·oioom.:,.. = 'll,f..'f = f\f., 11il&.l\1. t\W"T : 11'/f:l..'1: 111/llt.t\1--; : f.1'iH0lD": ,,etrt:;A:: f11J-111 : °ttfR,)..?-: fA,f•il'"JtJTJ: h1f..: lf'i • mf.9°: f;r(l{lro•: 'lj!�..: hm:�l\l\lD·: '?t\CP/1:· = 'll:,- hi',P'�: 'lt?°ll:,- = n{/IJ.. ,. rnllm 1\1-f..lf'I tr AO'/+. =Ft--=r"?.. t11:i)),,ro-= "'l.).fl,1:c 45 : :: t\" : +ta""'I t : f11.,)": 1\ ;�.(l,nt& : floumf:,, J?.,1'/tA 11

= =

�/ rm:,.."" : fA°7T : 11,-,,,n : i',tDllJ'[': P''I : P'CO:,"::

:,-= ro·'P'il-= IL1� = fh..ti'ioi = t,:,.. Y: l-aic 'P'i"= {/Dc;::,..Ja . ., r;--+.. ..<; (1"'l.1·t\m•: "l "}ti"(1 : Ah : h"}JtIf ).: °'J!: t.'1 'i" J· (l ,,.(D (l',m-- = -1 '111"" : nOD•ft•: ODm4'9u : ',w• :: llllH.U :,. fi,q,Y,.·: P'lr: 'lt'r.f: 1·'lh,: fA"'i:,.. : P'lr: ll1 ml1f1: l\111/?i"f..:,..: },"}Jt:f--A: 9°'1 : .,,rlJA: 111111: h"}�/\: °19°,f:1: "'Jro:t, f.'iCfl:rA h.i r"} i1J!...°trP/rlD • -� f111J11 : °1.,).h:l..?a : f ft. '} : f-t-m.4-'/\t\: f'l,::,.. : '19°:,..: ll°'l..'l.h:,..�l-: 1·'11h : hhh.f4'C,,fl : Y:tcll � flllD· : 1111·0: °19°:,": 'ltf.;J--m�-'9° ,: OH.U'J° : 9° il'J.,r:t- : ft,:,,.� : P't-. :: it'P•t: "J,fl�: 0-t 1 = 10.ffl' 1.1 , = m·ti); = fl.(l'f' = 'lt'6lA'J° hl\1·Lu = r11 n-n oittt-l·?- , t\lA "1T J /P&,.�1,.... : f"'l.OJllJ(lJ c, ,. : 1iJ'f11 : fOD1fOD6f : fSJf/°ir)• : Jt{l4'j':'f1' : "H;,;e,.y.. : fl":,..Y: : ?,.'"'t.:,.. : 11:,, : OD{l m:,.. : f,'iC (l;J--A :: rh..ti'i 01/..' i: r f-th'l.il'I! = +t--Y:P = Pt- = nub = 1,fl>a, = JJ!...l10J« = f(D«6IJ> = '/t1c = c�: = ll9°9°'i:,C9° 1 hH.lJ : '19°:,.. : ;JC : 'It-fl� : ou:,,l-0 : f,1'1'PA :: Otf.lJ : o» 1 1f: 1 fl11H-0 : "'l.'l.tt:,..� : h-t-11;,ilD" : qou;J•'f : f 'lj! :,.. : '19°:,.. : ,,?C.: ll°t'l.tt ..),c-l- : 1�'1lb :. f°t4'C11 : h.1f..' : f1·ll1"flfil : qou;rlf! : fAll'/:t-- : P'lr: (l1ml1-r: t\111/J-1;,l:t-= f.:rltA:: {lt,:,..j.'::: ?i'1tt.:,..: 11:,,: f'/t ilr'l'lt'i: f'ltht.�°1.. : Y:C]E,T 1 niJ:tl": ?i"c1tt.:,- = 11:,..=Fir= 'lthh.f� = Oh-A, ll/J1'f.;: Ft- = it1'"f= "r'l� = not l\hffl' = (lqOD;r 'f! = fAOI/:,, : Fir 1 (l1mlV : l.cf!:,, : m•h'f' : f"1•m:J't\t\ ' 'lt1f:: fAo,:,,: 10.'i': mlilil,.: °l'J°T: ftl;,�A::

f/J:,..f..': P'lr: h'P"t: 1•'lh,�: f.lJ11 : '}ou;J••'f!: fP'?-: {11ml1f: ODC?°� , fRf..'+'PA :2 .eu11va = l'Lff..C°I 1 n:,,f..'01Lf = 1·il°19""1•m-n:,. ' h�OllD" : Pt- : fl1mlV : hV-1: r++a,.:,.."} : lD''P'f1" : 1\11.."l'i : !,(IP

- 110 -

,. 2 OlJ �: n'P 1 = '1 : '11C f°11..f-l1{1}« l}h. 1,lf'ilA ! ° 'f : . °1 t:. : "7"}�(Dc � 9 : : 'f' & I = :,, h TA : f..ljf : ODlP(..T: ODlf "} : f 11:,, ..(-"'i.f flT{lffl(J)c • '.'" l' OJ• : ' 1t 1,1 '1'I' A:: : fKF.+w· : '¼00:t-«f!{J}«: fA"7T: Fir-� : 'P'i : 1:t l}t., P'� n Y:: flJ 1 1'f'1�1� : W-T'J: 1'11111: "li11.0Jtf1� : n�C1 1..:,. 'Jtll 1f • 1' '1 : h°t /l l JltftD- : DPdJ/llili/.: ;JC 1 ll"t'l..il:,..e;f-: 1'fl1i.: f,«1-CfllA:: f,U'J° i fi11H1l: "'l.til-1-� =· b.,.. u;,J:(De = h'¼OD:t-'1!(De = ffl = °l'I°:,.. = ;,c = ll°t'I..il:i..e:r-- = 9 /l °: n") �,,l..: f,00/.0D/r./l•:: h,f,{l"700-fi:,W9°: : l)-« • ,e.+c-O'i ,f: ft ° : :, 9 hC: 1 h tL19° = foo"1lif = {1}«'11 1t'l-'t h cl\"7 = = t; 1'1\ 011. �" ;11, = ;r llY:'1 = 0 = "} 1 : :, P : : ,�� f,«f>Cfl� . h ,� .. .. {\ I .,,,,.,�. :: 'i : C f 1' f. .

'-'1°

:e::,.

.,.

:: : tl�9':f ht.KK9 f " �/

fn.:tt'f°t'i': f"7�filr-'1!: �C!1: t,:,,1-:·:;:., 1 f P'/r.: (l'Jml-irl--1,;: (l}c'J' 'i:f-1 +ti;r:'f-l\1> f"7ilt.K'I° = P'AtrJ'J= /\11--IP = = oo"}"JF.:,--: 1..--c �f-1- : oP(lm:,..: hi\fi:,..:: 'h1Y.l·LU : fl,.{)}«: P't\llJ") : fi'IH..0-: x.--c�l- : FAllJ.1'. : +"lflt:l- = w-il,r = ilflOTJ.mrl>flA -. nat"lt; = n+l\9° p.. = P' tr. : flh-A : 9°19° : i\W"� =. itfilhTA9°::

.,,,,.,1:

{\(J:,,x_--: tJ�l\t>T: 'h'Jf.tLU: fl\:.p-'�lf)"}: (l.(l'P: fi1 1--IP: '11F+.: OD'} °IP'+ = 1:c�,r-.--:,:,; = nlJ:,,-�= n�l\1>:Y..= 01tinA= i•a;L"'J t= oo,t-qnc,;= '1'11:,, °11j:.'1:'f-: °Jl.1�.'fC.: !ilLA;JA:: htLUr>: t\,I\: flJ:,,1..--: n�f\ul-: fP'/r.: A'J°f:: ilf\l\,I\T(Dc : fi,f;ti)..ti'et; : Onili--�Y.C: P'/r. :. Oh -A : it'}� : q_e .,:,.. = 'l1c = nu--l\,J;'J° n tt-A f\.lP/r. = ill\OJJ..:FIA 11 11�'}. = F 1r- = hibt'\.ro• = ;,c= ill\°7..;J�'i = ill\= '11\k'IT= tifloo?fl'l:,.. = il/\01/..6..mC= Ftr.w· = roF-.. = -,."- = 1,1u+;t-A n,t-iJili"'lt'I° 1 ft,:,,�= hct:fl�:f nr.:J>� fTe1c?Jl-1 = P'lr: l\"7ilt.K9°: (LllJllJ?- t (J:,,p.:f, : 1\01/H;Jl:,,.: tt_e0D7:f(Dc: .etr'ilA::

fl{\,ft : n�A.: Y..'1'1° = roo,,.,,,.,:,..= x.--c;e:1'-:f -i ttu,.1 = fl\"T'J i /\roY. �T : h"?.:r'l>�:,.. : ;JC: +ool}l),e. : flY�·T'J : OJ·T'f7f ¾ n,t,,rro• : ODP' ooc: t\01/ti�.(-: '11'\.k: ,;;,:roe :;: fir:,..: rD•'P'i1'·'i: fl}-«'1•: P'/r.: itt..KK9°: H�: OOl/..1'1: itf,ti��'I° I f"2.l\ro•: '14>�:r i Y:c;e, ..y.� : ft"'l'J:*9° t m11e'J°: ti�:,. = .r:c;e:1,l- = 1t.e = ,,., AllJ'J = I\ODtJ•(IY: = 04! = 9°h1f:'f- = ti�tr'19° = = °11: fO-'l-1: it'J:9°'i: fl\W -1: f P'Ir-: A'I° �: /\"77i7iA: 04!: 'J° h'J.r:,,: �ar:: n��.il: rof,9° : lb/t hilt.Kut. : .r:c:e-.Y·l-1 : l\U?*'J:9° : fOIJ..!il '-A1llr : P't-W•: n1-J.-f,: nlJ•'}: ,�:,..: Y:c:e-�r-:r, : .V..U'i: it .. f:C1lD" : f\"7 tiit:: b"?.'f/\"O,l-: fooiili1l7i: �l)T � lf Act:: 'IOC.:: if'.9'1: flu,.�: 1.11: _eu1 : f°tfltf,: 9°19°: UI/ill;<f: fl\9°:: 0

-:;..

fP'Ir : tt&.K?.9° : ,,,..,.r'PC

ft--1):f wc'}: f.tc;e-�r-l·: m�il: htr�:,..: (J�Jl. .:f'i: fP'lr: (l'},nl1-r:1�-: O+f\ooP":,-.r; : t\"'lil&.K'J° : f'PJ.. l.PitD•'}: fu ..n:,, : 'J° '}6f,b : (lf.'}11 : OD?••<' - ·111 -

J\":�..

» .-{l : { lc/Dmcl ?11�.. � " } : ' : nri:Ao:fu .. ·'ll., o flt :,,. 9 : t,�,r._,: 0 : 0 A1 : � m l °7. f ' : C .. : a>t1Jfl• 1·: 1.tt: 1' 1�.ti" l-4·: (1"7�l°l f.." .�·f.. ,... "'!tab�.!},: t\.m�hc �� P' /rCir: h..c,,m"}: f,1·/\A:: · = f t' 1 = : (l" } ml1r <fl/ .. P '¼ I"' 1 :r'P. lD"i ) f : r : m�: lt,.r1.v,1i; .. ..: ro••rr'} t fi OD m· .. : 0 D : r "} t..'A -:,_ (\ it 'J° "/, fl h1'�: rUD9}01I":,. : � t1J >'z,!_ {.I t1 ;J-, {\OD mC'i": ,,,. f:c� :i-: P'C : f,lf'il,\ :: na;H.. U 9° : f.."C;�-:...y.,}, : ,.,- --CJJf]C : 1'1. JJ;,. : lli1' '}�,: t\,f-m(l-; : Cir1'"} : "}l\k : flfijlD• : 11�"'1·'1 : � h.A : OJf,'J° : ,f•cpcp,e � (1"*t--611>) r,,.._e..t.1m·1 c:'J°�'i .;- llP'lr = (l'Jml-lf' : (D•l!'r = ,.ffA:J,r: ooti '?f:,, : (1.t..mC : rrra;n:,.., : 'J°h"}f,1· -: (1..-l ',;Q�OJ/�9"'° = f"l1tl"n : hfflt1JT : ,,.�;1- 1: f<P/.f(JD{\n:,. : trc:,-. : (ly,{l,)- : (ly,{l:,-. : me a tf1T/li,:J:�..,:"} : ODf 11JmC: ,err'iA:: fACP/.,1•: t)lj:�':f'J° 1'-;1�..�"} : t..?"Crf,::j" � •l'UOt\h,t•(Jr: l\°1 hm1f: : fOIJ.:FAO•}'}: lD-1'c;-:1J1: ft oo&.?t'J° : f 01/.f°1P,..:,-1 : l,ti l\0 Hfo : hH,;J�,t-ro· : fcf>C'lft·:: lf'i'J°: °71�ro◄ 9° : t\W·T * fl..0,lht,'£ : fo :,,,.,: P't.: i-ioot.c: ·l·'l,.•111 : OJ•il1': (lrf'1t\�lD·: 01'}1111: U•t:J,: o u,n'}: ODtVl:,•: OD(J'j: i',/\0-"1':: :

{\"'

�

1 0 f /7f7ff

,l1ltfl�f-,; = f-t·fl--1-- 'lfl?- ,,"8.. f�ft,) , =me: ft\°1:,-. ''lll.fm· trc,fl- 1 /\1''i'l" ft--1--1n.m· ft,:,,..�- = ri;,,,..:,,, = lL1· � 'h1J;,tr 9° : tTc ..Y.1·--1: (Lftl.;J:4". 'i· : (t,f,n�- : i,1�.. l�.,1:,- = t\4',n'iw.. : fA 0£J·)· : Pt- : >ti'l &.1."1..: '1 °'l--l: : f,l\'1ft·::

rf--h;:J"-l•/\0 il/\0'1itt..?i9"', : fOD"}"JJ»:1, : -�-c�:,y,.:.,. : f'12..,('cf>Cfi·i'1.!fm•1: -;, t c..y,-:;... fio�f: ?t',n&.-l· o,..l- m•fl1' = f<PJ..1·�;m- = .,,,1,1.m• = f'l' m'i": ° · = 00 1 :,= q_e� m·(t�• : "h11'07.fil&.Aai th'111: : l,C9 fm'i'i � h�A '1°1 .<'cf> C'l/.\ :: 1,�tLU19° : f cf>t.O·-l·1: ,l1ltfl1: : f nil.-f•'lflt'i" : '1.fl&.f.°! : .r.-c. �:,-: 1-"'t-: hilh..f1:: .ril--l·'l.,flt,;1:m·'i: (16:,,�--: ri;,,&..,,)--: a.:,--: P't..: J',fl h.f�: fi h•- A t 1\6:t,.r: : P' t•: UDt: "J,()}b'i: t\6:,, .r: : JPt-: J-,--ri::. pay_i:: f,cf> C '1 ft--::

:,-itf•tf : er. b: n °·1.(tmm·: P'AllJ1 46 ODIP/.;I. : f6:t, Y:=,11 °1: 0.(�"}1): ••

, 0Dt..7'{1D•"}'i"

fOJffi•"f" : '}OD;J•'J! : fP'/r : f,'}mt.1r"..}".. : fllft/.."J(J : ooi}Y,P,:f

llr1: t\OD,�llJmc:: ...,l\t. : ilftlf� � hl\f, : f--1·,nc/>fl·:,·: t7"C,f·:f: ilm1'i\fJ: °11.til:t-�s,u = ODl\h = itft'l�:m. r,n:1,1\.e, = oiifl:i•t;.. = f..',nt.-l·· : n.:,. : no :,,� K"iht..:,,. = '1:,. fcrt.rr:,,.1 = ,11ltfl':f• = a0 c?°r.: = n··t-fl01Jt11/ll:fm· = fi�I\ f I\°'lm:,, It:,: ar : fOD" }° 1 P' -1·· = ..('..· C:P.,:.-y,:.1: : .<'il--l·I\/.\?,./,\ 1 fl·l•CQ,01/t9u = "l--�•ft..f--l-1: /\OIJ l9°'i: f,f·llOl/oo-flTm·"}: mltfl:l: : t\0'1'1�Y.:: r..t•mnf. m·'}: C9°jf: fo Y.m:t,{l: ODt.�·: ,fs(}{l(lflA:: m°1'i: r P''I : F(:q:,.: ooout,,r'J':f-: f"7.t.>;..-l· i h1f..a;tLu : fit'": 'rT'r�'f: 1\ 01/Y:l°l : fo?.. ,n:t,oo•: ODl.;<{?1:1·· = t\OD(l,(1(),(1 "fl:l� = ilt\lf� ' 1\,1\9° = m1hC: .('t\ = r"'l;'rt = �h: C9°�· = onoJ• (l�: .('q/,\::

° m 11'1 f\° "9 : fh.lt'r"?.. : f.\OI/:,-« : P't- : J-,&..��?° :; P'lr :· UJ/(flJtftl'l :'" flllJ 9° = n1j>°7.. fP't•: 01Joo•111"} : hlb /\: OJ•'P<:»:1· •: fl,f-.4�'.' oo }

=�(I}«::

- 112 -

/ , J,r.1,lt��9° i fb:,, Y: : ti�f\o1•9° : f74'�.:,""} ·: h(l)c',.-f·� : "lfl'f: �If',· ; ( 3:11'� :s fP'lr : "'1 00 1fH'l = +"l'lC = f°7.1,.00t..ar = f?'ilT: me = rP'� = I trc:i- = oo�l-- : mh.l\a l--'i : n +'P 'PV-1..: ( +*t--'6"1') (l,(ltp: 'Im• :: or1t1>1,�9° : '}ODT: ODQ;tl! : l\f, ,, h!1P."}>;...: f«f'm'i : ff.\"7:,..: P'&. �1'�1' 1-fl}., I O�lllJ: t;rc,y..�..'i : t,.(t«: '11'iW• : ODl,,.jf: 00D,n<f>9° : t\t.(l•· ,ttdl!i, f"'l..111 = f"'IOD•f H� = t;rc:,.. = .ru;,;fA== h1f.JLu = ft\ro• = t:rc:i- i· r 'i = f P't--: (l"}mt..1r: ' P itJ ' f4'm'ia ,oo:,-. ?. Lmf &.: = 'P .� 9°: = 1 'i ,4 :Pf I f,,,.17'"T19° : 1-f:l\-f--T : h1 J;.v,9° : f"'l.'lil'ftin,1--1 : lffo 9'T : .em +Mil =1 1tf1.&;1�9° = f+m'i : tit;:A = f,t-1n.w- 1 : r+m'i' : AITI/:,• : P't• : irtT1 1 1-flh, 1 t:rc :r- = f{ll'i'i I ill\ = +m'i m•: rt,.(l«"} : t;rc:,, : ,fH;,jf f,\:: 1,ur : t;rc:,.. = nP't-- = it'P� = 1•'llh = t;rc:,.. 1· n�:,,,: = i--,1,J.:i• = it:,.. = t)t,:�l-: (11-"{l(l(l(l·•,,r : ODf.jf 9':,}••'j : fl,n:,Jll\f, : i't 1l: 11f(l)•: Jt(lrf" ff ,f·1': ltf, : (JPOO/PlT : ht\n:,- :: ff«f>m'iro• : h�A: t7CT:.r.. : "IA?i : ffti'i i f lllD'�,t� • (:i--hhA) ool "} = Y,1'1:f'PA fOD"1t..qar : t;rc:,-. = t\cn1f11 = fDIA+C-0 : ootr"} : n1?:,1'1W·9° :: ilflH.U : t,ll;>j(9':i: : f"tODill\:flD• "} : 'I+ L:r i lfalt-: Ot?"C,f: 1 l\f, : t\lTl/il�C : 9°19° : ODt;:t,.:,..: ft\'l;f'lD·9°:: ',<f> lo? : h"7f l-fl'i : TA:,, : 'l''i'T : h"'IY:l"I : 1\,1\ 1 t;rc,i: : f11�1>;...1 : tIJ-'1'1-: l\1ldbt .'£ 1 l\hct:t\: lJ1't-'i: (t�c;A) flf<J>mc;ar: 1',ti'i°t: fflro-"}: m:l'ot'l:r« • '1'1.';.0-9° : h1Yo:,.. : nY:C1 : rr+m,;(I}c : /flt.. : (l"}ml.1f : hd1f9° = HOD"} = �:,,p..-:;. ;,c '1'1..e.oi•10DY: ="?tar:,--= nfln-r ==

,rr

fliil+'l'lt'i = Jiilt.�oi = 1:c:e_-:.:,. = Ft. = nilh.f� 1 r+m'i" = n'i:f\o le, : t?"C,f-1'" : 1tfil+'lfll I fb--(1•19° : i\ilrf,,,rr:,.. : f ,(lllJA :: ftLtJ9° : m-m:'f-: f�:,,,:: ?iatLT: f1,r: qOD;t-'P.: t;rc:,..: f,lf'iA:: flJ�Y:: g,ai �:,..: 11:,..: P't.: nilh ••f:� : t\iJ:P..e....: i',T� : 1,()t.,,;: f\m:,Jll\,e.: oY.til:,--?,_ : t;rC,f:1 : f+C'lf.\::

r/ rt,:,.p..-:,a.'i" :

° r /fl&, 9 : (l"} COD&,. :: mt..·t :f f :

fl1f9° : HOD"} : (I}c'J''rl-- i iJ:,,p..:f"}'i : fP'b" : (l"}ml."Jr:f"} : l\CJTJtl ;,,=:,.. : oo',?f : ODIPl:,- : c;:fw· :: h'lli..V·9° : n;,,"I : fln«b\9° : tr', : n;rt\ 1:ti = 1c11: , n;rcf\"'19° = .,., = flll>I\ = nh«A = OD ?i'f...:P = tifilt.A.;J:fm• = f\.tPt,.Q:faJc: 1,;Fl\f,\:: ilt\lLU J f',fLU · : (Dc'J''i1': ?°COD&,. I 9°19°: h11)."} : �,,.. = +ttA = .,,c = 'l.F,m(lY: -1 tt1�:-f-9° = at;,'I! -1 ;rl\t'1'1! = mf,9° = r nil +�1.c : T"lt:l-1 = nJilh,rb\9° ::

flA.I\ : flh-A: f.'1'1° t fn9°il:,.. : qOD,f: : iJ:P ,,e:; : Jfl'I : p-1cq:,.., : il+ h+t\: 00111:: t\/J:P Y:: JPt,.: ODt : 1·'li'h: +en i +'I ;>"lt.ro·fl·1--: hKf...4': O�ft : fltLO- : l11: : fl?i',h-ct: : ;,:,..qo : f,lDllJf.\ :: 9°19° : h1\\1- : flcn"l : ,,,. .,..,.,1 : 'l�mtq ¾ f,U : �:,,,,e:; : ,}t,\:,JI : tJ ..oc : .ffl(I}c : Tt\·l:'1 : 'lh : 0011 111 1 .,llJc I -fltfc: 1.ft: f°t/l'PWT: htr'l9°: "'1',�(I}c"}9°: ft,:i,Y:: -l'"l'l.C: ,:J,(Dci')fA :: n�:PJ;..: ODIPl:,,. : fnt.�Koo«"} : lfYo : OD(\'POJT : r+f\oof.,. : i'l.lf1 � tit\ I n�:,,J;,. : (I}cil 'J' : f,,..lfl.ll't-:,., : V·lt· : n"r:J!fl: ODm"} : h1�f,, A'PlDffic = °71:l"I = .,,rilLA;JA == OI\.I\ = nil-A = f...°l'l° , rht.�fioo« = 1·11o= i'0l\1i,f-: tit\: nmt.+:i• : l\f,: 'l.t\W· : t):,,Y.·: l\f, : h.9°�"1.."}: ODllJA: flllJ9° · - 113 -

(l, t.mC : ''�Pe.. : h�}�: 1li = h1f.. illJi•:,-: 'llD'":: h'1�1LIJ : ffl : .. = : 'I : P' P' . } � ( °" irf" ' ...,...{Hl,,,,,..: +?f7i ftor; 001.00 tf lD'": 1.lt I {1 °2:1 q: hl). " (1 : :, . K�� : ;1--T'l° s O OlD'"llJ:," : }ifl(l -:: qr,.,',-: 'LtL 1 '¼{IP:J--'l!: fI"t-: iiLKK9°: (I 1 lil l 1r:-,: g "'"'m'},,..(De : r oi 00 : • : :, : '¼ :'f- (J '..f: �ro I 'ia1;BlUu9° I ,)1;J'f!�:,.. I .K�chT: Ah : h'1�: lfli?'° * nw1,.6':,.. = h'Jf..tl u ft\.l\:fl&' = f7'/li:'1 = {IP111P"f« : 'i:fm· : 1 1r:i•: fP't-: (l"}ml1r1•: Ah: 'h"}�t\,l\lD•: t}OD:J"«e: u1:(!,}-: n:rct\�: P = : h'1-'tlf'l: C9.A :: i\'11·1.U?°: f\.:J, thtt,fi 4 OD1f1(11'" ,l '1 ,f-f.."} 1lD": 1,:J'l! : " loo« : f"'l 1' ft-:,• : f-Oth.t-'l! : f IJ:,,1: : P' t- : hau, t-.C : f..:1-1, 1-1�1'1 : l4!:p : ll"'lfttm- = ouwl:,. , mf,'J° = t1t\l\ = °'I loY.1 = ;,,., : ,,en;: 5 outr1 = Jtt\ n:,.. fP't - = (l"}mlirl-- = rain;,�:,- i An = h1f. = '¼ 00 :t-'E :: CJl... ..) , I\'}�= '}ou:,. : 11:,: : llt\ll''I • tl'I'"}.414: = h+w?- = h9°1lil9° 2 {\(Dc.rp : itf ilt..t\ ;J -�lD'"'J° :: t\lD'"'I' : Jt{lttl\'L : lf'i : h--1·119° = ,t-1,tt,01Jt : fl,:irl• : OT/il.t.. t\r: ' 1 t\m• = f P't- (l"}m�1r :: :.»C = ODflrf--'lOc : = fl1:'h i Jtf,+C'J°'i "7fil h-. .ttfln:,r r , );; :

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fl tt-:,- /J:,,p.:f-'i· f P' Ir (l "} mt,.1r1-- = llr fl'I': f,f--mftlln ft.. :,.. : m•T'i1.. : rP'Ir: nt.KK?°: t\lD"'I': flilt.t\1m· t f/J:t,1:: P'Ir: h'T�: 7-fllh: h-til°7 "70:,.. : O�f\ • OP'/r: ltilt.K"'l : flt\P'AflJc;>1--: /l,f.l.'? :: �e;f,I\A :: 011th. lr'l! : f/J:,,x.· : JP /r : }10D/rC : f ·rhlfll : lei!:,, : ODI.Pt,.:;, � t\lD"'I' : il.f..t.'? l\:fm- = t\07 J!,l--f--l 1--Par-:.f = for>J!ODt..<'9':t: = IJ:,,P..1... = rof!,�• = r F1r- 01 -ml1r:f : {LlP� : flTCD(t�:,-- : P''I : ,.,.,cq..y..'f : uov,�:,- ¾ J',ilt.1\1..m• : t\lD"'l' : OD�ld/ : itf\(1:,.. :: IJ:,,p.."':{-1c; : f P't� : (l1,11t..· i-r14 f01/tii�: IA?°f: = �f�Ol: (l.'tf: t /J:,,p.:f1c; = f P'lr: (l1ml1'"i •1 : f0DODConc 1: P'AllJ1 s n/J:,,,: : P'lr : �1,.�· : 1-1:,,+c;: : fllf)-1• : h<t:flc,:f : lt1P.1Y..: : ·1..ur = tiP'tr = ttilt.K"'l llt\FA.llJ'r":f· = ODflm:,.. = J!,:J!A = J?,lf'iA tr'i?°= OH,U : ht\�"} I r--l"(lm : P'AllJ1 : {llDlJ}(l)c : ,l1°1 : ODv,l:,--c; : fl'l'rfl�' : .-,,...'l''l'C Fe = oot.�9° = itttn:,,

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II III II

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f� , ciao:,. , q,::,. 1 11-,�:,. •

ARTICLES THE AD MINISTRA.TIVE FRAMEWORK FOR ECONO MIC DEVELOPMENT IN ETI-IIOPIA by

IAN s. FRASER* CHAPTER

IN fRODUCTION

In developin� countries it is very difficult t.o ensure tl1at administrative . . ma ch1nery for planning executmg

and evaluating the plan keeps pace with the de � � and . s _made upon �t. �11 1nany cases, n1uch greater benefits are possible from 1mprov1ng the organ1zat1onal structure a11d proced11res of the administrative units �oncerned '"".ith planning a_nd its implementation than fro1n any possible changes 1n the techruques of planning. In the words of Professor B. Oyrzanowskil: "In some countries, the plans fail to be carried out just because the institutions which prepare the projects do not fulfill their d11ties properly or are non-existent." In this respect, Ethiopia is in circun1stances similar to many other deve loping countries. Though it was one of the first African states to initiate com prehensive national planning,2 this is still a relatively recent development; the second five year plan is still runrung its course. But already experience has shown \Veaknesses in the tentative3 administrative structure and procedures. Ac tion has been taken to n1ake in1provements as partic11larly severe pressures ap peared and 1nany proposals for changes have been n1ade by the Planning Board Office itself, but still much ren1ains to be done. The Government recognized the need for a co111prel1ensive review of the ·planning macl1inery, in 1963, by C(jmmissioning reports on ''The Institu�ional Set-Up of Planning Economic Development'' by Professor B. Oyrzanowsk1 and • Mr..Ian S. Fraser was formerly the Director of the ln1perial Inslit11te of Pu�lic Ad�ini· stration. He is now rtbe Chief of tl1e Pttblic Administration Section, United Nations Economic Com1nission for Africa. 1. B. Oyrzanowski, Compre/1e11sive Plarzr.i11g in So,ne Africa,1 Co1,11tries (Septen1ber, 1963-• unpublished). 2. The document introducing the second five year plan states that the first _five oY:: plan ••... was introduced as the first document of overall economic and social p ·v! in Ethiopia. Ethiopia became the fi1st Africa.n c,ountry ,to commenc� co mprebensint planning for her economic and social development." Imperial Ethiopian G :ern J:b; Imperial Planning Board Committee, Seco11d Five Year 1963-1967 G.C. (Ad s 1962), p. 33 (hereinaf.ter cited as ''Sec,Jt1d Plan"). , . only " • The pia. th 3. There is at present little planning formal legal basis for_ as such _in B ; m Order, ono y law specifically concerned with the subject is the Council of Nationa_l racti ce, p has , l Counci 1954, Order No. 15 Neg. Gaz., year 14, no. 3. However, the ::Ing Bo ard Plan for some years been superceded by the Imperial Planning Board, the Executive Organ and -the Planning Office.

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ADMINISTJlATJVE FRAMEWCRK FOR DEVELOPMENT

cution Capit, the f Ex (Develo and � ulation � : p�ent) Budg�t'' by Mr. J. F. erm ''F Econorr1c C Nati<?�s mm Uruted ss1on for the Africa. of In the light ? both � ba, _ Lu an� 1t1cal po �m�1strat1ve considerations and discusrelated an � reports � � se the of Admm Plannm 1s.rat1o g n Nation Order al has been draft prepared and is the ns . . S10 , . . n o t1 a r "d e 1 s n o c r e d n u a.ow The draft Order provides for the est1blishment of ''an· integrated planning administration for the Imperial Ethiopian 3overnment'' comprising:_ (1) The Planning Board; (2) The Planning Committee; (3) The Planning Office; and (4) Such additional Plan.ning Units IB may be created by the direction of the Planning Committee as follovs: (a) Sectoral Committees, composec of representatives of the Government departments concerned wjth development in the major sectors of the Ethiopja.n economy in qtestion acting under the chairmanship of a senior official of one of tle said departments; and (b) Development Units to be cretted within each Government depart ment concerned with economic and social development to undertake planning activities under the directjon and supervision of the execu tive head of the department. ''Government departments'' are defined a� ''all Ministries, Departments, Public Agencies, chartered Government bodies a1d Public Authorities of che Govern ment engaged in economic or social deve:opment activities whose activities a.re financed., jn whole or in part, out of the budget of the Government." The functions, powers and duties of tle Planning Board, the Planning Com mittee (replacing the present Planning Board Executive Orga.n), the Planning Office, the Sectoral Development Committees, and the Development Units are discussed in subsequent chapters.4 CHAPTEl II GENERAL FEATURES l. The roles of p1·ivc1te eriterprises· and pihlic ai,thorities. ''The economy of Ethiopia is a mixed economy, wherein public, private and co-operative initiative have to play their �espective role [sic]. The plan has to guide and co-ordinate the public and priv,te efforts an.d to ensure that one side c.ompletes and complements the other. Va�ious development projects concerning either economic activity or social servjces are to be undertaken by the public, as well as the private sector, having in mind highest efficiency and national in�erest. Being equally important parts of the nation1l economy both sectors are closely in terrelated and will have to contribute to tie national development each in their own way."5 So far as the public sector of the eco1omy is concerned, the Ethiopian five �ear plans and the implementing annual pr,)grammes are intended to be directive, imposing commitme11ts and restr.ictions as to capital expenditure and projects 4. Chaps. III-2 and 3 and IV-3. 4 and 5, belov. 5. Id. at p. 35.

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JOURNAL OF ETI-IIOPIAN LAW - VOL.

III - No. l

e tor vat sec is pri cerned, on th the as con . far So d. nte me ple im be ld . ou e . d' t1ve, th _wh 1ch sh l G o ve . �� l � f3n ent measures can I� ica y onl be can n pla the d, ; other han h w ts ic en llJd 11rt VvO m l est 1er n . e :r fag i the o1;1enc to d p im le . 1 ' be, and are, 11tilise \\ OU l h w t. e 1c h no t os g gm ra ou sc d1 le hi w an pl e th of n mentatio t all cen of stm ty per inve t�ir r ove , ent during the plan year five nd seco the In er es n oth urc tl1a reso _ e,t1c b11dgeta.ry revenue dom from e com to d ecte exp is od peri e t, som oun -tvv1 am nty twe this Of 0 per cent is rs. esto inv ate priv ign fore from and expected to come from foreign private investor�. In order to �cl1iev� this, encour agement needs to be given to both the domestic and the foreign private investor. Government policy aims at assisting private enterprise, primarily in the field of services which are in many coun1ries traditionally rese1.·ved to Government departments, but ,also in fields 'Y�ich, at least te1np?r�rily, private enterprise, for one reason or another, is not w1ll1nE to enter. The 1'I1n1stry of Posts, Telegraphs and Telephones provides a postal servce under powers and dt1ties conferred upon the Ministry by Order No. 1 of 1943.6 Tl1e Ethiopian Electric Light and Po\ver Authority has a monopoly in the supply a11d distribution of electricity conferred on it by General Notice No. 213 of 1956. 7 The Imperial Board of Telecommu nications bas a monopoly of all commercial telecommunicaion services within Ethiopia and to places abroad, conferred on it b y Proclamation No. 131 of 195 2. B Ethiopian Air Lines Inc. is established as the state airline by General Notice No. 59 of 1945. 9 The Municipality d Addis Ababa Water Supply Department provides the water for the city, and the municipal authorities of a number of other towns in tl1e Empire do likewise. In addition to these Government departments which are wholly financed from public sources and established under special laws, the Government and its de partments have financial i11terests in , 11umber of share companies set up under the provisions of the Con.1mercial Coie. 10 In the main, this participation seems to be underlaken to encourage the development of industries and services which are in the national interest. Advice and assistance are given to private businesses by the Ministry of Commerce and Industry, the Chamber of Commerce of Addis Ababa, the Develop ment Bank of Ethiopia, and the Technical Agency.1 1 One of the duties of the Mi nister of Co1nn1erce and Industry is to foster trade in the Empire and to encourage industry. 12 He was also required to arrange the establishment of a Chamber of Commerce for the development of tr2de. The Development Bank of Ethiopia was established in its present form by Proclamation No. 116 of 1951. 13 The functions of the Bank are: (1) To assist_ in the development of industrial and agricultural production in the Empire and 6. Ministers (Definitjo11 of Powers) Order: 1943, Order No. 1, Neg. Gaz., year 2, no. 5. 7. Ethiopian Electric Light and Power Authority Charter, 1956, Neg. Gaz., year 15, no. 5. 8. Imperial Board of Telecommunicatiors Establisl1ment Proclam Proc. No. 195 2, atio 11, 131, Neg. Gaz., year 12, no. 5. 9. Ethiopian Air Lines, Incorporated Cha�ler, 1945 , Neg. Gaz., year 5, 110. 5. 1 O. lSSlied as Extra�rd. Issue No. 3, 1960 Neg. n1crcial Co 1n Ga z., b)' : and tl1e intr odu ced Code Proclamat1on, 1960, Proc. No. 166, Neg. Gaz., year 19, no. 8. 11. See Chap. V-2, below. , n of Powers) Order, 1943, cited above at note 6. ;�· M . inisters (Definitio · 0 eve1opme.nt Baiik of Ethiopia Establishment . Proclamati Gaz., year IO, 19 No 51 . on Pr oc · 116, Neg · ' ' no . 7.

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ADMINISTRATIVE F'RAMEWCRK FOR DEVELOPMENT

(2) To foster the investment of private capital for private purposes in the Empire. In order to enable it to carry out the�e functions, it is given wide powers to and to deal in u e stocks and bonds, and to invest to iss_ loans, guarantee r o. make and participate in business. The National Bank of Ethiopia, replacing the State Bank of Ethiopia, was chartered by Order No. 30 of 1963.14 It is the central bank, acting as the Govern ment's banker, and it has_ t�e . exclusive right ·to coin, print and issue money; to regulate the supply, availab1l1ty and cost of money and credit; to arrange and administer the international resources of tre Empire; and to licence and supervise other banks. Under the Monetary and B1nking Proclamation of 1963,15 which authorises the National Bank to licence and supervise other banks, the Commercial Bank of Ethiopia and the Addis Ababa Bank have so far been licenced. In addition, Banco di Roma and Banco di Napoli continue to provide banking services in Eritrea under previous arrangements. The Commercial Bank of Ethiopia ()ffers limited stock exchange facilities for the shares of a number of public sh,re companies established in Ethiopia. While the purchase of some such shares :s limited to Ethiopian citizens, others a.re available to purchasers regardless of nttionality. 2. Instr1,ments of development policy Financial instruments which can be U!ed in the public sector are the annual budget and foreign loans and aid. To control the private sector taxation and regulation of domestic credit and of foreig1 exchange facilities can be used. Non fiscal instruments applicable to both secbrs are the provision of facilities for technical research and development and fa- training and developing labour. Too often, in Ethiopia as in other developing countries, preoccupation with problems of raising funds for current spending has caused the development promoting function of the budget to be n�lected. Projects have been included in Ministry programmes without proper pro,ision for them in related budget pro posals. When cuts have been made in peiiods of financial stringency, they have frequently been made arbitrarily in all heads of the budget, rather than aban doning projects in reverse order of assessed priority. In later chapters, the fra.ming of development b11dgets and their integra:ion with development programmes is discussed, as well as how to ensure that s1bsequent modifications have the least unf�vourable effects. Foreign aid and loans are closely rela1ed to development programmes; offers of such aid are, however, not without their dangers and these are discussed in Chapter VII-I. The Investment Decree of 196316 povides for income tax relief for new enterprises and those investing substantial additional sums in Ethiopia; import duty relief on agricultural and industrial machines, implements and appliances; export duty relief on manufactured finished goods; foreign exchange facilities for remittance of profits and repatriation of c1pital of foreign investors, payment of interest and repayment of capital on fo1eign loans, remittances of savings of 14 National Bank of Ethiopia Charter, 1963, Crder No. 30, Neg. Gaz., year 22, no. 20 . 15. Proc. No. 206, Neg. Gaz., year 22, no. 20. 16. Decree No. 51, Neg. Gaz., year 23, no. I.

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W LA AN PI 110 T1 E oF L NA UR JO

VoL. Ill - No. 1

s a11d 1naterials. . Tl1ough some of th ·: . employ4� good of hase purc and """ s [ore1gn . . ese . i l ble on an a.d l1oc basis to 1n�ividu al ava de ma erly form e � _ firm s. facilities wer . _ . _ . ce den 1n onf1 Jre 1nsp uld sho nt eme stat l �otent1al investors. This lega � their formal ct to effe its be for Jttdged, but such pro . ugh eno g lon ce for in n bee not IaW has vi 1 1ty of private funds he ava1·1ab'l· t 011 t effec ble idera cons a have could sions for development. . Little attempt has yet been made to shape the general tax structure to the needs of development. Preoccupation with the short-term objectiv es of meet ing current income need.s and attac�me�t to traditiona! sources of revenue, past assessments and methods of collection Jave delayed cnanges necessary to fit in with n�w planning concepts. Tariff protection of de·veloping indt1stries has been consciously applied only to a very limited extent, although customs duties, which are based almost solely on the need to fio.d ready sources of budget revenue, do in fact provide some general measu.re of protection. Uncertainties as to tax liability and incidence has discouraged industria: development, while the relative leniency of taxes on developed land and the diff iculties associated with collection of taxes on profits arising fron1 la11d use have tended to divert capital into cl1annels dif-· ferent from t hose envisaged. in plans and programmes. Efforts to stimulate small savings 1hrough the banks have had only limited success and widespread use is not yet made of bank accounls, due to a number of factors: suspicion of banks; prevalence of a subsistence economy; difficulties in communication; and limit ed banking facilities. This has resulted in reduced availability of internal savings usable for development purposes. The Develop ment Bank has to some exle11t used fo�eign loans to gra11t domestic credits. On the whole, however, those needing loans for projects of agricultural and industrial development have not been able to meet the ratl1er stringent conditions of tl1e banks and there are no adequate arranEements for making use of current savings to increase fixed investment. Investn1en1 and credit facilities which will stimulate savings and direct them into tl1e desired •:hannels need to be developed and backed by the Government. Uncertainty as to tl1e operatio11 of exchange con t rol rt1les have in the pas t also tended to prevent investment of foreign capital in Ethiopia. The detailed rules laid down in the Investment Dec�ee of 196317 sl1ou l d help. dispel this un certainty. Facilities for technical research and development are provided by th� Tecli nical Agency set up in 1963 18 (see Chapter V-2) by tl1e Ministry of Agr1c11lture Extension s�rvice and by the �aile S ellassie I University. Rece11tly, too, a. 11 80� power Section has been established 1_ n the Labo11r Departn1ent of lhe M1n1str 1 of National Community Development with tl1e task of assessi11g manpower needs and arranging for training, expansion ,nd redeploy1nent as necessary to f11rlb_ er development. A high level manpower survey was undertaken i11 1964 by the Hai le Sellassie I University, in conjunction vith the Labour Department, t o forec �st manpower 11eeds at the graduate level so as to enable ft1t11re U11iversity poli cy and plans to be form11lated in line witb development needs. 11. Ibid. 18. �echnical Agency O·rder, 1963, Order No. 29, Ne Gaz., year 22. g.

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110.

15.

I I

(

·,...

.ADMINIST·RATIVE �RAMEWORK FOR DEVELOPMENT

CHAPTE1 III DEVELOPMENT POLICY-MAKING AUTHORITIES ' •

1. · The E1nperor The Emperor of Ethiopia !llu�t be g�ven pride_ of place among the planning given wile executive powers under the· Revised is He country. the of s oritie auth Constitution of Ethiopia, 1955, 19 including A.RT. 27. ''The Emperor determines the organisation, powers and duties of· all Ministries, executive departments and the administrations of . e G overnment . . . .,, th He could thus Himself undertake, o� appoint any authority· or person to undertake, any functions which He wished in connection with planning, execution and evaluation of economic and social plans.. ART.• 36. ''The Emperor, as Sov-ereiin, has the duty to take all measures. that may be necessary to e1sure, at all times, ... the safety and welfare of [the Empire's] ithabitants ...." Presumably eco.nomic and social develo?ment plans, programmes and pro jects would be construed as being for lhe welfare of the inhabitants of the Empire a.nd are thus within the prerogative of the Emperor. Quite apart from His legal status ar.d prerogratives, the Emperor enjoys,. by virtue of His unique position, very great power to influence the decisions taken by other bodies. Among His many persollal interests, the economic and social development of the Empire rank high and He personally presides over the Plan ning Board.He also approves and proclains all legislation passed by Parliament� 2. The Planriing Board ''The Planning Board is presided :>ver by His Imperial Majesty Haile· Sellassie I. The members of the Board are: His Highness Crown Prince Merid Azmatch Asfaw Wossen, the members of the Crown Council, the Prime Minister and Ministers of the Crown.The Board is a policy-making body, and meets from time to time to review the overall economic and socia] sitt1ation, and to decide upon major development policies."20 In accordance with Article 70 of the Revised Constitufion of Ethiopia of· 1955,21. the Crown Council '' ....shall ccnsist of the Archbishop, such Princes,. Ministers and Dignitaries as may be designated_ by Him [the Emperor], and the President of the Senate.'' Since the Council of Ministers consists of all the Ministers22 and is presided over by the Emperor or Prime Minister,23 the Board consists of the Council of Ministers plus the Crown Prince, the Archl:ishop, ·the President of the Senate and· such other Princes and Dignitaries as have been designated by the Em · peror to be members of the Crown Council.The m�mbership is imposing, but the Board 1s not, as such, politically responsible. 1

19. 20. 21. 22. 23.

Promulgatecl by Proc. No. 149, Neg. Gaz., �ear 15, no. 2. • Second -Plan, Appendix I, at p. 361. Cited above at note 19. Id., A.rt. 69 Ministers (Definition of Powers) Order, 1943, cited above at note 6, as .a.mended b)r Ministers (Definition of Powers) (Amendmert), 1943, Order No. 2, Neg. Gaz., year 3'r no. 1.

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ng rni ty 1ce . lici co1 pub the of n pla ip rsh nso spo s might 's ard O B ing nn Pla e Th 1 n by the var1ous · p·e m e ntat'o · o ff' . im · d n ic1al a e c n ' sem1·• ta p e c c a · r i e th ·well .fac1·11t.· ate 1e 1n op t b pe 1e · 1 Y as ll general. However we as , ed olv inv s die bo . · ate v · i pr· • 1 an. d . · o. ff1c1a B 1ng c l · 1 oa1 ann are argely political .1 of th fact tliat the decisions of the Pl j �e u it_ th� rs nst ste co in M ma ! of cil un rity of the Co the of rs � embe � �:; �:at the . 1ve pomt of view trai an from 1n1s arun le, b er:t pref be ld wou it rd Boa the . , · mb ers of me I a_ ert r b k en k wo u�a y its the Council of a�d ved sol dis re we ard Bo ng nni Pla the if igh-level cons1derat1ve body h one - always a te ina elim . ld • t ers. This wou M1n1s a11 d _ot nis · h t_ �r s�111o· r officials and e rs Mi en re su es pr e th of ew vi in re su useful mea potential dupl!cat1011 _1� planning func and e _ tim save also ld wou It ies. itar dign tions and sin1plify the procedure 1nvol1ed. when_ plann1n� dec1s1��s need to be ing v1ng plann 1n�ol �c.w dec1s1ons could be o� s draft ation legisl by rted suppo . . tly direc to r eithe the Emperor or, in sters M1n1 of cil Coun the gh tl1rou itted subm . .appropriate cases, to Parliament and t�e E_m�ror for co11sideration. !his would replace the present procedure under wh1eh, 1n 1n1portan_t m�tter�, a pol1_cy decision must be taken by the Planning Board tefore draft leg1slat1on is subn11tted to the ·Council of Ministers. The replacement of the Planning Board by the Cou11cil of Ministers was recommended by Professor Oyrzanowski in his report, 24 but political considerations appear to have outweigl1ed administra1ive ones and the Planning Board is in <:luded in the draft National Planning Administratio11 Order with its memb ership unchanged. The head of tl1e Planning Office is made the Secretary of the Board tl1e duties, functions and powers of .he Board 11a ve been limited to the followand • 111g:

To give final consideratio.n and app1oval to all development plans after elabor ation through the planning administration and after provisional approval by the Planning Committee; and To publish to the Empire the adcption of all such plans and the achieve ments thereunder. A ''plan'' is defined in the draft as ''a staten1ent of development objectives ex tending over Lwo or more years." The Flanniog Board would thus be called upon to perform only functions appropriate to its august status - it would approve five year plans and general plans of a d1ration of two years or longer. Such plans would be socio-economic documents - bluepri11ts of future development. The annual in1plementatio11 programmes, 01 the other hand, whicl1 would become legal documents, would ·more appropriately move from the Planning Committ ee directly to the Council of Ministers and, :rom there, to Parliament and tl1e En1peror for enactment. This would facilitate the correlation of the annual implementation pro�amm� with the development budget, as both sl1ou]d ideally be given final cons1derat1on, and eventually enacted, concurrently. 3. Tl1e Pla11rzi11g Board Execiltive Orga,i (Tlze Pla11rli11g Con11i-zittee)

!h�

PI_an11ing Board Exe cutive 01gan reports to the Planning Board and, like it, 1s without forn1al legal existence. It ''initiates econon1ic a.nd social develop· n1e�t policie� and measures and gives instr11ctions to Ministries, the Planning :Office, �echnical agen�ies and other Covernment and private agencies for ilie elaboration of econ�mic and developme1t surveys. and medium and an pla nu ns al long-term plai1s. It 1s responsible for the follow-up of the implen1entation of the 24. B. Oyrzanowski ' T · lie J11s11·111 11011 · aI se1-11p ; p1a (October, 1963, unpublishe d).

· Ethio· . Development 111

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for the co-o and rdin atio n of plan the s econ nt omic and social develo -. pme velo ··de . · · P h ven 1 t e ''25 E ·f Pl ann Nation. ng ! Board remains in existence, there ment of the would seem to be a strong case for making the Executive Organ a committee ters has It . Min to_ make political decis�ons, interpret Govern� i of cil Cou n � the of ment policy and co-�rd1nate the plann1�g work of Government departments; many of its recommendations must be conf1r1ned by the Council of Ministers in the form of draft laws and . bu�get�, whether or not the Planning Board sees and endorses them as embodied 1n five year plans. As a committee of the Council of Ministers, its recommendations would carry great weight in that Council when its reports and recommendations came up for ratification there. In the draft National Planning Administration Order the Planning Board Executive Organ has been re-11amed the Planning Committee. It is envisaged in the Order as the body which develops and elaborates the planning policy, subject to tbe responsibility of the Planning Board for approving long-term plans. It is also the body finally responsible for the co-ordination of the work entailed in preparing and imple·menting plans and programmes, wherever the work is done. Annual programmes, within the framework of longer-ter1n plans, would be approved by the Planning Committee and sent to the Council of Ministers for consideration .and eventual enactment by Parliament. These programmes would be closely co ordinated with the annual budgets and would constitute the legal framework for .social and econon1ic development for the year. One defect in the present Planning Board Executive Organ is its rather un wieldly size. It is chaired by the Prime Minister and Minister of the Pen and also includes the Ministers of Finance, Agriculture, Commerce and Industry, Public Works and Communications, Posts, Telegraphs and Telephones, Community De velopme.n.t, Public Health, Education, Infor1nation, Mines and State Domains, and the Governor of the State Bank of Ethiopia.26 As the Executive Organ is presently constituted, its task might almost as well be undertaken by all Ministers constitut ing the Council of Ministers, thus eliminating another administrative body. On ·the other hand, the Planning Committee would consitute a very useful screening body if it were smaller. This is, after all, a national body rather than one repre sentative of specific interests; Ministries, however deeply involved in the n. ational development programmes, should not necessarily expect to be regularly represented on the Planning Committee. The draft National Planning Administration Order provides that it should consist of the Prime Minister as chairman, together with not less than four a.nd not more than six other Ministers, chosen by the Council of Ministers, to serve as permanent members. In addition, the Planning Committee is given power in the draft Order to invite other officials of Government depart ments, representatives of private enterprises and organisations and experts to attend its meetings i n an advisory capacity from time to time. 4. The Council of Ministers

The Council of Ministers is composed of all Ministers of the Empire and is collectively responsible to the Emperor for all advice and recommendations given to Him in Counci1.21 Even if the Planning Board and the Planning Com mittee remain as at present envisaged, the Council of Ministers has a significant part to play in the development of planning policy. All in1plementing legislation 25. Seco,zd Plan, A ppendix I, at p. 361. 26. I bid. 27- Rev. Coi1st., Art. 69.

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.. 11 budgets are consj dere d and approvecl by it.As the body 1s c??sxdered 1;; �;1 : s tio_n s, it mus� ke�p ir1 touch wit h t l a que ic a poli ll 00 all advising the E P 0 d soci al field. Tl1e mem ber an mic cono e the in . s of als opos r developme.n ts and p · · l · 1ng Pl a1111 B e · h . f l d oa1c · o an be1s mem , 1n ll a practice' • · the C.ounc11 of M'1n1•sters a.re ,. "-e h t · f o r11y ma1o crs 1nemu Th� or the ers. memb Council its of . y t ri' O • J a · m a te u it ·const .. · u,ve e Planning B oar d Exec th of s an r e Org b mem o s as at al are · · s er t · s n1 1 · M of . . . a nd other Gover-nment. departm ent s (whose d • The 1 · M1n1stnes • · present const·tute · s) are t•he imp ister Min · Iement1ng o rgans by over ided s pre a.lly norm re B .a d a draft National Planning A d the In s . e amm ogr r p d an .s plan minis eilt opm fo� �e�el a nn1 a l developme11t pro grar111:1es sl1ould be t tha d e d vi pro s i it er Ord , tration approve d by the Council of �inisters, after approval by the Plann111g Committee and before submissio11 to Parliament. .

5. Parlia111erit At pres ent, annual implen1entat_ion progr�mn1es, like five year plans and other long-tern1 projections, are soc10-econo1n1c and not legal doct1n1ents. The ft1nction of Pa.rlian1en.t in relation to them consists, tl1erefore, of considering and approving estjn1ates in the annual budgets for carrying out _those projects which are to be fi11ance d fron1 Government fuDds. Though a very important par t of the planning process, this presents only a. very p artial view of t11e tota l plannning picture - it lea.ves out those projects f:na11ced fron1 other sources a11d does not present the annt1al programme in the cJ11text of the longer-ter1n plans. It is proposed in the draft Natio.1al Planning Administration Order that annual impl ementation programmes shotld be enacted by Parliament concurrently witl1 the annual budget s. This would bring Parlia ment more clos ely into contact with planning a s such a11d e11sure its active p ar ticipatio11 in the policy-making process. It would, however, be essential 10 keep Parliament continuotLSly informed about the thinking in relation to five year plans and long-term projections and for this purpose reports, i11formation and statistics would need to be made avail able to Parlian1ent and carefully explained and elaborated to its members.

CHAPTER IV PLANNING AND PROGRAMMJNG ORGANS

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I. Co-orcli11atio11 and co11trol of fJlan11ing orga11s The ad ministrative organs for pla11ning and programn1ing a11d tl1e tecl1nical u11its assisting i n the plan11ing and implementing process are so vital to develop m.ent that a new post of Minister of Sta1e for Development shoul d be established in the Prime Minister's Office to direct their work.Subject to the Pri1ne Minister's . approva], he woul d exercise all the fu.nctions of the Prin1e Minister in r elation to . P!ann}ng. �e would al so co-operate with the otl1er departn1ents of the Prime Minister s Off_1ce to ensure that tl1ey po)s essed up-to-dale inforn1ation to enable rliem to exercise control over the imple111entatio11 of plans and progra111mes. 2. The Plar1nin,g Board Techrzical Co-ordir1c1tiori Con1,r1ittee T�e Planiiing Board Technical Co-ordi11at chaired by �he ion Co ''is 1nm itt ee execLitiv� head_ of the_ Office o_f the Plan oi11g Board.[Its members] are e�ecuti_ve hea .ds 0� Plann1 ng U _ nJts, est�bl1 sl1ecl i11 tre Ministries a11d / or agencies dealing with econom1c and social development. Th e Com.mittee reviews the various pro_posals ao<l recomn1endations of the Office of '.he Plan11ing Board ancJ submits its re· - 116 -

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c,,,uroendation� �o the Planning Board Ex�cutive Or�an."2B This. task seems better �uited for a�m1n1strators than for_ a c ?mm1tt�, a�d �n the draft National Planning Adm inistration Order; the Committee s ft1nct1on 1s given to the Planning Office. 3. Tlie Pla1111.ing Office ''The Office of the Planning Board [i.e. the Planning Office] i. s the secretariat of the Planning Board and its Executive Organ. It has a technical staff to serve the planning organs as a whole. This Office co-operates with the Central Statistical Office, the Technical Agency, the Planning Units of various Ministries, Haile Sellassie I University, the Investment Office, the Chamber of Commerce of Ethiopia, and other Planning Organs in carrying out the preparation of the de velopment plan(s), evaluation reports about the implementation of the plan(s), applied economic and social research, publication and running training cour''29 .ses.... Such an Office conceivably might be attached to the Ministry of Finance .or to the Prime Minister's Office, or it might be established as an independent Ministry. Since the Prime Minjster's Office already is responsible for the good administration of the work of the Ministries, for supervising the execution of the laws and for ensuring the execution of the general and political business of the Government, however, it was logical that it should include the Planning Office. The establishment of a separate Ministry might well have resulted in a conflict of powers. On the other hand, the �inistry of Finance, by virtue of its other powers and responsibilities, is essentially restrictive in its functions whereas the planning function is expansive; it may well be that two such opposing functions could not be reconciled i11 one Ministry. The draft National Planning Administration Order does not give any clear indication of the place of the Planning Office in the hierarchy. The only refer -ences to its location are provisions that its budget ''shall be contained as a separate subhead in the budget of the Office of the Prime Minister'' and that "'the internal organisation of the Planning Office shall be submitted to and approved by the Prime Minister." It is also provided that the head of the Plan ning Office shall be of the rank of Assistant Minister or above and shall be appointed by the Emperor; no indication is given as to whom he should report. · he d.raf· t Order should be amended to provide that the head of the Planning T Office should report to a Minister of State in the Prime Minister's Office, who s. hould be responsible for a·u its operations. A great deal of discretion should, however, -in practice be left to the head of the Plan11ing Office in the organisation :and running of his _office as well as in the preparation and execution of its budget. In the draft National Planning Administration Order, the general duties :and functions of the Planning. Office are detailed . as-: (1) Generally to carry out all its functions and duties as laid down in the Order. (2) To prepare, for approval and issuance by the Planning Committee, direct ives on the elaboration of plans by Planning Units based upon general Government policies as interpreted by the said Planning Committee. (3) To prepare a co-ordinated draft of each development plan for submission to and approval by the Planning Committee and Planning Board. (4) To prepare, in accordance with development plans · previously adopted, a statement of general objectives for each annual development programme for submission to anc1 approval by the Planning Con1mittee.

Pia,,, Appendix I, at p. 361. 1;: Id., p. 362.

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tal d en an rtm pa de sectoral level in the the th bo at its Un g nin an Pl To aid s. e m m ra g ro f p o n o ti a in rd -o co formulation and i11 the integration �nd �o-orclination of pla ns ist ass d an for e vid To pro . velopment Units of the Gove:nment De the by ed par pre es mm gra pro and _ _ ram 1og and ? 1 1s es pla1 l ora ra sect e111b er wid cing � into ents all departm . . . development 1n tl1e sector 1n question. economic and social on dina�i o� individ11al sectoral co-or the in assist and for e provid To . mes prepared by the Sectoral Committees 1n orde: �o establish program a consolidated annual developm�nt programme for s11bm1ssi on to and provisional approval by the Planriing Committee. To co-ordinate the individual annual development b11dget estimates of each Government department, a\ailable foreign assistance and all other revenue from other sources which may be d.evoted to de,1elopment, in order to establish a consolidated annual developn1ent budget for sub mission to and approval by the Planning Committee.

(9) To receive follow-up reports from each Governme11t depart1nent and the observations of tl1e governors-gereral of provinces co11cer11ing the imple mentation of an11ual development programmes and 11pon the basis of such report's a11d observations to make recom1nendations to the Planni11g Com mittee for adjustments in such programmes when found necessary. (10) To prepare and subn1it to the Planning Committee an annual report evaluating tl1e implementation of each annual programme, such report to include: (a) a detailed analysis and criticism of the in1plementatio11 of the annual' developn1ent programme in its entirety, including in particular the relationship of the annual de'/elopment programme to the plan and a list of national, regional or sectoral fields deemed over-emphasized or under-emphasized; (b) the prospective value of each project contained in the annual develop ment programme to the national, regional and sectoral economies •. and any changes in that valte since the preceding report; and (c) an evaluation of the work of each Planning Unit. (11) To prepare for public distribution, both within Etl1iopia and abroad.. periodic reports on the adoption and implementation of plans and annual development programmes. In a�dition �o t?e ?eneral power tc carry out all its duties and functions. the Planning Office 1s g1ven the following powers : (a) To establish procedu•r s which shall be followed by the Planning Units �n, � _ the preparation of their programmes and the general carrying out of their . duties and functions. (b) T? appoint professional, technical and other advisory experts or cutn· �litte�s to re�der advice and assistance on ei Lher general or specific sub·· Jects 1n the field of development planning. (c) To ensure that the heads of Government deparlments and the chainnen _ of the Secto�al Committees conply with the work schedules approved.. by the Planning Committees for the preparation and submission of plans. and programmes. •

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Government departmen,t and to pro-. (d) �o require each 5_ectoral _Committee _ vide to the Plann1 �g Off1c-e �11 nnportant data and reports in its hands. relating to econom1c and social. development planning. (e) Generally, to e�sure . that each. Se�toral_ Committee and Government de-. tions imposed on it in the Order obl1g complies wit par:ment all or by· � � _ direction of the Planning Committee. Although an obligation is laid on all Planning Units and Government departments to co_- operate with ·the Planning Offic� in carrying out its functions,. there must �lso, 1n t�e last_ resort, be power to requI1e the_ Government departments. to provide informaion .. Since _ many departf1:ent heads will be senior i n rank to the head of ·the Planning Office, .J1owever, 1t would perhaps have been better if• this power had been . formally given to the Prin;ie Minister, to be used in his name. It must be emphasized, however, that planni11g can o·nly be successful if a system. of personal and professjonal relationships is established which enables the planning organs to secure the inforn1ation and the co-operation which they need with out recourse to the ruse of such powers. Details regarding .the organisation of the Planning Office and the functions. of its subdivisions have been omitted from the draft law, for convenience in making any necessary future alterations to the structure. All of •these details, how-. ever, will have to be made explicit in internal regulations. I consider that at· this stage the Planning Office should consist of three departments: the Economic and Social Research Department, the Co-ordination and Follow-Up Department and the Administrative Services Department.3° The Economic and Social Research Departn1ent could be organised into four · divisions: (1) The Research Division would make studies o.f the Ethiopian economy and· .

would supply other planning organs with the in.for1nation tb. us gathered. For each medium-range or long-range plan, the Division would also gather· infor1nation from other units of the Planning Office and external plan ning bodies and study laws enacted by Parliament and speeches of the Emperor and high-level Government officials to determine the prevailing· social and eco·nomic policies. It would then draft directives, based upon, those policies, for the elaboration of the plan by Government departments; suoh directives would be approved by the Planning Committee and sent to Government departments by the appropriate Sectoral Divi sions. The Division would also formulate general objectives for each an nual programme in accordance with previously adopted plans.

(2) The Statistical Division would produce and tabulate the statistics required by the Research and Publicaitions Divisions and would make the com putations necessary for economic project ions and plans. This would involve research as well as the gathering of data from various Govern ment agencies. The activities of this Division would not duplica·e those of the Central Statistical Office, but would re-frame and supplement those statistics to fit the needs of the Planning Office. (3) Tlze Publicatio11.s Division would have a most vital function: creating·

interest in the development activities of Ethiopia. It should prepare at-

30. Sec Appendix Ill, below.

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tractive annual reports for distribution to tl1e public in Ethiopia and . . . · abroad and news reI eases 111 SI.ID? 1 ·1 f·1e d l a nguage l:or the news media s well as for dissemination by word of 111011tl1 by Goverr1ment agent s :n the provinces and districts. The Co-orclinatio,z and Follow-Up Depa1·t1nent col11d be organised into si .Sectoral Divisions and a Regional Division. The Sectoral Divisions should cor� ·respond in the scope of their functions to that of the Sectoral De\1elopment Com mittees and might be: Industry, Power and Mines Division; Agriculture Divis ion· Transport and Communicatio11s Division; B11ilding and Constn1ction Division ; Trade Division and Social Services Division: (I) Bach of the six Sectoral Divisioni would, within its sector, take the first

steps in regard to five year plan�. It would send directives to each Go vernment depart111ent witl1i11 its sector, asking for elaboration of the plans by· their Developme11t U11its. The directives would inform each de partment of the general policies to be follo,1/ed in creating its proposals. After each department had sub11titted its proposals to its Sectoral De velopn1ent Committee, the Comnittee \VOuld 1nake its O\\.'Il proposals. The suggestions of both tl1e Government departme11ts and the Sectoral Development Cominittee \Vould then be studied by the appropriate Sec toral Division and for,varded with its reco1nn1endations to tl1e head of th e Depart1nent for consolidatio11.

Each Sectoral Division wouli assist its corresponding Sectoral De velopment Committee and the Government departments within the sphere of tl1at Con1mittee in elaborating an annual programme. Whe n a final sectoral programme was submitted by the Committee, the Divi sion would evaluate it in conjunctio11 ,vith rec ommendations received from the Regional Division. The consolidated a11nual programme. for the sector would then be forwarded :o the head of the Department for co ordination. Each Sectoral Division also would assist the Government depart ments in its sector in. following up the implementation of the program mes by means of quarterly and annual -reports. These reports would be forwarded to the head of the department for consolidation into the an nual evaluation report of the Planning Office.

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�ice ing Plann tl1e of staff the d vide ) woul pr, ion Divis l a on. Regi The (2) with the viewpoint of the provincial leaders. By receiving information t�e s, sector all in eeds n ncial l provi enera as the to nor-g gover each from hic p geogr� more was t tha on opini in ble availa make Division would ntioned me not cts aspe e de som inclu t l migl and one that than economic in the sectoral recommendations. .

It would be t·he job of the Regional Division to keep the governo_r general of each province fully infor1ned of economic developm�nt 10 each major sector in Ethiopia in general and in his province in partic�� 1 The Division would transmit the views of governors-general to the toral Divisions for co-ordination with the proposals of the Sectora 1 De velopment Committees. - 130 -

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Th e bead of the Co-ordination an d Follow-Up Department would receive directly from G? vernment deparlments their preliminary budget based upon the plan provisionally approved ary estimates _of expe nd1ture _ _by the Planrung Com�1ttee. He vould also receive from the financial i'nstitutions suggested figures of loans for economic development, and from the Minister of Finance a prelininary estimate of the funds available for developm ent expenditur� durinB the follo�ing year, including foreign assistance. He would co-ordinate al those est1mates with the annual pro gram,me provisionally approved.

The Administrative Se�vices D�p�rtm':1-t should attend to all house-keeping a.rrangements for the planning adm1n1strat1)n. 4. Sectoral Development Committees The second five year plan contemplat�s six standing committees for co-or dinating planning activities: (1) Planning aid Investment Commjttee, (2) Finance Credit Committee, (3) Trade Committee, (4) Social Development Committee, (5) Land Reform and Settlement Commi�tee, and (6) Legislation Committee. These committees do not seem adequately to cover tl1e sectors which should be emphasized in development planning. Finan;e and legislation, for example, should be considered in relation to each sector covered by the plan, while industry, power, mining resources, agriculture, transport am construction work do not seem to be given enough emphasis in the committ(es as at present constituted. The fol lowing Sectoral Development Committees slould therefore be formed, correspond ing to the proposed Sectoral Divisions in 1he Co-ordination and Follow-Up De partment of the Planning Office: (1) Industry, Power anq ,Mines

(2) (3) (4) (5) (6)

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Agriculture Transport and Communications Building and Construction Trade Social Services

Each Sectoral Development Committee would be the body which would view the sector as a w,hole, including related investment and financing, legisla tion., land use and manpower. It would co-)rdinate the programmes and projects within the sector and maintain an even b aance between the interests of the va rious Governme nt departments. The draft :'-lational Planning Administration Or der provides for the establishment of such Sectoral Development Committees. The chairman of each of these committefs should be a senior official in one of the Government departments principall� involved in the activities related to the sector c. oncerned. The other members would be the heads of the Develop ment Units of the Government departments involved in the activities of the sector, other officials who are considered experts in particular problems in volved, and representatives of the Chamber of Commerce of Addis Ababa and of private businesses involved. The comnittees should report, through their chairmen, to the head of the Planning Offce. It is important that the SectoraJ De,zelopment Comn1ittees should ensure that projects are viable, ensure that each project is allocated to a specific Go ve�ent department, and rank them in order of priority. It is essential that pnor1ties be seen to be of crt1cial importarce, as they will determine which pro-

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. ts mus .t be abandoned or deferred i11 the eve nt of capital or other resources not. Jec_ 11,tl itio ich wh add o t als jec pro and s should be ts J·ec ' pro all :, for e bl · l!la ava being . a e · bl il a v e a m co e b s e rc u so re included if additional appro_ved i11 a five year �Ian should be lly_ fina or sect each in ects proj The is presented both of how tlle re ?1ctu clear a tl1at so , years by pro subdivided and wl1at proporti on of each n pla the ng_ dun s gres pro will or sect each of jects 1n each_ a�n_ual prog rau1me. Only in this ar appe to cted expe are ects proj 's ctor e s _ 1l1t y v1ab the of e mad be ent ssm asse nal ratio a way can .of plans a11d programm� . Such a breakdown is also very useful for the superv1s1011, follow-up and e valua tion of the results of plans and programmes. 5. Development Units iri Mi11istries and Gover11111e1zt Agencies

The elaboration and in1pleme11tation of realistic plans, J?rogrammes and pro jects depend primarily on the Governm_ent departments. Wh1l� the success of de velopment planning depends to a considerable_ e�tent on_ their good general ad ministrative structure and methods of work, 1t l'S also important that effective Development Units should be establisl1ed and co11solidated in them. The document introducing the second five year plan contains the following statement regarding the ftinction of Planning Units: ''Planning Units are established in the executive Ministries and/ or agencies headed by senior officials of the Government. Tl1e functions of the Planning Units are lo plan tl1e activities of tl1eir Mi11istries and agencies, research and statistics, to prepare and follow-up the implementation of the development plans and departmental co-ordination. These Planning Units have direct contacts with the Office of the P1anni11g Board. Tl1e head of each Planning Unit is responsible to his Mi"Dister, and in liaison with the Office of the Planning Board and with tl1e Planning Units of other Ministries and agencies in the course of preparing the development plan(s), co-ordination, and in the course of implementation of said plans(s) and. research work and training courses....'' In a, few of the Government deparlments st1ch Units are working effectively; in others they l1ave not been given sufficient status or power to enable tl1em to carry out their fu11ctions effectively. These Units must be fully aware of the policies and aspirations of their organisation, and of the financial, manpower and material resources likely to be available for the implementation of proje�ts. They should also be fully aware of the general Government development policy and of all decisions taken by the Planning Board and the Planning Committ�e , as well as being in close touch wit,h the work of the Planning Office. While each Unit must press the policy a.nd claims of its Government ·department in the Sectoral Committees, to the Planning Office and to the Planning Council, it m�st also J?Oint out within the Government department tl1e limitations within which planning and pro_gramm�ng must be accomplished. Such Units should be_ named J?evel?pment Units, wh1oh would more correctly describe them, as their func tions include responsibilities in· relation to execution a11d follow-up of plans, pro grammes and projects as well as the plan11ing fu11ctio itsel f. n Th� Development Units must be recognised as integral parts of departments, h ever how , � na! responsible to th� department heads. It must also be recognised, th �Y have a special relationship to other planning organs one of their functio n . pla the b �ing to ensure maximum co-operation between their de�artment and n ing organs. -132 -

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CHAPTER V

TECHNICAL UNITS J-\SS�STIN� . IN THE.PLANNING PROCESS ice l Off ica ist at St l ra nt Ce e Th 1. The provision o � r�liable st_atistical d1ta is of paramount importance for the formulation and per1�ctic apprais�l of pl,ns and program.mes. In the past, such statistical data as existed was dispersed among Government departments and 1ted ttempts to c Som limi e es. ente rpris private � �n�olidate, co-ordinate and classify this data were made . by su�h �· od1es as tle M1n1stry of Commerce and Industry and the State Bank of Eth1op1a. The Central Statistical Off.ice was es:ablished in June, 1960 and was given an independent budget for the year 196: / 62. Since January, 1963 it has been attached to the Prime Minister's Of-fice. [ts functions have been to co-ordinate the work of the statistical units in Government departments and to plan the esta blishment of effective national statistical :ervices. It is advised by the Inter-Mi nisterial Committee of Statisticians, whicti was set up in 1959.

In June, 1960, a Five Year Statistical Programme for 1961-1965, drawn up by the Inter-Ministerial Committee, estabished priorities a.nd timetables for the collection of new statistical series; proviced for the expansion and development of statistical services, keeping primarily in view the requirements of national planning; established priorities for new s1atistical services and provided for the development of the Central Statistical Offi:e. This programme is now the guiding document in statistical development. Considerable progress has been achieved since the Central Statistica:l Office was set up. What has been done, however: has been sporadic and conditioned by such factors· as budgetary provisions and problems and a·dministrative pressures arising from time to time, rather than :allowing a well-planned development pattern. Progress has been made· largely through the insufficiently co-ordinated efforts of individual Government departn. ents and agencies. The functions of the statistical units in Government depa1tments need to be expanded and co ordinated to provide the needed range anl, type of statistics. Another gap in the statistical service ts the lack of adequate statistical units in the provinces. While the Ministry of Agriculture, the Commercial Bank of Ethiopia, the Customs Administration ani the Ministry of Commerce and In dustry have offices in some of the provilcial centres which provide statistical data, these need to be developed into viable provincial units which will provide a continuous flow of reliable statistics to the headquarters of the Government departments and, through them, to the antral Statistical Office. A draft Central Statistical Office Oder, drawn up in 1964 to regularise statistical services, provides for the legal establishment of the Central Statistical Office, reporting to the Prime Minister as President of the Planning Board Com mittee (i.e., the Planning Board Executive Organ), and lays down its powers and duties. Together with the draft National Statistical Proclamation, it establishes the legal framework for the development o1 statistical services in the Empire. This proposed legislation, while avoiding over-ce11tralisation of statistical services, makes the Central Statistical Office the overall co-ordinating and supervisory authority and provid.es the n1achinery for ejfective inderdepartmenta1 co-operation. It al.so establishes the Central Statistical Office as the general advisory body to the_ Government, through the Planning Beard Committee, on all matters of sta t1st1'Cal policy. 133-

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ce al Offi istic . Stat as a tra1 Cen source of data the of role . the f In. view o . . . e t er h d e un co tr d co 1 1 ol l ou of s t . 1? a , � ing nn i pla ni Mi st r � essential to national h o, 1t ts propose , shot1ld be responsib w . ice Off s ter' nis Mi me Pri le of State in the for all planning activities. 2. The Technical Agency The Technical Agency was established by the Tecl1nical Agency Order 1963.31 It is stated to be an organ of !he Pla11nin� Board and to work unde; the direct supervision of the Planning Board Executive Organ. 32

The duties and functions of the P�gency are established in the Order 86 follows : (1) In accordance with the approved Annual Working Progranunes and upon the request of the Planning Bo1rd and in consultation with the com petent Ministry or Ministries, to undertake economic and technical feasibili ty studies, looking to the establishment of economic and social development projects and enterprises envisaged in tl1e developn1ent plans;

)

(2) Following preparation of tl1ese plans and their st1bmission by the co1n petent Ministry or Ministries for approval by tb.e Planning Board and at the request of the Board and in consultation \Vith the con1petent Ministry or Ministries, to prepare or cause to be prepared all necessary designs, plans, specifications, drawings and other tecl1nical material required for the request ing of tenders and tl1e construction or installation of facilities; (3) At the request of tl1e Planning Eoard and in const11tation with the com petent Ministry or Ministries to: (i) request tenders for sucl1 construction and make reconnnendations as to the letting of contracts therefor; (ii) prepare and negotiate contracts in connexion with all aspects of its activi ties; (iii) supervise such construction and, in connexion therewith, issue orders for the making of payn1ents to contractors in accordance with the lernis of contracts entered into with them;

(iv) make reco1nme11dations coocerning the employment of competent management personnel for industrial enterprises so esta.blished.

)

The Agency, wh.ich may provide it) services in connexion \Vith the estab lishment of economic and social development projects privately fina,nced a.is well a.s those financed from Government sources, is empowered. to undertake any of i ts act ivities ei t her directly through its own personnel or by u tilising the service ,of independent experts. To the 1naximum extent feasible, independent consultin.g architectural and en.gineering firms are to be retained to perform services in connexion with projects submitted to the /\gency.

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The ultimate decision-making function with respect to (1) q11estions o� policy and substance arising in connexion with the planning, and (2) the establ1slun�nt and operation of projects and enterprises, is to re1nain vested. in the Planning Board_ and competent Ministries. The Agency is therefore required to ke�P. the Planning Board fully informed of its activities. It must also maintain close liaison 31. Cited above at note 18. 32. Seco11d Pla,1, Appendix I, at p. 363.

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concern<d wi directly ny st given project a·nd establish, es � Ministri � �� the with _ mm1tt c es of adv1so techn1c1ans and experts (who may be ssary, nece � � � re whe co-op ted from other organisations with the latter's content). The Agency is no! yet well _ establishtd, and its services have not yet proved significant for econo �1c and social de�elopment pr�grammes. Adequate feasibili ty studies are_ essential for the es�abl1shmen� of viable plans and . programmes, however. To integrate the Agency s worl with that of other bodies concerned with planning a.nd development, it shou:d be made legally responsible to the Prime Minister· and should, in practice, :ome under the control of a Minister of State in the Prime Minister's Office wJn, it is proposed, should be responsible for all planning activities. 3. T/ie Develor;me11t Fttnll The Development Fund was envisafed as a special Government fund set aside for financing development projects. )Uch a fund would have the advantage -0f directing resources eannarked for de1elopment into the projects approved by the Annual Development Programme.It would have the disadvantage, however· , of segregating into separate channel,, with separate controls and differing administrative procedures, these resource: ear1narked for development projects and those resources approved for recurring expenditure in connexion with those projects after they were established, as well as resources at the disposal of M.ini stries or agencies for other purposes. Such a fund would detract from the powers of the departments charged with all the txecutive functions of government and would place responsibility for implementation on the planning organs controlling the fund. The document introducing the second five year plan stated that the Deve lopment Fund had been set up under the Planning Board ''for the furtherance of development plans."33 However, no eviience of its existence appears in sub sequent Annual Budgets, and it appears tllat it is not now the intention to pro ceed with it. 4. The lnvest,nent Committee The Investme11t Committee, set up 1nder the Investment· Decree, 1963,34 has as ''its principal purpose the study md recommendations of measures to be· taken with respect to facilities, tax exenptions.... and related benefits and privileges to - be accorded to potential investors in order to stimulate and en courage private capital investment in Eth:opia.',The preamble to the Decree makes it clear that such encouragement is intended to apply to the investment of both foreign and domestic capital. The Committee consists of the Minisers of Agriculture, Commerce and In dustry, and Finance (or their designated representatives), the Governor of the National Bank of Ethiopia and the Head of the Planning Board. All proposed individual projects for private investment which require the exercise of any discrel'ionary power conferred on any Ministry by law are to be submitted to the Investment Committee for review. It recommends to the Minis!ries concerned specific aotion to be taken .on them within the limits of the law and the discretion conferred on tie Ministry. Steps should be taken to· 33. Ibid. 34. Cited above at note 16.

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. the 1_nve� tm ent Committee under the control of a Minister of State in the br�ng ies. it . ng tiv ni ac an pl l al r fo l e b si on sp re e c f1· Of Pnme M1ruster s ce in sten n exi bee g lon not has ug eno e itte mm h for an Co nt tme · s . nve . I e · Th f lf"ll h e u 1 me nt of develop ment p t to on utJ. trib con its of de ma be lans assessment to and programmes. 5. Tlze Economic a11cl Technical Assist,u1ce Board

The Economic and Technical Assistance Board, v1hjch now operates U·nder the Minister of Finance, was set up to 1eplace the fonner Technical Assistance Committee and the Econ-0mic A-ssistanc�, Board. It conducts negotiations with foreign governments and international bodie� �u•ppl_ying econo:11ic and technical assistance to Ethiopia. The Board was adm1n1strat1vely established and has no separate legal existence. At present; the Board handles practicall y only such assistance as comes from the U.N. and the United States, often l ea.\,ing assistance coming from other sources to be negotiated separately, and sometimes independently, b y the Government departments concerned. However, tl1e draft National Plan11ing Admi11istration Or der gives ,the Board the exclusive right to conduct negotiations an,d sign contracts with foreign organisations, whether international, gover11mental or private, in regard to foreign assista11ce to be supplied to the Ethiopian Government or any of it s departments . It a l so provides that representatives of affected Government departments shall be i11vited to participate in negotiations a11d that no contract for foreign assistance requiring sub-seque:it expenditure of domestic monies may be signed unless the rest1lting investment projects l 1ave been included in, and the expenditt1re foreseen by, the deve lopment programn1e provisionally approved by the Planning Com111ittee.

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It is essential t. o effective planning lhat all as s istance received from abroad should be properly co-ordinated with development plans and programmes. To this end it is highly desirabl e that a bcdy s uch as the Board should be made responsible for all negotiations for such assistance. l11 view of ,the need for a continuous exchange of information betv;een tl 1e Planning Office and the Board and the essential role of tl1e Board's work in the planning process, the Board should be attached to the Prime Minister's Office, rather than operate under the Minister of Finance, and should con1e under the co11trol of a Minister of State responsible for all planning activities. It is also desirable that the Board be legal ly establjshed and it. s powers and duties l aid down in a legal document. The control of the application of economic and technical assista.nce would, under the draft National Planning Administration Order, become part of the 11ormal supervision and follow-up of the implementation of devel opment plans and programmes.35

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CHAPT3R VI GENERAL PLANS AND SPECIAL DETAILED PROGRAMMES 1. Five Year Plans

. The setting of the objectives of a five year plan is primarily a political process._ The ge?eral trend of Government policy, involving more than purel! · nsipo res , economic or social considerations, must be considered. For this reason \

35. See Chap. Vlll, below.

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underlying e1ch five policy year plan the al:ld , t he pproving subsequent a for ty b'li e with t uld rest Council of sho Ministers and the Emperor. plan � the of tion a�op _ not appropriate, 1s as such a plan approval should be in the na ntary iame Parl . document rather than a legal one; Parliament should omic socio-econ a of ture facts and the thinking of the behind the plan and of the informed fully kept be objective being pursued, but should not be called upon to enact or approve the plan as such. Under present procedure and in the dmft National Planning Administration Order, the final approval of five year plans rests with the Planning Board. While it would seem to ·be more appropriate if such plans were considered by the Emperor and the Council of Ministers as ruch, the present arrangement broadly fulfills the requirement of political con· side�ation of such plans. Consideration of policies and objectivtS to be embodied in each five year plan is, at present, also a matter for the Planning Board. In the draft Order, however, interpretation of Government policies for the guidance of the various planning organs is laid to the Planning Committee. As discussed earlier,36 these· polieies could be deter1nined in the first i1stance by the Research Division of the Planning Office and then su, bmitted to lhe Planning Committee for approval. 2. Area programmes and their co-ordinat;on with the national plan

There are fourteen provinces in Ethiopia, subd : ivided into ninety-eight su' b provinces. There is no local self-govemmen: in the provinces, the provincial and sub-provincial administrative system being a localised extension of the central government. At present a limited amount ,)f self-government is being proposed for t!he sub-provinces. This proposal, if adopted, .may radically change the rela tionship of the area authorities to the Government depar.tments and central pJanning organs. The discussion below is, however, based on the existing ad ministrative pattern. Up .to now, there have ,been no area µogrammes as such and no provis.ion. · for the co-ordination of ·sectoral plans at the provincial or sub-provincial level. Planning and development have been se�n as matters for Government departments, in consultation with organs of the private stctor, and no place has been given to the provincial officials as such· in the plana.ing process. As officials of Govern ment departments, they may be consulted in relation to the provincial aspects of the departmental plans, but there has be:n no elaboration of overall plans or the setting of priorities within the areas thenselves. The proposals and comments of those involved in development programmes and projects in the various parts of .the Empi'e should be taken· JJ?,Ore i�to account, independently of the infor1nation coming 1hrough Government departments. It therefore is important that governors�general of provinces should have a re cognised place •in the planning organisation In view of �e .past history of cen tralisatio n, of gradually one participation however, · male their it would be wise to ' . . po 1ncreas1ng im rtance. In the draft N�tional Planning Administration Order, the Planning Committee 1 s required ''to provide for the participation.of ·Goye�nors-General and ot� r pro . _ � vmc1al and local authorities· in ,the planning and development pr�ss. Sub ordinate legislatio n s,hould be enacted provlding for the participation of the re.

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36- See Ch.ap. IV-3, above. .

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in the planning machi y try un co the of as are s iou var ner · es of the · Presentat1v · · · or the1r cIos e mtegration d e f· 1 ov pr to w no re atu em pr be into However, it would the planning machinery• y sl1ot1l? !nclude: all 11tu l eve era gen orern gov l cia vin pro the to , The role of 1es m11 nts gra me art pro de? l11 w1t ent nm n the prover Go . s iou var the te . co-ord1na · l11n · the . · t · • s Jec pro f wit or t1es or1 pr1 vi · pro nce ' to • . to draw up a schedule of . vince, · · d"ff" 1 1cu Ities 1ng e or and n, at1 ent supi:o rting the lem imp � on ; � s � gres pro up _ . follow r ed qu 1 t 1us_ sts_ trre1r for assistance; to 1n ? ents artm dep � ent � ernm Gov of agents s, 1t1on ns, cond tut1o 1nst1 local of nts rtme custo ms, and depa ent ernm Gov infonn prejudices; to suggest priorities for f�ture progr �mmes and to indicate what further assistance is needed to ensure 1mplementat1on. 3. Progra1n1nes for certain branches of the econoniy While provision is now made for Pl1nning Units within Government depart ments - whether or not they operate ef:ectively - no proper provision is made for co-ordinating programmes within the various sectors of tl1e economy. In some cases one ministry covers almost the whole of a sector, b11t . in others a number of departments are involved. The balanced development of the transport and communications sectors, for example, requires machinery for co-ordinating the projects of the Ministry of Public Works and Communications; the Ministry of Posts, Telegraphs and Telephones; the Imperial Board of Telecommunications of Ethiopia; the Imperial Highway Authority; and Ethiopian Air Lines, Inc.

The Standing Committees now es'.ablished - Planning and Investment. Finance and Credit, Trade, Social Development, Land Reform and Settlement, and Legislation - in most cases cut across all sectors. It therefore is important that a Sectoral Development Comn1ittee, an.d a corresponding Sectoral Division in the Planning Office, should be established for each major sector of the econ omy. Such committees would co-ordinate the plans and programmes of the de partments within their sectors and ensure the balanced development of the sector as a whole. 4. Anni,al inzplementation progratnmes An annual programme loses all its effectiveness when it is not completed until months after the adoption of the btdget that will finance it. Integrated work schedules for both planning and budgeting are therefore necessary. The draft National Planning Ad.ministration Order requires the Planning Committee to establish co-ordinated annual work schedules with completion dates for each stage of the planning procedures and the preparation of the bud�et esti_m_ates therefor. These work schedules shall be strictly enforced by the Prime M1n1ster and must be published in the Negarit Ga2eta and be binding and strictly adhe�� a. There will undoubtedly be difficulties in preparing these schedules, as 1nit�al planning must be done as far in advance of budget formulation as possibl �, while the �udget for capital expenditure musl be merged with that for recurring ex pendi t ure and the completed budget must be adopted immediately before or very soon after the beginning of the fiscal yeir. (The present law requires the budget to be approved before the beginning of the relevant fiscal year.) �e planni_ ng procedur� begins with the formulation of objectives in accord� ance with the five year plan and in the l.ght of the latest available reports on •� plans as a whole and on the previous annual implementation progra mmes. T �is should be done by the Economic and Social Research Division of the Planning · Off'1 cc : an d •·�·s recommendation s should be sent, after review by the head 0f the Planning Office, to the P!anning Committ ee fo r approval. - 138 -

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After such ap, proval, the Sectoral D:visions of the Planning Office would prepare �ec�ives for the Gove� �nt depa-tme�ts in their sectors, info�niing them of the ob1ect1ves approved and g1v1ng them gu1dance on the formulation of their· parts of the annual programme. At the same time the Regional Division would inform governors-general of provinces of tte objectives approved. On receipt of such directives, the Development Units in the various Govern ment departments would begi,n to for1n1Ilate proposals, ,seeking assistance as. necessary from the Sectoral Divisions of tie Planning Office and obtaining from other divisions of their organisations necessary data. At the same time the department representatives in the provin:es would be required to obtai� the· views of the governors-general on develqm1ent projects in their areas. When a Development Unit had completed its programme and list of priorities, these would be reviewed by the seni)r officials of the Government depart-. ment and forwarded to the appropriate Sectoral Development Committee. The programme would· include an as'sessment )f each project in relation to the pro gramme as a whole and proposals as to hov each project should be financed.

•·

When a Sectoral Development Comm:ttee had reviewed the programme pre-. pared by the Government departments in its sector, it would discuss and evaluate· the proposals, calling as necessary upon tle assistance of the corresponding Sec-. toral Division of the Planning Office. It would discuss with other Sectoral De-. velopment Committees projects which we�e related to projects in other sectors. E-ach Sectoral Development Committee Nould establish a programme for its. sector and arrange the projects within it in order of priority. The programme· would then be forwarded to the correspording Sectoral Division of the Co-ordi nation and Follow-Up Department of the Planning Office. At the same time,, the Regional Division would arrange f-0r governors-general of provinces (or· their representatives) to be convened so tmt their views on the projects proposed· for their provinces and the general development needs of their provinces might be obtained; these views and proposals vould be made known to the Sectoral Divisions, which would consolidate plans for their sectors in the light of all the· info1n1a-�ion at their disposal and forward them to the head of the Co-ordination and Follow-Up Department. He would co-ordinate them into a consolidatedi programme for the financial year, listing projects in order of priority. Problems. which could not be resolved within the Planning Office would be referred to the Planning Committee for decision. The co-ordinated programme would ta.en be sent to the Planning Committee· for provisional approval. The main consideration from this stage on should be not whether i,ndividual projects were 1dvisable or possible, but whether the projects that had been provisionally ap,P'oved could be financed. If resources. were not available for all of the projects, then the programme could be reduced· by the elimination of pro_jects, beginning at the bottom of the priority list. After· being considered by the Planni,n g Committee the programme would be sent to, the Council of Ministers, the Emperor ard Parliament, where it would be con sidered in close relation to the annual bucget.37 5.

The legal force of plans and program.nes

At present, no plans, programmes Jr projects have, by themselves, any !egal force. Estimates for projects may bt": included in the annual budget, which 18 enacted. International loans may be contracted for proje�ts, and these loans must. 37. See Appendix III, below.

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d or an ef ts, er ec tl1 e oj pr e p rogrammes. th y, wa is tli In t en am · rll Pa · . be approved bY t 1y, _to have s ?me ire •d • a· � I 1 � sa l:e y_ ma , ute tit ns co � leg al which they collectively l h f t e . 1s 1a t nc d l 1na . oc all a1re str n er io t? at ra is ip rather sh ion . lat re e th t bu . force, . ed is n y g ll co ga re le e ar h ic h w es lv se than the projects them r pla�s a1;1� longer-ter111 projections is yea five of on rati ope iled deta The 1ng g1v t1fy r�1 1us th� to al le� le eab c ese for for e. Sinc e tly ien fic suf d ere sid con 110t 1o 111t of all o¥ t rec ou n 1n the course of . red alte be ll we y ma ties ori pri and s tail <le ent ght um m1 doc .e eab :Vell be more of a orc enf ally leg a n. atio ent lem imp their hindrance and embarrassment than a hel_i:. 1?e proposed National Planning Ad ministration Order does nor, therefore, provide for the l egal enactment of such documents. . On the other hand, annual implementation programmes provide for the relatively near future. They are closely related to, and integrated with, annual budgets. The procedures laid down in the draft National Planning Administra tion Order therefore envisage annual implementation programmes becoming, like the annual budgets, legally enacted documents, part of t11e law of the land, which must be obeyed and implemented like any other laws.

CHAPTER VII

FINANCING OF PLANS AND PROGRAMMES 1.

Overseas so11rces of fina,ice

Overseas sources of finance for develcpment projects i n Etl1iopia fall broadly into two categories: (1) investments and loans arranged for private individuals and corporations and (2) loans a11d gifts ID cash or in kind received by the Go vernment, or Government departments, f1om foreign governments, international bodies or priva.te organisations.

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Business investments and loans by orerseas investors and creditors to indi viduals and corporations for development purposes are encouraged by the pro visions of the Investment Decree of 1963.: 8 The means of ensuring that the pro jects of Ethiopian companies conform to Ilational plans are discussed in the next sections, and the problems are not basically different where the financing of the projects is assisted by foreign capita]. However, as an additional measure, foreign investments and loans could be given more favourable Government conditions if the firms receiving them were conforming 10 the objectives of plans and program mes. So far as foreign firms or their branches are concerned, they also could be given concessions if they phased their development and undertook projects in conformity with national development plans and programmes established from time to time. All assistance -negotiated for the Gov•!rnment and Government departments is to finance particular projects. It is par: of the planning procedure to ensure that such financing is in accordance with established plans and programme s. The Economi_c and Technical Assistance Board39 is the organ designated. by the draf � National PIanning Administration Order as having the exclusi�e right _ to neg?t�ate such assist ance. It will be for the planning organs, and parti cularly the Minister of State for Development :n the Prime Minister's Office and the .

38. Cited above at note 16. 39. Se e Chap. V-5, above.

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th w ion tre Eco consulta nomic and !echnical Assistance in � ! Office, _ ning Plan 1s assistance properly integrated such with that e development pro ensur to rd� Boa jects and provided for in plans and progranmes. that econo mi realise d , � and teclmical assistance in the form alway s not is It be controlle, :l in a i:nanner similar to loans and should abroad from gifts ,of It may progr amme prove s. and plans to _ ed �ract1cable and desirable to exempt gear the from cont1ols imposed, although this should be value 1n cert a to up � gifts and pr rules establish ed under �ced1res. However, offers, e.g., of money :done establ sh to person nel of teaching institutions or of aircraft for roads, build � to the national airline may have s11bsta11t1al tffect on national plans and should be subject to care�ul sc1:1tiny by the _ Econon:ic and .Technical Assistance Board, in c. lose co-operat1on with the Planning Off1c. The construction of roads and the establishment of teaching institutions almcst invariably involve the expenditure of domestic monies in addition to those p:ovided from abroad and, when •com pleted, they involve annual recurring expenjiture for operation and maintenance. A gift of aircraft of other tha11 t.he normal types used by the national airline, or those considered most suitable for the type of serviC;e involved, might well cost the airline, over the years in additional ope�ating costs, more than the initial cost of more appropriate aircraft. Politically, it may prove embarrassing 10 refuse gifts from friendly countries; -economically, it may prove equaliy en1bar�assing to accept them. The implica tions of doing so for economic planning al!d development should be thoroughly investigated and considered. It is customary and natural that an oner from a foreign government or in ternational agency should be made directl! to the government concerned. The important point is that such an offer shoud be immediately tran&mitted to the Economic and Technical Assistance Boar:I and that the Board should from that point take char. ge of the negotiations. This do�s not remove the matter from the consideration of the Government departnent, since the Board cannot conduct intelligent negotiations without the assistance of its personnel, which is provided for in the draft Order. This centralisation of foreign assistance negotiations will give the Economic. and Technical Assistance Board a total view of the projects proposed and it will give the Board an op.portunity to consolidate the various offers and ,. if it wishes, to make counter p1oposals . of its own. The signing of contracts for foreign ,ssistance is prohibited by the draft legis'lation until the project involved, inclu:ling any suibsequent e xpenditure of domestic monies, ha.s appeared in the programme for the sector concerned and been provisionally approved by th� - Planting Committee. This is the earliest time in the planning procedure •t,hat anythin� definite can be done in this regard. Even at this stage, there is the possibility that such projects may be deleted from the programme in the later considera1ion of financial matters. A problem therefore arises that cannot be settled by t1e establishment of strict procedural rules but must depend on intelligent action ttken by the Economic and Technical Assista�ce Board. If a low priority is as�igied to a project that would depend upon foreign assistanc-e, then the Board wo·u!d have to delay signing any contract until it was definite that the project would be included in the programme. 2..- Private domestic sources of finm1ce . . . As part of the planning process, each !ear it will be necessary for the Na tional Bank of Ethiopia, in consultation •with the otl1er banks, to calculate what expansion of funds should be allowed duri1g the succeeding year for develop141 -

. OL V AW L AN PI IO TH E OF JOURNAL

Ill - No. l

g Office. After provisional Plannin the to t-I1is report to and , . ap.· n1ent purposes .· b Pl y me l ram ie p1?g a t1on n1ng enta e impl Com mittee, al annu � � the � of roval rnv gram pro ad?pted. The Nati the of 11ne 1nfo be � will _ k Ban l iona Nat onal ihe . r o�er ba� 1� Eth1opia,4o sho ove s10 erv1 sup of er pow � its ing rcis exe k, Ban uld · credit J;ol1cy for the _year theu o m fr th on � t11em to es � � cti � clire _ e issu then and . f p y _ _ indicate the re-discount policy which 1t v1ll itsel � rsti�. Such directives may need to be modified when the annual programme 1s finally enacted and proclaimed. Authority to establish companies, increase their share capital or float loans for them could and sl1ould be restricted or prevented by tl1e National Bank unless ·their policies and projects conforn to development plans and program mes. Projects which do not require bank loans, increase in share capital or the floating of public loans can be controlled by indirect n1ea11s. Tax concessions free or cheap factory sites and cheap utilities, for example, can be used to en� courage desirable activities. On the other hand, taxes, ex_port and import re strictions, en1bargos on the use of foreign currencies and restrictions on the use of land can be used to discourage undcrsirable activieties. 3.

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Ff.1nds fro,ri the pi,blic sector

The funds made available for developme11t purposes by public authorities providing commercial services from the balance of their receipts over normal expenditure will be communicated to the Planning Office together with the draft annual in1plementation program1nes prep1red by tl1ese authorities. Most of the public funds available for development pJrposes, 110\vever, will be provided from the annual budget, tl1e preparation and presentation of which is discussed below. W11en the Government departments :J.re notified of the provisional approval of ·t ·he annual implen1entation programme, their Development Units would co operate closely with the sections responsible for budget preparation in order to formulate an expenditure budgetary estinate for the carrying out of approved projects. As the cost of individual projects would have been refined in the previous planning process, this should be accomplished quickly. Each department would integrate the capital and recurring portions of its budget and forward it to the Ministry of Finance. A copy of 'the capital portion would be sent to the Planning Office for use by the Cc-ordination and Follow-Up Department in framing a progra.mme that is integrated in its physical and financial aspects. The Minister of Finance prepares the annual budget for the Ernpire.42 In considering recurring expenditure, the Minister takes into accou11t the proposals submitted to him by each Ministry,43 but the proposals which he finally pre� ents to the Council of Ministers are his own. With regard to development expenditure, however, the proposals would have been evolved from the programme approved by the Planning Committee, of which the Minister of Finance is a member, and it would not be necessary for him to evaluate the details of this part of the budget. It is part of his task to find :he revenue and o:·her means of balan c ing the total budget, however, and the final budget has to be based on fbe economic and financial conditions of the country as near as possible to the

40. Monetary and Banking Proclamation, 1963, cited above at note 15, Art 2. 41. It may be necessary to amend the banking law to enable a sufficiently flexib le policy to be followed. 42. Ministers (Definition of Powers) Order, 1'43, cited above at note 6, Art. 46(a). 43. Id., Art. 16. •

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ADMINISTRATIVE FRAMEWORK FOR DEVELOPMENT

and year on tl:e c fiscal nges xpected � the of �uring the year. g � n.in . _ begin of these c)n est!mates 1t1ons will be t poss ible at the time exa � e . m or � ause _ Bec It ma� be . that 1t w!ll be necessary for the Minister of ation, prepar get bud of 1n reduction s expe1d1tu re mend on the d velo recom to <: �e�t part of. the ance Fin d recomme shou nd he to the Council of M in i sters the eli case, � such in get; bud proJects shown ent as of lowest priority in the program developm of tion _ mina me. No other proposals for re.duc1ng the development part of the budget should be made at this stage. The Minister of Finance wil· l forwarl his budget estimates, with his com ments and recommendations,. to the Co11ncil of Ministers for u.se in framing their budget proposals.« While they ha\e great discretion with regard to all questions relating to the recurring portio? �f t�e budg:t, the develo pment portion normally wou•l d be reduced only by el1.rr1nat1ng pro1ects shown 1n the annual programme t� be of lo�est p �iority. If the/ disagreed with the pri �rities assigned by tlhe Plann ing Comm1 ttee, !t wo?Id be proper for them to rem1t the question to that body for further cons1derat1on. The draft National Planning Ad.1nin .stration Order provides that the an nual development budget may provide that the financing of projects included in each annual programme may be extended over a period of two or 1nore years and may require that such projects be automatical1ly included in the budgets for those yea.rs as submitted to Parliament. .An·other clause states thar the develop ment budget shall, as appropriate, provrle that each minister and executive head of each Government department s,hall have the power to dispose of fund·s appropriated to his department for develcpment projects but not usable during the fiscal year. by spending them on other development projects, provided that such funds do not exceed fifteen per cert of the total development bt1clget of the department, and provided furtJ1er th1t prior approval has been obtained from the Minister of Finance. These prov:sions are design ed to secure econo mical and effective execution of the devtlopment programme. They would be appropriate in the case of projects exte:iding over more than one year and when ''savings'' arise from projects which io not develop as quickly as expected during any financial year. The approval o: the Minister of Finance is meant as a safeguard against misappropriation; it wo1tld also give him the opportuniry to evaluate the significance of the projects, their involvement in the plans of the department, and their relationship to projects of other departments. He might also take into consideration the 1ecessity for conseg_uential modifica tions in parts of the recurring budget. If tr.e approval of the Minister of Finance were not given, or if the percentage of the total development budget involved exceeded fifteen, it would be open to the Ministry to propose a supplementary budget.45 4.

General developm·ent fln.drzcin.g p1·ocec.ures

The key problem of economic plan1ing is to keep the projected plans within the limit's of the means available to finance them and, at the same time, to use to the limit all financial res)urces which can be made available. In order for the Planning Committee to 2pprove a development programme, it therefore mt1st have an estimate of the a"ailable resources. Under present pro cedures, no estimate is available until tie Minister of Finance presents his complete proposed budget to the Council of Ministers, This is, however, too 44 . Rev. Const., Art. 115. 45. Id., Art. 118.

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- VOL. W LA AN PI IO TH ·E OF L NA JOUR

Ill - No. l

its d ke ma i� s a• t the proper ti o cis e itte mm Co ing nn Pla the ble ; � r me . late to ena . p re pa or pre , 1e t ore rei the n lan ing Office The .M i.0ister of Finance should, a ' be ld wou at t ble a il. ,1va s fund ll from ,.pre 11m1nary e·stim. ate'' of tilie bud getary . . . .. . . t' o neg f o _ ts ons u1 res 1at1 e Th for foreign assis 1es. 1v1t act nt me . . sources for develop td Boar tance Assis ld sl1011 a.ccompany th· ance by tJle Economic and Technical 1s . . pr ep o �r p e e a �o�ord1nated annu estimate. It tllis way it would be. oss1'bl t al development programme for subm1ss1on to the Cou11c1l of _I\�n1sters at the sam e time as the a11nual bu.dget proposals prepared by the M1n1ster of Finance. The Co-ordination and Follow-Up Departme�t of the Planning Office would prepare a consolidated estimate of development income and expenditure which would be jncorporated_ in the_ draft anntal de_velopment_ programme sent through the head of tl1e Planning Office to the Planning Comn11ttee.

Tl1e Planni 1 1g Com:nitt�e would_ consid�r and .approve tl1is a11nual pro-• gramme. In the process, 1t n11ght consider pro1ects wl11cl1 l1ad bee11 dropped from the provisiona1ly approved programme, ·Jut any changes made by the Committee should ·be in accordance witl1 the list of priorities previously establisl1ed.

The annual development programrre approved by the Planning Committee would be forwarded to the Council of Ministers, together with an expla11ation of l1ow each project was to be financed. Tliis would reach tl1e Council of Mi nisters at the same time as the annual budget estin1ates prepared by the Minister of Finance and tl1e two would be considered concurrently. After approval, they would be forwarded to Parljament for e11actn1ent, from whence they would be sent to the En1peror for final approval :1.nd proclamation. CHAPTIR VIII

IMPLEMENTATION, SUPERVISION AND REVIEW 1.

Mem1s of i1nplen1eritatio.n

The executive authority for implementing economic and social plans, pro grammes a11d projects s· hould be given to existing Govern1nent departments. Since rhis a11tl1ority would be a logic1l extension of their general executive powers and duties and is within the f1amework of their existing legal powers and duties, ·no cl1anges in the law or in past practice in this respect wouJd be involved. To give such authority to the plan.ning organs wot1ld require additional liaison and co-ordination between them a.nd existing Governme11t depart�e�ts. Other drawbacks would be the planning orga.ns' lack of experience wit·h ex1sting activities, risk of duplication in technic:11 and administrative services, and pos sible overlapping of functions and disputes over responsibility. In addjtio?, tl1e day-to-day preoccupation with the implementation of projects might \i.1 ell d1stract the planning organs from planning as such. It wot11d almost certai1 1Jy ma ke them take a less objective view of the projects when it came to evaluation aotl follow-t1p. g run_ o �over n�ent for _depar tments e , on respon the sibl other ha11cl, are � . i ex1 st1ng proJects 1n the same field, and often of tl1e same kind, as those : I k cY � aod to be plan ned for ts in the pro jec futu re. The exis crit icism t1hat ting . • •· . • tivities are not always run too effect1vel1 1s no reaso11 for creating new agenc1es . or t�king away the responsibility of exi;ting ones; it is a strong reason for im· proving present organisation and existiag practice. 0 1 1ly if it could be s:h own - 14-4 -

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;;w ADMINIS TRATlVE FRAMEWORK FOR DEVELOPMENT

effec!ive mana�ement had been exce�ed would there or size um optim � the that m erent leme nt1ng d1 organ s, o and new there for � 1s n o evidence of � J? ase � c a be a. p1 1o th 1n E e m ti t en es pr e th this at ntation ne e, pl im of on si vi er ,p s, 2. The task of focusing the departments' responsibilities for implementation t�ey act themselv �s or persuade the private sec-· (whether plans ent elopm dev of _ tor to do so), as well as for taking p�rt ·10 1:Iann1ng, will be greatly assisted by the proper use of the Development Uruts, which should be thoroughly conversant· with all development plan·s and programmes affecting their respective depart-· ments and with the resources necessary to implement them. Each of the projects included in the annual programme will be assigned to a specific Government department for implementation and follow�up. Part of this task will be to ensure that each sub-agency or contractor responsible: for a particular project prepares quarterly 1·eports giving physical achievements. and reasons for unscl1edu1ed delays, plus a financial report on expenditures� The Developn1ent U11it should evaluate these reports and draft recommendations. for action to correct deficiencies in the implementation of projects. Any changes,. however, must stay within the financial limitations· that are imposed 1by the· National Planning Administration Order. •'

The Development Unit's recommenda.tions and the co-ordinated quarterly reports will be sent to the appropriate Sectoral Division of the Planning Office for study of the recommendations and to the Sectoral Development Committee· for assistance in the preparation of evaluation reports.

•

The follow-up reports of the Government departments will be studied by the appropriate Sectoral Divisions of the Planning Office, and recommendations. for action will be prepared by each Division. These recommendations will be co-ordinated by the head of the Co-ordination and Follow-Up: Department. The head of the Planning Office will then forward them to the Planning Board and the Planning Committee. I believe that such reports should also be sent to the Prime Minister, as such, as he has the responsibility, in accordance with the general powers given him by Order No. 1, as amended,46 for supervising the execution of the planning law, including the enacted ann-ual implementation programmes. His office should scrutinise and approve the ,recommendations made by the Planning Office, in form the Government departments concerned and request ft1rther infor1nation to be given or action taken to remedy deficiencies and to carry out agreed re commendations· . Further strong action may need to be taken to ensure that the plans and programmes are implemented. Such action would have to be political; all that legislation and procedural instructions can. do is to provide for the flow of infonnation which would enable such control to be exercised. . Evaluation is vital to any programme of economfc development. Without It, projec�s can go astray and the organs of the planning structure can lose sight of the real objectives. Tthe -evaluation process begins with tl1e quarterly progress 46. Article 21A, Ministers amended by Ministers Gaz., year 3, no. 1.

(Definition of Powers) Order, 1943, cited above at note 6, as ( Definition of Powers) (Amencfmeot), 1943, Order No. 2, Neg.

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rs. cto tra n1 con Fro and se and i.,,, the ies enc -ag sub the by · d re a p . re p own .reports . . ormat1on, each Sectoral Development Committee woulid prepare an evaluati· 1n f on year. S11ch a report would inclu elch of close the after sector 1 de . report for 1:s .. . , . , 11s ar l programm e s ye v10 ra pre cto e se th of 1sm t1c 1 cr d an sis aly an and :a derailed t. en m ve ro p im r fo s n io at d en .recomm

l.:)

Each Sectoral Djvisio•n �ould study the ev�luation reports of the related Sectoral Development Committee and prepar� 1ts ow11 r�port for the sector. This report should be based upon the .Comm1_ttee report, 1nformation collected by rhe various divisions of t'he Planning Office, and t'he o·bservations of the governors-general. It is important that the reports of the �ectoral Divisions shou • ld be frank and objective. It is not necessary that the resulting final report be made .available to the public, and t_herefore t�: compile_r� �hould be free to make any -criticisms they feel to be valid. In ad�1t1 0:1 to cr1t1c1sm and anal�sis, the report should explain the value of each proJect 1n the sector to the national, regional :and sectoral economies and the relation of the sectoral programmes to the long .range plans. The head of the Co-ordination and Follow-Up Department would co-ordi nate the reports of t.he Sectoral Division�. adding his ow11 comment on tl1e eva luation. The result would be the annual evaluation report of the Planning Office. The head of the Planning Office would 5t1bmit the report to the Planning Con1·,mittee and to the Prime Minister.· .3.

Revisior1 .of pla11s atzd progra,nmes.

Long-term projections are the tenta:ive fra1nework withi11 which plans and programmes are prepared; they are not �ubject to any formal approval, legal or politicaJ. The revision of such projections, tl1erefore, though not to be under taken lightly, does not present any Iegc:l, political or administrative problems. The five year plan, on the other hand, is approved by the Planning Board -after a forma.l process of consideration, c:nd it is publisl1ed in its approved form. Thougl1 it is not legally enacted, it is a formal political docun1ent of consider able prestige, and it would be very det:imental to the whole planning process if it were to be subject to frequent changes. While changes in the in1plementation within the framework of tl1e plan would ·Je normal, changes in its content should be avoided as far as possible. On tl1e other ba11d, to cling to a paper plan when the foundations for its implementa.tion have disappeared is absurd. In . s_uch a case, a formal revision, approved and published in the same way as the original :plan, should · be made. At present, ann11al implementation program111es are approved in the sa111:e n1anner as five year pJa·ns and are political do cu·ments witl1out legal force. It 15 proposed, however, that in the f11t11re such progra111mes should be enacted doby .Parlian1ent like tl1e annual budget and recome legal and legally enforceable cuments. �bey could �e amend _e� onl � mder the relevant provisions ?f th : g ing amend posed National Planning Adm1n1strat1on Order or by further � tbey if ts, budge tion. Since such programmes cover only one year' as do annual . does , g e an are care fully framed 1t h c a If should rarely be recessary to alter them. _prove to be necessary, it is quite probable that a supplementary budget may also be needed, and would need to be co-ordinated with the revised programm e.

)

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AoMINISTRATIVE FRAMEWORC FOR DEVELOPMENT

n of indiridual projects within the framework implementatio the in s nge Cha can be mtde by implemen programm ting authorities with es and plans ·sting . . C of eXl c· omm1ttee. .1anges .w h' 1ch ann1ng cannot be Pl made the under of val ppro a National Planning draft Administration' the Order of should, in isions prov ::: same proccd_ u res as the those by_ which �he exactly original by made be , principle were established. themselves As experience with the im ammes progr or ptans program grows, mes howeve r, and it may be possible to plans of on ntati eJDe l plans and revise es programm to to bodies lower powers in the limited ate �eleg special ccSes, to the implementing authorities some in even, hy, hierarc ning plan power would delegated , however, need to be exercised unsuch Any selves. them n. io is rv ct pe ri st su d 110 � le ru al rm fo der

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APPE�rDIX I

(

�

.THE CONTROL AND CO-ORDINATION OF PLANNING ORGANS BY THE PRIME MilIISTER'S OFJ-.'ICE

PR[ME MIN:STER

MINISTER OF STATE

MINISTER OF STA1E FOR DEVEWPMENT

MINISTER OF STATE

•

PLANNING OFFICE

CENTRAL STATISTIC AL OFFICE

TECHNICAL AGENCY

ECONOMIC AND TECHNICAL ASSISTANCE BOAR.D

INVESTMENT COMMITTEE

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' ADMINISTRATIVE FRAM.EWORK FOR DEV'BLOPMENT

APPENDIX II · THE ORGANISATION OF THI PLANNING OFFICE •

•

MINISTER GF STATE FOl DEVELOPME:�T

•

HEAD OF THE PJ...ANNIN( OFFICE

•

�

ECONOMIC AND . SOCIAL RE SEARCH • DEPT•

CO-ORDINATION AND FOLLOW-UP DEPT.

ADMINISTRA1IVE SERVICES DEPT

INDUSTRY, POWER AND MINES DIVN

RESEARCH DIVN•

STATISTICAL DIVN.

BUILDING AND CONSTRUCTION DIVN

PUBLICATIONS DI'VN•

AGRICULTURE DIVN.

TRADE DIVN.

TRAINING DIVN.

TRANSPORT AND COMMUNICATIONS DIVN.

SOCIAL SERVICES DIVN. .

REGIONAL • DIVN. •

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APPENDIX III IOI\f AND APPROVA.L AT IN RD -O CO OF S ES OC PR PROPOSED OF PLANS, PROGRAMMES AND BUDGETS (ASSUMING THAT THE IMPERIAL PLANNING BOARD REMAINS · IN EXISTENCE)

_....__➔.,

EMPEROR

◄;_,__--

PARLIAMENT

Approval ancl enactn1ent

of annual implen1ent.1tion

IMPERIAL

programn1es and annual budgets

PLANNING BOA.RD

Final approval of

COUNCIL OF MINISTERS

five year plans

• PLANNING COMMfl'J'EE

Establishment of annual budget and consideratio.n of annual implementation progra1nmes

•

Provisional approval of five year plan and annual implementation progran1mes •

I, '

PLANNING OFFICE

Co-ordination sectoral ' programmes into proposed five year plan & annual implementation programmes

SECTORAL CO-ORDINATION COMMl'l"I'EE

Co-ordination of plans and programmes within the sector G·OVERNMENT DEPARTMENT

MINISTRY OF FINANCE

Preparation of departmental plans, :programmes and draft budgets

- 150 -

pro· f a n o at Prepar i t e d g posed annual bu

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:,•

°llf,r : (Dci}T : ,nf,aJ,f;1 : }�),f:1 :

1-P.\!. = nr,:c.e- = o..."f· = h1'-'t;J'f. = fCJTJ.A = fn1 = 001-oi.P':i• = 0011:,.. = n,,·QJ.°16 = mf.'1°: O'J°..')•n}:,.: 0'11<1>�: �j(/\) l\f,: f\..a0wl:,..: :S-:f.A: f,tr'iA :: fitLU'l°:: n'l4>?t: ODlP l:,.. � ''011•1P : }1.P'rf: : OD10J.P':,• : °ltf;Q• : 0Kl1' : }'P6 : ffT} : °11';;:(Dc9° : (l(Dc : {1+1. l1n:1, : 1,>;:,.. : 9°ti1,f:,• : 0001-0J.P',f: : af,9" : O"'l'i:fro·9" : °1.til·l:C : Ooo.P'6f : o.:,.. = ltf. = mf,9" = omn.A = OD.P'6.r = 0.7?° = n.rr1:= o,..,rr-A·,.r = �c.e..· = O.-fl·: 1t.e = h il = fl••r,t,c.-n = f.°:fl\A :: '' . OtLU : hC1,{l:,- : �"cit-� : (Dci}'J' : h.,..1/\R.:t � nh&,ti6 : "l•P.f':l-. : w•il'J' � �C.<': � fL,f•:f: flih1 : OD10JFrl: : f(l11r:,. : :1-c1•?° : fOl\f,}�• : l,'ilar ''1,"}f..lf''}'i � ."11 : OD1°l.P',f: _: 1'Y..'l° = 11/\� = o,1·.R.l1--,l· = .. ..,>;r,:f- = l\f. = m.R.: :}.It , rf•oo/,\{l = ..,..LK"?. = {lf\oolf'� : f·f'} .,,�-r = v-.� , r1til,1·Pt.e.c = 1,.<'.:t--•):1- = wf.'1° = ,,,.,:,1.. = rmtrJ , = o�c.e..· s O.·f·:"J·· = oP.� .,:,. = ;t--r:,- = ot,1•:J•� : �I = (/\) h,1•0111Pl•l· ;. flnc11.;.. = noi'111 = f.'it--:f'PA i }1c = ..,,. = h'}4>Yt.. : v,f : frf•1n. : fr"h°I : .P'} : .P'co,:,. : p{l:,•'i : 00rr1 s nfto0rr� : OtLU : tiC}lC: -(J}-{11': h°ICl,O : l\.!1t.m· : '1f,-,)._/.\?° i V''i?° : J,U : l't1•J»�.. : Oi\.l\: t.1.�·: fl.n1�ll � ,f•10.• : lf'r : fl.1� : f,",f·/t/,\ ::

"'°'

{/1)

-151 -

,:outflir : OrLtJ : '¼f,'11' 2 "'i:,,l-O : O•I\:,.. : -1'J�fP":f "} = onrf7i'i" : 'il ilY i;<m-, -rf'i: , ooAil : h1f.+17' J.j!-C1 ' oo,J•�A' f,lf<;A" fH.U : f.d1 - - I : 'i' = lj:t.: 'l'JC: 1,'ltLtJ: '',n°l'' f"1l,.I\OJ•1: :PA: fiUDrJ�c •� o9"°: 11:1 : h--t-n�,, : ,, 9" h1.r:r•) , OJ<"ll' • r"'I• .,. ,.:,. , OD 'i 7i , -r.J?-t?J-:;. , c,· :,:w,.� hchc , (n"'1Pi o -, ILtJ9° : 'I'f 4:�,,,.... : f(JIJatl'li : h tD'1(l1 : ou w l:,-.. .. : (fl,-1.u : i--,,..ct:9° :' fOlJ�lif : ro·'1t : i'tA�lf19°) ''01t14>i.. : �j:'' : f'', 1,a,'' : �i" : \lit_:,. V-kf : f;,.1 1 : OlJ1°1P'T : ,l1°l : 'P'i : ttht .ti t = ,-. ,q,.e, : Rf': : f,1";A:: l'tt\n fltLf9°: "rC't-"°': 9°1: i1f..'10l: I\Ol/OJ:,,: flJ/,\: "'fl:J!: fl°7.f..lOJ i olH·�: ° f 9 :1: = 'i1c = lf'f f,<J>&..A:: 'l':,»9° = flll1f,ft'I' � f111,9°r.' = ncnc = OtJf..Ot

-: : f : ;rtD�T1 '1.1.$. 1:' : f"A• !<e: �c�: ,1,-'l'f(O;rCI\OlJ) i'1..1 n;J1.: 0 fb:,- = ,1,1 = OlJ1°1P'T1 = nr1•(11Jlfl1J 9°n1.r:,... = t\on?fc: PAllJ1 ti/\ar ro f,il: f fl(D-9°: f"11.l\<D·: 'I' f4:: Il"l"Ofl•:," = '1' .f 4:9>:f..: f aoiODtfCD·: f,lft;f,\:: · : : : Otto 11,.:1 .. , : 0J"ll'P : OT�&oflc : : {l{\o (/1)7."Jh:, .. f,U : 'l'f4: : <l'f..9° 2 -: : f tiCtiC'i" :: fh'1:fm·9° 7i1-'i fi.'f : .-f'mil,Y..it A f .. l(l•fl'1 : DI/m:J>fl f: n ,h'111 • htLU : O:J··'f: h1f-..rf"(/Dl\h-f•ro· : 0'16117?- : ithi',1�:f : itf:f.\� : fl.'l fl?.' : f,:FA: J!,lf'iA::

f ih'l = OlJ1°1F..t: = it"}<f'?." = fti •

,'h1 (/D1°1Fi: = hi',.:i-- r-A·.r r1t. 1+C'i"(l.f"'i"A : °lYo:1"9l-:,--.. : ;JC : {}'}��:,� : f11--LP : ,,,,,,.,..,: : DD 1'?P'T : f flt\J!, : ,'h°l : UDlf�-1 : f l.;J"lllJA :: mf..t.'1"9° = fOTJ.:J"m:�: : >t'PJ,.1--c; : lb/\.,-:f-: f OlJ1 °IP':,.. : 1:C7.:f--1·: h ,1l '1: ,JD'}"IP'i: : f Uf/ f, il OT/ {10• : fl.lf). : 'P;, = f t\l\:fm•,; f01Jf1hain· .e,trc;1r = 1--- nncrA i',1<f>?..' = .......... r�t? � rnl\ J!,'l:r• : '114'?.' : ((l•Tt.OlJ(l. : tifr>1f) .,. +•flf\o = h"t:J..ro<l'm·: f,J•flfl�:,. rti oitti : oo'}°IP':,.. : ,'h 1 : OD1"JP':i-- : ;JC : f,(/Dl)(li\/;\ :: fl°2./\ff..fl·1·9'1 = ilij:t. = fn1'4'?t.. ,...,... v�·e...... = 1t'l;,·1c �nA n1·.,.. = f n1'lht.'i" = "IA?i' fl.f''l 'lw· :: f+llo?-:,.. = r1tuitti1 (/1}1oiF:r--1 = �c,S7 ,1,r,':!'f"... = nr1t1>;1 .�- a1t1:i-

:q: I h"li:f:'i0.1· t ''fih?:f.: fOl\f,'i. fO;J·1·: f.Gj:f: fii'l.-1·V-A-'.C'''' f,,.:r I ,J1dJ: OD?.',h.·l·: ii� = {l{L.f.9° = cp-. ,rc I ii= (Iuf!li = '¼ = 9°) = 'IK.. • f1fi :�

h1+�: ft.I=-

''.eo = r..,.. iftf1tm• , ;,,,, • oo"}CSJJ-"• 1· : n.·1·{'-A•.f ,1·ti4..,e = 119°:1-11·1'1:fm-, t1>i.1•1·c ','(LV-'i/A: <D-fr>":f• I h'¼/t9° I lt'J°9°',.,f•":f•c,·: d/�., ;:J·9'";,f. I ;.J&-: {lh"}�·'l·l·: r.f'i I f')'J•� f .,,,P'..J: : oa"}CSJJ-":i• : f{l/\f, r ihd/ : f,tf'if.\ I mY.k:1-i I f(TIJ.1P",· J ;,• .-,:)", '�-·);,'L9'1· f 'i!CP.l· t W,,/a).9'1· � U•fr : htLIJ : ,)1'1 : OD"}d/J-";I. : ;'.J&,. : foYJf,{ltJ"/00· : o.tf)· I 'I'? I ft\,f\:f-<D-tj : fa</f'J /tel/ ft• I ,elf'jft.• 0

f1 ''

ff.'if,:,-.e.:: {l,f:·1·il , ih'l = o01CSJP':,. r h1+� : � : �if-a,., tJtj:/A a-

� ''ih·J : oa'}CSJJ-"rl�'i: Om·l : uu·td/P'•l: : t7DIPG•1· ' fOI/UJ{ll•: f,f-llfll(l}•: f1't"'i.t 1 f•f· = p1£: '} f'"'AtrJ P1,1·, u1 i1 · a CSJP':i• ;,,1:.Y i 1'1.ctv-9° o..,.qoGm- r1toit = au1CSJ 1 0 : 0 1 f Ko •: Wf,9° 1 Wf..t:,--: fOl/.t.Rou•: foP"}CSJP':J�:,., il.9°'J°',,f-.:f- 1 t)•/t.•: l}'l6' �. 11 l\f,: ,hd/ : f,lf'ilr-. 0f1P,1P.,. 1 cl/If:,- 1 f artfll":f·tr I P,�:y.s,o 1 ··t-.4•&,.). 1 fr.f� : f"1' ' •. ,, 1 ,)1•1 : 001CSJF':i• I m,es,o : il1d/ : l\fd/P,:fm· I o;,11 I OD1d/J-",f: s _eor>/r/t• =

- 152 -

: qC OD t\ : , -1: : P'AtlJ") • 5 ;,,,, : OD")� !il:f-ilT(Dc n.1-:f ;ra>�-l rf::'f ) f : (il ·'I!: oorPl-r: f,tJ : ''fO'lf,�:,..: Jrt")«fift"�' : ili\tr� , Ooolootf : (Looi\ ,-,,;J --T9° : h:,1. -kf : fh Tf : C O...Y !' : flli : n1+?i lj: ,f:,r � . : flro I T(Dc : fl _= rA J1 _ n r = °7.!fl"1 ll:ro• �(De • t1 °l' 1t1if "" = 1c l= = t 9° OD : : r C1u : i\ : oo JJ,7flct:-:f l\ ,tih nll_e�:,.., dJP'1:1 ilil"J7 (Dc : 1 1 : 1 f -- "h9°� ")"lr:, = tti1 v-i\1·� �:i (D« {ID -t'l rnoi r rr. rl. �1c = r� , n f 'i nn , OI/ 1·��c = roo1"lr:,- : flfi?>l· = (:,,c c n;r , J;��:,.. i1 P' ll n = 11 " A f t' 6liJ.t::f) = oPtihA = ODh4-t..A, nh.-rf-A-1= fl\9° °71�1&9° = atOJ= flP't.. = fl"7..fil&.A1w• :;:_,,n:Fro•"): ,l."l: i\at/1&ilJ:,..: I\�: btJD'P�: 04.T P'A" l1: fli\W- 1 foP'" l7i : f,"lfl� : (l°l : &.t..1J'i : foo'1J,t,.q1&9° : f(l I\�: iill+J;J;t : nrr�w· 1 011·•LP: �1r,t: ntiA 1 ¥'iii:: fh.:,Wf-k! : roo "' 61, = t ' "IP':,.: ctl\91:Y.. : (:,,c1 1c::Y..) -- �k1 '6bit:fro• = l\.e, : f,1'i�tr :: ilt\H..tJ : tttt11: = rtt .,,rr-k.r = lj:C� = n.:, 1 ,-,.,, = 001"1F:t-'I! = nr.r� = 9°n1.r:,.. • ii?�: fmi,_w-1 : ,11"1: 'P;J : nAfl : "h1�.tr1 : OI/Y:l."l • ii=� : flil'i" : 9°'i 00 1"1P'"1· : tt:,,'119°: DDLPl.;t-'l! : m'lf,: :,c: ..,...,:t, f = hit..:,-.f-k! T9° 1 = ' A t,.t: f,lf'iA I OOl/i\.-1• : "fc>&..flC: h7i:f--'fn..:.f : d1'1fl:('1&") : fm:l>Al\lr.::

,,..{/D""-� =

=&.:J'S-;=

== � = = =

?tH..tJ : l\f, : "fC!1&oi'IC : h7i1..'iO.'f : "h1..e.. : 1,00/\ h,1::,.. : �Ir • n:J"L : ftDl(D«' = mdJ 'P? nAfl = flT'Jf:t.«111 = rA"J11 nn11: = r"""r = 1--J;.e, = (nil) = "" = ii;,1c 1mia,.1 = :it"l ,l-t1 001«11r:t-'l! = nrr� = 9°n11:,-. r: I oo flfP'A"J"} f7iA :: "f{!1lo(lC : h7iT'iflT9° : b�,,.. '1(1)« = hou?fc : +ttA: ft\: Olf�ro- t fl�t\�(Dc: P'AilJ1 = fi'1..."1-f-kf: ij:Cf:: n.+'f: 1''lf. °11'1 : ll.m+oo-n:,.. : roi:FA : oo(f�") : Wf. : 1u") : nA+ro·9° :: hcht. TlD-9° : f�Cf:: n...y,.:.f") = OH..U : P't\"11 : oom<f'9° : 11AU : "1'111 : oolf '}'i: nt\ODlf�") : "h")f.: ODODA_h..-1: : ooro") t n;J"L : fro:e.(Dc") : "1"1 : 'P,:J : hA'l: t\tPJ f:l°I : lj:C1: : (1-r_ : f l\(D•") : P'A"J") : ilt\OI/f,OOt\h:,, : f,IJ") : h"71if,: 00")1f:: nt\n")�-:,...: r "1'111: n(1tih: OD:J'roil: lt.HlrT: i't\'PA :: t\nCht.TlD': ODAil: t\ODilm.-1·: hoo'l°tiC: n�:,.. : dJ'} : 'rf4:ro•: fOIJ.OOt\ h+w- = flj:Cf: CL"1--1 P'AilJ'l = brr� = 1lOl/ti� = 00111: = l\_e'ic f°t:Y..A= 00 rr�, = Ol/ll1''PA = _em�OI/A == n1·LU = t.11: 1 ,l11 = (ID")OJP':r'l! = nrr� = ¥°n11:,.. = "h'lf... = .n'P� = "h1J;_eLPt.0"1-- = �°tff...coi = fJ;��:,, = ro·ti}; = n+h t.litsi>:,:: ootibA : 11.r : fCP/.K'i: fllf'} + ro_e,9° : f..-f'fl/\(Dc"} : n'P�: 'P:, :

•

s Ol/htr-:f: h°ttl\"}�, ih°I = itilh'lt- = :'-JC , n+\(lfl•n:,.. = (f1"'lfll£D- • fi't01J.tti oo"}OJFT• m-¥1\.f, = �c� = t1:, - , 1�fili : '¼: '.I° a h s � : '1) • 'f!T"} I §�: ii'ft·�'.I° I K" • f.fii I fr>e&f C{l: h.Y:: §� • 'ii' ft·f.'J° ! 1K" �f G'U ,,e.oofth:f:'•\:: ilftlY�'J° r fJof.o& -/,\: fi:C� (1:,• r hih1: OP"}OJJP.-J: = :'-JC : f°t:J'l"} "} = ftof.o&-IA = ;,,°I = ft°t(lrro:,.. : FIAllJ"} s oowl:,.. , ,,e.u = it.f, F.l\9° ::· r,"111 : OD"}OJF,f-:'} : f{ll\,,e.�:,. : fODtPlf•(D-: i't"}cf1K" : 0,"111 : OD"}OJF,f: : ODtPl..,. I f°t mm. = f,f•'lflla,.: fi'tO'/. t'1 : on"}OJF:,•: ,l1if : 11:1: : fOl\,,e.�:,.. : itf\:fa,. • {l/,\'J° h19. t h,n1 : OD"}OJF,t: : ;JC : f°t:J>t.'i- fJo!.,&,/,\ : ,n.1":f: h!l:'.1° : -i·,f·"}:,..,r r i't/,\,f•m(l ..: h,"111 OD"}°IF'l:: ;JC : ra,,,e.{la,oo- : fAc.J?o&-/,\ ilt1°f"} )9° .! r&o�&-/,\ : �CY.·: (1,f-1 'P,;J : f"'ltillJ:,. : F/,\l1J"} : hl\:J:a,. : ,f•-flfto r ov:.ovtf : a,.fl� : f,f•(l1nn:,-: nil "?COt'i 01/X·(l"} : f,f•t}(l(l•O:,. (f,f"'lflt.a,. : fi.01/.tll : OD"}°IF:,.. : m:,,l\,,e. : �j(L:,- ' h : � : h I !tff.: '¼: 'J°: tJ&-'Ji"•: (lft•f.'J° ji: 1K": fqjj: {\ 0J•fCil 1\,.'7.,• ii't\'f,'J° : � 1K": �t) hf\: ih1 : OD'JOJF,f:: : fOl\,,e.�:,- ' f·f·J!.�11 01•"} i'11'4 K" : it,,e.m:t,il'J° :: OH.IJ nil : a,.tit :e� : �{ltil = OT/Cift\ = f(lm-'r:1:01. = 9°h1'.r,f•':r: (l!) OK..tl-..� = rm 111 = ,"h1 = ov 1°IF:,. = ro l\.f,}if• = m'l.,e = itttm•: (�) ilftH.U = t1,"111 : ao'}'IF"I: = ;JC : f"1,,e.il"1"1 = ,f-t-- = ili°I : 'P:'-J filCD-9° ' (r) �CY.": a,,y.:}"- : 'P,:J : O�l\:fm• : ,n"J1..: 1,f,ont;..'J" : fdllft· : }O't� :s

- 153 -

u u : : 9 tff..C1 f ;9 : Aii;,:,.. : i',foullJV° 0J" n.. 111' fll,i\m-'i : ftfl/f1il'1i!\ : n � r -( lll"il i:9° J oP'}-11: : �c�- : 0. 1: I f°t�l.;J'?mO :, dl.1 � u�:°lP--1: : Oh<r�: htD"1 : ih'? : 01\f,. : oPIJ''l-1''i : f,l,1 .. OD"}'?p-1,f:'1'1° �"!"' : (\o u,1,c 1o u : v « htt;,1,m- : f,i!\:P : tj:Cf: I o.-l·· : 01\f,�-l· : ffl(D � �lfje"} : i;ro. :: U•flrf: : -: C n : : O .ll"i..a;' � flfht\o:.1«. : �c� : r,...t;--1:9'1' : f°tilf�:,- : �Cf: (lmlD' 'i: � ft.fl- I oPt}hi!\ : t}i\tD" : isi1·r-'l-l· : l'tl!, : .,(D.. :i Oro•ltz. :: 1,.,.}·f-- : foo1 ·y:,. : �9°'1-r = i·+l1J?,'1-r1 =· 111 = 'h 1f.lf�'i nnl\� = (i:CJ<" :: n.:,,9° = r1,m0., "1:J'l! : 1!1-0 : n1f:,,+�m· : I\J!, : 1,1.';..�'i : tf'r : f�!C�" n n,..y.. fOl\.e,c;: rn:t-1· = 'hch1 = m-ttlf' = '1illD4 = Y.t.-P: = ODm1' 1 t1'P�1- : 'P;; = 1'-tAfl n..P� C1m- : f,1'"I\ IA :: Oil,/\ : 1i'l;J 1C : 1.'1'1° i fl,n1 : (IP1°1P'--l! : 0��1'1° : f,fc(tmro• : J-,11\ ii.�' : (TC1-9°) : f11-IP : .,, P'--l: : (ll)")'?P'-l· : fOr\.e : ;h°l : hlf', i "1 1 : oP1'1P':r'l! 1 nU''l = 9°n1f-l-- ttq>� 1 = 'P;, = i'tA'l = na,1..•1.ai �c.� (1:'f- : P'i!\l1J1 : fl.'i /.O)«'J° : l\f,'i t.a,.'J° : J!,:f..l\A :: f,U : fOIJ..m(t�� : O<t: Cf:: (1.-f: s J!l.� 1 h:,,'P9°'i: nm·lt�: 1.1,f.. : roo1·r:,--: i,9°':v:'f": ++fl.e.'lr)• : 'h")f.. : tJl/dJ7,J:'i: 1'.")�fltJ1/dJ7rJ: : ',(& :: 'l1C : '11 ;; fl,rh.1 : OD'}"JJ>',f: : O�i 'IT : fi•n,nro« : :i•c1-9° : f11·1P : �1}'-',f: : OD'}c1jp:,.. : f 01\J!, : ,11"1 : \1/,\ tr� : nv•ilT : ,1--ht-tit?':f: outihA I h1"�fl : r,l1'? : ,,,.Pr!& : h1�"} : 'i!C� : rt:r• = ntt,;11, r:rro:.f.= "111·1: ttoo?ic = P'Al1J1 = fl\ro·?11 n�c..r..--: PAlfJ1 = 1.11: = n..:J--J!, tt1�·: 'i!C�.. = f1:,.. = ,n1 oo'J"IP':J "" 'C nll'� 9°n11:i- = tt'P�l-1 1'.1P,..7ic rau...+f..lD4= "111J a>·t'\�rott�c..e..·= n.r1: h+l.fi{l)«: 1,��: (nft): roJ;.f : 1'1Pift\lj: : fU1L.rf..C'1 =·11il:J"'t,..cf!: ro·m�--: l\.1:,, : f°t:J:ilro« f /\f'ft,f:9° : ttht.ilt : •1..,t;r-:f. : 1t.r1.v,1,v.:i:ar : fOJ/.hrf• i\W·1 : h,"}1: : ODA.ft : flODilm:i• : r,t:F/\ : h1f. : (f"., : ..n;: : ',(D• :- 111/ll:r: il,"h1 : ou"}"JP'i! O��.,:,. : f,f-(tmro« : 1'11\fl� = (,l• C'l..9°) : r11--1P = �1 P'..-J:: OD'}"JP':,.: f(ll\f,: ;,.ai: oo(f;: J-t/\n:,- � i',1f..": lj:Cf:: n,:,-.: '1. !-'J°: -Oilro· = n+t.n•tt:i-- = 1-Prr·:f = t.o• nt..t.Y.ro·4 = 'i:c� - = 1''}�..�'i 00•11..f.• = ffl0T9° t h1�..V ·9° : 11:t,+,;: : �CS.' : f1,f-:l h'i� : ()ft« : lj:Cf..· : O.•f-1• : (1,f"(tm • : ro«ltt9>1-- : oowt.:I. : h1�,t...C�- : 001f.. ..f.' : f/\'l:f!,D·9° : 111/il"'1· : .e.'iC-fl'i'A :: d

:f :

·=

•

f1,r,:r,.=

= =

:r-'lf = h"11 = oo'}"JP',f: nPr�'i·l· : r"r(lmro· = it11\/\?-t' (:1·c•,..'J°) = 011•1P : '11P'i: : OD"'}'?P'-l-- : f(lf\f,: ,"t,"l : ',tD•'} ? ,..,••, : OD" }°IP'"I: : t.O•: ,e,u: rol\,e, = "1°1'1:,- 1.l>f = h1�ttro· = ntt1<1>?.' = vj;i! = 01A?-."= 'lro· 1 9 "19"= 1'."}�"} : h.14'K": £?!I: t-(t• : f"11 : ou--}'? P'+.1 ;��_.--C1 - ·9° : '1'/1 : oom(l1: h1f..01/.1'1lD• : fl/!,'i'1C ¾ '1.14'K" : ...vr� : ,e.u1 : "�l\&,',,1• : /\'i!Cf: : fl�_,f.",f· : fOm : J!,ooflf\A ::

�'Pr�:f : fillt"I : ODIP/..:,• : (t..f',;JdJ�'i : lj:Cf.."' : (t.,(lf(l• : ',7. : (i'i.1,t;,7:')

)

Pr1-l·) = 'i:fw« i r�c..f.-- = P't.1 = nOJJ,w�n:,•9° 1.1-1. h,"t1"l = n+c Oll,ti = P'/.\")1 : Jt,e.00�9° := ,,

ft.1+?.' = £I1 = t,'1;11c'i I i'1/\'rC'PC : fl"LV-1 : i't14'?.' = ua,,.,1..:1- fl 1 1 = 00 tt1+g' = �m-1 � '17i O"'IY..'t.."1 = n,1,ti-0 = (n,tJ.t) ,o:F ti�lf : £'?!'11 0"111C:9° = (ttih1 oo1"1P'--I:) : nPr�'l-l· f,f•omm· : it"'ll\il?-." (:1-c1-r>) · 1 rnl\,e. = (:t1"l) = 00 rr1 = nttn:,.. • fOJJ.ttm· = 0'1m.4'il,,f = ,hlt-O -� n11•LP

- 154 -

=�

�

= P' hff = = = 11 rtr'I .e, f°t'l"tar: rn,.r:,lr "1· " A�= nchc = q = 1'� = '1: 1 . ,;c, Oih"l s h+l!l"Jo9° = l11: = 'i:&-� = +T:J... = rtr'IOJ«'1 = oorooc = r,u = 00 air,1: = = = = n".e, o;,.1 tJ9° s ',.,. .. r 1 a llll :J-.ctn = hl:J>+:,, hH. = = 11 = A 1 o '6 '6rf'iA =• · �:t- f-k!'i: t..c:1-1r: 0&..J.'.olr(LM : f°t'Pth�n:, -1: V-'ii:: f'J:iJ:ooar 6 00 1air:,., n1.1t :fw• 1 nto.e.. ' = = 1 = = c11 : '¼ I° fIHf�li = h t fAo1o .ir cndJ'i �Ir: OO"}dJF:,•: rn"_e, : ch°I: V•'IOJ•: �1+01«: 'IOl:: r&..J.'.o&-lt-'1°: 'i:C�: o...f'i-: Oh:>1.: f 701�: h'P�i·1 � brtLtJ: v-1\:,•: ,n1l�: ti1�:fro«: Qt\oo it"'l"'l�:f(D« : 'P;> : hA'l : l\"7f:l°I: P't\11J1 : O°IAR'" : +flT,f·lt:fw• : ',f)C st h'I tLIJ1 : V-1\:,. : ODIPl:J--'P. : thlt{l�� : f°tf*«J?oo-:,W : 1t14'1'1'" : · : f?i'!l : h,,.q· nlro« : fh0itti : OD1"1F:l. : 1'11: : ,.,. : (L:J-.c�: l\h1+�· ih1 = 001a,F:,... = ''rn".e,.,:,- = t ,1,�R'"�' = .e.A:,, = r+ln = 'l°tifl. = f.flllJI\• :1 ''f &.,J.'..,1,./,\: h'P�'i: rrutir: '¼= 9°: ,n1: OD"}<'JP':J-.cl-'1 t O'IH..U•'I°: OOIPl:,.. : f,t-tP.;. I f Aofo/r/;\ : ,"ft,f,f,: V•lt- ., h'1J;.V·'I° : Y.."l'l° : f"}'J,-IP: ., 1,,., = 001air;-..·,r-, = rtt., 111:c;fl.r-c;A = w«tr,-:;.. 1 il'I°'I°-, .y..:y..,; =· "l1u:J- 9'T : OH.U : :,- 1'•111 : Oh.C-1•/r'J° : 61h'l°C: lf',(l)c: {lOOft(l)c: {lt., 1-otrA = 11,tJ.J = '11F'T = °llf:J...1--1 i m;'J,f\'\ = fO'\f, = = .e,rrc;I\--:: '' 7 '' •••• "'l'i:fro·r = "1°1 = ro.e,9° = OJiil,,.�f..c , ntt&.��'I° • n��,,,..,.. = n fl· /;\ : fTflm : 'Th.1111 :;: f:"} ,;J'l J �Cf: I W•lt). : Wf,9° : 111,1 I h"11 : OO"}OJF:J-.cl-'1 : Wf,9° : h&oJ.'.olrlr : i','P� : ;JC : f°tllJ'\ : /\OUlf�. : r&o1vtrA = 'i:Cf: = n>:,. cn;>'P. = i'tf,Y..l\9° 11fr' = f oot;Ul7f = ro-ti). = fl.flTO'T : f,f-fll\W- : ;,,a, I 'Thlflf I .('"},;J'l i lj:C.(' :;: W•/t). I OJf,9° :; �,., : {l"}'J,alP: '11P':,...: <?lf:J-.cl•"}: u-tt-: ilC11'i: lj:C{l: lf'r: 0"}1'"1JJ: '11P':,...: °llf71'1 : W-ilT : "7"}�1J•9°: f OD"}dJJPT : IP/rirf-�: Wf,9°: "'lt;:fm·'I° : �Cf: : 0:.:,. : itf,rP6-0T'I° : wf,9° : 1,P'tr : '\f, : t,fro· I\W-9°:: '' 8

:,.

"'°'

>;�',:,• : f 01\f,',:,• : Tf«f:ro-"} : Ofl.'\ : it 'I,;J1C : OoY,h+ {\(Dc : �,,.,,..,. : IP/�l-0 : 9°19° : i't�&v� : J't\{l,l• : itf,OOflA'I°:: l\il.14'?., : !ti : Tt.: :i•C'J,aOO• : flf',(D• t f P,�',�-- : f{li\f, : flt\P'A"l'}�T : 1,9°'1:i• ¾ l\<Df..k:,W: oo{l�tJ..:,. : tt:i>llJ61iJ, : ·r 0if�l\n:,... : 11:1: : lf'r : 1,'1>;.c:�mc : 1'.il h"'I�l"l = Y..'lil = f'l't-lP = '11P''1:'1 = ,-,AllJ'1 = ..ril4-ti- -A '1 ?

ll/\tLU : ill\:

ri::r.. :

f:t.1 : 0010JP'rf:1 : fOObll, l?iro· : 1'\611- : lf'r : {\OOP't.T : 11--IJJ = 'l1F,1: = ..rllro- = r A11J1· = nnc:n.;. = ro-il'P = t,l\ooai11,1: = A11 = oo� l.ai = tt/\n:,. ,b1l-1 : v•it· = roi.. rK.��= 11-IP = 'l1JP,1: = ilt\tr'l'i' = "'1'1«1 tD -19°: f<j:Cf: : w·ti� : .. � aiq� : l\OO(IP/:,-: ill\OIJ.�A I fOl\f,',,f: : (ftl,"I :

: Gt/lo'J , II : J-1...:,•r-t.).11 : J-1.,,'J°,,T\'(: : Jae..to"li'} : h11..· : {\o{D• : (Inf2?.i : 1, = "'· : 1,) : 1, 1:1-tnil = ii x o,....e...&--A = hh:'f· = ro•il'r = f'f·'ln._,.:,. = (ID'JOJ1...,;J,:,,. = ill\ = 1t.:1·r-A·.rc; = h.c T&-- "o•ePt-lA : h!I:?° 0}0Ga,« : ,l1 1l1l : 1',e, : };. : 1, : J-, : ! : J.� I !l : J-il)(l{l(Dc : <D-1\t : foo,:on�f?J;f:: (l(}:'f• I }',"}•��:f•: f,1"):0;:J•fA:: 7 t..'J : OT/lo'J � 1,'lf, : fl.-f'm•l (lm• : or•t.·,h4• : 1K' : ff:li : fh.C·r&--1 : °1 1:1 .. : Ot...e..to7i1 :· fODcf>l\4'/A'i': f(IDQ;).OOC: !il'f.�f; : q : ·9,, : :;;c•,: : :,.,,,,.,., : h1•1'1"' : t : 1:R�: : q(ID,1• 1 <f>'"-'l'C:: h_: �;,�:,-: ;,ttnJ : f,o0f\h�l:A :s 8 fh..Tf•t.·..r : f&0..e...t-A : ��}-1• : 1->'/;\trJ'} : 1\'I>� : 1.ilf.�l; : 'l : ?° = J','}•l•?t.· : f : (J�) 1','P:� :. f© r (u) Ii:�: : q(ID:,. : 'f>--TC : li : 'I,;J�-l� : )ll.11) · : 1-{JIJl\11=1;A :: 6

1.,1

- 155 -

•

-9�1 -

(\1:,:4Vao'i)" I j;{) I i:t� : �L : J�1 'l a;?If!ru -1:11 = -'a":J� = 'il"\1.J:W ?A= o6�-v .'l = -m"Y.? = -m� 'a":J!!:Jlf'): 1,( � \,t}aD"if : =l•'?rllaO•l•J r 'il"\1 : •l:U•an : .aJll'tJ+U : •l:l,'1·ll'l r Vl} : •l:rdt.tao: f.ll! : IJ•l: �t} 'l s .)"-1:"if!J�U : ·!�c6�1J. aJ I -��-t}qu: o6ll"JI;� .:'..{.'1:r=qvao-t: �I"J� : J{L I rJ : a.6�-V.!! v:J,)•CIJ� JljJJ •"' l, a.x; tJ:1 o6·J-v .!! v-1::J .t:? v-1::i•v = •d-1:-t • o6-1:'l , !J-J , J�;Jlj:[ : •l:1J : �:J� : 'i'/\,,�W : l}l.( : ·1:U�4 -?4-�U : ?lJ41J1,( , lo1I!: J�:J�-VllJ : !,1} : °{IJ.aJ : '1loJ : a.6lJL'iJ"',(: -�'}'',"V : {.•W:l:�U•ao s ·l:1,\1 '1d,:1:lJ·A•.LtJ-l• : : 'Vl/..6V) : VIP"il •ll'l,) , �t,lo'if : IJV : •W:1:-C:lvl.o(J : U•lf {.L : V1'47.oJ : �:lJlo'il"V : -J.:.11-'a" : ·VVll•l•J : '11.t cv U 1 "ifl/ : -.(�t}l.( s •IIIJ•: •l:V·{J?,l•U i •l:1J : ."J':J'JJ: �'f�\1.J:W: •l:rdt.tao: 4??.ol,(J: •ID'?UlJ•l"J JI \1,p(JW';( : .!,JI : '1·4'{: lo1l'(J 1 •CIJI) : a.6tf:.o : ?:W : -�•l•{.1,( : ·l:rdlotao : l.11;.': .aJV �Jl. ·l•J . • 11 .. 6'7·.l:.'if',( : :JJ,. •;, v : 'i'/:;•L : ?l1 -?l11,(: -r:l,·.;{.{ .lo : .aJt,L"ioVl} : :JJ,w,1 : '144a0 : '1:.!Jl.( : .a,,.'Jg-<JJ'{ : lo1l!U !.J•l:1J : ."J':J�U: •V -�-�l.o : U•{."a' 1 t•V-? J: o6't�"?1,( : •J:l,'ifh : llllU : •l:1J 1 . "J'J:!, : -m ;!,.-1•:.!Jll 1: -mr. : "a'anV•l•J 1 •d•P�OO : ·V:i1ll'if�t'l : Cd, r :t:"?l(uo : \1,;f"-!, : �t, ,,.'if, '11{.a,J : {.O'i'/ = ·J:..11--S •aJ�'?-1""3'{.'{ : -mr?ll''t = o.6:JJ,"ift, , U,{.'i}" : JV•J•J , ·k.Jl�V

nr ,

= "" = =

= ..

�n = �� =

•

:: \1:(.l}Vao't: tJ,1lC :-f:?CI, r ;!: :J.L-.,f,: ·l:aob: :!!J: '1:i1l(: �J -� : ,)'';/,a1.r:v1.o : �::!Jl1 I fpll'J I :�J� ' U.t'a" : lumJ : 06 : h I 2Wdfl!U : a6't�·?'-( : •l:b:Jrd , ·J..�.-A•' U: •d:J:.!JV ! •ID( : •J:'7,nan : U,{.'a": •aJl.vW l.(U : ·V-?'l: •l:11 : -�:J::!J : •CV:!!·1"::!Jll : J"::!,l.( : o.6'1'if, '7\t .?ll'if: :JU• s ·1:1Jo6'-l : =1·1J : .'J":J::!JV : ·l:"?l(aoV : '1'if•JJ : ��I.Jlo'if: �1.twJ : ·1:•U , �:J�, -w:�-1-�qv :J·?drl,( : -(-ot, ;: -cv� :jVcv = u-� = U'?,f>J cvva.6V: t.'l! .aJIJ.J,w..,,.J

'1:r=tlVao';f : Iii : !,@I;l : .�L : � : o.67)-V ,.I! : -f:"11'.. �an: fplf! 1 ,�.J-f:"1,{J: o6·L:J-I:: .aJWI): Vl}: l}l(: .aJ'? ;Jr,v: '11l4ao: l}?t.,U: !J:t"?, ?L�: :J:J•l}�lo : U-111,.LU : ·l:11 : -'a":J:.!J : .aJ�•l•�llJ : a6ol:J-l-aoU : :JLCl,1,( : {..aJVloJ : -ao't.?1"t'l 1 -mJ 1/W : J,.l}.a, : tv1IC : ·l:?CI, i a! : :J.L�,,, i ·l:,10h: :�@ ! .;,:d,'-(: :!'.iA-J! : �.f,{.'{ : :ld,1,( 1 tVwloJ : �"141'-t'l: :JU.tu •V•n , '.l-.c6-?dll: !J·J:.a$V4 : al, : b : !!GiilIJ : J?'&��i.DV or :l

:= �vtJ•-+

= .CIJ,. = :lei,\.( , o.6-?to;JJ. , -m\,\,.f:WU = aii = -"·"

t'{: 'if\t : J{l. : f!I : :!, -tf' .. �: -ml),f,W.J,U : �1!louo : 'L:Jt. : •CV:!1.·l•V•OU : 'J\1'! � ';.�°!lo'1:l:!ll.(

r• '·

: •aJ�-��ltJ :: \11<,l,l}j : :Jl(:Jl( : �VlloJ i •WI, : VIOi : .. J:1_,tan : dt'l ,I: •f:l}ao: t•WV,:}: ��uwaov: J,JI: '1�'l: l.,1l!U: •<VI): o6•<V:!?.{.lio: o6��..,,� "' : :�dJ' lJ : -a"\1 : O ll'l 1 �Jl t1"t'l : t1"L�J : •l:V&oll : �l.Jt.,'tf : t'tfU. : {,.11-f:Ud 7"?--lsJ f t/.'"d: VIJlt•l J : \?1tmu : .:;f {.l,l : lio\1{, : -�d,�(} : {.(., :JLI, :: VJ!, JI� : •aJl,l.'tf l10J : �411 ',"V : !_,L\1,. ?l}l,l ¾ �\1 : •k:J�--l, : :J:c6:!?.f�U,.�U : •W\1\1tf: WU 11 t :�d, l.f : cJ?�WlnJ : •V�ll1ft�: c'd, : l'lJLltanl}lioJ : •Ul.,l-lanl}j1) : s.:l,(p cl : 11-J:1J : �:J :-!J : »(JJ :!?.--f.-:!, ij\l: --..1:....J�,.L VlJ I 'VI_, al, V O l ,: VJ!,JI cJ : V &,, V: o6-0Jl,lcfl.! : o6°l .71l�'V : ..dLtan : VI : (l"�t�U : Jid,'� t of,'tfw • •l:V

L,V : o6VJ•-,.1:,. 'tf� : al:U •?,-o'V : 'tf\1 : .f'1•0 : 1JlJ4� : JV•l J : •dt�U : .;[.J,� · : �{ .l,l I •UJVl.oVLJG •ioJ: ;J-- <VU�: wvuu: tlvVJrd : :�t, : •d:J�J. tJl1J 1:• : *� VaoJ"loJ : t J:..:JJ f ..d 6VJ : :J-?rn�J : --J:rdl.,tao : 4?io�J : •W7Ul.J..fsJ 0 --.. :: o/,Vd'd',( : :i:U": ... •ill'. : l.JV� : Cd, : o60l1V1J I o6Vd'd�: a,�rtlfp tao : L'I! : �d,l,f : � t " } lolvc'�: -OJV:1:..Vi"&oJ : Ll:4•1-"aOV : t4-o/l.,{.a n· ' : L : �{."?: lJ! t';!U": •W"'L c'�U t ft, : •d:J:!J: .."it� i :!?.-;ft�:: •W'.: �-V ,. : U •WIDIJ fuJJ : 8J\?ao : 'l J, : (lllV : ldl,-l J : L.1:..-d"d {.l(al, : -1:v ..ou 1

,:v&ou :

I \

t \

:: -OJ'. : o6tJJ'd'l : l}'tfUJ .. = 1J�U : o/:!J : -!i-�a0 : t.,tl! : t•mtwJ : bL� : -1:tl : �:J:!1= "�Jlcf n. 61.\d 1 : U : �l .Ji.,'if i.DV t� •l:J 1 : Q VJ:J J, loJ : .<IJ lan -�J F L {.Jl } : e:f"W- J : an : :S t«a'U - : t•m�J J c �l:1.J ..)" :!J .J\1a,;. i !J·(Jlan : ..f09/«WI ..J:Ut of,/.»IJ..Js: U = U :J : : VJg .(JJ 1 , {.«f tJ J, I U :,, • . : : t l� 11 '. i tl :J..-r dl : .. ·i (JJ L C ,,· � :av · n6'if4 : lo rs.,: : t,.. w w : L dl : (•m a = l. I, rtl 4 td : VJ v tl 7 i :J : ,. = •UJ J..) 1 ,.J)J,w tfl.l c :,...,v .m : 6if� 1J : :!J : t:f-rtlfuta0 tU : -k_ V •/.» -? -7 --J: U i --k.¾1J : •.'if:J�!1 V : WV..J... : oi,-m"iC�V : (

--ff : : lt'P'Jf.. : J?,'?'11 : O°ttr : Y:'/ : n : f,lJ"} m{lp.. llrf t _(L-l : -9° f : 't=f! = hJ?,l-Ar 1111\n= flroll1 i n'P�: = 09°1'va , 001 t.. 9° = 1'1, ,1.ll7f'f iL & = 01 ., 1:' i 'J';J : nA'l ,: nA t-f./.19° :: fi:CY: : {1,rJ: : /\;,,1 : OD"}'?J-Ui: : n'l+?i : 1 mi= htJl/..{lmOJ« c;:l- 001.til= ;,c= l\ "7i1"7"7 :,- = n'P�= 1'1J;.7f7fA= 11:F: = 111,1 nu,t\•1-- r--1--1\i = m :PI\I\ = v..'i ��c1nA== h'P,;.c; = f'i!CY: = 1'1, = roit..Koo« = ill\ = tr). = 9°19° = f'l1c = oulf'lT= l)Y,t.mc : 'i" = 1 = f = n'P�'l n'Pn.'l i'f?fl\(Dc"} = r'i!c.e- = n,:,. = 11,,, • 1P'1: ' = IP 11"'llt-r • v-ll1:19° = lllTl/7.'f.:,, : f,1--1\A. ::

f1+.

,t9''f :

l)c{trl•�:; ih1l-: V-it':

n,1,IJ.':

'11P',f:: OD.{.«f,Y.,-: 0..'iC'lTOJcV°:

r�

�,,:,. : 111,'i1' : f,lJ : l}f,',,f: : '?1o:r : fDIL.e..cil'lTOJc • h"}.e, : 1--�f, : n, J -- : -i = f, 'h. 'l J;.: :;J '10, flo:,.. : : 1 04>l0 : 1.1t t 11,IJ.' : '11r+. '1P 1"'1: 1 : '11 .Jift.-J:;}-Or1 : {/P+nA : OJJ!,'}'1 : 00,.,.,:,.. : t,l\n:,.. : flOILA : m '111 : OD"}t..(l : 1 ill\ : ,h 1 : OD"}'?r;J--'f!',rf: : TA;'f, : hrt+.ffT: i : A 'l:10:r ',(D• f,lJ :: : .fl\Tlir : (')9l:f = flth/)11 : lt.l\fin:,- : fOI/.l-it-n:,- : ii'P� : ();,moo : 1.tL : 'P'i' s '11c = fl.tr "} = _e-:,:1\A == t\9°1)1t, • 01,1-'ttJ = .rl\OJc : u--'irf: = 11,fP = '11 n.roil1 i P""I: : n'P�1 : n.t..:,,X- • "71\T • ,n1 : {IP"}"Jr:r'P. : 'lar : (l�I\ : (i:C..� : n,:,.. : ,n1 : oo"}'?P';J -•'f! : hY,.e..1\9'1 : f°tf()� : OJcl)1 : l\f. : �Cf\ : n'P� : 'P,:J : '1A'l : ',ar : fL.A : 0..01,"}'i" : f,f--l,;J--lD• : lD1"} : ,...��: (1'}7"1P : '11P'rf: : :}"-.t\0T: h'l}t:J"-J!,I\:,.. : nO,:,,: flt!\! 11--IP: '11P'rf:: tf>f. 9° flfto , n'Pif. = c1t1 = 001'?r:r 'P. = 'lar = 11�A,; 1 ,-,n,+c:J--OJc'l = t.:,, p. = (i:C };..'}: 001AOT: nt\n:,,: Ol/1\:,-: ',a>•"}? OJf,{I: 11--IP: '11P'rf:: (j:C�·: l11--:Y.. ftn"l'l : �1"': fOD'?I\?. : OJJ!,9° : fOl/11&-wt-T : "ll\t.'l;J--rar'} : 001/..t..?i00(1:,- 1.tL I rt-l):i!ar1 nil1--1r:,.. = 'h.'lJtf.e..c1-- = n.t..+.r:l\:rar 1 ra,1= 001 '1P'rf: : '¼l\01/ : 001\m : f,t..KDI/A : 001/i\:,_.. : nltrf:;J--ro·"} : oo+nA : hf.1 '19° : ,flflo : f.OJil"} : f,lf"}? hU•l\rJ: : f�t\�OJ-: 0011.r: : ODODlm· : fi--l;J 1m : nJ!,1..il'J° :: f,IJ'"} : 1'.'lj{; �CX' : l11·:f: : On14>?i : f!'i : fti"i : frfcllJ l\'l!fOJc : f°7.,ouill\ro•"} : "ll\t.'IT : t,rt+Y:'l° : ltA·t·•l>OI\,.. : h1Jt.,fro·9° : 9°C61iJ,llJc : nJ!,C:-C9° ::

"°"° :

h+ifif..:,_.. : T!4:911': IJ'l\ "t-�ro•: fn14>?i: f7i•g: ''m.e..t."r : 0°7..rP4-- : ,n">1-- • .r:1;.,1.91-:;.. 1 �cf.cl- 1 ro·l)19>:f''= ('' ro1-t.:,..''= nD1J..l\0r= :J>A= Fe l\h,:J'i: fL.'lA: aorooc: ,.,_(';C1'iA) t ODlD(')"}: fDIJ..f+cnro•: T.r�: ',ar:: ott14>?i = ii·, = n.,;,1c = fJtil+�.e..c = +"l'l�-:f· = (n:1>t\c = ;,.1:Y..1 = ,:1;.,1. 911'1'i : fl,flol-19° : /l°7m:J.,l\f : nou1A1A) : "11 : OD"}'?P'"� : h:J--rol n:,-. = hT:,.,r,:,.. = �o .......... = .:1>1 = nt.:,-- = ni··t..Koo-'i" = "11 = ou'}"JFrf: = h:J"rol = IDJ;.U : f1+t.Kou•; IJ't\:,_. : : +hfi:l\'PA:: ih1 : {llJ'}'?P';J--'P. : Olf', :

n'i�flo-:,_·.

13 t\f..,1: : 1--t\tJ fCPJ.IJ'.,a>• : f°lC"'/'J!.,;J•:flJr ",f•flo;f• : hi}?,. ODQ;l.l7t•: ff.,"?(}�: ",f•{r>•}•: 1)1-,(fi: t\f- 1 11•''1'1!: P't\i1)"}€j: oo,n:,- 1 fOl/.1/lK"fl..,.. : 1'.!l:'I°: .,a,. 1 (L.flt\ : .,m- ,, hC: f\Y."/lc , ''11 = ",f,r,:,. = jf.6(L.-'th7i1 • J.ct: • ,, , J...'l°:rfc = J.'i! = h..:,•r-*·"'' 1 ,:.c:€iA , J.� = Jttj��l}'} fl a,. I p h-f.'J° : t : !V.f�Y. : '-} : 'J° h, : h I 17i': :Jfj I �j',": .-J•h,-rf-'}: f.,OD{l h::t:A :i ":f•flo:,. : 1'1-J?,. : ODQ;l.t.q , f,eaiq;� : r,:cx· : (L:,• : {la>(lJ�•'J° : 1,1}.>. : OIJ'}�lJri'I° : hfl = /lODoocooc , .,,., : l\flODoocooc : m(l1 : ft\,llm• : P't\flJi = .rllar s (Lu·; , hfl.i : 1t1'DDt.'J°c'J° , f°7.A = fJ..fl,f·ff:,- = arta). = OOl/.(l�n:,. = 1..n • no:J"·:l: = r,:c�· 1 o.:,.. = f,t(l mm-'} , m-1)>. = 1'1,f.CJTJK•,f.;,. : l\.•�mr. : J..f.,1'19° :, 1•• • n.h.A = c.:cmcx.. , 11 = :rfl.,tri = n.c:t:il � ,hcocx· = ft.om- , 6'ii.m• , 'ii' l\•f.'I° , �'l:/1.fi.Y.iii , i, = 1i. = 1t = 1K" = ':i = f.,OD/\ti;tA :1 J

I }, :.

- 157 ._

9°h"Jf'T': 'P;>: f{\,l\:ftD·'i: ftr'/f11l ](\·: f,lf'ih": fi"'lh·:1�: f:\l\tf;r:, -11:r = 'i:flD4 :, • "--" o h 1.f,f: .= o "11: (ID"j"JP';J·•'f! ; Olf'I : 9°,, , �ft ,rn-.. : fOUJ1'?p:,.. : :11C "}61iJ» -0 C:i' : -j-- J' 1e1·1 : {\(ID7iC: flj:C� : {L,f•rl": rP'�t:B1 :: UDv.,t..:,..: h'J<f,7t•: : ��: ��C ��: '1;·1� � JJ'-'i,\tq1: PC: fOtJ. f�i : ·O:J:: 'Im«: f°t'lA � tDf:4?"1" : f11';'J,9°"r: ?i°!! : cf>t • !!lf.-:/l • '¼ • 'I° " ro.f¾.,U, g '�"r,.?too • : ,f,"1{} e:f... : -O:r: 'i_:fro· :: 15 fltj:Cf:: {L:,..: 1,1J!..1'i : (lil):t"f�,1 : ii'r•fl4>m•: i\UlJ. f."14·: lD1 'i:f·: 1'11..\"}: f,IJ: "lA?t..: �(D• :: '?l,\?u": ;:�ilf)ID•: "I'}: (O,f·l\ _ f.,9° : ll'IJ-1,U: f.;>t..?Jl-) : l}•{\T: fitirf•P,f..C: ,f-°l'lt':i': it'};;..: ;,,•, : OD" } '?J"i:: hOD ;l"lDj.f..: nt..:,..: t\,l\lD• : ;,,1: OD"}"] p-'irf :: n:t-roi: {l�I\: frf"& K,,....: lf 'lm-: h"}f:: i\f,: OD;J"fr1•: {101J.1(}; f!co-: "l"lt. -: ftl.,U: m(l' }: ,J·1n ; 1tl.KK9° : h 1fa:,. : 1'1 J!..lf'I : 'IOJ•:: t\9°/tfb : f°tll vf'f\,,.�1 : C\• O: ml\.�:: 'J•P.\1-1': h"JODt!\flrl• :-

jif: 7-P.f, l it1f:: fOD"J'?P'r1•: oopt,y: fL,) ..: flijif�j:: �: 9°: f;J--ro�: r : 1'1.'P:e, : {1D7..f 11£D· : ODtplrl·· f''..r''"} : {l; : 9°1� : 01!JUT : tiJ?,h &..l\tD• : ]t"}P,.tD{t�·: Oiilf�t : q = '}°: fll'tfA:: c'T'': f!l;:J--ro 4 ODOJ(tf:: {1,),1: OJ) "' "1 1 P'r1': 1'l,'}cf'f. : �r'i : �9.: 0DtPlr1· : ,'h1: oo, cip:J"' 'l! : t,.�Y-.fl'F': -flfr1: 16 f,ht-ht.-A:: :

,�: 1--�f, ! Oii1£2i : 47 : tp> : ft-iP,.il: 1\(l'l : Ul/11.;JX : a.:,.: 'J°hC : C1·1· : ''T'' : 1'1Jtfltj:t!\: f..-f--1ooirf•fl,,1·1 : �l'l'r: f'l.f::P t\ =� 1·�f..: O'J°hC: {l,,f:: OoY..;J --f,{1:,•9° : 1.. IL : lf'I : <Df,'l° : cf'R-9'' : •Ot\ ''·r'' : f\rf--10°-j,{l:,• : ai9'1:,. : 00 :J>UJOlJ.f : OT/ill>f : 1'1�.J'cf'C-0 : <Df,'}'1 : 7,1�.ht.hc : /Jf:A. : hArf'-(lmlD•'}° ''1..'' : f,IJ : ,. ..fll-i:"} : fl\;11'? : (.rl\..1·1{l: ,1,;J'l! : P'� : rcq:,--) : h1 ,,e..or1l1J:1-- : rori�mc : lj<D• = f.,i\A:: Oiyf�r : '¼ : 'J° : tt'Pi : i','l;,1c = flT'/1·1:i:r:r a....-1: = 9'1hc = = m·tt�91":1·· = r,1 11tJJ.l7ir. = n�c.� = rt:i-�: 1t1�1c,· f',.lf.,:.r f.. r.:i:ro..:: i1 0

=�

n.:,-

f..l•'lflt.m· : f11."'1.611 : OD1°ll-'-'•)·1 = 9"1lll.'t•l· : n,.10m•(l..(�· = •l·.<J •/,.� = hchc = t\07:Pl.·O = f,;rllA J hlt.U : 011\f, : §�Or'} : +�•'J'C : f°lC'l, : CIT/itt.:Cf : ,.(',{llJ(\h:tA fn.·l·\"A·f : lj:CJ.1..• : O.·f·� : Oh14>K' : xt!i : l1f,n1"1'tJD•: }'t;J1.: .('(!JlfJ:fm·'} : ;,,1:f.: art:�•: 1 = aril1' •I: aP'J°lP" : : ., , !l,-, : : 1',1�J,:,.;,· Y,U � O.'lA9° 1,'}ti. : hl\:f-m· 1 : P'Al1J1 °1 fU?S..·t. 1''}f.: 0011•1: I OD(ll'} : P'A"J'i":fm· : (l h'Jrl-K. : ,,.,_"J'IC : f·l•OJ(l', : ',OJ•' fCIT/.fl. m· : },ii •·1·.rr,1• = r-J•?i fl = a lltto = f,:rfA 1s OA� : hChf : hflfl'i" : OJ-,.:i•\'·A"f : 't : 'i = f·-I:h.fi01>•�i1,·ii'} = ,1c:Y.· = OJJt11·1A = ,11° 1�•t· �a,. : lj:C.(• : 0.-l· : !Hf.2:i; : f'iOt.m· : hChC : r>..:i•f'A·J' : ,.,•.., : U01'',li.:,. : r·/l•f. 9 : H: 1�· : tf = f,0Dfll1;1:A :: •• t:'1°lD- : ·I·/.· : J>"rrt: : raic:·1. : "'/{\t..q 16 J?,tJ : A-fl : OJ{l.(• : hi'l : hij: : -tlfto =· {1,f•1flfi(I)• : O "i -·� fi·l·n1"l'OOr : hll: 11\f, : f,f•u0 u.•t.,f• : 'tm• :: 0 : -·._/_. .. ,-•·· ••o .. •{l0�lD4 \:" '¼ · -.r o_,..... ___ a nu "'r: n� �•• "• · o : lb'I'' : 11.'P:e_- : T rc: : (t!! !.h'• : '' ''rn . .:; 'b- • 17 lJ.JlJ:':!1?: I l : 7 : 117"/ll;Jl"i : "'" ')''J·=: . f .,...-'PC : i : 't;J6,1· : ;JltllJ r ;1-:,-qo : fOJll](J•'} : (.fPV't.:i· : 0"'/., �•t.'? : O!!if,,; '¼_ • 1: : f{Dll] : fayll;J'jf : 0.-l· : f Or'/ : 'P;, 1 f'}-"1s..· : t.:J> S: 1 °l•{lC'i' : f•l'l..r.r : f.1•0 : ,., 1'!:{'. :;,,, fif1"1 r hc;:A : CITJ{l:J·m•l!Y : .,..._..re : f1� i TJ:'f : qoo:,- � ,,,• •,re : ?; � .,,,.,. 1,:,•; -;' �L f;/\(1)• : 1.:1: : ll "?ll;Jjf : o.:,- : lllloY.ht.llm• : 'P;J : °i9°;1. : f01/.fln10J• : art}}. : J!,°l I� . {lrt>: fODlJ.1.t.'?i: m·ti�: ODitfto: f,:J•ff.\ I J!,IJ : ih°19° : :J··)•oO(D• : omm• : lJ·ll:l •: )1(11•: OJ' 1•0·Y. : rf•m:P!l.A :: (i,°l'l:� : faoitU?·l· : �f.\nJ'J : _e,1,cll\A) : (.e...,,1�{ : fUDil"'/;I. : /-.,t\.fl}1 : hJ?,cf,0/.\9°) (-i•{llJ/}/lJ?,) :: 14

110 :

- 158-

fP' = = = "l1lc tr r rxut = tt1c f il'P� 2t 0 lD4ilT ��1,_1 1 = . = ooP't,f = : , e n.:t- = r100,t•lD''l = "l•flc = n :rnil = _e.,q� = fl°'l..fLV-1 = m1,"° = nc;:c� = ,1,f'f s 'h'l�f,:J--f, : ll"71:t.°l : fl!i1£!% : '¼ : 'I° : :J--CDJ.. A :: f,U : hlf� : 00 +n:,.1 : . rP'lr: ·1,nc : Of�tD- : 1•P.f, 0 f• ;\I\ ' '' f,f•1 'T : : -- ODt\h--f•(Dc =. l) : r'h'tf-1· : i\OD:J-lD'l° : f-'l°hlrA :: .

r�lD" : 1-P,f, : f,f-tJ;tOD(.(D• : f"'tfmlrTl.W•"} : lllll/o0 Ah:,.. ·= fUA : -01 : �lD" I fl.C�lD' : 1-P.f, : O)c{l'f' : t°'l'I° : '¼f,�,l-« : n?f°'1.. : V•1:J·911· : a'i� ! 1,,1+x- = f'li'I : ro f,.'-,,l-« = fl°'l..�l.1- : fil+P,f.C : +"1'1(!'1.. : 11.r : fl (IP(D(l),. : f+Lm� : 1,_f,f...i\·'J° :: flhchc : ll.1ft : f°'l..'ftt.·:,-C : lJci\--1:9° : ,t'? q e'f , "'Ill:,. , fh«r :e: = oo :J-- t. 'I°c; = 11 I\h°' 11,fl = --1--f..t.."1 = r--1-11" (De = .,'l°-1· � r rol : O�I\ 00 1 = 1"1P'i: = h: +t.Koo-:,ih. = : �ro•:: f ...

fij:Cf: : {l.,f:"} : --�l\k�--1.. : flh"}�·: flh•A : {l"}ooftb+(J)c: foo1.oot,f 9':t: : lJci\T : 1--J;f-':}"... : lj:Cf: : (1.-f:"} : ODI\ : f°tf '111r : '.Tl&' :: flji�(J)c: 1--J;f,: l\f,: r+L�ODO)•"}: f"},flt.,1·: OJCD(lf.•: �Cf:: (1,f: : 'P;J : fl\,/lro•: �m-; fl\: 'h'lf.ll'� I ch1 : DD1°1P'i:: t.oo;J--w)l: = flkT: f;J•ClJ1.(J)c'1: ih"l: "n1 = ao"}"IF:r 'l! = nrr� = 'l°n1.r:,- = r.JDif� = .e,trt;A ==· n1�w-'I° = 1-P.f, = · 6'\..e 1 �-,�, = /\DDiltP/-1... = P'AlfJ'1 = rm(lf... = 'h1f...tr� = 'h1\\1 i f,tJ'1� = nYL..1 : "'li\·r : �w-:: fl'/°19° : q_e,�:,.. : rt�;J1C : ,;:c,: : 111: : O.m+'I° : Of• J't"}.';"}� 1 -P.f, : l\f, f"'l.flmlD4 : tD-'1� = roi.rooflh+(J)c 1 r+t.ftf\T'1 -= 1--.c;r-'f = noo(lh- = �1(!'1.. = 1.11: !J rx1trI,r1 = n'P;e. = (Dem.:,- = '"h.11-"'11,(1'1' 1 �;J : 'h1f.i\,I\W-'i' : 'h11."'lf11l'?A l ft1:C1 : �TC!':J--A : OW/ft:,.. : �w- :t = n'P� = nfi�l&' = 1-P.1, = l\f, = f001"lF:,- = mri.t\o'f = rxut�r = q· = ODaot,f 'h1-'Lh+h- = tiA+t.+Y-1\:fm· = mf,'J° = rxut�r '¼ 'I° = n<r� Of�l&' = 1--P..e, = l\f, = n�c,... = 11:,- = r1,P.�1 = 'l1'1f..1'.' = 00;1-r:,- = fOl/f"lf: = hrr� 1 n<ri!:ii = flP'tr 1t1, = oo<rl\rD4 = +c:tA °'Ill:,.. �w- =• fi•1ttn .mm-: f!itt2ii:: •l'°l'lC : 11.r: �ro-: 111:( : f!ijf�t: '}: 'I°: n'P�: t,f, f..ll'J°: 171/ /\:,.'I°: :J>A: 11'/ tiooc : ,fl:]! : f,tr'iA:: •

"°' = =

fltLU: L1 ;J-- t �Cf:: 11--1: : flLU: --1·:J>lrt: 00"}1f.' : O.hi'A'. : O�I\ : •(a.1: OD'J"JP',f:: h;J--ro)!: roJ;.u): hi&.K�T: ,,,..a,q(!''f: Y,A:i» t f4>1:!JP ?1:,::: (ih1 : OD'}"JP',f: : boo;J--ro)f.: rn.:,,) : n'P}!l-: f:J--ron.n:i-1 : 4>"} : 0..001\h:,W = f°'l..110)c = ro•m.+ -) r''T''1 : �1 = 001°1F:J•'f! = rtr� = oo,o:,. = r11J(t I h!nf�t = , = 9° = ro,�tJ = r,,,..Lf/lDJ = fooJ"IF+ = rJrtfl+J;F..t = + ."I ·'IC I n-,;:c�: 11:,..: 1t'11.: 1'. : hoo;J,r:,W : 'h'1-'l�1 : "'11:l°I : f.lY'iA.:: ''T'' : n�1 : OD1°IP'"f: : r+flm(Dc : oo,n:i- : --1-mil�h:J--A : f"7..($l)c : rtt11: roo1"IF+ = ooP'&f = 11:,- , 111,'1° r"711;,i 11_:i- = �he= tt:'fc = m«I}). f 001), f: : nA--1-mfl+llT9°: hOl/..f\lD• : h'i!C1.'": f1,f: : ,fl,."} : f I\� (t : P'AllJ� = 1t1P.ttw- = f°t�mc = htr� i �tJ : 0>4111.T = f°t�'f>�!l:,.. = �1c = ff\9°:: h14>?t: f!'- : h14>�' : f?i'I : f;1t1 : OOJ«iJf"irf:1 : �1· : {l001t\� : .l.11: : 'i!C�· : (t�'f : fOl\f, : 'lt\P'&L llJ1 : oPlf'iTlD-1.: roi.fooj$Jrf: : lf�ro-: fl.tD(l>; .: f,1'1/,\ i irf•,fl /\ 1,"}J1..,rlllfDc: hcnc: hTLDfl�: '1."}cf>K':

- 15� -

, I '

}

,._., .: -r°t e 1 uow lili], = = , i"'?«; = l\, n J;f., .. , n,. 1 9"c: 1,1)! = ,,..,v,f., g · �ro : = n --��c: -il : fOD1°1P'T1 d](}C: q>;_J : fll,flm•'j": ,, i , i' f J 'llD it lf ·: 1f:: OD11� -- : : :C : • h1 fl:,• FAliJ"}: f0tl.'rt.,(D« I rf"'? l\.O'/ : fl,.-"f ' f: tj: 'la> _f: lfl/ f f1ll'?A: flPC'ir:0" : n�c�: '11: : ()?,: 'P;J : ftl,l\llr : 1Llf1: f.,1'1A : f°lA : r+t..n : h1,.lf'I : 'IW· I {loY_(\(D• : ODlJ.'l., rr : ,11'1-0 : flonmq>9° : 'lro•:: 'J°'j" /;\():,"?°: 0D9°6'T: f01/..1'lW·: f.,U: (ftJil: OD;'f,l,v{l: °1�&./\."1): llDLPlr·f : th'1-0 = f,lf'iA f,rr 1 1,1:{;: h,,1<11�.. = ti·1 = '}d\01 : ,:1c = n--l--7f t\ roi il.0'/0'/ : /\,I\ : fhiTDt,.ODC: OD11Y:: F-..'?1°: itfl::

nit �

fH,U: f:\l\�(Dc: fi'tODt,.C: OD11� : ODIJ'l,.r)• : fl��ro-: 1-.,v,_e: m•{l'J':· hchc : {lrf''Jti'l:fllr t nv-l\--1: : f OD1dJP''T : rt-'?llc::1-:. : ,nct.e : outi hA : fl\llr : rrA:,, = IA f..'IT : 'Im· :: CP/lll'lf : l\°11:,'l•fl :: roJ!P9° : l\oDht..hc 1 foY H;J'lf : (1rf: : ?°TIC : fb-l" : ll''T'' : kl' Y: ODht\.ill\:• :;: r,v,�-;--1.. : ,n.e:} 1 f01J..fil&.A1llr: dl.1: OD'J'?F;J•· lf! : flf� : nchc: .,.f{l)°#t\: : t;::c�--: {1r1•'J°: "l--P.�1: t\ODil.O'/:,.. : hro(l«, i foY.(lmw·: -OJ!,,1 � f°1tl;J:�: fL,f: : ?°TIC: fLT: mf.&,:t- : lLhi--A : fOl/..1'lOJ·1 : P''I : PC'¼-l· : �mil, : f-,lfC.,"A:: f"l--P.�1: {l<j:CY:: fLT: h1,.1'i: OD;r f:r: lll\.UCJ..r'?f.aJ•: it'P�:: lj:C� ": (1rf: : fD?.(l mm·: llrlt�: '?'} 1 0'/1\.:,• 1 "l--Prf..1: l\OD{l"1/,1·· : P'AITf1: nou(Dc(l�· : L.11.:: f01J..(lmro· : OJ•ti� I nt..o• ¾ ilt\ : nl\;{.([J• : rof.,'J° : ilft : tD�&,rf: : f9°tJC: fb-i: = 1 --'?'lt!11" = 9°19" = hl!,mt."l19° f·l-- 'lnro· = r�c.r: = n,--1· = m-ti� foif· l.;J'?mro· 00'/ tl;,)f : 11-i: = ?°he = fb:,--: ro·ti�: l\f., f ODmt..7f :J>A: flP/. 'i l� : fT�m· : Y:c�,)· : (<j:Cf." : {1,)· : OJJ!,il : f0'/l1;J1, : (1.-J: : 9°tJC : fbT) : ODrf-,.1 : �ro- :: O'/ll:,-- i l\.tj::C� : {1,f: : u•fl--:1 : tiCtJC!'�·.. : ih'11 hP'� : P'C'¼1· : nurz.l\fW• : OD/"'ODC : dJt.-'i: 4>:� : fOl/..tD·/1.• : 'i:fllr :: 19 --

'i!CJJ: : 0.•f•l• I d\1 I OD'}d}p-':,• f {lOD,i•C1o� I fOl\f,',;'J• I p-'/,\11}'} : O.{lflJ;fW- I J'i'P}l., 1 = rs OtLIJ 1 O·t;J -- : flao'i!mC • 04!: 9"h'}f;l. r hf,IJ'19° t ,flfr" r (loom',-: f\ooh t--l1C: t.1�- t f'i!Cf: I O.·f·l· : f(ll\f,'1."f· : ll.'fC : f '7.".-fflar : r."f· c1-oo• I hChC : /l'i! CY.· f 0.·1· I (l«f> C,fl 1 ,o;i:: ',W- I '11C • cl]'} 1 dJt\1.' 1 Y.·'};J1, 1 i't/\UD'f? - 1 '1,f:J•mc,, : h'}Y.·: f}'i{l,f •J;Y.C 1 h�·t--1•l· : lDf,9° 1 h:.>1. 1 flDIT)W- 1 ;,,cl] 1 (l� Cf: : o,:,. : 1\'}P,.:J·f, : i\OOmf:,. • O,l11 : DP'}clJJP:'f• 1 f·l·m O«f> 1 ou,o:,. : hi\ 1 -flfr" 1 f/\h'}P.:f· : 9°C9°C : oo<j>(lf,\ I 011.1.J I i•m-tj:: ' 00 1.00&1 1 l\f, 1 t'\•,,t.nw- t Tfcf: r flf,IJ''i'� : fc1]9°:,. : uo(.\{l : haofl,11·l· : ,e4'n1 t-/.\ :s1 t'\tl U : l¼f,',,f: 1 oo:t,muy_y I d}9°rf:"} 1 h9°'11 1 ,O'}cl•flt\ t h·l·hhll'i: : hll·l·ltfl·O I m-� fAIJ''l = h chc = fLouw1.:1-n:i• : .r,;1:1\/.\ , f°i.A r : /\uvfl,n."f· , .e:1=1\/.\ :; 1-t•>f.• • flt 00 {lrf•P...e.c I h�•t --)."f• 1 m.er : h:.>1. : .<'m"}ar I "1'1 1 {l'i!CY.· : O.·f•';}·• : 1'' }�.:r.e : ,'h'I : � dJP'rf: 1 OD-fl·l· 1 ft:P/.(\T I hlJ''l : f,f·m(lf.W- 1 "19°;1. : r)•hht'\� : 11''1 : 11'/j\:,• ' ',{I)• JS th1 OD'}"IP'1: I 00-flrf:1 : f"'/f,(\T : hlJ'', I f.°l'f' � t'\lf.U r �·,11-'i: r l¼l\11'/ : onch?- : 1i01ta(l1 I l\f, 1 /\W-T I hfoul1}9° :s

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ouf.\il

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= oorr1= .,1c � + hn1= 'Pt; 9> · irl\:,... !ti'� '.,:,tLtJ = «11\"' = = A� 'f = = 1 f .1A:J' '¼l\"'19''f = 11,� = fih1- = 001-'?Fi:1- , n+l\1'9° 1. = 1+� tt h = : A 11,,.;.(- t,f:f: l\ch1: 00 1'°IP',,.I: : f"'I..{lm-+1-: �'f t t'Ol\f,-, :,.. "'Il.� :r· l\ : { 1T : C t;: tJPlf'I- = b'i! = -Otto = o+..e..1.1w- = ticnc = ..,..1Al!lA == r111-+K- = m1..":,... =· f' . : : tJD1''?P'T '1l}f:'f 11:F l· } 001:J-.:,-. : OO' 7.l, r "'/ '?A� : f " : : qi\ : K '? f}" (1ih1: OD "}"IP'i:: "11�9'-:f: ro..e..�I\ : ODODA_t}:,,: 9°h1',...,,. ,: rwz..,....,:,..., : :: .,IDf\"'lillD11: f"l�l:

1'11..: �t\�lD· : llt\ : qi\"?: 1. 11: 1 Oa1'?t; : OF-, : Fcq:,. : ootihA :· n'Jf: :.'P'l: IA�'iT: nl\ :: /\9°/tll,: n1'�·: ,,.l''P'Pf, • ro•tt-: hoo-t._ioo« :· (14,,1--: OJ«A : t'"'l.t..K9°0-r1' = ll•'.' i: = t'"'l.Wil'iro• : ii,'?: {ll\WTOT: t1f..: ,t6£1'0l0l : nf:C1 : 001/.1'1 : A.<�Tl.OJ· : f,1'/A : f,IT'.'A :: (t''ll\(0-/t- :· ,. :,,1o�: ih1: O.D1''1P';J•'f!: .e..t.1,: ..°J°l1T: n/\°7'? fi:: ll,I\: '11C: 'Im·) :t flih7-: 1\1,: bro·/\•: fOI/. �(l- : tJ(t .-f : OkT: 0"7..;J--�o:,.. : +c..Y•: 011,I\ : �Cf: = 11:, .. : f,;J--,,.f It- = t'"7.A = /\W-T = O.f..l'? = '?'l 1 nm:Pl\1\(1}- • 'li\ro•tt-: {la,{llOJ« : g--�: -i'llti.: l\f,: t'Ol/.f..Cil : h'lJ.':: 7-�irl- • : itf,'iC'J° :: mf,'J° : fl «\I\= 9°ltll,= fl 00 m+9° I t'Iilf2r : q: 9°= rP'&-: '?11C= n'P� = hiitf2r: q: 'J°: Ok:,.. : ,.f fl•,,.r"} : q oo;1-:,.. : t''?11C : �� : nl\lDm9° :: f,IJ "} : 0..ff..C"l : 'ie 1· ,fllt9''f : (lSJ>'f: hr,:.: ft\ : n..e..A : nf:C1lD· : f,�T'r:, .;:. a,01.:: a,1c : '?"} :· o-,HJ : 'lfl�T: quo;J--r : t''?114-: nh4-LA : f'rf'ro(la,0:,,1 : P''I : P'C: '¼T : f11ijfif .... ..... ,...,,..F: q : 'I°: th°l : P'AllJ1': P'C: O"'lf:l'?: n'l�'f9° : n..e..A: n. 21 t!\TLKOD Ii �

t'J\14'?.- 1 ftf : ro..e..k'1- : 001/.IP'r = foo1-°IP'T: +"l'le'"f : oom(l1 :, 1'1-'lfilm"l�:fw- = f+t./\1--:,... = 'f°lc:'f I tt,Y: = tt-'til = r-,11c = m"I = mf,'J° =· 1\11: =- lt-'til: f(J}«A : '?Yu;J-9'-:f : ih°l : h"'l.fil'ilt:f(D« = 1"-"IC'"f: O'¼f,'J,}c :· h�il�'J° == nrtt,A1-J;.. = o-�:J- = l\f, = r"f"le1"f = 9°161,h = rrri;m- • (19>.f =· (f"IA : �'Pt?'"f : lDf,9° : fOD'}"lP'T : '1/\P'AllJ'i:f) : fl}\(!11.(1}- : :it'? :·· {looooq:,... : 1'C9°jf : OD(l}•(lATlD-'.' : 'Tl\'} : "'If.'l;JT(Oo : 'J(Oo :: n-'tfr9° : ih"l : nrtt,�1'};. : o-�;J-- : l\f, : ro..e..: -�" : ,f--OD&\(l : 7''}�f,LP&.f1T: oo;J-, 1� I f(l9'=J:: ?.-�: it/\-ti;J-SJ>"f: t\.m04? : f'tJl/.1{}:t!a,«: '.'TlD-: T1l�: {l{\ :, T�ffll = �(J}« == rm"l1 = �Af, = hra; = P'C'¼T = �A� = f\ODt\f:,... 1 'J° h'}.r:r-- = - : n� ;>1C : ha; tLIJ"} : n/\-ti ;J--9'":f : t'"'l.f {l,:J:(-(1}- : Oih7- :ftr�(I}- t nm:,,1\1\ 1\1,: f67.,.e..t,.1(1}-: /\(1}-T : 11:J! : il/\tr� : �tD-:: Ou-t\+;;:ro- : 1--Af, :_ I\� : 001/. �;,1cn:,... : 1..lt : n1'f:: qy,a;:,. : m�'J° =· 1\,1\: P''i : P'C'¼T : 1'1-}thrf'A : (lmf:P • f"'IH;>� : (1rf:"} : 9°nC : 11:,... : il. fltilfltD-: f"'l.1'1 : ',(J}« :: f,o-"} : 1''}j{ t (lf'}it : (lf'}it : P''l : P'CqrJ:·t hiuf�t = '¼ = 9° = nk:,,. = n�nt. = roo,-,,.,.,:, .. = ..e..111 = r,f'm(l'I = 'lt!\.tr�n+ =· 1.lt I th1 : OD'}'?P'i: : h"'l.lDit�tD- : "?'.'TlD-9° : ..e..l;f : ;JC : rf'(l"?"'l. t ftra; :_ P'�: Fcq:,,. : 1'1-Jth+A : On'1+� : f'll! : ;J-�'PA :: �lt.lJ : g--tft.lj:: 11,; = ft;i! o++nA �m= rJt1-+ ,.- ,...... ,... -- .,.. = �"f'J° = "�u.u1 = ..e..t.�"9':Y.. = fODw(l'}'i � .

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20 "7CTltll. &)['RJ?,'i" = n·&ta:r: • ti1c. m-ll-r. 1n. • cp,;. DP/o,:,... �,� • L"Y: • .;JC •·nrt-�t- h�n:,.. • (hfi:-i•�m- • 'i!/0,•l· • I.fff!li • '¼ , 9°) , ,.�,, , rh.:r-r-kf • f;,..OJ I DPK",h.-r • "trJ?D J I 1�' I f.fi I .e,DP/\h�A 11 f

- 161 ..

,. = f 0 & : �C�" :i fL"f..!"f: : 'Im• h '1};.tPt-'1:fOJ•9" 1 f"'l 1:l1· i'+Pr 'L :}i\ . .,:, :: r s < . - : h'i=C� : (L f! = f �.1�°1 : f,on f!ttf�r : '} : 'J° : h'P� I f,IJ"}: "�l\&'l ill\A 1 'i1C : °11 } f,IJ : fhlli·PrJ!C : ,f.. °l'1C-if·1 · fl(i:C.:�,:· . !L·)· = 'h'}f...1'i : · 1 = £lt'�1 = °-fi!\°1 � (fi'i'l+tt.1 : h'l;J f : 4'� : h'P� f , 1 (] 1't fOIJ..,,f°lf: : f · D h -fl �:lD·1 :: "�:�� : 0°7..'lit : 001 : ,1 l)f,lf1) c I m/ fOl/.{IDt\hi· o > 1 �· 'k1'k : 1 .. � ° 1,: = h!.Uf!1t q 9" = nt-:i• r01J1i;.1j.l = fti: = 9 nc g fL.,;§, = rroo'lm« -: 1--P,f,: h1f.1'i : �Cf: {1-r I 1100;1 f:,- : (}{tar : 1i1-'Z'rl" : ut,:onh ..fc : 'Ille : ffA"}: h1f.lf'I: -O:f-: ',OJ« :: htLtJ: :,�9°nlJ:,• : l\f,: lt1'..�'J": Jt'}� : �lo : I\OD1oP:,•: °11 : 4'1\A : t-.f,f.t\9° :: h!i.. U : 'r'l!:'f" : ftf,:·... : ill\ : °'1:J -- : flll/ 11;,]f: fb,f:: 9°hC: (1>,}•: t\t- o«: P' t-: Of/l1i;f: fl.A : f11.,1Lro0 't:T''"}: Ol/ill"jf: l10l/�l-O: mf,9° : hODht-hC : fht\hA : fP''l: P'Cq1• : ,.�,-0 : f'l..fl:,,:,, : 1'C°l'I' : (l�C.(" : fb:i• : hODP,"f;f,. : llillllD· : '11'�:,.. : ...5..ont),f.. : f,lf'i/;\ :: '11c = °11 = 'h'ltLIJ = J!..1P:f = �n1 = ODJ°lP'"l: hOD:J•m:� = n,.:,.. •l"f...1"1 �ti u ;,...: f}','},,,g·: £?i11: 10J«: ""}J!If., : (f"'i ";Jjf: fL,J: 9°: 9° he : (1 :,.: .. ..,.. 'll\OI/ : fOIJ..ODflh+OJ« : f,U ·lll.l''I 1.1J. = -0:F : i,ro.. ) = u,n.1-�,n- : 1-.v,,e, : 'h "}J!.. : t-.1f.i1 m · : Y, lf'iA :: a

= =

h!fit�t : '¼ : 9° : (1&,,:'f• : f',(14,-J• "} : flj:C�-- : {1,l• :: P'AflJ"} : OD'?:J! ?11· : 1•1\ : (l"'tl\,}y ·I '11.V,"}.(· : '1--Pir·1· : l\f, : 1.1,f--msci :l 0°2..1,.,..,.. : hl\1;r ?J"f : I\J!- : "t•P, ,}• : t..?i'I° : ll.f.Ctt : tt!,-:f.A'r : I\Uf/fl:,�: f il;l:'?t,t\:: '11C : "J"} 1 ff·LIJ : ool)Y, : 1- -PrT: OD.(·ltt : (lrJJ9° : h ',iJ.,,,,;: : V''i: i)_f\OIL:J•f,: rth °l'i: fp',: P'C'¼T" }: IA�'IT: oP•>-/t?: 01f..'l.°l: i,1.e..: ,�:a,. : '11\1·�,f?,: l\f,: nm:,'l\l\ar: r,f--?fI\: 'i:,l·,l1: f01/.R'r: f,DPll.l\A 21

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f,l}•"}: h1:{ l f,l1°l'i: fP''I : P'C'l:,.: /;\.{!',:,-: (lji�O)•: 1--P,f,: il+ lOOJ« : "f"lc : OD�,}•,h. : h.fi't1�9° :: ��m-: ,,,..;c;f, -� fOD"}"lP'"r : tlilP'/;\ "l'ii": ...,..?f7ifto: hmtJJOJ« : "11: oP1°lP':,...: ;JC : -i--:J,t--t: fltr)•: hlttf!,t= '¼ : 9° = nk:,.. : n;t-m)l: : tt'P)!:f : ori1PI..T : h1.';._w?- : Y,&.:,,Y:l\:f'PA1 : f"'1.A : 'I'f cf:: (14>'1' ;J--: .fcf>C '1 A :: h14'7'' : fl!"J : (D� : &.,}, : (}OIJ...{1.00- : fOD"}"JP';f•: rl'"J'1 C'1" : h"}}l 1;J·: f·f•f.t.1(1•1.. : '¼l\01/: ODflfto: f02;J...fro•"}: h1.';.fllJ: hrf•&./\1: 1'f4: OJ« : l1h9'1;1" : t1A lf'I : llt\,I\ : 'h1Yo1· : "b.1�01J.oofltt : t\Ol/f"1- : tt f.;,-:f : ',w«:: ,n1: OD1"JJP,f: : t-.ft\,: (llf)..: fOD"}01P',}•: ,f•"l'lC'-:,.__: l\f,: fll'/f1ll oiA = oorr-,. = h/\'rC'l'c = iltt1.v,11: = nSJJ:f = h-i·• t\ao �ro- = r,,•.,t1 = .,,,c = ODflfto: f,;J"fT'Pt!\ :: f,O--"} : "/t."}:{ I (lft1cf>?i : f?.i'I : ,f•J./\1, : ODflfto S f"'L :J"fw«: Y.1iw«: ODlf'1 "1-: ',w·:;: "'ii\:,• 1 f+t..ll1ar: ;,,1: ao1°1 P'1:: hoP� w)l:. = Ok"1-: f;f"m)l: = tt 'P }(f'i : 1---1,,'J"L9':.y.. : "It.1F. : ,n1: oo"}°lP'"I: f1 1--IP: '11P'"1:: OD"}"Jp,}• : ..,.,:,.: :t.°l: 11-'llD· : h'1�..4''rlr: ',ID• :1

111\.e = 01,;�a,. = ,1,&s- • �c • r"'lc1. • "'lilt.�· : ll·f•m+ll«& : t1il : t1'i!·f•�a,. • t;:C.f: = 0..-,.. •1 fih°I • h'i!A • "'lh�m-tf • h 1+� 1 z 1 .,..._, flt'> • (!Of!,) , m1. • •1-1 1 :,..y.. • fO'fll:J'lf {L:,,, = 9°hC : fL-r I «&I)). I flf,OJ'l� I ODC'rC:hA rt }1C 2 OJ'} : ,,.,.,.,. • ff;I I llaJl-k..,.. I ilft°2.1.t."19 1 f001"1P'-r I «&f)i,?J:f I f0D1Pt,TI&'} 1 m{l'} I 'i!C.(- I {Lrl,T I f'if'ifllO� 1 9°h 1 1-r • hA-Mi\Rr ,. 1,.-,tps,u • r.eOJ'l'f. • tJchc I ill\ 1 h'P:(. 1 :,-c-,.¥" , -fl� • lli\�ac ' r�c.(- • fL..,..l-1 • P'A"l'l • f°'l.mfl}a,.'} � .,.�,. ' m" • 1-1 • ftoo•t•e& ' r+l:fla,.1 • hChC' ODPm� r /\JF,.hooa,. 1 .el-ll/.\ 11 ·- 16� -

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fl : "'I.LKao« fft I roo,-,p:,.. : +°l'lc»l-: 00 ;t-:,.. 1" I lti'I : tDY.t.:i1+ 1 f : Dm = = A • 'lwlf'I 1'fD • '111 1\t: '1 f° 1 t,IJ i f ilm"l�A'J° 1 h;t-(l : +11 1 � n·..,. s 'f1C • 1,0A1' 1 r+m{l', : 'IW- I h111f�91:,i : in.P"'I. r f OD'J"Jr:,.. : ..,..., I 9°h11T : flOD lP lwf: : m1.t.:i- : f\"t.(. ao,. flf),.fl:'fc I 'l1C : 'i K : oel : 'P oo noPtrt;:fw- = 'lw- rh11: = r"l11c = ""� 1 = = l1P oP t . , +"l'lt!''f "1P':,. _ f 1 //P;J-tD�'i I n11:: m1,:f\;;: 1 f\-ttD{l', 1 f'ltP't.T : 1.H. : 1'1)l;J--IPC : oot;: /.1: 1 foP'}"IP':,.. 1 +"l'lt!'l- : 'i:f.w- :: "111 ht;:.-,..;;: : '11C: f"ttr).:,.. : ll,fto"f: 1 ,f-dJ'lt!''f : 1,h+A-h!f'P A : +1ltr- r ill\"tmn:,, : 11:f- : 'IW- s: QO'J"IP':,.. f I Oh'P)l: = O;rHHID• = h \\'- 1 = "111C: 1'1�"7.(lOil� 1 f,m ,n (l-OltftjJ>:f c: 1 11:l'A II rrout I rt:i- 1 'lflP'A.tJJ'il--9° = hP'l�w-1 = O'i!Cf: = fl+m{l'Jll)c : I n.:i- 1 'It,,."'1.1� �:, . : 1t9° 'I:,.. r It.t1JA q Tl& : .e,;FI\A. :: rt, 1 '11"' c 0 1. 001, : fOD'J°IP' :,.. 1 1-°l'lt!''f I h+h;r;r�'i : Hlt«t : htr'll& J flP't. 1 ,.,, s h"7Cf>A = 1t1:t.1:i- 1 ;,c = h1.Jtu = "'l+'i"nc = noof\l& = at"l'i s flhil+ >:t C : ,f-dJflC I f,rPt.651.A. :s ODI, I flf'll& : +"l'l"C : ..,...,n..,:,..'I° : flOD/,ll)c : ,,.-,11c = fTLfl1(Dc1 1 'l1c I OP' t. = 1t_e. = fl"'l 'PA = h"t.t.Kool& = hf:t-1:,.. s +10.'l:i- 1 fl..{\f, 1 hf,'fA.9° :: On'Pjf. : frf•mf+ll)c : +'?'1C : cp;J : f ll, : : f/b{\(Dc'i 'P ;J ftlD''i I f"7!1/l°IA I hlf'I : hCf>:(9° : h1JlV: f"'lf1{\ •

"IA: 'la>«::

OP' t. : 1\1, : h1�f(D«/r:,. : f 00 1'?P':,. 1 'lflP'A.llJ'ii-1 : floohAhA : b!fff,t 1 '¼ 1 'I° = nt.:i- = r'lnl1 = h'P;E = (Dem.:, . = noi(l,- = h'-1.�1 = ,,,;J = hA'l : f\"'11:l'? 1 hT.rA I h!Df�t = '¼ = 9° = nt.:i- = r+.t.1.1. = rm1tA = 1'P't.T9° = h11-.llv- • 'AP't.wf: = illl = +mil = nmut = 11:,.. : '1/lP'AllJ'il- : l\1,: OO'f..{l'IHC: hll: +1A'16£h: f"'lf,lf1flT: 9°tl11 .. l·:'?/.\?.: hf,f./l'J°r: .e,u11r = "'Ill:,. , h!Df�t = q = 'I° = nt.:i- = n'lnt. = i't'P� = oou,1..:,.. = r+L ., :,.. 1.00 = "'l'i!f(Dc'I° OD'J"JP':,..· = at1 00, 1t1:t1 = ,,.,:t-'l! = nrr'I = 9°h f = = . ,,:,-. : hoomr:,» : 'IK : 'll& 1 "7(\:, - : hf,1./l9° :: h111f�91:ii : h'P)(f I l1T/l 1,9° : 0"19° : +1-.9°T'IT : fl\:f(D« : h.'P}!'f : OP't- : t\f, : ill\"t(Dc/rlJ,l- : o-'irf: = h'l°111f9° = h1''i1-;. == n1-.1P'f = m_e.'I° 1 nttil+�1-.c = hit+,r .. -,..= raiootr : -OH- : h'i!T : '11t!''f : TTT'PA :: i't'P� : OP't- : l\f, : f\.ll)cA. : f"ti-AO:i- : 11>1\ : 00111:: h'il.. : 'h'llllJ : f..1{1:f: Wf,9° : hil+!f..Y..:Y.. I t.l):f(J)c1 : 1'11-. : :FA- : fOD1'?P'T 1 +dJ'lC : fl.�m-;.'i : rh'P;r.9° : 'i!� : '11C: ltf.'1'1: {Lif-;.: f,;J!I\A :: .

htLU'I° : 01\1, : fh.11: : h!Df�t : '¼ : 'I° : flLT : r;,--m;e: : h.'P;Ea : 'i:'f = rai1if"'l = ttrr1 = fh.'P�1 = hat1 = 00,-,,,.,:,. = f.t.� = oo;,�:,.. s f"tflt'}il : 'i!T : 'i!CY: : 111: : f\OD'/°l1' : 1'TI\I.\ :: 01'1f.lllJ : '¼f,'l,f: : n+l.�1n9°'i : h1:t.1i: : (l«f>f_•tp>ar : i't'P;Ea : hC°l1': ODL{\1'1: 0T1:J>«t : flououcooc I 11:\I\ : f"'l.�mi.. : ,'h1l-'1° : 1tf0tfc : 1'1f.oo��T(D« : ODffi') I bI!t!�t = q = ,-, = nt.:,- = r�m� = h'PJ!'f = ttil.t.1\1.'l:i- = h..f'l(I = roi�,:, 00011').'i I f+Y:CJP9':f. : ;,,1:f : Oh-�.(a;f: : 1'f+if?-'i" : 'Af;r1�: noo�1..� T(J)c ' 9°tl11T : l1h14>� : !�I : frt-J. ml.lD• : ''hT/lODf.(Dc : frl•lf '1 : IJ.'.rf:: Ona;il,t•�,; : 1,f mnn : 11"'1..�1:: hf:IP/il = ll.m (l1 : f,:J!t\A :: '' ,

- 163 -

•

-.. ()1 . : 1 : 1 1: {l�C 1, 11-l" l'tf:�1,f, 'i" °lf :, :f .. � J? .. f. : 1: (TIJ'}'? p�.. l'til·r� C: . f 'I!: flf'I: P'AllJ1: 'I'f": • ''1·1 fl: fih"l: P''l = P'C'i1: = (d11e Proces oflaw) flOIJ..{l(l)c : ',,:J1C : �:fa : h1��4'C-0 • f"7.(l�ro.. • 'f'lfj : OD:PWOT/.f ;: -= 01 : OD-11-l• L(l)c : if7ii\l04 � cl.a1 : 001°1P'T : OD(l P'Cl¼+ flt'? P''I : { : f 7i'if /\ro· = ,111 : 001°IP' :,.. = m+, r,1-t.:.>1m , a;1 c ttfloo111 = a;m• 0,1. -.. (ID 'i 'i� = ttor, c'1 'i i1"1lL1·1 '1 = x -,h.. ,;:-:; 1 ::> 6 :a" � -� ,.,, ai :J ...,,. .oo = h1"1/L11'1 : �"1-� : 1-1 (l : f,i1°1 : P''l : Fcq:,.., : (Llf"} I· f'114>?. : OD' }cfJp:1 - : m•ilT : oP-f1i• : fl,f-{}{1{.(l)c : i't°itti : OD1°IP'T : t\gtD- : it 'I,:J1C : '¼�'1-1" : fO'f.m-0:,, : .eoo{ll\A ::

= �r :

r,,...,

= r..-,..

n� a11 ::

n ..,,.,

''O'J1°<1 lD''J° : (l (De : (l1'}--LP : ., 1 P',f: : UD"}'1 F :,,, : "l.., :,... : Uril T : ,)1 � w1:1 • '1�'11:1 = ro�'J° = 1-01...-1;1 = .,r fl,1.. ,a.. = ,"11:J'i! = P''I = pcq:1.. * = itfllJ'J° �'' (f,f,qq(\(J)c: dl1: UD1"1P'-1 ·= n'Jcf'�� r'h1'?ft. 11�m• : X'd..� ) :

�r=

=- . . .

,"tt�w,1:1 ; .,�.,,,,1:1 = m�cr = 111l+.1 flt ''O'J1�m· ·9° = (ltD,J-1{l :i f,lt°I : P''I : P'Cl¼-1· : t,fllJ'J° ::'' f,f-flfilm· : fittnttti : OD'} "IP',,.r = ,..,.,, = OD'}"IP'-l" l:�(J)c = t11Jt.oi1 22

23 fi',14'&" : v,f: fi'l"'IC�(Dc: �: °I = f"7.�mlm· : '11C = "11 : 1'1� ODJ.1,.fl ih. X'tfi. � : *1*: 'l'<f!-1': frf,t\f : lf'i ; },'}P,.U : f.,I\A. :��

''"'11�t&9° : (la,• : fl11...IP : '/1,P',f: : "l•f-1" : lD•flT : ;,,J!,UJ,f:'} ',,J:1 t rof,9°: 1-0l+.1 : ,, r I\ : il1°l : itfllJ9'1'' ::

ntt.u

�1'

A �',•r : f+'lvt : l}•l\:i• : �-f9':}: = J!,�tnt.. f\-- :: fOD1,_0Dl,flD· : n,f•'lfllro· : fitaitt1 : OD'}"JP'T : f,J-(l4ati,OJ•'} : f,f-'J{l : '114'7'.. : f;Ji'? 1 P''I : P'C'¼r : OD'}�it : i'tm�f\o : 1,1'-'t�11 : ,,..�A�/,\ ;: tD-'i ll flh1°ll\,1ii1llr : h7"9° : ODt}hl,\ : fl\lD·'l° : A�.,:,-- : f°i1AflllD• : l-1!� : fih"l : th'l {lt-1 : /\OD•rC1°'1° : '1°1' : ftJA : h�;J1'" : ODlf),-1 : 11:F : ',tl)c ! fOI/.IA : �:f : ',(& :: f H. .tJ : ;,,1 : OD1'°l P':r'P. : f If', : 01/...,1 : 011C1fC :

�r : ll

nt."11c;;:

2.2 h9°ll,..�m- = 01if'lif I r'°-�t-A : uu"}dJJ-"'•l· , -i·"l'lc::f•'} = -o,= : r"'l.oot\t1·l· • }m· == 01§ �m- l 0'#7i7i.r I ll'i:A I h1Y:: l\.e s fhll·f:1'•:.1-1: Ol1 "}0JJ-"':,-: .. ,. °l'lC: ,10•1.(111t\l1·1·: oqol\: 1o.�A , ➔•oPflti.e • rtr� , J:.1--1>1.-- = n;,,•, , uo10J1..,-1: = ro•ll"I' , ..,-aJ.rc:hA :1 23 h.ll • tr-'1!17i+.e1- - � 01,t&fAil • c:c, ,, = {l,f•.t;., 1'ri:, ,, = T.'i"A = ftoro· = 1ari: = t1.:1-r·w,t1 : •• i (Xiif�� I h : h. l h f 1&· : rfirG ;) 'h'J.t;.v-9° • � l n7i1·' r.:.:.1. I ''h.:1-r-t.•J''} I ti..;JA. I h.'f: ti.7i1-'' ; rh.:,·r-k.r , f"l''i":,-'i" • f9'°C9°C , OD&"di.•l-- : iilL �9° : ti , 'r'l'C 1 /i • (1.uxti:: 1 : : : h' "1, h.; 'IK" : �t: h'i" I =EU .eoPftl'l�A) r: O!Jif,J.j?; I '¼ : 9° : ji-;; m- : q.OD:,-' ,r 'C: � I �;J6T : ;Jlf.tl} : llti. : ��:,- I 1-"'t- : }'lt1¼�· : om,rJm• I h 'P�: : ,r'J'C : '3'1 I 1-i'},f•Y.·' fll 1 00 .,,G:,. 1 ch.11· , Oh.Ol/c.;: r. = O'h1-°llL1·1ii-" , ou:J"•l·9'' = >i,.�" q:,=m- = ft.11A1.· ' u-tt•I: = 'lA,f-llO'#cn,. 1 '1. .H. 1 f:,C�m-: )i"}�CPf..f.eA: ( >\1-.�CP/.G;r): h.A..l·111cf,(l9°:: (lh"'IC�: fOJIIJllJ•= m°l • 1.el\A I f lTI/.A I M9°:'I· 1t.ll,i·-1r:i• = nm.., , uo..}OJP':,-: 111-cf•x·: ft;'?:;(ll) f-1•00 1>'l:�·: .e(JJJll1'A rs fltl1J9° : h."}-1•&· 1 on.,,G:,. : f1'1•1J.' : �11-"'--f: 1 ao"}OJP'•1· 1 �,,:,. 1 OD�� : .h'i:'1.fA I *"}* I h.O'#C� I ia>- n 01.Uf iir I m1 : OD'}OJp-1:,- : tDJ!,9° : I ,J•?f7ill° t bmtl}a>- I m1 I oP"}OJp>:,- : OL:,- I +outil}J!, : .f..•'} ;.,1, : fJ'II : i\,I\ : il1°l � i}{\]-i/;\.}Ol . hiiif?i'i:: 'hllh I !iif!1i I'¼= 'l° I 0}0GtD- I "LH.: tD-ll"I': fV•ft,f:: �,:,.*?J':I"· I /J1;J'l! • '1?.9"· h!fff�:.5 1 '¼ 1 'J° 1 O'.\I\ 1 '1ti.m- • h.!f:9° 1 ;JC 1 ,..ouqti,.e: h.J!,�t\9° ::

•

orux��

- 164 -

•

°,,,., . t& = f o'tif::� = ,f-fl(ll.a>i't°itti oo"}OJr:t= c1t1 O = 001 : :, = ilT = h°t = '1lD4 -1 P'C : •'l = P''I ih°l f O. : '¼ ,f · ;JC: ooool)(IA : OJf,9° : ht\ODo ul)(IA: : 1 Af11'1� : hChC : T:,.9° : ft\a>-9° :: 'P'im· : 'l'lC i brf•t• : n'Pftf : fOl\ f, �-:'f- 1 f. l\ OJ- : ih7 : (IIJ"}.,P' :J-'I! : "'l lj"} : golf� : ., OJ• :: i,.l\,f-�(Dc : t;:1• 1 f '1"7C �ro• : i•c1t-tj: : itrr'} : 1'1�t\ : f,l't. t\10Jc"} : . ,hlt-0 : O"'l.1'1 : _l,1/,\1./,\ I ,lll, ro:,- i �,_-,:,. : m.l',9° : '}-fll.-1.. : ft\ch°l i "tA:'f- • ih"I : 067.fHID- : ODIPl.T : '1/,\lfp : OD(JJ(lf: : ft\0T9° I '11C s '?"} : fih1'- : :,-.1'1-f11 : 9°'} : 1'"}f,."7.lf'} : lD(I'} : n/,\+(lmlD49'° : flP/..A : ',a,. :: {ll.3/} : {\ OD"}.,:,. . : oo : {IDtf "} OJ• tj:-:f I f°7.:J>"I : hC9°P, : v-t\:,-C : n t 'l' f4!911-'l = f(l'lltl,\ == f+ro(lf.ro• = 1'Cr>j1, : 1--�i : roi.oot\n+roc : m°l : n"'l.f110Jc = 00,,,1.:,. = Jrt-t..?i"J.A'l? r c1t1 : 00,,,,,.,1'1:1il = 01/..lf'l = 1tch:t:A11 fl0-1\-t�: t;:l-: '1"} = f"t'IVJ.ro• = Tf4: = �001.ootfm·: 11:F: ',(De� hll''11r"} : �l.il I 1,IJ"} : f tt,f•l.,,1ur' : 1'!4: : noi.oot\b.'ti t nt,e&t-- : 1o�'i : flt\P'/,\"l'l'i : floo{lt-,f: : lj:J>'..Jt : oo,11bA : 24 O'IOt.ar: tlcnc : l\f,: r+(lm : tt'l� = fm�l\f, = ,,,.,,, = '11P1:,• = t;:C� = CL:,-: a,.l)� = ;r:,,.qo = m'l':tA " 1'.tl! = 1\1' = 1-�i = r+t.nt\'1- = �c� = CL:,• = tJtj:A i ntt11: = l't'P� = (/DIJ't.-1- = r+ttKOD 171/'i:fm-r = n�t--1.'ti nn1+1i = = 2s (/DIP l:,. = +10. = 1'1�Alf'I = t\.�mc = n1'-:fA9° = OIP/t\1: = rrt\,f--fa,."} = c;::f = r++n" = 1,(IDill\A 1,v-1 = 1''l;t = n'l+?i" = = "'� = ;,,1 = oo"}'?F:r'I! = f(I'� : J!.l.'lf : 1,1..Tt--l,\ 1 fllP/..i\.lD- : nil-tff;f- : ODlPl.:,.. : frf'(lm• : t,f ft, : fm:,,i\f, : 11•1P : '11/>':,W: tj:C� : l1•1" : &1)�9'1· : .l',1'11t- :: 26

�r

1t1+i· : iiif ......... : f"7.,foohh+ro•'} : tltil-fl : nai1'1 : f aooocooc : +"I 'IC I h1J!.(l"?rr-1- I O:f>A : t\:J>IA : n+i,,1u9°9° : lf'I : (1',,:Jt,;,- : ;Jtl."1 : -21 omtJJaJc = h'"'t\. 11 '1 = i th-lj: = fI,\..,.OD�n ,1:-1-1 • nn "'I cfroe = ?ith-<;: = f-trPt-fl:fro·"} : :l>I\:,.. : l.4!:,. : IAi'IT'f : O"'IT'i".'ti : l\.l', : Oh&.A : fC4-IA :: 1,u1·: '¼.l','11: : Jtoot--ooc : bl-1\°;rf.. : 11\f, : ilhlf'I : b11.u : n:t-l-: fOIJ..b+ {\llJc : hchc : 1'f<f:lD•'} : nb&.IA : fOl/..iiDl.'J°C'i : t\1.ttar : fOl/..f1h'1.A : 11:F : noolf"} : hfl,\lj:9° :: (t(llj : i\..ODt\ll:f:=fro· : fOl/..1'llD·1 : hill.;e, : '/tt fl1": fODt\h:,W: 1,lf'i/,\ :: boo:e:oot,fa,. : 00;1-ro:,, : f°t1'lOJ- I 9°19° = 1'"}1;1."} : hv.hi-far : 'i!lm- : noo:-e=ootf : �-:;,a,- : fOhm : 'l,:J : ft'it.ar 1 n'l'l'?i : 'P'i : rP''I : P'C'¼T : O?ilhOtf : 'Pil-1-'i : OD(f� : ',Or :: ''f llchOJ'' : noihar : h'l;J'lC : �ilT : f'' "1°1 1' : �T : tTCJ"}i10Ja9° _: (tlf"} 1 (tf"}il : <f>f.9° = 1lflo :

�r :

f!fif!li: q 1 'J°: f11.;l·f-k'f r ,n°I : ODK'"di.:i• : l,;:: 'fit\.J'J°: 1K" : ©[ ©§ : 2s ,..��1 = nlJ'11:,. = 111ool'J°c = f+loi\.,l.. = ;,,., 1 "7i\.•r i Jrt'P'JE = +-.�c = fI� = h,,..t"f?fAar = ih. 1 1 oo"}dJp:,. = n�:,.. : fmt1J : ilt\tr� -, �ex- : O.i: : .e, u1 = nchc = J\"}F+ = ouooc00c = f°t1Ql& I t,_e,OD{l&\'J° 11 26 Oh '11i : (l,h,f, : h"lt\» i (]rf•hta7i : f7il;l• : ,f: : ,f: : 01/.tili:C : (ht;:-t� : �c� 1 a.:,.! Iiif!li : 'i: 'J°) : ODl}h&\ : f �Olt&"} r hchc• Ok.TV"k-1 • ih°I : DDK"m.:t· • 'fiA �'J° • 11 1K· 1 r.f�,i : .e,ODt\h�&\ ! J,1\1, : O"JC1. : "'lil:}mif 1 f.-f..m+(lm-"} s Ohta7i : f111fil = 01/.t llrf:C: �1l : t.'Y; : fl,t-hta1i r O(IILil"f-C, ta&ll : ootih&\ : f�(lla>-.. }: hchc : f<D/',�''/:.&\ ! tl\.e, J 0°1C1. : "7il;J--<D7i J J.?t: f..l•m•l'(lm-"} : ilh'17i : 7fu : h'i: {1..,.hta7i : f}\)lil 2 }\{lq : "'ltl:J='f = o.:,. = f11-,111 = ,,o�:, ht;:&\ = f)OlCJJc'} • ncnc = ,.e,OD t\h�&\ =1 27 Oih.� = fh"7C� : .:J•f\•1 : J\°IQ•O : fOl/.flmm- , :,.c,,,_.'J° : 1A..f•m'iO-r : 'J°C'l°C ' f·t°,,lJ\ = · l\.ll'"} : h1'1.."7.e,�1..IA : i\.1t\?.&\� : fy,{l,f•7,: : q,11:1. : fih°I : ,f·cP/& : t\tr�m•: t\.h•f· � fll\oo- : Ocf>t\ : 9°il;J'if..1' : &\1&\K" : J,to,V.t\V• rt 24

- 165 -

u f, 9 f,f',1l I flD'ltt s f.."}{l I OD(f"} I l'tflfl:,.. d IJ If"": fl��i.+f. � h"tl.K9° I : : hf . ' h : � _s ',lD:,. oo l\ • �":,, f:t 1 . dJI":,. tt : fOD"}

raa1_ootflD'"J : <t:l· : ttoof..1kf : ,-..Au : tr«; : f�.,:J-'f(D« : hchc , 0TA1,9° : O+'l OllD' : fl't"ltlt : 6D"}'?P':,- I tl."t"fAJ.l 11 di� : i','P<f! • fh1"' 0 1 tti i 'l +1i = = h+ OllD' • rttoi I a-i = 01-,p.:i,.: : 12'1"1t :: 1t1+1i-- = ;1c = ODOD/t(lA: ',(I)« :: _e,�"} 1 h1:{ 1 OlltJ I hil"l'l'f r :i it?, � fvl"DD1Pt.,1· : he hC"J : 1'"10- 1 tt "7f:lit Ott"7C7/(D< : �,h.tj:'i"': fi1-,,.6l�lW• � f'1°11 t'1 : 00, . l":,. : ;,.1 : 00"}"11":,- : +ooltltj, : it"Jcf>R" = 0Dt1l1A � fltro• s A\t',:,. : "l °9° li Ii� : 'l : : : floPrf"C1 h"7C7/ l"lc : t CD!. 1'1'1it.117/ wf-4.mllD' h fl f : "' 11� , .,(I)« = rOI/.IA = rncnc = 'IT-O = {IP111 = '1i\•,n t :, r£J1 : h 1+1i· = = hA.f\o'f : r;,.1111 1 0011."t' = t.'14'1-'f: ;JC 1 o..:J--1' ;I flt.O � 1iisr1l = tar-,+� = fl,'\ : l1�1:r � •f"'OD/t/tf, 1 1\"} OD(J'"} : ,-..AtJ',1:"} : ,e,cf>"JitA:: htt"}iJ,,r : +1-l-, ntt1.(· = on-A: m,e,9° = O/bi\ , n;,..a, = oPOJt.?· � nG?.. A 'f'ooql).e, '10-il : thl."l : ,t-1:,C+'PA r1

�r

�r :

''· .. n;,.."l,

r'l,e,"'l'r�:fm-1 = p,cq+ � hti·flt.ro• oo,,,l.:,.. hoou.r s tt,e,hllbtt-9" =2 '' (tt1cJ>1. = �)

= o��=

'" : ul : U!J1J.•t..:,... 1CC, d}tj:, ... : m·it'I' : tl,"h -f: f"}"1 flODl\lD"' f"}'t-l : : '11P' : : ° P '' r;.,tl.llJ = f+t.4'f- = ',ro• '' (tt'1cf>,r : �ti)

= .,�.,wr

''"'11'1w·9" = (llD' = n;,,"l = fi•a>(l'lm·1 = '1,e,i--1\/\'j: 2 1-ol:,..,. = fl"'I Ol..1''i = nL+F-lD"' : ll"'l'PA = OD-O:t· = hft(Dc =1 (tt1+x- = �2). ''

''f tt..:t-V -kf : 111:f : Om"l : 1•1fC11� : 00'/.a>fl'lm· : {IIJLP'4T : f(llC: : (JDV# 1,f = 1tf,1r = flll"'l'f = il-O(lfl = ll"'lf:l"l = oo-OT = ttl\:t=lD"' � '' (1t1+1a"" s ,�)

''n:tt"l = llA'f'nflhfl = ncJ>c : 011-V' = .,1,,.,,1: = 001'?P'T = (Dcl\T = hra.,:t. tDf. : ll�t-- : f ODH'PlDC:'i : OD'jl,f : llii!t--"} : fOD{\lDT : .,�.,..,, : f\11--IP : �'1 ,,.,,i: : OD'JOJP'wr = tt:'i l- = v-tt- = ,,,..'4.,'J'?fJJ.A (tt1+,r = �i)

== ''

''"7"}7/CD·9° : rtt.... rr-kf: H,;J : tltA'? : {IDfPl.T : tT'Jt;:,:m·19° : '}f,�1· : P't-- : hfiPt-- : ftoP'iC ;: "7'i:f(Dc19° : fP't-- : "'1'10C : ft"'l'k'k'J°'i : O"'i'i :ftD-9° = "'l1nc = ttfl/A = ftoPlf"J = (11)11:,. = ttttm· '' (tt14"?i" �i)

'':,,.IIJ:,.. f"'l.t.Koua,. = nttTkro· = 1\lD"' = llf, = 11,- = a;m• ,n'? = 'h11'"'ll :,,.,_w- = ilAlf'l'i = ff.t.1a,. = T4--:,- = ti/A'i"t..;.,1m = n+c = OI/"}'l° (1�

hf.cf>"l'J° :: '' (tt'Jcf>,r : .22)

''"'l'iTlD•'J° : (lro•'i : "'l'i:fID·'J° : f"IA : OD'jtf : n]lr)• : f ftth° l : l]IJfl(;O · c'l° i 00f1f'J° = rlln:'f• 'J° (D•{l'f = � � tt1+i = 1 (tt1+�· = =ti nrtt1 = ) ...... f,,,..(loot.fl:fm· : l\h;J'i : ',m• ::

==''

hl..A : 4•1\C ;: 11

J'f.-l· I ,qA ::

'l°�/t."f: : 1'<;: = lt•o.r: (!.iifi§ : i\ : t•. : 1'1) : 9ul>6-'i: : g : ;,C : "'t{l•I· -166 -

(l,f-l\.,f, : Ji'>+� : ij�'i : �g : 09°'>9° : '¼f,',,}c : +ool}l}f, : 'JO·il : 19 = , = = noaitti r .11::,. oo,,.,F:,.. r+'lot.� "f ;1c : "I ll , = n'J+t A = = l ,Ji : 'J+tl: n : 'I ''l\.T ,;J1C {\ fcf:tJJc n '1..00/t{lhI f', fltJ : OD(j::,C,h. OI/"I : l\. " (l �:,.., frf-'101.(1)« = rttoitti = 00,,.,F:,.. = n'>+1i1 = 0000/,\h:,C = o�(t« = 04! = �m- 1'' ftJl/.1\.(1)« : +l\.A = fl\. = nil+ff:,W : ++'lf.'IT : 1''}>;f1� : OIJf:1.1-- : h'64'C'l" :s rr'i9° = ntt,..(' = nbcA = f..."l'P = r'ltLu = n'l+1.1· = tt'l,:,1c = l\.o ll6"�1D4: t;:l-9°: {Llf1 : nT;J{L: "'lilt.�: h"'l�l.11 : 1'�'? : f�+ : ',ro• :: = tJJcilT = t--(1«'} = r:Fl\. = ih1 = oo'}'?P' :r'l! = 1,u = A�r,:,. = ntt1+� = flf', : 1-1.i : 1'1�_e-'ic : l\."'l..('l.'? : ODLl\.7·1 : l\."'/001,\h,}- : }'t{\oo;J!ft-'} : h"'l.1Atll·:,. : 9°h6Jf ,f'f : T«f!..,.:f. : f+OOlPl,f::,- t rJ•ft-'I° : O:J>A : l\..,P/,\ : h,,,_l�1o9° : '' ih1'f''·: fi"tl\.ti>-: OJf...: 1'1'?lL11� : fL,f-l1uoo-: fl"'L:ftt-:,-: OhOI/C� : :J'I\:,- : 00'1hA : 'lit-:,• : t.4!:i» : A�r,..,.:y.. : 'ltJJc:: hn"'IC:'1 : rof.,.: 1''}�1\.11� : :J>A : l\..,P/,\ : f,f•,f•/.1uOOOJ•"} : ,fl'}«f>fi{\(l)c'J° : 1'"}1)."} : l\.009f_ (11JtflD4 1 lj:l-: fi"'l.1 '1 : l\.OOh&-hC: f,;FI\/,\::

�c

flih1 = 001'?F:,• = n'?'l'l:f(I}« = (l}«fl,r = f''ih1:f'' : lj:-;y.. : f"'Lf7itJIJ = 'llD' IS h'P;trf-1 : U-.ft-'i 1 fnilT.';f...C : f...1{1:f'} : nm�Afto : 'h'Jf..°2.1,,11 : ll..'1011 : _e-l-1\A 1 '?'J : mfl119° : fl\ : t;::f-: nooilmT : ll'lfl-0 : f.TI\A:: = r+rol(ltJJc = h,1-11 nl(l)c = rhootlJm«'} = :t-tn = il1001.9°c = 1t1+� = rttoittt = oo'}'?FT = :it1 = 001,.,F:,- = 1•ooti1t_e. = 111+� = hrr'I ; 111+1i = 1 l\JLu = rttoittt = :it1 = oo,,.,F:,.. = ,,_,+� = 9°16£b = l\lf'IID4 = ''flOIJ"l'i = tiC;r'' : 'J°iJ&-tj: : ?!ii : f..'?'P : +T;r : +ml\� : ootr� : ',tJJc :: 9°/J&-'i! : ti!i'I° : ''fl'11?- : (O'J°..(-?-) : :it'? : OOlPlT'' : ('TC : /l,1,'/° : 1:t) : f,I\A: 7''Jj( : ill\ : ''+1lL : f:it'? : P''I : P'C'¼T'' : (-'lf- : "fc>i'bil : Jrt'i! : Aoro•) : 30 1tf'l'1'J° -= htLU9° = nl\_e. = t--(1«9° = ''..,.1lL = r:it°I = F'I = P'C'¼T'' = lllJ''J: :J>A: fl�A: (L',0-0: l\'11\. : 7-->;�: h"7.1'1tD4 • fl:Jt'?: h:J'HH 1 P''I : FC'l:,. : 01\f. : TC7--'J° : fl\.lD49° :: T1 {L(I}« : fih'1 : F''I : P'C'¼T / f"t flm- 1 ti.,;11c = 1tu-.1 = rfff(1}«1 = A� = :,.c,..'J° = 1'ilh = 1t11 = f:lil 1 ih'? • flA°7�'1! = tt'l,:,1c = oo'}Ll'l-'i, :it.,• 1t;,1.1&'i = roo,-,p:,.. = '11\.P'A"l'il- = o+ll r,e.. = P'A11J 'i:fcv- = (LlP?- = lLf...Cl'l-n:,. = n,,., .e.:Y..tt-:i• = oo,,,1.:J--'l! = ,hl}.fl: OD'}L{)-: ootihA: fl\.t&'} 1 /,\�'IT 1 fi"'lf'liOl/'i": fln611'C: n'l;J1C I fl00°1l\1i = f"'Lfitl-A = n_e.n. = n'h1dJiL11� = l\.Ol/dJ1T = 11i1:f11. = r,nc == 1,u1 = 00 /J.e = :r-,c , 1tu-.1 s nn"'lc�a,. , lL1'aj = f"tfil1cr = 1Ltr1 = nf.1'1'1° s:

�r

29 Oh1cf'K"" 1 �Cj' 1 !?Ii 1 1'1-4.1199" 1 OA.h-l- 1 11,+,.* 1 f+-',n,, 1 MA • ooi)-,.l, 1 o+,r;t- • h+'IO�a,. • fh"'L&ti I DD1'1F:t- • ih1 , oa,-,,-,:,. 1 f+co-'� 1 Ci':fm- ! "71\:t- • 1'1,1.l\'r 11 A-flff�:fi , 0011.fl- , 1-1\.,e. 1 flJ�m- • MCI. • "'llll)I' • o+m+lam-, f�t,.A. • ;,.-, • hO,ti 1,)-l- • h!if�� 1 '¼ 1 '/° 1 Oii-T I OJI. 1 1\.Tf-kf 1 1-fl+'PA a O!ftf!ii • '¼ 1 'r 1 01'1':E, • N-C I f�D I ill\ I ih1f'l'e I oui):,. I O!f� I '¼DDT I -,...,re If I );J&T I ;Jt1"1 J 1-,)tr,.,-, I r1..e+1,.1 • ;,., • 001-,F:t- • 1,ooAh:tA .. . JO '')�)+ • film- • -n�m-,- 1 -'a>- 1 f1'1C 1 1i"71A. • hMO:t- 1 Oih-J I tiA+�lf. o+ • "'""° . '11� , ;,.-, , ,,.,.,,l:,. , taArr) • oll++c • 111,n,,- • 111,;t-avcr • m.,e.,-, 1 1'illi: 1 1'1,)m-l-9", iD1,,r I hih-i I Y;;,t;:, OJ-1!'" 1 h.1,1,.l-,,- a mf,'r' • 1'1C • ""' • 111-4. flF-.Y:, m1,'r, na,1�m-,-. OD"J1Y:, 1-,�00-'ll • 111,1.l-,,- a 1-1,;.o-s• , flcf'T;t- • 1-t,.fll-1 • m.,e.,-, , 0T1'1f11 • 1-'lJL1-'-Y: • hCi'f.c-1'/° as ,, •11.r; • tic;t-, r61,.,;:, 0.i , he , 'l:6 , n • t-cll • J\� , htD-C • /\.OC,t , IDHJI 1 , • ,- • � i l.. • 1' • 0+'11\m- , OD.Jr.ht;: , 1.Jr • II • m-ll,r • 1-,1.m+-'m- • ,h.16 • f� • fl!lfl� • 'I 1 ?° I 1' I J.. I h I 1', f.1Cj° I "7-JCj' I IJC;t-, I (LftlJ"J I fJl'i°' I '/°61,.� I tr'i I ID6r:f:'A II n+m+fla,- • DDK"".h'i:, 1K"", I, 1,DDAh:t:A. 11 �

"'"'° ,

- 167 -

> : r O : : f\,l\ :J l,\ lli"t-- � OJI!,'}" : Il-1 -t\on� "1°1'' i1a "'1 9° 1 : OJf,'J : '' : ° ◄ : : ,i,"}f...02. :f, 1 ro .. 'rt. h 4tL �: �'} : n1 1·9 :t-C : t\t\ : " l\f l1D -f+ A: I\UJJ TC1 : ° 1 '' ,l1 l = 1,cj,,:l!m • t • f f ( •tD "1'1. � · oi : 9° . f..l\ f ttf, : n(D« : l;J,'f' : h.J.;;if +� : mf,'J°: f.-f."l\(IDf.,.: :t-C'l"(JOc"i : ',ro• � ,, f°tl\ro•"} :: ;-,\�-;:,..= "17i''14-- : , • :: 1'JtlJ : l\f, : '';,,"1'' = ti,f•l\tJl>f. : lDf,9° : ,f"t,. : �-C'}-OD• : frf"•nr '(D : -- : r r : TC1"9°: i't l\a : f(A',a 1 : f °tf....lf· u-l\:i 9°ti1f"f":f= 4'Cfl'PA :I 9°1'? : illf1-: flCJILi-:.l\w. "'f.ODt,_rar: 9°ti1'y:,-.: 'J°t;AQ:,•= l\"114'7'' : 0 l\f,: f,J•(IDLP l..'T: (LU''} I t\l\lD· t h.1cf'?;= '2r : ht\h ·:f.:: frr)11: UD"}"l p:,.. : h1'4'f.1': ;,c : '1/\lD' : "11-'"f.'1;1.. : It!, : f ,,-.(IIJ1PI..+ : �(Da ::

ran

:�r :

lliflffr: q : 9°: "11: (ID'}'?J-ll ,r: ro:il'r: f rf-10.. : f�11°1: P'',: P'C '¼:,.. i 111/l\T = rtt1+7; = = OD-O:r = <rlli•,; = .nA i"�oPl9"° r 1.. 1n.. = "" '" 0 {l }'l.c:,"f A ,.f' : rll°I : floulont,f : fih°l : P''l : rcq:,. : t\ 1�lf : 31 t : : : 9° q : lDC I�!�� : fl1'"t=LP : '11P'1:-;- OK 1.l : f;t-fOJ·: {IODithl'J° �Y-ot--l\,. = :t,°1 = h.;+x-- i(,h) : = f.,UDfll\f,\ f..4'lD' : �Y-ot--A = ''1111..:i-- fDI/ ni:1-,; = = 'Ph:,--c; = l\t.,c:1,t-ro· ftJJ.J'PA; = JI.Ji1': {l'J':f:IA:: 1'1.1;.. U•'J°: f.."l'I° :-

�r

�"}* :

,n°l n&..+.r...

== r

{ID,n:,"

''01/1'9° : (l(Dc : 1'1lli: 1 flirA : oo,(l,f: : ,W.9°C : fil-i·1n. : th;J'f! : r'I : rcq:,--i; ; Ttihl\�c;= llcl!= flf'l= °19°•1"' = itf,h&..t\ro• i t.f,m(lf: flT'J°:= '' fl',;,tr} : ;, IJ>ll} : hl\OD;J--+o»•} : ()"}OD/\flT ; f6.ofo/rft.• : (h.°I : ],"}J!.. ,f-ftODf.,.(D• : it'l,;J 1C: fh.+r·kf : "1°1 : i',F,f..l\'r:: 32 honj!oPl,flD•: f'4:,. r-kf,;= h>C:,-..1r= �1-ot--0, r-1 i,. ,t4," +tt-= I\ OJJ f...•t..oi : 011-•LP 1P',1: OD?if..:,.= f'lflln,1-= f,f•'ln?-:r• on;"lr;--:,- w•ti}; = (1,1-•n•ftr-1)= �nl :: il/\tLu = f�Y-ot--tt-1' if= (Im· = ODOD/.\h:,• rai = ft!1--= I\"ld/1:,..= 1'1 a>-: lDf.. s h "'IC� lD' : 11.r : ltf,lf"} ·:! f + '1 fl?,:,.. : OD'}°IP';t-:,- : m:,, I\ I\ : il ,flfl '1 r tr = OD 'I°1,_r OD.e.. OJJ!..tr., w• OJJ!.. i,. c1J 1L.·i-1 � 9° = ,r,h.lj: = 6IJ'9°C = 'llir rtt1+x- = i(m) = i1oil\.11?; = �..J..<t:9° = CIJA?... n tr'I = h.,:i1c= r+1 n. , r ,n"l= P''I pcq:,..,.= on,n:,.. 'Pil:,-i;= f,(ttrJA

= =

= a,cJJ = ==

=�

n.;: = �,. * =

roaz.

= =

r�.eofu7(.).: OD"}"lP'T: h rf•!J:tOD: hn1�·: '}OD:'f--: {l�.I\: f,n111l: ''01/«;:fro·9°: hil+�f..C: hD-{l,f.. :f-:tt'P;e.: 33 ;t-OJj!:: fh'P� : it1+7i : OJ F,9°: h&of.ofuit�-: nil+�f.C: 01/'i:flD•'J°: tifi!A: r��.,e.,fua,�"}: hilT J.;f.C : flJ1C : -t CDl\}!1·"} : DD-0:J"'l :. 'f';'f,9° : OJf,9° : (IIJ-0:J--'l! : ',�',:," : �"7..cf,' }() I lD/!,'J° : '1\°l : (101Jf,&..;'J,f.,.ar : iti).�.'} : f6'/'}';0J•'}'J°: (llJJ•: J,f, m :,-. I .,�.,:,-- :, lDf,'J° : "}-fllT: f"t!ltflJ : ,1,"l : nflD�9° • lDf,9" 1 ?.1 1'·: h1�lP�n:,-= iiff..cair 1'' 02.A = 'Ph:,..,.-: f,flflJIA== f h.14'7.' , c= hO'/C �= ?i,h..t;:: flii1'cf'X--: �C: Oril'f': h1/.;AW•: hif"t: :,•C"l•9° s fil'l"I/.\:2 '11C: m•il'f'= f,tJ= ttifai :,-c,,.r i11-o:,- = (JIJ&..:t-:t- 'h11"11= ntt1+x -

=-r =

1h'l : "7�'l s �".,e, , Oi� = f�CL "'lill;J s n..,.m�flm• : ODK"th'i! t fl� = h"l.1�hil ' f, ilh;tA II

tfl1

)

- ]68 -

-- : 9° : : O h�il,r c;= �ro- :: fh'l<f>K': lj:fu: i,1c 2 ut1'1tD- 1 f/ltD- : 'PCIIJ&> IIJ '''17�:ftD- 9° I itil +�J!.C : ••• ;,.-, : hfaJll)'J° : ro,e,'J° I K"}.Y..: h'l}lw&--n-r : nf1-C"l'I°'' : f"'l.ll� : hl<j:+ : �"IC : -,ro- :: ,e,u : hlfi:+ : -,,c : ;,.,e,ro:,.1 ¾ -1 -1 : fl\ : t.ro-) : "1'1 : h"711J:,-C : 11:F : 'Pil-r'i' : "}-Ol:'f (,, :,.., 1 : OJf,9° �� :,c = h1-11H 1 'Pil:'f-'ia,. = lj':&> = {tit = .e.lf'iA x ro,e,9° = .e.nAT : n+il+ti 1 'Pil:'f·t;ro• = hil&.l\ L : !Alf., : oof.,:, 9° f\oum4' t\ : ;,1C 1t ' 19° : ,e,11 h : � 'i/A :: ,n°I : O"'iaJ� : f°t&.K9° : 01/t;:,:w-9° : f,n,e,ro:'f • : r-,1.-,:, . : ro,e,'J° : r1-0l:'f- = "7"l11J:,-. = '';,..,,, = noil\w• = :PA = ,1-t. = fi:1- = n;,,-, = ODlPl:,-. = f,f--4..K(/P : -,a,. :: hit&.l\'L : '1Alf-, : 001-,:11'1° : 1-ljf : 'Pit:,-Ct;ro- : h'i! : f°t /\CD- 1 f(lw-"} : :.i,e,ro:,. 1 -,1.-,:,-' ro,e,9° = 'l11l:i•: f°tf'1m•: "111-: Oit'l.l!'": h,f-t. : ih'1 : 01\f, : Olf-, : "'llf"} : t'l>t��: f,f-t./l1 : h'lf. : If-, : 11:F: -,a,.. ::

·=

t.i\« = ,,,..t. = ;,.-, = r11-,(Dc = r:ii11'1'l! 0011,r--:f = tt'P� i n;,.., ttit1� 1�:'f-: IL4..R'I° : f"'l1·A : h+t. II "1'1 : 01\,e, : flf., : "'l..t-1"}: /Lt.TC: hCdJ'P= ttf,l-A'J° :t h'P� : rm�l\l\(1)- s '¼l\"'7 : OD'}&.it : OD"J/lliliJ. : aJf,'I° : f�"} : Afl'i r "7l,:J11iliJ.: lf'i: 00�mc : httn:'f- :: 11J"} : fh"}J.!'": OD"}"JP'T : f�"} : AP'i : "'ll,:J1ti5J,'J° s {tlf"} : h,f--:J!l\ : 1'�'1 : <j:&> : {tit : O"'lff.C1ro- 2 h\l. :\1 : /LTl1o'J° : ,e,1'1A :: il/ltLU : f!fi!�t : '¼ : 'I° : "11 : OD"}"JJP:1- : :hith : ;:t--ro,=n :,.. : 'Lit : ·1:t.. il • f(lro-"} : ;,.,e,ro:,-. 1 .,1.�:,-. • ro,e,9° : 'l11l:'f-- : f°tfltm· : 1'C'J°;fSJ>l-, h,f-t., m"l = nl\,e, = n11� = 01/0DlfH� = ouJ;1:,. = 1,1'1:f'PA I roitt(Dc = +iroi 1ir-,-,,. = t1tlt11 = ntt.:,.r-1.1 = ;,..-, = w-itT = nv--i\-r = 00111: = T'Pt1t�A x 1,1i(l)«'J° = 1t11: = 'Lit 1 'J°'l'J° = 1'1\l.'l = ntbc:,.t. = 11:F = roilPt--O:'f-- = 0..111• hTt. : t1t"I : 01\1, : fllf�ro- : flto1ot.lt- : "1'1 : h"'iti,e,-,:,. 1 tt'lf: : 'Lit : 1''?'1° : {1,f--t,. : h'P� :' t\..i\aJm• : roi-:ftt- : 0..lf�'J° I nm�l\l\(Dc : "}7-IP : .,,I":,. = oo"}"JFT =. '11fT = W"it'P = tLhTtt-h:ffIJ" = roi1'1(Dc'J- = +'Poi = thi\Pl-: Oitflfll.W- : Oih1f'1'1! : 0011.Y..l-: h'P� : it"'lti,e,-,:,. : "'lflT : -,� :: f,IJ : lf'i: ill\ : ·h"}cf»1' : iiif : hV•"} : '1/t- -r : "11 le : oowt.:'f· : hooP't--:i• : fnl\m : 'Ph:,-,; : hf,fl'Pr; roiA : ,)·C7-9°;: (ti) /lh'l4>1' : h.,,:J"IC : n,ntt- : l1f: : ,f--oolt ti,e, : l\ If-,ro- t hm1 : oo"}°IP',,I: : o--l\:,-. : qoo :,-. : +J!.'J° : 11f\o: i\;:t--m,=ro- : l\"111'1'1! : ou11.Y..-:f : h.'P� : htPJ..{lmfIJ" • hv--"1' : r .n ftm: T10.. : hlf.,fIJ" : . TC7-9.° : f,f•l\f : 'i!T : �itm-r"} ! (t) r+?f?fttro-: ih1 :. DDl°IP'T : cf»J!.'J°.: 111\o : hT**ooro- : f.l;r : tDJ!.,. : �I\ : 1'"}1. : hL 14..'1 : hf:C1 : hi\"'litt..;r· : ou+OA'l I 1,m1,:l'IA ::• O({i) it/li•oottb,t(Dc : 'f ft(JJc: hil,f--ffT : "'7t;:,_!ro-9° : . fl.If"} 1· 0(1) f,f-ODi\h,f--ro- : "1'1 : OD"}"JP',f: : 34 . h _ :rm,:n:, : °IA'P : OO"}Lll : (IC"J'P. : firf-lf() . .. : .,fl}«:: . . . •

*'* :

•'

�r :

• •

34 °1CC7'/'1! 1 11•1P : .,,.,,.,.,..: .. ns?;�lD-: ftllD-Y:: O'iA'i": ,f•?f1i/l ftDIIJlD-1 • :h1 s or>1°1P':,,. 1 {LfOr"'/f. : 'f�'J°:,,. I g,§ I 'f>1 I !.Uf�� I 'i I 'J° I f1,.t...,..:i•1 : fft-i.."} : "}°MC I ''p1,{l : 1,.t;'! : h.Tfwk1'' I 1' I� I"' 1 'iiL'J°,f)C' ! I 'f>"} 1 1.fff9fi I q: 'I° I h:i-'l° I (LftDll)Or: 1'11-1/l?.lD- s: · ''"' .,tlU"} I (l,f)}i'f! : 001)..flo : 'Pil:,•«;9'l-'i" I f(llD- I A�'} I OOIPl..;:f''I! : .,�.,:,.. I hil .tt\1.,-,:,,. 1 noo1"}ff,f) : ,f"7t1i/l fltDll)lD- 1 m1 • OO"}OJF:f'"l-1 • a>-il'f 1 1'.,fLU"} 1 {l1Jh'I! • 0011..-Y..l- , ri:c1..· : o,,r.l• , 11,- : tiY,tr).. : n-t/l1,'l° • 1'� • 1'&-ti�'l = 1'1X"'lm 11 :J--=Fart; • 1'1X"'i"ilh,fl&-:flD- ,·1.1oi1�. A s: 1'.,ILV�'J°: (l1lh'I! • 0011.,.�.1 {l"'/.,_�a>-9° 1 fOD'}OJP':,,. , hct:A , "7/l:,.. , nJt.ii,f•P.1.?- s hct:A , Om°I • hC1r61!'lD" • hti!A !. mY,'J° 1 Oli!CX" • o..,.l· 1 /lJ.1..�- : f�Y,!f/l• : 'it\"79'l·"} • f°t'fin:f>A/l• • nootrt;:flD" � 0-t 1\1, = 11'1P 1 .,,.,,.,..,: , &,.(l• : l\.m-fl:f>:fa>-'i" • l\.filh-fl&-:flD- • f.1QA :i '' 0

•

- 169 -

�r

r = ncnc = ntt1it-1r ll . � ,;: Dc ti°1 e 1a •1-1. : f,1 s "r, , u tt d. � n h . 6 t)h·l· ": }roe 1 f"0 f I C: :F 1''1:n : lD4"} s Ol/..fl 1 :: 01\fto:Y:, ID'il'I' • ''ffl l ih°I'' f OD .. ,, lD4: -� f°t 11 -1'6: W"0 � 'i: K9thi � 1 ll.. :, "t°l s 1 (l1' 'i �ll>4 "'IC 01t -;r. : t.1+1. a . A o-1\,t _�� 1Chc � "l'}: h'} ... """: .4>l\T: :r-c1-'J°: h"t-'t� : ,,..� t ,,. 0 +K" s �i:1: ,n;J! s ltf.lf"t: h 'I H.IJ1' : /l,/t. 1'· = J'1 Jcpi;i1"·l�: :,\h·A: F,oofl h;rA s: "'

=�

f�/l,f-�lD4: hChC: OD',i\'°: 'i'l'-0: 1'1+"1.. � t� � :,ro,. :-

..._'i: {11),0•1": t\DI/ ti fi C ; F..a� 'P19° :, '1 ?. 'I 9'1'." (l : : f01/..fflt. t\ ''f/b�-;r.1: 10,.1 • fih.1·1-0: ?.'l';r'i = m:Pl\l\ = ..e,.11'1-l- = ftODmfi�, = liAlf'l: n+c { OH.IJ r 'J°/J/r<j':.: hlLIJ s 0'\f.: '1/rT: h1'4>i:f": W"hT: DD+"'Joo� : f,f-cfl."1TlD4: ou,n .y..'f: Oft,'\: O"l'i:flD·9°: �h'}f:,.. : ltf.4''1(1.9'°:2''

--: o K" o : 'J°�/r{j':.: foo�G'lt° � h1+1i: ',ro•:: fl! 1 ,fi•f-ih.11-0 f : t� : tt1+ 11'11D4: hchc : 'P'itJr: 'I'14: • ''f Nh°I: lDf,'/°: OJ1°D 2 oou,l:,..,,: f"t A1 = 1t'l;,1c : foo(ltr = thl.1-;r. = O"t1;:fff(Dc: '11+1,.::f � '''Pil:i•'i frf,(l llJ:fm-: ou-O•Y..'1-'': 9°1_e,"}: 'i:fm-1 Ooo'\(Dc: i',1' 11'i" : hwlt'1: ,hl-):f 1 ;,c : f,f-'11\1.,T: 'iTlD41: tDf.il: h'ltLtJ: ml}�: ml.1:1.. : t\..f7f7i�hT(D« : f"7.:Pm• = (n111 , �ti:,:m· = tt.,;, 1c) lj:1.. 9° : frr)· : on.,n.r--:y.. 'i:f (D« ? lj:X.'J° = flf). = 0011.,,-.1- = hlf). • ,.,_,,,,... = =t;r;c; = +�r , f 1t•:r = tt1+1-"f 1 mtt� :r t1il1-;r. = n,n11l.:,.. = fih.11-01 1 f°IA = 0011..y..:.f = oom1 , frocil'l''i fo,.tif.b r 01(111 f°t�Cm•: 1r'1m-: l\.'IOtr = f,;rl\A == Oar61:-: ro(l1: l11: I 'Pil:,..'i: f,f..(llfJ:fa>-: 0011.,,-.'f 1- fl9°4t\.: f1"l"JC : ".11a�:,- i Oh14'X-: �� s a>-il,r I fTHlH.;..:t-1 = ,f--l.1\1 .: 'i1C'l = flODmn:,, = l'tflttl\"L = fllf'l = tt'P;e: s fO;t-'f: 'i:fm- 1 h"t;{ t �f..9°: flf'f..: oP-fl.f·l·: hf.,f...lt-'J°:: °11: 01\,I\: nfl.A I film-• m(l1 1 "'":,., nt.1+� s t� = w·il.-P = r..-1•Hl11,;,.:,.., = +t .1\1. 1 '11C''f I floom{l:,, : (LffA: h'1lLU'1: DP-ilTl·: f°t +1ll: th°I: "'IOJ9t = "7ltl.fl'?'i I hfl"7ill .ll1" 1 �c..e, , 1L1J : (hit = o+.,.,, : 1.u) = h+t. = ih1 01\.e, 1 fltr'I I f..li I ODIP/.T: OD,!\{l s f"7..f"l1'0T : ;,.1: OD")"JP' ;r'f!: flf�: tpfcf: I ',ll)- 12 35

.e,u I :,.cr.,a. DDIPl,f: I flih'l.J!" I i'h1 I ou;-,p,:,. I ,\'ifl�a>- I h">+K" I 11.,,.(lmm- r :t-Cl-9" • .:,c I A'l.J!" 1 '\.e,�:,. 1 f'llM t fl'Tififhm- 1 fk•rr-t.i• m1 • oo'}-,P'T s 9"/Jlrfi:' f 1 'h1.( +�l1m- fm'l.J!" • ih1 • flh+r-k.,f' m1 oo'}-,F:,. '/°6/rfi: f a>-il'I' 00-n:,.1 I Ma>ll). I ml1� I ll.e,'i�o:,. I oo-,_OD�.,f' I fmll-fl I oo,o-r-� I hllllf� I fl�e\ r 1-�H.U I au-fl-f,':f 1 /la>ll). • M.l-irflM •V,.).;J• • F,1AI.A ss .I;. 1 fl{)- I fl"'L1;:f·� 1 }'.1 1 If� fl">ll1:iJ7i1 • ,..� I 1-">JLJ'. §�I,-:,.,- I� I 1.. • " • Iil f�i I '\ I .,. I iiAf.V- I 6 I I if..-D--1•_e.au"h:f:A11-">.-;.v-r , Arl'\A • fh.">n • m1 , 00"}-,F:,. • "'""� 1 m-Si' ,.DDhh:tA II • h . n+flOl• , rA�ti • OD'}-,p,:,. , m, • .,..,.-,p,:,. (lm- , ou-0:, • flfi:�r , );,1c I f+�)11m-'} I ,\ODGJ(l'} I Q-,AK" I ,.,.��,, I )1C I '11,'i'CfD I f�� I o.-r-l- I :,-c,-9" hA 'l+K" • �� • .:,c • +""l'\l\.e, • rart , •m.+ , A"7h1"'f+ , l-,.A , hfDl'\A- • 1->h • hf ,.,.:,.� • 1'h'1::,.h • :,c • Om-l-e\,. • fi:C�, o.+, (TflfID , )l • )l I h ,) fl.,,.l)(ll}fl:t- • hciJC• 11- I if�: " I � I �re+ I iiA I u,D I 1K" I � I !I • A-co-fell • hJ: • iiA I ie • l ifcti • 11'Arll • 1: • rt-Mc-> , )��+, Ri\�m-, Mm-fl:t- , ;t.,-, , 0+1:1-c • o.:,- • tD-ll 1-lt+ I T)-1 I -flA- I R•if+ I fl0D'51-U I n+ooAti¥l- I ,n,t: I �dt.'f-'i I 1f-OC I fl,.lfl ..,., • "• • MI---K:r • IA•'l • '6,,.,Ah:tA .. 1

OD'}-,p,:,. 1

}

1�

1 "" 1

-170 -

1 l\+1ft1tOJ-· = 't":1- = fftm-: 1: ;,tj:: h'hC"lm'<1'1i:: ,,OAT : tJ l 01\1s L h oom'I: -Olf''i I f+ttff 1 'Im- n .rr1r • <t-l--OJ-1 : n«J?r : .,1c: ft.:J•,, :. : : nf:C1 ft"'lil�mc : (ID'J11: I ,: ;J't,. il i\,I\ '1 07. 1l«k f(J'', : ,, : : : tDOD 1 f I\A. 12 h11-� • +(IDi\i\1, : l\U'� : fh»C-rt-- : ,'h1 : OD"}"IP':,.. : h 'l+tl- : o��.,:,- : f,f-{l"l:fOJ-: <t-l-: nit:: h»CTt--: O&c.J'ot--n.r·'l : hh.TV-kf: ilT 4'1\4'A: rroilY.'f OJ- = :111 = 00,..,,,,:,.. = hn1+1i = t� = ;,c = n11t1· = 1.11:: h11:: flf'i : '11+1" : '-!LA:: htLU9'° : 01\1,: OlhCTt-- : ih1: OD"}"IP'T: 1 "'l'}'c;(Dc'}'J°: P't--: hf IP?,: foo'i = 1 OD1},f1• = ih1f11 n ..i;.. r lllll4T 1 : c: h oo ,fl,r : ''m"l I OOl/..fHt& : ODIP/.T'' : noaz.A : mi\� : chl."l : r+m(l', : i;oc =' lll\tLU = 1tv-1 = n1t1+1i = t� = n+?f?fttt& = ,'h1 = oo"}"IF:,- = 'l°b �t;:: [: fooi(IDl,f9":t: : h.14>?-1•: f+t.Oro• : ft&: fn+t.�'lo'I°: Tf'f: : 1-f.:i»'r = 'Inc 1 mi\1- = "'""' • :111 = 00'1"1P':r'l! = rrr� = 0011,r..:f, = r ih11·: n:t-:Y.. = 11-c;,:,:'PA'l? ro,, il = ,'h1 = 00'1"1F:J--'l! = f...l1f'1 = hmn«J? :. ;,.1'f s 11:i: • n:t- 'f = ff...c;,:,:'PA ?

,,.tr=

fl!Df�i = '¼ : 'I° = fl,l'flm = 111,'l : fh»CTt. : m�l\f, : fi:Cf: : '1T : f�i\'c;roe"} : 00"}11: : ODCtQ..A:: ft'i!C�· : {1,f: 1 (Del\�: 'l°n'lfT: f(f',(Dc i ,'b"l I '1'"11':\A : nooflA : f+t..lf...fl:f(Dc"}: (l?J'f : hT-O�'i : P't.: ,,,. : 37 = ih1 = oo"}"IF:r'l! = oorr, = ooo�ro'I° = r+ 1111: , rl'bc:i-t-- = n'P�1 lfl: 1,"111� I ',(De:: "'1',�(Dc"}9'°: P't.: fODP't--T: 0011:,.. t h;J1.(Dc: 001/..1 tDIIJO,.: "'l'i:ft&'/°: ih"l: ,f•mf«f!: hlf'1: f,U"}: foo(lft: "'l'i:f(Dc'/°: ch"l ; h.ih1 : OD"}"IP':J-'I! : (ih1 : OD"}"lP';t-'1!): fAU'', : ft.(J'"}: 'h1f..."'lf,l-A : OJA?i = .,(De== 1-v-1 = 1'1:( • 'i!Cf: = '1i: = n'lil+'<1 = nrr., = T�:,. = 11:F = T� +'<1 : lf'r : 001,:,..1 : f,Jf : n+lflt\T : OtL! : 1��f, : l11:: h'P� : ih1: OD'J"IF:J-'1! = ttf,f...tt'I° = (l.A = n1,s:A == ''ih"l = noaz.1u(Dc = DPwt.:i-'' = r"'l. i\llr I tDi\�: chl"l • ih1: oP"}"lP':1-'I!: flf',"}: DP-OT: ''ffl,fto-:f-1 : (l?J:f: 'IK'l,r'i : 0011:,-. : ft"'inflC ! 1-"l'JP9° : f01J..f{lt..A1(De"} : r :111111·: KT;J·'i : m:,,1\1\: f..U"}',:,- .: ftoomn�'': ft.'1A s h.ilLl\1.: hlf�: ih1'f : 11:F: fl;J-'f: 11-..c,:,:f'f'A = +1l!lA == ntLu = rn,1:,-. = tt(ILl\1. = 1Alf'I = ih"l = hih1 = OD'}"lP':J-'1!: 0011:,-. = ;,c = o+;,1n.n:,-. : ou m'l = 'l',:, = rfl,ft(De : f,IJ''iA s:

ttA1+1i = �lt'i = ttr/Jt--c;: = = r :111111 = {TP-0,r-'f = htLu = nl\.e = tt+(l "':fm- = ,;::Y.. = v-tt+� = ,:,:, lj: = f"7..rr., OJ- = r"outJJ11J :,:(De = ;1-1,n = .,(De s: fl°IA?i s '11,U'19'° 1 +Y-..9° : 1lfto: 'h1f... : Jii\(11)',(De 1 1\1+1i s i� : t.(t- 1 TOD/t/tf, 1 f,Jf : h"7..110J-: ht.»c:,..t.a,. : ih1 : OD"}dJP'T s m.f,9° r h41ot.ftc I ihdJ: r+mt.(I : f,DPill\A :: ihdJ: 0"7..fff(De : ODlPt,.:,.. : f"7..A. : '1�;>1C 1 +m�(a 1 /t.f,m(l� I fl'bC,.,..t.lD4 : ih1 ·s OO'}dJP'T'i s rtJat--ftc s

*'* :

36 U-ftiJ9" • F:''t;J1.SJ>':f I Ae\� 1 Oli=;: 1 f-iCJ. 1 "7i1L.'Jf I h+m+tam- • fU.�A • ;,.-, • ?IA r fl:l"A • f+mta� • 'i:fco- 11 ha.1 1 oo't-iP'rf:: • h't+,. • �ll • ;JC • +oota"-1, • fll'�a>- • fl. �M • ;,.-, , r+qo�:r-- , oo-,.-,P'�T , m;r.e\e\, ,.q� • 1' • >.. • h • O!llf!,S • 'I • 9° • fil+ e\ft.t.m-'t • tttiLCtaA. Jlhft4'.7i't }i� .,..oo-,. • ��Til • h't+t. • ffl (I) Ooom). • O°T ififA • r+mM , )co- 11 37 m-taim- • ft.l.1111 �+'I" hA.m"I,- 1 �1C • -,-,. • hil+'PX"Aa>-'t • )( • 1'il"7.11 • ''!.CD-OD">' �l,:,.ia • h.'t • la.CT�,, 1 0°7.A • hO.ilT • fi'fl'.,e.c'}'I tr-m- • ta.co- 1 iiAf.,. • !S/Iif!l'fc • 1' 1.. h 11. fifT§·§ffl t.t::Jr.A I e\.,..). X"dt--f.':f"} DDIPL.T ,,.�-,)a,- • �tn), . hil-f·'PX-A I �a,. st 1

- 171 -

fil, 1f,(l : on11..r,·1- � ftt/f,Cl/«f11)" 1 f1 °1 . "1'1'1°1 ir(ltt·· 9':i51 : f'l°/J/r�: "1Cc; : _ a. 1 1 : :, n . = c ,,.i, rf,\ :: nra,1..u = h"},: = f"'71 = 1t'lA., .. -,. .,fa.,:,.. : 'Pll ..r,91fr> (ltD• i 01J'i :t:ar19° = q,e,-,:,- = Fir = i,!�4' = il{lOD'fC: = 0111"'1'1- � «l�c:,-� : 0 1 = (l . '":,,",e, : 'i:c_e- : 0,:,.. = o ..,.. m(D• r,: •l" �-(l01/ ·1r ll°1 £fl/ ¾ ,,n en"I oowt.:i·'' : f°tA : ·t, ', ,:,1C : 'lA,,l·m«J,(l (}:fm· = (JD.-fl,ffo•l' � d\,e : <t:'f-m•"} : ° ° ",-tc1>oA = ,e,1f--PiA ll/\tLu9 -� tf'f...1 = 111\.., = illn = '11irn,1u = = 11,: ii't.'f'�: tD.e.: ',(lllD·: f',1C: �1m/r: (h&..�): ,,P,oc»/rA :: h1'!l:9° i h11.: _ '''(li'h"J : OOlJ-'l.:,•'' : f (l• : (Dq� : ml11' : ''{l}t"}o/g« : il' : ffl"il'l' : frf 'lfl n4,.:,-1 :, on..e : �i\1rf-1' : /\{IDm{lcf!f : n�.J'il'-..A"u,:,. : ;h:)"rf: ODwl:,- '': '°'Iil :r:f(D• = ., m· ¾ ,,..11/\lD' = _e.., n'l ll� 1 hI\ nI\ 1·1.f9° = r.,,.,.?\" 7fn (D« ii, 1 001 ·"JFT : f,'h1i"01 : {/D1lrf•1" : OD'f. '1\-t : '1"1C : fl��t--tt· = ;litlfJ(j : Oti,c:,"t-. : .:tt1 : (ID1"JP':," : hrf"**(JIJ'°• : .e.1.�· : {lllJ'J° = 11:r : .,1,-.A. . :: 38

•f."'�"

= ��

= =

�r

'' '

i ;g: Or'} 0 ? ll ;t 7.. OD/\ 1 : : h,. "'7-:r- : <p;J : m-l ·Pi ?\"'I° Y'il--,..� � {l{ID i : f°tfitllJ : �l-: {/D4'0A1 : f°7..f..'1�: h'l°'l:, .. : hl\ ::� 09"°ot--�: ?'h.T : llCPJ. ,,.. : ibflo1• : t,14'?-l- : '1°19° : _'¼f.'l:1· : �::f- : Q.(ttp i h1'L1'�"" : �� : t-.(1• : +f-9° : -01\lD• : tf'C{llD- : f',{14,.:,,1 : l}•/\:,"4 = t1DlPl:J"'f : '¼f\Ot/9':Y. � CJT/fl.-}, n..,..?\"?\"n m·• ai1 = {ID1'1P'.. -,.= f--f•(l ,n- •1" = r;,,011111 = ou11.,y..:J, -� lbtto:f.. = o o..e : �"1,r..:f,1 i\{11Jmo1, n.'lA fLw(l-,.. = "1f.. L1"tt.. -: nlb1t = ?°n11:i• = '?1 fLOJ(l'l-: "lt..tf.tll/J!,1--l\.. : f07._/\ro·1 : {ll}wl.rf": ,1,"111 : h 1,�..f!l:4?9°: frf•&..n1: j!,{llJ{li\t\ :: h 1f.. : ''Oil,'? : uu,1-,1,.:,.,, : '¼f.'irf: : lDl\°1 � ,hl01 1 rhl.1· : fUl/.1 �'l:fm-1 {11}11.Y..� hil,11-- u•tr n:J--:.f.. f f-..c:,:fcrA = °11\:,.. = hll'� n1+?i t� = i\{JDl{IDtf '¼i\OJJO,. roifilt.A°l -: o•n+,;: = '¼i\°1lD419'° x: w· ° --1· h11' � il {1lJ 1. er J!, -:,: ,r: r: : OIJ 'i i, w· 'PY: n ;J t 1 f °1 ou-0 A = = 9 . .

.........•

= ,-,

= = =

flD''lllr: ,1t1 1 OD1°1P':,.: f1bC•rt.: ,.,.... ,: (TD7"1J»:1-·} 1 ft.if.\: (l,f. : flt : OD--0•1· 1 fD?f,(l'}' : hlf} 1 flbc:,..� : "111-fl : f•f•,r1·ttar : ;,,1 : ov'}°IP';I. : hovarnJ.-J: • nL:i· 1 h}Ot- :f-ar: OD-.flrl•: ,f-cf>"}(l.{}:f-'f'f.\: •Ott�: lODht-hC: f,;f-llf.\; fH.tJ'}9": hchc • :1-hhA 1 ODlf"} • hflODlf"} s lt.D?t.,:J1'1' • fh..·l·r-*•fCj: \11'..C·l·t•'} • J"lo t.�ii; s {lo0 (ll11 1 J'bc:i•t- �

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- 172 -

00:J!l\:flD•'}: nt,'l+K' : i� : "'ll.. }wfl,\.lD ll'i' : ,,"J1T : nf"li'J° :: h'1)t (10,(i t = . f" 01t1� htr� 11: iAll'� = n+c = 0011.Y-.1· = nf.ro(l�?° :: rn, _r:, = = = o , . f,(lT : ',(De:: ·for/.A: 'PllT'i: lloi:,-: f"'I {li\,t\ : On-A: f.'1'1° = r--l"'lt\«:'f- : q_e,'1:'f- : mti� : tht..1:-f : 001/f.1�'1 :,:cD-' = 1,.1+1:f = '411: 1 :,-c1--r = roif"lm• = nlJc'1 = .r+t..11'1c& = ri:l· �(Dc == 1''1tLtJ9° = 1t1+1-l-- = n9°�&--lj: = r. = m·ilrr = <r-rrt--:fc&- = .rri\. = 'lar nh'1 +;,.- = t� = n+c = ntLU = 9°�&--� = (DcilT = ou,fl,f--1--1 = i\.c1t11,n = t\ODilm:,. = hot:J>m«-T : VI = il f:il:'f· : it'l+?-1• : t1m·i : 11;1! : 0h1�.u : q_e,',rf: : n� ;J1C: +mll'l'PA f,rJ•'}: 1'.1:( : Jt'}�J>x- : i�'} : On'4'f>'f>(Dc: (llD•: thti•n: cD-'il'I' , '10?- = T11t\m• = IL.1 001: = riPJ.:J!-1\«:,.. 1 1'.'ltLu = ''O,n°l = ouw1..:,.,, = fl"?.�: '¼f.'lT: h'l;J'IC: f--l'm(l�.:,- ! "'lt\T: n'l+?i: �r.r;: f"}"JJJJC I f'/f, ·"'l'i:t-. rll-O(l'l'i = r"'l,�nc = '11.'l:,. = 'Phrr.91:f rrr)-:,.. i n1i1>1-l-- c;:rc& == A14'?i : �� : O'ltLU : h'l+i:1-. = h'1'ln« : TC.1--?° : h/b/\OJc : nm�I\I\OJc : ,t'ila,.: rai.1•1\lD': TC1·9°: 1'9°11•19°: 'lc&::

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»:,.IIJ� :

- 174-

•

THE CONSTITUTIONAL RIGHT ro JUDICIAL REVIEW OF ADMINISTRATIVE FROCEEDINGS: TIIRESHOLD QJESTIONS by Robert C. Means* •

Among the as yet unresolved questions raised by the Revised Constitution is the question whether there is a constitutioml right, enforceable in the courts. to judicial :eview of administrative pr �ee�ing; which_ threaten to deprive a person of life, liberty or property. The question 1s n.ost obviously presented where judicial review is expressly barred by statute. Howe�r, it also may arise where the relevant statute does provide for judicial review but only for a review which is in some way limited - as to the issues which may be collsidered, for example. If such· a constitutional right exists, it presumably will be found in Article 43,1 and analysis of the problem would be shorter and more direct if, looking to the language of that Article, the issue could be reduced to a question of the proper interpretation of ''due process of law'' in thls context. Initially thus to frame the issu.e, however, would avoid two questions and assume the answer to a third. These threshold question, which in one way or ancther fall outside of a discussion direct ed only at the meaning of due process of Im, are the concern of this article. De pending on how they ultimately are resolve! - and a definitive resolution is not h.ere offered - the meaing of due process d. law may emerge as a major issue of Ethiopian constitutional law or as a matter suitable only for academic discussion and hypothetical problems. The Questions Avoided: Tlze Mec1nirit of Article 122

The first question avoided would be wlether an Ethiopian court possesses the power to override legislative enactments on constitutional grounds. This question has already been taken up in the pages of this Journal by Professor Krzeczuno wicz.2 His argument and conclusion may, fairly it is hoped, be s11mmarized as follows: * Faculty of Law, Haile Sellassie I University. 1. Article 43 : "No one within the Empire may be deprived of life, liberty or property without due process of law." Arguably, a constitutional right to judicial i:view might also or alternatively be based on Article 62(b) : •

''Any resident of the Empire may bring suit, in the courts of Ethiopia, against the Government. or any Ministry, Department, Agency or instrumentality thereof, for wrongful acts resulting in substantial danage ...." .

Of the issues discussed in this article, th�se as to supremacy of judicial construction of the Revised Constitution and as to the retroactive effect of the Constitution would still be relevant if the right to judicial review wee based on Article 62(b), but the issue as to _ not. would law of proces: due whether Article 43 does guarantee This last issue ,vould, of course, still be relevant in other contexts. 2- .G. Krzeczunowicz, ''Hierarchy of Law in Et1iopia," J. JJth. L., vo]. 1 (1964), p. 111.

175-

Jou-RNAL oF ET11roPIAN L.\.W - VoL.

III - No. 1

Article 122 of the �evised <:;ons_titut}1)n3 establishes the Cor1stitution, toge the r _ t he as su_ p reme obl1gat1ons, l_ a w intematJ.onal of tl1e Empire, with Ethiopia's and 1stent 1n�o�s a t � s_ taI �n \ V 1tl1 g�vernm the future statutes and other Constitution are 2J; 1s s1m1 1ar to tl1e so-calle d ''sup decla.red to be null and void. Ar tic e1 remacy 1 4 clause'' of the United States Constitution, and where the two cliffer the langu e of Article 1 22is �e _stronger _and more explicit of tl1e �wo. Jince th e suprem:� clause is the �ons�1tut1onal bas!s f?r the pD\ver of the _Un1tecl �tates courts to ovei ride state leg1slat1on . on const1tut1?n�l gr:itmds,: Article !22_ establishes a prinia facie c�e for the existence of a s1n11lar povver 1n the Eth_1op1an courts relative to legislative enactments. However, a seconj necessary basis for the United States doctrine of judicial supre1nacy in interpreting the constitution - the separation of power among the judicial, legislative, and executive branches of the government_ does not exist in Ethiopia. The tl1ree branches of tl1e Ethiopian government are united at their top-n1ost level i11 the person of the Emperor, Whose approval is necessary before any legislation may bec)1ne effective, Wl10 possesses the power to legislate independently, and Who i s the ultimate court of appeal as well as the supreme executive. Accordingly, Professor Krzeczunowicz concludes, it would be pointless, and perhaps also inconsistent with the fundan1ental nature of the Ethio pian system of government, for an EthioJian co11rt to declare legislation void 011 constitutional grounds.

As Professor Krzeczunovvicz notes, it is necessary in this respect to distinguish the power to render legislation void from the power to override legislation on con stitutional grounds in a particular case, and he does not foreclose the possibility that the Ethiopian courts migl1t properly exercise the latter, less sweeping power. Because 11.is argument calls into question not so mucl1 the power of a court to void legislation as the prudence of its exercisi1g such a power, l1e can leave open this middle path without logical inconsistenc5. Before atten1pting to answer his argu ment, however, it is wortl1 noting that the niddle pat11 may not exist if the questions is thought to be one as to tl1e courts' power. From that standpoint it makes no dif ference so far as the relationsl1ip between courts and legislature is concerned whe ther a judicial decision ref11sing on constitutional grounds to give effect to a sta tute applies only i11ter partes or has the effect of rendering the statute null and

Article 122: "The present revised Constitution, tcgether with those international treaties, c.on ventions and obligations to wl1ich Etliiopia shall be party, shall be the su��0me law of the Empire, and all future legisla tion, decree s, orders, judgments, dec1s1ons ao<l acts incon sistent therewith, shall b e null a11d void."

Constitution of the United States, Article V, Clause 2: "The Constitution, and the Laws of ti1e United State s whicl1 shall be made in P� r suance thereof; and all Treaties made. or which sl1all be made, under tl1e Autlionty of the United States, shall be the supreme La,v of the land; and the Judges in every St ate shall be bound thereby, a 11y Tl1i11g i11 the Constitution or Lavvs of any State to the Contrary not,vithstanding. ers E�: �.,vy 316, 4, p. vol. McCulloch See v. Nlaryla11d (St1p. Ct., U.�., 1819), Wheato11, v?l· �' p. 579. It is no_t th� principal basis for the feder al courts' power to overn_de un st1tut1onal federal legisl ation, however. Athougl1 the st1prernacy clat1se es�ab�shes ��; alt "L aws of the United States which shall be n ade in Pursua11ce" of the ConstJ. t�ti �D a� P 01 of the supreme Ia:w of the land, tl1� f�te of federal l aws contrary to the Co11stttut1on 5 0ral ede sp�lled_ out, a �d, 1n the c�e �st a blisl11ng th! power of tl1e fede_ral court s to decla f B03 ), I � leg1slat1on void on const1tut1onal grounds, Marbury v. M ad.1s00 (Sup. Ct., U. ·• cited. Cr�nch, vol. 1, p. 137, La\l')ler Ed., vol. 2, p. 60, tl1e supremacy _cl aus � �as �o1 b its Chief Justice Marshall's reasoning in that c ase was (1) a writte11 constI �UU ?D 1.5 t6e re· riature !he par amount l aw; (2 ) ordina ry legisl ation contrar;,' to the constitut ion 15 fore void; (3) courts are not bound by vo.d legislation.

- l'i6 -

)

CoNSTITUTIONAL RIGI-lT TO JUDICIAL REVIEW

eith cas asse e er rtin g in the is sup rem cou acy rt of constitutional law over The . d l , . . vo · cou e rt s mterpretat1on of the Constitution over that of h t f o, d an law tory tatu th case two s do the here �ff�r is in the reJ�ti�nship between the decid: W . atur e �egisl cou doc a If rts. trin e oth of er st and cou rt �e dec1s1s 1s accepted and there is a ing at such rules of law cour ts laid � of down by the higher are binding. y rarch hie _ deci h sion ld1n a n lowe r, � � � � statut� ?nconstitutional can have the the on effect of render!ng_ t �e s!atute void within the lmuts set by the deciding court's, position. in the Judicial h1erarchy.. In other words, if judicial construction of the Revised Constitution is the· supreme l�w of the �m�ire, a court may or �ay not have the power to render a statute void on const1tut1onal grounds, depending on whether or not stare decisis is accepted and on. the struc!ur� of . the judicial hierarchy. But if judicial con struction of the Revised Constitution 1s not the supreme law of the Empire, a court does not possess the power to override le�slative enactments even as a matter. of the law inter partes. Viewed in ter111s of the courts' power, a compromise solu tion which allows a court to override statutes on constitutional grounds but does not give effect to its decision beyond the case before it is possible only in the event of one resolution of each of three issues: Judicial construction of the Revised Con stitution must be the supreme law of the Empire; a court must not be bound by its own decisions in earlier cases; and a lower court must not be bound by the decisions of a higher court. Is, then, judicial construction of the Revised Constitution the supreme law of the Empire? That the Constitution itself has this status is explicit in Article· 122. And though Article· 122 itself says nothing as to who should dete1r11ine the· Constitution's meaning, Article 110 would seem to place that responsibility on the courts: ''The judges shall be independent in conducting trials and giving judgments in accordance with the law. I n the administration of justice, they submit to no other author.ity than that of the law." Taking as a starting point the lang!:!age of Article 110 and the und.isputed ancestry of Article 122, the conclusion that judicial construction should be supreme - not only as a matter of theory but in practice - would seem to follow as the most straightforward kind of statutory interpretation were it not for the argument from the unique position of the Emperor. This conclusion would, moreover, be supported by the historical context in which the Revised Constitution was dra.fted. The Federal Act, establishing conditions for the federation of Ethiopia and Eritrea.,6 and the 1931 Constitution then stood as the supreme law of the Federated Empire, and the federal courts had expressly been granted the power to render legislation void on the ground that it was inconsistent with the provisions of either. If the provisions establishing these two principles are ta.ken together, they suggest a model for Article 122 which was closer at hand than the supremacy clause of the United States Constitution: ''The Federal Act and 011r Constitution of 1931 and all federal legislation made pursuant thereto as well as all international treaties, conventions and •

N. Marein, Tlte Etlziopiari E111pire Federatio1z a11d Laivs (1955), Appendix I. The Federal Act consisted of the first seven articles of the United Nations Genera.I Assen1bly resolu tion of December IO, 1950, relating to the then proposed federation of Eritrea with Ethiopia. N. Marein, ibid., p. 356.

177 --

JoURNA.L OF ETI-lIOPIAN LAW - VOL.

•

ill - l\To.1

itor the terr to d nde xt as � pire Em r ou. � � �!_1:1:i!r�a shall be the of s ion igat obl YI . ue np E1 t tec ra de r Fe of Ou 1es or r1t ter e th h ug ro supreme law th ''.... A final deterx11ination _ b� . a Federal Court_ that any legislation or administrative, executive or 1ud1c1al ord.er , d_ecree, JU(lgn1�nt, senten ce, find ing or act is invalid in terms of conforn11ty with our Constitution or the Fed ral 'Act, shall ha ye � a consequence that such legislatio�. order� decree, jud;: ment, sentence, f1nd1ng or act �hall b� held througho115 ..o ur Emp.u-e as null and ceable and mappl1cable by any orf1c1als or courts in Our and unenfor void . ' '8 Empire....

·' I

It does not see_m unfair, therefore, to �ephr�e tl:e. qt1estion as to judicial supre macy in the following terms: Does a doctrine of JUd1c1a1 _supre?1acy so conflict with the position of the Emperor that what would be the ordinary interpretation of Art icle 122 must be regarded as merely suggesting a course for future evolution.9 •

•

It must be emphasized that the power of the ·Emperor to act as the ultimat e interpreter of the Revised Constitution is not at issue.Vlhether supremacy be given to the legislature or to the courts, the result in ter1ns of ihe power of the Emperor is the same, since he both passes on all legislation and can review any judicial •decision. Rather, the question is whether it would be pointless for a court to over ride legislation on constitutional grounds in view of tl1e fact that the Emperor had previously approved the legislation and would subsequently have the opportunity to pass on the decision of the court. It is suggested that for two reasons the answer to this question is no. First, the ,declaration that a statute is unconstitutional and therefore void is not the only occa sion on which a court migl1t substitute the requirement'i of the Constitution for the judgment of the legislatu.re, nor would it likely b� even the most common one . If the experience of the United States is in any respect indicative, the far more �ommon use of the court's power would be to hold that a statute cannot be applied 10 in a particular circumstance or that it 1nay not be interpreted in a particular way. A statutory requirement that parties pay a fee on filing an appeal in the High ·Court,11 for example, would in the general run of cases be entirely unobjectionable. But if the requirement prevented an indigent criminal defendant from appealing bis conviction, it is arguable that its application would in that case amount to a 7. :8. '9.

Federation Incorporation and Inclusion of the Territory of Eritrea within the Empire of Ethiopia Order., 1952, Art. 8, Order No. 6, Neg. Gaz., year 12, no. 1.

Federal Judiciary Proclamation of Ethiopia, 1953, Art. 3(s), Proc. No.130A, Neg. Gaz., year 13, no.1.

See Krzeczunowicz, cited above at note 2, p. 1 I 6 (Article 122 described as "largely pro grammatic").

10. Cf. Advoca� of the Ministry· -of Finance v. Sarris (H. Ct. 1959), J. E!lt. L., vol.1, P· �� 200 ! constru1ng the phrase "automatically ... executive" as used 1n the Persona1l · Bus.mess Tax Proclamation, 1949, Art. 13, Proc.No. 107, Neg. G az., year 8, no. 2 11. 1:'�e statut, e. su_pposed is only hypothetical.At present a five dollar fee is char�ed filing of cnnunal appeals in the l-Jigh Court but this is pursuant to the High b°iu�•� own rules. See Court Procedure Rules 1943 Rule 83 L Not No 33, Neg. Gaz. , ye3: 3·5' · no prov1s1on · · • ' ' : . ' · · ' but 1t 1 no.2· There IS ing_ s , d e e proc ID these rules for 1n fom1a pauper1s · y a ut 0nders-tood by the �uthor that in practice paupers are permitted to appeal witbo s ment �f the fe�. This ad hoc modification of the High Court's own r ules of cou�!fa � oe re. not raise any issue as to the proper relationship bet\veen the courts and the leg tu

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12 If of the la'Ys otect . i�n the_ p H gh equa l Cour t i he � took this view and t _ of al eni d the requirement 1nappl1cable to _1nd1gents on cnm1nal appeals, the statute would held voi d. dec It lare d wou ld bee n onl y hav hav e e b een modified to bnn·g s ean · m o · by n · · · n t1o ta s re t f o rp ur te Ar · co ti m ' cl 3 e e 7. th A n d . th 1t wi 1s su ggested the e lin to . .� Ill appro ve both the statute and the judgment modifyin g ntly consis te might eror p .1t,rof0r the two operate at different levels of generality. Second, althou� all legisl�tion m_us! be approved by the Emperor, the same is only e 1n l1� ted sense that if there is a petition to have dec1s 1ons cial � judi of true En:ipero s chil r e t, t He nec�ssarily must either grant or deny ?Y dered � � consi case . a th e petition.13. This di�t1nct1on may be important !n the case of a sta�ute as to the reason able m �n could cliffer. Assume that in such a case which of ality tution consti statu that te, 1s, the He co �cluded that �t was constitutional. appr oved p eror Em the Subseque ntly, a court re�c�ed a contrary conclusion_ and declared the statute void. The losing party now petitions to have the case considered by the Emperor's chilot. the from follow Emperor's . earlier approval of the statute that y necessaril it Does He should grant the petition and reverse the decision? Or might He dete11nine that the Constitution would in the long run be better served if the courts were allowed some discretion in working out their responsibilities as interpreters of the law and that the petition should therefore be refused? That the latter course would be ch osen is of course not certain, but the choice does not even exist unless the courts in the first place accept the responsibility seemingly conferred on them by Articles 110 and 122.

The second question avoided would be that posed by the limitation of Article 122 to ''future legislation, decrees, orders, judgments. decisions and acts:' (Emphasis added.) Article 122 by its terms divides governmental acts (using that · term here to encompass legislation, decrees and the rest) into two classes, the one consisting of those done prior to promulgation of the Revised Constitution on November 4, 1955, and the other consisting of those done subsequent to its pro mulgation. Only the latter are declared to be null and void on constitutional grounds. If Article 122 is taken to be the sole basis of the power of the Ethiopian courts to override the acts of other branches of the government on constitutional grounds,14 12. Revised Cons titu tion, Article 37: ''No on� shall be denied the equal protection of the laws." The United States Supreme Court has in a number of cases held that indigent criminal defendants may not be placed in a Jess favor�ble position with respect to ap pealing their convic tion than they w ould be in if they were able t o pay all fees. Sec, e.g., · Douglas v. California (Sup. Ct, U.S., 1963), U.S. Rep., v ol. 372, p. 353, Lawyers Ed. 21, V·ol. 9, p. 811. The ground f or decision in these cases appears to be the equal protec tion clause of the United States Constitution. See The Supreme Court, 1962 Term, Harvard L. Rev., vo]. 77 (1963), p. 62, 107-08. 13· The distincti on is more clear if the Emperor's chilot is regarded not as a nal court of fi appeal but as part of the sovereign prerogative. See R. Sedler, 'The Chilot Jurisdic tion of the Empire of Ethiopia,'' Journal of African Law, vol. 8 (1964), pp. 59, 66 et seq. �ven �f it is regarded as a final c ourt of appeal, however, it is a court with unlimited disc�etion as to whether it will consider any case, and a discretionary decision not to �onsider the judgment of a lower court need not be the equivalent of a decision approv ing the lower court's judgment. Sec A. Bickel, •'Foreword: The Passive Virtues,'' Harvard L. Rev., voL 75 (1961), p. 40. 14· It might be argued from the United States analogy that it is not See- note 4. sup!a. �owever, cve!1 if the Ethiopian courts w ould have had the power �o override l�gislativc · .nactments without Article 122 it seems the better view that, Article 122 haVIng been Included in the Constitutio n, th'e courts' power in -this respect is limited by its terms.

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4 , 195� whicl1 sl1�uld be vuJn er Novenb �o nt subseque done acts it :is only erab ,111._I e to a _ _ san parti to ev�n of clear Judicial review the courts' power. ls So mucli is · rv nat 1 . · · s ) 1 partisan 1s t a 1e h sue to proper least (at application of not clear, however, this e o the act�, done before ental governm and the other ft � limitation where two promulgation of the Constitution, must be considered togetl1er. Take the follo�j :; hypothetical cases:

Case 110• 1: As provided by !he terms ,of a �tatute enacted in 1950, a govem� _ 1965 �rde �s P s Ian� ta�en without pa�ment of any compensa ment department 1n tion: p argues that tl1e taking 1s·uncons11tut1onal under Article 43 and 44 _16

Case no. 2: �he_ Municipal _ Council of Addis . Ababa in 1965 affirms an assess�ent of �uruc1pal f�es agamst P. A ! n o stage m_ th� proceedings before the Council or e�rl1er was P given an opportunity t o presenr evidence or argume nt with respect to his assessment. He asserts �hat this_ amounts to a deprivation of his property without due process of law. By the terms of a 1950 statute, decision s of the Municipal Council are ·final and not subject to judicial review. 11

. Case no. 3: The Income Tax Pro:la111ation of 1961 is amended in 1965 to foreclose review of the- Inland Revenue Department's assess1nents by eitl1er the Tax Appeal Commission or tl1e courts. P subsequently attempts to cl1allenge his income his income rax assessm.ent on grounds similar to those raised in case no. 2. Case no. 3 is included only to indicate what is not in doubt. Whatever ambiguities there may be in tl1at case, they are not created by the lin1itation of Article 122 to future governmental acts. Both of the acts possibly at issue-the amendment of tl1e Proclamation and the allegedly improp�r assessment procedure were done subsequent to promulgatiop. of the Constitution. ,,

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The first two cases present the cotrt with a dilemn1a, however, or rather they do so giyen one view of the court's responsibilities. If the court declares invalid the taking of property in case no. 1, it will have overriden on constitutional grou. nds a statute enacted before the Constitution was prom11lgated. It will have done the same in case· no. 2 if it even takes jurisdiction. over the case. Whatever. phrase the court might use, the import of i:s holding would in each case · be that it regarded the 1950 statute as of no ef:ect - as null and void - so far as cases like the one before it were concerned. If government agents are not permitt �d to follow the directives of the.1950 sta�ute in case no. 1, or jf tl1e 1950 statute 1n Gase no. 2 does not bar judicial review, the statutes are no longer effective, and it would be merely a verbal formalism· to say that it is only the 1965 acts and not the 1950 ·statutes which }:lave been overturned. 1 5. See Lij Araya Abebe v. The Imperi1l Board of Telecommunicat ions (H. Ct., 1964), J. Eth. L., vol. 2, p. 303. .. 16. Th ·is . hypothetical c�e js based on Lij Araya Abebe v. The Imperial Board of Telecom· murucations of Ethiopia, cit ed above at note J 5. · · Not 17 · Add"1s Ababa Mun1c1 pal .Water, Rate, Licences and Fees Order, 194 7, Art. 5.' L.1945, No 112, Neg. Gaz.,--year 1, no. 5, issuej pursuant to Municipa.lities Procl a�.a��o�f the Art.. 1_1, Proc. �o. 74, N_eg. Gaz.• ear 4, no. 7 , purports to make � e�151 nal. f fees · fi r M�nicipal_ <;ounc1l of Addis �baba �1th respect to tl1e assessment of �unicipa Ivl unicipal ba � 1s provis ion has been considered 1n at least two cases, Shah v. Add s i �- ?�i�i•o n 0ver _ Finance Gua�d Dep't (Civil Case No. 194/53) (H. Ct. 1961) (takes Jurid a Abab . a��al); Societe Hoteliesre du Tourisrre Share Co. v. Municipality ?f Add 1: ppeal) (Civil Appeal No. 238/56) (H. Ct 1964) (declines to take judisdiction ove a (semble).

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If the court should instead take the opposite course, looking to the date of the earlier statute rath�r than to tha� of _the late; act, t�e r�sult w?uld be that a post-1955 arg _ 1 nfr uab 1ng P ly e_ s d wh _ 1 ch c?ns�1tut1onal nghts wou act e�t _ ld be insulated � e . gov The ts re noth mg rev1� w. obJe ct1onable about this result if the. icial Jud from (presumed) �onclu s�on.of the go�ernme;11t department or M�ni�ipal Council that.P was give n his const1tut1onal �ue 1s cons1d_ered no less authoritative than the conclu not. w� If Articles 110 and 122 are taken to imply the he that court a of sion supremacy of t�e court� as interpreters of th� Cdnstit�tion, however-as it has been be .fully to honor Article 122 1s not among the alternatives argued they should 18 t cour e th . to · open • · the s�me terms, dilemma is above presented in each case. the Stated in The proble ms are � fact not the same, however, nor, it will be argued, should be their resolutions. We begin with case no. 2: One way out of the dilemma in that case is by recourse to the principle that a court's power to declare a governmental act null and void depends on the issue as to its voidness b�ing presented in a case properly before the court, and that principle is perhaps the one which should control. There is also another line of analysis, however, which arguably accords better with the purposes of Article 122. The basis for the latter approach is the fundamental difference between the natures of the .two governmental acts a"t issue in case no . 2. The refusal of the Muni cipal Council to allqw .P · to present evidence or argument raises the constitutional issues as to which a judicial decision is sought, and the court's decision� if 1t· takes jurisdiction over the cas(?, presumably will determine the procedure used· by �he Council in the future. The court's decision �s to the statute barring judi�ial revie·w, however - that is, its de.cision as to whether to take jurisdiction over the case by itself deter1nines nothing as to either past or future actions taken by th_e. �oun-. cil. What it does determine is which institution . .court or Municipal Council · · · is to have the final·' word on the Council's actions. In other terms, from t�e court's 19' point of view the two. issues fall on opposite sides of the substance:.proc�dure line. . •

The significance of this distinction stems from the dual purposes of Article 122 _. It_ has been argued above that one purpose of the Article is to establis� th� supremacy of the Constitution, and in particular of the co�rts' construction of th� Constitution. The ·evident purpose of the limitat�on of the ¾ticle to ·fut_ure govern mental acts, on the other hand, is to avoid the, difficulties which w0uld be· caused by retroactive application of constitutional limitations. . .'

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There is with· respect to a purpose like the latter one an important difference betweet;1 matters. o� substa�ce and m�tters. of procedur� . A party to a contract, for .

18. It ca.n fairly be argueq that supreD1�cy of judicial construction of the Constitution is not sufficient to create the •dilemma·. Judicial supremacy exists only so far as the question of construction can be brought before a court, but to assume that there is a constitu tional right to judicial review (for here there certainly is no statutory right) is to assume th� ans:Ver to the question posed at the very begin��g of __this arti,cle. �e answer . to _this obJection is that the required assumption can --be :.. made argi1e-11do without fall�ng ·. 1 I:?-to logic�l error. If there is a . constitutional right to judicial review, the assumption , . is c9rr�t; if there is not, it makes· no difference so far as the purposes of this article . are con�erned how the issues are resolved.· discus sed . . . . •. ... . . . .. . 19· . The . issue which is a matter of substance from the court's point of view is so far as the · �unicipal Council is concerned a matter of procedure. It is the nature of the issue as viewed by the court which is here· relevant.

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example, might properly consider ltlmself misled if the ]� ·'Iv governing the m anner wer change perfor1ned be be to was ore contract d, F � in which the perfor mance w _ completed. (Whether his complamt should be g.iv�n c_o1:1 sr1tut1o� al status is anoth: matter.) But there would in general be no substan�1al 1nJury_ t? t11e party's establish.. ed expectations if the law were changed so that disputes :21.ns1ng out of the cont would be heard by a diff� rent court �alJ before. Or, t� �-� � - �ifferent exam�� the Income Tax Proclamation of 1961 did no� chang� th� ta1t 11ab1�1ty for years prior to 1961, and most persons would have considered it highly unfair had it done 0 But there is no unfairness in having the p rocedu re by ,,,.,hich the liability for th ise· earlier years is dett11nined governed by the 1961 law. 20 The problems with which the �imit�tio 1;1 of Article 122 t? future governmental acts was intended to deal do no� di �fer 1n kind from those raised by a new tax law or a new law of contractual obl1gat1ons. The source of the problems in each case is that individuals - private citizens or government officials - have acted and planned in reliance on the old law; and the reason for 1irniting the retroactive application of the new law in each case is that tl1e established expectations of these individuals are considered worthy of protection. _The ju�ti�ic_ation for distinguishing matters of substance from matters of procedure 1s that_ 1t 1s 1n general only changes in the former which threaten these expectations. In case no. 2 it is a matter of legit:mate concern to the Municipal Council whether it is required to follow one kind of procedure or anotl1er in its considera tions. At least where its procedure is not determined by any pre-1955 governmental a.ct, however, it is required by Article 122 to follow a procedure which is consistent with whatever standards may be set by the Revised Constitution; and, under the interpretation of Articles 110 and 122 adopted here, the primary responsibility for determining and applying those sta.ndards rests on the courts. The 1950 statute purports to withhold this responsibility from the courts. However, this statutory bar to judicial review is relevant to the pllrposes of Article 122 - as distinguished from the Article's language - only on the assumption that tl1e Municipal Council prior to 1955 ha.d somehow relied on its immunity from judicial review in a way relevant to case no. 2. How it might have done so is not easy to imagine, however. Under somewhat different facts, it might of course have relied on its immunity in drafting a set of procedural rules for its cwn de liberations, which would then have dictated the denial to P of any opportunity to present evidence or argument. But if such rules were drafted prior to promulgation of the Constitution - and only then would the Council's reliance be relevant to the purposes of Article 122 - case no. 2 would become like case no. 1. That there might in some cases be irjury to established expectations in ignor ing pre-1955 limits on a court's jurisdictic, n is not impossible. But the likelihood �f such injury seems sufficiently small that the use of the substance-procedure 2,d211• chotomy appears on balance to offer the best solution in a case like case no. The substance-procedure dichotomy cffers no solution to the dilemma present ed by case no. I. however. Case no. 1 squarely presents the question whether 20- See Marples Ridgeway and Partners, Ltd. v. The Inland Revenue De part ment (H. Ct 1964), J. Eth. L., voL 2, p. 312. 2-1· In_ Shah v. A�dis Ababa Municipal Finance Guard Dep't, cited above at note 1�• Wth : Hi�h. Court did over��e Article 7 of Legal Notice No . 112 of 1 �8 . in order . 10 . re :::i of lim!� the deci_51on of the Muruc1pal Council. The court's rationale for avo iding the adcli� 00 . In ver Article 122 to future governmental acts does not appeirr howe e ' th at is appeal appears to have presented only issues of statutory constructi �n. Th lca5t somewhat weakens the argument for ignoring the bar to judicial review.

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�e allow� e to to act in o�ficials � ��ordance with pre-1955 statutory ment rn gove 1ncons1stent WJ th the prov1s1ons- of the Revised Constitution. are which sions provi It is diffi�ul! to. sec how that question can be answered other than in the affirArt. of 122 to future governmental acts is to serve what ap limit ation the if ve mati pears to be its i. nt�nded purpose. To some it wil.1 doubtless seem anomalous that the Revised Consti�u!1on should be. o! n_o effe�t with respect to a substantial range of government acti�1ty. However, 1t 1s Just this anomaly which appears' to have been intended in Arti�le 122: that st �tutes and decrees enacted prior to the Constitu tion's promulgation sh?ul� co�t1nue to be the law of the Empjre in as. legitimate a sense as is the Constitution itself. If the limitation of Article 122 to future governmental acts does not have this m�ing, .its �ignificance is quite limited - much more limited than the pro blem with which 1t presumably was supposed to deal. Most governmental acts of any import ance are significant principally as directives for other governmental acts to be done in the future. The enactment of a tax statute and the sentencing of a criminal defendant to a prison term are themselves governmental acts, but they are important only because other governmental acts can be expected to follow from them: Tax collectors can be expected to collect taxes in the manner required by the statute, and prison officials can be relied on to keep the convicted defendant jncarcerated for the tern1 of years specified in the sentence. Such· pairings of a dire�tive governmental act with a subsequent continuing act of application pervade all of law and administration, and the validity of the directive act cannot be separated from the validity of the application required by it. If the act required by the statute is null and void, then so far for all practical purposes is the statute. And if a pre-1955 statute may effectively be declared void by preventing government officials from app�ying it, it is not apparent why a pre1955 criminal conviction should not be equally vulnerable to an attack directed a.t the _prison officials' continuing act of holding the convicted defendant. This does not mean tl1at any governmental act done with reference to a pre1955 statute is immune from challenge on constitutional gro�ds. Most statutes - and particularly most earlier Ethiopian statutes - say little about the manner in which they are to be applied. Broad gaps are left to be filled in by regulation or administrative discretion. So long as there remains some other way in which the statute can be applied, such regulations or exercises of discretion can be treat ed as independent governmental acts, and they can be invalidated without at the same time in subst ance invalidating the statute. In addition, where the interpretation of a pre-1955 statute is ambiguous, it is open to a court to adopt an interpretation which minimizes the conflict with con stitutional standards. By such interpretation, by looking closely at claims that an act is required by an earlier statute, and through the gradually diminishing impor tance of pre-1955 statutes and regulations, both· relative to tl1e growing mass of later legislation and absolutely through repeal and supercession, the '' anomaly'' c.reated by Article 122 can be restricted to a relatively small and narrowing com. pass. 1 he Arzswer Asstln1ecl: The P1·oble11·z of the T11,o Constitutions j The ob ection to fra1ning the question of a constitutional fu n damental most . r�ght to judicial review of administrative proceedings in ter1ns of the meaning of ''due process of law'' is that it is not certain that a right to due process of law is. conferred by the Revised Con.stitution. The Revised Constitution was published in _. 183 -

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the Negarit Gazeta with parallel Amharic and English texts; and Article 43 of arantee . 1 g to clue purport does process version the English of law in la ng uage United the in used States that with identical Constituti almost on: ''No one within the Empire may be deprived of life, liberty or ·property WI' th• n tio itu nst ed Co vis , Ar·ticle 43. Re .'' law of s ces pro e du t ou ''No person shall be ...deprived of life, liberty or property witho ut due process of law." Constitution of the United States, Amendment v.22 B ut the language of the Amharic versior, whicl1 is considered the official version,23 is somewhat different. Literally translat�d, it p rovides· that ''No one with�n the Em fire may .be deprived of life.· liberty or propertY except accord111g to lal11• (Emphasis added.) wo interp:etations su?gest themselves in the light_ of.this discrepancy. The � _ frrst 1s .that Article 43 was intended to embody so1netl11ng like the concept of due process of law dev_el ?ped in the U�ited States �nd that the discrepancy in language reflects only the d1ff1culty of concisely translating abstract legal concepts. Whether this constitutional st�nd.ard would be _ sll?il� in it� details to that of due process of law under the United States Const1tu:1on 1s not important for present purposes. What is important is that it be a cons:itutional standard, superior to ordinary legislation. The second interpretation is that the intended meaning of the Aml1aric ver sion is a.ccurately conveyed by a literal English translation: Life, liberty, or pro perty is not to be taken except in accordance witl1 the provisions of the law, but no limitation is placed on what the pro'lisions of the law may be.Under the first interpretation a proceeding which tl1reatens a deprivation of property raises two questions: Was the proceeding conducted in accordance with the requirements of the relevant law; and did it come up to the constitutional standard? Under the second interpretation only the first question is raised. One Supreme Imperial Court decision dealing with this question of interpre tation has to date been reported, High'.1/ay Authority v.Mebratu Fissiha.24 The division of tl1e Court before which the case came appears there to have adopted the second interpretation, holding that iny act done in accordance with a statute cannot be considered improper under A:ticle 43. 25 There have, on the other hand, 22. The Fifth Amendment applies only to acts of the federal government. A substantially idenbical provision applic·able to acts of the state governments was added to the Con stituti,on by Section l of the Fot1rteenth Amendment. 23. See S. Lowenstein, Materials for the Stuly of tlze Perza[ La1rv of Et l1iopia (1 965), P· 3 J G. Krzecn1no,vicz, "Ethiopian Legal Education," J. of Eth. Studies, vol. 1, no . 1 (19 p. 68, 69. Under the Administration of rustice Proclamation, 1942, Art. 22, Proc . rN�n d Eng is t' 22, Neg. G· az., year 1, n,o. 1, laws are 10 be published in both Amharic a ·1n the even •· . th d position . an .ere 1s no suggestion that either enjoys a privileged tof conflict. The assumption that the An1haric version should in that case prevail a1Jpare� !Y rests o� �ti<?le 125 of . th_e Revised Constitution: "The official Iangu�ge. of the E;P}�� 1s Amharic. Since no s1.m1lar provision appeared in the 1931 Const1tut1on or, 1 t've as �I?pears, anywhere else prior to promulgation of the 1955 Constitution, the r�: �he not haps positions of the two languages cluring the 1942-1955 period should per same as it has been since 1955. 24. (1964), J. Eth. L., vol. 2, p. 37, 39. e · t · · e h s n i c 25· sm· ctlY sp�akiI?,g, 1t appears tha.t the court should not have reached tl1is issue , ed R vis e the statut� wh1cb 1t was considering, Proclanation No. 115 of 1951, a11teclated _ Const1tut1o n.

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based decisions seemingly on the view that Article 43 Court High al sever n · b 26 d d r . s n n alt a a o t1 tu su n co a does create

43 would of import tic;e the have of rest to in analysis part on a � r prope A _ the of uances vor s precise used 1n the Amharic versions, the of � ation � sider con ar either c.onveyed y the liter�l � translation nor � � nuances. which, I �- 1nformcd, _ 27 Be ause that· line of in ta. Gaz t the 1n eg by the ·English yers1on pubI1shed � . � at? � _ can amount only quiry lies �eyond my �ompeten �e, t�e d1scus �1on wh1c� follows _ to _a t�ritat:Ive and _ par��l analysts of t �e .questton.At best, 1t may point to some of the arguments which should be taken into acrount. -. · • One point which should be made at the outset is that under either interpre tation Article 43 is an important procedural guarantee, although it is of course more ·important under the first interpretatioJl. than under the second. Whatever ''law'' may mean in the context of the phrate ''except according to ·law,'' at the least it must imply a previously announced r�Ie of decision, and this by itself if a substantial safeguard against arbitrary goverrmentalacts.28 Certainly the most obvious argument in favor of the first in�erpretation, par ticularly to a United States-trained l�w·yer, :s that Article. 43 parallels the due proc�ss clause of the United St�tes C�nstituti,)n.. To complete .the argument based on this observation, ho'Yever, it ll!Ust be con:ended that the discrepancy betw�n the language of the Amharic version and that of t}:le due process clause of the United States Constitution has its origin only in the probleip.s of translation. But the validity of this contention becomes les·s :ban sel�-evident when Article 43 is viewed in the context .of the other articles rel�ting to individualrights.Apart from Article 43, eight such articles are limited in one way or another by _phrases similar to ''in accordance with the law: '' There shall be no interference with the ,xercise, in accordance lvith the law, of tl!.e rites of any religion ....'' Artide 40. ''Freedom of speech and of the press is iuaranteed throughout the Empire in accordance with the law." Article 41. · Everone has the right, within the limits oj the law, to own and dispose of pro perty ...." Article 44. ''Ethiopian subjects shall have the right, it accordance with the conditions pre scribed by law, to assemble peaceably a1d without arms." Article 45. ''Freedom to travel within the Empire anrl to change domicil� therein is assur ed to all subjects of the Empire in accoriance with tlze law." Article 46. Every Ethiopian subject has the right to engage in any occupation and, to that end, to for111 or join associations, in acc<rdarzce witlz the law." Article 47. 26- See X v. Ministry of Posts, Telephone and Tel,g raph (H. Ct. 1964), J. Et/1. L., vol. 2, p. 321;_ Cf. Advocate of the Ministry of Finance v. Sarris, cited above at note 10; Shah v. Addis Ababa Municipal Finance Guard Dep't, cited above at note 17. 27·

am indebted to Ato Selamu Bekele, a tl1ird.year student, for pointing out to me the inco�plete nature of any analysis wl1icl1 fails ·o take into account the particular ,vords used 1n the Amharic version.

28· CJ. L. Fuller, The Morality of Lalv (1964), Chlpter II.

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''Punisbnient is personal. No one �l1all be punisl1ed exc:ept il't accorda the law and after conviction of an offence con1111itted by llin.1." Artic �c� ith 4� ''All persons and all private domiciles shall be exempt fT0111 i,nlawful search es ed in add l1 sis eac pha ) (Em cle. arti and seizure." Article 61. Since Articles 40· and 41 in particular also parallel JJnited States consti' tuu· onal · 1_ang11age should disco · ·1ar phrase,��9 the1r b y any s1m1 · provisions not mod1f1ed the .�sy assumption th�t reference to the United States Co ns�itt1tion is by �� sufficient to resolve the issue. On the other hand, however, their language falls f short of esta�lishing a concl1:15iv� c�e for t�e s�ond interpretation. Am.ong th� reasons why 1t does necessarily 1nd1cate an intention to abandon an independ t constitution� standard in the �se of P.rtic�e 43, s�me ai·e ba_sed. on differences b: � ween Amharic words, all of which may be literally (ranslated mto English as ''laws ,, Even accepting the literal English trarslations, however, it is st.ill possible reaso� ably to contend for the first interpretation. The meaning of ''laws'' in this cot1stitutional context is ambiguous. It may be read as encompassing all manners of statutes and administrative regulations, but it also is possible to read it more narrowly. Historically� if Article 43 has as its an cestor the due process clause of the United States Constitution, it is also a lineal descendant of Chapter 29 of Magna Carta, from which the due proc.ess clause was itself deriYed. And Chapter 29 refers not to ''due process of law'' but to ''per legem terrae'' - ''in accordance with the law of the land."30 Moreover, even ''due process of law'' itself, read literally, means no more than the procedure required by law to which the party is due. Until the latter phrase came to have the special meaning now attached to it. it would have bee1 difficult to find in English a means of ex pressing unambiguously arid within the limits of a sl1ort phrase the distinction bet ween law in its usual sense and law in the sense of principles beyond the reach of legislators and executives acting in their ordinary capacities. It should not be sur prising that a similar difficulty now exists in Amharic. That ''law'' or any other word may in some cases have something other than its ordin.ary meaning is not a difficult proposition to establish. of course. What is difficult is to. overcome the presumpt:on that it was the ordinary meaning which the draftsmen had in mind. Two arguments supporting this second step a re offered here, the first based on the probable ancestry of Article 43 and the other based on its relationship to other articles of the Constitution. No guarantee of due process of la" was included in th.e 1931 Constitution. The traditional language of due process seems first to have appeared in Ethiopian law in the Federal Act, ratified by_ the Emperor on Aug11st 11. 1952.3 i Article 7(c) �� the Act guaranteed to citizens of Eritrea ''the rigl1t to own and dispose of property and also that 29. This is not to say that Articl es 40 and ll, or the other guarantees of individual right�, ;e: taken directly from the United State� Constitution. ?vlost o( the guarantees ha eeat . introduced into Ethiopian law prior to 1955 through the Federal Act, cited abov 3 no. note 6; the Public Rights Proclamatio1, 1953, Proc. No. 139, Neg. Gaz., year 13, and th e Constitution of Eritrea. ed, anish ,, b r 0 30. N? free man shall be taken or imprisoned or dispossesse d, or outla�ed, the by t excep or 1n �y way destroyed, nor will we go upon him, nor send upon him legal Judgement of his peers or by the law of tl1e land." J7. 9 ty Magna Carta, Chapter 39, as given in R. Perry, Sources of Our L�ber (l �� n� Ul Chapter 39 subsequently became Chapler 29 when l\1agna Carta was reissue d by in 1225. Ibid., p. 5. 31. N. Marein, work cited above at note 6, Appendix II.

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CONSTITUTIONAL RIGI-If TO JUDICIAL REVIEW

''No one shall be depriv�d of property, inc �uding contractual rights. without due process of law and Wl�out paynent. of Just and effective compensation.,, The Federal Ac t was not Ethiopia, legislation in the ordinary sense as is indicated by its not having appeared in tlle Negarit Ga.zeta.32 Rather, it was' in the first place a resolution of the United Nations General Assembly, ratification of which by the Emperor was a necessary cfndition for the federation of Eritrea with Ethio pia.Accordingly , it is not to the Anharic but to the official languages of the General Assembly's proceedings, includiag English, that one must look for the federal Act's meaning; and in its Engli�h version Article 7(c) guarantees in ex.:. plicit terms due process of law . The year following formation of th� Federation, the Public Rights ProclamationJJ was enacted.Article 3 of the Proclamation guara.ntees that · ''No government or part of the fedetation shall make or enforce ...any law · which shall abridge the privileges or immunities of nationals of the federation or deprive any person of life, libertf or pr�perty without due process of· . law .. .. " The Amharic version of Article 3 presents the same ambiguity as exists in Article 43: of the Revised Constitution, but there is iJ the case of Article 3 much less doubt a& to how the ambiguity should be resolved. ,\rticle 3's operative phrase is ''no govern ment ...shall make or enforce ... an) law.'' If this phrase is coupled with a guarantee only against deprivations of lfe, liberty or property not in accordance with (ordinary) law, the guarantee becones meaningless on its face. Or rather, to be more precise, it becomes a tautologf: By definition, any deprivation of life� liberty or property achieved through en1ctment or enforcement of a law is in accordance with the law in the ordinary :;en�e of that word.The guarantee rises. above the level of a tautology only if lfWS depriving persons of life, liberty or property were intended to be judged ty some standard superior to ordinary legislation. Of course, the. Public Rights Proclanation, itself ordinary legislation, couldi not create a legally enforceable standard superior to ordinary legislation. It must be regarded as having been more in the niture of a statement of policy or a pledge· of good faith. But even a government's pledge of good faith should, if possible, be interpreted in a fasllion which does not reider it meaningless in important respects .. By the time that the 1955 Constituti()n was promulgated, therefore, the prin ciple that proceedings which would deprive ·a person of life, liberty or property should be judged by a standard superior to ordinary legislation appears to have: been incorporated into Ethiopian law in two contexts: once in the Federal Act, . which was above ordinary legislation, al:hough applicable only to Eritrea; and· once in the Public Rights Proclamation, w:lich announced principles to be followed: for the Empire in general, although tl:ey could lawfully have been altered by ordinary legislation. Against this backgr�und, the interpretation of Article 43 as. guaranteeing no more than compliance .vith existing law requires (1) that the language of Article 43 be given a different it1terpretation than seems most reasonable· for the substantially identical language in the Public Rights Proclamation enacted: two years before a�d (2) that the Revised Constitution be assumed to have in this. 1

32. Ratification of the Federal Act was referrtd to in Order No. 6 of 1952, cited above at note 7, but the ratification itself did not ap:,ear in the Negarit Gazeta. 33. Cited above at note 29.

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JOURNAL OF En-110PIAN LAW -

VoL. III - l\To. 1

Tespect retreated from standards already e�tablisl1e�. Whe�ever may. ?e. thought of the first requirement, the latter surely 1s at variance with tl1e spirit in Which ·the Constitution evidently was promulgated. 34 The preceding argume!1t dealt onl3: with_ tl1e !n�er:pretatio11 of the phrase ·''except according to law'' 1n the Amharic version of Article 43; the inter pretat· bot� th� Englisl1 a11d the A1nharic versions of other .0f the similar phrases in ticles was left to fall where 1t �1gl1t. The _ second argun:ent, �n the other hand, ,applies . no less to these other articles thar 1t does to Article 4.,_ The starting point for the second argi.:ment is Article 65:

�i

''Respect for the rights and freedoms ::>f otl1e1 :s a�d the re9ui_re�ents of public order and the general welfare, shall alone JUSttf)' any l11n1tat1ons upon the rights gu.aranteed in the foregoing artcles of the present Chapter.'' Article 65 is the final article of the chapt!r relating to individual rights. The im portant question for present purposes is, ·.vhat are ''tl1e rights g1.1aranteed'' in the case of the articles qualified by phrases :;uch as ''in accordance \Vith the law"? Are they rights defined by tl1e e11tire art1cles, inclt1ding tl1e qualifying phrases? Or are they the (by their terms) absolute rigl1ts �.vhich these phrases pt1rport to modify? If they are the latter, the combi1ation of Article 65 and the qualifying phrases in the earlier articles can be read as fixing botl1 inner and outer limits on the scope of the individual rights: As to tl1e outer limit, the rigl1ts guaranteed the right to freedom of speech, for example - are not absolute but are subordinate to legislation (and perl1aps other n1easures) necessa.ry to safeguard the interests enumerated in Article 65; bi,t - tl1e limit on the otl1er side - wl1ether legislation curtailing these rigl1ts is necessary for this purpose is a co11stit1Jtional question, to be answered (when it arises in litigation) by the court and by reference to stan •dards superior to ordinary legislation.35 Support for the latter interpretation is more diverse than conclusive, but it appears sufficient to establish it as alternative seriously to be considered. There is in the first place the judicial interpretatioIJ of analogous provisions of the Eritrean Constitution. The constitution adopted by Eritrea when it entered into the federa34. See H.I.M. Haile Selassie I, Speech from the Throne on tl1e Occasion of His Silver Jubilee and the Promulgation of the Revised Const.tution, November 4, 1955, Voice of Ethiopia, November 10, 1955: "So important have we considered tl1tse guaranties of Human Rights and Funda mental Liberties tl1at, in the Revised Constiution, We have stipt1lated not only the courts bt1t, in particular, Ourselves, shall at all times, assure and protect these Human Rights. They constitute principles whi::h no branch of tl1e Governn1eot, be it the E.-recutive, Legislative or J1.,diciary, caI. transgress, and which, in consequenc� must be placed tinder the particular protection )f the Sovereign I-limself." (Emphas1s added. )

35. This interpretation is in substance the sime as tl1at give11 to Article 19 of the Indian Constitution, which, like Chapter III of the Revised Co11stitution of Etl1iopia, first enumer· ates individual rights (bu,t without the qt1alifying pl1rases found in Chapter Ill) and then states the grounds ,on wl1icl1 the rights may be restricted. See D. Basu, Co1n111entary <!11 th°� Constitutio11 of India (4th ed., 1961), vol. 1, pp. 489-99. See also, e.g., Constitution Kenya, Arts. 19-26. The United States Constitution offers no express warrant for te1npering the absolu!e la.nguage of its provisions conferring individual rights but jt1dicial interpretation has 1Il effect· been a surrogate for something like .t\.rticle 65. 'see, e.g., Schenck v. United gt �;; ( Sup. Ct., U.S., 1919), U.S. Rep., vol. 24 9' p · 47' 52 ' Law.>•ers Ed·• vol. 63, P· 47 ' · 1n an m (H 0 I.mes, J·) · "The �ost str1ngei1t a ct protection of free speech would not prote . _ falsely shouting f1re 1n a tl1eater and causiag a pa nic."

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CONSTITUTIONAL RIGHT To· JUDICIAL REVIEW

luded a provision_ substantially identical with Article 65. In in Ethiopia � with tion addition! one of� � r1 �hts conferred b � 1t - the right to practice any profession_ was by its _terms subJect to_ the re �u1rements of the law."36 There was thus the same question of interpretation as . 1s now p �se � by �icle 65 and the earlier _ the f evised Cons!itut!on: Did .the qualifying phrase I I Chapter � � of � les artic all to right st1tutional leg1slat1on, co or only· to legislation which the ate rdin � _ :subo const1tut1onal standard? met some . . In a 1955 decision -the Eritrean Supreme Court held that it did only the latter. The occasion for the court's holding was an appeal challenging the constitu an statute which barred persons convicted of delicts from the tion ality of an Eritre 37 _ Clearly, no such law coul d law. be of UilC(?ns titutio nal e if the right to practic . _ practice a profession were sub3ect to the requirements of any law which the legisla ture might enact. The court held, however, that the statute was unconstitutional so far as it applied to the case before it, which involved a conviction for only a minor offence. The qualifying phrase, ''subject to the requirements of the law," was held to subordinate the constitutional right only to legislation justified by ''respect for the rights and freedoms of others and the requirements of public order and the general welfare;'' legislation found not to be justified on those grounds was void so far as it conflicted with the constitutional right. The second strand of support for this interpretation of Article 65 and the Chapter Ill rights is their historical development. As implicitly suggested above, Article 65 itself appears to ha,ve been taken from the Eritrean Constjtution - or from the Federal Act, which includes the same la.nguage. The Eritrean Constitution and the Federal Act also included a number of the Chapter ID rights, including the guarantees of freedom of religion, expression, and association, but without quali jication by any reference to tl1e require,nents of law. Whether or not one agrees with the Eritrean Supreme Court's interpretation of the right to freedom of choice as to profession, therefore, one is all but forced to accept it for these other rights. One is thus driven to a dichotomy of the same kind posed earlier with respect to Article 43 alone: Either the phrases such as ''in accordance with the law'' are read to mean ''in accordance with laws required to protect the important interests enumerated in Article 65;'' or the Revised Constitution fell far short, so far as individual liberties are concerned, of the benchmark already set by the Federal Act and Eritrean Constitution.38 Third and finally, there is the presumption favoring a.n interpretation which does not render any of the articles concerned meaningless. Whatever interpre tation may be given to the other articles of Chapter III, Article 65 itself does ap36. Both provisions were taken almost verbatim from the Federal Act, cited above at note 6. The provision of the Federal Act corresponding to Article 65 of the Revised Constitution was in turn taken, with only minor changes, from Article 29(2) of the Universal Declara tion of Human Rights, proclaimed by the United Nations General Assembly in 1948. 37. The decision has not been reported, but it has been summarized in J. Smith, ''Human Rights in Eritrea," Modertz L. Rev., vol 18 (1955), p. 484, 486. This summary is the basjs for the description of the case in the present article. 38. If the Revised Constitution did fail to go as far in the area of individual rights as had the Eritrean Constitution, Eritrean citizens arguably at present possess fe1-ver rights than they possessed before tl1e Revisec1 Constitution was pron1t1lgated. Whether that is the case depends on the effect on the Federal Act and the Eritrea11 Constitution of the order terminating Eritrea's federal status and incorporating it into a t1nified Empire, Order �0- 27 of 1962, Neg. Gaz., year 22, no. 3. Articles 4-6 of the Order, which a.re qt1oted 1m_ mediately ·below, pres11mably savecl many of the la\VS previously applicable only to Eritrea.

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i princ two the lish estab to ded inten 1:Ien_. suggested earlier: th been have to pear _ t � d evise b the on y tit1.111 by Co11s R ma e limi ted n the individual rights conferred � . ma s; tl1at rest they inte nt but orta imp r othe ain y cert t ect prot not o r orde be 11m1t,, . . ed otherwise. If the import o f phrases sueh as m acco:dance '\\11tl1 the law'' is th the rights to which the phrase� �e a�tached are subord1r1at� to _all_ legislation. ho:� 1n its first purpose and defeared 111 1ts second. Th ever' Article 65 is redundant · · · ere e · d· w hen ,the ngl1ts are in any ev is no need to ensure that rights may. b . 1·1m1te . . ent t subordinate to any stat�te: and th ere 1s m hat ca� e no n1ean1ng 1n a guarantee tha t the rights shall not be lun1ted other than on certam gro11nds. It is, on the other h �d, the i �terpretation h �r� st1ggested \vhich lacks mean ing with re�pect to the articles w �1ch do not con�n an � such qualifying phrase, and n11mencally these latter articles are predominant 1n Chapter III: Of the twenty-si� articles _in �.at Chapter, ot�er than Arti�I� 65_ itself. which purport to confer rights on mdiv1duals, only nine are modified 1n such a fashion. It is however. the articles which are thus modified which the clraftsmen of Article 65 might be expected to have had in mind - the guarantees of freedom of speech religion, assembly and association, and Article 43 itself. If Article 65 has n� meaning in its application to tl1ese articles, it has very little n1eaning at all. 4.

All rigl1ts, including the rigl1t to own and dispose of real property, exemptions, concessions and privileges of wltatever nature heretofore granted, conferred or acquired within Eritrea, whether by law, order, contract or otherwise and whe ther granted or conferred upon or a.cquired by Etl1iopian or foreign persons wl1ether natural or legal, shall remai11 in force and effe.ct.

5. All rights, powers, duties an.d obligations of the former Administratioi1 of Eri trea become by virtue of this Order, the rights, powers, duties and obligations of the Imperial Ethiopian Government. 6.

All enactments, laws and regulttions or part. s tl1ereof whicl1 are presenily in force within Eritrea or whicl1 are denominated to be of federal application to the extent that the application th:!reof is necessary to the continued operation of the existing administration until such time as the san1e shall be expressly replaced and repealed by subsequently ena . cted legislation, remain in full force and effect and existing administrations sh::11 continue to in1plement and administer the same u.nder the authority of the [roperial Ethiopian Government."

The constitutional provisions here in question, and the Federal Act, probably c�n�ot be considered "enactments ... necessacy to the continued operatio11 of the ex1s�ng administration" (Article 6), but they did confer rights on JJersons (Article 4), and_ they im posed corresponding duties on the Eritre:in government (Article 5). Whether either _the rights or the duties were of a kind contemplated in these two articles is another que_sti00, however. If not, and if the Imperial order is considered superior to the earlier Eri�ean Constitution, the provisions of the Erit1ean Constitution relating to individual rights would seem not to have survived the pronulgation of Order No. 27 .

2 . Even assumin? _that these constitutional provisions we�e �wept awa� by �r�� r �o. however, the provisions of the Federal Act are perhaps still 1n force. Since r�t1 ficat 1 on r the Federal Act was a condition for fede�ation imposed by the United Nations, co?1P 1 ance with the Act's provisions might be r�arded as having been among Etl1iopian's ,nter : pr been 1iatio11c,L oblig,ations. On this view of the have would Act matter, -the Federal � tec_ted fro� ordinary legislation, including orders, by Article 122 of tl1e �ev� s�d .eo:�a t�llon, w�ch. makes not only the Revised Constitution itself but also Et�10�1a s int tional o_bligat1ons the ��preme law of _the Empire and states that all "legislation, d rees, orders, Judgments, dec 1s1ons and acts" inconsistent with the supreme law are nul an fvoid . (Emphasis added .) This line of argument raises serious problems, however, since tbe Fede· ral Act guaranteed not only individual rig1ts but also Eritrea's at1tonomous status. •

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CONSTITUTIONAL RIGI-IT

JUDlCIAL REVIEW •

Con<:lttJio,z

The frame of reference for this arti:le has. been an issue not discussed : whether a guarantee of due _ pr �ss of _law !equires that an administrative proceed be subject to j �dicial ing which threatens a ?�pr1vat1on of life, liberty o � pr�perty _ review, statut?ry prov1s1ons t? the contr �iy notw1thstand1ng. Each of the i ssues which were discussed . stands, 1n some or 1r all cases, as a threshold issue relative to this question. If the �ou !ts do no� poss�s the power to override statutory. pro visions deemed unconst1tut1onal, or if Artcle 43 does not create a constitutional standard of procedure,. a court would in n,) case of the kind here supposed have -0ecasion to consider the implications of a iequirement of due process of law. The issue as to the meaning of the li .mitation :lf. Article 122 to future governmental a. cts, on the other hand, may or may not ari� in a particular case, depending on the dates of the governmental acts involved. Wlere it does arise, however, it too offers the possibility of disposing of the case - d refusing to allow the appeal - with o. ut proceeding further. The approach ta .ken to these issues 1ndoubtedly reflects the author's pre judices, which favor a broad role for the :our!5 as correctors of administrative abuses. It has been argued above that judicial construction of the Revised Consti tution is the supreme law of the Empire md that the fact that a statute barring judicial review is senior to the Revised Co1stitution should by itself not foreclose review. And, though the analysis of the li0:,i,uistic problem in Article 43 has been too incomplete to allow a conclusion to be drawn from it, two lines of argument favoring the view that Article 43 does gua.rantee something like due process of law have been suggested. If the conclusions with respect to the �irst two issues and the direction o.f .argument with respect to the third are ao:epted, it still remains· for a court to ,detern1ine whether due process of law shruld in the Ethiopian context entail a right to judicial review. That issue is a com?lex one; and the final thing to be said in this article is that the fact that the issue has been framed as a single question should not be taken as implying that it siould be given a single answer. The answer should perhaps not be the same for one kind of administrative proceeding .as for another and, with respect to any_ 9ne kin4 of administrative proceeding, it :should perhaps vary depending on the issue as to which review is sought.

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- 192 -

• I

fL I g ,h.-,: : f9°'if ro • : ,,,._J;y, : f '1.TV--k11 : m.°l : 11:F :. f° : J f1 2.ooh. Ji- : �Or i lf'i9° : 1, 1};11: = :ttL : hi'1.,}•f•kf : f ,11 '? : ·9°161], : °11��,1.. : h : . 1 : 1C: m.1�: fro«6£b fl:flD . 1\ l,'ifi\1 : :: ·1 f . r "} : "'t-};f, : OHt111 1 : O f m'i il"}ou{\ h+w« : Oilr1:,- : ou,f.. : '-}oo:.r :· f °'i --= = = r ,n'? :J th = r,,, = .,w, == Ir�w. 1 = 001-- :: m-ilir = fi\w·1 r�:, r--k.. '}(111:,C : (JD.,q : 1'1-'tl.F"} : f 00 lT.,lD• : ill\ : t•·'lt"l: : ,11°1 : U·'ii: : fuo9!.oo 02. : f ir,-.ODJl10· : �,,,.c::-:f· : r0i 1 �(1,) : HOD"}: ill\ : If., : .,OJ. =: 9':t: m:1> • : : tf 1'C"l'f : .,ro« : htL.,f'9'1 : Ok,) , : l\(t•,}-- : f·fDDc;,).. : r,,..ouH1o« : .,1e7f'.. : }\fl, 1: lf'if°: Oir�w·: oo,y.: '-}oo,lscc;: (l tnth,f"fl'T : 1·1 oo r;,)-.: hirf•ODH10·,}--: ,;JC:: ° 'J'tf,lDl;f..«r9 :: f T'i':J"'f-1 : ou.,7i: Ir�ro-: �...,.. : qov,}-: (I.If"}: ODf:(.qOJ•:· J!."l'l° : .?i'� OJ• : oo,y. : '}ov,}- : i'i U•"} : ?,iltifl"}(l,), : 1.lt : 1:lil : ilfl : tr., t 6 : : : 9°1 h_,}-f·kf ,n°l /.b r•1�w�1?11 : u--r;,1: : -f,ODflh;J··A :: ill\:

htLIJ : (ll\ f, : nn1:t,I\I\ :. fffOIJ"} : h�A : f,l·(lmro•"} : fi',..;'J·f·kJ'"} :, ih."l :. :J"th : (lit�,)• : h<t:A :. 1'1 o0 f:O'Pfl1 I _e1ia1•9° :. li ! hir�ro.. : UD,f-.: qov,), 1 "?fl,}, 1 f(ll\ '1°1 : .,.,,: :. _ .,1P';r,}-- (h1 ° . 0 : : 0" } 1P' : (l,} h: � on,, " } (l,fc i\ P."l"'l'l! :. 9 ).Ah : 'hilh: .,1LP«(l,l, s, f..1'i) : tflh: Itfitfl: '}.9°. �I.it: ,.f'/\(JJ•"} : h�').Ah : (l&,,}.. : ,,fl\:. HOD"} : h1 ll 'P /\ 1 ::. 1 i J;"J"'i'l! = SJOtAh = h�1 IP•O,l-. = 1,.'l°e = 1,ilh = ('1. ii». it.) I!lfii = q. 9°.. X"l(l. • t--il : irf't.t : '111..t--(L : '1ilh : (f },(l,}-. : �lit t f!',W·'} :. · : f9"°tAti . HOD')' : '111\'Pl\1 :: 0

r 1 t--il = ,t-t.t = i1Y...t--fL = h.,,-.titt-n:,. =_l9°e = ('1. ii». it.) nrux@� = 'l-9°� •

trih = ,t-loot.w• = f h.,}-f-k f'i = f"lll..11 = ,n•n = 1:lil = fl\w-1 = ll(llC�� = OL,r : ffl : IIan'} : 1,'} t\ 'PI\ 1 :: : g I '?C°7'1!: '11P'T: +�"'l'l!: :}f,l\: hrf•OD/\(t«O;'J-: ('1 .. �- h.) hittf?ili = q.9". 9f.9°e = 1'iltiu�1 = fl\w·1 rt\1n:, .. JI · OD1 l,1t\'Pl\1:::

,,,,..IP:

= ..

'°'"(L:

f.,H.tJ : Hoot;,},- : ii_oo};.,e..1} : ,1--10. : ',ro• : /\(11/{l:i,-- : f 0'l,:J!t\w« : ilfl : °tt.Tf-"kf: "1°1: 0'1f"}�'}J;.. : HOV-"}: ffl<D·"}: u--t;,J:: O"'iltf;'J-: ',ro« :: lDJ!.: L,r 1 '11..e..9°'if w« : '1f1 �1-'¾- = h �/\ = tfOD'} = f ,t-fli = v-c.•,1;91-:f• : l'l �:,:. :i ..

f ii.,l--V- -k-f

.•

,"h.°l

=�

•

'1°1 f!ib-:f

11 t\o.: 1' 11..: irf·1 flmm,, t f h.,}-r-- kf � il1°l : 9°161l> : il.1'? 'i: ,n"l : 'IAlf). : u --1\,r : :J.,,"-":,, : h�l\ ':.f : f,ODf..flt\ :: foo1._ootfro· : h�A : 01'1 'P:Ea = rw"' = ,l1'? i A °11: 1 "' cp..::f.. 1 r,n'? = tif,, il'i = r"'-"l = (I 'I p.::f-- = noo

+ ..e..9°:

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h'J� I h....,��ti'J' 1 ,n°l 2 t\..�Y.m� I r"71,if·tt-.:i•"} 1 h.llllt.f'iif· : Oh.:i•�A·f I 1t'J°l/t.1 1?f 1 0t.:�:,.&- 1 h�-f.?'if· 1 (ti{l �J'It..il�,..:14.) , J' m 'I''P:fm•"} 1 ;,,1 if· 1 0It.tJ : 1i",h.{i: r ID"il'I' • �'\1 '1 'i'� {De'J° p (OtlU11i",ft.(i: I roY.11m•: qoo..,• I 'l°,l,·t.:i• I V•/t• I h'J1': hm-e;rlD"f"} I h�11JmC1 f,f• '1m • }ID" s:fhlD"e;rlD"J'"} : 11001 =.h�llJm·c: h1',..r1·�ti'f, 11001, h"'lllmC • fflq:,. s mf,'l° •· fil'J°"}:,. • qoo:,. r :,,S.•CTIJ.J' , ill\lllD• 1 :,..nh/t�ID" 1 �1>1- r '11,1�'1° : 1,"}';\ r (lq..-,. : mf,9° 1 il '/°"}:,. 1 ,00:,- 1 {1oucf»}il r 01',., :,-r..kf , h�lllmc· • .flllD""} 1 htitJ{L • IfOD"} 1 "'/OJ� • f,:f'\A st) t

- 193 -

•lA: /l1".,.-f•1 J J!,i-1\A:: 'tl\,f•?;OJ• : f..aJcp> : q,,'Jfl«i" : /-1',J/l ll .;tt1Jt.,(j":1' J f "t 1,11 , (Ltr1 1 ftt1C 1 1-0�9':f1 : K",J.� : ill\ : h..�"f"lt,tJ? � f,,t�t..1, 1 m:,» It'\ 1 'l''i',Y..l·1 , ,:,tt{fl1'1'i' 1 ODK"d1.·f,l1 = f,m+A�� z: �aa1i41'ffL••fm• : f+-, "�:,.., : fHou1 · I n�h°1" : 'h1f. : :,,1,.9° : ,fcn,f"A'J:J--T@.i : WJ!.. I ,.:,. : u il'i'f, r 'ha;tLtJ1 : fth'? : 9 1'61-l-: O;J-tn = i11'�·C � t�rru�"¥1iPt\1 :: {o) ;,.:,'I! : flf � ' 9°1'51-1' � I (l}t'P� : ftDm•: at1":f"·

t\tltJ : K",h-�: '¼I\OI/ : Ol,'P� = fmm- : t'h.1",,1�� 2 °1n:e" � fh'J.. � : ili1111: '" r 11f : lDJ!,'J° : h.1 /1,f:rf:(Lf-1 : f11 .,.,� , : P' t� � 00?.fht; ar'} n:i• : 7 ft : . tj:1\-),f:'} : tDJ!,'l° : P'A"1�1 : O'?AK" : fOIJ•.fltID•o/fl;i.. :1 )!D" : I\Ol/il�·: f,:f. : f�� 1 f1,fi"1 : IJvA«ft.1 : h1,bLt9°C9° :1 ltA :t 1,tJ : fi'\'P� 1 . tj:ct,c f•i' s P'A"11 : �cp,;:.f : mf.,'I°: h(i:cr" : r,.c-i.1,; :: ;,1a1: nOI/.fl m• : : fi» f ti tj:t:\ i 'I lD':,

:,..c�"'L

F : : foutu tfm·1 : fh.:J·f·kf : ,'h'? 1 ;J-th 'hiji:ft HBOI} } : il1-(JJ)t\ hT: otter� : fO'f.mm• : ;,.1l- : hi1,il :f . : f:It'?: 9°1flibi":: ,,.i"l\J!, "rm•: ffll/. :r -a;m• :: OJJ!..: &_.,),: h1'.e..9'" c;fro«: OY,,e07'j,)• 1 OD� f.fl,}•: "LIL: 0"19°: f',(t: ih�:i- (.e.u9° "'lfl,)• hf..1 n�:r: f ,..,.ai = 9°1 fJib:.l"-- = w.. � hv,). : �1C!'�:) = (Df_,9°: h'/1}":J-,)• : ;:J--6h (h C:thA) l OJ•{l1' : ')(Dea : fOIJ.1')'.. :: 0

'11C : '11 : J,l\f. : h--1..m+(tlD' =· ,n�]ll\f\ : ,,..c:,•.,l: : flllJ9', : f,f-flf: '111: : .,,C : }i{\ I f,U'J° : lDf,: lCOD")�t;': "Jt\..-f'}'i: : l f,f•,f--{.""joOOOJ•: P'CO•f-: ou")dJP'T: f,J,fl/l(I}« : ',OJ•:: J!,tJ : P'CO.-i' = oo'}"JP':J· {O,n�l\f\W4 : 'If: it 11:: f ,'h'? : '114-ft.i': Y,11'PA) I hI!�OJ-: Of1,f,: qov,1•: 1'ilh: It7fm·: oo,r-.: qou:,.: ODatlif: 1:lil : f:rmi:,.1 : dl.11··: i',m:vll�: fflf = f.(11Jil ltA 12 '1°1'1° : h1\\ : fl1-l.?1m : it \\�1 : h/1.';1-'t- : l1'P�: tlH.tJ : 'LH.: a;m•: f:rml = OOl/ilT : fTOJ(t', : +11 {L(t,r : flf.,:fA : f;t-m�1-a,. s i't."lft. . f'l!: IL� : '1-f.Jt: f ODloutf9':t:: t,. 'P�i': 009°f..: �- r-1 1 ffOD1 (Irf!§· Irf�§) 1 faoQ;i.t7i"9'�: f..dJCfP: 04--fl.il!..il: tfOD") ():jf@I-Iifti): .,� 1 f;f• ro;f. = f.l\A s : i't1l•J�:f.9'>: i'l'P}!.i': fh.T'i"k!1 = f1,f•: 0010JJ",)•: it!l:9'1'i i't/1,f-J;J.1..C (h1f..: fi»-i·: OD"JdJP'T: Jtflh°i' 2 f°tcf>m-r,}·1-: foultfi:1,r'i: fOD\\11:,. = ,-,9:9,• = �c = fut1A1.:-<J> = nch:t- s 11r, n�h-1· = i'th-Ot) 1 f01/..00 ilhi: : (l.lf� 1 h1�lr9° : i't1.';11: : m�f\l\ : ,..J;f--'f1 1 f.<1114 s n14' �'f 2 f,1� It- I l\'1°'11\ = f�,}•m : 11"1.C: P''I : P'CO,)• I lf'i'l° : h'IH.tJ s P'C -- · h 1 'f , f o ,,_ = ffi»+ OD"J'?r:t-1 s 1'l flh-'f : rOIJ.ovt\hi: : ,;:,:m· s1 /l1tu s 01J. 1 lla,. I 'l''r: 'J° '1,\ : ., OJ· is ' 'lD'? : h OD : f,hP' Ok : lD,e.,}- hU' IP- I h.--1:"1 : · -1n I fi»TtJDc = f,tm-o- = L:l'm.+ '' 3 s:

'ii't.'tOC-, j ''lli:.ctf1' r tt-C

h0.ll.til1' • t:.f,,1Jil1'aC1:"l.1' '1'': ··o ((lff,,•l•7it�:,. 1 #-C� hll.�'Ptr-:(·· I ii/\.�9" I y} I (!if!�) r 1Jt I i I tJf,. I J.S.:cooi-� I •f•,,.t.'JoOOtD-1 r ,f-oPAh..,. j f 1,.'1'1" 1 f1't."J/lJ1- �a>-1 • +c.,.,a I Oh, 1 1•1,,Jl 1 ''lt1Ttn◄t I hi\ 1 (l.f/,f I lt,,-t;Uf 1 "'-' AO.ll .V • 1\.IA • P'CO+ • OD"J-,p:,. • >> {l I ta1Jtla1',t • 1..e\ s �hit,, • lttJF.°t/ • F.f, , ,\.1:r:¥-� it1-H. 1 'l"�lb I P/\.�9" r WA I fl.� 1 � I (!ffffi'I) 1 11"' 1 �� 1 ,,. OU/Ah�· 11 3 '1�1-flc-, I 1'1\.e, • fl+m+l'lm- a 1,t , !i :• :(

- 194 -

: s 0 O,t, 11 m+ 1' {l(J}c : . OD"} �c "JP' . :r o+ : 1\ T h+{lfl(l�,r :r >t«p . JIJf I o 4' C (9"'i" A I},}- ' l\,/r'"f ' fti 'PJ!.1· ' .,. 11 h. ' J\ 1 J.': ' .,.,, • m 1. • L 1 T ,pf t : f : w tj:l\ f, foa9f. "} oa tJ 'i/A): = t'h1:f: hJ.',."}fl?'f:f. : fih"l: , Hou · . lf �: 1

;.,ua,'f

OJ•tif!' ' Oll''i- : ?ith-C:"f ' fD-il'I' ' �a,- • f"'l..1"f. ! :J-�b I l'ubLJP "f :

: h 00 �"14- :f(J}c : it°11l+'P:fro-: 1,1�1t- :: fl,01 1'f'1l\Om« ': Of'J. . lf = ntt..:'f-r-kf= '1'1F;r:,. = r:rw;t. = t'h1;f = nu f01J. Jf. : 9°ltt\, V) = t\ . . = = = m1,'1° n+..e..oo-:,. · .,,F;J..:, = r+t.1ioo-:,.1 = .,,t:l-= 111 00� : � f :: t'h1:f.9°: (J}c(l,p: l,'1 'l"IP'T: /tlD4 � : hKKtj: h.1ltf�(Dc"}: "Lit: th: : lf : : : 19f.9° 'h.'lf... flf' : · fl :.J' Thtf1f'l;r:f(Dc: 1A.Y.. l\:ftD-'l 'h."JJ;f,;rf,: : t\: f, :) f\H-0 : flt\ : tr'irf; : ., lD4 : r01/. '1l\ffl•T :: r°2.h rf' ll·T : T :p (al- : lJ•/\rf:"}'I° : o-'i1:9'f : IU'ilt.J;..: 1,l-1\tt- :: roo-,.oot,ftD•: T:Pil : ht:thA: 1't;:: :r rf:f:: h..Tf'-T�"}: 4 fli'"'li\ro•: ODX'dtt;: '1/t,,,.. {)fl.: h, rf'flt\tD·: : OD(Dc: til: h -f,tw+J; : ',tD- :i J!,U : "'"' : r;J w:e:n,-} : ffOD"}: fln..Tf'-kf: :r&h : ht;:,,,..;;: : ii�&,.: ffH: 'lro• I 'J°h'lfrf:9°: Ot,11,+.: r+Y:'l°ro•: f'/f,111/'i:t-: 1''1°'1T: .i-ooA(a = 11--w- = �il'lr-il = hlf' 4-'l= rrot...e..n:,. (Ii!:t-IJ!�K)= Hoo"} = ill\ : IJ''I : ',(I)- :1 flt'P)l:=-fJ>A : J?,1iro• :-

'"'.,,:,:a,.

''hll'l.'l : f,,:,WODJ!,T : tDf,"}"JP' : 4',.(t.A'' :s v-fl,,,..�(Dc: T:Pil: f,t,+>;ro•: 1'11l�iL:Jwf:: lletnA : h+'l/l(Dc: 0.7-'i : 5 t]l},fw OD(D«: ',(I)-:: 0.7-'i : "}7-w-: Hf:'l"IA (I:ifr·-IJ!§) : fw9f.ro•"}: :J>fA: (1:J'A : ',to- : fKLro• I rh.cr)l:9° : :J>A : f°thrf"ilOJc : ',CD- :'' (1117': ,ht,. :;: (l}"J 'IC: 9°-'.-C:: OJ,.1.l.: 9°J':l: 1n''l-f9°: (D,,,..,111' 11'' \l"},t: L!'ltt : OH.U : T:Pil : l\f, : itil rf'ffT : (t_{l,p : "cp}!:i: : h,,,..I\OD�,}w : Of,, 'IT: f+fli: ill\: ODlf',T(Dc: h'J'1}�: l,'i"Jt-./A :: 'h"}J.',.: rl--1\0DJ.',.(Dc: flf',: h 6 11.: IJ'1 : W"}P.T: tnC'IT: (t.H9°rf:: aa1o:,- : h'?,flC: 'IK: f,lf"} : 'lflC:: 7 L!'ltt: Ott,I\ : il t;:t.-: ill\lLtr: i\ cp�: :,Wti)ll\�: ,)wc,.. 9°: (t.'i"IC: :f-r/L : f+ flt\ : ft,I\ : n..llJiLf1! : IL� : ill\l·Ltr : ,..J;f, : -f(lmw-'}: itfl+ff,}w : f,:J' mlP//,\ :: :f-rll.: fttcr)l:: itmt.-llJ&�:t-: 0"7'i:fOJc9°: 'Lit = 'h'J..e..: t,fl&.l\'L �,f:: t\t,.(I.. : ,,,..il"'l°t : flf', : TC1'9°: I\ODilfflT: 7'"}>;..�:fw-: OD"}'?P'1·= If"} : ,flflo : f J.',.t.1ro• : �(De : f,I\A :: 8 {lf,{lfA,p : l\fT : fIt- : J.',.°l'I° : OO�thL : 9°'1\1: : {l,t,()/\CD-: f11'P' : nc,= ft)"11 (I§ftJii-!§!ti) = ou�dtt;: = f°t,,,,. = 1tcr}!l·= 'i:f(l)c 12 lbC I {}(&. ! l't,rf:Y; r l'brf:f-"Cf"} I (;r6il I 1�fjr ii) I ,x� I fi'ii SI 5 fl.. ••• fl"}rf: s C"fl.t ! h:J"'� s �"}�rf-m+(lro- • "JK" �fi �'i • �fi ss 6 fl. h"},t C"fl.t ! ''.-:.'I! r il\>,C:t; h.�-'Lrf: ..t;. hC''iti r l'brf:f""Cti-0 l'o"}..t;.}l"}rf: r ,.,,. • loh/t.' h'1.e.."tf • ,.,,, • I\."}:ff. 'i'b1tl • 'l°&.lb 1 'iil\.f.9°: I' fl.6 (I�fjf) 1 h1K" �f'lii �ilh �fII SJ ' 7 h'lt • C"fl..t ! ''{l•'f! r �-'f! s 'i!&.l'f. ,.,,. hC"'iti '1-fll'oii.J':J' .e..h. l'o • ..t;. r n.Tf-"CJ'I '' �h'ifl.. r .e..A 11..il rtrf:..Y..: '16f"}:J"(\.: �-: 'i71\. 1 'iil\.f.9° f 1 (Iv.f�ji) h'1K" s gfj·§: �ilh.• lfj h.>.» :f.;.I\. ! ,.\,,:,-r-rz:, '1:f.e.."}:}-,\. I 'iil\.f.9° ! i (C'IP/ Iitf©) h'1K" jiff!}�: �ilh if:, I h-t�4.(l)e I hilrf•J'far :: B lb :r'?-1\. ! �...,, Oj�ar : IP/il:J-m7t" • frf•m+(lro- '1K" f©ii si 4

1 �

- 195 -

O f : f, ?_ov�h,f: : a;:f�c I t.r'i9'°: fllm>). i\.flJf?'f:i:: f'/f,11'/'iT : 1-� .. 1 : r ,, t 'i:T : • .. " . il hl\ a : &.ro 'r J\A .. m ilt\ 2 lh •• oo'i�:J>"} : fl"'lfm"lt :,• 2 htj:fl�:Y· : 1 .9 -i', 'i : ll "K -: •l f I 'J° f, -� I 1 A ,flth.C'i I tD"}j! .._ 2 · fl;,��n� = tl an1 = t\ m= h ll oo 'fl-1 'P h ro :,: :,..'i 1· r vti : 1 h il = .: 'i1c = oi1 = nt1, k:,..r-1-, = ih11-0: ,,..t..Kai = h1 �..ir).. = r�ai•_= >; f "}f:: fd//,\ 2 {19':f I· ,(}ff•: 'Lf ,9°: t\111'� IS:" 1:C�c"f1' ¼ t!\�: OD,fi,f,f : , fOIJ.{)�T'1 : f+ll� : ,'h-"/l-'19° : htl.lJ : ;,c = A'lDDft.h;J .fm• � _e1qA :: hh'1f..fLIJ: ft\·T9°: lD·il'r: t\9°i\ft, : Af-: OD"flT: Wf,,9°: Y:c,t-c: h fr l• "' i : (l '1� I hOIJ. m?J}-: hlLIJ: n:t-:f: r,tm 4 , O•i\� � ?e. di t::l- (P-h•Ol/?Ji.. ): h� � foolootflD': f+m+nw·: f' l" }ff 11: UP ":IJ'"l>: 110,�ff·t«,l-: l\1>ttr9°: l l : "" O I :J : {l ' t\ {l(l"i"}: h..Tf kf }c l" 1�"1j..)• (ll 9'rf1 : hoiz..r�c·,..:,.. : hoo,y..: -- . f {ll\f,: h"'l.tr�: {111)9° : htj:+� : ntr�- : � J, (i: : 1--'ltb : ar{l,p : �fflc :: R'th-G:'i·'l: flll10T : oo .y..c;: = '¼00 ,r: 00 1:00 tf :: e\f:. = ilnc: 1'hf't•9° : 10 f 1 : = cpA:: 1tV•1: f9°1m:t,(tm• 1 h� �l}:J,o:,,.: t!'(l..t '11-i: hfort I O"'l.A tlrJ•: R',h-C:::f: Oril'r I clif-.9° : ltfti,r: i' ,1/¾.."} = fi:[§�m •· : ou,Y..: qou,}--: : oo,Y..: '}OD,}• : 001,.001,y : ftD"Jm•"} 2 f'l.lf'} : ODtn.lif : lDf,9° : 11 :: : :J>ft·'J° I f°2.h-i'ftOr 'llD'

on"

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(ttnc J };fl: ODfl,htl., 9°,\� (t\.1C 'r"ta.;J• rJ:/l) J'l....'}f: oP{lthL P'"f\. b. T&t�-tll) 1 .A;.ll • t}f,ff�il • IICO, I ff)cf.•fl (01�·d1L I oP/JI\Y:'i I oPY.thL I P'l\tl.) I '{i(Lf.'1° I!!: !I': 0 {:\:11-J>' '"'��R\ I '\ (A- !Jlf�� n'i (l 111-t C'(lt i h'i Jt.A &r:f ! 11.A t\.-OC' .e.,I\ fl",; HC'¼ 1 ft)cf,-fl (00ilth.l. • ilCY1) I iill.�9° 1 § I (ll-0 • liJf�§-!fif�fr) 11 10 111-1:, c-(lt I ll.oc , tthrrsr> (:r&11 i !Jifu-xufI> 11 11 OtlftJ>e I ODR'tftli: • 1R' I �111 9

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tDOD'}t.il: f.c;.ll: ).001£1 T"I&.: ooh,.'}'} : Whoo'l, 'llhl, 1 o, • &\ Y: tD I tt4 • 'I Uf.: tD ntl: oobu'}'t II OJ-1'tJ -f,h«�={l,P'A_ll)',: A.TC'il= roAc&flo{l:r:'' 12 �;J {t"II,\ I i'lsPl-: OJf,9° : I\F:C�r,..-:;.: �� : OD,,fl,}-: OJf,9° : :Fc+c I h"'l. l\ = hih°l = f "'l.1�: fit.:tf-kf: ih'?: ;t-th : i't.Tf-"kf .,'J-: t\ t fl n : iJf.l.1:F:f m• : �h. 1+C'i7i.'iA : t&floT : t1r ilT : C : i\A°i9 n'l�l.;J : h �ll>4' 11 7t'IJLIJ : fn.1+C'i7i.'iA : UJ«ftoi-: r+f.l.,,,..: nou,:outfro•: fcit'?: : : CD•il W � T tJ[i: : HOD '} : f. ODiJtl.if<& : "11.UI/ : i'l.lf1 : h'llLtJ9° : /l : h ;t' 1 'i ll : : {IPlOO&f 91:t: !tf�l! !tf�it i¼.9°. llit.Tf-kf'i :· ll'h1'?t\.11 : f 1 'h C 9° : f = :f = ,f f.l'JwT 1'1.P'T : iih1'--tf : ou1oir1�· : t»·fto-:f : c,• '1 i'l· w• f = : h PftJ/l = rl\(L: ;,c : �/lrf.. �ro-, : ht.it : '¼t\. : 11'P' ooloo& far1 f 13 11 ;,C: f1''P'PA'P:flD4: 'i:f(l)c h'll·LU: a•ft.oT: 11tt-m«1: "Ll·f.: fro��'IT'i: "" ir' "11: m 1' f +'1 I\• = f OIJ.m� = (ltr). • 11 + f, : ll ch.C : Ji ti q ft :r ill\ : : f1 � OltD•: fntD4�;rro ·f1 1 f7" /ltti : 1'�t: Ji.,}-V·A·f: 'h.ffill-: nooi-'."'P : 7''tf.JltJ I ffr,f:: (D•ft.ol· 1 11"'1 .hrf"t\-irr: �Ol';f-�·: 1,flll.h,J:: i>;:.::r noo=e:oo 1 'i O!tf �/i : °'"h !tf�H : '}.9°. h1J.. : "l'f.l.'i'T : W•ft.ol-: h1Jl�9° : tf ( O!tfirt: 'J.9 . 9°tAh : ff.t..'l'T : f,\.Tf-kf'i : fl1Jt\.f1 : ro•A : "If, +c) = ro•f\o:t: = v•tt- = roi1.1,.1..:i-- = ntit;:,i = v1� = 1 1'.P''i = n1&m. = 1t1c = O D'J°I P'T: oot1hA : 'Ille 1: illlH.tJ: '¼t: 9°tAh : 1 1'lP : '11.P'�-- : h lf� : mJtu = 1'1;{ = h H.f = n�+ = 1rr+1 = wf\o'f = nlt.,}-f-"A-f'i = fl/bl\ = J-t1c = ODl]hA : f+.e..t.1 ' = ro-tt.o'f : 'i:far : ilOl/fl,}- : itfilf.�C9° r. 14

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;,A 12 h'l{l-'J°: h1'1-= (1.,'f P..ll: '11\tD•: lD•il'J' = f,1 �tr K (lilt.al\: :t-:i•ooq> : A 16 i 9C't-OD'P/A :: : flH.V·: Of, �:t..: '1:ill � (!B .lff'Cf1 ·1: fl�.>lil; -ti 9°: h1�1P..:t • rt f'"} g = f Cfi h f � : fL,f A' '1.,rV' 'l:tOl/ti..e fa : ,, IL.f : }t ;ril.. � - -l•<JJ.-fll\q> ft:l-.. :; ° r --t•irf•l1° 011 : {loo]:oot .f ID-- = f?i1'1 � ;�·th : OD"} : ',a 17 "J{ll: tlt'PCJ:t-9 = ff r:: hH.U : l\f, : 1111.:t-r-k.f : ,n"l : ;1,tn = flu�)!osiG,,.fm« � ti�lt : Hoo 1 : ill\ s ;J·m)l::t- : m1l- : h11-0D1:IP//t.1 :: flliJS'° = h'i: : �1/a-.e = h1-':11:: iltt : "' ttT : oo 1"1 F:i-- = ill\ : f11• : h Cilirf:J'1 h;rro�� Wf!»9° � t)i\ : t\� : 0011 f11.1rtC 'i"7i 'i' A : (D« ft.o� � 'PC: OHoo � : f;t .fal· : h;J--m;r.:,.c; : h1'4! -mjf.,}a: 062.'1'1: 'l'tA;J--lD<#?'/" :: noaiov�5'f � }1C � 9u'1"'1•:f: : U •/r: OT/\f,9° : :Jeth : 'l"lFT (hl!1th�l-) : d.1.11.. � igm:P{)m• : ..e1·y..qTm• : h1'1-tr'I: "l'i": 'i',fA,f•ODlOD�'J° :: lJ-Arf-�: hil"l: n:rcfr � fOTJ..'1-Y..T: X-m,. c:.;f : ;J--th : 'I "1F:,. (ti C1thA) : ilIt : .-,.. m + it::r � a-11") -:,-.. : :.J· hhft,;:-,T: '1°19°_: Ol/l,:J"J65}, : hf,f'lm• � 7'1.t;f�lD· : ;,11 , : f+�t..ftT : .it'A.: --n1-t·m• 1: t 'Lit : '?A?i : f Alf'l : flrfll ' : 00 11!:: IL-i-- l..1° 9° : ftryc";ft;\ : 'la>·:: f,U?° : :f-r/L : 7'11-0IJ../\w« : 11r9':i: : lf'l : -Ot\ro• = f,.fl.l1--T9° : �1C: i1.e..rr � : lDf,9° : :Jeth : ODlf;J{l?'T (hetbt\C ;: ?ttht.,. � T°h1J1f : lD�9° : 'P'i'W•: ° i'f.9 : {l :rth : OD11;J ) : tit\oum"}«fi<#! : flf � : �'1C : h"}f..lf1 : a>f.. : &,:J- : 18 r oo; m:P: ht\fiT I 0TK�f1T: f·for>"}: (lf...111 fvf..f..t.i: i'lCit-ii: ili\A� Ol : 9°'i"A'lT = 9°H1f,..l:"} t\ur1m:,,: QJ,C(t: i'1f,:J:A: f,lf'iA:: f1"1--tJJ.0'/t: h(l�f.:f. = h1�-: 7'11-°tf l;J°ln1w« : ,"11'?= J,1J;.:J.., m:,>: f0'J.f..t.1m· it'P�: O"'lil'11C : �m· :: itV·1 : f9°1m:Pf'lro• : +�'J° : .-flf\ l11·�'1la>· : t,1it»n. :'f-1:: h£!1thA: hTllt\W•: fT<f>�CD-"} : ftff."1°1A1 : ,"11'?: �ro• :: l1'1'P:(.: :J'A : flk-r : f°2.hi·t\w« : f,1�/;\ ::

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: r til'T l1 : °ttil'TC : P'tr- : f°troil)•: : i,n�"}� Clt OIJ.. ftt:'t 1 f :t : JtO,;; = it.fl'. fm m.. :,.1 = h'P/!l- = r11,,IJc = �w- == y,u = roitilTC!''f = 019 fU:f: 'ti: 9°tAh : fh1&i:1 : hil +J;f..C : h1f.. : itarc:;rarf'} : i\UI/1: "t : h(IJ(l-'J.'T : fou1.outf : hC'J°>f : h"}� : (Llf"} : l\,/r;:;,'J° : hH.f : l mJLIJ : ,J'h,rt\�;rA :: t\H.tJ : fOl/.lf�(IJc"}: UI/ill..>f: 'll\'J°Ot--il: UIJ1+oo: 22 : h : ooil+A �1C: 01f it«f,Y,, t.. : . "l\(I. (JJ/Af.. +ar 'iA:: : J """: h+m+fl .,}- = ih.1 'f = l\,I\ = lit\ = arcil'i = ilt\ = it-'til = 11u,o : ooar t11:t: f�lD�T19° = h1m:,,tit\1 :: h1f..H.v•9° : Oli+t--t..'l:fOJc : fT' li: : �1 r =fl"'lf��:;- = oy,�:;- =from« = ih.1l-'J° = itftc ==23 i\1·1.u = T?- = 'J°til\,: : 9° '¼. f;t-ro,:_lD·'i: 0: t\ : fLOWZC: ,\ : lhi:f-1:: C 0,hl.. • : (l!Jif f� O'/ : .l f : f,h-f"I\A .== ''hl\1,r : l1Ciltf'il-'i: hill\'l°i'; :Pit-9° w{11JlD4 :: ;r, � : ff '" 1'11-: 1'9°�:t-l-v- : i\oP'iC : �K: 'i 'fv, :: UI/19° : (lro•: Of.A: Of.l..(IO,} : -( 'LU : /l� : 1' 1,f:;.1 0Jc'} : t\"'1:,'l1 1 : f.,'fl\A:: ffl/'}'J° : (IOJc : fat1f,fl"} : KT ;r'i: (11\9°: fDY.,f01\7i : lD/o : h,"}};fOJ(r. : f,V-"}'' :: 24 (l{IDf.l,/..if9° : OJ- LU : 'Ll·L : � "}�"} 1: : 11:P+� : ,n'? : UI/OJcllJ.,r'J° : On. :tf-kf: f+:!out..: f,00 ill\A:: f,1iro·'J°: i\'J°l)f\,: h?'il;.1--: ooptf: (1,}•: ill\ : ;r{l;.I' : f."},fl : flD"lt&- : f,n1f11 : ffl/{l;J--tD«f!f : �W• :: f,U : 11:,,+� : ih'? = 1-i..;.ri = h+**00c:,. = ooptf = '1,r = ilh�it- =:}I\&.. = orr�w- = fOJc6£b = n1C : h,}l{lTC,}, : frf'H;J'1:. : �lD· :: i\'J°l)f\,: iii\ : ?'fl;r'i: rf;l\,'1&.'J°: ,\lo 11(1.M : 1.A: f"t'IA: l'lro•:- f."}ft"} : iltti1f1l : f{l;rw·:,, : �OC:: 25 21

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h lltJ = Ol\f, = tir'i:fro,. = 11 m:111\f, = 1' 'P i!'f = o+c = OtLu- = 11001 = fli\ = t:\�: 1'�V-i': flDm«: h'P}!'f'J°: i'tftc:: 1'�tLU'J°: f}l"}(Lfl.91"} : lD"fta1''i: fli.'J+C'i7i'it\ : lD"fta1' : 'i:fOJc:: 01'.1?-: -,'Pt9''f: V-1\-: f:l'm+: l,11:: A�: 001},}•: t\'111:: °IA: flll)c: m�'J° = ilrf,wn� = (1911-- = r01.(IT = flil = u·� = ffl'1{1.ft9''1 = OJcA = hh .,.., : fl.{.,} : ff'i:fOJc"} : 7C+c:l- : lDf,9° : A� : 00,fl..Y,.1, : f,OD{ll\/;\ ill\

fl-f>l\'i° I � I q'}�CI\.'}�'} I ''fJt.:,.f-kf I iftdJ I 0.T I ODffdJ-fl:,. I uiJdJ{lJ i ill\ I 00 00 'J: �f?J:r: r f'1.:,·r-kf, "7.til:,.c-";f 1 ''O�CO· 1 0"7.�+oum- 1 flt.:,.r-t.f • ihdJ • ou,r,11.:,. • ii'At!-9'° I [ I ,,,...TC I f I ,f-uDAh:,. 11 22 h-'til I hflf) I 1if2A d 23 il ft+m+.-..:,. 1 h'P)!";f 1 1'1\.e I r+m+fla>-'} I '11\9°0&-il 1 "'l""f+OD • P'l\c\ 1 1X" 1 ffl 1 (lift I a>-Cil) I 1K" 1 fjj 1 (ill\ 1 h-'til 1 11 '1111 • ODOJ-'IJ:,.) 1 +DDAh:,. d ll

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ft I ta'"tc • .,_.-,.r-"C , era.vane • Dif� , §� , '\OD:,.• 1,r • §fif d 26 1 -fll I Fa\(&. I he-th 1 � r �� 1 � r "7.tAh I � 1 � • � • � 1 .,_:,.r--c I 1 1 ii'l\.t!-'l"l- 1 (:r�11 I !Dfajjl) 1 l\9'°l'a,'\. I ill\ I >;?p";f I oofr I ii'l\.'-9'8 I 1 • h1Jr I lif-JiA I 1'ilh I lif-Jil I +00 Ah:,. II 25

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H.l r r -,..�f, = m:J7'1'l: flf', : (l'lf:_i tt 00 il•l"C = ta»'i : f,1-nn1 = it"}{Lfl.911: _ r' : � m4 s= fl1 �fl.f-). : fl OfJil 'TC : }!C ;e:. 1'.IL_,. 'r " lb1 '1 : 0i\0 ,e.."}: tl"'I'"? . · : 'l,�:> 1.e1:i: = fa£J/JK:"1 : \11 o.s->1 = •� � l\tft/. 'i� , r1t1"ll\.11 = ,,..011t}!1 fl . 17 ,.TOJ- : oPlf)-1 : f,1AKA :: hC'?'r: ',a, � f1''l t:: OJ!,"l:A" = /;\ i: OD,fl1'•1--c;: ;J=c--t-�-:f = nq� = 9'1tAh9° = HOD1 ' 'IO-r ! ,,,,c' °11' =_9'°1?() = �1-�.il = �,c 0 W O Tf}: f "11: (\ � 1l * ' h. lt1fl.fl.9''i:f:: f · lhP'i jt)f..'?: fl"l--�l'I W•: flD . fl\'l: ° oo-ht.. : 'P'i' : 111/ill�?'-:,_:c;: tj:i,9 : �1"1?. : 'l"l�-:f: tr;:fm•:: hit"}( L(l,5J1'i :,i: ! ,. . ,..,�,p..:,: : h� : !ft : "19°:,, : firt-trJll q:f ro : illi = Wi•: fih. :i"r·k/9°: If� : 0 . r = '1itlD.. t!1;r: �tl.-C:-:f· = a, {l,r: 'hf+f..;JfJOO• f,ro«,t i 1\9 ,)t\i: {l''llht.: -i1 28 · · : l\,t;ll o,1·fiilw·: (l"Cll: 0Df.',l1 'i: I ''r] '' c'' I ''1't..:t-f-kf: (li',lD•�;r: ;, l 29 = �. o� � n,1,fit\lD1' cP" f11 :i-r-k" o = II • � = 11•1P = 'l 1P':,. s OD1"1P':,� = "11-f,),'' 1 ntlt,• • ° T m:Pfl'PA :: h'P'i"9':t:9 : p'}(L(l?'r:Y. � ll'J°ftfl, : i\1'1•U' : ..,,,J»,J= : h� i�� (+F-01/�) = l1i"1"16 : l\t1&\'j:fuf:: h,A"l: 36 f,f--nmro< � f'lO·C: UJtf:: ti 31 '}l\(L9'1'i" I l\"J,{lt) : 11th.�'£: '11h: frf11 (lmm· : fU!ltl. : 'l1n: it"}{b(L9'"} : . «: 1 : : t;:fro· :: 'hC"l'r: ', lD· : 'hl\,e h $!.. rf·m+nro /\ovo..-g- c: lb'}: 'h"}J!..: rf•(l ,n (J}« : '11 ft fl.?'1: f fl--: ;,., 'l il ,f.. �: A.f.: ov ,ft,f--;j', : I\ fbir::;.. = fm·�: i\ 'l c : 1111..__9° = f,t-flm· = ,itr tr�9 ° = "h.ltf, f·rn1�n,:,-- = v-1\:i• = ti1fl�o.9''i:Y..: ,t,1:: l\.e: f''?.,,filhTf\«,'}•"}: f'h'}J!..H.tJ: flt·•I:: UU,fi,f,'f: ou(lm:,--: /tlD·'r : 'lt\?tlD· : fl}f fr :: it 'lil+?f:fi : p'}O,(t91 'i:-,.... : "fllf•lD'"'} : 1.11. : fihO>· e:r: .i\Cn..ii:f.: ',(I)•: fiPJ.11'·;: 1'i": f"tm�-'i": f'�lODlon�.: t;:fm• :: 32

n...

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h.,)-- f-kf : hm·6J.b: t, 1C: h·'li 191:f'i' : f'?A: (lSJ>:.W1-:.: ;JC.: m·/;\: IP/Y: l"I : OlDDl:f(l,'}-· : 1.. 1-L: hOr '"Ih: /11C: UD'}"JF:J -.,'}•9°: ;JC: ,ff\,r s '?'}"f.�:,--: '1+1: lDf.: �•'}: h.f'1lh,f-: 'tf.:: lltl.U: 1·10°,1: f-'tTt\�tJIJ--th: "l17'�·Y..:f.. : h.1-'tflt� 1 htLtJ9°: f,f--','1: OChT: ,,fll--: fh_"}..-f·C'i7i'iA : (Jrfr,1--: 1'1J;. ,;� = f J!..L�,r = 9'1n"},--r-'f = qx. = 9° lAh = hm.. (J;l = <¼t\�, = .;1c an·f-�1· = t\"'IY:l"l : f't'1�:fm· : t. �..e...'1'1,'}•c; : ii.:J·f-A'"f : '1i'1�t'1 : 4•1�· : fl\,)• ti�+� : ii�� 2 'i"Tllr == l\ 1�1 p..:,: l (D•t r,·:;-. : flltU : h�/t : «¼t\9° : HDD'i'f : ;rth: 011]9° : m:P 01l$P�: 'i":fm·:: 1,ll.tJ: l\,e: Otl.tJ: Ou•t\i--�m-: f,11"1:

T1lll.h i t.hc.e- i 1'Lll • >icti.e-ii'il, ,.. � 1a, f'1Ji' ot,�,il , >in11 : f�,1�a,. = �1fLA 1 :(. • >..� • V�1-,+") 1 'l'C • � 1 !fif I ft.l}fl.{ll� 1 OI/Ch'l!il a f�,C.W- r 1..11P.0. r Ji'lt 11 28 Ofi'ff �LD4 1 Ol/ll;t,mt(' • r ..f- m+fla,.1' 1 tth� • i1c • h1K" : §f:lt • hllh • §fii._1 1 ill\' rl'l. TV-kf'i I L� 1' il.e I '10-C I ,h�� I {1ft. I ..,.,.�.,. I A f.. I A f.. 2 ll>4/t<>°:f ·· 2 ,f-{IIJAh."f· j 1'1,q_lJ-9° I 1-t.'I° I "Cit. I ll.1 : ,,..,..tV-"C I :tit I 7/1...l:ti I h,ilr�"C, f (;r p.q I !fifcJJi) I h1.K' I lf.0§ I 'hiJh I lf©?i • (I\P.h+c I Ji.Ah • f "f-flm i f"?lJY:1• ti1fl.fl.9'1' 1) 1.K· r f.f'}}fi • (1'1�. v-9° • l\1' 1S: 1 fh.ti) l\..f1' I fl.") .e..J}) It 29 1-.., n.cllil • 11.9°-cc • .e..:i--r--c, (t,,1:1. !.il.f'1Ji). 01K". r.rr, >i1.e- • rt1 ·>().fl.r-1- , m-ll-l' 1IC1fC 1 1,fli11A it 1 ·9° Ll Pi. 3 � "Cit.• hlt1, 1 Ofi'��:a, . • "'lil;J,m?f {l,f•m+flm· h1K" 1 a 1 r Kl!� • hllh • lf!i 1 1' H.Cpll • Ofi'ff�a,. 1 "'lil;t,m?f • O+m+fla,.. 1 h1K" a lfj§ 1 hilh • lfj?i • "f•11PAt1;'f• 11 1 31 "Cit. 1 08't�a,.. • "'lll;J·m?f , ll C O·t-m+(lm-, 1 h1K" a lf�c I hilh, lf!i§ I tL Ti • fl8'ii�a, Ol/ll;f'm?f • n.,..m+flw- 1 h1K" a firli-fitl .,..ooAh.-,. .. 32 O li.:'f· r-A-1 1 ft.tl:);I!:fw- 1 ilft. a •f-(lm-, li1fl.fl.9''il- 1 IJ--ft.• a /t.{11)1..,P':J·:ftD- 1 Ji1'}; 1'J!°: ti,:• oufth • n >i.:i--r-A-1 1 rai1"F- • f.f1fl.it.4 • m_e,r, fa,..� : 1t1c, h1' 1..t-{l.9'l-- • A"'l' fl • m iOC 12 h1 F.fl1J--9°, ti1fl.fl.9'�1 • Oflma,.. r A,C'i I ti,fl.fl.JJ>). , O,f•{lmtD- a (lo,- • f,'I° 1 ,, � oPl)h� I }ift.ou-,qq:,- I O+Lm� I "I.ti. I (la,.fa,. I m1,'J° I h-'l'JfaJ- I r01-tr1' I -,�Q-1.1" ODD/th • hli1� • 001-,,v:,- , Y:,:1,;: • .em.e� , �nc :i 27

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f : : f,f•f..l"Jt&-") : ',� 00'1.ao&f t&65J.t\, ill, ff(ID'} 'll&' 1 : . ftr : f } : 1 : th ;r& 1 . tf:, = f"kf n ilT =· f1&6f.b =1t1c = f�'Jil'l 1 = «? t ��9° 1t , tt.,r 'i , (JJ'A = = lt'1+X' = fl AX' : ) (flj�OJ• ,r ,fl ilt\OIJ fw•:P «? 1 tf . : f ( •: s � � : ftr',CD·") : hLl")/Jf, : OO")dJp,,)- I ,;JC I H'? : '}61}> (}(},)• :t'i 9'1 j; t\oPdJ : "llifl' & = r1-1-.l1 9° = '1 '¼rtaittailh. .,e.o c lJ otrfl!.iifi :f m•A = = "'lm= , :,. = -: f -L'l"L'IT : h'i:: .rt\ : ii/\ : tr'I: nm-6e-: i',1c: 1 : l04fr:'T /Ass JLIJ : f� � ?'if 1 {1f1.tLlD4 : f,;r,f-"71\- I fl'1"7C� : '?") : it'}� ")I: : ii�&. : 11:J! : ',{D• : 3 :19:,-(10� I f"7.,1� II 3 "',tf.lJ I IJ-f\- I ?i,h.C:T (f-.& "7JPT) : /\n,:,.f"lif: t11 = {l = m:J> lfJ9° LJJ>1·=illl=tr)•: n:,»c,t : ;r:,.oom•: ih"I: :rth=?.th�9''"f 1t11-"'l. 0Jm•=1-il4-=Jrtl\'1 :s 1,u =n1-.t1.00 ='L tL =1- 00 &."'ltJJ>l·=nr*' cJ!OJ"=ill\1�:,. =g -,h.tj:=>l-hhll�=:,.c-,..9°=r01J.ff..C1•:,.=nch:,.=ft\= hChC s t\Hl\4:;rOJ• : f,lD"l�A:: 34

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ih1•1: L"lt: CDf,'l°: h (D•'iJ" : "'11 : �0'"'1 .. � dli\v§"a]tAffl c: 1 .J.;f,: h>t1 11 : = i "= : : . Ofl+ � .. � 1 ,lt1 = .. . , 1i:,, h,1: {JDt\ hO'l t c, ,1: : �ft, -P,� = , 91 1 1.:f c& � c;;f w. :i i', 1'; "IP = = 1 'IJ ' 'I "Jc[P : OJ•� t, : 'I° f, CD : �la L"It : . f : il urt !P :�� : 0.fl''1TlD• : htt..r ,.. "ttll:,•c-�: : i'l.'til : }\ *qo9fc; : i'1-'tll 2 "' .,: 1 Ol • ,. v,.: Af-: t\f- : h°1'tlt.'1 l .. � vfi. ou� n r� 1 t\1 ·: : flD lL t\'l .: O k:, m : P'&-- : f.''trP� : f,OD{lflA ::

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000)!ou6f 1 '11C : OtLU : Hn»1 : f;J--mj! OJ• : ,-,1'1 :: 11,,.: 'Im·:: t-fl +&.6 : h1f..t.i'l» : hi·'ltt◄ n:,.. : "LH. :: i'\ 1il-f· : tilh : "'lf,{JJ,W• : {llC�:,- ' -'.'l..il: 'lt\e& : f'/f: q{llj,}•: "LtL: 01--t\f,9°: hiiJfi;i!: '¼.'/°. O�J\: f"'l. m"I W• = 11 'P� : hf flIf : 'tJ!.. :: ,,..m-(l + OJ· : h.,.., . �} .... : ...(I', P...l-- : t\nol..�:,- ' 'h1f..+:J!l\ar = fitLU: H{IIJ1: fm")1n-: aiai: 111�: UD,f: h'l'�1"·: fl JA' f,lfc;A :: 4o i'aa\ao- • O+l\'i" • 1: • ii'1F..Ca\1F..1 • OOl/il;l·mif • -r--TC • 16 • h-f-m+i'am- • Jrd,,,� • ;,C' 9"/},\a>-9° • ill\°7.,1:-S •. ,f-ouAh-l- 11 3 8 ..eu 1 00 °11\dl • hqa\1 O&- il • °71-f-oo, P'\l&. , mAF.. 1 ooil+A • O:J"A • �a,- • f,f-�1l1 111 39 I\ • ll°1 C • F-..-l-r-,: • 0°7il;J-mif • tf>°-"rC • J§ • f-f-m+c"am- r1 40 ..eu 1 °19"-l- 1 f-f-001Pl+m- • ifrOA 1 :rF..i'a 1 1'11.«l I fih-J • -f-"76 1 f-flCV1'i" 1 "",.,: 00 K"th. -l- 1 fm'i"OJe1 I Q'\9°0&-il • °71+ou 1 ,.....'\(&. , {l1fhl 1 �1C ! 11.Citil • 01\9°1:C 1 .e..-l-K. hi'aOc"aO-.:'f- 1 '-1.«lv-r • h1c • 111:-SSJ>l- • h�f:,.c; , h:r6h , T'i".. -,.• m-il-T • h-f-1,:,-,. • 1,,�1-1: • -'lhl'JffPl- • ;,c • 0-7ll+,r -,. .. • �m- .. 37

-202-

J!,�4?19°: hV•l\1': f,OAT: f-'?'P: n;,1-,,.: Tt--Tc.·: oo?f?fA: Oh- A t ILtJ: ff(ID'J : 11"19°: h�: ffl: }tCfU{: + f .C:}A:: i'l_'P}!:,:: fh.Tf-kf"J:· A -,.Jlf'f : V·lr: h'l°I\: ?of. A : ffH·: hrn>tr'i":fm•: 01\,e: 1\ 1�1p..:,:: lit\: 1L:J-V-kf: ih°I : 'lt1:1:,. = h�...,-� : il �t,. : fl\:fm• : c.·:,:(Dc:: lit\ : "J«?X- :: : f ,: 'P OChT: t\,I\ (ill\: lDt&T: h·'11f?J:Y. ¾li ltJlf, tt o )!i o t\: h h : 1 I D1 ill\ : f-1\11.o'f'i": t\,i\o'f�) : .eA 4?19°: t\001._oo : O f?1l '1"11: • (IC il/l : t f: 1.tL: fi',1t�"}: OD"}'?r,}-: .n ...,.. W(}.,: J:. fDtoowc,,,m-: fI!lf@�: ..: 0 1 : /\ :, D "} P' "}'? '¼. 9°. ih.1: O OJ )! �· 'i" � llJ,f,'f1: i', m:J> A/\ f°t m ii., (De: > 4� Yi.if°mli· . � = = = fm OD:, = iiif@ .., .. '¼ 6liJ. ;,.., 0"19° "}j!fl 9" h � = 'i":f0r = � f :: . f ;.-;. ih'l I OD"j"JP'T: 0'1'16,f:: i1 00f. 00t,f: 7.tf.: ih"l, hm·"l!'mtDII J:fOr 1: fih°I: Of,',,f,";,f..: hf/\f: ilt\OIJ.ftT: t\f11'1m•: T'i'1": m:J>oi: 01 1 : 0 : 'P : 0 �'i" ..l!""} '1hA : A �'IT: i'�C:}A :: 04?TC:· , �(I)' :i /l9°'1tl. ;J'L @§: {IDIP(.1•: }\ 'P;E-: 6'/t\:," : OU•(\rf: = 9°hC = (1,f..:f (Ocli'?: ODIJ"l,ft;:· ,,y.. = 111•1,w = '11p,J:: fOIJ.K,,e.:,,: ',(De:;: 1:1,:J'L: f. 1'1° · (I �): ;1,_e (IDaJ : h"I: Oi 0 f h : '1'1t,?J:f.: 'IA"f"flO(lft: 1«U = fO?.,.,ril:fh- A: 'J,�_e: Otf!' C: fl: ovwt.:,.. (L1'1'9"° : 17-IP : '1 1P''� : f<T'J.fmm..:,, : ,n'? : 'Im· :: lf'i� I h1-'tfKX-:f>· :flD4 : 1:1,:J1,9'r.: U·l\1': t\9°hC: (L,�: OD�l.11: ii/\'1:fw• 1 �he: (trJ;: 1]"�1':J>:faJ.a: 1:'} ,:J1,$P:,E: U·ft«: f,ift--rt- :: Ooo�l?f9°: 04>.,.TC: Y: OIJ,v· l:'f-: ih� = Ft,. = l\,e: h'1.';.0r A : /\�1:l°l : KT;J' : h1 -'tmn:,,,;: 1\1'r: l 1 t\6'/Y:l°l: Thlf1f: '11-'tfi/l�"I: fUCJ..fam•: 11,v. : ' 1JP,�: 'i:f(IJ«:: 42 btLU: o".e, : h'J�+o»t\hT'IW• : m°I : it (lr� : f0'lfmli]rOJ· : Y'ilT: o,e'I:,- : ih1:f: +wc+'PA:;: h'l(l-9° : t, 'P)!- 1 �1,:J'L'i": Thlf11: 'iT(JJ«:: h(OC'Ji: :· 4'1''1° 111\ar 001J..1"'F:,-: ll9°il:,, = CJon:,.. : m·ilT = fmm•T : i'l 111f7f:i::: ·ih1:f : Y'ili:19° : '¼!,'IT: ff H· : 'i":f1v.- ::

*9° :

·;v"?_; 0

nuou,- = f11:,,..,..� = m°l = 6'/ro•liJ:,.r1 =rt.= hff.1 = 't1:'PA == 11:P,,..'1:. ih"I: 11"'/W•llJ:i•: Oh·A : h�T�W4 "} =f..lJf: ffHOr: f, -'til: i'lll'I: "'Ill ;,�: fL,y: �0r = /\6'/fl:,.. = f,;FI\A == "'lli,:,Jf = a.+.r = nr1cuw- = fma,:fm· =

ih1:f : Oh+"'I : ilfl °t1"'F : A� : A�: T'1'1t:'f : ft.If'} : tim11J:far9° :. ih1:f : Tcf!,f.r. : t\9°'1tl. : h:fc;F�l- : ilt\ 0?..mr:,, : °111C 1 iii\ : hT"'I :. K'l';r: '1m'ln:,, : ill\ : +7ihC'1&9ll-: 000011111: li t\ : fl.t"7 = - t,\TC: fLT'i': tl.fr>:Y.9° : oof..(l;F : {ltj:t,.$Jll-: ilfl : oo�llJmC 1 (ht1Jt\.f7 = ;JC 1 r� Ol.a>• 9°: m11: hfhll: i'1.. 't1:: ) t\,"9,lw: hi- ,,� ,.." 1: i f.,:J: ill\: ODhi\. ht!\ : 'iTW• :: 43 h"7H,:JJf: a.:,..: "-": 1'f1�1�9°: f°itili:C: OD P'1,f: fL,r = orh�ft« : :,..,:,:,.. : fi\,e: �nc :: ,n,r = fµo"J'?P'T: "'lil;t-mcf!f?':f:

h�K�:,.. • n�'\ 1 O!Df!jl I mF.. • �1'"li\..11l • Ill\ • ..,....,..l,-.oum- • O!.fifcjj I lll\m11Ja,. • rm1,:1t;;= I ou:,»"11 ih"J l h.ll • fra'}ll:J'f,'} I "7,f;l,fAll • c:c IHI ilTJ.t I ]'lfj: I H I "C'. A I Ir- t la't: 1 h..Tf---Cf, (hJ.til I hO'I 1 ! if��,) h1K' 1 !l; • �ilh • � • 1..t; • 1'1'J.t�Oo«9° • {11\,t-m+ft. 1 l DDJt,ht;:'f I h1,r 1 �i 1 �llh 1 �;i; ! 1'1'J.t�9° 1 f.:f�i\..'} 1 9°C9°C • '''it.A 1 )-jP'p • flJ.t:f 1 ,:,;t., 1 11 1 • 1 'iilt..¥-9° '1°1.C'i t 1"&f1', • • fl • 1�i\..'' la.tf-7;11 h,Y;- • 'it.; ft.P1h. , T&1':f,: 1 ,::1.c;ai fcj}Jl r). h1Jr I [f]ji I 1./lh I §f� I TOD/Ahrl- SI (j] . 42 fh.Tf-kf I ih1 1 OU'}"JFT I !Jif'!ii 11 43 ilit�ff.lJ I f"'lll,:J:( r o.:,« 1 F..1'fl'f I -flCV1''. • fa'\9° 1 ! • OD;JfLT1 !Jifff I If 1 '!�'°:,-: .. !ifff I !f • oullhl9° , 1of�o 1 � • �th'1. , i'-ffo 1 1'<i • h1'9°C: • fi! • oollhl9° • .!Jiff$ :.-1' .. A.. ,... TDDAh,). IS 41

.,.J(

- 203-

•

1,m,n• r �nc I /\9 ° '1fl, : h1'C?f : D?.t1) ..f:C : ilft : i',f.."} : L:f»I: : h1"}ff•O : D?.til.-f:C : ilt\ : OrliJ.b : n"lC : f"l1H11: 9"?•1t. .:; ht\1{: : �,,.,:i" : OIJ��fl..l:c : m ntt.,),,V-kf , aril1' : ilfl : (/DH'PlDC = ruiz. m.,1· = "'lll:t-m•l!f$11l.. r. 44

=�

1''\Y, : f,f•m+(l.;'f• • Of,'1:J· = mq.'\,\ : ..,..�_r·",,f,1 f0:!..o0 fltt..l: i t1t 1·:;.. 1 . -. : 45 rf 9' f rl• fl"} 2 (\ : '. 6\ i= OD•{lT'j" : }l"} {L Q ¥ {l?J (11} If,}- f oPOrllJT ft dJIA : , 0 91'il- s roiz.flm·T1 : 'h1JllJ•9° : hlD' tifb : Jll'J = ;,c : fi\,/'}vf,C'i"7i'i'A : {D• tr,l- : "'I 1:t.<? : ron '1(l�:,.., : fIA�: t n11' : "nf:•J :i·•'i' : OD W·llJT : }'\ ft h + = h�";t""} : 46 'iH°C : L.9° r. 1'1JlflD·9° : tllltJ : 1..f·L : fl9°4fl, : hlf 1\1.. �'ii h11,-,.: l'l"lC:1..: ;,c : il9°9°'1,l·= ilt\: +f..l."l: Oi't. "}rf-C'a7it;A= CD«t\: Oh •A: dl..,._: tlf,OIA1' = '1""il4-'i::,-C'PIA :: {loufJ;!.t.?f9°: IA'i'il:rn»•(lm•: fUf/."1'1: h. T f-kf : tDf,. : fLdJ : "� : );7i'Jll : 47 ll00°1'1--l" : mf,:J' : fiiilf?l'r : l¼.9° . 1' 'lA : 'h'J J.':Tlf'J = llft : ,,-.�+ f..ltT : hm•6f.b : ,,. "lf:1" : ;JC : ft\a,."} : "11� 'IT= tt"'li'f?fIA 1 (�19°: h1\\: ff�: flc.!1: ro•m.,f:: ft11.:t-fukf: OD'J°IP'T: f"'lfilf..ll,),,: 11.lf'} :) <l?Cm�: 'hC9°�': ,t-milf:'PA :: nrtu : tfOD"J = iltt : m "Jm•= m:J>tPJ. : /\OJ•(ll:f : J,'i1�fl"'} ::

�°'= n.e,flt\1' = l\'JDDt--Oi1C = ll,ft.o:f..9'1 :

t1ooloot.f : '11C : it"fltf�ro· : d1'1 : ltf*Clf' : flirr'J17i : oux-,h� : (fl,f-- ftf.r: ll11J9°: ht;:::,�:,--: tn.11': fl9°'1"1: 'h'JJ.!.: lD1lfl�: ou:,,lil>J. : ,n'? • "1."1 : OD'J'?F,°}· t ft},,f}"}f?l:.f.. : th°l I fooh ,,c : if1"1'1 : ff-L"l'J,},: ;Ji°l: f�T) : mJ!,9° : t--il : ..,..�t ont}o'}"}: 010\i'?i'O : '}.9°. -OCY"}'i' : (lf\�: fl tfl"l A : ilf"i : fl ODlP l.,,.I! •l" : ,:J 1-Ll1J : ;r,)-uo CD ·• : f, lDm• : 'I flC :s ,:J 1-f.") Or : "'l'i:far'J° : '11C : f(Jll"lfl�nirl- : _e."}[l� : ;JltliJ : h'l�: : h1f.. : �.:JtT : ;JltltJ : hf,�mC'J° :: lf'f'J° : hooFt-:t: : 11��,r : f..f•'l'1'i : Of"Lltt1r9°: n/\ 'P�= 'h1.e.orz..m m• = t1t1:.1·• = .r tt•:i• = fii&.lb A = p,.h·D? ?11-- = il"OIJ.:r+oo 48 n:,.. = h1f.= 'l;,t,l•= ;,tt"J = ,,e.�mc ➔• 'l1c= '?1= f'ltLtJ= Of)<I : �cft.C:.:f-. : 00 nct1,), (h 1�1f..1·� : /\ r-0:,: : hf;J--,1--00• : /\,n.1111 : fart :t"f..fl· : (l.'i?- I t\'1°'11\.: l\h1'"'1 : co·il1' : fiPlaJm•: ,'h11') : lt'Pl'; s 11'1 ' '11: : Of,',,)- : oo;t-mjf."} : itltil�?-9° :: h1J',..fW·9".i : �il : ,t-t.t : iJa>'l''P :i:m◄ : f00l 00tf : "1.11-- : it'}� . I h 'Pf : l\,l1ll"n : ra'l. �"1Ct1T1: ;'J--tinl\'1: l -0 : P'CO,} : f 2.mil"'} : '1 m· a f,U 1 >, 'P ;(;fa : /\il,1'111 : fl '/. 'l"l?-O,}-- : P'CO T: il°tlD{O-T : '\ 'P }!7£· : U--{\• : ,,,..t.iorz. : 'l.,etr'} : 'h'}t-. : fx·a.L,)· : oiz.til..'f-C: r1 2 --· m·:11:f0 ttfL t-= OD'JdJF,) = nc= h'?10· = 1t_e : = /\il11111 = faitfil;J ·

.-.r1 ......... ,..

='Inc==

roi:r

�"°

lli\'iH.U • 0"7..tll,t;c-l· • ill\wm- , "'lil;J·w+J9'°;f , 1lC? '} 'i 1 {l/\9° , D • :J•1"f�' • !iiffi'f I II I {lt I lift I 1''i I ! I oo;,o.:,-. I !Dffi'f J rf•ouAb:,• II 45 lli\'ilf.U • 11CHC"°;f 1 'J°'}'J° 1 1''}\\ 1 fi'",!l\• 1 ODIJ''i:f-W-'} 1 l\"7�;>1� • (}'}°fA I ILCitll 1 ROl/il;rwif 1 +-vrc • fi'il • f-f'm+{lw-'} 1 +ooAhT In�• 01�· • ffl 1 1'f,, 11 46 btttc '} tt ..e- (11'-\1..e- ,) ;,c • ill\ • +Y-.t:.1w- • r1t.1,,,-c'i"li'iA • w-A • 11crt'i • {ll\9° •• '11flT • !ffff I h)f;r1 • ;,c • ill\• +Y-.�1m- • 1·, cflil , OOl/il;J·mif • 4>"-TC • fi'Jl • f,,,.mcJ>lltD-"> 'IK" 1 §fir� 1 +ouAhT sa 47 l\'J°ltt\. • la• Y-.• It• T&-"1»A •I\• lt1�ll., A..;rtt- , h.--t:r-'Cf'} (;r�ll • !ff.fcJJi 1) ..,-ooAh:f-ss 48 nr1.n.w-• rmt1Jm-1 • ru.u1 • ;>H.t1J·• .,...,..c • ooo-f\4 • hJLil , hOQ , o,ath.&-'l! •1 (1..,t • ou,r.:tt�T 1 1'1\\ 1 Ol/«11+ • hA+�il'J° 12 h+1'):+, 4>"-Tr."l- 1 1too100:,. • 'h11..1A'it& ft'J°'}:f•'f! • ;,n.t1J • b +001P�+n:,-. , h:e:,1cr& • uiffi'� , -,.'l°r: • 1'ilh , !Bfw� • poa;1.li'f a lt'J°'l,J: • ltf:f:CT • f:J-+oo • 1,DDilt\A d 44

�ti;

- 204 -

'�: i, 'P;(l': f,{ID/\h;J· ·A:a 48 (v) {1JLU9 : Hoo"}: h 'P;Ea: 0 T"},f: i Of,',:,■ : frl�,t � : : & : fll\oolj?- : 'h"}f..lf', : '?l\?i : ',ar :: 1CD i\,,\ s (l • . 111.» f+f..l. : 1C 1'1-'L

fl"-1\ : n�A : 1''?'1° : il, 00 1\h+w• : fltLU : Hoo"} : fro"Jw,. I "1.'? : fr s flh"'IC�'i : O' -l.'1'1f,� : ill\ ;r,t-oo : foo1.out,fa>•"} : 'hT9° : llCPJ o00'l : 1.lt = h v-- fl .-J: : 01m 0}'.."}J¾.. : f;J-»tooro-"} : i,'i "1 :t 1 : · C : 1 d/ : 49 11J9°:: /l'J°/til,: -Off' : it.'P}!l- : flflt\1 flt--il: OTJ�+oo: P'l\fL: 1f ti l.: . � : i\,fto-:,: 1 f..'?'I° : 01fhl. : r,1c : ro•ilT : lD'il'I': f1h"'IC'1 1 ;r:J--ovw-: (l1 C : f..: h.tf-,:: so n+fl llllr: ftLCii'il: 9 1" 'P O'/ il,n. °1: : CD·il : f,1 f :: �:,«ontpA : � 1 f1&.t. iJf-

*'* :

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ou�-"'�:

ilflJLU: OH�tJ : OY'il1 .. �lD·: f"1.'? : ;J --t,h : Hon"} : OCh,}• : ft\--: (l', 1-f : ,!\',·1� : (l oo;rl\ T1 : Oii 'PX- : f01LW111 1 ;,1°1 : (lfJoo). : hoY..1-Y..,}- : -- : h . 00f It- "} 1 t\01J11fl11 : 'h"}:fI\t\"} :: il � : : V--il 'J°"} f!ib l: 'i: , .. '1 l.ra : fih"I � 1C : "11: f11C�1'i : i'll\9° : ,,'7l·L"J : 01�9° : ftloo) -1 : fn..Tr-kf : :ti'?: flOO-t9 \- ° : .,., : nh&.A 2 OT/OJ·"J,}• : +'?fl�:fro• : f f..l.1- I V--/r I fHOD�"} I ih"l: floi>-t\- 1 � H'PA = t\°7fl.:J, = illl"11f..�C : fP't-.:fi : m·m,}-- : h'l"I\: ?of.A s �(D- ts lf'i''J° I fHOD). 2 ch'?: +"J,.A-f-: 'h"}J.;.1 � : (}O!LllJJ.;.. : (l?J:f : C.';;r'i: -"li9°: >,11:: +1: f+"'-1\ : 'h1f...°1.lf1 : +ii�: J'lt\1 � 51 hlr1 : f..'?'l°: OD',qOJ•: OI!if!,l!: '}.9°. '?C"l'l!: +�°7'1!: :}1,ll: Fi\fL s firf•ODt\n•n:,. = htr'lw· = mf.. = ovm.l.if m· = rn..,l·r-kf = r"1°1 = :rtn = tfUD"} : OD"Jfl;J-1·"} : ',(I}« :: HOD). : 0"1'? : "?UJ•lllT : Oti·A : till &.W•9° : nao1 = f, A� = 11,-,. = l\ro-{111· = ,t-f..c1n:rA =1 t\ro•(ll:ii nch,}- = f ill\ = lf). = ttLtJ : I\� i 'P'i:i:1: 11:F : 1,"}out\h;rl\1 ::

tr=

noniootf : '11C: fltLU : HOD'} : nt,'P�: fOl/,,.OJil]UJc: ,n'?: {lJ-,1t-f: : fth'? : 1'-"1,}-c; : ooif'q A : flfl.A : ti�+� : il�t-- : ill\ : 1'(lmro· : h 'P� : 1Aml1J{lT : ;,1ai : O f,',,}-- : ht\ : t\Ol/t\,;.l' : J-,filf..�C9° fOJ"llD• : "1'? : OllJ9° ,'h.1-1 = 01v.11:'IT = (l,flilfl = CPJm·dJ1-- = 1,il.tA�A == nll'>X'°'l,l- = r1.. fln(ln«,}- = rtt,:i•V-kf = ,n1l· = n°11P,}- = IHxi2 = q.9°. "toY..r-°1&-.� ( ni,� : IP/ ·1-- UKJ••r) : ;J --,}-oo(I}« : 1'1 'I°il ,}- : 'iifl.�9° ( /\ 9° fl,}-: -TAA:P = OD?.'t1tc::f) = rr'l'PA == n'l1L· u = ii'tLi9° = .,.,&:,-- = .?ttllJ = n,1,!f:!f:00 hor;e:oot.f'lD·: qou:,,: l\ilh ·= t��(D•: f¼ODT: �l.il: {l',,:Jl,T : ,:Jlt"J from-:,-.c; : fA+iftrT : fn..TV-A·f : "11:f : nAi : OD?.'th� : hwm-:i-- : in1'f (tif..:Y,) = n+c (ll9'-1/tll. = rr,,:,l-,11 =· .-nt1t.c = ,n'? 1 rw1ill� = or.:,,ffL = :t."1; f�,}-,1,: 1ldt»C: P''I : FCOT: "1.'?t;: f1°11:: "1.'?): fi,w.ll..: f,1� fl·::

n . n:,.:

= rn1:1 =ill\= rri; =

(u) n11h1., �-,c: ouif'4� =I\.&, f"7.11m-: P'/JA = f..&.n.m-, 11 = 1..tL = ftr�m-1- 1 n .:J-4\;f(Dc (fllth?°�:fm- ,) tiil;f'wfl-:,. , f,f•n;,,: , �m- ss 48

h1-,\J'm-9° I ODK'dt4• I ffff(De: 'P'i' I �1C: 111-f..lf.tJ Iffr,f:1- J h'P}!i- I �(De IS

so 00 1.',h,f. I fllt'}J;'}-� I h�haif I OD"Jftffl.91'1--1- (01J•fl&.tf91°:f1 1) ffH I (t.1.1"1- I f4-l.OJ- l ..,, • O.>t'P� • rm�, ai1l•1- • foY..ouflh-r, �m- a? 51 l 00 111-0 r 0.-l· 1 · 1 ;>.f: I Jt.:,,rf r(Dc 1 I 1 h"t f:C "ttil s ,t.:'f· flK"tl · f tJJ9" m:J>'�- f"7.l.l"�lD• 1 on..,,-., 1100"} I ilt\mm-:'f· a h'P}!°:f I IJ•fr I 1t 1-.';1-� I 11,: I IP/'11:i- I �(De S2 1,09° I r1t.:i-r-1.1 I �'PP:l- 1 fr/r 1 ;f--:'f•OD(Dc 1 1,'))tlDm•: ilOT/Y:l."l I illl"7.fil°:f"·A : m-m.rJJ I il"1.'1 1 Jt'f,f,i"'i' /t;Jh r KthL?>l- I f,JJ'}- I ftJA : f1/t'11\A tt - 205 -

f,U'l° : nmi'I\I\W" : h!ftf�ti : '}.�'. 1, illl : sz 1 'l :i--1 = ,-,.--i:r• : r,en : llr =

Ii!tr � �.. ,-�..

-�l it : fro ' m

fltif!l?;: '}.'/°. r --t-7t"i1"i\.lD": ,l11 : OD'J°l�'l" : h:J""m}t � fi:.\I\ : �"l'fD : th."l = "OrliJ!» : f1PJ.fro11J:f ro· : r ,"h.°1 = o.e� ..y...g... � Clf-.!lt.\11"' = i"-nt-.c.-,.a>• =

,f'mil 'l'PA: = f,f·?f?fi\.llr : rl11 : oni'::}P'T I t:)1� :: J't l!D"6l°' � fOTIJ.fml1J:1: m . 1 : f try__t11-- �,}'J: Y'ii.,} : o.e 'I,), : ;,1• ) :f : f, roh c;A u: s3 i\ °'Plf: : aa1 I\,).. : ( n--t·if ti' i\.m.. = ;,.1 = on'J'?F:J·· = n<r-'rC = iti ¾ itU i,:; -� i � {Pi(!J.Pl,)--p : 9°h c = O.-l·= • •: '11F'8� = f°1a'°3.llC,,fl: ;h°l: 'lw • :: h,f--il"'iOIJ(l,}-- : n,.I\: 'h 1 );.?if:q,: i\.i1LJ. Y:1 ,:J1, : "'ifl,}, (O 'r 'PC : jg : OD wl,,.. : ) t, IP/ tn t�1".,, : qt\ vf,(l n (l 0" n,), : • P: '11J»,t:: = ·fl:1: = ;J...m..J!: 1,,u1rnf;!P":fq ,,1.e..: ..1..f'ln �il:,:l;i••e: 7.1·1. : 01"ll (l(l" : 'hi>tf?iY:4!:'J- : fli1 "'iilt!P1-- : flllf..1'f::1i � J1«? : �m� := 1--l\•111-:,�. : fOl/.'l � -It·� : 9"°l1C : (l.,J: : 1,iJtil"'iOJJ : ftfl]f,mfif>fl�fm• I flvf"'fti'i l\(D• : ,)t 1: OD"} m,r_I •• ODlJ.1 nJi 'J- : O'P-" 'PC : f..i ., f..i ¾ r..x ·=- iiir ¾ uio � mi : «]laTW• : LOA Ir 1,\ ··1 {/1/.on�(J;c: :,.. h•IJ-f:f-.: li':fOJc :: hl"LU 01\,e -l " P :t f •fl:1:: : : 'l'IF"I l · : hi l : : : tif'i':f llr: n� 'P �: h 0'l .mm c : h �··t-,: : f i'h°l : Of,�•f·�"� : ihl\ -� ;J·· m•J!m•: 0-z. m m•: 11:,, ...,-,;-: rl11 --f--'l'1: l1 i\c :: 11}H.USJD : f :11°1 : h�A:: 01/{l;J--rot.r I f ODi"/P':J, : ll'f{l ;r W «f!f I fOlf. () i\." 'i : lDf_,£JI' : l\""} Jl. U" : ll'f{) ;rOJ 4!f$111' : -- : nrh'i�I\Tllr : (l,f -- n«J:l!m . : FAdJ'J -1 llft· fOIJ.m«;,,) : : f 07.�fl,t:c : 't,f uoP't.r 11,r,:f= rOCJ.fm'r'l>:fw· "i:fm·

.,.... ,...

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== = t'?'I° = n,,.. tf'tfttm•: :1 1 = ou'J'?P';'J--:

o,,.. fl..e

= ilflllf/..rom• ,"h. 11:... 1 .,...'PC : @ : ODlPlT : rtt_, ...,,cci7i'i"A : (JJ•i\. l·1 : flDI/?i• f_:,, : P't\flJ1 : flt :fm·: 11,1P: '1'1.P' r f:: 'i:fmc ; lf':9 ° ; rl '1?-1 :: f°lif:.,- : hr,:/;\ : f 01.t\W•m• I 1,;..r,. : ffl. m•i = fi'11?- 1 : d1°1 : f'J'l_f?f"litt.. 1 fUDidJP',) • : 111111: W6f.b : hi);.lfi: f'PJ.mf,«f!: 't,iJ;.U·'l°: {IJ:C'i" : '111':TA'J: f°7._UD/\hrf:: fh.."}rf- C.'i'7i'iA : {D•/lo'f : 't, 1-'tf?.1::l'TlD•: fl9 °tic:: (1,,1: : OJJ:,,1.11: }1 /\'l;f!(J}c :: rte = ovw1.:,.. = "1'1 : uv;a,p1:c,· h.;,-vnt1..o• = o;,.1 ovi&JJF --1: ,r-rrc = ....-.c : fit.. 1,t--c'i'7i'i"A : {Dc/to-:f : (li 11..·�;'J· : f� 1 (f'}():faJ • f�,) : kf : ,f--t}4f , trl:: f (11\f, : ,'h'? : 'iTlD· ;htl. U : ,:JC : f"'iJ!,il 07(1D·• � mf!, : k,)• : 0i mm• : "111:' : U•lt· : OJ·Y::,,t; : 'P,;J : f /l,t\;fm« : f, (f<;It• :: 54

"11 'f (ttP. :i:): f!... '?'I°= 9°19',: h'JI).: n--t:h th: l1Y:=hlbflo:f.: ,n.11'= f ,f·t\f: il�� : flf-':�:fm• : t\l, 'lt--J: = rmf.t{.:J• = 'hY:1,)• :: OflJ'l° : m:P'fll?Jf : {It\ = lf)..: (l,f--fl.f,:A.'i'lll:f0r :f, 1'1A:: (11jj\ii/i: '}.9 ° . 'h 'i"= (l1vrxE: l¼.9°. 00 '1 hA: h.Tf"kf:h{lf:{l:J--:ff\',(}•:: ,.,;1':-f�(lt"l·): t1 lD·'rill'5fi'h'l(}•'J'':ftD1 'f_l\7/ : oo:P6liJ» : "1 '? ( Oiit f2% : '}. 9°. £11� fl, : ir) ; f<,:,)·d 1 : "fldi. C : ,n'? If't 61, ° 1 = '?�.. ;,1oi'i' ffl;,.c ,11'? (nr; «11P,1-- = Iuf.t = q.9 .J fm'1lt\'i: ' "·:,, -,,: "1<'/ : P''I : P'Co,) -- (llf : '1>;C : Iitftli : '}. 9 ° .) r�:i--,,. : ..fld i;C : P'CO :J· : ,"h.°l (nt: 1':,,9°,}· : Iiitti : '¼.9°.) f'1...,)·f-A·f : "11�· (flf-.��).

r.� :

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={ID.,�=rir�,

flLlJ: h'i!t\: If OD"}: i',t,,,..�: Ai: V•'ii:: �°l'I°: h.Tf-kf: .,,: lf'i: +.c;"'I'I! = :!J1,t\ r" fl. 'h,.J.! = ,,..00 fl i'I· ,:,t:,.. = ,:,,.,."I = 1-'I" l&"} = d1.°' = f"'l.tIJllJ{lq- : }.k(l,fA : ;,J·Lti] : UJJ!l:!l:OIJ:fm• : ',ar :: hl·f.f "} : 'Ltl. : 1..9°e : �.?t:'f-= ,;1ul1Jar = IJ.<'*c�r = :r:J•"J.A f ,e,lim• = 'l,:,t:i• = ,:,tL"lw• = r+**{/D ° ""TC = 9 • '¼. 'l> li : 1, 'P� = flli.:'f--r-k1 : f0'1.:rm>p;:,.. : dl.1l- : fl,}-: f!i!'f.�li : o-ll·: _emm•fl:J-A : f.,I\A :: s, 'l:Jt:J· = ;J lf."lw• = fli'l OI/C�'i : 111,1°11\.11�: 1,;t-,t-"'I IA ::

= .,

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n,,..

f,V : 11on1 : till4 -:J-- : 11ooc;:i-. : f"?.. ll�fl:,-. : t\,I\ : '11C = J!..°l'I° = f°7.m �-- = ch.11· = f'IIJ.�+oo«n:,-. = *'* = out\mT = �m· == 9°19° = = f!D!2l; q.9°. r+ifif ll(l)e = :.i1 = oo,oi,,_,;i...= O<l>"-TC = ............ = rK.,l--r-A-..r = >.Lr,,IA , = 1,"'IC� = 'Im· = flA9° 1 h�Y'l1-- : mJtu � 1..9°t: : ,'h"l·1 = u•tr : n�;1 t:J:-: ,;JUliJ : Oit"'IC�'i: O'h1°11\.1l�: "'li\+9°: +ll?°f..'PA :: IT'r9'7 : hH.1 t.t.1/Jf,� : V·f\,,-..� : f}.Lf,,A: *'* : 1,1�fA,f·'lll : U·lr : "11 '1 : "Ille1f�9° : fl}.&.f,,A : fi\.,rf-kf : V·ll+'i1 : *'* : i'11A+'lt\9° :: i'1 U•1: 11:,» en- = hwm-:J· : i't 1�1,e..:,: = flp..:f ('h '1{1•9° : f'i::,..d, : "Om.C = fw1i1t;;: = on:PtiliJ,'i: f"}'?J.':: ,n°I) : ('o0:f.ootf91� � l4!�T: llt.l."}l)f,�: 'lf,'9.4·: 'it:: f,V"}: f!I:"}* : "l·Pil, : 'II\',l)',m•: � 11C::

v�c

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n&.:t- :

ss Om-61!" : :J"&ti:fa,. 1 Oh·A : f1"19°: f ;J•m�:,. • flp..";f I f'1D f!lf; • ftn1)!1t� , OD:,,"J. , Ji°l'i, f!ufi· = f'i!Td, = 1ldt.c , ;,..oi, c;:,:a, . :i 1t9°'1,l, • fJf'> , oi& -01 , T'i:i• ; O"'ill;J• mif I cr-'J'C, «1ii I O+m«,.{)a,. ! f1fto1ll:J".e.11 h1,r: �js ?tllh 1 �ti 1'1J;.�9°s fl�•Pr'ff....('1 r K'th.C:°.f- I '',l, I (l.Cll: .-:. . I ti� I (t.O.A I J\.Tr-"Cf"} I ''{) =-&.ii- I J\."},f•C'i(t. ?''iA I Y.. I ..('2;:: t-9°:r� <Iuxii => h1,r, §fji. 1tllh, �fi = ''(t.O.A, 11�·, c:c, h.Tr-"Cf'' = n, 1:t\.1 , 1to • lO.m- I (!Dfir:) h1,r: f"'!r� I 1tllh: ff§ 11tc;: ''ll:,•�h ...l:C I h, I 1'6);.'it\.,t: � I Ii.(' I {t,(lAr h. tr--cr1'' = f1tf,e.:,•7i&'i!:,... ,s,.c, >.w•lll\1J;.7C.il , Jri."}J.'.: • h.1,,.cc;i'(r-c;1t. 7i ll • T&iiT�UT , (!Df�fi I) h1,r I if�� I 1tilh I ifii•i I ..,..ODAh:,- :1 56 fr t-{)fl()f]a,. 1 dl°l •'1'1\f. I tl"'ill:J"tnif: .,,..TC: !lfl: r--,-mc#"()tD-"}- r flii'lt.�1° 1 § 1 h1K· 1 f!#D r hilh I xi: --l•ODAhT JI

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•

fh.rr·ky , 1,..,, • �1F·r , ou1oip-1:,., �:i&:i• , :in"' • >.'P,r.";f , ii't\.�9° , li, ( >..&;..ll • .. hflf} I !Df!lli:) ·l•DDAhrl· s, 57

- 207 -

":, 0 : ,1 f (Ai : on,fl .,.f:y.....} : f'JJJ.(l . : f 11 fl,f·/\f, 'ltDm Olf.tJ : Jfon'}- : m: if1-'J-:f : fl1lb(l,?'ij :f•'.' : f h.1-'TC'i7i'iA : lD·�:f·) : iif*Cm• � 1·il·7ill'PA : : lfij'J° 1 A� : 0011,l·: f OVZ.{lm• = ih.1:f, = l\ f :,... = ,,ff..t : ,::cqo-:{, : i h -�•n 9 ° ,,.l"C : t\f : C9°: : n :J <?1 : fUCJ.hrf-ftc:'J• &: f,9 . '' :C. ': fu�"CflA: ftn �1C: 'PA: ,!\: ii'! ° : ,f-(l'r;::f'PA :1 il/\tLtJ = fl,fltf• = .r:c)!-,Y..:f· = ,t-t- = :Fc,i-c (t\9 '1/ttt, = fl�;JP..1· : '/°nC : ft'1· • flcf-f, : ovil�A : Ul/"�OC � hh,.�.. ff-k .,r : ·Od1. t..1! i n iJI t\ : f f (fl'/ : : °'1 (1,)-.}i 7i1) <Df,'} il?"CT: �J!ot. t1 1\, .�� A(J!: 9°iAn: OD;r(t ftf, flOD1fll = �flP'1· : :,,,:(l:,,: pii\(J. = 1�,-u f l\.rorra,,y..:f... : m1P..1... hell 58 . :: A f h,'lt 'icft/.. : 1--�.r-- : ti1i'bn.sP irf:.f'i'l! : O'f1flC) : ;:c,f-�1' ,,, (ltp,j-'f' ,. f 1:1 10. (" 11 _ n . uJ.tY: = "11(b ti ?' 'a° :1. 'I ti lb for, tJ = = ° 'f:f = "11ijT): ;r:,.lflJw•: flll/...mm•: ill\°1_e 01 i1A: If�: llf1<r;e, = lt<ry_wtiJm•: ,l1 "J ,.. r - m·fi'r : fl\:far } : (l<j:t. : fl'1'-/0J1' : i',f.,:J!A' ::

=·

n.si>

. h� : -Ot\ h1-f...1fl�•�(I) • : .<?..OJ'P' : rh;},J·CC."7i'i"A : (l)•o_ :1·• } (,"J•t rl: = 91·1,) = Oilt>J = oo1"1F:r = 'f>'-'r-c ft� u»fPl.,1· h.r.,1.1 = OD"J°l1..,.,1: f}.1t,,.f:: f(li\f,: ih-'J":f·: {l(\,f•lll\": [111'PY:: 0°"'1.tDm-:i-: ,1.1:.1:: ontinA: f'PA :: 59 rtt.'J',f'C'i"li.'i/.\: lD'l\ :.f ('1·t,,.l:SV":f·) : h�,,,,;: : °1/JC°l: rf-O'P:t: ftJIJ,fl(t·,l· : (II)--(\�- = h>JC:1",. = untihA : f 0'/.f..l1· : OJ•tt�":f· : ,n� : '1f -lf).. : 01llf' : t,1c::1·· : ootil1A : f'1Y..f...l1· : fi\.'J'rl•C'i7i'i'A : (& {\-01• I t\�lttl, : 1'1.,(.1.: f,f-fl(l.r;.:,, : Uu"}'?F:J-'1·: :1=c+c; f1'1kt'1: }\"}J?:�,)-: ;:c,f"C: .fh• :J-'l° : 'i":f-m· h.'1·V- kf: flt,�tti: i'i1-f.''1'1·: J?:C]!-'1··: f&..�rJD1:m,: hr,: -i'� : -i'°lflC'i" : fh.1-1-C'i'7i'i'A : m«/l�:f1'1'1 n;,1"1: uo1a1,,., :i,cp : •l'"-'PC: £ti: ovwl:i•: f(li\f,',,1-.: fi\:fm·: ,111-,,f· : cP/J?:t.'?'P: r.11t•l:: 01'1f.lLU: .,ffl◄ ,t:: fi\.."},f·C',7i'i'A : (l)• fr>":i·: ,,�'r;l.: fl\T: 0Dtf'l·1 : .<!•,fA:: 60 0

= ;1c

i\ U•1 fl '1i-C{l· : fi\.. :J-V-A•f"} : ,}1-'J 1· : U ·lt· : 1� ,n� A/lro· : fm,n•:J-- : ov�,n�-1-: fh.1,1•cc;7ic;A: (D4 fr>":f1 (-1--t·l;?':f1): lJ·fi·: (loo•(tc: i'.I\OD[lD 1i>Jfl:far : ..r'11f'i'A :: hl1tj:tt} : }t1f:'1-1-- : : :J!c,1·cc; : hilP't- = 6-T : f,.,. lD(l� : fJ:a,P 'ioiz. : 1,J; :f} : h OIJ.. lfil fl h--1: (it ,() If ?r:f:: fh t,J;_..-)• : a>f,':/°: f,,fl�C : OJ•fr>:.l.,): (lflrl•<I-C ti,1t ":f"..: f},,.1--1··C'."7ic;A: (D•fto ·,1:: i,A1 ' 61 11 1 = ,,.,m,4'hf = -1--9° : ,,rA,,.. OD t1.., av 11.., fl•9° t11 .r:,.. = i, r, ti..o = OVfi"thC::"f : ni,;,t:J-: ;Jl f.11} : rm,n,:,,, : ,n.1:r. : •fl:J: : �(D" : r{lfL(l(l{l(l• (. -., .., C: <1J"} : l,,. �-1'� ,J? fl'}° ti C: (l,,f:: fUI/ _e, ,,. C. n· : r}t. .1-..,..Ct; "Ii 'i A: (JJ"fr>:f ·� (:i-tirf:9' :.f): nr,;,i:,.. ;,1t11J i'tJ?,mtn-9° ill\ 1LtJ 1... 1.r:· = r,l1°1, IL:,,: n�

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fll1-1: ' C-{Lt I f"f;';rJL I f?"ll,&-Ci I f P,."}"} I 'l'Ci•f�":f· ! 111--'tll-9° I htf?'lr :fw- 1 J'A:J�ro+w-1- = OtL.r� • 1100'} 1 o:,."?c�·, 9:,-9: , f:J•-too-,1'1- 1 flfP/{t;t-m� • .,,..1'C • J.:1, I. o+m+fl-,1' 1 00 Kih'i!,r I w-{t'J' 1 �iJLUV'" • !loaKih't:T , 11e11c • OAD7..(- 1 t,t;:A • (o-/l , �w- I ht;:ft I IfOD"} •) rf•fl'J'T'PA ! +ooAh:,.. II 66

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- 211 -

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hI\_e = ti f'i":fro• = ilf\ = Aur,�.. : h,1-i1.:,,. = ,.e,.i1 n�: = OD'? ll61iJ, ?J:f = nc : AlJI/ �' : (l;,11-, ..n : ,n f: : fl ;r m cf) 'i : (1 ..,..t, : }', '111 t-,. l 11. : 0 9° tit\,9° : .e1,ti,A:: 9°1� = h1� = tt m·c: ;rarJ'1 = f,l1°l: fL..<J:,m-1:r = .£.u, : ,71110·=,l 1"1·1= rOTJ� 1A1'flqc"} : ttil.1' : (l f�ilo• : i'-1'1�.. c:rn�-p,:(l.,r..:1:: :11'?" } : Ol'LU: •lA.-f·t\ 11 -. OD�: 00"}1.,r:: oni<t:: �<DP,{\ :: hil-f..U: 'J ltlb?Jl·: 1.." },P,"}P,.:f: : ... ,.. 011/lna>•: e . Q,f:f: q1 Cil: 76 fi'PlA: il.f0'L: (lfll\."}(lt-,.il: tTl/"'1•l•tw: P't\c'L: lD/;\f!..: OD/} 4.>A= lli OIJC� = ov:J--,,.011:fm·= .e..{] = f(l7./A �t-{Lw·= n,-1.u = oofi,11c;: : . : ,(l(lct:1 hon(l 11 t,:,.. : TI:u = f01J.,n1-- � 9°lt/b?'1: :ro : Ot\f, : fif·Jc?1:f: : ill\ : ,n°l : 1 aoJ;f, : 'r:,,9° : fl\.:fmc : ODIJ''i';l�ro-1 : f10D 1fi.. f (D·• : f,'i"1t-/t• :2 77 �1C: °11 2 1\1H..U: i,tiliJ»61!•C: 9u qfl,9':f•: 0 � 1"{1: ll..··f·l1°00•: l\11;\: 'ie: · i1� 1 : hro ·611'= f\uonJ = ,n.°l= '1 'Pct'i': l\h..:,-r-k.ew-.e1=mnJ,f,1--9°= <?A?i= "}-, filf)-9° :: ;· \1'l0.. : :}•C'l--0?:fm·"} : >\1-'tl.Pi'i' : T:f>Ol/:fm·1 :· h1Jtfro•�: h.<1 1,P,"},&;:..: 9°i\lb: n;,1"1-,irf:: n;,11111 : tf1Y:: f{TIL(l,n(l}c"} : :'I--c1,9° : f 02.f 11t-,..,. : J 611'C: ,,4>I\.:t- : f ilttA,,.. :J--A :: ilf\fl..u, : 7-J; f, : 'l I\. 1 0t-- il: rAlP/ Y:: :ti°11 : I\tJI/ 1''i"..)-- : fUl/ ttA7- : ;,l°I : > 'Pc� ti f\c : AtJI/ � 1 : 1t 0:,..A..,..<D4 ' h1P,.fm·4!_: t1��.l;.,.:,:w .. : (1?>1"..: it "l'r�:f'PI\U•: ft.I\,: : J'A: 1 ,(l,f''PA 12

:r.. :

flH..U: /\6IbC: OD"ll\6EiJ,: },"}�: ..,.. t..�'llD": (ll1 'P�: ill\lDflJ: ,l1<? : 1'1 f.UJJ.fil&.A1ro•: V--lr : ill\ : f;\.Ol/�: ,,)1'?'1° : 1r; : ,,n,� : 'll'i':'I•<i': 9°C00�: f il&./;\,:J/;\ :: 1'1J;"}p.:,:: fAOI/� : ;,11:1:: (l,t--llf,9'1 (lt;:,r,l1 : •fl,li.C: 'l'lC: Oh.:'r r--kr = lf&:-9°=il/\ 0� 0-•t�'l:ftD-=ill\=AtJI/X'= T'irf: = flf,llA'P = f{ll,.A;JA1 titnC',,J:: fl LT : f lj ()t;.,}- : (l} 'P;e. : rmm ..�· : ;,11 :1-: °11: i -0•17f:f: : ht·, 'IA · : · 0:i• : ro-611' : lf'l'PA :: 018\i';r. f �:,«tit : it.,rV-A · . '}.'/ fro : f : nJm oi/\ ° -1 l f1: =J. 11Ji,C: ;,1"1: f�Y:'l°: ch.-'i.."'I.�i;O... ;;'i•7i�ro•: t·i�h': fAOJJX,. :r ,l 11� " 1" 1 tt""I' s fUA: 1'11.: if�:fro•: lDf,'l°: 1'1f-:: ,t•66J.'i":fl&-: i'C:&o(lC: tJ 7i-<-�.,.... :

75 ��H.u • r�� • �m-c:l·. ill\. n· A;,. h�l\ • 1t1c (rih"l'i • t1,'h"I • m-61!- • ili\lf� ,) A"?F-":f •-Tc;:,-• �11'PA • (rJ-icn:-o • ti;J•ii-"'l • 1..il • �Jl) 11 76 · h-'til I h flf) 1 Ifif!li st 77 Fa,« • h1K" 1 i 1 lib I j d � -212-

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t � •,r 78 rt-l-,J·'P A :: f�;l ·,l1,: irfl,h.C'} : m."l : �--'rC : r7L.r!�i f f : l :f!Cf : : If&. : 11 h.Tf·A-J': ft\"'1.J:.': :ti"l: J'it m-: f,'h"l � ,), , "l .,, t. : t 11 "'1 � G : 0 1,) 0 r -- = n;,..1111�: 1 = ,1 il = n l " t � :. .. om-:i "'n. 7tit CPJuri '1 = 1: l 9'11 il ro• = tl 1 = il : i1,A 'i f (lC : ll1': �'l t\"11:: 'TC!'to ne'f: O'lfA (. . t JifiOD"J(lf: '11: f = C · ftO,0 <�n·:t-1 (?,cti:i! m• e ill\ = = A O : 1: -ll,, = f,· J •m nti>trt lD4 i\ : 9° 9°: ? tp:,! : 11: ° Df,9 : : 1l'PA HC e"1'1fl:i,: 1 --�,e: U·i\• : ,-,1. 0J · : l\"'1 tJJ•il'r 1 ) ! l "�m�o-,r: ,, h 11 : 1 : il fl V A 0 'i ,1: . 9°tit\, : (Ill:,: ( 9 /\ ti..u • T f 1 ,,-. ti:J· : m (l• :,.. : � : 1 A"'IY:: ,J?,fl; 'I'?-: ',OJ•): ll!f,'I°: P.7!.-f· : ll,n<JJ: n °i(lm-:J· :. :J--C1'-9": AITl/f..'1: b ° f (lo .. : fCPJ. 1,1J.t<D•A f C:1•f1:i, ! oCQ,lq 9 : : /.tI\ 7',11&,0J• h,) ,, 1"1: (lftf, ' �: : J" -- = Affl/J.; ..1 = fl,e•f·: 'lf,n1:l'il9° 1,'} \i. 1 (111/ll:i foih.·:J :it • tl\.:JA): · = : (:r : 'ltJ/\'f!: 1:c�-r,:f.. : � 1: D?.f : 1,1J.;.nflJ:fro· : (L f�C°l : ADI/>',. : 1,1}LlP� n:J· : I"'A"11: hovfln1:J· : fO'f. <�lllC : � lD· f ,e"ti lD•�) : ll9°ltt\, : {l;J11:J! : -i9' : 1"1A'i f1 OD.l':: : P."r1 : 'i'l1A"lfto:J·) : c-;:1:m. :: tr'i9° 1 'l'fif-: f(l,,,.f·· H ° 0 "' 00 :J : 9 1 = n • ft,hJ ,lD': fT'i":J TlD·• (D (n. · " � 'lfW• : n.. Offic:. ,n.11--1: fOIJ..7i -, 1 1..,v·: f't-:tth = fld1. c ,"11 "I = t, <� 1.. n i'1..:J-v·K\.r = AlP/Y: = nt"l1"',,:.t· = fLf11t °IA: f01J,:f.AO:'J·1 : h�A : OflJ9° : f mfi'PA : 0111//l;J .. :fro, : f.-1,tilti;'i : h:thht\�Or : V•'i,,l:: ft,<J!: .e00ililt1A :: 79 Ort-1\f,9'1 fA.lP/1..': ih°l: n,e fl A'f9',: ffl:iiri": (l,fl: ,"11'1: If/a: Oi'i�bli: fl\OJ·"} : hfi:1-�: il��: f.-f•OD(\ h:i" 1: ?t1�tr',: {lm_rf-1: : <?A?.: ',OJ•:: nct::'J·,1,: •fl,ILC: ,n"l: cJ?'PC: �!�% (V ODlPlT: tT'/1'?: (lOJ•: 1'1f..: A.Ill/>;-.: ll•.(-11'l: f,,i... /\.A J ;J-0:r: f"i.7''i: -{IV l1' � = foi:J"'f(De = nh &.A = n�:.,.. ,,, = 11 "1.. c = t"l1 "I = 'l 1\ :.t· = 'k °'" = 1:1:J� 9'1': ',Or; OtlkA9°: 1\1,.,.q�: ,f-t.1,, 01�: 0"1.lf',ro•: fAUI/Y:: "1°1: ',oJ• J (9'119° = t11;i. = ¥°h1f+. = Iivt = fL..filh�A = n..l·A = fltj:::t-,h = "'°"l»c = il1°l = cr'fc = 2=r1r i iri 1 iet;·f = "'n.'i = f ej;o = oowl:,-- = nAIll/J-7 = rn1y...y..:f, = ;,11:J!a,., : fLt�Cil. : 'ti �l-A9°::) hv-l\" : f,OA'P : f..'1'1° : (lcf>"''PC : ifti : ODW/..T: +;J(l?l:f., n;,11�: OJ·t\: 0111111: Oh·A: ll/\.flro�: ff�lt:fro•: fCSJA = 0 011:.,...c; = "I�:J-- = -n :1: = "�"' = ill\ = 0"01l 'l! = °11"f.. '1 ;1,:fm·9° = ti!!, «f>C t 1--��9°: OOlPl;r(J! : '\lf1 : �l-1\.A (h(l,(l}\ 'l! : '?1�',.-f-1" : lD-t\ : h 1�f.Y-t.."l'l:fc& = f,f"nllhh.-:t- = ill\ = UDh'loc -: ovl � �:t-'i" = 0Dirf•;1111 = nt�'rc: It@?; : frf"1,_fc:J--: ,n:,: : .eoooltll--) 1 '"n1Jtiltll/OO•: �t.;,,Y:l\.:f'PA:: fl OD[J;t(..q9°: ., ..{l�w-: 7'1rf--: nori.. 'iCO--l-: "LU: fOIJ..',(l•: tzchc-1·: u,f\": f� -lien· : foo4-;J--;'J-- : 11�'} : {\ooilm:J· : 61!>9'1C : P' A11J1 : ltl\.:flD• : /l ', 11..U-: fACTCJX• : ih.'1 ·= 'll\P'AflJ'iT : {\(1rf" : f·fODf: : f7i9°"1A'i : �7;'1- : }m-:: �19°: J\'}l).: ll�:f:w··= h'lf:: 9°h1.f1'-1-: 'll\": 'Lit: ti�·= frt-ro (I)..: lJ,c;.-1:?11.__: flf �C°l: 7iIll/°If\o:f. : ii/\Ill/ 4 -;J--:J--: f I\.:f! (De : P' A.11J1: (lk 1 �m- == ilt\ JLU : +;,rr.?J:f. : ht.l\1-- : If &-9° : (llf1 : h;J1l� : 1'- �f"l- : 1llr 9>:,i : OA"'IY:: ih"l : il.C : {Llf).. : �Tl\./\-- :: . . lf'i9° I Tc»to()C = hifT'iii.:Y.: ill\ : (tm-:J· : l ilrf-ffq- : 'P'i.: {JD:Pro frf-(1 °tY : iLlf1 : f02.7f-«l\ro· : nti>;. : t;·(i�w•: i'1i 1+1..·: O<rTC:

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,.. .-... � ,..

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c • : 1 h = : dJ ,f• 1: .. 4>t,c ): f� f : �: ,:.J"L /1,� u+� I : hoo�'i..t:: ''(Ii) A l K , 1 ? "" .. 1 : {lk.-'r : f�(l?-:, , ih;J'I! IJ'),;:1 9'1'_1 = l\•-�Jiil"N �,.j, : }'\J;,(t., 1 th°l : . .. :·i : �rt1-� : h'1l\ 1 n+ii f''2.m.e:P:fro• = ,-, !f:qo-:f = �,;..�m· = f H"f c 0J c : f '? -1-1irf : ODlPl 1f}J'�i.�• � ;,)11_,'Jm•.r'} : �1:J--9>1, :J-tD l •: ih : : , v-fl· = '111f.. = -l·mn�h = 'i:f n·::

n..

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--..4>t.t : �1,;J'L = t11\i\ � 04-" C i f,U : ,) "/ : ,f : " cl/ flf� : 1 hong(t) AK � .... c;,J: : (1,l:J•: {1,f--q lW•: ih'? : ODlP/.�" g ,,.l,.1�""2'W": {' �(le;,...-)•: nvl& �< � "" � "' · :J l" C' ., f1 : V·1 9' : il'l1-'P·1 m·1' : ffl"lfi."fi"r· � ?,iJ : ,}1 '? : i,f,ftm-ti)

TlD"9° :2''

_eu � 'l>"''PC =fl>;.= hOD�",;,1: =Ok,)•= t\�fi?-"'l" � 1rl�1! = tJ•'-... 1:9'1...__ u--tt.·= '"1..�uIJ•1 : Dl1 LPl:J .. i\11:): : fl 'l!: ;,l°l: •,f·il: il;J f f+J!:''JPm· : 'h1f..: �nc ( · fh11t.A I .eu9° = arifl:,.. = h ODilht: 9', = Ili = 4i1 � Iijf.t n& .,)• OA"7� ,nd/: UDLPl,)-- : f,f--�l't- : m·tt 1"· = V•lt·: f�). = t;:ftJJc = OJJI\,)•: �m- :: ,,'}� "} f:: (19>:f =· fcf>'vl'C: rit rf!1t : 10·il : <J>�1�c: : I& = l1P,-..: h{JIJm•ll},f!: 0&.T: hi"t..m?-"1·: ,l1..�'I! : V·'i1:9'l · : f"t., (l«,)-- : 1--�f·'i · : nti�. : r•PJ. uv�.. : ODlf'i :fm•11 : fltf A I f,U9° (,n.�� : V·r."..t;9':fi1 : llll = t.mc;...,),: ,111:.f.. : hchc: 11 .. 0'1 �lt 1.tt tiAV = n+c) = AOIJr.., = 1\11P..ewt.. n,l· hl\hl\ = tJIJll:i•: �,n• .e l\� :t 10 01 : ti il-l"'ff:i, : ill\ : 1 O·il : 'f>"--TC = I : f+(ln1m· : h'Jf..JLU : f(lm- : ,,.. �t•t : TC"l·9° : tTPIPlT : fl\.(l(D•: ',(D• f 9°h1 f--1:9°: t,"} ,._�: {1 fl>;'..: fD4il'I' : .eu1 : :rc,..9° : fOI/.J.'..«?� : '11C : ft\9°:: V·ft,f·�: TC"l'"OO-: h+--TC = ra.. rf2h = ;JC = � ,,eil"'JO'l'l° ::

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''(�) '? AK" : f(f', : ,,,:Jr�t : 1:1,:J"L : h/\,fl : {l•l'C : ,e,,u : ,n°1 : l\ 0'J.OJ{l �OJ•: htD •A: a146f!»: (l(f',(I)•: d1,:J'f! : U•1:1" : flPLJ'ilh:,"/\ffl""}: ( m..-'r : ih"l· : 11P' t,. : ,.,, : hoP'P It· : llbl· : l\ ..,..,·i:,, : ,n,;JlD•.('1 : V-�:1-9'1' : OJ�.fm-',,. : ,,,,..1-oiz.. : f.,(ft;/;\ ::

{t)" .eu ' ,nd/ : 11?.'i(l:,, : 1.H: HOD',,. : fl\fl•f,l\;l . : OJ•A : 0"1/;J"t\A·: O�J!,A : Of.,'IT : f,f•J.'..l.1: 'Im•: ,f•1ltt lltl..U : ,"h.'1 : Oi"lD(l�t& : 1.H.'i I V•�;:f-- : 'h1-'tt..Cil : tiA,f•mf<J> : O«f>C : ro·lt,. : Oi"f..l'lfl:J• n+f:'l°ffl4 : ih«? = ODwt.�· = = f.,lf'i A =2 '' 0

.,, �rtJ».ivrc;.. = i" clJil:t- = 'h11;>. = '' ,n?'l! = v-�:J· = ill\ '1.filh..,•flm• = lD4m,, .. · ii fl tIIJ.. A = rtLu = +-4'c = .4>tto-;r. = foiODtt h'1: = f� ,1 c;,.:,,1 = t'h:1'1! = v-t: 9' 1· = : OD : � {l .,,-.,.1.{PL

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lf',,. «?A : 'ltD4 : = 0,,,.... Tcj,. : h(J}• t\_ : ilft°2 'Ill- : V·'i-l:9' 1"'i s t\,/r>:f · oi : 2 00 · J , f''t ,f•Lf. \ihA: t!\"'�:,.: +..e.c�A:: Oil>;'.. = f,f·f..'1;11•:t,.,..'i1:9'l : lf).,r : �flo:,i : ,.,..'i-f:9':f : O'�f ilhT!L.:fro·: ro·m,,f·1·: l\f, : �tD4 ;: htD'A : f+1� : ih.:J1!: ,.,..'i..l:9'i· : d/1 ., 'h, tLtJ9° : ;111:,:1 : f.aJ,9°t. lt· -: CD",:n,:J

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;� x

nPr.;ol• = <t:c1: = fOtJ.1�·= t1tdJ i

hPiV: <;:� : fDl/..1�: "1.°l: °71\T : h�'1}T: P'A.fiJ1 : fOIJ..OD��W•: f;Ji'?: n�A: 'Im- I f»';�'l;J,. : P'At1J1 : il1A: f."l'l°: 1,11..+flouS-'..m- : f�,n�ro--, = �c� = {L,),. = -0;- = "lf..lf1 = f il,tr-1'19° = 11�1r-'f = f.,iJ;19° trA == ntt.,rr-A-f = ftt-4-1 = -:;..tr,:,-.1 , fP.�'l:'J· = P'AfiJ1 1 fi'tlPt'i = flPt +�:,..Pry,: fl�1: P'At1J1 : '6(J;}.9°t.-A:: hP.�},) •: P't\.t1J1: f!P/.. {ID}ab: ;ti1:f f roA. : m'lfi. : i, 1 f.� : hoo-"J:i• = f 02.1'i-- = 'i:fw• x (10D1Pt.,1: : f;ti'? 1:1 ;J'i?'1· : t1'6f..�'I° :: flh.Tf"A-J' : ti�: tilt:fro· = h1t1r = "11·1�'f = f,f•{\ f : u,t;i; : 11 I\ X 1,(1.9'' : hP.�'l:i• : P' t\.11)1 : iii\ ai,,� : ,"11'? : f lDIQ : : h /\OD'i?- : 'ltD• :2 ,1;,11. : DP1'?Frf: : Wf,9° : fl�T,h : 11,aC: ch.°l : e&il'I' : Ot.l.1 i)f, : Cf:,)•,h : ,fltfbC : ch '1 : fl4'._TC : � : 'h11.i·?.L(l}c : fIt : nf.1'19" :: f�'P?i9°: :J> A: f,tJ : 'IOJ· ''P.'?f:f-: foY.+Cfl·l\:far1: ti(t'f: 1: 1;,i: (lov(tm,r : ODl!\h : l\.t.CJ;. . : "il.f,":f...�'1° ::'' lf'i9'1 I 1,1�.u : .<'lltD-: m'? = nT-0:P = i1>;.1Pt.-n:i-- = fD?.,&.A.1-- = h'l�l- = 1,11;,. = f�� = {L...Y..1,1 = �CJ.!'= h�...,-�:: m:J>OCJ.�T: (100111111 I n..-f'f\f,9°: fl11?-1: fOl\.e,: �C�: CL:}- = �c.� = f, n"l}:'J• = 'Pp = i'if i'lm..,l--9° == 83 nn•.:i,r·A-,r = �� = f1 ,f..'f 00 u fltn.1 : 1"1P':t- : cf,...'l'C: r, : ''P.7r1" : f�C..(•: P'6'1 : 00I/.LP?-0T9 : '1.U: hm'?: n+c: {l(bf\ : farli\Or1: tihO?-: lj:�": }'.J!,OD?-'}0 : ..e'fl\A:: '.hlLU : {I(\ : i'l 1?- : ch'?: 1,1..•1,), : h'i: ...,,� : P't.. : tt.fh'ilD""} ..

= �/\... : =

m"l

1--

=''

FA«J1 :

n.+. :

82 r1t.:i-r-1t1 = f�:1·t1 : 11 1..c = ;1,-1 = (hJ;.{t = 1',0Q = Iilft 1) .,� = l; =1 , 1 ,.

rl"a\tS"A I {1ft = J.l.'}ftf, : 1'hdJ : (1rrf•'i1�m-�: 1( I hif:f'iii.�·-: 0 : ''ll;rrrf:.Y.6 = k'},f•c,... t»-to·> • h.., = 1t.:1·r--1:1 ,,, n = r l\. :,•r-A·J' , ;,.-1 , aa� 1fh"r � 'iltt.f..9° • i 1 1�· = ffli • r,,,.m� (}m-, 1 '';,,°I• Oihf,ro,f:, f 'l1�: n�cP..�• • ,fl:f-1 �m- :'' f"7.itl»'1: Ol.�,,-: }•JC= rf•00 All:,• :s 83

- 215 -

•

"1. 1 : :�;:: h.i.f1 � i't.e,1'19'1 I 9°"} 0 • 1t, e: ,1l'? , (Ll}A.: ni'l 'I'�: uuz� w crq � 'P O = = ?i = 1f.. ta i\ t,ro•l!;r . \\ ,)t"J ·O 'J : ?i1 = nh,:'J,,V-kf = � A {I '1'9" {}!I' ,I:1 : f"'i.f OJdJ OJ· ' 9"h C ' ll,,J• ' f.rh.'ll� ·1 , rroA , t.:J>� ; • � ): AOV/�� fPn�: �C�i f,)1UJ: '1 : novl (I,: tIJ f�fi• in 1'1f.t: 1f f ffH: .. ,e '1il = 1''11-).'1 : taJ!,LPc il,atOD�-- = J?i.11llt\ == f-��,ir � J»t\(IJ'J n,-,.u = o,e 11 "' �:,..: ��: lf'.: (LtPt,.(1:'J,, f�, "} �� : i\ 'l C = ,l1 l = f fl aa� fJ mfl�: ft\OD;JG(.),�..: il.f.. l1: : J!,';,fIt A :: f(1ll., lD "1 :

nh..:J· f·kf = f ,h°l :rth = 110D'.1�- u•c'\· 11,,��'i: = �ex- = hn. 1.. 1-�: = . 9° . ,., llJ f lD O� ' ov If�-: ,.f fn 1ftr;/;\:: : (1 : :, } lD : f : {\ J111"" " lJ •4' ..

r = ,h°l r th = 11uo' J = lln = -�o/1" �c� = L,,T..,·� : l\ il = OD1_aatfro· = 911 "}611- : fll'l° 1 J!,V : U·'i'-1:: illl: /;\Uf/f:: tf1'?: i1faro« � ;JC: n11J9u : TODq t)J!,: 'j(Dc:: {\}l(t';f: �c��: il/\'11., (l'rn:,--: l}•c;'zr-l: = ,,q..fi: I\Ul/'?1:,..: r>l1C: -ovaaA11:,.. = .rilt..A:iA == n:J ... t,h = �,,,.,:,.. (he1th A) = -0�?J1, 1 1 .. 9'119° = 1'11.1. i'l,1�1�: 'l.f·L: h�: fn· : ij:Cf..i1· = vf·(n:J,(lm•(} :,:m.: 1IC,' 1 r -11� (1.-0tt�a 1 = 1..1-i = il.ll 11 P' = �ci.,) ·i t1� tat\ l\t1JP,l· nUDfl1,v, :fro·: CD"}f:: A7{."}t;: a,:,,: A7{..1: flp>,),: 1,1)tc�m,: ft.l.e.q:,� ro-: f;J--m 84 {)ft: �C-"': 1-.P,re: 9°��': ti c,·1�q:fm•?11:: 4>lD·: ftfC'¼: ..r l,,�-O: t;:C�• : nH..U : fl,/t : ffl"} : '1'11611>: Ii 1C: 11119'1--: I\ ;,�'J 1: :: ilftil f..'PraJ•: OD•'? ,,r,1· : f�4--'l':t�(Dc : ODCIJfl6l»J,?J:.f-- : c.,·:r-ro• :: OtltJ9U : Of,',,}- : r,t-�1-:i- : 'r4! ,,y..�: c;:fm· :: fll' Aii'&-1-f: oo� ..,.� = i'\11;1� = �cp.:::;.. : 1,�· t.m·: f,1'"?,:tt.· I (07' Ci:;Jfr>1....: l\f.,: nm•O : f,f•',lt: ,..,;:,,: fJ!t.(l•: 'hll/t'1°1··: 11'1�: (11 1 H-0 : f·f•Lflll} : i'-t"},'¾. : f.Cl/'I° : l111--IP4 : (ltp>,]• : frl•�tl) : +m:,,(l'PA l h1 ° 9 '1�1P« : �CY: : nooOD'Jt•il : /\OT/ /\'f' : foY.'fPn?, : O'?C'l--T : f,LrtiJlr I) 85 ftt..'11C: f+llftm·: 1'11� : (11iJ�m· : oo..y.. : quv:,- : O�t.m·: J'1 •0C1,), : r} ----Ol: OD"}"Jf..�: m�: flOll"Jf..lA: (DJ!..: .. �: (Lrf•h·il: i',1-�·: /;\f:: l}f(lt\: ,,_,.,. = ti"I = 1'1-'ln�A = +�cF-n:rA == 86 0011J?.7t1· = f�4-'P:fm· 1,1.e.rtu 11t- :i-- ,11�1,: .,,�-:,�. = n1L..r1 = ,.,OD, = n>i..:rf-A •f = f',Olm•1 r�c�.. ,h "l : J;. DJ..A ,,,..llr: ll..,r 4> Cn-A."} : h1f..01-Jf,°;f·/t•: "l A 'I:: ',(D• :i

= � ,,.�� = =

= =

flU•/\i·�aJ• : h'i:{\ : tfo0"} : DDlilil>l?fCi: {ly,{l,f--�lD·: n'i:fl: l1{/Ii1: ',m «: fh.irV-A-.e : hP,7/'':f· : �c�- : f,f--1".)'m· : ,)1."l : flrl•?f/\ : U•'i "I;: /\..111: f;J!l\m« If,1i lD·9°: t\ "} Y,:: nllJ9"°: m-4'01/.. : frf',: �-,h-�: h!itf!i : q.9°. O�I\ : (}fl."} n:J· : JfOJJ"} : noo :J··,1,00• : �a>· :: X-th..�- : il9° : illtA--t-(lm(JJ" : fh.Tf'A-,.(': �CY:: ,)1°1 : P,f,lil:i-: 1\"}l\'Pl\1:: 87

.eu :

�.eiil:i-- (nt.�oo- : l} £b?, : f,,,..�1... ) : ll t;:,)�,,. : -{l,lb(: : ,11 1 : 0 ° ° 9 H 1 '}. · - t 1 i't .?� = 11 1.--1: Ft- OD1P'4,1--: fslf1 = 111..�·

= nxur.�i =

fllf.lJ : � : ta-,.(f ¼ t\. 1 hC!'tt1 1 Y. : II C'¼ ' ,.fb,f••(l : h. : f. : fi)iJ.". : '1Cf'f'1 : (;r·tll xtx,e => h1�- = 1t, il'lh = :1u. ,,,..,IDAhT :s 1 r ° 85 1 1 f.: Cfi �· • 1 ? li ;-ita..f-9 i 0 iic:.•11 J-, ; >(l f,l·m4 : wif artl'l:J· : r i1t,e = niji� 0r : A hllh 1 .ffir§ : hl•tl1'9° : h1�· : §ffi'/i I hllh 1 §f t.?i 1 ,f•oPt\h."f· :f f.'1 : (l. .... ) 86 -t I ta..t..·flc I PJ'1r : ti.,. : '10.n. t , oi , 'iiil.f ?° : ;,·&{I. : (,,,,. = f/lOJ•'J" ' r • ii I h1K" 1 if!lii : hllh I tfii 1 ,f•ODAh:'f· :: 87 l; : 'iift.f.9° ·¼ Ji-'¾.ll J )'\{ll) XJJ.f !lf " 84

- 216 -

l}-1,11'1 : n�+C'I° • n�1c01Jie : 17-LP : 'l"IP'T : ,)·1,lfll : P'l,.m• : ..,..,:ool :: 0 c: : J"�lD" : f,f -H.?ltD n�a1,.T '1..til>l-?- : nim.'° : Thlfll : OJA.f... : ?...f'C 'Lil : ,�4,t1Jt1Jt'IT : lie : (lOIJ.LP?- : itt�T : rti02.irf: : i'i'll\9l- ! 'h'lfl·9° : _ 'P : m:Pi\f, : °11·1>}- : 9°n,),A : '11r l fu;l"-OJ•t.t : ¾ f7i -Ol\;t- : 011,\f. : ,,e.tat\� : :fC'IT I fh4-:+�OJ• : 'i=C.l!" : 11T : �� 1 '1 l\:J> : +h l\ : 01/Cf<r 1 tj::J-th , '11P1:t1 = rtPJ.00�00 ?- = IL:,,i; = � ,r. = ...,..nl\ = 01Jc1r = F-9°fl. • r«t1:'I": ��il:J-.t,C: 'i:ftn·:: tiOIJ.,f:W•: f'J'"},,-: h.Tf-�f: f�CX-: 007.•,l1 t;;.1-- : fl,J-'11\-:J-. : h1ToPff1ft'T : +Y:'I° : h--t·m(l� : 'i=CP.f : W•il'P : nm1ne1� : tJJf,'J° I (1"}..,..IJ.k : �-11· : +t.Cf..m· : n;; '- : 11,.P' : fKY-4?:'J--"} : 'hfoolm : r: D O : ll"'ltn'itf'C. : >t9°ilT '} , IP� :: n1·1.u : P'� : ti.°'l..irf:W- : taA.;J--m+. :. noo1 : 1..9',C: : 'hill1 : Iitf'.!J� : '¼= 9° = h'lll?-T : <t:CP.l- : W-il'P : h(llJ,,"}• : n: : f"'l.flt!\fflc : �cp.:f, : nh9°ilT : TAI!\:,, : OD�cltf::.T : +m:J>A.l\roc : 1'1-'LOJ�: 1-':'C�A :: 1,'IILU : 'i=CF-T : f,f•"ll\Om•: hu•l\:'J--: ou,r.. : 111\f, : 1 : : 01Jf.•cl1G:. 'I W-ilT -h"'l..lf).: f'P'lT : h..Tf-k1 : f'i=C-':: ill\ : lf'I : f�m«: -----OD,f- = q{ID:,. oo"f..00tf "_e, = r,1--, .l.i;. = 1\ 1�11: = <t:cP..-:f t-t_e.;t-fflcn ,l-9° : t\"'ll\T : f,:J!i\A :: 9°'i'A'l,l,.9° : lj!Cf.:f: : OD0Dlf'111 : f1.ou?- : O !Dfi: '¼.¥°. '¼&. : ¥°tAh : OJi .,l·r«kf: "1°1: ;J--th : /\.001.ootf: ?...It: fJ;ifl· : �CX- : ltf*C'P : "'f+ 00tl'10 : ?,"}}l«f-oorp : '1Htl40T : ?...It : ltf,, 88 : + : OP'COT : ,f•ouf:(lar Ou11'1 : �1, c'? :: f'i!C.l!": :,,:(_91:(: l\,r : :J-A • A:,, : tJ'i!A 1 --1--h'i!l\'PA :;: f001.outfw· : h'i!A : foo1.ootf91:t:1 : Y'il:J- : oofa'thl:.T = ffH : (Llf"} : 1rl\+:;:w- : h'i!A : f...'1'1° : fou�lif?>!f:'l : �ll:t- : DDX--chf::.T : ffH : �ro- :: OU•l\rf:9° : h�l\ T : f--t-h+t\c,,"}• : P'COT : fCir: ilt\: If� : U·l\-t•:;:w.. : floo1.ootfro•: IP/6:1.f: �m·: IJA+'lt\: 0"7C : ° f>l'9°111 : ll�llT : r+hJ../\.n:,-. = 'it _e.�ro�9 :: flf � : lf'i : n�_e,1.il-t: : f,f-{l{l{lflro• : 01r/\.+�ro-c; : OY6il--l"�roc: h'f:l\ : Hoot;,)• • fl/\.°1.111-,l· : 'i!C P.l : 'h�"I : m:J>orz. : � ro• :t

ar:il

J;f,lil�: l\�H..tJ: ttooc;,l-..: m:J>oil: 'l°'}fif.b: �w·: h--1-'l/\. : f�f,:!fl,J:: 'J°")f;&b?(--: fT"},,..: Ji. :J-af-kf :· f�CJ.!-: OD�chC:T: f..91'1°: 011,.: 1"rP': fA?.1.4!. : 1ltfc: ,'J:CP.l-9° : ill\0'l"l'"f.lJ:fm · : n_e.ni:\ 'P : m�°'l..9'T : 'i'TlD• :: h.�H.U: OD�chC:T: h1rl\:},: OD,f,: 01\f, : _e,irc;t\c: f,f•'l/\.lD·: ill\�H.lr: 00 1.'thE:.l-- : ll�f.1.il+. : h+{lmw : oo'?t.r : frf•f-l1 : °l'l°T : 'Im· 1 oofi · dtC::t: : 0919°-t:9°: hi·flmro• : f,OH· : _e.11c; A :: �"IC : dJ"}: n� ihLT : °tt il-tc = 0011111 = 11:i- = ill\ = 11a;: = 001.,n'f:-t:1 = tL:J>w-1:,. . = A..1 1-r.'P:fw- = itA:Flt·'r ::

Ou--1\.--t-�w-c; : OY6il+�w- : tfODc;:,. : h��'f : fi-:C.l!" = ilt\°1..11m· :

m.°l =./bl\:

9'11611': f.91'1°: h?f�lD• : oo,Y..: quo,)•: 001.ootf: }',"}il-f--: hilb : Iii£©� : q.9° . ..e-�il : r--1--Ll);..T : nch,l·: ft\c : f�"}ill\ : ��: lL>l-· : <i�CP..1-- : 'i--:,:w.. :: hi',V·1 : (It,,)• : 'h"}f..rf•1/\.mlD· : f�"}ill\ : 'f:CJ.!-: 1 ,f (L ..'f : Oiit�i! : '}. 9°. nn..'1·f·A·f : r--1--**tJJ)c : Oh�/\. : "tt '1� : 1 '-Y'i''i' : Oh.1°11\..11 : oP"}<?P',"J:- : h,1,..e.l1,,)• : fOD;�ootf91:t: : fh."},t-c'.7i'i"A i 111� P't\fb , Ot.J!.,;:m•: "7h;J..m7j, f,f·1114>(la,."} , ti't\.f-9° 1 1 h1K� l;ftJ.ii 1'/lh �f@I I TODAh:i• 1: 88

•

- 217 -

a,.�� : Oli"JJJ. : �ro· 12 lf'r'J° J fro·rt� = h1+�.. � ll}ti\0� = Of,OAT : f :J- 0 1 +e& • n.:i-v-A-, = oc'P"> = h<i=:l.. hOJ-6lb = '"�": 11!a..�,1-.. (m1,r = rffl•liJ!»� ;}f.A) 1 1tf,t-il4-4- s O�J.!: 'Lit 1 �ro-:: ,,,,.� : �� 1t1'� � 1•mc�(lm-: f l\ : « : h f fe&6f!-: h1C1 I (l(D• : ilt\tJ?..ODt\ ,).. "7'.• ro ,r ii ffi�i... el11 : "flni» C'i : rm1 r: , = fOIJ.omat• � f��'s :)," � P'l\.llJ'J i ill.l1 1. IA: 1•P,f,: t\cf,"Jil/t : �c� 11 _ f itf,'J° 1 noailm:i- : ,f•J.!1uP r= f,1i OJ•'/' : rf'fiffi(D• :i 829��"'1::1: 'l�l1m • : . OLl"Jitf, : 1t"J J.!t lL 2 il'J° : fflO·liilh.. : lD·A � l\f'"'H"�il � 0"?.m�m- : O!Dfi I f}.'J°.flLt.."}/tf,'i" J fln.irrf-kf : 00 1-til�� 3 �' "l1wc : fl't.1+c� 10 i'l1C: H.11 : q}a to ' tif} • f(D" :: • �ll}· : J:: f : flh.,),r--.t,: 7i'a/A J OJ4/A J flh"}cJ-X 1th-A I fll'� 1 hf.fll (OD1l,r) : f,1flT'PA: OD?n� f flhcTf·k .r :· illloi n ,,,. J H:);F:fm• I fl,�-:fr : OD"}"IP' ;J--,} = hit..Pf'tf �,.. = :;c : +ootita,e. : au . : : lD-/A I TLt ltJOc 12 1'/tf, f,t-m+om•: e&A l,'l+?t � j:,,r : fD?..hrl'I\OJ•: 0

�(D• ::

''f n.,l·f·kf = at'? = 1'1f.. = 1, w·e;rw•f1 � ,11€1 � �ilh : tr� : �·lil: 11 tD : : IJ• H.1:f Ot..l"}/tf, 1 = f..'J° . 1V-'f : nnl")hA 2 fl\ : '1 I tD}tf 1 "} h "'l'.T(lr'J°: �1C = .OOf,�rf :: A�,,}: ltf,f...t."1: fm'} °f_A9u: �'lC: If�: lDf,'J° : ll,/t : Ot.. l"}l)f, : P,�',,} : ilC : J!,lfc; A::

(1.Lt,."}l)f.,: tL11.. : Wf,9° : 01'171.. 'i'" : 0'11•LP : '11Frf: : fl.11·: ODlJhA 1 !fl : "'lt;:fa,• 9° : '11C: flOf,�,f: : IA ��T: I\J!,.e..t.'? : rm1:e: ° 2 I A9°: 'l"JC: f',: tDJ!,9 lh/t: Or.1�·: A�: il�lr: llOl/,,C'il-:fAt;: ht.l "}l)f, : -'">i'l.A: mf,'J° : hroh.A-: :JC : tr'r :: 001/.&.CX' : hi't1� , f h..Tf-k! : �� : kT : 1'+C 'lf.\ :: . ,f"hl)if.: fh,.,)•f-kf: lf.;J: rllJ'',: 7.lL: flJi.,)• f--kf: ,11'?: ,eP,i1A:: rf• hl)if.: ft.l1tif,: H.;J : rJJf,'J°: 1'1�: : tlll'�: 7.ff.: tl&.l1'1,(',: ;,l-, : .e��A == .

�'r:,: : fl ij:C .';. : f A.,,.it "'I (10c : l1"}f.. ll' 'I : fl'?COl/'P. : f1't.,)• r--k.e 11.. fJ' : '11P'T : l-fl'I>,}• : f,w (l.�A'' :: 89

f(D•ft• : :J'A: rf"h{)n: : fi't .Tf•I;,,(' : ff.;J : tl(J'', : 7.fJ.: A�(D• : fi: CJ': : 0 0 ,"h. : f°tLCf: '1,r = Oi't.Tf-kf = ;,."I : 'lw·: ilt\ 'LA. : f,U : ro•/;\: ilfl = 1 = 1''i"-r = (11�°7.. = fLlf1 , .e1-1tA :: tr'f'l° 1 nr,.:cx-- = 0.,-1:: rO?..m(l).,)• = fit ..> ..';"}-": ct:.CP..."f : ,l-.tiht\�'1-r : h h..:)-f-kf : oo"}"lF:i• : ;J C : f,nfi4' : llC he: il/til',l): h'IH.U : 'i:CP...1--: t"}j.: f1t.:i•r·A· f: d1'?: 9°"}'1"':1··: (L m�·: h�: ft\= 1'1:J>cf:: .,filLIA;J A:: OH.U: l1�': f�"}fll\: �Cf: : fl.,} (mJ!,� : A� : fi:C -" : a,:,..) : OllJ'J° : f,w�·: f'I (ll<D•<; : i'lHCD•,r{': : f'1'l.cf>lfl'mOJ•: t flliU = 1..t1. = hil = �nc (f..f1Am•1� = rt1'?t\.1-1 = �'}ill\ = fdLL«f> ov�rn: = ri:c1:: a,:,.) I fl,t-t\.e : hI.u!@ : '¼-�-1:?°e : f,f •&.t..J;.,:'f• : rorz.f,(l��-: {t: If�: /!,1'1\f\..:: 90 flrl-�"'1 t: fH.U•: � C"'-': ft,).. : P''l : P'CO,)· : ..,-.7i.. c;: • "Cl\. I Off'§�m- 1 "7il;J"tD'li: f,f•m+(}w-r} � 01X": if� 1 .f•OOAhrl• r: 90 ilAflU 1 "l•�f, 1 "7C)!� 1 7:&-'/° I R I Ii 1 'ii'C'}CJWJ.1T r }&t;: r h.Tf•T.f I f/t:f{]}-'t : (A'} 1 1 1Df!7� r) 1 X" 1 f!lA I TODt\.h:'f· d �"} 89

- 218 -

-------n"7C-rf'i : t1Ll 1"1Y.� : t'�llJlD• : flH.� : '1.tL : �flC s: ,1f"'l..J'i'l1f'llD• :: ll : h :, : : : 11 tr� : t;:CJ.!: ila\ r:,-: 'l� 1-tcn:11 f '1'1 ss • 'I i',l\OD�aJ+.: m : C: 1 f 1' : f<;:CP.:ti : °IA '1'6hl-- 1 h�1lltr-l-- 1 &.;re : ;JC : m� s W-61}- s r+1th• : {l/ltPJ.OOil /A : h'J-'LIJ = flrrf:1 : hij:C-'.' : f-t'1 � 1 ih1l-- : {lar,w- : i')'1C = C I �1f11l : (t,fa'f : ITl/611:,.. : Y.:FA. : �IF'i/A :2 91: : OIJ..tllrf: OJ''i!J11' 1: f 'h1Jl.l1-9° : h 1�1P..=t: : ij:CP..l-- : 0"4,l- r-k1 : aril'I' : fllr : t..9°'l(L?>:f : f, 11- : '61f'i/A st 93 'lt\'JO,}w , uoo1 = ill\lta>• = h�CJ!"- = ill\ = ...,..,,,. = ih61 = ,,n,1· = tt1c;1cr::: 94 'J°'}'P: 1'1\1. : �I : '}.9°.}t �.ii : Oi·!f:!f:oo,,,)-: lf:C-'.' : o...r,.:r, : �Ir : = 111-1:,- = ltf!l:CT ht'iJJ.ODl =. lli-'.'r = h'l1tu1 r�c>;,. = moPf.fl:f flf t;:CP..1": l\"'llD:,> : flPl:Fllro• : rof,. = �CY:: [L..r,.:f.: 00111-0: n...y..:y...: hfi�: ooooPAh+ 1 11:F = 'lco• lf'i9° I n1tu = 00 111: = °''�w.. 9° = (lro• = ir i..e.. = flj:�, 11'1-1 = {JD11111 = ooooAh,)• = f°7Y.'fA = oorr� = 611A7- = 'ilD" 1 r+� "7'1! , �f,I\ : P'l\fL : �t'ii'C(l.-t: : rc'h"l : T9°UC,)- : fL,)-: n,,roo,J: : flb'i:1" �CD': �CJ.':: {1.,)- = f"tLl.';.T'l = nn:: fD?.•�m? -,r"}: �CJl..1,: hfDDlODl: m:J>"'l. � flf)-,}-1 = f"7..00CT = fli..t\.f, = ..,..,_:,> P..t\:,.. = ',(l)c == 95/bfr'T : �c. 1-1" : ..e..'?'I° : fm."l : :J-9'°uc:,.. : fLT : hm:Pl\f. : 11--lP : 'i"IP'T : �CY: : 11,r: 1'-tL�'lT -1 hltL : "},,,..u,. 1 hilL:PP.. : 11�:fro• : 'i:far :: h'ltLU : t;:CP.i': it'l�'lP..:i:: Oh�T�ro•: lj:CJ.':: ft,}-: hT1�,)..: ;,c: Oh,,l--V-kf: 96 rODfi'"dt.--l:: P'�: 1',11:: +'l: {lh,,l--V-kf: ,n"l: ODK'th.T: OJ'l'T'PA :: 1r1t- = fflro-1 = r.-;V-:Y.. = ri:c-" = fOl/.(lflil11 = !l:°1 = 1:c�:,- = t\..'ic = roY..oiz.l- �o:,• : 00"}11:: fOIJ.lD{IJ.':: foo1.ootf : 1'C9'°;f : ',�::

nxuf

'l°'l'J° : i1\\ : c;:cP.:i: = 1'ilh = tf� = ;J-:J-oPro• = t]far«h = noof..9°f..0i fCD- : f'?C"'i'I! : .,,,,..,,., : .,1P'T : ,rt;,"} : Tfl T : n�cx- : ,,,..�,. : .fflar"} :' btj:1-�: fl�&.: 111/arlt,l--: f. 1(]/A :: fnili"-'¾f.Ct;: rro;J-f..C: �C.i!'-: fL1',.l-:· lr?'C'J° : ;J--,)-onw• : '1J'ro•«h9° :: 97 0

itl\H.U : 1·�1, 1 H.Cciit : O�?j�ll)c : OT/il:J•mii : O·f•m<J-(la,• : .<'l\m··> : h1x· : f{fG"?; 1· �ilh I If� : ..,.ODAh T 11 92 fh.TY. kf: ffAfA I t;:C..(" s n.:,. 1 tlJ<'/t>.9'l· 1 OD?..1'}:fl:fa,. 1 Ol\"}f.."} : 00>4611" 1 1--�I, 1 °'l.tlli:c • flf\a,., s 0Dlf11t I n.:,.. c .rlta,,,,, v-r.1: = _eu • �a,., = rflll"} = 'A'a''J°'a'll"'> :s 93 OL�"}/tf, : OD"}OJP'T • ouAl}'J° : L:J'..(" 1 Jrip."}'J° = h�il. : '10'1 : OL�"}/tf, 1 lt.'J°fl{l. :. 00111-0 Io.:, . ll fOl/.."11•: tj:CP..":f"} : /tODODAh-1· I ":fllt;A IS 94 i:J&T : ;Jtl."1 : h'P}.t":f 1 O!J§�ll)c : "7il;J·m7a" : f,f-m<J-(la,., 1 h1X' = j§ = 'hilh = flh '' 91

TDDt:\hT

'hiH.u s ,;:cp..":f: O,'h°I = ..1-ruc:i•: o.-1· = o. ..,-, OD�ifltj::'f• 1 ,f•<f-'J°m'PA ! Of1J'J° 1 m:J'°t 1fll').-r • f..°l'l" • 01'. TY.kf 1 : ODX'dt.T : ;r,rOD'PA rt ilA s ��:, 1 P'&- : il;l'-til-thil :·,...,,,,., , Oh..-rr·t.-1, OD"}OJp:,-, ('P',.. = fil:J·--tit-thil = oop&f = n,.:,.. ,) roi11t-r0Da,.,"} 1 fil:J·· -til-thil I ODOJ/tMiJ. 1 +ooAhT 11 . 96 !� 1 'i'!CP..:f: 00DJ!OD&f9':ri : y,{l:,. : ODX°d'b•f·i•: til'l'•f·'PA � jl : tj:CP..7f·: f..°l'P': 001/..4" Tflm. 1 .e rof1JIt· 11 97 .ev-1 , 'h"}j{ 1 flhv,&t; : {lv,t,..-f•� : ,..J;_e. : {lc,.e.·,;: fl:J•hil1 1,°lll�= ltO?..fL.9'"}: f--t-L�� •· �CP..1" • o:,»co• = l\ih°I = •1·vc-uc:i• = n.:i•: illt = ,f•(lm• = O"'l.+rrllm• = f1'.:i•Y.k.r = ,n°l I ODX' dt.:,•:· .em� 95

"'°'

&�

- 219 -

r,ll.'? = ta,e1il

.o""' 1

0'/f:: ro er : : � '&,. = flaP/T'i",)-- (nan°? (lp:t· ,, 'T'/ll : f,ll.61: /af,1il c) "7 •fl 1 m ,'l'i.1 9" ii • "11 th P' , tim :p , f. : ·fth"1 , lJ w--,.:t- , fI\Tm-<, : t-T 1 ' 11 M':f , h1f.. , Hfof:f m-<; ' h1�4>t.l'l:fro• ' i'l"'l.'i?-01' : •�-Ol+·, :;; : m · h lj 11- .,u = 0?'1�q: ron = O f = l· 1' + t. dl = ,l, 61 ?t : � 61t; :tA fU111 1 I,~ 'l • /»6 • • • 0 lDf,'J° : r��',q : p-'&- : f ?.. IP?- : /\ r\ODlf'i'TW" : lt.:J�· m:,, : .,e1 'lt,\ I fon• '"]P'T : P' t- ' f "'l.. ,,,?- : flIf). ' 'l.JI. ' "!"} ' flth"1 ' ill,} � ,.,.. : f"7. t.lt'OD•,)--r,� _ 0 a r f,'J : �'11' = V')W• : h 02.lP.-;,,.:,.. : f,t ,t,_f ·f n"}'?P'T : fP&- f-7f1"' : 0J : �m-:: fdl.'? : /af,1/l : n�,)--r- A·f : ?1' : htr� m, : fioo;�ODtfm• : fil1"1 : ;J--th : tfor>1'J°: f,1'<'/A :: f = fDD1.00t,,rm • = ,-1001 = 0"19°:: f;rm<fim•'Jc; ./l1-tt1r,}: UDwf-: qoo:,,: lli't1?-: ,11°1: DDLPl:i-- : f tr�ro•"} : f;,1'?: ti,e"}i} 1 'i:Tth = '11P':,-.: f1-- 'lfla,."} � flTT'P&\ :: �:i• ,11 = '11 1-"':,.. : hC'?m'1m•: foo ·tlJO,r : il�t. : 1 ft:.'J° : 1L�ro•1:,-1 : fiP/<.,fht?-hC :: 'l"lC : �m - I O,J•ft,e9'°: "" 'i" 11 : f(i:iT,h : '11 P'T : '1°1 '1">-:f· (h'P ?:l: : il:f:,t 1 C!',(lfbqu:f : ,-, 1..;. : _'¼l,(1 : 'i'l°li'i1 : (l rf-(}11.ro· : r�:�th: '11P'T : ,:�T ...1·'1: 9',"}qJ,: ro.,,"},f-"}: ° . a, : frf:'} : ,,C'UA : ),1,e.,nl11-0r} : f'Ir/.�l : (lf t--'1:f : dl.°l dl.61'. : fhill\9 "Ja,.: Tt;:J•: ',a>"::) 98 '¼l,(1 : 'i'P1'rt'r1 : (l!f:�ro·•: oo..y.: qou:1,: h'11:: "111 1'�: ti.Ciltf� : l-t'r1 (fJ;.. fl. 'f'ft.1 : rl1'?) : K,l1/u: O'¼l,Otj=: hK&.m•: 010 ...... : ou,f .. : q(llJ,)•: ll;JOl/7i: rof...: '?/J1I: +--1-1. 1°001 oo'rthA -�arc;: 01i�ro•: : ........ . ?i" t11i• = I;�'°' on .Y.. = q OD,), = tt.:.t· r-k = 0°1 ·-,·rJ:1 = ic; m·.4>tt1 oo hH.f1 : 'Lit= = ll}l.:.t-- r-A ·f ,'h"l = i','P<f!?J:f c;::,--d. '11r,} fih°l = nowt.,)-- : lf'll\:fro· f 9°1'1° : 1'1t>. = 011 'P� = OJT,1' : 'l.C'm•:t, = 'i'=Tm '11 .P'T : n�:t- r·k f : U··lr : ,,-.lJ.'�(1:,- I O--l--9° tJC,)• : f1T9° (;,1'? : Olfll.O'I' Orr : T9°UC:t·: (b,)--) : ODITIJ l,f: lf'l } 99 (lH.U : ti.e : f.61'1°: r,::i--t11: 'l?P'rr (l(l&,(D• : +1·1"':'J·'PA (-- 1·11&.C:tA) I h'?/J119" : mf,. : 1-t.lP/c:;: : ·f-,t•C.1· o:LA:: hil'rttr1 : Y:t..il : h:J·C7·'1°r. : �,. 1..';-.9'-' : 1'1 A;f",f-OD f 'l'lC : 1 = h"'IC '101• = h'IOIJ,(l?tfar = i1J;.:J--1•9 ° : '?COi/«£ = 17•0' = '11JP,l"' = n:t,cn· .t..:PY-'PA 100 �:t- d, 'l'lP'rr nt'- = 1--f,J.t : mf... = 11Jtt.f1"i: ...,.....,.. c1,'1° = -. :J :J-'1°1 A l lOl fh1'?/L1f� : TC'l-- 9° : f.'?'fP : (lJ-,fl : *m·ft.oil : 71:'P: n outt;,i:,.. = I\J!, = illllf'I 'lit+ = 'LIi, r«t>J{OtJ� = �J!,ll = Fl\fl. �t'ii'CfL·� f "1.61 : T9°UC;'f-- : (1,} : .f '1:J-uo'f'A :: 102 l,H.U : l\f, : fP';,'£ : 1,P,tf1:

•

(I} "';,, •

.,:'l°c:

■

98 ill\ I �.-.-.r1, : .,1P'T I Y-.°l'I°' <i·ll.t;• llil;l"""}ff � T�ft.'i1 h.OCJ.fl.Ys ftD6r'P:,:0141, x•,ft.C:1" I fiii;;:m-, "1ll;t-m7f I f,t-m+flm-1 • (lou�..n�--t. = 11c11c • r.-f•(lmtD-'} • Oil1°1 • ti1,1i'l ' ht;:A ' (ou}!ou�f I h�i\ 1 ffou"} 1) ,f-DDAh,1· is 99 "1llt."Jfa>- 1 V-/'r • )iflh • hi\10:'f·, If OD'} : �·t.il : f ," h°I • t71J{l ,t-lPJC 1 .,.,;1, 1 fh.-l·f! - {: O.,t- = hcil,f:J'1- , P'&- • )i"}Y-. • �o�, J'tifA " ft\-1\ , Oh·A , Y-.°l'P' , 1t1c, 111:S9'if! '.': , "'I h,t-:f.i\ • }t"}J;"}�- • f..n°I : IJW/{l,f•IJW/�f , il�&-?:f · 1 r-,o�: J!,auill\A i (h9"fti\. 1 O·J(a�,;-�ILIJ: il;J-- ro7f r frf·m+(la>-'} 1 i\�-OC I ii'll.f-9° r ii 11g_' : ftft 1 ,f•ouAllT) rs J!,tJ'I° 1 lf'i h T'l°tJC1'·if I '¼I\IP/:ftD• I :J,(l,; I hlf'i-:,- f T'l°IJC1'·if· I Q.l,C(la>- : i'iJ!,hf-'I° " 1 {le\r: · �'}', (1,(}C i'i 'l: • il 1 -'t i'i I\J!, rJ�.f': ITP:e_u O lOO O iuf��' ODQ;l.t_,r r tDJ!,'J° r OI.uf;5i: 'IJW/rl•IP/.f

(L:'f•

i\,;J',f-'J° :

-,a,.

1 t, A fLfitrf:llll�.:f I h. IP .

h. I 'l·J!,J;. ' 11..A I �:,-,.h : -,-,p:,.. I }'I I t\-J(ill\{l.9'� I J!.,J!, I /p : lb &fii.t\- • .';. '10.fl.).f i OR : ii'll.f-'J° • (C!''J°, !tfl?i r 'hilh • Ytfjfi) s: 101 1

- 220 -

:T : = f '11P'T : �/\ ,f·•�ro• : h�A : uvr,-,.1 : 07 : d1 ,t,,lD4' h�A 7..au t;: i\h 0 1 1,u-O : fiJA..A;JA ! foo1.oot,fm· : ht;::A: O D'Jt.vt'l!: 'r�V·'f1 : f"too 11 • : : ', J Jlh,r O 1 . fm· : J\ 1il,Y.. : hilh : If� : X'lil : ft;::ir}tft : '11p:,. : ti-fie : tJ11:!{1D t h ' fi:: fil : {Ill : 'Inc : fcit'? : /tf., 1 il: h (I- : h AA : UJ,61J>: OJf.,9'° : ho• : T'J h - ,,:,- : lD"lilJ': "h.1PifX''? : i\.l!-C=lA :: illtH.U : fh.TV·kf: th.°1 : itf.,1il : � lJtj: A: ',lD•: i\.lJA: f"'l_..'fA: /bi\= m:1>'12.: 'l"lC: h.1�/\ : har6Lh: oot./\'?: : t\: 11001 : illt: i; '1&,f: : ,n°l : r+�t. : h(l}«6}b: : flD· hlj f7iA :: nou,=oot, - f,f-17 : ODd//ltiliJ, : fr,ro•il : � 1F: : ?'41fl,f:,f:7i1il: }t� : H : h.1°1P.9° (r, --,�IP" : "11-f:t-: c1i1:fc.· s �c,:..r-l ) : 0 °,.. A : I ClJil:i-- : n,\ 1� : IJA.;:rm,t> : (ltD• : llj!.'l"il: -0?-il : fi•H :Jlt\:i• = 'la,- l illt : ?.'",11-4• : 1lt,. : f"?.;rro:,, : �1c = fi\'I° =1 .eu = fA:J·1-- 00 = x-,11-� = h-fl?-il = lbfto'f = ft'IP.:f. = ;,c = Jttiil C:.C1:: flflA>;..f1 : (L,f• : oo�,n�:'J· : f., "l't-fA. :: 103 -. <' , -k. n'? = • = r ; = th = 1·1001 = ill\ = it1-;. = c11'? = rh.,l'r floPtootfro . ·fRf.. : flD"'i!' : h "IC : (191-:,� : nttJ9° :. 1'4!-f·'f : .eooill\ t\,. :: �C°IT : ', ro• i OD" = ,o H4: f }11'7f'f (J:, 11 cs 111�91:f,} g Ja. f>:-:,: = itt\ = i', 1�11.: = r;,.'? =. ,-.-'= t-f : (10°71\tihJ, : J?,(lliJt\,. f lf'.9° I h'1 l·LIJ : W-ilT : i','}�:far?° : f"1'? : ltf, '1il: hlj:t!\ : 'IW• : t\,qA : i',f.,'fA9° :s 104

n ou:-e:oo t far = h 'i=t\ = n 001 = w1- = 00 tJJ»lif w• = 1f..lTI/ = r,,,t-"t.,-. = T'i"

+:f : '1-fltJ?'f:ii :

'IJ!,"7'.T'i :

:J'&h : 'lh : flf). : it Ir 1 h'ltLtJ9° : /\9°/ttt, : il/l : HC'¼: fiJ�11 : i'1 'P;e. : JtA"71 : f�t.m• I TA : Tl\:i•: ill\: n.TV-kf: J;.1-il:J>t\.f (m:l'oi = rrr'l = rt..:J•f-k.f : rfl+ = nciltf1 = th.'? = 9°161,b) = f&'-.W- : 'i":flD• :: tos �ll+�w•'}: h'i=I\ : Hou'}: f..'?CfP: il'Jout\h.-t-w· = lltLV = "LU : lltll'? = '1.',1ll : flh-A : ht;: : ft\ : t\lD· T : f.Cil'PA :i lf'.9° I t\1lJ:ro• : 'h11.:f.A �m- ('h'Jf.+lloof..m· : t;::,C,11 : 'l"lP'T1 : O,{Jwf--DIJC'i : °1TT : OD<#»mtr = (l�ou'J?°) : lllLIJ = f11'1?-1 = cit'? = I\Ol/ltm:P = n+mftf.m· = 'hC?°;f = i'i.:i•r kfw-f'} : I\ 0•19° : +tJ4.._e, : 1, Alf).'}° :: P'/rlD• : flD"LiJl, : ,, 'IC : i\.:PW• 1:,W : 11:J! : 'lllC I "h.'1C(l•9° : P'lrlD•"} : 01ltt« : 00111: : 'Im- : \1'111hc;.:,. :: i\'}f..;,;:: 'l"IC : ftj:,),"1 : 'l"IP':i--: T'i.T: "nfirf--il4-4-: 'tf. I f,IJ9°: \11'',lt 'Ito- : f11:i:r1l : '¼.9°. "n'i : 1:'i:f'1ii : i'i.�H.91 : 1..f,�. : 1:1:P : '1Y:C1 : Owt-ro• : rlj:'T,h : 'l"lP':t- : :'J--C 'r'J° : ',m• :2 to6 r,a ...... �,,..

....,... .... �,_

ll!iif� : (l•f>�D'/'f : :}1,ll : .P't\fl. : �tiLC(Lrf: : f"1°l 1 :i•9°tJC..l· 1 11:i• 1 h"7'1.f,}:,-- s ll.;r +r 1 �()}4 is .eu , :,.c1•9° : 'i!'Td1 = }1P':i• 1 �1-1'"7..ooflh:,- • floof\ar, a,m:P • fflLIA:JIA ii 103 . {l(l�,\,.f'} : 11.T I OD�tn'i!T : f1)-;.{l'} I ?ith-C:if·• .,,...TC= itt ' �...-, 71 J T00 /.\hT 11 f� H.u • v-11.:,., X'di«t::":i.. : "71'he!', "IA"° 1 114,�a,-e s :}1,ll = P't\'1. = �tii'c{L--t • f;,.-, , :,.9°uc:,. 1 o.:,. 1 ftn°l r (Lrf•: ODlf°l-fl:,• s" rf•4>9°1''PA rs 104 rh.A'lt.111-...- , fll. '°-11C1': x--di«C:°f = (Tcl!•f:r:1' s ..n;.J!: fl"?arti-l· =) ll�ji�ar<i: Oif'?;�ar = "'Iii:t-mif : +ouAh:,. rt 105 fl!i�ro• = "7ll;J·ro7i: r,1·n1+flar'} a IIDDK"dtt::":i· = 11c11c I m-ll,r I Oih.°l • l),e.'}fl ' h'i!IA= (oo,=oot.f I h'i!fl: ffOD'} a) .-J•oufAh:)• ,s 106 flfji�lD4 : "'lll;J�mi'f 11'1\,.e.: •l•ouAh;I. 11 102

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t O� f I( t\ �014 : h..: r·A- f : :J.i°l : :rth : h'i:l\ : Hoo"} : '?"} : f:it.°l :,, ° : 7 : (l'I H 0"19°: t,il:f,;,t: 'le& :: ,n f°I A = °11 P..l ·'1 : :tff : 1111 :· ,,-.�f, h,�,m•:J>:f014 : (};J ti,"} : hOJ� : h }1 "}� "}-"' : (l ', P..l· ( t\9°"t\, ; n htj::..,.... 1 : OJ : 1 C ill\ CD4 � : Y: 0.--r T"h.tf. : ' : ill\ : · il'i' 1°1F: : 1r�y, : f°t OJm• :· C · : r; A f = (l'IP-l- = ill\oi+Tft.:i,9° = 11·00,;:,. = OI/°li':,. =· . = °I m4! lt;J n+c = P1l'·J f t1'1, 118 ,f-h4-: f9°'i C : f :J! Tf· -f: h °I f.. A .. · : : 'h.1-\;rOJ:,,: t\ °71: l°l: 9° A f, 1t : hh : : � tflJ.tDJ;.. h : (lSJlif "}J;"} '1°1Jt1J ,n�.f ;-,,em:,,ao-19°: f°1..�TW•"}:. : f 0011111 = 11:i, = 'l �:i-:i 1 = ,r-A-f " (t rh.. F-lt1Y= ,1 '1 A 'I t\ = il'i:�?>:f =· = fI :: : 1 'I t\ 11 : it• lD· � J; : ll"'I 'ic, �L f"111 "0 : (l', P..1' : fll'� : 1'1f-ll''I: "I'}: •fll·.l..91:f: : fon'}llJp:,.'} : �;r C'i: flt.,ilr)-�"}il: f°1. 00t\•hr f :: {).,lf� f "h.1f-tl.U : ft\•rf:"}: ho,e'l;r:fm·: · . , . ' T tp OJ· "}:, : ·r-. 1 "1 : ft.f , > ID• : ll.:J 1 i 1111 ft 1' 9°.:: ,eIJ: ..,.. t..?. (Jil: f67 f i' ... : -t., f f,lf',OJ•: h.Tf-A"f: ht\,t\"l-: °tt "l�i': ;JC: f�T1: 7-�f-'f: fltPl.. ODt\hi::· Oro•61b: i\. "l C : 00 11111 : fl,,f.':!f: : (I '11."l9f. : (l'IP-l-: -0;J! : 'IOJ·:: 11 t·J•(D«"} : "Lit: f'19"'i: '}oP�.. : "I.It: tit\ti,:fa1•: fl�I\: 1,'IH.IJ'}: (l',f,T: "'lf1": J!,:J!' I\A 1 ft9°ltt\, 1 flt\'}f."}: f01/.'11lD·: fJ1 1l"fl: 0D1f"lirfl: ?i"J1t.T: (l.ir}·: If�: . hriJfrl: ,,...... .,....,... ... : q.s,o. n&.:i-- = fl\•:,- 1- = (l'IP-1: = "'Ir:,. = ,e,.. :,,�A:: l\"'lf:,. = noiL Ltl;..:,W : (l'IP..'f : OJ•h'f' : foo1',.ootfw•1'i : f1rf\,f'�0r1 : fh.,:,,r-t;:f :· ih"l : ;rth: h�l\: Hov'i-:f : f'PJ.ODl\h--1:: -OtJ-c : rtn11"fl : ().', p..-:f : A'i"l1 fl,}-: h'}'fl\t\"}:: 119 ()h.,,),r-A-f: "11: h1.t;..IJ: fl\: f OD'}°IFT: 0°111-0 : l1T = 1:c;e.:i- = 'lf\oo'i?- = (t'Ip..-:;..., °7"11'1' flfi:�'l° = llf,:J!A'l° ==

,n°l:

I\) hlh.°1 = (1Jc6lb : fl\• = 9°'}ua»;f ::

fh.-rr-A:..r1 = r"'" = :J""th = flf..1-0 = l\"'IT'i:,.. hJ1'1 : w•6£b ftt- 1 ?ith-C:111 ill\l\:fOJ· : ii�&. : ,fltl· : }·t 1'i"IC9° :i h1\ u-� : n&.:i--: ilil : ih'? : 9'31P'>l-: il'J'i"lC: hi\ : J1'?: fAlf�: ?i",h-C:::f-9°: fJ-1.:tf-A:f: ,"h.'?: 1,1P� rth h; = L/°"} ;t-w:,, : t\°1-"'l'? : O"J'/° : fOI/.lJ'i..: onlf'i:ft»-"} : '1/A?t'iA :: f;&b1• : ll'/°'it\,: h1Y.: ;J--th: 'l"IP'T: titt-,1, I h?i"Ji.�: 9°1Uml- : l\L/°'it\, = 1' 1f..: 1\ "IC : ->-019l1-- : �;re : '1it-T 1 hY,e"'l'iT : '1°1f!ib1"'J°: ti,e�c : ll�ltt\: fHC'¼ : f6�,,fl : ?i"Ji.�: fll,f"}�'}P,. : ff OD"'} : hi\ 'Pf. '11 (IJ• : fh,,)- f-li f: ch'?: 1\1};"}�: Ol/ill�: f,"l�A :: htn°l: ar6Lh : fll" : L/°'}f!ib-:f--: ll:Pc�: Hor>"}: O"J'/°: m:PUCJ.. : 1'11).: fl.elf� : il.f"ll\°lft.: f,1'1\lt- I h'ltL u� = t\'l°'it\, = fltllJ = fl? f�OJ• = oo,,f.. = qov:i-- = fa>{(l«,r = ;JtL(lll- = 'i:far st :

118

fkT\J-1.f • ih°I • a.,,.• on11a,11,l· 1 �1--'ttJ • fh•,l-1- • U'/il:rm4!fsPl· • 0�">11 1 on(l11fl11 1

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�n

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AN INTRODUCTI?N TO -THE SOURCES OF ETHIOPIAN LAW FROM THE l�th TO THE 20th CENTURY* ' by Dr. J. Vanderlinden** :

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INTRODUCTION

•

This paper is an introduction to the sources of Ethiopian law between the !3th. and the 20th century. By an introduction, we mean that the reader must not expect to find in the following pages a definite .and comprehensive _ description of the legal develop ment of Ethiopia. The field we will be dealing with is a relatively new one and its scientific and systematic study has just· been begun. We will thus only try in this essay to outline our present knowledge of the sources .of Ethiopian- law and; as far as possible, to define the prospects of future development in the field. The sources of Ethiopian law consist of any documentation, mostly written but also oral, which can add to our knowledge of the law of Ethiopia: In other words they are all the means through which the reality of Ethiopian law is ex pressed. This includes not only legal sources in thC? narrow sense of Ute word, i.e. legislative enactments, custom, judgments, legal science and legal documents, but also non-legal sources giving information· as to the state of the law� i.e. historical works, travel reports, newspapers, literary works, etc. And obviously both cate gories can include both written -and oral documents, such as recordings on records or magnetic tapes. · For our purpose, we will define law as being those acts and institutions the respect for which is enforced by socially recognized orga�s. in order to .safeguard social cohesion and to develop society. A very wide definition has been chosen in 01der to bring within its limits the greatest ·possible number of phenomena which can be called law. It puts special stress on the fact that law is a social phenomenon, that law includes institutions as well as acts, that law -is enforced by socially recognized organs and finally that law has two main .functions: the safeguarding of social cohesion and the development of society. But, in this paper, our subject will be restricted to only a small area of the law, i.e. the law of Ethiopia. We will consider the law of the country in its present boundaries, although in some cases we will have to refer to foreign legal materials as having influenced the sources of Ethiopian law.1 Finally, the chronological limits of our study stretch over eight centuries of * I must express here all my than.ks to my colleagues Jo Dunning and Christopher

Cl�pharn who have n· o t only accepted .to improve in a larg� measure the English style of this paper, but have also made invaluable suggestions a s to its contents .. . ** Suppleant a l'Universite Jibre de Bruxelles; visiting Lecturer, Faculty of Law, Haile Se]lassie I University. 1 e wi ll however exclude from this paper that part of the. la\v which cannot be con . W Jllder ed as being Ethiopia11 as it was imposed to the country by foreign rule. This is the � ase fo� Italian and British law in either Ethiopia and Eritrea at the time they \Vere sub JCCted to colonial rule.

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Ethiopian legal history. The 13th century_ l1as been taken as a starti ng poi nt as written documents on tl1e 1·t provides us with the first important state of the 1 . . . . . aw ts ex1s f or documentation previous Obviously country. periods, but it ca in the _ nno t after. On d an_ century tl1e other end, our surv compare with that of the 13th ey Will extend up to the present time, and sc include the most recent developments in the sources of Ethiopian law. Within these general chronological limits, we will divic!e tl1e history of Ethio pian law into four main periods :

I) from the 13th century, i.e. from the time of the advent of the so-called Solomonic line of kings, until the acceEsion of En1peror Menilek to the Ethiopian throne in 1889; we will call it the pre,Menilek period. 2) from the beginning of Menilel's reign to the appointment of Ras Tafari as regent in 1916; we will call it MenJek's period. 3) from the appointment of Ras Tafari as regent to the Italo-Ethiopian conflict of 1935; we will call it the pre-war period. . , 4) from the return of His Imperi1l Majesty Haile Sellassie I in 1941 to the present time, i..e. the contemporary period. The justification of these divisions can be found only in the development of the sources of Ethiopia11 law during �ach of these periods. As we shall see each of them can be characterized by special features in that respect. THE SOURCES OF ETI-UOPIAN LAW

The sources of Ethiopian law, as has been already pointed out, can be ·divided into two main categories : leg1I and non-legal sources. The former can be subdivided into legislative enactmen1s, custom, case-law, legal science and legal documents, while the latter consist mainly of scientific and literary works (in which we include travel reports, genertl studies about Ethiopia, newspapers, and general periodicals). We will now proceed to examine each of these sources in an historical perspective considering successively the different periods of Ethiopian legal history mentioned in the introdoction. A.

LEGAL SOURCES

I. LEGISLA'l'IVE ENACTMENTS

Legislative enactments can be defined, for the purposes of this paper, as_ tbe formal expression of the will of the governing persons or institutio11s of a giv en th s ud excl n o society,_ in the exercise of their govemi1g function. Tl1is d.efiniti _ � :: expressions of th.e will of the governing persons or institutions which const1tute w e-Ja · fa 11 1n cas e · th · d'1c1a · 1 a dm1n1 JU · · strat·1on of the socie · · ns will · ty; such expressio category. If we consider the fi�st period of Ethiopian legal history, legislative ena.c:i::. seldom appear as such, isolated from other legal sources. They are to be as we shall see, in religious books (i.e. in non-legal sources) or chronicles.

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AN INTRODUCTION TO TI-IE SOURCES OF ETHIOPIAN LAW

But there is a very impor�nt exception to this general rule:· . the Serata est or Law �f th� State, �b1cb has been translated into German and ltaliari .2 Mang alt 1ns ont ether (1t ion wenty -one collec t articles of law) appears to ort � � � ?� sh This uous legtslati�e act1v1ty which .. started in the 14th century and contin a ord rec first the elemen ts 17th; are the attributed by Guidi to Amela Sion in ed inat uhn Fas to ilid last as (1_632-166 7_ �, although -the eminent Italian · the and · 44) 4-13 �13i unable to date with pre�1sion every element of the collec appare ntly was lar scho tion. It consists mostly of enactments on the organization of the Ethiopian royal Court (including many provisions defining the status of· dignitaries recognized · as mem bers of that Court), but it also contains some provisions on more general matters such as civil procedure, although these are always connected with members of the royal Court. The following is a good example of the such a provision: "When the Queen accuses somebody or is accused by somebody; the judges shall 3 t in cour '' e. et in hous sit to b d calle be •

Apart from this particular collection of legislative enactments (and one can not exclude the possibility of. one day finding other similar collections), laws of the first period are generally found in non-legal texts; there they are reproduced most often by historians. Examples of statutory legislation by Ethiopian kings are thus found in the chronicles recounting the events of their reign or those of their predecessors. The texts of the laws are generally drafted in a very short and .optative form which so-othes the imperative character of the command without depriving it of its·force. The two texts which· follow show both aspects clearly. The first text is from the so-called Cl1ronicle of Paris, published by Basset in his Etudes ethiopiennes4 and concerns a very important moment in Ethiopian history: the abdication of king Susenyos (1607-1632) after the re-establishment of the traditional faith in the Empire. It reads as follows : ''Let this Faith be re-established and my son Fasi] reign." As for the second text, it is taken from the so-called Abbreviated Chronicle, published by Beguinot5 and reproduces an enactment of king Za-Dengel (16031604). It reads as follows: - ''Let all the men be soldiers and the land pay the tribute.'' Conti Rossini, commenting upon this text, stresses the unusual character of' the enactments, as normally land was exempted from taxation as soon as men went to war. 6 And in another study of the same text, he discusses its exact meaning and disputes the position taken by another Italian scholar, Cerulli.7 The J. Varenbergh "Studien zur abessinischen Reichsordnung'', in Zeitsclzrift fur AsS)' riologie, vol. 30 (1915) pp. 1-45 for the German translation of the text, and I. Guidi, "Con tributi alla storia Iett;raria di Abissinia, I. II Ser'ata Mangest'', in Rendiconti della Re� le Accademia dei Lincei, Scienze morale, vol. XXXI ser. V (1922), pp. 65-89, for the Italian translation. 3 I. Guidi, cited above, p. 76. 2 See

R. Basset, Etudes ethiopiennes, (Paris 1881), p. 132. 5 F. Beg·ui11ot , La cro11aca abbrevicita d'A bissir,ia, (Roma 1901), p. 42. 6 . C Conti-Rossini, ''Due squarci inediti di cronaca etiopica'', in Rendico11ti della Rea le Accade ,nia dei Lincei, Scie11ze mora le, vol. II. ser. V (1893), pp. 811-812. 7 om e C. �onti Ro�sini, ''Su due fr_asi della Cronaca abbreviata dei.Re d'Etiopia':, � � �1 �elr in � na . lst1tuto � Orren apo/1, vol. 3 (1949), pp. 284-290, with E. Cerult, N di tale Etiopia occzdetztale, vol. I, (Roma 1930), pp. 138-140. 4

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fting of the docun1ent was deli dra s uou big am t tha say to as far so s goe latter b er ate r st uld ou wo mo fav tl1e on ati ret erp int Crown in an one ver ate wh · ow all · to as So Y instance.8 More specialised· are the e�actments of King :hra_ �aqob (14-34-1468), Which k of Na21v1ty. It n1ostly deals . led tht Boo are contained in his work entit . W1th . religious affa.irs, but also contains texts on c1v1·1 an d penal matters, scattered amo·ng 9 e. tim the of ies res he st attacks again . · All the enactments with wh�ch we have been dealing t1ntil_ now are general in the sense that they were applicable to the whole of the Ethiopian Empire t the time of their promul�ation. �ut w� nust also ta�e into consideration particul� legislative texts conferring spec1_al rights to certain J.>ersons or , more often, to institutions. Such is the case, for mstance, of the t\\1 0 documents reproduced below which are generally called privileges or �l 1arters. ,..fhe first is from a very i.mportan; collection of more than a hundred do:;uments establishing forced financial con tributions and announcing gifts to various religious institutions of northern Ethio pia. It was first published in the beginning of this century under the title Liber Axu,nae by Conti Rossini. 1° From it, we have taken as an example from an early period, a text from the end of the lLth or the beginning of the 15th century. It is reprodu.ced here in its English translation by Huntingford,11 which read s as follov,1s:

)

"i l

''To the glory of the Father, the Son, and the Holy Spirit. I, the Emperor (ha�e) Dawit, have granted by charter to my father Aron of Dabra Hermo: "(then follows the list of the grants)." That it may be for me a conductor to the kingdom of Heaven. If any one violates or infrillges (this), may he be cursed by the power of Peter and Paul; and by the mouth of the Father, the Son, and the Holy Spirit; and by the_ mouth of all the Prophets and Apostles, for ever. Amen.'' Such documents can be found all throughout Ethiopian legal history, up to and including the 19th century, although in the case of the latest documents char ters are frequently the confirmation of previous privileges, as can be shown by another excerpt from the Liber Axumae. It was promulgated by Emperor Yohan nes IV between 1868 and 1889, i.e. at the very end of our first period, and reads as follows: ''A.nd I, the king of kings Yohannes, have renewed all the hereditary grants and charters of Dabra Bi zan which mf fathers the kings Dawit, Zar'a Ya'qob, Lebna Dengel, and Galawdewos gave. ,Vbo so violates or i11fringes (this), may h: b� cursed by the mouth of the Father. the Son and. the Holy Spirit, be he Tegre the by cursed be maki1c1n.nen or balira nagasi or makuainen's deputy; may be power of Peter and Paul.''12 8 E.

Cerulli, cited above note 7, p. 139. isJ itat · . Trin . . ti . f 1 ·· W en (L'b, . 9K dt D , ,as M�sha a M1/ad (Ltber Nat1v1tatis) 1111d Masl,afa Se/lase. . des Kaisers Zar a Ya quob, 4 vols., (Louvain 1962 ) and C. Conti Rossini �nd L Rieci, _ II L,b ro def/a Li.tee de/ Negz,s Zara Ya'quob :Masl,afa Berh.a,i), 4 vols., (Louvain ·1964· -1965). 1 C . Conti Rossini, Li ber Ax,.,mae, (Paris 1909-1910). 33 · 11 G.W.B. Huntingford 5 p. ), Tl1e la11d charters o�· Norther,, Ethiopia' (Addis Ababa 196 , 12 Id, p. 79.

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eges ri gran or ted to communities charters or � individuals, the _ � from e Asid Ethi opia n of legal history can be found in the treaties sour ce e slativ Jeui . sove . another z:r ween Eth1op1 . . reig ns . an d an f ore1 gn pow ers. The se bet trea ties are ded 1 u · co ne our f 1rst o f stage peno · · d th , e late first r among rathe them being the a at · d . of a ents· d 1849, whic� were concluded by ·Queen 1841 Agre em · pian � thio o-E = Sahle-Selas 1 as to and he t ftr t and rnme Ras Ali as to -the Gove � � � s � � oria' Vict f gener qual1 al! . 1ed as treati fr1end es, sh1p and e commerce treaties, Thes � _ 3 ond.1 sec s the 1n n11m follo ero wing year �or s as Ethiopia became an grow � to ? . were pol1t1cs of European powers in �e Red. Sea area. In the in lement rtant � imPo _ the case for the 1841 and 1s 1849 (as treaties and also for the ning begin the passed by Menilek) the agreements were concluded of 1883 Treaty an thiopi Italo-E betwe en local kings and the foreign ·powers; it is not until Menilek's reign as Emperor that one may in fact speak of agreement between Ethiopia as such and 14 · . co1.1ntries the other . These agreeme�� deal mostly with public international law problems, although they sometimes include very important provisions influencing directly the legal structure of the country. Such is the case, for instance, for article XVII of the 1849 Treaty which establishes consular courts in Ethiopia (or at least within the limits of Ras Ali's territory) with exclusive jurisdiction over British subjects both in civil and penal matters.15 The treaties also provide us for the first time with documents which are written in foreign languages and which can. be found in foreign ministerial archives outside Ethiopia. Often, however, the text of a treaty differs in its different versions, owing to the fact that it is written in Amharic and in the language of the. foreign contracting power; this has sometimes led to serious problems of �terpretation, some of which have nearly resulted in casus belli between the interested powe�s. Finally legislative enactments· · promulgated by the Catholic. Church which were accepted by the Ethiopia.n Church must be mentioned here. They can be fo�d in collections- like . the Senodos, some parts of which have been published or translated.1 6 In the same way the Acts of the Apostles were received in the Ethiopian Church through the Didascalia Apostolorum which was also translated into Ge'ez during the first .times of Ethiopian legal history.17 Tl:tis brings us to. our conclusions on the legislation of this first period of Ethiopian l�gal history. One may say that apart from some very rare collections of either royal or· .�hurch legislative materials or privileges and the few interna tional treaties, legislative enactments of the · period are not well known. First ..

13 The second of these treaties is· published in Trattati, convenzioni e accordi relativi

airAfrica, 4 vols., Rome 1941-1943, Vol. 111, pp. 208-212. 14 This is written with the full knowledge that treaties binding on Ethiopia as such could tave been passed· as soon· as -Theodoros was proclaimed emperor in 185�. It should b� note�. . entered into his owever, tha! there was. ·an Emper�r in the country in 1883, when Men1lek agree�ent WJ.th Italy: this was Yohannes IV. • 15 See Trat tati, cited abo ve in note 13, pp. 211-212.

n the Se'!odos, s�e. the studies by G err er and r�baut, Mauro �a 1:,eonessa, G�errier, O ; <? H rner, Duensi ng, Gu1d1 � . ! _ period (1st Legislation B1bliography, and Contithe 1n Ross1ru ChUrch law), to this article. 6

On the Didascalia, see the studies by Pell Platt and Fran�on, in the same place.

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of al l, the work of going throug? all available sources (especially the chron · cles) i _ be to . e don. still has o11dly, c Sereferences the material for their legal aila �: s bie of guarantee tl1e no offer . authe11ticity time present at the of the texts led q by language the of seen, the have we la..,vs As is the chronicles. often not very · · · · clea � � 1nterpretat1ons. t1 Wh · e _1e th· �a�y · is 1s due to the delibe r . and ves rise to . . r�te Cert1ll1 (as s) rulers ma1nra1n n or Ethiopia to the of the intention lack of p recision · • · 1es (tl1e Tsaha.f e T'e on the part of the person 1n charge o f th. e c.t1ron1c az o 18 Official Chronicler) has still to be determined and perhaps it never w1"Il z e b r · as · 1ves _a1c ·h h" d e : at time of their writing. there were apparently no organ�ze M�reover, one can be sure that the diffusion of legal instruments was by proclamat1. n o shows. clearly refer We docume to nts our the of already mentioned ex as one cerpt from the Abbreviated C!zronicle: containing Za Dengel's law. The ex r itself is preceded _by the following phrase: . ''In t,�e fi:st year of his reig: e: made a �roclamatton through a herald, saying: ... 19 �1nally it must eb pointed out that 1n many cases we do not even have a quotation of the legislative text but only the simple comment that a text with such and such contents has bee� passed by a sovereign; in fact this is nost frequently tl1e case.20 A very wide field of study is thus open to legal historiar.s. In the field of legislative enactments, the second period of Ethiopian legal history is very different from the first in that we possess evidence of a legislative concept much closer to that to which European legal historians are accustomed. The first of these documents appears i1 1908 with a set of proclamations defining the functions of the various Ministers, members of the newly appointed Cabinet. 21 This appointment is the first of Menilek's moves towards the organization of his country on European lines and it was to be followed by some others of which evidence was fortunately preserved in Balambaras Mahtama Selassie Wolde Meskel's Zekrii Niigiir.22 Apart from tl1e above n1entio11ed laws, one may also mention the proclama tions on successions or on the introduction of new ct1rrency; even more general imperial declarations closer in content to the ancient laws appear. 23 A very go� example of these is a proclamation made in Harrar in 1908 and recor�ed 10 Le Se,neur d'Ethiopie which reads as follows : ''You Christians a11d Muslims _be free, each of you, to live according to your faith. If anybody is injured let h_m1 know that he has all freedom to come to me. Let everybody avoid spreading news in the country which is such as to trouble public peace."24 .

On _th.is proble� see also D. Levine, A.111biguity and Moder11il>' (a p aper p�pa�i�g{i� the Session on Sociology of Kno-wledge' Fifth \1/orld Congress of Sociology, as 18

(1962)).

C. Conti Rossini, cited above in n:>te 6, p. 811. .sSi. ng 20 See, for instance, the reference to a legi.slative enactment of King Amda Sion dismi . Judge s opposing his policies in R. Basset, ci1ed above in note 4, p. 101. d an Bekele 21 These procI:imations will be published as par.t of an article by Selamu . J. Vanderlinden 1n a future issue of the Jor.rnal of Etlziopian Law. 22 Addis Ababa 1951. 72 · · PP· ve, . abo d Cle ·t e, "3 � For th� mentioned proclamat1ons, Selassi MahW.mli see Ealambaras (on successions) and 199 (on new currency). 24 Le Semeur d'Ethiopie, August 1908, 4th year, p. 447.

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some �hat nd of seem subsidiary legislation is appearing 'in s it � y· finall And case a such s that of public notices originating from the . that think � We ia. Ethiop and regulating the postal organization of the country. rtme nt Dep a ce Offi . t . . P©S · prepar e as n d b I o y f t' a · ? _ ': oreign experts in charge of divisions egts I idiary subs Such as woul mm1 d str1e , be the case for creat ed the _ Direc tor y of Posts and � newl the of Guillet who kept named the popula tion infoimed of the PQstal man a aphs, Telegr • 25 regulations. But despite the increase in our knowledge of legislative sources during that period, th�re are still many enactment � only mentioned in documents such �s chronicles or travel reports, and of which we have no further account. In this respect the chronicle b � !'1:nilek's n�wly appointed M�nister of the Pen, Gabra , Selassie (the fom1er Tsahafe T ezaz) 1s an example for 1t offers many hints as to .26 kept t.ne le gislation of that reign, the text of which has apparently not been . Apart from these general enactments, texts of a more special nature can be found from the same period. These are concession agreements and international

treaties. The concession agreements are of the same kind as previous charters or pri vileges as they give to specific persons or groups, a privilege which will have .to be

recognized by everybody within the country; an interesting text in that re spect is. the Lane Concession which refers to ''Mr. George William Lane, and to the Englishmen in the City of London . who are his company'' as being the grantees of a mining concession.27 Of course traditional privileges and charters still exist, but they do not contain much that is new, while the concessions are totally new documents and provide first hand evidence of attempts to develop Ethiopia economically. The importance of some of these concessions is even such that some of them have been frequently reproduced, either in Ethiopian sources like the Zekrii Niigiir or in European sources such as Pigli's book on Ethiopia in European politics28 or Zervos' on the Ethiopian Empire.29 Such is the case of the highly significant railway concession to the Emperor's influential advisor Alfred Ilg�0 and of the no less important concession of the Bank of Abyssinia to the National Bank of Egypt.31 Obviously there were less important privileges granted to foreigners (such as the Lane Concession mentioned above), but these two examples show-clearly what impact such privileges could have- on •

25 Le

Semeur d' Ethiopie, November 1908, 4th year, p. 493. (P 26_Guebre Sellassie, Chronique di, regne de Menelik 11, roi des rois d'Ethiopie, 2 vols., ans 1932); see, for instance, vol. II, 531-532 on the appointment of judges. 27 P blic u Record Office Archives, F.O. 1 /37, an annex to a letter of January the 5th 1900 from J. L. Harrington, Consul in Addis Ababa to the Marquis of Salisbury. 28 For the Zekrii Niigiir, cited above in note 22, see for example pp. 452-482, various r ements on the Franco-Ethiopian railway and for M. igli, L'Etiopia 11ella politica europea, P C:a� ?va _ 1936), pp. 234-235 (Mining concession to Dr. Ilg), p. 239 (the same to an Italian synd1cate). 29 A.

m ents Zervos, L'Empire d'Ethiopie, (Athens 1936), gives a list of various concession agree on p. 303. 30 See Pigli., cited above note 28, pp. 215-217 and Zervos, cited above note 29, pp. 294-295. Jt Sec p·Igli• note 28. pp. 243-244, and see Zervos, note 29, pp. 181-182. ·

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ns. will most often be fo sio ces con nor mi e Th y. ntr cou the of und the future in .32 ne do to be s ill ha st ch ar s� re European archives, where important g hin blis esta l was lega ia iop Eth that · e tim e m sa. · At the .. . relations in a forma1 . . way with foreign indiv�duais· ?r compan1es, _ 1 ts ;e1 at1ons with foreign states Were developing at an ever 1ncreas1ng pa�e. . M �m 1 e .k s openness �o the outside worl d the 10 a E�1op horn of of n io � �fr1ca, was the orig as much as the vital posit_ _ _ in of an intense diplomatic act1v1ty �ulm1nating 1n th: many i nternational agree ment s t ptramount of llllpor being a11ce for the contempora of the period, some of them history of this part of the world. We need only mention the famou s Wicha 7 Treaty dating from the very first year of our period or� much later, the Klobukow� ski Agreement with the Fr1/nch governnent in 1908 which v1as to be the source of many conflicts arising from its forrnal acknowledgement (in Article 7 ) of the existence of foreign consular courts on Ethiopian territory. The interest of these treaties is such that they have often been published in foreign languages, although rarely in Amharic. 33 It is to be hoped that all these documents will be published as soon .as possible as they- would prove invaluable for the historians of Ethiopian law. This would also close once and for all the many debates over the exact meaning of the different versions, on which each party relied to support its . 34 C.la lIDS. Thus the second period (especial�y after 1907) brings great improvements in our knowled.ge of the legislative sources of Ethiopia11 Jaw. Not only are more laws known over a sho!1er period (1907 or 1908 to 1916), which is a quantitative improvement, but they are also better known since we possess fuller texts of the laws, which is a qualitative improvement. And not only do we possess many full texts of legal documents, but also these texts are often available in· different la.nguages, the Amharic being nearly always accompanied by a corresponding documen� in the language of the foreig:i contracting power or party.35 But· what is even more interesting is that we may still hope one day to have access to the original · legislative instruments. This results from the appoint ment by Menelik of a Minister of the Pen whose tasks included, according to the proclamation defining his duties, the copying and recording of everything written in the Palace. its careful preservation and the keeping of copies of various gove� ment papers. 36 This definition of the functions of the Minister of the Pen was in fact equivalent to a fo1n1al establishment of Ethiopian legal archives, even though the importance of this step for the future of Ethiopian legal history may not have been fully realized when the instructions were issued.

was a custom for the C�nsuls or Representatives of foreign powers in Ethi 0P\a t� 0 8 t by h onals send to their governments 'a copy of all co1cessions granted to their nati fe �g0 auth or1ties. .. Al . so, when a problem arose between the conceding power and the orc1 pers_o n �r com_pany, the latter tended to ast for �upport from their governn1ents, pr ovidioi them with copies of documents establishing their . rights. · .. her . Neit " . the case for the er· p 33 This 1s pa is h t 10 already exampl es we have mentioned . . Pigli, nor the Trattati, nor Zervos ever reproduce a treaty in a non-European language. on the contrary, see S. Rubenson, Wicliale XVII, (Addis Ababa 1964). . prepar• . . · is· t e rsi ro f essor R Univ_ p 34 u�ens on of I the Sellas sie . Department d History, Haile ¥' riote a p 10 mg such a collection and one hopes that of b avail it 'Nill e able as soon as possible form. . d · a-n law · . . . al . atio f 35 A.P. rt from the example� already mentil 1nte e public of tl1e m _ field ned in islativ � g le 0f pnvi ege� granted to foreigners, we unfortunately do not possess versto ns 0 documents · 1n another language than . . Amharic.. 36 S ee Balam baras Mahtama Selassie, citeci in note 22, p. 646 . 32 It

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with the exceptio� of some subsidiary enactments, the of o?gi the � for · As on, �he Emperor and he alone �as. still responsible for it. Ieg1slat1 e ti� istra _ admin ct to have f a m ssumed see!11 wi thin a new structure and � ters minis _ new The which were previously shared by various counsellors. functions es nam new . under _ . rch a mon . of the . Finally, as conce�s _the cliffusio � of the law, there is a basic change through presses in the coun try. As early as the first years of pnnt1ng of ion oduct intr the tury, a press was functioning regularly in Dire Dawa (on which Le cen 20th the printed) and somewhat later on, in 1911, the first books was hiopie d'Et eur Sem Ababa ( one of the first Addis books ever printed on these presses in t ed prin were ministrie t. ly created by. Menilek).37 H owever, if our recen s the on ry allego an is inform�tion is correct,"i, a small pri11ting press exclusively devoted to the printing of proclamations and other official documents was already functioning in the Imperial Palace (in the Ministry of the Pen office) a few years before that time. Bu t this does not mean that t he traditional system of proclama tions had disap peared. On the contrary, it was maintained throughout t his period and was the only way of spreadin . g the laws until about 1908. An excerpt from Le Semeur d'Ethiopie of August 1908 shows th�s clearly when it describes a ceremony of proclamation which took place at that time outside the capital.39 The herald would come on the market place accompanied by a young lion, ''living symbol of the Negus authority, ',. then drums ·would be beaten and the proclamation read to the population in Amharic; but, and this is very interesting, it would immediately be translated into Harari, Galla and Somali languages. Thus nobody could argu.e that he did not understand the language of the dominant group and benefit from such ignor ance to escape the law.

--As we move into the third period of Ethiopian legal history, differences from the previous periods are more marked than ever before. First of all the quantitative importance of legislation is increasing. In the twenty yea.rs between t l1e appointment of Ras Tafari as Regent of the Empire and the Italo-Ethiopian war, legislation grew more and more abundant, especially from 1922 onwards. On the basis of t he documents which were kept, one can estimate the total amount of that legislation at approximately a hundred _proclamations.40 '

But the most significant progress was made in connection with the qualitative aspect of legislation. Not only are nearly all aspects of Ethiopian life considered in the proclamations, but some texts are of paramount importance for the legal development . of the country. In addition to the numerous proclamations in com mercial matters (on companies, bankr.uptcy, register of commerce, brokers, etc.) ,. '

. 37

The article by Selamu Bekele and J. Vanderlinden, referred to in note 21 above, will include the text of th e Allegory. 38 This information was given to �s orally by Balarnbaras Mahtam� _Selassie Walda Maskal. · 39 Le Semeur · d' Etl1iopie, cited in note 24. 40 This estimate is based on a sy�tematic reading of the periodical Be1: l1t:,nena Selam by Ato Tadesse Abdi, a law aJamba by prov1d1ng with data � co111pared student, the being results as Maht ama Selassie in Zekrii Niigiir· and Zervos in L'Empire d'Etlziopie, as well as with other � ragm.entary evidence given by travel reports or historical studies.

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of tution 19_3� wl1ic� f?r the first nstt Co the were tance impor lof particular time _ � a on l1she estab try, coun ?ef1rute basis rts governm enta � the of y r . .in. the histo l -structure, and the Penal Code of 1930, w.11cl1 provided a c:omprel1ensiv e definition .-0f crimes and penalties.41

From our point of view, the Constitution of 1931 is also interesting beca �t introduced for the first time in Ethiopia a difference between various enactme�� · of the legislative power. A difference was thus made benveen statutes (lois in th French text of th� Constitution) an_d_ decrees _ (decrets in the s�e text). The firs� :according to Article 34, are prov1s1ons wh1�h have been discussed in the two parliamentary Chambers (C?amber of Deputies and �enate) and have been ap _ proved by the Emperor, while the second are, according to Article 9, emergency measures taken by the E·mperor alone when Parlian1e11t is not sitting; the latter in all cases, must be submitted to Parliament for confinnatio11 and are abrograted if such confirmation is not given. Finally, the E1nperor alone, according to Article 10, had the power of issuing orders (or·d:-es in the French text) to en$ure the ex •.ecution of existing laws, maintain public order and develop the prosperity of the nation.42 We have thus three categories of legislative e11actments after the pro ·mulg·ation of the Constitution of 1931 : statutes, decrees and orders. Most texts published in the five years preceding tl1e war fall within these categories. But subsidiary legislation also developed in this _ period and the most note worthy contributio11 in that field was perhaps tl1at of the Municipality of Addis Ababa, which on 1na11y occasions legislat:!d on topics co11cerning urban activities; among these topics, we find, to mention but a few : taxes on small retailers, dis turbances of peace and order in the town, vehicle registration, censorship of the cinema, theatre and other places of amu;ement, and even (as the hostilities with Italy were starting) nigl1t air attacks.43 Obviously, apart from the Municipality, Ministries were also very active, each of them in its particular field. There are many Government Notices such as those on hunting licences from the Ministry of Agriculture, on currency exchange rat!s from the Minister of Finance and on travel in Ethiopia from the Ministry of the Interior.44 The increase in the field of general legislation did not prevent the continuation or even the development of more special branches of legislation such as the gra.nt ing of privileges or concessions to individuals and compa11ies45 and the conclusion ,of treaties between Ethiopia and the outside world. In fact the latter part of the legislative activity was the most developed, agreements being made with more 0� t�e Penal Code of 1930, of which a. translation in Englisl1 was made aft e� %e liber�t1on 1n 1942, see S. Lowenstein, Materials for tlze Study of tlze Pena l La w of Eth1 oPbY' (Addis Ababa 1965), pp. 58-60, with recommended reading on pp. 67-68 and th� stud � ,e E. Cerulli, "II 11uovo Codice penale etiopico ed ; sz,oi pri11cipi /011dame11tali" , in Orien moderno, vol. 12 (1932), pp. 391--405. 42 Co11stiti1tion d'Et/ziopie, (Addis Ababa 1931). Tekenlt 1 3 43 For these municipal regulations, 1923, see Berka11ena Se/a,1 1, 10 Megabit l923 , 13 Meskeram 1924, 5 Nehasse 1924, and Aymro, 24 Meskeram 1928. e Sen 12 44 For these Notices issued • by Ministries see Berl1 anena Selan1 9 Tahsas 1923 1920 and 10 Megabit 1923. ' in . 45 Fo r a 1·is t of these, of which we cannot aicertai.n the completeness, see Zervos cited note 29 and also the same, p. 302. . 41

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among w�ich are found, for instance, the Netherlands and s� coun trie mor e and poi be nte mu d ch out that a definite step towa.rds better inter it ly, �in a � n.46 Japa _ . taken (alth ough 1 �s �esults were more than disappointing was ns t1 rel onal � � nati gove when rnme nt) Eth1 1an op1a asked and obtained in the summer Eth1o p the for ue Leag the of to ns.47 Natio ssion admi 1923 of If we consider some basic points common to the new legislation, we also . s e g n t a n h a t c r o p im e ic t 11o ' first of all, the laws appear now to be published regularly, at least in most cases, eithe.r in small pamphlets (as is the case with the most important among them like the Penal Code, the Constitution, and the Laws on Companies, Bank ruptcy, and Nationality) or in a newspaper which Regent Tafari Makonnen founded in 1924 under the title of Light and Peace (Berhanena Se/am). This was a general inform ation newspaper and was not in the strict sense of the term an official gazette; but the personality of its sponsor and the fact that it regularly published official documents such as legislative enactments conferred on 1t a semi-official character.48 But this development of written documents (some of which were• also printed separately and distributed to the public, as was the case for most urban � enactments) did not eliminate the traditional proclamations. In fact one of the first of Ras Tafari's enactments was to define in a very precise way the procedure which had to be followed for public proclamations, or at least for the most important ones, which were made by the Minister of the Pen from the top of the wall at the Palace gate.48 a This was obviously still a necessity in Ethiopia at the time. '

On the other han�, during that period most legislation was published in two languages, Amharic and French, with the result that we can often manage to get at least one of the two versions when it is difficult to secure the original publications. For example, many legislative enactments have been reproduced in A.mharic in Balambaras Mahtama Selassie's Zekrii Niigiir49 while some other docu ments (often different ones) can be found in Zervos' L'Empire d'Ethiopie, 50 this time in the French language. The result of these material aspects of legislation in this third period of Ethiopian legal history is that we are able to get a fairly good idea of the import ance of legislation among the legal sources of the time. Our picture remains in complete however, since we cannot be sure that everything can be foun.d in either Ber/1anena Sela,n. or the other works devoted totally or partially to the Efhiopian

46 See

Berhanerza Se/a111, 9 Guenbot 1920, for the treaty witl1 the Netherlands and Zervos,

cited in note 29, p. 485, for the treaty ,vith Japan. 47 On thjs see for example, A. de la Pradelle, Le cot1/lit ita/o-ethiopie,z, (Paris 1936), pp. 73-107 and foilowing. 48 A _complete collection of that periodical cannot be found even in_ th� Nation �! Library . �n Add1s Ababa. From the issues available, one can guess that the per1od1cal was 1nagt1rated in January 1925 and was from then on published regularly every week until the en d of 1935. 4sa The cover illustration of the Zekra Niigiir, cited in note 22, shows that scene as it \Vas reconstituted by the author from his personal memories. 49 The core of that book is in fact made up of such enactments. 50 In some of its parts, this boo k is more descriptive, but the central part of it is also centere d around legislative enactn1ent s. '

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law of the time. One can o_ nly �o� that so�e day, throu.gh tl1e efforts of al 1 poss b e w o 1t c period, i that st t omplete l re ill t in interested sons he picture. per

,, I

. -

And so we come finally to the last period of Etl1iopian legal history th starting in 1941 with . the return . of �is Im�rial Nlaje�ty �aile Sellassie' 1 : Ethiopia. The period 1s characterized 1n the �1eld of legislation by even greater changes than the preceding one, changes of wh1cl1 only the 1nost important will be considered here. First of all, legislation now has a prominent role in the legal development of the country, �nd �here is hardly any area of the �aw v1hich is not covered by it. The bulk of leg1slat1on also has become such that 1t bas been found necessary to prepare consolidated statements on legislative activity in Ethiopia. The first of these ''Consolidated Laws of Ethiopia'' volumes was published in mimeographed form in May 1964 and the whole set of 1he Consolidated La}vs contains five such volumes. In these volumes are found ''the f-ull text of all laws in force in Ethiopia . which have appeared in the Negarit Gazeta from the lsi through the 22nd year of its publication'', omitting however special issues available in separately bound editions, such as those containing the Codes (civil, penal, civil procedure, penal procedure and commercial); this practically covers all legislation promulgated be tween 1941 and 1963 incl usive.52 Following the promulgation of the Revised Constitution of 1955, the defini tion of legislative enactments also became more precise. The text of the Revised Constitution provides for three types of legislative enactment which can be de fined as follows: 53 - Proclamations, which pass throtgh and are approved by Parliament, and are then submitted for the approval of the Emperor (Articles 88, 89 and 90 of the Revised Constitution); - Decrees, which, under Article 92 of the Revised Constitution, are promul gated by the Emperor alone in case of emergency when Parliament is not in session; these laws have to be submitted :o Parliament as soon as it reconvenes; - Orders, which emanate from the Emperor alone without being sub mitted to the direct control of Parliament, by virtue of the powers conferred on him by Articles 26, 27, 28, 33, 34 and 36 of the Revised Constitution. Apart from this principal legislation, there is also subsidiary legislation_ i� the form of legal notices, general notices, or simply notices originating from ministers in their administrative capacity. The ideal solution would be to get from the Ethi<?pian Archi�es kept_ in th of the P�n _a copy of all enactments promu� ated during that period. This coufd the publication of a collection of Ethiopian Statutes and such a volume wou Id be in· valuable for lawyers as well as ior historians. . 1 p. y ciall espe 52 See Consolidated Laws of Ethiopia ' 5 vols., (Addis Ababa 1964-1965), and of Introduction in vol. I. te 52, • • d no n · i · Sec Revzse cite · d Constztutzo 53 n of Etliiopia 1955, in the Consolidated Laws, vol. I, pp. 88-113.

'tt'f:;�s�

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more of ca,se th specific legislative enactments, Article 30 take to lly, : .Fina . onst1tut1on state � that the Emperor is competent to conclude agree vised <? Re of the pro rs, ed howev w er at treatie s foreign ? containing some special 1:1 �� with � ts _ �en mod1f1ca nal t1ons, m�d1fications of existing legislation, rete�t as such � ses clau re from state funds, and grants of loans or monopolies expen ditu of ts men uire Parliament for approval. What is more, these international to itted subm be q ust Revi the with sed Cons tituti er on, are considered in Article 122 toget , ents � eem :gr suprem e law of the the land, all future legislation inconsistent being as latter the oI s4 . d ll d u id an n re vo la ec d g n ei b therewith Although from the tec �.i�al point of view the Codes do not occupy a special lDlportance their for the laws, e r futu. development other of the coun among e plac try is such that �hey deserve parti�ular mention. Between 1957 and 1965, Ethiopia was provided with no less than six codes, the Penal Code of 1957 (on the 23rd of July), the Civil Code, the Commercial Code and the Maritime Code (on the 5th of May 1960), the Criminal Procedure Code (on the 2nd of November 1961) and the Civil Procedure Code (on the 8th October 1965). The history of Ethio pian codification has not yet been written, although some of the drafters have already dropped hints as to various sources. What may be said with certainty is that these codes reflect substantial Ethiopian participation in their elaboration and that such names as those of R. David, J. Escar1a, J. Graven and A Jauffret will be part of Ethiopian legal history for the fact that these scholars provided the codification commission with the preliminary drafts of the codes and with their advice during the process of codification.55

A fourth important characteristic of this period is the establishment, as soon as His Imperial Majesty returned to the country after the liberation, of the Negarit Gazeta, the first true official gazette of Ethiopia. The Negarit Gazeta bas been published regularly ever since and one must note that proclamation number 1 of 1941, establishing the Gazette, declares that it shall contain from that time forward all legislative enactments promulgated in Ethiopia.56 The Gazette is published in both English and Amharic.

In addition to the regular publication of all legislative enactments in the Negarit Gazeta and the collection formed in the Consolidated Laws of Ethiopia, a special collection including only the proclamations was started in 1951 by the Government. 57 The first volume was published in Amharic and in English and contained procla.mations 1 to 114 which were issued in the period from 1942 to 1950.

54 See

note 53, pp. 95 and 112.

best known codes as far as their external history is concerned, are tl1e Penal Code of 1957 and the Civil Code of 1960. See, for example, the studies by J. Graven, cited in S_. _Lowen stein, cited in note 37, pp. 67-68 and R. David's articles: ''Les sourc �s _d� Code civil ethio pien'', in Revue i11ler11atio11ale de Droit co111pare, (1962), pp. 497-506; . 0vil_ Code for Ethiopia", in Tula11e Law Review, (1963), pp. 187-204, and ustructure et or1ginal1te dt1 Code civil ethiopien', in Zeilsclzrift f11r auslii11disches und inter11atio11alisc/1es Privatreclzt, (l9 61), pp. 668-681. 56 ee S Co11.solidated La1-vs, cited i11 note 52, vol. IV, pp. 159-160. 55 The

ee Imperial S b A aba r\ 1951). 57

Ethiopian Government, Negarit Gazeta - Proclarnatio11s, vol. I, (Addis

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of the conternporary period, as opposed to the Another characteristic · te c.hange 1n· the' 1·icy conce :n1· 1 g the · Pre cect·1ng on . ha been der1n1 · langu I'<: i age in Which � : � � _ _ legislation 1s published. Although the Revised Const1tuc1on of 1955 states h ! at ry of the count age langu le (Artic al nation the is 125), the practi·ce Amharic sin ce eg at 1s 1v all h en · 1 · I bl' e 1s ac tm to pu n bee en has n in ts ratio the libe · the Negarit Ga 7 ta . in both Amharic and English. But on the other l1and, it mt1st be stressed � at � English has 11ever been officially recog like French in the previous p . eriod, . IllZed .. . . e qt1est1on \Vould perl1aps not arise 'f as the second Ianguage of Eth1op1a. Th h original drafts of some of the recent codes (nan1ely the Civil, Penal and �o�� merciaI Codes) had not been in French. As for special legislation (privilege� or concessions and treaties), this area of . period the throughott develop to continued law the . On the one hand, enactments granting privileges have generally taken different forms, although a common term ''charter'' appears to have been used to designate the documents, whatever tl1eir strict legal forn1. Charters were thus granted to various institutions either as simple chcrters (e.g. to the Chamber of Commerce, the Red Cross Society, the National Ethiopia11 Sports Confederation) or as Orders (e.g. to the Menelik II Memorial Fund a11d Trinity Monastery, tl1e Young Men's Christian Association).58 As for concessions of an economic nature (such as mining concessions, or the railway co:icession), apparently they are no longer published and it is thus very difficult to know exactly what role they play in the legislative activity of Ethiopia to-day.

On the other hand, as mentioned above, treaties, by virtue of Article 122 of the Revised Constitution, have been given a privileged place within the hierarchy of legislative enactments; 59 they are 110w considered together with the Revised Constitution itself as the supreme law Df tl1e cou11try. By treaties are meant not only bilateral i11ternational agreements, but also multilateral agreements such as the Charter of the United Nations and of tbe Organisation of African Unity, Ethiopia playing a particularly important role in. the latter and showing clearly through Article 122 of the Revised Constitutio1 the importance the Empire attaches to that kind of international agreement. 60 Unfortt1nately not all treaties have been listed in the recent Consolidated LawJ· of EthioJJia. Apart from the Charter of tl1e Organization of African Unity already mentioned and fourteen agreements concern ing definite economic arrangements (most of them credit, loan or guarantee agree ments), no treaty is mentioned in the coasolidation. 61 The reason for that omission is that the Consolidated Laws only reflect the contents of the Negarit Gazeta ao<l that the latter does not contain treaties whicl1 are 11ot submitted for ratificatio11 to Parlia.ment. In the case of these agreements, the jurist has to rely upon ther 62 ntation. non-legal or non-Ethiopia11 sources if he wishes to find docume

See Co11solidated l.alvs, cited in note 52, vol. V, pp. 146-267. 59 Se e note 52, vol. I, p. 112. Iy after ' 60 Th. t a d e · I i in a s s m o comes shown ..i i. . s through tbe fact that the O.A. U . Charter 1 . C eoft'date,I th e C0�stitu! 10 n and before any other legislative enactment in vol. I of the ons Laws, cited 1n note 52. 61 See Consolidated Laws, cit ed i11 11ote 52· vol. II. ' p p. 37-54. - peror t0 pers ons . . 62 Th15 ' 15. •' � Iso the case for ·son1e pnv1l eges c11rrently gra11ted by the Em or communities and known tinder the name of Golden Edicts. These a re not publi_ shed 1•n the Gazeta and are only known tl1rough newspapers.

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From this short survey of the available sources of Ie·gislative enactments · in, cent ury 13th nd a the to-d ay, wee it n shou ld be clear that if the· bet pia o Ethi _ _ easily be s ud1ed can rough perio vario d us sources of documenta._. nt � � rece t . mos for prev case ious peri the ods. not A very wide field is still open, is this n . ' tlO terest 1n . h"1sto� for furt. her exploration and a true apprecia-• n . 1 with yers � � law to _ of the � th1op1an Emperors or the Ethiopian legislatures. t1on contn bu the of n tio t of their cot1ntry. en pm lo ve de al leg the to

CUSTOM

Not much can be said about custom as a source of law in Ethiopia, fo1although it was until very recently the most important source of that law, it has not been until recently the subject of any systematic study. As will be seen, a clear distinction must be made in that respect between Eritrea and the rest of· Ethiopia. But, let us first define custom and present some of its fundamental draw bac.ks as a source of Jaw. Custom can be defined as the set of social attitudes which, in a given society,. are considered as part of the law and thus are enforced as such. From that defini tion, it immediately follows that custom is essentially unwritten, being the result of an admitted pattern of behaviour. And, custom being unwritten, it is very difficult for a person who is not a member of the group in which a customary law is in force to be aware of its existence and hence to for1nulate it. As for members. of the group, because custom is an integral part of their daily behaviour and has. been transmitted to them as an essential part of their education, they know it without feeling any necessity to write it down. The result is that custom is generally unknown by outsiders unless an external factor assists its diffusion. That externaf factor can be either a government that feels a need to increase its knowledg e of· custom (generally with the purpose of controlling it and to provide a firn1 basis for the administration of justice) or scholars (whose thirst fo.r knowledge p11she s. them towards anything unknown with the intention of developing understanding) .. In the first case, governmental action can lead to such important development& as the d.rafting of customary laws on a systematic basis, as was done in France and Belgium from the 15th and 16th centuries onwards, or in French West Africa in the 1930's, or in Punjab in the 19th century and the Dutch Indies in the 19thi and 20th centuries; 6j in the second case, study of customa.ry law is often more em pirical, and sometimes leads to more valuable works from a scientific point of view (if one considers for example the contribution of English and American social anthropology to the knowledge of African customary law, one is astounded by the depth reached in studies by Bohanna.n, Gluckman and Schapera, to mention only three names among the many in the field). It must, however, be emphasized that in the first case, that of state intervention in the recording of customa.ry laws, a prom inent role has often been given to men impregnated b)' their own legal' tradition (although such infor1ners often need help in its formulation because the)' are u,nable ·to express something which is so deeply part of themselves), while ir·r n these various moven1ents, see J. Gilissen, La redactio,z des co11ti1111es da11s le pc1sse O et le prese,11, (Bruxelles 1962). 63

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that of u lways is e ectiv persp the case, d � secon � ex:�rr1al observer (altbo th.e gro p h t e t w t1 years ey Stt1d.y). Unfor tunate} Ugh t s � h spend i often them of many l/e.n in e t l � �ncom , e ou a 01· e e p i often Bb r if accu case first in the rate result description · 1 e 1n · t he second, a more comp of custom by members of the society, wh'l rehe s• e � and intelligible statement by an external observer 111,1y lack profound ana� s1s Y of r the viou beha le peop ce surfa ie stud d.64 of processes beneath the In the case of Ethiopia, it must be admittecl that c t1stom before the conte porary period, is not very well known. Apart f�orn what can be gathered fr: . travel reports (and these are often a very unreliable source, smce their auth s were neither members of the local rommunity nor specialized scholars with :e necessa.ry scientific background) and some socio-anthropological works,6s the on! interesting documents have been written by Italian scholars either when Eritre� was still ·under colonial rule (which provide us with information on the northern part of the Empire) or while Ethioi:ia was subject to the colonial yoke (nearly .all studies on Ethiopian customary law were published between 1937 and 1942).66 From the point of view of legal science, and more specifically of legal history, ·such ignorance could lead to an irrenediable loss as customs slowly give way to n1o•dern institutions. An Ethiopian sc:iolar, Dr. Da Maarda, has argued this posi tion very well in a recent article on :he legal val11e of Ethiopian customs.67 Among the existing documentation on Eritrea, the masterpiece of C. Conti Rossini, Pri11cipi di diritto corisuetudi•iario dell' Eritrea, must be cited first, a work which, in spite of its age (it was publi,hed in 1916), is still the basis of all research in the field.68 Next in importance are the more specific accounts which were often the result of governmental interventions of the kind _we have previously described and which involved an active participation of the local population (or at least the most educated part of it, the so-called notabil1) in their drafting. A first group of such accounts was drafted in the first twenty years of the century;69 then fol lowed an interruption of approximately thirty years extending through the second world war and, at the end of this time, a new set of studies appeared.70 As for Ethiopia itself, studies were also prepared during the occupation by Italy on various aspects of customary law.7 t During the post-liberation period, some last remark does not concern tl1e above mentioned scholars who exceptionaJly combine the qualities indispensable in sucl studies. 65 Alvare�• �ccount of his journey in Ethiopia in the XVIt11 century, for exam ple , co t�� 2 247, ma.ny descnptions of local customs. See, :or example, pp. 93-95, 105-108, 128, The Prester John of tlie Indies, vol: I, tL:>ndon 1961). 66 See the studies. of Capoma Roden, pl�� a�d Poµera. a, Conli Rossi11i, Petazzi,_ � . . s publis anonymous texts of custom hed dunng the same period 1 n T1gnna language, Bibliography cited in note 16 under Custom (2d period). nalc nazi o Jnter 67 See "Valore giuridico delle consuetudili etiopic]1e" o in Atti del Convegn di Studi Etiopici, (Roma 1960). pp. 211-2·�2. 6 8 C. Conti Rossini, Pri11cipi di Diritto C'J11 s11et11di11ario de//'Eritrea, (Rome 1916)69 See note 66. · . .ograpby cited ee th s 70 e stud ies by Ostini, Hofner, Centi Rossini and Pt1sella in the B1bli . 1n note 16, under Custom (3d period). 71 S_ee. the studit:s b� Conti Rossini, Mcsucci, Brotto a.nd otl1ers referring t0 �thio�j .cat1011s th� Bibliography 1ted in note 16, under Custon1 Pub /1 the � also (3d See peri . od). Pr111ceto11 Exped1t1or1 to A byssi11ia by E . li ttman.n, vol. II, pp. 101 ff. 64 This

,fe

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ntere sting work was . done _by Italian, British and American anthropologists.72 i verJ until now to� scattered for anybody to try to been have rts effo prepare t the se B: thesis such as that pr�pa�ed for Entr�a by Conti Rossini in 1916; the only n a [a ve des cription of. Ethiopian legal trad1t1ons as a whole, both legal and non· ten ti • 7 ed . sh in 33 3 li b 19 u r p ke al W of at th •s 1 1 Jega, that the main contribution in the field could only opinion r's autho the It is · fragmentary studjes on Some various aspects of custom pians. Ethio . come from periodicals such as the Eth,zological Society Bulletin in published been ady v alre :: t�e University College in Addis Aba?a.74 Unfortunately these studies are not · same The s used. true for and a considerable number of un 1 known ntly ufficie s which custom to are devoted to. be found in several private rials mate b d lishe u educat Ethiopians have in fact felt obliged to Many Ethiopia. � in b s rarie _ ii record this part of the cul�ural heritage of therr country before it disappeared. Such studies include both first hand accounts and those of the author's relatives. and friends, but since they have never been printed, scholars and other persons inter ested are deprived of first-class materials. It is fervently to be hoped that these studies will soon emerge from their present anonymity and that many authors will follow the example of Balambaras Mahta.ma Selassie Walda Maskal who has recently agreed, in a most generous gesture, to deposit all his manuscripts dealing with legal problems in the Ethiopian Law Archives of the Faculty of Law, Haile Sellassie I U niversity, where they . will be accessible to all interested persons.75

Apart from the syste�atic descriptions of customary institutions just mentioned, custom is frequently expressed in a very simple and popular way in the form of proverbs. Anthropologists have always been interested in this unusual way of expressing the law, although European trained jurists have probably had a tendancy to scorn such folk expression of legal relationships. Fortunately, some of these proverbs have been recorded and published recently, in Amharic, by �lam baras Mahtama.Selassie Walda Maskal, under the title Culture of the Forefathers.16 In that book, the author has collected a few thousand proverbs and, in his preface he stresses the importance of many of them in the legal field.77 ·But obviously most of these short texts, even properly translated, would not mean much to young Ethiopians. not to �ention foreign jurists. Each of them needs a word of com1!}ent to plac e it in its social and legal context, so as to enable the reader to a.pprcciate its full significance and value. In this respect, the author has kindly acc:epted to put lawyers interested in the problems of customary law in touch with people in a position to guide them towards a full understanding of that unique source of the law. •

2 7 ��, .

among others, the studies by Cerulli, Huntingford, Levine, Messing and Shack in . Bibliography cited in note 16, under Custom (4th period). 73 C. H. Walker, The Abyssinian at Jiome, (London 1933). 74

See,_ for example, the studies mention.ed in the following Bibliography under Custom (4t h J)enod) with references to the Bulletin of the Eth11ological Society. 7 ese manuscripts include a study of the customs (leg al and non-legal) of the region � Th f 0 ulga (Archives catalogue nu mber S 69). . . 76 Addis 77 Id em,

Ababa 1952.

pp. 6-7 .

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It is easily concluded even from this short presentation that there . is.· as _much . . research to be done 1n the field of customary law as in tile field of 1 eg 1slat 1on. The need remem .bered that som · appears still. more pre:;sing. when . it is e parts . · . of customary law are still enforceable 1n Eth1op1a to-day, particular! . y m civil of the pre-war legislation is obsolete. matters, while most . In a recent article,78 Professor KrLeczunowicz has discussed th de ree provision of the Ethiopian Civil Code of 1960 :as ffg to which the ''repeals'' a ected . · · customary Iaw. W1th a 11 his maJor coneIus1ons, based on article 334 7 I f ( ) 0 the · · . . Code concerning th e extent to whicll customary law 1s still 1n force in · Ethiop1a · · thi s. aut.hor agrees. However, 1t may be added that wl1at Professor Krzeczun . ' ow1 cz . . " ca11s the ou tlets for custom are either special rererences to custom in th e Code . (h e gives a very use fuI 1·1st of such references), or the possibility of filling va cuums . . . . . '· m t he I�w with �ustom (l11S exampIe of c?o�e:at1�e savings societies is excellent), or the 1ntroduct1on of custom through 1ud1c1al interpretation, or, finally, what the author ca1ls para-legal outlets (i.e. the cases in which, although the Code does not refer explicitely to cu.stom, it provides for the intervention of traditional institutions, which is tantamount to an authorisation of the use of custom; such is the case for the fundamental role of family arbitrators in marriage problems). Nevertheless it seems that the author goes too far when he infers from his analysis that the ''repeals'' provision severely limits the field of legal application of c11stom in Ethiopia.79 Such is certainly not tl1e case, especially if one considers the area par excellence of customary law in Africa to-d.ay, i.e. family law. In fact one is free to marry according to one's custom (Article 577 (2) ) arid the validity of the union shall be deter1r1ined partly acc,)rding to fundamental rules established in the Civil Code and partly by the custanary requirements for the subject (althou hg fines or damages can only be allo:::ated and no marriage can be annulled on custon1ary grounds according to rules of the Civil Code) (Articles 580, 606, 623 and 624 of the Civil Code). But then, what is more important, the parties, accord e ectiv resp their e riag mar of ract cont a e by settl free to , are 627 ing to Article can this and , also but , ters mat y niar pecu g rdin rega only es not rights and duti _ t tha t n tatio limi only (the � s tion be fundamental, regarding their personal rela e tan� si a and t por sup ect, � resp � of y provision seems to be that the reciprocal dut nts d inci al� , ally Fin � ). 636 cannot be altered by the contract of marriage) (Article t ers i.e., i arb ily fam to which occur during the union are necessarily submitted t� t pe com only the : customary authorities whose powers include that of being 1 e very �r� � authority to pronou•nce divorce; and their powers in that matter s e. d provt e • · d"vorc 1 • although the Code ' 1n the case of other than serious groun ds for a it, wish · rties pa for some conditions. It can therefore be concluded that, 1·r the marriage can still be governed to a large extent by customary law. . ana lysis ap pears iu The main objection however to Professor Krzeczunow1cz ' . e code, lb of XXl be that he has neglected a very important provision of Title which is Article 3348. It reads as fJllows: • •

. ' piaO Etl11Q

of t11e · sion Provi eals'' "Rep 78 ''A new legislative approach to custonary law: the 7 57 Civil Code of 1960," in Journal of Etlziopian Studies, vol. I, No. 1, PP· -6 · 79 Jdem, p. 65. Law· of y t Facul the 80 This has been argued in discussions with some colleagues in

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''(l) u�ess �the�ise expressly provided, legal �ituation created prior to _ the co�mg into fo�c� of this C?�e shall remain valid notwithstan4ing . e cond1t1ons on which such situations may be that this Code mod1f1es th . created. exp essly provid ed, this Code �hall not aff ect the r oth �rw is� ss Unl e ) con (2 sequences havin? arisen ,?ut o� such l�gal situati<?ns prior to the coming · . into force of this Co de. •

•

. This article respects the principle of th e status qi,o ante for all legal situa tions existing befor e the coming into force of th e Code, with th e consequ ence that all contracts made according to custom and prior to September 11, 1960 •are considered valid. Som e have argued that Section (2) of the Artie!� had as a result that all the consequences of such sit�ations were to be regulated by th e Code, •thus excluding the application of custom (except if a confljct arose r;oncerning the rules governing the establishm ent of th e legal situation ip .4Qestion) after the 11th of Septemb�r.80 Ho\Yever it is the opinion of this author that such an inter pretation a contrario of Section (2) of Article 3348 is not well found�d, first of all because nothing in the Cod� permits such a conclusion, and secondly because it is contradicted by Article 3351 which reads as follows : ''(I) Unless oth erwise expressly provided, th e provisions of this Code which

specify the effects of extra-contractual legal situations shall forthwith apply to legal situations creat� prior to the coming into force of this Code.

(2) Contracts existing on the coming into force of this Code shall be governed by the provisions of the law under which they have been made, unless the contract is voidable on the ground of mistake, fraud, du.ress or as being un�onscionable in such cases and within such time as are provided in this Code.'' These provisions clearly deal, as even the title of the Article, ''Effect of exjsting legal situations," indicates, with the effect of existing legal situations. A dis tinction is made between situations arising out of contract and other situations, and it is only in the c·ase of the latter that the provisions of the Code always govern the effects arising out of them. As for contractual relations, and this could include marriage r elations,81 th eir effects are governed by the law under which they have been made (with an exce ption for the f ew cases provided for at the end of Section 2), which in many cases is customary law �f one refers to the pre Civil Code period. It is only where a new legal situation is created or a pre-existing legal situation is modified that the effects of that situation will be governed by the Cod.e. The overall result is that there must exist at the present tiin.e in Ethiopia many legal situations created before the Code came into force, the effects of whi�h are still and will continue to be go.verned by custom until the situation is modified. !he area of the application of custom it:t Eth. iopia during the cqptemporar-y perio q, if these conclusions are correct, would be much wider than generally thought, and 81 The

E�hi

theoretical problem of the nature of marriage (be it a contract or an i11stitution) b�· discu.ss d ·at length. ·we only want to point here � hi h ly contr�ctual aspect �f <: y.h ? _ . Code. opian marnage CiVJ.1 toe of 1n the light of articles 627 and 632 •

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reason for studying customa1y law. This how would constitute another good eVer · · · 1t:s.1s L"'f • .i.:mp 1 erial M . is not to imply a conservative view of Iega I d eve1 op1nent. aJesty � tuat • •. the c·1v1··1 Coc,e, tl1e rules of 1 has himself declared, when promulgating aw t d en 1n h 't · · d '' om e w I 1s to 1 app y and ''respond ''must reach the heart of those to 2 It is suggested �ere tl1at � 1·?�sitory provisions such customs."8 and their needs :� _ Articles 3347 and 3351 prov1�e the p� act1ca� poss1b1I1ty of respo11 ding to the kind of need referred to by His Imperial MaJesty. If tl1erefore custom is to be enforced, it will have to be known, and to be known it will l1ave to be studied.

Ill. CASE-LAW Case-law may be defined as that part of the Ja,rv originati11g from the judicial power, judicial power being understood to include 1nore than the courts of justice, contrary to the traditional much more circumscribed 1neaning of the phrase. It obviously includes in Ethiopia a jurisdiction such as that of His Imperial Majesty's Chilot, and administrative tribu11als set up to deal with special problems such as labour relations. The common cl1aracteristic of all formula tions of the law in this category is that they arise out of litigation and are, in principle. not normative. In Ethiopia, unlike many other code countries, this last principle is not expressed in a formal way; no Article of the Constitution or of the Codes is an equivalent to Article 5 of tl1e French Civil Code, which reads: ''Judges are not allowed to decide cases submitted to them, by way of general rule-making decisions." Yet even in countries which would favour a strict application of this rule, the paramount importance of court decisions and particularly those of the highest courts in the judicial hiera.rchy cannot be denied.83 In Ethiopia, the judi ciary is capable in the same way of assuming a capital role in the developn1ent of 1.ne national legal system if the c·ourts respect Article 110 of the Revised Constitu tion of 1955. which says that ''in the administration of justice, they submit to no other authority than that of the law." Law as used here, in the singular, cannot be interpreted only as statutory law; custom, case-law, or even legal science must be included, even if preeminence is always given, in Ethiopia as in European societies, to enactments originating in the exercise of the legislative power as representing the common will of the nation. Such flexibility in the use of judicial power is essential to provide for an harn1onious development of the legal system in any country. Unfortunately. it must quickly be pointed out that in all periods of Ethiopian legal history our infor111ation concerning case-law is very limited. For the first period, no direct source of information is available ; the situ� tion here is very similar to the one existing in the field of customary law. It 15 necessary to rely on travellers' accounts to get an idea of the way in which �es were decided. Chronicles are of practically no use, although one soroetim� fi�ds in them mention of important decisions (most often involving the King's 1usttce)

Civil Code of tlie Empire of Etl1iopia, (Addis Ababa 1960), p. V.

�e �e phr�e .o�, P!aniol on French law, quoted in G. Krzeczunowicz:,. "Sttbe atutjoag�!�s u pretati� in Ethiopia , 1n Journal of Ethiopian Law, vol. I. 2, p. 316, 1n alone 1s to be found the law in its living form." 63

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atio to dea n th con of de� Za ra Yaqob's sons and daughters by ous fam the 1 .k 1 e · · 84 B ut these cons . try a tt·t o t u e I · an ·d 1 for exception er with the result that fath . e1r . . th h h o ers ve w 11 witnessed instances of JitigatiQn remain the trave of y mon · � testi the ma�e of nal. Unfortunately witnesses to such occasions sourc e sive exclu ost alm pear to have been few, although reports of some· cases can be found in Alvarez' �ter Johri ( Jv.(uslims wh o hurt Portugu�se in _ a _ fight were sentenced to ven ou. s n ces to of gold ntm g 1n first amo u insta nce, and one of them ages � � dam _ was sentenced to death 1n � s��d 1_nstance, this �ime before the Negus; people who tried to escape the Negus Justice by becommg monks were sentenced to .S and in Lefebvre's account of his journeys through ng)8 the country in floggi the middle of the 19th century (a member of his expedition had injured a child playing n� a tree b � shooting at a �ird_ i� a_ tree and was also sentenced to pay 86 Obviously all these 1nd1v1dual n). cases mentioned by travellers do nsati o compe pictu e re of wha t case-Jaw was in Ethiopia during not amou· nt to a comprehensiv . . that period.

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. It is not until the end of the second and the third period that' the material on Ethiopian case-law really improves, and this is through a most precious work which was only . prepared and . published during the contemporary period, in the 1950's. That work will be referred to in this paper as the Digest of Ethiopian Case-law, for it was not given any title by its authors.B7 This Digest was begun in the late 1940's (presumably 1948) on His Imperial Majesty's instructions with the purpose of preparing a basis for the work of the Civil Code Commission. It :was prepared under the direction of Tsahae T'ezaz Wfilda Giyorgis, Minister of the Pen, by a commission of four members : Blatta. Walde Ki.ros, Vice-Governor of Shoa, Fitawrari Dasalaii Cherinet, a judge in the High Court, Alaqa Takla Maryam,· a scholar working on the Fetha Negast an.d Ato Takla- Maryam Damise, a former registrar for mixed juri�dictions·. The commission worked for five years, compiling cases previously decided and recorded in what it known as the Ancierit Ethiopian Books of Judgm�nts, provided that such cases which were originally decided by the · wambe,·s or imperial judges had been confirmed by the Afa Negus. The result of that considerable work is a set of five volumes containing altogether more than seven thqusand decisions ranging over an unknown period of time but going up to 1935. Since the books from which excerpts were taken include more· than two hundred Ancien.t Ethiopian Books of Judgments, it can be. assumed that some judgments go back as far as the begi_nning of the century. There is even reason to believe that the records go back to the year 1908. when Menilek, apparently for the first time in Ethiopian legal history, ordered that court records should, from then on, be kept regularly.88 Th.e excerpts are systematically classified and divided into two main groups. the .See, for this, J . Perruchon, Les cl1ro11iqi1es de Zar'a Yiicqob et de Ba'edc1 A1aryan1, (P:ns 1893), pp. 98-99. 5 See Alvarez, cited in note 65, vol. I, pp. 383-384, 421-425. 86 See T. Lefebvre, Voyage erz A b),.\:sinie, 7 vols., (Paris n.d.), ·vol. I, pp. 259-261. 87 5 vols., (Addis Ababa J 953). 84

See Gabra Selassie, cited in note 26, vol. II, pp. 531-532.

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first one occupying the_ three_ fi�st v?lu_mes_ and the second one the last two. 1 tl the , w ca dent result tl1at 1 followed 1s 1 1 1 . the justif ication n both sets the order fo econd ca� be cons!dered to the two distinct sets _is not clear unle$ the � be ; complement to the first.. In_ all cases the �1ges t prov1cles t1s with material of th unng caseaw d e second Ethiopian 1 and third period s inestimable valt1e on of Ethiopian legal history.

(

If the Digest of Ethiopian Case-Lafv can be considered as a precious sou for th�se periods, it is ?b�ious . that the coll�tion out of wl1ich the Digest ;: made 1s even more precious as 1t would provide a huge amount of first-class ca e materials in addition to decisions confirmed by the Afa Negus and contained �n the Digest. The suggestion that there are more than two hundred and fifty volum: in this collection is in fact a mere guess, calculated on the references to thes! volumes in the Digest; it could very well be that the original collection is even larger. Unfortunately it is kept in the Archives of the Ministry of the Pen and has not yet been made available to sch:>lars in Ethiopia. Another important source in the f:eld of case-law for the second and third periods is the bulk of consular court d�isions handed d own between the begi n ning of the century and 1935. As mentioned above, tl1ese jurisdictions were estab lished in Ethiopia as early as 1849, in one of the first treaties concluded between the British government and local kings. But the clause only acquired its real significance in the 20th century when E1hiopia was for the first time opened up to considerable foreign infl11ence. The principle of consular jurisdictions dealing with all conflicts either civil or penal involving a foreigner was repeated in Article 7 of the Franco-Ethiopian Treaty of 1908, better known as the Klobukowski Agreement from the name of the French Plenipotentiary who negotiated it It was very rapidly extended to other foreigners not benefitting from similar agreements between their governments and the Ethiopian Government on the grounds that all foreigners in the Empire ought to l:e given equal treatment. The article read as follows:

)

''All matters, whatever their nature, criminal or other, be twe en French citizens or protected persons, shall from now on come under French ju�s diction until the legislation of the Ethiopian Empire is in accordance with Et1ropean legislation. All matters, whatever their na1ure, criminal or other, between French citizens or protected persons and the subjects of the Emperor, will come before an Ethiopian magistrate sitting in a special place and who shall judge assisted by the French Consul or his d elegate. If the Ethiopian st1bject is the defendant, he shall be judged acc0rding to Ethiopian law. If the French citizen or protec1ed person is the defendant, he shall be judged according to French law. Wlien the judges cannot agree, the case shall be decided in last in 5la ilce by tl1e Court o.f His Majesty the King of Kings of Ethiopia.''89 89 See

Pigli, cited

i11

note 28, p. 260.

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�------TO TI-IE SoURCES OF ETHIOPIAN LAW ION ODUCT INTR AN

interesting owing to the be fact that Ethiopian law could ns visio pro . These Cour t when Speci ever al the defendant was Ethiopian the by ied appl b . . . bad to e ever taken by the dec1s1ons Court led the to serious arguments that how s It seem th as to e fa1mess · en of so�e �ecisions and that, as gove n � opia � Ethi ·.W1'th the Ethiopian case-law must be dealt with great precautions. of e sourc this ult a �:is ;eg ard the 1930's may prove �pecia�y illuminating since _this was a period In . activ (this e very was particularly · true of·· ·the was Cour t l sittin Speci gs a the · when . . consul was tak1ng · part) and sat nearly peimanently.90 More. hich the Bnt1sh in w t he rules concerning the procedure before the Special Court were drafted . over 91 . ar1 c an e n · d . Amh . d F h t ren 1 c 1n . r d Un p n for tun a ately the wheree m ti e am s e th t a bouts of the Archives of the court has not yet been deterniined. It seems however se t were broad wi judgments the � the consular reports and that of � � s copie :bat of _find1n ch�nce at k1�d of case-law in the archives go t a � � herefore � is there . . ID1n.1strtes. 92 Finally 1t 1s possible that some decisions were foreign an u r. o pe E of es . ssi pia in ba e hio 93 em th Et of es hiv arc the in t kep

For the contemporary period, not much can be said about case-law. Although the bulk of decisions has been steadily increasing since the end of the war at all levels of the new judicial organization established in 1942,94 the only way to learn about these decisions is to go through the archives of the various courts. Obviously, this course is not open to the public and it is only under a special arrangement that the Faculty of Law of Haile Sellassie I University has been authorized to selected for inspection the most interesting cases on file in the High Court from among the thousands decided every year. 95 Other cases have been communicated to the same Faculty by the courtesy of the Afa Negus, Pre sident of· the Supreme Court of the Empire, and some of these cases have been published in the Joumal of Ethiopian Law together with cases originating in the High Court.96 This action by the Joumal is a first step down a long road which might one day lead to the creation of a permanent and widespread case-reporting system in Ethiopia. In conclusion it is necessary to note the fundamental role of His Imperial Majesty's personal Cou.rt, the Chilot, the decisions of which have unfortunately 90 See,

on this, the remarks in M. Perham, Government in Etliiopia, (London 1948), p. 151 .

91 See

, on this point, the remarks by Zervos, cited in note 29, pp. 275-277. 92 .We may be sure that such is the case for the Foreign Office Archives in London where th ·e Judgme nts of mixed courts in Ethiopia have been deposited. ' 9� Through the courtesy of the French Government, we have bad the possibility of con sulting some judgment still available in Addis Ababa in the French Embassy Archives. 94 See the Negnrit Gazeta - Proclamations volume, cited in note 54, pp. 4-11.

These c�ses a_re deposited in the Law Faculty Library and th J?OSt in!er� g o�t. of ?D th!� re � n consul a pr� �ed 1n the Jour1zaf of Etlziopian �a1�. As for the statistics on JU�1c_1al activity, . t, Statistical Abstract published by the Eth1op1a,n Government (Central Statistical Office). 96 · Eighteen c�es have appe· ared in the first three issues of the Jo rnal �nd nme WI·11 teen '! be in e next three first m the ed issue. publish been have t r Nine Cou. High cases � of the issues O the Journal and eight will be in the next issue.

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JouRNAL oF ETHIOPJAN LA\V - ---✓oL.

III - l\fo. 1

the for e n sam isio dec s of the administr the is case The ed. lish pub n not yet bee at·1ve· • · military and other tnbuna1s. 91 IV. LEGAL SCIENCE . tion of the law which By. legal science, we mean that part of the formula , 10 . . . � acqu1reu, through experience or most societies, is laid down by persons who have . . . study, a knowledge of the law and _whose f u?ct1on �n �OclaI 1·rfe is to convey that knowledge to the members of their respective soc1et1es. It must also be noted rhat these persons often . do not exercise goven�m_ent �l or judicial functions;· if and when they do, there 1s nevertheJess a clear d1strnct1on between their functions ·as scholars a.nd as members of the governing or judicial bodies. Legal science in Ethiopia can re. found as far back as the first period �f the country's legal history. That period even produced a piece of legal science which was to know great fame and provi,fe the country with the basis of its law for th.e following four centuries: the Fetha Negast. The exact origins of the Fetlza Negast are still a matter of controversy between scholars. and especially as to its sources (one of the main problems being to trace the respective influences of Byzantine and Muslim law on the Arab No,nocanori which is the direct source of the Fetha Negast).98 The Arab Noniocanonp written in the 13th century in Arabic by an Egyptian Christian canonist was translated into Ge'ez between the 14th and th_e first half of the 16th century; we know the text was in Ethiopia by the latter time. From that time on, '.he Fetlia Negast provided Ethiopian lawyers with the quasi-official basis of their law; although the text was never promulgated a.s legislation, it was applied throughout the country and also taught in schools where law was a subject of study. 99 The text was also widely commented on and even translated from Ge'ez into A□haric. Until now none of these translations has been published, but His Imperial Majesty has recently agreed to the printing of an Amharic version of the text accompanied by a commentary.100 The Fetha Negast was also published and translated. into Italian by I. Guidi101 and an English translation is now being prepared by Aba Paulos Tsadua a.nd will be published by the Faculty of Law. Haile Sellassie I University.102 It must finally be noted that it is the second part :,f the Fetha Negast which has been used in lay matters, the first dealing only with religious matters. som e cases adjudicated by the Labour Relations Board a11d tl1e Tax A_ppe al Com_m1ss 10,? hav e bee� recently put at the disposition of the Faculty of Law and ,vill be published 1n th e next issue of the Jo11rn,l of Etl1iopian La1,v. . 98 . On the F�tlza Negast, see the articles by Na llino, Cos tanzo, Cen1Ili and d'Emilia in tbe . t B.1bliograpby ci ed 1n note 16 under Legal Science (1st period). 99 All evidence indicates that the teach.ing of law was until the contemporary period a !'ll atter w! thin the exclusive competence oE the Ethiopian Church. On the other hand, if 1i•�� is to believe travellers, i t seems that some places wer e known as centers of legal stu dies (sec, for example, 1:e�ebvr e, cited in note 86, vol. I, p. 178). Still i t seems that these stu cannot be tota lly distinguished from those leadin o pries thood. g t 100 �o be {?Ublished late in 1965 or i n lhe beginni ng of 1966 by Berhanen a Selam Pri nting Press 1n Addis Ababa. dt e civi/ IOI I. Guidi, II Fetha Negast e o Legi,lazio11e dei Re. Codice ecclesiastico A bissi11ia, 2 vol., (Rome 1895-1899). 97 H?v..:ever

•

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INTRODUCTION TO THE SoURCES OF ETHIOPIAN LAw •

introduction into the country until the present, theits· of �i�e the From tha. Neg�t �as such tha � it practically precluded any de F the of � rtance impo outside its sp ere of e influence. In order to find another· scien legal � of t � pmen velo can be considered part of Ethiopian legal science in which tance impor of k wor mus_t therefore __ consider outside influences. A description of' we riod pe first our under the title Laws and Institutions of the Kingdom, was country the of s Jaw the unknown person; little else is known about this work, an y ce Bru for � pared _ pre _ the among Bruce s papers 1n the Bodleian Library in Ox pt manuscn 1 the but _ ford. 103 It must also be noted that very few foreigners seem to have written on the: legal system of the country during the first period of E'thiopian legal history;. contain reports information concerning aspects of the Jawtravel many e cours of but none of them ca.n really be considered to belong to legal science.104 The only studies made during the first period came . rather late, during· the 19th century, most of them being concerned with the publication of or com mentary on either religious or historical texts; such is the case for the studies by Dillmann on Zara Yaqob's legislation or by Pell Platt on the Ethiopian Didascalia, an important and ancient source of Ethiopian Church Law.tos

--Turning now to the second period, radical changes took place in the field of legal science. As far as is kn.own however, Ethiopians still did not take par.t in expanding the knowledge of the Jaw of their country (although one may be S' ure that the traditional teaching and commenting on the Fetha Negast was being· carried on); the field belonged exclusively to foreign scholars, and their action• · took many fonns. First of all, studies on the Fetha Negast were developed, due in great part to the masterful work accomplished by Ignazio Guidi in publishjng the text and translation of the Fetha Negast in 1895 and 1899. 106 But the main field in which scholars, mainly Italians, were working then was that of customary law, and especially customary law of Eritrea; the fun�a mental work done at the time by Conti Rossini and all those who enabled him to get materials for his synthesis has already been mentioned and underscored. 107 It must be stressed J;iere that, altho11gh these studies were already included in the section of this paper on customary law, they are nevertheless, in the true sense of the word, part of legal science. be published in 1966 by the Faculty of Law, Haile Sellassie I University. It must be noted that this .transla.tion will deal with the lay part of the Fetha Negast as well as with its religious part 103 See Bodleian Library, Bruce Manuscripts, number 88 and 92. A microfilm of these tw� manuscripts has been deposited i n the Ethi_opian Law Archives of the Law Faculty,. Haile Sellassie I University. 104 See the mention.ed works .by Alvarez or Lefebvre (011Iy to n1ention t,vo examples) in: notes 65 and 86. 105 See in the Bibliography cited in note 16 under Legal Science (1st period). 106 See note 101. 107 - See no tes 66 and 68. 102 To

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Jou1�NAL OF ETHIOPIAN LAW - VOL. III - l'ro. 1

i pian law Etl of were also published cts aspe us vario on � � ies stud Other d ri g s c blem c1f1 pro spe or er eith n cif h spe wit ic l dea they doc and od peri um ·that e ll t n ' . · 10s s ·rst e d1t • of n. 1o ,vbich they often provide the fi

One cannot say that the tl1ird period is very different from the first as f :as legal science is conceme�. Perhaps the studi�s on the Ethiopian legal syste: grew more numerous, but 1t ca�not ye� be said that tlrro�gh them a general _ •picture emerges. Studies were still published on the same lines as before, an d the only noticeable change was that some of the new legislation passed in this period attracted the attention of scholars and gave way to some truly legal -studies. 109 -

It is only during the last period of Ethiopian legal history that legal science made a real start in the cou.ntry.

First of all, in the years following the end of the Second World War the first overall descriptions of the legal system of Ethiopia were published. Two books -of this type, differing radically from each other in the personality of their authors and in method are Margery Perham's, T/1e Govern,rient of Ethiopia 110 and Nathan Marein's, The Etliiopia11 Empire, Federation and La1-vs.111 Apart from these two major books, many articles were written on the development of the la\v during this pen"od 112 Then, a most import.ant contribution to the legal history of the country during Menilek II's reign and the period before 1935, was made by the former Minister of Public Works, Balambaras Mahtama Selassie \Valda Maskal, who published his Zekrii Niigiir in 1950. The book is a detailed account, nearly always based on reproduced documents, of the development of the law in those vital years stretching from 1908 (the appointment of tl1e first Ethiopian Cabinet) to 1935 (the 011tbreak of the war). Unfortunately the work is not accessible to most foreign scholars as it has until now been published only in Amharic.113 Finally the most important development in this period is the establishment, w ithin the Haile Sellassie I University, of a Faculty of Law exclusively dedicated _ to the building and spreading of Ethiopian legal science. This can be seen im· mediately by looking at the publications that the Faculty has either published or sponsored in the short time it has been functioning. Apart from the 101,rnal of Ethiopian Lc1w, some books on fundamental aspects of Ethiopian law have See in the Bibliography cited in note 16, under Legal Science (2d period). 109 See in the Bibliography cite d in n o te 16, under Legal Science (3d period). llO London (1948) . 1 � 1 Rotter�am (1955) . Tl1is edition was preceded by a n1 uneographed edition in which the . ':anous topics dealt Witl1 by the author wer l order, uader. �eD alph e abe clas tica sifie d in . tie HandP 00 k 10 tl,e Law� ot Etlziopia, (Addis editlO print ed first the Abab Then a 1949) . �ppeared in 1951 under the title Ji,dicial systetn and tl,e laws of Ethiopia. 1 1 2 See B'b 1 liograpl · ed 1n · note 16, under Legal Science (4th peri od). 1 Y cit 113 See note 22. P_arts of t�e work have been translated into English by student s f the q F::ic11 1tv of Law, Haile Se)Jass1e I U niversity. 1 08

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AN INTRODUCTION TO _ THE SOURCES OF ETHIOPIAN LAW 14 OJi. these bases and with 1 hed. you pub ng lis Eth iopi an been scho lars y . · d · · a alre assume may be d t h at 1t h e t . year, future of legal every science in the g uatin ad . s d n a h d o o g in is h"V gt coun�1

mani festa tions of nt Ethio pian appa re legal science must not th�se all But a fact that good deal of it is still unknown. As was important very the ure bsc 15 many custom o law. nce r refe Ethiopians (some with � of � them .. �_ _ � oned enti -� 10 t�: �dm1n1str �t1on o� the country), with extensive pos1t1ons vital ying occ up r1t1ng, for the 1nstruct1on bee n of their have successors, studies ence, ':' experi l lega _ on various points �f Eth1op1an law. Unfort�nately these essays, which could in oroe cases prove invaluable, are not published or even accessible to persons :nterested in their contents. Now is certainly the time for these studies to be brought to light and it is to be hoped that their authors will both see the need and agree to put them at the disposal of scholars. A last area must finally be mentioned in which the contribution of legal -science could be fundamental and that is that of Muslim law, which is still en forceable in many parts of the country. This is the result of conflicts between Ethiopia and the Muslim world which began in the first year of the 14th century. As a result, some pa,rts of the population of the Empire have been subjected to Muslim law and still observe it to-day. Three rites are represented in the country :Shafiite, Ma1ekite and Hanafite) and wherever they apply they either co-exist or come into c.onflict with �e local customs. Apart from general text-books on Muslim law, the sources concerning its application in Ethiopia are scarce; one has to rely upon remarks which can be found in various documentary, historical or scientific works. 116 Legal science in Ethiopia is perhaps still in its infancy, but every Ethio pian and foreigner interested in the future of the country has a duty to help its development. V. LEGAL DOCUMENTS Legal documents are those kinds of documents which everybody uses in the course of normal life when acts having legal consequences are performed. One can classify them as private and public· documents according to their origin; the fonner come out of the activity of individuals, the latter out of the a.ctivity o( the State. '

As far as private documents are concerned, the main difficulty in getting them and using them as a source of law is that on the one hand they are prac tically never published and on the other they tend to be destroyed as soon as no further need for them is felt. Fortunately, some of them tend to establish rights of such a permanent nature that they are sometimes kept for centu,ries. Some of them are, or were, also recorded in non-legal works (such as religious books 114

See tl1e list of these publicatio11 it1 the advertisements at the front of this Journal. 115 See above p. 246, 245. 116 �c� mainly J.S. Trimingham, Js/a1n in Ethiopia, London 1952. See alsf? some st11di� on 1 slamic influences on tl1e Fetl1a Negast in the Bibliography, tinder Legal Science (1st period).

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. Ill - l'�o. 1 OL V AW L AN PI IO TH E OF AL JOURN

been preserved fro111 d.estru ction · so e hav se the as and es) teri nas mo . 1n . . the . h ave . 111 t hi f o an E h' d p1 p 1o s t r10 st ory. certain legal documents from the fir e m fro the o11d ents sec um doc io al per leg d of Ethi· op1 e vat pri , ly ate tun for Un. . an 'bl ss e to 1lllpo y l 1 ar ver ttnco . This is true _ legal history are scarce and are n� for n pt1o xce the of some document s � _ the succeeding periods as well, with Whic h nn the 1nfo or ers spap new � in �t1on of the public (this is t he ed lish pub n bee have s s succ o es o no 1 Court r con11nercial matters). t•s n 1. s on c High for � , � xample, e for case It is to be hoped that �ose :Who w1sb to contribute_ to knowledge of Ethio pian as soon as they a· re law will decide to deposit· pnvate documents o f their own, .... . . t 1o e t l h p1 s E h as ace an h p .Law Archives. 1 .of no direct use to them, 1n sue As for public documents, which involve mostly governmen t reports and correspondence, they are, by their very nature, inaccessible to the public and to scl1olars. The only exception is for those dealing with Ethiopian affairs which touch on relations with other countries and could be found in foreign archives. These are generally accessible after a 50 year period has elapsed; for example, the Public Record Office in London would at the present time open its files up lo 1915. This could provide us with a lot of public ·documents related to the fjrst and second. periods of Ethiopian legal history.119 Unfortunately, as far as Ethiopia is concerned, there is no su,�h organization of tl1e public archives and they are thus completely inaccessible. 8. NON

LEGAL SOURCES

Not much need be said concerning tl1e place of non-legal documentation in a systematic study of Ethiopia.n legal history. As alread.y seen when dealing with legal sources, 11on-legal work.s can help tremendously towards a better know ledge of Ethiopian law. Th.rough historical sources such as the chronicles, docu mentary sources. such as travel reports, or even religious sources, such as Zara Yaqob's works, some evid.ence is pro\Jided concerning the law of Ethiopia during each period. It must also not be forgotten that although non-legal sources are less important in more recent periods, they still can play a capital role; such is for instance the case with newspapers during this century. CONCLUSION

As indicated in the introduction to this paper, its author had no interition whatsoever of presenting a systematic or con1plete description of the sourc es,_ .of Ethiopian law. The field is so wije a11d. so little was known about it until Most of these documents are found :is par s of otl1er l1istorical doct1me 11ts, � nd tt· i � t ,v 11.c in thus the task of the legal historian to peruse catalog s archive or mt1seun 1 ues of . 10 s documents on Ethiopian history are depcsited in order to find the legal doc umen t • 1 corpora!ed to more general . documents. The Ethiopian Law Arcl1ives, Haile_ S ellas��: h Univ�rsity, have recently received photocopies of some of these documents ranging tbr • g I the . first and secon d periods of Etl1iopia n legal history from the Ethiopian Arcbe-0Iogica Inst1tute. .ces. . . tt8The Eb" t iopian Law Archives have started ::1 systematic collection of such noti . ied carr ·11 b t 19 Some �esearch ?f that kin e wt d has alrea:ly been started last summer and Baile o n sys�ematic�lly �ur1ng next st1mmer by a ty, Fac ul the Law of staf mem f ber of tl1e Sellass1e I Un1vers1ty. 117

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....ION TO THE SOURCES OF ETIDOPIAN LAW AN INTR ODOC�T

would be in vain. Th.is becomes more obvious when attempt an such rec. ent 1 that the on law studies of Ethiopia have many been prepared, so that s ze �· 0Jle; : h history, by Ethiopian_ s �holars, but are _n�t yet av�able to the public _ for1n; 1t 1s clear that this . all_ 0 g 1s the point scnpt on which manu most in . till . · s . . 1,emg g in s. e t. m h . ar 1n sm co Th e ye e g e m 1 au co n of this paper ld u o sh s n o ti u "b trJ aware scholars foreign the of and unlimited possibilities ans Ethiopi make � 18 t f � d in this area. As in many fields of Ethiopian studies today, much work u dy :: an must be done. If, once publishe�, the present article was considered b· more experience� -�ople as not reflecting half of w�a! could be �own �f _ author would be sat1sf1ed and consider his t{e sources of Eth1op1an law, its fforts a success. If suc.h a constation of the weakness of the present paper was �hen followed by an effecti�e i�crease i� o�r knowledge of Ethiopian law and by the development of an acttve interest 10 its sources, the purpose of this paper would have been doubly fulfilled. It can only be hoped that such will be its effect.

- 255 -

OUTLINE OF A BIBLIOG�I-IY ON ETI-I.IOPIAN LAW (Ai!- : 0V°ll\6Ti/. :- fov�ih�T1'. 1 f f:C(l•l·.}. : {ltp> :f. : !ltLfro• » (lrf•X-i- •O:,· : il'/°c; 1 *1!1: : oa"lflfi" I ill\il&.l\1 l 011011c-r-: /}f,.-f•t..1°00•: ..,..m:,,(l'PA) :: htt .U I O;rl· I f,f"(tmro• I �fC1fC r h1lfr OJ• : flT«erJ: : ..,- ��c,r1 : frf•Jf;Jj! : }m- " f.-f• lfPl Or'F' I flk--l·r-t..r I ih°l : /Jw-�,,.. : 'F'16IJ- t f°tlf�.:,�1 : 7'',11-�rl• : i\'"JW� : f\Uff.t..f,\1.. ' f"lSJ>1:: ft'l''i;J':fm- , ov�'if : °h1J;.lf1/\:fm• r OD?fl-0 : ill\lf� : Oi\>;.i1 : J-10'1 h : lb : >. : tilll : ;J·'} -"IF = ti • 1ilf�� • q 'J" Y:t..il ,1-11;1�1-w- 1 roi1·t:i•1 1. t1,,G:":f· n{Tf),,c,,c • }ro- a:

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)\..}J;.tr'J" • 11C11"i'.- • f.-f-Jf;Jj!ar 1 {lv,}f.." : ·0.r : ,f·•1AKm• : fai17'7'1 : Wf,'/° : (laoR'rf1. -fl- 1 l\f, • from-'1·1 , r,11°1 1 llil·f.. lt(l-01 : fGff.ovflhi: 1 f:Cc)•f•:f·1 : 11:f- : Ooo?°l-r: llftlf}, 1fC1f"i'.-: f--,..oot..m• • K"ch-&-::f·1 : 11:f: fftl: �m·::

'F'h1f,J::'F' ilft: <h°l 1 0"19": m:J ,oi d1ll-O = (l(lm-9":: O+T:J· : ,l1°l r }h : il l\f.\lf�•1· = f:C(l,f•'.f • (O,f·flf,'F' 1 1'1� : ;:f'&h f r11cc; • r1°v19>':f- • °l1"f.�:,. : Tc;:,. ,.. fU1C : 'lu ·fl�SJ>':l._ r &;re.fl- , foo(lt\•:'J·1 : K",f,,G:�) • ntt.u : OD°ll\lSliJ, m•i'l'I' : t\ODffCIIC = 1'?.;1:f: �ro• :1 ftl.U'l , 'if,�,)- 1 1-·m-&-::f : 1'1'lfi.SJ>:")._ : fl"'IOJ:i• : (lttf.\1• e OILU : r1\;·c1•• ,;::-,·. : 'IIC11C : {lODJ!(JDl,faJc 1 tJ�A • r1·(lmro-1 i f/l.ftfl":f�- • :,...,,.. s:if· 011°lftl>6). ouoof.\h:r• = ,e.�c'l:f'Pf.\ r: nr·ttJ?° , tl'i!A • f+m+fl·T I nm:Pl\l\ar r f ,l,"l I 1..·c{l-l· : '1.f.lf�-9° a ill\ : ,11°1 : ,h'11l'a : 1i°l�:,- I (10f/.1f.\"'- I Ai!- , <r/Jtrfi: fl\:fw• rr�w• r,1•1j,.:,- c;:fw- � nov(J;l.t..i'f'l° 1,u r1..- ch.c::f :1 oP'6/tt"i. � n1':e: 1 X-ihL-l· : f,t-�lo•:i•1 : }'.f,(J;l.'f°C'J" ::

f,U : fi"ch-fi:: <<f�i.TY·A·f s ,h°l : 9°1f.6b°f-: 00°1fi.f>> : 0"7.l\OJ• • K"ch -t;:: l\f, : {lrf•Jf;,}!ro-: '}f,}•r I K'°cfl.&:';f-'} I (19°1'�:fa>•(j": (lffUDt;:,�lJr: :,,�'/°: ,f•11•f•t\: (101]:'J,t.,,fl J t.'};:f• f uP"f_UD(,f I �.. c;::f • noiouflh:t:fm• • 11ooc;T I O�I\ : t\J'1.';1�- : noo1 : ,11'/l ,f•ff:1- r 'J°1tif1•: fll'�."f•'} 1 fi"th-&::f • OODT�il • m:t,1\1\m�-; r1-·,h- t::l· 11et1c f.,•t..no,l- = uP°lfllfriJ. 1 �m- i: ., {l�J.',:'J'>ar • '1+&-G-11 : ooAh I f,f·ll;Jj!m- 1 (lovJ!ou&fm· : ti�A • t"ll\ : ll, fl..:1· 1 '¼f,};I. = �rf•• &::f· : 0--Mfl?.0-l.. : 1fC1fC • l\f, : •fl;J: : )ar ;,

,,..,, .,:e:.,r. •

l\H.U • K"ch-� 1 ODv,t..;:l•'f! a oo}'if I flf'i.:,- : 11ooc;:,09° I

ji I h>.1-. • 'l°tAh • 11001 • o�:i-- • (1' , J'b , 1' , h!f.�ar: ou,y. 1'llh !�fii •fi 1 '¼ 1 9°) t I ! fh?t. t 'F'):Ah I lfOD'} : (1': h. r h • h!�fiffi I i,iltl: !ilf!j) ! c I h(llC� ..,: : o�:,- , f}fi"r I JfoP'i-l· : (1' : J'b • 1' : hififii : 1,ilh: !i}fcjjj) I (1, 1t. 11 • hiuf�l! , 1'llh , 1u£:lii) c;:rm- 11 § 1 .rfl10:i·• ,

,,oo, = = =

O�lllJ • Jfooc;:,. : m-i'lrr • 01'1'1>:e: : from- : ih1:.f. •} • f.\D?f..•'} : hP.�:f. 1 �CY: ih1:.f • f ih°l s .-,.:-,-.:,., 1 ('1,R,1il) 1 h'i: tJJ�P..l·i 1 ,f•/ r 1 (l,f•/r: 1'1,JJJt..'J"t-l\i"

f"1..'l7•-l·1-:

l\llU I fK",h-�:.r.: 'tlC1fC • OD)q • flf �T I fh,�:"}·- t F..t-fl.f1' • 1.•m,r:..':f·: ill\V'� 1 f.t,.(l.CV,..: o ' : o f1maoro- 'F'C"l. i 'lif: r Oh-A 1 'J"i'F' 1 fi:R-'F': '1..elf1'l°: f,11°1: v,�f-1· U i Ir'•�(D-'} I f-t.. 1AK" : �C{l-l• 1 "'1:J>Gil 1 'liY: • Oll ·A , �°l'JP • 01J'.:fm•i'J" : f0'l.f1n&-'I'(: OJf,'l" 1 f,f·'1." • 'i. ' <J•" 1 n 00 · fA flilOJ-1 : K"th-fi:: DP,f•m- • i;m- 11 �1C 1 "11 1 faoj!oo&fm-1 : 'J°C6bJ. : Uoh •l t\ ' Uo{lfr> I i lfl;J'f I fltLlr I ODv,t.,:,C I f,U I ffi",h-&-:';f- : 'tlC1fC I ..,.,1;1')_)_�;t:t\ 11 lete . · · · b"b comp · · ing b The fo.IIowing e f e o. · 1 liograp hy IS only an outline; It makes 110 pretens . De· _in a It was prepa red on the basis of bibliographical resources available in Addis Aba_b cember 1965 with the purpose of providing persons interested in the sources of Etbiopian Jaw · that se · sen · · the WI"th a starti·ng point for their in ve selecti

research· The bibliography is also it �eals ex lusive!y with documentation concerning legal problems as such or wi� b dOCU men· � erable 0 1 on tau published In leg�l peri�dica ls; it obviously was impossible to list here the �hl: con· ; n� n-legal. wor�s (espec!ally h1stoncal or ethnological works and travel reportS) " back to wn precious information about law in Et iopia. The reader is, in that case, sent h

- 256 -

at the beginni �g of this bibliography. Non-legal items listed rapbies bliog are con _ otneJ bi: . d in the latter only whe n they provide a special chapter devoted to lega·l insti · tutl ons . is not concerned with manuscripts. ;;�Jy, this biblio graphy pr�edin? �cle (V.:hich is s�b�ivided into sources and then in t, the to y ontr a o C _ raphy 1s divided into penods and, within each period, into sources· the on) bibli og the 'ods) en ification is the first part of the bibliography, d�ling WI•• pexceptidn to this. rule of class LU1 . . . . penods tak en into consideration are: e Th gra:ph1es. biblio other 1. • The pre-Me nelik pe riod (from the 13th century to 1889); 2. Menelik's period (from 1889 to 1916); 3. The pre-war period (from 1916 to 1936); 4. The contemporary period (from 1941 to 1965).

Within these periods, legislation, custom, case-law, legal science and legal documents are· ered. successively consid . . A.s the work done in the �stablish,ment of th.is bibliography is mainly a second-hand one,. the author can.not guarantee either the completeness or accuracy of each reference. He bad the choice between providing the reader with a hint as to the existence of some documenta tion (howeve r incomplete that hint may be) and eliminating all dubious or incomplete refer r ences; the first altenative has been adopted as being of greater utility. •

(o) fK"m-t::l- , 11c11c , OD"JOJ ,,

A. BIBLIOGRAPHICAL INTRODUCTION fJo-)., 1..11., n+ll..e,, r1i.:,.r-t...r1 = m;'f-11\11\ • f;,.-, , 'l°C'l°c, fOWJ.ooflh:,., 1t1�, fK"th-G:':f,. 11ClfC I OD"J/l"J. • 11� I "'"- SI,,1ia,.'J° I f°th+ll.a,. I �a,. 11 There exists at the present time only one bibliography dealing e specially with Ethiopian legal problems in general. It is: 1. E. Cerulli, ''Ethiopie et Erythree,'' Introdr,ction bibliographique et a rEthnologie juridique (Bruxelles 1965) (notice E/23).

a rHistoire

du droit ·

hH.tJ I i),l. r ti.:i-r-t.,r • f ;,.-, • �&h • OOD«'JflK" • DDAh I h+11;1j!a,. • fK"m-G:i" 1 11CHC • JtattC! , floooot--ooc, llt..ll1 , (la,. , hll : m;'f-"" , ��y, , n1t1�1.r.· , (l�:fc; , OOW/'10&-'e , �c �"f, r,i.1.�r1 • nOWJ.1AK", fK"m-c:l-. 11c11c. OD"J"-lf'6J. = oomcJ>9° = hlloi..rht.. A.,, +T"°, 1lla,.'} I OD�Ah,..,.. : ..r7f IA JS Apart from this bibliographical introduction, mostly devoted to Ethiopian legal history, 9n_e has to rely upon more general bibliographies published by individu.a.ls or institutions,. such as: 2. G. f'umagalli, Bibliografia etiopica ( •..• dalla invenzione della stampa fino a lutt<> ii 1891) (Milano 1893). l-1im-r, 1'1� • ,c; • h�+au--:,.: :ic , hfi'f. • 1te1til,r..°;f • 011\.e, , .e,.e,,1A 12 It contains more than 3,000 titles, including re-editions. 3. S. Zanutto, Bibliografia etiopica, i,i continuazione al/a Bibliografia etiopica di G. Fumagalli, vol. 1 (Roma 1936).

4. C. Conti Rossini, ''Bibliografia etiopica (1915-1927),'' Aevum, vol. 1 (1927), pp. 459-520. 5. Idem, "Publicazioni di etiopische dal 193 6 al 1945," Rassegna di Studi etiopici, voL 4 (1944-1945), pp. 1-132.

6. Idem, ''Bibliografia etiopica (1927-1936)," Aevz,m, vol. 10 (1936), pp. 467-587. . 7. List of references on Et/1iopia, prepared by the Library of Congress Division of Bib liography, 2 vols. (Washington 1935 and 1947).

8· J. Simon, Bibliographie 6thiopienne,"Orienta/ia, vol. 21 (1952). pp. 47-66 and 209-226. 9 S. Chojna cki .and Ephraim Haile Sellassie, Ethiopian publications i11 1963 and 1964 (Addis A baba 196 · 5).

257 -

= ,...

. o.,.",. • o1toYcS1'i • n-,b11 s r+rl.?:4'.•l-"l m-c:l· s 1iC'�t c tt t'6t:16\.K.:r � foth+ r tr- • ·'i:ftD- d d an ric Ge�ez literature are: ha Am th wi ly ive lus exc g lin dea s Biblographie ie11s et/1iop livres s redige des eri langue guee gr,e Catalo ie, Sellass olde Heruy lO. � ze et .amliarique (Addis Ababa 1928). l l. E. Ce.rulli, "Nuovi libri pubblicati in Etiopia," Orie11te moder110 (1932), pp.170_175 12. ldenz, ''Nuove pubblicazioni in lingua amarica," Orie11te 1noderrto (1932), pp. 366_370· 13. Ideni, "Rassegna periodica di pubblicazioni in lingua etiopica fatte in Etiopia,':

•

Oriente moderno (1933), pp. 58-64.

1.4. L. Fusella, "Recenti pubblicazioni amariche in Abissiri:ia," Rasseg1za di Studi Etiopici -vol. 5 (1946), pp. 93-102. 15. L. Ricci, "Pubblicazioni in Amarico di questi ultimi anni," Orie11te rnoder,zo, vol. 30 i -(1950), pp. 186-198.

il,\ I •J-a>(t�: �r-:f J f"t.fil��:,.·} : f"'l.fl�ff4-T : F,.a,qo : crTi\t" � ,.f'tt•·}· : 'i:far

I I

More limited in scope are:

16. G. F. Black. Ethiopica and A1·r1/iarica: a list of works i11 tl1e 1Ve}v York Public Li• .. brary (New York 1928). 17. E. Cerulli, ''Pubblicazioni recenti dei Musulrnani e dei Cristiani dell'Etiopia," Oriente .,noderno (1928), pp. 429-432.

18. P. Camba, 1,,1ventaire des /iv res ar11hariq1,es figurant da11s la Bibliotheque de r Uni versity College d'Addis Ababa - Avril 1959 (Addis Ababa 1961).

19. D. C.Haskel), Ethiopia a11d tire Ita/o-ethiopia11 co11f/ict (1928-1936): A selected list .of references (New York 1936).

( l

20. K. Liltli, "Bibliograpbia aethiopica," Aetliiopisc/1 i11 der Scl1li1eiz (Bern 1936), pp. . 41-78. 21. S. Zanutto, "Libri sull'Etiopia e sul conflitto italo-etiopico," Oriente moderno, vol. 16 (1936), pp. 533-540; vol. 17 (1937), pp. 409-422; vol. 18 (1938), ,pp. 386-398; vol. 19 (1939), ·pp. 174-179; vol 20 (1940) pp. 146-152.

h'ltlU • o,t-f\1, • ilA • Jt.:,.r-kf s P''I • �,h.tj: • 11e11c, h0Wf.1Ax..:i• , JtAc: 1 1'1.e."'1..h-t ./lm- • foofl(t�:,.1 • ill\ • m�""ar r 'I''.:,• s f.,.�.f.T1 r 11C1f�'=f: f"7..1A�T1r' : ooooAhT 1

•

filLA.;JA.

Apart from these bibliograpl1ies dealing especially with Ethiopian literature or litera• lure on Ethiopia, one should consult more general bibliographical surveys such as: 22..R. Jones, Africa Bib/iograp/iy Series - North-East Africa (London 1959).

_/.U • ill\ , }t.:,.r-kft; s ill\ , �c:i•� � o,t-f\1, 9° r /\A."'7>;1! : ;,.-, , 'l''i' l- , ou}i'f s /\.lf1 , f"tf _/\(De") I fHC'i I f1-'1 • '1'6i:r• I "1-S,UC": f"7.1AX' I fl I 1X' I ftr� I K'th-�. �a,- ss It contains a 22 page section on Ethiopia and Eritrea, especially on ethnographic sub· _jects useful for the study of customary law. -i�/ foP1.oPt.fm- 1

ffOD")

(h!c�ar

OD,,..�

HOD1 , 1'ilh r !�firD, '¼, 9°)

I. First period (fro,,1 tire JJt/1 ce11tury to 1889)

A·. Legislatio,i

a. General legislation hP'C1.,. • oo")-,P':,. 1 0001.001.1 I ll�COD1'�I ,.,.u;,)!'i I f+.,.l.1-"° .An�• • 0"7.+T/\•:,. • fD-il'r s ,,,�A 11

,.,..,.l.1-aa

- 258 -

I ,,.".,.� I

flh."

in German (i� the first case) and a translation in Italian n nsl atio tra and tat fin the ta Mangest are 1n: r'a Se e th of ) }i case second r er abesmniscben R eichsord.nun11," Zeitschrift fur A b u ''S tud ien z , r g enb Va J. ssy23. • vol 30 (1915) , pp. 1-45. .

•

,,ologie,

alla storia letteraria di Abissinia I. II Scr'ata Mangest,,. trib uti "Co n Gui di, R 24 1 nt/ d;lla Reale Accademia dei Lincei, Scienze morale, scr. V, vol. 3 1 (1922 ), pp. 65_89_en dico

,., , 11c,, /6.f-fl • f:J"OJl:a>-1 • .._., • n+A"- 1 "711:J•o,lJ , Yh/..A:,A, "-'lim -r, 0.,_ ,_,. 0 . 1 1,1t/A 11 1 11-t.tm- a,e(l,r special mention must be made of ,the legislation by King Zara Yacob. It is contained in: afa Milad (Liber N_ativitatis) und Masha/a Selase (Liber Tri Mas Das Wendt, � K. 25. nitatis) des Kaisers Zar'a Ya qob, 4 vols. (Louv,a1n 1962) (complete text). 26.

Rossini and L Rieci, 11 Libro della Luce de/ Negus Zar'a Ya'qob (Masha/a c. Conti(Louvain 1964) (final date of

Berhan), 4 vols.

publication unknown). 27. C. Conti Rossini, ''II Libro di Re Zar'a Ya'qob sulla Custodia del Mistero," Ras segna di Studi Etiopici, vol. 3 (1943), pp. 148.. 166. 28. K. Wendt, ''Das Masha.fa Bcrhan und Mashafa Milad," Orientalia, vol. 3 (1934), pp. t-30, 147-173 and 259-293. '

•

b. Special legislation

Of1.fl.t& • fl\.:,.f-1;,f I '11.P':J","f- I .,ftD�h:fa>-1 : oo-f).f';'f, I fiuD1fl� :,')l:'i I f#�1-00- • R°l+'l'AO>- • a>-IIT • J!.1�fr a

Oil..�1/)J!.�

fTlf •

Texts and translations in French of various privileges granted by Ethiopian kinga are in: 29. C. Conti Rossini, Liber Axumae, 2 vols. (Paris 1909-1910). fllo- • i?l"}dJft..11� • :,-c1- -r • R"th,t-AOJ« • K--,h.� , m-llT, .e.1?'/A s: An English translation of the same is in : 30 G. W. B. Huntingford. The Land Charters of Northerrz Ethiopia (Addis Ababa 1965). r./ ffl.rf- : hu'I:,..

•

'lh I h'P;(';f--

c. Church legislation

hi& • ..,.� , +-vrc • Allh , i� • r+DDAh1::,.. , hta.'f_!-ll , r+m-a,m- • r1t.:i-r-1ay , M:f

P..h'11!orl- • o..-,. 1 hCllrf:n , rr:,..m+oo-q:fm-'i, RA\t, Att , r1..m-,:;r • ih1� I 'iTI& 12

�* • r..,...,.�,_,,.,...-,.,

Items 31 to 35 contain texts and translations in different European languages of excerpts from the Senodos, a collection of laws used by the Ethiopian Orthodox Church. 31. L. Guerrier and S. Grebaut, ''Les Canons du Concile de Gangres, .., Revue de I'Orient chretien, vol. 23 (1922-1923), pp . 303-313.

. 32. P. Mauro da Leonessa, ''La versione etiopica dei Canoni apocrifi de Concilio di Nicea secondo i Codici Vaticani e Fiorentino," ·Rasseg11a di Studi etiopici, vol. 2 (1942), pp.

28-89.

33, L. Guerrier, ''Les Canons penitentiels," Revi,e de l'Orit!nt chretien, vol. 2 (1918-1919), pp. 5-24 and 345- 355. . 34 . G. Homer The Statutes of tl1e Apostles or Canones ecclesiastici edited with trans lation and collatio,z of Etl1iopic ar1d Arabic manuscripts (London 1904).

259 -

•

dn 11or cl1e der Kir t Tex rt11g des Hippo/yr l1e pisc rliio A r De , g · nsin e Du . (G"ott.ingen 35. H 1946). 11ttll I O;.f·� J f.-f• ODi\.t1�1::,• ' Jl.&;� tif'lf ' �?"il-f':?-9° = h-f•Cg,!\ru� � r�t-W •trJt1'1fj I u • f>.._:i,rw ;f 'i m ·f• • 'l 9° ct m f· °• f9 • 1' f i: lt C kl , 1'C-fP.hll • O.·f• • h of the collection Tbe following two works contain text and trans!ati_on of parts kno rrch. w n as 1an op l11 1u the CI by Et ed us o als d an um or to/ Didascialia Apos 36. I. Franyon, "La Didascalie ethiopienne avec un avertisse1nent par F. Nau," u� de fOrierit chretien., vol. 16 (1911), pp. 161-166, 266-270; vol 17 (1912), pp. 199-203, Re � _ 286 2 3, vol. 19 (1914), pp. 183-1 87. lersion tl1e lia or Didasca Et/1iopic Ethiopic T The Platt Pell of the A post o/ic . ' 37. Th . · BLt JIa,.·11.,,n pat101i . at11s p01.ticga11·1<ze Regurn, vol. 1n ) Al so . 1834 on (Lond ns titutio Coris 31 AP_ pendix (Lisbon 1879), pp. 1-144.

h.h1C , m-lt61' • foa)ab : mf,9° • 01'1•LP 1 }1P":1":.t : i V;t-ro� 1 �1avc;:t=0r : i·l\f. -f• 1 fJ.(1.;J• 01:ii,,r l ow-'V'. v1c • f tr•l· • r>i.:,•r-k.f I n.•f· 1 hcll..t,,e , 1 Qt\�lfl1" = f01/.mcl•ao•qTID4 1 A i!-, �,..,?1.$f>".f I O"'1..ll Tfr'T • ,...th-la':".f ' a,. {t1' I f,1 � fr 11 Special enactments valid for Ethiopian religious comn1t1nities abroad, whethe r originatin in these communities or promulgated by the Emperors. axe dealt with in the following worksg some of which contain texts and/ or translations:

38. E. Cerulli, Etiopi i11 Palesti11a, vol. 2 (Roma 1947), pp. 353-481. 39. P. Mauro da Leonessa, Sa11to Stefa110 Maggiore degli Abissi,zi e le re/azioni ronia110-etiopicl1e (Citta dcl Vaticano 1929), pp. 200- 216. 40. M. Chaine, ''Un monastere etl1iopien a Rome," Mlla11ges de la Faculte orientale de l'Universite Sai11t Joseph, vol. 5 (1911), pp. 19-26. 41. S. Grebaut, "Co11tribution a l'histoire du couvent ethiopien de San Stefano dei Mori," Rev11e de l'Orient clzretien, vol. 26 (1927-1928), pp. 211-218. 42. Iden1, "La regle de Santo Stefano dei Mori," Revi,e de l'Orie,zt clzretien (1929-1930), pp. 214-219.

•

d. Treaties A�, A�• hw-� • v1c =;JC= r-1-�G1• • lt?°9°)1'"'l· = 0�1L11 = t1ril-:i·: f,1?;/\· u

The texts (in European languages) of various treaties are con.tained in : 43. M. Pigli, L'Etiopia nella politica europea (Padova 1936). O•f-Q;\.°7&9° 1 hh.11JAf1' • .,?C I h � h. , h : Oitf"i'E : (1�" c fI.fl : tilll : ifti) 1 Oitfii•i: (1K" I Jifii) ! hh1'c1Jfl.1f I ,;JC r h : h. I h I Oitf·irc I (1K" : 11.1 : 1\flh I lff): (ltllr • a,-{l'l' �1?;A 11 This contains the ltalo-Ethiopian Treaty of 1883 (pp. 199-201), the same of 1887 (p. 201), aocl the Anglo-Ethiopian Agreement of 1883 (pp. 202-203). 44. Trattati, conve,izioni e accordi relativi all'Africa, 4 vols. (Roma 1940-1943). · 1 1 T 1 Orf"t\f.9° Oh1'c1Jfl.1f'- fik" \1-kf I ootibA: 1\ 1 h.: it• {l!tf�_ij' {}fill•,?: ( �: � -1 If� 1lill1• lt!g) • f·l·m«f,(la,. 1 0LG1''1F,,; : 01'i... ·1r-A-.f s ,mtillA: t : 1t, • h : n.1.�f�Jtl' ('1� f!ft • hilh I f�)• f,f-mcl>(lro-, Otlv-: a,.{IIJ': �1'if-tr ,, nco· Fra the T�is contains and the Anglo-Ethiopian Treaty of 1849 (vol. 3. pp. 208-212) . Eth1op1an Treaty of 1843 (Idem, PP. 119-1201).

'�!�

B. Cz,stonz

-260 -

. .,,cry difficult, in this period, to distinguish custom from legal sci'enc e as th ere wer· e ·· It< 1s "'· drafts of customary laws. We may mention: l officia """' .not yet Sitte11 Lind das Recht der Bogos (Winthertur die Ueb er r, u nzig e M. 1859). 45_ ma 1�9 1 ) o . n R ia ital n (I , em Id 46_ : Su� le dro1t bzlen a. propos dtt livre de Mttnziger intitule ba die , d'A b A. _ /es moeurs 47 1886). Bogos (Pans des t droi et le D»-,J

Case-law

n+'r:r I h�� : a>-/a).: r,1·11· 1 ih°I • hA�fll!:?° rs

011.f'} 1 ff(ID") •

There is no case-Jaw directly available for this period.

D. Legal science 'J°",'/° • Oflf1

1.tL r '11,;J•,f•?°?° I f) ff OD). r r�flt::

'P'a

I �

,h.t;: : t;::,.,h ' '11FT

',a>-

Toe fundamental work of this period, although it, was not printed before the next period, is the Fetha Negast.

48. A. Arnold, Fetha Gegast (libri aetlziopic,). i.e. Ca11ones Regu,n, Caput XLIV (de regibus) (Halle 1841). 49. I. Guidi, II Fetha Nagast o Legis/azione de/ Re. Cadice ecclesiastico e civile di Abissinia, 2 vols. (Roma 1895-1899). 50. G. Sapeto, La far,iiglia abissi,za secorido ii Fetel1a-1zagast o codice dei re (Genova 1873). lbtr-"f I ilt\ r h.T�kf r 01100). : Tm1+m- : r+11;,7f.

f"th+t\•T r ,;:,:(&

Others studies on Ethiopian law prepaired during this period are: 51. A. d'Abbadie, Les causes actuelles de l'esclavage en Ethiopie (Louvain 1877). 52. A. d'Abbadie, ''La procedure en Ethiopie," Nouvelle Revue historiqt1e de Droit fra,icais et etranger (I 888), pp. 462 ff.

53. R.. A. Hieronymus, Respublica Aethiopica (Salamaca 1595). 54. N. Lazzaro, ''I re dell'Abissinia,'' Bo/Zetino delta Societa a/rica11a d'Italia, vol. 6 (1887), pp. 259-262.

55. B. L. Mosely, "Judicial Reform in Egypt," Law Magazine and Review, 4 s. 13 (18871888), pp. 339-359 . 56. A. Dillmann, "Uber die Regierung, insbesondere die Kirchenordnung des Konigs Zar'a Jacob," Abhandlungen der Koniglische Preussische Academie der Wissenschaften zi, Berlin, Philos.-histor. C/asse (1884), pp. 1-79.

Legal docun1e1zts

OHOD'j.: r)n�:,.: f,.,...., : IP�F-":f· I fl"th..,·�:'f·

a>-il'r: ;J•,-,.oo'f>A

Seme legal documents of the period have been published in:

57. C. Conti Rossini ''L'Evangelo d'oro di Dabra Libanos," Rendiconti de/la Reale Accade mia dei Lincei, Scienze morale (1901) pp. 177-219.

261

58. I. Guidi, "Gli archivi in Abissinia," A tti del Co12gresso lttfer,zazio . t1a1e di Scie11z.e Storiche di Roma vol. 3 (Roma 1906). pp. 651-698.

II. Second period (fro,n 1889 to 1916)

•

,� '

A. Legislatio11 )

a. il A

m:,.f\f\ �J;f.

General legislation

Oh.'P:E-• fmm-:,.• .rlt1l· , O"th--rno; . : arilT : .e,�tr ,,

General legislation of the period has been kept througn: 59. oy..-,,too: F'\i&. I (D/;\Y.. I ODil+A I ('llt?°'l�ll) � 11hG : �,c I (ltJtil 2 hO'I ., 1Df!7J 1 '¼. r.) �

' '

i'l'P,:".f•, r111: f\.lf1 s 'ii'Jf.. f.U'I° = h">�'lX- a "l-�r-�,;• ill\°7.til-t:el•'J° 1 fmm,:,,1- = -Cft.,.en'} I 1',t; f ()I\� I O+l\ I O°t+Tl\a>- I fh...:,•f·k,f ll fmCJ 2 OP&_",h.:'f• f W-ll'T I J.ta:i•oull)< I ,fmm-;t-A. Sf 0-tl\f.9° I f"'i..mcl-(l«:,• I 'Pt; I hti:ftol· : ill\ : lhfl:f· : f"IT I (1ir1u 2 '¼ I 'I° : -JX' : (tf) I ill\ • V11T I htD��il I (!Jtfji • q. : 'J° a "I&." • (:f) ! ill\ • h-'=.ll : 110'1 1 oo&,-,.1" f (!if• q.: 'I°: ,&.-• f�) i ll/1.• ,t-fl'P'Pt. , 1">H-0 1 (Xitfli : q. : 'I°! '1K": ff) x flmoo'}jf I I\J'., hl\°t.hLA.• ;J--hll 1 (I.Df§ 1 '¼ 1 'I°• 1K' • lf©li) i hi\• hCift;: 1-"?1:: h·'11-1.?>l· 1 (Ifffli• '¼, 9° i 1K'" 1 ef8') j ill\• h1'1- I (!Df ii: q.• 'J° 1 1K' 1 ff!,fi) i 'lft1'P::f·1- , h�•l>l..:J· r ill\ 1 oomn-r , (!Uf , , , 'I°• ,x.. • §f©ff) i 'ht; • ill\ • 0.-1· = ,t-tJu�+• P'i :i P'C'¼•f:f• ! (1Df s , , r , 11i", �f.:l�) r 'i:ftn- :i

It contains, among others, ·proclamations on the Ministeries, which will be published in an art· icle by J. Vanderlinden and Selamu Bekele in a forthcoming issue of the Journal of Ethio pian Law; on the punishment of thieves (1899 - p. 72); on successions (1901 - p. 72); on land in Addis Ababa {1900 - p. 167); on currency (1901 - p. 200); on a tax on guns (1904 - P 231); on an agricultural and commercial company (1901 - p. 320); on hunting {1901 - p. 349); on protection of hand-workers against insults {1900 - p. 432); and on Church procedures (1900 • p. 558). I

b. Special legislation

nw::

ftj:t.1-11 I 1'i.·1·r·ti.<'1- I ff}{l•C r OOJ"ODC: fOD(I,\-- I a,.fto:f.• (1K" f §Y..21-§f�?; ) I 1''i: '¼• 'J° 1 nt1.f"'-l'ail,'l°• ill\, �n"":,. 1 h..T�ksm-n = ,11:r•, ,"h:,'I!, .,e,,:1· fmt1J = t,'P1.' , 01 ,?;fir?; : fl°t+Tl\a>- : ODX"th'i: 1 W-il'T r f.1�/t- :s . . . n r a·1 Concessions, s�ch as agreements concerning the Franco-Eth1op1 � _ 1 way (pp 452-465), 190 0 · of m Jerusale and the Proclamation on the legal status of the Ethiopian Commt1n1ty 1n (p. , 585) are contained in:

60.

Ol/'l•f•OD: P'/tf\ J IDA.1': oofl+A : ('l/t'J°'l&ll) ' 1,/tf,,

{)er-TC I :lil : ·• ·11c11c'PA "

. lfl•C sf.:) ... .,. 'Jt.'; (fl · r1i.f1§ 'lt'.: 1ix1it (fQO-C• ,h-'=.Y.:: 'h'i• fDW/�X.-1-) a 'fi'.:J·ll.f1- 'J.U,-?,; • o l}</l" = 1 m 1 "Tt-il t Iliff: (Ol/bX:1-) ll fl,"} 1 !�flit 1 (Ol/b..(·1-)• 'h', 1 M11K': {}1-11 !Bf� •t,. ,J,{l-:t', f,f-tll :t 1t• 1"l'f 1 � 1 : 1 (fl1K" r lfj§-l{fj� ! ifj� Jlfji-ffj� ff§ rfi 1 'l,'i : f irli-fii•ID i 'f"7.1 -•l· I OOl/.cf>Tl\lD- : W-il'r I �m- :1 1

- 262-

(railway an d mining), Vitalien 1908 (railway), Prasso 189 9 and 189 4 1908 (minDg . o;.tre Mareb Syndicate 1903 (mining), 1899 (mining) and Bank of Egypt 1905 295, 305 e 294 296-298, 304, 306, and 181-182 respectively) arc pp. wg), • (at , c ssion s con ) king a n (b · cd in: con talll ie hiop ria d'Et xand (Ale re mpi 1936). L'E os Zerv A ' 61. · • a,-tr'f• (01Jr I lfI�·H!I I If ii!-1 !lli ll lf!lli-lf!li! I lf!,i I If«jj.Q I If�i V7'tff. JI Tm:i»(t-PA ) • -lf § lf! I jf !j I 7''i concess! ons �at pp. 215-217, 234-235, 251-254, 241, 239, 239-240 and 243-244 e me sa 'Ib ontained 1n: c e r a ) ly e v ti c respe

62. L Pigli, listed above iµ number 43.

I 1 ht.. r 9°tAh r OJf(ID'iTID- 11.l.�:fm-•m-tr-°;f O"t,h,f•t\a>-?° 1 m-il.rr 1 '81�/r ,, Some concessions granted by Menelik- during this period can also be found in:

63. c. Rossetti, Storia diplomatica dell'Etiopia dura,ite ii regno di Menelik II (forino 1910).

c. Treaties .f-A-.. ¥ • oo}]hA r fTF..l.-,.. : il?°9°�.,..'f•(11r•ffg-lfj) ! Ort,,. 1 qoo:,. , h Oh.:i r lfJAf'i . O .,,,..,., '1li\lD- I flTf.l.'t- I m-tr-'f I T"1»"7& I (12r I lfl-lf! ! f!�fji) I oou1-,F;.:,.1 outihA I f,f-1,.l,-,.•ll9°9°}-f°;f 1 (12r I lf8'�·1f8'i) 1 'h'i I Orto- 1 '}ou:,.. 1 ilfl 1 'hill.�'f•fTf.l.-,..•f�IA • h.�') r '11o�9'"f 1 (12r I lfft'i) I f!�fjj I m-A 1 (12r I If�li-lf�I) 11 t ·nA, mfl1 , hAA•r..,.,r..1.-,. .:,.•r�A , h.J;1 • ilrr�.,..'f•!Bf• (12r • lf�!l), f !Dfi. il r,-

t:,. 1 (1 X- 1 lf!,i) 1 f!Jlf� 1 fa>(t1 1 h/AIA I il?°9°�.,..l- 1 (12r I lf8'i-lfi§) I ��rtu 1 ,,.Ir• f-t 1,.t,.,.:,.• 01t.:i.r-A-.r'i• 0h.11JA11 • (ID1dJF;.:,.. • outihA • �oc st Oh.:i.f-A-1'i• O'h1°1ll.11• oofthA•f1-LKao- 1 �-,qr, a f!ilfjj a f!Dff • 'h'i • f!ilfi I q • 9° • (\,If). 1 fooQ.t.?f5P=ti• V-flrf: , hi\ • ro(l1•hAIA•?-J;F,• r,,1-,r..1.-,.. • 'i:fm- 11 fl12r I lf8'�-lf8'.il 1 !lf��-lf�i I lf«»� ll�B I f,1?'//r st il-h. Tf-A-i'i I 0Ll.1llf, I 001dJF;.:,.. I (IDtih/A I O!�fj� I 'h'i I O!Df� I firf•L iau-:,. • 01�•lfti'Z•'h'i = tfti'.ii-lf�i •1,1�1t-� �,-'I.�?°• rh.,,rr-A-f'i•ro.i;r-,� f!Jifi I ll9°9°}T I (12r I lf!,j;) I fJi..:,«f-A-1'i I �coo,-I f•if�• · �A '- (1� I.. lf�I-Jlf�f.) f !h.Tl'-kf 1 1-it:,.�•,h-'};J� 1 f!ftf� 1 ll?°9°�:,. 1 (12r I If�?;)! 'A'i I oooa;i.�?f•h1'"7.&ti1 • 00'1'?P',l-•;JC• fTF..l. .,. 1 fOD1dJF;r:,. 1 il9°?°�.,..l-•(12r•lf�li-lf�g)•007.h--f-fla>-•lD-il1'• ,,,,"i;fr st

,...,"° •

�

The Italo.Ethiopian agreements of 1889 (pp. 205-207), the supplementary agreements t o the former of the same year (pp. 207-210), the treaty of 1896 (pp. 225-226) and the special convention on prisoners of the same year (p. 226), the agreement of 1897 (pp. 231-232), the border convention c;>f 1900 (p.234), the. agreement of 1906 (p.246), the border agreements of 1908 (pp. 261 -264), all these between Italy and Ethiopia; the Anglo-Ethiopian agreements of 1897, 1902 and 1907, the last two on border problems (pp. 228-229, 235-236, 258-259); the Franco-Ethiopian agreements of 1897 and 1908 (pp 227 and 259-261); the Belgo-Ethiopian agreement of 1906 (p. -247); the Germano-Ethiopian agreement of 1905 (pp. 242-243); the Austro-Hungaro-Ethiopian agreement of 1905 (p. 245); and finally the treaty with the United States (pp. 241-242) are to be found in: 64. L. Pigli, listed above in number 43. -- h lt.tJJA f1 1 ;JC I lit\ • a>(l1 1 O):�fjj 1 11!.iif 1 "h'i• O!Dfi 1 (12r 1 §fel-§f{:'� 1 �'i: 1 !!f <:� ·QfG" D) i h;r'\* 1 Q6;.11 , ;JC 0!.ilfl • (1� h.tl.1ll.e • 'i ) • f • � � f f !li § !l !l§-§ r s ii ::: O!if;s 1 (1K" 1 §f© �-§f ©i) :hO,Aj[dJ•;JC I O!ilfi s (1� s §ft,f) I hlC001 1 ,.?C 1 (12r 1 !! f!u·§f �) , tc; , h1'oi6ti1 • ;,c = oxu fc•(1K·• iif ©)• f,f·"�.,.. •ll9°9°)-fl•• 001.h..,.ttm-• tJJ.il'J' I .e'J�fr n Agreements with Italy of 1897, of 1900 on borders, and of 1906 (pp. 477- 478, 478 and 478-479 with Great Britain of 1902 (pp. 454-455 and 457); \Vith France of 1908 (pp. 435-436); );

263 -

with Belgiu.m of 1906 (p. 42.2); ,vitl1 Gern1iny (pp. 419-420); and witll the Unit ed .Sta 1903 (p. 430) can be found in: . tcs of 65. A. Zervos, listed above in number 61. 0 1'..irf"kl'i' 1 01'°7.6'1 1 oot}hA s f,tl�oo-:,- .t f!Ilfr. = uu�}IGJJP:J•:,. � os,u9°�.,. :y. . I (n1i•: ff.f Sf-lfH) r ;J--.. -,.outpA If The Treaty between Ethiopia and the United States of 1903 is publish ed on pages 223227 of: 66. R. P. ·skinner, A byssi11ia Today (Lo11do11. - l'ie1v York 1906). hl\.e. 1 f"l"m-tft.:,, r K""1-G:l- s f•tJf.:::>�::,-: ·OW·611" ' h1C ' : }OC

fOO"}°IP':J'T

ll9°9°�-l-

t ..,,. 1

*�*SJ>�

Oh"'IC-;:t;: �h.'IJl!\fi� : .-f-Jl;JJ,;"-:J:A ss

rm-A r; • 'P'i:

In the above-n1entioned works the trea�ies are reproduced in foreign languages. . A capital treaty, that of Wichale or Uccialli, appears in b-otl1 Amharic and Italian in:

67. S. Rubenson, Wicl,ale XVII - A.n Attempt to Estab/is/1 a Protectorate Over E't1.110pia (Addis Ababa 1964).

•

B. C1,slot1i

ortu • no01 , f�n..;. • nA"'I.£•, it,<? •

4-t

= f,f"oPV't..,J: = 1;.• cfl,f,°:f· = fUSJ.h,t-ll•.'f· = 'i:fw- 11

The most general work on customary law for this period is: 68. C. Conti Rossini, Principi di diritlO cons1..,eti1dir1ario dell'Eritrea (Roma 1916).

ho-tr • .e.OAT 01- A.e. s f,f"H.:::>1:.lD" 1 �co•l· it:J --,.,1:-t = "ht; iltt AO,.£· 1 f+�l1• a fll.e 'tll • T'i"..,.l·: �0?- st /\H. U9° 1 OOOU&\b-l· • f0f. f7f w-: ftnJ.h-t•tr:i-1 : �(l)c :,

•

More specialized are the so-called statv.ti and the scientific studies on some customs. On the statuti, see: 69. Se'ata Karnesem (Law of Caimescim) (Asmara 1910).

10. Wa'elit Sob'atta Ansa/Jc1 (Pact of the Seven Ansaba) (1\s.n1ara 1910). 71. Reggi 11ay Loggo Cewan (Law of the Loggo Cewa) (Asmara 1910). 72. Heggi Saharte11 Lc'1.1nzan Waqarte,, Da111bi'l.11 (La.w of Sal1art, Lamza, Waqart and

Damba) (Asmara 1910).

73. Ser'at t1ay Hab Selltts, nay Gabra Krestos, 11ay Daqqi-tase111 (Law of Habta Sellus, of Gabra Krestos of the Daqqi tasem) (Asm.a1a 1910). 'P'i". 'P'i'SJ>l- I fll.e.">ll : 9°C'J°C I f�f•�e,f):J!W-: T'i-f-l•:

fOl/."l''f'/\•:,. I

c;:f-a,. ,:

The main scientific studies are:

74. 1. Capomazza, 11 diritto cor1s11et1.dinario del.l'Accl1ele Gz,zai (Asmara 1909), 2da. ediz. (Asma.ra 1937). 15. Idem, La legge deg/i A tcl1 eme Me;git. Istitt1zio11i di diritto co11as11ett1di11ario del Serae

(Macerata 1912).

76. C., Conti Rossini, '' I Loggo e la legge del Loggo Sarda," Giornale de/la Societd Asia· tica, vol. 17 (1904), pp. 1-63. 77. 78. 79. 80. 1913).

•

Idem, Ricordi di i,,r soggior110 in Eritrea (Asmara 1903). F. da Officio, Dall'Eritrea - Lette,e si,i Costt1111i Abissini (Roma 1904). 1913). a (Rom A.. Pollera, L'ordiname11to de/Ia giustizia e def/a proced11ra in Eritrea . a (Rom Idem, Il regin1e della proprieta te�riera ir1 Etl1iopia e ne/la Colo,,ia Eritrea

81. lde1·n, I Baria ed i Ci111a1na (Romi 1913).

..Stock· ara (Asm 82. K. G. Roden, Le tribu dei Mensa. Storia, Legge e cost111ni, 2 vols. holm 1913).

- 264 -

' -

"Marri11g e custems of the sauthern Gallas,'' Folklore Sept. 1907, ield, Wakef ,s;J. s. S. 9- 7 �P· J)J 3i .

C. Case-law Ii.ii , uoo, s OK'th-fi; 1 f+H.?)! • h.«;V'l- 1 m-lt� 1 f+-11 • ;,.-, 1 hA�Ot:9° 11 ll'i:'9° 1 h t;; O el: , o>-taisP� , m-ll'r s f+m-11Jm-,l- • f"t1�-1- • 0"7..h+Am- • m-ll'I' • �m- ., There is no case-law available in a printed form during this period, but excerpts from in: found are ents judgm 1 f'i!C� 1 ODlf°l-flT • f+ll;J)! r f'i!Tdt 1 ,f),h.C I m;J -£11 "k1 h'r1 fl :J• .Tf -£ 1 h 84, ,:c�:,. 1 A�+"' , �,,...,:,. • ll"'l.lt.V-1 • f1•llflllfl • (h-'Lil • hOfl) ,,

D. Legal science h{t§ • 1'ilh • irf s h+Ht:rr�-1- • fA°7.«;'£ • a.1'f • "-" , OAJ ,· AJ • fh.:tof"k1 ., a.->l-, ,,�, f"'l.h+tr+ • �C{l-f-:f r ht'\41 11

Apart from the works on customary law listed under numbers 74 to 83, we have on v,arious aspects of Ethiopian law: -RP'& .T • (oo9°�) I H-fldl.t: • 00111 l 09°/)"-'i" • o+c=loi I hODX',hfi; • ;'f,J;.ll I f.rf-il ,,,,,,, 1 f9°hC I ODK9,hfi; I V1�'1'i • DD1°IP'rl:1 : ,\OJ� 1 V-"4 1 .rf-KL 1 (h.tlil I hOfl • !D.f§ • '\. 9°.) SI 85,

86. A. d'Abbaclie, ''Idec per l'abolizione della schlavitu africana," Bol/etino de/la So cieta Africana d'Italia, vol 8 (1889), pp. 165-173. 87. J. Bachmann, Corpus iuris Abessinorum, vol. 1, /us Co1111ubii (Berlin 1890).

88. F. Dcspagnet, ''Le conflit entre l'ltalie ct l'Abyssinie," Rev11e generale de droit in ternational public (1897). 89. Fedozzi, ''Le droit international et les recentes hostilites italo-abyssines," Revz,e de droit international et de legislation comparee, vol. 28 (1895). pp. 580-616 ·and vol. 29 (1897), pp. 49-83.

90. S. <Nebaut, ''La litterature ethiopienne," Revue de l'Orie1zt chretien, vol. 19 (1914), pp. 326-327 and 328-330; vol. 2 2 (1920-1921), pp. 27-28 and 395-400; voi. 24 (1927-1928), pp. 22-31. 91. I. Guidi, "Der Aetiopische Senodos," Zeitschrift der Deutschen Morgenliindischen Gesellschaft, vo]. 55 (1901), pp. 494- 502.

92 ...Un matrimonio abi�sino,'' Archivio per lo studio de/le tradizioni popolari. vol. 7, fasc. 1-2, p. 55. 93. G. K. Rein, Abessi,zien,· eine landeskunde n.ach reisen i,nd studien in den Jahren 1907-1913, vol. 1, pts. 2 and 4 (Berlin · 1909-1913).

E. Legal doc1,me11ts ili\H .U I IJOD"} I :r•rODOJ<r, I ,,,.,,;,�+m- I r+t:o- I rih°I : tP�P..l- I f/\•9° ti No legal documents are yet available in a printed form for this period.

- 265

(h!Uf!i

III. Third period (fron1 1916 to 1936)

A. Legislatio12

a. General legislation flH.U • HOD1' • ilh • m:,»1tl\ •1,>;_e I OJi'P� • faJffl4 : .l11:,� � f6'..1'F."f- r hil.r, 1 fl+''l'C 1 !lfl 1 �+m+fla,. 11th�• �,c • 04>'-TC •�Ii• Orf"mcl-(ai& 1 0 L ?Empire d'Ethiopie , ,flC?"}r;, flt\9" 1 111 hon�,h.-f'fr r 'P'i : 'P'i"S":fi, (Lumiere et Paix) 1''i • Oh1'9°C" : OD1. "1.•f::f. : a,.{l,p : f"'l.h+tr:, . I 'j:fa,. s:

�ro--,

General legislation for this period is contained in tl1e Zikire Neger, listed above in num ber 59, in fEmpire d'Ethiopie listed above in number 61, and in the periodicals Berhanena Se/am (Lumiere et Paix) and Ayr11ro. Some legislation was also printed scperatcly in small pamphlets. The most important among these pamphlets are: · 94.

MC"?Cf! 1 1�F • rf"l .6 • FCO+, 1"1F • "?ll;l·m4!f: (l'l.';,.il: '10'11 !Dfli'li. ,. 9°.)

- Programme et ceremonial poz,r /es fetes du couron11ement de Sa Majeste Tafari Makonnen (Addis Ababa 1928-1929). 9S. MCOI/Cf! • +�"7'£ , :}/,h , Fltta. , 1-�w 1 'l1F:i• , 111..:,·r-kf • r11ar1: •n,A, "'ill ;rm,tf 1 FCO+ • 1-,p1 • (h-'lil I hO'l I I iifii'f a q., 9°.) 11 - Programme des fetes du couronnenrent. Cere,nonial di, sacre (Addis Ababa 1930). 96. fl1�w • '11F:,· • +�"'ICJ! •:}l,l\, Flt(&.• f4'ou: fh.·l·f'"kf •ih1 • oo"}-,f":,• 1 (h>;.ll• Afl'l I !flffr. I q., 'J'°.) 11 - Constitution d'Ethiopie (Addis Ababa 1931). faJ1ll\?t� I 00:,»"l, 1 .e..111 I (h-'lil I hO'l • !Dff;f I q.. r.) as 98. Item 97 was reprinted and translated into English after the liberation of Ethi �pia in the 1940's. This may be th.e only version of the Code in a language other than Amhanc. 97.

. 99. h1t.:i•r-k.r • OD'J°IFT '}. 'J'°.) II

h1°1..e- 1 01..�il•l:C I rm"l • .e,."},{} • (h>til

'10'1

!UfSI r

f1°11: 1 "7...nc I V-lr: { Lhllc Ifc'h11tl4 1 T:,,r: h11C" • "1�.f,m'i,. : ,\{11Jffit}'14!.f r f.f>OD I ch°I I (h-'lil I hfi'l I Iuff� I '}. 'J'°.) II 100.

- Loi sur la faillite (Addis Ababa 1933). f"7..,nc • li**r •

"'°' =

(1'.';.il , l-tfl'l • !U ffi?t • q., - Loi Sllf /es societe (Addis Ababa 1933). 101.

f:,»'i1i • 111111 1 ch°I : (1'-'lil I hfl'l

r.) si

!Dff?; 1 '¼. 9° .) - Loi sur la nzonnaie division11aire (Addis Ababa 1933). 102.

1 f ! ii h , • ! 103. 'i!C.f: '77..tilrf:C'i • hm1nc-':f • f+flm 1 .e,. 1 fl , (h-'lil = '10'1 fi 104. l\hF&.T t ,f•cf»'ll,'i' 1 hl'lF&. :i• 1 (lt;Q. 1 hh&. ?'a'f'i I i\OJ;r1.C • f,f•{ttn (h Jl{l I '1fl(} I !il�I!! I '}, 9° .) d

- 266 -

°'·:;l: 1

llA I I)(:'* I .hl'l+JC.,.C'i. ��:,. I ,.,,,. I�,.,.. I (.h-'lll • .h{lq I lflf! i I '¼. 9".) d 1051 .,.,.,.. • (.h-'ll'I • .hflQ) 11 /,Y OOUf • tnC , lift 106-· u,�'£+ ' I I'll\ • tnC • IP�'£:,. • if-"7M-f'f-'i • m;t-F.�'f, • hll+,:� a: • tnC f 101. 1 !JlfH I CJ. fD .) rs 1 • 01 11 1'1 .4. (h

,,,.,,;,)!,

.,.,-o

b. Special legislation OAJ I h'f'� 1 htD1114 • ihi-:f I lD-ll"J' 1 1'9°-0•19° 1 f;J--+ao« 1 fir'/° 11 h;J--+oo .:,. 1 lD-il'I' I! /fr", I fO!,,t'J'h-'r I 'iTlD- d Not much of the special legislation of . the time h. a s been published. Among that which, bas, we find: 108. 01'f�l)A.fD • fh..Tf'-kl • 1Pa9° • �1-0 • (.h-'ll'I • ,h{lq I Ifif1.8 1 '¼. ,-, .) ss I Q'}h I l'l;J--t 1 (h-til I hilt) t !Df�I • '¼. 'r .) ri :'f-f'kl fh. . 109 • Bank of Ethiopia. Statuts. (Addis Ababa 1932).

c. Treaties Oh.Tr-A-I'.• 111\."IAI • ootahA • f+.,.�1'- r f!flff.S 1 11 r 1t, • h • 1'19°9°�,f°f,, ("IX- 1 If. j"f-lffi) • 1''. • 1111,,. • OD'}-JJP;t-+ • outihA • r+F.�,,._:,. • f,nc I ODUf&11 �h I ll9°9°�-fla I• (1� I lf�•lf(18) I f;J--�flT II The texts of the Italo-Ethiopian Agreements of 1928 (pp. 283-286) and the Multilateral, Agreement on A.rms (pp. 268-278) are published in: 110. L Pigli, listed above in number 43. flt.Tr-kf'i I fh."IAJ"l • f!ilf8t I il9°9°�.fala I (1X- I §fit) I lt'i I fh..:'f-r-t.1'i I f;f;r'1 f!Bfr1i • ilrr�-,.l, • (1X-• §fiti) 1 f;J--+oo-o:,. 11

The Italo-Ethiopian Agreements of 1928 (p. 480) and the Agreement between Ethiopiai an.d Japan of 1930 (p. 485) are printed in: 11 l. A Zervos, listed above in number 61.

o�, • IIJl.A • lll\i\lD- •

fm{l'l I hAA • hchc • llh.:i•r-A-f'i • 111..'1°1"-.11 • oulJhA I · O!Jif!il I f1-Y.�'1lD-• {l,a,a�:,.• 11'.• 01t.. :i•r-t.1,;• ll'f!.:'f-HCl\1Y: • DD'l°IF:,.. • oolJhA• ll!Bf q}f•: rT�t.1a,., llrs,o�:,.. • ;r:,. .'l° , q6f.Jtc • 1•m-11JT.fa , fOI/..1 � o:,. ss The Anglo-Ethiopian Agreement of 1932 relating to border disputes on the Sudanese ?Order and the Treaty between Ethiopia and Switzerland of 1933 are published or summarizedr m: 11�. "Accordi anglo-etiopici del 1932 per la soluzione di tincidenti di fronticra tra il· Sudan c l'lmpero etiopico,'' Oriente moderno, vol. 13 (1933), pp. 612-614.

113. "Trattato del 24 maggio 1933 di amicizia e commercio tra Ia Swizzcra e l'Etiopia,"· Idem, p. 448. >...:i-r-A- 1 • 01100). • f}n&-:i-1 , r1t..1 ..,..c,;7i'iA , °'�;r • .r0'/..1AK- , fJ..C.fl.f ...A I tP�P..la t: 0°7.hTl\-T • a,.{l"J' 1 :J� :,.oollr I f,1�fr 11 In connect ion with the international position of Ethiopia at the time we have the official• doeuments published in: 114• Correspondence respecting the Agreement betwee11 the United !(.ingdo1;1 and Italy 0 i ½i�cember 14-20, 1925, in regard to Lake Tsana, edited by the Foreign Office (Lond�

267 -

.,,..'f: • fltt"7C�'i 1 0.tt.1{},.e� s (liiif , � 1 O>t.:, � -A-, flOOQ;l.��· 1 hl.l•I\• 1 f..,./\fiD" , � 1 r I f,f•f-.�1CD- 1 f1"1X-: ll?"°r�:,"' : f6t·11ro A 1h ot o :t • :r • s +Ttt- 1 ,()1lfClt1J!"{l • 001"?F o!" _LCD-

}lD-

•

Finally, a rather exceptional publication is that, i11 Amharic and French, of the Trade Agreement of 1928 between Ethiopia an d the Netherlands in: 115_

-OC?1'i: flt\9°: "?1(lT

ji • +1 •

1i1.f1i' s "l.

(It) A."71.' C. (lm0:,.I\,\ , .Li:fCD- rs

1,+b-�-0 : {lft , A"'i�'e r

9u.

L11n1iere et Paix, 17 mai 1928 •

Cz,stom

,n.., •

OffOO). : f,f•tt;,-P;.1• : K",h-c:.":i� : fOIJ..h·f•tr,l-

)

The most general works on customary law during the period are: 116. E. Cerulli, "Diritti in_digeni ed etnologia giuridica nelle 11ostre colonic. Note di ..diritto consuctudinario delJ'Eritrea," Rivista colonia/e (1918), pp. 94-104 and 242-246. 117. C. Conti Rossini, Diritto cons11eti1di11ario etiopico (Roma 1937). 118. C. H. Walker, Tlze Abyssinian at flome (London 1933).

More specific studies are the following: 119. F. d'Apice, "Le imposte fondiarie ed i tribute nel Uollega," Rivista di Diritto co . lo11iale, vol. 2 (1939), pp. 58-61. 120, E. Brotto, "II regime delle terre nei Uollo," Rivista di Diritto co/oniale, Idem pp. :55-57.

121. lde,n, IL regime delle terre del Harar (Harar 1939). 122. C. Conti Rossini, "Lo statuto dello Scioalte Anseba," Scritti gztiridici in onore di S . a,zti Ror,iano, vol. 3 (Padova 1939), pp. 347-366.

123. Idem, "Sui Gt1raghe e su loro consuetudini prima della conquista scioana," Rivista ,de/la Colonie, vol. 12 (1938), pp. 394-406. '

124. lden-1, "Sulla dichiara.zi one di paternita da parte della madre nella consuetudine .abissina," St11di e rnateriali di storia de/le re/igiorzi, vol. 13 (1937), pp. 102-106. 125. R. Corso, "Il matriarcato del Cunama de]la colonia Eritrea in rapporto con quelle di altre popolazioni dell'Africa." Att i del 2o Congresso di studi co/011iali (Napoli 1934),, PP• -46-52.

' ,

126, ldenz, "Proverbi giuridici abissini," L'Africa italia,ia (1927), no. 2, and RiviSfa ,d'Ori ente (1939), pp. 123-126. 127. G. Cucci, ''Le fonti <lei diritto indigeno d'Eritrea," Rivista de/le Colonie italiane 1(1933).

•

ijurid ogie d'eth110I et 128. M. Griaule, "L'esclavage en Abyssjnie: etudes de sociologie qucs," Instit111 de Droit compare, vol. 21 (1935), pp. 23-43.

129. La Legge degli Atcheme Melga (Asmara 1936). ia, vol. Enolog e 130. L. Loria, "Usi matrimonali assaortini," Arc/1 ivi di A11tropologia ·66 (1936), pp. 7-24. . 131. G. Masucci, ''Note sul matrimonio abissino," Reforma medica, vol. 56 (l94o) 132. ldeni, Il garante nelle co11.suetudi11i etiopiche (Roma 1941). n 0• eco na Rasseg l3J. M. M. Moreno, '' Il regime terriero abissino nel Galla Sidamo," 1nica dell'Africa ltaliana, vol. 26 (1937), pp. 1496-1508.

- 268 -

)

•'

diritto penale co11suet1,di11ario de/le Ha,nasen (Asmara erno L'od i zzi, 1918) 134 E · Peta 7 ra 193 ). ma (As ne o edizi · da �ds�OO I{. R oden , La tribi, dei M e11sa . Stor ia, legge e costumi .... Tradi,zione de/le G. 135_ ) 3. 191 olm kh (Stoc re Tig I d a lingu e •regime tribwtario nell'lmpero Abissino,'' Rassegna eco,,o,nica della ''Il ta, Saib 136_ A. . /ta lia,,a vol. 28 (1939), pp. 282-289. Africa

C. ill\ • 11

00.,. • 11��'f • w-(}1 • fi·11•

Case-law

,n1 l· , f"th,1•1r:,.. , 1,tt.•1

On the case-law of the period, we have the so-called: r OJ-f1 I fC,:C.(• llT1; I J7, (lh.,Tf-kf J C11C'PA rs

""�H.tJ

OIJff°l,O:,•

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frf•ff;J]! !

fl+-°-TC S •jfg

,f-ff

h9° llT I T&.l•l· • (P lr'r''f) 1 hll;J'J{a>- • li"t 7i1 1 '1°1'1° 1 1'C"{l,°f' 1 1'A(lt1J:f .m-9" st 1''}-'=.�9° 1 f"7..,e,-,.:,., {)OU-ft• • ft;:C� • W-'11.91'f1 1 '1'6rf1 • h1.iilt-l.it1.@i • f,f-(1�:,.1 s ,ft;:CI: 1 ,h/\(l'f I t;:t,. I )1C I OD°lft.65/. 1 ,o;r- 1 }a,- n I

flH.� 1 ffor>'} s ilfl+Y..l"J,o:,. 1 ft;:C� • a>-'11.91:.Y· 1 {l,f-al.OIJ&: DD(!Jf I hr{)C?1'i I fll\'1° 1 {Lumiere et Paix) flOl/°l·f.. -,.1 '6.?"'lA 12 IT'i'I° 1 ")ILIJ r au-tr r m.,e'J° 1 f,f-a>-tlJ� , ft;:C�, m-ta �9''f I h�f./r'I° s: These five volumes, which were not given any title by the Commission which prepared them, do not contain judgments in full, but only excerpts from decisions for the period 1908-1936. Information on some judicial decisions of this period can also be found in Berhanena Se/am (Lumiere et Paix), although .these are neither full cases nor excerpts from the: 138. "'l�,f-OD '¼. 9°.) p

me:,»

hi'f,f: I ''OIJYi'i'c'f .,,, ("1.Jlll

}',fl'l ., "7.f1ff: 1.r : •f,"} : Iiifiii

139. ''illl • 1t.:i-r-A-.r:fP'AtlJ). 1 '1ti'tx_. t'' ('1�.il : ltfl'l '¼. 9°.) r:

t OD/lhl9°

r;·,;: ,J,1:I.itft;· ,

140. +htt • th'Pc,,r..l• , (o�c1x_. ) I ,,�·1rr.,e , +P.°7'1! ,:.,..ett F'l{I. r Ot;::1-'�:fw-, ih1 = 001°1.P'T :ilfl"'I.Y.OIJ:fa, . I r11,,..o 1 "7.):il:,•c: 0�C1.(• • rf•hfl I th'PCfrr:OI.iif?!'i! 1 '¼. 'I°. i\OD/\t;!:11:'i I flor>\;l.")"},J: I f rf•'j")?,:,• I f {l,Oh:,• I :J>A �· '' (JrtJl{l I Jrt flfl -I !Uf?l'§ J '¼, '/°.) SJ 141· '':,•'hff111 1i1f1l� : 1. 9°.) :s 142. ''hc)1c''

flflOl/hOC (1'.,c;.{l

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cf,"} :

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143. '¼fin 1 :>..ett• 1 ''flflODt,.�Y.l· 1 {lOD1'6JFr)• : flihll•fl'i: (la,:J•..l'.c:l\'6 : f°7.f1.cft.:,.: 1-�-l- •'' hJtil 1 1'0'1 1 th9° t\.: 1§ 1 •I•"} : Iilf.Ifi: '¼. 9°.):: 144. ''fih°1 1 OIJififA 1'' (h..'; ll: 1',0f} t fti·t:,. , ... 146· f.9°,1.:'1JfAY.. J.Uf7l[ I ,. '/° .) J1

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147 1- fll:,°hf.m•)·: 'lf.hP,�: (� ..'JS.:&-{1 ) j '""· '"" 'i o..tz'"" •· q_ 'I°.) :2 l'tOq � -U,

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Jrtflf)

. J

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r,1,·,1•fl: 1,il··l·P,J.'.C

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Legal s�ience

1 1�1.r}ii:, n ,-».f... i l' .:i hll1· • : .rv:,-. r r�ot--:r:m1 h'P4!sPlih"J f 1100"} l •r-t., 1 f 1 tLU • O ih ° 9 c Fth I O..,.A1,9° I hi\. ih1l·' ooififA I �o rl 1,Acf:'l = l\9"'ltft. II raft=/'�-�.,) I ' "11 I OD'}.., � 1t OkllJi\J'i' , oJ,..:,.r-A-f I ih1l- 1 ool )l1A-; h'\./tCD-- • ,too,111�r,�•«; 1 '1"1.tft7i}:I· t h.Jtil, ::.+' 00.,. I r1,,.:i•r·A-1: d\o-;: {l;til/1·�·6\: 11.tl"' r hi\ I 9° I '! �oc., I 7'1.'I.0 ff-°f I ..,.L1'�CD-hil,f•fr-r-1"� Oh"'IC� , o;,n. ll J , 1,1 1\m- • �oc II fi.U'I° • l\.lf1 = f:J!ttro• , 1'QJ•1- c °IC"?'£ , cf,P,OIJ Cf! , :>1,1t: P't\l\ 1 Ott.n , 11001 , t--h, ..,.Lt • 11CV1'i' • {l'\.'J° � 00K"d1,.:,• u fl1JW00.r»l;f":far, �(le 12 flllU t or>Ah 1 +Cflt& •h�O?:i• • 1'"1-C'..l- •CD--il1' 1 foY..h,�tt-:r•1 : h,a;1�l\."} iii During this �eriod, legal sc.holars were more an_d l!lore int!;'!rested in various aspects of Ethiopian legal history_ o�, more frequently, of Eth1op1an le�al clevelopment. Some topics such as the n�w ConstJ.tution or the legal aspects of �he con�1�t between E!,liiopia and Ital• are m�re specially treated. Also, more b�ok� and especially art1c1es w�re published in Amhari� on vanous aspects �f �ontemporary Eth1op1an legal devel�pment. Tius was due mainly to the creation of the penodical Berlza11e11a Selam by Ras Tafar1, who \Vas to becon1e His Imperial Majesty Haile Sellassie l. Among these publications, we find:

"'i' : I I' "i hO'l I �c ... !iff.i• i u '¼. 9'°.) 1'' (h.'1.h: lt ooifif 9° • A ''ou A 148.

149.

''"'lll:r mcf!I •'' (h.Jlil • hO'l

151. ,:,'6i\ • h;Jb11T 1 0. I ''fP'A"'l»>'l l9° • ti'Q 1 +1 • !lfffi' • '¼. 9°.) a: '¼. 9°,)

�thl'L • ?,; • +'l • Xitff§ = q._ �.) ss

150. Ol/1Too • me� • ll'if-i: I ''ilh • 00Al 19° !'k I cf'") I ! Jiffi'6 I'¼. 9'°.)_;i

1S2.

h'P� = 'ril.".JC," ::'' (h-'t il r h0'1 , 1.«; c:

1-�'i': {l{\au4'JJ;J!',.9° �,, (h-'lil : hO'l

ouflfl

hLmc:i» •lf1lth.� •111. ! '''1'4!-l· 1 1lC?'} ,,, ('1-'til : itfi'l !i fq...1;:,- r f: •+1 r IDfI.U

153.

hLmC� 1 Y..il:J' ! ''11..Cl\:J' 1 �1C 1'' (h-'til s '10'1 i (lt � !�: -l'i: !ilfflf: '¼. 9°.)ss

1S4.

''f"'l;r 1 171/;r : bar�:,. a fi,�;l• •'' (h-'tll I hO'l • 1�C r fit: +1 : !ufSfr 1 '¼. 9°.) 11

155. ''f9°hC • o.-r-:f • 1',ll.f>if I if,oo:,, t'' (1',.ctll : }\fl() f 'l':t'J°'T : �•fr s -1'1 , !.iifil§ q. • 9'°.) II 156. ''f..,.I..CP.. • ,,.,:,. ,,, (1t.ctil : hfi'l I fti1:-1' : f. : cp'} : !it.fl!!! 1 q., 'I°.) f1

1s1. r hru •'6&- Y:, m1Fo x ''fh..,.171/ •mt., h'i:<i' = �,0:,,11 , u•t\1.11. = hfOl\9° i'' (1t>;..h' h{lf} 1 },hl1, • fi'D • +1 s !ilffi'I • '¼. '/°.) IS 158. ''fh..,.171/ I mt.•'' (h.'1 .ll • hO'l I (l� I !ii I -f>'} I !iiffir: q., 9° .) SI an:-c:=..

''f'i:CY: : +; ,,, (h-'tll • hfi'l I �"111. : t I -f>'} I !iif'll!!. : '¼. 9° .) ,s 160. ''f'i!CY: • cf»'} •'' (h-'tll, hO'l I OD;J{lT 1 1.: 4•"} : 1.ilftc: q., 9° ,) 161. ''f'i!C�': +1 .,, (h-'til I hO'l • ;l-,."tP' 1 j • +1' •!Bft§ • q., 9".) 51

159.

162.

1'/\fl� 1 :fc�+ I ''har}rf'� •'i!CY: •'' (h.ctll • hO'l � �re r ll'!!: +1 •1.iifZ'i: 1 '}. 9° ,)

163. "f:11'1 OJAJ!',. 11lC1a.t\ ! ''foY..f/\111 !fffti'§ I q., ?°.) 11 1

--J'i!

1''

(h�.ll

hO'l

;J''�"iP'

'!: .,,1 1

1'«t-�IJ I ti-o+u • '6ooc ! ''Of :( • foY..lf}ar s f ro? , ar1..r i'' (h-'l.il • 1',0'l � "tJ' ,, ,: ti' 1 +1 1 1.fif1.u : '¼. ?° .) IS 165 · 'i!ilth I aJA1' 1 oY..lila.A ! ''fh9°'l;r •ihlf1l • hOl/ti&, oo�m :'' (h,4.il : hO'l 1 'l'C' Q I cf''} : !Uf7i§ I '¼. 9° .) d llfl I k!tf"kY Ifih--J I :r&h I foY..hrf-ft-·r I hit-'} II 164.

Concerning Ethiopian legal history, we have: l) iop ·(Et ria 16 �- �o �i{icazion � canonica orientale. Fonti. Fasc. V. - Disciplina alessa11dri I. Test, dz d1r1tto ant1chi e moderni riguarda11ti gli Etiopi (Roma 1932).

- 270-

canonica orientale. Fo,iti. Pase. VI. Testi di diritto ant/chi riguar ione ficaz Codi 61_ 2). 3 9 1 a m o R ( i p o ti E • Jantz! g11 i; ''II Senedos etiopico,'' Re11dico11ti de/la Reale Accademia d'Jtalia, Ros sin nti Co C. 168_ . (1941), pp. 41-48 . morale Sc1en1.e 169_ A. Pollera, Lo Stato Etiopico e la sua Chiesa (Roma 1926). Feth� Negast, ii libro dei re, codice delle leggi abissine, con ari, Can ev Ros si . R 170_ noti . no (Milano 1934) ia al It o tt ri di al tl n ie ·n . e ,,1er, 00 1-,,,..,:,.. • f • ai1 • ti1 :,.r°7..h+k·l·'1 s 1,oo"h:.t:A ,1 • r1;.. tif !Bf /Ill , Conce rning the Ethiopian Constitution of 1931, see:

171. G. Cortese , ''La legge dell'Impero in Etiopia,''Oltrenzare, April 1932. l72. P. Daney, ''La Constitution ethiopienne du 16 juillet 1931," Revue politique et parJementaire. (1931), v�l. 1 48. pp. 464-474. 173. E. Ghersi, L'organizzazio11e politica dell'Etiopia, (Padova 1936). 174. A. Giannini, ''La costituzione etiopica,'' Oriente moderno, vol. 12 (1932), pp.· t-11. 175. Idem. La costit111.io11e etiopica, studio seguito dalla versione della costituz.ione stessa Jatta si,l testo amarico ed an11otata da E. Cerulli (Roma 1936). 176. E.Giurco, L'ordinarnento politico dell'lmpero Etiopico (Firenze 1935). 177. C. de Leone, "La costituzione etiopica,'' Oltremare, January 1932. 178. M. Pigli, "L'Etiopia c la sua prima costituzione," Rassegna italiana, Ottobre 1931. 179. O. Ralz, "Modernismo africano. La costituzione all'Etiopia,'' Gerarchia, vol 11 (1931), pp. 831-843. 180. "Sommario in Italiano della pubblicazione di Bajirond Tekla Hawariat riguardante Ja nuova Costituzione,'' Oriente 1noderno (1932), pp. 508-510. 181. F. Valori, La costituzio11e etiopica (Bologna 1934). ilil r !if�f • fro'})!,\� • ODfffl s f°7..h--l•i\lD4 : K",h.� • 11:J= s hil :i On the Penal Code of 1930, the only article is: 182. E. Cerulli, ''II nuovo codice penale etiopico ed i suoi principi fondamcntali,'' Oriente m.oderno (1932), pp . 392-405. ilil I ffl6f: .,.,.,:,. : ftD")l&") :r ;,.-, 1 {1°7..-t'Ti\•-l· s lD4il1' : --1-0DAh:,. ! On the law of slavery, see: 183 A. L Gardiner, ''Law of Slavery in Ethiopia," Jo11rnal of Comparative Legislation and International Lalv, 3 s. 15 (1937), pp. 180-202. 184. A Giannini, ''II regolamento della schiavitu in Etiopia." L'Antiscliiavismo (1926), fasc. 7-8. 185. G. Montandom, L'esclavage e,i Abyssi,zie (Geneve 1923). 186. E. W. P. Newman, ''Slavery in Abissinia,'' Contemporary Review, vol. 148 (1935), pp. 650-657.

nJrt .:�r·A-1 ill\ = l&'f!- = ,.,c = ,i1:f = ,,..1;1• • f°th..,.tr+ = hk = On the status of foreigners in Ethiopia, we have: 187. I. Auberson, Etude sztr le regime juridique des etra11gers en Etliiopie (Annemasse 1936). e188. Revue A. ie," Ethiop en g rs L. etrange les ant er, concem Gardin tion ''La juridic , a/e ner de Droit international pttblic, vol. 44, pp. 90 ff.

r;:,nm�, : h�� • f--l"h-l· k {ltr1'1° : ,l1°l : m+il � flf'). : f"th--f•k:,.. = c;:,:a,. • More journalistic in their approach, bt1 t still dealing with law, are: Na ," tion titu Res 189 and ent P. shm uni P . ia: rd wa 1iop Ed s, ''A Servant's Theft in Etl . tional Review, vol. 10 (1 6 936), pp. 639-650.

271 -

l90 H. and G. MacCreagb, "Abyssinian Woman's Marital U t opia," Tr avel, Vol. 51 • September 1928, pp. 35-38. ie �in so1.1s Me11elicl, II, vol bys _L'A · pi: t!,io d'E 11s ssio pre 11 1, , rab ie Materie l/e Me 191. V 3, v1les (Paris 1929). c1 11s tio stu I11 . 11s ssi by A s de e al n or 1 et 192. I. L. Park, "Open Air Law Cour,ts of Ethiopia," Natio11a! Geograp/iic Magazin e. vol. 68 (1935), pp. 633-646.

/l,\ I /\.Tf"kfCj J /l,\ .th•-r1 • •f•ouAh-r 1-

,t1:;'I°�

f'¼,\9° I

OD'}d/,P';J--�� :

Ul'j'}fJC : t\?U ,'\fl, I fUA :

4''J'{to:

0n Ethiopia and tl1e League of Natio11s, see, for exa1n1Jle: 193. E. Collombet, L'Etl1iopie n1oder11e et so11 ave11er11e11t a la co111.1n1111a1Lie i,ztern at·zona1e (Dijon 1935). See especially pp. 25-29, 107-133, 164-182, 217-252. 194. A. Giannini, L'Etiopia 11ella Societa delle Nazio,ii .. . (Roma 1923). 195. H. Ch. G. - J. von Mandere, De Volkerzbo11d e,z de "A bessyniscl1e klvestie" (n.p. 1926). 196. E. Massart , L'an·1111issio11e de/l'i111pero etiopico 11ella Societa de/le Nazioni (Pisa 1928).The same in French (Paris 1928). 197. Pierre - Alype, L'E111pire d'Etl1iope da,zs la Societe des Ncztio11s (Paris 1923).

OJ't..llJI\.!�, fiJ<t..?f·\'4kJ' • ootihA : ilh s --l·Lmt.m· = °l�:'r = f,"h°l : 1tfl.-1--.<1r:,- : f.r,,.: f°7. h+t\--r I OD�ih�.,.l· : .>tt\-1 IOn legal aspec ts of tl1e conflict between Ethiopia at1d Italy,

\Ve

have:

198. "Documentation Relating to the Dispute bet,veen Ethiopia and It aly," Official Jour11al of the Leag11e of Natio11s, vol. 16 (1935), pp. 1350-1632. 199. Doc11111ents Rclati11g to the Iralo-Etl1iopia,1 Co11flict, edited by the Canadiarz Governme11t (Ottawa 1936).

200. S. Heald, Doc11111e11ts 011 /11te1·11atio11al Affairs, vol. 2 (London 1935). 201. P. B. Potter, Tire 1,Va/ Wal Arbitratio11 (Wasl1ington 1938). 202. A. de La Pradelle, Le co,1/lit italo-etl1iopie1z (Paris 1936). 203. Cl1. Rousseau, Le co11flit ethiopie11 devant le droit i1zter11ational (Paris 1938). 204. H. Scl1warz, Die E11twick /111 1 g des volkerrec/1tliclze11 Bezie/11111ge11 A t/1iopiens zu de,i Miichte11 seit 1885 (Breslau 1937). 205.J. H. Spencer, "The It alo-Ethiopian Dispute a11d the J_eag·ue of Nations," A,neri can Jo11r1Ja/ of Interrzational Lav.1 vol 31 (1937), pp. 614-641. ,

206. B. Stern, "The Treaty Background of the ltalo-Ethiopian Dispute," Anierica,r Jo1,r11al of lnternatio11al La'rv, vol. 30 (1936), pp. 189-203. 207. \Vhite, Tl1e Ab)•ssinian. Dispi,te (l.,ondor1 1935). 208. J. B. Whitton, T/1e Sanctity of Treaties (Pacta Sr,111 Serv£111da) (New York 1935). 209. Q. Wright, "The Britis.h Courts and Et hiopian Recognition," Arnerican Journal 01 /11ter11atio11al Law, vol. 31 (1937), pp. 683-688 and 742-747. 210.ldem, "The Test of Aggression in the Italo-Ethiopian War," Jde111, vol. 30 (1936),

pp. 45-56.

n00 a1.t. if9° : ilt\ : �'--:,..r•k! 1 ,"h°l : .>i1.v.1.f....• K· ,1,.r;::f . 1 n,n-Pl\l\tD llt\ : '¼ t\9° • il,1;f· = o--t-�4-: A�: Af• 1 ·1--":f--.r:.-,-. 1 m--ilrr: ,,.,-.;:� ! t\?°ilt\,: forl..•l-rrt\·•1·11 •J•OPf.\11:'f· :Finally, some document ation on Ethiopian Jaw can be found in general works dealing lwi1th special aspects ·of the law throughout the world, such as: 4

211. L. Koepfle, Copyright Protectio11 Tl 1 roi1g/1oi1t 1/1 e fVorld, 7 vols. (Wash ington 1936-1937). 212. W.W. White and B. G. Rave11scroft, Patents Tl1 roug/1 oi1t tlz e World (New York 1923) (1st ed.) and (1928) 2d ed). 213. Ide1r1, Trade-Marks TJ1.rot1g/1out tl1e World (New York. 1930).

- 272 -

'·

§"i'f/ 11&.T"i'f I HOD"} 1 (h!Jlf!,ji 1 "ilh' 1'0--"} 1 YlttIJ. • ffou"}),

IV. Fourth period (fro,n 1941 to tlze present)

General legislatio,z

General legislation

· -·l m 1 "11l· 1 Om:'f»i\i\tIJ. r hH.U s 0°7. hTlt·."f·, ?"TOD(D• =� fm • r: r r 1.. '¼ 1 'I° a � f© !B h'l'C m'J',f-'PA ss All general legislation has since the 1st of January 1942 been published in: 1

'1; ,t:,.. 1 ;,tL"I • 11-'lil • 110'1 214.

',;JtT • ;,tt." l ,,

tIJ.ilT •

*"7.. 1 IY'i • Of1.tLtIJ. 1 f,;}-,,,."7A 11

- Negarit Gazeta

fl "l 9", hilLlt.1., flf). 1 "11:f I fl.m m-• 1..dJ'I°: OA� • .,;,�:,-: ;,tL"I, f,mt1J1r I ft9°1ai\. 'i'

The Negarit Gazeta is published reguarly in Addis Ababa, Special issues have been devoted; to the most important legislative enactments of the period, such as: 215.

fa>1"f.lt�

ou:,»ffJ, • ch°I • (h�.il

hO'l ·• 1.P.f.!1ii

'¼. 9°.)

216. Pe11a/ Code (Addis Ababa 1957). 217.

fa>1"f.lt� 1 OD:'f»"J.· • "1"?

P'"I

P'COT 1 (h-'lil I hOfl t !fif!l§: '¼. 9°.)

218. Crimi11al Procedure Code (Addis Ababa 1961). 219.

f1"?.e- • "1"?: (h�.il r h0'1 t !fif!lf • '¼. 9°.) ::

220. Comn1ercial Code (Addis Ababa 1960).

221.

f'lchC • ch°I: (h-'til • h0'1; Iilf!lJ. • '¼. 9°) :: Maritime Code (Addis Ababa 1960).�

222.

f�."f·,h: fl�C • ;,.-,

(h-'lil: hO'l

223. Civil Code (Addis Ababa 1960). 224.

r�.-,."' 11�c r P''I P'Co."f· =

"'°' =

Iilf!ll: '¼. 9°.)

(h.ctil 1 >,nq • Iiif!lt I q. ?° .)

225. Civil Procedc.,re Code (Addis Ababa 1965). '1;,t."f· 1 ;,u"' • hm"IO•l· Tt-11 1 ('ilA�9°) ss

= 1.u = 1..rr: = hilh = !Df!7f , q s 'I° = 11r:1-1

roi.e.11 , A� =

A special volume includes the Proclamations from the beginning of the Negarit Gazeta� to 1950: 226. Negarit Gazeta - Proclamatio,is (Addis Ababa 1951).

•

h00 ilhl9° I �' ��'} J Iiif�c ' q: 9° : ( 1' : h> : h) : "f.9°(! : flDm••l''1 : ch1';,f: ll"7m:J>ltA : r1i.:,. r-A-1 1 r} : 'I : OD1°IP':,, • f;Trrflt\.h I hY:"'1.�{l:,.1.,,·li1 : h.1ilrf.::i•�·l· : hH.U r 0"7.h.,.1t,,), :, hc:1'h.,.:r,. I hll;,x-.Y. : hUrT:J:A •-

A consolidation of the Ethiopian legislation in force as of September 5, 1963, and also . nclu � d�g some legislation published subsequently to that dated h�s been prepa.red by the .mpenaI Ethiopian Institute of Public Administration under the title: 22 7. Co 1·1solidated Lalvs of Etl1iopia, 5 vols. (Addis Ababa 1964-1965).

273 -

fJ\IP6'i I fUJt.+?1 • tl.11'° I ,f-tn�/tCD- I 1,1:;:r\-:: The labour laws have been collected in: 228. Collection of Labour Laws of Etliiopia, Edited by tl1e Federation of E m 10 P Yers <0/ Ethiopia (Addis Ababa n.d.). lilt • ;,.-, • OD�tltlj:+ , rot.h,t•1t-+1' • ,t-D'l'�h-r 11 In connection with the Codes, see:

229. Mohamed Nurhussein Berha.nu, Penal Code lr1..dex (Asn1ara 1963). 230. Idem, Etliiopian Codes - Civil - Corr1rrzercial Crin1i11al Procedure (1 ndexes) 1963). •(Asmara fh.+f-k,f I f tlt°I • OD�,ltlj::,. • �ctt t AA:J",f-D'l'V° ! lfJJ!,ip c ilh, 11"?�:r:fm- 1 '1'i 1 ;J•:,. 1 •fmlfJ. i;1c • r1tr sr i;-,c • -,,. • htlti=ti • 1t1-,;,�=,: 1 OJ.t�t),e� :i :r:'f•DP'PA ss /\9"fti\s ! "° Drafts and preliminary works in connection with the Ethiopian Codes have not yet becn published, but a French version of some of the Codes has been printed: 231. Code civil pour l'Empire d'Etliiopie (Paris 1960). 232. Code commercial pour r Empire d'Ethiopie (Paris 1965). 233. Le Code penal de l'Empire d'Ethio?ie (Paris 1959). •

'lltl-T I '/f I '\DP;f•:r• I lilt I 111-,;1-1..· : f,f-w(l";-. "}•�f -1· from� :I dl1�9° : ;J••.,.OD'PA., .fl'I°'1 ,\. I Some legislation dealing with more specific aspects of Ethiopian law has also been published in the last twenty years. For instance: 234. /lift-, 1 oo'J°t,f s 'J°hC • · o.:,. • Jr,"'1'1&¥':f : f,f•t.m : �1-tl s (11-'til I hflfl , g;;: 1 �:,-r , !Df «!i?i • '¼. r .) ss 235. /lift-, • ooCD(l� • 'J°hC • o.:r- • 1'DT'1&¥'l·: f,f•(lm = 1.1•0 : ('1.t:.il, hflfl a j]flj}� 1 C}. 'I°.) a: 236. f{Lrf- • hCllrf:f1' • nllrf-};1.C 1 1.'r-0 • (h>til • hfl'l i !if�§ : C}. r.) 11 231. f"'-. +r-1 .1 • 1-1-av i;-,p,:,- , 001-1F:,- = f A-ic • .,,,,:,. = °ttllrJ:c 1 fn1c I h1•111 , s..111 (h.<tll , 11oq , !if©i , '¼. r.) d

I I

238. f"'-.+f-kf • 1'1-IP • -,-,p•:r• : or>'}1F•1·: fh'IC : .,,.,:,. 1 "7.tllrf:C I m:i-1\1\: fFt - 1 s..1--0 • (h.<til • nOQ , 1.ill@i • '¼. r .) .. 239. fh. :J-f-kf r ,.,..,, -1.1'-fl 1 (h.flil r AOQ I !Bf!,§

.,,p,:,- I OD11F-r I fh1C '¼. 'I°.) d

2 .,,,,:,. I

240. fh.Tf-kf : 1'1• lP r -,-,p,:,. • Uo1°1P'T : f P'��,-a • (n.flil , nO'l •• !itf@i • '¼. r .) ss

"7.1llrf:C ! fh1C r h1tfll 1

°ttllrf:c:

F/Af1J1'i : fa>-il'1''

241. fh.+f-kf 1 ,..,..,, : -,-,p,:,- 1 DP1CfP',r : t?IC.f: "7.tilrf:C : fa>4ll1' 1 1.1-0 1 (h-'I.il 1 .hOQ ? !Df-11� I C}. 'J° .) 12 242. fA. Tf-kJ'. ,.,.lP I )1F:r• I OD1�F:,. I f11fl-0 2 "7.til-f:C ' fW-il1' I .e.1-0 1 (h-'I.il f ,-oq • !uf@� '¼. r.) II

243. fh..:r-V-kf 1 ,..,.IP s )-Jp•:,. r OD}OJp•:,• 1 f11flil : "t�{l,f;C ! f,h./t-0 1 1iffll ' �1 � 1 (h-'tll r h OQ I + if7i frt • f {D 11) I 'i'Jif2 : '¼ • 'I°.) :, ,.,......,.,�� .-0 _,_,......,, 5 f{l.•f•' tJP't wtr �44 .·-- fh..·l·f-kf I 11•1P·�;-,p,:,-�, �, F-l· I --,p,:,., uc;, "'lfl'iif = K'ih'-+ 1 o.:r• fFt:-: (.h�.ll 1 1.011, !Ufcni • '¼. 9" .) st

fx-�"7l.��;;.�-;;�7;�•; ,

,.,-o =

b. Spec:al legislation

'-0;�

�f. 1 oo,o:,. 1 f"tf"lm«, tl.1:f • (h'>f.., ;ft:,f•C'i, fl'>a.i'C.'> • ,ftr:t-): O).,,?&:'f· r ,,?Jl."I I r .oum1 I I �-,?'/ fr 11 .,,c I .,,. I ii/\ I fl1' I\ i'C.1' I hrttJ I ,t:,• I Jtv,&- 'r ' r1•/\f I (Lll' ; :, IA f. .,_l-, • illl"tflm• 1 tlt1l-'i • ii/\, :J=c+e:fr, Aav&-?- • 1'1-Jtv«, )flC 11

-274-

"'i"

1 fii I fi·m+flm-'} : --�oo&\h,-,.. " ..1.ao-� 1 hH .tJ I fl'lf, • 0.,,.._1'C ' lf1.§ 1 If {l(l 1 :J grants of pnv1 . ·1 eges, . charters or concessions, now is as such o n, gislati 1 le publishSpecial h Nega rit gazeta, although .s�ch previously was not the case for conc essions, t e in I ed o� y ot always been the case for pr1VIleges or charters. For those which were published ' and 1t has 7 2 . 2 d n a 4 1 2 s m te � see at,ove,

Treaties

tLIJ 1 01\1- • OA'- a Jt.'P,: 1 iii\ 1 mm- m ih-"J":f·: fi•m+ft.,)· 1 1i,h.,:::f., iii\, il9°9°'1i-l-9° h 9 1 fltn�i\,\tD- • ftDlalr as h'l;,&:'f· • ;Jt111J ° ,\a\: fOWZ,h.-J·i\· :'f- 1 Jt.1r :

concerning spe_cial legislation also are generally va]id for treaties, remarks e abov The have, apart from -tre Negar1t Gazeta and ,the Co11solidation ( items 214 and 227): we gh u altho Z45. Agre ement bet1veen His Majesty i11 respect of the U11ited Kingdom and His Imperial Majesty the Emperor of Ethiopia, Addis Ababa, 191/1 December 1944 (London J-945). 246. Agreement and niilitary co11ventio11 bet1veerz the United Kingdom and Ethiopia; Addis Ababa, Jani,ary 31 , 1942 (London 1942). 241. Memoranda presented by tlze l1nperial Etlziopian Governme,zt to the Cou11cil of Foreign Ministers in London, September 1945 (London 1946). 248. Principles applyi,,g to mz1t1,al aid i,z tlze prosecittion of the war against aggression. Preliminary agreen1e11t bet1veen the United States of America and Ethiopia, signed at Wash ington August, 9, 1943. effective Augz,st 9, 1943 and exchange of notes (Washington 1943).

249. uTcxt of agreement of cultural cooperation between the USSR and Ethiopia signed on 13 Janua . ry 1961," Vedomosti Verkhovnogo Soveta SSSR (1961), no. 50, pp. 1324-1326. 250. ''Text of Trade Agreement between the USSR and Ethiopia signe.d on July 11, 1959," Vreshnyanya Torgovlya (1959), no. 9, pp. 46-47. (i\) lli\ : AIT'/Y: ::

B. Ci,sto11i flh..-rf"A-f • ffj:�rth : ,0,h.C r ih°l s lD"'il1' : il /l : hk:,- : f.\.°1P..l- • m:l"°t'I�- : 4•1'/l ·M I ,f-DDAh-r 11

.fk

On the importance of custom in the codified Ethiopian civil law, see: 251. G. Krzeczunowicz, ''A New legislative Approach to Customary Law: The ''Re peals" Provision of the Ethiopian Civil Code of 1960,'' Joi,rnal of Ethiopian Studies, vol 1, no. I, pp. 57-67.

252. D. da Maarda, "Valore giuridico delle Consuetudine etiopiche,'' Atti del Convegno lnternazionale di St11di Etiopici (Roma 1960), p-p. 211-222. ilh I la.CT� 1 fAIZW/Y:: ih°l : T'ii:t•: fT�l.1 : DD"'b�: f°t.1�fl:fa,. 1 1i,h.t::.:f

An attempted synthesis of Eritrean customary law can be found in: 253. F. Ostini, Trattato di Diritto cor1sz1etudi11ario dell'Eritrea (Asmara 1960). ill\ ' /.\."'IY: 1 ih°l • hchc • nm:,.t\t\m. i iii\ = 1t.•-,..'i'f\o:( h+tr:,. a K°th-C:lo I t&il1' I f,��A r-

OT�l.1lD"' = T'i:,.. = i&ilT • 067..

of: Discussion of customary la,v can be found in general ethnological studies, such as those 254· E. Cerulli, Peoples of South-West Etl1iopia arid Its Borderla11d (London 1956). 255 · E. Haberland, Galla Siid-Atl1iopie11s (Stuttgart 1963).

275 -

256. G. \V. B. Hu11tingford, The Galla of Etl1iopia (I..011don 1955). 257_ H. Lewis, A Galla Mor1arcl1y: 1:111n1a Aba Jifar. Et /1iopia, /830-]932 (l.r iv1adison 1965). 258 w. Shack, Tlze Gi,rage: Peoples oj E11sete C11lti1re (Oxford 1966). 259_ F. J. Simoons, Nortliwest Ethiopia: Peoples

Eco1101ny (Madis on 1960). r ,f•(JD•: �f'C: lb�'f-: ·'t: rtfa.il) = R",l1,G:';f;.: ,f-oot\11:, . f/,\; I lt--T1' f i.1JLtrr. 4'1'1\°. n See also unpublished Ph.D. theses, such as: 260. c. H. Brooke, Jr., A Study of Galla Settle111e11ts, l-Iararge Provin ce, Ethi .. op,a (Nebraska 1957).

c111d

261. �- Hob�n, T_lze Role of Ambili,zeal Desce1zt Gro11p i,z Gojjanz Ainhara Social Organization (California 1963).

262. S. D. Messing, The Higl1lan.d-Pla1eau An1l1ara of Etlziopia (Pennsylvania 1957 ). iln. 1 /,\� • /,\�: fk:,•r- *' • f/.\D?Y..· r ,..,.�:1: 1 f°t.h•f•{\•:1- � ,i;,-,,, ..c;::t•: ltn.• :On various special aspects of customary law in Ethiopia, we l1ave: 263. Abba Tekestebral1an Gabremedbir., Il Matrimo11io Cons1tetudi,1ario i,1 Etiopi ( published paper delivered at Tl1ird International Conference of Ethiopian Studies, �d�� Ababa., 1966). 264. Abebe Ambatchew, "Betrothal Among the Sa.wan ,-\tnharas," U,ziversity College of Addis Ababa Etl111ological Society Bulletin, vol. 5, June 1956. 265. Asfaw Damte, "Ekub," Idem, vol. 8, July 1958, pp. 63- 76. 266. Bekele Nadi, "Adoption Among tJe Oromo of Sawa," ide1n, pp. 83-92. 267. Britisl1 Military Administration, L'111d Tenure o,z tl1e Eritrea,1 Plateau (Asmara 1944). 268. J. Comhaire, Wc1ge Poolirzg as a For,n of V0!1.t11ta1y Association i1z Ethiopian and Otlzer African Tou111s (unpublished paper delivered at Third Intema.tional Conference of Ethiopian Studies, Addis Ababa, 1966). •

269. G. Costanzo-Beccaria, Traditio11, Legislatio1z a,zd Customary La1vs i11 Ethiopia, ide,n. 270. L. Fusella, "L.o Statuto del Bareq.ia," Rasseg11a di Studi Etiopici, vol. 6 (1947), pp. 46-61. 271. Gebre Wold Ingida Worq, "Ethiopia's Traditional System of Land Tenure and Taxa , tion,' Etl1iopia Observer, vol. 5 (1962), pp. 302-337. 272. Haile Mikael Misginna, "Betrotb:i.l and Marriage Customs in Er1darta," University College of Addis Ababa Ethr10/ogical Society Bi1lleti11, vol. 8, July 1958, pp. 49-62. 273. A.Hoben, La.nd Tenure and Sociai Mobility Aniong the Damot Amhara (unpublished paper delivered at Third International Con�erence of Ethiopian Studies, Addis Ababa, 1966). 274. M Hafner, "Ueberlieferungen bt: Tigre-Stammen: Ad Sek,A111iales d'Ethiopie, vol. 4 (1961), pp. 182-204. re cola parti iri asen Ham dell' 275. A. Laure, Ji,s recepttlm - IL nuovo diritto e gli statuti (Asmara 1944). 276. "La legge dei Atcheme Melga,'' Rassegna di St1,1di Etiopici (1953). 211. La Legge dei Loggo Cit.la (Asmara 1945). 278. La Legge di Adghena Glzeleba (P.smara 1946). Galla rn � Wes e 279. H. Lewis, Ki,d'arfan: A Mt1lti-Fu11ctional J11stitutio11 Among t� � ies, Addis u St (u,npublished paper delivered at TI1ird lnt!rnational Conference of Ethiopi an Ababa, 1966). . vol 9 (1 945), 280. P da Luchon, "Le mariage chez Ies Gouragbes," A111Iales latera r1 e11sz, pp. 213-217.

• p16�• I

281. "'i'lrf•ou • r"ltt'I. • OJ/,\f,. 1 ou{l<J>A 1 ('11\9°'1� -il) i ill'\ • 1'1.:i·r-*f: foP&,�· �e ( rduc· t 0 ll) rt - Le regime foncier en £l/zIOP hilrf•�f..cc;_ I "1-tlC I m:,,1\1\ • 1til+ff rl• : (Mil tion franca,se de H. Vernede et ,-;,ii: • OJ&\f.. 1 1..r-c1..ll 1 (Addis Ababa 1957).

= ,-,

- 276-

282 . Mebteme Sellassie Wolde Maskel, ''The land System of Ethiopia ',, Ethiop. . ia @Iistr .283 1. -3 pp. (19 57) , 0 ver, vo.I 1 283, G. �lasucci, _"L'1;1ni?ne a termine e per mercede nelle consuetudini etiopre · he,,, R. as_· a, 1an a . 1tal vol fr1c 5 l'A de/ , 42) (19 pp. 27-43 segna Sociale 284, Jden1, ''Studi di folklore giuridico etiopico: I compari del matrimonie,'' Idem pp. 533 S44 and 592-600. . ong _the Kottu-Galla of Harar,', 235, Million Tesfaye, _"Mutual Aid Ass<:><:iations_ A m Uni versity College of Addis Ababa Ethr10/og1cal Society Bitlletin, vol. 2, July-December 1961 , p p. 71-8 1. 286. Mohamed Abdur Ahman, ''The I-Iarari Wedcling Customs," idern, vol. 2, December 1953, pp. 5-8; vol. 3, December 1954, pp. 22-26. 287. F. Ostini, ''Una modificazione essenziale alle norme di diritto consuetudinario in· materia terriera," Bol/eti,10 dell'Istiti1to cli S11,di Etiopici, vol. 1 (1953), pp. 85-87. 288. Jde11z, "Nuove redazioni di veccbi Statu ti: lo Statuto di Adghema Gheleba (Accbele Guzai), iden1, pp. 79-84. 289. !dern, "Un provvedimento legislativo per la codificazione del diritto consuetudina rio eritreo," iden1, p. 87. 290. Idem, "La question terriera sull'altipiano eritreo," idem, vo]. 2 (1957), pp. 39-46. 291. R. Pankhurst, "Status, Division of Labour and Employment in Nineteenth Century and Early T\ventieth Century Ethiopia," U11iversity College of Ad,lis Ababa Etlznological Society B11lletin, vol. 2, July-December 1961, pp. 7-58. 292. A. H. J. Pri11s, East Africa12 Age-Class Syste111s: Ari Inqi1iry f,,zto the Social Order of ihe Galla, .Kipsigis and Kik11yu (Groningen 1953).

293. M. Ricci, ''Usanze matrimoniali, etica sessuale e credenze degli Arbore, degli Amare dei Ghebela," St11di Etiopici raccolti da C. Rossini (Roma 1945), pp. 182-192. 294. G. Savard. Cross-Cor,siri Marriage An1or1g the Patrilineal Afar (unpublished paper delivered at Third Inter11ational Conference of Ethiopian Studies, Addis Ababa, 1966). 295. E.de Savoie a11d G. Simoninj, Co11suetr1dini giuridiche del Serae raccolte dell'Assem b/ea dei s11oi no1abili, 2 vols. (Ron1a 1948-1953). 296. S. Stanley, Tlze Political Syste,n of Sidan10 (unpublished paper delivered at Third International Conference of Ethiopian Stuclies, Addis Ababa, 1966).

297. J. Stauder, Social Orgarzisatiorz of the Maja11dir of SoL1thwestern Etliiopia, idem. 298. Temesgie11 Gobe11a ''Gage, Daba and Other Communal Labours Mainly Among , the Oromo of Westen1 Sa\-va and \Vallaga," U11iversity College of Addis Ababa Eth11ological Society Bz,lleti1z, vol. 7, December 1957, pp. 65-76. 299. Yilma Workneh, ''An Essay on Community Life," ide,n, vol. 2, July-December 1961, pp. 82-89.

C. Case - law fltLU: llODi : 01'1 . '1·\1"A-f: �c�·: (]...fl•: n,f·flm•:t-: a>-'1�9'�: a>-il'r J m:J>O'/.. I ftl''i-:,·1 : Oou9°l'r : Ot'1.l-f.Or : fO'l/.:J·.-f-9°0;1. : UJJft•,1.., :1. : "l·!P.�O:,..A :: . . During this period, a Jour11al bas been created wbicl1 regularly publishes selected de cisions from the Ethiopian Cot1rts. It is: 300.

f]'l.:,·f ·A·..r a ,"11 UO : ur,7.•d1.:,. ,= - Journal of Etlziopian Lal-v.

f.U9° : UD�·,11,, :l· : i,J.;..la ' .f1(l(} I hif!Y.�§ : '¼ ' 9 ° : (h : 1.. : 1') = "f.'J°C: I {14',qO'jCJ! 2 '?l,ll I P'l\{l.: ��'fbC(l.,f: c f,11'1 I 'l•h ·A't c an;rrl•'J°: "f.'J°l:-A S1 It has been published by the Faculty of Law, Haile Sel.lassie I University, Adclis Ababa, since 1964.

277 -

-•-------D.

Legal scie11ce •,

{ltLU- I 11uu·} l ll.·rf-A·f'} = oa,�l\'\l& I <Df,9° I OhLA: flrt : 111100--}\:,. : 'I'', ": 'P 'i: r,h., , "T'C'1lt\.'l°�. f"tfilt.J.;-.: K·,11-c:':f·, cf>Tfl.. , ftt-•1· c;:fm• :{

General de�cripti_ons of the n1ain l�g �l proble1ns confronting Ethiopi a, or so me Part of them during this penod, ca n be fo un d 1n. 301. Castagno, "Ethiopia: Reshaping an Autocracy," Africa Report, October 1963 302. E. C. Jandy, ''Ethiopia Today: A Review of Its Changes ai1d Problems ,, A _ · nna/s 0! rlze An1erica11 Academy of Political and Social Scie11ce, July 1956, pp. 257�268 . ' 303. W. H. Lewis, ''The Ethiopian Empire: Progress and Problems'' Middle Ea 1 1 s our' 1w/, Summeb: 1956, pp. 257-268.

•

304. M. Perham, The Gover11me11t of Etlziopia (Lo11clon 1948). 304. J. S. Trimingban1, ls/a,11 i,z Etlziopia (Now York 1952) (2d ed. 1965). fh.•l-f-kf'} r J1°1 : ilfl"tf-0&-"" : K",f1-C:..7f· = lltLU : O;J·:f. : Ylr:,·'} : "l•m>All ·)·: For a description of the Ethiopian legal systen1, see: 306. N. Marein, The Etlziopia11 Er11.pire - Federatio11 a11d Lal-vs (Rotterdam 1955). 307. Idem., Ha11dbook to 1/1e Laivs of Etl1iopia (Acidis Ababa 1949_). 308. Idem. Judicial Syste,n an.d the Laws of Etl1iopia (Rotterdam 1951).

nttu•: ffOD'} : m.POI/..: f(f�: X-"1-c::1-: 01'01/C�?: ;J·•rOD'Pt\ :, h7,'IILU� : m•il r : 1

Some very interesting works l1ave also been pttblisbed in An1haric during this period. Su.ch are: a-1,-,-r no I P'l\{l. : mt\.e.: au{lcf•f.\ : ('11\9° 'l&-il) ! 1l1'lt. : '11C : 7,ft.e : {J4t-.,rc: !iii: •t-11C11C'Pt!\ :s 310. Oflm • 1-0� ! 11.'i'l! : ;rcl\67 ! rt,.:1-P..A:-f: fdldl : UD9°&.r'i: OJ>CD(l�:: 9°h(:: 0.·1· 1 ;J•6h : (J\P,. {l: 1'10'1 � IJi.f.�1 r '\. 9°.) :s 309.

= '\.

9° .) :: 311. h��C': 11·"L I ffl/\9°: 11·0: (i"t-'til: i,fi'l � !V.f.�;[; 312. .e.9°(b : mA.e. : 1'17'/�h.A : (.e.J:f1f"'I�) I f°ICDf/'P. : •f>.';Ol/'f! ;}f,/\ : JVlttl. = 11•11-' 1 'l "'IP'•l· r ?"he : 11-l· : (;rcl\oi1:r·) : MCD'/'l!'l:J':1=ar1 , :,.:.>:t· : ODCS,,flQ;J. : (i',�. il: i',fl'l 1 I iif!11 'l · 9° .) 11 JtJ. Ttrou = /.\ta'> : ('1:.>.f."t".,..il):; m�c; A01JJ?:: (1-t-'til = J-,nq ·:i Iv.x©i '¼. 9" .) 11

h1J:1.f.": r1,.:1,r-A:-f1 : fm°I: ,roqifA: :J"6'1'P.: U•), :J.. : fJ.'l·t-: Y,.·(;{l,Y::;.: f07.11-f •,\••r 1 'iTW- I·

Some articles dealing \Vith l1istorical aspects of the Ethiopian legal development are: 314. A. Oacquot, "La Royaute sacrale en Ethiopie," A1111ales d'Ethiopie, vol. 2 (1957), PP·

205-218. 315. E. Cerulli, "La litterature ethiopienne dans l'histoire de la culture medi�val�, '' Ad111,aire de l'I11stitL,t de Philologie et d'Histoire orier1tales et slaves, de l' Universrte lrbre e Br11xelles, vol. 14 (1954-1957), pp. 31-34. · aIt 316. Idem, ''Punti di vista sulla storia dell'Etiopia ," Atti de/ Co11veg110 lr,ter,iazion di Sti,di Etiopici (Roma 1960), pp. 5-27. . · e · · ale · · " centr · a 317 • • C C ll'Afric t _ on1 Ross.1n1, La regalita sacra 1n Ab1ss1n e 11e1 regn1 de1a . · · occ1dentale," Studi e materiali di storia del/e re/i· gio11i (Bologna 1947-1948). 318· lde,,i, "Su due frasi della Cronaca abbreviata dei Re d'Etiopia ," A ,i,,ali delr/Sfi· t1.1to Orientate di Napoli, vol. 3 (1949), pp. 284-290 . ano itali · in on e 319 · versi G A C · .(Ron1a 1947). · ostanzo, L'Ecloga Araba 11el Fetl1a Nagast e la s,,a prima · /' (Roma vols 320· A· Coussa, Ep1to1ne 3 1, or1e11ta praelec tio111tm ecclesia stico de iure · 1950).

278 -

Preliminary History of the Tripartite Treaty of December 13 , ''A cus, Mar H 190 6 � ' 321• · hiopiarz Studies, vo l 2, no . 2 (1964), p. 21 . ' Jaur11al o1 Et

' '11�CI\.,,.,, ! fh.:,·:*': ,"l,°1 • 9° 1''51-'fa I OD°I� I (h�il•hOfl l !iif:li• '¼. 9° .) :: � • 322 derlinden, An lntroductzon to tl1e Soi,rces of Et hiopian Law (Addis Ababa 1966).

_ J. Van 323_

w. Vicichl, "Le titre de Roi des Rois." A1111ales d'Etlziopie, vol. 2 (1957), pp. 193_204.

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Ah-l-" Constitution of 1955 and on the Federat�on with Eritrea, see: n thiopia E the On United Nations Problem a11d Solution,'' Middle Easter,1 Afea: ''Eritr an, Abuet B. 324 _ . Febrllairy 1951, pp. 35-53. fairs, ·Nagpi,r u,ziverConsti tution de Ia _su: Expert l'Eryth s ree,'' Bi,/leti des n 1 of 1! e "Avis · 325. Assoc1at101·1, 15 March 1952, p. 329. ce ien Sc al c liti Po sity 326. N. Bentwic.h, '' Ethiopia's Federal Union," Quarterly Review (1953), pp. 120-127. 327. "The Constitutio n of Ethiopia (4tl 1 November 1955)," Rev11e egyptienne de droit internatio11al, 12/11 (1956), pp. 143-168. 328. "Eritrea - Constitution (August 11, . 1952)," /11ter-Parlia111entary Union Constitution al and Parlianze11tary lnforn1atio11, June 1953, pp. 146-168. 329. "Ethiopia's Revised Constitt1tion (Novembe-r 4, 1955), Middle East Journ�l. Spring 1956, pp. 217-220. 330. E. R. J. Hussey, ''Eritrea Self-Governing," Africa,z Affairs, October 1941, pp. 320328. 331. W. H. Le,vis, ''Ethiopj.a's Revised Constitution," Middle East Jour11al, vol. 10 (1956), pp. 194-199. 332. E. A. Matienzo, "Eritrea Adopts Its Draft Constitution," United Nations Bi,lletin,. vol. 13 (1952), pp. 154-155.

333. R. Pinto, "Une experience constituante des Nations-Unies: La Federation Ethiopie Erythree," Politiqite Etra11geres, November 1952 pp. 349-360. . 334. "Revised Constitution of the Empire of Ethiopia,'' ltzter-Parlia1ne1· 1tary Tlr1ion Constitutional a11d Parliamet1tary Information, 3 s. 8 (1957, pp. 1-25. 335. A. A. Schille� ''Eritrea. Constitution and Fede.t1ation with Ethiopia,'' A1nerican Journal of Co111parative Law, vol. 2 (1953), pp. 375-382. ill\ r h}t(a:,:: fh_;l•V-t."f: tl.-)';.f I (hoP..i•) : .,('fl• :,• : f"th•.,•l\••1• : 'i:flIJ<o fl On the new Ethiopian Codes, we have: 336. W. Church, ''Business Organization Under the Commercial Code,'' Etliiopian Business Journal, vol. 2 (1965), p. 32. 337. T. J. Clogger, ''The Code of Ethiopia," Criminal Law Review (1956), pp. 165-168. , _338. P. Coppens, ''Reflexions sur le Code civil ethiopien,'' B1,lletiri des Seances de rAca de,nre royal des Scie11ces d'01,tremer (1964), PP. 632-51. 339. R. David, "Civil Code for Ethiopia," Tula11e La1v Review (1963), pp. 187-204. 340. ldenz, "I.,a refonte du code civil dans Ies etats africains," Rec1,eil Pena,zt (1962), PP� 352-364 41. Idem. "L es sources du Code civil ethiopien,'' Rev11e irzternatio11ale de Droit comtPare (1962), pp. 497-506.

�42• lde':2, "�tructure et origin,alite du Code civil ethiopien," Zeitscl1rift fiir a1,slii11disches un.d 1nternat1onal1sches Privatreclzt (1961), pp. 668-681.

343· L. Fusella "II nuovo Se,nitic St1,1dies, vol. 9 of al Joitrn ico," Etiop e penal e Codic (I964), pp. 212-21 9. ' 344 . raven , De . nos ire, icia j11d vie La " ien, iop eth al pen it dro u e vea tiqu nou }'an au " G 4451446,• J18-30 October 1 954.

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•

Droi _de 1nati�re e n europee � pe11al nux pa)rs Africans en "L'apport � ldern, _ 345_ Vo1e de 1ologte, July, 1964. p. 1. 111 de 11r / el cr 11a pe l oi dr de ue ev R t," leo developpen , 346_ Iden?, "La classification des infractions du code pe11al et ses effets/' Revi,e Penale , se, vol. 73 (1958), pp. 34-41. sttis 347_ lde,,1, L'Ethiopie n1oderne et la eo<:ification du not1veau droit," ide, 11, vol 72 (19 57), p. 397. . . 34g_ Ideni, nintroduction,'' Le <;:ode Pe11al de l'�1np_ire etlzio1Jien (Paris, Centr e franca.is de droit compare, 1959), translated 1n Jour11al of E1lz1op1a1z La1-v, vol. 1 (1964), p. 267_ 349_ Jden 1, "Le jubile du couron11ement imperial et notivelle legislation ethiopienne',, La vie ji,liciaire, 18-23 and 25-30 October 195 5, nos. 445 and 446. 350. Jden1, "The New Penal Cod.e of Ethiopia," lr1ter11ational Review of Crimi,zal Policy, vol. 12 (1957), p. 210. 351. Idem., (Notice on the new Ethiopian Penal Code - t1ntitled), Revue internat· 1 de politiq1.,e crimi,zelle, United Nations. N. Y., July 1957, no. 12, Legislation, pp. 2l��;�: · an.d 218. 352 .. lde1?1, Pro/et de Code pe,-1 .al etl�iop:e,z, Ex po �e des Motifs et Co'?11nentaire (unpub lished, cited 1.n P. G·raven. An l11trod 11ct1on to Ethropzan Pe11al La1-v (Addis Ababa 1965)' p' 275. 353. /dent, "Vers un nouveau droit penal ethiopien," Revr.,e inter11atio11ale de criminologie el police tec/1nique (1954), p. 250.

354 P. Graven, ·'La legislation ethiopienne en matiere de circulation routiere," Revue i11tern.atio11.ale de crin1inologie et de police 1ecl1nique, vol. 16, no. 4 (1962), pp. 289-91. 355. lde,n, "La nouvelle procedure penae ethiopienne," Revue per-zale si,isse (1963), p. 70. 356. G. Krzeczunowicz, "The Ethiopian Civil Code: Its Usefulness, Relation to Custom and Applicability," Jo11r11al of African La1-v, vol. 7 (1963), pp. 172-176. 357. M. Moreno, "La ternunologia dei ruovi codici etiopici," Rassegna di Studi Etiopici, vol. 20 (1964), pp. 22-34. 358. "The New Ethiopian Penal Code," Etl1iopia Observer, vol. 2 (1956), pp. 258-286. 359. F. F. Russell, ''The Ne\v Ethiopian Civil Code,'' Brookly,z Lalv Revielv, vol. 29 (1963), pp. 236-241. 360. Idem, ••n1e New Ethiopian Penal Code," American Jo1-1r11al of Co,nparative Lalv, vol. IO (1961), pp. 265-277. 361. J. Schier, ''Propos sur le Code ci\il de l'En1pire d'Ethiopie," Rev11e jttridique du Congo, vol. 41 (1965), pp. 271-290. illt : ih1l•fi : hilrf'P.�C : f°2.hrf'lt�"1�1 : ,f•ODAll•f" l! On matters dealing with public administration, see: 362. Asmalas Bayana, M1111icipal Ad1nitli.stratio11 itz Asmara: A Profile of Bt1reaucracy (Addis Ababa 1964). 363. I. S. Fraser, Tl1e Delegation of Le[islative Powers in Ethiopia (Addis Ababa 1963). 364. Idem, Imperial Ethiopia,i Institute of Public Ad1ni1·1istratio11 Final Report (Addis Ababa 1964). 365. W. E. H. Ho,vard, Pitblic Admi11isiratio11 i,z Ethiopia (Groningen 1956). . ' . pia 366. Kafale Tagan, "A Brief Outline cf the Administrative Framework of Ethio s Political Subdivisions," Journal of t/1e Society of Public Adn1inistratio11, vol. 3 (1954), PP· 12-16. 367. "The Ministry of Foreign Affairs," Ethiopian Review, September-October 1945 • pp. 2-5. d cation 368 G. M. Mor is, Edr, Report of all 011 r the istratio11 Org111ization and Admi11 . F111e Arts. l1nperial Ethiopian Gover11111e11t (Washington 1953). · Ef/zio in e Servic 369Syoum Gebregziabher, T/1e Struct11re a11d Ft111ctio11s of tl1 e Civil . pran Public . Administration (New York 1960). 37o. Walda-Gabriel Sabaye, "Should We Delegate Authority?"' Jo11r11al of the Society of P11blic Ad1ninistratio1 1, vol. 3, no. 3 (1964) pp. 4-6.

-280 -

)

Governme,1.t Acco1111ti11g in Et/1iopia (1962), , Kinfu nes ,._ . 371. Yo11an lD4illf' 1 taA-t m+(l.o I flh.:,..r-k,.r • fm°I • oox-m.:i• = m-il;p • h;r-tau,, 1 lt'}P.')X- , �I\ I (4'-''l'C I lfiri I +ooAh:,..) I .ill\ I };..:,..r-k,.r I f«f'�'l°'i I ,,,."} I m"I I 1 11°7.h a,-{l'I' r -tX-C:1'A " 1 ,tfr. . the Joi,r,zal of Ethiopi0;n Lalv (see item 300), �hich are not listed in r ticles r a m fro APa .t aspects of the contemporary and anc1ent• Ethiopian legal system have been dealt us o r a e, e v n h wit h in: Abyssinia: A Portrait,'' Ethiopia Observer, vol. 8 (1965), of Bank "The , Ahooja 372_ K. P· 355· . . . . . . . op1a,'' 1 dem, p. 280. Leg1sIation 1n Ethi g nkin ''Ba , Idem 373_ of Modern Ethiopia,'' idem, p. 277. ks Ban e "Th . Idem 74_ G. Alter, ''Development Loans to Private Enterprises in Underdeveloped Countries' tions 2, 4 (1952), pp. 505-520. ilisa Civ " ico, Mex key Tur , •a· , Bthl opt · 376. H. Arnold, ''Die Zivilrechtspflege in Aethiopien," Zeitschrift flir ausliindisches und . , 0) pp 96 53-68. 25 (1 l. vo s, • ht ec R /es na 1•0 ,ntern01 Addis Ababa Bank," Ethiopia Observer, vol. 8 (1965), · 377_ Bebebe H. Yohannes, "The p. 339. vol. 165 (1944), 378. N. Bentwhich, "Law and Justice in Ethiopia,'' Contemporary Review, . . 267-271 pp. 379. Idem, "Private International Law in Ethiopia," Inter,·zational Law Quarterly, vol. 4 (1951 ), pp . 111-115. 380. C. Clapham, The Fu11ctio,is and Development of Parliament in Ethiopia (unpub lished paper delivered at Third International Confemce of Ethiopian Studies, Addis Ababa, 1966). 381. R.David, "L'enseignen1ent du droi.t en Eth.iopic,'' Journal of African Law, · vol. 6 (1962), pp. 96-100.

"i�

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· !75

382. '"'Establishing a Business in Ethiopia," World Trade /11formation Service, pt. 1, no. 59-61 (Washington 1959).

383. Ethiopia11 Con1mercial L<tws, (St. Petersburg, Florid-a, 1961.) 384. P. A. Fellows, ''Community Development in Ethiopia,'' /11ter11atio11al Review of 'Comm1.1n.ity Development (1963), pp. 169-187. 385. Food and Agric11lture Organization, Land Policy Project (Addis Ababa 1964). 386. P. Graven, A11 Introductio11 to Ethiopiarz Pe,zal Law (Addis Ababa 1965). 387. S. Gryziewicz, Legesse Tickeher, and Mammo Bahta, ''An Outline of the Fiscal System in Ethiopia," Ethiopia Observer, vol. 8 (1965), p. 293. 388. Hambo, ''The Rebellion Trials in Ethiopia,'' Bulleti11 of the Inter,zational Commis sion of Jurists, vol. 12 (1961), p. 29. 389. Hampartsum Ghazarossian, ''TJ1e Board of Directors in the Ethiopian Share Com pany," Ethiopian Business Jour,zal, vol. 2 (1965), p. 50.

390. "The Income Tax Law of Ethiopia and Eritrea,'' Foreign Tax Law Weekly Bt,lletin, vol. 9, no.25 (1954), pp. 1-5. · 391. "The Judicial System of the Ethiopian Empire,'' Ethiopia11 Review, Spring 1959, pp , 8-12. ' 3�2. _J. �- !(herbeguian, "Les conditions des investissements �trangers en Ethiopie,'' L Eth1op1 e d au1ourd'hui, no. 9 (1963), pp. 38-40.

393. R. Livsey, "Tax Savings Throt1gh the Choice of Business Form,'' Etl1 iopian Bz,si ness Journal, vol. 3 (1966), p. 50.

9'· S. Lowenstein, Materials for tlie Sti,dy of the Penal Law of Ethiopia (Addis Ababa ?, 1965 395. H. S. Mann, Pilot Field Sti,dy of Cliore (Shoa) (Addis Ababa 1965). 396. Ministry of National Community Development, Labour, Co-operatives, Social We1fare and Comnzztnity Development i11 Ethiopia (Addis Ababa 1964).

281

397. "New Ethiopian Legislation on En1ployment," Etl1iopict Observer' vol · 6 (l 963), 302-309. PP, J98. M. Onyeluka Anene, "Major Problems of Going into Bt1siness on One's Own" Ethiopian Business Journal. vol. 2 (1965), p. 25. I

399. R. Pankhurst,_ ''The History -0f Cu·rrency -and Banking in Etl1iopia from th e Midd le Ages to 1935," Etl1iop1a Observer, vol. 8 (1965), p. 358. 400. Idem, ''Monetary 9:nd Ban�i11g Innovations in tl1c Ninetee11tl1 and Earl T Y wenticth Century,'' Jo1,r11al of Ethiop1a1i St1,d1es, vol. 1 (1963), pp. 64-120.

401. K. Redden. Ethiopiarz Legal For111 Boole - For1n of Law and Legal D oci,,n ents. Vol. 1 (Addis Ababa 1966). 402. ''Registration of Business Enterprises in Ethiopia - Decree 27 of 1957 ,, ' die ' M'd East Law Review, vol. 1 (1958), pp. 590-594. 403. F. F. Russel, "Eritre.an Customary Law,'' Joz1r11al of Africa,i Law, vol. 3 (1959), Qp. 99-106. 404. R. A. Sedler, The Conflict of Lalvs in Ethiopia (Addis Ababa 1965). 405. Idem, "The Chilot Jurisdiction of the Emperor of Ethiopia,n Jo1,rnal of Afri ca, ? La'rv, vol 8 (1965), p. 59. 406. G. Shepperson, ''Ethiopianism and African Nationa.lis.01,'' Pl1ylon (1953), pp. 9-18. 407. N. Singer, ''Ethiopia/' Law and Lalvyers of the World (Wasl1ington 1965). 408. S. B. Skottun, ''Taxation and Particularly Direct Taxation," Jo1rr11al of the Society of Public Adn1inistratio11, vol. 3, no. 3 (1964), pp. 30-39. 409. J. A. C. Smith, "Human. Rights in Eritrea,'' Moder,z Lalv Review, vol 18 (1955), pp. 484-486. 410. M. J. Sorenson, A Sti,dy of A11glo-Ethiopia11 Relatiot1s (1800-1936) (Nebraska 1950). 411. R. Stutz, ''The Developing System of Industrial Relations in Ethiopia," Ethiopian Business Jourrial, vol. 3 (1966), p. 17. 412. Tafara Degeffe, ''The Conl.Illercial Bank of Ethiopia," Et}ziopia Observer, vol. 8 (1965), p. 331.

413. Idem, "Cred.it Institutions in Etl1iopia: An Historical Outli11e," idem, p. 324. 414 S. Tedeschi, Si,lla l1ierarchia de/le forzti del diritlo nel sistema giuridico etiopico (unpublished paper delivered at Third International Conference of Etl1iopian Studies, Addis Ababa, 1966).

415. J. D. Von Pischke, "Financing tl1e Unbalanced Bt1dget in Ethiopia," Etlz'iopian Busitiess Journal, vol. 3 (1966), p. 31.

416. A. M. Za.ck, "The Emerging Trade-Unionism of Ethiopia," Jo11rnal of the Society of Pi,blic Ad1n.inistratio11, vol. 3, no. 3 (1964), pp. 17-20.

l /,\�: 01t.:i•r-�.ri; I (l,h.ll)lt.J' I ootihA : n,,,��1CD• f °l'iJ':,• I 9°111.r,)· : ilfl = ,f•J.mltD° h f"7. r a= 1'�{l•9 'itfrI :f 1..'d1-G: : ,f;ilil) : .';. : ;,..:fI -ril (f-C � :i• 'TC"-Ot\.9° 1 o:i-co• 1 f+f.4• 1

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On the particular problem of the conflict betwee11 Ethiopia. and Italy, three rec ent Ph.D. theses can be mentiot1ed: 417. C. P. Edwards, The Western Leagite Powers a11cl t!1e Italo-Et!ziopian Affai r (Fletcher 1954). 418. P. A. Fitz Gerald, American Ner,trality at1d tlze Italo-Etl1iopia11 Conflict (George· town 1953). 419. P. Potter, Britisli Policy d11ri11g tl1e ltalo-Et/1iopia11 Crisis (Texas 1956). fl0P£1;l.�?f9° I {l{l I i't.TY"kf I ,l10J : cf,,p(to : {}fr-:,• I 1..",ft.{;:°:l: I tD-il'l' : ;J•:r•rf• : f.,•J�/,\ � as: . . . h . . suc s survey Fmally, 1nformat1on about Eth1op1an law ca.n be found in more general 957), ( t 47 vol. er, 420. M. Deschamps, ''Notes from O,tber Nations," Trade-Mark Report pp. 805-808.

- 282 -

in e Ai r-S Varioirs Co1,ntries, edited by the Li pa c Ov er on �d ict i , J brary of Con). 8 5 19 n I!brary (Washingto 1r 1, 2 4 w gress La 1d Practices Concer11i11g tlze Co11cl1,1sio11 of Treaties, edited by a, s Law . (New York the United 422 · es ). Sen e 1953 _ v islati Leg its . m ns Naoo Nationality, g idem, Co11cer11i1i (New York 1954). Laws 3 Nationality of Slzips, edited by the United Nati on s :�4: Laws Conc er11ing tl1e (New York 1955), Married Wome,1, edite d by the United Nations Commission on the 425. Natio,zality of ). York 1950 ew (N · en m o W f O Status

B. Legal doci1n1e1-zts 1.,lf.f'f! I flf).:,•·t I fil1«1 I ,.,,.,p..":f• f (P..h·°11-·f:·r•) .= 1',m?f\o : ffH f 1'ilh : ··� : ""�il : ff'&'}" 11 lf'i9°111,,.,,:,: r (lf1.H.ro- 1 '1"7.;J·,1·�·l· 1 ;Jff,(11,f I l\,,f, 1 ,,f,1'i'/1r is There is not yet a. complete collectio� of contempor�ry Ethiopian legal documents, Still,, of them can be found 1n newspapers published reguarly 1n the country.

283

04' �"7'1!: :}f,i\: P't\{I,: f.tn.C{).rf:: ,"f1"1 � �ll•Arf::: f.,tJ : 01/•llt--lf : fit..TV"A"f 1 : f1,1f..t--(l,i,:,..1 g di'?: lt°11''i"1': f·l"f,. ,l1: (Jl)cht-: ',(D«:: 1''i'--I!: fOIJ..OD/thrf"OJ•: (l <j":,1-cJ,: -Od"G>C' :: �'?: lln'J+g:c 1§ t 09°6&.<;::: !! 1 h,r. t7f..fc'1i!-t7l..fjt = fD1..1')::,-..•} = irp-..1'C:1": 'Im• :ll�tLIJ : tJ�l\1>1· : 0"19° : h{}�'i": itil&.t\1«: {Il\°t{lt\wc: fi,1.e.t-.fb'I,}--: dl.°I = 1,c;1t-tr 1 "7It:,.. , Ti..ori.ro• = hl, 1.e.t-- (l.ro• = ,:1tr. n OIJ..f .e.c1fDc = oi 1� ..,:,.c; : 1'.1JtV·9° : Y'il,,l--'L1w·•: tD11 : hl,'J f..6'().£&- � ;;tr., : 0(111.lf>'PAO,}«: l. 1.t : ill\°tllD', lilicT: 1-'-�r-:f..: ',tD•:: «r-1'C:T- : (la>t}f..t; : {lirf'W�f.: out} '-h A: f irT1 : ODr{lr'a: '?,,�:J-- $P·:;-..: tDf,9° : h"}�t,.(l,roe1 , +mh,\o: il/\"'l wt-OT: P'A"11'i": T(tPJ.w«: 'h1S! : rPt--: If'.: roiz..,tmCOrr'l: .e.'Jp'f: lDf.,9° : a.;J<f!: f"IIL'i": "19°.f·1--'J: hf.,'i)"<j":�-9° :: f�I-LU : llJflJ : hcf>' tif.fjff1-Jil:ff�� = noi1�:,.. = <r're:f = +n<;::'l<rA

�=

·=

f,U: "'irllt--lf: '111: 4'S!9°: 11"1>: i\+mcf'O·:"r: 4>-..,1-.c::1-:: ·O:J!: 'tl'Jf..: , '} t {lro•ll,11• : frJ--lllllllD•'J° : 1,.'}Jtlf'} : (l.lJ : ;r(l{l f : OD°li\.661. : h61!-C : h6lbC: 11111111: 01'.rrr·A'f : lj:C� : (L,f,..1--: 1'i": OJ•?)�: .<'A+(lnJ:fro-"}: '1:fllf'L1lD41 1..1·1. = ff..t--(l.ro·1 = f'?A = d1ti•n = roiftaf. 1,�r-:f--1 = r.r,, . .,(1)« Ottu x-,h-lj: ro·il 'P = rori..11lD4 = roinlfro·• r,�1°1 tt1+ g- mf,'J° = ..,,-.'PC: <j::f : it (l llJ'P: +"1 {}C: /\ "tt. :t-V-A'f : f't::,-c ,h: 11dl»C: ,11ai: 9°161b : {llf�T J llirf"i\.f.,9°: {lt.l'J ti_e: f�-r,11: 11th.C: ,"h.'?'i": ..,..ODtataJ!,: Olf�: f'llJA: mai: (l1oOD"} : i\ lD·): rf',:{li\_(D•: {ll11J...m?-:,..: r,l1'?: t,1+i:1"':.: l\f,: r+on1Plrf· = �m- == h,..e..t.(l,'i:,� = noiont\h:,.. ,11'? = nh·A = nv•t\irf: r,n"l= Of,�•f-1·: ootihA: •{lfrro«'}: 1.lt: A\?.'i,'}·: fi\.9°::

= =

<r·: i!n.VB'ii .,... .... ,- --:: fh1f..t..(!!i1": 9°16£b:: ft\,/\: (llD4: h1 ..e.t--(l,: {lonlf'}: pt,.91:f·'}: f ov &.�9°: P'A"l'J = f"'l ...,"fro•: h,-b'? = CDJ!,'J°: hro·A: 'iID·::

= /\.

f, IJ = .,,._'PC: it11:: h1 f...t-- fl, = 1'.1 f...: Tloiw· : l1''. = i\ TlOJJ..m· tP t,.c;: P't--m«9°: 01'("7.,ro•: h1f..+rPt, .: rf•�1"'C': T£0'/.lD": 1,"}�.mf:,,o:,,: f"'l.fil1--1t- :,..,. = P'AflJ1 = roi1�'l:fro- 1 = v -i\irfi1 = au ,,.}1Jl..1• = f., 1A'l.A 1= u: vi,.e..t..(bro•: P'AITJ'J: h!(oY.. w«: ,;JC: h°1..f..l.1lD·: lD·A: OJf.,'/ ih'?: O"'ltltt-: r,,.,.., .,.,: IL 1�: y,:fl\A:: {lf,fiA'1': f.,IJ: P'AllJ'}: forz.1,m·: 1 '1f: t--(Lro• = hll,ft 1 ''hY'il +�'' 1 ro1tr: 1:.: ;,c:_ {ltJl/.f..l"llD·: lth.'11: = m f,'l° · i\.n1-1· = 1-Pir-'f = f!("'l.lD4 = rob.A = lf'. = 1'.1Jtwt- = nr,:oim·'.' = 01''Jt� A . · 00 m ro : : ( tihA h : "'I.S!l°l : il9°9°'i1· : 'iw«:: Y,"fi9° : il9°9°'1:, )• (b 'J f : . " lD • � f,9° : fi:J>A: /Llf"} : f, 1·1\A:: (lirf,l&..9° : f!('"J.OJ 'i" 1' t Jl ,n �: - 284-

[

tD-: , t-"IQ�l- : rof,'J° : 11'1°:J-:f ro• = O°tf00i\nrf:O,} = ro:,,,r : f1'1F..t. u,it..'f 1 P'IA "11 , oi> il""A • il 9"9'"1-1: • 0X',h.<j: • roJ', 9" : O:J>A , "IAg-: If,: , (I,� "i,, : 'h1f.hi\ : lf'i : 1,,:J-(lflA :: t»•l\-.9° : P'A11J�·}1: (l.LTC : OP' 1 IJ�').: fIJPlll4'9°19" ' V-,:.:I' ' ii-fl l!' ' f.roil<;A ,: ii-fl If l19':ii • il ii. : '-1f.t. f" 'i.,;-,{.:,. 1 f<i:T'dt ' -flth.C ' :r.."J : h<i:l\oi-9" , fro•ll.-1 , ro(l1,; : -- : f,1AK/t.c :: :, : ftPlfh11lD'1'1° OJ«m lltLtJ9° : l\l\ : 1-IIJ'l° : n1�11: : 1 .lt : f /t,t\ : (lw- : },11..t.it : lf'i : .pop-'t,.:,• : hlD'A : '11,,lf'} : h,ndJ : iL1� : f,-:ff\A :: i\9°'1/t, : flJA 1 "" t s OJf,'J° : 'l°"ltt.:i• : Oij::i•,h : 11di.C : "1'1J I ODIPl.T : OP'?, : "-°7.1 A 1lD' : ht-ii\ : OD(ll"} : I\AF..t.(l : /,\� : 1'11..t.(b : lf'i : i\ODP't.T : P'A .IIJ'J : hfllD• :: fl'1�tlD-'i" : ntill : 00m1 : QA F..l.(lt»- : A1: : ootihA : 00 f : (lT : /,\ P'AllJ'} : : 'ic : fi\f1T9° : 1'1-'tftD-9° : ''Jt/r�'IT1 (D• D?. f1 1 .l\.'rC : hf,�A'I°

:�:r- :

-: :J lL (1110:,.. : OJf,'l 'J° : hC9°� : h'l}tro{l..(! 7'1,tV-9° = flt;:T'l:,-c : J {l:,C I ftPLfhL/,\dJ : nll:fl;i.Y, v �; : (l.LmC: 2 tDf,9°: h1f.t.(Lro•: n'lf:: -3 = , = = = n°t1:itjo:,_e..1.}{1 ,,.,.,, ) , ,-,t-01(1'1 = (P:J 1'1F-.t--it = rr'i = roop, = -f t.:,C't : P'AllJ'l : ,"h°I : f,{ lllJA :: htl.lJ : 01\f, : fl,f•Hl.lf? ,:,.. : V-l:J-9'-:f : V--lr : 9°19° : i\1};». : ID-/,\ : flf,'iC : h1f.t--(L : lf'i : fOOP'&,.rf: : FA IIJ'J : Och"l : r+t-4:'f.. : ',ar :: '1]'} : 0"1"1 : O"lA� : f,fc.t.,,f.. : P'/,\ll)"} : ht\,t\ : lDf,9° : i\1f..t.l\(Dc : !("tt»-1 : 'h1}ttD)li\(Dc : 01(01/.tD-'i : 0h1 1�&-f\OJ« : outihA : tD4/,\ : hlbi\ : n1 f: : (l(Dc : i\/t,I\ (ltD- : roh.A : lf'i : . l f67.,(lt-f :, : ;,,,:J'f! : P'A llJ1: nl,'il.tD-'/° :: �

= i!'i'Lvir -- -- -- =

ili\ = FAllJ1 = c;.cr ==

ill\ : lD•i\• : iiLKK'I° I "11· : n1Y: : ,,,,,,,:,. : c;.cs,o : 'l,1-'tf.l.'? : fil 11.f. : h1f. : lf'l : m·ft.c1 : f"2..t,r?°n:,.. : P'AllJ'l : flH.V- : Of,'IT : t\lDh.� : oo{lm:,• : nt\fl:,, :: .e,u : .,,...TC : f°t'i1l.W• : fh'lF..t.lt'l:1-: P'AllJ1 : nro·tt- : oowt.,r : r = = 1'1f.t.ltt»= ili\t\,t\ = (la 'It»-== llil°tf.t.1t»'Ltt ntit{lTflT = c;.cs,o = = · ,l f'i : h{IF,fc�t»- : ro11 : ,:J&- : f"if F..C1t»-: ro•A : Om°I : t.:,-C = 'P,:J : 'h1Jt'iltD- : tir(tc : On'lf: : f,t-OJ(l', : Of,'1:1-- : c;.c'J° : h'l};.lf"} : Om°I : f:l"HH : 1'1f.lf', : f,IJ"}� : (D•/,\ : i\OO'P'PA : hl(°7,.tD- : i\h1J.1,.t,.(Lt»- = f ·oitflm� : P'/,\llJ"}'J° : OH.V• : Of,'IT : c;.c9° : ODlf'} : Jrti\0:,-C :: ;,11- : n 1-'.' : h1J.': : hf,',,} : ro·/\o:f... : t\9°'1/b i f'l"lY: : ch°I : "110C : 0000 P' t. :F : &'th-t;: : 4 n,n"l : t.:i, : 'P;.,· :� h1Jt'i&.:ft»-: 0�,h.(j: : h1,'t1..l1- : fll 1X'�A:: !(°7.(Dc: 1,11..t.ltw• : Ofl· : il'I°: 1'11..tLIJ: Of,'IT: ro•/\o:f.. : (lJc ilT = i1.it1CJ = P'AllJ'l = t\ooiln1:1... = r&.i\1 = 1'11..rr� = FAllJ't-1 = n� .

1· ill\ 'F°l1t,)•c,- = i ll = ll1Q,f.! = Qfl1,�c:. = n�:,•,h = 11t11.c = il.,°1 q,-.Te":i· ff.ii• = """' l ti'ltf:lf I r+K4.:,-,- tt?°lt�, ..,..ouAh--r ,, 2· ill\: P'�: 1, rftl &,C: n�:,.,11 : ltlbC: ;1,°l : .,,..,,,c::r.. : fif.fx:1% J;?; : f+1'4•:i•, : -f•oPt\. 1 J. 4.

h:,O :s

,lt°l s «jjJ. I «jj�: 'i,',: '!)% : 4'..Tc::r.,- : rf•ImAJ1:,• :: M°l�· I ih°l : .,..._ If.I!! ::

{''}OJ.(-

- 285 •

•

DPilm·l·: tt/ln•l· = 'll.tl.. U =l\f, =0011-IJ"fl = foY.,.fr�;a1•: flt· u: Of,�:,.. : � f = t-f · 'J f ilL.A1ro .. : Pt\OJ�. : hm•A = r .. l L f... h .. f01J : 1' h(J."1 = P'A"l1 ..,1 = nll'., : 1.� = 11:F = onl/')· = ',(I}•: FA.111'1·: n;haii = fl°t1�n:,-. = 1 :: "J '} : 'h'J f...tLlJ : ltf,'lirf: : ,:cO?fLrl: : �.,fi\&.t\°19°:: f_oJ'f'l : �•1: 1: &-1\.�:,. , I-"A"11 , (I. I\ 'I' , ih"I : f "'LJH CD-'} : G:C9": OD-fl.• , ii.on-.ii.. , -l·hf. f:C1...•I: : h 1"6'.f.oo : fl�.I\ : P' � 1 f Arf•(lm'J : P'i!\flJ'J : !(oiro·ro· : l\ -r .,_, = iL.,,f?tf:4'(lr'i : (lf·l.19°: ODV'l.:, : f f•&'.�ODOJ•: ..f..'C1.. 1c: 'P,:J: .,,r/lm � iLlf'J = 'h1f..oi-:fA = OD1'J H-O = .. A. == s Ja.'f:

ri� •

r"li

.,,._ =

Ii't.f"If li :

illl : P'AIIJ'J : lDfl '1

=�

(/i) f1-t'}.,t>..t,.(L',:,.. : P'i!\flJ"} : f1,1·'i'ro· : OlD•/.\ : oowt,.1• : flf�: }, � 1 · 1 lY'I I P'AIIJ't- fOl/..ro(l',(l)c =01"'P'P�r-: li!/°?°'11· : 'Im• ::

(i) h'1 f..t-(b(Dc: f,f-(tm(l)c: P'A"}"} : Y' ll,..,..;;�: (D1"} : t\tr�: (l (Dc: l,tl ;:t-m·cf, = i,..e..ll'., 1 n Y'it,,,� w· = nro• = ttf, = PA«1 �, = r01/..R'im• = {){l;rOJ<f>OJ• : U'J{t;raJ4!f : llDIP/.;J, :

�(I)« ::

(r) ri1.,e..t,.fb'l-r =P'Afl11 =f°1:t-l.1°0m· l),eil4,4.. =nm,10·: �ar 04',1\� ¾ f'h'Jf...t--(J,',-r : P'AflJ'J : h'Jf..t-il.m· : fl7(°1.w• : •l·mtJflo : 6 : � : : P'i!\"11 «JY· : �TI:titl! : il/l : 'h'Jf.. t.(l.: /» (D• : 'h'JJllPt-- : f°tO'r AllJ'J : V'i\T : f,'J(l:f'J : f,lflllt -A:: noo1f· out,r :: f1'.1.e.t.ftm·: P'A "11: ro(l'J : P'A"l't-1 : noiz.0001 Crf·«>· : <D·i!\ : �t\ ...f':-}� : rf'1f.\?-itA:: 1t·} �t-(tw· = .eu1 = ro(l'J = tt07i\.� = ll'l°nc = roiz..�1.,oa1:fro· = ,1,'11'1£!11· =n ai : 7 (l h·A: liAl/'', : n+c : nartt... : ODIP/.:,• : 0 !lOl/.lD..: l\f.: cp ,:J: hf. if t.-:fw·9° :: fl\'J f,t,.(t -,:,..: P'A"l't- • 1 '1f..t-il.ro•: DDQ,; : 1t 1Jt1•·1 : fOl/.f il9fttro· : ft.lf'J I j!A'l : n,1tf : rflP/.,.«1· : h'Jf..t .fl. : (11.Pt..m·: P 't. : h1 -'t?-.'1 : i't/!,1f...f:9° :: U·t\•l·� : 'j\'} f.t-11m· : f rf--(l,n<D·1' : P'AllJ'} : y,(l,f· � : ro11: /llY�: (lro·: itilrf•q>(l)cllf,: 'h 'Jf..: lf'I: OY'il•l·�ro·: (lro•: ltf.= P'i!\llJ'I-: fO"/.K'JID· : ()(t;J---ro+ro· : Ol/il;rllJlll!,.C' : 001P l•l-: ',m·: �/tA:: 8 01

r 'I l Ol/.i n lili1 tl9° i fh.'1.t>..t--(t 1" : P'All)'} : f l•l"Joum· : l}f,il4-�nm'llr =',(Ir: f,lti!\ f}\'Jf..t,.(tw·: P't\"11 =w(l1 = Oil9°9°'11" aril'I': t\+0Dtth1:+ =. '11�"':f" = ..ny: = 11A'?'1A == 1,u9° = 01J ":,. = il?°9°'11: =llh '1.t>..t--(t, (lr : f°t�4'f..lD· : 'If : :t,(:4',�: '1'4?C : 4>/l'J° : liDd}tf:," : h1f..l1'� : 1'1f...t--(t(l)c : 1r,; : 01,'1:,, = lD/!,'l° = lii\:l: : o_e-,:,. : tl�tt9° : m,e9° = 'If it1f: = 4',c�� = 4'/l'l° : ODdJtf:}, =it.e ·1�•A'J°

= iltt = P'A"l't- = 00:,,1.:,- == .,,.._ = e'itrire -

,..,.._.,...

(ti) ..,..:J>t--t: flf', : (D• i!\: hll,t\ : n1,c ! 'h'}f..t--1\0J•: tDJ!,l/0 9.U'/.(D• �

OD'I°.-i: =

= rlbtt =oo ir.,. = ro/!,9 = :r."�;1, =f {bi\w·• = :

01.e9°

(ID r1' �- :

tDf,9° : f-'?'l° : ODtilP� : f1·1ft.K : 't\'Jf...(J'', : hit"}�· : �-,h..tj: : t 1·11·01· : P'AflJ'J : f,4't-A ::

s. ill\ : "?K•�:,, = f"'Z.'i"1-,.:,.-,. = r<,�:,.,11 = 11,fhc = ,.-,1.., = "'""· �if.r.:t = 'h<,· = ga:r.11 = •1•ouAt1:1• :: 6. n11.o : K',f,.'i: : oo{;tl.t.?f ill\, rll°l = :1-c.1-9" = r•t-Ofr1ro•'t : ariil :J·mif: •t· •or'l,\h•1· = 7. 9° lt/l. :, 01°1Y..· : ,'h°I : +--. '!il; 11 8. �1C: "'I"} : 01-f.tJ : K"d1-(j: : ODIJ:l.t.i\" : ill\ : : --1·c.•,.9n : f,t·(la1ro·"} : ,1•;(1:J•tD7i: ,1-uvA h:,- :z 1

"'°'

- 286 -

. (e) 'h'>)},,,.'I° = f(l(I)«.,:,- = 0011:,- = f,f --(1111(Dc = 1:c�:,-. = oo'i"r = (L+c = ,.. �IJ : P'AllJ'l : f,-f>t-.A ::

oY(OIJ.tD·'i: Oh'l..e..&-fLa,.: 00tihA: t\.l\: ...,-.?t--t: fAlf'I: il?°?°'I:,..: /l: fl{l,i.4'C 1 r{."'LOJ•: OJf,'}°: h'l..e..t--fl.OJ•: 0'111+: 1.H. i OJ!!,']°: ODT 9 f {I� ,,..m , i,�.,.� , mJ.'.'I" , "f1r-;r , f 1\.1\m- , � , fllj:C.(" , o.T' , n,-,,.., , 1' ,-rr1• 10 lD'tr = f,+t--A == (tt'l,: = (ltlJc = l-1to:J� = ft\(l)«'J° = +111r> = n'i: 1 Cl: : 11:'f· : fO?.OJ(l'IOJ• ; t;:C�· : fLi: : (lro•fOJ· : O"'l'l�:f(Dc'J° : Of,',:,.. : --P,�"} : t\"'lht;OJ"} : ftll/f,1--A : ODlf�-"}: f+l>; : : 1 f t?, h f:'f', {lc"} flf 1 : -: ° 9 1'1,-rr1 = 'la>· == lf'i'J° 1 t\ntit\ = 00m'l = !A..e..lft· = A�:;. = n;,.oi = nh•A = lfr':r: fl\:fm·'I° ==) ..e..'?'111 = r(oiro• = rof,'J° = h'1..e..t--a(Dc = oun,,.,.;.. = n -. : f = h�'d, 1,1..e..rr'I = �c� : r,i.m(l'I = <; ,1 11m• = P'A11J'1 = 1,+t--A :, 1,1i ID'r' : ''',:,Yo'' : ftr'I'. = 1'.P,m•'} = t\0011t..A : 1A.:;,:t\ : h'1..e..tr'I : ',(De :: 11 T(D'LOJ" : t»f,'I° : h'1..e..t--aw· = 0,11"1 = f(tm•'I:,.. : ou-0:,.. : f,f•(lmro·: f:c;e. :,. i 1'.1 1- , ttnn.r -1 = "'1---.oc = rof,'J° = :}I\A..'1,1: = r...,..ro(l'I = f'?A = "'l�nc = flf� : 'h')..e..(f"} 1 0"1'1 : UD'i?-: (l.«J,c 1 f(lm(Dc • OJf,'J° : r,t-(lmm·: fh'} J!t-lt�;l. : P'AllJ"} : .e«f>t-,./,\ ::

Jit!iti I ,f --�t--t : flf', :

hi\,t\ : nil++c : n,t-tlt.H"r:'f-- : �l\T : ODV't.:,- : fh'}..e,.t-, .(1.',:,- : P'/,\llJ"} : +� : f,lf'.A : f,I\A :: lf'i9° 1 h1f.tLtJ: Of,'l,f: = il'J°'l°'IT: J-i'}P,'}f:: i't;JllJD'/.: V..i;;r91'":f: (L'i?-: nf,1.. t;'I° :: t\9°ltt\. • !(01J..ro• : il'J°'J°'IT : f"'lf:t.'? = l-fto:J'(Dc'J : ltfllJ 1 0"'1'1� :fc&9° : 01,'IT : O.lf'1 : fh'l..e..tr-fl.'li: : FAllJ'} : 1,'1Jt1..'. : ttf,..e..t."19° I mf,19°: 1''11..t--fl.m· = lt'l°T = mf,'J° = 1'"1fl«: t\.f..e..cfl: f11·oulw·'1 = 1-->;f,: i\ODl�:,. = -:;..f\o;J--m-'1 = h '}l). = Lt! llJ 1 n:,oiro• = t\1''1..�t--fl. a,. = n (Im(De = rA llJ'}: 1,tJ: O..i;;J-- : '1;,mou: 1.H.: 1,'1l).'1 : P'AllJ'I· : 1,'1Jt4'TA: {tfl01/"'l'J°: h1\\ i O'h'11..t--fbw· : /..�f: : 1t'}JtR'. : ltf,1..e..f:'J° :: 12 '1'1C : 11 i tt'1..e.. �fb{D« = "!(oiw- = ...,..mn tto = I\oi,,,t--(D« = rt- - = n ;,, cJJ = r,,,.h"h" = .,,,, c = fl\,t\: 1'.'11'1f"} • !A;J--OJ�: �"IC: {tODllJ9°: hi\a. 1 fh'1..e..t--fl.�,1:: P'AllJ"} = fit; : 1,lf'iA 1 11t\w• : n4' 1-9°:,.. : 1''11..t--fbro•c; : 1f.oiro• : t\.(l."'I (JD« : f,l-1\i\« 1,ur owi/\:,- i 1''11..t-fLw· = fhtPl = oulf'I• = n�c�-- = n.roil'}'J° = fh.'1 ��fb�+., = P'AllJi : 1''11..ltl ll!(<PJ.w- : ourt--'f:'}: 1''1,�.4'TA: u--t\i: : i\.il"'I� : f,7£-lt.tr == 1''11·1.u = ill\ : (JJ«l\- = ou�l:'f--: fTm+(l .:,.. = DDLPli·: dtl}(l'f : ill\ : 1,'}1,.t-,.(b',•1• : ro-1,\ : 001J..'i''1t.lD· : Ot;::,..dt : ,,0,h»C : ,-,,"1 : in.If@ = "n.'i = ...i?if.evme ....,. ..... -- = (l)«flT9° = 1,1?/ I\t-- = iif.fitr == rA11J11 = fln = a0m•n�-- == '11-- :

(D«/;\ :

(ti) "n.'11..t- -fb : !l°t(I)« : OOl/1�:0J·9° : 1..1·t : Oh(t« : it9° : lf'i : 1t'}Jt wt-. : OY'fl+� : ro1'} : (191:·;.. : �,-,... : t\1''1f.t-,.(bar : f(lmm-'1 = P' Al1J '1 : "· 4''1 itn:,, : rof, 9° : tJJ.Cf'l : t\.1it«1> cn:,..: ,,e-:fI\ A ::

9· f�:,-,h : ·llm.C , "1°1 , .,,.. , f!l§"} : ··l•ODAh•1· :: lO, f� •)•tft: 'fl,h.C th°l : 4'• ,r('.'°:f•'} : f.:i.�-ji : ,f•ODl!\t):r• :: • 11· f1°1�·: ,n°l t ODf.",h� s ?; : .,,.. , ?;1 : •l•o Ah'1· :: 12' r�:,.dt : 11,h.C: ;,1°1 : +-·. �if.x·fi•fl(�)·} : •l•<wf.\h•1· :: I

- 287 -

(t)

_e.11, : ou-0:i: : fl"l.flltf'C : n ro•ft-c : (D·•ll'l' : X-tl1-� : &.t-7i : �(Ir ::

r0'l.1 ; = tn/1«1 ">s

u m9 :

?( "?.OJ• : fth'}f...(!.(LlD": f(lmar'}: OIJ,ti::fro•19'° : Of,',:,, : P' A ' ll) }: : OD : : 01" f"1ll4'l.:, {IP i'l� .. 1,Jf... j\ll!}• : f,'!!. : 'fP..'PC: OJf.,'J° : OJ• f � : f,1/;\ P , 0 1.A :: OtLU : ou 0.-1, : r£tP/.llr : It.'P ' Afi,f• : 1, 1t\ : t,� ..l.'Ai :: If '. � ; --, : ro·tt : OODOJ•(l..(t' OIJ..llr _ it�Cfttut\ � ir:flfiv : 1,1.e..t-.{bm- :· 'l-'} : : P'AllJ l( rr I\ A :: · : f, l\,mf,'l'lD f• a;1c : '?1 : 1J:o2_m.. : P'AIIJ�- 1 : .. llt-: n.hi'ltD·'i" : h ., � h : f...: : hmi'l lD/!,l/° it ,,; hH. ,.f: O�a\ : fl9°19'1 : Of.�·),, l\f, : h1,,f...t,.(Lllr Ji��"}: 'h1f...t-{l:.O r : hY'{lrrf -�: OJ11 : ;JC: fiOl/.,,f..e.c1ro•: W•t\: 9..0I/..W•: 1'1Jtmf:t,: t\.ff...C1lD" : hf.-,1:•A'J°:: ,,,._ =

-e7L..r1r .. ..... o,... ==

i,..e.t-(l.�:, -- = fltt = oouoftn ==

e 'r � : f '? m : ill"}>',. t-- fb : n rl··(tmm«: : ?t" tit•� (D "'" 0 °if l;J : (jj) P'A llJ -, f P'AllJ'} : fOJ/.wt-01" : 1...1-f, : n ..&.:Z.9° '.i fi.U'} : f+nmm•'} : fP'IA "11 : &"the�: ft ?i. OIL (Ir : 00 OD fl{l: i't I\ ll :, ..::

(g)· i\'}f.t,.(Lro· : ,h.."10- : tif,llJt,.c;' : fOI/..1'1��1 : ·r,.. 0iro· : {}f .(lm� :· f,f,(lm�;1 : P't\llJ'} : f.,'H: : h'�ft\O .. : f\'1'fl")u : 1lf,&."1f:ll1--?11::

ei(\iii"o

. ,,, _ = = 1',f...t,.(b(D« = P'A"li·i = ftnlfltfm·, = ori,�:1:m·,9° =· 01,'IT: ?id1-�: rFAllJ'l-: 1.IL: i,1Y..: rrf"t..?.oa>: l\9..0l/,.m·: it,.«;. OD Ail fH'PA:: (l(l•t;: n?[ .otJ.ar : OD�lh,A : .ffl(J}•: d,.tifl: },"} � : },nl1..11Jt..: ODf fT: fttn-1·9°:: lf'f?° J h1t1f.t-a.ro·: ,;JC: il9°9'3'1;1.: }t1f...: 'lfllm-: /\"'Ill l;f : flJ/,\ : '?t\flbLl;"} : IP/ilcf1l:,.. : �-:a:.l\t\ :: f,U = flf',(1..)-- : 9°h1fT = i'i\:xit;jj'i" :· iif.fj?; : fP'AllJ.,.'} : �tit-� : ft\ODf\.(l : 1'"}f.. : LI'., : {IDlJ.'lT: hY'il ..t-�: ro1"}: ;JC: fi0?.. ff..C1m·: Fir: 9.0?.m· = 1',,t,nr"1: illl°7.ff.C1aJ·•: ',tD•:: ?( °iW" t /lt,.(l• : ooht\hf : A : f&.lODfl,}'} : fF AllJ"} : fiJa.� : it{l'l�--p.. : lP-j{lo0 l\.{l : J-,t\(l;f. :: )\'}f,.t,.(l,aJ• : fP'AllJ1' : -:,. ,ft-4◄,· 1 fl !l °7.(JJc: itA{IDA{l?°: {l/,\: {l�C..�": {Lmf,4'W•: f,:f·I\A:i httU : (1�1\: flf,{ID/,\{l : '?1 : h'l°fi. :J--m· : �C5t' : n,:,--, : oof:t.. C: f,lf't (l;rA:: �

��

�

ncrr :

n..

{Lr :

'I>.. : f!'n.f1r2: .... r'-•..-• :: f1',F..t--(l.',rf: : ?."d1-�: {1ft : OD'r/4,:,. :: ot � : 1, 1 f.&-(1,m• : f'i'f.{IDrfi : OJlcf'T : OD'r'J,rf:"} : f (l:J--mcp : 1' "}f.(f Ti L OJ· : f1h"}F..t--o.ro· : h..lt&- : h�C� : n,,J: : f�,, f...t.(I, �" l:1 : av(ll1I : f°t 1A?i : w-ti).: I\IP/°l1T: F,l--1\A::

f,U : <fP•'rC : 1'1f...t-a.CD- t rh"}..e..t-(l,',.-1: : �·t11.� : fl(l11,f1:'f· : 1.·l L : mf,9° = m�1'·1l.;:A : ,(11to = tlooflh-i· : 1c1-J, = f°7..t.,nl.CD·"} : rJ•),:J·· : f,7t �c; A :: (1 tLU"}: 1c tL : !(OI/.ar: l\�CJ!.' : n,:,. : i', av Ah..f. : ft" ,l1• �- : 011:,, l,f:"} : ('P ;J: ft\,/l( &: ODlf'l-"}): OI/ilOJ(l"}: itfl(l•)· :: ?( Ol/.lD·: ,eu"t: -rfl'l : 1'"}f...lf'} • mF..: �:,-: (11'"}f.t,.(bm•: wf.,9°: (1 1\I\: (lro·: lt..f..l°I: hot"!��:·. = �ii..f1ftl • : f17icfi..� = fl\'1'111 = 00m+9'°1 = ll..hl\i1A = 1,1--1\A == n,,,..: ln..Jj?; : r�:,--,.h : 11" 1.C: if,'?: 'r'r�1' f ODV-'l..--l': /\Y 'llrrf•�: OJ11 : -hi\�: 00 1f19°: 1'4'C/\:J'IA:: h1f...t--(L(Dc I fl,1F..t-fL�,f: : FfAfll'}: � "1-�.

n,,,....

- 288 -

4-0'1· 1 OJf,'J°: {llt;:,f-11;;:'A : 111\G : {]OD/lh,1-- 1 1.f·I, 1 OD'f'-j,rf:'}-: Tf.OI/.W•:: am '1• : fl°tfiltDil1-flT : 1.lt : f"troflJw..,- : OJQ;),. : f"?.h�/lro• : f1 ,� : fiij:C 7t1'-&-(tOJ« : �OJ' :2 f,lJ'l° : "'It\:,-« ·J flj:CY; : (l,rf:"} : h.'it.'i : f Tf. °1.W•1 :. nl l:I': ,t-oPlf lf'1 : tDal.: 111-f.t.f'Lro• : f.h�I\A:: t ti'--:

lil:.firi :: P'AflJ11:

il/l°7l,;J1'f'•::

: : : 1'1f..& (L 'f-°l'l.C : f &.�ou : Y'il,t-'t1: ro11 : ! ;,,;,'I ,:,c ..(' ii : 1 h trA1 .lt : 111-f..&-(Lar : P'AflJ�..,- : 'h1Jtfl,:J°l'f't\T : t\.fil1f:Y:'i : 1t1f..tLV-'l° : f1t1.l!&-(L',rf: : ,f-- OJl]C : flg'd1-'i! : f,f•f.l1 : 1'11..lf'I :;: 1 '1f..t-(LOJ•: illllLU• : +°l'IC : f1°7.1'l : fl.loo (l,)--1 : °lt\(}lilJ' : 1t1Jt{I mm« : il01/il1f..f: : 1,i --1'.A ::

f,IJ : ,f>-.TC 1 h1'1f..t.(L9''f : ,:JC : °l1"i'l--r : f°7.ff..C7- : (l?J:f, : {IIJ,0,r s t\oPmn:,, = r:J'(lfl = 'ltD• 1t'I tLIJ = (19l'f = 111f..&-fbro• = rrA"l',.1 = · 11'/fll� : 'h1�.f'if:t:w, : 00mr:,, : f.&.4>Y:1'.:f'PA :: ('11'.'if.9° : ft\ : 'h1f.. -- '1: ro1C:-:f : ht;:::'f·· : flf'lm• : 00111: : il9°9°'1--I:"} t\Y'lli : n'if..C°l9° : lf11 11'/f\:,.. : 11:F : ',ro·) :: 1,1f.&-(bm• = P'A"l'/.1 : f"tftaf. : g'd}.lj! : flla>• ,. 'h1 f.l1'1 : flt1J1 : _g'tft..(i: : °1Al]611' : &.C'l° : ilY'{).,1--c;w« : w11 : 1,1-'t(l'f' :: f'fl1-�m«: 0111- = t\.m.B� = 1''f1'.A == fl&.l1-'i.e : !l:1* = r,t-1.&.ro• = r't::t-"1 :; = rori..11.ar = .eu1 = 'lw« -Odb� =

m°l

01'1°lt\..11'1w«9° : ''TC:JtW·il'': (01/tif,r) : (I.A: f.lJ1: "'1/\1: : ',w« ::. 'h1�t.(LfDc: f P'AflJ',.1- : g'"1.'i!: '?A'l.611-: flt+lfl : 111-f..lf'I t FAil]).. t ntlt'? • 0 1'1-f..t-f'Lw• = w.e,9° = n�cx- = n,:,- = :,--'h.i111 = tiA+l = flilrf·'l'c x f'h1�&.(L',rf:: P'A"l1: flg -dt,.lj:: W•il'f': 'h"}f..: ,f-f.t.ro•: ',w«:: Y'il-r<;w«: · v1r:;: w11 = o,,,... = en. ..- ..... = r+(lffiOJc1' = iJY:A = 'i1'lll4>9°n:i- « = +c.Y. = ri; .e..t.tt. .... .... �rf:1: g-d}.lj:: /lODODt\.h,)--: 'lf,m.e,:� : n,p... : Jil:fj� = DDlPl:I... : n !(°1,_(Dc +;t- A t\ v- : 111\o : /l"?ill-'::,.. : nfl :f,:Jt, : f-lf10. ;J··A:: il/llLU : '1'1ch:,:, : flf). : Y'ilrf--<; : ro1cr1-- i 'h1f..&-(Lw• : P'All]'} : ltf,'r�OJ• : /l.lP&,. : oo:f! fr1: noo1'}1'l1l : 'h&-ti¥ro•"} : flODm{l;l:, : CP/ilt.�· : u--A1..1·1, : oomr� : _e1lJ: f'PA r:

=·

fun

4>-- =

tn.!iri = ,1--:J>'P"t = T�'l°l- ==

(/i) h"}f..&.ttar: n&.ioow«: W•A: 9°h1!T: f9.UI/..W•'i: f'h1-f..t.ttro•:·

'I'�'l°-:f- : fUCJ.,:POJtJDc : flf',. : },'}-f..lf', : f,IJ'}- : OJc/A : f &_{.OD(D• :. £;;: : OJ1'} : f,IJ'}- : lr�:J' : fW«f>'i : t\.fw«4'tD•9° : f"t11] : flf', :· h1f..tr'I : O!("ta>·: 'l'fcl:: ODIP(.:,-: f,IJ: r--t-&..KODOJ•: W•A: t\.t.•. Cil: _el-1'.A::

(g) !l"1/.W• :

ftl.U--',. : 1'. I]'lfl. : V-�;:1-- : tiro«t>fl-r : "l.lt : 1..?°c<: : 7,il h : �fl:/-- : '}oo,r : Y:t.il : ro·/t-1 : /l"'l(i:lil : n'1f1«1 : CP/il;J--ro� =·

nttn:,.. ==

(r) n1-f..'7w ·• : 011; : ,f..'f'q>_e : _eu1 : (11.lll:J.. mt.f : hrf--+llil : ro�..u : Ou--il:,.. : roe : 1.tL: m•il'f': lD·ft·1: foo4:.mA: 1'.tifl• '}: .fA1/lm t . 'h'}f..lf1 : lD·ll-- : _e.t..CltA ::

- 289 -

� ,re : !''

-1 �&- a,lD ..: 'r 1°:f.. : hR : e f.lJ: ftj:.-}· th , 11"1.C: ,11"I : Cir/. m .f.. -'l':,,'1°� 1 .:,c : fl"Y.:J>rooo-(1 1- : ·trt = f7,} t--a\m.., : T�'9°: .em1l:J> A ,. _e.1i9°: ftl'�O+ I J.t}' f.. t,.{LCJJ•: fT(oiw•'} : 'l':'f>9°: ..n,.. : ODWhA: fll\ftn:,.: -�ID' :: 1-t1.e.&-{I.ID" I P'AllJ'l-1 : fl(l,1'. (lCJJ• : "r:P9° = 8PC,f·0'1· : h1�tr"} : & : '!("7..lD': fJ.t'}f,.t,.{l.t : P'AllJ1: J'll1fro•"}- P'lr: h ,�.nc·lf: h.l.,f,f:ft :,.. =· u : lD• : 'l':Poob?(oY., f"J/,\ : : ::p9 = ,,':JC : 0"7.:J>m9° ,e- 1'1A :: 1i1.e.&-{I.CJJ• o+ = -t tl. f flT(Ot/.1& = 'l':P9° = -O:F = /LIP&. = 00:l•l\.• g OiTJ9° = hmt.t1Jt: "°19°T1 : fOl/.,,ffl'l'A : �(I}• :: fl'/°"1/b 1 ?£.°tro" = o»h.'i'lD"i : /\oaifT: h}� " 6-11»: {ltDhI,\ : h'}f..t?-{I. I&: f..dJ'I°: OD b. ,,. : fau 7i"'1': ft-(l..: "}'?.r,_,: n_'i l.lD" 1 f1'1f..&-{l.1& .= 'l':,,9° = bT(oY..ro• = '1'1' 9° = ;,c : n.:vro9° = y,fl\A -: (IOro· flT((IILaJ• = ODh.'i' = 'ifi.lf1-: i\t,.().: ooh. fl;:J .ll»CJJ 'I' : 1'1J;.'il • 1'1f.t 0 «} t\ ".J . : :: .U ' : hl,1�1L�f-LU : : tm f,t Uf/°11:, : .. t\ A. !( it lt ,, 'i?Jl-: 'I'?-: 'P ;J1 4 · 17Lfi!"J: : f,m-0cJ,q>t"t:: .Of,�:,..: h 1f..&-11»911

�J!

�

r: Y'll..t-=1: ro11: (hl\fi.: fl+{),nm•: oo .'i f1tfa = 1'("tCJJ·1 : 9°'1lt,): f b f1'1.e.&-{I.w-'i = f1'(oi ro· = 'I' :P9° = OD:J > ro°7:fm-1 = 'h.Ywcl' = h1., i n !("'l.ID' ·'I' f4:: ODIPt.,1--: (D•ft- : ft...{ll.11 : 1,;:1'.l,\:: Ti°7.lD·: ¥'fl..-1,'i.1m·: m11 : Ot/CD «f?'} : tllJ{tl,.�:,-: fl,\ffFfl: 'h,'}f.,.lf"}- ¾ h,,,flD•:P: l,1'f.lPJ.'1'1lD•: (lei!: OT/ill.�: ti4'l.(1 : lD'it-: 0'1' fcJ:m· = ODIP l.:,,.: fl.{ll.1f : f.,:J!I\A:: f,U 9° : "7fl:'f• • ft,f\: +hhfl;;: = '1.fli-- ff:'f· = fflm.. = oro• = OY'lli·'1w«: ro11 : 1\°lC = l.f'r: ilt\ : ·'l':,,"7:fro..: 0Djj>m9° : fl. fro·�': 1,1-1.0C/.-..l�-A: ?(02.a>·: .<'l.;J1m: 1'1�lf1: -,ro.:: Y'lli•;;:ro•: 0111: f'l':,,Ol/:flD''J: oo :l'W'J°: fl\tD4': 1'1�lf'} •t mf,'J°: ·fOl/..fw-:,,n:,.. = 9°h1 f+ : ffl,fl = 1'.1 .e.ir1 • f'l':t,CP/:fcro• = OD�m9° = flW'tt.00(11,.11 : oo-,?f: 9°ti1 .r:t- : ll.lf'J: itf,i'A 'J°::

!i.oi 01• = olj::,-,h = -0t1Lc

= moi = "' = i'itriI·i =

= m•fl· h1,c;, (ll.lf : f&..i\1: 1'1f..lf'J : f,U'} �- : 'i1C : tim+n:,-: ' 1..tl. : l'J°r: : hilh: 14 fl:,• : ,f·'i: , f'il•f•� o '¼ODT fly,{ oocrifl?,· = f:l.h : : f,1tl'PA :: l w : lD11 : . w-9° = 0111 = .eu1'1- = "'lh:rmcf!f = n+4'nfl = n°' fl:,• = me = 1&lt'I' = OlD't\" "ODx·c;:,. = roJ?,9° = "flon g,c; :,. = OD&..fl•,-..1 : fl 1'(oi ro· = ui1 fl:J..m:,, = it"n:,. f,U'J°: °1 fl:,- I ft&fl•'} : OD{lt.11: f"tiJ>lD'J°'i: ?f.02.m· : n<f'f:'l°W•: (D•/;\: 1'.1.P,.�c; : f"t&..Ad/ : 1'.'}f..lf'i : ',(Jr :: 15 ,h/'t(l•'J : (ll}•flT : roe: : lD'it'I': ltf,11\g,': n..-tc ¼ tDf,9° : 1(02.ro-: (ltJrt\• : 1'_'}.P,. �'i: i'1flODLfl1'1: O.fil;r w«:t> : W• ft-: {l <f''I' :J•: (tD);,flD•'1-) : f, {) l.Jf/,\:� Jt{\(1 t\ tl. f: !LlP/. OJ•: lD' fr: fitj:C�: (1:,-- : 1'1-'t nl.11: ODmf:P: t,fln:,.. ::. 16 Omd/: h+ODflhi:"1·: V·�:r . ¥'la : lb1'.: artt-: ft..{)l1f : f''2.l- flID• : (lij:C.(- : fb:,..: -0:f-: 'llD· : (1'1 f.. : ,._

00,Pt.:i•

= =�

.._ = 1n:11ti(r) == >

..,,._: 1'7L!irt:: h1Jf: t.il: ;JC: ht\Ol/..f.l.°1: t&IA::

(ti) 1'1f..t.{l.ar : flt.(tc : 1--� f, : OOD P't•T9° : l.f'I = mf,'J° fl t\,I\ : oar I il'J°: fllb1'.: (lar : ,--�_e: (loo P't,.,r : t&it-1 : ht.fl• =. ;,C 'l f..l1 = 1..rt =!("tar: _eu: ar A: h.1-'t&..Cll 2 flODmf:,, = f,1•1t/A :1 •

ftj::,•dt : 11"1.C s ih°I s -,..._ 111:f•jfji"} : ..,.ooAh:,· :: f'j::,•dt 1 -flm.C : ih°I 1 ...... liC.firi(I) :1 ftj:Tdt : -flm.C r ih°I 1 ...... tiC.fiti(r) :1 16. flj::i•m , -fld1aC • ih°I -,...,..e:-f-"} = if.�ft-1?; : --1•00Al1:'f· 11

·13. 14. 15,

- 290-

�I) h1Lt1 • oa\.e, = o+KLm- 1 ,,...Tc I n1,; • nc = 11t.i11 �,:-;r. , ,,,. i\t& I OJ"lt�9'l- I llH.tJ9° I TLK"'l. a;:,. I hftT(Dc :s

1 fTIP-i-T: A 1 .J.':"),:J"l.?Jl-: r+mncfl, 'iT(Dcd C'llilts 11"7.lLf J i (r) (,,,.. I titJlf�ilj" I litlffjf) d 1,.,1-�fL(J)« , nl(oim- = ilr • ll''i I ht.ft. = ,:,c = mf,'J° = illli\,ft 1 {l(Dc = 00 1 1.u • fA'l�t--i'Lm- = m-A I n+T:f'. hl("7..(Dc , ,:,c. l . 01-L� 1 tD-/A ,i:. /A d .,,._ = Jlitfirt I A'l�H.u = film- = oo,:t,m'J° • n·+Lml • :,,'1'"7.. f,lf'i ,i1 1''lJli'lc11 1 1'L+1:ll:l'A 111, u: 01,i;1: , t.1:t--->:,. ,,,.�, "7.(1)«. , . 1 1( 1n I +tJ;L"7t I l("'l. I 0"7.11'10T'i I h'll.t.(Lm I It� ft 1 OJlt,f{\, 011"} I ¥' � I n"'l.rm-:i»o:,. 1 ll.f,,..:,» 1 f"'l.l-An:,.'I° r 'l°n • :,-, , oort-i:'l • 1.r+ 611 A lll\l\ • 1 .f-LK"7. 1 .e,rr'iA II n.,,._ • li'Cfir:t = i1�+001th+,,. .. !("7.m-. 1'11. t.(I.� : {\0-l\T' 1 tD1"} • OD}'-'t,.,f:"} : tim+n:,. 1 'LJL 1 1.'l°C' 1 ltilh 1 o-/l:t- r ttoo:'f- 1 1:lil I a>-�"} 1 A00i'lt.11 1 _ 00Lll7-'l 1 "'lil;t-m:,. 1 hllllT I o-9° 1 y,{l,t,�co- 1 m1'l 1 "'lil;J-mcf!fm- 1 h+i'lml& : +'l : hilr,r.. 1 ,� 71 011-1\-r I tDC I tD-ilT I DD/.\il 1 00ilm+ 1 hlln+ :r hl\f. 1 i,,.,,.11t.t-.m- 1 ,.,... • 1n:rtt 1 1a.i1 • .,,.. = <r> A'i = (r) 1 1n:f1tt 1 1111.ur 1 ,.,, , +t.Kai

1."'

�� • hftf(l)c 12

ll+-- 1 l'iLfirt 1 ,?I\T' : a,.� 1 fll'',

h'll: : '11C : 11:F I hft I .,e,1i m-9° : '''1"7.i'l.911 : i'l611-'l'' : ll"'l.mfilOT • 'LJL 1 .,,,.. :s 1'11.H.tJ , Of.'11: : 7'11.t.iL I ftt\l\ I (lw- : llt.ft.: ii'/°: iJ:J>sPl-1 I f,ifllJA :: 17 fiJ:J>sP:ii: 'P,:, I fTID{l', I Olf'IOT' I 'LfL J ft'J°(LSJl"} J {161}-m- : 7if"1:") I Ot-.(1- I il'J° J iL1'1 'l,tar'i • !(aim- • '1Ahfthll I n+c = !("7..l&'l = 07if"1= = 111-'lK'i , lLI,. c,a,. : 1,-:f1'&\ :1 1s 1

-,,.. : en: ii :: 'i!�9°: ilftlf 'I : A1�t-.11.-,:,.. :: .... ...fir --- ....

(/i) }t"}f.t,.(LOJc : hmlL/A'11: 1 P'/A"I"} : m{l"} : /afA.'i! : 01\.I\ 1 i'lllJc : il9° s fOD 'P'PA. : T°l'IC'l- 1 fLKOD : 1'1,.11'', i 1t'IH.� 1 llC(t- 1 r+t.iao-:,,. = '1-"l'IC'l- = n+T:f' 1 n?(oitJJe = 1t1�+t..Koo« • t r'ltJJe = f,�mt-.1\« :: (g) .,,c = °11 = m-� = n+1.t.1n:,,. = 1.11 = ni,,.t--11.tJJe, t..:J>Y: = ",-,, r+t.Kao«T") I 7-1:/\,f,-:f : l("'l.e& : flt. (ta : 'l'f'I° : m:,, {l : fl.h t.hCQ:fOJc: .,e,l-1\A ::

(f) hh"}.U.(LOJc : ,:JC : f�A: il9°9°'1T' :

,,.l.1 :

{Im- : 1t"}�t,.(Lll)« 1 'l�t.()n:,.· = f"7ta'1:,. = 7-�:,,. = l(aim-, = ll.ht.ht.l& • 1,-:fl\A == .e,u = ,,,._Tc = ri,�t.a'I:,. = :ta°l = rou,,,t.:,,. = 1:1,:,1, = 'ltJJe :: h'lla�, t1�t.fl.e& : r+i'Im(I)«"} : i'-'AllJ"} : itf/.\t;: • V--1\+ � : fl?( "7..m- : il9° I ODp,t,.T : h"}�t\n:,. : f.1/Aft/A :: (er-: �n:11i: f?("tOJc: il9° I oo;rm:,, I t1J;ftflT : OT?- : f.1AftA. :: 1'1,.t.aw• · = I\Y'il+�: 0111 : il9° : 'If. mt- = ilftt\'\ (le& tri : �w- f9°iPt-m- : 11.IA 114! = 1tf.lf'19°) == hl\f. 1 n+m

17· f'i:T,h 1ltli.C , aiOJ : cf>"-. Y.i'f.f«jjjJ'} ,f•DDAh:'f· rs 18· f'i:T,h 1ltli.C ,h°I : +--Tc-:1-1 !{i'f.lf�i5-!l� .-f•oP/.\h:,- :: 1

- 291 -

�trllT , aouatf?'T :

. OOlPlT = 01�[\_

: r"'N"J'..Kov : >,1.e.rr� : -l»i'rT: ,. . f m. & it· : OD : cl. ,t,, .. f 'fl' : : 1'} 11 OJ : Y' t ;;: } it,,. fl l( l&' '." : "1.. ;tK tirm.:,. : fl+'1' f,.f, = �aa•�� . = A trl : 'fi ; l\Y ; 'irA J!,lJ' lif!» Or 2 't\c : hi& w11: n'lL 'A'Jf-�i'l,m-'J° 0 l\ t 1\ '19" 1 y,{1+71m-9" , m1'1 , 1). , h. . • hJ'.lf1'l � nu.u , &.1;t- , lPl't+;.ew . 2 Q;l,C(t : hf,,.,f-.1·: h.0c1,.rro.,cp m<l t 11 'lL: 0 ,p m.: tD"l1: I\l("'l,lD· • 'J°'." AI).r . . /Ju 'i A . lllLIJ: Ji\\�1: '111:: (lro•: l11X": 1.lt = -01-1... a IP/f»A: C«f'UJ«: h h1111" i {I ,i';f ' ,;JC ' m-A ' I\"'IY:I."I ' (1"lY.: ' .t'\"'It-iii.·) ' y;f ft A " ��"f• ' t-11. I flih"l I f{im- ' 0011-l· ' fftT(I]• ' h1� ' hhd'I..I?·') ' "'i''lflC ' ftr:,,?� } · : ' P 1 : t 01/'11t ..�· : IA!rh· : }flC:: ' .:f0r f'l'?f: : Ol/10l!1:f --

�°l'J° : 1'1f.t.{bfDc : hY'it.rf-- -;: : lD '11 : ;JC � m�A : noi,�c,o:,, . 1.tL i L�J;.'} 1 fA(lm = 1'1f..rf � = !'(Oil ro.. = w« fb.,; = h1·Jt(lc11 : rc;::;.."1 : •Oth»C: "1°1: � : ffl.fir� : ,ril:fll<r'A.:: f,U'/° s hi\1-�t-.ii�:,,: 'P'i: : aow1..-1· : dttifl:f = ;,c = f .-f"il"1: = �w· 9°1� : i\1t\ : '!(oim-: (Deft- = '} i,..e. = +'P'Pll: fL4'mC: hY'il 'i•;;:w..: OJ"l1 :i ;JC : �1·tc..}··f!1: f°7.f�c1m. : 1'1f,.t.,{bl&' : �Or :: t ,.:J'1; : /lOT/'}";fro•'/° : 'P;J : l\fllD• : lD·/A 2 itil"-lt'l : flJ'� : �1C : il fllJ'� I hY'it.-,·";ro, : lD'l1 : ;JC : fl°2.ff.C1a,. : il9°9°',,)• : 1'1f.t.(b(l)c = t.:J>J;.1 = !Ai'l m = ·i1r..111 = (nrtin. = w•1r1 = r,,..'P'Pttm- : o:,,e,A: T1f-- = hrf'i):;: O'!l:°1..(l)c'i: l1Y'il ..1"'1(l)c: ro11: ootihA :·9° 1?11: m-A: 'ttf,'rC'J° :: f-.1i'J° : flf'i0"1•: °h11't-fbm•:: lln. : rf.01/.ar: 111\o : hY' lt+'i1 = m1'1 = ;,c = f001'i,:,-1 = '¼i't"7 : '1-10� = il l\'1_1\f.l(l = 'Im·:: 1r'fr: 1'1f.t-(b(l)c : '-.:PJ?-1 : I\ODilm,r : Oihd/ : 1--tr>;J· : fllw• = lf'r : 001,,).. : 'h1f."'lfltt.A"ltD• = OD1"tH'1l = .r7f A 1= ttilt..1\1...ro• = ii,1c = il'l°'J°'l-·f!'}: t\.l�: oo:J!tr: '11:J! = �w· :: hit!: fl�t\: 6.:J>J?..1 : oo{l,n-1· : i',.,rro•hm•r:: hilfl: oom"): .r Af..t.(t: A�: 1'1f./_..{b = lf'i: !(oiz,ar1: l11Pt-a,.: P't,. h1.';, 1''.": I\J �C°l : h1 f..OT/.1"/,\ : hrttJ: UD��:,-. � ',a>• ::

m°l

{lODQ;l,�7i'J° : 1'1f..t-(l,a,. • hY'il ..,.� : W'l1 : ,;JC : il'J°'J°',,}• : 001/,f.C °lfl:'f, : 1,ft : •f''")\lo/,\: fLIPt-: 'f>� : g7t.fif.{j : y,(l.-J-�tD•: lD1'} : f,tJ'}: •f''} hot\ : l("'i,.lD•: 'h")f.1Pt.,ll)c: �'P�: (D•h_c'} : {\UD(ll1f : flt.:f/1.'PIA:: f,IJ9°: h'h1f.t.(b'J,1..: ih°l = DDIPl..l": d,fl{l�f: ;JC: il 9°9°'ltD·:: f,U: tlY'ilrf•;;:m• : ro11c; : fl!(OT/..W" : ool}hA: f"'i..�(DllD· : rro•A: d/'}"f.�.-)· • Oh'} f.t-fl.W· = itOl/l-t�'i:'f·: V·ll.i: : (l"'i..lP'r:,.. : P'&.: t\f-,: f..·l•or>lh 11 : ',ro•:: 1,1f.t-(l,W· -- f ·: ', OY'll+'1 : tD11 : l\f-, : r+1hoA i P'&- : fIP? : 1,'Jf,.lf'} : OJ'}"f. ;J : m r+nl\7i : ',(Oc:: Y'il+'1 : tD1',.'J°: ttJ1: ...,,1h A: T((JIJ..lD·1: fl.ODfJ'tD01.J': iLmcl>'J°O:'f.. : f.-1"1\A:: 0

.,... : i'itfj::

fP't\.11]1: lD(l1: illtlJl//l',:. • OJf,'}U: �l't : lt.l\lf', = fµf,\flJ.'t::

(ti) h1f..t-(t(Dc: fP't\.11}',."} : .,.. f1Pt,. : 't-t1f..lf1 I {l(l{JD<l : 1'1f.t.(bw•: fLRouro-1: 1'-:ft\lA ::

CD(l.}. : 1100.-,•t\l\'i:: fl/l,I'\ : (tl&': {19° = f1"1P�/\;I.. : ()CD• : �(l• ' 1,1f.&.4'f.. : •l"'?'lC : l\"7?."f..:,,: rof,'J°: ilO'/fi:l.fl

(g) 1'1-'tv-'J° = 1'11..t..{bw•: 4>t = lllJ'�ro• = FAflJ1: OOIP/..'l" = (lt\l\: (l(J)c : il9° : OrPt-: ' Lit : nil{JD<l , f,t,wt-,1\,r: ()OJ•: h1f.: &.4'f ..: {l{l{JD<l : f+rPt--tD•1 : P't. 1 l\"7?i":,, : lDf-,'I° : {\OD'qC ' 1,l-1\A =· -292 -

ll r fij::t-Jt: -OtlhC: ,�"I: +--:re ,. ·h'J 1:: . {li&: �'lf. t-,.(L : tr'i : i1 : fi 014 rAnJ'> = � • IPC•Y.... ll,l\r&'l· = flm- := (� "tt&' =·.-OfPt-. l) = . r& . . - in : T} h fl C f ' ' ' V-1 ;J· ' J':,.'},A " 01''}1.tL u ' J'11.fil' ' tJ,j ll I Iiif.C'I OJ< ;. "'i..'l" 'i '/. . i 1; , 7}.."'i..lD" , 7't,.{t- • t.:J');.'} : '1&\111.K • Oil++c: , 11.?'ll+i;:m- , m1'} , �t : n1,lf19° I h?if:cf:'11 1\V-.: <P1''1° = hl\?tf.&T9° : fl.IA : 1!,l-1\ A. � Jta\� lll" ' ft4'C: : OJ</r. I 1;'}.i;.K'iO'T ' t,f.f.l.°19" " ti�+m-,; ' 1''}1.t,.I\, .,, llf : 1-"l'l�'J : f L?toPtJJc : ll!(OIJ..tJJc :· ii'/° :. tiiloo{lfl : l(Ol/.,(Dc : ?'ii+� :� , tD'l"t , n (D-/r , f,K'iIr " 1' 'l1.t-1\. m• , Ith'}f: , of, 'IT , v-1;1- , P't\ '} � 1-(1'1'-f:,- 1 ftLtJ1 : P'AllJ'l: �(I'}: (Lf A<;:'/°: _If� : WI,'/°: �C(a: ;&\tlf"t i l'lf,ll in OJ< • mf.9" ' h'}f: ' •t;tf. ' r, A "J'} : +{l'f'-f-1· , n h '}f: , of,�:,.: 9°h1f.,..,.: l,tJ·: P'AllJ'l: ll.4-C'I° J OJI,']°: f,f�OJ(l}n:,,: 'Lit: (ljAtj:9°. I 1' '}f.&,.{'LOJ• : frP�OJ·'l: ,t-"lflC : f!-DDllh+ro- : 1,1i(Dc : · ,,... :. _ fiLfl : �OJ• :: .e,11 : lllf� : .1.1·1. = 1i:.Ol/..tJJc : Oi"rPt-,.a,. : +:?fie : 1''lJl?t'i'" :. }\f,11.1:9° 1 �1C: "I'} = 114-' =· ift.fj?;·: oow1,.:,.. � h.ltt.- : 1!,mf� : 1!,lf'iA i : : �ro-:: -O : : 9° tJ l ' ro l, ;J! f"J1,,:J91D4 (l , " l\ 'l?if..� • W!!,'J°: {\ooifc : 'J°"}: Of,�:,C : P'l,. I ih"l � -Odh't �-rth: f $PT : 1'11..CPJ.f{lt./,\1": hf,1/,\?i'J°:: lf'i'J° 1 lj:Cf:: {t,f'f: (l/,\01/J!': J!.U '}'} : ,,.�,, : h'}J.1.1.tf.OJ- : lJ"�;t- I rl"fl'P'J>'iJ- : hJ!'C1llJ4 : rf"DDfAh,J:-(Dc;J-/,\ :: "'IK"f.cf?: tDf,9°: ooif't-: (lfid).lj:: r+11l?t: (Llf"}: ?i..h.�: t,.{l-: (l<f!: ."'Iii l)f J �ar:: 'h'})lll"'J° : (l�/,\ : l\?'ilrJ:-'1m· : OJ1"} : Wf,'J° : /\�1111 : Om :'tl\l\ : fT1l\?a : hlf�'i'" : 0.-PA : t\0011\X.'I° : (lcf! I "'/ill� : ti/\ J l\tIJc/r : ODg"f.:,, : tDf,9° : ooifc : (14! : hill)!- : f,lf'i'"A :: h-Otf�CD4"} : 'Lit: n!( "'l.lIJc: f1-t.Koo: i\11:: i't11: : hf:t-.1T : 11<1! : lf'i : .e,m(t�A :: l\'J°ltt\. = 1'11.t--(tar: tif.l1(Dc : h'l°'l°�T : f-r11e&'J : 1'�'1° : l(oiro• : h++nll 1 mt'/° = 1'1f.t.it(Dc = n1fl tJJc = m-A = 00,,,1,_T = hil&.1\1.(Dc'J : �1c : hrPt-- 1 h'J�Kf.+ar : """'re!1 : C&/\:• : f,K'i'"n:t-A :: i\'}�11: : 1�f·L l }t"}f,.t,.(ba,. : '1°1'1° : 1'1\\ : P'Alfl'l: flf,'i t,.ro- ; ff..l1ro· : (J}«t\ : 0'11!\� : /\lOl/.lIJc : 'I':,,'/°: f,1"1Pt. : lf'i : (l.1� : !(aim· : ro•tr"} : }t"}JtJ1KY:� = ,"h"I , ff11Y: "'� :: 19

0tro· r£. (ji) hh1f.t.(La,..: ;JC : f+'P'P/\:• : ?'ii+� : m1'i'f : : (l(l� : . f+iPt.fl:i,"} : P' t-- : /\01/ ?i'"J!..� : mf,9° : 1\01/�t,.it : f �lm(Dc"} = �ti>,= Ofi:'r�:,.. : J,'JJ;.fil;J...m«:P:f(Dc : /\Ul/h1f..f:: .e,'flttt- � '

. (g) l("'I.ID- : f oo+fllr'} : lD·lt� : Ofi:1'�:,- : ltfil;t-e&.,4>:f!e& : f4-G : h'}f.lf� I h'1f..t-,.(r.a,. : fiPt-lD·'l: P't- : 1,"}�A++n/\ro· : ""m mt.A :: .

•

tu= ,,,..TC., P'AflJ"} = hl\l\m· :

1''1f..t.-fL = ;1·c = il9°9°�T = f f..l1·T'1 = Y,{l,f',;:: ffl1'it- : ou,nT : .e,,n11�A :: 1'"}f..H..tJ : 01,�:,- : U•t;J... : (l.ttmC ·I �.,,.. : rn.il : OD IPl:,. ' !'.("'i..W•: OJ< fr'}: f11'/ 7i',.:,.: mf,9": fODifC: ' 9"{:""},: f\ffl« == l(01/.,,o, = m--tt-1'= f°7.. fK'i = mf,'I° = f°t7ic = oolf'f.1: il"'ll;J1'r = .

19. rc;�.:,.,h : ·(lrh.c.: : ih°I : 1-- ,r�:)�·'} : J{iLfff?: "h� �i1:�J.i§1 : ,f�ou/.\t1.-l· :: : . - 293 -

t ��trj�1�m� � ou,n :,, • 1 >;. 'h , a>-.,_ 1( 1 tD� ' "7.0J� f '6i-l\ Y,ilTt;=m- • ta111 A a :s U h1 t-: �� l�J-i : 1..tl : f..+(Dc '11\R (!)'.,_ OJ� m s • 1\tD "'La>r 1 A l( fr f11'� 9° 1 11''1 a 11¥'il+'i'm- • 0111 1 1\1, 1 h�&'i"?!m•v"' n "'m.c;Jar).." 1 � ' O '} I fl � 7' I /;\ I 9°'J I flJ/:\ 'Lit (IPCfJc(lf: I fi ,f11 J f ttaJfSJ{O• � fl1,P,J J tJ-1;:t- f} Of.'IT : OOIP/.T 1 ',fDc 12 lf'r9° 1.1i�ID- 3 Ws>it1(�•"J n rf�?'(t,f'�(l)« : m-,�: 1 T"1fi, OJ"1 � pcht� : "'11: htt :,, ;rCD A"'lil 1 'IT : O<i:'l' 1 '} oom �,\ 0,fl°I I o:i- d 1''}�: �'}fr': Y,il,f-�fl)c: CD11 I ·00 Ahvi:1' !: ro�ffi, 5 l\Ah I O+m+oo 0.-,.: foo1'i�. 1 Hlo I mf.9° 1 htU' 1 fl"'?.-&..T1 : �it: � �m+9° : 1,1q'Pl u \. .,,.. I fi'(fjji I fY,il,f-�CfJc'} : ,CIJ1'}: OIP"fi;i" � ��iffi,,fli' I f°t1'ftllr �� : t-1\m-: fFA."l'l-1: m{l'} , 1'1�1\L I Y'•lli'�m� ;i m11 : fw+: ml,'r: rm llDl I h'l�ll''I : 11:F : ',CD4 :I nllflt\HJ' : r10.�i•�W,,. a m11 : l("'l,(l)« I 9°C 65J.tD-'}: 1'1}LJ'l,;J°l'I' : fLmf,+CfJ« = hf,"f.A'fr :: lt11,�H.,U , oI,'I "I:: u.1;:t-: OTLtnl: 'Lit 1 !l,°tffl': CIJcl\-1 1 "'l?."1''1!'1: Wli,'r = ou?f?'}: 09° 11 fUA.: 'Lit: tD-il'I' • "'lll;r CD:,.: 7'1f..0?..1'1CD4: ffi:T th ; &fi111lll�: ch°l: h1'1Afi9°� 1''}� : 1-- �� 1 v-�;t-: !L°tlD4: (D•/}�CfJc'} : 'lf.i,1A�":: ll11H·: 1.tl, 1 ft.cf,1,: 1,l-1\ /:\ :s '!i0?..CfJc 1 '1.11:: 'Lit: CIJ'I\-'} 1 ftfTl/?if..:,, :: WI,'/°: ftouif c: hw(l� : o�" , s mltfl''> = aaflmT = tt1'l-A'J°,,

°''

.,,._ 1

liLfjl II

foo +Olt-:

lD'llLT st

1(67.m« = 1'.'lf.t.fLCfJc = f.tRODCfJc'J = ,,-.-,qc = ,,.,_.,,, = 1'.1.e.rr� 1 h.1J!t. {ta,c : fLRODL&'} : ,f-"JflC : h{J)«t,/;\t;{J)« : P'Afll"} : ltfA� : 1..'}J! : LRODL& : f,cf>mt--A:: l(.67.CfJc = fh'lf.t-{I.CD4'} : P't. : IR�+ : 1'1f..tr•} :; h'1f.�(LtJ)c: fP' AOJ'l-1 : m(l'} :r ltf A.'t- 1 1''lf..1Pt. = '6-'mt.A 1 f,IJ9° : "'lll:t- 1 ?(°7., m-'i: Y'il+�lD': lD1'} I CfJc/:\ I 1.e..1.1--:,•: 1f°7.,t0-: {I)«/\-"}: QKf.4'(1,r: 1.fl. I /af, 11''1 • h1f.t-(LtD4: h?'ll,t-�aJc: lD1'1: ;,c : O+-P'PflOT : 1.tt: 1..1J!lf � sf, -'mt-A.: "'lftT: �W4 :, (tD4/l• ''mf..: :\I\ s ,,,-.ouA{l'' f,rPt-A = f,'lt\t!\ :i) llllltlJ: f'il-fw'i';tD4: lD1'1: h 1f.t--{LCD4: hP'A.llJ�: Oftf,: lD'/r'}: OLKOJJ n:,.'i 1 1fO?..tD4 = '11..e.+n:,- = oot1thA = 'llllD' = 'LH. = tD4ll'P = a,.1r 1 , ll"'I lj:lii = nOD'l°hc = "!(oim- 1 = CfJc1t-1 = f"? 1.·.e..:,, :r FA"11 = ILllc11 n:,- = nf,l--A. 'J° :t h1f..t-{LOJ4 ¼ l}:01/..f& : p-'A_ll)'} I l}f.(lffiCfJc : f'J°"J,{1 : 7icf''I' : b'1il+� : a>1'}: (l1tf'i: f'/°°111 : 'P;, : (ttLl,ODC ; T(OIJ.O,. : t»-ft •'} : Jrt,r f:cf> : '1lli•�OJ4 = m11 1 Om-It- : 1'.1JtR'i : flJf.C1lD4 : 1,l-t\A I f9°'?-0 = 'P;J : 11:,, : 11ft : f.°l'I° : tD4fr'l : l\f.4>0fl{J)« : f,1'1\A. :s Y'll-fw�o,.: m11' : fllCD-: ODhfthf : h1f.t.{LW4: P'A."11: '1'11-/blllD· 1 h'}1'lD4>: OJ)LJ'lD4)• : fr") : ODq�,. : mf,'J° : Ill/?."f,.4!") : nlj:'f'�T : ),,.P,. fii:J..CD4:,, : l(°tCfJc : "'lil1f.f: : 11� : �a>• ::

(De

«Jt--:

17l.f:ir

fflou +OA : f"'l.!ilh:,--lltD4: lD4m.:,-::

•

(l!) 'h'Jf..t-{Li& : frPt.tD4'} : P'� : T(.67.m- : l)A_,f•4>0flm• : -J.tf,t�

= :t:,

= c1t°I = ilftlD4/\o-:f : nm:,»1t1tro• : OOIJ.flro• = h1+�· = nllh+tD4 : ODIPlT : illll&i\ol-- : OD{ll.1f'i : oPlj:lil : f,f•�?❖

nttu IX ........

- 294 -

(K), h7'1,.t.ll.6J« 1 ;,c I fil9°9°'lrf:1 = +°Ille :. f'-.Koo1& = ?'ii+� = OJ11 I f 7' 1,. t .fl.'/,r1 I P'l\"11 I OD'i�1: ncl>1: l\�'i I 0"70D).: {t{l,.t.(10,r : ,,.�T : hH.U : +Tflo : 11·1t-+ : cf?T�l- : 1:1,:J� : ooiPl.T: ltl'f 1 1'1Jl.h'-.l\lD- : 00mfcl> : y;flt.lA ss

f,11 : 4:1'C 1 1("7..tD- : a,«h_.1 1 l\"7�lil : OOJ(l'IOT : 1.H. : - f"'l..'-.?i = n:ift-xi = oou,1.:,. = 1t11: = f.&l\ = ih,:J'I! = JllliD", , �1AxA = 1 1'11.tr'I : "7',�a,-9° : m11 : Oc&t\c : h1-'tK'i : , 11' Ll.ll f 1: : 0011 l1 � h,,11.1:'f' 11 lf'i9° : V-l\'1:9° = m1'il- : n+:Fll : aom1 : lD'l\;J- : hong = v-�:t- = 00001\il = 111J.1...tit\flTa,- = +J.1...1C1J�A 1.1- = = CDS! = , ,,.r,:o,. = m11 1 m-tt-1 1 nh�A = nrt- = "" = ttc&/t-'ir , 'A1J.1...rr1 1 m , 11 'J° s flooloa tfCD-: m11 1 fl?("tw-: f°2.mcl> 'J°: '111:: l\1: hi: f, : : m11 ODtf l\11m-: fODl T:,,'J°: oont.l\: aJl,'J°: ID-/t-1,, :; 1 1-11'1 1'1 : C 7'1'149° s flh"-A : ODLK'J° : .l!,1 '1'Pl\ 11 ?'il+�c& : fD11 : {lc&t\c : ODIPl.T: 111119° : htj:: ft\ 1 P't- : h00P't-rf: : f+'I�: +1-''I°: tDJ.',.: '10/.{1,l-: V-1:r 1 ftt1Dt1D/tit : f"7f,:J!A : flf'I 1 1'1 J.'...lf', 1 f.&/t- : h1,LCil9° : hlf.lJ : 1\1, 1 .,,.-. s itt f!§ 1 foolaotfa,- • fD11: t&t\c1: {\oo(lt.11 : tDl,9°: il"'l?i'i,r: ff.l. 1CD-1 s m-ta� : ''Oh'i.1-C : 1..tL = 1&llT'' : "'lil;J-roc}> : 1iil0T : t\A 1 .,,.-. 1 li'Lflli I J.'...Cl/'P = ''O�T'IT'' : "7il;t-roc) : 1iil0T I fD'/.A : ootr�'J : IJ1/(I;rOJ {t: tn:J> "'i. I ', OJ- 12

o.,,..

oA.:'f-

-,o�n:,.

ooif?f

Y'it'f-�llJc: m11: fLt.(IW41: (Del\ : nh�A : floP'-.KtJDc : Wl,9° : q,.e.. l'lOJc • 11"1:E,T: ll:, "7.0Jc : 9°19° : Tcl>9° 1 flt.11 : hlf'I i hi\�'IT: h�'iC Y'll+�c& : 0111 : il11d/�rf: : 11m"1 1&: mm , mf,'J° = �u = 1&/A , T'-fi'Fi'lA: {l"'lt\T: ll,I\. : OJ -A: ltl,'l''l'A.: flODcl>t.+: ,,.�:,.: f,f..CilflT I '61f'iA :2 n:,,, = AP 'i = h1f..t-fL(D« = rA"l'J = ttt\m- = 111\o = h'l°'i , 'A1f.. c : 'J°h'J,:,..: t\J.'...l.(10,l-: ,,.�:,.: n.,,...: ii'f.x:l§ 1 f;{.fj� 1 If� s (lCD-1\- : 1t'i I li'Lflli: (m,.e..�:,. : 0"7.11\&.,l-): aou,t_:,.: h1f..t-{L(D«'J = hi\�: hC1 : 00111 I l,1'41\A ::

n:i-r 12

oo?f

+--: li'Lfj§ :: llt\"7..f..C(l..,l-: hl\�'11'·1· '2

,,.J;:,.

(ti) lit\ : f..t.(lm- : 1'1f..t-(Ll&: .,(l)c::

: h.ltt- : 1'1-'th�A. : oPmf:,, : fD'/.1'llD' :

(I) lift : lf'l'I° • fh'Jf..t-(t,',,f:'} : P' A"l'J: f"'LJ'il+t.ar'} 1 'J°h11:,.: 'lt\"'lm:,, = ncl>1 = AO-'i = 1PC1'-: 1'71.tr'I 1 Olil\�'I:,.: lif,mf:t,'J°

(r) 1'1f..tLU'J°: Olf'I: 1.H.: illl: J.',.t_(l(l)c,: f'17..mf+l&: ?("7. (De : 'I(De ::

n.,,._ e'if.r1F

-,.J;:,.

nif

h.lat - 1 1'1-'thij:A:

l(Ol/..(J)c = = t. = 1.u = 111 f..t-(t, ar 1 = oou,1.:,. : 1&1\c'} = ft?'il+� (D« = 0111 {\ooht..A = ttl\&. = '/(De == rh111:r = 'r'ili" : ff. l 1(D« = (Del\ • h?(."7.(D« 1 ;,c : 1111. �1& = m11 1 hh1f.t-(Lro• : T'P'P{\ : roi"mc : OD lf�'} : n oo�f'"'/OD� : h.lat- : f..e.t.(lflT I illllf'I : �1& : l a f'i9° = h1f.t-(t,a,- = _e.u1 = ttl\�'I+ = m1. = l(."7.l& = iLJil+I\At;: = f°tlAn:,.. = 1t11: = ��:t· = ttt\ 1,1i(D«r, �11.t-am- 1 n:,,, = AO-'i = rA "11 I ht\� : ,flflo: {1"700'} : �l''l'ID-flo : 1'11. I lf'I I �(De:s f,U'J° I 1i'J°� T I

= ii.i-=

,:1c

- 295 -

. . : oo'iC : .rt\ll-r': lD'lr1 :: ll.tiODfl-1• = 'L.lt it1r1 1} h'}g�alJ •V°: h"}Y..i(t. 0 ' :: : t\ -Ot\ l\ '100 1: n 4! : 9°n1,:,..: h'JPo.,'flw.: fil� . W• : hi\� P t 1J1 .:. h " , ): O ,h i ij:,} ilt. J• }1: ,h.4, , th"I , ,f Y.t-� 1 1' l , f , O roll...l'il·f ;,� ''. J$'._' !("'l,. f"7.°fflOr I lllfJJ • nt.T • P'/;\ "I") • flOlOr'ii'_; >'-0· , ,)far:,. , l}")f:,l\ ,t.. ,.. 1f-1�: 1,U : P'AllJ"}: f,f..*lm : 1'1ilf� � 11?" :i )lfJa � f°2A: �OD ?°h il 'l'IC = "11 1 �c� : f1,f-.:f: 1,tJ1' : ih.'1 : �'1 �aro·., : h"l"O�ro• : P' f\tA :: } " 01\,,: n:,,1 : AP'i' : (l&. : .P'A"11 : t,i\� :1 -Oft:-: fu°1u1}1: 01P�: A. 9JJ : 1l ° -f,m+�n:,..: f,lf'i'A :: 1'1-J!.tLtJ: f/\.•i·: L'""�:J �:f:: O"lfltf,)--: 'lf ;JT t .1 , 4.. ('111•1�9':i: : 1'1J!.tLtJ : Of, ',:,, : l}·•�:f ?'1 : t..m�" : 04>�: l'itex ° -: :J : f,f·(lm : P'AllJ"}: �1�fl:f'PA �� ).n1�1� w .. : 1• II• ; 00,-lllt-. 0119 lT :far: }if,4'C9°:: .

n..

a;::

I I

,r... = li'Lfjl; :: ill\: '!1:aim· : Jtl\&., '1-1· ::

lllbl\9°: flh-A : narz.f..C(ICD· : ' tPi:,. � v�t-t- � !(ottm• : Ilh1' F,.t,.(bar : ;JC: fl�/\•: Jtl\k: fO'f..lf ',lD• :;:

(u) r;i.OI/..ID- : ftlbl\ : Y'il+�: m11 : fh1f..6-fb'i,f:1: P'At1J1: n.il:J" ar� : '11\ I fnmID-1' = f1'1.J:.t--(1,�:,., : P'AliJ1 = noo•/\• : ml,'/ : ° Ohl.fr : OD{llfr1 = i\tL.f�ar = l\Y't)i"� = ro 11 : fl\il;J--m4' : ll1J!.lf'I :;: (/\) 9-.°1..ID-: ftll1f...t--fbID-: f(lmr&-1 = fh1f..b'a.�:,--: P'A"I'}: r.-m-<t:= 1'1JtOD/;\i\l\-1' : h1'J!.(.-(b(D•'} : h"7il1f...� : :.1�-1\ : 1il: 'h"}F,.lf','i : ll 1>tV-9°: f,U: T(°tCD-: f fl 41 m· : f}"'}F.t.fl.-,:,. : P'At1J1: r.-,h-<t:: (lt;:C� = (1:,-: tD•I}).: h1J;.fll1I: f"if...l1: }\'}F.lf'l J

(th) OOl/1�:fID-9°: /b"i : '1.i,i.?.1: T(lPJ.<D-: OOIJ..{lllJ:flD·: uP"Jil66k?11· : lD f,9° : OP't--m· : lDf,9° : 11'1.0Dt--4 - : lDf,9°: ll.ff..C"l : f"'i.1'1 (D•"} : 'll\01/�l?.. : hh1f,.t,.(t.lD· : ,:Jlr : ll9°9°'1.."f· : ftJTJ.ff..C1--� 1 y,{l,J-�: m1'fl.. : 'h1F./rfbfD': f,tJ: P'AllJ1 : filOJ•: uPi}�:,:m.: llm+:t-: 11!.lfl'l:fID-: 1'1f..tr�: ',ID-:,

. 1(0'1..m- • ll1J;.lJ•9°: 'h'}J!.t,.(blD·: Y'il:--l•i';or: lD'l"} = 1''});,'1'1:1- i 11'/l\1· 1 1 ''}f...t..(bCD-: P'AllJ1 : hl\lD - : -Oita : 'll.1Jtf9°"} : '1F.l1·:,-- 1 'h"}f,.&.{l,(1}"'} : l\l(OIJ.t&: 1'. '}Jto,t,.: ''ao(l/;\: J"A"]1'': ,1·n1'··f·;J--A : f,'11\A:: h1f..1LlJ 1 o,,'11: = v-).;r = (Lt.me I J,1J!.t--{t,t&t; = T(airo·? 4>-- = in.fl� = f'll1;,lL 2 • c. } 1f�t&: :i--c1--9° : h1f...Ol/.1\lD•: ''fl'}�',.."f•'': '1."il...: f,(f ;�:: ''{)" ..e-'11 t'"tl\ lD" : :J>A : 0fltJ : cf>--'l'C : ID-ii1' : 1'.1F...,-oo fth...,..m· : 1,"}f.t. t\(1}" : CDf,'J ° : l("tID- 1 Wf,9° : f...dJ'l° : l}•{\rf:9° = (}"}Y,.- ',:,--: ftf.l{llD· ' 1-�-r 1 O tJDctr = nl\t... = OODlf'}, htiit- = 1'1..e...L+..e...ro• = 0111..e- = till, m,e.9°' l\-01 • 20 12 {\,fl:,:: ll.hfl(lc: .e,:,:I\A : +111\ UD,f•C"lu9°: ntto:i.• 0

1 ' :fm !i..°7.{l)c = hll1f.t..(bCD- = ;,c = nnlj!-'1-1· = nl\1..., f"'Llf1{} · f ll:Jc: l· -il ' v-�;J s->1· = nl\·:: h'ltLV -9°: CD-{\,P: roo"'f_.oo&fro• , 7j_otlD4 = {\f ' �tD 1 dl1") I 1.")f,.t,.�(lr I P't\"J") I 1.")�{t(lr I ,,.,...,� :i 1.")f..1', I ftf'{l-t'l1;'J 12 ' = m11 s '1f,'i1c = .e.u1: P'AllJ1 : (L1lID-: rof,'I° = (LOJil'ltJJ• 'lo>

- 296 -

. = �11 1 ll.°7.a, . = fl'l1lw- = oow1.,r 1 Y'il,,-:a, = = 1.n.o .• 01,-,-1: o �:t . 11 J1 f'J°'il\ 1-tl\CD II il/\H .IJ : 'J°"}'J° : 'h"}\,. 1 P'Al1 • 1\o • • s (l, tD1-&, 711 ' 'J° h = lf,1.e...r: = a,c� 1'1-'tK'i' 1 h'lf.t..t1&'J° = '1"11..?in:'f- = :;: (t• , (IJ4 0 ll'/. if. 'r''l-l- s 9°h"J!,l·: y,(1,,-;;:w-: lD "I"} : 1\1,.(.(t{l:,. : 1,P,:,-: hltA.: f,lf'i�:s 7 ' 'l ro f.t.{l. -"} : P'l\11J"} : flth;J,w+ I 1(117.tD- I llY'ilT�CD- : lD"1'1 : r'h _ f, 'IT: : �1 ll hlt'. ,fftl\_:1 'l"IC: "11: !(01/.ro-: P'AllJ'l: tJ: ! f'I H. h 11'1 l 00 hmi:1 : {lOD"}"JP'T : 00 11111 : filoon1n : 'h11..lf', I tD• : 11' t.(l, ll 1 mf,'I° : P'AllJ1 : DP{)m·1:1 = rlf,4- = fil:l' �+ : _'h11..lf'l'i' :;: Y'it,f-�ro- 1 : : : Of,',:, : htD•.f, 'h1 f..lf', I f,IJ"})..: P'/All)"} : f,tJ • v-1;1· fl9°'1'1° : 1 "} 1 01'1 'lll"'lil;f�ro4?: ll°7.1..Cfl'!'4: 1-P,:,,: hlt'6: f,lf'iA:: l(01J.a,.1 (JP;f�'t r f1'11-t.{I.OJ-1 1 P'AIIJ_"} : oPq ?,"} : fil00 111n : h11..lf', , lDf,"}'J° s Y'il+ �014 1 OJ"I"} s fh'lf.t-- (1.t&"} 1 ouifc : tl"'l"};;::,:w-'J°: 01,'IT: OD"}"I� 1 11.lf'l 1 . f(l01/ 1 1'1 f,.1.1'', 1 T£"7.W-: h ItA.: 1-tf,If"}'J° ::

n,e,4-:

�{t,f-�OJe : 00"}1� : f."l'JP I !( "7..lD• r fifla>-"} : lDf,'J° : Fl\llJ ),."} 1 f+'lflf1T1 • i1.e..t.fl. .1 r+iioPo:,..1 = mf,'J° 1 P'AIIJ'1 : r+ilmn:,. .11 �tft.lj: 1'1.';.oP&\ilt\T: ltf,mf,+m-: tL+c •· mf,'J° : f."l'I° = l\1'11..t.fl.w-: fflmro-: P'At1J1: n�c.e- ' c»-"11 : h1 -'LifC : lDf,9° : h'l-'L+'lil : /\�C�: f1T : "' ODflhT : ll+C : ',W- :: tltLIJ'J° : 1.tL : l("7..W- : "'"" I f,lf'iA :: 21 h "}.e.. t-f\lD4 I /\Y'ilrf-�(I}« : lD"I"} : fP'AllJ).."} : �,h.lj:: fl.f/tf(I}«'j: 12 Y'il+;;:w- I tD'l19° : fP'AllJ).."} : oPcf,',fl : f"'lfro-:,, : flf', : h11..lf'I 1 fP'AllJ�"} 1 ,r,h-� I f10D,f-"70D" }: 1\1..lflflT : tLltt. : l(°7._(& : hltk: f,lf'iA :t floP�l'li'J° • l(°7.(D«'J° : If', : 'h'l1..t.a\ID- : 1-t/t.{. : f"7.lf)..fl-r : OD"} 11: 1 ''fll\lt: {l'J°"}'J° : Of,'IT : lt\J.:\"}'' : Y'il,,•�(D«"} 1 lD1"} • 'h11..t.(L(D« _: t\l(Ol/.t&: TlDh flo: llonP't.-l- : P'A IJJ"} : hll m-: 1111.o: 'h1-'Lf'J°"} : f°tf I.Clar I P't.: l(oim- : (Lv,t. : ',a>-:: Y'il+;;:m-: lD"l'l: 'h11..t.a\(D«: P'A "11: ltl\W-: ,f)(lo : flC"l'I' : Ol/oP"} : hllflT I 'h'J°'li:'J° t 'h"} f. : '11?,: V-'ii: 1 004! : 9°h"J1T : ltf, : r+oov,l,,.. : 'h1�.lf1 : filt.A,:JA :: fl,f-"1."'lt'J° : f h9°'1,f: 2 ODlPlT : hl(°7.(I}« : +"l'IC : fOD',QJ. : ODlf"} : hilflT :2 'l"IC 2 ,, I h9°',,f:: flY'il,f-�(D« : lD"I"} : ltf, : 'h"}YoT : 'h "}P,�l : "'llD� : hilt.lt'1.: hf,f.1\9° :s b!("7.(l)c : 11+'1':J' : {Lfm-� : f,-:fltA :; 1(67.(l)c : btLU : +�9° = .e.u,, = P'AllJ'l : ll'h'lf.t.fl.w- = flT..Y"T f,lf'-.A :; w1,r. f'h'l�t,.(l.(I}« 1 (1;1' 1 (�if): lDf,'J° : "'liJC°l: 'h'lf.tltJ: f/\(I}«"} : P'AllJ"} 1 f,f,tfA: ,f-,f)flo: f"7Jil19°T: f,lf'iA; tDf,'J°: f'h'l�t- (1.m·: ''oo(IA : P'AIIJ"}'': hihll11: ((tro-) =mt.: fODllJ : f,lf'iA :: f'I°: lf'I : f,U • fY'il+�(I}« : lD"l1: f+ltlt+ 1 �9°�:,. = ou�?i = hTl°t(D« = ;,c = .,,��:,.. = '11\(D« , ll°t�Cfl(D« 1 �s;:,.. 1 (h.itt. ): V·fr : l(°7.(1)« : hit.{. : f,lf'i IA::

.,,.. I

l[fjj SI bhltL�T : (D«'ib : illl : ODlf"} :: (�) h)i'}�&--(1.ro- : ,:JC : r+'P'P/llD• : t\,/t: Y'il+� : 0111 : hou'f'q>fti 1 flLT = fh11..t.fL�i:1 : FA"l'l : �thc'i: = om-.f> = f+'P'Pll I hlf� 1

21. ftj::'f-,h ' ilth.C : ih-J ' cr-,rc>°;f"} ' fti'(f,,t§-;r� 'h'i : h'\,.e, : f+flma>-1' • 0,•0&-t:,.t' ' +00Ah:'f- 11 22. ftj::,."' 'ilth.c = ,n.., = .,,,_, lif.firi"> ' ,Jwout!\h,r :i .

- 297 -

n�1o?- 1 f"7;J..ll.A I rt. 1 b/\,ltO:'f.. = !R+c :1 b1SJ)Aai� , >'tA c: t 3 < t,.01'1 : 1'1�t.(L I "71�lD'19° J h�,,� A.:ffi� ?W I h1'TA,.,: �IP

(I) 1'1-'l0-9° I Y'il,f-�tl)c : OJ11 1 fdlf.'P'P«\ro a 5 «-?19'° : n.111 I °11: l ii f/\,i\lD' : htr�'i : 1'1�t,.{l.a,c9° = t\.ib� �;, (iro v fi"tl?.oow.1 1 W.l\_ 1 � flt.fr I it9° I /l."7f:/..'1 I f,f..+nfl n ,..,? }�{j�1 u I I : hl!x,i."�'J g,J "7"}�0J'"}9° h ./tt. f\ODffif�

,t' ifi•��Ur : ffli"}

ffLIJ 1 �c I foo1.ootflD' 1 J1tj:l\. 1 Y'fn,! ;1@·• ": !D"i1 : fh11.t.(L(I)«"} 1 "' : -.: � 7-.. .. 1 � fi : 1 J-C7':'9° �Chfi,,, 2 011;,..,,-:,-. l\· � .. I t;: ',11 bOD, .. �:, h11.t.(Lw- 1 1 K 13 . flhl\k�:,- s 1'1�f,mf� = ,�c 1'PA :: 'h.1 1't �ftro" � tfil(O?.ro• = rP'A"J'l ,., K' . : Y "} "} K',11-t;: 1 ,f-(l'l',r..:,-. I f,U 9° = th,fi: /\. ' il ,,, �ro• :; ro11- : ti tifar 1 y,ll+ 1 Ft\flB.'1 :1 «l�Ji � : 1 f1'"}}!t,.{l.llJ' = Thht\;;: ID 1 ro•ilT : h1F..+oo m11 ' .. � �b,J-ID' I �OJ' I i{l,\o I "700" } I Jrti\n:,.. 11 !(Dtro•: fl l'°AaJ) .: K-m-'i!: Olkfr 1 hl\l.�T I ill\i\llJ' I fl1''}J!t.{l.llJ' : P' AllJ'} � d\lz, � tfi�..�Uj(Dc : fA+"Jt. I 1 o-1\- : ,J-mfcf! : f"'l.ll'�ro· : 1'CO· = 1'& -l}i s '}.?roo �: h11.t.(L (Dc I f"7;r ��;,-fl/A I P't. 1 ll/AiPt. : flil'f-+C 1 "'li\-1.. 1 !t,w·1, !! .1�At1J1 : 'hfro+ 1 tr� 2 i{lf\- : f.P'/Al1J�1 : tD(I") : flth(l:,.. 1 flODf\lDT � ft¥9fnut,�ID' : CD1"} : '1A 1t\?. 2 (lfl,f- cf,C : hl\k , hf,ll'19° :: r-,,...· s 17Lfjj : V•fl,f-�(Dc : tJtj:/A = 1!01</° : },11'�iLllJ' r fP'A"J�'} s tD(l"} 1 hA.C:. : (loo P't.i: : {lllJ'f\c : !(67.w.. : hiJ;..K«; : fl'"I,,,��n:,.. : "LH. I 1'1 �t. (I.(De = t.(t« • flw« I\- : t\oo ?...'i:,-. : ,,.. ll"7OT/ : ilt\°2.Lmla>- : o,,),;r: f,1/:\K/A � Y'il'f-�w« : lD1"} 1 f°t'P'Pt\w« : (la,« : Ul/19° : {llf"} : '?� : f,\, flm- : 1'1f...ll''l'i : fw«t\• : 'P'i : i•Ll\."L : '11C : f,IJ : f/;\.lf'I : '1'l�tr"} • Y'il ,J-�m- : m11 : h"'l19° : h.ltt. : oomf;'f> : >-.1,:ft\'I° ! °11 i '1"}f,.t.fl.aJc1 1 flh}l(lc I OJ'/;\: '11-'lK'i 1 "'lf:l°l • f,TI\A :: ,.

il/lJLU t h1f: : 1'"}f,.t,.(I. 1 .P'A.11J"} : ltf-'it:W - 1 l\Y'il-f•� : CD11 2 1i11: = h(l}-611' = 1t1 c • f01J..0011J : firf'm(l'I = /J:J> = n"7 :Pt..-O = nl(oia>- = 119° s ll''i : {lil"7"7 1 !(6tlD4 : {lw«{\• 1 h'JJLK'i: hf,11.f:'J° :: '11C: OJ"} 1 h 1Y..t� (\(I}- : t.fr I fl(l}-t\- : 11001at;:,.. : fl.il"'l"'l'i 1 fl?'ili-'16J' : ro1"} 1 /J:J'Or 1 = IPJ19° : {lf4'C.-f1flT : f"t/lCD'Pfl-r : �1C : h/\,fl I Y 'il-1·'10J• : lD11 : fh1f.. t-(1.m-"} : OD{l"'l'"JT : ODcf>flA I hllfl:'f• : '11� : !l°2.tl14'1'J° : If� : 1'"}f..�f'ls f&"} I i\ODti{lll • hf,TA.9° := -,,... = l'itt:ii :s 1''1f...t .(l.a,. = nt-(t« = il9° = iltt.oit.1aooro• = ,,..-,qc =1

.-f ? i- '{l '�; (ji) h'J F.&,.(L,& : fl&,.fr : il'J° I f,J-,P'P /t : h'Jf-lf� ! tD1'iT : h1,"}f,.t,.(L(Dc : ;JC : DD'P'Pl\:f-tD•"} : {lfOJ•ckT9° : h 1\\ �'" h'IH.U I ;JC : fLKIPJ:fa,. = -f•°lflf!'l• : lt°2.filh:'f- t\•h:ftD4 : "llo:J ?J1''i : OD,f1irfT : }t(t« : t,.(t« : flfl(L:'f• : f,lf'i/;\ :I

/l,/l0

(t) 'h"},'lU 1 {llf', : "Lt·L : f,,..q(\c:,.. : Y'il➔·i1 : CJJ1'il· : h !l"'ltv4 1 :,C : h1�l-9° : 4'T;r : '1'11-',:,-« : fl\.:fllJ'9° ; �1C : '11 : flh1f..�{I,� 12 il9°: lf',(Dc: f'1"}}!t,.(La, ."} : ooi{l:'f-: bl(61CJJ•: ftoPillf:,,: J!,"i•/t •

- 298 -

) I

�c

f"t'i1l014 1 fl'!(OW/.014 s ll'J° : l)..e,(J', s {lt,.l):f014 : ll'J° r I 014A. : llll0?.11.C'l- : 'h11.t.fL?1T I '1 :I 24 fl h1 � ,:,c I ,,..� 7 tD1 I 014 il ' h¥ . m : : 11 'h1 Y'll+� I 1 (1 014 1 lf'i I f"7. : �(L a,. ll/l/1,I\ 'Lit s flt� a, I fLIJ I 1 = l(a,.w: 9° ft&:t, : "'11 7 'h11.U''I , '11\m+ :,,1r tJPlJ') ll 'l' : : A 'f' 1 ,,� 1 -"fll\A. :: IA+11lK : l(a,. : {l(IJc(r : tl'/.ID ''fA+11l?t'' -'l : 1'1 K'i -: i h,,11-1:9° 11 0h't1.JLIJ : Ill : V-'ii: : 1'11.t.r\014'i : Y'il,t-�014 : m11 : 1'1� ,f-f'l'/\- s +4''1'C: • !("7.014 : �C,f- : h11.t.{Lt&: {l(JJc(r : ""'- : -"U''iA :2 il/tJLIJ : Y'll+�014 : m11 : !(°tlD•"} : n+T;J- : {l(JJc{r s h1-'l?.'i : iLh {1014 s }if,TA'I° :t lf'i9° 1 1'11.t.fl.014"} : nootJ(lll: ni,:: h�C: !("7..(JJc"} t ,thil. 1,l/\A ss n+�"'lt9° • n+ -- = it!!f:l.r = 'h11.,1•11L1-m- 1: 1t11: = 11n11 = 1 0 11,�:f = (l ?Jl- = "-" = f/l(JJc"} = 11n11 : (1-0ilP : m 'ifl«1 : s IJt\6.';014 mf4! . 1- 1,c;.h'i!lt� = "71:l°l = 1,-:f1tA == n+--- = titf:li(t) = oo,,,l:,.. = 1.°l'l° = Y'il ,J-ftJJe I tD1'l : fl'h"}1.t,.{Lw- : (l;J- : +1•h ,f : tiA.+1/lKW- : !("'I.. t f'h"}� 6,(Lm-1 : ou-0:,. I oomr:,, I ..e,'-:f/\A :: h1'11.t.f\m- : 00,fl,f•T : it"}� : {l,,,... : litf�I • 1'"J1.1'J!.'111lD' : 1'11.t.f\ t& : illl : !("7..w- : U''i : fl"7..iPt.fl-"I• : 'Ltf. I f"7..l!Cilfl...,."} : l).'; : V-ir : hl(oiw- : iLhLA : 00�/r : 'Im- :: i11..· 6,(Lm- : /\A1'1/lK : l("'l. : mil.A : noorr� : r111w- : l)� • il/l : !(."7..W- : IJ''i I floPP't.T I fJ!.l(lfl-"I• : �-'= : illllf'I I !(,"7..(1)- : f,,IJ"}� : ,)� : ft'h"} � 6,(1,a,. 1 t\ODhLA : hi\4'. 1 ',tIJ« :: fltl.lJ : n\\�"} : Y'ilT�lD- : ro1"} : fl+"- 1 ou,.,,l...,. = 11A,,,.1/l1itIJ« = lL"'l = ".e. = h1\\,, , 1.1n� = oo�...,..,, = 1 ,,.,

aufjr •

•

Jtl\(D- ::

lf'ir , Y'il+� = w11 • 1A+1ll1i = l("'l.1 = 11.oon(lil = illl = ttllm- : ltr-;J- I v-/l:,. : '11C:T1 : 001"}H,fl : !"IiA :: h'IH .tJ9° : 1'1� I ftODti(lil : f"'l"flr : il11H11 : h.ltt. : .... � : ODlf� : 'Im- :: !("'l.(l)-: tD-{r"} : fl"l1: : "'Jl'-K"9° = ll00mr:,, 1 nf,'-:fA'I°:: 'l°h1fi:'1° = n+-- = to.tfti'll 1 00LPl-"l· = R"'la>- 1 t\ 'h"J1.t.f\m-: llH.tJ : hi\4'.: n/,1.il'I°:: (JJc/r"} : 0"11: : 1'1};.L,r'J°: ILhf'lil I f°7.l-/l(l)- = 'h11.t.f\m- : 11;. s 'Im- v-tt1-� = 1."l'l° = '111: 1 01,. �,}- 1 9°h"}f:,. : 'h"}J!.t,.(LQJ« : rn:oiw• : ,)� : fftflT : 7111.lf"} : fl+"- 1 li'Llf?i'l I oPlPlT : il h11.t.(Lm- : oont.A _: roi111w-1 : 11H11 : h1'11.. t.f\w- I 6.'; : ;,c ·s il"'l �:FA : /,1-i\A :: 25

t\9°lth, : n11: : 'h11.t.fL : Ot.(t- : il9° : hY'il+�: ro11: ;JC: +'Par 1 ft.a "'}J!.lf'I • I\A:rm+ : l(D?..: 1'11.t.fl.: oolf�"}: IL1A,r'J°: '1.e,1A,r9° 1 t&ft- = ""'J!.t.f'Lm-'1° = OY'il·-J·�m- = m11r = i\.e, = rx'i = f,lf'iA i1..e..t.� t&?° : W-ft-1: 0.f LCil: Y'il1'�m- : ro11 : h.ltt. : h'J-'lbfi:t\(1)- : 1'1J!.t.ft. t&"} : 00 h(lil : Y,l-i\A :: h11.t.fl.m- : iLhfi:A : q.e,'-:fA : "11 : !A+1il Rt&"} I !(°7. : oomr;'J, : f,1·/\A :: '11C: "11 : h11.t,.(\(Dc : rl( "7..(1)-: ,)� J n.'icn:,.. • .e.u1 : l)� : n:Ol/.1& ; ilY'il+�w• · = w11 = hOl/.h�t\(1)- = 11-n-0 = 00 = 4'�il: ..e,l-1\A:: illltLIJ: Y'ili·�m-: ro11 = hh1f.�f\(l)- = noo-tr' il.h l\,e

24. +-4-� • ''llil �&-{}« tr'i'' '1,/tl!\ ! �"IC : "11- ''h&-(l.. : fl?° ·I �'1C "11- ilfl '!(oiar r If<:"'' 1 171/fl,1: r "IA� : �OJ• :: o,-,.u I K'th-� 1 ODQ;b�if: ilfl: ;,,.,, 1 :,,c1,9° 1 f,f-(amar1- � 171/{};J,m'q • ,f,ooAh·), ,1 2s. r�:,."' • 11m.c I m."l • .,... l7Llfic1- • rf•ODAh:i· 11 1

- 299 -

LA I tL-:f-A = '11>=1 ' .(' = o-�;J·9'1 .d.hl.A : ttf,l-A'J° 11

.._

•.,,... ·· : liLf j i

{I(\

. 'J°h11:, = t1A...t·1n�m CI : T(OJ:/,. = Oao . ft-

7;i.."7..lD4 : (ID-01'·';f ::

(ti) fltftol- 1 ¥'iii"� : m1'i:f : 0:,,1 = AP.t,· :: f1�faq,:,:ar 1 0011,r..l : h1f..,,..m04?: IJ'�(l)c = 1'1f..t-(Lc1r' i\T(oct.. ro�: fLA = flt,t\«: l\9°: r a : 111�1'·:f 1 ?(03/.. : 11 If (lf 2 t;f m- : fLt-:i:OJ.a'} : ,t,'}-f> ti:J>7i 11 fto: l\ {ID Ill f ;'J,: /!,1'"I\/,\:: t g) .V-'J° : h1f..t-f\(Dc : t\!( "tm· : {l, A � f1e;:,:w-1 : f11111l: h1f..l ( ,. = h..y. : m1,:,, = J!,1·1tA s: 1 f..t-f\lD' Ti.. oi OJ« ,f :f ,,,...., 0011 = i =

n..

(r) ill\lf�'I° ; 11°7..l&' = tl«tt- = Oh1 .. e.t.-0.m,,� 1"11�.. = .rtrn,r1 = "' 11 Yo:t-?'l- = L?i'l° = tiAi'11 = n+c = 1'. 11·tu1· : 0011-r--:f , l\oom f :t,: 'Jtf,1--A'J°::

-: fOJcl\--: rf (ltp,p;J--: '1ti,J!,: lf'i I Y'll.,.t-'1t0- 1: m1"}: fA+1l\R l("t : . --�h(l il = 'ttJ!,l-A'J° �1C : °11 = 1}:oiro· : l\1'.1.e.t--lLro4 = oo�i'J°: f"7.1fl t&1: °I lo:t-: (l tJDc "" : L 1'"" 'I° : h,..e.lf� 'i :;: 26 V' il,,.. �(I}« I OJ119°: (l (D• /r: -9°h1f:,.. : /\ "7.. oollJ (1}- : "'11 �(l)«'J° : oJ!, � :,... : h. It&- i hi,1 .,e.t,.{Lar : I\. ti ii : _ J!,1'A : h1 .e.If� I (l (1}-"" : {l1J IP l.:,,. : h 1 � 1-'-" : OD-fl,f.:f : ,, 'i",-:J--A::

0(/D)!{/Dt.f i h1f. .t-f\ro· : hV'ili.. �ro-: m1"}: '\/!,: f-i ·<l'O'\:fw-1: ,f--" } -+i\:J>7i: 11llT1':. (O�,},th: 11,h.C: "1'?: 4'"- = U.f?i"i-©.fi: 1'1..e.i"1/t1am•): T(OIJ..ro« : b1'1f..t-{Lar : /\,.lh1l J!,rl\A :: lf'i'J° : J!,tJ: ¥'ilrf,�ar: m11: ·hh1f-�(bar: ;JC: f/\Ur1: °111·'1:,,. : h1>tfP.honm,..: (''h1Jt«pc 1'') h!il .LA °19°:: {lftlf..U : h1f..t-(btD4 : Ot-fl« : il9° ·1 hi\ T(cP/.,.tD4 : lf'i : hf'h+� 2 � tD11 : {/Dh..'i : +tp,fll\ h1f-lf1 1 OV'ilrf•'1ro· : lD11 : I\J!, : ,...1;:,..: '11\il ·b+/\ : Oili·+c ! f,U1 : {/Db. 'i : h"}�t.. (1.0}« : 1, "}}tfilt.hnro, : lt..f (111: _1.lD': f,1'1\l\::

o-l\,f•� s f.d/'l°: 1'1f.t-(bw,: OV'ili·�ro·: m11': I\J!,: h1Y:: 01,�:,-: . OD.fi:'f- = O.'ilro- 1 n:o-z..ro- = n'11�t-f\ro« = L1:1' = (P;J-- ) = .,.,..,,..h.,,. = hf'il -+�a,. : ro11 : f"tLA'?O:'f-1 : �1C : mf,"' : "'lrtL?t'J° : f,1•/\A :: �1C 1 -OJ'} : 7'1�t-(l,ro· : Oh1Y: : Of,',:,.. : 9°ti1f'1.. : fy,{t..-f•�lD4 : CD11 : t)J; : · i"}.';/\n:,, : Y,{trf'�Q)c: lD11: f,U1: i,>;: 0.,... : 1n:x1t : OOlPl:,• s '1/tO'T: 21 . -°llu:1" ;1c = /\"'l:J!:J!A = n,n'? = ft71/.L+ f.'I\:, = 1,ooi11tA

+�"'It :

h l\ = :itai =

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f't::'f-th 11th»?-: m.°1: fooj!ootf: lit:,,: 0Ll1ltf,�: +1iC! s tDf..: . : "" t 09 .1tll'/C�'i: a,f.: h1d//\,.11�: f++t.1oo : (l.lf"} : Ott14>7' : 1§ : °iJ 'i! :� i 0:'f-C1"9°: 9°h1IT 2 +l\f�: '11�-:f: J!,1� h- ::

' •

- 300 -

1 = . 'h'"IL11�014 = n.,,... rn:..rit tiLfirr ·1 tiLfiru I in:.tj ¼ -eitv1ti • 1 1n:.r11 = 1t'i = 1n:.i1i = i.,f..t-.(1.(D« = ill\ = l("7.t& �� 2_ n:r,r • = 1 il-f�: tD.11 : ;JC: illl.°7..J'f..l.1(1)« = ''(D«A'': '6'i1&.A :: h.lP/C�(D«: 0.,,._ : hf' 1 1n:. �u ' rn:.!!li 1 1�x:11 = t'i = 1n:11 1 i = 1til = ''(l}«A'' = &- A " n"'lc;;:(D< • n.,,... • !Htx1 1 !litx'.i!l , t.'i , !lit!ii: , ill\ , " "lite'' , 'i'l�IA :: �l.1/tf,�OJc = ''"l-OC'' = (t..ti --1:) : OJl,9° = Y'il+c1w• : ro11 : 11"'1.A • h�;,1c , ,.m.,, !1i1t&-ll.OJ- • ";JC ' l]"'lf�C1tD• : ·iP/IA � {10-ft.,f:9° : 1t '10A : Ll1ltf,�(D« : 'h '}-f..t--(1.(Dc: ill\ : !( °t(Dc: lf'i : rott..�"7:ftD-1 : ''ch;J'l! : ,f'"J'l�:f'' : {loof\ : h '}-f..°tiJJ,'J°C : '?.A?. : ',(De:: '-- : -: 1 '?.'1�:l : 1t f: :, A.� : tir,:A : �ro- ; '?.'}- : ;,1 ;,'1! : +'1'1C : .iJJ'/A t htli?� T ·71c(t,: -O:r: hf,f.ft.'J° :: {l'ilf..U : .,,..'l'�l-: F'C : rcri.11(1}«: "1'1.: I\OJcA : .,fl;J! : fD7.tD(l10T : 04! : 'J°tJ1 f:,-C : ill\.lbl\ ; h.lPJC�(Dc'}t; : 1'1'1.IL1l�tn· '19" : hm«A : flil1"+C : ibftoT : "1,:J'l! : +'1'1�:f')'J° : 'lt'}-f.."1.,�'J°'r : -. : 'itn : :: f.. : 10. : 1 1 -l1 · '1.'l° 4> f'[.fifi : 'ht; : l'[.fift : 1'11.. 1· ltf:C1 : "'1 l t.tLm- : hY'il+-1 : w11 = ;,c : il/\."7.J'f.C10Jc : ''OJcA'' : f,t;1&.tt-:: lf'i'J° : Oii"7C�{l)«9° : 0Ll1/tf,�(D«'J° = ''(DcA'' : ftP/.l\(Dc : :J>A : illlOl/.1� s 1t'i H.u : cr-'1'�-:f- = ODl\ w'I' = h,r ii t.A ;,:,:OJc'J°::

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=·

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1i; ·

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:,-nnt\�

'1-

- �02 -

0� LAW 'l'HE AGENCY-REPRESENT ON ATION NTARY MME A co · · IN ETHIC1PIA

By W. L. Ourch* ..,

the study to attempt law an of representation in Ethio is ntary comme This Civil of e t 2179-9� C?<le: ticles Chapter 1 of the Agency � concerns � It ia. �tle of the Code, Title XIV. These seot1ont deal with pellh.aps the most difficult nd important aspect of agency law - t1e consequences of dealing with an :gent for the princii:mI who ·hired t!he ageit: � for t�e third party_ w-�o dealt wit,h. him. These airt1cles are not concerned with the ngti_ ts of a pr1nc.11pal and agent against each other or with legal pr(sumptions and rules concerning the scope of an agent's authority to deal for and. bind his principal. These are covered in Articles 2199-2265 of the Code. This rommentary is Jntended only as a short explanatory note on the articles ooncerned. It consists of a brief discussion, often reflec t ing the author's opinion on issues that have not yet been determited by the courts in Ethiopia. Much of the Jnterpretation is based on .the source, of the Ethiopian Code, particularly the French Civil Code, and on comparable provisions of the common law. In most instances there is no difference betwetn the two legal systems with regard to agency.

Art. 2179. - Source of authority. The authority to act on behalf of anoth�r may derive from the law or a con tract.

This article descri,bes the itwo· ways ln · which an agent may· derive his authority to act for and bind his •principal from a contract with the principal or by operation of law. In mo·st cases, auittority derives from an agreement be tween the agent an4 pninci,pal tJhat the fomer should represent the latter in one or more rtransactions with other - '�t•hird' - persons. This contract may be written or verbal; it may even be implied by the conduct, sometimes even by the silence, of the principal and agent. The contract both creates and limits the �ut?onity. Most of tihe sections in the Code dealing wi1h agency describe the limits and effects of 1 is contract. However, authori1y to act for another sometimes can arise in .the absence of a contract, tha1 is, by operation of law. For instance, a guardian or a tutor 1h

• Faculty of Law, provide Haile to is commentary this of purpose Sellassie I The University. e planatory treatm ent of this area of Jaw. It s not intended to be a detailed analysis � l � da l the legal problems thait may arise, and :t does not contain a discussion of cas es n secondary materia l. The author wishes to to Mr. Everett Goldberg of ,the Fa express appreciati�n his culty of Law for his assistance in the prepara:ion of this commentary and. particularly of the N0te on Code Translation.

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VoL. III - No. 1

ward by the provisions of the Civil or min his for act to ed r owe emp is Coct c·· ct contra en a_ betwe be, the t canno gu ard.ian and child there need not be, indeed ;· d a11te b �s her I w anot re ,¥he fo-: a11 e�ergen cy h�s . Similarly_, _authoritr ito. act � � � arisen whJoh req111res 1mmed1ate attention or wl1e1e the agez1t occup· ies a t . pos. ition,.3 In all these cases·, authority to act fo.r a11ot!1er pei:sori· is gran: \m Y contract. no bee11 ]3ut l1as unless there though the Jaw does the law, even cifically gr�nt such _au�hori•ty, or unless a.uthority is co11!-e11:ed on t�e agent . btnd1ng exercise of contract with the p.n1nc1pal, there ca11 be 110 lawf11l an d author- • ity by one person on behalf of another.

:r�:

Art. 2180. - Form of authority. Where the law requires that a contract be made in a prescribed form th . authority to enter into sucl1 contract on behalf of a1Rother shall be giv;n � the same form.

article is concerned with This certain formal requi1·ements Where authority ·. 1s 1lo be granted by co,ntract. Where the con1tract made by tlie agent with a third p erson on the principal's behalf must be in a certain prescribed form to be· valid, the a u· thority from rf:he pri11cipal to the agent must be in tbat same form. For instance, the law requires that certain contracts - partnership agreements . for example4 - be in wri1ing. W,here a principal wishes to authorize an agent to enter into sucl1 a cont'ra c. t -on. the p11jncipal's behalf, that authority must also· be in writing. Irt should be noted that tll1is requirement applies only where the agent's a.utl1orizat· ion derives firom a co11tract, not where it is based on the opera tion of law. It should also be noted •tl1at a prinoipal may later ratify an origin.ally· imperfect authorization and thus make it binding. 5 Art.. 2181. - Scope of power of attorney.

(1) The scope of a power of attorney given by contract shall be fixed in accor dance with the contract. (2) Where the agent informs a third party of bis power of attorney, the scope· of bis authority shall, a.s regards such third party, be fixed in accordance· with the information given to him by the agent.

(3) The scope of a power of attorney shall be interpreted in a restrictive man-· ner.

A power of attorney is simply an aUJthorization to an agent to act for · a. princip�.6 Article 2181 states three rules regarding powers of attorne)'· First, the· limit of the agent's authority •is defined by the terms of the co11tract creati� g that authority. If the a· gent attempts to excee<l. this limit, his action will not bind the principal, unless by virtue of law. 7 If t11e power of attorney permits the agent to p · urchase a car, and h· e tries to ,purchase a boat, the principal will not be· boun.d by his act. Secondly, where the agenrt informs a lhjrd party of his power_ of attorney, the third party is bound with the pri11cipal only to the extent ot that informa-tion.8 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8.

See, e.g., Civ. C., Arts. 280 and 2253, dealing with tutors and curators respec tivel y. See Civ. C., Arts. 2257-65, dealing with 11nat1thorized agency. See Com. C., Arts. 32, 35, and 36. Com. C., A.lit. 214. See Civ. C., Arts. 2190 and 2192, dealing witl1 ratification. See Note on Code .Trans lation, at the end of this commentary. E.g., under Com. C., Art. 35. But see Note on Code Transla,tion, at the end of this commentary.

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LAW OF AGE�CY-REPRESENTA THE TJON ON IN ETHIOPIA NTARY ME CoM A agent's autborization an of under a scope power of attorney the llY, F"na authority The agent's interpreted. will extend only ow! . to what narr � b� : will the agree1:llen, t . I:. gr the 1n :ment allows the agent to oned menti � : arly is ole 1bl_ack pa1nt for t e pr1nc1pal, of , ? cans he agent cann ot twenty ! bind se urcha ptint, or varnish or brown gray for pa1nt• , or twenty-one cansr· pay to cbpal prin fbe r ?Y. we om of po of att n ctio tin Ex • 2. 218 Art • (1) Unless. otherwise agreed, � p�wer •f attorney giv�n �y contract shall be· extiogmshed where the. pr1nc1pal or the agent dies, IS declar·ed absent'. becomes incapable or is adjudged :>anlanpt. (2) The provisions of sub-art. (1) shall apply where a body corporate ceases: to exist. Unless t ·bere is an agree!11ent _to �he <O ?tr �ry between the agent and prin-· 1f e1t er 1s ex' t ingu1s: h ec the agent o: principal dies,. attorney of power � the cipal, 9 or b�omes by a court, absent mcapable.1° legally (Minors are incap ed is declar . who is not a minor legally in-· . able under the law; a court will declare a �rson so that he i� for �e reason, illn�ble to conduct his co11vinced f is it b i le apa c . affairs .) The power of attorney also 1s ex1t;ngu1shed where either agent or prin cipal is adjudged bankrupt, that is, where ei:• her is a commercial person (''trader'')' 11 s debts. Finally, if eit:ier agenit or principal is a body cor-· hi meet cannot n · a d porate, such as a rs·hare company or private limited company, and ceases to exist under law, a power of attorney given by or t o it also ceases to exist . Article 2182 sta1es that a power of at.orney is extinguished under uhe spe-· cified circumstances unless there is an ag1...emen1: to the contrary. Under some· circumsta.nces, however, such an agreeme1i:t can1J1ot be binding. For instance,. if the principal loses his capacity Lo contract, he will not be bound by any power· of attorney. Or, if ·the agent dies or loses hi� ability even to t1nderstand the trans action in question, the principal will not be bound by the agent's consent, even· if he agreed to lbe bound under such circums:ances in a power of attorney address ed to the agent. 12 But where there is :n10 legal impediment to the· agen,t's acting on behalf of the principal, they may agree ill advance tha•t the power of attorney will remain effective despite future mis ·hap Thus, they 1nay agree that even if' the agent is adjudged bankrupt, he may still act for and bind the principal under a power of attorney. These principles relati:1g to extinction are carried over into contracts of agency in- Articles 2230 and �232 of tl1e Civil Code. Art. 2183. - Revocation of authority. (1) The principal may at any time restr:ct or revoke, as regards third parties, the authority he gave to the agent to make contracts in his name.

(2) Any waiving of such right shall be of no effect. This article makes it clear that a printipal always has the right to restrict or revoke altogether any authority ·h e may have given an agent. The principal ca�n�t even contract away th .is r ight. The agent can, of course, claim that the principal has ·breached his contract with th� agent by not allowing the agent to represent him, and the agent can sue the p :incipal for damages for this breach. But h� cannot bind the principal thiri party if the p·rincipal has revoked to a _ or reslrrcted his authority. )

9. JO. ll. 12·

See See See See

Civ. C., Art 154. Civ. C., Arts. 192-97. Com. C., B ook V and Art. 5. Civ. C., Art. 2189(2).

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Art. 2184. • Dotnment to be returned. (l) The agent shall upon the auth�rity . com1?g rto M .� Fid return to the Prin cipal the document, if any, ev1denc10g his t.1lilth�r�f.',y,,

(2) He may not retain such document until fin1u� se�tl-r-linent of his accoUQts or claims with the principal. Article 2184 commands that an agent must ret1.1ru ar1y instrument showin his authority to th� principal wh�never hat auth�rlty comes to a� end. He ma� � _ _ not. even keep the mstrument until all h1s accounts w1tl1 the pnuc1pal have been _ settled, ali.•hough he could haive a copy made as ev1den,ce of his agreement with the princ.irpal. The reason for this requirement is that the agent otherwise could obligate the principal to unknowing third persons under Articles 2181 and 2195. For his own protection. therefore, the principal must ·be able to compel the return ,of documents of authorization he ha.s si,gned. If tl1e agent refuses to give the do ,e1uroent -to the principal, the latter could have the court demand its return; re fusal then wo,uld be contempt of court. Art. 2185. - Loss of docnmP.nt. Where the agent alleges to have lost the document evidencing his power, the principal may, at the expense of the agent, apply to t11e court to declare that the document is revoked.

If an agent loses. or claims he has lost. a document of authorization, the principal can have a court declare ·that the document is revoked. If the principal ,does this, he will be protected against improper future use of the document, by either the agent or anyone else. He w.iJll not be liable to third parties under Article 2181 or 2195 of the Civil Code. The expense involved if the principal has to get a court declaration of re vocation because his agent has lost or claims to have lost hi\S document of .authorization is chargeable to the agent. This means that all court fees and the reasonable fee of the principal's lawyer will have to be borne b y the agent. Art. 2186. - Justification of authority. Whosoever has dealings with an agent may at any time require him to produce a justification of his authority and, where his authority is evidenced by a do cn111ent, to produce a copy of such document duly signed by the agent. This article protects persons who deal with agents by per111itting them to d� mand that the agent give a justification of his authority. (If he refuses, however, it wolllld seem that the only remedy open to the thi,rd par• ty would be to refuse to . deal with hlm.) Where the agent has a docwnent describing his authority, _he -can be asked to sign a copy of the document and ''produce'' it for the t�ird party. According to the French language text of the Code. the agent is obl!g� to giive a signed (by himself) copy of tl1e document to the tl1ird party: this 15 what ''produce'' means in the English text. If the agent does produce a copy of the document, his au�hority will be as stated therein if the docwn ent b.a s n �t heen revoked by the principal or by law or a court.13 If the third party fails to deman� justification under Article 2186, he may have difficulty proving tbat he was misled by the principal under Article 2195. Careful third parties therefo re ·should always demand justification, t o -protect themselves in the event that the _ :agent 1s unauthorized. 13. See Civ. C., Art. 2181.

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Art• z187•

. Conflicting interests

a case where his interests conflict with by an agent made act contr (l) A may be can�elled at the request of the principal principal the of those

where the third party who entered into the contract knew or should have t. ic fl n o c e h t f o n w o kn within two years from his knowing of such circu,,,. shall, al princip The (Z) or not he intends to �ncel the contract. wheth er declare ces, stan be cancelled where the third party concerned fails to shall ct contra e Th (l) bound by the be contract to within two months from intention his are decl principal's intention to cancel the contract. of the onned inf been ng havi

in the principal event the that his a·gent's interests con protects article This agent should represent only the interests of his principal. An own. bis with flict that the agent has chance represented od the g interests of some a is there � If _ should be allowed t� cancel the effects of the agent's acts. prmc1pal the else, one _ There is a strong likel1hood that an agent w1ll not represent only his principal's in terests when his own interests conflict with these. For instance, if the principal hires an agent to sell his car, and the agent is himself in the business of selling cars, the agent's interest will conflict with the principal's.: the agent will try to get the best price for his own cars, not for the car of the princi p al. A principal is protected from such an agent :by Article 2187. If the third party - t·he party to whom the agent sold the principal's car in the example above - knew that the agent's and principal's interests conflicted, the contract can be cancelled at the principal's request. It also may be cancelled even though the principal cannot prove that the third party actually knew about the conflict if the principal can establish that the ·third party should have known about it, that is, if a reasonable man in the third party's position would have known there was a conflict. But if the ·tibird party did not know of the conflict, and there was no rea:son why he should have known, the conflict does not constitute a basis for cancellation of· the contract. If the principal wishes to have the contract cancelled under Article 2187(1) , he must inform the third party of that fact within two years after he discovers the conflict of interests.1 4 Within two months after receiving that information, the third party must indicate to the principai whether or not he intends to ''be bound,' by the contract; that is, whether or not he opposes cancellation and wishes to hold the principal to the contract.is If he does not declare his intention within the two month period, or if he declares that he does not intend to hold th� principal to the contract, the contract automatically is cancelled. Other wise, _the principal must seek ca·ncellation from a cou•rt.16 A contract may be �ancelled only upon a court order, except where the law provides otherwise (as 1n Article 2187(3)). Art. 2 188. - Contract with on�H. (1) A contract made by an agent may be cancelled at the request of the prin cipal where the agent made the contract with himself, whether he acted on his behalf or in the name of a third party. (l) The provisions of sub-art. (2) and (3) of Art. 2187 shall apply in such •

case•

. qv Art. 15 • Civ. C., C., Art.

14 ·

2187(2 ). 2187(3). 16· See Civ. C., Arts. 1808-18.

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Nothing in this Article shall affect the special provisio ns app lica bl e to ).. 52 22 d an 48 22 rt. commission agents (A The agent's interests automatically conflict with tl1e l)rit1cipal's Whe e r the his own on bel1alf either or s ai himself, with the s contract agent agent of 0th er principal lo t�e pen11its a11cel 2188 w� Article l1is � e principal. contract c h � and l1e n1ay conflict, do such of so even thoug h the th third party in case party is another principal, who did n-0t know or ]1ave reason to kn o w ab ut 1rd th _ the Article 2187, in principal must � role. As state his int en o e agent's dual cancel with.in rn.:o yea.rs from the time .':�en _he realized the agent played hi � � to _ two mo11.ths tl1ereafter. Su b -art1· u;I role, and the third party must reply �1th1n 1e ( ) c · and (3) of Article 2187 apply u· nder Article 2188 just as they do under Ar tice 1 2187. (3)

There is o,ne exception to tl1e terms of Article 2188. Tl1is involves a .''c mission agent: '' Su.c:11 an a�ent sells for anoth �r goods in the agent's own nam°e�; Where ther � 1s a f1�ed pr1ce for the good_s 1n�olv�d, su?h an agent may ffect e the transaction on his own account and , still bind the principal, unless the prin cipal has. forbidden this. 18

Art. 2189. - Complete agency.

(1) Contracts made by an agent in the name of another within the scope of his power shall be deemed to have been made directly by the principal. (2) The principal may avail himself of any defect in the consent of the agent

at the time of the making of the contract. (3) Any fraud committed by the agent may be set up against the principal by the third pa.rty who entered into the contract with the agent.

This article is the cornerstone of agency law under the Civil Code. It sets two conditions. The agent must act within the scope of his at1'.hority, a11d he must act in the name of his principal. (Article 2197 makes it clear that the name of the pri.ncipal must be known; it is not enough for the agent to tell the third party that he is acting for another, but unnamed, person.) If these two conditions are met, the resulting contra.ct is legally deemed to have been made directly by the third party with the principal, and the agent ''disappears�' from the transaction. The agent is not bound to the third party, and the third party is not bound to him. Tl1e _thir� p �rty is instead boun:d to the pri·ncipaI, whom he may never have seen. This p rinciple enables one man simu ltaneously to do business with many persons and o�er hundreds of miles of distance. Wit·hout it, legal persons, such as share co1npanies and other business organizations, coukl not function at all. Article 2189 also provides that wrere the agent did not consent to the contr�ct with the third party the principal can cancel the contract. This is entirely �onsis co� valid all of tent with the basic principles of agency Jaw. Consent is an element � dea y actuall who tracts. Although the principal is deemed to contract, it is the agent with the third party, and if the ag-�nt has not consen:ed to the arra ngemin � ere 1 tl ce with the third party - if he has been coerced to contract, for instan ev s h ent a � fd been no contract at all between the principal and third party. Th� a� 0 It al. princip reached his goal of communicating with the third party for the � �is g to be noted, however, that the agent need not be legally capable in o�der as •;� t can r consent. He need only be able toi understand the transaction. A mino an agent and bin d h.is principal. 17. See Civ. C., Art. 2139. ,s. See Civ. C., Arts. 2148-52.

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Finally, Article 2189 provides that if the agent commits any fraud in his tter can th<: la party treat it as third the principal's fraud, and the _ witlh _ gs in . deal contract. !his also 1s co�1st�nt with . th·e principles of the cancel can thus contractua� rel�t10,n between the pr1nc1pal and third party depends e T law. � ncy age commun1cat1on through the agent. Where the agent commits. ve effecti their n iaud on the third party, that communication is impaired. Art. 2190. - Abuse or lapse of power.

(1) Contracts made by an �gent in the �ame of a?other _ outside the scope of . bis power _ �ay �e rat1f1ed or repudiated at his option by the person in whose name the agent acted. (2) The provisions of sub-art. (1) shall apply where the agent acted under an authority which had lapsed. Thls article covers the sit�ation where a person has attempted to act as an agent for a principal but ·has acted outside any authority given him by the principal. In such a case, the principal is not bound to the third party, unless he wants to be. H e has a choice: he can either ratify or repudiate the agent's acts. Ii he repucliates, he is not bound. If he ratifies, and the agent purported to act i n bis name, he is bo,und and so i s the third party. Article 2190 applies whether the agent was empowered to act in some ways for the principal but exceeded that power, or wheth, er he was never authorized or was once authorized under an authority w·hich had te11ninated, or lapsed. In such cases the principal is not bound in con.tract to the third party. H e may incur liability under Article 2195, but that will be the extent of his obligations. The Code does n. ot define what acts will constitute ratification or repudiation. However. courts traditionally have treated this issue very flexibly. Clearly a written declaration will suffice for either. So also will an oral statement to the third party or even generally to the public, if it can. be sufficiently proved. Under many circumstances, mere acts by the principal will be sufficient; for instance, if the principal accepts the benefits of �he agent's action, or if he continues to perform under the contract made.. by the agent, he will be said to have ratified the contract and will be bound by it. In some cases, where it evidently was really in the principal's interest that the agent act fo•r him, even if the agent lacked authority, the princ. i pal will be legally obliged to ratify the agent's acts. 19

Art. 2191. - Option of principal. (1) The third party having entered into the contract with the agent m a. y. de mand that the person in whose name the agent acted immediately declare whether he intends to ratify or to repudiate the contract. (2) Failing immediate ratification, the contract shall be deemed to be repu diated. This provision helps protect a third party who has dealt with an. agent who was not authorized. In such cases, under Article 2190, the principal has the option of ratifying or repudiating the contract. So that the third party may know whether or n,ot he is in fact bound by the contract, he may deman,d that the. principal commit himself at once. If the principal then fails to ratify immediately, he is deemed to have repudiated, and neither he nor the third party is bound. How long a time ''immediately'' may be, of course, depends on the circumstances of each case. The principal must make a reasonable effort to reach the third party 19. See Civ. C:, Arts 2207 and 2264.

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ly s·hould use the sa1ne method of commu . as soon as possible. He usual nic h' , .. · • n at1 . o o s e d reacn t h· ' u u11 par)' d t 1r h \V1t11 the t . 1s demand t or a faster one _than hat the option be exercised. Article 2191 ca� pro�ect the tl!ird party o�ly �f h� �1:?ws or s�pects t hat the t h erw1se, O , Lhe authority. · h is rh11d outside acted has aoent party will not demand 0 • • · • A -1·�c1� 2191· will not that the pnnc1pal exercise h'1s op 1·100, and -:u apply. In the absence of such a demand, the Code does not 1nd1care how long a time ma before the prin�ipal is deemed to h �ve accepted or r�je�tecl the contract. D ep {n��s has g chosen on t11e case, this could be a long time. Once the to rat'f . prmc1pal . I y, or , . 1s decision is final. repudiate, however, h e cannot l a ter change h1S m1nd . H. Art. 2192. - Effect of ratification. Where the contract is ratified, the agent shall be deemed to have acted with• ID the scope of his power. If t�e _pri�cipal does ratify his a�ent_ 's acts, the_ a�ent will be deemed to have acted w1th1n his power fro•m the beg1nn1ng: the pr1nc1pal and third party will be deemed to have made the contract when the agent made it, and not when th e principal ratified. (The contract is said to have ''related back'' to the earlier time ) . Thus, the third party cannot destroy the principal's power to ratify by atte.mptin to withdraw from the contract between the time the agent made it, withoutg authority, and the time when the princi•pal ratified it. If the agent has without authority contracted to purchase food produce from the third party, the prin cipal can ratify and bin.d the third party if the price of food goes up, or he can repudiate and withdraw from the contract if the price of food falls. The only protection the third party has is tl1at he can force the principal to declare whether he will ratify or repudiate immediately - as soon, that is, as the third party becomes aware that the agent was unauthorized. Art. 2193. - Effect of repudiation. (1) The provisions of Art. 1808-1818 of this code shall apply where the con tract is repudiated. 1

•

(2) The third party having entered into the contract with the agent may de mand that the damage caused to him by reason of his having in good faith believed in the existence of a valid authority be made good in accordance with the provisions of the foilowing Articles. This Article provides for the event that the principal decides to repudi�te th_e contract. Under Articles 1808-18 of the Civil Code a contract lawfully in�ali dated by one party binds .neither party, but both should be restored so far possible to the positions they occupied before the contract was made. If the other party - the third party in an agency context - has already performed part o� the c�n tract,_ or made impro�ements that the first party - the �rincipal - will ob tat�t the first party ·must either ,pay for the value of the benefits or perfoi:» tha� pa seIf hi� tted commi of the contract himself. If the oilier party has unwittingly so far to the contract that it would be impossible to restore him to, his former postt 1•0 the contrac.t may not be invalidated �t all. It _is interesting to n�te that under �{co� 1814 the first party must answer ''in due time'' whether he intends to ca affi101 the contract, while under Article 2191 he must do so ''immediatel y." re s party here the third principal has recei,ved no benefit from the W ' p r:i; t eral gen tions or p�rtial-perfo1n1a_nce of the repudiated contract, he_ is in �io : ce for anything to the third party. The third party may still have suffer . up g as y damages, _however, either expenses of preparation or losses i n curred_ b p �•�gent chances to make other contracts. If the third party in good faith belie ved th

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he contract, maJ t be able to hold the agent liable for make � to ority auth bad under Articles 2194, 2195 an·:l 2196, discussed below. ges dama se the Art• ,2194•• Liability. (1) The agent shall be liable to pay con.tpensation to the third party in the in Art. 2193. ' case referred to (2) The agent shall not be liable where he acted in good faith not knowing the reason by which his authority,. liad come to an end. (3) The principal shall in such case be liable to pay compensation. Where the principal repudiates the con1ract under Article 2193, the agent is in general '1iab1e to the third p�rty for damages incurred by the latter because of bis reliance on the contract whteh he suppcsed that he had with the principal. However, there is one case in which the agent can shift this liability to the prin cipal. !his ex �ption �ur � when the age �1 in �ood faith believed he did have _ authority to b . ind the pr1nc1pal. The agent� belief must have been held by him at the time he altempted to transact-for the I1rincipal. It must also, it would seem, have been reasonable for the agent to think that he had authority. The Code seems to indicate .that this exception can occur only where the agent once had authority, which, unknown to him, had ter1ninated for some reason., but it is possible that the courts wi14 apply the provision also in the case in which the agent reasonably thought he ht:l,d . a '.broader authority than he in fact possessed. Such cases would ·be very few in nlU.IIlber (in most such cases there would be implied authority under Article 2200), but they conceivably might arise. A rt. 2195. - Liability of principal. . The principal shall be jointly liable · wifu the agent where: (a) he infot1ned a third party of the existence of the power of attorney bot failed to inform him of the partial 01 total· revocation· of such power; or (b) he failed to ask the agent to return fbe docu111ent evidencing the power of attorney and failed to seek a judicial decision to the effect that such do c1nnent was revoked; or (c) he caused in any other manner, in particular by his statements, behaviour or failme to act, a durd party to believe that the person with whom he was dealing was authorised to act on behalf of the principal. H the principal, as well as the agent, is responsible for a third party's erro neous conclusion that 'tl1e agent was authorized to deal for the principal, the agent is said ro ·have been ''apparently authorized'' to deal for the principal, and the agent and principal are jointly liable. ''Jointly," as used in this article, should be construed to mean. that eithe·r .oi both the agent and principal can be sued for the fu.11 am.ount of .the liability, in one action, or in separate actions if the plaintiff so desires.20 There are three instances in which the principal is made liable along with his agent. The first is where the principal in:ormed the third party that his agent had a power of attorney, but then, wit. hout telljng the third party, revoked or restrict ed the agent's power. In such a case, the third party will rely on the principal's ? riginal description of the agent's authority. Accordingly, although the principal �s not bound by the con.tract, both he and the agent are liable for any damages incurred by the third party as a resu,lt of his reliance on the agent's apparent authority. 20. See Note on Code Translation, at the end of tl1is con1rnentary.

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not d�d he i� ity in£orn1 the third part liabil e escap an . c ipal princ The Of h!s . Y d file he a 1f er t Bu pov1 of attorney in gent's authority in the firs ,t place. u f l u own tha t l1e 1ad given the a �hor tff. ��c :egistry, o r if he n- 1 ade it generally k � . . f om ty a so utho _ ny urce, t�e principal Will d r !1 th e third party learned of the_ � n atio evoc r _ o� au,�or1t�. �f he doe his Ize 1 publ to re failu hi for � liable � s . suoh r evocation_,_ however,. o, r If the third part)' l1ea1s aoot1t It 10 any fashion·, the principal will .not be liable. Secondly, the .principal is liable if he has failed to _ask the agent to return a revoked or restricted power of attorney, or has not sought a court declar ti 21 If the agent shows bird pa�ty his docume:t �� ction. restri or tion of rev� � � _ 22 author1ty and t·he third party knows of no restr1ct1on on 1t, the principal w·ll be made liable for damages suffered by the third party in reliance on the doc� ment.

fit

The final source of liability for the principal as well as the agent occurs where he has ''in a ny other manner'' caused the third party to believe that the �gent ha. d authority to deal fo,r_ the principal. �he third party must actually be lieve that the agent has authority, and the belief must be reasonable under the circ11mstances. In addition, it must be based on knowledge that ha d its source in an action of the principal, but it does not matter how the knowledge came to the third party. He may have learned it directly from the principal; the principal may in the past have generally granted his agents the power in question; it may be that the position or title of the agent usually implies that he would hold certain authorit)1; or the agent,s ap·parent authority may be merely a matter of public rumor. As long as the source of the third party's reasonable misunderstandin g can be traced back to the principal, he will be made liable for any damages t · hat follow.

Art. 2196. - Exclusion of liability.

(1) Except in cases of fraud, a third party who has dealings with the agent may not claim compensation from the agent on the ground that he acted outside the scope of his authority where such third party, prior to enter ing into the contract, took cognizance of the document evidencing the authority of the agent. (2) A third party may not claim compensation where the personal qualifica tions of the person with whom he has dealings is not essential to him and the agent agrees to be personally bound by the act he had done on behalf of another. The first section of ,this arti�le serves to protect the agent f rom inc�rrin1 liability to the third party23 through the third par ty's erroneous interp :etati on ° the document evidencing ithe agent's au tho rity. If ,t he agent has been give n ah�od cument by his principal and he shows this document to the third party, the t _i r party must rely on the documelllt as a correct statement of the agent's au tbortli. Since !he principal is solely responsible for that document, only l1e is 1.iablTh� the third party for confusion which may arise as to the agent's authority. d agent is not ·liable unless he committed fraud. - that is, unless it ca-n be pro �� e that he knew what his authority was and intentionally misrepresented to party its scope. 21. See Civ. C., Arts. 2184-85, and the discussion thereof above. 22. See Civ. C., Art. 2188. 23. Compare Civ. C., Art. 2194(3), which serves a similar purpose.

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The second part of the article deal� with the case in which an agent who authority, and thus h�s n�t bound his principal, agrees his beyond aoted . bas 1dent1ty of the person with whom :himself to be bound to �e contract. If the _ part e�sent1a.l an not 1s of the contracts contract, the third party party third the can. bold the agent to his new_ contract, but :he cannot claim damages from either _ ?rity, agrees to supply the the prtnci pal �r agent. Thus, 1f an agent, w1tho�t auth 1he pr1nc1pal s behalf, the principal is on product standard a with party rhird not bound. But if the agent agrees to be bound instead, and it does not matter to the third party who supplies t•he produ�t, ·he must be satisfied wit·h the agent. He cannot sue either agent or principal for damages.

Art. 2197. - Agent acting on his own behalf. (1) An agent who acts on his own b�half shall personally enjoy the rights or incur the liabilities deriving from the contracts he makes with third parties, notwithstanding that such dlird parties know that he is an agent. (2) Third parties shall in such case hale no direct action against the principal and may only exercise against him, on behalf of the agent, the rights per taining to the agent. This article concerns agents who deal with third parties in their own names, and not in •the name of their principal.24 ]n such a case, if the third party does not know who ,the principal is, the princi pal is said to be ''undisclosed," even though the third party may know that the agent is acting on behalf of someone e]se. An undisclosed principal is not liabl� on t.he contract. The agent and the third party are held to have contracted ·tcgether, and the agent rather than his principal is bound iby :the contract. The third party therefore cannot sue the principal directly on the contract. However, he can sue the agent, and throu�h the agent he can in effect indirectly sue the principal. Under Article 1993 of 1he Code, a creditor may ensure that his d.ebtor collects sums owing to him so that the creditor is fully paid, and, more directly in point, under Article 2197(2) a ithird party may exercise agai°'st an undisclosed" principal rights which the agen .t has agains.t that principal. Among the agent's rights against the principal is tle right given by Article 2222 to com pensation for liabilities incurred by 1the agent on the principal's behalf. Since his liability as agent for an undisclosed principal was incurred on behalf of the prin cipal, the principal is liable for this same liability to the agent and. through Articles 1993 and 2197(2), the third party has an effettive remedy even against an undisclos ed principal. There are two points to be noted abovt a third party's ability to sue an un disclosed principal, however. One is that he can sue only for money damages be cannot demand specific performance, because the principal does not owe this to It.he agent under Article 2222. Only the agent can be sued for specific perform ance of the contract with the third parity. Secondly, if for any reason the agent owes t·he principal money, the principal may set off this sum against the amount he owes the agent under Article 2222,25 and for that much of the obligation it.he third party will 1be able to look only to th� agent. 24.

The article states "on his own behalf," bt:t it is clear that this is meant to be "in his own name, while on the _principaJ's behalf." Sec Note on Code Translation, at the end of this commentary. 25. See Civ. C., Art. 2223.

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a witl1 d ed 11:.hir ract cont party in his own has t agen an if ple, exam For amc. an for 11 t 11nkn�v-1 principal or n � whether he has stated that be is an agen o th n the o e ' c c ag liab the Jf . ·act. both conu } are ent party third br h and gent a es thec a . ages dam for him If• the sue may party third the Contract, • · t h� und"1sc1osec:13 pr1nc1pa1 . ·agen·t cannot paY, the But 1f the agent 0 third party can then go aga1ns·t s d e dedu w c the � ill fro1n �� be amount whi h : the principal money, that s�m principal must pay to the third. party. The third party, ntherefore, h as com 1 e recourse against the agent· but, 10 some cases, le ss ·than rtill recourse agai nsi ;�ee undisclosed principal.

Art. 2198. - Rights of principal. (1) Without prejudice to the rights of third parties in go9d faith the p • cipal may recover any movable which the agent aequired on 'his � while acting in his name. (2) He may substitute himself for the agent with a view to enforcing the claims ¾ acquired on his behalf.

(3) The principal m.ay not exercise his rights under this Article unless lie discharges his obligations towards the agent. An undisclosed principal may not directly sue the third party as a party c to the contra t. But if the principal discharges all his obligations towards the agent - so that the third party can get satisfaction. from the agent for any damages under the contract, a11d so that tl1e agent is treated fairly26 - he does have some rights pertinent to the transactio·n. In the first place, the •principal can recover fro1n the agent any movable property (defined in Civ. C., Arts. 1127-39) which the agent obtained from the third party. so long as this does not prejudice the tl1ird party's position with regard to the agent. Thus, if the agent has acquired a car from the third party, in his own name, but in the principal's behalf, the principal can compel the agent to transfer the car to th e principal if this does not cause harm to the third party. Secondly, if tJ,le agent has acquired claims against the third party, the prin cipal can substitute himself for the agent to see to it that these claims are enfor ced. His position in this respect against the third. party is as strong as the third party's position against him under Afiticle 2197(2). Since the agent could, the principal also could demand specific 1performance by the third party on his con tract with the agent. But it would seem .that if ,the agent, for any reaso� , ow � the third party any money, the third party could set off this debt against his obligation under Article 2198.27 Appendix NOTE ON CODE TRANSLATION The Civil Code originally was drafted in the French language, then transl� t 5r ext ncies · discrepa ed into Amharic and English. unfortunately, a number of between these versions in Chapter 1 of Title XIV. 1 2 192 h 2191, e English T version of Articles 2180, 2183, 2189, 2190, · � , 1 2196, and 2197, speaks of the ''corutract'' which an agent makes with a th 1 219 , 2189 2183, t par y on behalf of the principal. The Amharic version of 2180,

�;d

26. See av. C., Arts. 2197 and 2222·23. 27. Co mpare �v. <:-, Alt: 22�3. under which the principal can set off sums owed him b�Jf{ d an 2) 2197( Arts. aacnt against his obligations -to th.c third party under Civ. c.,

- 314-

A COMMENTARY

ON THE LAW OF AGENCY-REPRESENTATION IN ETI-IIOPIA

( ''contract'' the (l)'-ll); Amharic of 2190, 2192, and 2193 of speaks 2197 and 2196, '' ( 1-"lllC ). The French version either uses the word ''act'' (acte)r ''act a of ks pe he t i ith'' ''deal�ng ty a agent; in either case, the French thir 1he � � � � of s speak �r clearly includes all J �nd1cal �cts which _th� �gent perfor �11 � on behalf of the principal. A contract 1s the maJor type of 1und1cal act,. but 1t 1s not the only one. Since there is no str�ng reason wh� the I _aw of rthese articles should be limited to contracts, the English and Amharic versions shotild be read to include juridical 2187 Articles and 2188 also speak of the ''contract''· contracts. than other acts roade by the agent with a third party. However, ''contract'' is also used in the French and Amharic (contrm; <lrll ), and the articles should be read as they appear. The English version of Articles 2181, 2182, and 2195(a), speaks of a ''power of attorney." A power of attorney is sometimes thought to be a for1nal written doctlflDent. The French merely uses rthe word ''power'' (pouvoir) or the words. · '� power of representation'' (pouvoir de representation), neither of which embodies a requirement or implication of for111ality or of a written document. The same is. true of the Amharic ( JUtlf1J1=<DJ?,Vo:f'�1R..tflait'=JUtlf1JJ: ). Therefore, the English, words '' power of attorney'' should ·be read merely as ''power," without any im plication of special formalities or of a written document. The English and Amharic versions of Article 2181(2) state that an agent's. authority as regards a third party is fixed according to what the agent tells the third par,ty. The French rendition is substantially different: where the English and Amharic say ''agent'' ( h1R..tn ), .the French says ''the person represented'" (represente'), that is, the principal. The English and Amharic seem to make little sense, since they give considerable freedom to the agent at the expense of the principal, and require li�tle diligence on the part of third parties. However, since the difference in meaning is substantial, and since the Amharic account is official, little can be done about this problem unless the Civil Code is amended to conform with the drafter's intention, or unles·s the courts adopt ithe arguable principle that the French version may be used rto interpret Amharic provisions which make little sense, even where :the language of the Amharic provisions is unambiguous. The English translation of Article 2195 speaks of the principal being "jointly'' liable with .the agent. The word ''jointly'' in the common law systtem means that both parities may be sued, ·but that •they mt1st be sued together, in the same action. This can be disadvantageous where it is difficu1t for the court to, get jurisdiction over one of the parties. The French version uses the word soli- dairement; !this word also· means ''jointly," but its interpretation in French law falls closer to what is called ''joint and several Jiability'' in rthe common law; that is, both parties are liable, and they may be sued together, or they may be sued separately for the full amourut of the obligation, in the discretion of the plaintiff. The Amharic terminology ( tJ ••. Jt) is somewhat ambiguous, but it seems to be interpreted like the French. Under these circumstances, the meaning of the French version should govern. The English translation should be treated as a mis-translation (the words ''and severally'' having been omitted). The Amharic provisions being somewhat ambiguous, the language of the dra£ter - the French - should be used as an aid in choosing the better interpretation, toward which the Amharic leans anyway. The French interpretation is supported 1by its greater flexi�iliity; because the purpose of Article 2195 is Ito make both the agent and _ pr1nc1pal liable for their own actions, their own faults, it would seem that no Un.necessary· restrictions should be imposed on third parties entitled under the law to sue them. 315 -

JouRNAL oF E1·H10PrAN LAW -

-VoL. III - No. 1

The English version of Article �197 speaks of an agent ''acting ·on hi8 acc�unts speak of an agent acti ,,. , own behalf." The �ren�h and Amhar1c ng ,t s] name (en so,i 11.01n p:·o�re; flirt). z lJ his o�n _na�e'' ?r . ''in his .[the_ agen, Vo 1 ·The distmct1on 1s llllportant. since a.n ag �n� can act on,.b�h�f of another but still in his own name (for example, a co�m1_ss1on �gent; �1v1_l code. Art. 2234). The .essence of representation, as embodied 1n Art�cle 2109, 1s .that an agent acts 1. the name of another; Article 2197 is clearly 1nte, nded to• co-ver the opposite. � 1uation; that is, when an agent_ acts in his own name. If it did no t, there wo�� be no provisions covering the c1rcu �stance where an agent acts. in his own name. 'The situation wh�re an agen� acts 1n the name of anothe1·, but 1n his own behalf, is covered essen�1ally by Articles 2187 and 2188. For rthese rea�ons, the Amharic. and F �ench vers1_on s_ are the only ones reasonab �e, an � tl1e English should be read _ -accordmgly. _A s1U11lar langua.ge problem ex1sts 1� �,�1cle 2196 .(2), where the Eng lish translation speaks of the act the agent did 1n behalf of another." The French and Amharic speak of an act ''in the name of another'' (au no,n d'autui· Jlt\.'l , (l<Ir ). Here, too, the En,glish should be read 1to conform with the Amhari� and French versions .

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JriD1Lt'1tIJ«11 • : l\.fl·:;_. : +1{l 'IAlf-,.. : HFosPl- : 1t1�.em+oo,i : t\°7 11:: 1\1\ : 001 11: : L'Pl..'PA : 1 ft\'11 : L:I'� : f,f-1'i,, : fh9°'1:1, : :J,I\:,• : l\"'lilt.1, : }t"}�f,+cn· : h"?.ht\ht\W-: f.."}11: il,I\ i °7"}'i';(JJc"} 9°: fh9°'1:,- : : {l(\')' I ,f-hltif.. : ( l;rfl.(1-:f : ht\'hdJ(),(1 : •l"f,ff : .. :J I lll»'1:9° : O<'J �9° tr/\ : r+11 : hlf', : r'°1-.,�l,\ : t;:C1: : '1.Y..l- : lD}tfOr.,.. : h°7ill1f',:,. : 1,(tCtt-:t-A :: /\9°ltil, : O i·ftlfl:,.'i : mt : �Cf: : {1:,. : O+lllflT : +1·: out]hA : 'lt\Or : 1.•lt : DrilT : 0Tf.l..1: fOl/filLA"l : "7H<'JfT : fT17 : f1'9"'1:,. : :J>A : °7ill1f'l·J: : T+'lf.'IT: hf1:t;9° 11 9 1i'lJtr,,,9° : Oh�t\ : .,,,:,- : �Cf: : f1·f--l- .1 (State Courts) r+lO : 67'l�Dr9° : Th'11i : 001/l.(.,<' : {1:,- : ltt\ = mfl:J> : 1'"}�, 'i/..(I}- : f /\m• : 0011:,.. : ti.emn:i»tt:,. : f(lmlD' : f1'9°'1:,.. : :l'A : 067ill1f'I:,.. : 1i "}�f1ft°IA : f°7.ff.CdJ : f."}11 : (l'-,lvt.A : �Cf: : lt.Y..l· : (10000P'1,.:,, : l\f, : ',Or :: to ;rtL(ll- : 09°ilm. C'i =1..1t'l : fl67�H9° : +mCIIJtm·1 : /\oouacuac : fl\TOJ• = P'A."11 i ftOl/(l:J>fT : T<'J'lC : 9°:t: : il/\67f,lf1 1 h'ltLV : o,,,\:,. : f.'Jfll• : Ah : 1'1f.: 'h1 "liL�: �l,<'J: f,V'l : P'A."11 : (loo "} L"l: f7fL{l"} : f61!-'1�: rf•°l 'le:f = t\ODOJ;t-:i• = == 1/,\

_e.qPn�lt-

nootJ;tlil. = 1iil·t = f "''-"" 1 = ,,� = 1i1 uaA.h:,- ncn'l ..(• = f m1,:t\� = ou:,,66). : :ti<'J : P''I : P'C'l·1· : ODIPl..:,• t 11 ;rtL(l-:f : ·f•mCIIJ&Dr'l : h "} f.: 8 ''lift= 71l.ll r hm.ff:i» : f,f•llf, a1.-n�r'' ·! llt"7.'i"A .: ftolD- s &'ii.m- :. !ufi : -,�· 1 �f,i ff:li ; nm:,»I\I\ s f�!lA � 9

hlt7i

hTif m- ; tTDAfl s {lll!JI' s f.'i"J!.·l·Y: : fl,f;:,.(l s (111:i»I\J!.

'i!/CL:i• � f. fl � !Df!ii)

1 I • 1K" fi hti1i r- il (}-T&9° , 11c:,. , &;re:,- = (ftom-fcil , h.-'t7i1) 1 ii'Af.fD • jf 1 °7fl-& t ooA,(l 1 (l"l" 1 f.'j"J!.,l-Y: 1 {l,r;:,•{l s (m:JI\J!. s t;:/CL:,. s f.. il Y.Jif!li) • f. il (}-T&fD • tac:,. • &;re:,. • (tt-m-fcil • lh-'t·li1 • t�) , ii'r\'f.fD • ii 1K" i'if.§f{t.Q :: to hti1i • lhilll{l.P,., tTDt\il • (l� 1 h.ll. 'iJ!.ll 1 (m�I\J!.: 'i!/n.:,-: f. il !JJfi�) � f.. il (}-T&9° • t-c:,. • &;rc•l·, (tt-m-ft.il s h.-'t1i1) f ii'Af.9", it§ 1 1K" • liY.:l� 1 'PJ!. r tioY.tac ! ''fm O:J- I "'l°l·r:,. s ou-n:,-r; I f1o�£D- sf,'h1 I ou11pi-:,- I "'lififf I ilft I .,.hta1i I '1'�°1 • {lll)fD• hti:+� 1 ou-n:,., s f,�.KLw:�; ?,.fftoOI''? f.. 1''i! n:111 • tt-m- 1 &ii.a>- t ii'Af..9'° 1 «1J 1 (!flf�I)' 1K" 1 h r:

= =

- 319-

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�/l1- : 'Jt.1J;.mf,4!:t- : h(JDL+�--9° : fli\,e. , _119° : 'It"}��(:\ z I\J'ilo1}:,, ,:k T 12 rf"ffi(, llltro• : ft7 fl{l : · fl • • 1\(D : lD f,9°: 0"1 �-:fittt-· If �1C I °11 : nm:,,1\ 0 'l , m = � = = k! : '1:t- : 07/Lil = '1'0:1' re f J-� '1"1 0.1-d) � = r,,9°�:,-- : :J> � .. A . _ . ° n�cf: : 1.tL : {1,f-h'i 7f- : l\f, : Oll'lrt_l>f'l-l" : i'��«i'C-0.0·..1"9 :: rtcr�T 2 > r1: n�,: ,-... f � i'i· : f : fh� • hlt : :J (D• '1 1 <P/. : '1:i· 'l,,e. �T 1-+ : ill;f f :Pit-: {lO'f .. u l.:Pf:: (JP ii m,..f:1'i : :J'_it·1 = 'if,(l'f' = 1f 9° : l\61i\,;f = f ti lD"1 : ou,{1:,..: °'Im -A..n • : '1!1 : {lD'i.,fl ,:J°l'I' = -�� t.:i : (l.(l'f:' 'IOJ· :: f J·LU : f..'}11 : ?t.'1 (l r d1•1-11 • • -. -{lJiC°l'r : {1�1. : &.:I'f:: +n'l',f-'PA : f°t'lt\ ..:1 : fh9��;,"' : :J>f\,),: O�c� : (b:,.C : kT : f'T{l(n•.."f-- : (I.If� i t\71\.ll : f ,,...nmc : fil9°�r : :J t\:,.. : "I"} : (1"'/ it1Y.f: : f+17· : 'i:,:(D• : ,,.....nl\ lD': (JDlI}C,nt-:r= ID" : h"} F-..Ill/ f,4'C: F,1A �A :: r7·1Lll1: '1'/ll1f..f..' : l\°11f: : ih.1P-1' : llTiLil = :P A : o u+nA : f°7. 11�1: ro·m:t-: 1t1f..: '1'/ill�: hf,t0ft«-r9° :: 13 1

fh..Tf"kfro· : 1·1Yo i ir-: @�::

... . ' :, il\f. n.. ,,.. m+ (t« - = ? {l,"t- = Fca, ., =

a11:f , r.. fl'I, =

t..:J' .r.· r..,..1): fh9°�:,-: :J>i\T1: 1t1f..: '1'/ill;f = 1t1�J?,4' CO· = fOlf..hnhl\ro•: f.."},fl i ,,..1n.: f/,\lf�: f?'/Lil : f?°C(JIJt,.: HYosP1--'} : l\°7"lf.." : ficl! : �lD• i -t,fl(lo : itf,;J- ° d : O .lf1,- :- ro-m.;r:,:m. : 1l :,,flJ,r..l,9 f�:, ,h = bC = fro"} ll\ �'i : (JP"}9° :: ... li'I';:,{1. : lf'r : JtA,1··119° :: 14 J?,IA:Pil : Clfi','J.�1-·�.. : it1c:: },�ltU"} : 111-o 91-:f : O"'f"lf: 1- {lro'}j!t\ : f,f-- ml,nlro·" } : (101· = (JIJ...,1:,- = rll..(l:f : 1,1-�f, �� {1 :,.. : (\111/f:l°I t ..,.. al,"'It : f,."}{l1• : ..,..f..1°11'PA :: r'1 : P' cq.-)--ll : h.11oT: '1�? ftl...:,•r-A· .. r:,f1°l : l,'1J·l.l11': 1:. �--:;-«: ll"'f'f'-i,,1•: fOl/...fili"--tt-: ooUftf?J1--1 = .f.(lflJA'J? 1-i� = o.... r,ll=n....r'Jll = OhkA = .f.(lllJA = 11r-- t.9° 'i/\u�

ftIJ'Jlll� : oo:t,Q;J, : dt°l: F'l : FC",,,...,. : ,,�-: @� : i1.. tu: f,/\A

/\�Cf..' : fb,f: : fOl/..'11�:,.1: :J>l\:t-'i : f<PJ.{1"1·,l•"} : fl,9°�,l· : : J'I\T: f{JD{JD 11111: P' /,\fl)"} t 12 hU"}..(' f'"llll;:f ihdJ (1�fG"I) t 1'11-cf>K' I ti� h'i fii f }-,_"}!!.:: ..,..hll7i: {l?"t\.il' "10.J1' fOIJ.(\mco-, 1 fh9°}T I JP/;\ : O'i:C� • ft:,.. =h1-f.."?illj.f = ),1-P,.ero(l�•: f"7.f'1f.ro•"J ';,,--:,, .e.m:,,ll� is }1C • dJ"} : ll.'}cf>?." 1 r;:,. : A��:,.. : f'!!.C;JA � _e.·ti m•9° : l\7't\.il I fh?"� 1· ' JPA = h,J.. flm = O�I\ = r--1•1,: : }1c»:f : (r"'l."1,fl� = ePJill']f?':.f..) , m:J•OIJ. : h�A = hfl- ' n"7.:J...e. o:,-. = 1...t1. , ft..,,c-o = .e.":fI\ A zs 13 hl\.e, O'"l Ah;f-: !6 r+mtf>(lCJ>o : r,,.. {\r }tD- {l}-,_'},f,X•: 3·j: fl\W•: 1t..ll, 1'{lll�: $:l{l : ih1":f : fi?"ft.(l":f , 1\1, 1 fCP/1$..· , {D<ffl.:,.. : fl\:,: m- : uatr"I-: fm&-IJ't-t\ 11 t.-f'}t{}it·: fh9°�•l· : JP/;\ • f-,..P,�'} r 'i:fu , }'IC : h1-J!.'"l-fl&•t..•'l:, uam"} , 011.IJ , 1,9°�·1· : :J•A 'I\� · {llj:�.9° : oooot}:,- I fJtsru�:,- :Pfr h'JY.CP/ill� 1',"}P,_e.�f,,11C: t\ '/.tJJ�11�-:,- ?"t\.tt.9'-:f·' (00 1P l;r 'I! : hchc-l· ) : 00:J'OJ"'l.f I .e.lf'iC\ rt 14 fl1ltt-?>l· • 1t1c-l· = CJ>ollT • ?"f\.(l:1:1- , n'i"..1·,h , -n,,..cr : lf} , nro,)!A 1\(111:,,tlJ:,•: �� 1 f'-'7.1 "1 :f:> & blf�T 9°h' Jf..Y.1": CJ>ollT I hCJ>o}r�'} t\lP/l;J'IIJ': ('{\..:,.: ":i·'?C"i• f ot1•" 11-nP:Y.. • '"l }il'i = ?"ft.(l1,, . • t\ODJPl"> = MF.l'ICJ>o • ro:1: 0, = il11•'i = fP.��:,- = '1t\P'A . h9° 7l" {l+cj=}:,- 'iTCJ>o {lrf•t\1, f0Da;\.l m- 9°h1-f·1· Oll..:i·r·A-J' {J}'{\1' t;:Y.. .e.'il-PA ! f001-"I P':t· DJPCL • ih1i" : 1'11lff'f?J=J: : ;rft.(li• , llt\rr�- = Ot-ll:i:'!1·1 f}Af. lfl�:fco-, : l\.e, • (lf,.'}-fl 1 .e.h&-11-r • �J!,UDitl\9° zs O··f•Q;l.'"16 1 fOJ"}j!/\-i" , 1 l}t\ 1 ih"I .,.... §f11 1 '' fi1'1CL'f::J• , f"t+c-n I f!D1-�A , hil'' , ll.J!,f..t\'J° 1 illlH.tJ • f n1f-O J:. --� A P' "J'i·,:: (lOJ'}�t\� OD:t,"l, ihdJ. P'} .P'CDT fi 'r- �o : uav,t.:i·' ftJ!,IPT' o.,t,{•' f+->�m- • 0111- • f"IA I nil , f"7.f+c•nn,i- • r1-'I° • 00'}1i- � fll'l° 11 I

(

- 320 -

::,�! , I ��:

✓. -

(ji)

f+�"'l.: 'J°COD� : �C-": fLT: />'',: P'C'¼:,-. I Wf,,'J°: rro,,:{\- : hil : oa(t"'l:i- : h 00 lOD?a : n&.:,. : 61/'iT(D«'J° : fL:,-. : 67'}· i1lD'1'J° = f,,.(lm(J}«'} = :J>A. = lDf,,9° : fh9°',T : :J>l\•l· : ftoooo11 111 : f.,l-1\ A.::

�c� :

(t) fi:C..(' = fLirf: : :J>A. : rof,,9° = fh9°',:,-. : :J>A: f (lm(D«'}: (lro•: /tf,,m ilmirf:1 : itfl,:J'11' : f+(lm(J}«'}: 1,:,,c; : 0',7 : t.:J>>;, .: :J>t\--1 : :PIA : OJf.,'J° : f1'9°',:,• : :J>A : ODOD1f11l : 'tt.f.,l-A.9° :: f,,1iCIJc'J° :· = "" = ODKt;: = tt. ft oP 1f1 ==

(r)

n :,.

�C .l!': fL,f:: f+(lmro·'}: :J'A. : rof.,9°: fJ-t'J°',:,•: :J>A: llf:}.l!'A r OD- {\- : ng-,h -lj: : f,,oo ti 01 '1 A ! g-Ji.4-- 'J° I :J>A. : (JJf,,'J° : fh'J°., :,.: �IA : ft(tm(J}« ? (lro• : b•,.',00/\:,• : n�I\ : f.,&.C'J°O;r/A I +'1-19°: f.,��n;rA I O+(lmro·'J° : :J>&\: l\f., : r�c�: fL·f: : T�tL�'}:,• :· f.,t..c'l°n:J· A ==

roioot..'J°t..m·

�c�

= ro1,,'1° = n(t-1 = f"?..(161/ro• = tt,I\ = = (§) no-1 = rt:i•: Olf',: '1.tl. 1 fttl.O•: �c�: fLT'i': ftO:J>fL: m1•: roo111er1: ., Aq 61b = OD" = tt.ft ==

n:,..

,n'1 :

f H.tJ s ,J>--1'C : '¼l\67 : 9°1-"1 : ',OJ•? h;'h'}.(!' : f OJ'}lft '1: oo:,,66J. : 15 : P''t : FC'¼T: btJtj:A. ,:JC: fft(J}« ·= :,.IA:,,: ODOD/t(lA: (l.;J--1,, f fh.TfwkflD4 = m'1 tt.c:J14!9'l- = nODm'I- = fm1>;..1 Fe'¼:,. = /tf-b+f\- =

!�!! :

1s k 1,;_e1 , h&°t'iA • Tc.>(L ,:c • }1.(· ¾ hl\1, : f1"7ouAh.r • Iii : +m:,,!J..A 11 cJ>-- f�§ •· f+ i1?- I (f'f'(lffi4) I :J-a\:,-01''i I fh'J°):,-0 I :J>l1:,-01' : f0DOD1f1f1.f : J-"A"l1' :t (1) OlllJ• 'J°lJ�'i!• m1,'J° • t\1..ILOJ-• OP� •. 1\1, • O'Pt\ : ihdJ : m1,'J° • hllJ • 0;\a\ , 0"'11'.;:lD-9° • 1.,tL I f'J°COD�OJ- : m1,'J° r ftJ(t : 00;1-.f:,• • hou,:ou? - : 04'.:,• 1 7/lil I f A lfi , "'11'�tD-'l° • 'P'i: ��, ('T&.IL�1'(l .: "'i]!-il,1•�:i•): OJ 1,'J° "'i'i:fm•'J°, ff,,�'i I fl�'>, h«;:A• ��':l"- : fl'J°COD�(D- : .1 .t f : f,f·(lma> ·1': ,:J•(A s m1,'J° : r1,'l°�:,.• ,:J•A : flODlfdJO- �

1,-;r.." "" :t

. (3) fh'J°}:,-0 : :J>A I hooou1i1n· : 04'.:,• : P,.;: (D - : ,f•hta'i'f- : :J>l\·1 1 t\DDilm-l· • c#Jfu;.f• t ff\t\{1:,. • oulf'i-1''i : fOl/.(lma>· : fh'l°�:,.• :J'f,\ • OC(l- , 1'1, h1J.'.."'iill>f , f°tmft�n:,.., oolf'i-1' , OD<#Jt\?i": .nt\n:,- 1: "'i1�tD-'F' : �� : fh'l° �:,. :J>A , {l6J.l'OJ-1' (Lm.e.:,, ou � , fi1llD-: t\ODlf'i-: 'J° tJ'}f,1·: ht\.t\lD- 1 ,:J>t\•1 11t1,0DtldJ1l'l° ! "'i1'�tD-19° • fh'J°}-l·: :J>A 1 (l.00 11<111 : O?i"m-'i! : °1C1. : l,1J.'..Ol/.hrf't\tD- I J?il;J'm'q : 1,? .4-A d ''t\ (h9° ): fh'J°},f:1 : :J>A : t\DDilm:,.: CJYu::J' : h1J!..t\.t\O.:,•'i: fD?.(lm tD-: fh'J°}-r • :l'A I flC(l- : 'l1, •.h1'J!.."'iilt.:;f: h1J.'..Dtm(l�fl�• : 1Aa;i.ft;J•t\u . I 1,IJ : fh'l°}:, .. 1 :J>A I O L :l'� • frf•(lm , oolf).'} , h'l° 'it\V• ! fh9°}.rf:: : :J>A : h� • 'lt\v .O:,.'i• 0(101/V-T • i'?i"G: 1 I ""4it"'j I hlD-� {\{161,;L(Do : (}(I)- I ,f'}{lt\:,• : :, • hht\.;:},f::1' I .n�&\ S: ?i"m-'f!'J° : f(lOJ-foOJ-'} ·, + � I :PA : f,!J.A :s (4'.C"'i) I � I f1. j

.•

(2) OC(l• thi\11 • t\)1?-• v-.�;J· • fl trJ'l° , ,f•il"'i°t hou(l t\OJ- h'>J.'..H.IJ = '¼1,�,f.:f:• :J> · 1\:,.1 htLIJ I 0;\I\ I h1'J.'..,f'ODt\h,f • (D- I f"'iilt.;>f I h��'i! I _eou111'lt\· 11 flh1.,.?i": f.f�§ s o,f'(l mlD4: v,,�:J· • oov,l :,· , fh'l°}..f·:f. : :Pi\:,• : t,001110-'i s 1,Ll"'i t\• I htt.lJ 1 0;\I\ : f,f•(l · m--l-- : (f,,.}?-:,- ) , ,:J>I\:,• : a> 1,'l° : fh'J°) :,-0 , :Wt.:i• t )1°t'1' • t\°tDDl 'J° la>- : m1,'J° 1 tJ(l-1 • I\CJI/..ODt\h+ OJ- I �� I ,,.,.C'l"",,

��

tlfH'li\"1. i fh'J° )•f::'} : rof,9° , f•f'(lmro·1-• (��:) 1

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;I-IA: f"7...,.0 t\a>-'i I ftJ?. ou11<100J- "'i]!-h:,.&.:,-.;: )1?-1' r t\DDil "'i:,. 1 P'AtrJ'} s ll.'i la>•• hil Ll\1..: h1,Y.t\9° , .

- 321 -

16 C 1'1.ll.c\4'4- : hf,tnltn 9" at fltlt'l-'l. : ;,,'? = >i1f..1'"u8t\h:1,.'iroci J;�m: :, 0 r t : f, '} P'A. : t-(l,nfl:r 9' ,.:. h i_r:r � n�c1-" llJ . , :J'I\T 1'1-'loPH"l-fl • s � :, 1 1''11- 1 {/DG� 1 rai+c(lc : OtLV. : auv,t_:,- : rt0@t61!l· = fh9°}� : .+1t:,.. : (lr = ft : 'f = 'h.1Y-679°'1 t\.f+cn• ,, "� ti.ft"? � , :rA 'Im= ilttlf). 11 : 2 -0 f"tLA.'1-'PTlD-1 : f7'9°'1T : :J>I\:,- : ll"fl = ..,..OD.lf ifiWc: : n�TC : uiG . ODIPlT : O'l'I I L:J'1: : oo(lm;J..:fm- : h1Jl.l;,1 a-r � fm1inc;: : oo:,,� : :ti°I I P''I I P'Cq:J-'f1 : hC:J>4!9'l· : thit11 : )fie :e ffi§f<lU :r OD v,l :,.. : f ; l\ '" n oon1 n- = r"9°.,:,. = :J> I\:,. = a.11: = 'h1F-«7.f.t.1 o] � n ..,.,,h «'7i� = 'lfs = n °' ill ;f'IT : OD:,,l11 : fttfl:f!m-9" ::

nll! �

f1-tC..4'4!9':ii s thit-0 : hl\f, : 'h.1f.1-m<f>(lt»- � h !fl {\ flP''I : P'C'¼i: : -f..'111(lr : {\9°'} = f,lf1? i\if.U : <l>'r,f'c1: ODl\(l. 1 : O°IA� J'Ai tD il'I' : : ih°I f{IDl�: h4>f10A : f..111 : i·1n. : il<t:�ro--: ftD1]!'l\�::: ov:P"J.: ;,1-,: P'� 2 P'cq:,., itf,lf'} : f"'lill;f= m°I : (Evidence Code) DDir'i-= ',ro• :: fDIJill :q': ih°I : (ltD"I : Ah : fm11: : f"'lilljf : ih'1 = 'h1-1..°7..!t«ro..c;: Ot\1\9°: it1C : 11 1'11."'lf..l1(lr : f'h.9°',:,.. : :J>A : n�'1 : t.:,- : l)'-90Dlf1-0 : fl.+c : f° tfilll "" TlltD- 1 lD"ffls•l· : 9°'} : 7'1f..Ol/.lf1 : 'h.1f.°7.1A1'. = i'iC:PcJ.!9':I: : .,<11\'l'C'l'C : itilnm· = ., nc ::

1'C°l'I' : ',(Ir • ftD"})!t\ � : ao:,,ffJ. : ;,,ai : P'1) = P'C'},l•'i : fDIJhl� : ih°I 1 0'1"}1: : 1,lt : ;1--(lri(lr : .ru.',."} : T C. : lLffltD'?};..A"} : {}ftOD;J!I\ TlD" = DD'f't:! : ti;JllJ"'l. = �lD' :: 1'.0J•'I:,- : ',m◄ 1 fro1,:n«1 : OP:,,6liJ. : ;,.-, : P''I : P'cq:,.. : htLU : 01\1, : fmcf>il t}c:,c"} : fm'JJ;..'} : '¼1,�T : f.."}11 s ooh +h- = fnt--nt--A :: tt'rtit\ = f"'l.hi-flw-1 = ncnc = 18 1\100Ah:i• i nm,,: fl� : oo:,,liliJ. : ih°I : P''I : P'Cq:,.. : {},,....TC : ?;7. : '10·il : '114'�: I! : 19 01

r• ,-

_...

= au1.e .. = dl.., : W4ll.rr, r"'l..1"f.. = cr-.rrc:l· = ooi1c?0 v•>..:J· 16 lb1t-°;f. -o�SJ>l-. flh.rr-A-1 :lt°I • W4il.rr • .f trT1 • +--rrc:l-• ,.eooll"-tr ss tt9"'talh I Clll..Tf-kf = ,n.., •,,,... © 1 cJJ6 1 !li'>'i nu1.e- dl°I • +-. fji o f�f. 1 !l§ • ootihA : f/lll141 , ,f-(]Dltl)f,'l:,-: "1'}.';0D"1"1:ft&'i 1S'- s :,»Y-9° , .,_ h.+I\:fID4 r ,.eon flh:tA ,: flll>4'l•I: = r+-. ©?; , tc; • "1'1�v•9'° = flhll-:f., f,J-m+tt-:t- • Jr.'J+t.':f = +'1',f-� • M'I!" 1 h1S'-l\.fto=ri r f"1")<#Jfl.lf , cp� s u1�";f 1 :ll1l- 1 ou1-.e-: ,n°I 1 ,.,, 1 0.-1-oowl,•f•a,. 1 f"7ft1 1 fm11,.ft� , ou:,»"1 1 :ll°I • P''l • P'COT • ltf.11"1 : Jr.f,+C9"' ss fh,,1·V-A-1 1 ,,,... «1i ' ijji 1 tjj� I !lti1c;" I flP/1\.f' I dl°I I Jr.1+x-: f!I � f!§ f f1�'r: ftf1 : "1"}P.OD"1"1T a,.'i I �?f. . f f.'I° 1 ,J-h•l·1'.:fll>4 • fmPa.e-�A d ilftf;1&- • '1-flt:.:i• , v1c:l- • fJ..°I • ''O..,.. • {I-fl 1 • f,tt • thlt-fl , tta,..,·fT • r-t·111+ft-T'J , Jr.'1+1-l- = h(a.1-,:1;rc • (Jr.'1+ 1.· • ft. ftil � fftf'i t!ii I h(I-P.1 • (Jr.1+1"' fII , f!i ·I f!jj'i , t;?;) 1 hfl"'L'i'I! • c;J!,1,.l,f • ( h1+1i ; ft.t: 1 ft.i • fft�'i • fii) • rm11,.tt� • oo:i»"L = ,n°I , P''l , JPco.-l· , ,?C • '"'"',:.,;,A 17 hi\!!, 1 !i�tD-'} 1 IP/m>Ah.r a f.DPfth:t:A d 18 OH.U I X",h.fi! I ll>4il,r I f°7.1�T • ·Cl�SJ>:f : ,hltCli• r ClJr."}�1,e.:,i : ,f-"11,9':J: r )1chC I (m-,.e..e-r) I f ,J-Lm� I 'iTID4 .. 19 0,J-ftf,, : ''f"t(lmw- • °1'iTID49'° r :J»A , Cl°1lll.:«t"�·1· : f "t+C•Cl , DDIT.,.1'' : fD7.,ilCD- : th�-, 11 O,t-"1-a,� • h'l.e..rtu • hchc • .,...e..c�A 1'h.,,... s-z , illl , -t•ro{l�:,- 1 ''f•f-fl; 1 :l»lt:,.,, I f°7.J1ODfth..,.m- I +-- 2i = fihh I l.4!:,» I "'H,..?:E,SJ>:r: I O"°' ' (1,,,... ff I (II'IIP "'J: f,f•m>H 1C1• 1 �9°iT • ?ltT I hft- 1 fl"'l.,(lO,(l:,-. 1 1..fl. 1 t'J.e.. r Of/ill."!r • h1)l-tClt il °I I n1S'- 1 iOl. • Y�A. 11 �1C 1 °l'J • ' 'O.,..tam 1 :J-A."' 1 7l'i r ''Cl7'9°'l,r 1 ?,.� (ll'tabA01 l)f, -l•A.cp I A�i:,-. I Jr.ft I A.Ji;t-:fw-r I f7'9°�T I ? lr'l I f(lmm- I .,..hlt7i r (LOJ.("9° *"A If 1 �'I°' Om-�iJ • :J»A I f°ta>�)!Afl:,. a '1.11"'1 1 Oflmm-, :J-A , .,,,. , 1t.ero�1,.ACJ,r � � f tft'I- ftl'i • 21 • �9°�T • :J»A. • ltf.m:i»(I- • OD:,.l.T , tJ-fl,f: • +--rrc-';f • r119°�,.,. ' :l"A; .. ,.A • 1 1 'i�:fm- f+i1� ?'\:,.'} r 11,: r f.ll'PA. a f"tfta>-1 a ,h/t-{I• ,fl.,:J"ll1JA•fl"'l/l,r � ,

1 �

,.,.l.

�

..bA,, I

- 322-

)

•

)

· 01' s f�/A I 1\11Jt1JA l /\;r/Lil I f+llm- I f1'9°'1T I .+l\:'f- I hil I i'l.ll°7 I i\ '""l�.,:,. ,,...,.t)f,',:,C I f lt.Tm- 1 lll'\."'IJ'!\ODllA • 7"/t.{l"f 1 0.,...'l'C 1 @� 1 lD' 1 F'I I P'C'¼+ 1 1\1,m +oo- = t l-1\tr I f°tA : llh&-tit I th"1 : n 11 f},t-(lt I OO'i&-T lD''l I noa-,1u111 h V-�9° : r+if/\lD' thltP 'f I : OD'} tilt d.1\'Zl"7. · , ,: s fih11:1 s fO'/lll� 1 00+nA 1 1-111 1 tDilP.. : n+--Tc : @� 1 ODIP/.T 1 , 1 fl 00 l� 1 f"7.+c ... = ri9°.,:,.. f1 .-,. 1.tt. = 7.{l"'l fl • .+I\+ : v-tr , ns;� , hll = " "l� 1 "'11:l"I : ',lD' 1 11f..: h9°':l\V- :s iltLV-9° : f°th+tr:'f- : 9°h11 1'1-'L : : : lD' . : :f n t; 'I' ;1 fT h -f 1 ll n : t 01t • .r-l

•

ODIPt,.:,.. : f1' 9°.,T : :l'I\T I 0'17 : L.+1: I P'C'¼+ : :ti"I (A) Ill\ : {IP{ltn�:flD' 1 ��,. 1 f"7.'l"lm- : �11'1' 1 lD'/tk : 0"'l. 7l& f1 : s noill "'ln:,.. = 1..tL = .,(I)« 11 er-Tc = �� 1 na,1�{&9° = hll = ""' = 1 'if! s f+'lfllD' 1 611-11'1' s hil : bOD {l6 7,f: 1 n'-:,. 1 +mll'i , 1.tPt. :,0 ( 21 00'lh1 J h°7ll+l-i:9° : 1\. f I tj: : n.1:f 1 1.tL f: : C 1\ f'P'i'1:fi'l I f 1 hfF-t;t'i:9° = 'Inc :s 'f � = -0 7:,.. (/Dll" s tn 61}'l 1 1 f flO-)-

tin

fliJ.} : P'C'¼,,.. 1 :ti"I I OD IPt..+ • illt : .,, : t.:J>Y: : f°!..,.,, : 61"11'1' 1 (K) 1 h"tf..l"IO,r : 1 &tD s as 9°CDD ..tL : 011J'9° : -'1-,f- : 7.,tD(l'l f" 00 11,.,: • oo'ic = hfloo'i'r'l = f°!.f ltrlD' = OD/..;f = = 1..n : m'i!.fs tD'6 9° s ,,..t,.{l,f, • 1-If'iA. :s 11ttca : 1..IL : ;rfl..(al- : 'h 'lJ?.°!.f ODl\hrf:T • ,t-hltif.. = f{lma>-'l I f1'9°.,:, .. = .+lt-1 : f"'l.f ll+'l-fll\a,.. : hM-"C : 11:,.. : �f.."r:t: : 9°hC : '111 : fl�I\ : lll\lf', 1 'i!CY: : (1--f: : 'ha>-.,arf:'} : l\"'ICD:,, t 'h�"I : f.l;"l,,..'PIA :: (1°7',�(1)-9° : fhll 1 '11C 1 0-/r : .,,..'l'C : ©G : 1''r:,,9° : 1\1- : m-� : n..111 : 'it! • f°!.i'lma>:- = f1'9°'1T = .+A , CDJtf a,.)- I +blt� : ,h/t(lca'} : l\ODl\lD'I' : �-':A : h"l�,f- l 1lttca : ll:J>1- : J?.C (a-0� 1 ',(lC I f"tA. : �th : 111-&.'l'C : _eoou111 : 'IOC :: lll\tLU s = t...+,: = r+i'l,n. = f'h9° fi-r-1'C = ©G = ODwt,.:,.. = +l;J"lma>« = .,:,.. : .+I\:,.. : till : fl"ti'l"7fl:,.. : 1..tL: fl"7lll.;f'IT : ++'l.e.,:,.. : h"'l"l i;t-:far'J° : 01\1, , +11:l, : 'IOC 1 ?"'lit- = �h(l,,--:;: = il'l'1�9'l- : h1, .,(l..'J° : 'IOC::

n,u,

.,(&

n'I�

(c)

?'il..fll- : .,,._'l'C : ©G : O"'l'l,;:lD'9° : rnll : ',1C : f"'/1,m+ODcafl,}- : h'r.,."Jfl..: 9°h'lf :,.. : 'll\9° :: 0CD'l1:fl�: OD;'f,65}.: ih°l I P''I : P'C'}T: ODwt,.:,..• ;rfl..(l'f = na, t.t.,f I n.:,.. = f"t,�:,..1 = fl9'l- = v--tt- • n+fttca = = (l'}:,.. = lD'il'I', m1,9° = m,:f(l}ca = 1i11-+ftt- = o-17CD-'i = c+1: = i11,.ait..;'f,1'CD- , 22 n+:Fil = 'i!'l''I+. = n>i:,,t--n..f = mY.Ol/..1� = 'i!Ct: = o::,.. : 'h.1-'tf+Cflca'P:fa>- : ih"I : fJf:fPA :: .ef +blt� : l\ODlODtf : 1..tL : <j:C f: : f1T: bOD:,,lflca : nt.,:,.. : f'h.f"'IT: �A : f(lm : 'h'lf..lf'I : nu.. 11 : 1.tL : J;�lD' : 'h")}tODH"JOW· : ODfflf:,, : hfll:fd/C9° s: };�(I)« : »thltn• : 0'11 : &.� 1: : :J>A : f"tll1' : OD lf�1 : itl;11m : 'l6£bC :

n,i

20 21

1.tL 1 ;r(L{l";f I o-,... en�• 'h11.D11,,m+orHi: fi:C..(- 1 11-f"f?° 1 'h1);.IP�flT s fOl/1,,lr• OD(Yc;':f(Dc I "IAK" I )a>- JI 'lo-). , 1.tL : h1l•f�9>:f: : fro1]!A I hfl:f : {l,(100- : Y'll:r• : -'=�l· • .,-+?"mm- • )1�1 • fftr I ©?;: h1..(-: };�: 11:f.a>-'} • ,f•4-9°/fl: f1'9°)•}: :J>A 1 1'1J;..ODH"l1l • f"'l.flll•/l(Dc I f,OO{li\/;\ 11 'IV-).:

Pa�:.,,, •-,...

22 +°-. f;'ji f flD1J'!ll�: oo:,,65J. : ih"'l : P') : P'C'¼:r·;: - 323 -

Thltif.. : 11.oaloatf : 1..lt : .,:ex- :i fL11" : 1-m+t:n : O�I\ i � 1c : i 00 h n�t : � fh9"°�:,, a ,.PC\ : f(lm I t"}� lou� : "l'l : till I (IDllO'/T = w�11. = �c.e: = 111·· :i t\""lirai:r: yfl.(Dc , :r--,c : ll'., = ,i.htiif..1 s +llA : f,ll'C:A =' fT(lmlD' : fh9°�"1• : :l'A : 0'17 : 6cfJ> Y: : frf•(lm : OOIJ'.,. : W}LJ'CD-.,. : ,flij:Cf: : a,:,. : 'll\FAllJ1 : 0Dl,:J1T9° : n�c '?If': Ot1J9° = m:P"'i. :

n:,,c-0

.,lD' ::

;r>',J : 9°'J : 11'/f:l'? : f,:f!A. : f,lf"}? 1'1\f. = f+HlH�T: 9°ti'lf ...f:f·: h'I';>0.: h lf��: 9"1- � OI/Y:l°l: f.:FA: f.ll''l? f°2.hTirr = 1'cri9'1· = A.;t-o-Ol\:fro• = ,,:f-1\A 1 (l!)

+ n�� :

{\CDf.t.. : f°2.aJIIJO>' : fOl/illi : ift"l : T/LP......f· : fl«r-'l'C: fl}� : lTDtP �:,- OOl/ilOD1f1-0 : /loom+� : (L:f-1\:flD· : .fl\iloott1 lT : �T: fh9°'1-l·: :PIA : O'/'l"im·9° : fm'l}!A : hit : (L{lOTJ: floul1f�:t.. : 1''l�f,4'C11 2 il.111 : f,:rl\A ::

',1C: '?'l : fOl/ill:(: "1.'? : hilt1..m,q : �"lil: oo,nn:,, : il.il&.t\1.: hf.f.l\9° == fOJ'll/\� : ou:t>"L : ,"h"l : F'I : pcq:,,1 : "he; 2 Oih'l : OO'}dJF,f: : f+flm·-l-1 : f,1,10.. : tlt,:Jlf! : F'I : pcq:,.. : q>(l:,..c;c; : m'lll\;;:.,:,, = fltj:Cf..' "nil t1..l;.>1'1' = 1..'lil hm'llA = .,� lflf � r{/D ° "hC9 � = ao �· .. f1,f:,; mJt.rm·'I· = 100-l-1 = 00-0_:,, = l\"'lilhnc = lj:C t1)cflf:: hI\ fl Ttl)c �

(I) m:,,l\_e, = 1�w : '11,,.,:, .. : �Cf..' = o.:,-c; = h<j:,J ..'1m- = lj:C�" = '1T : h� Cf: : °ttil,f:C : ,,"JC : Ooo,J--QOC • '11\TlD' : ff.1·0 : OTJa, .llJ :,• ' P'A ai1 : DDIPlT : 23 h+m(l', : +'l : 0 :\1\: r1L{l1:· l\"'lilDD11111' fL:1:1\ ° :f(J)c : 0.,.._.TC i @� : OPLPl.T : ff\iloa1'110•:,,1 : f'l>lOl\:i:m- 1 fJt¥ :PA. : "'l'l'1(J)c9° : till : fl°t: fi:Cf..": (1.-"f•: flODl�: h')J;f,tllA: °IA..'G : hf:C1tl)c : l\"'IH11 : f.l- 1\tt.« :: 1'1JtlJ• 9° : ill\ : ,,,.._1'C : '11?; : 1 'l':,,9°'i : TC�9° : l\lj:Cf..' : 11,1: : (\oP(lm,1·'i "f : V•lt· : OllV-- :: T"-'l'C: OPV'l:,... : '1'°1'1&-:fw· 'l : 1,1fo :,. : 1'"}};,&.,�· 00• : '?/,\7'": OD'J°l,f : fl{lll):f(J)c : �l-1\A :i

�+ :

n'1l\

srunc :

� \

- 324 -

�

;rfl. (tl- = r'l'c I ij� = noi.r111& = JP� = JPC'¼T = OPIPt..•1· , "'l'l'<'llD-'1°= (l:) I . 7. , �A 1.u , \"'7.0P<t-OT , "�:, f rt- , 0000 f 9 t,,f s fL.fOJ m• : 1,l-lltr r:

noY.(1-rn:r• ,

-r-n:,. ,

,,..oo

.. = 1'1\1' = f "h,i::,. "7?'i7f!,i-:; = "hP'� = ,..e. = r'Pl\-· = "n., .e..rr., = l\,,. 1 "n1 .e..01J..rr·} : .e,;J,oo'ifA :: +hltif. r 7'/t.faT IA 'r1': m:1101/.. OJ1 : � : °: {\,f:9 . = f = = "'l.m+oo-fl:faJc 61'-ti); h.e..e..cft P1�9'-:f (/Pcf' nT9° 1 m.e.9° = f = A O /\ : f(f',11)«) : fil:J>f,: �C'IT : h f,:J'f'OO(D-9°:: hm 1J:IA: hilh&. � s tJ A : f ( f1 = f Alf � = 1-->;T = h.e..e..ciln:'f.. 9° :: 'i!C-'!' : ,f-mC"lt = .. �i = ll''11D4 h f = , = 1.. -1 1. 1 R = t .:J>-'!' = ,,.. (lT+'PA = ,,..11ll(D« = l\ oo ii s n"t(l"°'" s 11.,.f T 1 f : f"t.e..Cilf}:,:lD-"} :,: f"n9° :111\- 1 t. : ftJA : t1il:f;,t, : li r llt\o tcf'Clt: '1 tJCtJC : i'af,11'"'1:fro· 1 9°19° = f atlt.'i = m+ti = ti.e..e..cilfl:fm· : ,f.. hlt i\'T'l : fl{l{(l-ir = r7'9" '1-l- = �A = oo u,t..:'f- = tt.t.cJ;.fl:flD- = .e.l-1t· = 'Inc == 7'1t.f' "f9° = n m:r-«c = h"tm 'l )!trn:i- = f6J.btit = +°l'lc = 'IR = oorri;:i:lD-1 = II.IP/ 1,.,:, 1'1' : f,t-7il\ : /J.f:A: h °1'1irf•(l)c: f ;Ji1f{l"} 1 '1i'J°'l•rt;: +'l'lt'I:,--: q ...f•t,.�: 'Inc ::

n:,.

,...,n.

n.,

/\.�ir : rot-:f ll· = 00.fl'm01J..f¥'1.. 1 f·f'00 tt1n· = f"n9°'1T = :J>l\rr"} = hit = noi (t"'l(lir: 1.tL : ill\ : IP/il+flnA ::

t\'1'l(llD4 : thlt11 : v-ft:i• : 00 :POJ°tf: thlt{l':.f : It. 'r-r : f,1·1ttt- :1 f oo1_ oPtfllr , -,..hltr1' = nil = O"t(lfP/n,r = 1,t1. = +11:.e..,;A = roiA = '"lh,fltp = -- :, 00 1 r .. = ilt\01/.. 'ic n.-,.. n4>"-Tc = 1 .e.. = = l-1t = : ;J fl" ll'f. h..r � fl· •t; 1-->;� 'h ,; = 9°111'1 = 4.._e.� = f t\OJc9° .e.u9° = c;:c -'!' = fli: : me ...... : {JDtPl:'f- = f°tf...t..10Jc fl�'l'C=@g : (IIJu,t,.:,..: f 0t.,r.e..c10Jc: '1°111'1= 1..tL= IP/ r4,:,'": 'lro•: "'It\:,,: ',ro• :: 1

nt--rrc : clj� :

oou,t,.;'f- : n�� ·: ill\ : irf"oott1n : fh9°'1"r : ,:Pl,\ ·f h il : fl"t(lOI/Or : 1..tL : f 001f...Y: : 6J.bil'I' : OV-t\-T : 00111: : fl.,,.,., : 1'1''1&\. :: �19° = 1'.1';1.1 = Pi'i:m . = 01/.,�11)«19° = q_e..,:,.. = r.e..l(ln:,....,. = fOl/il11.x.- = r ' (ImOJc : 0.f9°1 i ,,.. h'17f:. : 7"fl. °'").;r : 1'.1-'t1IA� : OfJc it- : iJ1:A : >i'lf. : f (l;{• : lit\ : i'tfl&.&-? -� : l\�C.f: : rt+. : f'.hr--,:,- : :Ptb1 : f()mu-:,.. : f°lf..."' : lf'i1l� : ',(1)4 • 11,\o : t\OOh �bC : .e.1--ltt\ :: 1'1.e..H.IJ : ft\ = il'l°:J' = Oh il : {lOIJ..ro- : �CY: : {1�r : 9°19° : +4''1f,'1:,.. : 'h1.t;.f1� : h.e.1'lm•9° : f°tA : 1tri+1r:,.. = ht\ f'h9°'1"1· = :1�1t- = 'r''I'C = @g = noi..r,·rro· = oou,1c:,.. : 0000 111ft h--t-l;,1m ¾ --l·hltif. : 'i!Cf: : flOIJ..{1"70:'f· : 1..1t : iii\ : 001f...f...' : 61}>,fi'}' : 1'"}�.e,«f,(l;,,il : oohAhA : ht\Or :: 'h"});.fOJc'I° l nil : {ltPJ.ro- : �cf: = {1:,-- i n'l>--TC = @� = oo,,.,t,.:,- = ff' .e..t..1ro•1 = ('1, = t..:J>x.- : f"tf tar {1)«1) 9'1111'1 = An = r.e.°1'1'1 = (l"t = �c� = a,:,.. = hn:r'f = lj:Cf..." = '1:'f- = 111'w-1 = (j:&, .,,c 'h11'"t�nt\m-- = hY:c-> = oooofAh:,.. = tt11.n..'l· == .e.ur : 01/t\"1... : t;:t. = '11-r = bt;: = 'li\ = ilu--�:,- 'lt\ro• = HYo f,t-11' = tiAlf'l ¾ m_e,r = h..1--11ro- : �t. : '11c : OOLPl..-T : ROJA� = f--f'IJltrf• = :ti;,'£ : ro-ti� : tiA+flm : n<1>c -J ,"11,:J'P. : oo(f"} : 'h1.';/t.0:1- : l}•t\... : 9°11"l'laJ•9° : <p;, : fflw•: ODlf"} : i'tlln:, ,. ::

, i

Y f.U9'1 ¾ �C.1: : a,1 : : n•f ·'I'C : ©?; : OOlPl "1' : (l.0011111 : +1n.ro•'} : .- : 00 11f: : fA+h .-f•l\ : J, 'l 1' : If'I : il : l'l (I01/ : OJ.e,.°t'I"IlD· : U·t\ -,..'c1lD· : 00 :!'moi.. f F..c.(lc;A 0011'� = tl°t 'rCt1,), = 1.11. -:· f fl;t«:f = f: : fl,f--:f =

- 325 -

r,:c..

-..._ 1 1 "'lil1,_,: , (ID'if-1 • fl"'lw:,. 1 1' �':f A- 1ta,,e.. i1r..� il h�. � ,r�Tc = ©G = u a 2 1� {la oP : �lift»- g� htLU9°: . "" '}; f 1 /, 1f UD "'l'i: }tlP�C: Ocf!: C 1C OD � � > 1 l!h -��1',\ = n�, &. :J>,: . 0 : oP tf1 f,f: •:, :J .. ft.:,, ..(-: tj: ;J{ttD4 n,:, : . : : C (ID1f � m:r=t:lD41 : A"'ll.'.71'1' t '11.';11: : f,f-CD(l� ' 11C:1"�} :i "'i\:t-c; , °71:t. � 7'1-'t'lfllD- I ll"'I !:l."l • f-f'fllla>- : .,...'l'C I ilmf•�.e I 't1--w 1 't'lP':i• ' �c;; _ .a l : : O»:,-.'i: h'i!-t-�m-: 'i!Cf:: fl»:,. { (ILlD' UD,f C·J f!Zl � lifl0vf1l:, il�/t{\,: r n "2 'h 1 Jt : :-1 h tlt� � fhta A,:JA :;: 0t � It + : 1 "7. : 1' -:(..y... ,.e, n, C : : t; -:f ;r

(ii) +hi)� : 0.,....'l'C I si : ODIPGT : 07 Adll l! ''?7hm1l+t.r : +flT,r..:,.. : _ 'h1�: lf., : (lllmr:,,i; I JtA,f•(lm�9° I f h � 1i1fl... � llf'l : �,?-: 00011111: P . : ,,

+y,Jf 1 0011.? °'(I}«'} :

'i!Cf: LL:, = ll'1-J = l...fl11: ll / 1";\ : iii\ : auitm+. = r"'l..,vt(l}«1 : 'I'f4: = mtt:,, = tt..e-c1 : 'h1Jl6E\l�c � °7'1(111 : �t\n:,. a f'I° = tr., = 1,u 1 'i!C..e- = LL+. = "'11��-r :: i1c � bcfJD001110· = n�:,.. 'I°"1i : I\t\ OD llm:,. : ft\CD•1 = ao11:,.. i; : tllj'ij:,:W"'!r :i f°7.(l mlD- : :J>A : {\OD/.� : /t,,f,C-fl : oo;I!tr1 : A+hltif.. = IL1ii\h"v�t:," � f;1'1'PA::

(I) -t'hl)� = :J,(A : °'{l'J''J° : q_e.{1'1'9° : lDf_ : ?"il,.il � Tfl-4> ' P' C: ftll/f,oo "11 : {1.,,._TC i jj}'i :. i : OfJOPl:,,a : t1 1Y:9°: 'Pft: flil : (llltr�1 I mc,r. = 'h1�"'l.fl+:,, , mf,9° = O'hrc :: a:,,. = i...1Y-..orz,«r,f, :·. n1. 1,o : 11Ai = OD"}1c = ttfln:,.::

.,,c :

(r) 'l·hit7i'·1 : h7t\.(a1• : "'lilt.&.�:,.. 1 f,f•il4.. := '.:J'/A : w_e.'J° : �t\ft := f.C(t n:,..: 'h1�: tr-, : oomf:,,::

(§) i'hi\� : 071\.ll : 1'fi:f- : P'C : lt9°1 : !tJA : 1..f·L : 'h1f.cf,f = i-h�ifc "}'i: m'14!tD41: 71\.ll : Ooomf:,, : "'ll.,;J11' fl4>. .1'C : ?i'Ji : 24 f;rlf

=�

Hm- : fitC() : ll9°1:,-.: (11}-r: W{l'}: ,f-T(a : },1� : tr-, t 'i:C� : (t,:f:: f,f·(lmm«'}: :J>A : n.,K : t .:J,f:: rtr., : .,(I}•: -Oi\ {l.cf>OA I 25 ,nc,f:: 1'1,,<J>-t = "'11:t.'? = 1,'icn;J--A i fu1rn:i•19° = 9°n1y:,..,; , rf•htiifc = O"'ilLf : 11T : tifl : 9°"J : 'h"}� :·,,..t.?.oP: Ooo111n·: ftf,: "'lilt.C: itfl(l-r:: 0:

0 : 1· : 11"1 ll\ (� ) nttm�ITJ/, : ,r);;J--?Jl- I i'hltn•"} : ?."1� : 11:J! : 'lfln:,- : tDf,9°: O'?A,r: 1•flo-r I "J"} : f71\.il: oo\}o'}'i:f: 01\,�(1,r: oPmff:

- 326 -

J 1

Jtl\0:'f- rs (C"11' 1 'lllJc ! f,IJ'l : foo{lft,a = Tf4:?19f 1 'IY : Lfl'1:'1 : h°tOP : f: : f f ,..,. OPlf"} : hft ir brf-tD : -OY: f1TID4 6£b-01' �CY:: lti: : fh9° : : ,\ -�:,- 1 �A s tt"'l"l1:t- = -Of\o = Thlta-'1 = oomr:i» = rttn:t-r) :: h = = fOP{l(\,a : P''I 'lliU"} ;.l 1"' t;:C..('": a.:,..: �v-1 .. : P'C'}.,-.9f"} : h'1 : fO cr = = n :t-1 K -t h-'i! = )f?J9f 1-m{l� _ i brf-i\1'1J;Jl;J"lm· = r+mrcJ? s r = 'i JL ·i,1.: 11''1 • OK--Jt.lj: : f"t{lm•'PTllJc : :J'I\T : DP'iC , "7'1�1D49° : 1·hlt1i : : : llft(tmllJc OkT f1'9°'1T : :l'IA : : : ftODft(DT : (l"'l irf: P h{J : nillllD4 t;:a\1:'f- : ftOO"I;1--:,.. : f1ft°ll\lA :: C°l1' : ',(D« • thltlt"} n'l�"}1: : 1.tL : -f•h f : tii = 611'-0lfr'> = tt-t'1hoA = 1,+{l:i»ll 1 _errc; A == ""'" = nhcA = 1-"l'l° = +h tii: 0(101f;J{llD': Pa� = r+LKDD-: llu+.,-.1..,·: (D_f,9°: f"'lllL&-&-:,- : T"I qc, n:,.O hh!A = iLf 00tth+ = .e9fl\A == 1,111 = nou{lfta = .,.,,�-:r,. = rrtt- = 26 hit = 4 lt).: ltf,(lT 0 :'f-: : -0 : m l\f, : : ft"79°ftT: nf,1'1A9° I (l"'ltD4 : tj:C.('" (1 6£1- _ • W �1c : .,, = 1'11.tLU = ffta+ = hch�l- = hv•'1 tifta+ = ...-.T& -:f(J)« = h"'l'I (1«9": (la\f,. ID"lt). I ttoollm-l·9°: 0"19°: r+ttfta: 1'11.°tlf�: f,:J--OD'i/A 12 rti.:t-r-t.1 = rn;.t--l-- = ij:Cf: = a.:,- 1 1P&-T7fl- = :1""'1�.,:,,. = n 'Ill+� = 'J(D« = ,f,flt\1': hT"IOD+'i I hOl\f. 1 04! : .,,..TTCt; : Jrtou &-c : f,1-.l;J IA : -r-Of\o : h;r(l(l: ct>--'PC: @�: ft;J--(tnn:,..: °111: 0Tfl''i: ,r).:J--: OP'& -:"": f"'lf, fD« A(lT: 9°11'1fT : fft9°::

•.

(l�?;:,:l-1 : l\f,: fft: 1'9°'1-l- ::

= ""

= iL'l"f = m1.°tl-ft(D« 1 rn:t-l- = 1,u • nttu = n+lnro· thlt-O b'l :. n:i•hh lA: OP'&-: l\f.: ft"'l'PA: 1-f\o:r: t;:C�: {tor: Pail-le: .,,..TC: lli ........ wf,'I° : fief! : :,..rue:,.. : fl\:fm·9° i OJ1."tft(D« = ·v•ft-r� = ,..,-fl' &-t : hll+ f r:,. = 11.c(l'iA:: rn:1"1' = fi:CY: = a..,-.-:;. = TL1t1. = rtr'J(D« = "11\'I! • hll,..,..,r:i- fouilm:,. : P'AllJ"} : OP''I : P'C'}-l- : 1.1fl1- : ft9°'1 : 1''11.+'IL,:1:fro-: l\"'lillP.:i- • _e 1i (J)« = rti, ,:,.. = (l. '11c = -Ott- = 1.tL = f,(l"'I A ll9°ltll, , rn :rl- : tj:C.(-: 0,:,.. : _PaV-l--: {14! : T9°UC:t-: fl\:fOJ-9° I floPfl/A I Ohf11: : w1,:A = r+h(l(l• = (l?Jl- = T-1--+� = Jrtttoorr'i:fro· = "IA?. = fllf'19° = 1''1l;I. • h"'llkf : ft-l-: ll"'lilOJllJ:t- : P'IAIIJ"} : hf,(lllJ:fro-9° • f,fll\lA :: 27 01ilD'

26 fl,f-"1.°7& , r;\" , �n,t>,,:f"} , 1tariilm1Y: • ou11;,o.m-, 'i:CY: • O.T , r+nn� , rJtttqo.m- • 7i"'t'?lb9'".fa 1 0"7..1�0T • fh(l. 1 hDDH.:>111 1 ,,,., a P'COT • "1-.-;.;1--,.e 1 0"7Y:�"Jfj" 1 'i:CY: r (L,J: llftro(l�m- I - 'T1'.4-cf: I 7i"7°ll\.sP:t:1' : "'� I 9°ilhc-:f I "1-.-;.,,.cou,, I noumr:,. • ,r"} :J-4: • ft.ro h.f: s ,.e":f"A u . I 27 ''fcf>Pi°'1'e: (fouj!DD&fm-): 9°CDD&. 1 Pi'if:t:: fiao-f\- • f)ArPftm'i-0:'f· • OJ'tm-&.Jfm- r t;:C�1 fL T 1 ..e�t.:JIA ! "t� 1 P...-1':f 1 ;rft.(al- r hf)Y: 1 Olf'I I f'l'i:il • "JP,,.e I m,.e.9° • fa>-1-11:.("'i" 1 P'&., mcirr�m-: ff!J.:fm-1- : n+"il4, ''ft.m4-'' = roi":f.·il4 • (19'".fa • h1'.-;.ft�: P'IAITJ1' 1 h1'P,f.{lllJ:fm- i ,f·mll'i: 'IOC ,: "'C 1 "J&.ii1' • ''fJrt.-;.,(l. 1 fh..:'f•f-kf : ftD1-lft�: ou:,.GJ., ih'? 1 P''I , P'Co,r ,,, &'ii,.e.11�, '1:'iA , fl.'eil • �ji?l • f½ou_;'f. • !fif�f 1 +-- fii • (TC1--9° flll?°t. r }i1) 1 "7..tJJi.t\ : Iitfi�) ss · li.9° = '1&.ii1- , nx·c(J: r :fm- = m-ilirr , ,.e1i • 'i:Ail'i:fi" , nm:,."" • :.i1--1 , ft"7c+:,. • m:J>°7.,: 00"t&f = 1,1-Y,'IOt.: 1/.\�'PA is ''fl?,m-',,f: : OJ'tll"1.m•: fPi�'I:,• , 9°C"I. = ..em4>"7il4 • +1lfta>- • f"7..e:J�ou-,. • t;:CY: 1 ft,f.°,fa'} ' 001-1x· : hovilmT : ,.etA:,. I hft· I houft"7rf: I 0.l.T I tDf,9° I 0"7..(a"70T ' 1.H. r m.e.r I hH.f , fl;\" , r"1'1 , 'lftP'AITJ'i".f-1' , 11,.e'i;f:fm-1-fi" 1 +"IQC:;f:fm-1- • fO?.ou� • 1IC11i; 1 �t;J--9>:f. ,- 1 {lov{lm,l· 1 f,l,'1 • t.ct:i» 1 hll.:>1(9':t: • hm:t»"" , "11":f • f"7..1�T1' • 'l'�'l"·f·: "7/lfi:: out.m, r:'' hl\..e: hrl•m+ftm- 1 ODX"dt'i: • 1X" 1 {:'§1' • ,.eoufth�t\ 11 J

- 327-

--,-1: = flf� 2 1t1f..tr't = °11 1,tJ: nn;1 l- 1 ��·.(•: �... )-.� ,P,'11:f- = 1t_e, = Yitm- : J\l\oo:J--001 2 f"'l.foollJ0r = c&-m:,- 1 hro1,:A � �,: tllf).. : .,rhti.;r:y.. l\.e, = ° 1 2 = C TC l : rr&\f : ft;:TIJ =.. ?°=l�A"} ootr)' ' rtt,0 1 � �01: hhh'lt?J:Y,c;: --1 = llJ TmC 'r4•+� = 3'itlu0111 : ll.fm-it: = f 6?1l hil : (lOIJ. : P,7;;i- : fl:r : ' 1,-:;..,.tr I (1"'LA : ,r") (l: ,h'1fl: il f, : 0 +00 rP L.":l" = 11�1°I: P' C ¾ ft.onA+� . "' l\ = 1'111. • fl:J! ftft.fl, (le&-= · h fi...'L :: b'i7i r .,. ;, P'AIIJ1: r,t-(lmlD' = «?lL f = . . = ., q: (1�/t: 'l'�'T�: 1'1P.Alf't: 0:']A�': fi.;J•mip' h.19-1 i fll,:'1°: 1..H.: 28 1 ' : If).: (D�·'? : Tl•htiit�: WY:fc&�. : T {lhJPC : /L�f, 2 f,1•ilA : 7 11.(t. 29 u : : <i:C.� ft.:'r I · (JJ�f; : ��PnOI/.,: 9°Con�: hf: h1�: ,t-fH : f"'l.+c-0n:i• t- -1..: t;:CJ!': fLT t 30 +hlt7f◄.1 : fl\1�1--: d'Jfo:J": i\.f!.llllA+:,, = P'AUJ 1: h 31 A'T(l11J:f0r9° :2 1'11;..r0r9° • tJ(l.. = h'l� = 1111�:: i"'l1tia-1= O'Pil = h,'.\, : ttaaA+:,,: P'AllJ'l : fil:far9°:: 32 .,1C: '11 � A�fli•:: ;,.1-:f,'i: P'�: P'C '¼.f:Y..: hoa0rll);J--:f0r : nk:,- I f h.Tf-kf :: rn:t11f: fi!C�: (L...y...':f: t\1ltt·: 00.f : 400;1--:,.. : OhT;J{l : }t9.:\'} : r�c.(!.-- : T01 ll�Tm«"} : ft.Yh'i(l)«�: h�\!.: 1''ttLl11: 't1�T 1 {\ODCD(l'}: fl<J?: ltf,1./r�: DI/ft:,, t h1J!oT: hUJ« -,:,.. = /\ODl.f'} = 1'1�"'1..1--A. = fmt.Tt.A :: Ol\ro-�:rJ: 1 fh9°�:l" :Pf.\: n-,K : t.:J>J!' : ilf\oo{lm,f: : fOl/..,1>/0r'} : <i:&» : 'i1C : fOll/.,OJJ/\hrf..m•"} : <l>ltA : 'ihfl'I' = ODCD(l'} 1 O"'l"}�CD-9° :,..•,-.l)lj = 1'14?� = �� : 1--f\a;J•: P'C: ilt\ lf�: A\!. = l-tr,;J-- , hf,mf,:,,9° == 1'.'tP,.fCD-9° , O<JY-�c: ill�: ODfPlT 1 f°7.. ODH"JOCD-: li=C�·: CL+: f,f,fl,nro·"}: fh9°�:,..: :JjA: hlt'llt = o-�;r?'1· , n1. .tL(J)c9° tr� = OP;J-- : n:t,c-0 = llt\OIJ.onf\h:,.. 1 O'tK = t.:J>f: = f·t·flm = ODlf'l-1 : /\"'ll.;J1'1' ¾ h111r: (D�:,, : O�f\ , 'i1?-: hO?...f..C(ta>· : ffi/tf, : nil : (l"?.: 'i!C�: fLT: f,A:t,: f0/\m 2 t,�·A: itl\e&-::

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' 1

hll+'PX-1':: fih.TV-k, : lD"h'l' : fa>"}l/\'1 : OD4'65j. : dl"l : ht.K�9° ·? �Cf..°f : V--lr : +hltit-1 : 0"7(1:J>f-l- : 0+1� : f1'9°�T : :J>f\:,• : f1•0Dwl+. : 'iTOr ! fi°t.A .J +f..;J"l'JP : fl"'l.�'1C : �+4- ·I f·t -Oh/\ : �CD':: /\.,tLIJ I il'l° :J-9'-:f : t&l)� : {tOD{l66J.'i : }t"}� -�v,. : f"'l.f�C?·'PTCD•"}: ,,,., qc:"f: ilO'/ +-. 6i il?"fl.(\"f: Tllfaif.'} : (}cp(l : il'l.fl.Or /lOOAcf-:J, = tDf,'/" = ''"�., : (lff)9°: :,,1 C-0 1 lllf� : 'i:CX- , 11-l--'' 1 ll"?:J-�-o , 9oc"J. 1 f,(lnJ:f'PA ; M'I° , "'}\\ 1 ''tD1lA r+"'� • ourr� • m1,cr • �1-'l+c-o • f+m�a,. : mf,'l° • fi•,,r11m· , ➔·l1ti7i • J\O.·JJ:J· 1 r� �on:,-'} m'})!A ODF�i: foY•.ftntYrC 0.IT1-'': h�-I."'�n'°· ooA+:,. }\f,L"71:9° 29 .,,.. !lff I llfi:cx- • 11:,. • o"'�'--.f , 11:,, = flOPh;l••f-A , f"?.f»f,.,,.,. = m1,'I° O'Pll = re;:, +f'} 'l°C"l • -11:F• .etam 'PA ,.hfaif.'} OV•1;t-a>-. a,'})!ll�: }\f,f..ll'I° Od1t\•r, t;: n.-1: s �1.P..°"l.ell:J- • f+(la>l : h.ef..ll'J° 11 30 � itD • 'i:CX- = 11--ll • �1� , O°tl'l"'in:,-: 1 .11. • +l1taif..1 : 1''l�+ c:Ot»- • fff/A; �'}\\ : 0'/°Cou&,.lD- • 1.11 : f,,. 11"m- 1 fa>'l)!A s " 7lll'A. s ..,.l1'1if.1' 1 lt"7i1"711J aotfa,-• 1 1 1 tJ 1 .,e;t-.,er ''i:C�· 11--ll • fouA+-t.f : FA"J1 1 fllt»-9° ,s �1C .,, fUo"f. 1 f,,./11 ODilftf,li-, : l-t:J- • 'i:CX- s 111: s �1}l/l:,0 s oP,fl,'J• , l'lT-f-;J•A ss """ 1 fl"'/OOAh :f-' fl +(llD-'} 1 °l� ii'} 1 01,t s tti • .,eouflh:t:A ss · hll'+:,•, l � l -r f • 31 .eu • .,-r , ta./ lD- , 1t.eF.ll'J° a ,.,,i;;:(Dc'J° : + h'11i , il1.nm- a f'PllT'i t11 s f' :Jh,. f C'I° 1 0 00/t-tf I f °!.110>-'} s -r:J-cr I f,u,�fl;f•A 1 ..,•-flit- 1 oo;.f'(l-tl : f/tO-l-9° si 1.1 • file • = 1tf1t,, • +Iv • 1..,,_ • IA;l!ir • taJJ>l-1 , 1,!f.A 11 32 � �[ r1

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fL.,.�

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329

CURRENT ISSUES INVOLUNTARY CONFESSIONS A.ND "t\RTICLE 35, CRIMINAL PROCEDURE CODE�: Coercive Interrogation: Ineffective wzd U1ila.»)fi1l

Improper methods o! �lice interrogation are kn?wn to e':ery country in the s1 world. And everywhere, 1t 1s a�eed D:at an accttsed s confe � �n. of guilt which . has bee� procured through physical VJolence, �sychol�g1cal_ 1ntim1da tion, or im proper 1ndue:ements or prom1s� can. not be cons1d.ered 1n evidence against him at trial. The prtmary re�son 'YhY_ involuntary confesslons are excluded from evidence i� tha� they are un.�el1able 1nd�ces of truth; men have. been known to admit crimes of which they are mnocent, simply to escape tl1e pain of torture or to obtain an irresistible benefit. The exclusionary practice also expresses society's condemnation of police ''th.ird degree'' methods, which not only violate the accused's privilege against self-incrimination,1 but, by inflicting harm on one merely suspected, not convict ed, of crime, nullify his constitutional right to the presumption of innocen ce.2 Thus the practice serves purposes other than the mere need to decide cases upon trustworthy evidence: by removing the ulthnate incentive it serves to dis courage the police from using illegal questioning methods.

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In light of these considerations it is understandable that Ethiopian law frowns severely upon the use of coercion against persons being investigated under suspicion of crime. The Criminal Procedure Code states quite clearly that ''No police officer or person in authority shall offer or use or make or cause to be offered, made or used any inducement, threat, promise or any other improper me:hod to any person examined by the police."3 Violation of this command sub jects the police officer to both civil4 and penals sanctions. And, of course, the courts do not allow into evidence confessions which have been obtained by force. 6

• All references in this article are to the Criminal Procedu.re Code, 1961, unless otherwise stated.

•

1. Recognized in Art. 27(2), Crim. Pro. C. 2. Art. 53, Rev. Const. 3.

Art. 31.

4. Arts. 2035 and 2038, av. C. 5. Arl 417, Pen. C.

ing and • de rst . un 1 he · · ev1d�nt 6 • It 1s on that op�rat1 n at least are our courts hi her appella te g . language g the . e. that �onv1ct1ons S�e, may not be based upon involuntary confessions. g , No. 237 /516 used in _Teshom� Gabre v. A ttorney General (Sup. [mp. Ct., 1_963)� Crint. Ap � ccuseds h a o (unpublished, Library, Faculty of Law' H· aile Sellassie g t force or · I Un1vers1ty): Alwit � hou st ,.,, o . atemen·t t�. the P?1·tee was uncautioned, i t ''was voluntary and � ade atut cit ,; st induce'!1ent. Yet, tn the absence of any law on evidence, there 1s no expli ·ved front authority for: this exclusionary policy. Aside from whatever inference ca�,-�� d :� " pawel' Art. I �6. Cn�. Pro C., the courts are presumably relying upon an 1 er t to admit or reJCCt evidence •

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CoNFESSIONS AND ARTICLE 35, CRIMINAL PROCEDURE ConE TARY LUN INVO

But, it must be _asked,. 3!C the exclusion o! coerced confessions and theinten their ded effect ? havin g To ions Judge from what sanct on e sees andi of t o e r · · tb �, . the H"1g h Court, convictio m case man � r �s are based wholly 9r in bears, no. In the by acc given ed to ss1on s the police while in their custody.. confe n upo � art _ . repu sed acc he 1at � �s his �o�fess1on at trial, claiming it � ind , in many cases, � while the p�lice m turn ms1st it was not. Even granting_ coerc1on, of result e th was these most cl of of s even b e�tin�s and tQrture are untrue (it or many � that _ are , all the that vital question 1s: how is the trial court to believe ) _ to rd ba is . c free nfess1on the and t�e forced one? It seems that cases. een � distinguish . be � 1s a accused ble �o c? nv1nce7 th� court to exclude the con- the which in . rare are fession, and no wonder: when the police interrogate a suspect there are no wit-. nesse s, no friends, no family present. Therefore it inevitably boils down. to the: word of the accused against that of the police, and how many of us will belieye: the accused?

Foreign ''Sol1,tions'' to the Third Degree This problem of distinguishing voluntary from involuntary confessions is not. unique to the Empire. It has been faced in many other countries, and ''solutions''· worked out. In England, for example, the rule excluding involuntary confessions. was not, by itself, felt sufficient to deter the police from coercive methods.. _ n ''Judges' Rules,'' it is laid down that the police must Therefore, in the well-know inform a suspect of his privilege against self-incrimination as soon as the police. officer decides in his mind to charge him, and, once the suspect is in custody, he n1ay not be questioned at all.8 Extraction of a confession in violation of the· Rules confers upon the trial court a discretion to exclude it from evidence. Thus. the English system tries to avoid the possib ility of improper police interrogation,. by forbidding all interrogation of the accused while he is in custody - the time_ when the ''third degre e ' generally takes .place . .

The Americans have resorted to other means of deterring the police from using improper methods. In addition to the rule excluding involuntary confessions. from evidence, the federal courts automatically exclude any confession, ''volunt ary'' or ''involuntary," which is obtained while the police are unlawfully holding. the accused - e.g., during a period of ''unnecessary delay'' between his arrest and his appearance in court.9 And for the state courts, a federally-imposed rulo is now evolving which pro ba bly will exclude any confession made by an accused while in police custody if his right to counsel was denied at that time. 10 Like the English approach, both of these rules attem.pt to discourage coercive police

7. Of course, the burden of proof should properly be on the prosecution to prove the confession is .voluntary. That is certainly the case in Anglo-American law. � f!alsbury's Laws of E11gland (3d ed.,. London, Butterworth, & Co.,· 1955), vol. 10, Cnm1nal Law, para. 860, and Corpus Juris Seci1,1d1.11n (New York, American Law Book Co., 1961),. vol. 23, Criminal Law, para. 835. 8. "Special Issue on Police Questioning,'' Crim. L. Rev., 1960, pp. 298-356, passim. '

9. Upshaw v. United States (Sup. Ct, U.S. 1948), U.S. Rep., vol. 335, p. 410, Lawyers Ed.,. 93, p. 100; Mallory v. United States, (Sup. Ct., U.S., 1957), U.S. Rep., vol. 354, p. 499, - Lawyers ·Ed. 2d, vol. 1, p. 1479.

10. Escobedo v. Illin·ois (Sup. Ct., U.S., 1964), U.S. Rep., vol. 378, p. 478, Lawyers Ed. 2d,. vol. 12, p. 977; Y. Kamisar, "The Right to Counsel- and the Fourteenth Amendement:

A Dialogue on 'The Most Pervasive Right' of an Accused,'' U. of Clzicago L. Rev.,. Vol. 30 (1962), p. 1.

331

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ETHIOPIAN LAW -

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in te ga r to te �uspects secretly and r h e th ce i po e th g in ny � de : by �? !? s od meth . at degree third fl':)Ur1shes. length, for under those conditions the La&. tly, Jet us ,me �tion the Ind !a11 approach: Ur1cler the Indian Criminal Pro cedure Code ll the pol1c� ar� penrutted to quest1o·n a suspe?t at length, and Deed not cautio1;1 him to r�m�1n s1I �nt. But g�n�rally,12_ n? confes�1on t ?e accused makes to t �e .pol1�e or while 1n police custody 1. s adm1ss1ble �gamst him at trial; to be �dm1ss�ble _it must be. made bef�re a .mag1straite. w ?o : vill er1s11re that the accused is ma�1ng_ 1t volu11tarily and :v1th �owledge o� his right to remain silent before recording _ 1t. The theory of this r·ule 1s, apparently, th �t the only confessions which ma�e to a co11rt,_ �nd that confessions made are certazn_ to be voluntary are those _ to the pol1c� are bo �nd to be tainted . with the susp1c10 � of coercion. To dis .courage police coercion, then, the Indians do not recognize as evidence the re sults of police interrogations. 13 The Ethzopib11 App1·oach: Article 35

In the three legal systems referred to above, the rt1le excluding involuntary -con.fessions from evidence is not relied upon to discourage improper police in terrogation methods. Nor are the usual penal and civil sanctions found effective.14 Rather, in each country, supplementary rules have been adopted to discourage such methods, and thereby protect the criminal suspect from police abuse of his rights. What, then, of our system? Does Ethiopi_an law provide the weapons which are needed to fight these problems? I believe tl1at it does, at least in part. Atticle 35 of the Criminal Procedure Code provides: - Power of court to record statements a11d confessions. (1) Any court may record any statement or confession made to it at any time before the opening of a preliminary inquiry or rtrial. (2) No court shall record any such statement or confession unless, upon questioning 1he person making it, it ascertains that such person voluntarily makes such s1atement or confession. A note to this effect shall be made on the record . 11. lndia,·z Code of Criminal Procedure, I 898 (Lucknow, Eastern Book Co., 1962). 12. Sections 25 and 26 of the Indian Evidence Act (1872) state the exclusionary �le. But Sec�on 27 provides an exception !n that where facts (e.g.! physical evidence) are discovth er ed 1.n consequence of a confession made to the police, the relevant pa.rt of e confession is admissible a t trial. 13. With the exception mentioned in note 12, above. It is questionable whether the �Jes can h�ve great . d�terrent effect on the police, so Jong as _the .incentive embodie? in Sec�: 27 exists. But 1 t 1s apparently felt that the absolute rel1ablity of the accused s �taten_i s in consequence of which the facts were discovered ot1tweighs other policy conSidoration which would militate for exclusion. ' 14. Among �� re asons why in i:n any c:ountries it �s extreme!y . diff!cult to ma�c effcctt:fr use of c1v1l and penal remedies against ,the police arc: difficulties of proof, the sm.31 amou_nt· .o! money ��ages which can be recovered; and the re_Iuctance <!f prosecu:nof and. Judicial �u.thoi:ities t? �roceed against police officers. Thts last p01nt _may . cers, pa�cular validity �n Eth1op1a, where almost all public prosecutors arc police 1 �nlikely t� press _Vlgorously against their fellows. Furthermore, Penal �e Artie � 4 to7 1s . not a �ompla1nt off�nce;'' therefore there is no possibility for the 1.DJ11red pa�rn. bnng a pnvate prosecution should the public authorities decline to act. Art. 44, Pro. C.

�r

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ONS AND ARTICLE {?\1''0LUNTARY CONFESSI

35, CRIMINAL

PROCEDURE CODE

(3) Such statement or confession shall be recorded in writing and in fu11 by the court an� shall thereafte� be read over to the person making the statement or confess1�n, who shall sign and date it. The statement shall then be signed by the pres1de-nt of the court. (4) A copy of the record shall then be sent to the court before which the case is to be inquired into or tried, and to the public prosecutor. What is ithe purpose of this ar-tiole? h1 view of its strong similarity to Sec tion 164 of the Indian Code, 1. 5 it _ is unquestionable t �at the drafters of Ethiopia's Code were to some exrtent looking towards the Indian sys.tem.16 And in Indian why the magistrate is given power to record Jaw, as we have seen, the reason _ confessions is that only confessions so recorded are admissible in evidence at trial. It was the intention of the d.rafters of our Criminal Procedure Code, I submit, to require all confessions which the police wish to have proved at trial, recorded and certified ''voluntary'' under P.r.ticle 35. ·Confessions not so recorded should be inadmissible against the accused, as they are in India. Why, then, if the drafters so intended did they not expressly so provide in the Co<Je? The obvious answer is that the appropriate place for rules of admissi bility is not -the criminal procedure code, but ,the evidence code. The drafters no doubt intended that the evidence code, when it appea.red, would provide the 15. Indian Code of Cri1ni11al Proced11re, cited at note 11,above. Art. 164. Power lo record state1ne11ts a11d c011fessions. -

(1) Any Presidency Magistrate, any Mag: strate of the first class and any Magistrate of the second class specially empowered in this behalf by •the State Government may, if he is not a police-officer, record any sta:emen,t or confession made to him in the course of an investigation under this Chapter or under any other law for the time being in force or at _any time afterwards before the commencement of the inquiry or trial. (2) Such statements shall be recorded in such of ,the manners hereinafter pre

s. cribed for recording evidence as is, in his opinion, best fitted for the circumstances of the case. Such confessions shall be recorc'.ed and signed in •the manner provided in -section 364, and such statemen-ts or confessions shall •then be forwarded to the Magi strate by whom the case is to be inquired irto or tried. (3) A Magistrate shall, before recording any such confession, explain to the person making it thait he is not bound -to make a ccnfession and that if he does so it may be used as evidence against him and no Magistrate shall .record any such conf ession un less, upon questioning the person makin-g it, ;1e has reason ito believe that it was made voluntarily; and, when he records any conf�ion, he shall make a memorandum at the foot of such record to the following effect: "I have explained to (name) that he is not bound to make a confession and tha4 if he does so, any confession he may make nay be used as evidence against him and I believe that this confession was volttntarily made. It was taken in my presence and h.earing, and was read over to the person mating it and admitted by him to be correct, and it contains a full and true account of the statement made by him. (Signed) A. B., Magistrate" Explanatio,i - It is not necessary tha, t the Magistrate receiving and recording a confession or statement should be a Magistnte having jurisdiction in the case. 16. M�y other articles in the Ethiopian Code tre strikingly similar to provisions of the Indian Code. For example, note the similariti� between Ethiopian Articles 30, 31, and 51 and Indian Code Articles 161, 163, and 54 respectively. Actually, ,the direct source of Afticle 35 and of the other cited articles was more . likely · the Malayan Criminal Procedure Code which, like the codes of many fo.nner �ritish dependencies, was closely patterned after Indian law. Compare Ethiopian Ar ticles 30, 31, 35 and 51 with Malayan Code Secs. 112,114,115 and 23 respectively. '!3'or a c?mparative view of the Commonwealth '·family'' of provisions compare the cited sections with the Singapore (Secs. 120,122,123 and 31), Sudan (Secs. 117,118,119 and 25) 1tnd Norther n Nigeria (Secs. 123, 124, 12.5 and 26) criminal procedure codes.

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consequences of failure to have a co�fess:on recorded by a Judge, jus t as th e law India and elsewhere 17 covers such m,atiers.

of evidence. in

Of course it is unfortunate that the procedure and evidence codes could not thereby same the time, at obviating promulgated such problems have been We the that arguable al n rim:i is it � Concededly, Procedu face. now re Code doe� envision the Indian-ty� rule I hav� su�gested. It h_as �en arguect,1a for exam "fet 19 1mpl1es tl1at co11fess1ons n1ade (2) 27 le tic Ar of ing to the p oli'ce Par e• that th .e wo.rd . . ,I and t. hat the poIice 11ee..d .uot, therefore, take adv admissible 1n evidence a_t tr1a age of .the procedure established by A.Iiti,;le 35. Grar,ting tl1at ambiguity ex�e�t course _would be to �dopt the Indian rule on admis:�b� so:111 that submit � � � _ c -�:, A111c]e under of _a.II confessions which are screening JUd1c1 l requ1rzng 1l1ty, th�s �to be . introduced at trial. The follow:ng cons1derat1ons are, to my mind. persuasive : 1. Under the present system,20 the issue of voluntariness of the confession is adjudicated during the trial hearing. U Article 35 were used in all cases the issue would be adjudicat ed prior to trial, thereby eliminati11g the waste of a full couITt:'s21 time and energy, and the .need to interrupt consideration of the main issues of the case.

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2. Under the present system the issue of voluntariness is adjudicated at a time remote from the interrogation. Evidence which might prove or dis prove coercion has by then grown stale or disappeared. Often, the police claim that the accused's repudiation of his confession is an ''aftertl1ought'' on advice from his prison-mates, and it is almost impo$ible for a court to decide where the truth lies. If Article 35 were used in all cases, the confession would be recorded immecliately after it was made, before th:! accused had a chance to change his mind and ''invent'' stories of torture. Voluntary ·confessions so certified under Article 35 would then be admissible at trial, and false claims of coercion could not be raised.

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3. There is no justifiable reason why the police should not use Article 35 in a11 cases. The Code now requires the police to bring all persons in custody be fore the ''nearest court within forty-eight llours of his a,rrest or so soon thereafter as local circumstances and communications per1nit. ''22 If an accused has confessed prior to his first appearance in court, it is no inconvenience to ask the judge to record it at that time. So long as the judge is satisfied of the accused's voluntary 17. See note

16,

above.

I 8. By some of my students, whose creative discussions inspired many of the ideas in this article. 19. Particularly, the phrase "and that any statement he may make may be used in evidenc;.'; It �as been further argued that Article 97, which refers to ••statements" t�ken �; ;� Article 27, shows the drafters' intent that confessions recorded under Articl �, a ... d ment a stat admissible at trial. But there is an important difference between a e . n ot. ''confe�sion'' in that the latter is necessarily incriminating whereas the fo rmer is �og The failure of Articles 27 and 97 to mention confessions can be taken as demonstra an intent that only non-1:onfessional statem�nts are covered by them. ir e requ courts 20. Apparently the police do not presently ,make use of Article 35, nor do the them to do so. • , sion . 1e 31:.J seem1n . �ly enables a single j11dge sitting alone to re:ord a confes . 21 • Artic . tion whereas at present, in most criminal trials, tiree-judge benches deal With the ques 0

22. Art 29, Crim. Pro. C.

334

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IONS AND ARTICLE CONFESS TARY INVOLUN

35,

C)IMINAL PROCEDURE CoDE

he c�n record �t in _a brief time. The only conceivable n!, sta�me a make wish to �ght w1sh to avo.id thi� procedure is that the confession police the y wh reason cases of course 1t does- not deserve to be admitted h sue m y; voluntar truly is not in evidence. confesses subsequent to his initial presentation in court accused the here W in_convenience to_ the polic� in .bringing the accused . before t�e trial, re befo but and certainly. �l1gh�, �utwe1ghed 1s by the advantages gained court est near . the immediately certified as voluntary by a judicial officer. confession the g havin by

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WliaJ Can be Done? If these reasons are persuasive, what can be done? The following steps might be considered: 1. The forthconzing code of evidence could provide that no confession shall be admissible in any criminal trial if it has not been recorded by a judge under Article 35, provided there was opportuni1y for the police to take advantage of that procedure. But there is no need to wait for the code of evidence. In order to enforce the Criminal Procedure Code, and the constitutional guarantees of due process and pres11mption of innocence, the courts could take action immediately : 2. The Supren1e Imperial a,1.d High Courts, in cooperation with the Ministry 23 to provide, explicitly, that after power rulemaking their exercise could Justice, of a certain date no trial court will admit into evidence any confession made to a police officer, etc. which was not recorded under Article 35 despite the opportu,nity fot such recording. It could also advise all members of the judiciary on the import ance and meaning o.f Article 35, and provide them with clear instructions on how to carry out their duties thereunder. 3. The police could adopt the strict policy of making use of the procedure which Article 35 provides in all cases where confessions are .made. It is submitted that if these above refe:rms were carried out, all parties would benefit thereby. The accused would not s-:, likely experience (or. what is just as . bad, fear) coercive police techniques of interrogation; the innoce·nt suspect would not experience unjust har1n. The courts would not be faced as often as they are today with difficult disputes at trial as to th� voluntariness of confessions offered in evidence, and could with clearer conscience convict accused persons indicted by their own confessions. The police would have a clear opportunity to prove their innocence of the frequently-made charges of , brutality, and thus to ensure the public's _trust and cooperation. ,Possible Objections: Repi,dictrtion of Recorded Confessions at Trial Two possible objections to this proposal are foreseeable. The first is that Article 35 recording will accomplish nothing, because defendants will still be free lo raise the issue of coercion at trial, at wllich time it will have to be considered over again. This would mean the Article 35 court would have wasted its time. 23. Under the Administration •of Justice Proclamation, 1942, Sec. 20(a), (h), Proc. No. 2, Neg. Gaz., year l, no. l, the Afe Negus and the President of the High Court may. with the Minister's approval, make rules fo1 tl1e Supren1e Court and for the High and lower courts respectively. The writer does not believe that this po\ver has been abrogat ed by any provision of the Criminal Procec:ure Code or otherwise, with respect to the conduct of criminal cases.

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of n e rcio issu coe the ch whi ht rnig in be raised at s way two are e . ef Th . tnaI . . '" d d ge 11n . , y a b JU d er e d r � co le re t1c 1 01 s1 es 35. A defend a n� co a to � r� ga re : with _ n him nt . y ever o uty rtur ppo give . to had e al reve . any eoe·rcrve . . ' . m1'ght admit that the Judg . h 1 dated by the police was use e eca 1ntim b t tha m clai but . ces, stan cum elf he d1d ' · · · t t t '' ex1 a s em 1n cot��t. Stich a claim, not dare refuse to ma�e a '' voI_ untary · it is . y b t11 the band co o� � 11rr. O?ce a confession is suggested, should be re1ected ?u;t . h a11ce 1 r d wit acco t t stno e reqt11re ments of Artic 1n ded recor 1 been have to shown _ l · from n1ng re-op t�e q estion of voluntar� should b� foreclosed · 35, the defenda11t : � _ iness at trial. Rather, the trial court ought to treat the Ailt1cle .:>5 court's record·· (which implies a ce;tif�cat�on of voluntarines�) i11 the vyay an appellate tribu�� _ treats a lower court� f1nd1ng of fac� - that 1s, as b111d1ng �•nless there has been _ some serious fault 1n tl1e fact-f1nd1ng n1etbod, or a11 obv1011sly incorrect lega·1 conclusion drawn from ,t he accepted facts. 1

That brings us to the second way in wl1ich a recorded confession could be attacked at trial - if the recording. court did not cond.uct itself properly under Article 35. In order to ensure that lower courts do 11ot fail to uncover and recogniz.e coercion when it exists, they s·hould be given detailed guidance in the purpose and operation of Article 35. Furth�rmore, that articl� ought to be broadly _ mterpreted by the Supreme Imperial a11d High Courts to requcre the recording court to say and do certain prescribed things in order to ensure that recorded statements are truly voluntary. For example, lower courts should be instructed to: 1

)

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1. ask tbe accused if he was cautioned by tl1e police under Article 27; if he claims he was not, such fact should be noted on the record, and should alert the recording court to probe deeper on rthe v0Jt1nl'ariness question. In any case the court should, before recording anything, remind him of his right to remain silent and the possible use in evidence of any statement he may make; 2. tell the accused very specifically tl1at wl1ether or not lie makes a state menit he will 11ot be returned to the custody of the police, ,but will either be released on b.ail or else detained in the prison (Arts. 59-60); 3. ask tl1e accu.sed whether he has been su:bjected to any threat, promise or inducement by the police; 4. ascentain from the accused and !the attending police officer how long the accused has been in police custody. If the forty-eight hour limit of Article 2924 bas been violated the court ought to exercise particular caution in accepting the statement as voluntary,25 and should note on the record tl1e reason for the delay, and what took place during the acct1sed's ct1stody; 24. Guaranteed by Article 51, R ev. Const . 25. !I1e c ourts might even consid er adopting tl1e Am erican approach (see text accompa ny ing note 9, above), by refusing to admit into evidence a11y con ef ssion, no matter h?w "volu_i1ta_ry," . which was rnade immediately following a period of p ost-arrest pohce quest1on1ng 1n excess of the forty-eight ho ur limi1t. . It might be _appropriate l1er e ,to mention that it is by no means clear tha� t �� police have •the right, under Article 27 ' t o interr o gate an acct1sed for the mention f�rty�ei.g. ht ho:u r peri· od (even asst i1ni11g � onnal res_t a11cl fo �d interv�ls). Arti·ele ?7 des p ite_ Its title, .1s reas�nably open to tJ1e 1 nterpretatior1 that 1t emb odies the E ngli�sh' rulef i.e., tllat _it permits the J?oli_ce after having established tl1e iden.tity and address ; � . e an acc� sed in custod_y, to 111v1te l11m to n 1a k to r s a 1n e statement cauti oned e a .n w . h ccus at unti ion l r � � � o;,11piai�t, but not.t o question l1im sl1 ould he decline. �o wever, .��d time as E thiopia s police are equipped witl1 t d l aboratories, equ1pme�t ao ral m ade qua te manpower . to enable th em to rely heavily ds u t s, met f h r1 dete on ctio scie .ti ic n · od i w� l e e he f t unwise -to 1n1erpret Art·i_ cle 27 t 0 pr o · · o . questt'orung h 1t • b" I non-coercive 1nvest1gat1on by accused.

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)' I\

CONFESSIONS AND ARTICLE INVOLUNTARY

35, CRIMINAL PROCEDURE

ConE

in s�spicio�� cases� in chambers with only a clerk accused, the on questi S. but with court poi1ce officers open excluded in . (Of course• such or , ent s . pre . 1 issue t e l h o f t y o on t e mlun tar1n ess; rela, the court .may not interro-, may ns stio . ) a ain . to obt ion er :ess ord con in sed ccu a t the

i�:

If lower court judges are required tD follow s01ne such procedure· and to· certify the steps ta.ken in writing, the existence of the!r affidavits would operate _ as a serious deterrent to any accused who, prior to trial, had '' second thoughts''· about his confession. In some cases, of coJrse, the issue will be raised dishonestly ai trial by the accused; in ot_hers, the �ccu;ed will justifiably point to errors by or _ jn.timidation on the part of the recording ]Udge. In all such cases26 the trial court cannot escape ruling on the questions raited. But, it is submitted, such disputes. will be many fewer, and less difficult to adjudicate, than thqse faced at the present 1 trust in the judicial personnel of lower courts in• minimum Assuming m e. ti Ethiopia , and adequate guidance and supervision from above, there is no reason according to its intended: why Article 35 cannot be ad1ninistered st1ccessfully .. . se o rp u p Tr11st itz Ottr Jz,clges

That brings us to rthe second foreseeable objection to this proposal - that the lower couJ:Tt Judges are not capable o� sufficiently ''qualified'' to administer Article 35 correctly. One frequently hears this rationalization used to explain rules of procedure which deny needed powers of discretion to the lower courts. For example, it has been said that lower court judges are not ''qualified'' enough to, be entrusted with the power to discharge f1om custody persons accused of serious crim es, even if their innocence is apparent: .27 In fact, of course, the real effect of 1his ''mistrust'' of lower court judges is greait injustice to the innocent accused. Under a code framed, apparently, on the theory that only public prosecutors and trial courts are ''qualified'' to recognize the innocence of suspects, an accused, once in custody, may stay there for long periods de�pite his apparent innocence, simply because no one has the authority to release him. Neither the police28 nor the court 26. A further precaution which might be taken by the .recording court to avoid later disputes. wou]d be to conduct the proceeding in the presence of respected elders of the commu nity, who could also be asked to sign as witnesses ,to the ca11tions adm.inistered by the court. 27. "The preliminary inquiry takes place before the district courts, whose judges are not all qualified, and it was decided not to entrust those judges with the power to release persons suspected by the police of aggravated murder or aggravated robbery, persons who \Vould then easily be able to 'vanish into thin air.'" P. Graven, "La nouvelle pro-· cedure penal ethiopienne," Rev. penale si,;sse 79e annee, 1963, n. 21 (Translation Seme reab Mikael, 1965.). M. Graven makes it clear i11 his article that this philosophy was generally jn-· strumental in the drafting of the C·ode: "In effect, rather •than give tl1e courts leeway that they could 11ot be trusted to• use with the necessary discretion, the drafters chose to forego the advantages to be bad from general clauses and chose to ent1merate ,the conditions tl1 at govern the acts and' decisions of the judicial ... authorities before, during and after trial." Id. at p. 74. 28- Article 28 allows the police tl1e ali ternatives )f conditional release ot1 bail, or else pre sentation of tl1e accused to the "nearest court;" unconditional discharge is apparently not permitted, even if "it is doubtful that an offence has been committed or that the summoned or arrestecl person l1as committed the offence complained of . ... "

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JouRNAL oF ETHIOPIAN LAw - Vol. III - 1�·0. 1 29 nor ·the t h g u ro ly b te pr ia el im ed �n m ar ry y im is e te es rr a e in th qu i h ic h w re 30 o ef b urt r c a on urv:;oncl1tionallyJt or � s se relea to s pe h u r powe the b ed grant een has 1 thc 32 rs how it can be tru' -c-harge is a serious one, even on''bond. Yet 011e ,vonde e t h at 1, · t d t d'' e r.o · 1e ermine 1·t· 1 qua not suci:1 111atters _ When Ethiopian lower courts are for ne d an c c IJro new s ure the ._ they wer e satis � � �� _ � � hundreds of . �ears,_ before fac .. 3 St1rely the s. tie 1l1 1b ns simple fact q Use. 1• torily exercising 1ust such respo ion . w11. h' · 1n the compete�ce of a_nr aIert <Of v� lun•!arine�s of a confess1._on 1s and ,, _ ,conscientious J�dge to determine, . and d7man��. no s�1al qu� lifications ''. In .fact, the recording court under Article 35 1s certain, by v1r.tue of 1ts proximity . place and. �me to the ci:cu_mstances s �roundin.g the,,��nfes�,ion,_ to be in a f:� better pos1t1on to ascertain its voluntariness than the · higher trial court will be .months later.

.si,mmary

The administration of criminal justice in Ethiopia is marred ·by the frequent ,claims that convictions are based upon coerced confessions. The present system for adjudicating such claims and for dettrring the practices which generate them is inadequate, wi1h the result that suspicion and mistrust abound. Article 35 of the Criminal Procedure Code was intended to provide the sole means of taking .admissible confessions, but it is being ignored. It will be to the benefit of the police, the courts, and the public i f the forthcoming code of evidence reinforces Article 35 in · the way suggested. Mean\lihile, the courts should exercise their present power to admit into evidence only those confessions which have bt-.e:n judicially recorded and certified to be voluntary under Anticle 35.

·----

' ••

Stanley Z. Fisher Law Faculty, Haile Sellassie I Universit)

29. Article 59 offers the court only the alternatives of continued custody or release on bail; it does not, apparently, authorize unconditional discharge on the grounds of obvioua innocence.

JO. Article 89 requires the court to commit the accused for trial; there is no authority _to release him even though the evidence of guilt presented at the inquiry appeared _1n· adequate to support a conviction. But the original draft of the Code provided otherwise. See Graven, cited above a,t note 27, p. 78.

31. This is not unimportant. It should not be assumed that the offer of conditional release on bond is one that every accused is able to take advantage of. Ethiopian prisons ho ld numbers of accused persons who cannot obtain the required guarantors. 32. Art 63. 33. For example, it appears that under traditiooal practices conditional release on guarantee was fre�uently granted even for the most serious offences, so long as the ac�used w:. known 1n the community and could find a respectable person to vouch for his appe d ance. And although "�nqualified" rural officials made the decision as to wll� co�ld : w�o c_ould not be relied upon, -surely it wis rare for a bo11ded accused to vanish 0 thin air."

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