Journal of Ethiopian Law Vol. 4 No. 2 (1967) by jahrastafari89

§� I ii'A\!-9° J .,,..'l'C: I : ;.14"1.P' 1 I.i1f.� S (} : 'J°

Vol. IV No. 2 DECEMBER 1967

IN TIIlS ISSUE

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rJrt.4f·*f'> = r1t"l = OIJ·u111 = l1:,. = (l'tco.9°) hit'1'1-0f'1=;1c=1t°1ll-Jc'Pm;,, x llltDDlDDt,fm« = ri'1.:,..f·k'.r = tin.�:,. = 1t1-�1X' = (l't P..-:f- =·= h(ll\ tJDc : n 'f>t\ : 'h'i : h"lfn : q"}�Clt..11.."} :: rtt.:r-r-A-11 = "'" = i'tClJil4 = ntr?�l"l= ilt\-t-f..l(t,=�Jt.c:"f=+tJJ»D?t=OD°1t\6bJ.== h"lfh : 'ii1�CI\.11..1 :: CASE REPORTS ARTICLES Sou.rces of the Ethiopian Civil Code Rene David The Ethiopian Budget Bulcha Demeksa Introducing the Ethiopian Law Archives: Some Documents on the First Ethiopian Cabinet Selamu Bekele and Jacques Vanderlinden A Supplement to the Bibliography of Ethiopian Law Jacques Vanderlinden

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N IA OP IIl OF ET L NA UR ·LAW JO 1E 'f1 OF S PATRON

l eria _I-Iis b In1p d rate 1gu inat wa Majesty Haile Law ia11 iop 1 Etl1 f o. � na1 The Jour . p elo tl1e p 111 dev ste a11t t ort 11e11 1 · 11np of Ethio Selassie r j 11 the summer of 1964 as a11 _ pia's legal systei;11. Subseq�e11tly, tl1e :13oar? of Editors o� tl1e J�urnal has invited those who are 1 11terest �d 1n tl1e continuat1�11 a11d expa11s1on of the Law Journal's . activities to express tl1e1r support by beconu11g Patrons of the Journal of Ethiopian • Law.H.B Tsl1afi Taezaz Akliltt Habte Walde · itaw Yitatek:u ll.E. . Afenegus K H.B. Ato Abebe Reta H.E. Ato Teshon1e Haile Maria1n l As feh Bit a W \voded H.B. olden1icli ael Hon. Blatta Matias Hiletwork H.B. Ato Mammo Tadesse Hon. Ato. Hagos Tewolde Medhi11 I-I .' B. Dejazn1atc]1 Fikre Selassie Habte Hon. Blatta Haile Wolde Kidan Mariam H.on. Ato Tibebu • Beyene H.B. Lij Kassa Walde Mariam Hon. Ato Ke ·bede Kelel H.E. Dr. Haile Giorgis Workineh Ho11. Ato Negussie Fita,,,ake H.B. Ato Seyoum Haregot .. Ho.□. Kassa Beyene H.B. Ato Yoha11nes Tsegaye H.B. Ato G·oytom Petros I H.E. Ato Ketema Abebe · J H.B. Ato Assefa Gabre Marian1 H.B. Dejazn1atch Berhane Meskel. Wolde Selassie H.B. Col. Leghese Walde Hanna H.B. Ato Aberra Jembere H.B. Ato Belatchew Asrat I H.B. Ato Muhamed A'bdural1IDan H.B. Brig. Gen. Abebe Wolde Meskel . H.B. Ato Nirayo Bsayas H.B. Ato Teshome Gebre ivlariam H.B. Ato B11lcha Demeksa H.B. Ato Teferri Lemma Hon. Ato Amn1anuel Andemicl1ael Hon. Fitawrari Bayisa Jemmo Ato Abate Wo11de111agegnehu Ato Assefa Liban Ato Abebe Gire Kegnazmatch Assefa Nadew } Ato Abdul Aziz Mohan1med Ato Assefa Metafaria I Ato Abraham Tesfatsion Ato Assefa Tsegaye Balambaras Adane Deressa Ato Ats11eba Fanta • Ato Adarra Francois Ato Ayalew Gobe Ato · Admasse Gessesse Ato Befekadu Tadesse Dr. Maurice J. Aelion Dejazmatch Bekele Beye11e Lt. Col. Ahmed Aminu Ato Bekele De111issie Ato Ak.lilu Atlabatchew Ato Bekele Gebre Amlak · Ato Aklilu Bete Mariam Ato Bekele Habte Michael ., Ato Alene Aligaz Ato Bekele Nadi Ato Amare Degefe Ato Bekele Tesfaye Ato Amede Lemma Col. Belatchew Jen1anel1 ·Ato Arege Arsido Ato Belatchew Nigr11 · . Mrs. Marica Arvanitopo·ulo Ato Belay Meketa Fit. Asegahegn Araya Ato Belay Mengesha Ato Asfeha Kahsai Ato Belete Wolde SeUa.ssie Ato Assefa Bekele Woiz. Beleyu Work Gebre Meskel , '

•

Brig. Gen. Bereket Gebre Medl1in Ato Berhane Kefle Maria.m Lt. Col. Berha11e W oldeyes Mr. Russell Berman Ato Beyene Abdi Ato Binega Tsehai Hailu Dr. Willia1n Bu,hagiar Grazmatch Cl1alie Yadeta Dr. Christopher Clapl1a,n1 M,r. Richard Cumnlings Lt. Col. Dan1a Zeng Egzer Ato Demerew Tash·u Ato Demmissew Assaye Blatta Demissie Workageg11ahu Ato Desta Gebru Mr. Harrison Dunning Ato Endale W olde Mjchael Ato E11dale Mengesha Ato Enyew Gessesse Kess Ermias Kebede Ato Eshete Berhane Mr. William Ewing Capt. Eyassu Gebre Hawariat Dr. Eyob Gebrecristos Ato Falke Aragaw Grazmatcb Fessahaie Zegheie Dr. Fiammetta Prota Kaypaghian Ato Fisseha Gebre Ewostatewos Mr. Stanley Z. Fisl1er Ato Gayim Asmelash Ato Gebre Gebre Giorgis Kegn. Geta Gebre Ha11na Kitaw Ato Gebre Hewot Wolde Hawariat Bashai Gebre Meske! Zeilo Ato Gebreyesus Haile Mariam Balambaras Gemeda Urgessa Grazmatch Gessesse Mesfin Ato Getachew Adn1ass11 Ato Getachew Asfaw Ato Getacl1ew Kibret Ato Getachew H11neg11aw Ato Gila Mikael Bal1ta Ato Girma Abebe Lt. Girma Wolde Giorgis Ato Goitom Beyen Mr. Everett Goldberg Dr. Philippe Graven Dr. Saba Habacby Ato Haile Aman Ato Haile Giorgis Differ Ato Haile W. Ma.riam Mr. Norman J. Singer Ato Hailu Alemayeh11 Capt. Hailu Arsede

Capt. Hail11 Shenqute Ato Hailu Tesfaye Mr. G. Hamawi Mr. N. Hamawi Ato Haile Leoul Habte Giorgis Dejazn1atcl1 Idris Leja1n Ato Inq110 Bahrey Gebre Mikael Dr. Quintin Johnstone Miss Mechtild Immenkotter Capt. Kanoa Guma Ato Kebede Atnafseged Ato Kebede Gebre Marian1 Ato Kebede Seri Ato Kebede Waga Ato Kidane Equba Egzi Ato Kida11u Kassa Mr. Michael Kindred Ato Kirkos Nigatu Mr. Lawrence Knowles Capt. Legesse Wolde Mariam Ato Lemma W olde Sen1ayat Dr. Marcello Lombardi Dr. Maria-Grazia Prota Mr. Steven Lowenstei11 Ato Leul Menber-u Ato Makonnen Wolde Mariam Mr. Paul McCarthy Mr. Robert C. Means Brig. Gen. Mebrahitu Fisseha Lt. Col. Mehrete Gebre Selam _Ato Mesfi11 Fanta Mr. Norman Metzger Ato Mewail Mebratu Kegn. Geta Mezemer Hawaz Ato Michael Fasil Fitawrari Haji MohamnJecl Seredge Ato M11hamud Nur H11sain Ato Mulugeta Berihun Ato Mu1ugeta Wolde Giorgis Ato Nabiye Leoul Kifle Ato Negga Tese1nma Kegnazmatch N11ridine Zayentt Mr. Donald E. Paradis Mr. James C.N. Paul Mr. Robert Picot Mr. G. Prota Mr. Kenneth Redden Mr. Harry D. Richards Mr. Ezio Rusmim Mr. Arakel Sakadjian Ato Saleh A. Kebire Mr. Peter H. Sand Mr. Olin B. Scott Mr. Robert D. Scott ••

VII

•

Mi. Robert A.· Sedler

Ato Ato Ato Ato Ato Ato Mr. · Mr. Dr. Ato Ato Ato · Ato Ato Ato Ato A . to Ato Ato .Ato Ato Ato Ato Ato

Seifu Wolde Kidan Seifu Gebre . Yohannes Seifu Yetesh.awork Sl:uffe-raw Worku Solomon Abebe · Solomo11 .Habte Giorgis. Roland J. Stanger Peter L. Strauss G.0. Zacharias · Sundstro111 Tadesse Abebe Tadesse Asfaw Tadesse · Tekle Giorgis Tadesse Yersaw Tefera Degefe. Tefere Sertse De11gel Tefferi Berhane Tegegn Bitew Tekle Gebre Meskel Teklit Mak.onnen Temesgen Worke Tereffe Gessesse Tesfa Mariam Sebhat Tesfa Zio11 Eyassu Tesfa.ye Kebede

Ato Tesb.ome Bahru Balambaras Tesl1ome Getaw Ato Tessema Wolde Yohannes Ato Tilahun Fettena Ato Tibebu Abrah.a1n Ato Tibebu Tegegn Ato Tsegaye Tefferi . Ato Tsegaye Walde Marian1. · Mr. Micl1ael Topping Dr., Jacques P.M. Vanderlin.den ·· Mr. Vittorio Vercelli110 Mr. Nicola P. Vosikis Mr. Franl< . D. Winsto11 Ato Wolde Leol1l · Seyoum Ato Woldu Berhe Ato Woube Gebre Yobannes Ato Woube Woldeyes Ato Yeshewa Work Hailu Ato Yiln1a Gebre · Ato Yilma I-Iailu Dr. Yoh.annes Berl1a11e Ato Zelleke Desta Ato Zeude Engeda Ato Zet1de Mekwa11ent II

l I

. l I

f •

viii

•

-----r\

SUPP L .EM ENT TO THE .BJBLIOGRAPHY OF

ETHIOPIAN

LA\V

elstat1m, Le co,if!it italo-etl1iopien deva,11 la M an d . A s J8. D · N·, .pa1.1s · ( 1937) · · a ·t II W zw1 ,,n z, t1t · os N 1e 11 y0 A11nexio 11 Abessinieus urid ct· . . . l 9. 0. . ' Ie . · L1 qu1da-· 1 tes, ' Ze1tscl1rif tion des ab ess1111sc I1e11 Konfl"k · t fi,r ai,slii.rzclisches 0,+r. JJ e11tl1cl1es 10/lcerrec/1t, vol. . T . itnd 7,pp 1 t 6. 38-6 .Rec/ .Die diplon1atische No stit itz z-W a.llw '' von 0. yorgescl11· ch te des Abes 20 . sini en-konfliktes," ide,n, vol. 5, pp. 760 ff. Wa ll�itz, ::n�e E11twicklu11g des A st it N zo vo n_ o . bessinieiikoti fliktes bis 21 d zu B eg1nn der ,t11k t1011e11, z e11·1, vo1. 6, lJP, 496-537. 8 N os al ti lwitz, ''Das Kriegsrecht im italiet1isc tz -W vo n o . 22. h-abessi ri iscbe ·n , pp. 722. ide1n 680Krieg,'' 23. o. vo11 Nostitz-Wallwitz, ''Der Zwischenfall von Ual-Ual u,1 ct seine Bel1andlu11g durcb de11 Volkerb1111d u11d die Schiedskon11nission.'' · .1 1c,e111, pp. 75-89. 24. H. Roli11, ''Der italienisch-abessi11ische Ko11flikt," Frieclenswarte, vol 36, . pp. 236-245. 25. G. Scelle, ''Die A1111exio11 Abessi11iens dt1rch Italien 1111d der V6lkerbt1nd' Volkerbi111d uncl Vollcerrec/11, vol. 3 (I 936-37), pp. 167-172. 26. A. Serup, ''Aufheb1111g der Sa11ktio11en im italieniscl1-abessinische1) Ko11flikt," Friede11l·varte, vol. 37, pp. 14-17. 27 A. Serup, ''Die I11k.raftsetzu11g des Art. 16 im italie11isch-abessinische11 Konflikt," icle,n, vol. 36, pp. 197-200. 28 . C. Terliuden, Le conflit italo-ethiopie,i et la S.D.N., Liege (1936). 29. E. Zienert, Reclztsfrage11 cler Kriegsfiil1ritng im italier1iscl1-abessit1isc/1e11 Krieg, (I11nsbrucker Diss.) (1936). Q.;: IV.

h.t-.-t�m- = 1·1ou'J : (hifif�li J\llh t,u•'J Fourth period (from 1941 to the present)

tJ. Oit'P� = fmm- : ;,,1°:f :: A. Legislation

= ==)

h'PA:f"} : hf ll llJc : Ar,. : fl l,\ r,.9° : f ari OD {lfl (J}• : (Ill h rf•fl OJ• : t, (\ : . Similarly to the special volume including Procla1nations (no. 226), there 1s: 30. Negarit Gazeta - Decrees a11d Orders, Addis Ababa (1951). flit.Tf-k.r : 'J1.. LJJ : '11;»:1, : (ID"}"J F:,-. : r·i••f ll\,n : itJc°7.'l.fl:,•t.. (L : : : h,(\ ° tiliJ.'J : tl'/(D« llJ L ;JJ: J : t:,• f',;J l ff;J 'J : frt1• : lD•• fie {l,f;T f-' There is also a table of contents of tl1e Negarit Gaz�ta (no. 214), pre pared by the Imperial Institute for Public Administrat1011: 3I Negarit Gazeta - AljJhabetical index, vols. 1-17 (1942-1958), 2nd ed., with Supplements, Addis Ababa (1959). • . • • • (lli, <' , . 'i" 00 : *, r, .,t• Oh 'i" 7t ,l blJ : 0 mli1.?° i Oh'J°lt\..11 : i'l.llTP.f..C (ID CT&-. : h'J f:'tT : ootiflA : O'tnt.m· : 1.tt : fli'i,C,r 6' : ro·.'l'P : h" t Jc· -: h .';, {I : 7i t. " h� ,h-<;: � : U . tL 'J f (l . · " : ', l-. · :: :J f, C r ,, t 11, C :,-. : · . 9 : -� f L .-, hO'l : A'i"1"'-;'(Dc : hA:J!A19° :: . E r·1tre.a bet,veen p·Inally a Gazzetta 'J!ritrea wouId h ave b. ee n p.ublished 111 been ave 1 ] We ia. the end of the Br1. t1sh rule a11d the 111110n ,vitb . Etbio. ba. - ble a Ab P dis Ad · · · 1 11 una 1cation to fi11d any trace of that pub1-

- 435 -

("1,J,,e first · .

· -Private Bank

in f::thicpia)

HEAD OFFICE Addis Ketema, P.O. Box 751, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. Telegraphic address: ADISBANK T,el.: Off;ice 13185 / 6 /7 Tel.: Managing Direotor 1601 I

COMPLEIB SERVICES FOR A- L L TYP-ES OF BANKING TRANSACTIONS. Our network of correspondents in all major centres provides a world-wide service for your national and internation-al banking requirements. BANKERS IN. ETH,IOPlA National B·ank of Ethiopia Commercial Bank of Ethiopia� S.C. OVERSEAS CORRESPONDENTS National and Gr.indlays Ba.nk Limited, Londo n, Nairobi and Bombay. Chase M-anhattan Bank, New York, U.S.A. ·. Deutsche Bank, Frankfurt, Federal G-c1111an Republic. Banque de llfndochine, Paris, France.

I ..

A SUPPLEMENT TO THE BIBLIOGRAPHY OF ETHIO PIAN LAW

50. 51.

52. 53.

54.

55.

56. 57. 58. 59. 60. 61. 62. 63.

64. 65.

66. 67. 68.

69. 70.

71.

72. 73.

Pankhurst, ''The New Ethiopian Penal Cod ,,, Eh zo . p za O b se rv er, 259 pp. -27 0. (195 Tl1e 8), latt er 2 title include: mor: detaile vol. d articles or : th on au e m sa e th by ''Co ntraception and abortion," idem, pp. 282-287. ''Copyright," iclem, p. 270. ''Juvenile offenders," idenz, pp. 271-275. ''Offences against morals," idem, pp. 281-282. ''Prison conditions and work," idem, pp. 277-279. Finally, we have, on various aspects of Ethiopian law: Desalegne Benti, ''When workers strike," Ethiopian Business Jour,zal, vo l. 4 (1967), pp . 35-40. Etlziopian Income Tax Service, St. Petersburg (1962). A. Giovene, ''I nuovi codici," Sestante, vol. 1 no. I, (1965), pp. 49-51. A. Giovene, ''Organicita del Codice di proced11ra civile," ide,rz, vol. 1 no.2, (1965), pp. 23-25. R. Gramby, ''The effect of government policies on economic developm ent in Ethiopia," Etl1iopian Busi11ess Journal, vol. 4 (1967), pp. 27-33. Hampartsum Ghazarossian, ''The Board of Directors in the Ethiopian Share Company," Business Journal, vol. 3 (19.65), pp. 50-72. G. Krzeczunovicz, ''The Ethiopian Civil Code: its usefulness, Relation to Custom and Applicability," Journal of African La}v, vol. 7 (1963), pp. 172.-177 G. Krzeczunovicz, ''Ethiopian legal education: Retrospect and Prospect, Journal of Ethiopia11 Studies, vol. 1, nr. �---1,-- (1963), pp. 68-74. G. Krzeczunovicz, The law of filiation in Ethiopia, Addis Ababa (1966). R. Pankhurst, State and Land in Etlziopian History, Addis Ababa (1966). K. Redden, The law-making procels in Ethiopia, Addis Ababa (1966). K. Redden, ''Legal research and law reporting in Ethiopia," Liberian Law Journal, vol. 2 (1966), pp. 122-129. R. Sedler, Ethiopian Civil Procedz,re, Addis Ababa (1967). S. Tedeschi, ''Sulla gerarcbia delle fonti nel sistema giuridico etiopico," Journal of Etlziopian Studies, vol. 5 (1967), pp. 87-94. J.B. Tener, ''Industrial relations in Ethiopia," Business Journal, vol. 2 (1965), pp. 46-49 J. Vanderlinden, ''Civil law an d common law influences on the develop 60-26 2 P· 6), (196 P 16 . vol , iew Rev � ing law of Ethiopia," Biiffalo Law of ion at lam oc pr x ta e m co in e th on ke or W neh Fitte ''A commentary 37 23, P 64) (19 · · 1 l. vo 196 1," Business 'Stude,zts Association Journal, � awa D ire D e, nc vi ro P ge ar ar H Sileshi Wolde-Tsadik, Land Taxation in (1966).

- 437 -

. g

JOURNAL OF ETHIOPIAN LAW Published Twice a .11nually at tl1e Faculty of La\\', Haile Sellassie Ui1iversity i11 co-operation witl1 the Mi11istry of Justice.

EDITORIAL BOARD H.E. Ato Belatchew · Asrat, Chair·n1a11 Dr. William Buhagiar

H.B. Ato Nirayo Esayas

Dea11 Quint�11 Johnstone

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· Professor Peter H. Sand

Professor Nor1na11 J. Singer

Ato Negga Tessema

EDITORIAL STA.FF Case Editors

Articles Editors

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•

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Secretar)'

Tseda.le Bekele The Journal is distributed outside Etl1iopia by Oxford · university Press. _ P · 0 · Box 1024, Addis .Ababa, Ethiopia ·at U.S.$ 7 .00 a year. Please address correspondence· to the Editors, Journal of Ethiopian _Law, p · O · Box 1176, Addis Ababa, Etl1iopia. ••

•

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Enjo)1able life for your st1rvivors.

CONTACT - LIFE ASSURANCE DEPARTMENT Imperial Insurance Co1npany of Ethiopia :Ltd� Addis Ababa

P.O. Box 380 Tel.· 10477 .

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10081 P.O. Box 881 Tel. .

Dire Dawa

• .

P.O..· Box 208 Tel 3274

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HAJLE

I ·. UNIVERSIT'Y

SELLASSIE

FACULTY

LAW .

b si y, blis ive� esta U11 I e .ed i11 1963, offe assi Sell le Hai � of Law 0� lty u . Fac The _ 1a cotirses in -law leading to the LL.B degree and to a D1plon . or Cert1fica_te io L a.: ulty 11, Fac of Dea , La\V t stan Assi the I-1a1le Sell assi� tact con tion a rrn info · ther r fu. . . For . I U1tlversity, P. O. Box 1176, Addis Ababa.

F A C-U L 1, Y Qui11tin J0l1nstone, A.B., J.D., LL.M., J.S.D., Dea11 Michael J. Kindred, B.A., J.D., M.C.L., D.E.S., Assistant Dea11 Harriso11 C. Dun11ing, B.A., LL.B., Assistant Dean . Richa.rd M. Cun1mings, A.B., LL.B., M. . Litt. Eric ·Edel, Dr. Droit William H. Ewing, A.B., LL.B. St_aoley Z. Fisl1er, B.A., LL.B. Jean-Denis Gag11011, Lie. Droit, D.E.S. . Frank I-Iorowitz, B.A., L.L.B. Lawre11ce K11owles, B.A.., LL.B., LL.M. George Krzeczunowicz; B.A., LL.M., Lie. Sc. Co11un., Lie. Sc. Polit. · John B. Marshall, LL.B., LL.M. Pau. l McCartl1y, A.B., J.D., M.C.L. James · C.N. Paul, B.A., LL.B. Paul Ponjaert, Dr. Droit, M.C.L. Peter- H. Sand. Referend.ar, D.E.S., LL.M. N orman Si11ger, B.S., LL.B. Peter Strau.ss, B.A., LL.B. G.O. Za.charias SuodstTom, LL.B., LL.M., M..Co111_p.L. Michael R. Topping, B.A., LL.B. Jacques P.M. Vanderli1Jden, Dr. Droit, Agrege Ens. Sup.

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' .

FACUL�rY ,•

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•

XV.I

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OJrt{l,f-J;�C : {IIJP'tf : fl11T : f rl'flm• : (D«ta�?':Y.. : n�cx· : (Lr),, : 'h1¥.1c; : ill\ "'If:,.. I \1'1811 t1AX-- : h• fl"}f I flf,'?'I� : hta7i I f1C : m-fl'r : 1{l : •.• .•• •.• ... .... •.. .•.. 101 ODP'tf : CL:i,r I 00/;\i) : fl6ih :: nilT.i;�C(fi) : ODp-'l,f : n,:,.. : firf--flm- : W-la�?J1• : fl�CX,- : {Lr)• : 'h"}f..1c; : il/\"'lf-l-- : nfl+�f..c(r) =

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Company. (Ethiopia) Ltd.. invites you to

COME SEE and BUY a.t Mosvold Depa.rtment Store

C. P. CIANIUDPDllOS

P. 0. Box 120 - Telephone 11278 - Addis Ababa

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Newsvendor• ====�BoekaeUers Stationers

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- 447 -

---�--rfable of Cases Re.ported Supreme l1nperial Tsgie Habte Sellassie et Al. \I. Sen�t)'t (Civil Appeal No. 655 - 56) • • • • .

Court ,

• •

M.oha1nmed Ab11issa V. Public Prosecl1tor • • • (Crimi11al Appea.l No. 6-58) ,

• • •

•

• •

•

• • •

•

• •

•

• • •

•• • •

• • •

• •

•

• •

• • •

• •

•

• • •

• •

Tsegaye Gebre M.edbi11 v. Public Prosecutor · (Cri1ninal Appeal No.. 32-58) • • • • •

•

.y · oha11nes Kidane a11d Azaj W olde Se111aet Wolde Mariam v. Ato Berha1111 Wolcle Giorgis (Civil Appeal No. 1430-57) . . . ... ... Abebe Lebelew V. Mohammed Abd11r]1an1a11 (Civil Appeal No. 75-58) • • • • • • • • •

•

N·egestie Fe11taye V. Sal1.le Maria.m. Me11gesl1a et Al. (Ci,1 il Appeal No. 676-58) • • • • • • • • • • • • Ara.ya · Amde 11ichael v. Kal1say Gebre Tensae ... . 1 (Ci, il Appeal No. I 04-58) ... ... . . . ...

•

• • •

·. Socjeta Natio11al Transport Go11dra11d Brothers et Al. V. Ato Seyu111 Mesgena (Civil Appeal N·o. I 08-58) . . . .. . ... • • • • •

• •

•

...

• •

•

• • •

• •

•

• • •

•

• • •

• •

• • •

•

• •

• • •

4 • •

• • •

•

• • •

• •

240 246

-/) "�3

· . . 259

• •

•

Page

266 272

. . . 276

•

• • •

•

.. .

••• •

•• •

"I,, .) .)

•

• • •

318

•

. • .• 324

•

. . . 293

High Court Ele11i Nikita v. Saverio Martirado11na ... . (Civil Case No. 71-55) ,

•

. Ministry of Education v. Mulatwa As.faw · (Civil Appeal No. 243-57) ... ...

•

• •

•

Mamo Wolde v. I11Iand Revenue Departme11t · (Civil. Case No. 727-57) . . . . . . . ..

Napoli Vince11zo v. Rita Rina et ·AJ. · (Civil Case No. 26-57) • • • • • •

xxii

·•

•

• •

• • •

•

• •

•

• • •

.'.

•

• •

•

• •

•

• •

•

. . 307 · f I

·I

ty ili ia � r's ye � o pl Em See Obl1gat1ons, Extra-Contractual Evjdence in relation to written contract s See Obligations, contractl1al ce n a st s m cu ir C g n ti a u en xt .E See Penal La.w and Procedure - I-Iomicide Family Law Filiation Tsgie llabte Selassie et Al. v. Se n. ayt ...

•

• •

• • •

. ..

... 324

Filiation See Family Law

240

Guarantee See Ob]igatiot1s, Cot1tractual Homicide See Penal Law and Procedure Income Ta . x See Taxatio11 Judicial review of administrative decisio11s See Aclmi11istrative Law Jurisdiction See Civil Procedure Lien on Movables i11 Leased Estate See Obligations, Co11tractual Obligations, Contractual Contract of Agency Napoli Vicenso v. Rita Rina et Al.

• • •

• •

•

Societa National Transport Gondrand Brothers et Al. v. Seyum Mesgena . . . . . . . .. • • • • • • • • •

• • •

•

• • •

.. .

293

• • •

Contract of Antichresis - validjty of l11iregistered contract Fitawrari Kassa Neakuto v. Aklilu Gobeze .. . . . . ...

•

Contract of Employmet1t Aeftiha Mamali11gas, Panayotis Mamalingas v. Zapula and Cammusa con1pany ... Haile Waqgira v. Girma Gegere . . . . ..

• • • •

• •

• • • •

• •

• • • • • •

• • •

• •

•

• •

• • •

•

• •

• • •

. ..

259

•

• • •

.. . 276

Contract of Loan Yohannes Kidane and Azaj Wolde Semaet Wolde Mariam v. Ato Beranu Walde Giorgis . . . . . • • • • • • • • • • Evidence in relation to written contracts

Araya Amde Michael v. Kahsay Gebre Tensae • • · Guarantee

- 449 -

• •

•

-g

REPORTS

y the S pren1e Imperial b ecided s cas twelve are following � Th� and the ·. � � _ i gh H pr a c a l y Courts · of _ Ethiopia. The Amharic Jt1dg_n1e11t 1s offic1al and w s . e ect . es the 111 that those cases 1ote 1 to l1eard portant im before Ulixed b e Erlglish. It is : nch. s two judges, separate foreign and opinions are written of both· Ethiopia n � o ' ne 1·0 Amharic and one jn English. These opinions are 11ot translations of o�e another ; dgment.s · b ased upon comn1on agreement ainong th . but are · 10 · d ependent · JU . ·g es' Jud e as to the principl�s and final outcome of . the case. ,

•

)

''l

j ·' .

- 236 -

r�m�(l-:r-1

= r"'" : 'l>'rr,::-:,-.. = f"iftiy, = 11c11c = (lt\�9'1 :

rh.:t-r-ti',r = ,"h.·1 = 001oir:,, == h't'l'?a' 44

64 79 87 88 90 91

1 ?i"

'114>?.'

176 213 363 363 363 364 364

92 114 115 116 117 118 125

rBr'l__e

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54 183 55 184 279,284,285,286,289,290 390 279,282,284,286,289,290 391 197 577 197 578 197 579 580 197 581 197 596 197 662 198,199,202,203 666-68 197 671 197,199,200,203 673 199 674-76 198 676-80 197 748 237,238,239 771 237,238,239 773 237,238,239 774 237,238 796 237,238 826(1) 54 881-883 17 7 882 56 884 177 887 269,270 897(2) 180 902-03 17 7 990 182,185 938 269,270 939 52,55,56,247 1386-1401 280 1553-1646 6 5 1644 284 1682 130 1683-86 130

1 ?.'

362 353 353 353 353,362 354 214 <¼- '/°-

1686 130 1688 287 1696 256,258 1704 256,258 1719 211,212,213,214,215 1719-27 211,212 1720(2) 212 1721 284,287 1721-1723 284 1722 211,213,214,215,216 1723 212,283,285,287 1724 212 1725 212 1726 214,215 1727 212,213,215,285 132 1763-70 133 1771-1805 142 1772-75 284 1808-1817 281 1816 284 1 81 7 83 1831 84 1836 85 1920 80 1923 80 1926 107,112 1933 264 1933(1) 263,264,265 1934(2) . 80 1942 5 3 1 1952 135 1962-75 274,275 2005 257 275,256, 274 ' 2006 40 2095 310 2119

- 451 -

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= ��

nrt n�llnc>'f 1

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r�:,-,,. = 11"1.C = ;,.oi = 'l>--Tc = ir.�c(i) ''-1;�-:;.. = nn-1 = 1'1-'ttf>fl/\- = 1101/. ff.C1' : 04! : h_lf� : hflX"'l:,• : '11\:1:ro. : -i·"l'l�l-- : f°tt]D-,lJill : '19°,,f·l: '

mf,'J° : 9°Ah..-f·°f'' t ill\°7.A : _v,=;:ro, : (lei! : 'iTlD" : OOl/.1\:ftIJc : "19°f l -'i = 9°Ahf--1" : hn-1 = &.:,. ,P.. : h?i1 : "'l.,llJmC = J!,1_9°/r/;\ i flltU9° 1 \1�·f•�(I)c : ',:C�" : fb"1" : ff.l"llD· : 9°19° : OJ/;\K" : flf,111 : f,lJ"}.,.: �'lC: ilftlf'l : f,U1 : ,f•4'11ft1 : f(l(l}c : 9°ilhC : fl.+C,,0 : nf,1'19° : a>f.,f·flt\a>« t,ct,c = 1t'iA4-h1

h;J •n:1: = ro·'"l,b = llll orz.01I\P1-- = Afl.1.. ::

h;J11:J: : tIJc6JJ» : f,t-rott>;.. : A'li..°f : hn q,y..:fl:fm· : ;,c : ,n.?'I! : oa,t {}(lt .,e-: rai.r1·,;.. :,. : c#>Tll� : flft---1" : Y'ilT : rJ•�;J--?11" : 'la>·

=�

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n1X"' = (ltIJc1 = ''rA;r. = tt11:,.. = 1t1,,1· = -,tJ'' ,,nil� = �c� , L1t fro(l'i : }\1f.lf'l : ',(J)c :: .

. flit1f.�:OJ•'i : nu--tt+;;:w, : 'rTC : f,f--ODflh,f·ro◄ : 9°1'1° : l·'?C : 1 raifoullJ = nf,f..fl� nil:f;,t = mf 'J° = ltl1t:..t-it = rtPJ. tr'IOJ- , c or,: .(" ,

flfl/.f./.1(1Jc : fitfl:,,',rr : Ol/ro:,, : ',ID• ::

•

.eu : f t.u--i,. : 'l1C 1 1C"'IOJJ,. : fw'if,'1" : nfl:'f•'lrf:1 : (ltt,4'J¾. 1\;rA : (n:P!i::t- A) I fOl/il"1·'i : f.U1):. : ft"'lll.t.�-r : 'I� : 1'1:( 1 tto·"t:. · . (1',:C� : (1:,. : lD•-1), : "1•:J""�:1, ;: f"'ll\:,_.. : -,1c : 'ttf,.,{'..l\9° :� tDf,IIC: : IJ''i . . : 1

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- 238 -

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1�

n1+,: 8(2)

20 108 284 320 329

766

768 775(3)

•

55 55

107,111 286 286,292 285

264,265 263,264,265 275 fm"}ih�

2 5-10 25(2) 32

33 34 40 41(2) 60 66-78

h1��

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227 228 228 228 228 228 228 228 228 228 228

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17"

358 359 360 456 460 463

286,292 286 292 56 56 323

790 825

264 263,264,265

,0rv;0 �.... ,.... ....

= fl-

cr-

74 79(u) 79-84

184 499 522(1) 523 524 651 654

733

fro"}j!h� : oP:,,65J. : ,h°l : P'"I : P'C'l:,.C 182(2) 195(3)

36 35

4?'1'C

1�

1/35 22/52 23/54 27/54

T«'l'C 3/43 62/36 71/37 78/38 80/38 94/40 95/40

228,250,251,252 250 2.28 249,252 156 244,249,250 243,245 249,250,252 35 35,156 156 :2

353 358 157,165 280,282,284,285,289,290

1�

i't'P�

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1K' 352 351,353 196

102

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.. .-

., '

. SUPREME

IMPERIAL

COURT.

Div. 2 ,.

Judges: Afenegus Kitaw Yitateku Blatta Bekele Habte Michael Ato Tadesse Tekle Giorgis TSGIE HABTE SELLASSIE ET AL. v. SENAYIT Civil

Appeal

No.

655/56

Filiation - Ch.ild born out of wedlock - Possession of Status - Acknowledgme11t of pater� . ity - Adniissibility of action - Relations/zip of Civil Code to prior customary law - Civil Code • Arts. 748, 771, 773, 774, 796 and 3348. An appeal from an order of the 1-Iigh Court which allowed respondent to prove her status a.s the child of the deceased, born out of wedlock, from whose estates she wishes to claim. field: Order affirmed. I. Tl1e .filiation of a child born before the coming into effect of the Civil Code is governed by customary law. .

2. According to customary law, the possession of the status of a child may be proved by any means of evidence.

This case i11volves a child born out of wedlock. The respo11dent, Woz. Senayit. , on Hedar 12 1956 E.C. (November 21, 1963 G.C.), instituted this case, a suit for succession, in t11e I-Iigh Court . as File No. I 16/56, claiming that sl1e was the lawful heir of German1e Wonda: frash. ,

. Tl1e present appella11ts denied that Woz. Se11ayit was the daughter of Ato Wond.afrash. They tl1erefore contended tl1at she \Vas not l1is heir. Furt�er more they argued that under Article 773 of the Civil Code an action of a child to claim its status may not be instituted except with the permission of a court. 11� c1:n order give11 on . Yekatit 11 1956 E.C. (February 18, 1964 .G:C.), the I-:I1gh C�urt allowed the action, a11d on tl1e basis of Article 771 permitted Woz. Senay1t to prove her status as Ato Wondafrash's child. The appeal is on the above order.

� e bas t, . The main ground of appeal is that the order of the High Cour .on Article 771 permitting W oz. Senayit to prove that she was ack nowledge · . - 240 -

.. .

�

Table of Laws Cited

(Vol. IV)

The Revised Constitution of E thiopia Article

44 64

79 87 88 90 91

Page

Article

188 220 379 379 37 9 380 380

92 114 115 116 117 118 125

Page

378 370 370 370 370,378 370 220

Civil Code of 1960

59 183 57,60 184 286,296,298,299,301,302 390 294,296,298,299,301,302 391 206 577 206 578 206 579 206 580 20 581-96 662 206,207,209,210 205 666 668 205 671 206,207,208,210 673 207 674-76 207 676-80 205 748 241 771 241 773 241 774 74 1 796 241 826(1) 57,59 880-83 188 881 191 882 57,61 884 189 887 272,273 897(2) 190 902-03 188 910 192 938 272,273 939 57,58,60,61,2 72,273 1386 -1401 295 1553 -1646 71 1644 297,300,301 1682 14 7

1683-86 1686 1688 16 96 1704 1719 1719-27 1720 1721 1721-23 1722 1723 1723-25 1724 1725 1726 1727 1763-70 1772-75 1803 1808-17 1816 1831 1836 1920 1923 1926 1933 1934(2) 1942 1952 2005 2006 2095 2119 2121 - 455 -

147 147,148 299 259,261 259,261 218,219,220,221 218 218,219 297,299,300 297 219,220,221,222 219,271,274 218 219 219 218,219,220,221 218,219,271,272 149 150 150 297 295 90 90,91 91 87 87 118,144,267 267,268 87 151 276,277 259 ' 260,276,277 45

313,314

. ETHIOPIAN OF JOURNAL

LAW � VOL. IV �- No. 2

to prove· by ·the testimo11y of relatives. and . other witnesses that Ato Ge ma· . · bad accepted her as a child and had done everything. a father doe·; me to a· · . , child, and tl1�t she l1ad- b�en so treated by· relatives. . · For the above· reasons, the appeal is rejected and the case rema nded to . · · the I-Iigh Court.· : · · Megabit 14, 1956 (March 23, 1964) . .

.- A copy of this· jud. gment shall be sent to the. High Court. .

.. ..

-242-

Article 108

284 320 329 35 0 358

766 766-68 768 775(3)

Page

Article

114,1 1 6 267 299,303 298 299,300 299

456 460 463

Commercial Code o f 1960 267 790 268 825 267 825(3) 277

Page 60 60 326

267 267 268

Penal Code of 1957 2 5-10 25(2) 32 33 34 40 41(2) 60 66-78 71

2 33 233 233 233 2 33 233 2 34 234 234 234 234

74 79(a) 79-84 184 499 522(1) 523 524 6 51 654 733

234,254 254 234 253,255 168 247,253,254,255 246,247,248 353,354 37 37 168

Criminal Procedure Code of 1961 182(2 )

3 7,38

Number

Page

3/43 62/44 71 /45 78/46 80/46 94/47 95/47 1 11-112/40 124/45

195(3 )

Proclamations

59,60 206 369 369 369 37 4 374 69,71 302

Number

Page

160 /58 162/59 165/60 17 3/62 195/62 1 96/63 2 05/63 210/63

37 0 369,371 205 104,105 58,60 371 99,100 1 67,168,169,171 1 72, 1 73, 174

Orders Page

Number 1/43 22/60 23/61 27/62

371 374 1 69,174 301 ,302 , 00 3 98,299, 294,295,2 - 45 7 -

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Judges:

SUPREME IMPERIAL COURT Asmara

Vice .Afenegus Matias · Helete Work Dr. Gian.:...Carlo Polera

•

Ato Berhe Sekuar • ·

·-

MOHAMMED ABUISSA v. PUB . LIC PROSEC UTOR Criminal

Appeal

No.

6/58

Pe11al law - Co11fessio11 - Homicide - Art. 523 Pen. C. On appeal from a judgment of the Higl1 Court sentencing accused to death; Held: Sentence reversed and modified. 1. On a charge for J1on1icide in the first degree, the Prosecution is duty bound to prove cruelty, grudge, vengeance or any other base motive o. n the part of tl1e accused, particularly where n1itigatin.g circumstances exist in favour of the accused.

2. Where the Prosecution fails to discharge this obligation and absent any other suffi cient evidence against an accused except his confession, then any confession which is cred.ible and ti:ustworthy is given greater weight. .

3. WL1ere· an accused of l1is own free will admits having committed an offence and his confession is credible and trustworthy, it is improper to accept parts of· his confessiou unfavourable to llim and reject those favourable to bun.

Th·e Appella.nt, Moham1ned Abuissa, was chargeq with · homicide under Art.. 523(1) of the Pe11al Code and sentenced to d.eath by a majority of ihe judges in the High Co11rt of A.kordat. I-Ie is now appealing fro111 the se11tence of the Court. , In the October 1, . 1965 session of tl1e Supreme In1perial Court, tJie Appellant's attorney argued his case in detail on the basis of a· two page Memoran du.m of Appeal. His arguments were as follows·:Tl1ere was not- even one .eye-witness who testified that he saw my c�en t stab the deceased to death. The unfortunate incide11t· was a result of gan1bling,. · �nd n.ot _of any previous quarrel. Although n1y . client bas willi.11gly confess ed to the crime he. ts the only witness to tl killi 11g. 1e ·, .If. an accused · willingly ad1nits l1aving committed an offence, tlien_ � �: of admission mu.st be accepted as a wh s par t · acc ept ole It is · ill�gal to ble ra vou admission which are unfavourable · to fa reject those a11d th� accu sed to l1im. .

- 246 . '

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. JOURNAL OF ETHIOPIAN LAW. - VOL. IV - No. 2

. We accept the . argument of the Appel�ant that- i� is improper _to acc e t e to him and unfavourab reJect b l confession P those favoura l · arts of bis the of Appellant credible a11d trust f ession _ con· the found av� 1 1 \Ve . him. wo:th:� · On the · date ?f the incide·nt the Appellant \Von . ten dol!ars froni the deceased by gambling; ·the __deceased asked. _the Appellant to give him b ac k.· his n1ooey a.nd was met with r_efusal. Whereu�on he beat the Appellant with a stick .. Here we have to p�111t ?u� · that since the de�eased was the one who lost his money by gamblmg, 1t 1s clear that · he was the one who had reason to start · the fight. There is · no evidence of a previous quarrel between· the Appellant and ·the deceased but that they were in fact frie11ds.. . The cause of the unfortunate incident was the quarrel arising from the . . gambling.· For · the above reasons we find the A.ppellant guilty under Art. 523. We therefore· _sentence him to twenty years in1priso11ment to start running from the. date of his arrest. '

Judgment delivered · on Tekemt 4, 1958 (October 14, 1965 G.C.), in the presence of both parties. A copy of this judgment shall be sent to the High Court. '

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SUPREME IMPERIAL COURT Asmara Judges: Vice Afenegus Matias Helete Work Kegn. Tesf a Giorgis Gebre Tensae Ato Berhe Sekuar TSEGAYE GEBRE MEDHIN v. PUBLIC PROSECUTOR Criminal

Appeal

No.

32/58

Penal law - Homicide - Penal Code Art. 522(1) (a). Extenuating circumstances - Art. 184, Pe11. C. - Provocation - "Cooling'' time - Art. 524, Pen. C.

On appeal from a judgment of the High Court sentencing the accused to 20 years imprisonment. Held: Sentence modified. 1. A state of provocation exists only immediately after the provocative statement or conduct was said or done.

2. Provocation is not a defence to a charge under Art. 522 if the cooling time had passed.

The Appellant was charged in the High Court of Asmara wit11 the pre meditated murder of Ato Belay Kassa, under Art. 522 (1) (a) of the Penal Code of Ethiopia. He was convicted and sentenced to 20 years imprisonment. This is an appeal against the sentence of the High Court. The Public Prosecutor also appeals against the sentence. The prosecutor contends that although the High Court carefully examined the case, which was �upported by sufficient prosecution evidence, it committed an error of law in ID1posing on the defendant a sentence of only 20 years imprisonment. Th.e prosecutor's appeal was filed in the Supreme Imperial Court as Criminal Appeal No. 32/58. Since the appeals of the parties revolve around similar issues, we have allowed the arguments to be beard jointly. Similarly, we give the following Judgment with respect to both appeals. On January 10, 1966, the appellant, through his advocate, b�sing his arguments on the Memorandum of Appeal of January 3, 1966, adm1t!ed the charge, but submitted that the act was not punishable for the following rea sons:- 253 -

.N J_,AW - VOL. IV IIOPIA � ETl OF - N'o.. · 2 · JOURNAL

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·a11cl a lottery ·ticket fro1n. tl1e appel 1 .-00 $ took Deceased lant . and. 1. refused to rett1rn tl1e111; t; 11 la el p p a ed ]t u 1s i1 d se ea ec 2.. D . JJpellant acted t1po11 tl1e deceased's con1ing close to bis_ J1otlse. 3. A The a.d vocate prayed tl1at _appella11t be acquitted u11der Article 74 of e. nc · fe de lf111 d se te ac he tl1 e J?e11al Code siL1ce Alter 11atively, tl1e advocate prayed �hat he sl1ould be convic ted unde r . Article 524, a11cl the sente11ce assessed w1th regard to the extenuating circum sta.11ces of Article 79 (a). ._ Tlle Public Prosect1tor subrnitted l1is arguments as follows : Deceased ir1sul.ted accused at about 4 p.1n.. in the afternoon. Acc11sed reported tlie 111atter to the police. I-Iowever, preferrir1g force to law, he started loo king for deceased, fou11d him \valk.i11g alone a11d l111armed, and killed him by stabb i11g hin1 with a knife which he wa.s carrying. These facts which are not ae1·1 ied by tl1e appellant, were proved in the High Court.

-Tl1e I:-Jigl1 Court exa1nined ten prosecution witnesses and four defence \Vitnesses, gave in.ore weigl1t to tl1e }Jrosecutio11 witnesses a11d convicted the acct1sed. TIJe Court, l1 owever, sente11ced the acct1sed. only to 20 years iiuprison n1e11t. Tb.e 11igh Court com1nitted an error of la\1/ in mitigating the sente11ce, because a person convicted u11der Article 522 1n.ust be sentenced either to· · death or life impriso111nent in the abse11ce of 1nitigating circumstances. ..

From the record of tl1e case� it is clear that the deceased a11d the accused quarrelled at 4 p.m. and that the deceased spoke very rude words to tl1e accused. . , The Ap1)elia11t reported tl1e n1atter to tl1e police 011 the same day. I-Iowever, instead of being co11te.nt with a legal remedy, l1 e went ho1ue, armed l1i'mself with a sharp a11d pointed knife, loolced for a11d fot111 d tl1e deceased alone and u11ar1ned at abot1t 9 p.n1. in the evenir1g, a11d killed hin1 by stabb ing hin1 cruelly vvitb tl1e lcnife. The k11ife wa.s exa1nined in this Court.

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It is diffict1lt c.o accept the argt1ment of the advocate of tl1e appellant tl1at tl1e latter l1ad acted 11nder gross provocatio11 b .ecause the deceased: (1) . had· taken a dollar and a lottery ticket fron1 the ap_pellant; (2) l1,1d spoken· ;· ·. very rude words to the appella11t; (3) the a-1Jpella11t fo11nd tl1e deceased near tl1� for1ner's 11ol1se; and (4) tl1at altl1ough the appellant and tl1e decease d· liad · qu�rre.lled arou11d 4 p.111., tl1e appella 11t had 11ot cooled do\\111 e,,en at 9 • p.ro. �onseqt1.ently, lie mt1st be acqt1itted l111der Article 74 . . Tbe argument is unacceptable for tl1e f ol_lowi 11g reasons: 1: Alth.ougb the ·deceased . was tl1e ca11se of tl1e qt1a.rrel at 4, P·.111· , tl1 e appellar1t m .u.st l1 ave cooled do\vn during the period follow ing the · qua1·rel becat1se l1e re1Jorted the 111atter to tl1e IJolice; . ·o 2 .. I t has been JJroved_ by the testimo1.1y of Prosecutio1 1 \V it11ess N . b! . that tl1e dollar which appella11t allecr es to l1ave bee11 ta ketl by t t 1 h 1ote 1 leceas ed ·w,1s rett1rned to hi11 1. Also� it is inte1·esti11 g to c t 5 . 1 J the lottery ticket in qt1estion has a value of only fiftee11 cent s (O. .) l, quarre · . 3 . .provoca. t1on a 1nay oe said to exist .1mn1ed1ately follow1i1g bu t not five hours aft�r th e quarrel, as in this case� . . 1 ·

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TSEGAYE GEBRE MEDHIN v. PUBLIC PROSECUTOR

When the appellant attacked tl1e deceased with a knife the deceased was comple!ely undefe11ded; in fa.ct, the deceased prayed' the appellant to spare hllll.

As to the argument that tl1e appellant found the deceased near his ho�se, it must be pointed o�t that the house was near a pathway which the deceased was passing throt1gl1. The appellant lay in wait and killed the deceased. l11 these circumstances, there was no state of self defence.

Aft�r the_ first qu_arrel the_ appellant went home for the purpose of armmg h101self with a kn1fe and a stick; hunted for and found the deceased con1pletely u11armed and killed the deceased by plunging the knife into his chest in disregard of the deceased's plea for mercy.

It is clear that the appellant's jaws and teetl1 were injured on the day in question. The appellant alleges that he was injt1red by the deceased where as the Public Prosect1tor alleges that the appellant was injured by Prosecution Witness No. 4. The record does not contain any evidence concerning this point. Oo the day in question Prosecution Witness No. 4 did his best to reconcile the deceased and the appellant. He even paid the one dollar alleged to have been taken from the appella.nt by the deceased. For the above reasons, tl1e Appella11t' s plea for acquittal under Article 74 and his alternative plea for conviction under Article 524 are unacceptable. . The above arguments of the Appellant would have been accepted if the Appellant had acted in defending l1imself agai11st a dangerous attack by the deceased or if the crime had bee11 committed in1mediately after the first quarrel, under gross provocation caused by the alleged i11sult. For the above reasons the appeal is dismissed. Tl1e appeal of the P11b]jc prosecutor is allowed a·nd tl1e sentence of tl1e Higl1 Cou.rt accordingly varied. A deatl1 sentence should l1ave been imposed on the appellant since he was convicted of the offence witl1 which he wa.s charged. However, co11sidering the fact that a state of qt1arrel did 11ot exist b� tween tl1e deceased and the appellant, and that tl1e quarrel on the day 1n question was started by the deceased; taking into acco11nt the circ11mst� n� es of the case and on tl1e basis of Article I 84 of the Penal Code of Etluop1a, the appellant is sentenced to 25 years imprison1nent, to be calculated fron1 the day of bis arrest. Given on this 29th day of January I 966 in the presence of both parties. A copy of tl1is Judgment shall be sent to the High Court.

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SUPREME IMPERIAL COURT Div. 4

Judges: Vice Afenegus Tebebu Beyene Ato Woldehana Gebre Kidan Blata Demessie W �rkagegnehu

YOHANES KIDANE AND AZAJ WOLDE SEMAET WOLDE MARIAM v. ATO BERHANU WOLDE GIORGJS Civil Appeal No. 1430/57 Contractual Obligations - Contract of loan - For111atio11 of the Contract - Evidence - Deceit Proof of Deceit - Civil Code Arts. 1696, 1704, 2006.

On appeal from an Order of the High Court rejecting appellant's request to introduce witnesses to prove that, pursuant to a written contract of loan concluded between the parties, the full sum was not paid to them. Held: Higl1 Court Order reversed. 1. Where a written contract of loan is concluded before a municipal registrar of contracts, the borrower may st1bsequently introdt1ce the registrar and the witnesses to the contract to prove tl1at he has not received the st1n1 of money loaned in fuJJ when be signed the contract.

2. Art. 2006 does not prohibit the introduction of witnesses to prove deceit \vJ1ich Jed to the sign.ing of a contract of loan. by a borrower without having first received the sum in question.

The responde11t instituted a suit ,vith the High· Cou.rt under a civil file No. 1430/57 against the appella11ts on the ground that, when the first defendant borrowed $6,400, be entered into an obligation to band over as security the title-deed of the second defendant, the registration number of which was 1 I 861, and the document evidencing his ownershjp of a petrol filling station, the registration number of which was 149; that he (the respondent) paid the money; and that tl1ey banded the title deed over to him but not the docu ment evidencing his ownership of the petrol-filling station. The defendants have, in . their statement of defence, contended that. jt was true, that they signed for a contract of loa11 of $9,400; that the plain tiff after paying only $2,000 agreed to pay the remainder when tl1e contra� t was registered in the Municipality; that when they signed the contract 1n the Municipality, the . registrar asked l1im (tl1e plain_tiff) to pay . the . money but that he promised to pay after seeing the land given as secur1ty since be had not seen it; that the payment was postponed for the 11ext day; that he

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JOURNAL OF ETI-IIOPIAN LAW - VOL. IV - J\To. 2

t r the tha r m; tra the gis st ain of ag gs the Municipalit i eed � proc ted titu � ins then contra�t 1n�� testify as to the fact that the to ting attes esses witn the and h� ng 1ema1ru the sum of pay wot1ld he money after seeing tl1at stating departed the la11d. On the basis of ��e �011tentio11 of tl1e defenda11ts, the �ourt exam ined the letter of the Mun1c1pal1ty date� Meskere1n 7, 1957 ancl its supplemeiits. Then the defendants aslce� �or \.V! tnesses to b � sun1m�1 1ed and give their testimony. But si11ce tl1e pla111tiff obJected to the 1ntroduct1on of oral evide tlce in additio11 to written evide11ce, the Cot1rt accepted tl1e co11tention of the plaintiff a11d ruled that witnesses may 11ot be l1eard. The defendants l1ave lodged tl1is appeal on the ground tl1 at it was im proper to over-rule their request for tl1e wit�1esses attesti11g to tl1.e contract to testify that the su1n. of money was 11ot paid and tl.1e responde11t contended tl1at the ruling should be affirmed, since it was legal. As we have exan1ined tl1e letter fron1 the Municipality and its supple1nents, the letter states that: ''Tl1e contract havi11g been sub111 itted and the lender, tl1e borrower a11d the witnesses l1aving sig11ed tl1e co11tract, tl1e bor rowers stated that tl1ey l1 ad received previot1sly 011ly $2,000 and that the rem.ainder should be given to tl1em. But si11ce tl1 e lender stated tl1 at he would not give the remainder before he l1ad see11 tl1e sect1rity, tl1ey \'erbally agreed to receive tl.1e 111oney on the next day after seei 1 1g the land. On the next day Ato Birl1anu retur11ed alone a.nd asked to be given the co11tract. Fitawrari Yoha11 nes also came a.nd verbally stated tl1at tl1ey disagreed on the matter and the contra.ct should not be delivered to the plai11tiff. Since both parties then submitted their petitions the Municipality did 11ot confirrn the contract and it was sim1,ly left in the file.'' A111ong tl1e \-Vritings se11t as supplements to the Jetter are fot1nd petitions repeatedly written to the Mu11ici pality by the respondent stating that he was denied to tak.e the written cont ract. If so, tl1is indicates that tl1e co11tract is incomplete and does not indicate that the money was paid; that the co11tract was registered in the registry of contracts in the Municipality, a11d tl1at the delivery of the written contract between the parties has taken place. If it l1ad been a complete contract, the respo11dent would have had no reaso11 to st1bmit petitions to the Municipality authorities stating that he was denied the delivery of tl1 e contract, a11d file a suit before the date of first pay1ne11t was due. Under Art. 2006 of the Civil Code it is stated tl1at if a contentio n arises with respect to tl1e words contai11ed in a written contract sigr1ed by ?0th parties through m·utt1al agree1nent, a ruli11 g 1nay be 1 11,1de 011ly by tend _ er· m� an oath to the party who avails hin1self of the words contained 1n the , pl e exam For ritten contract, �nd not by hearing the testi1no11y of witnesses. � tf the defendants admitted that they sig11ed for a contract of loan of $64:00 but alleged that the pri 11cipal they took was only $2000 and tl1at tl1e ren1a111• der �as an interest, it would be impossible to l1ave \Vit11esses heard on the question of interest except to tender an oath to tl1 e lender. But the_ co�tention wl1ich has been submitted to us is different from tli� The contention ts based on the allegations tl1at they entered into a contract f ; a 10 �� 0� money; that tl1ey signed in tl1e presence of the registrar of t�; Municipaltty; that th. e lender stated that he would deliver the money aft - 260 -

YOHANES KIDANE ET AL. v. ATO BERHANU WOLDE GIORGIS

seein? . the_ land; tha� the contract was tber�fore l �ft with the registrar of the Munic1pal1t� fo � a night, an d that the lender 1?1111ed1ately filed a suit against them without del1ver1ng the money to them. This contention has been confirmed by the letter sent from the Municipality . Under Arts. 1696 and I 704 of the Civil Code it is stated that if a con tract is effected throu �h de �eit it would be invalid. And if it is alleged that deceit has been committed, it_ n1ay be proved through witnesses. When stating this we do not mean that witnesses may always be heard whenever a conten tion arises out of an allegation that one signed because of deceit. It is only when it is clear that one would not have entered into a contract had he known of the deceitful act before signing the contract. In the example we have given above, if the parties signed stating that they borrowed $6,400, if each took a copy of the contract, and if they state that the lender through deceit made them sign for a principal to which th� interest was added, they could not prove tl1is through witnesses since they had signed knowingly and voluntarily. The appellants allege that they went to the Municipality; that the le11der pretend ed he had the sum of money; that both parties and the witnesses signed; that \vhen he was asked to deliver the exact sum, he departed devising an excuse that he had to see the land given as a security; and that he then ·filed a suit against them. If this is true, since it is clear that they would n.ot have signed had they known that he had not had the money, and since the letter sent from the Municipality indicates to that effect, it. is necessary that the facts should be ascertained through the testimony of the attesting witnesses and the registrar of contracts in the Munic1pality. Therefore, having reversed the order of the High Court that the _ wit nesses may not be heard, we have decided that the facts must be ascertained through the testimony of witnesses me11tioned above. The respondent must, on receiving receipt, pay the appellants the court fees they paid. The partjes must bear their respective expenses. Tir 28, 1958

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m�l\t

�c� =

= f"}"l-rP : '11F:,... =

h.P'OOt. I

fb:'f" :;

'tl...Y.. : ;}f,/l. : 'tl."71 I p..tJ,,.C : ;f1tiCft.o : ?"fblr 1

o*c == hT : ttnn : Afli\.(l}« 1 f,OJ{)� :

'tl.wf· = Ol� =

q_e.

h"Y.. : OOthODf: : '¼11J;..C,h01/"} 1 ODt\{l : (161}- ::

far/,\ I °lfv:J-9'";f 1-f'Pll-r'i" I CO-I,\ r-l\ODl1..tA : :J'A : 001/..fl'ro:i- I CDl'P·r : (t\ouh L/,\ 1 f,,.(14. , (l}.f.•) 'Pll I lll\ : oPlf'} :-f'}"?.f.· : ih"? : T""Te:f : ix�i--ixii • "h'i 1 �fllt: (§) SI fhti::,t-�ar : ti:CY.· : O...."f· e J't'}.f.•'} : 'Pll : t1tJ>'i"m• : 'll\oPi : ll.e-,TA: OOIJ.,ehcf.J.A: hl\.t .,..-,. • nil , f•f>t.on:,•'1 • /JPr • 1'1-'¾.h'i!A 'Pfl· = Ofl,f\0,1· fll\Lt..<'- � f,f•omm- 'P il:,·'i : ,r·t 'Pll.."f·'i" • lllllf., , f01/�h4-t. A , 1.1\k.,:,.. ll..'ic • 1..el·IA'l° I Olfl'/1\:1, = r•�t.o .e01'l� :1

0..·r

fh'i'=rf•�m- I ,;::c..e, I : co-l})l. : 1''1;1:t\ :: iii 111.f.• 1 'lll-r�.e : 01\.l\O.."f· : fl,f•(lmco- : 'i!C..e, : ,f·(lf:fl\V• : tit\ i ODIPt.•1· : -r�f.'} : hro(l.,m- 1 hUDlUD�.rm• r F..t.1f : fi:C� : {1,r : oi>mf:P : 1tll(l·1· Ori't)'. i

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rJ /\ODht!.A I :J>A: {lOIJ.{lT(l.'.'f.. I f-i·ll'i- : (l�-�- : l\.e I f01/..i'l'l': cp{l:,-c;: fh'}��-1·: 'Pil :,.c;: lllltr., I f,;Jt- � fOIJ.eh4.LA: 'll\/JPr.,:f..'}: !llt1:1·1\A: (f1"?.�·: ,11"? I +'-TC: ifit (ji)!!

�u = ncnc

= 1'h�1-�:w, =

�c.e- 1 <t:c..� : '1...l-- = o,,:ODc ;

hti7i

= {ID/.\il

-,·hllr1·?0 = �'1/ 1t•f" =

(1611'(Dc = 1t1- = 00t1t 00x.- = q-0.�.c,,,ffl/1 = ttll'�- � .. 1t:i• = fl°1, 'f!.°f/ .e'?'l� = '1� = i't--Y· = Anl\ro·

= �o?- = ttnn = rn {lc9° = 00� 7i' = h1f..°'·h 1·tt ro· = � n c :: i,.;: ro·• = --1·h1t·li = "nti«: n+ll.� = (l�_e: = l\.e 1 n+mfl� = 1 ,-1. = f''? tit.A =--Ba.fr= -0c 6P. = ttt\-O� 1 ,fl,\(Dc : (Lt.coo• f J.X,w- : 1'h'17i9° t ,hl\L : 'Pll ·; �� ; ,rflt\lD" : &.. C{]DtpA:: =

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h JLU =h1 ·'lt\W• ='ll>f11: W-ll'r: :ir(IC A::� tlD"1 :j [.jf =·OC; h�ml\J;.t; : h�h.l>ft-w- : o-f\,f:: t- ti'i":f Oh. .��,r: h ,\. �lt'1: .e,1'1A , : 1 · h ll..ftc = 00A ll = fl61.1- = nh�...,..� w - = �c,: = a.:,- = ho'PA

=-n:F=+t•1ij:�..

- 262-

,,l'hltil:f.9° = f\h(l . = 00 Afi = h1�.(lm- = +mc..,.. (Dc = h+ln· : 0';\I\ 1 C = h1 '1l\1'i : +mt: s f.(lm1 1 11/\lD': �c�: Ofi9°9°�:, at .. .. l: 11 �f 1 0,...,:,- : {ll\mf"k I hCht..:fw•1' : Oll9°9°'1T : h1-'tQ;}.C(l• : +mt: : ,,f'(l 'P:f;Ta,- : i�:: htLf: (l';\I\ 1 1"P.f..1: Oll9°9°'1T: ltf.Q;tC(t«lj : n++m4: = fw-1 = taf+cn- = +4- == h� ...,.. �(Dc = �c� = +cnw hcht.. +1 = = :i--9° n 0,:,•9° : on;1n.:,.. = = 4'1 = Ii1£2t = '¼ - 9° = O'PillD' : -:,"--fl�:,-, +htar-·1.. : n "·1\-0:,.. • hta7i = f"I>ln-:i--1- = f..,.. ri-s. = (t., � = "" +-0 fl� , n,."l� = ,,."l = ct>--'Pc = ir.i·� ·1 iitt = he.· = ii1 = n ..1' 00flhi..ro• = ODlPlT • 'P'ilD' = 'lfl /J�'h'i: 'P(l• 1 O·i\i:9°: thl\k'l:J,:fw•: ti.eh'i•&..A i 0'11�'1:,..: till : fcl'lO O-l·1': iiLJJti:=-OC: 1'.'i: CD/\� .."} 1 fonh.(.far: 1.lL: hf..l(tfi,1": «f>"}: it"} (l,f : 'l.l>ffi" : ..,.. h�flG : hi\"l, : �·lll : qoo:,..: Oon,f: tlm1 : -OC : 'l.a>f-0 , f��',i:1 : O�l(l1- = Ah'i : 2 ,nc : h.l>ft. . : l\h'17f. : h'l-'th�/\-: &..CP. 'l:f'PA ::

Olllr : �C�' : l\.e : hU•"} : f."l'l�: q_e. : (f',ar : f+ln•:,.. � fq>'jar: 'l fl/JP, : 'Pfi : tri\ ..l';;:ar : ..,..hta7i : t;:far :: Of,."l'l�: f4>lfi"OT19° : 9°h1f:,- t '11l&..�Tw« : OD;J{l-r : ti : ,c/>"} Iitl2t = '¼ - 9° = 'l"J,lO·-l- ff."lfl� = 01/0DAh:J! l\f, IIC11llD' ;rA :: .e,1i ar 9° : (]611-4-: 1' 1�01/.h,,l't\lD• : 'lar ::

fif li;;:{D« = +h'17i = h00A{l : (l6J!»lD' : h1�': ti°tf-1 : h'lrf''10.w« : fL11t 1 .e,"lq� q,,e, = 'Pfi tr'lar n+il-s.. = (l'I P.:f. 1t.e = on&..l"7:fw« h.P,11�9° ::

t/ f,°l'l�:

q,,e,: i\{i;;:{D« : "l"hta7i: 'Pll : flf}-0T9° : 9°h1'.f,r ¾ fi'1w« rf'hta"li : fi\(]:fro·"} : /JP, : h�t\W- : 'hal,l{l• : �lil ¾ }]OIJ..f-},"} : Wf,9° : +ta0.{0«1 : h1P.f,a m• ¾ fll?°f-}-'i : r,1,taO .w« : IL,flto...f· : (f'lt\f1T'l-l· : °1ill�) : OooA{l : (l6lh : 1'.:� : 1'1-��,e. : O?.",h-� : "lfo:J" : 1-0"l'ro · : °lf.o:J' : f10·0:'f �"tft.tj': : (looAil : (l6J!»(Dc : 1'1: : nil+9°mw « : ilt\'I Ol : ',(De :: 11 "}

r/ooAri = (ltif,b{D« = .,,. = ,,e,"lq� = q,,e, 1 = "on,..�:,.. = ttlln

; f."l'l�= 'l f,1 : ltf {lL:,,J',... : b;;: lJr : --1' h'11i : .,I'tan. m«"} : l\ ta,I\ : fllD' : 'h1�- ifm-: ilt\L«f,J',...I\T{D« I bi1Ur : ,rf'hti7i9° : ft\f,"l(]� : q,e. : &.:I>� : ,f'tafi.ro«"} : t\ft,I\ : (t{D« : if�ID";J"A :: ilt\JLU : ooAil : (l6J!»ro«'i : ji�W-: +hta1i I rf'il atJ9°rf'(Dc = "l1n:J"ID""} = 11&cl (l. 1 ,,e,"l q� = q,e. = (l 'l'i"(De:,.. = f., nl(De = f'P hT'i : thl\k'IT : w-,::,, : oolf"} : ,,e,1'l'PA 1 = w«

§/ ?°'iA(]:,.. : f,"l(]�: (lOIJ.W· : tj':Cf: : n,:,.. l 'PilT'i(Dc : w-�-:,, : ODlf"} : hf.1 (](0•9° I f°tA : O.lf1: °11 1 <p(l:,..t;{D« : ''--1'&.. : ftp{l:'f-'i : "l1c»:J"'' rtt\ir., • ntj'::,..,.,. = ...oth.c = ,n°l = 'l>-"-'Pc = !i7t.itr@,(t) = i1.e..+ ODflh+w- t tp'j{D« : (]f\,'j)', : ,'j.V,W-1 : t\ODh&..A : f"7f,�A : llAlf'l 1 n+c = h(]l\iJP.(Dc , o&.-l" , 'Pfi , OD1f..Y: = {li\"7f,1(]{D« , h�..,..�{D« = �cf: 2 fi'f'i'OJ«: ',-l 9°T (l,f> �: tj:C I � : rf•O f; tj':C : f � (1:,.. flndJ(],(1: f&,.lf,..{D«: l : t..h i'h : 'lf,. 2 l\f, : " q:tj f,°l : 1\T 0"7 ; � A-...,; l°l h1-'tL�9° : f,f... 'lft/J 'Pl!\

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rit :

-- : 9° : f T : t; d,l\t.�:,.. : ilt\Alf� � t/ f.e°l'l� : q_e : 'Pil. 'i' rf·� 'Pll:i --d1 = "fi.-lLC r = f�'1 : a,., = ih'? : 'f>vrc = il/\+t. : f'PitT'i' = " �f, rm-to "° •9 OJ l\ f :: : 1 1 : U ll C °1 /\ : tl h C: tJ t l t i) jiitjjf@§( r./ l\tlU : tJC:tlC : h°l'l·O : fl\:fm« : f1°1Y: : ;,,°1 : 'r-TC : ?:f�j r iftt • irt�(r.) : 'h'i' : f�-r,l1 : 11,fhC : ,71'1 : 'P'"'" rC : Iit!@r (�) : c;,-ar ::

r+il� = fl'I f...1•'i = f OD/ti'lt\·:,.. = 1,�r-:r = ncnc = n� :,.. "' : -0"1.C : ih.°l : {l', : p-1cq,),. : 'r''PC = llit§ = 1,t; : n+h:rr-:i: : 'r-'P C:1' : ilC : f"7.(IJ(l"} = (tft(fa; 1 f,OJ(l� : q.e, : hV·1 : fc�ln·:i• : nchc : = i\.cJ> /\ODlODtf<D· = 'i:c�· = '1:,.. = ,AcJ"lfl , l\f,°l'l� = noi = 'i:c� = c-0 = fOl/f.1'1ll>4 = il/\lf'l I n m:,"l\tiro·9° = ,e,u1 = flODlt(tl\-- = 1--�f-1• = t"l -h�-i i\..<l>C-0 : ill\111/f,-:,:/,\ 2�<D• : �C..�" : (l.,}- : 0111..1'1 : f(lm(Dc : : 'l� �c..e- : ?t"}--f i ff,-?'l� : 'lf, : f,°lll� : hll!'tlr : ,:JC : 'h"}-'ttl'in'1· : f,,e..t. °lA:t; 1 O.it": +h�hl'PIA �; §/ flODV'l'1:

n.•r

r�c,: = n,--1: = t,il+fr:, .. = h1f.. 0th+llro.. =

�(I}«::

f;./ 'Pt;m· : '11\��'i" : f'P'i'LD4 : lll\6� : 'Pil : f U•.,_ : f,°111� : 'lf, 1 tJ{l:

f4"lnn:i•"} : 11H-0 : 0'11�"'1T: h1Jth <t=l\• : Oh�1·"i1 lD· : lj:C� : a,:,- : +h(l<D· : h<f>lO· : 0:\1\ i r•t·hfllt'} ClT"} : 1--J;f, : fl{l9°9°�,r : h1a.1,cti l\"}t; : 'h "}�"}ilOT/iP/ : <f>,n� : f,(lm"} 1 -Oita>· : cf'm(': : 1'4"1lftl.D4 = 11(/JJ�� :far : Orf•4"C : ho,.1 : iiAtiJ;,9° :: ti +me: : f,t(lll):far9° • il9°9°'1'1: : (lll'"}l\:rm· : h"});..ilO'J(]O•�' : OD{liPJiPJ;t-:f(l}«"} : n++m4-0T : 4'"} : cr(:fl(Dc : h '}.';..J.'ill-1;. I (]f,{l'1'/t1»4 °: " " CSJ ) : h(le"} :: r111...:J>m(ID-c n:,..., : 9°h"}f :,.. : h "}J',.f"' CO· : h }){ : 119 ,fl" ar : t1-'t+4- : '1A'lfll9° :: 119° : -0/\m·• : h<f>4-9° � 0119°.,..J" · : tJt'l·1 : 'li'}f.. ++fiirT : f,�mt-A : "7/\,1, : 'IW•· :: 1 r 1 t/ Ot\/rO, : h+Llf..'l:fw.. : O�I\ : ;,,1-- : 0£11/•.t«rf.tD' : {IPLP/..' � · 'i!C.-;,.1 : fD?..:Pw au- n:,.. : 9°n "}f :,-. : O.'ft-:f ar i {JD:I' tDoY..l':,: lD" 1 : t\ rL f(D« = A001_out,f(D« = �c� = n.:,.. = OIJ«rl"fi = 'IOltl:flD4 == r §/ JtV-"J?° 1 fl.ff") ¾ f.°lfl� : l}f. I oPfA(l : (l�(D« : "J1',; lD''f; '1Llft. 1· 'Ph-r'ifo : ODfi'iT : hf.1'ltD-9° ! "'11\lD- : O:J'A I hOOht-TI - 264 -

:(-(1)- = n+ "1c • OD/Ail = {l6£b(l)c = rti.i:.:,,. = °lfu:J-- = 7''1P,tt = f°tf ill>; = i't1 P.-:f'J° : fK'th-<t: : "'Jill�: hl\"1llt9° :1

l';/ nm:,,1\1\m•

f.'?'l� : 'lf, : fiou:!outfm- : 'i=C� : 11:,,. : f'lnt. . : O"'l.�m : m+oo-n:,,. ilfl<f>? • {J . · ltf. ho-1 : 1,'1f.+m•:,, = D-0:,:fm 1 : l(I)- : OD-0:,. : OD tn .:� 'I° : hf,1·1\-'J° rs 1

r;,/ ff,'?'l� : flf, : 'PilT'i'J° : n�Tth: -0,lbC: ,n'? : �'l'C: 19fiiiii (g): 7'"}f.i'oPl\h-i•{l}• : irf•t .: f'PilT�: '?fo;J...: fll\ODlf� I ill\'Pilft;m-�

�Pi.e, = f«l'ln•:i- = ncnc = roif.°11..:t·m- = rr'i , ttA+11'J°

ilflH.lJ ! lJ i n+il-i-- : (l'I� : l\f, : fOIJ..(l'f' : f'Pilrr'i : thl\k'lrr : (l"}"l�· : ii,'? : 4>"-'l'C : %£ti I i!tt : 7''i : �ttl';(E) n+ouflhrf•m- : ODIPl:,.. : foY.-i·P,f.C : ilfllf'I ! fl :;:

01''11ttJ : 4>--'re!':f : ilC : 1''1f.+oul\hrl"m- t f'P'ia>- : Qfl() >;t; : f'P(tc : ,1,1\k 'IT : hh-A t f"1 f,'llIJmA : (loolf� 1 o-f\ -i:'J° : Oh'l�'l.,1· • mf,'J° : 'Pfr : -O;F : fl-i•'P(lO:,. : 11t1,n : thl\k : lf'i : h"}Jthlj:A : ill\"'l.1f.� I

,n'? �'re = it�i(l!) 1''1f.+ 001\h "' i n--1•tt.e,'J° n1'?� +(I}- • r'Pil:i--'i hif..q_e, An 1'1f.'P'im- l1f\t)Pi = r+'P(ln :,.1 = 1111-0 = 7'1Jthlj:A = f"'l.1f.� = OODlf). • nrtu = v.. tr = 'J°n11:,-. : f,'?Q� : q_e, : lf>il : flf�0-1·1 : ()>; : hoon�A: fOl/.��n:, .., : ill\l\111 t h'j:+�(l}- : �c:� = f1rr : f(lm(l}-"} : t;:C�· : hK'"}--f•"} : f,'?q,;::fro•"} : i't(lt;,(11-'iA ::

(lcf!: 'J°h1f:,-. : /tf,'it,..:f(l)c: (lf,'?{}� : (lOD:,,lQ:f(l}- 1 f,"l{}�: q_e,: q: ... -OC: h.Vft-..: I\ODA{l: (\6Lhl1r s 7'1-'th�it-: hH'iA �

t;:C.i:. : ODf.''iirf:'} : b<t:+'1(1}- : t;:C� : f1ir}- : 1'1Jtf(D-«f,(1r : ftLlJ : 'i!C:� : '?Al16J.b : 7' 1Jt I\nt\:,-. : Q;t,'J°l'1 : it H 'iA :: f,lJ : 'i!C� : If&. : '?1flT s ! : tf,'} : !Dt2t : '} : 'I° : V•f\i:'J°: lD1 'ii- = q1rn:i- , nm:,,l\.e, = r1.,,..IP = '11P':i-- = t;:C:� = 11:i- • O"lAK" = "fflo:i- = +f"lm �

- 265 -

SUPREME

IMPERIAL Asmara

COURT

Judges: Ato Haile Aman Dr.

Gian-Carlo

Ato

Berhe

Polera

Sekuar

ABEB'E LEBELEW v. MOH,i-\MMED ABDURHAMAN Civil Appeal No. 75/58 Contractual Obligations - Contract of guarantee - G1,1ararztee g1ve11 on a prornissory note Arts. 766-768 and 825(3) Com. C., Art. 1934(2) Civ. C. •

In the fligl1 CoL1rt appellant-guarantor held jointly liable with principal debtor in an ex-parte judgment. On appeal on the groL1nd tl1at tl1e guara11tee \Vas si1nple and thus that there was no joint liability.

Held: Judgn1et1t Affirmed. 1. According to the law, a party sl1ould seek ren1edy in the court of first instance if felt aggrieved by the ex-parte judgmet1t. 2.

A guarantee given 011 a promissory note is joint gLtarautee u11der Art. 768(1) Com. C.

Since tl1is d.ate was fixed for judgment, we render the followi11g J udg1nent after exan1i11i11g the High Court opin.ion in File No. 35/58, Megabit 3, 1958 (March 12, 1966 G.C.), and the grounds of appeal.

JUDGMENT Wl1en this case was first institt1tecl i11 tl1e I--Iigl1 Court as Civil Case No. 35/58, tl1e respot1dent, Ato Moh,1m111ed Abdurahman, \Vas t.11.e plai11tiff. The defendants were Ato Gitit Lemma, defendant No. l, and Ato Abebe LelJele\v, the present appellant, defendant No. 2. The facts of the case are cts follows: Defencla11t No. I l1ad sign�d a promissory_ note f�r $9,600 (Nine thot1sand six l1u11dred dollars) pa)'able \Vl�hi � � fixed pe�1od of t1n1e which. defendant No. 2 guaranteed. Thus defenda11t N · 1s a pr1nc1pal debtor while defe11da11t No. 2 is a gua.rantor. Sub�equently a sum of only 3,000 (Three thot1sand dollars) �vas_ pai·d toh the credit�r. He consequently sued debtor a11d creditor together in rbe Big C�urt, clainu.ng that they were jointly liable for the ren1aini11g stim of$ 6, 600 (Six thousand six hundred dollars) w ith interest and costs. t h co ur to Th e d fi e e en d a!1ts t app te� eare d in the High Court a11d reques . ccordadJourn the heanng so that they could A . ate ly settle their differences priv - 266 -

ABEBE LEBELEW v. MOHAMMED ABDU RHAMAN

· te set tor hear1·ng, defiendants ingly' the hearing was adjourned. On . the da fail� d . to appear,_ aIthough th _ ey . ha d f �iled to effect a compromise with the platntl ff. The Higl1 .Court,. i? its session o � Megabit 3, 1958 (March 12 , ac pr th ce om e pt iss ed or G y .C 11o .) . te sub1IDtted by the plai 1966 ' nti"ff and ent ered . . . c:'. dants 111 their abse11ce, in accordance judgment aga1nst. t be de 1en witli the provisio11s of AJ:ti� Jes 8 �5, 768 and 790 of the Commercial Code. Tlle defend ants \Vere held Jointly l1ab!e to the sun1 of$ 6,663 (Six thousa11ct six hundred and sixty tl1ree dollars! _claimed by the plai� ti� and interest at 9% per annum from tl1e date of 111att1r1ty of tl1e debt, until its payment in full. The defend a11ts were �so ordered_ to pay the plai11tiff 50 . (fifty dollars) costs, and court fees according to rece1pts. Defei1da11t No. 2, tl1e guara11tor is the present appella11t. In bis memoran dum of appeal, filed on Megabit 28, 1958 (April 6, 1966 G.C.), appellant's advocate inc luded the following points: (1) Appellant signed the promissory not e as a guarantor when defendant

No. 1 bo11ght a truck and a trailer from the respondent. Tbjs cannot be denied.

(2) Appellant un.dertook to be the guarantor of defe 11dant No. l because d efendant No.I bo11nd l1imself, by a written agreement, to deposit the registration (title deed) book witl1 tl1e responde11t so that defenclant No. I could not sell the truck and the trailer before the debt was paid in full. The instrument evidencing tl1is agreement was also deposited with tl1e respondent. (3) However, defenda11t No. 1 sold the trailer with the consent of the a similar conse11t from the appellant. Therefore, respondent, but without • the gua.ra11tee should be null and void beca11se debtor and creditor l1ave acted in violatio11 of their obligations. (4) Even if the court is of the opinion tl1at the gt1arantee shou ld not be null and void, this is a sin1ple guarantee \Vbereby, on the basis of Art. 1934(2), the guarantor may not be requi1·ed, to pay the de bt before the principal debtor ·rails to discharge rus obligations. Tl1erefore, tl 1e judginent of the Higl1 Co11rt should be quashed. The advocate for tlie respondent incl11ded the followii1g arg11ments in bis reply filed on Miazia 12, 1958 (April 20, 1966. G.C.): (I) Defendf1nt No. 1 sold the trailer witl1 the consent of the appellant and not with the consent of the respondent. Appellant and defendant No. 1 were together when the proceeds of the sale, a sum of $3,000 was paid to the respondent. Moreover the trailer was sold. before the institution of suit on tl1e unpaid debt. 'Tl1e responrlent has not assumed any obligation alle ged by the appellant and, therefore, the ar�ume11ts of the appel lai1 � are unfou?ded. (2) Since the guara11tee ui1dertaken by the appellant 1s not a simple guara11tee, Article 1934(2) of the Civil Code does not apply. (3) The relevant articles are Articles 766, 768 and 825(3) of the Commer cial Code, ancl Article 1933(1) of tl1e Civil Code. ers t at m ar 1il sin r he ot d an s te no (4) Whereas' cases concerning promissory s ea er h w e· d o C e ur · d ' roce p · il 1 ·v c a.re governed basically by Article 284 of the - 267 -

JOURNA L OF ETHIOPIAN LAW - VOL. IV r�o. 2

the in court of first i11stance, and instit11ted not was case this wh re on be taken. s11ch generally tter 111a as s, ; the appeals may not ju _ dg _ _ me t of the affirmed a. n . d case be d1s1111sse should d with cos ts. the High Court

Opinion of the Court I. When the principal debtor and the guarantor, the present appell were sued in the High Court, they requested the I-Iigh Court to adjourn �� hearing so that they could.. se !t!e their differences privately; but they did not deny the claims of the pla1nt1ff. 2. A date ?f l1earing w _as fixed ?o that tl1ey co11ld, if possible, settle their differences 10 !he meantime and inform_ tl1e Court as to the outcome) at the date of hearing. At the date of hea�rog, tl1ey were also expected to file a statement of defence, should they fail to reach an agreen1e11t. Their failure to appear in Court on the date fixed for the hearing may be taken as an admission of the claims of the plaintiff. 3. If defendants had felt aggrieved by the ex-parte judgme11t rendered by the High Court against them, they should l1ave, in accordance witl1 the law sought remedy in the Court of first insta.nce. 4. Even before this Court the appellant merely contends orally that the guarantee must be null and void since tl1e respondent had breached his obliga tions, without submitting any written evidence in support of his contention. 5. J_n short, the appellant may not now avail himself of the right which he failed to use in the lower Court. 6. The guarantee undertaken by the appellant is not the type of guaran tee contemplated by Article 1934(2) of the Civil Code. Therefore, tl1e guarantee based arguments of the appellant do not support him.

WHEREAS (a) a guarantee given on a promissory note is governed by Articles 766768 and 825(3) of the Commercial Code; and (b) as provided by these articles, the obligations of the principal debtor and the guarantor are equal and indivisible as a result of \vhich t?e creditor could demand tl1e debtor or tl1e creditor or both to dis charge the debt fully; (c) particular/>'. by virtue of Article 768(1) of the Commercial C�d �, � guarantor 1s bound to pay the debt in the same manner as th.e principa debtor, there are no grounds which would free the guarantor frolll payment of the debt. We, therefore, affirm the High Court J·Udg01en t and dismiss the appeal. The appellant shall pay the respondent Etl1. $50 costs. A copy of this judgment shall be sent to the High Court. Delivered in open Court on this 10th day of Genbot 1958 (Mar 18' 1966 G.C.) in the Supreme Imperial Court, in the presence both parties.

- 268 -

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- 270 -

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fhtj:+;;:ro. : tj:C..(- : ft:,. ·t flf,'?'1'1 : q_e, : n1too:,.. : 1'?P'rf: : ft..l.f.. t&"} : nX'1+1 : ,e."J'l7"1' : . OJ-f::t» : hf-•C1�'PA :: •

- 271 •

SUPREME

IMPERIAL

COURT

Div. l Judges: Afenegus Ketaw Yitateku Ato Woldehana Gebre Kidan Ato Tades_se Tekle Giorgis NEGESTIE FENTAYE v. SAHLE MARIAM MENGESHA ET AL. Civil

Appeal

No.

676/58

Successions - Wills - Validity of undated holograph or public wills - Application of 1960 Civil Code to pre-Code situation - Civil Code Arts 887, 938, 939, 3355.

On appeal from the decision of the High Court, denying the ap1,ellant's contention that a will is of no effect because it was undated and that therefore the appellant is entitled to part of the succession. Held: Decision affrrmed. 1. The requiren1ent of dated wills figures in the Civil Code of 1960. Wills made prior to the Civil Code are not governed by the Civil Code provisions and are valid if they satisfy the requirements of pre-Code law (Art. 3355).

2. Where a testator bad not recognized a person as his child during his life time the appointment of another person as a legatee by universal title does not imply tacit dishersion within the meaning of Art. 939 of the Civil Code.

This case concerns the succession of W oz. Bafena. Mengesha and Fantaye were born to Woz. Bafena; both of them died before their mother. Sahle Mariam, Beferdu and Emebet \Vere born to Mengesha; Bekele was born to Fa11taye. The appellant alleges that she is the daughter of Fant�ye and th.at she has established her status as Fantaye's daughter in a court acuon against Fantaye's paternal relatives. 's The res_pondents reject th.e allegations of the appellant tl1at she is Fantaye daughter and submit that Woz. Bafena, their grandn1other, did not acknowled ge her . The appellant admits that she was born out of wedlock. W�z . Bafena had made a will on her death. Tl1e will provides that �� tay Fan and success10n would devolve upon Sable Marian1, Beferdu, Emebet, son, Bekele. roY of one The ll wi than in part other provides: '' ...If a person i! � . _ th �hi_ ldren claims a share as my child, the four ch!ldren . shall co11test .�Ied to Jointly. Anyone who refuses to contest the said claim shall be enti o t g $S · OO and two kunnas of beans, and nothing else. The rest shall belon

-- 272 -

NEGES'l'IE

FBNTAYE v.

SAR.LE MARIAM MENGESHA

the remaining children. If the ne w claimant wins his case he shall be entitled . .' only to five a·rms length of land." The advocate f�r th� �ppellant -submits th e following contentions: the will i� of _no effect since It IS no! dated. The appellant is not bound by the will since 1t refers to a male claimant. The appellant should not be disinher ited in the absence of any fault on her part. The will must be invalidated under Article 938 and 939 since it does not mention the name of the appellant. As to the first contention: Article 887 (1) of ·the Civil Code of 1960 provides that a will shall ?_e �f no effect if it does not sl1ow the day, the month and �e y�ar o� wb1cb it was made. This is, however, without prejud ice to the discretion given to the court under Sll;b-Article (2) of the same. The Civil Code of 1960 does not operate retroactively. It was proved by the testimony of the witnesses tJ1at the will· .in question was drawn up on July 18, 1959. A will drawn up prior to the coming into force of the Code in accordance with the law :in effect then, shall remain valid, by virt11e of Art. 3355(a). In our pre-Code law there is no provision which states that an 11ndated will per se is of no effect. Such a will is valid in the absence of any fra·udu Jent act. The argument of- the advocate for the appellant on the q11estion of date is unacceptable. As to the argument that the words '' ... If the new claimant wins tl1e case, he shall be e11titled only to five arms length of land'', do not apply to a female claimant, the court thinks that those words were clearly meant to include a female. claimant. Moreover, sentences constructed with masculine subjects usually include feminine subjects as well. The advocate's contention is therefore inadmis sible. The contentions that the appellant may not be disinherited without any fault on her part and that the will must be declared of no effect since the testator failed to mention the appellant's name therei11, do not have proper basis. This is not a question of disinheriting a person on the grot1nd of fault. The deceased acknowledged only the f ou.r grandchildren born in wedlock, (which she calls her childre11) . and made a will to the eftect that her s11cces sion would devolve upon them. The fact the the deceased did not n1ake any testamentary provision in favour of a child that claims to have been born out of legitimate wedlock and was not acknowledged, either by the father or the family� may not subject the will to invalidation. Since Woz. Bafena ·did not ac· knowledge the appellant, it is erroneous to contend that she · was tacitly disinherited. Moreover, . the testator expressly provided that . she did , not have children _ other than the four grandchildren, a.o.d forbade 10 very strqng terms their �ckno wledgment of a:qy other claimants. Tberefore, the �rgument of the. advocate along this line · is not well founded. ' For. all these reasons, the judgment of the High Court is affirmed, , and the appeal dismissed. · Tekemt J 0, •1959.

-273 -

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f,"lfl� : f1�9° : f,U"} : t;:C� : Ooo:J>w'J° : OJ1'H.rr : OJ1'm T/t.,e, : f'}'t'IP.: '11P'T I lj:C� I a,:,.. I f. °1'1�1 I h+lO :: f."l()� : 1ilfl T9" I 'f''i lD' 1 9°h11T• '11t;J&-f.. 1 fth'Pt\ 1 OJl+T = LC'I° =tail : h+O..e.l ar : 11 1 f 1 11C: 00 hL�1 1 ,n"l" } 1 O°t-41l1 • hm"l: 0 llr6Lh: Orf',: 0:J>A: 'J°il H I 1 fht;:+�,u. 1 lj:C ill � 1 1'1 -'t1 � 1 a,:,. : fL+..e.llT : 0"?.1'1 : illtA hC 11''1 , tj:C� : ,u.,::,, = 00 tr'1 1 hilO T I O"'iil:'f- 1 ',ar :: oP /;\il: {llif!',U.9°: h+01'C&T: 1'1H-fl : If: -flC: DDht./b"} : 0°7.1'1 : hlthl�V- I fhij:+�,u. : t;:CY: : a.:,. : t;:Cf: : 007i1'T : hilfl'T' : (LA : ,,_.h&- h�A s: 'f''i(Dc s 6£b-fl'r • h.1 Y: : {l,u. 1 fth'f't\ : OJl+T : fl ODL l'J° : h+f11' llD' , 11u11 1 Oh kA I ilttO�t,u. 1 0000flft«1 = fl:J>A = riltic : il "'lill �:,. s f,lat\A 1 OJf,'J° 1 h f,1•A'J° ? f°tf\lD4 : ', ,u. s: r1 "l1: = ;,.-, = «l!1rc I ir��(r) 7'1Jtu = ,,,.A i ''tih�Lftc = nhkA= flf'I : 1'1..e.ll''I I h4-,e. 1 ftLU = h.h4-LA : ?i,h.,;: : Oml+i: : 1t.,e, : 1'1-'t..e. . l"l'i : f�l{l� : {l'J.';..9° : 1'1�(lm(Dc : f\°7il1�f: : ,e.l-1tA'' :: 'J°"}'J° : 1'1\,. : f,U : cf!'rC : htLU : hk;rl-1 : f+lfl(J)c"} : 7-�f, : ttoum{l"} : 'lf.l�1 9° • Oth'Pt\ : OJl+:,.. : f+fl�l : (lar : -fl1:4i--1 : flh&.A : ,touA il • OD hL� : Oth'Pl\ar I OJl+T: l\.,e,: 'tt1-'lm+ilil T'i: oo}lt_�"} : f"'lfltf,: �l{l �: 'h1�(lm ,u.: t\oomr:,, : 0011:,..: 1'1P,t\(Dc: lillP.A:: f,tJ: f+ m+(lar : cf!'rC : h.1 1: : (lar : flth'PI\ : Wl+:,.. : hi--flf.. l(J)c : 1111-0= Ohl.A : ODOD{\{l«"} 1 t\01/ltf T : 9°"} : q_e.,:,.. : 01/ill']f : CP/:Pl-0 : h1�t\ n:,.. = ilt\"'lf,'i1c • w�t;::,-.th , -flch.4r = c1t"l = ooODflil = "If: = .ew1-0'iA==

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i�

-- 2·75 -

• '

. ,

SUPREME

, ,

IMP.ERIAL· Asmara

COUR1,

Judges:

Dr. Gaetano Lattila Azmatch Tefferr Wolde Michael .. Grazmatch Yohannes Ama11

ARAYA AMOE MICHAEL v. KAHSAY GEBRE ·TENSAE Civil

Appeal No.

104/58

Civil Code - Evidence in relation to lt1ritten· contracts - Civil Cocle Arts. 2005, 2006.

On appeal from the order of tl1e High Cot1rt recognizing respondent's payment of part of the debt on the basis of oral evidence, altl1ough the debt arose from a contract of loan in· which. a signed bill of exchange was l1anded over to the lender. Held: Decision reversed. I. Under Arts. 2005, 2006 Civ.C., it is prol1ibited to introduce oral evidence in n1atters of written agree1nents. Tl1e payment of a st1m loaned pursuant to a written contract or loa.n may only be proved by producing docu1nents sucl1 as a receipt.

After hearing the case that \Vas brought on appeal , gave tl1e following judgment. Ato Kahsay Gebretinsae borro\ved $660 ( six-h1111dred and sixty dollars) from Ato Araya Amdemichael.- 011 tl1e 31st of March 1964, he (Ato Kahsay) entered into an obligation to return tl1e mo11ey, and signed a Bill of Exchange which he l1ande d to the le11der. Tl1is fact is ad1nitted by both the parties. Because th e debtor ( or borrower) did not rett1rn th e money accor ding to tl1 e agreement , the lender, in order to get l1is mo11ey back properly, brought a suit against the defenda11t [sic ] i11 court.

In the High Court , Ato I(al1say Geb reti11 sae alleged th at Oltt of the money he borrowed, he paid back $200 (two l111ndred dollars); he prayed th e court to allow him to pro\1e his allega tion by a witness; tl1e cou r t allow�d the introduction of oral evidence. Tl1e witness testified i11 his (Ato Kahsay s) favour. On the basis of the testimony of tl1e witness, the court ac �pted the $200 were returned, and ordered tl1a t Ato Kahsay pay the rema1n 111 g $ and the court fees. b: o f t j pp When this ud�ment was given, Ato Araya A_mde1nicha�l a ea!�d H Su preme Court. I-le stated that the reason for his appeal 1s tha. t the � Court gave an erroneous decision in tl1at it allo\ved _my oppo11ent to pr� e he _ b e �hat he _returned par, t of the loan g1ve Y 11 u11der a Bill of Exchang 1ntroduct1on of oral evidence, which is prohibited by law." . II the • . • ,. ?00 . !he· respondent argu.es tha t since ''I proved that I paid bac k $decision of the High Court shottld be affirmed .

t::i

- 276 -

ARAYA AMDE

MICHAEL v. KAHSAY GEBRE TENSAE

The important issue is whether or. not the law allows one who borrowe d money under a B"l1 l of . Exch �nge to introduce oral evidence to prove that he paid back all or part of his debt. Article 775(3) of the Commercial Code provid es: ''If o_ne who b?rrows money under a Bill of Exchange returns his debt partially, mention of the payment shall be made on the bill and . he should require that a receipt be given to him''. . Although this law does not have a direct bearing on the case, it makes it clear that one wh� borrows money by signing a _Bill of Exchange bas the right, when he partially pays back the debt, to require that mention of the payment be made on the bill and that a receipt showing that he made payment be given to him. Since this law does not tell us of any other way by which we can settle the matter of repayment, we find it necessary to refer to the Civil Code in order to determine the question of proof. .

Since the laws relevant to matters of proof are found in the Civil Code, it should be considered (or accepted) that a situation of a Bill of Exchange is treated under the Civil code as ''written agreement'' or ''written document.'' The relevant provisions are therefore Articles 2005 - 2006 of the Civil Code. According to these provisions it is prohibited to introduce oral evidence in matters of written agreement. Therefore, it seems that the High Court erred in deciding that the debt is partly paid by hearing a witness, while the lender who is holding the �ill of Exchange, said that he aid not receive any. Hence, we should accept the appeal. FOR THIS REASON, after examini11g the appeal made by Ato Araya Amdemichael of the High Court's decision given on the 16th Sene 1958 (File No. 132/58) we give the following judgment: We accept the appeal and reverse the decision of the High Co� rt. We order that Ato Kahsay Gebretinsae pay to his opponent $660 and . 1nter�st of 9% starting from the 31st of March 1964 until he finishes paying back his debt. We affirm the High Court's decision as regards the payme� t of court fees. Besides, we order that Ato Kahsay Gebretinsae pay $50 to his ·opponent for losses incurred in this level. This judgment was given at Asmara on the 22nd of Hedar 1959.

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• •

•

tn�l\1, : f"},-.w : '11PT : ',:C-':· : {L:'f-- I hPaot- :: 9°/hL1,-.p = 1'no« = nr'l 1 h+ : :,f,lb s h"'l'l i +'111"'ll- 1 Til4-1. f-C1.il : 11ll-r1&>f� == (t:,$;r: 'ilLf-'iA: Tt-1llTC:,.. : 'Jo'}��"}�: UJ1f:"'1"'1¥l 1 f.°l'l� : {)f, ; fltj::,-C,h : 11"1.C : ff,°l'l� 11 ,,,.._TC : 'f.tt/2:f; I (L�C :: ,:�:,-Cc- : �lb;t- ; f,cJJ'l� : q_e, i

rl:lu

i fltj::,-C,h : 11"1.C : ff,"l'l� : 4>"-TC = rl'l.+f-kf : 1°lf: : '11h i _e-,q,S = q_e, :: l\Y'ili:9° : OD1f1(lT : OD&\(l : (liiJ!> ! J\•fa : P'f.'J° : 9°fl'?'i � l ftj:T"1 : 11"1.C : f,°ll .� : 'l>""TC : !:f;/2:f; : q: 'I°: ftD-A • ..,1-a:J·sPl- •-foot,.,.:,.. • 7if"J!" •-f4>Y.?°:,...,:,.. 1 oo,o:,.. 1 - illl:J>A • 11'/il t:� • 0-1!.,·r •-0�"} • AO·'i" 1 ilt\°7..L&?° a f7iJ'� • arA :-(\t\"1f,"}4'flcf'll 1 "}-fllT 1 {/01f 111 1-0DIJ'b': I AO·'i" 1tD-hA'i" • -ilfttD-hA'i" • mn"} ,-f'i:Tm • 11"1.C • ,.,1.., = «r-1'C'°i· 1 J:fl • cfli 1 /iif. if�§ 1 li7Lif�f. 1 i7Ltf Ii I fn.lifl I frr1'tf1f : «r-1'C : '6·1:/Y.'li " hft. • r+t:nn:r• • oP/o:,.. • oJt'JY.�ar • f,°l'l� • qy,c; , oooAil , (l'iJ'm- • oPtihA I Oth.t � • ilfl+ifm I f,U"}� 001,.,.:,. {\ooif,r {lJrt"}Y,.�m- f,"'l'l� 'lf,'i" : flll ·/\1•,;:m- ,e°lfl� 'If, • r+Liooa,- • tD-A • m-J.'::,. • .,m- ! fl"1/\T • h'i:i·�m- , ,;:cY.· , a.:,- = f{lmm-1 • m-lt� 1 {loo,.4>m?° • f-l>t:O • f,"'l'l� Ii a,-fl� I rhc;:+�a,- • c;:cJ.': • n.:r· , arta� • w-J.'::,. , tr'i , llJrt'}f.�m- 1 f.'1•1� 1 n.e'i· 1 n1r t\T�tD- f."'l'l� {)f, ootahA frf-L1.UDOJ- arA 1.J.':'kA �/ O'i::i•m • 1lth.C • ih°l r er-TC : li'if..iff;'i: : aowt::i• , foot,.,.:,.. , 7if"J.1'"} • roY.00P fth:,.: m-A = flK"m-'i: • 00Y.t:°1 • Jrtflo:,.. I oc;::,•,h • -0"1.C = ;,1.., = .,..,_,re = li'if .ifiti I oor t..·l·?° 11 l 1 I I . ++�Of. a>-fkol- t\or>aJ.t:?[' I arA I {lrf• m(l.,m-:JtKK� I (G:C9°) '¼f..,·1•:auv-•t ·1� hfl' :fa>1/ n:r•>.1111 1 «rlf'C • ti/'!l'f;; • .,....1'C • g • oowt::i-- , oct::r--,11 • -0,1..c • ih-? • .,,..lff 1' r.fi: 1''i" • rflli • r+.r..,,-,.:,. • "'lf.r.:J-sP"f- • 1..c:,-�.• a,.,{l.,r , O°t.11• • ftD-"I!" • 1t1c • (19'1" ftf. TLK°t.,:,.. • f'\:fm-r 11 A 00 l 1 T 0 C • r./ f 'i: m 11th. ih"'l • +"-1'C , iitif�§ • oowt::,. • fJt'lY: • {la>- • 1'C: ' O 'i I 001.f"} I fODOD1f1-0"} I 'P,:, I h.fll-l>C?° .. I 2../ 0'i:'Tm • -flm.c • ih°I • «r1'C • litifl • oo.,,t::,. • 1t'lf.&-t&.m- • fP'AtfJ"} I 1a,(I'}0 +'\t\'i: 01\»I\ • ('lar • ll.9° fw� 1t'lY.ll'� 1 fill.as,. f+w&-t\T , {la>- &,.(le 1'11,. '-ttf. �"}�&,.(&.a,. 1 f.ts00m-'l • +"'l{)C • fl"7K"Y.f OJI,?° 1 fl"1'i:t: ll I f,°foltA st I I

-278 -

f,IJ s hChC I f1'�/t(J)c 1 °hP'ODt- 1 h+"7 1 Of..1hA. , OD"}"Jf: 1 h"ltf fill I O.ltJ; I h"'I p. : ?ftiLCt:'f- • ti+ I P'f.'J° I 'J°P'"l'i I h"'IH.?){ I a.:,. I 1 O°t"I� 11 tif.§f�ii 1 "iTC • ti� : OU'� 1 fl;t- : Oil¥- 1 a>(l'} l-r I 'i 1-0 ;t, � 'i : I a.:,. , fli�w« : 1-"l'l� 1 'l�: f"ln"} IJ 0.-f-1' �ll)c 11 fl 07."l� , T 0 1 "7'10C: 1ill.:'f- : U''i : 1-'iC 1 �nc lr s a>11:"7"7¥ln "�" 1 "I"}• 1: 11: Ql\{1,f: 1 oo'if'I' : ill\Ll\"1 • tDh.,t\- : (L?;c : (LA.11¥- 1 01/C.?tt : 1'11..: hfD« f!:F , l't�tJJmc 1 �1 c +1 1 !if�§ 1 '¼ - 'I° - n0011..c = w-A., /\ft?fc l)'},f, : 4'/b;J- : Of;jif.tJ 1 11C • 'if mar : h'P,?OJ« : W-il'I' : ii'it : -oc : b1"cf'Ol\' 1 o,." • art\-"} 1 O'i;J-t = /\"71100111-0 = 1-l-tt.- s n1i = w-hA'i= '11-'l{)IIJ:far = Ol't.llJi l.f : f"t11ar"} : f"7'10?."} : 'P'i : oortf : a.:,. 1 mr� :s rm r�rl--'J° = rarhA.'i = P'A.llJ'l I t:'I° : Ol't.rl--f-A-1 , h.'l°flf\. , 'iirnc I fi�/ii 1 1't..?'1(0 = "'"h":f(J)c :s r+fltrrl-- = wh.A = tt+,:qo,u. = 11r = hll .?fc = ft"},f- = 4--lb ;t- = :,c = 11..1.,-.:,-.1 1 arA = :,-.+w- : ttw11:"7 :f,u. • ttn.?fc , , :r:'f-t: = 4--lb:r • "'lil:'f- = tiu -). = e� .... = 1-"lfl� , flf, 1 :,c • 11,1' , rif..161.h = il'J°'J°�T = 1t1:c1ar , 01.111:,. = ti'� = +1 , !itft� : '¼ : 'I°' = :r-Ol\.h = 'i:t-t • nP..h+c ,tf-1:t: = 'iil:t-rt , n1a.c:i-1r = '":,,",t..:i- : +'Parl\'PIA :s

= =

= .,,..,..-,.

f,tJ : O?fak'i : 0'11fl1Jc : ootihA : r+f..l."lf& : f {l;t- : if.f� : l&t!\ • O'i:C1: : 'i:Cll : �U-"}A� I 0"7/\'T : f V•). : ODt!\fl 1 {1"1,. : tt + : P'f.'I° : 'I°P'"l'i I Ohtj:+�(J)c I lj:Cf: : a,:,. : ,,....'l'C : 9.§/9.i I f(J'� I 00111-0 : h'i: +a,. = flu-). = ��'i 1� , �"lfl� = 'lf-l- = ",_ = nil tt:,,cna,. = �nc 11 rhft.'1° = 'J°h'lf:'f- = 1'·}�"7..h+ilar = �oc ....'f,� = +h'11i = f,U'l). = P;t- 1 natt.:t- = ilooif'I' = "11 P -• 1-0t. ,1:1 = fl OD"l 1-f:,-. = -o1r = ll911· = 1'1.itm.-; 1'�'i = 1&1:1:tr:far"}'J° = OK"Ji.lj: = 1'1-'lf+cn- : ti1't.1 = O�'l • 1'tD41: 1 1:� : t&il'I ' 1 1'1U- :: Oar1:1:? .'J° : (l)cil'I' : ll..?fc : '11+ 1 �ll,;t- : -0c , I\.?re = 1:r:i-1: = 4--lb:r'i = a.?fc = -r"11: a.An. v. fi�'it = -oc = 1'1{lll){\"} : a.I\- t h� : hv-1\''J° 1 fOlltn : ti'iiL : -oc : 1'(lll){lr,.. : ,Of.. 1 K'i:\r n ffl{\(l.,f:'J° : a>h.,A I ht\,l\ :i: : fO/\tn : "J"}H,0: 1'hct:l\l\V-: f Ah I 1'1+ : ill\U''lh 1 ""+ = 1' 'lif'l'IAYil'l 1 -Ollar : Ol'tii''1,f, = 01/1,t = l't"7'1f, �T: hl.?"ll&A�:: �"IC:'?"}: OK"Ji.lj:: l\cf1l.,OhcT: '1'14:: 00Ail: ill\ll)lJ-J 'h 'J1'1'i = n'iii'J°Oc = fi'f;/:t;l; = �,oJ;a, = ,o,rlj: • ila.?fc ,:r:'f-c: �lb:t- 1 r+7im = oo(J')."} : Jt(l'J°OC : fit/it; : '¼ = 'I° , n+KL = �,o,;o. = mh.tt.- 1 ltil;t-a>-1?� n fl�l."IV-:,..9° : ooh;t-+IA : O'i;t-tar : k-r = w«lr 1 000011'1 fti'J : l'tl..? "I 'I' h- n hv-tr'J° : +liliJ.tr¥l- : fOiltn : 'P,? : 1'{lll)l\V- : I\AlrT : {\� : {\ OD if'I' = +hltita : "1.?'l!'i : 'l°t-1\'l!="l�:r: a.'iCfl:far: Ol't.Tf-k1 = f'i::,.th 1 -O m.C : "1"1 : ,,.._'PC : ff1 : h'i: fffj'f, 1 +-"°t�T I ilh..Tf-kfw«f"}: 1'1-'t {)'I' 1 f+w(l�ar1 : f\illj: I ...iit?fc 1 1:fTC: : �t\,;r : iftn'PA d f..°l'l° 1 foo�,f: : flilO.T : l\Wh.ir : l"AlfJ"}: flltllTlD- = 1,0l,f:1 1 ft(L 1 c "11+ = 4-ll..;t- : �1-'l'ifIll" : ft.If"} : wh..l\' = l"A"l'i:fw«1 • l1DD+I\ �

firif.

o;;+

-279-

• :: om'P� :: f,"f,11-0 : n'P'Pf.. � : 7:f:,..e /4 .. fL.: l\it..�C : l\� : : h t&h A c;ar : P'AII J'l : ar61!- : iL.f'P(lr/;\ = it_e, ,,fA 'J° = )0 C:: fitflilil; : UJt A: f "' � : : } Cll 'A : : {tf\.lfa; t; lD•S... :t, :. a;ffiw :: �i; � ' ff" L?t{IJJ0r : �fl\OrhA'i P l 9'1 ,, oo : 9° tm 1 l\ : b ,:J : 11Cjl?c tJJ, : { · o�,e. : U' q ., : rO m OD� 'P ; ffl : r � : l ; f n m . . : : , ' l : + :: ill\f {tl\. f ,:JC: P.OCJ.1: .. 'PO lJ'', fl1o �-111\�, {IP�:, · l U · : Ol/ '} : h�: 00 tihA = O,l1.11"0: it 'P'P� : L�C: "Cf TC!' '1 .,e, �lb:r ,, : if. -� (l 'i: ( 0C f "'i h : : } " I --t:r-Y:t: : 'i'll:J... tL : k:,.. : OJ.1ll"1 : ?!�/'$?; : '} : 'I° : f"l'f..t.1m• : t&A � f61!- : t\� : h. 1} tl,:J1T'i : Ofloi }\ : f : f"}O l , 'i' · ll''i : 7L,, Orf.'� : �Cll : : "} £ Jtor>tf11l : tj:C� : f,(lm� · 1 fl.I\- = mf, l''P A == -oo t h : 1 f,f aut\hrf'llr'J : (l;J,: fth bft ,,f {l ,(l, ji"l'/: rJ--l1lt7i: {l(lm-,l--: -:, '1° il'l°'l°'I fl.i\l\f..l°lv. = h tia• nttu• = n:1-- = ti7i : l\ODif'l' = 1'1° = "_e. : '1°1'I° : OD-0:,.. = fI\:fw«'/° == n i'b c:,..t. = m�, I\,e = "I •·1:,.. : fcnz.1ct,ti4' fl -- : l\ e, : (l : h.Tr-A�fro•f"} : fcr�oi;�..: , 1-0l'T : {\OD'?lf:,-- : lD"al.. (1911 -1 · 0r = f4 ln•:, = nchc = n;,1oi fA"l"f-1&. OD-0.:'f- = 1tl\:f0r i -Ol\. = bti7i /lt\lf� I· +tf>{]f,�,r'} : l\...fi1 : }tf,i"A'J° :: fh,C1'�'J : f&o�?,/A : }1 flrf-.� f.C : O"'illtf>l'T :· fl' r'l'C : fiilI!i't.9.7; : 'l - 'J° : fPlDtqro«"}: Th1f11 : hti7i f+ooflh.-J:-l-- : 1'tf,OD{lt\'/° 1 Of·LU : :,-01'•111 : Ock'PC : 2 : 11•}f,.,t,0Dfthrf'm• 0"1CT�: m�l\f, : '?tf:,-« : ro•{t'f' : fOI/ J!, "}«f>lt+fl : 'l1lt.1-- : f\.oo..(111 : t\OT/ If w c I\"'I"I "'7:, ... n "'"·-"f·r· A·fw«119° = 1, u--1 1 ow•m. = h1c o9l:,.. oo tihA : f°lf..l1w« : il'l°'l°�-l-- : o-tr : :i1;J'l! : 'P ;J : f,',t.'PA :: mh.1\1·1 r 1• : r ro·:1>:f0 ill\OI/ : f m·A: "1-- &.?t''l°t1 �...,,...� : f htiif--1 : f 4'lf :f'PA -t-,flfta : f°ifil1?8-l-- = }t,ef.. ft'l° mh..i\:f1 : fti',7i,1•f-- "'11·'1; = +'i1l = ri-- 111\lD" = .,<J>A = OAO'/�-- = ODlPl:, .. = nfott+. = rarz..f..t.� llt\ll'� = {\OIJO'P : mf,'l° : t\ODrl•ar : 1·hltif· : ou-n:,.. : 'h1Pil\lD · : hfh�nC?° :: ill\ : (L'I'C : n.A-fi'�: "?C;>tt = lD·ht\t;: 1---�f,: OlJ,(1:,--: ll.'ft'r:J�lD·: rori. -:ffl-- : n.ere : ti1..Y-- : 4,-/\,:J-- : -O;J! : 'i:flir:: 1'ti:fm·9"° : IL1t1·:1..: fttt\1-.1· : '1-l-- : O(l.crC : 7::,--� : 4--lb:J"' : il9° : i\'}.t;.00 11111 : mf,4 Cf1A :: OH.U : r : hh.Vf�= ; r: hti'if.: }t'}P,:Y,.: OD,{1:'f-l IL'.?TlD {){\UJJf,-:f· nti:fa : { A: ;,c: f,n'i01-- A� I fl.fr : rf--ht- til.'PA J

a:.. r�:

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ti1ar : +hti7i'l° : no,n-r1· : ODhl\hf :;: (ltLIJ : '11C : ti�: : rf ct1tt·� :

nom•T : ODt\fl :

llt\�'fl."7"?(11·· t (1� : il9° : 'i]•?°C : 'h'}f..rf'7'�'i : h't F-..+&..lOD : _e«r,,nc {l,t-t.J;tO'/ t?t} : n�:,--,11 : "ildb C : ,1,'? : t1,1>..'1'C : /i'iti:Jiri: i\lltl: iiit§Jli: h'lf.rf'uz>l\hrf·a>·: (lq,�'"'11/...f: oo,{1-1·: t\(/Pffi f +9° = f°1�&..A"I = oar = frf--nm0r = fu--tt :,-- : me : 1... 1i = ,,1:1� = {ll\l � ' hlJ7i : \-t"}� : '¼00-l-- : 01\f-, : 4,_e,J"•aJ• : ti{l : 61:P l q:1!m- : ll,11rf .. ,], : �(JJ• :: hti7i : ..r+t.n«T : till 1 (l�t, : '11�•9° : I}'', : 0,1,"l : l'lf: : OVt>'lT : {1ft �t\ar: h(t« : hh."I�: ;>C : ,,e,oc.-n:l'"A� 1 (111'11\:,•: 1·t1�til'PA: :

=�

n+htir:i: = ttcf,ln«-"I-- = oohl\hf?J:J.. = nti "'li = ooAll = o'P1--' PA � 0(111 Ati:fllr9°: 11· 1�?-:,•.: Ohil : 01/ooAh:J::,:ro« : m·il'l' : f+ft&..lD41: (Llf�: 1111 � o,r&c · n+£U" ?t9° = · O'r-TC ·= Fr-i/•uvii� : q JJ :,..i · o m• = rot !-l � ................... :,..'r-:!'c = 2 =· �l--001\h+w« = h{th 1 ��c = i = +1 1 Iilf2f; = '¼ = 9: =. f�"1·11' 014 . I: OD,fl,f--" 1':: .foim11�-: h'}:{: l\{Jc)-: ,lj-JC : 9°"}9°:·rf''J{l .�•f• •

"° ,

- 280 -

.fl ,\0, S Th&--hl'PA 12 h /tT aJc"}9° S fl"'/ . : illP,,r I nii'l"t.,f• : f\o(o"} {I 'J° "711: 2 hij:C.e" : fL,f: : +COaJc s 'h'J�ou(ln?-1\:f aJc : m,l!, A :: +'P

;,,°'

+hlt1=t:9° = ilfl"7f.1+'1+il = ,..nl:,. = n?f?f'I' = nmt1Jm« = 1 {IIJIPl :'f· : OK"th•lj! : f,f-f.l1aJc"} : �A 1 0 .:J> A : 9° ilhe!1:Y.. : /\"'lil+flOA 1 bt'h'1 : ;JC : ,f•�t--t : ili\1.1'� : hf. (l"'lwO'J9° I w(lf\m« : +.:J>ro-'fPn:fm , - "} fl�,ft.'j: : n:,,':_n'P� _ -� n+m»"7 t9° : g;;:aJc s +hti1i : O'i:-rth : w(ldhC � ih'? r'l'C = tlfi.;!;f!I = 00,,,l:,. = n:,,, = Afr'i = n1•1u--r : 'Jw(ll-1· : I\J?,, fl\(D- : {JD-01: : 1''JP.f,�ti-O� : O"'lfl-1• : +ht--hl'PA :: ij:£:� : (1,f: : hiiti,f· : l\0/o'Ji\ : "'/'J,f: : 9°ilhC�;J--:fm-"} : h'J �(l1&2 itil&..+1- : 9°l\CD• : 00ilhl'PIA :: f9°ilhc�:,.. : .:J>l\:fm«9° : tj:t, : �1C : 1'1 �D?.h+Aro· 1 �ro·:: <<ht : fl,t-htin: = "'l"'IOC : 011,I\ = ..,,.P,J!,s mO.:J>:fro• : ill\ lf"}lr I hltfr' : h�;,,L:,- : (1,f; : oP'f',f-m«: 'f1n"}f:t--"}f:: "'/10C': (l;f--'j" : (1.-,.. : il.'i'f'I' : �CD·'i ·1 it = 'h"}J?:1•1m« : 'P;,ro•"} : J!,mf,<l?A� i 11/\m« 2 ,\OD�� :: ht9° : "'JC?ott S h rl-l}l\CD" : P't--: nith .f�: ,:JC : (1.:J>A : wf•� ;J1Clr :J '(l;J--CD""} : 1'"}7fllJ/\"} I n?f?ft& : °11 : (ll,l;tl;f-- : �w- I n"Y. s P'f.9°: 1'Q;tl;J--lD": (l10·'i: fO/lm: 'P;J: 0.(11&: f\oo°l•t-1--: 'h1f..oY.1'lt- 2 11&- -:fro·' I h�� :: f,U"}� : /lhltfr' : �1C\l.:fro•'i : 'hQ;tl;rw-: 11l+lD" s tJ,f'(D�f..?- : O�I\ J ftJ;l,l;f--W•"} : lD"m,.,.. : i,"}f:mf,:t>l\:fw- : itl\{\{ID�..� J P't- : hit h.f�"} : mr:,»u--1\:faJc:: 'hlt:fW•9° : C : (1911·: 'hlili1l;f--m·: {IDd} fl:}1:fro·"}'i : Oatl;J--: tilj!,f•«1: 'P;, : f(lm•-1" : Jt,f.. : P'f.9° : itl\lf� = '?1flD" : ll'hti:fro• : oPL+�"} : �1? - � :: f,U"}� : llhltif◄ : �1C\l.:fm·>> I f°7.A : �aJc::

htin: • ,i--�t--l-- = f�n? -:,..1 = (l.�c Tta.'Jt (l.A-iir-1 'h1�.{ID(ln �I\TlD" : ilflmf«k t +htir:i: : t1i•�(DOO• : n�I\ J lj:C�· : (1,f: : &.,:,,.f.. : 9°it he�;J--:flD""} : {19°:J:A :: 1'ti:fro·9° : fou(lh?- -1· : lj:t, : :J"A I ''foY..7fmm• 1 1 1ll-1· = flou0J11:,- hb;;: ,t-hti7i = r�--,,,..lj: oi1;..�:,-. = h.r:c1,hflv(1,f:"}'J° : ·flouOJ•f-1• : 0"7(1(1 : hltrf: : ro·ll'I' : Oh.t--f, : i•<f"'J°tJN : �OC :: f��lD" : ,f•h"17i : J"t-- : i',ilh..f� : (l_�c : "'IC;Jtt J (L,f:"} : ,\{JlJO'I' 2 "'/(lf}:fro•"}'i : q>,:JCD•"} : 0t;Q,l;r : 1''Jf:1A�· : llflmf4!� J ��r(u : ,oc 2 h11fflu- : -Ofu : n�--,h.t;: : Jiouf\hTU• :: f'J : "l..l·f. : h(l.�C : 1:-1-C1 : 4«/b :11 = ,:,c = 7ftti1· : llfl�nc1 • nu--fl:r:Y..1 = ll9° 2 �ro- = bt1l;J--ro·1 = 1�tl 1lu--1-- :: hlf..U : O�I\ : 7i tti:fi : l}{\OD{l"'ltT'/ ;J--1·"} : +it.ff"} :;: htJ•"} = hh tin: : ;JC : 7ftil1" : �1' :: {lfl(lmtJ•:'f-- : al»l;f• : h1Pi1..9° : lD"A hl\11 V-9°'' ; foY.A : �aJc :: �� : +hti7i : CDh..6'.T(Dc : (L�C : (l.AO.f. : '1'/C,:Jlt : O'J°llnc�:,- : .:J>l\:fm·"} = i,1,<;,.(lm•l\:fro· : ilflmr+. s 4"COlD" = {]IJllnltf>A f'J°lln C� :r:fm-9° : ',:/o : :J"A ;: '''ht : fhltfr' : t1'/10C : P't-- : hllh....<1� : �� :: (l. ?f'c: '11,f· : 4. 11,;1-- : n ht.tit : fl.l' �ro-'J : (l;J- : l\(JIJ°llf-1-- : ht: Ok-1" : folo h+� : h�O-r:'f· : ;JC: ,t-',,:J°lllD": �nc==ht9°: A7i'l'6'.TlD": fi•itti. . : :J"A 2 -- = llti:flD" = n:,,.�oi, = 'h1.e" t1-l :f tf , ar aJc x �nc h'P'im·9° o {lT:J! 2 A : J" ti.. fi•it : lD" : OT : :1"1f"lfflV- :s 0�1' : 1Bv:to : '¼ : 9° : A7f'l'I\T 1 oo l\ A it 7f y, = J:, '}{]I .. \l.:flD" 01-1 u-- = {lT:J!:flD" = �n:u = ,nc : O 'in.9°(1C : fi 'i;J--t : kT I ,f-'f(D•{\"} : +tw-1' : I : if. : -OC: ,t-+OA tr s:

+�nA

- 281 -

·=

a.:,.. ·:

= = 9° J �'lf: lt ortv·• = 1 �ll,: = . s ,::,.e .. l&i\T , nh .i. .f 4«/b� f 'l _e. -i : : 'i (D(J;\. h� c1ro-n:,-.. : {l{\�Ol : m"}�9"°rm-.: f,'i?- 1 �or. ,: 1llt-: (IDqqA "' : 4 itfat 1 : fl,::,..e : -c lb;1 h1�''ill1·I\l\ � : lll\&�4'>;.. I /\ ti,:f m• : 1..ifm :: tt.'i : lt'i�f � «j..fl,;J-- : 4'f...9° : 1}{\'} : 'lf..l°l1:ttD• : frf"ll�, : W•A f l}"},f. : .. : (l n : O 9° fl, I\ : l\ DCIJ .., ..., : oo..-n:r:fm-1 : 4-/b;J-- ' (1t-'1 TlD' 0:1f., (Ir : it -: m-04'01' : {lt\�Ol I t\il1..Y· '),ll,;J : 1'1..(-ifrp = W•tiA'i" : n..nm�?° : om-fl· = (IDIPlT _ = 'i'L.ftJJ; = t\1::'f-- --e = ...,..t...iOD � ff .. = mnft' = r�n�.,, = "'11-t : (IP'f'TlD· 1 't\9°1 : (JJ.l ;J : h ;1...f...C1--9° ? 0..ft..-� : ft ti 11'.. : i• lb;t- : fl (IP7i'f' : o:,,,:oi.r : ,f•{l'J.. : (l'l'1"'i"A' l ..-0� : 011nllh·l\:fm· r: 1,tifm- : -.._ --(l = /b Q;1l:J i = �ar : �nc'' -= ?J1 ti� ;,1?-1 : O�I\.: hti'if.'i = tto1 'J° fat/A : �(Ir ,: ncn�f v-fl+.9° = lD1C:-1-- = fr.th-� = OI/rtl�:fm--1 = J't;,,cow-· -: C : a>-'} 1 hlf1· : (l�I\ fh�i''1(1}« t;:: � : (1:,-. : <J>'ri\� : f,f·�t..ro-"} : �Cl· : {l'J':f:A :: <<!i'1 : i'h'17 i : i'i'L.2fiu : "7.:'f·C : il� : rtr�ro·1 : n;1,:far1: Oft�: hat-,;.:,.. : fL..Y·'f : ;,c : fl'?IA : d1&-� : 7Lf61!' : fl ouifT : f(J;l, l:J' : 'I'f4:'i : f'P;, : tD'1:1:C : OX-Ji.<j: : 1'4'-0t\'PA ::

9: :

°'"°

l!�ro- = i'66J,t-:f = tr'i'L = -0c ¾ /bl\(l)c = .e.. = z;·?;if. = -nc 1tooh t..lA : 11"1� : ontrc;:far'l : (L1/A�. 1 h'17f.. = -z;·itt : 11C : t\.h�fl· = :J>A : (\T'i·'PA :: fi'hltil· : mn..A : °11 i f�l:J"'rOJ·1 : P''I : pcq:,.. : 'POW·� hi'hlta- : fi' (lllJ:ftD'1 : /Af.. : a rnl,\'i9° : (}OD--1•1\{\� : fltJ;l,l;r : it�{l ·thti·li: 01'\Y:t\9': 7fm'PA r. .-J,h +� : 'P;, : (lT--f•lD• : t\�O?-,l--: t\i?�lD·: .., tan:: fl"IA: tn.l;:1--: t\ODi\''1': lD·IA: i'tA1'119°: {101/t\:,--: ,f"nt.nl'Pb\:: roh. l\rar: "11 t f"IA : �l;:1--: CD·Y:Y:C: X,,th.<j:: oocJ,(11\:fCD•'} : ic;: Oi,�:w,: �fh ta7i : 9°iltiC : fl1·mf'I! : 1.lt : f(DeY:�4-: h 7f'i&. : hti·ii : OD lf'ifro·1: l/ D"}{\llJrCD•'} ! °h1�rr'J° : t\lbt\ : l\CD•{J;l : (lro, : ltf,lf1 : {lGD.l;J..lD· : +ti4,. ft., n4r.:,.. = n � = 4.{\,:1.. = OD .r"l :r-llr1 itn OD ?- fa,).l:J.. 7if'ih : 'h'l� : 'ifiC : i'l;J"l'°'A :: wh.h· : J,1>;.i\'m· : I\A;:l "'lftt•:,..: (ttD4 : ;,.. "1 = oo ,i... I\ fl� {ID 7f "1 :rar (Ltr1 e ,-,--c = c;it;:1,,t?° "A,,.. 'Pf.. = t...4'�fl:,.. = n ar = r 'itf61b (lJcA = "";, c ro· n {ID 1,; --:,:ar rro·A r f it 'P'PV--1--1 : f..111'i : pcq:,-.. : .,,rflffl' : h,1,°l : ro·6f!» : fl 'I = ar/A itq>a l\'PIA :: h'17i : till : (Lfc�CO· i f°1f,1cJ>ticJ>il : 11ll•1" : flh. :t ·r·A·.<''P. (lt& : itl\°1..ifTO--r : rr�:J''i : i\."'l'irlD·9° : 0111· : t\lJ1C : 1"lJJ/\� : q,f: = ODitm:,.. = 'h1�oi1'l = o�:,..,,, -0,,'b c il,"l = 'l>�Tc = EI:1 ; t:f:i� f+��:,-1 = m:,,n'PA 1 n11· .u9° : ;,,ai. oowl:,. : n,1,t--� = a.r'i!' 1 1,1l). f'P;J : 'h\rA�:,.. : f {lm« : ,f--ro��t?J:f : 0.t;>?,. : (latl:J'"lD• : f{flJ"] tf•1" : �f:"tf : t\"'l°li'T : foY..ODlffiID• : '1.-),f-A",(l'fID ·: �CD·:: hitfr' : "11: {101' f:f:C : 'P;J : ilA� : f(lm- : O.lf1 : {\OD "}lf:'f"" : ti,,e:f-tt· : cf'C --f"'f'A � i'htai"�9° = nnh•l\:fmc : Ol'bc:,·� : m-l>/\..e : "llf,,1• = lll\0'/.11":,. ffflc6f»b : h1C : It'lo� : oui}:,.. : n-,...TC : f;i/Iiif!l'f; : q : 'I° : fOJl1JlD'1 : T'hlf1f +�- = -r-'l'C m:,,(l'PA :: ·f•hl}p:,: : f m+(t-:,. : :'f·'htf1f I h0-1 · ll1mou'} : hchc : +m�7i : lf'i : il.S!"l'J..:far : }t,,e1..A'I° I h'1 7i : f4'l : : : o-:,. : till �'- : �1C : fi+f.l1mc : f"IA. : dtt-� : T(flif!' : f(lt\tn 'I',:J

..e =

--r:--r

oi,

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�.,,.. =

= =

F-n

nn =

= =

- 282 -

� 1 ·'P ;, 1 lt4'l0= ·(lm• : . "}•fil+. : ...,..if IRA I 0111/ft:,, 1l:F :r: • 11:,,+ ll : : i\ : 'l' (l �ti)' :S f6�•. 2 +ht'\7i . t fiq>,;J :· i\ Oi\m : (lro« : nouif'l': t.. "}:J': h'i a>hA ounllJ:fm-,= .f "'l.e,1q :·· ili\tr'i • 1;;: : +hll 7i9° : : = fl(lm ;, (lm-, : · 'P t� : llh :,,cnm« = lti\ = hti1.,-.�� fl>;,= tD'..e"..e"� s ... · n 'i . ll . = 4'/l,:J''i' hfLA-ii'f..= O "'IC;Jtt·= ;JC : +flflt : {lODlf "}:: nn4c : Afl·'i: ff..l�T : m«A: noutri,. I iL�'i"t\:flD': hf,1'19° :: ili\J·LtJ: -!!� : +h'17i'i·= g�: +h'17i : Om«A: h'P'Pf..: f : t 'ill : "}f: : h"}f.. : hm«l!;r : n�llJmC : 1t1il:,.. : + :rtl Y: l! Ff : C f h O i� = +1: = !iift�=· q= 9° : · n,f>... 'l'C = iit2f!I= h'i'-- = �ittttr : .ff..l�T : · s m«A : m« Y::,, : lfC:- : '.h"}JtrPl1f'i • (lrf f..l1m«: f°IA: �l:1' : fi'l<'61!. 7tJ,;:g, : f'P;, : 11A65/» : ..flflm•T : Ohtiif.. : q,,y.. :. P'f..9° : 9°P'°l'i' : il9° : 1'. '}}ttJDtl11l 1 hlt'fr. 9°·: f "}1llrf :"} : 'P;, : ?i°l : it· 1· 11C : "h<j:c_e. : ltirf: : h"} Jtfll4'9°lfr'i': i\{i<llD-: +ht'\7i : 1\1•'tht..A: t.. C f..'iA I>> (LA : fhfi:+,;:m . tj:C..e" 2 ltT : mllS:A : 2 . . .

.= ,..�.=

nti'fr. = n"Y.. = Ff..9° 1 ,11l+. = n�c� ouv,t,.:,.. nllD1J:f0r 1'.1Jtff mC l\fm« : fll'/ .e, 14''14'il. = "}11lT : l¼�lt : l1T : DD tf°l 1lT 1 : n.m.e«J? • . :,•(! : 4'/b;r : hit..,..1--r·kf : "}OJ..ea : fl"}h : �it : 11C : (LO�'t - ; <<(t7fc : ..,; .e,1J1'lw = 1-01.:i•= flOD ,.... r =. nilOD1fOJ Om«:rA'i= 1tl\tt0rc9° i>> ill\ � :f0r = O�Tth : 11,11,,C : ;,.'? : tf>"-'I'C : ...f7L1ri fT ,... .... : h"}f.. : +ou l\h,t--0r 1 �J;t&.r : 61%'iOT : 111lirf:"} : h "}:{ : flfl{birf:"} : lll\Atr'i : f ll9° 1. 01/JfUJC "} : llr(JLT : l\.!'?..ea : nF,l-A9° I lli\J·LU : ll{JD« : h"}Jt•I mCA � : +�"'1 t : :,.}itf1f : .e,(lm� :;: O"'ltt:,:C = di9°/b = fl�/9.t = q = 9° = r,t-1.t.. Ol/ouAh:f- l\fi:C..ea = fbi: = n:,,cn'PA== ·

'<j:Cf: : {l,irf:9° ; fh/t'o«"}: 'f'f4: : {lOD�(lA I <<fi�TJ1: - OJLC : ,n.'1 : 'J°n1_r:,.. roi(lT= -,....Tc= ...rit1r1& .,.. ... = {1Dtp1.:,-- = n1t11: = 1111.:i•= ODf'lf "'l'i"Tllr'l° : �� : f°tODi\b, .t-ar : f,f..fJfm«"} : mf,'J°: fT(lmm•"} : "}wfilT= i,1:( : 'l i\{1,f:"} : fl.If"} : lli\Ol/f,1'1 i f,tJ : 1r),;r : f"}-fll,f:1 : tfl/H'Pa>C : l\.fm« n : n.e,l-A9° :2 ��· : tJ·A1.lt : "}1}/.irf:"} : ... ,-11:,--tr, : f°t'/.f: : �1C : 'im« I . fnfl�tm•"} : fl"}ti : OD 1}:,-- : tt... r ll�l'c : nf,i-A'J° :2 {ll\tLU : bl'l,U n,t-(lmar : �CY:'i : :,-h 'tf11 = OD rPl :,.. : naof1f= m·A = 'P"-'l'C in:rrti 1\i; = @in.Ir = ,,.,ar = ,.. n1.•r = hOD .r1r = oifo:J...m· = ;Jc = flfi:CY: : 'li\11H{l• : nJ-t,f· : P'f..'l° : 'J°P'°l'i' : il 'J° : 'h1Jt 11mc : n+� 01/t= nH'iA == fnn�tar '11n = f0Df'1:f {JD,n:,. = h1Jtl.?1'1''1° = nri:c �:f0r = ODlPlT = h.Y--= Ff..9° n�c� o,:,.. = 'h1�. .rll+'l°lfr .rn11r,0r = ?i'i7l:= 11c= n++DD mn:,-= v--�:r= _e,4,_rA nll&.1\1.. =· ire:- n. 11=l\'11tr h1-'th&..A. : .e,f..l,:JA t>> -O�A ::

«,;:

r...,..

= = ==

: f,'?'11 : 'IV-l- : dt9°/b : ii/2t : q : 'I° : (1.-J-{lmm« : ij:C..ea !i<'l'i' : · l\'6 I .e'? fl1 : 'If,: ,h9°/b : fil2t : q : 9° : n+flmm« : :,-C'htf11 : '1.e I 'f>'T�:fm« s hl\F, : r+m+flar"} : ff,"lfl� = ao111P1-- 1 hij:,,..'PA. :, hf"}�"}};..9° : f,'? '11 : flf, : (l f,"lfl� : Ol/ODAhflD4 : l\f, = f+lOm« = �� = 'i 1c= +Tfr> : f+DDflh+a,., : 'iar :: · !i<'f= f,°lfl1:f1_11: foPl\hirf:.:,.. 1 n�:,-CJt:11"1,.C : ,"h.'?='P"-'I'C=/ii'C.ifltC: {IC: f"'l.e,"}+ti+il : 1111.,)-- : 7(.f�'i : "111 : m«A s flX-Ji.lj: = h 1Jtlf1= +mh S:A 1 ++�°2. : (D•fr,1--9° : {\OD{J;l.l q : m«A : n+m(l'i(I)« = q_e�,r : 1'_"}}t

r,;: :

- 283 -

-f-'1 A lJ')- 1 f14>"-'1'C 2 lii'L:4!ti'li I T °1:>, == 11�1 a;:ro�..: �c�... : fl:,. : O'i:c.P. 1 " I 9° l A 9°'1 Q;\. f'? 61}it. I -i� : d,t f : "11J"}"} : ih°l I h/AThTt\9° s: C( 1 0:f6V' = �co .. : 11r:,, = A :emt. f'? = = "l".+ �"'l t..''19° , OD/A(l 1 (161!" 1 r�.;... :,.. = �11�,1sro A w, 'h rli lt:f-OJ,: :,-. �nln iJPlf'l 11 (j: : = = ,rt = n . 1 = -. .fl : -OEJ! : {lt\lf� I Y'1l1 '1 s {l,r,h c;: : fA1/\K"h·:'f '} : '1).'} : il.fil1�.e.i� hf-,1'1A9° := "}{ll,f: I f,f-00!!1 {ll&' : {l"'l1fl?- �. lliF :: fl.ff"} t O'?A: {;Q,l J: ; :: « c , . c f A = om f = fw ;,t).. 01/ h 1 � 11 (L : 'lf A'i : F A11J1 . "'�"lf1c t\fL 1'tA'i0l9° I OD/A(l : (1'11..0J-- : f'?A : dit-)!- r 'a.f61.h : +ft°119°:Fflu. : h ft-fl :,. , 'I.If. : 11:\1\ , ',a>- • Wh.it- : f+lll\a>-"} : 1fll,)· : l\t'l,I\ : 1:<fr , Olflc: P'/Al1J'1 : f1"'f--T :: {lt\tLlJ 2 fOJ•tiA'i' : P'A«J1 : hfbt\:fw•: nm•: ,:,c : f"l/A : th&.� : n.f'i!" : hf:C1.hflo.. : f<Pf..ft·T = 'P;, : h'}�flar : ht f,mC9° ::

= '!r..

},'}1

'f(l)ch/A'i'"(l)c : P'IAl1J'1 : t\(t.�C : /t'},f-- : fil,.7Dfi'l' : (Lrf'} : fl(l.7fc: ,:r:,-«� : f,f-fltnlD' : {1"7,f-1 'l : �lD'' ; t\,f-- ()t\lD• : ,f-U'}'} : ao:f'<DCPJ.f : t\"'l:i»l-O : f'/°1--t\(l)c = 1'). : 'lt\fLi: = 'i� : 1'1>( : i\,I\ : (Im• = fl.:f'mr: 1tf-.1'1A9° ; m h.f\c = ff-l1-:i--1 = m·A. = 1'.). = lt?.Y:4''P/\o-- == E� m11 = rrr -: � : (lm« : 'l4'l0(1)c : '1'fcf: {l oo�titi:i : fU·fl..-J: : i''P'P�l-: m·A: h1.itL cil = r,t-(lm(l)c = (j:Cf: = fl"7,f-1'l = ftt\lf'i 1 fhtj:,t-'1m· = �c.�-- : lLwr : (j:C�: +7ir.-: (D•t\l·1: h1�K'i/A"} : ,f-f-l1A1 :;:'' OOIJl\,}: �lD•::

-- «;:m• : c;:c� : '1T :, : : : e� 'If-. foot\hi: :;: fh<;:i f,"l'l� : rnmm-: ... fj:Cf.' : O�.:}·th : 11"1.C: ,l1'? : h'f>--'l'C : li'if.'if?;li .... ,...,...,... .,... : 1'.ilh: liil:.1.r�f .... _ __._,.. : "h'i= n1n.tfG'l = r,t-1-�:i-1 = f°t.!l>l'l = 'Im- 1 f:J>A = 9°ilhc: = flOD4>flt.\ = 11:J! 1 OrJ•l\ "f: : m1'i:f : ool}hA : ro•A : i'1-..C�A : 11/r> : fm(l�ar: 001/f, 1'1 = 'Im· htt.usiu = Ot\.e, = oc;::i--c1t = •fldi.C = ;,1'? = otJ>--'PC ""'iin.xrx _.. .,... .... = 2 ou,n:,. = 'P :i 1'ilh = ,...lii'L:i:rr1.. hf.\(lm ,.... ............ = r+mo+A �1 = r:,,1 = Afl·'i

(D-9° :: OtLU : 1,P,f, :

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: f,\{l•'j : f1tf IJ• : OD(f).1 : (}f\;Jt.fu : fOlJ.f'J°

1n:,-.: 'it»-==h1-'tlr9°: oc;::,-.c1,=•fldi.C=,n'? : O�'"PC=l!n.ir.�!!: (ltJD'l'C: : f.\O• 'i'": OlD·A: il1•f: (lro«: 1''1\1.1: lD•f\c: lt1f.... : 1..lt: l1i--{1Dtl'lfi: ll.�Cil: ill\.°11!,1'/A 1 "14- : fl.A : h.."ft.-: film,f-:J>A : 1'.1:( : 'P;, : n.ll : (LlJ''} : 1tJ!,l-A9° :: 1-.."l'fP'J° : f,U'}"} : (l;r : OOD"Jtf:,- : ,'l,;J'l! : ()t\{L,,'}-- : lli\lf1h· 1 hfl -;J m« l\.e, n,n ffc = a. = ,nc : "1 1,91 :1: = oaP't.-1:1'i n;t-ro·19"° 11h.T �kf : 1"1� : 'l'lh : t\i'OY-..ctr:,.. : �'if.. : -ilC : 1t.'lf-: Uof1f : f{lllltr'l.. ' ODlf).1 : hill.1-":J!i\rJ• :: f,U ',"} : °' ,_..l;L'J° : O�Tth : 11,11,C : ,11'1 : 4>..'I' C = !iittfii : fi--K&.w• : T& .1.02,.',,)· : 1'.1Prl\.n:,.. : i\OD' ]1\f;' = (L1•/A ' OH.U : Oh·A: hc;:+«;:m- : <;: Cf.': '1-l" : h'1Pr1·: '11C: i',AlD(l�?° :s q:cf:: 0.arf: : t\( lm(Dc : �Cf..' : ODIJ.'l, )· : ff-l1W • : f<;::,•th : 11,li.C : ,1,'1 : �!�� rfj1 : h'i: Ef:i!i1: 'i(Dc:: t\'1 (l,'J°: f,t-(lmlD·: "rC"l·9°: OtJ>--'PC: r;i!!!ll r 2� : q : 9° : ftDllJ(Dc'} : '11-Vf'l! : :,-'htf11 I o,,..t,. 2 4>--'PC : § : f,�avt\h � (De"} I f°t:J>l'} : ftt\lf'i : 0:1,tJnA: .e,+c'lo9°A� :: nm:,,l\f\tD •?° : O"'lf,1'1 : f+(lm : ftt\lf'l 1 ..,..7i� : 0"1 '? : oawl:,.. : ,f•'P'Pf.. f,,..av,I? A� : f'111li:: '11\.fL-r�,l-: h1.i;.Kf::,.: ,f-f-l'?A� ;>> 001/1\:,•' 1�014' f,'? _ q � = 'l.e = n 00Ah+'PA ==

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[� : ,,e"l'11 : q,,e : .('ODt\hrf:,r :;: hchc : r+t.nn:,-1 : 1.-01.:,-: non, �r.,:i-: ,t-�11/\1: /\1:fTe : �ft,:J... : f?i : n. : me : 1''iiC : f:�t;::,-:. ()Tri•

'i/A :: 111lrf:1 : (l(D«t\ : h ou 1111'1 : Ok-r : 01.,fll.f: r l\f, : t\,.I\ : ff�: : : -tD11 : OD,,(l,}- : fft,�(1-r I f,f (lP,�{Jr: .,� : 1fil.r), : O Dlf}-1: hl.;J'1mt;A:: " U'}}- : fl�',l1-'i! : hl.,;J'1m'PA 1 foof'1far9° : fCll:'f-- : tJtj:A : TI·9° : f, a,.tA = ncil:,.. = tifi:l_' = �,.,..,.&..:,- = fLrl" 1 J;.(l.'f°nc = 1: = +1 _ 1uv5:1: = q -l '.A 1 h� � '11�r:,, : " D1f'1£A 9° : (ltf>"-1'C : trif.lJ�l!-@iif.Ir : rfO ort,/�r:i-e: 9•fb�: f")(l•A 11: '?Yn:J""__: IPCf·I: (l�P, : frf'ftfm·: 1.-01.:,-- : "..,.. = rv.'I° = '1° il '?'i = i, 1,.i;.,,,,. ""lj: = rh'i:+�a r = 'i!c.(!" fL:,,. ,1,t,,11 = r (llj::,-- , l � :: ( : ,,eu : lj:{: ' �" 1h : rO,l1.C : ,n"I : 'r'TC : i>if:'iri : r,,,.� .:, A (l' ttCD- 1 : �A : - rhht\� : rl·_c;_1"'l° : }t'}P,A(lmar : ,f,.�'rc> : --..-,..'h�ti· : ,,e71· C/A11>> {I.I\- : [�lD· : t.'?'1� : 'If. : h 00Ah+'PA :: (IDAil : (l at .. ro · 1 (l !!;;:llr'i : fl i'1ar : ,,e'1 'I� : q r-:1: : t\ +t.(l·,} : J!,'1 q7f'f : 1115!''1-r 1 nr.�(D« : f,°l'l� : q,,e : t\+t.nar : Orf--ftJ!, : OD/Ail : (ltp +'PA :: r : = ,,e°' 11�1.. = ooAil = n. (lm « 1 n',:-r"' = .-n ,h.c = ,-,..,, = «1>--rrc = ftv,.t\ 1 iia.ir,;-f = }t1,r,.+ 00t\hrf-ro « = f<P/..t...?t'l° = '?1r = fft9° t). = f9°h�hc 01·'"'��'?'1� : 'It. : flf,.l.1"-r : f°IA : d,� :e, : h 7i'.&.. : n oolf1 : {)ft r ""'1flG: t1>;.�� +11 : O'lt\f1'1·'1rl"} ',(I)«:: fn.f6lb'. : f"11f : ro•A : ht\ : f :,,IA:,; = hAmf:Pv-'l° :: fmf:,,v---r 1 f,f"{}ftro• : 1111.:,- : nrioi : h"}>;.,rf'i\ t\ � : h 1J;,,,e..l."IA 1 : ,n :J! : 'I (D« :: J!,'?'l:,; : 'l r-:Y.. : fm cJ, !I�:fw-, : ,l, 1°:1-.. : ft1" �f,. : h<JJ(}.-(l : fi\TlJr'l° :: n.�c : (l.A,of· : OI/C,;Jtt : fro•hA'. : P'A IIJ1 : ht\'lfil.CD•'J° 1 rflt\ lD· : --'h7f : t.°1'11 : q,,e : hV-1 : f',{l•:," : nchc : nh'i!rf--7f ro· : li!/fL,}· : .,f/\}(tc,)· : ilt\tr'I i fl',:T,h : ..f i,lt.C : ,)1'? : P''I : P' C q:,. «r'PC = ,..,,.. Fr�u .... = "h1..e..,1·1'&..ro· i ,,eu = 1tJ;.il = ncnc = ,t•,ti = it�:r. A'J° I f,.'?'1°9° : )f.1 : Q : 4>1 : !V.!:E2 : q : '1° : ( l.'fC : O.A�ii'f. : IPJC.;Jtt : , f c il' : 1,fl/.:,.. : n:..r61!' : {D•f;\ : {llJ J.. Il(l. ii°e : "1..y, : 4c fl,:J"" : ,:J L : fOT/ J!,',£," : ..fie : oun t.l\:fro· i ru•1,,e1cf>'1<1'(1ro·1 : 1-01.,1, : f\oo7i t.t."'/:f(Dcr, : 1;[. ,,.. ' °l : _P'AllJ1 : 1,1-f..-, ' r'i : 1-0lrf:"}: /\D'fillttr(l 1 'P'.llr 19° : "10. : t\O'l/ ..f.l. 01Jq> nt.:f(Dc : ,,fil lP,A :: hl·l.f 9" : 01\,,e. i mh.ft- : hn.7-°c : l}'},f" : ,;JC 'Pt\ : (I. "J 'l:fro· : ho..�C : T.f:,,c? : ,;JC : Ot11/f,1'1 : rl•'Pm·ft'Pt\ I -OA� : -- 1'1f.,f"h�h : n.:, ft00h�hc : ht.:f-A 9° : t\rf"lll\m• I (lh<;:l ij:Cf: : · ro· ,, � c.,(De = v,. tt- f ro• "" = ou X.':) t:,.. = n01J,,e1�" :,.. = r ;,,dJ = {llJ,,,"ft<;: = r 9° n r -- Q;l,Ol/t9° : (l <;:- ,h : }" ,,.,.. : t,..t,.7i : ODlf�., : f'/°ht--hcn:,.. : ',lD" ! {l f ,fi�C : ,n'? : 4>'1f'C : jifi.if.ti•i(i) : frf"ODfl.n,f(Dc " '} : fl {ID,f•t\t\ fi:.: U·I\ :,.. : c ?-'i : P''I = re�,,.. = tif,t. '/°{lhC1:f : llrt't- : l\f, : ltf,t.c oo-n,1-- : il l\ � K� : ilt\4'l : w«lt· : IL&.. Cil : f,1'1'PA :: : ',ro• : 0"1 l-'. A{ : 1 n:,, · : lt«'1 �1 l : J f" l" 0 (l. �C : 1:f,}-f: : �/l;J"" : 1, f 9°n I t\'J° � l\ : .. }tf,f .. . 'l &. hil : : 'J'O:, h. �"}(l · ¾ ti:,- t\rf"h�h?-T ODt\il : 1 rJ:r t\001.oo�fllr = 1-1.� = lj:CX.' n.:,.. n+ln•:,- o'IP.7fr. = 9°ilnc?:Y. = T"} : An«r, : fA',(lt,.:fro· : ovtr'I- : ,,,.l,:J°l1f).A :: e ,r . t n = • 11 }ttf :,= ro J ll nm ' : :'1° C q = : : � : 9.'(; : ti/�7tv.f .,. '1«r P rl_ . h l!'PC � J ." htJl'./ : : ' " r"}: ,lt'? I .fllj::,", h :. rf ldt. C : ih"l : (l}-{11 !! f+00t\hill

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,.l ro,. = : fh� ;JC · �c.r.: : ft:,.. : r,1--titi+ : fl"'l;JfJJ.,) · ·f ffj : 'h'i : tfli : : �C1'9° : {l'P:f:A ;: f+flft(J)c: 'h(l)c�:,,. : hf,f..i\'J° I 9°h1f--t:?B: ill\ : ,,.._. -tff1 : 'h'i: rfjji s f{lm(l)c = tft, :J : flt'/° ;)) (Lho : ODf,\fl : 0611> � h:c A :: A tJ.i='I' htL lJ9° : (ll\f, : OD/;\{l : (l{J;L(D• : (loDQ�lif = i\�C� : ou+n.r . = fl 1 f : ID•"} : 11lt:;rf�-�� _e. flfi. l' · �'Ol/� "700Ah:J! ;: i'1 �--� · : � -l �� lO --1.&.. : 'h h : «r-'rC : : :'fn,1 1lth»C h�it�ir : ifi,!!f':b (t tj : ar : ODwt.,:,, : dt (l : l\ A 'i : : ll mlJ'r, . fld1t-- � : f(lf\m : 'P;J : ltrf> "\ fn �:J>P.:flD' : Odtt--,: O : l-Oll· T: 'J-Oli: : oo,1'r : lll\t\OT � fn<j:,f...�m- = �/o,:,.. : fflm(D« : �c� i�� = f,"l'l� = qr•�= h."1t-- = 'h1-'th�t\--� = ..,-.... e...c1n= .e.oi q;:. = m•Y::P: 'h'J�lf"} : 1,f...l"lA� ; (I.fr : mf,«f''PA � t\r'1ro· : f,"l'l� : (}f, : f,f-(lmro• : ODA{l ; n�:,..,n : 1ld1»C : ,)1'? : « 00 = = = 'h 'l 1 = P''I = Fe'¼:,.. n,r 'c rt t f... ..,.. tti}"l"OJ , 1\1�.. = ro•vt� .e,1q -roi1 1t...:,-. = oncn?. = +ti�r-'f = f')fl?--l - , hti7i : m.e,"° = � = t\"'l�l-n -- 11&--h�-:,-- : lD1'r1' : 11:F : c;•:fm• :: itu,"} (f',lD' : lt1i frf : 09°1\l�h h : co:,-- : '1 1C : rtt.:,•r-kf : 1'?�· : '1111 : Oh�--,..;;:{& : 'i:C� : n.:,-- : rnc t)?,: +'1ti,f,: lll\A',(ll: fll·LU: �1C: f,"l'l�: flOl/�l.-0: '1,.�1--9°: OD•fl1•: P 0 00 O = l 'h'i = :: DIP illD•'}° T o+-vrc : rt1i : rfjj} : : lD 'lfm•' } : fth� f t\..f4>C-0 : (I.1 (}(D : oo,(]rf:1 : 01..ftOJ• : Jtt\...l'mcl>oo ,f-� s 'i:C�" : 0'1·9°'i I hV·1 1 t\.L4>f:t\:,--: itf,1'19°:: llt\�t»: .,,�9° J fl�Tcl1: ,flth.C s "1"1 , f'l'J\r : mO:J' : f(lm«:,.. : :,--c:1..9° : :,..t,tJA 2 i'-tf,f.il'J° ;: fl"1/ft,r : f,"l'l°l' : hh."it-- : ;,c : 'h1�(l'i0:,.. : mf,4-'PA :: f,"l'l� : 11r-:.f..'i: OD/;\_{l : (1"1,. : llh'i:+i1ar : 'i:C�-- : a,:,..� : fltLU : -�c� n.:,.. = .f4>l{l:flD' : rncnc = ?t",1... c:l- = -n,1..91:f... = �:,:m. 1 �t, 'i1?, : "11 : hl\f, : '16Ib?, : 'h "}f.+1.LlD· : -,w. :: ftl.tJ : tj:C�": 11:,-.: Ji{l,�f r:,.. : htLIJ : cf''rf\o : 'h'Jf.+ooflh,f-lD" : .,(De :: r : ncnc ! llli� : f,"l'l� : 'lf,'i flODAil lll\t\a : fl m ro .. ODi1hA : : : -..e."l'l� : '1� : 'h1f.: hlD-�;T": itcf,llJmC : OOIJ..fllf : we: Ifi!:E� : q: 9° P:r«; : '1:J'"TlD-'J : fl"IA : ,ht.. � : ftoua'1' : itll;J--w•+ m· : ilil �fll � E ' +mJ;J;t?J':'f, : ln-l:J" : it�Cfl"} i 'h). : f 'l'l•Oh•:," : 'P;J : ll�",lf�: llil.+11 1 hO'rAYflu-- i -flt\lD- : :J'A : 1-0•t-ro•A;:A'i: flt\,I\ : (llD' : ill' = itf,1'19° i •llfl(lr = ooAll = (l6l}>ro• = l\�l>ln•:,.. = ticnc i ,e,�q� 11i r"'l.,e.1+1t+ll = "},nl:1,:r-m-1 = ,1aiA = ,1, t--� = nou7i'r = t10l1luPtf : .. rw n n ll .r : ck :,.. = :\"-"° = flooAll = omro· = ",w ri'r = r.:,.. it"'I {TO• n:,_ = f� 1 . cl.. � : Ol/llljf: '1A«f'lll'J° =: '1ii''1,f·: l\ t»1(l: 01/1-i:= -O:f- : 4'CflOJ• r O'J°ilhc-,:,.. : .4-1\:fm•"} : fl'l',f-'PA :: OD/;\{l : (ltXt..ro·9° : foo:e..Ol1tfo '}t� tr'I = r00 t.U.l?fro•"} = ,t-ll--... = omfu = fltJIJu• = h°1fl:'f- = n.-1-+c = fl4''l': · h"l1ll "h = 'lt\{L:,- = Wf,'J° : roh.A : ;JC , i·�;,1Ch· : itf\il.• 9° I uP/;\il ; fl t;tl.iD' = n�,,...� = "+ l n-:,.. = IJd. l ;1-- = OD All s i,1,i.;.fll1J :,:OJ' ' n.c.-0 -� n, Omf-k 1 "LtL = "11 = n�"1.t;: = r+(l"l:ffD" : OD Ail 1 'J-Ol-1:1 = t\fL7/'C " Cf: ,- = �/l,;J-- : om.,'PA ; f°tA : �w.. :: Oh.-l-\"'k.l' ' ,;::,.,h • ,fi,h.C • ih"l • ill\ • "I A • th&-� ' h�� ' ::. Kt.: .,,c : ffl'J° � ODl\fl : (l{J;l,.(Dc I rm+lt:ffD" : h«r-'PC I iagft 1'

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= =

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tta,1111 = ilttorif...t.«1 = ,h�l:

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1.H.

: �(l)c ::''

f,U"}"}9° : ,�A : il'JDD /th+tD- t OD/Ail : (161,bar : {l?iJ,.lj: : l\cf>t.n·"1- fQ;l,l;}- = ?itl..lj: , ooA(l. = .e,11t?iA'Xi = 111\ar = f...11PrfL = n�4c = 1.u , flaJ, l:1' I rnttm : 'P;, : f (lm- : hCil9' : ilt\lf)- : /tCil?' : /tODO'f' : ,t-il"1/9°rt 'iA ! f"'lA : :J>A : {l?,.'m-'i: : )ia,'Xj,,..ar : n.lf"} : 'fC: : /ttJCti�:far : {l«f!: OD�?f : f,lf'iTlD- : �{lC :2 t.t'\:ftD- : 'l<l>l.�T : f?ith-fi: : "'lill� • {\{bl\ : (Im - : +7i'!1,.A 1 f°tA : DD/Ail : +(l'f';t:fro- : tilt •· fl:J>A : ''h"}7i'l'AY/t1'' -Of\m- : AhtD•1l'Xi : �OC I 0"11\..-,,. : {l(ltD• : 9°ilhC : ?i,h-fi:'J : l\�Cil : r "'l.lr"1-- : +1n. : rrc: : liY,;rf,9° :: f...'?'JP9° : f,«?'1� : '1� : h'Jf...,f'h�h?-T : V·lt· : ftJT/f,'J�J,ti<J>ll : 'J,fl t.,f--t-'J : 0011:,.. : /ttJT/il,,--1\t\'i: : fOIJ.f.t.1m· : lD·A : fl?i,l1-� : iJDlf"} : hit. OT : (4>--'l'C : {iO.%fti•r) :: fOI/ f, "}�J,ticf>il : "},,fll.:'f-- : 7LJ'� : m·A : ni· ,1i.,.-: = ti.ef...t.«1 = r�J>t. = h1f...lf�'l° , t.t.7i = .e,rr'iA = (ir-'l'c = �7Lir.�t)== .. = r IP�:, OD :,. _e q � = ++ Pr "'l = artr>-:f'l° = (J;l,l. if = ro•A = nrf• (D (l �a = i'tl\'1:far 1 tJT/ft,} : f"'lf,14>'14> (lW•"} : "}1ll:," : (\OD(\.'I' : r"'lf.l.1l1r : +ilti..9° : lf� : 1:Cf.'C : O?i dt.lj: : oo(f"} : it/\0"1· : (4'"-'l' C : {i'if.%Jtl!) :: h1-'tU9° : {).lf'J t ooAil : {l6J!'tD• : f,tJ11 : {l;J-- : hiJt11·1«:t- : h'lf\{L,f: : 0�,h.,.-: : f+{ll lJ:f(Dc : ,1"(14.. : OJf,9° : ff...l"I--:,. : f:C�C : ill\lbt\ : tilt TID- : dl;J'f! : ODtPlT : f t\(lr : }if,f.,./t'/° :: httur = n+c , htj:+�tD- = ii:Cf.' = CL"1· = r,t-+Ot\tD- = r:J>A = 9°llhc l : i 0A = tt0 'ff: : 1'9° O.lf : 'I! ;,,;, : '? f, : :{ll\ -'J° lf) 1� : hoo +f.. J'A fit'h : T : f. o , (l.A �c (l. : l� r+' : : ',f" (14• 'PA : (l'l (t6LhtD- <<h7i "1/tO-->> 11/ttD : ,,.. = n:,.. '1 I\• ,,.. n = .. 'PA 'I',, (l = ,, ti, ii .. : > : 'I' 'i (Dc'J ;r p , ti ,1 c:, °' : n 1 = 0 : A � : : '?t!t +l.;J : (D-h t.:i: ft A�n h'JPr ' llJ"} : -ti 'i' : rro 'l fL+. "Lit A : P A « : 1 h1 1 m Jtif '\9° fllf"} : ft,,..ftf : (ltD• 1 "'lftT : ft{l..�C : l)"},f, : 4cf\,;J-P 'A"I"} : +{lllJTlD- : h'J:( : ilt.il"I--T : h1Jtnm· : m�I\I\ : m ·hA'i : '1. A +{l.ll J:ftD-9° :: f'J1ll.1: : 'lftCLT : itil+ 1:'I° : tD·hA'a : tJA{lm : m .e,'J° :

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1 : '"} 1 f t-f..l. ll�I\ : orot1..h' : lD :· (D«l\ lil\�f..4 h1S?ui· : ft..1f..X--: J?,1-) 1t . : � f f, 0 (ll : : �4? . fi {L,r i-tt\°1/ ').• ·f: ·q/l : 1'1.'ttJ : hlf� ·I fitLIJ : 7-J;f, .1t 9 : ,,e. : ''hf,i'i'"•019°'' : 00'/ll•l· : n.. 11t--t1c ' ''.,e.it;1t?A.'' : ,,...1lftn : f �I\ 1 lf� : = : ilh fi..f...1� = >,Y.,:FA� ('r· � mm·: �c� = ftlD"hA'i = ;,1"1 +:J•t--i 'PC . � �"}('- ......,...... ··) :... 1,1.j;Jj-111c{!f:!!! 0 ,,e. 1�� = ll.�=� : .��-� :, ��-.= �tiht\. =_.,ht\fl�· : hchc =" 0{!'1 : f,"111� =. 'lf.'i' 2 O��il : ft6f!, = o vtiht\ : ffl:J..'i' : rOJ·f·:f. ; a.f� =-1',A+f.l19'°;: 001/l\rr: tl'�: .e "lfl�: (Jf;.1: UDflt\tD•:�;;:w.. : f.°1 '11 · Qf, : hODht.-ht..1::ro·?° = 01\f, = O,f.."1,lP/t = 1,� = 0:,,1 = A(l•c; : r1.,0 . ; (Im• : ll"-lf"}h· = ou-01: : f.-f•mOcl> = �m- == 00 '1\� = AO·'i = O.. 'ic : 1i 1tt. : h.."lt. : filmf.:PA : 1'11( : n;,1.:J'C : 0011111 : r1--on1-1 1nar : a,«t!\ : /Lt.Cl\ : >tf;i-A.9° I OOIJt\,l• : ,1··ht..nt.'PA :: :

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tT Dt\l\ : (161,bro·9° : fttLU : hC:hC : ooA{l = (J., {lm- i g'1m• : ,eoiq 1 :· . llf, : .,,e.0�1: {l;). : (I.. 11·1•: (lht•: Alr'i' : n:1,1 : AO•c; : 't,,e�tt'l°: 4'�..qt> : U)·•Y: Y:c.: ll'if..C:'? : J,ltrlD· : f(lm._:,.. = ?lt. it : "flC: : 11;1: : ilt\ le; : h� : rnf\m : 'P.:J : ti'it .-OC = O'r1: = ii'\ o��:fro• ' hmh.. fr : ;,ct .-f"ODillJ'ltir : 'P.-:J : �?°la,« : l\� : Ont11tl•T : 'P;J : o0'?•l;J.. :fm.. : '1'1°9° ',,f:"} : (1..-f'"}ltA. : orJf:l,;J:fm•"} : flll�A � ·Oll'PA ::

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= 061!'ar = h 1�/\•,), : U· ft- 1 }l. il;f OJ• : Os;J;bl:J' : t, 01&.ar : IL11-t - : (Ltr = i� = f,°lfl� : 'lf, : 'P.-:1 : �9°lOJ·: OD"JJJ;:J--:fm· = OJJ'f'G: A.flee; : h1f..�Ot..:fw· = flt.IA = ro,,e.ll = h.fltf,9°? fOIJ.t\lD•"} '1',.f'I:: 'ltr � : nc:hc. : ODODCODC : h.il�'l1. : IJ''f : itt\1"f'iro•9° J 9nh1.f,f:9'1 :(JD'}' f C: : AO·'i' : (L'a°C9° : l,1� : f,•ODJ·f1(l(l)c"} : OJ•A : fi\'P,;J : il.fil'P/.(Dc: h1f..lJ'C/f,:f..A: Oii:rl•,I,: 1ldbC: = ;,."1: ill\: ..,..mo'i: 'itD•:: 'l�i:rc: !i7Lir�2* h1-'tU : f,I\A ! OD A {t

''(ti) OD001f10· : fOILOD{lh,f•Or"} :: oo,n:,... : 'P,,f'f:(Dc") : fcf1l.t1W· : (Im· : rof,'J" : OD-flrf:"} : 11·}· ro· : (lro• : OD'rt.: : AO-'i" : ODlf� : fUo(JP1i1 fr"} : 'P,;J : f°tfil<,,C : h.J!,lf"}9'1 :: (g) 'h1f.. 1tu• = nrr� = 1.tL = n m1 0°·1110· : ·1·�..1- = fS!lr.n:,.. = {)OJ• = -- ic · : l � . ... r1 ,n 01 ttt..;, � i c;.: , : m ·h'1n◄ : r .1 Olf'i h.\l.� f,J : A r : · : "l � 1 : oo h.•>f� = h1-'tllmro· = tt...,nf:t, : ,e_;,ft\A :: '' ill\ltU = OD'l'C: = Afl·'i : fm·A 1 : onoi,·tf1·fl : ftJI/f ,f\m,nm· lll\lf�' fitLtJ : 1,�,e. : fOD'l',-: : Art';"} : out;•c: : rof,9° : 1',f\o0t;'C : llV-� J!l'li : oom(l"} = f"?.llmar : '1'q>9° : ftl\ibl\ : h.A"-'i'PA :: .

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f,U : "1°1 : t\tLIJ : �1C : 11:J! : i'Jf,lf1 : mJ!.&.T'J° : f,tJ�"}: {lon(l{\: �1C : {\OIJ..�i\ : nchc : V·ll· : +10.�:,.. : ilt\i\llr � firf"m<f>(l. :,,, : cf'... TC''f= '11lt-C,f : OD •f'C1o'J° : '1.il&.1\1. : �(I}« :: fr1 : h'i : _...r•...-•r�:,--,h : -Oth.C : m°l : <f>... TC : ,...�fV1b : <f>Tflo : ),'}J!.,f'"K �(Jr = ,,e, � n 'l� == orl{l(Ji\ .. : :'f•�:, ili\ 'lt\U•f1 1 ·:r : 1-fll1' : 4'fl· .14''1 : fCJ?f 1 fr1 «rTC '' �---� 11.-1: firf.. mflcl!: u-->,;J-91-:f = (ti): DDLPl"f: --r : :, ..'h l OOTJ.( : 1: : �1r, h11--V:' (ltD· : : °11�llr'J° : ftD·61!- : lt1C 1111 ODlPl:,. = tiAtr� = n,f>c = nh.·l·r-A·f f"71'1+ti<f'il 111l•l· = Ill\ 011:,.. : i\.lfi : hf.1'"/A'J° ::'' ''rTC : r!:ili : (i) : h11';. if T : ill\ : "'lil1J!... f:;: 611,;:tir'J° : fm«t>f.b : '1.1C : tL;J : fl<f�Tc : rfj : fl··f.. OD{\h,�tir : h 11'"1P: �,r,f: : flOlJ..(lT : 'r h•l11 : (D•al,. : 01.f� : '1.�:\1 : n:,»1 : Alt''i' : f"'lf,1cf>t\cJ>it : 1-0lrl· : 'lftlJ,rfl,1-- : lf'r : firf'" 17 : }\1J!.lf� 1 hcfJ'l,fl : fl\ : :, 'I! t.f .. _ : ri\tt •f:1 C.il : "f' LD•it LD : 1.tL : : {lf C 1'" : : flJ'r : P'A 'lll far h1�fil-t l\A� : ll.fit1J.':i°..:,.. : f,1'"1\il- ::'' }1 fP : 11' : .. (lm : C h1 61h .. : :f fm 9° : lD· "'l r l IP : : 'i °1 fltLU "1 : OD " �1F+. : �fl'J.': : i\f1� : f"1f, 1 �1>ticJ>il : 1-0l:,- : '11\{1:,.. : {\OD(f'} : fOI/ f : .. &of.o �, C.:, fh, I T : Pt-fl {l.l m•cf, A 1,.., ·k ;r : : ut\ � r : ODlf 1'+ flo : f f t.A = Jtll,f'��c = t\"7il +l:,•'i = nti,c:,,t,. = r,,..,,., = �1r•1:1 = 00 1ciiF:r= fh1X'�:,. : hil·l'��c : {\oo,f·ti:,- : {l<f>'TC � fii/1fil9.l; = '¼ - 'I° ... nro 4 : OD-0-1· : ·J!,1 {0 t. •� f,f r' f 'r : "Jar : ' J1.."l'I! : ·:t-'htf11 ¾ fl,f'� : cf?"rC : § I «f>

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i'11c «O'/'i:,:ID''J° : h.Tf-kf'I! = ��'l° = .. (Im• : m J'>. 1, ' .. c f• (l f (I a,.�..-,.. = {ID11:,.. = f , mro •-- Y: :e:,:, n ,n°I f n..,..1,.,11 1 0(I). 1 it ' = otbc:'f t- - = ro•(l1' = f ,f..'-<Pf.1\.:,-. • r+(} � = \\� = Ot\,/\ 'J° = mf, ◄9° = D-0 .. : ro {J 11: � b'?�:J"?11· : �� fm• ' "'lt;:, = f11(D« mJ!,9° : 00 -0-f· 1· I >, 1>l.11 9" ' r�.l'l : 1 f" A ' {l{l 'i °f 'f ti f 'f '1 f. o,0 • o : C1 · -- 1: fO!/°l"f,1· 1 flt\ {1:'f'• = fo utr; : 'l/\(1,)•�:,.. fa {1 '1 111 4' : .. 4' "}: fDlJ�� 1 r 1 00 1 = .. = f . l\t\ {/IJ 11 �"=611"9°C=l, 'P, [\c fl •/l• ?t ,, 0 = f,<l''l'l\ft.'' :: 1,u 1 1 , = 1 Dt\ \1 ro· n�:,..,11 = 1ldLC = ,nai = 'l>-"-Tc ·. ~~� 9° = ,...,.."l'l! = '1·'h•'f•tt = ll,{I �· rr1 : �--'h'i : rfjji : f ,l•f.�•T : f.1'fl 1" = OihC:'6 t,. = m'" "f'l\f, : ai1,1:1.. : 0"1.'.��,.: / O : f"1 J f_,, f"1/f,'lt't/\f,: ft1•f: OD• a,.6£1' ¾ J:t .?t t;: D(ft;: fm•"} : >, 11�Jf 1 : l { 'lt\ "}:: on/;\ it : (l� (D« i J!, IJ : ,1,Pf 'I! : ,}J, lj 1-J : OD,n :,.. : f°1. (l ,n {De : 1,flti: "'l�C : i/IfJ.f.9.f; : '¼ : 'I° : fl ..,..,1-:,- : {ID,{1,f-�... : �(1)• : 'h"}�� ¾ I\��: �'IC: 9°"}9°: ..,.., Q. � :,.. : f /llD•9° i ,flI\ (D• : /\ 4, ln· :,-C = hChC ; 1'1,,,, 'f! {De : :,..},lf1f¾ ''fll'J f,"}cf'l'acf'll : 11ll'1"1 : f"1°17 :,.. 1 f]fl(l.. :,, : f OD(f"} .; 'lt\{l:,,�:,,/ : r"1fl,t-l\tt� = 00111-1· = 'T-»'l°C = 1,·}�tt-- = n�t\• = &1 1"llr f,4''fl\tt�'' 00'/ft:I.. : J.1:J" : 'hllli1Jc1' ' ..f.'lll = fi·11::,.. : f',.,f.,"}<11fa<f>fl· : 1·fll·f·:f.: .e,��t\:f'PA ; t..e,wn�fl :fro·9° ;: n..A 'ir: hi'-tu-1 = cf'f..?° 1 1,-cpf (D«'J = flP/.e,1<1,ta4'(lc = 1,nl..f·:f oc;::,",h = - n,,..c ,'h.°l = 'l>"•Tc rr1i = ODIPl:,.. : 7im• : ,f•,flft(J}« : >\.1�f,1f.�. : f,JJ{J)• : h'}}t'i'r : 11:J! h'l;{ ' lDf.kT'J°: 1\.f1ff•: >,foffic: 1,1'-�4'i�-: J:tA,f"L<Pf../\:flD·?° : ,f--{lt\ ftoPi•C1n'J° f.,OD-:,_-.. = ., nc �1c °l'J = tiu•, 4,f--9° 11·icr:1�ro-1 1 l]{\(L:,.. : foP(f'} : f]ft(L:,...,,-,..,. : f 07fl,fct\{\� : 00,fl,f•i' : noo•tt-: f."} ,f--w:• : hilh: 1�C : i : 4>1 : 1iJvqc f,cf''1't\ft ! llt\"tA i f,IJ : ,11°1 : '¼ = 'l° = ft ,1·1"f.. :,.. , f "'If."}4,ta4' (}- = 1,n l·Y..:r = "n :J! = ., 1 111\.� = oo .,,c1n?° hJ!,:J!A'l° :: ,)•hlff·t• 1 '''1u•1: 4'�9° = ,.f1·r--i,:fw·1 : ou,n....y:f,'' i fl\ro· = f,y.. :f.1 'h"}f.lf'l : il10Dl'J°C ¾ O'l>"•'l'C : !!f.?!'9./Iii!�?; : ni�<l'llr 2 f &af-ol:-A = t-. 'P � 1 fi,f·t•: 'P"-'l'C : ?t 1 fi1t,c:,-1 r : f°t 'i?- : fro·� : it1C : J-L11"': ou,{l : 'P�9° : O(}fl,f••;;:mc : J:.14'7... : n ,,..(JlJt\h,t-m· : O DIPt,.,), : .emfl:Pt\ :f'PA I J!,A'i t · fi(t(),f•t;(l)c : 1'-t14>?; : <f>'l't\'1> : f ,f,.�ttm·, : 'h'i''J�:t\, :: ''r�1o1r1r = OD'JOJP':,.. ,; = 1bc:,,t--r i n1bc:'f·t.. = ft ui.'i"'- = 09'1· 1r1r n�:J" , n*1* i n'lf,t11Jc:-:,.. = ?°h11:,.. = A f...,.,..,.. 1tf,.(1..lc1Jllr(D•."' f (la>•'} = A� : on,n:,-,; :: OD1Pl:J··'£ : flf�m-1: '1'1'1:,,.. -, htLtJ 0:1'1 ' f°th+l\:•,}-a'J: 'iJ>'l°C : !l;J'?'l'l\:f'PA ; '' "(lft Okf.A: (,11) ''i•fll1': fouf1·1'i : f 00A4>� ;: OT/'J'l°: (l ro• : fi..tr1 = !ft : ,"h°l'i' : fOlJ..1'1 : cp,? : : : ' l'aJ!,ht..fta>• : "},fil,f:1 : lDJ!.,9° : ffl'},)"/r;I,. : oo,fi,f:..} : it,<'ffl'I°' l f,1\/,\ flfLIJ 9° = J:tq>�: : OD1Pl1· � }be:,-&. : flto.e.ot--A : "*9° : :,,,J·J¾f..C : ll�lll1'0:,• : 1..1'1. = f(Dc� : it1C : 11,1:1:c,• : h.:'f·r·A·..flD4,<'"} ; A��"l' : �� f.l°lfl:fw• = f"'lf.,"}LJ,fa�(l : 11ll:,• : flt\0, 1• : flODlf"} = n.iim..'i'" fL1tt•• 'il'PA I 0:\1\9° : f'°Yu/rtr : J:tfl,f 'Pi� C : 4,c,f• , fi'-t1f.."'I:,.. : hil,f'J¾f..{,: ◄ : m fl 1 f : (l..+' f .,,..,.'PC fi%/Ifi!9."(; : '¼ : 9° :, OlD"ltD· : T'hlf1i I 61!' ft11" : J!,m�00c{]:f(Dc = r�n?-r : {ID,fi,f:f : f."},f�(J}« : 'h"}}tcf''l'frl\:f.

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- 291 -

'1 m:J> ftf

�/ hl\.e. = 011c11c = h'Jf.1tt�-- -,ro.. 1 fllt,UJ'ou� = hrf•DI/ llf.."}h A= 0011f: :: ilfl"'l11lD•: lit:Qf�Jt : oit/ 'rit;,: fl;J--'i•: 01\r..: ilflOl/..1-Y.:1,: (1,f,1. c = : : ootihA firo :'- : h.'P'PV.. : Of..h+c : ..l:SJl Ol!;;:'i'" : O�� : _e'?'l� 'lf-1: f:r: : H1f..• : f'Tf..l1llr'i : frf'ODtf1fitl)c : f Q.f6J.b : (De/;\ : h1}t&..Cil. : "- C : -: : h�+�o,- : ,;:cY.. : ,t:,C flOD1f1"'1 4' T 2§/2:.t : q - 'I° - ff'l,nroc : -1 = = ttro hl\Alf 'I 1 � 1 r111t11 : fl/\ (l}«/t� ?t� •m ,'h'?1 fi·hi•fl = �cf..• : .. : (1-l·'i·l· : Ot�ro- : f,'?'l� : flf, : O ft�c : 1:f-l-sr: : 4-clb;J-- : il9° : },"}.';,ic; l..Cf..'iA :: 'f:./ [';W· : f,'?'l� : q,e. : fifltl•l\rm• : fcf,t.fl•.'}, : f,'?l}� : rlt;J'l! : ill\f,1.1\ : f,'?'1�'1 : IPCH "} : hO'i"'1"1''i'A ::

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- 292 -

1'fto,r = ..,..

'' lI

•

SUPREME

Judges:

IMPERIAL Asmara

COURT

Vice Afenegus Tebebu Beyene Ato Haile Aman Kego. Tesfagiorgis Gebre Tensae

SOCIETA NATIONAL TRANSPORT GONDRAND BROTHERS ET AL. v. ATO SEYUM MESGENA Civil Appeal No. 108/58 Contractual obligations - Sale of land - Right of preference - Civil Code - Arts. 390 an,d 391 and Order No. 27 of 1962 - Probatory value of oral evide11ce - Civil Code - Art. 1723 - Purchase in good faith - Civil Code - Art. 1816 - Registration* bad faith - Civil Code - Art. 1644. Agency - scope of power - Civil Code - Art. 2190. On appeal from a judgment of the High Court holding that a contract for the sale of land concluded between tl1e first and second appellants is contrary to law, there being a valid contract concluded between the first appellant and the respondent in an auction for the sale of the same land. Held: Judgment reversed. 1 . , By virtue of Art. 1723 of the Civil Code, a contract for the sale of immovables has to be in writing, and by virtue of Art. 1721 of the Civil Code, preliminary contracts must be in the form prescribed in respect of final contracts.

2. By virtue of Art. 4 of Order No. 27 of 1962, the obligations imposed on foreigners under Art. 390 and 391 of the Civil Code are not imposed on foreigners in Eritrea. 3. By virtue of Art. 1644* of the Civil Code, bad faith is irrelevant on the question of validity of registration. 4. By virtue of Art. 2190 of the Civil Code, a principal has the power to either r�tify or repudiate the act (acts) of his agent when the latter acts outside the scope of his power.

Three appeals have been lodged against the judgment and orders of the High Court in the first instance, in Civil Case No. 54/58, and after con solidating the three appeals, we have rendered the following judgment. This case concerns the sale of a plot of land, 2,469 square kilometers in area, and the houses on it. The plot of land is situated in the town of Asmara, Dankal Road in front of Griyakos Bisada, and surrounded by plots belonging to Shakafartit, Ato Seyoum Mesgena, and the Municipality of Asmara. The plot of land and the houses on it formerly belonged to the first appel lant, the Gondrand Brothers Company. The owner wanted _ to sell its property, and its agent, Signor Silviyou Margorini, sold it to Signor Santo Fuleta - 293 -

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o Jt1ne 4, _196 en �gr:e fter mal infor vi recei an in ng 20,0QQ 00, i $26,0 � {1� '. � for r t qu �s e ta y pr1nc1pa_ to em1)ower l1im the d requeste agent � f � ; the t� l c t u 1e . otary 1 1t w e sal The ?f e u . req_ sted power register the agreement � 1e age11t after 1t was autl1en ticated b t by d receive was y e Attorn 1 f 21, 1 4. 6 ov. 19_ N _ Tl1e on st r fi e_ Rom er in btty y bass Em then n opia �thi r 1g11or brothe 1s Petro Fuleta, the pres with sale of � nt e agreem � another ent agreeme11t was concluded second appellant, and on August 21, 1965, �l1e irl . front of Public Notary, Dr. Tewodro Naztaz1

�:l:

The present res�o11dent, Ato Sey�um Mesgena, brought actio11 in the High Court, under Fil� No. 54/58, against the first a11� the second appellants requesting t11e cance!lat1on of the _ contract of sale . ment1011ed above. Tl1e state ment of claim submitted to the H1gl1 Court reads 1n relevan.t part as follo\vs :''The firs� �efendant, ha�ing decided t� sell tl1�s very pl_ot of land by auction, bad 1nv1ted several bidders to. subm1t the price at . wl11cl1 tl1ey inight buy, and I l1ad become 011e of the bidders. The bidders, Signor Sa11ta Fuleta offered $23,000, Signor Petro Fuleta and one otl1er Sig11or Planti Silviyou offered $25,000; bu.t I offered $26,000. The agent assured me t l1rough Advocate Manti that the la11d would be sold to me as t�e l1igl1est bidder. Never t l1eless, I did not get a11y written assurances. 011 28 November 1965, I wrote a letter inquiring about the sale of tl1e land. I received a letter dated 28 December 1965 the contents of which were that tl1e I)roperty was sold to Signor Petro Fu leta. I learnt further that tl1e contract \Vas registered witl1 the Public Notary. The defendant is n1orally a11d legally obliged to sell the land to me because I had made tl1e highest bid. It l1as contravened Articles 390 and 391 of tl1e Ethiopian Civil Code, Vi1l1ich give a right of preference to Etl1iopia n s, by selling the land in question to Signor Petro F11leta. Moreover, tl1e agent who was en1powered to sell the plot of la11d to Signor Sa 11to Ftileta, had sold it to Sig11or Petro Fuleta, thus acting ot1tside the scope o1� his powers. The Public Notary should not have allowed tl1e contract of sale to be regist ered witl1 l1im. It v.1as concluded witl1out any autl1orization fron1 tl1e O\v n er, and tl1erefore, \Vas null and void. As I had made the higl1est bid, a11d the plot of la.nd is adjace11t to that of mine, I have the right of preference. For tl1e above reaso11s, the contract of sale bet\vee11 tl1e Gondra11d Brotl1ers a n d Con1pany, and Signor Petro Fuleta, co11cl 11ded on Aug11st 21 1965 n1ust be declared null and void, a11d the sale of property registered in 1ny narne.''

The statement of defence submitted ·by tl1e first defenda11t co11tains_ t�1e foll owing:- ''There was no agreeme11t to sell the plot of land to tl1e �lai nti� (the respondent) and therefore, tl1e plaintiff does 11ot }1,1ve any rigl1t �n _tllIS plot o� land. The argument that in the Eritrea11 Teklay Gl1izat, Etl1_iop ians have right of preference over foreig11ers as far as immovable propert y 15 c�n cerned is without any legal basis and is i11admissible. It seems tl1at tl1e plain tiff did not have a look at Order No. 27 of 1962, whicl1 tern1in ated_ the Federal Status of Eritrea. According to Article 4 of tl1is Order, all r1¥11ts concerning the acquisition of transfer of immovable property by EtlJio pians or . f 0_reigners s�all remain in full force. As our agent did not know plaJntiff, the written offer submitted by him would not amount to a con_tr�� of s�le. The statement made. by our advocate was just a common busiii�� practice and would not give any right to the plaintiff. The person who w

-294-

GONDRAND BROTHERS ET AL. v. ATO SEYUM MESGENA

be appropriate to challenge Signor Silviyou Margarini's authorization is Si nor sai1t o Fulet�. He ?ad . requested that th e property which he would lik! to nor Petro Fuleta's name · t·tr buy be registered 1n Sig · · As the pla 1n 1 · does not · , ac tio t h f n, e o suit must be dismissed with costs. , have any cause J11 his �tatement of defence, th e second defendant said that he was in agreement with �he stateme:11t of defence submitted by the first defendant and requested that 1t be con_ s1dered as if it were in his statement of defence. He added tl1at _u11de: A:rt1cle 1386 to 1401 of the Civil Code, a person who wishes to exercise his right of recovery must declare his intention within two months from the day when he knew of the transfer of the immovable but that the plaintiff had brought suit one year after. In conclusion he stated that since plai11tiff's claim was not supported legally and factually' it must be dismissed wjth costs.

The plaintiff replied to the statements of defence of the two defendants. He clarified what had been included in his statement of claim. I-le added that Article 4 of Order No. 27 of 1962 concerns only rights acquired before November 15, 1962 (Hedar 6, 1955) and, therefore, would not have any relevance to the case at bar. He also requested the court to be allowed to introduce advocate Lorenzo Manti to testify for him so that his case would be clear to the co11rt.

The defendants sub1nitted in writing that under the laws governing the sale of immovables, oral evide11ce would not be allowed to challenge a written contract. 111 addition, the second defendant argued that pursuant to Article 1816 of the Civil Code, his rigl1t in the property purchased in good faith must not be affected. The court allowed advocate Lorenzo Manti to testify under oath. His statement was as follows: ''l was the advocate of the defendant Company in another case. Tl1e plaintiff came to my office and said that l1e was it1terested in the plot of land and the houses on it \Vhicl1 the Gondrand Brothers Comp any was planning to sell, and requested me to find out the price for which the company was prepared to sell. I talked to the director, Margorini, about it a11d he told n1e that the sale would be made by a private a11ction. He also told me that Ato Seyoum could buy it if he made the l1igl1est bid. I then passed this information to the plaintiff. The plaintiff then became one of the bidders. Thereafter, he requested me to get l1im information about the results of the auction and I asked the Director. The Director told me that three bidders were present and among them it was Ato Seyoum . who had made the highest bid, and that the property would be sold to him. I passed this information to the plaintiff." The plaintiff ha d also req11ested that Signor Planti Silviyou be allo"':'ed to testify, and on the Cotirt's permission Signor Silviyou made the following statement: ''I asked the first defendant in a letter about the . sal� � f the property in question, because I intended to buy the house; I live in it on lease. The Director of the Gondrand Brothers Company informed me that the Company had intended to sell its property by a private auction and 1 offered $25,000 for it. At tl1at time, I was Signor Petro Fuleta's partne�, aud it was on behalf of the two of us that I made the offer. Our _part _ � ership has ende d because of subsequent disagreement. Now, I am plaintiff s partner. - 295 -

JOURNAL OF ETHIOPIAN LAV✓ - VOL. JV - No. 2

the defe11dant Company for tli from reply any received not e Written 1 have offer I made." The first defendant had requested that his age11t Signor Silviyou M ar gor st the reque and was lum for granted. In his t testify to ed allow be . ·ni or Direct the of the defenda 11t c 0111 ; am ''l said: u Silviyo Signor �ent, a�� Signor Santo Fuleta has talked to my predecessor about the sale of the 1 · of land in q�es_tion. I had also_ pro�ised �o. _sell it to him. I l1ad instr uctk�! from the prmc1pal o�ce to g1,,e �1m pr1011ty. 111 Ju11e 1964, I promised to sell the property to him a11d I received $20,000 as part of the purchase pri J think that it was in N�vember of tl1e same �ear, that we concluded �: agreement before the Public Notary and I receive? . tl1e . rem�ining sum of $6,000. Petro Fuleta, brother .o.f �anto Fuleta, was _I1v1ng 111 this sa111e house on lease and had made maJor 1mproveme11ts on 1t. In the earlier promise of sale, Santo Fu}eta had reserved for himself the right to b11y the property in question for himself or for any other person. Tht1s, although I was auth orized to sell the property to Santo Fuleta, I actually sold it to Petro Fuleta pursuant to the promise of same made earlier. W�en our attorney, Signor Mante asked why we would not sell the house by private auction, I told him that we had already promised to sell it to Sa11to Fuleta. Subsequently, other persons, including the plaintiff, had offered in writing to buy the property in question by auction." After botl1 parties had closed their arguments, the High Court gave tl1e f. ollowing judgment. The first defendant had received offers in writing from bidders for the 2,469 square meters of plot of land and the houses on it.

One of the bidders offered $23, 000, another $25,000 and the plaintiff $26, 000. However, the agent of the defe11dant violated the procedure set down for auctio11 and, exceeding the power give11 to l1in1 by the defendant Company, made the sale to the second defenda11t \Vho had. made the least bid. The defendant bad argued that he did not make a11y agreement to sell by auction. The fact that the defendant's agent received written offers and tl1at the defendant admitted that the plaintiff was the winner in the auction, according to the first witness produced by the plaintiff, and tha.t the sale was made to one of the persons v.rho took part in tl1e bid and wbo m,1de tl1e least bid, reveal that there was sale by auction. Tl1e contract of sale conclu.ded bet,veen the agent and the person with whom l1e was not authorized to co11clude s11ch a contract is contrary to the law; and the public 11otar)', Dr. Naztaz.i did . act contrary to the rules and regulations gover 11i 1 1g persons of his profe ssion, because he allowed a contract of sale to be concluded wl1ere a person not permitted to buy was a party to it. The plaintiff had invoked Arts. 3�0 �nd �91 of the Civil Code, arguing that immovables must be sold to Etl1iopians in preference to nation.als of other states. Under this law, preference n1ust. be given to an Ethiopian even if the tra.nsactio11 i11 q11estion was an auc tion d and several bidders made equal bids. In this ca.se, the plaintiff was not alJowe to buy even though he had made the highest bid." Judgment was entered in favour of the plaintiff.

When the plaintiff � Ato Seyoum Mesgena, went to th� regist �atio� ��; and. requested that the immovable property in question be registered 1n his - 296 -

GONDRAND BROTHERS ET AL. v. ATO SEYUM MESGEN A

pursuant to the Court's orders, he was told that the property was mortgaged by borrowed $40,000 from the Commercial Bank of Petro Fuleta when he Eth·iop1a, . c:- r h..1m . Then the _plaintiff prayed the Court: and as a res�1_t nothmg cou Id be done 10 order on Ham le _20, 1958, arguing that pursuant to Articl for an add.1t1ona1_ e _ 3086 of the Civil Cod� the deb t 1ncun1bers the property and not its owner and, therefore, ownership must be transferred to him. The court _ �ccepted the plaintiff's . prayer and held that pursuant to Article. 3086 of the Civil Code, any loa n against mortagage of an immovable concerns the mortgaged_ property and not its owner and, therefore, such a situation may not restrict the tra.nsfer of the property. The debt always follows the immovable. This, however, cannot bar the right of the lender, · the Com mercial Bank. For this reason, the Court ordered that, pursuant to its previous judg ment a.nd order, the property mortgaged under mortgage contract No. 6367. 36013 with its encumbrance be transferred to Ato Seyoum Mesgena, the judg ment creditor. The Court further ordered that the sum deposited by Ato Seyoum Mesgena, $26,000, remain with the Cou.rt till the right of the bank \Vas ascertained, an.cl be paid to the bank when the court so ordered. Appeals were filed by the first and the second appellants on tl1e judgment of Hamle 9, 1958, and by the the third appellant, on the order of Hamle 20, 1958. The most important points covered jn each appeal are as under:

The 1st appellant's grounds of appeal: ''Under Article 1723 of the Civil Code, a contract of sale of an immovable property shall be in writing. In accordance with Article 1721 of the Civil Code, preliminary contracts shall be made in the form prescribed in respect of final co11tracts. The High Court did not refer to these la\VS in its judgment. Even though there was no sale by auction the primary contract, which the respo11dent referred to as sale by auction, should have been in writing. w·hat he offered in writing amounts to only a mere offer by one party a11d since I did not express my intention in writing, I should not be bound by it. T·he property was registered in the name of the Co1npany, and Signor Silviyou Margorini was not authorized to sell the property by auction. Tl1e agent received the power to sell to another person after the date when the respondent alleged to have concluded a contract of sale by auction. Si11ce the respondent's agreement was done with an un authorized person, it should therefore be of no effect. The fact that the agent sold to Signor Petro whereas he was authorized to sell to Signor Santo could be contested only by me, the owner, and not by anyone else. The sale mad e by the agent has bee� ratified by � e. �ince the decision that the contract made by the two parties would be invalid at the request of a third party, is unreasonable, the High Court's decision should be reversed and our contract, declared valid." · The second appellant's grounds of appeal: ''The I-ligh Court's decision is c�n�rary to the provisions of Articles 1721 to 1723, 1727 and 2877 of t_he Civil Code. Its decision that a contract was concluded between the two �arties based on the statements of two witnesses was wrong. In addition, the Court did ��t consider my rights by virtue of good faith under Arts: I_ 808-1817 o_f the Ci�� Code . M y worthy opponent also admi_ ts that I bought 1t 1n .good faith. Mor · over, under Article 1644 of th e Civil Code, it is clear that once a contract - 29 7 -

JOURNAL OF ETHIOPIAN LAW - VOL. IV • No. 2

In suc h a case the person t ted. lida inva be not ld wou it i ed ster � IS re g . 0 wh om . . . am dr ag c ai es may I .m . Th _ e 1 ·a1 d" 1c re JU gistration would re p IS n o ti a tr is g re the , not e. lu a v y n t a u o h it nonetheless, b e w t�ucted bu1 cons dings I " had I worth several tho usan that stated also have I d 111g on d 1 1e t d epen. d , fact Ian f o_ that I was the le dollars over the plot . gal ercial Comm Bank the to for $40,000. The re Owner' and mortgaged It · ason e pr111c1p e t spec · ified u11der Article 181 I why I did this was to show that h 7 must be met; but the High Court did not decide on it. The court based 't decis ion on Arts. 390 and 391 ?f the �ivil Code. The interpretation given the Court is contrary to what. 1s provided under Art: 4 of Order No. 2? of 1962, and it must ?e re 7ons1dered. 111 sun1mary, since the decision of the High Court wa.s _unJust, 1t sb.ould �e reve�sed and the property I acquired pursuant to a valid contract and registered 1n 1ny narne be valid." .

�i

The third appellant's grounds of appeal: ''Signor Petro Fuleta has borrow ed from us a sum of Eth. $40,000 against mo1·tgage of the property in ques tion. Before the property was mortga.ged to 11s, we had assurances from the chief of the Land Administration Office that the property was not affected by rigl1ts of any third pa.rty and that the property belo11ged to the debtor. The mortgage was also registered in the Land Registration Office under File No. 6367.36013, on Dec. 7, 1965. Therefore, the decision of tl1e Court in effect relea.sing Signor Petro fron1 obligations he l1as asst1med by allowing the en cumbered property to be transferred to Ato Seyoum Mesgena, should be revers ed." The respondent has given answer to each of tl1e ab.ave appeals. To the first two appeals the respo11dent's answer was as follows: ''No contract of the type envisaged by Art. 1723 exists i11 this case. I am simply arguing that I have acquired rights of ownership over the immov able in question by making the highest bid in a private auction con ducted by the first appellant. I have not asked for a declaration that there is a valid contract of sale. What I have requested is that the property wl1ich \Vas registered in the name of another person be registered in my name. The appellants are wro11g in invoki11g tl1e above laws. The argl1ment of the fir st appellant that Signor Silviyou Margori oi clid not I1ave the power to co 11clude the contract of sale was not raised in the lo\ver court, and under Art. 329 of the Civil Procedure this ne,1 / argum.ent sl1ould not be raised now. 011 the otl1er hand, the fact that on June 4, 1964 Signor S. Margori11i concluded a c�ntra �t of sale of an immovable property with Signor Sa11to Fuleta arid received a sum of $20,000 reveals tl1.at the agent l1ad power to sell the imn1ovable proper r ove More ty, to transfer its ownership and to receive the purch::1se price. : tlie the first appellant's contention that it wottld not be possible to conte st 1 ao<l ng wro sale of the property to a person not a11thorized to bt1y it is insi5t that the contract is irremediable. In additio11, si11ce the �o.ntract wa � i Code, Civil not attested by two witnesses pursuant to Art. 1727(2) of the would be of no eff ect. · · There 1s no need to disprove Signor Petro Fuleta's allegation . that h e bought the property � good faith because, the fact that he \Vas �ot in ood i{ig h faith could . be determmed from the statements of the witnesses in the Court. - 298 -

GONDRAND BROTHERS BT AL. v. ATO SBYUM M ESGENA

The submission that th e High Cou.rt's interpretation of Arts 390 d 391 _ �ry to Art. 4 of Order 27 of 1962 ·is wro��- This of the Civil Co?e are contr is so because 10 !h � op1n1�? of the Court, there is nothing on Arts. 390 and 391 of the C1v1l Code. In addition, th e respondent, in his application submitted •for judg e t stated that since the first appellant had willingly sold his property to hi: �� an auction pur�uant to_ Arts. _2403 to 2407 of the Civil Code, and since he bad made the h1gh�st .bid, th� Judgment of the High Court should be affirmed and the appeals d1sm1ssed with costs. The answer to the third appellant: ''Pursuant to Art. 320 of the Civil Procedure Code, the persons who could file appeals against the final decision of a court are the plaintiff or the de fendant, who had been parties to the suit. Since the Comme rcial Bank of Ethiopia was not a party to the suit in the High Court, it has no right to appe al against the d ecision of the High Court. The appellant should have filed the opposition to the judgment of the High Court in time pursuant to Arts. 358 and 359, but it did not exercise that right in time, and must not now be permitt ed to exercise it. The appel lant has also erre d in its int erpretation of the Civil Code and the appeal must be dismissed with costs.'' The written a.rguments submitted by the appellants and the respondent to the High Court and to this court are many; but th e main points have been as outlined above. Our opinion is as follows. Tlze case between the first appellant and the respondent: The appellant denied the respondent's contention that there was any notice by the first appel lant to sell its immovable property by private auction, and that out of the competitors he made the highest bid and consequently the sale should not be made to another person. The appellant argued that th ere is no written evidence to prove the notice of the auction, or to prove that a contract of sale had subsequently been concluded with the respondent. What was available was the statement of Advocate Lorenzo Manti. The respondent never got a promis e of sale from the owner itself. He simply alleges that he heard of the promise from someone. When the respondent aske d in writing about the results of his offer, the answer he rece ived was that the property was sold to Signor Petro Fuleta.

The Ethiopian Civil Code does not cover sale by ''private '' auction. The provisions of the Civil Code invoked by the respondent, Arts. 2403 to 2407, are applicable only to sale by auction made in public .. In sue � a cas e, the contract of sale is deeme d to be conclude d by the auction which the sell� r or the auctioneer make s of the things (Art. 2403). The respondent cannot avail himself of these Articl es because. the re is nothing which indicates that the sale in question was concluded as explained above. Art. 1688 of the Civil Code reads as under: ''(I) Whosoeve r offers make a declaration (2) In such a case thing is knocked

Sale

auction

eemed to d be all sh on cti au by le sa r a th in g fo of intention and not an offer. e th e er h w ly n · O e d t e I p com be ll the contract sha ." de ma ing be d bi t las e th on up do wn

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JOURNAL OF ETHIOPIAN LAW - VOL. IV No. 2

nt to tlle Wordi g The respondent might ha,,e ·a good ca11se of ·,tction· pursua · n r a11s�e 1� an given g d h wr1t1n e l1a e to Articl the respondent, of the abov� s 11, auct10 the of to the results the effect of 1 ry tllat it was the written inqu . t who l1ad made the highest bid. I-Iowever, the written answer g.iven appellan to the respondent was th at t·he property I1a.d b een soId to another perso11 1f the respondent's contention that he was told through sorneone that the prop· e r tl1e11 adequate, it held is amounts him to r sold to be would evoc ty atio f the written agreement by oral evidence, and tl1is seems to the court impr�pe�. Moreover, as vvas _point�� out by the appella11�, � co11tract of sale of immovables should be 1n wr�tI11� (_Art.1723). Unless 1t IS �ade in w riting it is of no effect (Art. 2877). Preliminary contracts sl1all be 1n the form pres cribed in respect of final_ con��cts (Art. 1721). Th.ere w�s no promise of sale or contract of sale 1n wr1t1ng between the t,:vo parties, and therefore respondent's claim is not based on law. In addition, the o_ral_ e�ide11ce allowed by the High Court is not proper under the law. Even 1f 1t IS assumed that the contract concluded is valid the agent Signor Silviyou Margorini did 11ot have po,ver to dispose of the property to the respondent at the tin1e of the alleged promise of sale. The authorization derived from the appellant was to sell to a specified person, namely to Signor Santo Fuleta, a11d was not a general power to sell to any person. If the owner of the property l1as not given any po\ver to the agent to dispose of the property, or unless he later on ratifies the act of his age11t, ho\v is it possible for us to compel him to accept the tra11sactio11 in question? It \vill be contrary to the provisions of Arts. 2190-2191, if we decide against the appellant when he specifically states tl1at he would 11ot ratify the acts of l1is agent. T/1e case betrvee11 t/1e second apJJe/la11t a,1d t/1e defe11dant: Just like the :first appella11t, the second appellant denied that there was any sale of a plot of land and buildings to the respondent. In addition, he argued that he should be protected because l1e had bougl1t the property in good faith. He f11rthe r argued that even if he was not in good faith, he would be liable only to pay damages, and tl1e contract of sale would not be cancelled once tl1e proper ty was registered in the appropriate d.ocuments i11 his 11an1e.

In an answer to the above, tl1e responde11t co11tested tl1at tl1e a�pellaot was not in good faith w]1e11 lie bot1gl1t tl1e property. At tl1e auct1on, be offered $25,000, but the respondent offered S,26,000. Tl1e fact tl1at l1e cor1cluded the contract in secret would. reveal tl1at l1e was not in good fait.11. If the allegation of the respo11clent that the appella11t bougl1t tl1e . pr �perly while the respo11dent was ready to buy it after making tl1e higl1est bid in an not 11eed ,ve auction were true, there would be bad fajt}1 . B11t in this case, as ere ,v ·r th · 1 · _into both · . er . to 1nqu1re the existence of good · faith,_ because, even Art. r ur1de bad faith, the registered contract would not be vv1thot1t a11y value *1644 of the Civil Code. This Article provides:-

The Art.

. C Civ. See prov1s1ons of the Civil · Code on registration are not in force yet. 3363(1). • •

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GONDRAND

BROTHERS E T AL. v. · ATO

SEYUM. MESGENA

''Bad Faith (1) The . bad faith . of the pe�so11 who �as requested tJ1e registratj011 or require� the right to �h1ch the registration relates, shall· riot affect _ _ the val1d1ty of the registration. (2) In sucl1 case, the person to �horn the registration is prejudicjal _ _ may claim dan1ages by prov111g 10 a clear manner the bad· faith of the defenda11t." Therefore , sjoce bad faitl1 would 11ot affect the registration ·of the con tract, it would be of 110 im_portance at this stage to determine w11etl1er· or not there was bad .faith. The further argu1nents of the respondent that the agent sold the property to a person other than the 011e authorized to buy, and that the contract of sale was not attested to by witnesses is not accepted by tl1is court on the ground that such argu1nents could only have come from the Gondrand Brotl1ers or from Signor Santo. The act has been ratified, and tl1ey have not contested . the agents acting beyond hjs powers. The contention of the responde11t that Arts. 390 and 391 of the Civil Code would give a right of preference to him has been attacked by the appellants. They argued that the Articles invoked would have no relevance ·for this case, or else tl1eir rights under Art. 4 of Order No. 27/1962 would. be prejud.iced. Bt1t the respondent pointed out that this Order governed only rights up to Hidar 6, 1955, and tl1is case did not con1e tinder it. TJ1e respondent also argued that the appellants were under moral and legal obligatio11 to give priority to the Ethiopians where all bidders made eqt1al offers. Since this law has relevance not only to tins case but also to other similar cases that may arise hereafter, we tho11ght it necessary to consider all of its provisions. Articles 390 and 391 of the Civil Code read as follows. ''Art. 390 - Restriction regarding ownersf1ip of immovable property. 1. PrinciJJle. No foreigner may own imrnovable properly situate in Ethiopia except in accordance with an Imperial Order. Art. 391 - Duty to sell. Any foreig11er who is found to ow11 i1nmovable property in good faith but does not hold such immovable pro perty in accordance with an Imperial Order, issued. un� er Art. 390 shall be required by the competent authority to dispose of such immovable property to an Ethiopian within a period of six montl1s. It has been well known and practiced all over the country that no for eigner may own immovable property except in accorda11ce with Imperial Order. However, Art. 4 Order No. 27 of 1962 which tern1inates the Federal statt1s of Eritrea provides as follows: ''All rights, including the rights to own and dispose of real property, exemptions, concessions and privileges of whatsoever nat11re heretofore granted, conferred or acquired within Eritrea, whether by law, 0rder, - 301 -

JOURNAL OF ETHIOPIAN LAW - VOL. IV - No. 2

coiitract or otherwise, and whetl1er granted or cor1ferred upon or ac quir:d .. r whethe , persons natural or legal' shall Ethiopian or foreign,, by remain . 10 full force a11d e ·ffiect. When we examine this l1nperial Order, we find that the obligations i m os d under Arts. 390 a11d 391 of the Civil Code are 11ot impose � e 00 foreigners on . foreigners 1n Er1·trea. The respondent's argument that the Imperial Order concerns 011Jy rights acquired up to _1-Iida.r 6, 1�55 a11d 11ot rights as �n the prese11t case wo uld �ave ?een true _ if tl1e Imperial Or?er stated something other tl1a11 ''�II rights, 111cluding the r1g�ts to_ ow1� and d�spose of real �roperty, shall rema111 in full force and effect. . If 1t said, for instance, �l:a� , 1mmovable property acquired heretofore \Vould, not be a.ffected or take11, 1t \Vould l1a,1e been possible to ii1terpret it to mean that foreigners would not be required to sell their im movable property acq_uired before Hidar 6, 611t t]1at they wo11ld 11ot be permit ted to purchase and sell the san1e after 1955. Tl1e law specifically says that the rigl1t to 0\\111 and dispose of i1nmovable propert)' shall ren1ai11 in full force and effect. It is therefore difficult to restrictively interpre t tl1e Orde r as covering only rigl1ts acquired before I--Iidar 6, 1955. When 1vve exa1nine the expression ''rigl1ts acquired heretofore'' u11der the Order, we find that it affir111� the rigl1ts and be11efits of foreigners in Eritrea contained under Articles 6 and 7 of tl1e Federal Proclamation, No. 124/1945. u·11der Artjcle 7, we fi.11d tl1e following: ''...The Federal government a11d Eritrea shall ens11re tl1,1t all the people living in Eritrea, witl1out any regard to the race, colo11r, religio11 or sex of persons, enjoy fundamental rights at1d liberty i11cl11ding tl1e folJovving". u· nder Sub. Art.(c), it is provided that 110 person would be deprived of his propert)' or co11tractual rigl1t except in accordance with the law and upon pay1.ne11t of co1npensatio11. Duri11g the Federation, no distinctio11 vvas 1nade between Ethiopians and foreig11ers as far as the ow11ing a11d disposi11g of' im1novables were concerned because of the rigl1ts conferred 11nder th_e above :Procla111ation. \-Vl1e11 the Federation was ter1ninated. ancl unity effected, Orcler No. 27 / 1955 preserved the rights which were enjoyed by f'oreigners. Tl111s, tl1e Orcler 1111eqt1ivocally gi\1 es f oreig11ers living in Eritrea tl1e rigl1t to 01vv11 and dispose of irJ1111ovables ju.st like Ethiopia11s at1d witl1011t anv restrictions. �

The alleged moral obligation dt1e from the 1st and 2nd defendants. The respo11dent's co11tention tl1a.t tl1e ap·pella11ts l1ad acted con.tra ry to la:¥ and !11orality by not allowi11g hirn, the Ethiopia11, to buy the prope� ty in question has appeared quite ofte11 i11 tl1e respondent's state1nent of cla1111 as well as in the opinion of the I-:ligh Cot1rt. Tbe legal aspects of tl1is conten: . elow b d tion have bee11 exami11ed in detail above. Tl1e n1oral aspects are treate t a • ook l · t inu� 0 ne must not look at a d1sp11te fron1 one angle only: 011e . . 11 is ted viola it from two angles. The ov.1ner' who is an Italian ' is said to have · s ,va who· 1· 1811 . moral. o bl'1gat1ons by selling his Iar1d a11d ho·use to anotl1er lta ·h e t ma_ d e _ c�rry1ng on trade in it, instead of selling it to_ an Ethiopi an who •Ja 115 p o Eth1 highest bid.: On the other hand, let us suppose that there are two

- 302 -

GONDRAND BROTHERS ET AL. v. ATO SEYUM MESGENA

living in Italy. One of them �wns land ,vith a house on it. The other lives in tbjs b·ouse �n lease carry1ng o � t rade. Let tis assume that the owner _ wishes to sell h.1s property. The E �h1 �p1an offers $25,000 and a neiglibor, an Italian, offers $26,00�. If the f:t�1op1an . owner sells _ b !s land to the person . who owns property 10 that v1cu11ty, whit � t �e Eth1opian btiyer js ready to buy it for �26,000� the �rade o � tl1 � Eth1op1an would be disrupted and he . a himself 1 diffic 1 would find � �lt s1t1:1at1on. In sucl1 a case, wouldn't the Ethio pian se]Jer feel a �u1lty conscience if he sold the property to tlle foreigner? In the srune_ \Vay, 1f the first defendant h �d sold _ bis property to Ato Syotim Mesgena, 1n prefere11ce to a fellow-Ital1at1, S1g11or Petro Fuleta, who was occupying the house a11d carryi11g 011 trade in it, was ready to btiy jt at the price offered by Ato . Seyot11n, wot1ld we have said tl1at his act would be morally justifiable? It 1s natural tlJat one ust1ally gives priority to his descend ants and asce11dants and then to his relatives a11d cot1ntryn1en. One is therefore not to be blamed for giving priority to one's cot1ntrymen regardi 1 1g the purch ase of one's private property. The contention bet\veen the third appellant and the respondent.

The respondent l1as argued that the 3rd appellant's contention tl1at the decision of the High Court was \.vrong since it affected the pro_perty 111ortgag ed, must fail because the appellant was not a party to the s11it in the lo\ver court. We hold that the 3rd appella,nt should l1ave applied to the High Court when it discovered tl1at the decision of the case to which it was not a party affected its right. (Art. 320, 358 and 360 of the Civil Proced11re Code). For this reason, we dismiss th,e appeal of the third appellant. THEREFORE, we hold b)' majority that:

I . The decision of the High Cot1rt, that the contract of sale concerning the 2,469 square meters plot of land and the houses on it, concludecl between 1st a,nd 2nd appellants in front of the Pt1blic Notary a11d registered is invaljd, is not based on the Jaw. Tl1e order of the court is hereby reversed and the contract between the 1st and 2nd appellants held valid. 2. The appeal submitted by the 3rd appellant is without merit. The appeal is therefore, dismissed. 3. We reserve judgment concerning costs until such a time as _ the 1st . and 2nd defendants submit details of the expenses they have 111curred 1n both courts and the respondent, the expense he incurred as a result of the appeal lodged by the 3rd appellant. A copy of this judgment shall b e sent to the High Court for executi�n. Given on this, Tahsas 14, 1959, in open court, in the presence of the parties conce rned.

- 303 -

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- 304 -

fl�C.';.. : h&..�?.9° : "lf·f. : irl\ : "rhti'fr. : 11ll,)· (l:\f\ H.. I ij: ..e: tJ C : h O : 1100:,,l'l:fm• ¾ r:,, Y:°7.flD•"} : U•),:J-- : floum ,:P'P ,.. ,.. ?.?Ji� � : /;\ /;\ : :: A : 9° 1, � : f j: (11 t ij:C};.. l) ,&.?. : f f "} : : tt -: :I DJ,. tnJ.il,..,..C : O:t\."'Itf· : 111l:,.. : it {l,,.,.. P,. : ,:P ,. ,.. ?> O'J. . 'P . � h .-; .-; t .: oriil...,..c: : o,h!'I tr- 1 n "ln ...r:fro• = m•il'P = ...,.. h'17f• : tJI'./ct�",; ., r : +a h : : t.-1, l<o«"} .. )• ill\ : r,Ol i ar11� : h.�,e.,; : ;,, ... n,:, .. r, t 6'fl O f, P :, : f -Ott•9':i:1 : f{IIJilrf•'J>,r : 00P'tf = 00 h.t;?>:f : flrl•hti?f.. : 7i,nm•fl:,-- : y A ...,-h&. t\ : 'P:i = ill\ r,nl 1· 1'1);.h�f\:fm• nil it:,,cnm•n:J--A hr·•., : · ,.. ... ,. f\ f ill\ : h.t. -,e,; : ill\ : /J.,cJ>9'9:j'.. : 'P;, : fti{L"ltf- : ,11 D· l 1/l?. ' f, } h : O 1r 1.:,- : hl'l+�J;t : non111,fl : 'r'rC : IY..fili/21 : Orf·h&. rl•ar : t;..f,f,\ : P -t : {lf\4'll t ilfl = ij:C�· ht..�?too« : Y. orz.y : 1--P.� 1 : t,1Y;r,.-}- : floum(l'}i 1,v : (111111 11 = 'h 1.&;.�1' = 1--f..l1 r�c,.. = flt\/JP.m• = 000111,fl = f!rr.·i/..;i 'h1f.rf--1flft(lr 1 <D-1flj: : rn,:,. : h.t.-1,'i" : fA+h&.ll : foov-1tf9'��;�'Pj"� 'h1 J;t\n:t- = ill\ = +t.:i1m'i" = 1,u = htrr,9° = fii:t\..,.,tv- = 11,nt.:," = ttil+ 11'1>"-'PC : i'itiiffi2 : h"}f..rrODt\h+ar : J;J; t • (l(i::,-d, : 11dt.C : flij: C,.. : flt\/JP.ar : 11llT : f\f, : :,,,..°2.f : f,'f t..:f'PA :: ilfltltJ : O'l/\/J .-;ar : 11:,.. : m·il'P : film•"} = "'l'i":fm·9° : 00"ttf : rf"O {ll : 'h1J;.l1A.A : dl1- : f1ff\:f'PA :: •

nil

,n«? :

'hC'?'P : .,ar : htLU : (lf\f, : 1, '1f..m 1'ilr,ar t m:,,f\f, : r11..,P : r,1 P'T : ij:C..e- : (L:,.. : rr:J,9°,r : 1i : �"} : iii : '¼ : 9° : f(i:C..(!." : ll/\/JP.ar : 1111.T : n11c11?- : ODlPl:,.. : h1-'tlhn-:,.. : lj:Cf." : (l'P : :tA :: f : 'i!C,.. : (l,f,(lmflrl• : 'LtL I fii:t\.°ltr- : 11ll:,.. : hil+Pif..C = h.t.. f,t; : lbf\9° : fDDO/tf?>i- : /J� : hrf"h'1o- : h"'/Crl;t,.",; : .e.m_e.:,, : 'h1f.. .,nl : (i:C,.. : (Lrf: : i\far:,,9° : r,nc :: 1":J>'P°2.lD·9° : fitt\!"ltf-: 111l:, hilrt-P.Pit : DD:J>(D'J° : f°7.1{](lr : (llj:CJ;, : ht.�f.9° : "l.f·L : {l(\�(ll l m:,,f\,e, : 't:/�:,.. : ilh�i.: ft.lf..llr : 'i!C..e- : OD,{lrf:1 : t\.,.ril�Pcnrl• : J',f, l-A9° :: 1

mf,/'h�'l. th.:J"" :

hH.119° : �f\ 1 rof,/1'1b'l.'i" : ,rh°inc : "'IC·f:t.-f.."." : OO'J.h�l1?-n1· : 1.U : frf·htiif• : 1111.:,, : rf"h,flc> : 1''1J;.cl>oorr : f+f..l1m· : OtlQ• : On.fl.. .,.,tr- : 11:,.. : (D•il'P : ilt\.,Ol rf·:J>'P°2.m« : fii:t\. "-/tf- : 1rfll..-:l• : hilrl•� Pit : hilh : •I&. : .ealil : �rf:"} : t\.m 1'oo«n."f, : mf,9° : au:i,1-,.1 = /\ft,f\ (tar : t\.fht,.{?.:,... : ttA;J!tt-9° 1 9°n1f,..l::9° : roJ!,/ 1'tt,'J. : flcl>l'1·.,.l· : nil = 9'1h"}f:,.. : 11}lrf: : htllJ-. : OD;Jff"} : lD"l'l'P : rf"h"(l� : h1};., cl>OD'P�TCD- : il'100t\hrf:: : �nc :: ilftltU f rrhlto-9° : "}1}l,f:1 : hlLO• : OD;JH1 : rpfto : 00 0 "1.Y."t; � flj:C_e . : flil��lD•?° : '111l--f:1 : 'hltO• : {111,:Jll'} : itl'lh11lllr= lL'l::1 = n 00 f•l:fm• i fh..t?-1, : m·A : 1'1f..'111l : f,,�mt..A f°2.il+c = iit\..,.,tf-- : 11ll:,.. : ltil+��t : ti+lo«:,.. : oo,:ProO'J.f : i\,f\ 1 fit.:,•V-kf: h-'11f , fOJJ.:fA : }'1:,..il : h-'l1f -i ill\ : /J:J> : 7ir6J.b , nOD111-n = irrrc .. gf�1/21 : },,; : (100111,{l : cr-rrc : l;f@i/2i : flill);..T : {IIJfPl:,.. : 01rf lli: : 1\1, : :J,_e.oiy : itt\'} : (l"'lft:,.. : �Cfl'PA :: +.P'POJJ.?>:,: : m(l:J> : tt,J?OD(D• ¾ (lrl..h"17i : "}r{l(.rr : �J!, : :t>1:°tf : "} nit : 0°7/lT : +ht?-hl'PA :: 9°19° : 1'1\>.1 : fl(i:C.{!" : flrof'l"}�:fm- : +:J>'P"2.?19.f : fl11Jt.,f: : "" : hlbflo:f : f"'l.flA'r : f�1:0'/.f : {IIJ,fl,}- •

?·

- 305 -

> = f f f "} tL'i9t.:flD' : n/!,•:j,A'J° i 'J°ti , :� o� �• : 'P;; : 'lt\<mt16..t\• : ?1>h1 ,:,..: Ob� lD-: I\/!, ' ou-n,l, : i'1ll1 . h°J,.fl·,t- ; <p;JW": (}f\ODh&../\• t �c� t!l!.?11" : i·t. .k : : : : � mf 1,1 : lblt�9:i· � (loPlf)� o7i .. 11 f... : fGQ; : 1 : 1 1 f 11 1 n..'i9C: o7ifal: : J,1i{ : nm-1\:i�m- = 01 w1..:,. : t10:J1w• : l\f, = f'l,;m•: Jl Jl : : oP-fl-l•: fi:Cf.: : '11"f. o:,.. : 4>"}: i' ,"}ll.f· 4 6 U t;> : ftj:C�..: 'l t\oo,n:1.: -- P: '11 f11 : ,n�'l\f,: lf�'PA:: u..ft,f•<;'J° P':l" = fi:/fl,1• -:· 'r;f'?D,)·11i: cl>; r _ 2i : q: 'I°: fl(tmm·: �C�" ' lll/'i'=-t•OJ•9'> = 1-0t.,f·: f�C�: 'l/\11tl"O'P : --K--t..l�l\1:<n ' = 1 : n = lll\1·$:t..1 °ll1>'z..11 f, I ,,,..,t .. = th.:J • = r�tL· u fm = ..f•j''P«t?1-:f: OD•fl:,.. : ·f·•*C{!l..A :: '11 C: °11 : ilt\ : £JDh..t;"q> : 1..Pi,e, i ,..'rC: : A J't.�c'l : til1'l: It7i.�'!Jli= flf�':fm 01/1\;t-: C:C�": h "}() i (tll,,<; 4> {Jl'h.'i' :· 9°1'1° = J,"}t-.: mq,l\f, f"}1--u.•: '11.P';i.. = �jfb,)--: nomm•: �C�': -0:i•mcl' {\9° � Ocl>lOA"}: f"lif61J>: 0)"/A: ODiPl;I.. : unn.'i''P"}: r1•1,)•: r : oY.. / o.fb f" : Ol/C,f; t,. p fi: J7 '1 P, O ..t; : lb,,etr"} fro/\.J?.(Jr : IA�: l /\ 6 f C : ' ° ! c 9 OD(f)-: ''"l;J°l{l).A :: OlD·l\;f (D : l\f, : o�ro- : rf"h<j:ftv: i',/\,,, : -�..lit : f«tfA : 11:,.. {l : trfl'J.r : {loo•"} : >,1��ftf.OJ"C.'i : OD•flrl:"} : rmn,,, : -- ll = h·'l1f n,, ° l\ = = r°1.:l�A. ODlf )i '1 lli\A,l·h& .. tt1 ILl,Cft = �m·9 n -:,-:.: OfJh,Li": i\J!,: f 'lt\CL-1•�:,..: av..n:,.. : tt/\ro·

=·

= •

=�

lltLIJ : (li\f,,: Orf•o,nro•: 9'°tl1f;f.. ;- fo.lL0ltV·: "),,{ll,,1·: itil--l'��t n n.,1: h..�,,e,;- n n.1: w· orr = i1I\ ft, :1 • for, 01t.r ?J:1·-- = 'P..:J I hlJI/1� fO/\m : f,,e1·•;r'i' : f;J, �·OIJ.,,,f : ·OA� : lll\t\:1:w.. 1 fi{J1Jll1"ll : 'P"''rC : tr.t.�/21 = n,1·mo'lm· = ODlPl:,.. = ntifb(:f· UtJc,1:t..P...'i = 1•nl:,.. l\t --0 P f cf'' "'l. : lf'I : :P� 2.f : ill\l\:rw• � fi.,f: : O�'r',:t-: 'h.1�./\,pq,ti:fm·t;: n tL IJ : n. ·1· : lD·ll'r fI\(D• : '71/ 'i':fOJ•9°: "},,,1 l.-)·· : n ,11 t..�e:.: : ..,..0(ll ¼ n:,,l' "'l.f: i\"}�..ht.1\:1:w, ;: lltf.lJ: 11fl·O : lD·ll'r: ..,.. �&..: n. ':'C : l\mf,/},l\,i : t �h.: -: i\1�..h&.A: '11·1'i'A::

h"}JtU·9° :: fOI/.,:1:A: 11:t·{l: h·•'l"}f: f (tt'\,.�'l' : �'PC: It7LURf©�/ i',h: flf',1-- :: C:C..\7: fl"}(tA: aun.t;: 'll\OD•il;l ..: ll/\lf',: Ocf'T;l': l,"}Jt lh'lr: hH'i'A ! n�c.c;. : {1DLJ.'l·1·: i\"}>'z.,6.7'9° : l\(i:C�: i'1llt,?.ort.. : 1"h. lJ1f : f,� C,: ::

- 306 -

IIlGH COURT Addis Ababa, Comm. Div.

Judges: Mr. Stevenson Captain Eyassu Gebre Hawariat Blatta Yishak Teferi ELENI NIKITA v. SAVERIO MARTIRADONNA Civil Case No. 71/55 Lien on movables in leased estate - Effect of a judgment on a pre-existing right of lien. Waiver of right of cancellation - Position of u11secured creditors - Priority to have claims covered. Validity of reservatio11 on a sold movable. On intervention by three different persons at the stage of execution of a Supreme Court decision that all properties of the judgment debtor be given to the judgment credjtor in satisfaction of the judgment debt. Held: That the judgment creditor should have all the properties of the judgment debtor except those movables in tl1e estate of the first intervening party and the car sold by one of the intervening companies with reservation. 1. A judgment provision cannot affect a pre-existing right of lien on tJ1e movables in leased estate. 2. All unsecured creditors are on equal footing, and the judgment creditor who takes the first step by way of execution has I1is claims covered first.

This judgment deter1nines issues that have been raised by way of interven tion at the stage of execution. Final judgn1ent in determi11ation of the original dispute was given on appeal by the Supreme Court on 17/2/1956 in favour of the plai?tiff, W?iz. _ ElenJ Nikita, for an amount of Eth. 21,510. The defendant, Saver10 Martira donna, had by then left Ethiopia for the U.S.A., and the j11d�ment provides that the plaintiff shall be given in ownership all the properties left by the defendant in this country in satisfaction of tl1e judgment debt. That provision in the judgment has caused the intervention at the stage of execution by three different partjes. Jo�� , ate est the of e Th tor tra injs adm ate est the by of io, sar . V.J VeJlis _ Vellissario had leased to the defendant ' now judgment debtor, a warehouse .1 n i adm The · I r . . ICh he ' wh· e azi g d an ter cut ssgla was carrying on his trade as a : 1strator of the estate claims a Iie11 ·for arrears of rent on machJnes and tools - 307 -

JOURNAL OF ETHIOPIAN LAW - VOL. IV - No. 2

and trade on all other 1novables lef i11 l1is debtor nt judgme the used by t by hioi o n the premises. As regards mac�inery �11d tools 11secl by �he ju�g�ent debtor ii� ll is trade which 11e was ca.rry1ng on 1n the warehouse, the esLate of V.J.Vellissario 1 ' t icle . 29�4- of the Civil Code. '"fhe nder Ar movables � st1ch 0 ? lien provisi�� a _ _ _ in the Judgment, . t� w�1ch tl1e . estate is 11o_t a party, cai111ot deprive the estate of a pre-ex1st111g right of lien for 11npa1d re11t, o_r affect that right at Court have meant. to depr ive the es tate of all. Nor can tl1e Supreme . l•tS . f right. The Court was quite unaware o its existence. But the right of the estate is not restricted to a lie11 on machinery and tools only. The plaintiff, no\v judgn1ent creditor, had in this case obtained by order of Court the attachment of all movables left by the judgment debtor in the warehouse. The attacl1rr� e11t has been affected by "!"ay of the lock.i11g up of all the movables, after inventory l1ad been take11, 111 tl1e \Varehouse. Th tis the estate l1as bee11 u11able to make any use oi� the premises or lease the 'rvar e ho11se to others. By her action the judgment creditor has obtai11ed the exclu sive use of the premises for the purpose of the attach111e11t. Constructively sl1e is the lessee, basically upo11 tl1e tern1s of tl1e con tract of lease entered into by tl1e judgment debtor. She is of couse free to pay the contractual rent in consideration of her use of tl1e pre1nises. But it is clear tl1at she does not want to pa.y any re11t voluntarily. B11t then, the estate cannot be denied to have satisfactio11 for rent on all movables attached in the warel1ouse irrespective of tl1eir uses, and 11ot only on machines and tools. The precise extent of the estate's right of lien is se t out i11 the judg ment in the case bro11ght by the administrator of the es tate of V.J. Vellissario for all a.rrears of rent. Tl1is is contained in High Court Civil File No. 221/56. The judgment creditor can, in satisfaction of tl1e judgment in her favour, l1ave a rigl1t only to payment of the surplus of the proceeds of the sale by public auction of the att ached movables which does not go to cover the claim of the estate of V.J. Vellissario for rent. Yugo-Ethiopian Import Export Co. Ltd., a11d Mitchell Cotts & Co. (Ethio pia) Ltd., are botl1 judgment creditors of the judgment debtor in tl1e present case. They have recovered judgments against hi111 for the price of goods sold and delivered in High Court files Nos. 346/56 and 536/55, respectively. The advocate representing both compa11ies in Cou1·t for tl1e purpose of the intervention has waived the original claim that tl1e co inpanies had, acco rd· ing t9 the execution rules , to priority on the properties in issue. But he m�intains that the compan.ies have a lie11 on the goods for payme11t of tbe price. tion d The foun companies' no a clai1n l1as to have a lien on the goods . 00 in law. The fact that it may be possible still to ir1dentify the goods _ has relevance in this connection. The Court now does 11ot have to cons1der any right to res titution of the goods tl1e companies might have had, had �be� obtained cancellation of the goods the companies might have had, tI 1eY obta i�e cancell�tion of the contracts of sale. By suing and obtai11ing judgrne� ts �� the· price of the goods they impliedly and conclusively waived any right - 308 -

ELENI NIKITA v. SAVERIO MARTIRADONNA

law at then is that ' on delivery , the ow nersh'1p . situatio n The · n latio ncel In ca · · dgment deb tor a1_1d entered into the entirety the JU t? d pass e good s of the _ �ssets by which all ordmary creditors are secured. The s debt or men t Judg the _ for the cred itor respe ctive e debts on an equal footing with beca m � companie s rs. to t1 ed d cr re cu se n u er th o any Since, before the_ co ll:1panies had taken . th� necessary steps by way of t1on on the oods 10 sat1sfa issue, the Supreme Court had have _ to � ution � exec creditor Judgment to be present satisfied by means of transfer e t fo ded � provi � her, the oods to regrettable the result for the companies, 10 rship owne � of _ . country cover 1n without tl11s left for their claims. is that they are One of the con1panies, Mitchell Cotts & Co. (Ethiopia) Ltd. t1owever bas a separate cause of intervention which is well founded. One of the item� of property of which the judgment credit�r, in pursuance of the judgment by _ the Supreme Court, has taken possession IS a Ford Consul motor car - plate No. AA 18231. This car was bought by the judgment debtor's son from the company on hire purchase terms with the usual reservation of ownership until payment of the full price. It is not denied that the price has not been fully paid - there is nobody to deny it. For the rights of the company it is in this con.nection immaterial if, as alleged by the judgment creditor, the true buyer of the car was the judgment debtor. The reservation of ownership would be valid in any case. But the allegation is a mere allegation unsupported by any evidence. In the result, the judgment creditor is held entitled, as provided in the judgment of the Supreme Court, to have transfer to her of all the judgment debtor's properties left in this country as inventoried by the Ex�cution Officer with the fallowing exceptions: All movables attached in the warehouse belonging to the estate of V.J. Vellissario shall be sold by public auction in satisfaction of the claim for rent as adjudged in the estate's favour in High Court Civil File No. 221/56. The Ford Consul motor car - plate No. 18231 - shall be handed over to Mitchell Cotts & Co. (Ethiopia) Ltd. Genbot 7, 1956

- 309 -

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HIGH COURT Addis Ababa, Div. 7 Judges: Negadras Alemu Taye Ato Endalew Mengesha Ato Ternesgen Worke MINISTRY OF EDUCATION v. MULATWA ASFAW Civil

Appeal No. 243/57

Extra-Contractual liability - Employer's liability - Civil Code Ari. 2130.

On appeal from a judgn1ent of the A wraja court rejecting the appellant's claim against the respondent for a sum of $997. 50 as compensation for the appellant's property d.estroyed by a daily labourer employed by the respondent. Held: Judgment reversed and respondent ordered to pay compensation for the property destroyed.

1. A daily labourer is not a contractor and, therefore, Art. 3039 of the Civil Code does not apply in a case where a daily labourer is concerned. 2. By virtue of Art. 2130 of tl1e Civil Code, an employer is answerable for liability incurred by his employees. 3. A daily labot1rer is an en1ployee within tl1e meaning of Art. 2130 of the Civil Code.

JUDGMENT The institution of tl1e case is based on the allegations that, while defend ant had eucalyptus tree felled from her pl ot of land bor d ering Princess Zenebe Worq School , a branch of the government institution, the plaintiff, the tree fel l within the school and destroyed a building whose value was estimated at $997.50, and that defen dant should, therefore, pay the value of the bujl ding and the lawyer's f ees in addition to the Court fees. Counsel for the defe nse has in his statement of defen se alleged that defendant has no plot of la nd ne_ar Princess Zenebe Worq School; that she purchased the trees fr?m the . n school near the school mention ed; that her male servant discusse d nuss1o and entered into a con tract with a laborer who would fell the trees, chop it and del iver it to her· that the tree-feller caused the tree to fall with.in the school, that, after the �overnment institution, the plaintiff, witnessed againSt the tree-feller, the offender, in a criminal suit before the fourth Wor eda Court, �he fa: t that plaintiff filed a suit before the court when it does not conc� r� . improp it, 18 er; that the suit is t1nsustainable under Art. 3039(2) of the Civi l Code, and that plaintiff must, therefore pay defendant tl1e expense s; �nd that . the 8ti1.t must be e C �v � l Code th of 2119 Art. cited has ed. tiff ntinu Plain on the ground disco l C� de l Civ e th in n isio v pro a that it wa s ordered to cite l aim , When it originally c of t n e tem sta its ded en instituted the suit. When it am

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JOURNAL OF ETHIOPIAN LAW - VOL. I\' - l'-.To. 2

the eu where nd of l plot the that _ calyptus wa�, is not defenda � stated it has nt' as introduced ev!d nce to was side this plaintiff's matter, a copy � Then on the record_ in _ which the Woreda Court convicted 011e . of the accused after suit was instituted before the 4tl1 �oreda Court aga111st (1) Taddesse I-I ilae and (2) Areru Tesen1a on the allegation that they catised damage w hile fell�n g for the defe11se counsel asks And for tree. a eucalyptus decision. based an . . on the evidence of the record since tl 1e JUd gment rer1 dered by the Wored Court against the offenders suppo_rt_s defenda�t a11d does _ 11o_t ma_ke lier respons� ible. While_ Art. 2119 of the C1v1l Code cited by pla111t1ff . d1�c�sses rep1ace n1ent in kind of pa.yment of the value, Art. _3039 of �he C1v1l Code cited by defendan�'s conusel states . that a cont_ractor . 1s respo11s1ble f�r a11y darnage , that may ar!se out of ai1ytl1111g he provides. �11 1ce Lhe contention rests upon the assuinpt1on tl1at defendant, who entered 111to a co11tract to l1ave a tree felled, should not be held responsible v1hen he who contracted to fell the eucalyptus tree is punished for his offense, this article if cited would be relevant to the issue. It bas bee 1 1 alleged that tl1e director of tl1e scl1ool instituted a suit against the offenders on this 1natter. If tl1e Woreda Court reserved to him the right to bring a civil suit on accot111t of the da1nage when be had the offender convicted by the \Voreda Court, the institution of this suit by plaintiff against defenda 1 1t instead of tl1e offender, the person who damaged the build.ing is improper. It is tl1e wrongdoers \vho mt1st make dan1ages good or pay compensation. A person who has not \\1ro11ged or committed a faul t is 11ot bound to make dan1ages good. Tl1erefore, since defenda11t bas done 110 wro11g or com1nitted 1 10 fault, she is not bou11d to pay compensation demanded of l1er. Thus decided the Awraja Court of Addis Aba.ba. We l1ave exarnir1ed the records on our part. Legal argt1 111ents have been presented by both parties. Respo11dent has cited .A.rt. 3039 of tlle Civil Code on tl1e ground that compensation 111ust be paid by the one who was convicted for causiI1g damage to the bt1ilding of the Mi11istry of Education by a tree cut while felling trees pursuant to a contract to do so for respondent. Appellant has cited Art. 3130 of the Civil Code on the ground that the day laborer \J.ras convicted for the offense he committed but that the employer is responsible for tl1e fault he (daylaborer) comn1itted and 1 nust pay con1pensa tion. \Vhat has been cited by respondent is not relevant in the case of _a fat1lt committed by this daylaborer. Since the article cited by appellant 15 not relevant and since the employer is responsible for the fault con1mitted by this daylaborer, he. must pay. Therefore, having reversed tl1e judgment rende red by the Awraja Court of Addis Ababa, tl1at the e111ployer should not pay, and decided that the employer must pay; havi 11g closed tl1e file, \Ve l1ave dismissed appellant a11d. responde11t. We have ordered that each must bear eal. app on paid his own e�pense and that appellant must pay the court fees it Let the Judgment be sent to the Awraja Court of Addis Ababa so th at respondent may know of it.

Ha1nle 2,1957

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= 1 .. L1 tj: /f n�nln�.. = :: = .-,.. P. � , lPt.:, .. = /\�n1t..:, 'l°nc , " OD = tJ9 0 . 1 CO : c> f4 -. : 1'1�. t. l f. i h i'1>l.O : i',O'l : °1/tf;,:<r: · .li. I ,f hltfl' : �hlthf 1 CL:,-- = 04?1'C r.r./2% = f,f..�&. = f..-flPr fL = UD16'19. t\ h1·1.u n�.'t 1 �f.. -= .. 0 = 1111 . = f = • ... c ., �tio• = i\ 1P,.n�"' 1 4't.nn:, ,-0PrCL0r = q>;, = ti,e,01: nll -tJ (l ,, = = fi = . ,,. h'17i : 01J �c� :Pc ) ; .:fro• : .eoi'l1: it:Pc L OH. ( A : t,.Cf;....A :: (llD•O:rA :: f,tJ : tj: C�· : (1,r : f,"J'l.j:1 : �O?"lt--:,.. : {lron..e..,n• : 1,C?°>f f ,J ,htitf. o,,.,,ti.e..ar'I° : If� : n;J--OD�(Ir t tJ?fl rl• : fihl cf:art; : {l{n.�. : '}C1Jf..... ¾ r•r"} {I D/. : '1-0C : 1' 1Jth(i:/l• : ..,--mf,4'm· : 1'1 f,.lf'') : fGJ,,.(1�-....} : U'J(l;rm,ey : O+h'17i : 0 \1-A : >,.{l<f>C{l : {llJC'l° 6-<A :: --h'17i : : fl1 Oi--1\hl&' : 01/{l;J..m,ef 1 l11ur �� :;: Ofit/t/2'{; : i"X C:: 2� : h.ilh : Ii!f9.2 : q - 'I° : Y:lll 1 01'tl<f:'i' : nm:e: : 1'1Y.." : ..,..t1tin:� tf�t=-OC=h�= '11t 9°: 1,1>;.h�ft' : ,f, m.e cJ,' PA :: �,;: :;: O{JJ/r/9.% : (1,f,?t&◄ lt:flD' : "'lil;J--mcf!f : f.."1'1° 1 fj{; : q : 9° : OJ',l cl:t; : Om� : 1°1?.far : 1£9.U:hfi: ,{IC: lt"}rf:9°:'f'fi' : "J,{IC J ;j;7.? : h�{; : .-fl(:: '1"},f:9° : OD4'6le],:}\'},PJ.fi �ft' : ,1,,nf,cf1'PA :: h'17i : h�H.tJ : fl{l,f-- cf1C : fb'\ : Ol/ilt.�· : i',f\01 /:l l'l :flD'"} : tj:C� : fl:,,f: : h{/lJ:e={/lJtfm· : f..l;f : �/o,:,.. = hcf1t.Om· : nchc : ;JC : i',1'i1f9.A :: n""'l'i:far'I° 1--Prf, fllf1 = 01,tif... = hcnc = l\f, = tJTJ{lt..� °1:Pl-O = f(\{1,}-: hl\7i : a;m• :: O""'lllt..;f : 'q/;\rf•F..1t.. : flcf C : nil : ar�-:,,: UDlf'}: h.1f..°11..1'1.lD· : 0,1·1"1 : i"f...1"1�/;\ :: 7 r'1'1:,. : ..,..hti i : r1tu,., : f,"1'11 : (}_e f hjf : q : 'I° : "f,.'J°r:: 1'llh: qo,.. : q : 9° : OD�l�" : �t.{l : 1',l'I: = >,_i\.{llJ'l1Pr:fm·, : {'}}.';.. : (LU''} ¾ ,.. h'17i : O+}}F..m« : �1C : Of/ill� : 7'1J;,fcf'C,,!1 : 'i:c� : fi.,f: : tafll ¾ fl:\ 70D',lD'1 : h;:J--ODa;ar : ;JC : cf>ft:,:1(\ �C� : {looilm,f! { U•(\,.-J:"}?0 lD1 'i:f : }t�'19° : 1t_e : T!l:f cpA :: n,e"l'l� : flcf>lOW• : OD1f1rfi : ltf, : fllrt--�"(D• : �c�-- : '1T : O(l mm· : :,..--:,:,}- : ro•il'f' ! ,f'h'17i : f"J,,.OC : Ol/(l;J--m4:f : OF..t.t,lD· : 1.IL : l\,e"l'l� = florz..,1: = 1'n.,t.;,, = tJTJq,l"fi = -;01.n:,.. = J,1:q: ; Jiu..1 = h�ci· = ° n.:r· : 4'C(l 0,1,mcJ>(l«:1, : HODC.":,.. : hl cl: : (){JDl\. l1 ••f : 1'A�1-�'h•9 ; 1lfto : i\..ht.nC : J-t,.e.1(}m•9° :: ii:C�-- : fL,f:9° : 7'1);..U : .f /\OJ•1 : ncnc : i\.ODilOIJ:,, : ODrfl:,, : {'{\m◄9° 1 {1°1/t\,)-- : r�:,-;,11 : '7'f.'i1 : (llflJl' h9° : K"!J!A � 'i!C�-- : fi.,f: : h"}J.tU : ft\(D·•1 : ,l, ..,,.; J-- : {1ao 11 •1,,.n : I\,,.e. : ll"1ll&. 'r• : Ok :,, 1 f1--m4>oro◄, : ;,,"l : fi,ODt\h,,.l'·lD· : 'iC: , �c� : n.·1· : (ldJ- 04: : 1 ◄ : . "l9°T : ro il'f' : 11),f, 1 h',(l I fltf 1 "'It\:,- : >,.,e1flm·9° : O'Jt\rf:°} 1,1�. -''h1>tu = fOD{lfl = ,"l�'=ft\�9°'' ; roiA = 1·nt.t1t • ''q::t•,7 , = 'h"JP.f,:J f, = ltT'' I OIP/..A : h'l;J1C : f,J,ro(l', : Y:1,;J1, : >,_floP'f«r1 : t\Ol/lD:,,: Oft\

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: '¼ : 'l° : hilh = Ifl!.22 : '¼ : 9° : Y:lil : 'If\--:,.. : : hID!.2li qr,. '1 � '1 = f, ii : q(IP;r:,-. : ll>'il'I' t OiilcJ: : 1°11: : l\00m+"'/:f(Dc : h'i7i : h"'lill.&;"1:9° iul\.e. , f+hti7i ODhl\hf lf'f = hit-'til = t,nq = "'IH;,>f = n,:,.. = n'f>--Tc c : c f, ' : : f 1 U"} _e.,0� J' l: {Lfill.'; : il/\°'L:f-.A i flh�ltU: 1 f'f/2%: f(IPff}ll) = if;,o,;:,-.: OJcil'I': +hlt7i: 1'1Jthtj:t\-- = hrt-mf,f!,),: ;!;£!1;!;: ,,nc: h!1: 'i1t9°• rf 'J° : : h "11 (ii�.'l-- : oo,y.. 'If ii�:,.. : me : h'/.,r : = t OJ«h'I' : §Jt§ : '111:9° :) f,'?'l� : qr,. : fl,mf cf!n:,, : ill\"'lf,1'1 1 C,:C?,-. : m-f;-:,, : lfS:A :: '111.,_ : n"Lti.OJ• : ,-, A+ht,/\ 'J° : r,..,,n {\.. : frt-")l\(D• 9° : oo+liliJ. : :,--n tJ/\� : l)/;\IJ'� : OD"}1f: : {l(\lf� : OOD•{\• : rf"IPC!l,./;\ :: +htin: = mf,'J° = f.°l'l� = qr,. = hifl£26 = '¼ = 9° = 1..'l°C: = rm,: = ')'1Jf: : (IPJ"�7"TlD'"} : {lI\ OD� i Ii�I hiv.£:l{i : hilh : Ii1£2Q ¾ !!ft§ : rflC : h� J "1"}rl;9° i I�I fiilt.2� = '¼ = 'J° = nm�'i'r = OiilcJ: = 1'?1: 1 i£:lil = 11c h� 1 '111:'l°= 0� 9°c,. : i!irt : rflC : h� = lt"} f:'J° : (ilf:°ilT : ou,y.. : {lCPJ'J. f : fail:,.. : -OC : hltC'l : lt1t'J°) 11:J! : f,ht,t\-- : rflf\"} : 0"'17f7fA : �c..e.r;A. :: .. : /\°1ilro1f:' : f,'? f,'1111� : flf,. : fl\t,°lfl-0 : frt-ro(l�fl:fro•") : C,:C � fl� : {\"'/(1"7:,.. : from..:,.."} : 11tlrfl'r : fh�t\-T"} ¾ .';��:,.. : n..e.l(l� : tp.1/;\_{) : (ltif.bm• : oojn,:,-. : f.h�A I mf,'J° : f,'?fl� : 'If, : hntmf,cf?:,• : �P, : OJc{l'J' : f,;J-(lrfll\TUJ« I rfl{\") : OD1f1 {t"} : lfdJrl--t;'A ::

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- 317 -

•

llIGH COURT Addis Ababa, Comm. Div. Jud.ges: Ato Teferi Desalegn Ato Asayehegn Adel Ato I-Iaile Sellassie Shiferraw

MAMO WOLDE v. INLAND REVENUE DEPARTMENT Civil

Case

No.

727/57

Taxati:011 - Income tax - Burden of proof. An appeal from a judgment of the Awraja Court l1olding that it does not have juris djction to· hear a case involving income tax.

Judgment reversed. 1 . A court bas jurisdiction to hear a case involving a person who denies having the kind of trade for which he is required to pay taxes. Held:

2. A plaintiff has, in any case, to produce evidence on facts that are contested. It is provided by law that unless a plaintiff supports his claim with evidence, it cannot stand.

The claim is for a su.m of money which the law requires to be paid to the Inland Revenue Department as tax for business profits. When the case started at the Awraja Court, the defenda11t Ato Mammo Wolde, a ''tej bet" owner, was sued for failin.g to pay income tax in the amount of Eth. $1107. 60 from profits derived from ''ted}'' and ''areke'' (alcoholic) sales for the period 1951-1955 (E.C.). The plaintiff also claimed a fine of Eth. $66 .45. The present appellant in his statement of defense argued tl1at since he did not start selling ''areke'' before Nehassie 1954 and since he was only selling ''tedj'' during the period 1951-1954 (E.C.), he should not pay income tax 011 ''areke'' for the period 1951-1954 (E.C.), and ''tedj'' for the year 1955 (E.C.). The lower court, in its attempt to clarify the issues in tl1e case had ordered the defendant to presen.t further defences. The defendant brotight an official letter from the Mtinicipality of Addis Ababa, letter numbe r 3000/5 7, and the court registered it without giving it any probative value. The co�rt t�en decided that the defendant should pay the amount claimed by tlie plain tiff. The defendant appeals against this judgment. This cou�t, in its attempt to clarify the appeal, examined the tax presented to 1t by the defendant in order to find out whether the def�� (appellant) had been asked to pay a combined. income tax on ''areke a nd ''tedj''. . ed &r o r as . Accord1ng to the income tax bill of 23/8/55 (E.C.), defendant V: d an , , e'' to pay a sum of Eth. $840. 40 as income tax for the sale of arek ''tedj'' over the period of three years (i.e.) 1951 to 1954.

j!�

•

-318 -

-M,AMO WOLDE v. INLAND REVENUE DEPARTMENT

1 Seconcl��, accord�ng to the income tax bill of H_edar 30, 1957 (E .C. ) , pay a to sum e. a of o. r der Eth . was $ 259 . 20 as income tax on ''areke'' •iefetrdant and "�teaij'', and a fine o f Eth. $6 6. 4 5. Fr,©m the records of .the lower court, it is evident that the plaintiff did not present any other evidence. A plaint iff has, in any case, to produce evidence on facts that are contest ed. It is provid�d by law that unless a plaintiff supports his claim with evidence, his cla1m cannot stand. The lower co�t h �s complicated the present case and put both parties into difficulty by i_ts failure to separate what the present appellant admitted from what he denied. In the judgment of the lower court brought to us on a.ppeal, the court states . th_at t�e defendan� should h'1;ve presented h.is petition to the tax appeal c0mm1ss1on 1f be was discontent with the orders of the plaintiff, and that be does not, the.refore, have the right to come to court and argue that he d.id no·t sell ''areke'' during the period 1951-1954 (E.C.). The lower court further states that it does not have jurisdiction to hear the case, thus weakening the balance of justice. However, the lower court erred in failing to refer to the law cited by the parties before writing its judgment. It is true that the law provides that a court does not have jurisdiction in any case to decide the amount of tax tee 0e paid by a party. It does not, however, provide that a court does not have jurisdiction to hear a case involving a defendant who denies having the kind of trade for which he is required to pay taxes. Since the lower court's ju.dgment was given hastily and without hearing e,videace on the facts contested, it is h.ereby reversed and replaced by the following judgment: Sin.ce the plaintiff did not produce evidence to prove that the defendant had been selling ''areke'' du.ring the period 1951-1954 (E.C.), and on the contr ary, sin.ce the letter obtained from the Municipality of Addis Ababa, letter numrner 300 0/57, and introduced by the defendant, shows conclusively th.a.t the defendant had not been selling areke for said period, the sum of Eth. $424. 20 shall be deducted from the sum of $Eth. 840. 40 claimed by the plaintiff. The fine imposed on the plaint· iff for failure to pay tax in time is im JFoper because it is misapplied. It is hereby wholly cancelled. Since the defenda.nt, present appellant, has admitted selling ''tedj'' a.s of the yearr 1951, it is hereby ordered that he pay: (1 ) an income tax in the sum of Eth. $424. 20 for the period 1951-1954; and (2) an income tax of Eth. 254 .20 on ''tedj'' and ''areke'' for the period 1955. Pie shall thus pay all in all, a sum of Eth. $683. 40. We further order that the respondent pay the appellant costs and court � ees aecwrding to receipt, or that th e appellant set-off such costs and fe.es a.gainst the .sum owed to the respondent. I Megabit 14, 1958

- 319 -

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- 320-

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' flh!l'i: (l'Pil'P: h 1-'tV•9°: tD&.�'f: {l(f)..!'f•: O�il;r: }\'ifrf: t ODx--u1 : ��,:: '1iiirf: 1 th1f\«: 1'7i,f :: f\f.: f.U1: hil: 1',cf>l(l:: ii. : 1 f h 'l'C : !§ : 4'1: !i!£2i : '} : 9° I rro/{l'}(l,f:: rot..r1--: fW-C il'i: rtt 1 'n,1-�f.C : �-f,A : flODht.:i• : �-��:,.. : °1 00 Ah;F=J!ro• t fo:,,:r.. : mt--7 i : -- -1 Dm1 11; f.C;,A1 :;: nO?tt.:i.. : 1,1�oot\hi: 1 = ,1 lf'i1•1 1 u {1 '1f-{/ D h ""'J ' : 1 : 0D1 fl ° ' f. f , l\,(\o-:j-: "J'l : (1 i> (: f�•j/9_% : lDt,.p'f: ODlft;'TOJ•: flt\rf • (l : 'h : mfl r : ',f· L lJ• I fh'17i ,f: : rot--r1-- : .,, : 111\CD· : � lll ro/{l'} ,, ? 1 l n�cf: : 0°11:f-TlD' : frf•l;J1mlD•;: Oh(l• : lD•il'l': OD"J'l:1,: f. 1'li:'PA f; l : ro· : ' h(l ' : i't"l·O;J::fcpA:: f,f·htir:f: : mfl:J>: nn itf1J9°C: • ,r ll : 01/t\ 0 ° > : : 1 9 : !Ji£2t : '} : : flcl'lflW-: ODhf\hf i o:J;f: t\'jj h•ft• I :J--"�'1P' � 4 .- A : : fro f(lm•'P:,-tJ 'i' P'Af1J1 : t\1..uar : (l,cl!1 ·= t\01/� '17i : �'P : ,f--h 'tf: s '111( 1 >,�,. = n�CL = 'hfw(l>;.t; = r11Y.·c = (l'I� = ni,cti:rw- : il9° : lf'i: 'h1,.e..--:,--t .C 9° : '1A 'l0l9°:: O�T th: ,O,h.C : ,"11"1 : «r'l'C : en.ere = ODo'l:,-- 1 rw·hA'i" = w(l1 = noo-tt.- = ,f--1A1- = on��: itt\n:,.. ,:,�U:9° : n�•rth: 0 • "1.C : ;,,"I: 'l>"-'l'C : l'if.�f?;: 10·il : "'''PC : (�) {/DlJ.'lT: rt-mti�: h1til,f--P.�C : P'&.: Ocf>C: t\f\: P't,. : t\ODP't,.:,, : flII/. fll&.A1(0«: (l.lf1 1 A�: W•hA'i": '11?,.'ilW-: hilt.f\1..: ',W- I001/t\,,.,..: rf·ht--hl ·. hltfr'9° : 'lcf>lfllD' : ODA{l t 9°19° : '11l,l. : f, f•htir:r: : mn:J> 1 : : f,U'}� t\OD(D•{lf,: rf--hl)7i : /J:J> {1�(1 : fW : }1At;' : P'AlfJ1 : b�(D« : .... nA'Ifl&,.:,..9° I (l.l\' : f4>--l n-:,-- : OD:1 m°tf :: fl,..,,"I : t.. :,.. :: fA,,..� 1&. : ��lf19° i ":l:f : hoop>;J :fro· : ltilcf>f.:'l° : /JP.m· : ft\ 'l:fm· : ODlf)-1 : fl..?1m•: (l.lf1 1 mh.f\:flD': fLP&.:fm·1: P'&. : 'h1P.�f..'h:i•: f.,�,nt--A I OOl/t\:,• : ,f--ht--h�A :: "J..:f: tfl/?.'J.'..:1 :fm-1 : h'1"li:09°ill1C : h1-"i.fil l� = mf.cf>m- i n�cx· = n,,1: = t..:11x· = rrtt:,- = 9°ilnc:i: = 1t:i cnm· i'til oofltil'PA ::

f'jj�'j": ff�: rf•htiii':Y·: mfl:J>: nnn- lr ; ,,.. htiii":f..: /J:l>W·1: h1f.. +,pn,i: = tif.hi;. • hl'LU 'P;J .,.f'if.u . flc = fUA = fh&.tt-- 0Dlf'i':fro·1�=. fUl/. fl;J"I'P : ti'/ iil'l1' : ,.,t\ � :;: fltfl/t\ ,.., : rf--h&. tiC: : 01/ill:<f m·'}: 1,"t�...r,J> C11: +t,.:i,p.ft:,. t l)f.:1>c,n : 4'C:tA::

= ..

fi1'lJ;bOl/t9° : rro/(l1flrf: : m&."{i';f, : mn:J> 1 ilttm-tiA'iw· P'A IIJ1 = 'l<l>lOro• = hchc i "J..:F. : mf,11· c: : f"l1fli: 1 o•.:J> i:m·1 = f01/Ii't�· = P'Alfl1 : /\"11�� : ,f--hlt7i : (l'Prf"'PA ;: frf'llttm- : �1fl� : f(D«tiA'i' : P'l\tq'} : hf.f...lt'J°:: /\"l.. fl,· (D• : {1UOD9°: 9°l11f1·: f1"lf.: : P't--T(D«1: t\"?h'im1 = r01J.e,'flr = iltt�n�-- 1 n1t1F..'1 = ,1--nti?i = h'>-"1.tii1: = f1"1.� = �:J>�· = (l6Lhm- = fil;J--ro 4>01· = rf --t-- : tfl/il;J-- ro.:f!f = �lD· = 'h1:( • n,l11f•fl = h'P'Pf.: t_.,}-: r,f-- (lm : fro•hA'i" : P'Af1J1 : itf,f...ft'J°:: Pi"l(11Ji1'J° 1 1'11�m- = ,,. .hti7i : fl m· hA'i"ro-: P'AllJ 1: ODLPl 1·: fl?,. (1: /J:11 = ft{11J'P'PA = fOJJ.fil'fl\:,-: fl"IA�--: r,,..it..: �1C : f/l9° ;: fltfl/ft:,--: ,f..ht«ti�A:: '"" m◄hA'i" : fl"IA�' : Wf,9°: (11f'J°:J--: fl.{l'J' : UD:f-t\• : "IA� : ',ID- :: hl.ito•9° : m-hA'i" 'l : O"IA,r : mf,9° : fl1f9°;J.. :· {IDcf>flA : lfl17ft•1 : f�,"t-m : r{ld1.C : ,"h"I l>""T : ' C : �if.. �fli : f,f...'l"l;JA :: m-tiA'i : nmti� - 321 -

0 9 : l 'i : O -i•tvltJ.', : (]Dt)h/,\ , fO'/..f. a'J {t 9"',:,-- : 1,1-�aolf� : oulll'} I ;,1 .. · 1 = r ,,. = O = ll'/'i' fa 9° = '¼.e'l-1·· = V OA �= G:C9° = 7''1-'t(l'P = til\or>ntt..,·.. n+c •l:tf\.{l'P : fOlf_.1--A : 'IOJc :: {l/ttLIJ ' ih1· I OJ•tlAt;" : 111 J9" ;J· ' It. {l'J ' : f °t"fA : ODIJ' �-'} : '100 :· {1 0 . 0 = i:·•c, ,1, = t,f fll = .. 1''}.t;n�:, , = 0,1,11,,1 = "'P'Py, = &,:,-. :.. 11..,.. ., ..1. 11" /A1(JJ•9° :: i,."}��(D• : ,f•nti7i: O�-ft: iJ:l' : (\OD�r·f,J -- = roJ?,.9° : (\oom •(}� : -,: I,_,fA.fl)"}: il 1\/,\'IO &. :ftD• ·I llJ 'iT°: : {1}«61,b : t\ 6'.nROD•a;'J : ,f--"1'lc : r":l : :l! ° · ..: mt--r':l .. : Ul\k'I:,.. : ft\'l!l�W-9 1 001/t\ t- = hC.tJC = .:l'C!).A ::

'l'cn

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(l tj::,..,11 : ·-0"1.C : ;J1a'J : 'fY--'PC : �7l.ifi : (i1JLPl1.' -:. rro,tJAt;ar : (JJ{l"}: oro·tr : l\f, : O'?f.\i· : .-J--m:P(l itA·f•OD/lh--1-- : n,11c i t\ m•hA c;0r : f°tOllllD' : tD(l"}: 1'1-f.1-�i: O,f..•1:,.. : ',lD· o:l:C : t\i't"}f...� : ·t·h ta7i : f{lf!l.!1:ar = fco·hAr. P'All11 = nm:aiftft = tti.r;11c �- ''t,1-Y...� : +h r : : flf�:,... : (l."/ft'i : t'i t\.C; : 1,'JY..t,fl, : lf 'lat- : f1°1�--1- : P't.. : h1-P'4ftiiP,..'' t J.',1\/;\ ::

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Om:t'f\l\ : h�;J ?C : f--l·f..l'l : lD4\1A'i" : .-J-- wtii: f"'J{l,f•Pr.e..c : P'lr : 1\1-�.&.�'9u : h01/fl :f-1\• : 0-f'"tf'C : /bl\ : P'A"l1 : it,e(lml&-9° :: n7if6Ib : f,..t-ouf..(l · : f1"1�: iJ:PsP1·1 = rof..9° = .e,Ol\7itr: ,1·•,flt\t11-- = f°1<:J--(lf t = '11c?:f1 = fODa ·'r = P't..i h "} f..n.il.-t-Prf..C : fP'Ir : 1',&.?.i9° : f°t�mC : 'Jmc ::1•01l1f- : t1(l rf,�f.C : P't. : (l{l--t-4>C : t\.l\ : P'lr : t\UDP't .·l-- : f0 1.fh&./,\1lD" : (Ltr'} : Af. ·: e&\1/,\'i": P'AflJ"}: h1 -'t'illD·: fq/,\ :: ,t-rolii: /,\�: farhA'i": P'') ll)"}: h/\,t\Or : fi{l.-J·4>C ¾ nll,,et• : h "}f..n°0f..C : OJf,9° : f'JIJ.e'}cf1ft.4'{l : 1.-fll-}"} : or>7i'P f l\(ll;r : "'I ,,�"'ldJ'i : J?,U"} : fUD/}{ll\..;f·•'} : irf''?'l�i" : 0 ro'1 f- : il9° : 11''i : "'1h'i"ro"}: 't,1f.. "'1J?,1·A : (l tj::,-.ti, : "flnhC : cf!' I' C : en:evc .,... --··-- = -1,1Al!l.A == fltLU : nCtJC : f\f,: roh.A : ftJ'�• ·l-- : n.7f t'i· : t'i : lLC:J-- t fl.cJ?1 : h1�.ft1i,;.. = "1:,,ltlt P'Af1J1 +11"1:fro, : 1'1:{ i nroti,e = il'J° n«t? 'l'C : f,f•UDflh,1:;,-.1 : ,f•dJ'l�:.1- : t\"7h'i·ro1- : 0°1/,\�.. : f·t•(l(J} ;fOJ4 : f,\f-; P'/,\llJ"}: n/,\'l(ll9° :: h'IH...U"}: rrf•OJfl�T: t\0YJh',OJ'} : Af.: P'AllJ1- = fOJJ..rllt.A'? = or>IJ' � : dJAK" = a;ro- :: ,1,°lfl('?:l:9° omh. A'P 1 1-,.�ou(& = (L11-- : ,1rotif..'P = tiA�f..� = n ,1,�l'c ;: f roh..A lf> = f"1A = utt k'I:,, = f..lf''iA 1 '11/n;,-. 'lar lf'i9° = nt,.u = ncnc: = ,._e :; DJ�:f : 01/01 0,1: = roh.A'P = f&.1'00.-1--1 ..,..ai ' lc = t,?.·Y:4'w•:J --A ;: raa,¥A t,cnc : 4'CU,l\ :: h,t-fl,nID• : fro•nf.\ 'i" : P'A"l"}: (D•6J..0 : f,-,...&.1ioua,- : .-f•"l'lC : nrotii: f?tf...4> : htr'l I f.-t-&..'/.OD(I)• = .-J--'?flC : cJ,'Jl;J-- : nrotif.. : 'h"}f..--tit iou = J!..�mt-A :: f�:,..,.,, = :ntlhc: = ,),'? : 4!'1'C: eif.jjr1c r (JJ}1..A f1,..i ouar1 = ,t-°lflC rotif- ,�..e..4' : 1,1S!IJ''l i rot1..n···� f-&��-�m· 1- = rf·"l'lC ha rhA'iro• P'AllJ'} : tifAli! : 1-i"}f.. : t..'I.UD<Ir : f,4'1m/rA ; (l"'ih-l1 m 1f..= f• == A htLU9° = fil\J!.. • 01-,..� ,1,'? : ,,,....,re = P-if.i!ri '1°1:i 001Pt.,l· • • -: l ( fit&h/A'il&' : h+(l(l){D• : P'&\.ll]"} : (I)\)� : h�l(l l&' ·= :,--},I-I'll : tl'ft\/j: 01 t P rPC:.f, = r,t-1, 1 i1,.. w« htr'l i t' "' AO·'i = fr P - 9° = 1 = • f . : : 1 t h. r h1�fK�� : J!, ,,e..�A :: ":l.:f : hnil7i : n�.. {1 : iJ:J' 1,. OJ{t� : 1 f,'ifm• : h1-..e..'10l : ;rl&*A :: ,l,009° : ill\..e..ta'l-rlD· t J.',U1't- ' 611: h't

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}t"}�;f'tii� : m �I\I\ : f(D«tJA «; : n t iix,, : P'AIIJ"} : f"IT : Jtfm()�.. : 00 'i'fT : h1J.1.�0l: OU· t\ .,-q,;f-tA � f"J.!f : +"Ill':: iJfJ> : n�fL .. :9° = m11 = +h&•'1�9>-f = nA+tifa9° -�'}fa<'/ = +hti7i1 , ..eu'J). = P'tr = A n�CL = hf�••T 1t1x.. :,,if'r = OD<j::4'.v.:fm'1itfit'£l 1111\(l)c = 11 = : C = AO·«. &.�{JIJ:Y.m· flif °I ( rf·"lll : f l1 y__ r1, ootr == 9° : tn : ). A l f.m -: : f m / tir. Ol 7' Y,.:,, : °lYo:J-- : �Ol'l:fm• :: (l rf•{J;}, 1' : ilAlf � : f.U"})- : (De/A "'I t9° 1 "J.!f : f.U1')- = m -A = OIJ?i"Y-.:J>:fm-1 = t\OIJillP.T rhti7i : m0-4> : 0-t\T : 9°iltil!11" : n�C(l : n il{JIJ ilh� A :: h�li.U9° : O•t\:,-- : 9°llhc>:f : -00 . >A : : :J ,.,.,l:, : hlt7i : 11tl0 · : llt\A·t·h&.t\w· � Oc"lm--1- : f9°iltiC�:,. rf: 1 : 1 m/ h : (l fl : U·l\.•·1,<'fm• : 9°llhc: il. t\ -41: �c1,r: fa ".,'l:J: 117"/Lil : "10.f .. = �cnm , nr1.1tm• = J,1-'th�t\-:,-- : 'h1J;.&.:,,X•f\:f mv-fl-tK"f-1 : kT 9° 9° : fl(lmm· : :J>A i h'17i : (l"J9°r)·· : : iltiC ;J-tf>tD: � n1S' :: A Y, , m -OC : fA+t1&.t\ : fiJ:t' : q>,;J : lll\t\m- 1 'r'l!T : 'h"}Jt;:J .. 1()A� : 1 1CA� ! (Lt\- : m/ft.101: : h"}famr<l!:t : 00ilhZ:A :: ,,e,u : 0-t\-, ":L:l: : }'\"}f_.<'; : rt- h '17i : hh'1'if- : ,;JC : f f.t.1-:fm-1 : m•A : 1'1.V.if-.4!:,- : !ll�TlrA :: llt\ rt-�: +htir1:: h1·1.. u-: 111-111 "h'.: l\. lJ : r(lC : t\ODh&..t\ }t"}j!�: : H.U l-1 : O'/lll� : n t\1 : 111\m· : ltf�CO - : (100:,,1,.;-:fro- ! rm/ft.10 ..1: : mt,. P1" : mfl:J' 1 h"}fa� : rf•hlt7i : P'Al1J1 : rl\:,"9° ! ft...t\• : J'+ln•:,,, : ooh l\b.f : bl\f. : O+ HlHlW• : 9°111.,r:,.. : (l(JD•t\- : llf\A,f"4>0A�m· ! "J.;f9° : mb1\:fm- : f1Pt--1--m-1 : ill\Kfacf?rr : t--lt:fm· : 'h1f-.&.Koo•:,- : llt\"7.cf> ,nc ! (ltD-l\.•9° : f rf"DDl\.h+m- : t)P, : 'h"}S-1.W-C ll : t)P, : tr'i : llt\°7.4'>,nC! fm/ii101: : mt- -7i'9f : nn1X'�:,.. : jlQ.Qf!l : h�l; : t\h'17i : '11,th<j::f\.- : .�..cf.'iA :: fP,��,f:"} : {lfal(l� : 00,.,.,1,.,} : +hlt'if. : '11.l;.b�t\- : 111\'.A :: ill\ h.v-11,.,; : fm{l:J' : h{lA : h'17i : n�:,..,,, : 11,h»C : "1°1 : P'� : P'C �:,.. -,,..Tc • = ODV't.:i-- = 11c11c = (l.f1>c•n • ,,..hti7i:f = i,1J;..h(j:t\•= Y, mii'iA :: ..eu : �CX' = Jf� : 'PC : Ii : +1 : Iflt!lil : 'l: 9° : O-t\rf:9°: m1,;·:;.: Qf\,i{l:,-C = +flm ::

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- 323 -

HIGI-1 COURT Asma,ra Judges: Ato Negussie Feteh Aweke Sheh Gieder Mohammed Ka1nil Ato Freyohannes Zerom NAPOLI VINCENZO v. RITA RINA ET AL. Civil Case No. 26/57 Co11tract of age,1cy - Forn1 of age11CJ' - .4ct pe,for,ned /;y agetzt be; 011d scope of authority ratificatiot1 - obligation to ratify - Civil Code Arts. 2192, 2202, 2203, 2205(1) and 2207(1) 1

I A. suit to compel the l1eirs of a principal to pay for the debts inct1rred by l1er agent

duri:ng the life time of tl1e former.

Eleld: Defendent-l1eirs held liable for the debts incurred by deceasecl's agent. 1 l. A contract of agency may be validly conclt1ded even if not before a public notary.

2. A principal is under obligation to ratify tl1e talci11g of goods 011 credit if the ru11ning of his bttsiaess involves such a transaction. 3. If a princjpaJ ratifies tl1e acts of ai1 a.gent perf orn1ed 011tside tl1e scope of the latter's autborit:) tl1e agent sl1all be d.eemed to have acted v1itJ1i11 tl1e scope of his po,ver. 1 ,

The deceased, Woz. Se11bett1 Esl1etye Fantaye, had a fur11iture store in Massawa v,1hich she ran by co11ti11ually taki11g ft1r11iture fro111 the plainti_ff. Fro.m the proceeds of tl1e f11rniture, the deceased tised to deduct tl1e profits and hand over the p11rchase price to the IJlaintiff. Subseque11tly, the deceased beca111e seriously ill, and gave her niece, Ri�a Rina, a power of attorney before the Mt111 icipal Of11cials 011 1-Iidar 28, 19:>5 E.C. (April 7, 1962 G.C.). Rita w,1s to act as ar1 agent to manage tl1e business. After Defendant No. 1 took the n1a.nagemer1t of the business a11d failed to pay the Plaintiff a s111n of $9,409.75, tl1 e price of goods wl1ich she had taken. from the plaintiff, the plaintiff brougl1t s11it against l1er, her guarantor and W oz. Senbetu's heu·s, Desta Esl1ete, Medhin Eshete, Fekede Eshete and Tsensu Eshete. On _Tir _ 14, 1957 E.C. (Jan. 22, 1965 G.C.), V/oz. Se11betu's heir_s fil�d .an. applicat ion for probate of tl1e will and. administratio11 of succ es510 n 1? which they _pet!tion�d that their rights be judicial!Y .de �l�recl. Si1 1ce they e s d 1 en th declared he1�s 1n File No. 127/57 counsel for pla1nt1ff Joined a . � u,·1.d ants contending that since their rights have been judicially declared, tl1eY sho

;;d�

- 324' -

NAPOLI VINCENZO v. RITA RINA

suit. On Tahsas 18, 1958 E.C. (Dec. 28, the to s partie be 1965 G C his 1n _ _ sta nd tem an ts ent of defence, argued that the Counsel for Defe auth�rit) N n . t De by . fend� the dee eased was of a provisional � 1 conferred upon nat ur� . bu sin ess dec s ; but tha t 1t does not empower the def eased to m anage the endant or con cre _ clu dit de contracts of loan on behalf and in on goo ds tak e to the Fur the rmore, �nder Civil Code Art . 2202 the scope· name of the deceased. of an agency must be expressly fixed 10 the contract and under Civil Cod Art. 2205 (I) special authority shall be required where �he agent is called upo: to perform acts other than acts of management. Plaintiff �eplied that defendants' .arguments �ere not supported by Jaw. He agreed that sm �e deceased had adm1tt �d tl1e existence of the debt during her life time, she 1s deemed to ha�e ratrfi �d her agent's acts concluded beyond , . the scope of the age11t s authority. Pla1nt1ff has proved by the testimony of two witnesses that the deceased had admitted the exjstence of the debt during her life time. Counsel for defendants Nos. I and 2 without denying the claims of the plaintiff, had alleged that he had evidence to prove that defendants had. paid a sun1 of approximately $3,000. However, he failed to produce l1is evidence although he was allowed to do so. Counsel for Woz. Senbetl1's heirs had argued that the power of attorney alleged to have been conferred by tl1e deceased, was not a valid gra11t of au. thority; but that it was merely a 111easure by which the deceased notified the authorities that the defe11dant was ma11aging her business provisionally, duri11g her il!J1ess. The so-called power of attorney was not conferred in the presence of a public notary. Furthermore, there is no provisio11 in the so- called power of attorney expressly authorising defendant No. 1 to buy goods on credit. It is clear that authority may be conferred upon an age11t either express ly or impliedly. It is also clear tl1at u11der Civil Code A r. t. 2201, accepta11ce by the agent of his appointme11t may be eitl1er express or implied. Unless a special form is provided by law, the autl1ority may be conferred in any form, in so far as it is an agreement between parties. Since the law provides that al1thority may be conferred impliedly, it is difficult to accept the argl11nent of \Voz. Se11betu's heirs to the effect that grant of autl1ority may only be validly made before a public 11otary. He has also argued that the deceased's heirs are not liable for acts concluded by her agent beyond the scope of the agent's authority. Art. 2202 provides: ''(I) Where the scope of the agency is not expressly :fixed in the contr�ct, such scope shall be fixed according to the nature of the transaction to which it relates." The power of agency conferred by the deceased up(?n defendant No. I is exp�essed in general terms and reads that Signorina Rina shall manage the business in tl1e cap acity o f a n agent. Art. 2203 provides that: or tb au t en ag e th on up er nf �'Agency expressed in general ter1ns shall only co 1ty to perform acts of management." - 325 -

. IV - !'--lo. 2 ol V Y.l LA N A PI IO H ET F O L A JOURN

tl1e sale or of sold be sh peri to d able com o . 11de inte ds goo . . ·The sa1 e of n1 ct 1• 1 t c l S t. a t 1 1 11 1or1ty 1e • 11 e g a n 1s required Wher f ma o P ts c a e b to � � d e m e e d _ _ re a ties e h e1 t an ott1 acts acts or1n of 11 po11 to perf inan ed call agen1ent. 8 1· t . 1 age1 : · th e . 11ot t may 1 . v1t agen 1ou� s�ecial autliori the tl1at 5 220 Art. in : ided prov _ It is _ ty 1on or f 11at . pe1 do 11 or1 ke n1a similar acts. aljenate or mortgage real estate, tl1e ess n nage 1 bt1�i. m:: to \Va� co11 ferred 01 ity author l genera e s ca. this In s e l1 ve l a 1_ not s do l1or s aut tl111 1_ t_ y to perfor� ho , Rita _ i11a nor � Si � � nt, age the � � � . _ _ u11aer t. r " 1 2205. It 1s clear tha in the principal's nan1e . those acts listed t special authority is required to perform those acts. It f?l]o\vs tha. t where sucli acts have been performed b� !he age11t, . the age11t 1s personally liable for thein u11less ratified by the pr111c1pal. In tl11s case, a11 argument has been advanced to the effect that t11e . deceased, Woz. Senbetu had ratified tlie agent's acts. Wl1ere an. act, �er�or1ned by tl1� age11t beyond the scope of 11is authority, is ra.tified by the pr111c1pal, the act 1s dee111ed to 1-iave been. perform ed by the principal himself. Art. 2192 provides tL1at where the co11tract is ratified, the age11t shall be deemed to have acted witl1i11 tl1e scope of his power. Art. 2207(1) provides that the principal . sl1all, �here good faith so requires, ratify the act done by the agent notw1thstancl1ng that he departed from his tern1 of reference. It is not de11ied that the deceased used to take goods 011 credit fron1 the plaintiff whicl1 goods she later sold. Si11ce tl1e deceased was ill and unable to mat1age the busi.J1ess, sl1e a11tl1orised defenda.nt No. I i11 ge11eral ter1ns, to run th;e b11sioess. None of the parties have denied that the deceased's business involved. the buying of goods 011 credit and selli11g tl1em to custon1ers. It • cannot be cloubted that the deceased inte11ded to permit Defe11dant No. l to buy the necessary good.s on credit \Vl1e11 sl1e ha.nded over to tl1e latter tl1e n1anagement of the ·business. Si11ce it is proved tl1at defenda11t No. 1 had acted in good faith, the deceased was under an obligation to ratify whatever acts defendant No. 1 l1ad. concluded beyond lier terms of refere11ce. Furthermore, Counsel for Plaintiff has proved by tl1e testimo11y of two \Vitnesses that the deceased had ratified the contracts concluded by defendant No. 1. The two witnesses have testified tl1at \vhen tl1e deceased failed to pay the first and second instalments, the p]air1tiff had her summo11ed before a Police Officer, the second witness Major Tsegaye Habtezi.on, wl1ere sl1e 11 ad requested the Plaintiff to allow her to pay said st1m periodically. Tl1e first wil?e�s has ! estified that he has bee11 asked by the deceased to req11e st tl1e plaintiff t � give her some time to pay a sum of about $9,000 w]1ich sl1e owed _ the plamtiff. All this amou11ts to ratifica.tio11 of the acts co11ducted betw een defendant No. I and the plaintiff. Whereas defe� d�nts Nos. 1 and 2 have filed to prove repay111e11t. of $ 3,� owed to the pla1nt1ff; whereas for tl1e a'bove reasons tl1e arguments of . th Counsel for the heirs is unacceptable· whereas since the deceased had ratified ' r the contr. act it . · e, the · � · deemed eior tl1er to be the deceased' s personal act, debt shall be paid by the deceased's heirs. They sha jointly pay the sum ll of $9,409.75 to the plaintiff. Court costs shall be paid in accordance with Art. 463 of the Cjvil Pro cedure Code. Delivered on Ter 18, 1959 in the presen ce of bo th parties. - 326 -

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A·fm·11 i ,l, '11 1t ti 1 -, h. ft f,e ,1--m•'i u•A1. 1-i9° = •1 :,.. 1 fl :f : ;, C: : 'if1 'i"i-- 1 ;J--1\:p : i't h�ti t : lf 'I m· : h 01/.1 i-- :,.. : fAtJI/,._.. : .. e. : .e1 '1t\• : h«'J..'lh - : OD7i,7,�:,- : t,m-,,,:,.. 1c; = h� : ft\ = ti·flC:1 : e11m· .. ;,c : itllJ9°t.m·:J...A:: fl,ll/\9°: y,e or1c;:1, : fl\:fw· : h.:'J.--r·A·fro◄,,r"} : fl.f 1il n1t1t,,n (n--1: rot) r --f".:i'f.(I. = �w• = •flt\m· = f"'l..f?"'t-n:,--1 = vi lli\?° 'IJ?,01/'i:,.. 1 = ,"l,°1 = t»Y. = 1°1 : ..n1--1 --mm·9° i i'1.·1--f·A·fm·..C'1 h c(l,f:,,r'r:1: O!r.fro• : h�t\ : 11001 : i',;, 0'17i : l\,e: ltA: i',l)� : i't.'11 : ltA: itl)A: q" = oi-n'l'l! = t\.:,, = ,,,..1.:,,,:r, , nyii1w· = rof,9° UJJ,fc h'i:ft: tl{JD"} : hJ-,l.•{l"; : ftiT..-f:n : ticil,f:.l11 : !1:1!1:: mf.: lf}m· : m,,e. : '?lJ1I : f,,.,..,,..l.1° {IDm -1 : OD;,; ,l1 � : (1'/�tJI/ 'i:,.. : Y.1 {l 1" : OJ «{l 'J' : ;r I\:,, : P'A 11J1 = ft\m· = outr't- 1 = .e.:1,n·l\f\1 �u = �:,--d, '11P1:'J.-- = ( r11--y,:f = �:,..,..,,) r1·'1t\m• = r;,,1:.f = = n;1...t\:,, = n-Oc = f,m.:l'il = 'Inc;: '11c "l"t = 00 f..l1'1 = !l:1* = wf... lf'I� = wf... t,"1c:'1 = ...,.....,..c:1--'l°'i = n;-1.:1-- r-A·,r =

= = nxi�:m.. =

n,,..

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- 329 -

:r•r'l°

a,.(IT I : hll"'IOJ�6 : t;::'t-"1 I '11P':,.. = P,?[-:f.. :; '1A·t· ·/\ 'Pmm: hl �"}: P'lr .= l\f., : t,.l&'/ll&':,.. = 'IOC: fiat/l\.:,..: .f'a1t..'r�A ff'i9°, ' - .\ A } ,� -: lD·il'P : fllj":T'.-lt : -i1P l· : : O°tF..l m una,. : f0t1'11 : On.Tf-A•f 1 -: b-OC I f°t1t\&tD•"} : fcf1d/: hlt-0: ',lD'::

=�

'1°19° : }i"}\I. : OA"'i?r:fOJ•'i" : OP't.-:fro• : f�;i",11 : '11P'rf�'} : ,),� ff1f: fi'P-0:P: 'lf.,hi"f\c9°: :,,1r I h.:1-r- A·fm·f1 : fi: ir)"".rh: 'J•1p-1:1,1: fln/.; 'P?a:,..: i·} y_: ,'ltd/ = a;ar :: t\ 'IC(l• 1 il11-- rori.1·)·ro• � li=C�... = a. ...,-1-.. : fllll/.(lm� :,..: m-tit9':t:: m·ll'P: 't,f.,f.. t\9° l 9°ti1 f,f::9 °: l\ a;, R·LU: W·IJ�?J":f: /\1.ltm•: hilLl\1c : U·'ii: : fOCZ.flUJ/ao•c;: OP't,. : i\fi, : f°1.ro ·n:': ODlf'} : lll\/\ fl 0J : : Olf� : (14! : : }i"}l). f 9°19° 1'1�-�, tll,C ',tDWf.,9° : 'r: f.t. -t� fm : n1-, = n.1�-A 1 ,l1'1· = .v,?r:f = rof.&,:,-« nnt'l(l• = rnt1 = 1,Pir·1, = 1\1' rain ffi•T: (D«q).: hf.,.�t\'J°:: (li'bm◄ e,.. : lD•il'P: f,l1 a1: uo('at:;p..: hllD�l'r: 0kT : h1 f.. 'i fl l m-c;: 0hfl I\'1°1" : 1·11 f: : h'} .V, t\ m.- = v--t\ -- i fl t1.:'t·V· y lD'f"} 1 ;,.1..: llP'Ir-: l\.,e: hOCZ.a>-t\--: '11�-:f.: C4': f'l°Ir -A: U•'rrl;: f,r-: f.,1�A if1'? = """:,.. = h?Y,"7'i°'1" = f'l°t.-A = '1··>,1 1,-1:r-- = ,:.,c = n�,c--n = ,,..., f.,ff ll f°t1�: f,l1 -0l-(l1}: �"}•(1: �OJc:: A"7 p..:.f,c;: f'j:C�: (1:,,: Ori} t911-- : h,n1--: ;JC I h/\oPil"'/"7:r:froc : 't,.:,--r-A.•.fw•.f"} "} : i'1 fll 1CCP/:f (Dc9°:: fA0'1 p. ""fc,·: flj: C j!;: (1 :,..: lD· ti ),9'1' : h,"h. °l: ;JC: hfl OD{).Ol/ OJ/:,, = . °: f°tfltflD-: (Y,U1 : "'ltif:,..: hil�i\1.: 'lf,lf19°) ,'i1•fll : (111: 'i:i9 f.,;J,ooc;A :: h,:,..r-A·fw·f1 1 : fUI/.ffl1CIP/ 1tf\ootri,.1 : �lD- : i·-Ot\ TlD': f&.'1:flD• : flf',lD-1 • '11 : f0'l,,.eilm:P il: 0Dlf)•1 : lltIJ9°: rort.f<& -- = +-T'1'i = h:}�1 � 1..u9° = foY....r11�-n:,-1 = m'lf1�l1Jc"} .z- "}1•LP = 'J•1P'·f: : fA"'IY:: f,'Jfl1--1 : lltl1'1: {JDt\n : hlD10 'r•f·: }i"}Jz.h,f·�: fl.. f•f;f!ro. : 'llD':: h..Tf·kfm·f"} : tl1'11 : 'l\1fo:,..: h1�ai..ev... ..1 : l\OlJl�T : .ruA : .. : fl.-f..:f : 111Y:: "l'&.�011. Y-1fl""f: OP'&.: l\f,: fiOD 'PA l1f..": (1�{:� r -;:,..: 1'1�1\:flD-t;: h1Y-lbl\:flD- : f\OD'?f\7": ltf.,mfl·(l: 'tlhh: 1.fl?;O = oo,r,.: qoo:,--: Y:lll: fhlD·�7: f.�oC(Lrf:9':f: (lOD•t\--9°: f(f,V'1 : n-0

=�

: ct:Trf1 �1P'T: 01.coo1-: J','lC: Oh.: h.C'if.\.Y:: '1°111��-l-: ll,-06 : h.:t·r-1::f l -trflt\<' OVA : Oitf�u '¼= 9° : (L;J•rf-9°: OlltiOI/"} : h.°111�}.."f• : J!."1'1'' : tacTil= 11f.t l h.·t·r ,::f : ,f·,(l{\o : flT.tf:iu : q. : 9 ° : OflCll"} : :J·TUJ..f.\. :: llO·t\·9° : iflA"r : q,c,- I �OJ• : r�CJftm- = °h:i•9° = '1h.tlJf\..f s flii:flV. : q. : 'I°: fl:J•m-1•m• : rh..·1-�·*·J' , .rrt;.-1· = t\.:,, : Oh."1'i'H.f.; : ?--f,,Y.· : f'11'fr : K"m-'i:'i· : i'l1JAJ-'1�m• : :'f·C1·9° : rf•ITJ9°c.' : •l•H:,J! ltC 'hilrf:9° : h.A : �-r,h 1 �1P'T r }', : ft,1":11'\1tr·� : � �, ! ll·-'t:t: : h.htl.11..f{}•l:ho : h> :f'lh, = � 1 itfl.ll.tf 1 --1-�F.-f· 1 h. : itt;':J•.-f·: 'Im· :, 'l''i"'l•f:: : 1,1\f. : t1--f•m4•,,ro · : 1'1·9°: °1 1 it'lil : .ffta>- 1 ct::'f·m : .,.,F;t-1 : oocrr: : }',t}fi· - 1 hll'"I'(!' : f"'l..1A'l.''i': rYll·fl : :,, .�9 ,t·t1-t·A = 'ltt m- = s..·c:e;:,- = oen.c-r• = efl. , 11ill6 : J-, 711�'1-l· , n,•1/.\,,C''}� : nrux0i :• '¼ 1 9° r 'i!•1·,h : '11P';f. 1 (h.A : fl.-OC' : Jt r &.) � ho.«;.:f : f..,11, : 11.:�: : Jt(L(t.>; : tt,t;•l; ho : t,�o'l..1'1: hf.\.. -'lt..f · Jt.:J•f\..f'io : --l••(lno : :J•,f•ua f.:t__C:}OIJ. 1 "'lll:r m?f 1- OhC°l'I' , ll�C-0 s 1..1t : f1•F.�"l• , 'l°C'l''C:-:f· : 'h1F.art.fUD_ll. h1::,- ' ll"7ilrf•"7Cf : f01J.f1/l"1/•l , 0-'1611 = frf·1a� • nh"'lc� , :1-c1•9°'i' = ·l•'f:i· = rfH• 1 f'J:,.,."1 1 'l1F:1- 1 -0&-'i"?>�f-- : Olt.:'f·r·*·f : CD-il� 1 /l•Olt•· 1 ua,f : Jf(111t;:r· : {lift 11-0 1 ti"}.(': 1 J!,1j. 1 'IOC : fH.tJ 1 -0&-'i" : )\.."f· 9° r An , hXuf«B?i- ('h. h.. h .) {l�•l· : 0"1C"7'P. 1 ,,,..,,, : '11P'T = uaf.\.ti9° : t.:J- : Th•1·n , ;J-T'P' , 'I OC 1 "11 ' 'h•l "°" 1t.em�1f 0'1Jfl.f1 m�� '1..tL : mY:o:J...A rs O'ifffxi('h .t.. -h .)fh-'tll : hfifl r-oci 1 0. T ' f ff..tJ1- I C:.Y.. I h� t\:,... ;- h lt:,...qi, I h llr"I'j:/.\ rs 1 'i" 1 (lI\9° 1 "'I I

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--1 = Ah = = r� { C 9" n�:, :'f' rr � fi. }ffic tJ ,-.9'°� :t-re = ('1.e,�.. A) ,11"1 1 n O'/fl:,• I f{!10l/lD411 : ch.'? : <Df,'J° : r ...,-.'-.'r(!1 : ('i:f&.-A) : J.°I = Dl/l ;r l mll 1 -O:r I f,fl?A 9°19" : 1'1\\1 : iL;J A : 7"fL,,.l:o.ll'J° : ("'1/\T ; 1 (lm• : f atJ..fm /fJtD-1' : f..'1;J"L : 1'1� : frf•LTC11 : <Df, 'J° : f'l°t. A'}: " "I . • : i'tf,Q;l.9'° 0 fl 9° Ol/. lD4 ) nl't1 � : ODr f, : '}OD;J-.r), : ro«ilT : htlU s rJ.°I h : '1· il : C : hlt-0 : 1'1f..'1C� : fl..fS!C11 'J° I hU•1 : fl,11"1 : &.h«At¥';F1,1 : ro«ilT : f{lifA: '1�'J(\1' : ,)•'J°tJCT : ou�nc I flffi'J°lflf : DD'J1f: : OJf..tlU : r ,l1"1 nlt-O = 11,,:'P�:,-. = t1f:"}00ili l = 1..e..t..11 = .e,00iltiA :: nt1u-). , 1.. 1i = rcri ;1-r m- : h,,'P k·-S!:Jk = (TC1'iLS!1'7fA) ro ..e,. : If� : oo'J"IP',)• : iloot--oof:: 1 flrf-/\f , 9° : r1tm ,,,.,, ]'tP,.{l : Olf�'i : �:,..;,. 1 flrf-ODl\flT : h l).�1 1 : . ;,..-0t.. : (l,fl1' : /\°7.f,.t--1._r)• : roi..e..t..1ro« : f(t?ff\..{l,), 1 h1C11' : 'PlT t ;,..,- : A°1P..1'1'i : fl(lp,-:j, : 00tihA : f lt-T'J'i : n1.. H.ro« : rcri17'T1' : f�{!1 : "11'1-�+l-- : 11:J! : ODODt\h:,.. : filfl,)"'J° : OJf,.UIJ..(){\m« : '1'11 1 : (IJJ&\fa'iA ,n"l • ,n1lt.. = (1111' = 00ilro1 ' = iltil\n:,, • 1tu,1 nP' t-= {lO D'f'l\:flD4 : 'J°h'Jf : ,..h1ll(l}« : h°t11-T : .f,.1fl1' : : ODQ;\. Or'}: +ouAtil-- : UDlf'} : hilflT :: ,n.1'9° : AOI/P.."f'J : Of/ilrf•,:J'l:,..'i : t.1.V: = r+m(l� n;1, °h.1�.._e.t,.. f°1f: l"l P't-- = rn:F 1'1�1\m• ircr = . OD ;1-r :,- = filn:,..9° 12

,,:,-

,n°I

rr ...

nou:,,f.9'°

= ""

f,U : 1't'11l : Ofl/\01-- : h1f!1' : },OJ•�,)· : hlf� I fl11AK'"l'i : h?"�t--'1 (lrf1 = Jrt1f!"f I l't'J(l(D« = h°11�:,-. 1 °1'i":fm·9° = (lm• , n,1,1t.e,r I rti1� (llJt?'"f : f,U'J'}: f1lAX-"l'i : DD&.-&.-� : llOl/'r't--T : {l.,/t- : /\W•'r : i\°19" llJT : 11°1..f..hoo•n:,-. : h..Tf·A-f'J : hou(l fl : 1't1C : ro•il'r : Of,OA1' : l,m« �:,-. = ourr1 = l'tiln:,-. r,111--= ou(l'i"P..= P't-- = AOTJP..1-..1 = ou.-,,nA'i• 'h�c (l.19" = nOTJ'PY� = ..e..1n-:f,1 = "'lc--11� = 1 1:F = n.111 = 'ff! , 'lUA = nllr = -o:t- : ,f-m·fl�: f,--l'C : �nc :: fl'hC'?'P : 1'1�.u : '¼f,�rf: I P't--: f'ld1 A'J: +9°1;1-CJ!�--r: (itf,JtfA119°) hct:--1--'1 : fl;J-- : :,..,y.. t n,,ro,�,f: : 'l,l 1 A'J : 6/!'t--7i = fA·,-.h+il = fi.11'1 = �nc n1t1'1..�7"ll�:ct = T'i,)· , r,,..1,m-1 = n;, .°I = ouAtJ = 1'1Jtrot1J = n...e..t..'? = 'ft: = n1tt:"Lw· = '1,nA = ro·ilT = rtPJ.1 1(lr'J : +&.- : �1C : "77f?fA : --l'C·f.. : 1'1..e.�Ol : 'h'J)t..,,'PA : OT/f.tlc"l : 1,rr1 , �nc 11

ilil1tu'J° 1 r1t..:,-.r-t.-1 = 11r = ;,.1al--1 1 Oi"l\�9° = f�:,•,h = 11t1uc1 1 rll°I l\trr/'k«J:9° = nroo). : 'Lit s _e.u = m"l = m�l\l\aJc'J : nh.,1..f·k 1 = 'l"1A .n:F 1'1>;.oulPt,.:,.. = i'tl\(l0•9° = �nc 1,raJc = ft..ll,,,.:,-. 1 ftiaJcc:;r = n�c:= ttu,..c fJi'? = ou()'i P..¥1:f = n,e��m·'i : n?;�lD4= OD.Y.. = qOD:,.. --'f = ODlPt,.:,.. = ilOTJf..l l = 1'1 1..tL = rc:OTJ(D«,,f,. = :J +i>1 ih,t .r -lD4'J = = n >;(lo« = u..il... 1 r+'-1'�= ,n'? = �ro« = +-Oh° : f;r(lnaJc1 = rft1 = 1'1� = �Tm �1JP,l-- = i't>til = 'h.T9° = f°t�mc = ih'? = �nc - f : rf U fiU-t\,f: : outihA : flllD· : A��:,.. : f,U : ',(1}« 1 fli'tw«f!1;r t flt. = A� r = n�n -r:i= il .. :, 1;il = ,;.,h ;r1 , = • 1 rf-h • = h°ft. .-, 1/l� h'? cil = 1'il '9TC: A�: fC:trr/UJ«f"}: ,n'? : :,--/n,,r..l-- : il .:J>W·'J:,.. : fl�'J1l: frl-ff,,?J!: hODl f "" = tim � 2 1 1 /f�9° ll,f\ : f?"iltti : P'� : 1'01l'J'i' : ffP'�t--¥'1'1 = AOl "1 = w« 11 = fll J -'tt 1'1 , .,,. = {l?J'f = hc�;J, = it'1':Ji1'-- = �nc n1t..:i•r -A-f

= "" =

m°l

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- 331 -

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,,n = = ,111, !l!/\•. lltt.:i-r·A·.f ""(I ,,. oi.. 9°1, �= D .. IL -1 : 111 ?'l«rh I 11, : t �:, : 1 • .. • 6 b • • f 1 ,q = 'h11-l 'I= ll':"m(l • (l.flA . !11� .. <n 1. •.. n1c r;,1"1= '1.e,1fl'i• = ,, .. .}· ,, , , i r.r' t\ 1� llt... . . t, = 1,\ 00 00 , , = · "' �-:/ ,11 "" v. f A f.=A = • h:,·-A·= r°7:?'t\OJ· : '11J.:.�= l, Y-.,:1 = � nc :: .e y,u'l= d'/ .r:t.1.. : ll.•ril q 0 r ar f m·'I" I 1t,to• : ,l,°l : t\h.Tf--W,. : · �tf 1fl; t\. _;_ 0"1•bL1 /t9° : �'} > ° 9' : lf1 : ll n."1'/!\9 t· <t:"l",lt: �1p,:,.. : t,•011;;: 'h'l'>.: ,l,1--: r..,,,.,,4': P'lr . -: f, : 1 4'l : : i\ h �_e,llrl,\ l, f.. U lt-- I i'-t�O•: ,l1'??° : hi»t.: (D •J : 'Lit : P'lr -- A : f A : ��.. :: f ,)11 "= J.! n.?11� : tu' f:, . : i\ <J>C 1 / O?. f,(lr/A : ll. � t : · � i\ }: 1tf..,:1= >'f-111,n(lr:,..= 'Inc;: ilt\t1 .. u?11 f il..'I t1 tt·= roi1q:1-w- 1=t\U?�l il, "I : (J'',Or : 'h1P,.roi& : hOT/�"l°l : f:,l,\:,_, I f'? P';»(I, : mc1,e. : 0.. 'f lOJ•? 11 OJf, 9° : htLU : f'?il;,� : m'lf� : f"1.. 'llt : h..ii"V"?,·..fi£ : ,1,"1 : fOIJ.. .,ti : (IJ,.�:,.. : f ih 1 : JPIr : l\f:, : (I[P'PA : ll.,. OI>t-. : ffIIL:fA : htt.U 'J° : Ft-: t\o0 ,.:mc= &.t\1· II

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ill\ : ro•cll ,J f 001.. ODtfro· : r,.,,°l : l'l.!1' : (loom.,.. : q>c; : ftr� : ftD· ell 0011..f· :f-..1= n,'"l1J!.,m:,·..= l\t\<D• : 'lA : wf,9° : uaz.{l:,_.. = fl'rrf.. = �r1c =1 h. :i-r--kfro•11 i 1•nl1--= n r';, = ,., uo P..l-= fL,,,..= fl·O= m· l1'r= {JD :i) l1·· ; tt/\n:,..= hOJJ.l\ro-= ttti-0 =:J C= llt\,,l··,f,�..,.. i 00110:,-= rtPJ.(ln1 ·:,..=i"}r11· r l h'lP,.( ltl· : ttll&.1\1 OJ..:,5 : {]{,\ : UJf,'}'1 : 07.{l:,.. : t1(1•f•(l{1• : ,.ftJl1{1JO 1= u 1 1ll-r : flthf,m:,, : fll\lD• : fl/.\ : OJf,9° : utJ_{l:l.. : ll,lDlll : },f,1�/,\9 � f°:L:,: : Hou f-.1" : 'lf,'f�.. 'J° : h 19. : l}A : roJ!,9° : tP/.{l:,.. : t,f,mCO·'l° ; OD "}OJp:,, : {la>C{l : f,ODlllJA :: fl1t111�:,..= ttt\00 tr�-1= 'h f m4, ,. n:i»1= Afl'i'= fl�lf"}9°= (1/l,lt : ·OW-=11ll'T' : ,.,, : 1'1fc/J:,.. , : f'.11/,f·l/r • tf t:.:";,f-..1 : ll�.r,,,..tJA t m,e�.: h'l�.. •_ 'i"IC1= f'.11/.1'ifl1 : (lro•: f'.11/.f...°14·•: -0 1·1•: F,."}fl1": (ltJOj!aotf-I 7 l 4!:,, : (l)cil1' : ,,,, 1- : 'i OC :: iillOI/ f,"}4' ta 4' fl· : "} l"f i·9° : iJ ;:1 , � f : 9 :, L:,,P.. : 'iOC :: au�:,.: boom"}: 01\f, : 'h"}�f:,h4-&.A : O"'ifl • ° . 1"

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-- 1 : :, : � OD,fl,}- : hf:C1n : �nc::· ',��ti u: f OD"Jlf 04>�°1.. .. ,l (l9''f r : {1,, : -- : l f , : rf-t\ Wm- :: 9°i11fi:9° : f...'"},:J?,?J:r:-� rJ•"},� '1 "W : f:1,:J1.9'if· n fil · lJ ?j : 1-0l" l"1 : O'Prfi�: hOIJ .w );.:,,t; : it 1f: : (l(Dc : "},fll,f:1 : ft\ : &.� :,, ,.r· . :, rn = kfro•.r1 = flai..y.:1: ;JC 'lt\onflOIJOIJ:r . ,; = hfl1J9° = h°tl\-:, . :,:a,. : ',lD" ::

> f : r ,l,"l !:, : vtflD· t., ; hf.;J W•"} : ff.l(l(Dc : ft\,t'\m•; : (tro -: ravr..a or>h.c; : flPl«l>lD· : il>'l = O.lf19° : h "}l). ¾ �I\&,�rl: : roon.'im• : 'lil 1 ..0:,.: 'h1};.lf1 = (LA = F-1 '11 = �nc foulODtfw• r,,,'?: 1..,1!�: �,h&.. h 1.e.oih ,,."m· : 1·ht.h?- r 00 h.'i'm• = 'lil i,n :,.. = r�"k� :,,. : h.'Jif.t-- 1fl= h 1?,.f,11 : f,1'1'PA :: fit.1if-t.1()• : fn°"JO.f : 'P,:Jm- : tt,() : 'lf.l(lm• : v "& ..�- : 9°"}9° : hf,'l''rt!\9° ;: � 1C: °11 : : : 1t. fiouil h., ,:J O'/.ODflJW•"} f : nf. :}l\k'l'i: : n .e. ,:Jm•"} : 'lS!l(lm• : il>'l : I\� : �U•"} : 0..'l A ¾ J'tf..;J : ff.l(l OT: (llD" : t\J?.t.(lOT : 1,J?.,:J : h ."lt.W•"} : '1f1:itj : il.c/'C : J?,:fltA :: il'l :. ,1 = : o-t\ 9°ti1f+:f � 1 v. .. f·?° ODt\il = ll.{l'f' taJ?,-:f--A = o..,J>c9° ¾ H.tJ : h�H.IJ : 9°ti'Jf,f.':.f. : h..:,..r• A ·fw•fi : ill\ : �:,..,l, : ,,ff\:fm.."} : iloct-=t· : Oi1J 9° flt\,,-..�m{ID• �u1 ,r4 ..,1.. = f fbt\n:,- r�1t&,� ,1• ,,,�J?, ilODc/' ,,,.. :f-t\ : f 001..ODl,f lD " : f,l,"l : t.4!�: f;"},:J1, : DD1Pl11 : °IY: (lltA : : fl� .

rr�n:,. ::

fl t\,/tlD" : n h·A : S!°l'l°: 09°{)t.()ro•f1 : ,n"Jol- : m•fl'r : fOI/ J?,11 m·1 : 'r'f·•T : /tf,'fC = �l\&.'1:,.. = fou"Jq:,.. = "l·�.. e= ht,.:i•r·A·.rm•f"} : 1t'1 {1ft; : AOl/f..:f : ;JC : 1"il"'l'1°1'-- : 000 1,,1: : fl,11 1.. : m-fl'r : 'h'JJ;.1'1 : ,f-f-l"l :: 9° 19° : }t"}�. : ,rtj.,} : fil>t\fl:,• : 0..lf19° : J't"}f.' : (l ro• : flft,f\ : r,r1:,• = w,.e9° = rn ti A = 1..�:,- ff.lfl = 1, 1f.U''l l\f, (lm1w�:,. ilf..t..(ln:,. = (llD" = w�9° = t\'1,,1--(lfl:.1·• = �,.&..,:,. = 1tiln:,.. J?,u = 1:1;J1» : ,n1,. : hh..,)·r-kf : r�:,--,,, : ilai+:r.: ;JC : OD{lOIJOTJ:i• : ltilflrl• : fl"'lil:,• r,n1.. ?imk?11· = fil10•:,-- '10>4

t\,/l01· : r{lf-J• : ?°ltt\?11--'} : t\ODflm ,l· : �:1:1\A :: 1, ',C(l- 9° : rtPJ..1 1-T: it-O•l�lD•"} : 0"11.. : fou1..0Dtfm·: Y'il;,._ : 0117.,),�T : (Ol/ft;I. : flt\ ()911-- : ht\ : (1,f-- : l·fOD.f: I ilt\lD•Cil'-,.. : {lt\ : 1,01..:,") : m·fl'r : (J_lf"} 1 'h'J,tu-9° : hm·A : m·6Lh : ilt\Ol/.f..C(lm· : Jtl\&.'l:1•· : fl01/.1t\ �lD4 : 'J°/Jt. fi: : a>-fl'f' : �1.;:t\... :: }t',f·LU1 : f,n'J,1 : A� : A� : tJ<j:flu:f : OT/"}O,fl : rfi::,-"1 : ,fi,fi.?- : ,l,"l: hOJ·',:,--9° : h9°bt.,n : }iro-�;r : i',1�l· : fl·fltf• : l1Y: : t\9°,rt\f(D• : t\ h..:,•r-A·.r : fi'�&. : ODlf)."} : J,t,.(l"} : IJl//tOD"} : ., ro- n.:J,,:'I°ID" = � ,..,..,,, = � 1F:,..,. = n 1tJt.... = r r,::,.,,, ,n,,..c ,noi 00 hA : ft\lD""} : °111"'1T : t\"'lr:,-- : h�l·l.U1': tifi:ft l·=Ol/1'0,fi: f,.:f'I\A:: iJ

9°19°: h'Jl;\ : 1''11LU : Y..''J,:J1,$P:t; : fh..Tf·*f1 : ,l,-Ol : (lrfl : fl.ffl +:Jft9° = n1to-� = 1..1·1, roi11-:i-1 rAOT/Y : = f..1fl1• 'h1Jto- ft\Ol/.OD lfH1 : fl,n"l : ODt!\h : hf m llJ:t!lD"9° :: f,Acl?'}il : h'lllU : f;"} ,:J1.9'1: flADI/Y.-- : f."}(l:f : n a 1A1A rof.. P'AflJt : f01/.ffl1(l'?(l"} : 1tC9°� : : : u r o ft ua (tf_.·c; : fi'1.,rr·A ·f '} : ;,,,Ol : (l."09° : OJf.. : Ot\01 : f.l� : 11._ou9° t-.:,.. : J!,f.h"7/\-:: Oid1�0J-9° : 1,fl,,.. :i•r-*f : ,l,-Ol : (l-0 . nn ftm = h't::,..,n : ;,c : '1,1.';.'fODf: : fJ.'..C,:Jll·

,r,1· : r1t..

- 333 -

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• h : -: �01/f:,. 0J'lfb:,. : 't�l\.lD Jrti\ : .. ili\ontj, ""} : 9 ;t : 11 1 tJ : � : f { 4-:,. , :i.,,,,-:;. , "° 411, , 1,.1r� , f,;:;.,.fl• " j:-r_m , .,.,P' :,. , ryf."7<:,)1:� r ° : ll ' tL OD 'i,: ,,.,. ' ll" "'I.h1'111A ' fl OD\ LI 'I .'J-11f ' -11f ' llll"'lftD :,,,; ll r1 = r ,h = 1 r, r t,.en-t-t\9"° == f'l.eoY'r•r = .,.0:F . ;,..:,.. = fl n-A = a,1· = �1 il1" : .. J . f l : ' r; "' oni',. � lf� • � 1'��'i" :J :t.. : 6 �0: 11 ll'iili· :;: 0 . : 1· � r , : f..."l 'I° : �-'19° : h A q : 001 j1: "} . h I.,,, f 'r " •fl f·f•O}• l : 1. ,,.. : OD1-.;J-« :,-. : .. fl � o l : oflh : 1'1� : tif, /P� O .. +� : P'f:fro• : cp;, : h1 : l\ fiAtfl# ·'l : l { � m ; e 0 ,, l/°: °'l.ll"l': ootf, J..1.. : f,& ibl\lD': · f"11·: nC:J>4!$P1·: i',0 ":: llA : 4> .I �A� = -0ft11 = nm.-1-w 1· = (f:..;,°l' ° = ()tinn) --z.,i = �=t: = oon �tf>-� = f� :,.,1, : ·fitfl.i;. : ,1,"l : A67f...''l : . f ,f--h""l"ll,: 'i<D• :: f,U•1 : h'. J:{ : il l\ : °Ill :.> tt : f'i fil(J)• : oomO·fl : n 'i�tJ : f'i�!c : Y:1;J"L?l1"' : ..fft : �ODfll\A :: r ·: ilh{/P4 tt hllf...' : 9°tJ1f� = lli\•'1:fw•t; : oo�..;J- ;,:,,1 = O"'lf 1,"l .. , •: :,.1 : OD'/ filh1"lt• : f�:C : 1--�r·l- : ovl]hA : A ��:'f•'J : fn�·A � h'l�: "" : 2 : m1 itl\firt• :: 'f'tf,•l·�: : flJ'�m• : {1D(l fitj:'f''i1" 9°ti1f1'" : till �:f : 'l A : ro_e,'J° : °til:'f- : f:..°l'l° : :PllJ:," : t\.t11t\.O;t- = f,:J:llA :: 'i 1C : "1 1: -- : tJ t : : h 'l>'z. i1/bll : O�T�-l l\,,en'I' : �1'1\/,\ ; Orf, j::f l1tl.f_'" : 9°ti1f . lLb"'lt9°: h'l.f_" : 9°}1"}f1·: tt.e'ic : �:i: : fmf+: llA: ro,,e'}1.,: "'li\7•: It.+ni : ,e·:{·I\A :: ill\� 1·fil-r: ;,,aiil : 9°1: '11\? OA"7..<':: ODI.Pl:,..: it1.�: fOl/f, 1cJ, -110 = : 1.1t : = f CL+ = n+7im ,f 7f,nro•'l: 1•0l'1w:UDfA P...:t: '}-Ol .. l· t+il 0 : t (lCD- : }t"}J;,f1;. : f'lfit .:fro•"} : DD.-fi1" : ;,,1... : f,m--fi:J>A :: 'i1C : "1 1 : ,eu1 = OD11"1" = tt.ll1_e,+. = fUCJ.·f11.�:1 ,1 = o?Jl· = fioP ft�--,; = fiOD-0 --J: = ftODmtf>9°: roiz.:,:An•)"1 : v--t:J-- ?11-- : noo f...Cf..C : .eu : Y:1;Jb : ft.f ilJTlD- : fat/.i"/\CD-1 : ·1..°1�1" : 1,1�.:J>lllt-: ..-,.f..C1'PA :: ilft : (l91 1-- : ill\fL1·HODy_--r; : il fl : 111l 1"" : h "}.. �rJ•'J° : hllJcA: (D•6f1' ilftorz.F-cil = til\L'l:'f- = f�:'f-,1, = 11t11>� = ,1.ai = f ,.1'0D(D• = 'P'i = P'&- 1 1nA--r- = "h11.oiz.:1-- rOJ-- = o-lt- = fA°' Y: � f..1 fl:-i�-1 = flro'I' = ODIf-,. = c1>cf 1''1tLU1 : f..1{l:f : Ol/11&-t.1· ; cpr;ro•"} : 0-r;,1;.,f:fm•"} : "'IIIJt."1· : h 1.'t V--9° : fihh'J°� : '?'J°•l- : fill)?° : :1·hh/\'1 : oo{l{\lD• : f01/..:J'f..1"1 : ODIP l"1·: OUl/f:.."l'? : l,'ltt.U"}: f,.'}(l:f• : Ol/'P'/f:..• : 'IOC :: .{1,tJ"}"}']°: OOl/�"l"l 1 rh.·rf-"k-,,. : fh,}l'fOIJ.c; : f /\,1\9° : '1':,,'1°1· : hlLtJ?° : {11\f, : h�1•il1 : ll"7»1" : ,;JC : fOIJ.lltJI/Ul/(Dc'J : f..."}.-fl : fl OD?°l'1' : ll.4''rA : fD'/ f,fl\(1)« 1: ff."}{l:f : 0Df.'i;.>1C'i : hft0Dl,:J1'1' : llOl/ilCD1f.: : a;nc :: hflUA : ll+ro(l�..:,.. : f,."}{li· : l.1Y:: .-fllrlD·..} : 1..tL : f?°ot.flm•.,C'1: = 0 { l ' i" = "1'1n f{lffi«-1" = ti1l\'?tto:,-- = ftti.:i-r-k-..f = {lf,fit\"r : f'il P/ '1.. (ID_ flar fat/.:t-f..+1 = OD'i:"1·"1..91i" = tioot111'i = na09°l."r : P't-'i = Of..1{ 11: = hl :f><f>� : lffo : f+ro(la; : 'Jm,·:: illlH.U?° : •fltt·m·'l : 1.tL : f ;,,1..: y..1;ii ... ;t = 911· nn 1.v.,. ..e..· = v--), -?J:1- = r£JI/. o 11r•l·1 : c,::,, ,11>91:f = DI/ft :, f"7.CJJ (t.J;..:'f"1: 4>.V.OIJ.: hC9"�·91:1: : 0°7ouAh:,-. : f,1,roo� : c;:fro· :: {lftlJ: hf, a;,)· = r ..-f"ODfth-1:1-- = (llJ�:,-,,"'?J"f- tt"J,;1y_, 1.tL = t1?06t-'llD'11 = 01 �l- : AUI/ f.•: ,:JC: ""l" 00 i\ti� : h "}�"},e,., : 1.119°: fA·f•aui\(lit" : '11C:'?') ftn_ .,),fck f: ,"h-Ol: (l•fi : OT/l\luf : oo{lf\a,• : firf--1"f. : c;:f-a,•:: f9°6&-flCD-f1 = ;,,1n-:f = t,1A ai1r>1· = n_eo/,\'I.. = m:J>"7.. 111�, .<7 : 1.tL9° : 11:J!T(Dc"} : m.POI/.. : tr�lD- : roi1;.1- : ntt.--),r-kf : A"'If..• : (1J

1.·,

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OD =

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11:,-

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n-,tLtJ: l"lf: O+t\.e : ili'1. 'T'r·kf : f,{lOT/OT//t.· : h--l"'lt\·:,-.. .r.:'1;,°1 9'l= n<1>c= h.:,..r-k f = r m t"lf-.1,w·= r ,l,ai= �1�:,.. 11oo'i"'f!m•1 r?°o t.flm-f"}"} r,n"l : :,>"}�:,. . : 'llD· :: f.V•"} : 1'1�� : ''OD.c/>flA'' fCP/.t\(D•1 : ° -- : f..-f• .. 1 1 ,l : 9° 'n1f"f: 9 A , :: ltf,lf" : }?° "'1(1 l : 1'1 Otl.U :J' :, : t-1{1. : "lf: : tnflf..ar : hh1f:: r,n"l : ou(lc;Jl.. : m.e?°: hh'J�-: f?°6?fl'l! : ,"h"l: hJ?, tt\9°:: fh.:,·V--k <' : t;:,}',-1t : ,,fl,lhC : ,"h"l : fl/.\ i : Ai : h1e:f.. : ,n"l : f\,,e:r1-- oolPl+= h-t(l= (h "}Pit\= ht\"- fA,1--c1>P.) r1t-- 'Im.. r,711'"= 11"1� ..,.. OhkA: ltJt(l : t"l.lf"}: n:ti1-.. : W-(11' : roi.1,-.:'f· : f-."}fli"?° : hAi : Ai: f�06'()W•f"} : h1�1' : dl.1o",,f : {l(JD 9°l1''i' : fl1of-.t\ : flOt/"-1\:'f' : f,f'" tD (lP,.. : 'i":fm• :: {li\tlU9° : ih"l-- : r-1- '�1\ : 1'1-'tlf"} : ilt\;J,on : f-Otl· : h1 : : h1C 11:F : : "}f hh : : 1.: 1'1 " ',lD : (1:,. dl ..'; : 'P'/ "l .: C:1' a11nl- : r+ . r+w(l.,l'.. : h.eY--i\9" :: h tl.tJ : l\ .e9°: fl.lf1 : fh.:,..r-A·f : r�:'f'" ch : -OJhC : t\h "} : tD lf ti_e 1 : · dldJ : : C1 f. lt1 1 : : · "}f flt &.. 1 ..';. : llD '1 1� i\ : f+ : " "1"1 C:;r : h1e-:f : V·i\• : '11X-flf� : (�tC::.C9°) ,"h"l'J : nttu : fOT/'P'/� : P't. : "" : t\ltlD·�:r : h1�"f : V·lt- : h'J f: : rlf'I :t.oi1= t\"'lw•llJ:,.= nr1..um- = r...,..,.l1rf:1= �l.-f•1' = lJ«il•= 01':t?° _· ""

-,ar ::

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339

•

ARTICLES

SOURCES OF THE ETIIlOPIAN CML CODE* By Rene David**

I Hjs Imperial Maje� ty Haile Sellassie I decided in �954 to provide Ethiopia \Vith �odes: Three a?v�sors, two Frencl1men and a Swiss, were appointed and a codification com �1ss10!-1 forn1ed to prepare five codes, as had been done in the Napoleonjc codi:6T at1011. �he_ Pen al Code wa s completed first and was promulgated 1n 1957; the Cr1m1nal Procedure Code came in 1961. The Civil Code and the Commercial Code were promulgated on May 5, 1960 and becam e effective on _S� ptember 11, 1960, tl1e first day of the Ethiopian caiendar 2 The C1v1l Procedure Co de was 195 promulgated as a decree in 1965 3. year and was approved by Parliament in 1967. The author had the hono ur of assisting the Ethiopian government as an advisor in the preparation of the Civil Code. In the present article, we shall discuss the sources of the Civil Code. We shall try to describe the considerations and influences that guided its authors. How much and l1ow were particular foreign codes and doctrinal works used? And on the other hand, how much and how were indigenous Ethiop ian concepts incorporated in the Code and the rules and institutions associat ed with these concepts preserved? In order to illuminate the context of the problem and the at1thors' concep tion of their task, we must describe sun1marily the state of Ethiopian law before the civil law codification was begun.

• This ar ticle was publisl1ed in French in the Revue internationale de Droit co,npate, 1962, pp. 497-506. It has been translated i11to English by Michael Kindred, Assistant Professor and Assistant Dean, Faculty of Law, Haile Sellassie I University. Footnotes tl1at appear in tbe F rench version of the article are indicated by Arabic numerals; those added by the translator are indicated by asterisks. The substance of tl1is article was fi rst presented in a formal lecture by Professor Dav!d to the Societe de Legislation comparee on April 3, 1962. Other articles by. �rof��or David t��t de�l �ith the Ethiopian codification generally are "Structu_re et or1ginal1t� du code CIVll etb10�1e n," Zeitschrift [iir auslii11disches ttnd inter,zational�s Pr_,vatrecht, _1�62 (m rrench�, aad "A Civil Code for Ethiopia: Considerations on the Cod1ficat1on of Civil Law in Afri . s<;>r can _count ries", Tula11e Law Review, 1962 (in English). See also the_ comn:ients of Pro!es David_ at the Dakar colloquium on Reform of the Civil Code 1n African Countries in Receu1l Penant, 1962. •• Professor of Law, Faculty of Law, Paris University. 1 A Fre.nch ve rsion of the Ethiopian Penal Code, with an introd�ction by tbe �;;� · C advi.sor the by shed 1 publ who prepared the been has aven r ' · pre11·m1·nary draft ' M · G et 'trangere fran9 ais · de droit e n at,o l egis • , l' · · ue 1te Com di, de droit_ internat compa re in the Nouvelle collection ional. • . nslaa tr . • sh li · g n E n a · h 't 2 _wi . aric, Th Amh e C1v1l and Com.mercial Codes were published 1n . n : . French r e lat ! gi in l cial a !fi 0 s �: special issue of the Negarit Gazeta, Etl1iopia'_ � � � J:�� :[· de juris _ , rsion s of these codes e e genera rie L1brai the by hed have been publis Prudence. ,1

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JOURNAL OF ETHIOPIAN LAW - VOL. IV - No. 2

At the time of c ?dification, Ethiopian law was unsyste1natised and ofte e to pla place. o m ered n f r. Jt diff _ Th� re wer� no codes, discove � to � hard Ve systen1, and no report111g legal case no treatises. Now, W few statutes,3 he� cou1~t re1Jorts, statutes, n. o r codes, autl1oritative doctri a country has neither . nal s 1111!ry h a co c�sto the that :ary said legal often systein, bu t � . works, it is _ � . descr1pt1on of the accurate an s1tuat1.011 1n Ethiopia. be not would this Until the reign of En1peror Me?elik . II, Ethiopia was unable to live according to law. The foremost co11s1derat1011 ivas the col1esion of com nities that were so � onstantly _ me11aced by hos�ile 11eighbo11rs and nat!�i _ catastrophies that their very ex1stence was precarious. Cohesion ,i1as assured rather th.an by the idea of la';, by a syste1n o_f . equity that attemp ted t� maintain harmo11y and peace. Tl11s system was ad1111n1stered by local notable s acting a.s arbitrators - and sometimes acting arbitrarily. Altl1ough custo ms spontaneously followed by the people �ould often influe11ce arbitral decisions, these customs lacked the force o.f stric t law. They had a persua sive atitho rity, but arbitrators would. 11ot feel bou11d. by tl1em. C11ston1ary law did not rule Ethiopia. Customa.ry rules, used without bei11g ''legally obligatory," differed from one place to another. No effort was made to group and unify the1n on a territorial basis. It1 addition, they were often ell1sive, si11ce tl1ey had not bee11 system.atically described. Their scope and effect were ambig11ous, a11d it was often unclear under what conditions they would be obligatory. Studies carried out i11 Eriu·ea by the Italian occupation authorities in order to define the local customary laws bring otLt tltis territorial variation and on.certainty and tl1e absence among the people of a co11cept of legally binding cu.stoms, as contrasted with simple non-legal r11les of social behavior and fair dealing.4 Finally, one sl1ould 11ote tha.t for n1any years, and especi ally for the last fifty, 5 - customary rules have been very 1111stable, no effort having been made to freeze them. Rather tl1an associate the idea of law witl1 the in:finite]y varied a11d always disputable customa,ry rules, Etl1iopians have connected it ,vith compilations that were ass·umed to reflect great wisdom a11d emi11e11t dig11ity. Leaving aside Islamic law, which Moslim Ethiopians consider, at least theoretically, to be sacred, Ethiopian Christians ack11owledge the autl1ority of a rel1gious cano 11 that was drafted in the mid-thirteenth century by a11 Egyptia11 scholar, Al Asad Ibn-al-Assal, and translated i11 the sixtee11tl1 or seve11teentl1 century fron1 . 3. pie only statutes i11 tl1e _private law area were a 1923 "Law of Loans," a 1930 nationabty law, and a J 948 statute of limitations. See N. Marein, the J11dicial SY_sten1 anti the Laws of Ethiopia (1951). The ''Law of Loans'' and tl1e statute of li1nitat,ons were repealed by the Civil Code (Art. 3347). eConSu �lly �ee_ t_ h e especia customary laws etiopici, published in tl1e Rasseg1·1a di st11di . giu . inz tud r,diche del Serae (supplement to the R.S.E., vol. XI, 1952 pp. 129-213). at· 5· It ·is int� · rest1ng · ·1n this regard to compare two books written 40 years �P�t thI6) �!�e the same J1 �Ie Trattato di diritto co11suetudinario dell' Eritrea by C. C onti- Rossiru �nd by _F.. 0st1n1 (195�. The fact that one gist and tl1e 5 two anth ropo lo e1ni11 was ent an only . a _Jurist can explain some, but 110 m.eai1s all, o f the differences betwee n t be by descnptions. r'i · eve Galla customa ry I a� 1s a·fie d traditionally restated, and apparently son1e\\1l1at mo 1 ' eight · years, at the coming of age of ach ne w age group. e

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lit ur th g� e cal language ?f the Coptic ch , G e' ez in to ic Arab u.rch. This collec. 0, the Fetha Negast (Justice of the Kings), was invoked t10 reverent1y, but . wa nev�r tran� ate d . . . 1�to _Amharic, th e official language 1 the fact that 1t s of Ethiopia' 6 pri nte n _bee Eth d n op 1a, eve 1 creates doubts as to whether co 1 and has 11 r • . . urts ap 1e 1 1 · · 1t. p d nt ste Y Wh a t · co ns1 1s interesting to note, however, is have ever . the rev 1s d ea e b at h y e t t h law respect professed in Ethiopia for conc ept of 1 the Fetha Ne gast. Etliiopia.11s see tl1e _Fetha Negast as Tlze Law, even though their custoins _its str con ict for ly 11o 1n t do to _commands. For them, court decis and conduct ions in disput�s cann�t embocly Tl1e Law; since such decisions must be expedi ent and. practical. �either could T/1� Law be defi�ed as the prediction, even if sufficiently . cert,t1n, of the solu!1ons_ that t?e Judges might give in future litioation. As 111 Europe before codificat1on, as 1n Islam, The Law has a moral aspect for Ethiopians that re1noyes it from practical affairs. It is a basis for social order, closely connected w1tl1 the 1noral commands of religion. Ethiopians are not at all shocked that custo1ns and court decisions are not in accordance with Tl1e Lalv. Tl1at is see11 011ly as proof, alas wholly unnecessary, that society is imperfect. What would shoe� tl1em would be for the sovereign, by adopting these customary rules, to require of them behaviour whicl1 is indeed their own, but \vhose reprel1ensible character they recognize fully and on occas ion deplore. In order to understand the Ethiopian. concept of Tl1e Latv, we need only recall that all European t11tiversities until the ninetee11th century taught principally, and often exclusively, a body of ideal law - Roman law or natural law - without bothering to describe the rt1les which, in practice, were being applied by the courts. Although a century of legal positivism took 11s far from this concept of law, we seem to be rapidly returning to it by the circuitous route of teaching more social sciences in our law scl1ools. 111 addition, the present trend toward a welfare state and the efforts that are bei11g made, particularly in the socialist countries, to reorganize society on a ne\V, 1nore just, basis are lead ing us back to the idea that T/1e Law ought not simply to reflect customary behaviour and the present state of human relations. Legislation must be progressive, ahead of present practice; it m11st be designed to reform the society. The La1rv's functions ca11not be merely to declare and enforce custom. . If this be true in developed countries, it must be even more so in co�ntr1es like Ethiopia, that are less developed, where everyone, and especially government leaders, wish to work a revolution that will close this gap. If the goal of codification had been seen as the enactment, articulation, and system� tization of customary rules, traditio11 would have been mai�tained . �nly in appearance. In reality , such a work would have betrayed this tradition, by · i (Halle uop,c 1 r,· _aeti· 6· The Fetha Negast was published in Germany in A. Arnould's L"b 1 ��• 1841) and in Bachmann' s Corpus Juris aethiopici (Berlin, 1�99). The. m?st. tnJpo; t� n� � d'f h w1 wa� prepared in Italy in �t, p1an1 Et�1o ent emin Guidi, an . zio by Igna 1899 odie l ecc e e te t and an . e1 _ 1one Re 1slat q Leg � o ast Neg F II ha : et Italian translation z. x _aSL yses b ana ' vers i co est e _civil di Abissin.ia, trac/otto e a1111otato. A m_ore mod ::� �� 0 i organ s o a z r umm nzes !he provisions of tl1e Fetl1a Negas� accordi n� � � egast (ii /ibro a 100 as pub N 9 Canevar i 11:1 . .• . Rossi l b shed Roberto w in , . -' Italian y i uez re) ' C0 d·ice delle legg1. abissine con 110/e e r11er1r11en ;r. · 1•1 a l dir1tto ,ta11ano.

�fc� f ;��p;!,1,d

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JOURNAL OF ETIDOPIA:--i LAW - VOL. IV. No. 2

tified unjl1s ati ccup preo An o11 ism. ideal witl1 leg·1s1at . g high its •og · on1 d . aban 1n te ua d h pet e 1 per t ave 1 b 1o uld 1ed wo crity inberent . . . anthrop Oloooical findings in r.orm1.ng t.11em as was 111te 11 d e d . . .1 re an th old customs rather eig11 sover ed decid . 1 pia1. Ethio to the , whe11 y codif t, resul a Eth· As 10 1a s P · · · 1 1aw, he 11e,,er 111 te11ded t hat tl1 e new law atld particularly the c1v1 o d c e . on1s a11 cust iopi Eth Rather l1e ,vanted a sbo�ld be ba.sed exclusively 011· ne\v tl · s of the n·inet111cat1011 edition of the Fetha Negast, JUSt as 1e E·uropea11 coc1·� · w e r1e t 1·ctea I base forn1erly re tc 1 d · e m a1 ies ur nt ce th tie � en tw d an furnishth teen 1at was co11ce1ved to be natural law. wl forth setting law, Roman by ed The difef rence is tl1at the ,vay f ?r tl1is European exposition of natural law was well prepared by ;Jie successive scho_ols of_ Ro111an . law schola rs and writers, from the glossators to the pandect1sts, w1tl1 the aid of political sci entists and anthropologists of the tine. In Ethiopia, nothi11g of this sort could have taken place, and it was to fore�gn legal scholarsl1ip, to compa rative law, that one had to look to determine ,vhat 1·11les would be propose d as tl1e model for the Ethiopian people. A

There was a danger that 011e conseque11ce of tl1is would be that tl1e new code would be foreign to Ethiopia, and that tl1ough the Code might be admired as a masterpiece, it wot1ld become irrelevant to legal practice, as the Fetl1a Negast had too often come to be. The Code's authors were aware of this danger and, without reprodt1ci11g customary rules, \vbich had to be re formed, they sought to create a ,vork 1l1at wot1ld be, in spite of its progres sive character, or because of this character, an Ethiopian \\1ork, and th.us be capable of guiding legal practice in the future. The precedi11g considerations explain the importance and role of both Ethiopian and foreign sources i11 the Civil code of Etl1iopia. Its authors wanted the new code to correspond to what Ethiopians consider just, but at the same time they had to create a useful work. Thus, they tried to renovate, modernise and supple1nent Ethiopia11 ct1stoms by utilizing con1parative Ja1vv. The Ethiopian feeling for justice i; tl1e basis of tl1e Code. No rule in the Code violates tllis feeling. The diEpositions of the prelin1i 11ary draft, prepared b)' a foreign jurist, were rejected or modified whe 1 1ever they seemed contrary to it, even \vhe11 the foreign advisor co11sidered them just and advan tageous for Ethiopia. Let us look at sorr.e examples of tl1is process. In the area of successions, the preli:11i11 ary draft gave tl1e surviving spo? se fairly important rights of inheritance. B11t an Etl1 iopia11 co11cern for keeping property within tl1e blood family requir�d tl1at t]1ese provisio11s be elin1i11ated. It was i?admissible that a spouse n1 ight i11l1erit property that the deceased had received fron1 his family. The spouse does 1 1ot even i 1 1herit where the deceased leaves Iio relatives; the State is preferred. The preliminary draft contained several provisions protecting a 1J erso1 1 �'110 ' or es, tre s even in bad faith, knowing tl1at he is not the ow11er' sewes ' plant . n . bui'Id8 something on the property of another. It also provided for usuca pio . .witb respect e :��:: exc the t comba to immov�ble property. And in order to _ brea�i ?g up of land, 1� gave neighbours a right of recovery. Al� of hio t E with provisions were substantially revised because they did not a.ccord

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SOURCES OF THE ETHIOPIAN CIVIL CODE

are passionately attached to immovable property . which es valu · ' _.an an d rej ect . t he P1 · e b t h mt d ep g r1v pe rso e d n of · his a property without an intentional idea that . act on h1s part. The preliminary dr�t made _tl1e owner liable for accidents caused b h . automobile even where 1t was driven by a thief that had stolen it from Yhi�� The drafter argued tl1at �he owner of t�e automobile ought to carry liability insurance an� that the lil�urance premium . w�uld not be any higher if it covered the r1sk of an acc�dent caused by a thief. The victim of an accident on the other hand, was_ 1n danger of not being indemnified if the Cod� provided that 011ly the th1�f who caused the accident would be liable. Althou gh no answer could . be_ given to_ these arguments, the result so offended the Ethiopian sense of Justice that 1t was not possible to include this extreme case of liability without fault. Thus, the preliminary draft's recommendation was rejected. On the other hand, the Ethiopian code includes a case of liability with out fault that is not to be found in western codes but that is in accord with Ethiopian concepts and customs. A person who causes death or bodily injury to another is liable to the victim or his family even in the absence of any fault. This provision was included because of the great concern of the Code's authors to have it be in harmony with the Etl1iopian sense of justice.

Many other examples could be given. They are found primarily in tl1e first three books of the Code (Persons, Family and Successions, Goods) and in the chapter on extra-contractual liability. To read these parts of tl1e Code is to be convinced that it is an Ethiopian civil code, made for a society which is different in ma.ny respects from the societies of Western Europe. The relation between the new Civil Code and the old Fetha Negast is easy to see in these parts. While reflecting Ethiopian society, these provisions still do not reproduce past customary rules without cl1ange. Rather they endeavor to respect these customs, while taking a forward step to guide Ethiopian society toward a level which is n1ore developed and, in the author's eyes, more just.

The rules on divorce sho\V how this approach worked. On divorce, the Code does not follow the Fetlza Negast, which only deals with religiou � marri age and thus prohibits divorce. The Code's drafters thought that_ tbe1� W?rk would be useless if they disregarded the facts that reljgious marriage 1s f �1rly rare a.nd ordinarily contracted late in life and tl1at divorce can be obtain� d without difficulty and occurs frequently. Tl1e Civil Code follows custom 1n providing that divorce ought to be pronounced whenever one of the s��uses pr� :71s1?ns. insists. The concern for progress, however, is apparent in these divorce _ The Code differentiates . according to whether or not there ex�sts a serious cause'', or ground, for divorce. If there is a serious ground, d1v?rce must be to sancject pro sub be y n ma nou lt fau ced at is o y wh ckl . qui use spo and the . • . ' so d nee u no tions. But if pro e b t no d nee e orc div there is no serious ground, · · h out a serious qui·ckly and sanctions ma y be imposed against · he · who, wit ground, has requested the divorce. ov�� r of ht rig e th s _ ep ke t ha de W Co e : u about the law of property? Th . . Wh'Ich was custo mar�ly given to the family when a.n immovable 15 so ·

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JOURNAL OF ETHIOPIAN LAW - VOL. l'/ � No. 2

are attenu atec. i rule tl1is by of . s e specif c n ie n e v n ying th o c in . le ib ss o p the se fo tti by rt ng h th an e d rig ht wa y e th in which eit im la c n a c o h w s n perso must be exercised. The most important accomplishrne_nt of. t:11� .• � ivil code in tl1e areas of ersons family law, property, and del1ctual l1ab1l1L) was clearly, ratller tJi io cba�ge the customary rules, . to clarify tl1ese_ rules, to distill their esse�:� and to unify them on the _ basis of those � h1cl1 appeared _1nost reasonable. Our goal was to e11d a� 1nt?lerable co!1fu�1011 a11d un� ert�1nty by choosing the rule most in conform1ty with the Etb1op1an sense of Justice and Ethiopia's interests, economic and otherwise. In these traditional . �reas, tl1e principal contributions of western legal systems relate to the cr1t1cal process used to select tl1ose rules that appear best suited to Ethiopia and the techniques used to forn1t1late the r11les. Thus the Code limits itself to suggesting some new approacl1es and solutions, some� times inspired by western practices, sometimes differe11t from these practices but judged desirable in the social context of Ethiopia. The western contribution is much more important, and in some cases even exclusive, in those parts of the Civil Code where Ethiopian customs provided no assistance. This is particularly true of 111ost of Books IV and V of the Civil Code (Obligations /11 General and Special Co11tracts) and of the chapter on Registers of lm111ovable Property and Literary a11d Artistic Property in Book III (goods). In these areas it is not just a techniq11e, a system, and directives for further development that are adopted from the west. Who)e slices of western law have been imported to Ethiopian law. Still, even here tl1e importatio11 is 11ot total and conditions peculiar to Ethiopia have of course been considered. This can be see11 easily if one reads the Title dealing witl1 Contracts for tl1e Performance of Services, and parti cularly the Chapter of this Title which deals with contrac ts for agricultural employment. Ethiopia is not in a position to offer its citizens the same social security benefits that are e11joyed by citizens of econon1ically more developed, western states, and the need to attract foreign capital ofte11 prevailed over considerations of what was humane and even just, \Vhich n1igl1t have discourag ed the establishment of foreign enterprises in Ethiopia. It has been rightly said that ''Before having anti-trust laws, one 1nust have trt1sts''; before think ing of protecting Ethiopians in their 1a·bour relations, attention must be given to securing work for Ethiopians. On contracts relating to in1n1ovable propert y, also, one will often find reflections of conditions peculiar to Etl1iopia. Reservation made for provisions partict1larly suited to E tl1iopia, it is nevertheless a modern, western system that has been adopted in these areas. The word ''reception'' cannot properly be used, for no specific code or _w �stern legal system has been adopted. The Ethiopian Civil Code is an origin al creation, based on comparative law, in which rules l1ave been selectively adop ted from vario�s foreign legal systems, suppleme11ted, and orga11ized in a man _ n �r that 1s unique in some respects. Thus, we have a synthesist put togethe r with an ef!ort t? be comprehensive, rather than a reception. In these area� _ the Ethiopian C1v1_ l Code could best be viewed as a possible uniform Europea law, rather than a reproduction of some particular national law. In this work o� synthesi , it was natural to utilize the efforts which h�: � been made from 1:Jme to tim e to create unifor111 European law. Thus, - 346 -

SOURCES OF THE ETHIOPIAN CIVIL CODE

wer e prepared in Rom e on· sale of tha t law s rm unif o aft goods, arb"1trat1.on · dr own ers were generally adopted by the ote h . of 1 ity liab il d ' an . Eth i op 1an • 1v1 c· .1' 1o o p1a C h m t E n er c1a • th e • 1 Co�e adopted, in the area of _� Code, just as checks the pro v1s1 , exc 011s han of ge the international conventions sig . and bills of • ne d in 193 and I. The prov ision s of the Rome draft 1aws Gen·eva i n · 1930 · were . I on Y ut t · 1n b h e1r y, I prese11tat1on so they would conform modified slight . to art icle of the s Co oth de; er tl1ese are divided into a max·imum of the style of . . . ' -ar eac st1 t1c h b 1 . e b e1n es, g 1 composed of a single sentence. Only three sub-a rt1� in very exceptional cases was tl1e substance of the draft uniform rules modified. Where there was �o inter�atio11al statute or draft statute, it was 11ecessary to start fron1 the various nat1011al law s and develop rules to regulate the subject as seemed best. The principal sources tl1at were used in this way were the civil codes of Egypt, France, Gr�e�e, Italy and Switzerland. In the area of obligations, the author of the prel11runary draft gathered together the provisions of these five codes, for the most part in order to supplement each by the others. He endeavored to n1ake the code as complete as possible. To this same end he went beyond the codes and considered some non-code statutes and treatises. This was necessary because of the absence of judicial decisions or scholarly writings that could otherwise have filled the gaps in the Etl1iopian Code. The authors of the Ethiopian Civil Code did, however, readily eliminate provisions contained in foreign codes where they seemed either to deal with questions of no practical importance, to introduce uselessly subtle disti11ctions, or to deal with situations peculiar to the foreig11 country that do not exist in Etl1iopia. Our primary purpose in considering these various codes was to see what questions need to be covered. The solutions of the various codes relating to each of these questions were then compared and their differences noted. Finally we asked what formula would be best, whether imported or original, for the Ethiopian Civil code, in light of the special circumstances that exist in Ethiopia and of the most modern tende11cies. In fact, it is doubtful that a single article of the Ethiopian Civil Code is absolutely identical with an article of the codes considered, since the rules that governed the formal pre sentation of the <J.rticles and the choice of terminology led the authors of the prelimin ary draft i11 almost all cases, if not in all, to avoid the formulas employed elsewhere. com and on inati The exam h nd searc beyo t we11 for s l the rule lega best . panso n of the codes cited above. Comparative law research was pushed even further, and, in particular, some articles of the Ethiopian Civil Code a�e . of common law inspiration. Examples of this are the ma�ner of �eterID1rung �reach of contract damages, the frequent reference to the idea ?f rea�on a_ �le time," a.nd the detailed rules provided for specific cases of del1ctual liability. ••• T • ·1nd1·cate that cti·d acti· c manu scripts of ranslator's note· In fact recent investigation s y, h.ave the Peth N • r · . ' · ta en m m co d an 1 on a 1· l rans · t with .Am 11aric at ges altern ng Ge'ez passa been ·n .a · egast i was t ip cr ' . us an · m a ch s r on cir i ·· it ct e u culatio t . ro yed in EtJ1iopia for several centuries. An e b st d e Pr n ed ust be oren 1935 was f unde r tl1e au sp ices of H.I.M. Haile Sellassi _I,t . gu tpr s of Addis be� tre bj es indi Selam Prio m oa anen Berl1 ng 1966 I i d v i g the uri the n n Aa on as · ' · · ' boa b Prmted n · . a phot o offset edition of such a manuscript

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JOURNAL OF ETHIOPIAN LAW - ·voL. IV - No. 2 ever, it is possible to say tl1,1t �· be _principal source of how oJe, 1 wJ On e law of obl1gat1ons was the tl1 to ect resp l1 wit de C il Civ ? _ Swiss _ the Ethiopian e1.1ch law was a ve �� 1n1porta 11t sour Fr And . 1ons 1gat Obl of e Cod ce. Federal e surp�1�1ng n1erits in hav e eme d to us to s f itsel e Cod l Civi _ ncll e spit e The Fr e test of co11Jpar1son. 111 add1t101.1, doctri11aI works to tb. put 1 e1 h w· age its of e to cover a11 area b11t there was rtun oppo ared appe it re e wh e d us no we re appropriate legislative_ re gulati?n. Thus Ivl. Rod .ie :re's '' L� r�sponsabilite civile" was 11se.d extensively 1n prepar111g tl1e rules on del1ctual l1ab1l1ty, M. Waline's ,, Droit admi11istratif'' in tl1e ar ea of expropriation, and M. de Laubadere's ''Traite t/1eorique et JJratique des co11trats ad111i11istratifs'' for ad1ninistrative contracts. The other code s, in tl1e final a11alysis, provided less material: the Italian Civil Code often appeared too dogmatic a11d too subtle, the Greek Civil Code too casuistic, and the Egyptia11 Civil Code too concise. TJ1ese con1m ents a. re not criticisms of these codes; for t11e countries they serve, tl)ey may be perfectly appropriate. "\\1 e are se ttii1g fortl1 l1ere only tl1e difficulties that were e xperienced in using the in to prepare a civil code for Ethiopia. Similar considerations diss11aded us, for example, from 11sing tl1e German Civil Code (BGB), in spite of the adn1iratio11 tl1at tl1is work de serves from a scientific poi11t of view.

the

Outside the area of obligations, a wider group of sot1rces \\'as used. A Portuguese draft law a11d a11 Isreali draft law thus served as the basis for the successions provisions. Rules were borrowed from th e former T11rkisl1 Civil Code (Medjelle) and from the Iranian Civil Code conce r11ing the ow11ersl1ip of water. Even the agrarian code of Sovie t R11ssia was used, alo11g with a Russ ian treatise on Kolk/1ozes, in orde r to regulate the positio11 of certain collective exploitatio11s, altl1ougl1 this part of the preli111inary draft was rejected later i11 the codification proce ss. Also abandoned \Vas the idea of beginning tl1e Etl1iopian Civil Code with general principles, prese11ted as ''Rules for Jt1dges," after the S\\1edisl1 tradition of ''Domarereglerna''; the Swedisl1 code also a.ban don ed this tecl1nique s everal years ago. Finally, it should be added that some parts of the Ethiopia11 Code are ''original'' i11 the sense that the y are based neitl1er on Etl1iopian custo111s nor on provisions of foreign le gal systems. Of partictilar note are the rules gover11i11g water rigl1ts, those on registers of civi l status, and to a lesser degree tl1e provisions on registers of i1nmovable property, g11ardianship, and \Vills. In tl1ese areas, it was thought imperative to establisl1 r11les, btit the Etl1iopia11 custo11)s did not offer a solid basis for tl1e rules ancl tl1e regulations fo11nd in \\1ester11 countries were 1msuitable. Creative ] egislatio11 \Vas therefore required a11d it seemed possible to integrate it into tl1e code's ge11eral syste111. As the prelin1inary draft of tl1e Code's variot1s titles was prepared, tlie drafter prepared a con1mentary to accompany them. TJ1is co111111entary set forth !he rationale of the preliminary draft a11d i11dicated the sources tl1at were u_sed 1n drafting the Civil Code articles. By 11 1ea11s of these, it \\1 ould be simple to establish with greater precision the origin of tl1ese articles a11d �l1e change s that were made in then1. Unfort11nately th e cornme11taries i11 qtiest1011 , v h � e not been published. �n additio11 altl1ough they were relati�ely co�nple�� with respe�t to the first titles drafted, the y became 111ore concise later a� 1 ?ecame clear that tl1e Ministry of Justice could not assure tl1eir translatio n into Amharic and that the commission was more interested in the texts pr op osed than in their origin or the 1nanner in which th ey had b een drafted. A con- 348 -

SOURCES OF THE ETHIOPIAN CIVIL CODE

the of Ethiopian Civil Code a11d the correspond articles the een betw ce or dan � articles of the other codes had at first been envisioned. The idea that Negarit Gazeta at the sa�e time as the Code th in ed publish � be might %!y htly so. Such r1 a table might have a place in doubt no and � ted, rejec was on the code; 1t \vould be out of place in an official ary ment com a gazette. The compilation of a manual 011 the Ethiopian Civil Code in Amharic Ethiopia,_ where _ such a � anual seems the necessary in envisione tly � presen _ is le ss1 po Code. I 1s to C1v1l think that this manual might the � of � ment mple . _ co and p ec1se 1nd1cat1on of the complete materials which aided in more � � ntain o c order to t Code guide jur ID opian g ists interpretin the of � � ation prepar the . it. They will permit one to see to what extent It 1s correct to say that the Ethiopian Civil Code is a modern work based on comparative law.

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hftA;f. : f...ou�ti* f h.:,f .. - k .,f : {l "f.:,.. : ;J-- t'1 'P. : nndJlltiliJ» :: f{I D16/P'T = n,::,.. = "7Y--�Y.:,• 'i = n;,.°' = ouAh = oiiw-"':,.. = n1t..:,- tkl: f11H1l: }\(l,f--P,f..C: W-ilT: h-'til: ll1o: �(Ir :: O'¼UD:}-'f!: O]!,l: • • -kf : OD"}dJp,)-- : hilrl--P,f..c : hrl•f..l1(Dc : t1D1A.1A. : 001.00 � : {lJ\.:,f m:,,1\1\: oo?f?fA: J\"}f..,;:m-: ht;:A: �ro-:: fh V-} : O"f.T : {lro•iltn-: f,1--oo11.t1+ar"} : 11H1l: tD"1..: l\°7f:ld/= P'A.1111 : f"7.(lT'i : fOD"}dJP',f:"} : fOJ61!-'i : f10.. : 619°:,- : ll°71'i1:,• : f"tlP. : ODVjtf : �(D- :: h�H.IJ : fn,:,-,.. : '¼l\"79'1- : foo]!ootfar ·I " : Jct>: it : hitt!2t n&.:,- = {l�"1&.T "7.tili:C: tD"1,, : f,t.+f:n:,-: n�nltW: 0"7HV : 1\"7'1f,�:,- : f,h'im"} : �nc:: I �1C: 6/ "} ¾ fl-S.: fll : t1D'?ft6liJ. , f"7.(lT : fa>tJJ..'i : f10.. : 6/9°:,.. : hA�Ol9° :: fn,::,.. : OD'?/l QiJ.9'"f nr�um• .e,;t-+o o- = �nc ; �1c = ..,, � i�tt.u = ooaif\6liJ.9'l- = nwfllf�(Dc"} : �tL : nil+!:'I° : fmm-:,•"} : "7H"lf9'1' : Oit,n�--c-,1--: �--th.Ii! n"'i:,,l11 = n:e=,1:1 = nou,-,p:,-- = rP'� = 'TC'd/t-9°'i = rrolJJ. = 11,�:,-- = t1DLPlT : Oi'tChil:,- : h"7f·l;J"f.:,.. : hltll4«9° :: . (lh.,,}-f"A-f : lD·ilT : f;t-,f--OD(I)• : fOD]!ootfm· : fOD1'?P-'T: ni,1-fCDll)m•: Iit!@i : q: 'J°: 2 (Llf"}: f!tt!@% : '¼: 9°: 1: fOJ!:,..: qou:,.: oti:'i = �nc 3 ll!tt!@t '¼ = 'I° = 1\11: n:e:,-,.. = ;t-llr}! = �nc 14 �1c = '?1' 1 f,U: O"f.'T : ftDilJW-: f--1--'lllt»·: qoo:,-- : fl.fA�: n1f: : '19°1',l· : ftJA. = (l.+lro• = �nc ==

flh.: l·r-A--f : 1�av : "11.f":,. : 001"1P':t · : 0'1"}1111 : "'1..iili:C : 9°tJ:i•A : "till·1·C ! 1 • f.u = P''I = pcq:,.: o,,�,� = o:e:,.: m-nlJ' = hat11m- = fY:11·J-� = mal.?J".f • ODm'lO r 1111-0: from..: P''I: P'C'i:,.: ootr}1: f,4>61''\t\:: 1�: 366 rf•00A h•r::r i\"7.CDtrJtD-l!J' 2 · h'P� • +"-TC r (:fi/Iii'f.ifJ?t : q : 'I° : g� : (}OD•r : V-IJ'C : § == {lODIPGrf: : fI.ilf'!ii I q. : : : Oh'P� : +a."'/� : qoo,f: t..tDo:e:,. • fl�'\ till� 'I° : f'IO +&.�'I° : -flt,. : mb-,.,. +-4-c = i:t/Iii!liiJt= "I;,�:,. , ;,tf.trJ : �� : qoo,r : 'l'--TC : 1.6 = m"I :s 3. rh., :,·r-A--1 I uoo1 : h.f.trJmC : hha>-(!';r: 11001: h.f.trJmC: Oo-fl:t•: 0011Y:: 1,itfA:t h1�� 1 fh.:,.f-kf : qoo,}• : fatloot..m- 7'1� : ttm-c-;r = 11001 : ]t.. �trJmC oc = Ii • .,,, = (ot1ooi; = r-,h1n = (l"f',1:9°oc = 11 = +1) = -,m- == o-i\i·� ' f1t.,rr-A--1 : : q.oo+ • 'l°IJG:,. r hhm-c.';r : qoo,f- : 9°1JG'r : Ot : qoo;'f• : ftJA : :J'!�A� ::r :(Ji\�U f!Df!lli : q : 9° : (1'1� : 1t.:i•r-kJ' : h.f.trJmC) : {IT•f:9°0C : !i : +1 !Jlf¢1 q • 'I°· (1'1� r hm-c-;r : '1.f.trJmC) 1 "JOC :s �--· fn,::,. : t:}OD•l· : Jrt'P;(, I Iiif!lii : q � '!° =Mh'P� : ,rlJ'C : f�i � ',;,6:,. a ;JU'1JI _ 1 fJrt.:,Or-kJ' 'J°ft, :'f• o '\OD ' :,. ro:e : :,. f .r-k : • 1t.:, · , • f: .. 04'.. l f q. o 'rlJ'C : 'i'f I hooa,.trJ ,h •r. ' 'lOD = :,. oi = :,. l>'G OD = 'P:q: r h :,. = qoo · )!:'f h s2 . c • : m i;o q;; oo I :,. c � = .f.ai , � J .,,, : � �:eouc : +�t..1 *

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-- = = 'J°'l'l° , q,,e'l..'l-- = oi,1• : tt,,ero"I = (lq:1- 0,0::1 :,. '11\1-- = n:\t\ = f1 : "} fO : 9° = q : "7.tll"f;C H .. {1 ' ll!fl!�l; ,-, � .. l:,, : OD'1{\filiL : t,1·00 : : 1 5 > : : :: O C f.,IJ9° : : (l D•1 : OtP/il:J--lD4!f l} ;r Ul11D49" 'ttft1 : ', , O:\f\ : ilh f f• -- LP = '11P',f: = ..rif...4' " = rl.1 '? viJ?,tr' 11 ' iltPJOJ t ODtiC!'O"l· ;r = • = c i : �! m 1J = }: -lDcf?.,.f'J = out\tJ = iln...<11 1 = 'h'>f.. = ..e...10;:;· = ni:,-: lt.fmc tlli:C: 01/it:J fot ,. t: 0 : il:J 1 OJ f!f : h'l°t\ : 1°f../;\ : fi"tt\� f<PJ..-:fA : l'tA '10l9° :: illttttJ ; f,tJ (lJ•'J : q(ID,1-- : f(ID"}'?P';f' = 1fl,; = mtJJ.. = foY..f ta.f., = aodJft66], = 'Inc :: n..w 19° : llil : oo'}'?P'i: : f11H·fl = ll*'l° = m;J'°t = (.ID°ll\6liJ, : (lT;J:A ::

6 f : :J D"}'?P' · f : O.. lf1 I f : ,.,,.. OD(D• : fiii!f2 :,. fll"l" : (1 "t'h:J i q{111:,.. = fl�\.:,..r•A"f = f ni:,-. = OD 7f ?fA = roo,:oot .r = 'I°tJ?Cf. = � (1)c = ft.!If/ fl:,, : f.,:ril·IA ,,eu _: fIJitj 'i 9° = n:e::,.. ; °'(fiJ"': = novt..iCJDc : n�:,,. : --: l t\ 1 1C : : : h1,;J ? 611\; .. 1-tl•fl q> •T'l'C : fCJll ill\AaJllJ : -:," : '?9° fl t rr/1\ : ,. fCDlJ»1 f1fi .. 'i 'Inc : ftDf.k:," : �l.'; : :, : i'tfllY..�C'I° :1 �1C -r 1 f = 1 oi:,. = fmaia �...?fi\tn• = f!fit�t '¼ 'I° = ,111 "11 1 = r 001'?r:,-- n01J.f1·10)• = OD,,.,l:,• i ; cl\CPJro· = oonf!'n:,, = 11•0' = �1P1:= tii.r.+m· ,= .n:\fl : � nc n ..,.. bt1"7 t 9° : J?, u = nY:�· -:- qoo:J--«e = f{ID 1oiP':,.= Ol•1-« : ..rfl01<J:l'r : UD:J"lD;(; : ri00 1.n:,, = ffOO"} : (f', :; fiitfjji'r : fiil! �I: rn)!-r : h'P�"f-: nni:,,: '}OD--f! : UD.,,UD/,f : -OH"'" : ll'?,,e1"l&: (lm lll•'I° : fffOD',..".} : n,::,,. : fi..f1ll : llh&.A : t\OD�llJ,nC : l.f:T'PA ::

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: ·f•7i7it\0 nm "I ro· = if11 = 001'? P':,, = --1----1-- t, :i:A n4' 'I';1.. : n:e.:,..•} : forz.ODt\ h,t:-r fl't>t(l• : if11 : on"}"Jp:,.. : 1'1+�· : t'"io : hilh : 1'1+�-- : v,;: : bfi.lJ :

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· = = ,,.. =

h..,..if7i t\ ar = ,"h"I = 007 '1F' ,) • t\i\ , 1 fll ,)-.1 : f01/.. oo I\ 11 ,t: : .-p cp UC/. ;,11-':f : nrur.@i : q :'F' : 3 {'lDll)tD- : r0itil:1-�-:,-., : JPf;\tlJ'}c;' : rf•CJJ'lC --t 1111'i l Ol/..tD -'l Oiflf°2!i= '} = 'F'= m.-p,f..= n:\i\ r--1·i1"i1"l\m· = rn·�:,.. l 1 = f qoP:,-- : h' P� = 9 i;:,:m. :: fOI/.�il:,•(�:1-:., : P't\.llJ'Jli : "l"°l'lC : O"troll -- 7 -: i,111 :, OJJo, m t.1· °1.t � il-'l e i· rrom.= "l'F';J..:fro•, : >,ilh : d1 'rft� � -: !7; : ,,,,. : f:.·t.il : /\11ll-0 : OIJ.�ll:,--'r : 01/:, l.1l : flc'fc'l:f!ro • :; f111f·fl : OIJ..t{l:i-�?11: fllrf:1: hH;,J!.:,y..: �O l/..1il1-- c?l·='F'nC:{1:,..: Ol/:,,l.-fl:}'tt\(l :,.:: · on)!,l· :Ji'f';e; : {IDLP/.1· ·1 rni:,-- : l}ov:,.-- : f°!,"f,.UD(.tD- : ,h9°/\, : 11 : cf>'}: .. .. : l\ , h l : OD ;J rf: a.:, I ii : : &,:, fl ci\UC/(D• : UD :,,l·fl : iift fl:,:-:: flaul : n (L lf1 �:,.: ,,1Y..art.:J!flmc • nni,1:: '}OD1--: ·h'f'�: ro-{l.-p: r.-J--oufln,f--(l)•: (l'}m(.1f: . 1111 : f,l"ro(l�ro·'}: f0'/..tll:i-e1:f1 : F'AllJ1i:i : rf""J'lC : 0°1/.mll�m· : :,1'. t\'11-H-0 : 01/..tllrf:C : '?9° ..-1· : fOI/:,"lO.f = +1 : 1'.1�f.wt-n:, - : hf:C"ln ;rt\ ::

''h14•t.·: fI§ :: IP/'i:farcr = for>1"'1P'•l- : 10.: 1111,fl: OihdJ : h1f.·l·t.•l>f.m· : >1f.\ll'', n• J>c = rom = 1t.e.rr1cr == 1't1•f>?.• : Y.I?; :: f01.·l·: qon,} : Of.\{!. : ,l,dJ : f,rofl'if.\ :: 011-,v : ',1P'•J:: &..:J•Y:'i : ,ndJ : fi"7.t:,. . f.ar: onv,t.:i• : f"7.):il:'f·t!"l· : 'J°hC : O.:'f· : t\ODlJJ..(lr : '}ao,l• : OP't•= ilf, : f"7.«rt\ar : 01.:," : fOl/.t.,,. S.·fl·l·1 : OJ!-1· : ht'\11 : tJ.l.'1°£!" : f,ndJ : ltta·O : 1,f{l 'i� : fifao,f: : t\;rCi\"'1.1•1: _: J'•l'e'lA :: h1.,,1{" : fI% :: ;rei\"'1.1•1: : .fcf•l.Ot\-1·'} : 01.:i- : 01,c11c : ODC'J°C! : h'}f.· : (J'jf.· : : 01\f, · c : 1111 _ hm:,.1\1\<Ir : ·11 : � •ont\h.-J·ro f h.: f.·'J°t.· : f,fl'J'O;f-A :: ilt\mm ; oo:(!.-J: . :: {l•f•(Jfl<Ir.: 01.:,. : fD•il·r : ..TC1'01/.1rl: : (1£fl/'r";fa,,c;o : h��1- =. OD(;Q.ODC : hf.l·A'J° r-1>1.nar1 = flY:'}1,1·�: roal.: f"7.rr'iar1 = 1111•0 = ;rci\0'/.1•1: = f,roil.'r"f.\ == t\'>•,.,,., = . 'l1F.-J: : h1.';,,<l>e-o·: ;rei\"7.1 .f: : Oflj!.-J: : l\f, : Y:'J°?,.· : ·ao{lm•f:1 : h1°:dJ : (lf1il : '1�{1�: f01.:'f·: qon:,. :- hOIJ.1.ovcn:t·: ti1.e.·: roe : Ok'1· : ODal,/.{l : ht\O•l· :: Om·'i = f,n1·1 = hta·O = ;re >.1-,,1.· : fii :: O.h1•f>7,.": fI%: O·l·rofl'i<Ir: onv,t.•l· = f•l>t. . : flk·l· : . ao.; : t10D1. l• qon, : _ :, ro:e,: l· J,J;.f 1 : : 'i'i : 1.. h1J t. > f«f :· r : ,flt\a rr _,.f,., lt£11J. i: ·1.ll = fttfar = · .e. = :� m rr1 s >.Pi.fr= ro1.:r- = ,1,°1 =·hilh.;t "1--J = rrtt· = YA;J·mt·= h1.e. . . fcf>Y:'l°co-: qon:,. : flj!-T : fl.v,�fi-r : J!,lf,f/;\ :: : h�0:,.1: '11-l>g- 1 flt:: "7'i:farr : f01.·l- : qon;'f• : ,f•abtTl/6 : 111111: 0"7.fll:f-11-A ffl4'.ft1: h1J.1..tr.}: fl. ,.};�:. .h°l'l-fl: fllar: Ol/.tll-1·e: ro,e.tr,·: "7.):il:'f·t!":f: ,,,-mar,1, m -1: 01.-r r ll"'l.):ll·l·t!"1·· : 'J°he : O..:t·: f�l•e'lll� :: 1'1•1P : 'l1P'•l:9° : (Lt.:,..e.-: fOl/.t l .?�..Y. = .hll•�.(-'l° = l\ihdJ = .ht = .h'1-0 = fm°I ar rrr'i = 1 = . .. s : fl,l· ,-10 ?°he 1 ll:i•r.-";f 00 r1,1= ?°he:fl:,. = 1L.r•1>e•o. = .e.l·I\A ::'' 8 . >.1+g-: Ii ' h'i : �j.: (o) 1 ·,l•hffll : .,...,..c: li ! IuY.@� : ',.,?t,-1� � .,?Ji.II) � U·l\•t-'�: '\OD•}- .,,..,..e : /; :: ·. -� : h'P� .,,..,..e fig : IDY.!lli 1 'i;J6•l·: .,'Jlf.trJ � .hilt -: il!/°1,f•-.;:.: '-}�•l· : ,,,...'f'C .!f. ; · I· 1.. '1'1 9· l · • � • C +--'f' � ¢" • = ,,· qou �-.;: l\" lJ• = f '1'P�=4-re I fli ' 1Jif9..?; � 'l;,6,l· = .?fLtrJ : 'If 'if?fi\ = 7.

- 353 -

◄

1\C"l'I' r Ol,,f-!f: : &.. ti:,!01.. = ffllT : qoo,f: : tit\if, : fl��.'\ : r,)t"l : ° : :',,f,A :: f /1,f\,rOJ• : {lf'}{IIJ•f: : fOT/..OJffi• if11 1· : 'ifar :: )�C : ol "} : t}oo :r'f!m• = 0,:,r : r,1·&.«1>>;..•l·'J = 01a1.9'l·'• = r1n..::,f· = '?9°·l" : 11:1= = ti .e, . If"} : +aJ,111/t : n)!-l· = ft.,"J.. Cf\"1 , tif.,«J>c-o = n,1..�-1: = roar..?J,f· : W•ilrr = il.f..l1'- : {l'"l.'ftt•;'J· : ft lD•(fl1'" : !t!!, : f..1\.(1}•'} : ?1 (l·} = f"7.,0D fthi: : Y..--1;,i -: 9' 1'19° : J!,f,tfA :: h � f-LIJ'l° Y.,. "},:.,1, 9' ·f· : f 01.. -l· : quo,f: : fl.&. Ksrn : f';h°l =. 1..t·L : l'J°r: : 01,anq :',,J!,l\:,:lD'"t : fOf/.,,fffic : 'i':fOJ· i i"lC : '?"} ;, 4 ltJ!, : (ID {l oor:-:,. '1,f i'f..;, 1(JD• : OJ'r-1·'11 A :: 1,., f·LU : !-,.·"} ,:J'1i?1:f : 0TH f --� lD• = ,1•1,.· t..'PA == i"/\ 11/.h f-.t 1 i = 'I' ro•il = .. :, ni '1° = '¼ -10 = = --·''l: : {lfl)!;I.. : frf•t.+Y.0r"} : OJ{J;l. : 11tl11 = hit'}J-7 : itC1,il:I.. : Wf. : lb� : hC"hil:,• : lDJ!,9° : h'lO•il 2 hC1,i1:I.. : mf.,. : /\,I\ = '}lJ-c{l : nC'h {l,r : mf.,9° : hh1..e- : "}O,il : nC'l,fl:I.. : 1-fC1fC : <Df.lbl\ : 0°1.h+ rr.:i- : lJ'),;r9'1' = {\OT/lflDC = ,e:/!f\A ::

n:,,c,n

fin"}�� : "}O•ll : nC'l,ll:i• : m-lt1' : hit"}f..- : f"}(}-{l : t,c'h ilT : 1fC11C : tDf. : ibl\ : t\"1•1lDC : 0 1'1t11l : 01/.).{l,,)··?- : &.:l'Y: : f.,&.7."1A :: f11l'111 : D?.).il-1·?- : hCfl · : Om(l�(D< : OOtPlT : f, f-- (){\lD•"} : f"71f'PlJJC : P't,. : h11;.&.?i"m,. : /1,fr, 1'1 : it:"7'1°1T : ft.tDhA : y_,:1:1\&\ :: (ft) fli't'Jf_" : i'tC'h.ll;'J-- : lD•fl'r : hit1f: : 'JO..(l : J',C'hil:i• : Wf..lb f\lD« : "}°'(l : i'tChll,)·'i' : l1it"}f_• : foof..fli1 : mat. : hCh il:r = mf... = 111::J-- A = ro(J;l. = nOIJe·1roc = raitll:r-c>:f = 9'1nc= fl»-l-1 : t,_j>f: : filt.A;,A :: (,11 ) Y:11,f'� = roat. = h"?..t\lD· = ttcilc:,- = rof.lbf\ro• = tt"'l•1mc= f°7..til,l-c>'f = 'J°hC : fb:,,1 : t..:J>f: : filt..A;JA :: (oo) f:11+� : ro,r;i.. : hOf/./\(1)« : hChil"r : (l{l,f...+C : hibl\ : JtC 'hft,}- : lDf.. : /1,I\ : (lOl/lflDC : /\f.(IIJlJJ1'1'i : hOA : b,f•�'f f...llr = n1t.f, = ma\, = t\0,Y:l.°l = r1 , 1.1·1»9° , nY.,&.4'f:9'1

(1J)

(1)·

fn_:e::,.

= '¼OD:,. = nn1.:,- = 11n•o = 1-&.:,,P.l\:f0r = fn,::,- : qoo:,- : (LH;, : P't..9'�'i : h1A°lfr1,f-:t: : f"'l'P Tfr : (Ltr"} ;: f11tl11 : °7..tll:i•c;,. : pt,.(]}- : lJJf,'J° : n1A °lf\.o,f: :: (li'ft'1 : °lfo ;J• : f +1 Q (l -l- : OD If.,.."} t;' : 1•�� : 11"'l {JJJ fth,f•(lr : hnoo-,.. : roi:,.. : i'tC'hil-l- : l\f, : l\OOnLA : fll'Jf., :FA : ODl.f'i-1 = hitl.:,1,n : O�f\ = •t•1fl•"} : t1f:"}1·t-�: m� = l\.h�A : f,'ff\A 'lft&.llr =

=�

f"'l.til-l-�'f : 9°nC : f1'1· : (Lt,.:,, f:'i' : 1'")-'tV-'J° : T(.£1 "7t = 001..'1� = 1(l : f"7..1� : 00.r-,..1 : (Lfl,:J°l'P : 01.itf 211 : '¼ = 9° = n,::,.. : 1t 'P,: : h.,1--t.+f.,.(J}- : flit "}+� = I = n�· 11\�ro- = flf\f., : i\n1�1 f: : foo"}OJP':,.. : hll:fl).f., : P'tr'l'l ,, · f"'LfilLA"l·T1 : lDa\.9'1· : OH,U : (liti\'iJB : q : 'J° ' O)! l it'P� : it1+X-. : I : h+oof\h "l..lD• : ��(1� : lJJal.. = )t{lC : : h A l : : · : { tJD,fi f"7f,'1AT : tr'i : f11H11 : D?.tll:,--c;,. 1'"}Jt � OtLU : h'P� : ,,-.,.:,,P..i\-l - = ;J-c!f..A ::''

(1)

- 354 -

f0j!;f.. : IJ.•t\,P, : OP''l : P'C:'}rf: : Oh·A I fn,)!,l· : u.•t\,P,m•"} : f°2,.0D/\hrl: : y,ft:,-- : 'l' l' Pl : n,l1"l = TlDil'l'PA f"'l.'l.il,l:e-:f-1 P'A"J'J'i' : ,,., .."l'lc noiw il'ILD4 :t-1'.1111 = ODLPt.:i• • "'l.'1.il:i--e-:f = rn,::,.. '?'l°;t-:fm-1 hilh : tft9°i\, : I?; : 4'"} : l\1'JH,(l" : "1.'l.il:1--?- : 01/:,,l.11 : li/\'l:fm· I f,U : 111.,rl• i nn,:--1.. = ffOD'J = it'P� = DDLPl.:,.. • hilh = ou,:1 a..:,.. I£ = +1 /\;rel\«'/ {111:Pl-O = atcrc:n•r ·1 :r el\OJJro•9° = n1,?f?fl\m- ,n1 = 001a,,,,,,r i hit>;. 1r rn,::,.. = HOD'J = fl.f'Jil = it'Jf: me 1'fth«tX"'l° i f.U'l° = "1/\:i• : h(l), : ji : 4'"} : OkT 1 01.,1:"} : 1'14'?." : On'J<t?t.. : h'J}t',,;J1C:n:,,'i" : f.''/° � : h.1-'t(l'l' OT : fil&.A,:JA :: 'i1e : '?'J ¾ h1Pif'lw- : V·/\• : fn,: :,.. : 1·100 . " } : h. 'P� : oulD•llJ:,. : h 'I l'I.tJ : f:"},:J1,91-:f : fOD1..not ,,rm•"} : 1.um· : fftl,. : .e:1;,1, : lif.'C:1o;rA 10 ill\tLU t LPt\,P,m•"} : fOIJ.ou/\h,,I: : 'l'l'fl :f"} : f01/.lDil)· : f 01..:,.. : HOD'} : 1t 'P)E : f.''} ;,1,91:f-c; : ,,1,if?i/\ fm")ro-: ,"h? : OD"}'?P'T : �- 1,:11,?11· : c;:fm· :: fLPt\,P,m· : 'P'i' : 'P'i" : f..l�?11.·· = f01J..h+i\-:,.. : 'i':flD· ::

li I (l), : ti : «p"} I n,:--1: : "-◄ H,:J,.:/\,,"f• : h;J--+f..m· : lfOD"} : it'JX• : : ao-/l� : q OD:,. : it ii«pf:'l° 1 f1111--n : "'l.'I.ii rl•?- ¾ f,,,..h;t- � : f n;�:,.. : If

= f..,f1P,fL = fil--1•1\ (JD"}

from. = '11'1°:t- = ,1·11,:1�,y.. = '111-t;.«pe,n ¾ /\f°2.)..il:,-�:,:

A�A::

I I f..11P,O.m· t "'l.til:t,e:i: : f01., :,.. : "l'l°;J--:fm-"} : h00ilhl'l° : @

n&..:,..

= h'l-'tf+c:n◄ = ,,<'lt il'lA ilt\tLU t· 02.iil:i,.e:r: rn1.,,l• = "l'l°:J':f ro-"} : /\"1tl;J1..T : hr : roe : 01\f, : lti\:fro· : trf//\T : ',lD· ::

E I f1'Jtf11 : "'l.'l.ilT?- : fn,::,.. : "J'f°rl:1 : h;J--U"tP' : @ : <f,'} : 0 &..:,.. = fl°'ltil:i,e:r,. = 9°he = n,:,.. = f«tc'lA i11t11.u i f11,.,,n = 0'1._iil.,1:c = rn:e::,.. : IP/f..t..� : -t;.�tifL�'} : noo,:outf : f..l;f : hf°'l)..il,1:c:'f = f+l ntt:,..1 fn,::,.. ·ai9°:,.. = 1.+'l'l•fle'i = 1.'1'1,f = /\CPJ:,,1.,n = = mel.. n/\" :,.. ::

- 355 -

n:,�

0 I f"ttJ),l--(!'1':. : 9°hC : �:,. : Ofl)!,f: = l\,,e, : flu .. : me : ,f,h-A : -0 : I?; : :1. n. l 1l ;, 00 1 t\ = 0?. : t l t : 1 ?1_ ?tf 77i '. :f.1 .9' i\1 ll. tiwf'�_;1l'i : iti .. t\ fl C :: � f = : . · "f:, 'P t, O : f T � : l!� t.. .. ; O'/ I\ PC ,t'J : l\ ;: ; rcl\"'IOJ• = 01-4!:,, t,'P'P; = l\f, = f<PJ.f.e..c1<»-1 = nchc = h(}� Jrt1f:....: ,t"} : {lt. ,l· : ou&.?t'I° : ltt\0:1-- 1 r,J·· 4'flt\a>•1ST° : ( l). : 6 : lf "'1 : 1\1.,..,;., : -,-,r•I: = tPJ:,,t..11 = .e 1ll'P/.\ i 1 -1�v, = 'i1P,t:'r = '1?,l· : fO:€-l· : i't'P� : lflf : . fl'l;,t,1· = ;Jl·Ll1J : ;J-- .;g,qo = ,,ero"lA :: .

i:: i

n,::,.. :

�nn.r-1

,,n = or1f...t..� = � r1111 = oi1lt,1;c .. 1 -, = 1· n 1 0 1 01•1 = = 1fc1·1c = hnt = I7; = 4'1 = 0.-{.:'f·· = d\O?.tll,t-�- = J},t,h(LV--1 : fili-1\Ati-A ::

ni:i�

o.ii�..

= r...,--&. 4'f, fr1:r::,. n�.r=

Ili

= mt .. :,.. = ,t-h·A = ��:m· = ffl)!:i-.. = ,l,"l = t,rollJ'P : P'� : rcq-l• :. i'tP,..()" = rot-l· = H 001 = 11..,:0Dc = I = ta9°1:,.. = n.4' lm• , f,L?..OJ/ IA : ti'/ I\ -l· : 'I iir ::

i1°1.';.IJ

•

hH..tJ : ;JC : ,f•ff,tl : 00',/tr : ft\n:,.. . ,f1(t'r : fl DlXI.. : 1fC1lC =t1(l J!.1:'i : t1,1, QJ.Of/ t OJ• : 0j! = ;, C : hfrf•', 'IfJl : I\11",,., : 'I1 P',J: c; : il.TC I\IJT/(D• : ou:,,t..n· : a,ro- :: ,,eu9° : fOIJ.f..l1W· : nn;:..-1: = fi•C : fOD�l,q : �l1f = l\f , = n.lf1 t 01-- if?ft\w· = ;,..1 = 0010JF:,.. = aa,,.,l:t- 1 ffll--r = HOD). : n,f•t{.?._OD : hi'tt-:,'" : rot-,} : 'lAflt\,n : 1... 11, : Uril'l' : ODlf1 : hft Or :=

fmt;tl. : "19°-l- :: O'IJ'J° : f"'Lfil!f"ll(J)c'i : 1.ft : f°'Lt.1,.0J·• : flftJ(i:/\"'i : fl11tf1l : °'l 't.ilirf:C : 1&ll'1' : fOJ! T : tD"l : oo (l,fl (l(r : -,ro. :: f,U : ffl1:,1· : lDGLl. = foY. (lfl(lfl(Dc = 1f:,,+;;: = flf).r = f1t1:oi1il:1--t-ctr -1 = tJtj:t\�:f = noif+c ; ffl1,.,f:9° : 11 C1-fC : fqao,f:"} : ODtf"J,flT : frT : "l'J°"r : ODlf"} : {lODODAh:i• : 11..1ao:,, : f0'L:f..i\CD•1 : ODf-0'1 : tDal..'i 1 ro«lt� : f+{lmn T1'i = f"'LL}!tD4 : 'P;, : f+ao11-,ar1 : fti,:;:f--A : tDIXl,. : oo{Jl.ODC : iti\0-l- :: fill1: : m'". : i't'11l : h9°h1f+. : ;,c : 1--ff,1·• : ou"f_.oat.r : ft'l 11111 =. '"l't.ilirf:C : l1H..f9° : l\"7..'l.ilTt:� : 9°hC : f1"1•'r : l\;T"Cl\tl'/ : t7fJ,f• l\l\ 'i: : hl\Or ::

iti\n:,--

ilflltU : "'L't.ilTC!1� : ffl}!·l· : °19°;--�:ro-.1 : 1t1�.f 4•Cl r = hO?.mf, +m- = .J.!.11.i;n. = ;,c 1: ,,11o:,- 1'"tf."'i..tt;,J>: = f" ?..fill� 2 ''n'}f: = fn,:;,-. = 009°tf'' +ff.it = ,,el\tiA == ,,eu = DP9°t.r = 1ri\:,• = h f\cT :: fOD1..ODl,,fa,- ·Z: il I\,fl(l : '?9°:,.. i ill\ (Dal,. : ODat ODC : "'I (tt.t\c1J : itI\"'I flt.I\ '1·1 � ti ii .ti\19° : f;,-.i1 at-1 : h:,, "I 6liJ. : 'h."} f.. OW/.ro fl 1: : fO'/...ft7fJft b �- ro-1 = m:,, i\ I\ = 00 'I°tf = ff 11ro· : f i:,.. = 7'11.. ct = ,n:PI\ I\ = OD '? t\6liJ, lf 00 i;m - :: .eu = 9°tf = i\1.tl.(l)c : f°'L,,e11· ar : hm:J•i\f, = �"rfl'f } = 11:f- = f llf 1'1° 1 : +if1iflo : {loof..0'1'. : {lt1,:;rA : tDal..9>1' : 0 h-A : fntt.4'/. -lD41 : fliJ!-O'lt � Ah : (fioo,f,) 011C1fC : 1'1-'U'ltf, : 11..f.l"l : f,1 'lA :: �� c = .,, •. = 00 tf � ff°'L't.il,J;..-. = rn,:e::,.. = = hoo:,,lll' = ot-"1· ·

= n,:.. =

n�t\�:t- =

lDI._"-·� 1,u

-,r;,-.

- 356 -

◄

(10{1{0:t - : nl\OT ; OJf,il : f11H1l : 01/.).il-tc : f«f>lO/l ,r'} : oY.. lt 1: ff t , �1 r = ODl}f = ;,c = 'hffl,t-1r = oooocooc : :t '1'1° a .. :, o� = ti(l. = iln:,.. = fo,: = h r ll... = 'h1-J; "'/./t .til hl\ " f,u 'I' = = 14: = lD "1 = r ·-J:c: :Y.. .m«f>oo-n:,- = rn,:,r = f '19'1'1.. : h{JD:,,ln· : ot.,r : fOl/..(lmar : OD'J°ti ; OJ(l'} : h '}J;flm• "I K: A : _ �(D4 ,,.. tJJ» "1 1 t9° 1 1,u = ou'!°tf = r 11t1 1 = oitllrf:c hOJJ.fm"l:fmn = C itft : f,ilOIJIPJ A1 : f°tA : 'r f<J: : nil :: 0 ?'/l. (L f rf• �f.C : :t•ht:111 : ;J : . flll·A : (L� f, • f,tJ : OD'/°ti : f,{1/;\'r : roim:Pooro- : fOl/ �ilTC.-'f : . = = = ar fL,-,. ,. = ., r1n c f(ID'J°tfm- = trl\,-J·'<;:ar = )](j:/;\ f°t001lh"i·ro- f01:-i:1 : fh4'&-. l11 : C:. C'J° : ',Or :: f,IJ : h'i:A 1 roi,,� : P'', : P'C'¼1·: {l{lflm : 'hfi• q if t\ (L'tf: = roil\mrr = n .. tr1'1° = hu-1 = 'lflo,1-- rr�� 1t1r1- roY..lPt-11 .. -11 : rn,: T : P''I : P'C'¼T : f UIJ.. f ltf., : ill\lf', : '161b�· : 0Dtp4'{). : f llt. r = rmF.&..:t- roi:,- = : J roii1> coa °19°:t- = f01J..001Pl,t-m- ntt u-� A A qOD:,.. n,::,. l\f, = (l.. tr1 • +Q;),"'It = rrr). = r,t-J.4,J;.. ·= m"'l?J'f hh �It· : f"i•{JD�.."f·1'i' : 'h'}Y..1c; : f,,.l-oPY..{1•:t-1 � 'h1.';.U•9° : fnU-). : qu o:,.. : ni:,.. : hOIJ.filttA1ar : 01\f, : {lODlf). : f0?.f..l"IW-'} : :P'i'7i : U-ft« : f,f,ffA :: f,IJ : f,,-qqf\ar : fitrr). : qoo:,,: o,::,. : ''f°th&.A: oo_e,.n,;:: Wat.'' .e'll\A :: rn,:,l.. : 1fC1fC : /\'h11�1� : 10-il : nC'llilT : +,f·1-1·'r : oo:Pl1l= ht\n:,.. :: f'i>lOar : roi:,.. : °19°:t-- : h°!htt/lro- : oo.e,.o,;: : m"'l : fOl\m '11tlf', : 1lAMiJ»(J)c : ,,.1·4>f.1f,',,,.r1 : f°1 .fi1o:,- : 9°h1J'T : n�•,fl.,;: : oo· ;'J,l11 : '1/lO:,.. :: O+tJJ."'It'I° i Of.'1°1f'i' : nOA : l"lf: : 0°1..tll..1:� : ro-{). '1' : l\l\Ur : ft'h11�1� : fP'� : Y..lir : r+oof.{1 s ff_{JDffl1f : 1fC1fC : ODOJl\66J.'i : ft'hf1�1�9° : frP�i·?f>:Y.. : :}f: • "'lft T : /lnilrl-.l;f..C : ,.,.,�..,.. ?ff 1 f\oo-f+?f>-:f • f\,f:ht'i'LJ''iif- i ftCJftA� : oo-f = ,.,.,�+�l·, rm•Q;l..: 11 n.611-C : {JD0]{\66J. : ?'ll. ft : 'i c; ftOJ;rf..C : ,..7rl-= ... : v,� 1\1\T(D« : il U°l'IT +fl'i'f:-f : oo:,,l1l : n/\OT :: f nChil,f: : n61iJ.61bC : (JD"J/l�?J'f : n,: +.1 = l\"7m�llA = '6l�ir == 11c11� = oooifl66J. = n,:+.1 = ll"7K-f.:P = nl\t.. .,....,. : fi.. fl"IT(J)c : ()ftP'A"l'i1' : ro,:1:1 : "l'l°T : (L{JDl9°� : fO'f..OD{\ brf:,}- : ',ro- :: rl-9° 1 nn 'iCfl 0.. : 0 l{JD:,, : .e.c rw:r : 1,,.0DOJ1f'i : nOA : {11fC1fC ,::,. = ttfta.A = IP�+7tif- = h1f..°1.1.l"l(D« = on,::,.. h'P;f.. = m-il'I' = n11c 11C : hf,Wll)'f° s: rrnc;:1r : n iT t lDal,.(J)c : fOIJ..hLftW- : hm:,,1\1\lD- : "I0. : If', : ml, . 1 wa;i.f lT {/DfP : tJ . O :: h :,. n t = ttt : H A 'I° ll,lt • LJ-ir19° : mai,. : "'lm�ft .. f it • fr'1 'C:r : lfil m:fa, 1:l\ 1 tt+ : h f.."'l 'h1 �ir : >th 'h1 10.f:f : ar f 1.(!- : hc;:A : mai, : f°thL/\(J)c : hl&'61b : 'hC ��'I° : If� : hhc;:tr : 10. 1 . nhc;:fl« = o,::,. = OD"JCJ:,.. = nl\o:,-- == ot1.1r = 1,.1,�:,. 1 f:,..'J°uc:t- = °1..til.-J: C'i = ra.11,0: m'i = T0..4> = oitili:C : n:i•9°uc:,..c; : hm'i' = ;t-nil = noi ◄ : OJcil'I' ' "1il"lllT s i't fl m r:f :,. l; OO . : 11H1l : f"th�irT1 : lD"1 . : ,,,..

= =

- 357 -

: ;fto 12 f,tJ l'iilt.l\.1. : ' 1 : Q 01/ '1 f:,-- : il I\.t\ 0 ,r '1° :, : "l "' :: " f.,1'?/ 'I' =

-----

ftr�ro· = fnl .-� = '19°:i•. = m:l'l\tiw-1: rmQ.) " ◄ c 0 : � ar:: f,f' fl I\ ·t- : 1(l9l ,f : fl1 ..: J9°,)-.: ID• ft

n��..

il = 1 l!'1t:?1:f..,- : �°'1.out\h:,.. rm O ti"C:t-A : mm : �il'I' : : 6 at. = "I?°+ =h-Yl!'1£'?1:J: = 1·1c11c = DP°lfl 1i}, = ;,c = 00if>l1l : t,nn:,.. �= -: m . : ·il' = f : l"l OD',;J (l{lro« 1 : lDGtl, : h " 1-. h .:'fIf I' d}/l� {l : f., IJ: {ID } -.. Ot\m·• : (l,J !J:1:ao«<;· : llO]!:'t- : ttoo�. rilt.A;JA :: ltf., ", . : .f , : 1 -m 4! :i- = �-1,9 :Y.· = l\.e = oi� t.1 iD" h 'I' = ,., t..'h IP/ tr = ,-1,11"ro = <C :,, "l9°i: : ,:JC: OIJq' ll>''J °: tDal. : h

n:e:

+.e..9" :

11nt :

r1fL

= ai'l°:r ==

oitil--1:l!':f

n"7,., n

--r

l1l : ttn:, ::

= noi.r,,;, �

--. A = '19° w f ;J :f lD•1 t-i 1: ;J .e.. '?/ '1 ai.. = ou :,.. = 1.lt -: f11H11 : °ttili:C: f1(l : '1'1°:,-1 : ftl;J'}l"A.:: f10..ID•: '?'J° :,.. t\"1il+ff:,• : flJA: llt\4i«-r: u-t\:i·•: qOD;J-- ,}· : r..-1--1,ar"}: 10.. : O+f1'1ro-- : 0,{ID:,.. : m--lt'I' : f.,1�A : ,f-,fil\0 f°t;rOOlD•"} : r1 Q : Ah'i" = fny::,-. = O,ODi:1 = °l'l°T = .r tifA == f1(lro• = °19°:,.. = ,t11:>�, .r/\ 4-c:,. : qoo;J--:,..1 : f1fl : Ah -: f;J--hil: Ah : (}OD/\.Wm•: fOilh+l\t&'} : lD·aLT t fit-'til: ;rhil: ODbt\ODC"}'i': 9°1Jl1.. : oo.�l"l--1 t f;J-- tiil: J-,(l,t, ,;.e..c: oo.fq A1 : foul)(lfr: 1•Prr-1--"} = Ul/il;J-- roil: h.il&.1\.1.. = h.lf'}: ,el I\.A tt1'9°?-h = 4>l'P = (l ,'lA i rm•m. it"lC 1'1f.." = ,r1;pl\.l\. J:.11U1Joi.r J!,m'i"A :,

:,�hnl\�

4>'P,,.l''c1'i· : 4-'l'i--i:1 : f Alf'I : ;J--hll'I " : r1... 9°? -n : 4>l'P : y,{lrJ;'} : fou1..outf: oo�Oi:1: f1fl : h.C°hilT : ,,eJ!,•Jfl·:: fih6'1 ",;:'i': lllt9nil1.. f1fl: ttC'hilT: ilC=fOIJ.ou.e..o,:,,i ll�CY.:: {Lrf,1--c;-:hft,fr>'ffOD'}'?P'•r:ODP' 1 n.?1:f = fOIJ.10Di::,..,; = roi tf = = roi n1·•0Dtiti,e OD"}1f..''i": C:C9°: ',ro--:: '11C: OJ"} i 10. : f°t/17':,..: °t'J.il,t·�"f'i': fOD 1°1FT = f1 fl: ai'l°;t-:fm-1 hma1.. = °l'l°;t-:fm· ;J(: = h1->t f 4'c: fr : J!,11\ f :J> fl-- ::

,1':,..

CL+:f

= 1..-ci--,,.r--:f

4>cn·,r =

�=

o:,..

h 001oi F,-,.. = 111 l :,--'i· 001°1 F :,.. = h OIJ••ewt-= 11,: :J-- A (h.1 ii'ilT°11T): roi11"ro--: j_�:ar: ODf,.{1�: f1fl : itC 'hll--)· : ftTIJ.1lflJrf•lir: r nnou� = Ftt 1 ,: 110D� = lD"il'r 10. = oowt,.:,• : 0141 : IL4'1 fie : ro ,e'l° : IL m.'I° "r : f °t:l.._ tr : 'I 1c:l· : ,e o11 '1 :,: q, t\ :: hit.1oilTOD"},), : f°t11ar"} : 10.: fl0D10D-)•: h1°l..l7: Uo''Jf111: 'li>f p'f : 111r : ODl�9ll--: lt"'/°111· : J!,;Fl\.t\ ::

o..

ttODtrc

nni:i.• =

12 · fm'i"'i" : r:,·ruc"1· : ;J·h{lif• 1 fm11r:,. : 0�'1;,·, : <f>--'l'C : '!i:4 = Iiif:lli i 'l .,."J l,:,. ' ,:JH,flJ! . nil� I ilMrf•� I �OD·)· : 'rTC r !!! : h'i : fih.'P� : .,...,re I j� ,; , Iitf.� I ',,:Jt,:,• I ,.?If.'!} (l'},f-�l�OD;'f• I +--'l'C [' �'lOC :: h'lfLtJ : :rh.--l· I fO"/..�m...:,. I 1'1f,. I {11Jf,.(li1 : foP/.,•r= "'lfl c h�A 'lm- :i '11c 1 °11 • h:rhfll· f"'l..1·r°" • 111111 1 f°tCDtfJa,. = t\(Jl.'i"'i"• tt ?'°UC,r : fl;J! : 'la>- rt hm.'i" : :rhil : f0"/..1i'tD•: 111ffl: f"7.tDt1JO-r1 1 rh1.r:i· 1 f"'i. , ��'»," :,,O'ht11i cp--.rrc fit I Iif:ll 1 '1;,&:r� : ;JH."I � h.P'� s 11n1'1� qoo:,.• =1 +--'f'; !.h r t'l..trl h:,,Oruc:,,.: :rhil f0-Z.1i'm- 11Hfl: f 07.m11JO:r•1 9°h1f:, ftfl/. il �a>- : h'P� : 4>'1J'C r l!; t 'l;J&:,,0 : ;JH.ITJ Ii� : i¼OD:,• ; 4>"-'l'C : (: �a,. st

= =

- 358 -

= =

f1(10"1,lif'9° : hLD4 : '1 1 : f"t 1·'im-- : hC�;r : rori. f..ool w. � 1· � : m:,,1\1\a,.1' : fOD"}"IP'T- • oo.. �n� : 1n. : /\"'Im:,, : h J,' 'too:f : �a,. , : :: : {II C ,f,� ' l O J ffll'r "'l'l.ll-f;f!i• 'i : fOD"}dJ J»,)• : �c;�--f--1· : lrl\« : rn �:,- : 11°1 �:rT �, t.�{IIJ(D4 rni--1 :1 "I?°:,. = 00 llhl?° = @ = +1 = /\111, 11 01/. '1.lt = -..1;c:{IP l\n : it/\ '1:fa>•::,eu : hf"ttil l:?-'i·=hfoo'J"IP':,-: �c;e:.-1: :r,f•l\ • hro :f fl � : '?'J°"l- : it'}� : l\ f, : lDf.Ol/.4>�'1f1C O-l· : Wf.. : 11H1l : OIJ 'l. ..f; ,: . il C : ffll...,,. : O'/f..t.� : >;,.futi(L\'9 "}: ,e..,,.l\t\4,A :: futi(l.\'91- r4,lnw-= rn�:,-. 0J9°:,. : rt11J..h+ rn ;e::,. O'/f..t.� tr-r1 ,,.t.1t1. �'l'fl°f OD..r,1-•1 = "'ll,:J1'1' ""n:,. - fD7.fllLA7- : �ltfl'f : OD'f t,.:,::w -} ' j - '?9°'1: : t\oo+�'lflC'i : /\ODm 'i--)· : 1l"ln. : ODlJ')-11 - r+c'l mlD4 = 00'?t\61iJ, = t\ ..t'mr+w- = rn�:,.. = °19°:,• = +ir:r DI/ii O OJt\tiliJ, : ht\ODl]'.,."} :: l� : ODlf't-"}'i" : rnj!...,. : m�'I\I\ : D fl�/\ : l·"IC : hOl/.&.'l'C j fief! : fAlf�W- " }: rn;e::,, : °19°...,.. : trh- : O D O fl ii : frf•?f fl : ,el]'c;A :: �'1C : "I\hw« : D O P' t,f : fLT : n Ii .u : '1.l·L : D '?1 i ,eu = rorif..l1w- = f"th --t"t\ --:,. �il :,. = u•)..:J-'?19:f'· r..,..,� "1f..V'., �m-=- �� = rn:e:1: = '?9° --1· = n1.t1. = 4-'cn = }t'Jf..lf., = �121/ rn;e::,.. = °1f..�i= )lt,ti(Lf""}·l nroritilrf:?- 'i" : flfOD"}dJP'....,. : �C�rf: : h"t1� t ll+lflcT : ffllT : °1'1°..Y..l- : '11\k : hlf't- : '1/\.P'AflJ'f:f : ;JC : f,t'tJJ.flm : °111, ft\ W-.: 'h_ " } f..lf�'i j r.�/ r )tfuti(L\'9�- : flt\P'AflJ'fl· I °7.'J.ilrf;(!':f"}''i : fOD} " '?P'T : �c:e,-r-l-1 : n:,,c,n : fm·*:flD-: 7'1f..lf� : �ffic :: fODlODt f(& = 1r>,;r "'lfl:,. = rn:e:--1:1= °19°T n1.1-1, = OIJ:,,l·fl t\00&.1.?° = 6e,� 7i : fCPJ.:/!-A : i'tf,ODilA9° I roaz.h+t\«T : trflrf: : U•),;r?'':f -!· hU•'J : ()fllD• fOD} " Cf/P'r)• : ODp-11,.C' : fL.Y·'f : �C:E,·r : r,,..,ti : t\...L'/.(JDc : JtA:f.tt-9° 13 a

= ..

= -�.. =

�,r :

rn,::,.. = "'lf..t.ifLD4 = -'tfutifL\'91 = rtt1t&.ro-1 = 11001= Jtv1 f<P/.IP t.(1-r} " 'i: /\OD{J;},.0>4 : rn:e::,. : H OD'}: fcl'l fl W-"} : Wal,. hf°t'J.flrf;?-'i= O V'lT 1 01P hfDD"}CIJP'T: ODJ»l,f : (Lrf: : n"',,.110>4 : rn j!rr : °l'l°T : D 1ml.1f : a>-ll'I' : '1 il1-0 ..f- : fil+ffA :: 011H-0 : °t'l.ll-1:C : OJcll'I' : f°t f.l1 m- : rn,::,. : 1fdJ;e.T : P''I : P'C'¼--1-- : (l.L'l.'1° : r1111-o : °t'l.ilT?i : h01/.til-re1'f = ?°tic = fL-r roaz.1+cnro- = "l'J °--1•9° = f1V'1ml.1f = ro-rt'I' �ODt\h;t-l\ :2

r001..001,1w- = rn:e::,. = lcf!f ==

r,1,111 : "'l.tilrf:� : 01P"}ml1r:i: : (JIJVJlT : fODj!(JIJl,fCD-1 : ffl l-r l«f!f = r"'lu;,,:--1:1 +"Ille 1ttt1f: = rn;e::,.. = tioi,1; c'll' ';tA ::

- 359 -

tiOIJ.i: (I)•: ·ftT'/.{IJJt.ar: ffll·l·: D'/Y-t,-1,·: ,t1on1 1..\"'"} : ;}f\&..: ntr�m- = -7 1 : "} n : oito rf:C : rh > 1 f · :'f 1 oaz. 1 Pc .. � ·Y f\t'J•? .. tll·rC : rY'i i � l� · : · �t -.. ,.:}-c; , ft,'1·1'{\: Jtt»h(l.V--11: 'h1'Pz..t)·9°: ftl�e:-1 : lP/f.. ?�: �.fuh n.. r·1, : foimti"' = n·"1'1°"t•r--".f,c.• f&,t;"}il fh,tac:ai,; = rq,;Ji °19°:t- >,crt SJll- : _e1�fl:J•·A:: -.. : (11l OD I\ h ;:1 ll :rro • = i; 'f' n 1: : t,, : c; (ll f ti oi--1: OJ4: fm al,. = '? 'J°•t: 1 ?i 1F-:i:: fOf/.h1" Ir:,� : 'i ":fro·: "C : u : -f ° : ll;l ll"f �'< : h11 If t\nm· : Ulll)Dt.r : 'l.):. l : 11'1° b., 1 f ni1: (IDO'l;I.. : {IDf"J;Jl-t:1 ;: i! f foi1-:: "l'J°T: f1fl4 ID"1: flit• : Ofll(nfi4?1 I "" . 1: I fll•f.:: onm �.. "}: 1,"}� .er·f Ac; = f"17 .�rPt.fl:, } : m,ii__: A 7 J; .e1f I .,. . � 1 fOJLL1.lD·: '?9°:,• : OOLPl:, : flf�lD·: 1 lt1 ¾ OP' t...: t\J?,: /\OI/'PA: {/P;:ft.."}: (t\9°/J.lb i fi'tilrf'IPJ t?J"f·: 4'-'rC: 1'1};.f f..""'? : fcf'l Oar : 1/ ti-o : n. (t +OIJ t 91:f: : f°t ODI\ ODh--1\=f(Ir : :,.. 9°tJC ·l·· : (1,.f--:f: 'l.e IP"..-: h"}ti."}: ...,.. 1 04: ODlf �-"}) 1 ?; 1 O-Odi.&.-elD' ao'J°t.,r (rn.ft) l.1f: = t\J,.r 1�,-� = oiz..ti'l ..1;c: : ·yI!'?t--'1°:f.. : f "7.(lm ro--1: f�,.e. 9° : ..-f--h-i--A : � .. l.:f{ I ° : : (D 1': h OD"}'? P'•f:: fIAOT/:,.: f '? 9 if, l. 0 (D-: f ti 1: ;r A .Xl,. i1 009°/_.,f: (71\..fl) ;J(: : TiJ.IP/01/..: UDlf�"}:� tioirl;ID· : f'1.:,,t-- n.(D• : ooP't,,r : CL:,.. : mh.fto1... : cJ,c n OJ• : ,,..6t1 IP/ t : "1116-t,f : h1.';40ffic : t\.n1_e:,, : ,e.-:fl\A. :: f\1 °2..i:lD· : ro«J?,f,T : firf·(l,n.:'f--1: '1{)1-,,ef•f--"f: O(l�lD·: { looTcf'il: 011C1fC: f,Kti--A::

=·

n..

r•

f1"}ff1l : °1..til:,--?,...: }tl){l ::

rnr.:,-. :

1101/.i:lD· : lliJ.rf"ffT : t\11tl-O: O'f..til·)--4,. : (L4'C"fl : f{lj! .rf:"}: t.4!:,,: fOIJ.OD/lh1'•: foo�t.7f: arl)t: .eoTO;rA:: f,lJ : l'i!:P = flb'1'ioY.c; : fk'i'"}il: 1,..P,f· 'f"} : h°2.. oo I\ h,,.,,. (D• : 11att{l r)" �.: h il.,,..ff,.,.: ;JC: h;f'-tJ "/ P': c!J: cf,"}: n � :1-: fl IP/.'1.ll 1'e-:f- : 9°ti C: (1,"f": f, rf-"t\ 4'A:: f"7.1 ll:'f--C1:f : 9°ti C : 0.T :

n1.,,.I:1 :

{lt\tr'/ 1''i'"'f;

f°2..til:'f--C1"f : 9°hC : (b:,- : 01.--1:1 : On1:,'f\f\ : tr�;J.. : h --t-�,;,1l {l-r : O�f\: /\11C11C: 1''i'1": (Df._: nr.t- : tioY.--1:ll}•: fil•rl\A,.4-A:: l1"t 1;lD' = n oitil-r c-:f = 9° n c = a.:,-. = roiiov t.ffi4 = o fl:,, = n. q I\�1 = _e·1;. n 14 A :t- == .e.u = fl°t'I: = t1ni:,,. = oi9°--t:1 i, ..,,. Pr�: foiz.ar,nh;J"TlD' = 01/.til -l-c-:f = n °2.f'11 c n◄ -r = 1;,h. c:.l•c; = h 1J;.f 4, cn·• : f ...,..a, r4? ,-,.. = rf"'i.. til..,:? mtt.1tol- = OOl/..rPm•:'f--: 111/-flt--t,.,<' r oowt.:i--: f m'iA 1: f11H1l 1 "'ltil,r?-t 1't-o- : h 00 11i:-� : Olt,e. : h�H.U : "111t--tf9':f : OOIJ..{lon-O•r : 1..rt:

- 360 -

oti"ti:ID'

,., noitll 1:� =

rn:e::,. °11.�� >;.fuhftr-'J ht\ ,r/)4 : : : h /\A , _e m : J h'l''i'1: = n�" = rni = OJ.9°1 : = hfl°t...l:m• = 1'il+_rr:,..i; °1?fif 9'1" : ;JC : ,f•fJ!,fl = l\O?..til:'f,c.'1' ?°he ct:,.. : .e+c'lA:: n,,, v : 1.,H, � :, «1>cn = = T ll 9"° l\;r n c c = = 1 J •� ill\ t\OJ til 01J.. ro.i = rnl:,.. = iicri lei!:,, oi r A :: : nJ m· ti� J!,(t . : (ll> at l 7i f = I\J!, =

f 11ff,fl : °11ilrf:C : fOlT: CP/f.�� ... -1;.fun(Lf'"} : fl°ttil,f;?- : r+ 00 l 00 &.f = f-4?.:,, = h°2.. lil--f:�,f-- : 1:, (D« r = 'J ?°tic : o.:,.. : "17i?ff!P"f : l 1 JC: 01/fl,t-tihA : nl\Oii-- :: f°ttil,)·�;� : ?°nc : .:,, : ID4'1};9':fn : t\O ; j!:t· : "'if..?,'AID' : �-�n(t.. f--"}'i" : 1..�r,. : {\CJI/..ODt\h;r:fm• : °ttll·t-C'"f : {lnil:fl).f, : OD/\tJ : }!{\ q:fro• :: W•'1),?J� : n,fc(\ f.. : ffll,f: : t)��"f : lDf,'I° '1°'il = :ic 'h.'J�•t00J;..c; f°ttil:t-�:Y. ?°tic : r1:,.. = fO'/.t..t\,:JTlD"'J : (\UJc(llf- : h'PC : ?° T 'J : 'll\ : l),�;r : h1.1;.1A�: .fil� /;\,:JIA �= f,U 2 fCJT/.J!..l.1UJc I {\W•{O�: nni,,,1: : ffl"ilT: OD"]{}:,..: fl\{1:fa,. : 'l,lt: H"lfT : fl\: ill\: tr', : -O:J! : '1J!,lf"} : n,,,,..(J;t"'i t9° I nni,1: : ID4ilT fl�:,.. : itlf"'l'1..: = "1l.1o� = aoroti(t-O = ?°n'J_r:,.. : 1','lil1--i;;:m .. : t\m·rr : }i'}l;a.'}: fll]:1:1 : °l9°T : ill\°7..f :J>aril: ',lD"::

n�t\ol--_:

n+?f7if\lD" = :tt1 = 001oiP':,.. = n'J<f>?i = �r.Il; = ODlPl.:,•·, rn1::,. = "19°+.: hon;J(l,1--: ........ 11:: <f>"} : n.-:,:,,: l\'J1..fP : '111'-'1: 1 f,<f'C' lA:: '}'t-lP: �1P'1: = (t..f?-.f:<t>m· = nm:,,/\_e. = °7..til:'f·?- = ii"'lti.e'l:i• = t\;rcl\OTJ(Dc =

.e+C'lt\ :: •

= 001oiP',.,-,.. = 1t1 <111t· =

= ''D'Ji;:fa,.9° fOD'J"lP':,.. 1n.. 11tt,n n,n°l = i,1,.,,,�&.«f'f...UJc = tiAtr'l = n<1»c = mat. = hf.,1119"° i'' f.,I\ A ,t-h:rr-:i: = t,1+1-� = f...°l'l°: '':ttoi'' roit\m- = :J>A = '';rcl\OTJ = fmfl'J(Dc 2 -ni 1 fOD� :, ourr�1 = f aot\n;t-t\-:: _e.u = fl;rCl\"7 = r,t-(lmlD" llJmc m:,,"" = P'AnJ'J : nv- l\:,.. : OD'J1Y: = r,.,,..mn'l = 'Im-·== h1 f.� i rr = :i• m-il ni = :,, -r lei! = ii1 l\ = t..n UJc n+ l\CPJ • « = ,t,.:,. = aov ;rc 4'?i" !Ii O h+m4'nro.i : wt;t;l.: n/\ _e. : flao�+f: : 1t_e.-:f1A'J° n..1119"° 1 ;rca\OT/lD" = ft.ii '}.(';: 'JO·ll: hChilT : 1IC1IC: r..,--ao_e..nm-1 : CDlJJ. : hODt;Ll.ODC : t,.f, :t-1f:?° �1c = °l'J i rnt+. = OWZ..ff'J = 1,1J;..mn:,, 1 ilii11: 1o•il = 1',c i : t\ : fbl\ rr m-ll 1: : nni ,ODC : (\.,iJJ (Dal, (l:,.. : 11c11c : f,f--aof...nro• : .: rJ;f,: f...rouf...nlD" : roQ;t,. : ao<f''lft.: nl\ 0-r:: : ' !If:1t; ; «f>K ii'J : P'T }°l OD" : ,n1 t. f (\ . : fr r ,�(D..: CD(\'} : f°t ml.lD' h14>?t : 1ti1 : OCP/flJODC : ',DJ':: nao tDDtflD" : ii14'K' ' OOiP_lT ii1f: : n;e::,. : flhJt(tc : rni;,-- : 0,0DT : OD taotf : l\f, : t1AlDl 1J • fiti\

ra11

m"l''

v•o

- 361 -

15 == ou--t\,t-�ar

'1 = A ·I\ f,<» = 1\1' O = lr = P' .. :, '1+1t t..lD' , ""°' = n,: OD IPl:,. ' h1!: ' n;rc:l\"7 ' f lt'- ' ro·ltl ' (ft1D:,• : n)l'.-l· ' "J.L?°c) a.� --V' : 'l"IP'rf: : oo��if� : hnn:,, : 01 : 1 ...... .. 11J'P n, OO 'f : : U•/\-f : : lf : h lD4 1t,+1.l- = o."loo?- = oo"}'?P'rf: = I\A•t--..wn'I = 1...1-1. = ,,r1\:rCI\UC/ = rn,::,-. = 'l'C : {Llt¾�" : ODfrl'\•"} : J'oP{\)1;:J {\� :: 1 1 IP : '11P'+. : :rCI\Ul/mc : 9 4?'1' : 01• = rni:, = t1uo1 = f mllJar rn &. = 'll\ Y..4><» : 111\� ).. llJ4/t .lD4"} tif\ = & = f

. ,::r :

h'P� : (\OO"}'?P':,• : tDat.sPif.. : U·l'\• : ,"h,:Jlf!. : 'Z'Pl:t- : /\... If, : f.,�I\A :: 'l"IC : "11 : nt,LJc� : 1-.lt : f Uo"}'?P':,. : (i-:l\1u..y... ,,, .. : 00111-1:, ,. : tu "}"} : V-l\T�lD41 : f;,, 01 : tD(l"} : }t�(l,11m·9° :: 1 6

tJ,,n_e..:,. :

fni:i-- =

,,.,.,

= p-1cq:,.. = n;rcl\OIJ =

fl;I"Cl\°1 : f"'l+CfllD' : l'l!� : lll\hf"}P,'}� : 10,. il : hChil:,.. i "iO·il : nC'hil:,C : }l/\,tl9° : llf\'hf"}P,"}� : f ,f"/r : fDQ;},_ : itC1,ll:,- 1- f1·1.�,..)--1 : = a-z.. h..,... t\•.. ..1, {\ 6liJ. 9'1' = ,_, (Lb 'J" 1rA ao"' I\ 6liJ,9' :r: = oi(l ar::

oo"

�!

ftf._(IDOJlf : (f n.o.A : f..ouro1-J I f (L'fi.A 'i' : f onn.'i : itO� J fOJ;J"f..C'i: f?"iLil: f.aUDOJlf'i': hflA)} fF'lr: (l;J-.?J:f: oPm, i /\'h.. «r-'l'C :; r1-ooro11 = fF � f0'lf,l"llD' : fOJC : OJal. : Y:'J°C'i' : f'}oD,f;: : mat. : �s,nc: t\"'l h1· �,}-- : ¥'ii.:,.. : (l•Y; 'i:f i fh ii....,..P,..�t.: : 1Pt--i· 7rl 1 r..-1;tJ):h'i : f (JOcf : IP/r,.l--7fl-t; : \1l046tl,. : ti,"l'I:,• : f l\:f ar :

IP t--...,. '1f1•

=�

lfr"r r

r,Pr,�..

n-�·, :

;

(lcf>?,:,.. : r...-.t-- : UJbLl.91:f· : "}(r{l : hC'hll.:,.. : 11c1,�1· : (...,.7il1Clit?''f f (IDV-ftf91:fc; : Of1.. tLOJc : f"t+co· : lJ:J' t /bir'1' : fD'1d..,,:f) i ft'hfi�"}J;. : "}O,{l : fmru,. : ti �A : \1...,_{IDf.,.Oar : m�I\I\ : f..'9°C : f,11\9.IA (''(JD"ftf ?Jl-'' 00'/..I\OJ• : F'C : 1-; ii : f°tf..C(l.. : 1Cril : tl�it°1".. : er"...- = ''/\,Ir'7f- m al.. ll orz. tt lD' = .e.."l 'l° = ..-·;- ..... = farz. i £:fr : ,a..il: h�tr>1-- : 1th-) ::

.?11'

?1 f''

= 1ri o0 1Pt.:t- ''t11J,'1ar9° = rmr,t1.. ni:t· = 6l!'tJTJt ·: 7-J;f.. : Ocf>f...9°:,.. : /\"11 : o0'J'>t,.em• : 9°hC : oo:,,l..fl : ,.fl\0�.. h00 lf't- flil...,.cf>c ;rcl\lT'/<IJc : .eu1 l4!1> : f"'l.O DhC0 ,,1-- =

nit1+K"

--362 -

n.:,--:

/,\n =

17 f°7..4>CO r S!t\ ftlD • dl °l == = ',ll)c = a = Ol:'i-- = hhft&.m• : Hon"} • 1'1 ot:'t- : rni\m = ili\°trF1 = 04>�9°:,-. = ft,l,'? : OD'J°tfroc : 'rhc :• fL:t - : O'f:tl-O :f,f- {\oof.. : lfS:/;\ :: fih'1 = DP'/°tf ll}« = 9° hc = CL:,-. rn:e:,1:1 = ll! < r :P r = oi oo t. ' c = -..f: : 4''1' 1/.. O rn : t l ) 0 : fl IJ.._hllar :: tioi.-1;ar : fhil+�f..?«'J : ti�A : : 't h tT1 : f . <' C 01/ : OJ ti it' "'l.. f h {1,J: ;J-- : !!,(l07 /;\ :: 11 U•'J : 'h"}J?. °2. <I> (1 f : � :,. f -- : lD' fl,1 : :;t• ll)c 11°1 .f'lt Jl/{l ,) "1.l·L : llPOIJ.,J;m• : ilrflf'l'l : "!!, : f°2. 1 tl1 : h : : h 0 ? ro A : 11 ilr 1/. ', ar :: '11C : °l'J : f/b�:f : °2.t l; f11ll _ . rfl.r : : � 1m (l:,•r:f'i· = 1:c�-r.-:;-- = h'lf\o:Y.s,u � nil&.."1. = r.r,; noi,�n:,-- 1.tt., nti 01/.,f;OJ- : il 11(l l} : ",,e : +i1...,. ID• : f{lj!rl-- : °19° ;1--:fID-"} : r°2.J?.°I� : 01/r(1 • :: m , : ' • . ,f q : f i\ � f : {l fi t tr fo:e::i• = flai-tro· = 00°1i\6liJ,m•1 = ll,n1 = OD'J°t,,r(J)c srohc: n,,,),: {L f4'C·fl S:'J°?. = fOIJ.(lmm• ¾ Om1 : DD'J"JF:i• : i'l.'J+?t-- : r,;;: : oow l:,•, o,,r'J�'J.';.. i1.1+x-- = ",,e = 'Im• n,n:t"!!, = oi�il,1;c on;;;,, n,:,. OIJ..tilTC : J!.-h,;1-- : f(f',ar : (lro• : n;,,1 : OD'J°l,fro- : 'J°tiC : fl,,)· : JP',: ,..r t : f+1 f°2.. : il 1 l!'1' : 'J°hC : 11-r : f<l'lOm•"} : °19°:,• : ",,e : 1t 'C'¼T P f01/.oufthrf: : 'I' f <f:91-:;.., : f,auA tiA :: flj!rf: : OD?.��, : .r.{l n .-,.. : n�?° x- : ,fl,!\Q;J.: ', m- :: 18 '11C: °11 : 9°/;\'},f- : 1·flh, : ti.e'fc: ..r..'"?°X" : it.ef'l'l'?°::19

= =

fllrJ:'J

f,n'? : OD'J° l,f ID• : 9°hC : 11:,-- : hrf-<l'Ol\lD- : 0:-\" t Oh (i:t\• : T�H.�"}:,.. : flh·A : /\,)1'? : ooro(l;;:m- : 9°tiC : n,:,.. : .ew1·"t\'i,A :: frll"I : (IDlD(l;;:ll}« : 'J°hC : 11:,-. : fll,f:1 : 11° 2.f m'i"n:, .. : 1 .. tL : f01J..h,f /llD" = P''I = P'C'¼T h;,.°1 oo'J°tfm- 'J°hc = n,,l.. =P''I = FC'¼'1· = :,c= tODl}{l"/;\ :: r,n°l : oom(l;;:w- : 9°hC : 11:,-- : (lj!rl:"} : h'l''J Y.. : �TC : f°t f4>C11 ft.:,. : lt"1..-t : ,,eoocl1J A :: h IiU : (1 :.\" i r.r..- 'J° ft' : oo {lm rl: : P''I = pcq:,.. n;,.°l oo,rt,f ll}« = r�-,r7i· 1tf'l11J'I' F'I P'C'¼ ...l· ODIPl:, - : f,&..?..IP/ A ::

n,:1:1

= ft1'1•1P = '11.P'i: = 1PJ:Pl11 �

ru--i\+.

■

=rhc=11-r..l.. =i'tt\ 00 h°1°'1T=:

= ODSJDtfll}« ?°he = 11�r = ftil\&..m•1 fih'? = i't'111 = r,n"I = ODro(l;;:ro- = 'l°hc : n.-l· : nu--l\:,. = we = 1..u = m-il'I' = lJf ?f7iA = r+<1>n c P= = ,1: + w '11r = 1 tt.1 'l-r = ti.e 1PJ 1t -a : 'J = t "1.. :,..? ,,e :Pl\ : : nm 'I �lf h il /\m : ",,e : 0 h'? '1'1 (li : 'f; '11P' IP : :· Wf, ITJA. 11 f,W : lF'f :: 9° ,n°l : : fL'-4'1: film-"} : itil+1r :,-. : ro,,e,r = il.-'til r,n.°l 1tti11 "19°£!1 m� = rnc 1 1'9°-0 : °11 "I"} P'A : l?f mODat J L I ,,,.'f : OD/;\(l : f,Ah'P/;\ :: 20 f,I : f lf9° : hP't-- : ltf, : ti A 'Pi\9° 11

r,n'?

17 · ilfl 1 1t.:,.r-k1 = r:rc1t"1 , P''I , P'C'¼:)· = "'1116-&f = ll"'ldJ'f,l-,:�ol:...' toF-? ' r:,.)�:;:.� 'J° • • , q f.�"l !U : '1 '10 : , il ('1-'t J' r-'C h.:r: 1 h. 1 : flil TCa • '1 h. °7. r , fto ff • Clr'} K'th-� .,eOD fl h :tt\ JI }8' f,f-qq (\Clr cfl1 OD1°IP'")• : h.1�1>&' •if% :: 19 · r+ififttar , ,h1 : OD1'1P':,. = 1'.1-4>� : {tjl =1 20. f-f-qq,\(Do cfl1 : OD1°IP':,. : }t'}<f>� 1ft If I

- 363 -

�

"' f, 0 • f .. = 1l • l �'11°» �: �.. 1,.f·L.! fLC. c: �1· '�'IC : '11 I lJ11ft,f:: rnc: { f 1" ll. :, il h I\ A:: f9°n C: {1,f,:(:: f"ti11 : "6117:,.. : oib":{\" " . ¥'"' 1 •)'� 0,-6 , "'t!P vt•: f1'11.P,..,: :r l- : O-i '-l 0ttro . it 1 �:: f{l : C ?° , t {1 : n: TI ar f..'1 : h1 :! lft\ (IPt\n : f,f i . ?11 P fl <» = me = = 1 1• u-l\ " • /\(D , ... .. = , 0 ' . = ,1.:,c s,oti : w· tril l''1 : 1l\f, : vn : " ., '" o . A !9 c;A.fl:," I l)•l\1 '1lD• : ?°nc : fl,)•: P OJ•lt�: tiff..C°l : ,,e.+c : f,r.f'j O n t:,.. : }t ti0·•1 : h?f7i l\ _e.+ fl/\'PA 1 lD_e.'l° : i'1. ti fl"� : '1,e.cp fl ID• : f,<f, tr/A :: ftrl\1:1 : ?°tiC : ft,f:f : 0d1°1 : �,OJlTJ'P : I\J!, : h/\on{lOIJUl/:,..: -,. ,,lti" �• : h : t "} ':, .. : O f, � P : 1 : OD1'1P ,;J"i,?l� f :r lt i\ J n ... , 1 OIJ.o : : l\h-1 f r : o-t.;t-SJJ 1· : "_e, : _e.&.'ItOTJ tr :: u•/\,f--�w◄ : 9°nc = a.:i· = nu-../\1.. = we = ro·llT = c1n,:e::1. >itio· : l\,e,: OJ-It� : t-JA(tm: V•l\,P : 9ut,c : O.,,f,:f : On1'11 i' : it!i : ODIPl."f-:()'}�"=l\,e -I 0 C f,(tO(tlll\• � o-1\,f: : 9°ti : (1{-..1-- : '11f_ : l\_e = fl lf..e.c1-.:,.. : il11 -- n ---r = ◄ w r,1 ,,1f..ir� = 1,11Pi1J:. ll'r nlttr"> + tt = = lP n (t'l = . 'ltt +1 9°hC : (11.. : 1lfllJ41 : 1'1f..+4'0/\W· : T�'P� : l\1"1--LP : 'l1P'+. : tl\ llA :: : : 16 fli1+g- : 1'» n1+g .... ... : f:1,:,1,SIJi' : (14''!•;1' : v-1\:l.. : 1--P.\>-:f·: ... "' f f : : : : a>-ll'P ,f'it..l&' l\f,: f,&.'1.0?lt- :: Olt14''1t' ir!1 '11� '1T : ll1IO'l : f"1"l: ltlt n◄ 1: J'A++Ollar : J-i"}f..lf� : n1+K· : j� : :rf.. t..1'°1. : f,tf'iA:1 '

n1+'1.' = ,.... ::

''tt1_e..�0r 9°hc=fL:,-- = r++ol\w-1 = ra10J = ntt11 = u•l\'l"�ar 9°TIC : fLT : htLtJ: 01\f,: 0+'11l0r : OLJ..ft.,r : CDC : llrllT : Jtq7i � : f,f ..cf'Ol\llJc : h1f..lf'I t f+'l/\a>· : f£l1'1 : nlt"fi: 'h1f.1'i: J:ifl�f f:,.. = 1i 1�f..l"l n:,..= fl ODiODt.r (Jr=9°n c = o>:,.. = ..,.. oo Afl = "" tiA tt {l i--yr:,-. : 1'1�f..l"l0...1-- : f,tOD(\{ll\'1·1 : 11'1...0: fODJ!_ODtflD·: ?°hC -= ro·il'P = h'IOTJ7a'iff91:f: ri·4>0l\l D" 1'1 .e.. nc fb:'f = OlP l\tt +1 tr'I = iti;�(Jr = tt14>K"" = noi&..:,,.e..w· 001Pl1-- = 1'1�. lPt.0•1' l\1 1--IP : '11/>'1: : f,lttiA:: fOD1.ootf<D• : 9°hC : 0.1· :{lwl\ti : 4'1 : t&-ilT : h�JLtJ"} : 61?f?ff9'-:f· : f A,tcf,(ll\:fro,. : 1'1..�lf', : (lfttr : ltl\11: f\OD'l,:J"IC 9 = °hC:f1 ..f',:f.:{l"}�: l\,,e. : il1lo'l: .ff..C;Jlt.. :: 9°tJC: fb.Y..:f«: {}"}�: ltf,: llf..l1--T : {l"fi(t'l: :.-f'q7i,\9u: If',: ,,_eq?fA : OlP'll\ : q>"} : Orll'P : (llttiO· : f...f-il6?oo-{l:,-: J,"}..�lf',: (lj·i�(& : h14'K• : {l"7.&,.:,,F,.ro- : ODv.•t.:f• : 7'"}.';,.LP6,(1-T : {\"}'},.LP : '11P'rf: : ,,_'ltiA :r ''

'' On1+K': irt=1'1F..+0Dlt\1.,l·w• : h1��ro· : 9°hC : '1·l· : f,t·4' fif\(I}«"} : fih°l : hltil: v-tt+i1ar : 9° hC : O,·l· : hrl•l\f\&.I\:,•' 4'1: 1.,9°(: 1 OV-flT: me: (l}«(l'P: J'Arf''f>(lf\tD-: 1-i1.e. : If',: tDf,'I° : Oh1 "' ( , : : 4'K : iril'i : j : ODtp(.T : V-l\i9° J l ,.,, '11.(" : : 9°hC : l11'•'f : lo : If', : tif,i\•ifA 1lll0tD« : 1°l°IC : t1..e.t.1-.n:,.. : O:\lt : ,i..?f7if9° o:rt-,. '1'111 = ti,,e.ila,tJDcn:,.. r+?- = h1.e..rr., = f;rc1toi11= f�ft i:9° : 'rhC : 11.Y..:Y.. : 'T&.tL�'1-f--:Y..: f',1?,"} : o-);;J-- : f"'l••fttf,: 11"4fr

- 3 6 4-

rni:,, : iih4-&.A'i' :

'f>"-'r'rC ::

= ..,..� ==

n].! 1: =�f:� = 'h1f..m"J 1 r1111 11 oi1it,1:c = 11c11c: : 0,:,1:1 f. : t\"7.oot\ h:r!m· = {t ,f:c.'1''i' =00 rt f = o,..y..:r.. =fit ..,.. t\A-S- A o tL IJ : 1.tt : {lj!;J--:,--ar"} : flhCh� :,- : OJf,'J° : fimlXI. : 1IC11C : "n.1f...1'i=/\CPJ f.ltf.lA : fOIJ..t..t\.7- : D'J.).{l.,f;c,'1• : W/!,'J° : f:C�--Y..':1� : on,::,.. : i't'PJ!-. : "n.1 f.1'f.�110r : h11H"{l : °7.tili:C : "'lil&.+Y: : 1',t\'l:fm• :: 21 Oi't1P t.C : IA"'lf:: f,U1 =&.,,-Pf :: fDl/.(lmm· =f°t).il.1:� =rn,::,.. "'lf...t.1f =Jtt, n(l. f-"} : � (Jr � fflj.!1: : 11C1IC : fi-f-(J;l."7t, : ffll,f:1 : 'l'--'r'rC : t\°2.ftiif...m· : /\0 . ,::,. : hfi:f : Yoloti(Lf-1 : /!,l\tiA ::

oi-,.

rni:,.. =nOD�f...11 == fflj!:,.. : ch'r'r� : h1f...D'/.h..,--t\m- : ll.m:J>t\A : f,"fltA :: i :;: rni:,.. = h�far = -t1ot1(Lr-1 = r,,.�,.�1 = 1o•il i'tr."h {t:,.. : 'lvt-0 : f,ODtf°lffA :: e :;: rm:,,l\,e = oi1-1:,.. = 'lvt-O =f01J.f1-1m- = nm:,'it/!, = °111 ..,: 001/. 1im· : ll�c.'1Y: : ?i',-,,&.:,.. : o,:,.. : �m- :2 11C1'1t;.. : f.07..ith m- = °11 : hn;e::,.. = tT'Jf..t.�;m• = �.1on(l.r·1 �m- 011.u ODlPl:,.. : fm:t,l\.,e. : DJtl:,• : ma;a.9':f--1 : fOD,�IIJmC: : P'A 11J1 : t\ (lJ!:c.'1?-:i: : ,f· fl'r;tA : Ol/t\:,- : �Or :: ! hm:t,1t.,e. : dJlf rl• : mat.9'�4-,. : t\,I\ l rni:,.. : ODf.,.,(l : 'r.r,,: : roi'f>cnm· = t\n;e::,-- h�f Jtt,tl(l.r·1 �ar rn,::,.. ODf...•(l : r ,,..&.."'1,,. : r fl;e::,. : ma;a_ : ii'}f: : ti 'i'=A : (l.If "} f J;.1on(l.r-). = t\h&,A = qOD:,-- = (n111J�m-1 1.tL = t\1t1Y-· m c) t\ OD1,,. (l:;: : mat.ar : mf, 'J° : h"l. 1-1. : mf... : "l.tL =t\ ortf. l7- hn�- : f h- : m£JJ.9'l-1 =t\Ol/..mf,4! f/J:J> = oi,cc,· fti-C;J--A : mfXl. : fD'/.f iJ.t..A1ro· : 'llt-0 : �ar :: f•t vt(l• : ODODf..i,(l : f'l"}Hi,(l"} : {JIJht..A : nfltf,'J° :: J,"}f...tLIJ : ft\m•: hrPt--C : h'r� : 11tf "(l : ODODf,.1] : ,:JC : f+f ftl : lf'i : (loo P'tf : (L,f: : rroc : f11H11 : ,r�;t- : OD°lt\tiliJ, : m·il'r : fi<f>f.. 9° : h'Jf..+ht..t\ : 11H-0 : rf•c�'rc.' : f,1'1A ::

�

21 f . . · o,::, = h'P�°;f- 1 fro,n.:,- 1 n:,»c,o 1 1.11. , ili\lf� • fil\� : fl1K' I 354 I f-f•mcf,(la>- I J\'J-cf'g- I � ; �(I)- sS - 365 -

= =

flttJ : P'AflJ1 :

oo,,,�:,- :

= = =

lllLIJ :

------....

-,. 00 0 h (D• 11'1 � foi:, oomfcJ.!fm· ; : 'l.l>/11 : ;, 1' vf... {l : fo " §1 c: r O . (LOOllhC : f... DlDll = oon&.fa : \ih�..m- � roe : \lh 'i: .r : .,. f...l.O� : ;JC : _eoutiht-A :: O l·tJ.1.0IJ t'J° ::- foi-J..h..·l·lt--T : � 'P OD&.?."'I:,:m·'} : "'I l.;J 1� : ,,ff.l tJ...A;, /,\ :: fl - t.b'iPJ..m• : '1/\P'AllJ"} : h.,.l·omw.. : ,,_,t,"11 : t,ltlll//\i-. - r,,. ,nfcl!:,-- : lDIXlc9l1.. = nn:�irf: : I\C.J,{l,y,:f. = OJ•llT : � 00Ah:t"1:m,"} 1 - f"f"lllfcf,tD• : 1/.. ft,fl : (l..-f--t.cf,f_ro, : o:�;I" m•fttp : :P . : .J :: : C: hfll ..)·: °7f.. {1 ..(·9' VOfJt\h..J :1'i : fUDP'l.,,J! O t-.'�(JJ• : P,.&,n(l ..f--") : ;JC : oom1{}(lfr'} 1 _ r.. e...ODm11 = {JIJ t.f m· = 0 11 ov--1: = uo OD1.,,1 = 0➔•".., iro· : ro.e'l° : ttrttJ : mJ;.u : n.,.t-tt+.. e.w�: ff..on m11 : .. = oo If-,.1 == w 1. oo = :, 11 c:11 c h.1};1�" : 'lcJ f- , : f'J7ff"{1 : OIJ..tlli:C : (l{bt\ : fOD'}CIJJ»T : b •• ! ro11 : .eh.�t\A :: f,1J : mt;,;._ : (/JJ I"' t.r : 0,:1 .. : ll'l° : n+fl/\ro•. = ODP't--f = fl.}· = 1,1,,e.. ..rh"-t\= ro G1J.. ,,..<r 'rt�= ,,e{ID,11 flt\ ::: /\ .-fafli : ..f... c.,......,..:.,-... : fUC/..�l"1 : fl (ll;J-- 1 (\ fl (I}•t, : 'Jo� c; = flflFf.\11}1 : fOIJ..h&..t\ro• : 'ltt,.1,oc; � J\�11.u1 = fODtio 1r:,, : hft':f 9':f· : f°t&.?,.oo,:,- : {lf·f.lJ : 0011J': : �w· ::

:.r.. :

nr� :

ftJ�.<19':f� : ff.t.,(l;r»1, : oov,t.,,f• : h./t•fl� : ff..""}1rf•�: : WlJJ..9'":f : ODffi fln+..r =1 .

fh.Tf-kf : f0)!7" : �'Jf:T : n'''rlo : "l1H-n'' mf!,'J° : (l''h<;:f?> -:;-.� r f..l(l7f'T'' l\f, : r-1-- oowl--l' : ',(De :: {lj!,J: : fOIJ.(lm(l}c : 11tf P1"1 : foollLA : P't\11}'} : f°tf"li\.'?flOJ• : 00)!.!'f· : qoo..-J-: : lD·il r : f°tf..l1' :i--1 1 n�..r?J'f : I\OD'i:cJ,f: : ·O:r : ',OJ• :: hrf--h;J--i : rn)!.}c s '}OD•)· s nt.:,•r ft\rf..l"l = n�.r t 'J°"}'J° : 1'111;;.1 : .rn&.ar1 : qon:,- : '?�;r?J:f : (\ODt. i9° : 0.f..l°l -t Orf"h;rf.. : qoo:,_.. : O)!.}• : ro•il'f' : oo&.cf,S:- : ttll.O:,• :: 1

htLU : {lf\f,: hi·K&.OJ•: f..111 : r--1--nr : '1."}f..': v-�:r: it/\:: lll\J.{l}' qoo:,. : ff..l(I (l}c'} oJ; : n--,..001)1),,e : t.l:1\ilT : rof.,9° : 10·fl : h.Chll:,.. : PC = 0°7il1'1."l· = o--1,f1-,w• = rni:,. = 11001 = t..4>f.ro· = mm.. = 111111= tt00 tJLA = tiA+:f-n = h''.e:11--t-'1 = m,ll..?>T'' ..eh&.I\A =� h.�11•1·� mbtl.9'°f : 00m f}{l4!f : tifi:f .?1·f•t .. : "'J f..'l0l ¾ nni:,, : h, q>j:f._ : OV1Pl•r : f11H-fl : "7.tll-r?< : /flt\"11 , �(l}c :: 22 nttrr� = rni:,-.. = J-,rPt-..C = UD1Pl•1· , ,,eu = or>mfl fl.:f!.e = ..-1•a;i,t11Jt ni:,-- = m•ll'f' = 1'1�..1'1 = r0i1.1..1w· : n11--w : '111»•t� = .1..,,,111 = f�"t"h &.:,- = "7.til-tc = O"?.fm")w• = «1111-r : 00 ,,.,t.:1 , : �ro- "'111·1-r·m· = f02.(JJ "IOJ• : 0'¼:P O, : (lq:,.. : fl h·A : 11--w : '11 P'--f.:..} : {lffl/'Pf:, .. : 'I ar :: ,e tJ :

n--,...

22 · lt'P"f(.. = n:,.c-o = 1..11. ; ilt\mllJ = J!,tJ : ..,..>;_e., : f,f•0111,,l.•f•a,. = 111-1.u = O"\,e :

(l•f·mtf>t"lro- : Olt'l>� : j; : 'l>"-'l'C : a\J!, 1 }ro- :,

- 366 -

t11K"'

354

: mat.?11-- : 11W•tn·C : Ol/1:l'?'} : itt\°t,n.e.:P : t\°t t fi»T : +cP = h'1-'tKY:� : fit�A,:JA :: T"1,0f/t : ni,1-- : : 1.lt : OH.U : FC : f.ODf..fJA ::

�'}1--1-;;:

�

h : f: :J' t. {l,te-:f : 9°pC : tit\ : 1i-0'f�l&"'} (lnlr.,. : f n;e:T : 1t*9°'i :: 4?'1''1'C : 00 wt.,)· : f...'"}1rf•;;: : m,1,1_ : +-n 001.00tf : 1--�� : Wf,.01J. 0 il :: t f : OJ6Q.. ar l J (\'J° llf "'l l : ,J11 ODt\h f f : w, : ODf..l.'1 : ht\O:'f· .e. u9° : fY:' 11r1--�: ma1_91:f1 = 11m·m·C 'lth . :, = hC --l•"}1 1t C'hit:,.. : 01•fl: _e.m 1 f .. l. lD•OJ•C: fl � f. ,,, it-' (l 9° ,f'' 11 'l : 9°? } m A:: m : t : C ,: il : = fn,::,. : 'l'1•n = ,f?rrc = hlbt\m• = h.Jtll f'l..'1,fl : 4>"-'PC : ,e,h�:,. t\;J--A ::

novlf-,.

rni:,.. = HODa,."} = 'llt-O =

a0 11;,:,..

=·

· 1 f01.T : lfoo). : 'l..'1..fl : 00111..fm· = fODQ;l.l.i"i -i: Y..t.ij O : : 'Im· :: l f f"11H-0 : "'i.t{l,f;C : f'l"/-0 : m:,, l\_e. : K",l,�:,.. : '1:1.. : fqoo, J:"} : 10.'i : ma1.. : roiftif., OD'?t\61iJ, = fll;,'JfA .e.u {TD'?t\66J» h'lti..n 00111flT f+ 1� :,..1 = hC°lm'1 1n,'i = w(J;l. � nni:,-- h'PJT,. m•il'P • r,,-�tf>.� m«' } : mat. : 1111.-n I rf-Q,),OTJt : n1.:,.1'i" : 1·fID-t&{!'i--'} : f,f,ffA :: OD°}t\ ,. hC'hit :'f-i "}O· it : 1t l f : : :, O J;.. 67 "} f � tJJ» "} 1 h ·f" 1. t C'hil :,,'i: '}o,il: itc 6liJ.w· : O 'hll:,.. : 11C1fC : f,f-fliOJ•"}'i : f lD"IW•"} : 'hfW�f..l. : A �', ...f;"} : f '1!l,\ :: f11H-O = "'ltil:,..?-9° = hOD'?t\61iJ,m • = ;,c rarz.1111 i',1f..' = ?;re : .rn ;J�A. ::

(l{IIJQ;Lt,.i"i ·f fl+?ri"t(\(JJ- : ,-,t1 : UD"}dJp-1:,.. : it"}tf>7i : f� : ODlPt,.:,•• ¾

'''hf"}�"});. : rn;e: :,.. : '}OD--r : n--1"&..K{TD : flit?T : we : 1.tf. : m·il'P f°ttfl:'f,c:1· : 9°hC : flt,,l'w•a,. : r+&.&(Tl)ro-"} : qoo:r : f10.'i fmlXl.. = no-ft.« = t..;rc = t\11•1P = 'l1F--l:'i'=tt;rcl\01J.'J,f::.r,f'c'lA== ?7· ?-9° : m-tfm--,. : t\ 'P'ilD- : 1--f.;.--l"C : f.,I\'1A :: 1,J;. rf--?-9° : 0?7.?- : 1\1, : ft\t1r"} : hil--l•!f:'f" : OY'il:,. : we w ·itr r = t\11•lP '11P',f:'i : t\;J'CI\IP/."}rf; : f'i'C'IA ::'' .-.�

fl»--r :

...

- 367-

•

The Ethiopian Budget By Bulcl1a De,neksa* 1-listorical Sketch of the Ethiopian Budget

The preparati?n a.n� en�cte1ne1 ?t .of a governmental budget is a com paratively recent 1nnovat1on 111 Ethiopian financial admjnistration. Tlle intro duction of an annual budget forms part o. f the general modernization of Ethiopian governmental admi11istration. The contemporary Etl1iopian budget is both the legal authorization for the expenditures contained in it and the 1neans for bringing together a com prehensive estimate of those expe11ditures and of the government's anticipated revenues. Before 1958 !h� first of these purpos s was served by mazajas, 7 specific expenditures.I orders issued by the Mm1stry of the Pen, authonzing There was no comprehensive estimate of anticipated expenditures and revenue however. Budgets were published on several occasions, but they were for th; most part merely summaries of tl1e n1azajas already issued, organized under beadings according to the area of governmental activity and type of expendi ture involved. The first governmental budget to be published in Ethiopia appeared at the end of 19442 and covered the 1945 fiscal year. 3 A budget also was published for 1946,4 but thls second budget appeared only a little more than a week before the end of the year that it covered. After a lapse of seven years in which no budget of any kind appeared, a form of budget was published for 1953 as a notice of the Ministry of Pinance. 5 It could not be regarded as a proper budget, however, as it

• Vice Minister of Finance, Imperial Ethiopian Government. 1 This continues to be the procedu re for expenditures from the "allowance for unforeseen expenses" that is included in eacl1 budget. See below at page 381 2. Proc. No. 71 1945, Neg. Gaz., year 4, no. 4. What was in effect a suppleme·ntary budget for 1945 was isst1ed a number of montl1s after the close of the year by Proc. No. 78 of 1946, Neg. Gaz., year 5, no. 11 3 · The Ethiopian Calender difef rs from the Gregorian in two respects: First, in terms of �he Gregorian calendar, the Ethiopian year begins on �eptem.ber 11th (Septe�ber 12th in leap years). Second the Ethiopian calender year JS a little less than eight years behind the Gregorian. The first day of 1959 (Ethiopian calendar) thus fell on September 11, 1966 (Gregorian calendar). Prior to enactment of the Fiscal Year Proclamation, 1959, Proc. No 162, Neg.Gaz., Year 18, no. 13 th e Ethiopian budgetary year was tl1e Ethiopian calendar year. Un?er the Fiscal Year' Proclamation, a fiscal yez.r commencing on July 8th of the Gregorian calendar has been adopted. . tifi . ed _ � To avoid confusion in this article al] Ethiopian budgetary years will _ be ide by the Grego rian ye� in which tl1ey ter111inate, and all dates will be given Jn erms of the Gregorian calendar. 4· Proc. No. 80, 1946, Neg. Gaz., year 5, no. 12. 5 · N ot. No. 1 J, 1953, Neg Gaz,. year 13, no. 4.

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JOURNAL OF ETHIOPIAN LAW - Vol. IV - No. 2

. peared after the e11d of the year a11d tool< tl1e for1n of a ministerial 11otice rath :ail a statiite enacted by Parlian1ent a11d approved by tl1e Emperor. It tllus w:� more irl tlle 11ature of a statement of gover11111ental . revenues and expenditures fo the previous year, probably_ partly act11al, P?rtly est1mated. Even so, it was usefu; for tlle infor 1 nation that 1t gave concern111g the sta.te of govern1n e11t fiilances. 1as for 1958, 6 and tl1at p11blisl1ed \\ be to budget 11ext The year ca·u b cotlsidered tl1e turning point in ! l1e develo_p111ent of tl1e Ethiopian budget. Th: 1958 budget did not appear 11nt1l the e11d of the year an.d thL1s still was 110t a budget i11 the proper se11se of tl1e word-a11 esti1nate ot' a11ticipated revenue a11d expenditures that co11ld be used as a11 ir1stru1nent of fisc,11 control. It \Vas however, enacted by Parliame11t a11d issued as �. pro� Ian1ati.011, as required by _ _ tlie 11ew Revised Co11st1t11t1011 of 1955. In add1t1on, 1t 1narked the beginning of the period of u11interrupted an11�,tl e11act111e11t o .f a gover1�mental budget. . Publication of tl1e budget procla111at1ons for 1959 and 1960 st i ll \Vas delayed until considerably after tl1e begi11ning of tl1e budgetary year, but even so they could serve tl1e purpose of fiscal control for at least pa.rt of tl1e year. The

Legal

Frame,vork

Tl1e first 1nentio11 of a govern111ental budget in Ethiopian law was in the 1931 Co11stit11tion, i11 Article 55: ''The law lays down that the receipts of tl1e Govern111e11t Treasury of whatever 11ature tl1ey may be, shall 011ly be expended in confor111ity \Vitl1 tl1e a.nnual budget fixing the sums to be at tl1e dispositio11 of each Ministry. The a11nual budget sl1all be fra1ned on tl1e basis proposed by tl1e Minister of Finance during deliberations in the Cha.mber of Deputies a.11d in the Senate, whose resolutions sl1all be submitted for the approval of tl1e Emperor." This provision presumably was the constitutional basis for the budgets for 1945 and 1946, although not for the budget published as a ministerial notice for 1953. Tl1e 1931 Constitution was superseded in 1955 by tl1e Revised Constitu tion. The provisio11s of the new constitution relating directly to the budget, Articles 114-118, are given below i11 a footnote.7 Among the changes that 6. 7.

Budget Proclamation, 1958, Proc. No. 160, Neg. Gaz., yea.r 17, no. 15. ''Article 114. None of tl1e public revenues shall be expended, ex.cept as autl1orised by la\V. Article 115. The fiscal year shall be fixed by special la\V. Tl1e Council of Minister:5 shall, each year, V.'ith the approval of the Emperor, and in accorda11ce \\'itl1 the requi rements of tl1e law, prese11t to Parliament a draft of a la\v for the approval of the budget of tl1e following year, which budget sl1all acco111pany tl1e said draft of la�. Article 116. Each of the Chambers of Parliament shall exa1ni11e tl1e said budget in detail and vote on ite111 by item. Parlian1ent shall, under no circumsta11ces, i11crease the total Stlm set down in the budget for expenditures. The allov. a11ce for unforeseen expenses in the said budget shall be fixed by Parliament. Parla111ent shall con1plete the budget vote for submission to the Emperor at least one montl1 before tl1e begi11n.ing of the new fiscal year. Article 117. If tl1e draft of law presented, as provided i11 Article 1 l 6, has not been _ approved by Parliame nt and proclaimed as law before tl1e beginning of the 11ew fiscal year, the budget of tl1e previous year shall cooti11ue i11 force until a 11ew budget la,v l1as been proclaimed. Arti�l� · 118. If �d?itio11al funds are urgently required in the course of any fiscal ye� : t� e 111111�t�r or Mm1ster� concerned, sl1all present a supplementary bt1dget to tl1e Co _u ell of Mrnisters, wl10, with the approval of the Emperor, may present an appropria te draft of law to tl1e CI1amber of Depttties. '' 1

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THE .ETHIOPIAN BUDGET requi re that the budget b e appr ov e d to was e mad by par1.1ament and th ey Em I_Jeror �t 1east one n1�nth before the beginning p the to d e mitt o f the sub rol e wa s ou�l111ed with 1am t s en ar l Al s?, r. greater speci·ficity. Parliayea fiscal vote on the budget item by item and was b to e d equ1i ; r was · arred from roent . d"t!u�es greate r than those 1n the btidget subinitted exp en tota l_ g rov in app to it . rs te 1s f 1n o M by the Council Apart from the revised Constitution, _t�e other pie�es of standing legisla tion that touch on th� b11dget are the M1n1_sters (Definition of Powers) Order isca l Year P roclaination of 1959, as aJn F tl1e and 194 3s ended.9 The of . Definition of .�o\vers Orde� req�1�es _ government mi11isters to s 1ibmit estimates of the expend1�ures of th_e1: m1n1str1<:s to t�1e Minister of Finance by July 22nd, and requires the Mi?1ster of �1�ance 1n t11rn to prepare a budget and submit it to the C ouncil of M1rusters. Tl1e Fiscal Year Proclamation fixes tbe Governn1ent's :fi�cal year as . commencing 011 July 8t11, arid requires that the budget b. e submitted to Parliament not later than March 28th. As can be seen, the schedule se t by the Fiscal Year ProcJan1ation has re ndered obsolete the date fixed by the Definition of P owers Order for submission of ministerial estimates to the Ministry o f Finance.

T'be budgets themselves are of c ourse a11nual pieces of legislation, vi'bicl1 by their nature c ease to have legal f orce after the e11d of the fiscal yea1· to which they refer. However, tl1e annual budget includes not only the schedule of authorized expenditures and estimated reven11es but also provisions fixing the limits on the cl1anges that can be made in the budgeted expenditures without subn1itti11g a supplementary budget to Parliament. TL1ese provisions also lapse at the close of the fiscal year, but in recent years they have been re-enacted each year alo ng similar lines. In the 1967 budget they were as follows: ''5. Transfers o.f budgetary appro priations from one I-lead, Subl1ead or Item shall be pern1itted upo11 the f oll owing co11ditions: (a) Transfers fron1 one Iten1 to another witl1in the sa111e Subhead, or Head, if there are n o S11bheads, sl1all be subject to the approval of the Minister of Finance . The Minister of Finance may delegate tl1is a11thority to properly authorised persons within the limits fixed by h11n. (b) Transfers fro m one Subhead t o another Subhead ,vitrun t11e same Head and from a }lead of the Ordinary Expe11diture to a I-lead of tl1e Capital Expenditure, shall b e subject to the a_pproval of tl1e Council of Mutisters. (c) Transfers fro m 'A llo wance for u11foreseen expenses' shall be subject to the approval of the C o11ncil of Ministers. (d) No transfer, which wo ul d increase the to tal amount appropriate in any I-lead fo r 'Persona l emoluments', m ay be made from any sotirce except 'Allowance for unforeseen expenses.' 6. The Minister o f Finance is hereby authorised to pay for past commit ments of th e pre vio us fiscal year out of the 'Allowance for unforeseen

toe,

8· Arts. 16 an d 46 (a), Order No. 1, 1943, Neg. Gaz., year 2, no. 5. 63 19 , 6 19 . o N c. ro 9· P y b d e No. 162, 1959, Neg. Gaz., year 18, no. 13, as amend eg. Gaz., year 22, no. 8.

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expenses,' if he is satisfied that they were . le_gally contracted witllin the ons a11d that tl1ey can linlits of tl1e past year's bt1dgetary approJ>r1at1 . . · not be paid out of current b 11 dgetary appropr1at1011s u11der the appropri ate Heads and Subheads. 7. Subject to _ the approval of t11� Co_u11cil o� Mi11isters and provided tliat _ additio11al ordinary revenues are 1n his op1111011, deemed to be available the fvfi11ister of Fina11ce is l1ereby autl1orised to pay over and above th� amounts appropriated according to Article 2 of tl1is Procla111atior1 such amounts as would be necessary for Gover11ment p11rposes wl1ich could a.rise i11 cases of t1rgency, but not exceedi11g 10 per cent of tl1e total amount appropriated for Ordinary Expendit11re accorcling to Article 2 of tlus Procla1nation. '' The purpose of tl1ese provisio11s is to enable the gover11n1ent to operate witl1in tl1e lin1its of the .i11itial budget Proclamatio11, without h,tving to seek e11actment of a supplernentary bt1dget. In this tl1ey have 11ot been altogether successful. St1pple1nentary budgets were required for each year from 1961 tl1rougl1 1965. Tl1a.t 110 su1)plen1entary budget was req11ired for tl1e 1966 fisca] yea.r is at least in part attribu.table to tl1e additio11 of Article 7, quoted above wl1ich appeared for the first tin1e in tl1e 1966 b11dget. The Budgetary Time-Table Formally, three points on tl1e budgetary time-table are fixed by law. Acc ording to the Definition of Powers Order, mi11isters must submit their estimat es of expenditures to tl1e Minister of Finance by July 22nd; according to the Fiscal Year Proclamation, the budget must be submitted to Parlian1ent by Ma.rch 24tl1; and according to the Revised Constitution, Parliament must have completed its deliberations and voting on the budget by at least 011e month before the beginning of the new fiscal year, that is, by June 8th. As already noted, however, the first of tl1ese provisions was rendered obsolete by the enactment of the Fiscal Year Proclamation. 10 It is thus tl1e provisio11s of the Fiscal Year Proclan1ation and the Revised Constitution \vhlcl1 establish the points arou11d which the rest of the tin1e-table must be constructed. The main stages of the time-tab]e that has evolved are as follows: 1. On July 8th, a whole year before the start of the fiscal year for wl1ich the budget is being prepared, the Minister of Fina.11ce sends a letter to the ministers asking for their proposals in respect of estin1ated expenditures of governmental activities under their control. 2. The letter specifies that tl1e ministerial estimates are to be subtnitted !o the Minister o .f Finance by October 10th. The ministries have tl1erefo re Just over three montl1s in which to prepare tl1eir proposals.

IO·

The absence of a legally binding date for the sL1bn1ission of ministerial budget requ �ts give may e, Financ apart the fron1 of dates specified in the latter frorn the MiI1ister _ ri�e . to_ a certain amou�t of confusion, and tl1is may explain tl1e fact th �t sev�ral m1 n1stries _ ��ve on occasion subn1itted tl1eir proposals too late for any consider�t �� Tl1e Def mition of Powers Order contint1es to be effective so far as it places responsibib Y f 0� tlie Sub �ission of n1inisterial budgetary proposals on tl1e 1ni11isters, howe ver, an� ltt subn to tliis explanation therefore does not suffice for tl1e failure of some ministries any proposal at all.

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3 The Minister of Finance submits his p roposal for th budget (known t draft) to the Co un cil of Ministers not later firs th� as t�an J uary th. Thus the Ministry of Finance, or, stric tly speaking the Budget �r rat�io � . df Dep tment, to whon1 responsibility for preparation of the budg t is o _ e ega t ed bas three months in which to compile the budget f rom the mi· 1 ter1aI propo. n�s sals. 4. The Council of Ministers st1bmits the draft budge t proclamation to Parliament not later tha n March 24th, l1aving had two and a half months for its deliberations and possible a1ne11dme11ts. 5 . The parliamentary deliberatio11s should be concluded not later than Jtine 8th, and ?Y tl1at date the budget in the fo rm approved by Parliament should be s�b1;111tted to the Empero�. Follow�og its approval by the Einperor tbe budget 1s issued as a proclamation, published in the Negarit Gazeta. 6. Not la ter �ban Ju11e 22nd the Budget Preparation Department com int1nica tes the details of departmental budgets to the departments concer ned and to tl1e Budget Execution Department of the Ministry of Fina11ce. Thus, preparation of the budget, its e11act ment into law, and the steps necessary to put it into effect are completed within eleven and a half months two weeks before the beginning of the fiscal year. Mention should also be made here of the last stage of the budget cycle the closing of accounts for the fiscal year and submission to the Emperor and Parliament of the statement of revenues and expenditures compared with the budget (including any st1pple1nentary budget). This submission is required by the Revised Constitution to be made no t later than four months after the end of the fiscal year, not later, that is, than November 9 th. Preparation of the Budget Estimates of expenditure

The most complicated and time-consuming part �f the preraration_ of the budget, both at the departmental level and in the Ministry of Finance, 1s com pilation of the amounts proposed for expenditure. This compilation mus� be built up from the proposals of the lowest administrative uni ts and must inc lude both current expenditures, for which proposals can be _ made an� evaluated from the records of the current year, and planned capital expendi tures, for which decisions mu st hav e been ma de and costs evaluated. The contents of these proposals an d their justification must be communi�ated in�el_ligibly to th e Ministry of Fin anc e an d subsequently t o the Council of Minis ters and Parliament. To the letter requesting th e proposals of the Ministe rs, is therefore attached a ''B udge t Instruction'' intended to serve as a guide to the form and contents of th e budget proposals. It consists of two parts. The ?Tst is a general stated men t of budgetary policy wh ich contains general guidance as to _expect� 0 1 , so if <l, ao ed ow revenues, all be ld re • shou itt1 nd e pe eth ex wh in se� r rea inc d an · · ms · • r te general y r '!'hat d1 rect1ons. At present this guidance 1s given_ 10 v� er � th to as_ e nc 1da � 1t probably could be developed to give more detailed on stl ue ' l q a is t es. r centage increase allowed in cu.rrent an d capital expenditu

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e e for 11 th be giv be try nis ld 1ni ou sl1 e 11c ida p gu pro s thi osals ler etl wh � , ver v,re bo r tl1ey teve y wl1a n1a be, should ·subals, pos pro tl1e ther whe or •tted · b . . are su Illi · · · p · e c 111 1ew o � nan f f i . t h o: · � try n1s M1 ormation inf t�e by sequently be scrutinized · 1e e d t l o gu1 a11c t l t ts 1m1 1at can usefully 1 are sly iou obv re The ioi1. sess pos . . . •lll 1·ts ·1cable to a 11 1'?1n1str1es a11? tl1at 1 app are t !ha . are _ be given in instruc�io_ns . ed. 11 e1� rec bee �. In add 1 t�o11 , apart hav a!s pos _pro l er1a n1st 1 1 11 tl1e ore bef . issued froin the qtiestion whether prior det�1led gu_1dance 1s cles1rabl�, ?r po�s1ble, tllere er to r prop 111�st 1s adm ance g�1d at1ve instr uc such tl1er whe tion ques the also is tions issued by the Ministry of F1na11c�. As_ n1atters of pol1c�, tl1ese guide lines may be mor e s11itable for tl1e del1berat1ons of tl1e Cot1nc1l of Ministers. The second part of the i11structio11s conce.r11s tl1e f or1n of tl1e proposals. Although this part could change witl1 ft1rther evolt1tio11 of budgetary procedtlr es, in its present form it states the c11rrent b11dgetary procedural practic e and is tl1erefore worth sun1marising. The point of departure for any budgetary proposal is the current year's budget, adjusted to take into account any additio11al authorisation s of a recu.rre11t cl1aracter, a11y transfers and reorganisations of tl1e depatment, and a.ny reductions due to the current budget's being in excess of actual needs. This adju.sted current-year budget is known as ''current expe11dit11re payable." Details of the proposals are required for each ·b11dgetary subhead, roughly correspo11di11g to the departments of the ministry or agency. Where a proposal is greater tl1an the correspo11ding curre11t expe11ditt1re payable, a j11stification for the increase should be given in a11 explanatory note. 111 adclitio11, 111 tl1e case of personal e1nolume11ts, tl1ere sl1ot1ld be a detailed description of salaries for each type of position within the n1i11istry and also a surnmary for eacl1 of four groups of person11el: admi11istrative staff; professional, technical a11d special staff; foreig11 staff; a11d n1ilitary and police. 11 The s11m111aries are used for tl1e consolidation of tl1e budget, tl1e detailed state111ent for refere11ce pur� poses when tl1e proposals are scr11ti11ised by t11e bodies responsible for approv ing tl1e b11clget proposal. A detailed staten1e11t ot· personal emolu1nents is also req11ired for military persont1e1. 1-Iowever, the detailed state1nent for sucl1 perso1111el, u11lil<e th.at for civilia11 personnel, is 11ever i11cll1ded i11 tl1e pt1blisl1ed bt1dget. Tl1e depa.rt111ental budget must i11clude all expenditttres, regardless of \Vl1e .ther they are financed 011t of the ger1eral reve11ues. Thus, expenditures must . be 1ncl11ded even t11o·ugb they ,:vill be covered by exter.11al assistance or tl1e departmen�'s ow11 revenues, as in the case of hospitals that ,ire allo,ved to a.pply _their reve11u�s _agai11st their expe11dit11res. Sin1il,1rly, tl1e Mi11istries of Education and Public Healtl1 should i11cl11de expend.it.tires that are to be fina11c ed from t 11e proceeds of t11e educ,1tio11 ancl l1ealtl1 taxes. 12 Tl1e reaso11 for 11.

12 ·

This classification is a te111porary one in1provised by the Ministry of Finance. The health and educatio11 taxes were enacted by Dec. No. 37, 1959, Neg.Gc1z., � ,ear 1� and by Proc. No. 94, 1947, Neg. Gaz., ad.n1i ni5feare TJ1ey year 7, 3. no. ct . of tl1 e r �gular land tax , but tl1eir proceeds are to be ex1Jcnded on healt h a: d �d uca P tion respectively. In the case of the hea use of the on lth tax rev lin1 _ tl1i enu it s es, t e ieve�ues is unposed by Order No , in {he 11 22, . 196 0, no . Ne 19, g. yea Ga r z. case of th e education tax, by Proc. No 11., . 95 , 1veg. Gaz., year 7, no. 3.

;! ��-

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b·ud�et proposal should show total the th a� is me nt uir e req est im ate d ex endi this q1 1es t1o in wo n ue ul d appear in the estimates tures. The reven s of refenue. Fo r capital expe_ndit11res, _Pr?posals relating to new projects should be detailed descr1pt1on of th e projects, showing a by ted pp or su amounts to be budgetary year. Tl1e proposal also should show the a Spent in tl1e 1noun ts to • • he b udgetary • . yea� on proJects already in progress which are be spent 1n t not expected to be completed 1n tl1e current year.

Estimates of revenue Estimates of revenue are preparecl by the Ministry of Finance at the same time that the mi�istries ar� estimating their current and capital expendi tures. The revenue estimates . will show for the purpose of comparison the actual reven11e for the previous two years, for which figures are by then available, the expected revenue for tl1e current year , and the estimates for the budget year. I11 the proposed esti1nates various factors would naturally 11ave been taken into consideration: the actual revenue for previous years; the effect of any changes in tax rates, new taxes and new exemptions; any improvements in tax administratio11. For customs dt1ties account also is taken of general trends in foreign trade.

Direct and indirect taxes and customs duties make up the first three heads of ordinary revenue in the budget. Heads 4 and 5 - co11rts of justice revenue and the earnings of government ministries and departn1ents - are estimated on a similar basis and presented 1n a similar form, but in the case of their earnings, ministries and departn1ents are asked to submit their estimates together with their proposals for expenditure.

Revenue fron1 state property and investments, head 6 uncler ordinary revenue, also is estimated on the basis of cu.rrent performance, taking into account any known factors that could influence revenue during the budget year. For investments, much of this information can be deriyed from the relevant commercial accounts. Finally, various external assistance is added, so that the total of ordinary government revenue can be computed.

Consolidation of the budget

All the preparatory wo rk of the ministries and agencies should be fini sh.ed and all budgetary proposals sent to the Ministry of Finance . by October 10th. The_ proposals are the n sent to the Ministry'� B?dget Preparation Dep_a�� ment, wh1ch performs the actual work of consol1dat1ng these proposals 10 a comprehensive budget. e th at th y rif ve ld ou s� t en At this stage tl1e Budget Preparation Depart� proposals are adeq11ate with respect to the follow1ng points: - that they co11tain the required information; . rporated into - that they are in a fo rm which allows them to be inco the consolidated budget· the to ly ct . ri st te la re le and ab nd at ta th rs de n � u. r ei th io re at an 11s pl ex es · 1n l y r . ta e g d 11 b s s o r c a figures 10 tl1e proposals, rather than cutt·ing - 375 '

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JOURNAL OF ETHIOPIAN LAW - VOL. IV - No. 2 1 inadeq11ate proposals at tl1is � tage rath 1 etur to er bett be : er It would _ 1 a co urse of action pres l 1 S er. lat s t1e cul d1ffi ate cre � m the up� _ . thrul to have 0 11 t11ne , tl1 at the Bud itted subm are s osal prop the that r weve 10 , get ' . poses' i. . • • h wit on 1a1s o11s1ble official itl t . resp 1. stan con 11 11ta1 ma1 to able is . Preparation . � . for ble tl1e ns1 resp a arly get cle b11d 1s o wh ry propo , ncy age and ? y istr min each sals; and that officials of the Budget Pr�parat1on Depart111e�� l1ave an intiniate knowledge of the ministries and agencies. The first cond1t1011 seems alm ost impossible to achieve, and the latter t\VO are not met by tl1e present organizational arra11gements. 13 On the basis of the proposals recei,1ed from the 111inistries a11d agencies the Budget Preparation Departn1ent prepares comparative schedules. Thes� give for each item of expenditure the actual e� penditures for the fiscal year preceding tl1e current one, t�e current exp�n_d1t�re payable f?r the current year, and the proposals s11bm1tted by the m1n1str1es and agencies. At the end of the bu.dget-preparation process \.Vithin the Ministry of Fina11 ce, the schedules will also show the proposal of the Minister of Fjnance tl1at is being submitted to the Council of Ministers.

The preliminary draft budget

The task of preparing a preliminary draft budget from the comparative scl1edules is delegated by the Minister of Finance to a B11dget Committee. The Committee consists of the Assistant Minister in charge of the Budget Preparation Department, who serves as chairman; representatives of the Office of the Planning Board, the Credit and Fi11 ance Departme11 t of the Ministry of Finance, a11 d the Bud.get Preparation Department; and financial, econon1ic a.nd cost advisors attached to the �1inistry of Finance. The Committee would take the follo\.ving points, among others, into consideration in its appraisal of the expenditure proposals: I. Tl1e general guida11ce as to budgetary policy contained in tl1e Jetter sent by the Minister of Finance to the n1inistries and agencies; 2. The limits on total expenditures in view of the estimates of revenue; 3. Whether the budget for the c11rrent year has not bee11 inflated beyond actual needs or does 11ot include expendit11res which \vill 11ot rec11r in the com1.ng year; . 4. Whether the plans on which tl1 e expenditure proposals are based are feasible (for example, whether a proposed increase in the 11t1mber of teachers would be justified if the schools for whicl1 tl1ey were to be recruited could not now be built); 5. The relative priority to be given to the activities of eacl1 mi11istry and agency from the standpoint of natio11al policy; 13 ·

It would be. desirabl� t_o have the bt1dgetary acc groups, witl1 a ou int nts o div ide d budget coordmator_ with1l'l the Budget Preparatio n Department responsib le for each gr?�P- . Each coordin_ato� co�ld maintain close touch tl1rot1ghout the year with the mirust •es aod agencies m his group and, of de pa rt exc n ep pre t par ati ini the for o tia l r menta �ccounts and the final consolidation for nsib le res of po the bud be wo get uld ' preparation of the budgetary figures.

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6. The consistencr of p roposed capit al expenditures with the governm . y c li o t p n e m p lo e v e d s ent' . The Co m.mittee· can ask representatives to appear beCore 1·t and giv e any a i � t th s p a n o a r a n e n ce I � p ss x � e � - Its deliberations are minuted in additional ·1 v grea t deta1 , with ength y quo ations of op1n1ons expressed. The proposal of the Minister of Finance The recommen_clations of the Budget Committee take the same form as the budget that WJll be attached to tl1e budget proclamation publislied in the Nega rit Gazet a. When completed, the recomme ndations are sent to the Minist er of Finance,_ who � a�es tl1e � a l decision as to the dra.ft to be submitted to the Council of !v.11n1sters. This draft, togethe r with the Minister's comm ent on the econoID1c and fiscal aspects of the budget, should be submitted to the Cotmcil not later than January 8th. Consideration of the Budget by the Council of Ministers

I '

l l

The Council of Ministers fir st discusses the budget i I1 general terms, then sends it to the Coun cil's Budget Committee for detailed consideration. The Committee consist of seven me1nbers, elected by the Council. 14 It examines the budget propos als, enquires into the origi nal proposals, and conducts hear ings at which the ministries concerned may present their case and to which it calls representatives of the ministries for further expla.nations. The Minister of Finance, apart from his own atte ndances, is permanently represented at these hearings by the head of the Budget Preparation Department. Following the Committee's he arings the budget is sent back to the Coun tcil, together with any amendments recommended by the Committee. It is then that the Council makes the final decisions as to the draft law to be submitted to I Parliament. It is the task of the Minist ry of Finance's Budget Preparation Depart me.nt to adjust the Ministry's first draft to incorporate amendments made by the Council of Ministers. It is importan t that the Council's decisions be speedily communicated to the Budget Preparation Department and the ministr ies concerned and also that they relate strictly to particular parts or items of the budget proposal and state briefly but very clearly the changes the Council wishes made. This need for speed a11d clarity is occasioned not only by the late date at which the chan ges must be incorporated into the budget but al_so by the complicated interrelationships withi� the bu�get, as a result of which even a few changes may require its extensive recasting. Consideration of the Budget by Parliament

The role of Parliament In .accordance with Article 115 of the Revised Consti�ution,. the dr :� ro app s · h wit Hi d n a get h, 24t s rch Ma se pre I E ore bef r 11ted to the mp ero ?U� It is presented by the Prime Minister to Parliament. Ministers. of cil un Co 14. Some members e th of of the Committee are not members

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re c es bli e11u p the of ll sl1a 011e be. expeilded, ' t tha s � e i � cif spe 114 :� e A.rticl . _ ch les wh1 w artic follo the and law, cat indi by e. fairIy ed oriz auth as t . excep . er o o un s d c t e l t b t to m ea n ''parliam en ex n h co 1s t 1n d ul o sh '' aw ''l at th t. clearly et g _ n b11d give the r ove to _ trol con ·al gene This " law. . Parliainent is � . enacted subject to two legal. lim1tat1ons. First und�r A�·t1cle 11 �' . Parliament cannot a.pprove total expenditures greater than _ provided 1n !l1e dr� ft budget st1brnitted to it. Th.is limitation does not bar Parl1a1;11e11t fro� 1ncre�s111g the expendit ures authorized for partic11lar items, but any increase 1n one 1te111 n1ust be bala nc ed. by reductions elsewhere in the b11d.get. The second lin1itation stems from the co1nbination of Articles 117 and 88. The former article provides that, if a budget is . not enacted by tl1e begin ning of a new fiscal year, the budget to the previous year shall continue in force. ts The latter article requires the approval of th. e En1peror before a mea.sure passed by Parliame11t (including the annual budget) becomes law. Taken together, they in theory leave ope11 the possibility that tl1e government could operate indefinitely free of the budgetary control of Parliament; so long as the Emperor declined to apJ)rove the budgets enacted by Parliame11t, the last Parliament-enacted budget that was approved by Hi1n would conti11ue to provide a lawful basis for government expenditures. In practice, however, the constantly increasing needs of the government make this second li1nitation of no real importance. 16 The budgetary procedure in Parliament The draft presented to Parliament includes not only tl1e draft of tl1e official text and accompanying schedules but also detailed explanations for each subhead or, where there are no s11bheads, for each head of ordinary expenditure. These explanatio11s give: 1. For personal emoluments (civil salaries a11d wages, civil and auto1no bile allowances, military and police pay and allowances), the number of posts, range of salaries, monthly total for each grol1p of employees and rank a11d an annual total for each of three gro·ups-ad1ninistrative staff, professional and techrucal staff, and foreign staff; 2. For the re1naining items of ordinary expendit11res (n1otor vehicles. equipment and st1pplies, and other charges), tl1e amount provided for each sub-class of expenditure (up to eleven st1b-classes withi11 ''equip ment'' and. up to 11ineteen within other cl1arges). This draft takes its course througl1 Parlian1e11t in the sa111e \Vay as any other law, 17 except that Article 86 req11ires that proposals i11,,0Iving an 15 ·

This provision may by implication strengthen Parlian1e11t's positio11 i.I1 011e respect. As to J?OSt m ers, the Emperor has an unli�ited p()\ver to legislate independe�tl� �� Parliament ��in cases of emergency that arise wl1en the Cl1a111bers are not sitting. Rev. Con., Art. 92. It is arguable tl1at Article 117 sl1ou be taken to exclude anY 0ther ''emergency '' procedure in the case of budgetary legild tl1at Article 92 and slat ion , therefore does not apply in tl1 is area. 16 · This comment. applies also to a tl1ird leg al lin1itation that cot1ld be argued to exist: the submission of a d�a t budget by tl1e C 1 tl1e Empe· oun Mi cil nis r tl_ r rou ters of gl , . ' is a necessary pre-condition for the exercis budge t-making e its of by Par liam ent power. 17 · �:.re-a descriptio of l1e Ethiopian � Parliamentary process see K. Redden, The Laiv ! _ mg Process m Eth1op1a (Addis Ababa ' ,. 1966)

!�t

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. THE ETHIOPIAN BUDGET

. crease in governmental expenditures be presented first to th Chamber of each budget . has provided for Governmenta� expenditu Since ties. res �epu previous the , r yea, of t?e draft those budget has in practice been than ater gre presented first to the Chamber of Deputies. The Chambe� . of Deputies has a standing Budget Committee for the dra h ft b�dget. The Committee holds hearings at n1ng exa m! O" f ose purp f � whic� representat1ves o h e execu!1ve ca n pres�n! their case. The present practice rs_ for 011 Y1 . the representat�ve of the M1n1stry of Finance to attend these bearings,_ bt1t 1 t would be desirable ·for representatives of other ministr ies and agenci es also to atte11d, whe n necessary, to explain and defend their proposals. The Budget Comm!ttee pr�sents its :eport to the Chamber and voting takes place in acc�r�anc � with �t1cle 116, item by item. The minister of State in the Prime M1n1ster s Office 1s present at the proceedings before the full cham ber to answer any questions concerning the proposals of the Council of Ministers. Tl1e budget must be approved by a vote of a majority of the members present, 18 and no vote can be taken without a quoru_m, which is a majority of the members. 19

After being passed by the Cha1nber of Deputies, the budget is immedia tely forwarded tlrrough the President of tl1e Chamber to the Senate. The Senate's procedure for consideration of the budget is sin1iJar to that of the Chamber of Deputies. The Senate elects a Budget Committee which examines the bud get and presents its report to the full Se nate. Voting then takes place in the same manner as in the Chamber of Deputies.

Submission of the Budget to the Emperor-Conflicts between the Senate and the Chamber of Deputies

l :

If the proposal passed by the Chamber of Deputies is approved by the Senate without cha nge within two months, it is sent through the Prime Minis ter to the Emperor. The Emperor may then either approve the budget, . in which case it will be promulgated as law, or return it to Parliament with His observations or with a new proposal.20 The latter, however, rarely happen s. There may, however, be a conflict between the two Chambers. This co_nflict may take one of three forms: The proposed budget approve� ?Y one Cham s, nth mo ? tw n thi wi r be am Ch er er oth y ? ma simply no t be acted o n by the It. may be approved by the other Chamber with amend_ments, o.r it may be reJected by the other Chamber. The constitutional provisions �ela�ng ge nera�y to conflicts between the Chambers in the enactment of legislation apply in each case. In the case of the second Chamber's failure to act within two mo�t?s, Article 89 provides for a joint meeting of the two Chambers. If the Joint

18· Rev. Con. , Art. 87. 19 · Rev. Con., Art. 79. 20. Rev. Con., Art. 88.

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ty in ir l1 th n it days, io w at it sl gi is le d se to po o · pr be come th s ve o r app · meeting · . r e as if n 1t n a a h e d m m sa e been b t tn r o er p separately m E 1e tl to municated s. b er m a h C o tw e th f o ch ea y approved b cles i A:rt. 90 _a11d 91 �espectively. by with dealt are cases two The other the �t .Jo1 t1ng that n1ee t even the provided for in in s trol con also 91 Article n. 1o at ed 1sl os leg op pr e th e ov pr ap to ils fa Article 89

ARTICLE 90.

•

''If within the aforesaid period of two mo11ths, a proposal of legisla tion approved by one Chamber, is approved by the other with amend ments th.e said proposal shall be returned to the first Chamber for further consideration. If, upon such further consideration, it is approved within 30 days, by the first Chamber, with� the said amendments, it shall be communicated to the Emperor fo1· action i n accordance vvith Article 88. If within 30 days, the amendments are not accepted by the first Cham ber, the Chan1bers shall, thereupon, meet together to discuss the proposal. If, in such joint meeting, the proposal is approved, with or without amendments, within 30 days, it shall, thereupon, be communicated to the . Emperor for action in accordance wit11 article 88 "

ARTICLE 91. ''If a proposal of Iegislatio11 approved in one of the Cl1a1nbers is rejected. by the otl1er within two months a.fter its communication to it, as provided in Article 88, or if a proposal of legislation is not approved, with or without amendments, after discussion in a joint meeting, as provided in Articles 89 and 90, full reports on tl1e sitt1ation. s11all be promptly communicated to the Emperor by the Presidents of both Chambers of Parliament, through the Prime Minister, and the Emperor may, thereupon, cau.se to be transmitted to both Chambers of Parliame11t, I-Iis observations in regard to such reports and such proposal of legislation, or cause to be transmitted to the Chambers, a proposal of legislation on the same subject. Execution of the Budget-Budgetary Control

�s soon as the budget is fi.11ally approved, the Ministry of Finance com municates the detailed budget to 1l1e ministries and de1Jartments concer ned. Should any ministry or agency at tl1is stage wish to re-allocate its appropria tio_n� between . different articles or even items of expenditure, it can ask tJ1 e Min1s�ry of Finance to approve tl1e tra11sfer, as provided by tl1e budget proc lamation 21 In practice, this authority js delegated to the 1vfinistry's Budge t _. Preparation Department. A . statemen.t of the detailed bud.get distribution is sent also to tl1e Budget Execution Department, to which the task of budgetary control is delegated.

----21. As tbe budget

proclamations have been enacted in recent years, tl1is autho rity is con· ferred by Article 5, quoted above at page 371

- 380 -

THE ETHIOPIAN BUDGET

nts allotme etary Budg The system of budgetary control can be summarised as follows: Execution D ep artment maintains a et d � l. The Bu register of budg eta _ ry autho r1sat1ons for each budgeta ry subhead. 2. For pr �vincial e· xpen?itures, the Budget Preparation Department se nd s or 1sa th au t1o f 1n n or g d h t e fiscal year to the a st··an provincial treasur er s . (Be;1ronds) , b ase d on th e . d"�str1"but1011 received from the departm en t Co nt of pr ro er ov l ne 1n d. c1 al expenditures is thus delegated to co�� th e s. d n BeJ1ro 3. For other tl1an p rovincial_ expenditur es, a request for a budgetary allotm ent bas �o be submitted to the Budget Execution D epartment. An allotm ent 1s a part of the budgetary authorisation which the department nee ds for either its current expenses for a par't of the yea r (usually a m�nth) o� such intermittent expenses as large purchases and construction proJects. Th e allotme nt is not itself a disbursement of money. Usually it is accompanied by a cash allocation, which is considered an advance , to be account ed for in the department's monthly financial stat em ent. 4. The requ est for allotment is checked against the register of budgetary authorisations, a.nd the payroll is checked against the previous n1onth's receipted copy of the payment. The r equest also is checked with respect to the following points: - whether the pe rson who signed it acted wjthi11 bis authority; - whether the expenses proposed are charged to the proper budget headings; - whetl1 er the requests are within tl1e budgetary a11thorisations and wl1ether the balances shown by the department agree with those of the Budget Preparation Department; and - whether tl1e payroll is witl1in tl1e establishment roll fixed at the beginning of the year or by additional authorisations. 5. In some cases an amount du e to a third party is to be paid directly by the Ministry of Finance on bel1alf of another department, within th e latter's budgetary authorisation. The payment is then mad� . as a direct disbursement and appears in the accollnt as � d_efin!t1ve expense. Such payments as grants-in-aid to autonomous . 1nst1t:1t1ons, contributions to joint funds and payments to the Imperial H1ghway Authority are also made in this way. Payments and receipts principle and the allowance for unforeseen expenses The Ethiopian budgetary syst em is based strictly on . th� ''cash'' or ''pay ers aut.h0f t con men n at1o s or1s auth and y r re geta bud ts'' ceip the is is t bas · Tha . ' nty only for payments actually made in the fiscal year to whic1 1 the budg. et refers. If payment is not ma de until the ne xt fiscal year, it muSt be autboriz ed in that next year ' s dget, even though the payment may have been made to bu . satisfy obligations incurred duri11g the previous year. Th ere .1s one exception to this rule. Part Of th e ''a_Ilowanc·e for unforese en · ey were expenses'' is provided to pay commitments of the previous year, 1·r th

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•

JOURNAL OF ETHIOPIAN LAW - VOL. IV - No. 2

I.ega. i·ty contracted and can11ot be paid. out of the current appropriatio ns. und·er. . the same head or subhead. The auth o:1ty to �a ke p_a�ments. .fr�m tl11s allowance 22 the ter on nis 1 Mi t101 of 1na cla pro an Fin get b11d ce. the by ;ed feri con is In the budgetary practice, tl1e use of tl1i� allowance for additional budge _ _ 1 01·d1na 1Iy 1s by_ n1eans ?f ma7 ajas year t curren the _ � tary atithorisation � for _ _ ... _ issued by th� M1n1stry of the Pen �n the _ Emperor s 1nst_ruc_t1?ns. Their isstia nce 1nd1v1dt1al mi1 1isters with results from the Akahi saat, tl1at !s. aud1e11ces �f tl1e _ a. u thor1sat1ons. add1t1onal The authorisations are these discuss to nperor the Ei in effect t· ransfers fro111 the a.llowance for u11foreseen expe11ses and therefore subject to tl1e approval of the Council of Mi11isters. Normally they are in e::orporated into t·he supple1nentary budget if tl1ere is on. e . From the sta11dpoiut of budgetary control and accounting, no expenses ca11 be charged directly to tl1e allowance for unforeseen expenses. Rather, a transfer must first be made to tl1e relevant b11dgetary account, tl1us reducing the balance of the allowance for unforeseen expenses and i11creasi11g the bud getary at1thorisation for tl1e account to wl1ich the tra11sfer is made. If no bud.getary account exists beca11se tl1e expense is new in character, a new account mt1st be ope11ed. Closing of Accounts for the Fiscal Year

The last stage in the budgetary cycle is the closing of accounts for the fl.sea] year. The Mi11istry of Finance tl1rough its Central Accot1nting Office, pre_pares a stateme11t of reve11ues and expe11ditures for tl1e year. Tl1is statement shows the actual revenues and expenditures from the accounting records and the corres1Jonding appropriations contained in the budget, i11cludi11g the supple rnenL:'lry budget and any transfers in the same order and in the same form as the budget. The statement also shows for each budgetary head, subhead and item, tl1e differenc e. between tl1e actual results a11d the b11dget. The statement is accompa.nied by a report of the Minister of Finance, containing an analysis . of the differences and appropriate comme11ts. Fin.ally, in accordance with Article 120 of the Revised Constitution: ''Within :four 1nonths after the end of every fiscal year, tl1e Council of Ministers shall present to the Emperor and to Parliament a detailed report on the receipts and expenditures of the said year. The report shall be immediately referred to the Auditor general, who shall, within three months, present his co111n1ents thereon to tl1e Emperor and to Parlian1ent. ''

22 ·

ve By Article 6 of the proclamation, as it has been enacted in recent years, quoted abo at page 371

- 382-

:i-V-k f1 . rti

di.., r OD1f11l :

h(ll\tJDc : ft,.,:,. f"A-f"}: f

f1T : ('1Cit.9°) : hl't'Jfl(Lsr>'f : ;JC ¾

f14>l\'i : h1tn : ii''J1'ClL"}1'" ): 00 11111 : lt·)-- : ft"'lll+'Pm:P : ,,f UA::

,n"l :

fl1it!21 :

q : 'I° : f:'f-'l°uc,1-- : 1.tf. : m•{l,p : fcl'J;"'i'f! : ';)f,fl = p>l\f\: V.t'iiCll1: : f,n"l : T'l°lJC --r : (1:,-- : fh.:,·r--kf" } : f;,1ai : 0D1f"lrfl: (1:, .: ilcPJ'k'k'J° : a,(l', :: fH.lJ J ftf1°1 : OD1f11l : 11:,.. : 00 'k!l:9° : fl°th+ft--·r : Y,(l7• : h it� l\'L: 'l"lC:if : fi•f.1&.. : 'tm· • (/i) hv--�: l'tllcf>Y:'l" : m·Y: : flf�:,.. , 1 "'Ill:,.. : f..''1"1T: fm4• : my, '/° r r+nl\'o•: 1,11'lf'I : 00 +h.f: f�'l:fm•"} i AV.: AV.: '}f,'l•r: fh.T f-k,,f I fih°l : (l'lf..if' : fl "U'i : fl;t-: OD{l"fi(l1l : oo,:ouc : i'1ll&..l\1. : lf'i: + 11 tiv•'J = n&.:,-- n;,•.., 4-h-Ai: (Dc{l,p r'ln� h'JJ;'JY: r'l11.u q,e'lt : (l't P-1· : OD'f'�;t-:ftD•'i : flOD+lt-1''1° : fll:fm· : /JY:A : fou'JOD'i oP(f}, : f+1 ilK : 'I (lJc :: (g) (t'lf. .:f: : h11..' : 1.tL : h+(lfl(lfl· : ft.l\;,:fm- : (tm· : "'""� : 'h1Jt.r1f:fm - = nti�A = nti�A = ODJf;,,::,.. = hllfl:fm-

�

,m-,

(r) flODtJ;l.lif'I° t f0D1f11l : {1--f:1 : U·'i--1; : t\111/01:,, : f0'l&.f.\1· : ()911--: n. 'i� • htLU = fl'lf, = fl+mcf>(l•-1-- = nv,flrt: = '11C:1.. f·f--1'l .. = ooq?fA : °h'JJ;.f(Dccf? : IP/Y:l"l : --l•t.fl1. : 'l"lC : trt;' : ..,..11;tA ::

fOD1_oot,f(Dc : (l'tf..¥1 : f oo(l1)()1l : Ft. : f"f•lODllD· : O"l'}flT= !itf2i: '¼: 'I°: 'tlD•:: flllf'J : 1.f·L t 0011111: {1:,..: m·llT: nocJ,ou'r: hi\ n:,.. f"'l.flt\(Dc"} : n:tr:fro· : f'I fll(Dc 'J : i'�lj: v-� = t\{llJ111,n = O.•l: = 'h1� fillh1Jc : f4i--h·A--f;ro• : 'lA1'lfl1' : ,f•mf'h I hV·1 : h,f-- (tfl(tfl•-1" : fl'lf.-:f.: h-Olfc;:91:,: : h'l(l•: f--f--1i,, : 'i:f ro«:: h,f·"7t9'1•'J° f i',U·1 : hOI/"1 ,:,.. = hll:f;,t'i tt1llf�?J:i: illlh.:,.. r--A-f = r,n°l = ;t-tn = 'In = r11� 1 ?i,h-C::1' • '1111 :: flODlJJ.l7i9° : f4-tt-A,f;OJ• : 'lAf..lfl : flf�:,. : fOD1f 'lrfl : {Lirf: : ;}l\k : +&.'l1. : flJ'� :,.."} : ?;' dt-C:.1" : t\"1°11T: (l. �: fi't."rf kf') = f,-,..., = 9°1'i'> = fiODAtJ = n (JIJA b· = ODt. t\'1 = lOD�

•"} : P..l (I', lf� f°t = !2 9° f1"1 D :f1 , P' t: f(Dc T lDC : : fi l, U i rao hil'l�TA'iA :: h�ILV9° : tD-il'I' : fD?.h--l'�T : f,17/t\� 1

- 383 -

Ot!if2i = '¼ ' 9° = fl"1C"71! = 'l"l-1.P : .,,r:,... = lt>'t.7 ·f·*f= rm,= m1,rth. ..l· : r+�t. : y,...O};ft I r . :, : "l = ll t\ = t..:r-v·*f = ;,.•>l· = "H � - 'In rt )� = n'l?-.:f , >i1i•,;;:

91:,: : Ol4!:,, :

An ; o.;J--m:�: f;r-1-- 0D: n.U•1: "11: hd'/°11:i·• = 0"19'1: i'lil:f;,t : f (}'', :· ,n''l I r : 1 : foo(ltt:-:i" h: th : ?°"}V,nf: 11hl : ',·"IC'i : f7-J·I OD lhliliJ. rro(llc = ,n"l = 'In : flf �- = 't1�:f i Oth"I : 4-h·Ai: : rf-"'/ t?Ji• : f rf•?.fc : ?.:t1t.c:.:1: ., '1:fl 1-f f?Jf. : hit 01c,;: : g-,.Ji,.t;.: : rof.. : 'h.'}"lh.1f'i� : 7"C"l··'l°T : n.. lf).. ¾ 'l1�1l': A�: '11t<:1'.. = frf•t\f : T'i:1•· = f,rf... l1'l:fro·9° = .,e1;;:ll... :: ll I\ i'1. :,. r-A·.. = ,71 aic; = 01/1 n t..'I! = �-L!1' = n A� = Ai = iL:1 (J)« "}:,, : f...,-.f. l1' : 'r 'i'..y...:f :: f(l',f..!f: : OD(l..fi(l,rfi : flDILtJi�"0'1" : �ti : trlt-- : (l'tP...:t: : Of� 1,., ;J--:fro· roi h4-&..."':,. = ( roi ODf.. n· ,),) fa1°I = 4-- 11•A1;"} = fODg-,11� : hff1f : If� : fiout1·t-A ',·ro· :: frf•"l"f-,,.l·: nrq_e�;J-ic:fro• : J-1 15!:': "LJ·L: hi•OD f..O·: oou111-0: (1,f:: f,·f•llJO ',l\;fro·"}: fl:J•: ,.ef,•Ift•: {lOD{J;b l q9'°: fOD 11111: O,,f:1: u-c;,1; = t\ODh;J----t-A: f 02.&.A1·: fl?J1· = 1,"}.�i\... = 'h1�. far'I!: . 0"11\:,.. i f it..;f·f·*f: ,'h"l: {/lJf ,h.:,• ¾ fif"l..tl.ro·: fOIJ.1·�::1--1: (11,p...:}:: 11C1f c'i = n 1--(Inn n-:,.. = n., P...1:. = r1-- OD l m· 1 i',1'ln.?J:f:"} = fO-Z. c n-:,--1 = I\UJJ +9° : ,f-- {lUJ/'J°;tA htLU : 01\f, : f+llll·f l(l)« : ft·LU'J : n.�C : �--,h..�: Chil: f,1&\.?i/,\ I ?i",h-4-• • OD1·f1rfi : (1,·J:'J : h"'lhrfcq>ro;,,c; : frf•(tfi(l(l(I}c'} : f(l',p...",..f, : 111-J-l•: llCllC: houiltn,,.l: : t\.l\ -i 007...,11.,,.l:"} : l\'11..f�fl• : 0?11" : fi/i'itii!: '¼: 9°: Oh'l.: 9°tt\.h : {lfl,t-*!1:oom••: ill\.: oo�(!oot,,fm· : fh.T f-*f : t1n.�:,.. : �h: ftr). : (t',p...:f"} : f<f>C'lA :: f?it1t.c::i: = OD;J--+r i Oil.:,--r-A·.. = r ;11'? = o?J:f = l\f, = f0D11111 (1.-f:") = U•'i-1: : fouh:J"rf'" A : �l\1:,- : Ol/ltf..(: : •fl;: : t)f,1.1'1 i (OD1f111 : (L--f: : {\(Jcfr9° : 'l':,.'J° : t\.il4 -4, : fOI/.T/\fD« t 9"19° : h1�1: ..)•17i : n.ir 1: fi�(t, : hC�:r : -O;f. : 'lllr) ilt\ : i't.Tf-kf : ,-,1"l'i : r,n"l : ;J-- tn : ffi I\:,. = ffl : hID-4'T1: f,Q;t9°t-A: -Ol\1: +il4.. : h'i"f-.C,:Ji\"} 00

°'

=�

{l(\: OD1,_0Dtfro«: fh.:,·V-kf: tin.).:,--: n,"}};'J�•: O'rP...l•:: 1

9°,9° h1�1 = h�"1"7'£ = oi.tAh = noo'I = oo"}"lF:,• o&,:,. = r+ m(l-, : fOD"}"JJ»,r : P't� : fOillP?-: for>"}'?/VT : 'lflP't\llJlfT : r.,fl?- f fltr19° = (h',tLU : w•ilT : OllJ'J° : f'r1:,. : oolJ''I-" } : f'l°'i'OJ•4'm· : i't.t: "},,,...,,.,., : ',(De : )2 Oh..;l"f-*f: :J"th: i\ODj!_or>l,f: 1,H, : t}{l� : f,r f"(JIJV'

- 384 -

9°ti\.h : HOD� : OD"}d]p:,.. 1 Oiitl : . q : 'I° : �m,, ::3 : � : ll}«il'J' : f"t1�T : (l�p.'f I Od/A?i" : 1' 1-°7.fi\ 1 : flODODill T : f�Ot-:fw• : nltil : n;,,�c : Wf,'J° : 0'1' = 9; = 1.9°C: = ntt1.;.. = f,wt.. : �nc :: 4 I\ : (loPC : � : n..�1: : f+?��Et..l"}Vff,� : OthlC : 1-,;r ,,,..,, : f�OlOJ« = ;,r·LilJ • �:ti>;c • !*!:ltl = q = 9° = i:,..{ID«, ,,..IP : .,,Fi:= tJ{lt : 1\11'/'k'k'J° : f�nt-:far : hltil'i" : il1.Jtw« : OllU.�w« : ro«{l,p : f,(l 1 il?°'i" : P' t-:fa,.. : 9°1 : nt-T f : "} fl?>:Y.. rft' ,t,flf\«,r f.Ol/. 'h : 1 lf : f : t hK :: 1,IJ , foP1.ootfar 1 11c11c : hooQ;}.t.qa,.. : 11C1IC : n�/l:,.. : 1 h !i:'J° 1 1,flffIA t hL : 1 1"-P' : �fl..n· : f'i:CY: : OIJ.).ilrf:C : (f',ro• : ,J-yi'P : }t'}:( : m�l\f, : "ttili:C : nAlf-,..9° : (.f'} : 'LU : fm:t,l\f, : oitlli:C • oPP'tf = a,:,.. = L?i"'l° = n �1-0 = ""-',.**oo'J°) 1 h'" tllJc'J° : fl.4' 1 ooJ;,.il I b,JwD"/ : f1C : °llf:,.. : "'ltili:C : 'h1>( : f'i: Cf: s OIJ..til rf:C : lf�Or : nA.i•7ioo«'J° :: n+tn."'lt'J° : t\ : (looc : "7.1 llrf:�'f r 1,lf'I- 1 J!,lf'i"A : 00"/t\:,.. : f¥'ilT : (19>:f : il'J° : m:t,{l : ',OC :: b�tLIJ : a>-il'I' : n1>;:far : il� : fllfl� : P't- : n1� :: �:.>Y:t.il : :}f,/\ : 1..f" C'L il : f'}"IY:'i" : farlif!» : "1..J;f, : "ttili:C : lf�ro« : ,t-7ioo- : 'h1>( : ft s {IODC = 'h1f..+'lt1far = f?i":ti&.:i-. = "'l.til-t-c = nAlf'l-9° :: 1'']f11"'1:f = A_,,..7i{JD«9° :: OD if if : wC4:'i" : ', ,:J Y:t-il : ,., It' : °11 :

l,,,.."" I {l�"l"'l'I! : t '1. lD'9° t hfl f 'h1 ,., � l� til . : �:,.. 1 :,,9°-1- : !tfi it = 1

�* :

ft I {loPC : noo,:JflT : !itf : q : 9° : hTDD« : :,-hht\ �'i : f+-,. 1\ : ftJ(lct.1 = "'l.til,J;C::'f: = 11c11c'i" = llfl�ar = f:t-ro:e=n:,.. +1 'PC , 'h1f. i'l.1>;1P...:f. = hi'l.1Y: =fil\1' = f,"f,11 11 = tr� = 1, 11A1 .A'iA :: nrtu = hll+�.e.c : tit;:A : fft,.. : Hm'S : "ttc,1:r.1l·5 : ,,.. i� ::

n'P�,

1'�Cfr'9° : f"th,,..t\�rl· : 'lfl4t- :: J\L : 11"-P' : 'lfl..0- : k;t-m·t-t = .v.11+ = 1.r-c1.il 8th&. : T/Jtfll : 11ll : P'l\fL

ftj:C� : "'l.thTC: f(llC : "tth:,..c :: f 1i","11 t.:,.. : "'l.)..ii TC 1

- 385 -

0 :;: � ,. i; i1 5: 1 91

0 :: c : ll-l· : "'2.t f"lC " ltf1' 'l hi'" : ll fL4' : ov!;\ --c: : f "l'l If 11 Ol/.�fl :1 {l�e}y; : oo«/\•1.;r _ ° f1 : 1 f._·t; _e f lD•tiJ!' : 1 f"C1.il :} 1 .. : "P, f,/\ ° : : ll t !�fit r,.?Y: c · = fl\1-<;..(l,l· t : tnltll:,·c f1'C7t 'i : K..(":,, lD/AF.. 111 ..t:'l= . _ : l, ..C : 0. f °1 'i.. ii � : f 1t Ii 1r : {IP;J--t..t -,,�1111?1".. = oo ttu11 = ..,..ro 1� = n",e = rFt-.. = oi'I..h.1"c ==

=�

taO..�lD' = f1"**00,1:,. = t\'I'� = f/\19° i �,c = °11 = OP.'1°1'£ = cni· h.h : /\Hm1· : "'ltil"l:�:1: : f;J•+J;..:,_, : f.1 p':-f : 'il1f. : 11.f...'A : lf'f : q� -.{ : .. oo : OKI : : -{)· .-) fi O'/,n .. t-oo Olltil : �1C : {l.:f,/A mA.F.. P'l\11» : 9" t : 1' ' : 1, 1�/\• :: 6 ll/\1tf1P.1-J;.. : "'Ltil..l:C : frollJw• = f-111 : f°1...).il ..f;?- 1: P'A."11-'i : '11.o:J" : 0'1/A�.. i FA"l� : f1" : Y..·lil : 1\1.e.tr� : f.,ft.fA:: 7 'th : -t:: i,: lll9° : fl\": 'i'TOJ• I i','J��: (lit\ : 111111: K :t: : ff..10· J;'1f tt1 . Ol/..tlli:C : ftJJll)lD• : f..111 = ) ti : it 14''/.l- : itfr1• :: it'JP,1' ,P-.:,:9° : 0"19°: tt111c = .r/\• = c;:fm- :, ( /\tj:C� = 01J..iil-t-c = rrotJJro• = �1,n = itt--T = h 1cf> i-:j- s 11:J! : ff H : ',m· 1 '1 "l C : °11 : f1'1 tt11..tP« : P't-. : 111.1-1. : •flIi:,.. : . f;.t lD4' : lll\tf', t hht--"r : n'Jcf>'/.1.. : 0,1\J!, : nilttl\1.: lf'i: lll\A,f•11·: l\.lf'}: f,i'I\A :: ) hh"lC : °1111"' : "'L):fl,f;C : Oili'cf>C I v«/\·'l° : "t).il,t,�1-- : O"t tJJ»O'/ t = 9°'1 : ,ry ,_...l'1 = h1_e.."? ..1 'l:fm· = ooo"Jfl61iJ, = �,, llJ :f (I}« = � nc :: -' = f"'l,,. 1 = Pif..t..lD' = nti1c = ai 11 1, = oiz.iil,,.1:c = ilt\-�nl, r:tt1i-0 = m.'i l'O.-<P r"1 c = .,tt :,.. = oitll,tc9° = it tt = ,"h11.-nc; = m 'i = "I'n:J:, = OD'1.t\ 6liJ. = f,(). ml»' : �{lC � f1'?1:t;: flD'� : 1--P,J!, : "ttil.-f:C:9° : O�l\k',,f: : P'C : llt\ "t,,,.:,. = ill\1°11:'i = ill\ = lD'� = 1--Pif, = 00'?/\oliJ, = _enlllro◄ = �nc �

aro

h.,ttu = _e..1n:r- : n11n1.. = .,,c = h1Pi/\" = tr',llr = noih1--/\--:,.. = ,il= h1�..;r,,.t-oo- : hf..-c,c; IA =' (n'ltf)

Pi°l"'i'f! : 9°t/\.tJ I "7..):{l,f;L::,i'} : 1\'}P,**00• : 1--"}7i : 'Lft : tf,f,,f•(&: 009°lo : -O llt--T : f, f•Q/\- I OD"}tL : ll/\ : ttJt(t:t: : 'l.til,J;L:'f ' 09"'1"1 : ooA.n = f"t11A'lt--c; = f"tflli-9°C = :,. .17i = 'lt'Jt..fi: = tttt:t-oom◄ = �nc =' . = ODK'thC:1-- : V-/\1"'1lD· : /\ODlf� : f,U = K "th.� • fih"l?- = h;t-1-00- .. -, l)f,lf"} 17 in'? : ',t) = 11:f. : flf', : roo-,.ODt,f: "'..d...ft: : ll/\tf'r : IA'iartar 17i'iA. :: K" tli.� : Ooo-f\- : 0'1'lt : ...f : J!,1'1A :: f'J°l)ft,ro◄ : ?i"th-fi: : i't�il : fi"ODlPl'f•(D•'} : \i{lt : l1(lm◄ : 1ttit\.'r 2 ;JC = roi,wP.1:cc; = hA� = A.� = fou'lt..,f1lj: : :,,�il = ?i"th-C:1· , r.-t-mot ',a>c =8 · fK",I...� : m:,,,1\1\ : nft"'I I h..'; .(t:,i : �C�,f,1• : f"}1--IP : 'r1P'i: 1: P'A."11 = roitt4-(i:/\-c; = fPr'?"'l'I! = 9°t/\.n1 = FAil)'} = roiYf..h"°' , 'i :r=t»- � f"tirT1 : (19>:f.. : nou:J>l.." } : 011--lP : ',1p-11:c; , Oh-�.. {l:,: : ottll

-O:r=

•

.•

6 · . �1\1,, ' O°IC1. = "'ill;J·m?f �=1\1,, ' f1·m+fl r1 ��ttv·t = ll�f...":f•sflau1·C,,..9°'i ' lttT'llt•t'f'• llL+�A1' • t\hO·c • '11\9"0&-l'l , "'i"1�f•oo , P'J\.{l. : mAY-.. , ao{l-#7&\ • 'I'&\:,. • flfi • 9°ll .,?'i":f-1'"} "1'1AK/t"} 11 7 · ti.� ' t--�:i--·, ·,,rou�dl'i!T'i'" : f-flt--'i'", K't11-c:1·, il-flfl'l , on..:i•V-A-f'' ftt.:,..r-A-f 'l''i'°t �x-m::,.. 1 iiA ' fl '. � ' ('l'C ' Iufi§) 1 0-f·t\l,, 1K' , !!i-f�c • ,.e._ao/lll�tA 8 · �A'l'lO.ro.- ' },"}Jlooif ' 0°71\T- 1 hor>K'd,'i! :i :,.�h ._, f,f-m+fr:t•1' .= · K'th-C:'f ' tl1'1'16 r. • :,c I h°t��:,.. • f°IC'l. , °1ll;J--mi\"91l- • · a>-l'l61' , Q;l.9°�'i:f'PA � 1

- 386 -

◄

---

} } : : t\ � t\ . � : " °'lltf.-l· : �nc :: rooi",htj: : TJ;..{l. : :,. (J}«" �'f outihA � � : ,i; 'l':,,(aif : /\�,h-� . �l\:fll)c • iiil& .l\"L�:,.. : fillJ9° : °IAi.. : �t& I (n'JJ;'}J!.'": . • f 'J° t\ UA: : fou?.dttj: : :,,�11 : ?i'tft.C: ?.th_ & .a,. 'J°"} . • ti_e. l\f. (D«m : p:J• : } : roiz.��?.lt& : �1C : r:,- : h1.l;t\ : n'}J; : " �1C :: ' "1 ) }i:,WOD'P:f'PA :,i } : 1 ? .th 'J° 'J° : 1 : }if,;J!A : . 4• t\oouocooc IF'i (l"'/ lo :t: /t'}fi : :,.. : f,f f � : 'J ��f, : nf.f..t\'J° :: r'1 :.. iil\°'I i 0�°1"1'1! : 9" 1Ah : t\hf'JJ;'}P,.. : °7.111 1 -l4'4!T : f..1Pl- : h1 .';f:.l"l�m• : u--� � ?.tft.4--1 : hn'1'l0..9>Y: /\ : ,f:C 1•'} : ;,C : 1\01/ili·'PlD:,, = �ll)c :: h�tlU'} = 1'4!-r : ?.th-C:l· : ODIPl:,.. = {101/..("l.'1 : mf..&,,}· : ii"}� = fl:,, 1 illl 001'.00t,,,fi& : fh.:,•r,,A•f : l1n.,1 : "' 11""/r : ;l"th : fl{l&..ro- : fT:J A : 111\1 : ,f"il4- : h'.f:.C;Jt\1 :: ii'lt, : E ill\ : oP1,_0Dl,fll)c : fii.Tf-kf : tan.�: OD(l'J°: /\.: (looc: f:.: h.-f-1:: fl1"t1ll1D" : ;,tl»t1J : f+llt : X-tfi.C:.1· : (/\ : (looc : f:. : t-t.,Y..1; I f� : qoo:,.. : �

� ! tJ};C ! !fff = f"ttil,f:C : uo'}:'}:'J° :: ll'l':,,'J°:,. : roe I h 11' : �ll)cf::rm•f'} : �_e.�:,.. : "ttil•"l;C : OCJl/*!l:'J° h'l. : °ttt\..h : flii...-,..f-kf : :J"'t,h : ro-{lrp : hrtu : n&.:i-- : --l"f..C?u : fefl/f '°":,, : OU if ifA : iif.l,.,,.. :: /\CJl/aJT : fU/,\ : l\"'ltil--1:C�T : h(.I;): : �(lti-- : ,f-,,flt\m· : hilh: nU.1 : .(-lil : f"'l.:J"'lD<kT : f°t+lf'irT : t;:fm· I 2 = iit .. = 11 p �(l.,0· .. r-,.qt},a,. = "f�tt�1:,.. t.:J--a,.�t, = 0-0,1· = 1..r--c1.11 = r(llC = aitil:,.. c fl+ : oPl).{l : h,f•"'I : f'i!CX' : 67..til:,--c h11:'l : mAY-. : �J!.""T :: fhCif : 67..til:,-c f°th+t\•.-}•'J° = t\"'l.1il:,•c�--l· : 1im = ,;:fro· = f,t1A = �nc .i Y.1{11 "'If : ou7f?f : mc<J: : f (J}«'i!- : ,,,..�y, : ttil:,•c :: �;JJ!.""t..il : _e.1H· : \111 -c il:, "'l.t :: = :i• .. ,lat " r� = .il c1 1cf t\ :}f, = �h .c = �;1 il H1l = °7.t :,. � h :: 'P� : "l : fOJ �1" :i• til "'l. " : • kf r n..:, :t: f >t(t r : :,. : : ht\ rE ii : I- ti1; . 19 __ .,....,... hrttJ : n�:,.. : (ltD")�ll)c : i:i--9° : fuo1,.uot,fCD·1 : . f ii..Tf·kf : "'l'I. fl..l:C : ootJ:tJ:'J° : iih;rw·�"} : .�flC :: If� : hit�.il : itR'l : f+l� 1m : 00 "lfl61iJ, : hl\1i1 : f+'i\'"oo-:, .."} : "7..tfl,}�1" : il'J° : 11C11C : A'.'?i7i/\ Or'i : A'io:tl\ll)c : 1't\'.A ::

- 387 -

◄

f1:C': :: f (i:C..('" : f 1&61!' : ,..,;�'i : f'l"l1: f1'lH-0 : f1'Cif: ftnC : fK"ihLir :

it&. : 11-..p : ',(L(lc :: 'l;Jf:t--il : ��fl : 1.V"C"Lil :: O�C!1'lX· : (JP•fl.--1,;r h"}rf:Q : lDA1... : �q> :: k;rlD·t-ct : rJ,fl,f- : "L V"C"Lil it I\ ,:I> : 111l :1 FI\ (&.

=�

h>lll :: f P'l r : f"J{l :

.,.

cf>'i';1f"'I� : ODho }"} nlJ.I\&. : OD;rt.._tf :-:

hQt : e ..... iltt"'Ltll-1:c:"f = "'**'J° = 'l°tlLh = fm{l).:t!(D« = x-1.,1,9'"f =' f1C : "llf:,_.. : "'Ltlli:C : f.'l-0 :: (11hl : '11C : 1X- :

fil-fI)

(1"/'f I J!,U : "7..tllii:C : f"}1--P' : "7..tilii:C : lf'i : 'J°ilft). : If'. : q>'} = "l•f:,.. : O•it- : J!,m-0:J>A I C(tc 1 ',(D« : f"},..LP-9° : 9°ilfl� = 011CsP:ii : �it- I k'T d

1.;:

! f"},..IJ.k"} : T'hlflf : OJf. : 11(91:f: : flUDl\h : f (l, : ,,.,t- : ',(I)c 1 nrh+"'iro« a OD'}"lf'-'T : n:9° : ff.l.1 : 1,"}f. : If', : iiu : 71:qo"f : t\tLU: °ttil..f:C : J!,;t-Htf Ir ='

i:� ! f1C : "ltlT : °ttilrf:C : f� .A : l>J;b�t-- : nl\:J> : ',OJ• ! f1C : '11

If:,.. = 0w1r : iltttLtJ =

a;,c = tt(tc = 1,;t-1tlf/\-- == h(t.'J° =

ml!,ro+

= 'P'i', f(l0r = m'l«f! : ',ro«'i I f1C : 'l'Pt'11·'1 : V../t• :1 O"'lt--1 : Lt.1:e,1 : ;JI\"}: /\,fr>l '19° : f,m1l:J>A ::

§"/'f J f1c = "llf ir = °ttilrt-C'1 = .fil ;J--ro-,;, it-- == '111r:,:OJ« = nm'i' ' '11C : v--tt- : h(\« : hat'i : °i.tilrf:C : ;,t. : ..,..il"'l'J°Tro« : f (llD' : m'i : _e(Il -0:11 Ir . I f"tfll LA"I : P' t� : hf IP... :: �� l f,tJ � 11C : "llf..1' : "'l.tilrf:C : Of1..-. : f ttm·"} : (l(l)• ' V-fr ' fil�'l't--A i h.11. = 11e9'"f19° = i.r11tt , Of"l•·1;t-:fm- 1 ..fttm-1 � (lar = f�llcf'l'C : hftc : 'Im« :: �"i'f I '11l : 11C?11· : 11'l1: : f "7..OD11} lD•'l : f(lro·'l : .,,....'l'C : '1(1IJ:,- s ttou-1: = n:,..A:,, = OD111r0 = fil1flrfit1JA ::

- 388 -

"l/ j l f,IJ'J° : 11c : dJtf :,• : °ttili:C : f+rol\>;..fiT'J'i" : f'f1>1--0T • "} .. � 1 : : :,. •"} s .r o« : (191 9:f· 1'. 1.H.O• fi0D1f1il : ,��A :: 1 :'f "'Lil

t:7/:;: q(JP:,. : 'l oP:'f- : n1l.. = 11C9l:Y.. : fOIJ..Ah·T'J s fou1 11-0 : fl"}�o,.'i' : l\cf>'r:'f- : OIJ..tili:C:1· =

. hi\_ery. : n:,-A.:,, : oo111-0 : � 11611' : h 1 :: : lJ : oul 1 _e+ .,l'1' A. A-0'° : fl(JP"}°IP'T

J17/ l fl{lt&'',1:'i' : flfLi: : °lilC : f°t..f //-9° : "nfr

',t& I illltLU : foo \\11:,.1 : h1C : °llf:'f• : f(lw- : 'r'l'C : nilll : 1'11. : +lthflT : "1.i\fi"'J'I° at9°C' : f(JP1f1fl'19° : °IA 'l61b : l\11Hil : °tlh..l:C : .efl"JA. J7/ l /1 C. : "llf :'f•.: OIJ..tilrf:C : P'trar : '1� 1 .eh.t'\A. :: r,7/ j fifcp s "Jtf :'f- � g7/ :; filoi1 : hilh : o'P : 'I° P'lr:,, : h1C : h1orif'I° : 1f9°l.t& : "lfu'i s Orol\o : h1C : OlrA. � hilh : h�A : n1C = 1:lh : 1 fif'P = F-fl'-O'i' = 'r�tril = 1.1c = °'''T = ht1tt.c = 1r'rc: = hhh s ?u"lf'J° : .,e,1.h : Oh4''i : 0�"7 : n1C : OlrA :: ...o7/ :- f(la,. : «r'l'C'i' : 1i t_:,, :2 = f�A = 6lb�tr :2 ?;71 1 fh+"7 = i

n:,..

c,;:

uni1

f0r61!' : h1C : OIJ..tilrf:C : f."}11 : (11hl.. : '11C : 1K' : f�t·-fyj;) OD1fODtf

ftlU : OIJ.tilrf:C s 'P'i : P'lr : f"n'J°IP..l- : '11C : ',t& I htt,'\ : P'T I h"ttil:'f-C:Y::fw- : ,;J/r : f,',,;J1/rA =' O• l\ ,f'i1

OD"')'?

htt,l\ol--: OD"}OJP'rf..-:f: ,;Jlr: tpt;:7(\,tt} : '11C : (L'l"I: 1�,,,.: lri\T (1Jc I 'iTf& : '11'f-"} S fOIJ..ln,C{l«:'f- ! '11C : OJ"} : hll+f:'J" J '11?-") I hilrJ' m-tr, : ooc'J°c: : f\"}1--LP« = '11'1-1 : f°t1AK'ft:fo,. : "'i.. tllT?- : 'Im· :: 1'°1'1° : 'J1--IJ'« : hDDt!\tJ+7f:(: : ,;J/r : flrJ'',,;J1?- : "l.fL I '11'r I hrf-.{J;l. l(l = """ = f11-r = rot..+:r- = 1.1.c: = nit:'f-'1° 1 f"'i.fl'I' 1 01/.tll:,."' = 'Im- =

Y'h+i1 ::

f(Dc6J:b : OD"}"JP'T : ou't.\n+'1l-- : Wf,9° : ll,l\o1' : TA:,, 1 h1°lf..1': W1', 1t.:i--r -t..r : n"lC : (l..ODffl4 s ro..e. : 11,0,. : fOIJ...f+C'1:flD4 : "nfr: 'Im-= 00Ah+7t:Y..9°

flcflT =s

htr+i1 ::

: fOD"}'?r';t-:fw-"} : F.,f}�(b : (\{le : ',(Dc : f"'l.f«f'C

- 389 -

= UOf!\lJ ..,,�:r.: "� O"IJ!"'i : n4"-"J : OD"I f}:,. ' t,J',IJ'"} 9" ; n rttJ ' 9 h '}f....,. I m-fl I f,. � "I h C fl : :, l\ 'I !"COT !'i ; f.lJ�'J , ih"I , • o•tr • ou"}"lf":i•,,e,m,o:i, = fl • • l\

f : tr/\• ! f(flC',,}- : �h1f:'f- : f,IJ''i/;\� :: f.."l'l° = °

(D�

(tf:{t,f•� ::

-1 ,tta,<1�'1° = llfl = -t:lb1:: ill\ 1 = = :rra:1 l'll\ • 1 = UJ.A ;,tr ,r,.'f boo'l"IP'

{\"7f:l."J : f(I- : P'/r

I �

OJ- ::

(l'lT� :: f."l'I° : bh-lt : oo1"JP',f7f: ;Jl r : CD•/,\ : f°tf�C'? : 0(11C9° : 1.u : -- : l O /\ : : 1 'i: f 'f?lt '1 OI/.'P .. fl;J ( ?J:f· : >'\'JPi�}fi<�•:: llll"tf-,l"l : f07i+7f:f ll9°1+i1 :: mf..: >t.:J-V--kf : '11C : f"'l1'1 : h1"1� : /\OJ«6/!" : h"lC : OIJ.lil,rc: 011,'1° 1 l\9°ilh-).9'!f: 1 ;rll;rc = J!..11�'1 = fltfA == lfm�i1 ::

llll.1-?P..l- s f"tllmar'l I f1"1f: = Ori.\ 1 ml,'/° = fCq : rof,9° IPt. : (L,}- 1 tD-/.\. : C(tc I fi'-T : ffl.\.'i I (l0D 1f1fi"9° : "IAfltJJ;"} 4--,!\ r tlr/,\ s h:J'+oo I O'-lt ::

: fOIJ.. : f.,1'

OP'l� :: hh-lt , 11.1c : 001oiF:,. = era:,. ;: hh'l"l� = flOJc = 11�c = /\ODtf>flA = llll : h.'Tf-kf : OD"}"lP'T : f,lJ : P'Ir : (1 ft. : h� : J!,r.f'i/,\ :: OP'lr : n.'lf-?1 :: h'l"l� : O�"}{lfr : l\f, : fh.Tf-kf : OD"}"JF:,- : (IOJc : fh(l(l : h1" If� 1 rof.. : CD-61!- : '11c = 67.tll,J;C : ',OJ« : foo'J"IP' :,.. = mfl4! : f"7..lf1 : o��.,:,. r 1.lt :: OP'lr : tr/\+?1 :: hi\ : ?'fltti : rof,9° : ii/\ : lbl\ : 't"lC : hh...:,--r-kf : h"lC : h1'11� : : . fl"?ilt»"I:,. = OD'J°IP'T = ft /\1 = '1-..'Jf- = lf'i = rar'i!> 1 1t1c : oY.til:i• c 'taJ4 : htLtJ = h'J°l� : 4>1il/A : ;JC : +'t';J°le : 't"l?-1 : f01J.iJ,1,Cfl � OF t-- : Y 'fl,f•?; :: htt .:r•f-kJ' = 00 1°1FT'i = h�c = h1c = "'ltll1:e"f = ;1t-- = ((rt\ = hi\ : 01'i\-1 : iii\ : "'lillDllJT : lDf,9° : ill\ : "'lll"lfl:,-- :; �IJ : Ft- : f0rtil'= n1C : "ttili:C : P'Ir : 'tOJ« I h O�l\ =;: : �"}ill.\ : ;Jlr : TlltllJ'J°.-f :: OP'tr,. : htr+,;: s: hi\ = :ril;rc 1 �il�O.'i = ilfl = fi'-/\'1 = "'lilmflJ-l• = fl"'lth1:� = f�C h1C r 0-/t- : 11C'1T : fC(ic : 9°ilfl� : J!,IF'iI :: r oF tr : h. 9°ll ...,-,;: ,: fOJ«6£1- : h.1c : "7.tilTC : fh..,rf-kf 4- fto1�'i : oo/,\h,,,,..;of : : 'lil 1 0-1\- h./\,:J» : �(De ! h-'til 1 -''lilA. : ill\ : "'IY:l"l fllt./\1 : : 'h"}/! : If� : - 390-

:i 'IOJ4 :i il.17 -P' = fOJJ.foofln:t- :fro •:;: "'11illl9:ri9° " = u.tt- = heft- s ;,c s C',;J1&-lt- : ilil : Ft.Tl& � f, OP't. : ilf:ilrf·� :t (Df.. : "'" : h1C : OD"}"JP'T : O DAtJ+?fa:Y.. : l\ODl\h : f1i.F : ODA ti-r : 'Im« 1 OD1'?P':,� = n�I\ = 00'1°1P'T = �:,. = r:t-m+ : 1'1,_ : tr'I : aoA,t,,t-�"f i f.l\'1A ;. fh ..:t-f-kf : OD'J'?P'T : fln.C1;r : h1C : °ttilT �1"' : 'hiJ.rf:fJ!C'? : Y."lil = &.l"}J!l-1 : 'h tlf : "'11ilA : ouf9° : f.,-:f-1\ , A r �ao(JJ1f = 1tf.fl11J:fc& = hrol"1r 'i' 2 h7'il:f' 'P;, = n+c 'h'I� = l\,I\ ; P't- Jtl\:flD''i" = ill\ = hn�:f' = 11:,: = "'11ilA = +•nnm- = il'lt.Tr-k,,r ao1"1P''T 1 1,fl.f.ODtD1f : f1l\'?l\ll• :: OP't. ll (lfl+� :: rr :t•VX' Jt. : OD'} : "JJ" T f ,:( J: I l\f, : }i"}f: : .f-'}{lA, I h_(l(J)c := l\,/ra f l- 4,1rirr,-:;-. = Oh.f�ltil..9° I no..e..1 1 fi9°'1''P 1 ntic'1:9°'i" : ni1°lil.11 1 (t,� 1: mf.. : h1C : >;c;J! : "'If:l°l : ',c& ::

OP't. : il9°1+� :2 f(J)c� : h1C : °ttil1:C : P' t.c&1 : 'llrT : }ltj:A : f.,htj:I\A � r,7/ 1 r�1ilA'i'" : ro..e.. >;c = 1,1c titt-:i- = 0010Jr,r.-:f = ;,tr, ou',;,1c:: e7/ :;: ntt,tr>:f oo'}OJF,,Y.l-'i'" hOJJ..til:i..e1:F:fm- = ;, tr = au-, ;,1c � . i:7/ I fi°h Tf kf : l\tt-:t- : 'h'1°1P...l- : '11C : m-A : ;rll;rc : (J.>..11�11) :: §7/ I OD�tft'j: : t»l+:i• : ,:JtLllJ : "'lil.,t-C1v9° SI

f'},.P' : '?fl. ll f7'/l:J' I f,f;fl..OJt.(i:'i' ll frf;fl,(:;.'} : 01/.tilrf:C S f..'}1} ll (1fhl: .,.,c : 1ft : §fj) OD1fOD/,f :1 fH.U : 67..til...l:C : 'P'i'" : fOD "}OJP'T I °lfi. : 11-ilT� =2 qrrn:,. il�t-- = 1'.'?0.9° = n.ir1 = m� :r '1f(l)c , 'P'i'" : m qcf: :2

aomn:,, :

',(De

11,1ar = 0.111 = c1r =

'Im-

?'ii+� :: 1 .f·lP' ")'? fOD I ',(De f1i.P ' : 11:,.. : OfOl/�C7- : Jiti't� : OD/, : Cir : 1 ih+"7 = nc 1 "" 00Ah+� �m« c1r 1J = 01 -= f1.0 1 = = rof... tt.:i-v-t.-1 = h1c f"t+nl\m- 1 'hilh = ,,,.,,,. = -?fl. , 1:lil • .e.h..,.il'PA 1 .,, .,,,. 1 iilh.4>0 tr:,. 1 �lil 12

- 391 -

-OD1f00l,f ::

' �l& : : t-. :: F C i: til "t : LU ft : (l;'f> ffi oP f: s : '}'? C f1 O•l\:t� ::

fh.:t-V-kf = ..,..9°? -n'i = 't;,f:tr(tl: = o-l\• = hl\.:J> = �ar

Y'il+� :2 f1C : 1'11: 1 f"tf OttlD•'} : 9°n1fT : 0-it" : 1,filT'P/\ : ftoor}°l P':,,. : foY..fooftn :t- : C (le : 'tlD' :: hIr.:,,'1 :: --'i : il'l'r : fOlf.f(ltj nil 00 : -,.. foY. : l ft't;J1o9'l' P'C'¼:t: f 9°?-n : + ll)c� I ftOD'}OJP':t- : fooftn;t-A :: 9°{1,f-a� :: '1_ '1.-'til : "1l'1' : ftll'/Y:l'? : fftlD''} : {\ODft(M' : lDJ!,'I° : ft"'lilcf>lT : filLl\1 1 '11f.. : lf'i : C(tc : 'tOr : J!,U'i'} : 't1C: Ok:,.. : hilTOrfto: ftOD'} '?P':t- 1 f"'l.foPftTI:t- : 10. : 1'1-'tfO•I :: {tf:{lrf--'?

;,A

f1--9°?-n = thc'1-0 = nAn s If'. = oo-tt:t- = oP1f111 = t1>',.1a� = f,+ :i

(lfl,t-� �

fOI/..1'la>-'J'i" : fOl/.a>"llD"J : /J:J> : Off.'trl: : t\11.r : fX"4-A :;: floP,r: OO�lif I ftOD"J°lP':,• : Y:9°?-1 : t'}Jtfl\f, :: il9°1+'1 :: nr : nr I roe : h.1�·: 1..U : f1C : 'i,;Jf:(r.{l:,i : f1--9°�•ti:fro-'} : 1(1 'i" : lD'1J . : ft(le : fil;J-a>-:J> fr :: Hm'iii: :: 'I (ID:,,. : 'I ou:,-. = h 't;,f."t'r (a:f: = fODllJar'} : ..e..-n,tac : o--l\� : (l-0 ll(1 = Y:9°? -1 : ft11H-fl : 07..tilrf:C : flt/Ati.A :: OP' l.'1 :: f't;Jfu9>:f: >;� : f..lf'i"A:: llft : .';�'t:,• : '1.11:: f"7..lP.lD·: 9°llt\�: 1171:l'? : f..1--1\A 1 ilft I Ll1}!l-- : 'i1C : h&..l1� : ', ;,1-,: hf ft,: ODC{fl: 00 Ctn I hClt!faJc : ,:Jt'r = '1.ll+ro•fto = f,,lll.Cl\t\ :2 OP't'r : '1.'}f..� :s �1il�i' = u;,:i:ro-1 : ftll'/11: : rof,. 1 >;�'IT : fODm• : 1'11- : ll'� = M'?Y: = °ttllTC 1 &-ft. 1 oo'l'..Y.. : f,LC>;A. 1 +m1�� : aoAti9° : ih."l = �1-'tmn:,, : f00'l"lP'T : ll9° : 1''}J;f.mci, =: - 392-

..-----OP't-- ·= �tli';;: := . ' "l f : "'l. c r &.lf.(Dc'J �ex- = +ilrJ;,¥:r: =· +aoA"' ll til :,. = f} lt · &. = . : OI/OD/,\h:, il11·P' : : �i-1\tr :: 11-P' : OJ�'J°

OP't-- : Y'il.,t-;;: :: ht\,I\ : OD"}'1P'T : ."Jt-- : f1''1 X- : (De/,\ : il.�l°l : flf'l : h' Jf.. : lf'l : 1C = "'ltll:i..c>1" : '11? -"} : itil-11x«aoar : l,f il+'P Ir : : (1)«61,b '1 f:'i f °l : f1 (l(1111dJP'T : fODilh :J'h- : OP' t-- : it�,,,_;;: :: 00 \-thA : r,t-f.t.1ar : UrA. : OD"}OJF;t: : -A".f'i h. Oil,/\ Tf : V·lr : O (l(lCD(l"} : 'IOJ•'i : f(Dc"" : 1..tL : la.ft\� : \-t"}X- : qao:,. : i't{l.«f>�ODOr .. : f"} "lf:'i : far6J,b = n1c "'ltil:,-- c>l-- ll 001'°1P':,. = fil.:J--01•:J>tr :: oP't-- : it9° il 1-;;: ::

h'l;J,e., : OD"}°IP':,.. : flllJ..«l'OilOJ•"} : f1-°IY.''i : f l«t: : °l-OC : C(t« : �(I}« : ftJrf.f «f,OD(Dc' 1 �lJ"}"} : °l·OC : nroc : nroc : .,,..«f,,fi(\o : fl.OD 1°IP':,.. : '?9°i : l1:," : f,(lllJA DP' t,. : il.�il..,,,_,;: :: 'lODT : ODabl q : °111C : f,f•«l'fill.OJ«"} : ao111-0 : f.'J°r: : l\11ffrfi : °ttil,f:C : �(lllJA ::

=�

DP' t,. : (l q .,,,_,;: :2 r1"l1: = "'ltil.,t:c = rm.'i = oitil.,1:c1 = .elPiA 1 .rl«t:'i = fOD-OA = i'Lf'61''f1 : (l.film-n:,, = /J:J>:fro.. : i\().01" : mt; : h� : t1P. - f.lf1' ::

V) fl) th)

00)

u,)

DP't-- : il.'1°1",,_,;: :2 f1"1Y.' : 01/..tili:C : P't--(J)c"} : 'l� : h�A : �h�I\A :: f1"11: : 'l1C : h�A :: f-'til : nOll : h+OI/ : 7'-9°?-h : h�A :: f«f,?, .:,. : ri't.:,..f -A"f : n1C : 1'9°?-til- : h�A :: rdt..l),O : h1j:A :: 01"11: : 'l1C : f°t'l"I : hChC : P,�'IT : h�A :=

rc?f,; = faoP'tf : n.:,..

rtIH)

= oitil.,t:c = ..�111 = (11hl = '11c = UD1f 0Dl,f ::

1K'

................

rt1i-

ftLU : 01/.til.,l:C : Ft-- : raop-11,f : fbT'i : h•flT = D?C'l:,.. 'lar

�""''� ::

'l"f:c , nJ.'."lt; , h1 .it;t-lilt; , ,ntt· , h"tiA • h1-'t00"1 ' 11�: '. �m.. x rc?f = ODl>ftf = n_e..--�,; = 1,,."tilOJ'I' = 1•1A 1 fil01"1 q_e,-, - 393 -

{;f:,:

flt'J°trlA 1 lbtt'l° = 01,-,:,. , fllat'J°&.A 1 tt1c = v11:1�?D = �1Jttr'J : h 1t = 1c = '1'11:,-9° • flllllA i rcq:,.. :: ., tt.�:r tt Y'lli'� :s

flllt1C : 1''? : f,lf'i/A'i 1 ;,,;,¥01·1' : f,01-fl:J>A � nt--i'� :2 fioP/Ait9° : OD/o;}':ftD·1 : fl.(lc:, -- "} : 09'�: : h�� : 1'."fit\ : .,fan� :,W'J° : -Otf' : ti-OT : ft.trT1' : Of..1'i : 1 Ota9':f = fw?,:.:'f-- : ii:qu:f : hfl C1 : 11H-0 : f,llt1JA :: h9°lli'� :: ._ : n1t--:1! 1 T1 : : fltrP? ll9'� 0r J'J° : Yl\llon� Of.1'i : 1t11r:fro-1' :,-1 1 fllcf't1JA :: llf....ll"I'� :: Jri1J:1..(-: n'1C: ti�: ooht,. : flf'IO:,-- : <»f-,9°: )14.. : 07i;r : noro-: rof.,'J° = an-0:,,. = r ODt1J , 7',� = tr., = rcif = 01/.tlli:c = l\OD"}'?F :,-. = n."" I\� = f.,lft;A == o P't..:°f"'i = '?-OC = 1' "}�.9°?-:'f· = f1 = 1.r·L = ODA119° : non c : 1\11 : h1c : '?-0?-1 s 1'4!-1-- = ODtili10DC = .rll&..A;,A i n�"fifw· = n.1c : t{,1;J-- : Olli--� :: fCif: D'l):ili:C: ti�: ODflC: ODtiAhA: fC(I•: P't--: 'ltD• 1 llt\lLlJ: '11\'1�'f9° : (lODt\.ti9° : OD�;_r:fro-1 : 111�.fC(t. : ,f,111fl(l:J>1!q>A 1 t\th h. 'l°'f'J° = 111>;.:J--Htt· = ill\ = cti:fro•'i = ill\ = tt,,n--r--;F:fro· = m'i ==

ll9°1i·c1 :: rcif = oaz.til1:c = fODl).11:,, = 1t1c = ai•1:'f-- = il1:i-- = ic1i· = il1:r = �1= it"}:,-. : "IC : {l"},r : fA;J--t..o : oo�:,.. : h"}J;t\ : ft\lPJro·"}'J° : f--f•fit\ lD' 19° : ff/;\ ::

tlm� c;: :: h{JDl).")"}-1•: n'1C : °llf·r : V·l\--: fo0 ll)CD•"}: IPJ{l;J--ro.:f!f: 01'?�': 0011111 : f.,K-4-A := OFl'i'; ::

J:°19° = f"IC 1 1111,r : fit'1>'1'b-lA I '11C5P1·9° : l}ou1-- : qon:,.. : f1t. :ft&'}: b1lir : 1llf irt; : °7�ll : fll;J--CD-.:k;J--A ,: OP't. : h1F..'1 :: ft.1°11: : Oh.t..e. : oo�:,.. 1 O.'if611 : tDf,'I° : ODP'tf : (1:'f-- : r m-A I tt..e-c1 = f"'l.f+'I° 1 rcif = "'l.tll1:c = �w- i -,.,,c = '?1 = ttm.JSI1' =1 "'Lthi:C = h1'JH-fl: "?.tili:C: ,:Jt. 1 f,DD'1ht.fr I f-f•t.laoa,.19° : a,-/;\ °IAQ6J.b = b;J-c+oo : O�I\ : fl�llU : "7.):il,J:�:f : f,OITJA ::

o.nt..·r

- 394-

OP' t-.. : 0-1\.1--1 :: {l(}l\'IC : fC?t : T 9°1Jc,r: o.:,.. : f1-hLi· : h"}f.. tr : �: 11 D?.. m 4> lD'" f � 1:C : tJ)'" :

rc?i :

111/..�il

OP't-.. : ¥'il1--1 :: : OIJ..til C : P' ,f: ;Jt-.. = fl1C : fOJJ.lJ'�(l)c'} : P't- : o-tr t-.. : tJD °l P'T 1 h 00 ,h1Jtil = l,1 -'tftif:f (l}c = C"'/t {IIJ tf,t-"'lh?- = 1,rPt- tr =' ilh icif OP' t - : Jit-,f---1 :: -- : f t-Ott' : lf{i: : . /\P' :i h ?Pi_e.'f:l"I' : f1C : 6li/,q : 1'm11.:J>A I n1C : --11 f , : fA : •19° f,f..C:J' A'i l (l� .• f 7i : •tc:.l- : h1�1,�h· I fOIJ.<k»lmm•"}: f:t•AA� : tfC:.1" : ,J>..."l'C: f,m(lt;A :: h11C?Jl-9°: ;Jt- : ,t-111/tilm• : Clt:f � : f,IJ�"}: �1c : _e.m,,fl:J>� = 'l1C = <D'il"I' : 1'\ft.«t; I f..°1'1°: 1ltr« : •1� : t\..f'llh : (l(l)« : f..il;t- : f,(lllJA ::

17-F

OP't- : it9°il"l'� :: 1,,,.,.:,..1 = fc7f = ,n� = rt- J!,lPt- A

OP't- : ilY:il+� :: i,cf'l• = �m- = fOD�:,-- = '?1lc r1111:,-- oi11c r{JDP' t! '1T 1-0c = rOJJ.f 4'9° flOD:,- qOD:,. = ftLtJ1 oi11c 0011 1,n 11-c?J:1..1 f.mf,�A 1 ,h.iln-1 = l,1Jtfil,,nn:,-- ti(ln = �'9°?- 19° hf..onl n�" OD1f10 •"} : t\11tf,fi : OIJ..tili:C : f,(lll)l,\ ::

= ==

= = =

f{ID"}'?FT: P't-..: OIJ.tili:C: f,"}"fl: (11nl: �1C : 1� : §f?i'%·-f?i•i) OD1fODt,f :: ht\ : OD'}"JP'T : fOIJ..lf"} : P't-.. I 1'1..� : {ID "}"JJ!' I 9°Y:C : OflO-C : f:AY:f, I 007il11 : I\. II> I\ : P't - : u--1\.• : fC "4 : ,,e."}11 : �(I)« U--1\.1•'1 :: ilt\ I (1D'}f1Jp-',"f,i : n.:,, : {l_LPt-.. I P't-<D-'} : f...1Ci" J lf'j : 'h"}}tlPt._ 1 tm1l �A I hoo,h"}Jl(al-'i" = hLPt--,f-'lf:f s ;Jt- : l11:,-t-:,.. : hS:C-"I s y:,.. tlf/A :=

¥'i1+'1 ::

roo'}oip:,.. : 00 11,: : Y:Af..•f, : n.:,.. : u--�19° = f ilm-0.4>A I l\7i 2 h1f..lf� : .filO�A :2 f"t'tl"r : If� : u-� 1.. ti, : {J'}Q;}.T : i\.OD(I}-(lf:

r+n

itt.T� :2 : } lf" (l. : 'T '?P D"} f{I t--: F I :J> : : J?,m11 A I f, J :2

it9°il1·"1 : -O il n7 ro : •1 -:, m c ct (l}cA : fl\:fm-1 : f ilm11:J>A I ()"}al»T : rai ar'I = f111/..iffficT1 :: - 395 -

◄

a;rl\:,,

: 0111i = llt\ = {/Pll'r : f rtoiA 1 "l..e"-O I ;,t. : P 't-OJ-1 : Ji(l,f-(Dc{\lD' : '1,f+il"'IDD- 1: (l q-1--;;: ::

t1cif = oit111:c

ill\ : fl"}:,-.&,.:,-. : ft\OJ<-1 : f,m11:J>A ! {lCJJcl\:fro• : f,f"�l. : 'i1C : >\ 1.'; f,,f-1\{\lj: d {l9°"},f••;;: :: C(lc : �OJ- : f9°f:C : (}{rC : DDCOT/t : Oh.TV-�! = h1C : f°tfwt-, OJ-"} I rJtfr S: llm'i;;: ::

(lro•"} : 1'lH-0 : f°tfilhij:fr{l,r"} : f.'Af:Y. : mf,9'° : 9°ht\).?1T : OC(t- : :t'A : Y.m11:t'ft- 1 .filhij:l\t\- ::

0011Y:

: fCft.:

OP'l'1 :: r01c = cJJtt:i-- = OD1}.1'lir = nv1t-:f0r = .r,11�1 = oi,,oc = noitilrf:� = L"}� : f,hij:l\frt; : l}ooar : Qoo,r : f (t{l(l{l•,r1 : ,,eAh«t\;f"'A :: OP't- : h1f..'1 :1 f,u = "'lth...1:c = r++nl\m-1 = OJ11c = f\oo'l'?P'T = oi'J°� = f,{lllJA : tlOD1f1fr : ;,t- :=

a.:r =

OP'&· : v.t\+� :: fDD"} P'T : P't- : fiJ:J> : 004>0066J. : f,m11:J'A ; qoo:,,: ODQ;l,li). : f/J:l>CD·"} : 'rTC : {IIJ1f1fi•1'J° : l\11H11 : °ttil ..l:C : f'1Ati,A :: 01

r11,111c; : r�� : "'l.tll.,.f:C : �"}11 : (11t1l : 'i1C : 17'.. : Jj?;-!jil) f,U : "7.tllrf:C : fUD"}OJFrl• : °19°'Jf : n.:,'S : 'Pt; : tn'lcl! : �{1)• : f(}c : P't- : f,tJ : ',(De :: OD 1fOD t .,f

fOD·"}<IJp-1:,-. : °19°� : fi.T : f11--P' : f t;,.q:flD• : °l?°jf : fb1•t, : f'} 1--P' : fA;,:f(D« : 1'1H-0. : rAi : Ai : .,lD. :: O·t\-t-2; st

f17'-P' : ft-'1:f(Dcc; : fA;,:fro· : '?9°:t:· : 11,T1 : f,m-0..4'A := (o) rt--ti:f(Dc"} = ht--ti!f(I}« = fi:XI\ : wt:.?f:fw· = r.,01c1i:1:'l'A i f-."1'1°= n1'11�n. = t\n.1111, = ncllt.rc;:,.. i t\n·li+� = n.,r-1· 1 fl?°�:t = 011,9° = t\{lro- : ilto;r : DPilm:'f· : f,Tl\h• ::

(fl) f°ll\:fro- = 1111r0 °11 = n;,..r.,ro;t-:fwm· rcl\:t!ro• = 1111-0 : �01' i �1C 1 "IC s hCl\:fro- : 0:\1\ : itJt(l, : 11�1"' : _e.roctiA. ::

V'll+�

fOP'J°IFT : 11H11 : lll\1C : °llf:'f•'i : lit\ : OO"}°IP':,,- : Ft- : �01' � '

- 396 -

Itt.+� :: 'lh'i" : Ot\,I\ : 11H,fl : fLT : fOD'}'?p-1:,. 1 : C l O' °i.tllwf: : 0 f11H 9°ilflt: �� :: n.'/°lli·� :: C (I-: f1C : OJ'/°� : (L:,.. : n.l\,:J> : � m- I C(t.: 'ia>· : r �f7i'"7:fro •: : : : IA (11,,.IP' :J, llf:ll+;;: :: . m : : : T ft 'i:f. : f.(lfiil'lA I f /1,d\ : "'l.til ,, J z 10.. f .. Pf (IIJ l d P'T' '} f ,i;c 1n. 1 f"ltJ:t-'l° 1 r,rAA€�1·'/°0 = r1--r..:r-- = r'11ti:Y..9° 1 f'l°'iTA?° 1 = /bl\ m lLT'l° 1" '1° : f,.: 11u11: "'l.til--1:C: (l.1'1: DP'tf: D d I JP'T Uo1 f bf-111-�: ,:it-: f,1'1A =' f..11+?-'l° : 011H"fi : "7.til--1:C : '1T: hl>fT1 : �il'l' : f,4'0Dl1)/A I D?..t{l,f;?,'/° : ,f·4'0Alr : f OTJ.A : OJl.Ll>T : f.(tllJA:: (lfl,f"� :: f(IP1dJP':,": m(J;l. : ,,.ft-: h11ff,fl : "'ltll,1:c: '1'1'1: f.OJ"JA I ..,..+ O All-: f"'L A: tDl.4':,..: 1'f+·4'0l\::

ll'l°'l+�:: 11 If« : 10.'i" : OJQ;l, . :r (l.1fon C : fln.'/°il.rf: : OD1fOD tf : 4'"} : ODi;Q, l?f: ',ro-:: lfm',;;: orttil,f:C':f. = me = (l.1'1 = 1'ilh = �� = +1 = f:l.il = J!-fl --1•�1 = t'J° lar: OJJ!: 11H-0: °ttil--J;C: f-Atift-:: f+t.t.m-'}: f1'11\- ! ro,.e'J°: f', flro·1: .e,hc;:d\ ft-:: h1ltt« : f"'lftt«T:: n«1>1 = n+1

OP'l.�:: 10.'i": mat. : �1C: 04>C : /bl\ : A� : maa.: hi\ : "}1·F: ill\tLU = "l'l°'A (L,1.. : um :,.c tJc;::'f, 'h1J;.lf1 = ,.e1'1A = . hoq":, (lq:, .. i (l' l o:'f,,; = = €1>1 n+c h

=�

OP't.: n.11-.�:: r11u11: "ttil--f;C : ',(l}• : flOD"}"JP'T'i" : (l�,:Jfo : fOD'}dJp-1:,, : '1(1 'i:(9>:Y..: ODtihA: m«A: f"tff..C°l :; (l.0D1" = ,',t-1': = f1.C,:JIA � OP't-: trl\+� :: l\�l.1 ]!1· : f"tnT: m-A :;: 'l°'i7"A I 1'C7f : lbfto-:f I i\11 lf"{l: "'Lt il-tc: 111/il:J"m:,,: -,m- :: ron1'?r:i•: °19°� = ltT = m'14! = ',m•

OP't. : Y'il+� :: f00'J°lP'T: ill\.:,· : f..- +C : V· l\•: 01111-0: "7.til--f;C : 'h1':: 'h "}?,. O lf"}: ., m-::

01"'t- : n.t-1·.;: :: fOD'}OJP'T : ilibT f,.1), : :: h : f ilt.l:\,:JIA "})ti.I'"} ilfl �1',;: : : -C f : - 397 -

n..

� :: �t\. • = /!, 0 9° �: t../\ I '1 'i · ,li. : 1 f,'lt A. );.. '11 -i•: 1 �, . 9"1 : n"J�.. : 1 OFb• : i'l9°il,f--� ::

or :

lDC : },1Y: : �-•·L = f� 1'? p,:,-. : ,l1"'111 : f"J1H·O : "'ltil--l:C : 0. "'llfJ' : f:f...C.,:JA :: f.."l'I° : f-�c : i\1C : °19 P, : .n,..y.....y.. : IJc/\11 : 1-..11..t--t-.f ... : A f H : { ; (: -0 : 11' lD'1: f.rf-'I°t-lt·C.· : OJf... t11J.� I..r, '11\. I h,l1., ti I}:fUr'f° : rF � tDC : +t : ,f,�4-1\· : f°l'J°"ff : (L ;:J•:fro·1' : "O(: : U·lt.· :: --l "} 0100•1-- = ooa,1,lif = r,11.tt11 = tJTJ.a-J = a,� '? = �ro• 1 n11 n,n = �t · : f;.ODO!JtiC--t: : (11,�anc : Ol//a f,)--: � m« :: il --1:C:: {l/l,--l!'l : D"lil4>0D'P'i : ll11·P'

OP' Ir : 0 'l,..1,.-1 ::

r-111111 : "'i.til•tc = l\1f.. = mf.f... = mY.. = �c = t11c = oucarit = oo{l��1,l-l\A I f.,U : OOCOl/t: f'19°P, : (1...y.c:f.., : Vf�• '}'i : 0Dj·f1•f1 : f,UOl'f°t..A :: {l'¼OD;J-w : 111 : f,'lt'cti.- t\. f\oo1'1P1:,.. =

=�

0/flt.. : il9°1+;;: OO�l7f : f11t11l : OIJ..):il,,.f;C : f=lPa : /J:J> : th.Tr: : fi OD1f 1 l,:J>ar1: (l!fw�•f: : fl{i = Af.. : ou11111 : .er.-�.. t\ 1 ,,r,oiqo: 1-,.'tr = oitil1:C = rj:, = 1111 = on1J111 = f.,mf,:J1 A ::

OP'lr : Hm�<1 :: '"

f1"}H-!l : Oll):il..f:C : l}OD�- : ODIJJ,lq = 001110· J : f,'.J°l(Dc : flbi\ : D?..til:l:C-':f-1 : OD1f111 : �'J°l(I)" : fOD1'1l'-'T: f,f.l;JA :: .,

ti.r'1 :

qou,)• : h+iJJ,l(l : {l�I\ : "10.'i : lDlili\. : hi-f..ODl : {l�I\ : f,f-clL (De'}: 11C: {l"ftp" }: fl-0.r : !il4 9°fO:c;J-cA I f..,tJ : Vjtp"} : fOD'J'?P'T: f..'A -fl: f,lf'iA:: fllllJ9°: flf.:A-0 : "f'P1: ii"},.� : il/\:J>: t\-0,r : f,f..l'?i\:1-IA: OD1f1 n· : fl-0:f-: ',ro•'i : hH..lJ9° : P/'P1: n.flD(O« : fl 01/"rfiC : OVOl/t1c.."fc : °1 {l;rtD� : ',{I)• :: 1

'1.f : h1�'1 :: Oh4c : qoPT: Y:1"1T: "I 0,.. : hroai.. : ,�o },1Y.. : I}'', : OD"J°l ,,.,:,:. � hf:A-0 : "l'P� : ftD"IA ! h� : qOD�• : "?ft�' : {llC�� ... : ftr6i = 'h'Jf.. : If� mf,'J° : l:}-fl : rof,'J° : ''tilbt'r'' lDf,9° : h4· : lbl\ : {17i:J' ::

ti.r :

lJ,ftirf•� ::

�11 �- : 11H-O: f1"0f...l: h1� : U''l : �--A:,) : Fir : h1-'tLP6-0T: f11H1l : D?..tlli:C : �w- : f,lJ"}"} : -O�'C : rotm-04P ; OJI\P,.. : 'loP.."f· = {} OD ."'f• : f,(\"IA 'i : 'P 'i : "I"}fl fl•"} : f.,htj:I\ t\. ! fl {l ��• : Orf;\ : i"-fl flo : h")J!. "

+�L ::

'1,,r : Y'lli--� :: : : : h11tl-0 "t):il,,f:C : '1T"} : f"7.lDllJ'i : f"t"1 'l : 1lC : {l fl(\ b'f'{i: Wl++: f.-O+c: f,�_-i-A I n1.';..1: tDl+T: +f..a,.: h'JP',t«OJ'"': o-1\1' - 398 -

---

IP4 1 o{IIJ111-0 : m·ll1' = �+t-.A I Of� = ro1.«1>:,.. : r+�Lm- = fJ-A = h' },: 7/ f,lf'i/A :: ill : ht-.+.� :: f11u-0 = "7.tll.-t:c = oo111nl- v-1r Jt.ti'l:fm- nAn = �1>trr1 = (IP161P'T : {lh,:,- : Ah : fAlf'l : h1f... : .,., : OD'}"IJ",f: : ltt-f h. : �1

QA::

ill : h9°il+� ::

->1'-P' = foo"}"IP':,- = "710C9° = ooo,tic:i• h'1-".Jf..c-,,. -Oll'PA = 1 (L{lfl{l11 1 Oll-Oh:i• : 1'i : 1..tL : f1"}H-O : "ttili:C : illlH..U C 1 "'110 f,tJ oo"'lhCT • 11c : v-0:i- = "'itif:,W = lilLA;JA ::

11, : il�il+� ::

M1H11 : "'l.til.-f:C : rt,.a,-"} : 'h11-H..V- : f,htj:'\A I llfn,.:tt- : i\.'}.'; 11: : hll:J' : 'h/1'l1 :: f"l11C'i : f�9°?ah : h'i!A :: -;,� i f �a.L:i• : h'i!A s: j,;: I f"l9°;f : (l.,}- 1 h'i!A :: f� I f'l"}lt'f I h'i!A :: §� l • f..(-A-0 : Vf1'"} : h'i!A :: 1:� 1 fA-Oil'i : f1.1' :. iJ:J' : h'i!A :: i� : .... f�P, : h'i!A : hA-Oil'i : 111.1' : n+c :: 1:� I llfhfi:fr : h,"}P,"}..(- : A\!. : "'11+9° : f,f...l.;JA s: illl : :,-11i : '11C I lli\-1?9° : '11C : "J"} : f"ttil.-f:?a : "'11,,.9° : lilLA;JA s: \1.i;�'IT : 67.til.-f:C : �"}11 : (11hl : '11C : 1� : i:i-<:I) OD1f{1Dl,I ::

1,U : 67.tilTC : f1C : Pi?'f'f : 'P'i : hll:J' : �tD- :: v-ll+'<1 :: \101/..Llf,.(D«"} : 'i!C..(- : o-/r : {)t;::,--dt : '111":,. : :t'A : n:,•;,,l· : fat mil:,, : h(l- : �(D« s: ¥'i1+'<1 :: fOI/.LC"(D«"} : 'l1C9° : f"7..Llf..tD-"} : fi:C..(- : V-1\- : 000111-0 : f 1' 4-A = ,

tit-.+'<1 :: : 11 1 : 0011 :ftD CPi f'i! : tr vf 'f l Pi?'f : ll T' lt: O if -'l-9° : h1C : f °ll\1}6J!- : qoo :,.. : qoo.-,: : tDf,.(1- : 'hf OD") : f,;rfA :: !tnC : °ttil,f;C 1 �"}11 : (11hl : �"IC : '1� : l!fi'�·-lffi'Jt) aa,raot,f :: f ,nc-,:,.. : "ttil.-f:C : f'l'f--P' : (lt.'ET : hll.:1- : ',tD- I m;J•f.C : - 399 -

or�

t;:t-tD· 1 'A"}>t+(IP'J' ,f,m-0.?A ::

flt-'P.·r : O-lt-9° :

rtnc�"l" :

p:l·•9°uc:,.. : h1Jt"?c

fine : �1C : l\"'lfl'i�:,- : f1i,.f""} : :J>A : .en1-0�A ::

Y'h+� ::

f'l'f,,.:'f- : {L,r : fffiOU*}"lf : 1'� :i J!,lf'iA

=�

o.:,- :

f(lt,.4!:, .. : 1°-rt,. :

oomn:,, :

0Ct'l· :

lit-,f••c;: :,

fiOU1"1P'T'i : 061b�C''f : 00 '1hA. : f,lf'iA ;: {1ft : m;J--F.c : �1C &9° : '11C == v-tr : Allh : Pi�� ;t-rc

tt9"il+'1

f7i'P : 6£b<t:C-i- : ,f•4'"1l1Jt : Cft« : 'ltD- I f.CIJ'l° : f11C9'i-9° : {l&.«J!,l· 11-tr : 1.tL : ftnC'l·:'f• : P'C'¼:'f-c : (Lf\m(I, :: {lJ.':ll+� ::

(llC'l:'f·: f+'IVf : A1f. : lf'I : flC(t« : Thlf11 : 'It& : fh1C : IP&.'f!T 1 "'l.., us- == (lfl,J-c'1 ::

611-�C-:f : fl"t.fA.f.O:'f-c : P;t- : Y:C1 : A1>LflllJ:ftD• : f11A � ll9°1T� ::

111: : h1C : i'19ll- 1 fioP1CSJP'-1· : /tf, : fT.,fP« : 1'1� : .,., 1 fH_tJ : t-.1c , 1,c , 1,c:,, , l\"'11:l"I = fA+:J!l\lD'" = i·}1.. = lf'I : f{llC • OIJ..til:,..c 1 61.b� = h9°'1'.Y.. : '11-i-1 : 1,h'lA I f.1'10:rA.9° i hilhJo'}Lc& : �lh 1 ll/\tLtJ : lt1'i - 1 11C : f,ll"'/"'IA : h1 �l.';lD'" :: Hm'I� ::

1:11:,.. : ill\. : (llC'IT : 11'-P' : °1-0C : fHlf4 : 'h_"}f,. : lf'I I ftflC�-r 1 OIJ..tll1:C : P't. 1 ',lD'" i f1C : °llfT'i : f11H-0 : "2.til·l:C-1- 1 f,lJ;.:rA. d fm.'i : "2.tili:C

�111

(11hl : '11C : 11'

oo,rootf

if§--ifi)

.e.u = "ttll1:c = ffllD'"'i : r1111:,- = r,..tt- : 'P'i : m'l4! • 'llD'" ::

V.{\+ '<; :: . :t-1\:i» I fi1i;t- � Wf.. : V1C : 'h."}J;_e.1q 2 OJf,'J° : 'l1C I lD'"il'I' I f/l01'1 fl7i;r = ft"7'1'4-:'f-c : f"tfil.LA.CSJ : .,..,C � {\oo"}'?P':,.. : foof\h:J•A J ov')"l it,fr>l- 1 001"lP' ,,.,..-,.. : 11-i-1 1 :t-1\:i» = 07i;r : f Ahl\hi\. : 1'1� : .Y..:f = 01i;t- 1 fl\0:,..1 = h1c = (lOJ.a : t111:,.. : 1,� : u-tr : _e.nA.ntr i mt ' V"lt .TlD'" = 1' 1.';f,1'1 : OJ.a/A : Jt/\ : OD1°IP'.Y..i- : u-tt- : oohAhA : illlfLV-

If., :

'11C ::

-400-

. Y'il+� :: 'I '&.:,- : .,film11:J>A : f{l(J}«9° : m.'i : : C f1 ,_.-,,;: h1>llf1: filoot.. 9°IrI,\ " ht...,-"1 :: f1C: oap-11,f : 0.T'f : V -lr: .-J,<Jl.llJllJt: 1'1f'iA :;: h4•: �1C: -1; h . 1 1 : f{la, ; m.'i f°7.f il1u� : 1,lf 1fl:flD4: h9°il+i'1 :: ,,,,r , r{IDr 1, 1 = n.:,.. = i\ 00n &.:,.. = 001ai.,,.,:, . = hf,&.:,,1:-tt:,.. ,., = : hil"f"(J}«i\� : ,:P{r'} : l}f,(l,p :;: f,U : fODP' tf : at'i i:C : hf,,·f· "'l.til : f 0,:,-.: n�:J'O>-: mf,,'J° : O{l;ra,-, 1 9°h1y:,.. : i\{l(I}«: m.'i: h1--T9°: ffl �9°: ,flt\° : i\O IJ1"1P':,.. : .,fooAn:,- :: il1:il+i'1 i:: foP'}'?P':,. .: dth.'l°'f : O·lr : i\C(l. : f,,:J-'Htflr ! ncft- : 9°hC : 001°IP':,.. : f"7.ia"'I:fa,-, ::

�(J}«

i'l'l+� :: rn1i+� i fl.T'f : V•lr : rl'«t"JllJt : f,,IF'iA ! fi\.Tf-kf: OD'}dJP':,.. R.tf'}: (D..�'J°: fl lb/lo-:;. : OD'}"JP'..,-.'f : aJ f,'J°: fl ll,i\(J}• : {l(J}« :: il9°1 +i'; :: fV1C: n1i+�: 0.T'f: V-fta: OC(l.: &.:J> 1:: �(D« : f°tbt..,1::i-- I hil ctf:'18: fH.tJ : 07i;r: n.:,.. : P'iJA'i: {l;r: ,t-oofAt),f,:: lfm�i'; :: "'1'> 9° mh.'l° ro f,,'J° = roo1..·,�t:,.. 111oi = 'l 1c = t1:,.C = h�..,.. (1)« 001:1i:,.. 1 tt"'l 1:t."l hf,,t..4' 1:1t.:f0r'J° = rm'i = oitil·"l:c = r'J°ilnc ti l.';ltf:f(D«'} : hf,,T : ti+ou : O:\i\ : f.'?'l°: P't.:fro·'} : h1Jt�llJmC '6 1' l'PA ::

·=

L,,

OP'l.� ::

= = =

h�H.U : thh.'I°'f'i': oPY:;}t,f--l·: O;J"i\:,, : :}m.il.1·: r,f'fH·: h1f...: If�: fm.'i' : "ttili:C : ,f•ODfA(la, . : OD..{!""�tT : }t'}Prff..C1- : 1,bfllli\T 'PA I O�i\fro•: ;J--i\� : rar� : h16!: If� : ti1c: fitJD"}dJP'1·: :J'A: h1 -'U1llro "l fro• : f,,'f I\A ::

OF!r : h"}f...i'; :: fm.'i: "ttil.,l:C: 1'"1'1°: fh 1:,..: thh.'1°1·: hft:P: �m- � 1 OF/r : V-i\,f•i'; :: 1 · �'IC : 'lil.tft'I : 1 T m.'i' C .,f1 f : •fta : -. 'I°-:, ft 'J° -kf : h1C : dt . llh.. V "I.H.: 1h;rID4,?&\ ! }iC(l .'J° : f.."'1Prf1.,f:fa,.') : Y,(IOil'lA =' - 401 -

OP't-- :

◄

(t{'l..-f--� ::

° 1 : OD 1P'T : <JDl:JhA : (J}•&\ i ft UC/f."l'? ;: 0 Oft. .:'f·f"'k.<' : (1/bft 1\ : m,; : �"IC : fl1'lfilt.A'?. = flf} = 1'.1�: tr� � f,n.�c; : rro-61,1. : 1\1c : oit,'l:,•c<:l--: ..-1,"'JtillD': ii•OllD·: lD•ft.... 1: y,g·'i-.f--t. 'a": tJ4... h1��1f, ::

..: ff.'d16,:, -

1Ltil1:C: (01J�� ,,.l-- 9°=,n'l4!) �1·0 (llnl: ��1c: 1 : g. OD"jfODt,.f ::

jf�i)

ct : � : : f11-P ' ?.Ji& .. !P1' t\/\:P ro I P't--ro..: n,1,p-:1 °ttlli:C : f,IJ:

Lt:,- : � (Ir =�

u--t\+<1 �=

... l .. : : v--(\◄ : (l :J--ft �> : OD111-0: � 1l\. :, (D•"} p-1 CL:,.. : f OT/.� 6' OJ 4' 1111 : .. •{lll]t\ ;: h11'-P': {1;,. : {lOD1i11l : fOI/� 1ilfl'r : tJJlcf':1, : v..fr : h..Y... : 1, 1�1!,(Dll} ::

Y'ii ,f·<;

... = °IA'l� = u.. l\-- = rJ¾ ..C? = OD";,,�.."f--19° = nOD'J"Jp-1,), = vt'P fml4, -,.. 1: .em11�A::

t\ �,,.,,.;;: :: ft?i"1 : �1C : fC(l•: P'Ir: �ar::

h. 9°{l..,,. '1 :: 001'? P':,. = "1,f··OCJ.f = CL:,,. = u.. tt- = t, 1t ,:1, = h C (le = �ro·:;

11. f1t =

r = n9°� An = ilhi'**OO••r = oitil1:�l- = n9°tin, = rc1,ln = �thclj: == 09°'1/b'i: OTC:}lll ::

hOD�',hlj':: :,,J;,.il: frrl•ilOl/°t: f9°nC : �th..lj:: 01�1,;: OD"}"]p-1,f: '} : 1 ftmf.f...: o,.tt- : ,,.1:-�L::

h'1.,')--r-A·f : il.-'til: ttO'l: "?�+ntf :: /\tt..:,..r-s,.J.1: cl11l11: i\ :,.. A:,,: -r'J 7t- : f9°�ili:!?:f1: P't•: 09'°'11\:

t--=

l\"'lil;rm:P: F. °l'l°=f9°1-ili:c.'1:1» ... oo"}OJP':,•'}t;':d1 1f-01:J:t"} f:: A11 = it1 t= Lft>f: = ll"?f.• lOJ : ';}f,A: 1�1-�/\ar : l\Ol/ill�•l" : h1.;J...l·1: hh.ffl·ll: hCil-fil: AF.:,.. : O�I\ : Iitf!! : qoo+ : r��l:,"' : tt>til: 1',0'l : TI"f�"'l 2

:r+(/D :: lfT 1.

n t--

ft' "} : I\,r,.. mf.� : I hAf.�C°'9°: �1C:

01/. �il,1; c.':f : 'har+ :,,., : ft (1IJ Ill. OD C'i" : t\ "'i-0 0 1"}: 'hlD•,:J>:,-, : flt;' t.4? : A�l· � {IIJ"}°IP'�1:

!:!:C:\D?.= "7il;rroif i 001"11"'�•: f°7.(l(J}«:h"lb1fI f,,,.1•1·, fh."7c.;:s,.4•A•�'}�h.1Q{l• I 11-r r OJf.,'J°soP'}"IP'T 1 /Llr'} 1 f.,7;·"-A 11 DPK"dtl.. 1 {lCf'i)(J)« c W"lil 1 (DDP1f1{l I :J'a\,r I th-'L� (IDf�t) 1 fl°tlla>• s fh.�� 1 roAY: 1 h'i!/l. 1 oo,r,h,;:: 1 1K" 1 i.£8'� , .e,ootlh�A s1 - 402 -

ot-n = 9°1ll...1;�:f1 = '1'11\:,,. = oo{l� :

,,. f A.'1 } :2 ii1t11 = l\OD°lf\T = h�cS

ttir :: {11J9° � : -OP'&.:,,. : H-0,h,l : 00 11'1 :: . J,1�1'i : {IIJ"}d/P'"f:"} : fOJf.,.f... : (lllr : i','111 : f,U : �ar :: OJ 4'T f {11J t f.. : il ln :, : :,,?,.{I : *llrfloil : {\fL--1· : hcil" :f' "} : . f : l } & ' = C = itY: = f�' 1 l = 1'(l-"}: OD lPl:,--: '1.�·c1.::rf1+ = OD'} c 1'l'l° c = ,,,10 � . : ,., � P'& O'/"r : � OC . (}"} = : /\f t-(l. : f\.lPt. : f"t-:f.ilro-1 : � :,, It : 1 1, 1 1',r-i ../\� :: 9°ltt\ : OHJ{I)" �"l"'l'l! : 'l°tAn : 1'"}f.. : h"ltl.ii-0,h.C : ·:;..tr>:,- : fl(}&. : �ro•cl>;.r:1:ar: . ,,. DDlPl:, : oPch"}Jtil m ou hilcf> : . .. � dt ¥-O :: °11 �1C : f : : 0.. �'J° : A : 1 h 1'n�1P,- : fp>�CD•"} : � 1C : _eooAn , :,.. :: IP/"}'J° : hf,if�A'I°�: "'" : ODu, f htt. 111 h,f•(Jl)v,l,f'W : ro.. t : f..· : hrot-if. : hA,: : '1.Jft«: �{IDIPC:, : l : ar : Ft- : f,?..'iil · : f""J.1PtDDOJl,1 = Otl.lJ cf> : 1\1, : n.w� : "'119° : C O ;r/,\ � P'/rlD4'J° : f�'jt\:,.. : 'P ,;Jl&"} : _ecJ>fll\A:: h : �e' : 'J° : f. : .,,..:!{i'i: ..... 13 10

9°''"'

.,.

f"'11A1A: P'� : A�: A��,)·: itl\CD•: {l6£bCD• : h'?H.111,h.C : cfJ'}: 4 = = = ,i11: �w- = � �L!' = r = 11 ,,,._ G 1''l>tv• = n,,.,·t.'l'e> :: t1t..il = 7'1" t.l-1 : 1'llh : 1'«1JC : 'J''j!&--:f1 : Y:lil : ii't Y: : t,\-tA. : ii'}� : JP;j : t'l I\A :1 �1C : "11 : nr·f.V• : OJ•il'P : Oil'J°'i : OFt- : rfltl· : A��,r=fl\:ftD•:

Oil'J° : h�H.U : 'i:fro· :: t-il I 7r(!> I i'1�1� I t}f,"} I h'i: I A.fl 11'�1 'll"IC I f,tJ"}"} : foo(l/\ : �� : itfl :: h �H.tJ'J° : n,�.,t A� : 'i:fro- : : 1

f�il: F� :: O}�rt'i : OP',;.> : (},p"}:,--'i : fi1f""'l-1· : T'Pf..lD· : fl"t'f�. : hill\,,.l": l]wft. : '1.fl:J>'i : f(DccJ>1· : oo(l-O{lfl.f : "f'J'"} : �(I}• :: �,c : cfJ "} : r�11�:,-1 : 5 = P'tr. : f\.wt- : h1'1·A9° : it t.. : 9° : § : 4'... : l;'i Ii ::

-· - 403 -·

f,rC- : F&- � , 0:,-ruc-r = f"'l11(1Jc"} = TO·O'i = ltc&-«f,)· = v·•tr = ht-.il'i = "' il-0: : f : : '1f,A f f:'J°� ot»ft�•�":I' I it/lt&:: l hA.-0 : lllP/'P,.,1: 1re.: 'lf,'iC: /J(JJccf>•r'i: �6>: fflro•: 1°l°IC: 'lAirt-119°: �nc :: h '}f.. 1\"Jilil = (JDlf"} = -,nc = 1'.1:( = �,c = '111 = t'«f't;...:,-1 = ,,.,� = tt.lPt-- = n�l A'J°::

,,..i:

=�

f�"} : P'&'¼f,"J : lltl'/f•r: h-OCY"J : ;Jt-..: +ll"7'J°,f•: r+,.ml : fll'i;t-: lJ,fr: oP,nt-ar = a; (1Jc == o �'i , n'?c = fl "'I..lPt-- = P'1r = o :,,.srouc:,. = ttoi, � = 'I' 0-0: V-flc : oot, : �(JJc: "llrt;:.: lf'i : firf-&.llllllr"}: 'i:Tl.."f· : trfr: flllf/ r+ = 1,l-1\A :2 -,-,c = "l1=f+?a:'f--"J = P't-- = /LlPt- = h.�1--A'I°, °71: = i, li'K==6

,�,Q;J. : P't- :: l'it;:'1651.: f"1f,lD:f-T"}: :'f--14-7i: 00001\.i\7&': f.."l'i: 114- I "77i,,,..:F: .,(I)'" 1 't1C: "I"}: f-f>'r:'f--"}: P't- : /l..lP&,.: hf,T/,\'J°: H�1': 'I°: ..f!-...: «f>a.. 7.1 .... ft;:. : P'tr. :: h(j:: f.."l'i: h4': f;J""Hlft&"}: fA;rlltltD•"}'J°: OD'i1Z::: OD{ll\J: oPffiQj.: �W'" :: .,,c : "11: f+?:,.., : P't- : /l..lP&-: hf,TIA'J°:: fA-0 : P't- =' A.11: ff."l'i: fh4': '1'111: V-ir: 0011+ f: 'tlD·: �1C : "}"}: ftf>? 8 : : : -r"} ll P'fr. /t.lPt-: hf,T/,\'J° "'l·l:91il If! : �� :: flff: I Ft- :: If1: : foo-OA.'i : fODmT : 0'1h"'l.r : 0'1'1A : (JJc(lT = 'll\ : P'C , V-ir: ffl:'f-: f'l,f:"}: f"7..,., : h.lP?"}: f°7.1'A. :I ',OJc :: JP;if"} 2 '1Afll\ '1AmtJJ = f.'J° = hf,nT'J°'i = f..'J°'J° = hibfl = .,ij:ll , hP';1 = irllfil l- � �,c ..,, = r+,;..:,..'> , P'tr. , /t.rPt. 1 tt1.::f,A'J° :2 rth'P , r , ll'i , +-. = @� 12 9

r� = P'tr. ==

1'�: flT011: il.+11: P'/r. : V-ft- : f-fll-l·'i : f'iil: ftDC� 2 4.-0t ti,; = 0011.'i 2 Off,�.rf: :: rc?f = rx--t..:i- = rilta:i- = ra.:,, = Ft. 2 flff,�,f: 11 1-u1 = tt00nil = v•tt- = ,,,t-+r;;: = �(J)c � � 1 c = '111 = r+?-:i-1 = ,,.,1r = il.IPt. • ''1,f- v,,.,:, • ou11&c,l· = q_e-,. • �m- :: q,.e,·Jus,o , K"�- = 11:'f·ar} , P';,u • 1rtr, fO&. • ,,,.,. 'iA o'' 1 · c'J- >t°lflh1ldt.C9° : h9'°'\h • (lt&'} , L<.m� a ou&.:,-. • h9°1:C :: t}�1'"ilD'"9° 1 fiftf, . m:,.. 1 >th:'f·14-il • >t� • hflo:,-. :1 (la,..,r • ;,,_em,l.. , J.1flO·l· , i'i:il • If� :i'' 8 . fO,,f:?'h ffl1"1.A : 9°/)&c� J Ili P"-'l'C ©ft f°t.A : ilh.fl &thka1- fD'f•f;?'lt a,'} 1,/.\ 'J°/)&c(i: !f 'r-TC f}J�1' oP'J'4','\:fOJ- �{& 11},\1 1'JPrf"'a/.\:t'h{l-'J" • 7''))LIJI ..e'lA I cc ©�- OD/.\ti?° 1 (lro- 1 houAti9'° r Aft r ou111-t11 ouAl)'r , flDITJA " hf-9° ' (lm« 1 hh.,. 1 OD]f1ft I h.,. 1 .,faJlfJA "'' 9 • ''©§- ·ilfllf.tJSJD ' 1'flSJD'il-:\fl1r = ou-flf.\ • :'f-mil-"9 • 1111: • 1'Cf:"l. 1 flool:;)'1.:r"ftr ' f,lf 1'\l-:\A'i O ha\1T9° • h&cil • 1'1-'t:'f· , &1·&-iftr I f11t.\ , t..:'f·m1:f9° ,.,, 6.

-404-

-----

;:v

: : -:f 'I° 'I° f th'P : A ttf,

lt' : .,,._ : @§ is li : +(l : 'J°iJ : I : er,-. : D nlO f"IC : P'b'< ::

r= f LIJ /t ' �t l\ -r c "I f, m .; .. , : O • tc : oocf,OIJ..f : 7-AO-l-'i" = ilc;r:,-. 1t C A-0 : OJf.. : '1(1(1(1Tr, : a,y_ : ;rHJf (lT' : OD th.i{ : �(Ir :: �1C : °11 : fcf,�.. :,., I p-'/r I /LIP/r : lif,l-A'J° ::

l1�tLIJ'1'1° : '1'11\'T' : h"ltLn1lth.C : fl")� : P',:J : nil"1'J°,Y.. : Ol1&--r;1 o ll9° =A�= A�= '11:c--i = iltt = licf,"'J:f(D« = 1t11.: =n'1A :2 "'�: P', 1 :J f,01\fr := J'..'1'111 : 'h'1C : h� : t,: : hf,1-.ftU•'l°'i : fP' ,:J : m1") : nAlf'}'J°: ,fl,rA : il/ttLIJ : hP',;J : tD1'} : ODlf'}'P : itf,cf1C'J° :: Wf,il : 0-ftc : '¼f,'} : O .ll''> :2 oPil"'IT ro1o:,.. = n+1·r :: o-tt.. 'l° ,re: = n.r.r1 = "1rt.7i+:,-. m lowr : n+11 :: 'lf,1'1° : 'Jtf,:rl\T'J° : 'h�1 : 1tA'if7i'J° : :,-Cl\:,-. : tl1Y: :: t- ll9° : 'h"IC:l- 1 : 1'}!l-1 : fcf,?-:'f•'}'J° : V-ftc : '1A'if:fu,'J° : f,l\:fm◄ : H1..r: : hf,fA'l° :2 }t'}J.;. : (1..;J--OD'J° : V-ftc'J° : hC(t« : ,:JC : f,;roo"TJA_ :: n'}J;. I f..ll : [.ft(l)c J 0-ftc'I° : hC(l• : ,;JC J f..il : f,ft'PA :: h'lflU'J° : 'l'}f: : P',:J I ,t-il"'l'J°+a,. : f tr : 1lA..Y..l- = u-- ttc = flil'J°'i : OFb'< : A�=A� ilfl =If)-. : q'}_ei�:,,. : tr/t:f(D«'J : m1l+ro◄ : Of P't..:f(D« : '1Acf,oo- : u-tr'J° : '11.r: 1 1 :: �1 : : I'f; : I% : ... ,,, : : !I cf,(? � : 'iTllr : lllk �:,. :

OD1f0Dl,.f

OD")'1J»T : {lt,.{l : f,OD{ll\A � ,,1i (l)c9° : 'J°/tl\, : h'})tU : �m◄ := oo"} "IP'T = "'lltT , flj:'f'l:'f-- : o-tr : 01\f, = ft;":TlT = u-tr 2 m'lt � rm◄ 4'T : u-tr I 001'<; 12 f'1'011 : 0-/r : ODiPl:'f· : �(De 12 ◄ :2 �1C : °11 : 'i:f i"" il,f;C: : 9°1 : T s m h'11\ 0r bH.U : +'l'fo : f�ij::).:f ref'�:,., =rt.. = It.IP� , ttY,l-A'I° ==

v-ft,,..� :2 1 1r tJ4-, = .,'I° ,._,.. = ire: Y:'111 = •I> ttil , tr o(lf\ y,o � = Mit1:c:-:r- , n,: I "(De 0 fft(t« : : U·tr t..il :l ilf°t. : '} : � o-tr -cf,,r t,m◄ �CD :2 : :r : w'h(t« (l."7. ,,.,:,,.'l° = ,n� +:,.1'i = 11Am:'f--1 = 1t°7"11:'f-- = ttY,l-A'l° � t1�0- = 00,ai 2 1-. °l'lT I ft"'/'? 'i" OT th: 11ft' : ;J--:'fm "} : f (\ : ootic::f- : i,m-+:,-.,; : 11C 1:,.C : h.f,1--A'J° :2

- 405 -

(a il--1· 'i1 := 9°1il¢�l· : 'If, 1 = _e,ao(lf\it' :: l¼f,1' : .,f'1A : u,.,tr : --OCY1= �ar :: ll(llD' : tj:'l'lt : "'119° = Yl\ = 11cY1 = �-00ri.:,.. :. flP/.1"A = rnsiu :: ,,1 o V 'J.{l,fz�"r : /)lD«<f'"'f'. :: °l•l--f:'} : t\.f(lti.. : : 9 JlV- : OJJ"}'?P':,.. : -fr : fl\ ml\-i:1 : ilfmic : hf.:1•A9° :: l¼f,1 : f\'1A : U "' it· = "OCY"} : h1f...lf� : 1--1· = 1CY1 = }fD« = : f rrit' /\OD1°1P':,"" ili: ro• 4 =� q_e,'; : nt-.(1. : 9°1 C9° : 1 "'f.9°�: illll : h°l?- : J.>..·lil : fi\CD·"} : it.ti/\:,.. : }t{l,1·1111/r> : Il"lllf• : 1'"Pi1·: 1,,n-O:J>A:: 'h"}}LU-- : 9°1ll,,l:C9° : hnll� : i\llh : fllG� : rfl\m·"} : IJJ6' ff!:,.. : rrl\ - : (1oo"}'?P'1''. : Oih1i11" : o ul1hA : °l�c; : '1·•>;:t.. : l,1�J:,1� : itil,J,tintr- : 1,m-0:J>A ::

itt-+'1 =�

'J°"} (l.-J;�1" : fltj:"} 6liJ, : f,oP (lf\tr :: tt �'} 6bJ, : fh.11A: U•ll-- : ,hf, w:,.. : OD (TD" I\ q : � IJ)4 :: fOD"} °1 P':,. : ,"hf, lD,f: : 9"°). il ,f; C:l-- : 'i. T (O• :: h �1 liliJ» : n'1'1A= v•tr = f...il = roi.tn'1 DDA.119° 7i:J- = .rc:1,c'll\ == h1'.ctv-?11 = �, » : OD"}"]j : f ,f:"} : {14..T : f1Pt-.'f (\OD"}'?f":," : f_{l fOCJ.f(l� {l,f;�l-9° : 1:1= 11 If:,. = ,,,, ""' = auA"":,-. = r;,.11 11'1= t,m·-1.> :,.. = r-11lar1r= ODAti 9'1 ff...il:J-: '11C: f�C'ltr :: f...'?'I°: it�"}� : ll?c: "'li.;J· : .<' if++ : '1'J�lf�: llhtiA : v--tr : n7i:J- : f,lfc;A : h1};..0• : 9° '/.ilTe1·9° : hf. : i'l.'111 : f7i ,f-,rf: : (171/ll:,.. : f{llt) : h,"}�lf'l : 7itj:;J·• : (D9"°(lfo : fUU'}'?P':'f· : n7i;J-- : v--tr : fl"IC: f,fitf/,\ : oot,.t,.,,l· : f,+t-A. :: tn"OT'i" : r1°1Y: : :,.. c� : trlt· : f,m4-A :s

h9°il+� :: 9°1ilrt�:f = fllj: = f,ODftl\1\-= n(i: = ff\11c; = f9°nc= u•ft... = OD"Jf\66],: ',to- : ht\11 : f+lt..ro•"} : h(i: : f,c;1&-Ac; : 9°" }{li:C:1·9°: ovnl.(& : ODC 9°lto- : Cl OD"}'?P':,.. : ti�..:,. : fT"li' 11"1·" } : 0-/t• : 1,1''-" : h�.. ,f: : {1IJ m1 : LCY..0r 1 �ni:,- .1: ""'110· ooe1Jfl� f,l-f\tr = rtih> = 9°h = 11·c = cr-fc; : i12 h-Ot,. : OD:f'llf = 'l"lC: ,f--m"}:t,«J,ar : �B ti>'-� 9° : :ff �t : ftfi1 : _... .,..._ : ,,,.... ... .,.. r itY:t--"l..O 9° : '11f.. : ouma,. ? 'P;Jffl'"} : f,(lm-;l"A. : C:Olf. : 9° : 'if : � = 1 Ft; e = .) :: ..... ,,..

-�

....

�

h.. r:lt ,f--� :: FJft,1:�:f = nApn .eouftl\t\-- = A...n � r�«1c; fn�- .n.'111 {IJJ-0.�f'..f: 'Ito- = �"}Jtu-- = oo Ati?° = r1h1:c uoAtir = 1tti-0c.- = 9°nc= f04'l\ =

._ 406 -

'h1,-. : tf� : il UD1°1P ' ;t--:£-1 'i = ft1 t-«7f"} : I\ 9°'i" : m'i" : f.If .• : : -O ' 'J° C {11: 'i : h f = hf h lt : O " : ll C <f>ll 'h"} �lf� : 0DD'}<?f"'�\�· �4« 9 } 1 "-1"' 1 : fflC'i' 2 �V-0 :: ooc;:,,c; : f:'J<f?C'i : f.U'}"} : fooA A.. ?'i" • q tr /\ ...... II : U• 11· • f.DDll) ,. .,.. m,,,.. r /;\. :: 9°{},\ : 'J° : !l! : T- : !!! : tJl/ f;SJ'{t : 9°1 : ,r- : c'iib :: 14

---�

(l(}rfc� :: 9°1 ll-t�l- = ntr.. �= �ooo fttr ,.r ,: /\hliA v--tr ,:,y_,A 1--An:,-0'1': UDf::}'I..T : ,f-- i1ti"7.: �lD4 :: /\h tit\.: Y.tr: f"'i.. h1J.'...: ODffi'}: h'}� : DPlll� : -OC;J--T'i : f.9 ° : f,.om-PA 'h' JJ;..u• : 9°1llrf:�1'9°: ti11r-:,:1 i;: f\DP 1'1P':rif--1 � ___,-.AflT!'i =.,:,_e./;\ = f"7.lf'J : f9°hc: oo�,:,i :,. ,e(l : tlJfr : 001100• : £!! : <I>"- : 1?; :: 15

· {t9°'}rfc.;: :: 9" 1(1 --1:r.1:f = OJ?: : .e00 oft/\◄ "1,)_}: : Oar�:,.. : f1"1ar"} : Fir- : v--tr: l>'C.-f- : t. fr"} : ,h1l ;f--9° : fJ.'...C;J A :: 'h"}J;.. Y. : 9°1 ilrf:�°f 9'1 : n CJDctr : lJ ro• .,,:,. : t,1 Y..' : lf�(J)c : Ft-«:f(J)c"} : f lP?, },."}f.lf� :r DD'}cJJP';r:fro•'} : ,hfl 16 :J; 4>6C I fto : : T(l : : 9° :: : t-«tr O ,, fh ltc;i .r.e. : :J·•'J°

llm�.;: ::

r1ilr1:�l- = n"lc = _e.ouotttr 'haic = rt,tit\ = 001 nci; = ..,..otioi = �{De :: htiA : trfr : ffl(tc : OD«f,9° : i',.e1'A9° :: hi)LY.: OD"}f1/P':, .. : f(\: 'J°"}ilrf:�l-- : 9°l1C : 11;1:(Dc1 : OD«f,9° : hf,1•t\.9° :: fDD1'?P':,'" : OD"}O ?a'i9 : ft'-1-.,_ : ,-.Aflrf:9° : 'J°'J{trf:�1· : 'i:far :: 9°'ill,: 9° It: er: ti :: 11

h�ILU9°: htift:, .. : fl{tt-«'i": (1(19'1: Ai: Ai: ill\ : If.,_: t,_"}f..•: P';i: �"}}tQl);c: 9°"}(t,f;�1--'J° : fiFb--'i : Oil9° : Ai: A�: ill\ : rra, . : 1,,"} �: OD"}cJJP':,... f,(}ft{\• :: .e..'?'l° : 'h'?C : 'ht : h1.- : hf,J.'...I\V-- 9° : rOfr> : hP';J : 01/10C : OD/\f:,-- : "1\1P,J!,1•A : � : ,J{!' : 9° : II : I� 18 h'}P,.r.r : h'f'1il,1:�1· = h1� = roo1aiF•r CJ1J1nc = r{JIJ1aiF:,• h1A:if., t,.e f,{ty.'J° : /\CJl//\-1- : hJ!,TA9° ::

htiA : V•fr : rof,(I. : rJcftc'J° : � f� : 'I° rci'f = 9°'}(t,1;c'i :

=rt :

q_e.1 : fl.If"} : fOD{tCJI/T : P'lr : (D�:,.. : f.,1� : �Ol :: ,r� : fl.tr'} : fCJl/7irf..:,. : P'b"- = ro�:,.. : f,i1 = �fll 1 ,r : I% :: 19 'h1J;..rr: trit-9°: f(llC : 'J°'}{trf;C : fl.lf1 :: f'J'?Y: = SJD'J{trf:C = mYo:,-- nrr1i: u•il.· = r111111 =

l4 • ''!§- 00Atir • rh c , ht\,t\ , u1s: , m1f1l • 1,ms::PA == n{IIJtic-l-r 1 -off:,. ' ,.,.,,> }:,., 1 � m t7f/(l ?f ;J· r 1. 0"1C '!}?; 1 c • � I : /J&.� f.lY'i/;\ ,:'' ill\ 1 °7r'f:?Jil : OJ'}'1,/;\ , r ! • TC I � TODAhT 11 15. ''It· fm.e,1 • fJ�9° • f(la,.'} : A-fl : 1-il : h1.Atffl'S : krf: ' Offf,,"f· ' h1�0&- r h1l &.'J° r f(la,.'} 1 A-fl , )..1-'t.f�'i P'' 1 o.e-ti ?°'i I O ;) 1 16 · � •h1 c� �o -(lt 1 h1 ° 19 ''i-1 hl\1:,-cr, ti1.q:f�. nh1'1:•h1:(&. • >iAOl\ ff"} fb:C,.t; , .,., , hl\1-r : 0°719° • ).. 1.q'ih-OS: , ,,, I Olf'i-O:,. 1 n,.e- ' 17 · "'I h� 1 = "11 :f tiC" OD ''it- 'rhc • ht\,t\ , u1s: , >ita-O • 1,0-,.'iA , TR'ifll- .,,, 18 • hltf. , ffla,.1 1 MC'1. 1 °7il;J·m?f , .,,..'T'C , !6 s .e,out\11:tA rs l9 · ht\f. • ffla,.1 , f°IC1. 1 17'/il;J·m?f , *'T'C , 1,outth:J:/.\ rs - 407-

r f�: 1,1 1 r �Ol � t .h?° r ti u C OJf 9°1lt1:C: {tlf'}.: 'ft;;C..(- 1 FJ{lirf; I . l-1 I 'h"l�l-1 J ttA?Pf0-9°: /lartf\,1• I 'h!!,i-A 'I°: ?i_4'r:: 9°!f +•.; : ll'f! ::20 1Pt.+7tl- : 'i:flD''i:: 'h1-'tll- : OD1'?FT9° : "'l.til1"C-tf:1 : i'tA7ffu--?D : llll'/ll T : h.!!;fA'J°: �J;,f:(: : 'i rlD·'i :2 �

�

Ft,lD' : OfFt..lD' : h'?l·l.h9'tl1:.C : llfl,J,oom : �1C ,rit-19° : "' : : V•it-9° {t;J--009° UDU7/A: i',1�: f..fi : fll\ID..: lr/t•?°: fs:J "J'}: h."});..: 21 9° ,._ ll , f,I\ 'PA = � 4-, = It = .,,...?ii 1,., rtu = o•ft« = IP t-,.,f""'7f>:f : P'� :flD': Oll9° = ill\ = +i\r = h.1C'i = oo'J'?F:,- = o(IIJmn:i, = i\1,.(1__..: c;:r:m- = 22 f1C : '?If:,.. : 9°"}{lrl;C : 0!} e"} : : .,,... '61 :: tall, I 9°fi � f,OD(lf\A :: ,. r flD'611- : 9°"}{11:C'i : fFAil : 'J°"}{l,f;C : 01re1 : f,OD(tf\f\.-- :: r1oix- : 9°1it1:c = fC7i'i fFt.. = r1r.1:�l- n:e.: = f,DDo.1\/\•:: r1"}H1l = �10 ,f;C'i : fCq : 'J°"}il1:C : 01.f1: : f,OO(ll\ft-:: f(l}ciJl., : 9°1ili:C : OA.11 : ,,OD{l/t/A � 9°1il-t�l-: fl'),.(!'.,:,.. : f"'l.lP?-T : f OrL];l : OD"}'?P'T : �ll m..C s flCfr : f,l..'li"? A'i =:

J;"JOD�: f'j:C..(-: 9°'}{1.,f;C : '1� : f,OD(lltlA:: t.Cf. : 4'(J;L: .,(Dec; :: rtnc • r1i11:c = n"lc = 1,oo(l1tA 1 �!!,IA'i = -0c;1--,1, = he.-.. = f,1�Ac; :, r bOO'JdJP',1-- : ;Jt. : f.,lP/r/r r. lrit-9° : fOD'}"JP'T : IP�+?fl- : 'iTlD' : q.e,"} I f"'Jf,r"}: F� : :,...,-.: ,r� : lf'i : 0Dfl61/T: 1'"}.i;f.,:fA :: h1,\0- : It"}>;. : 9°'Jil1:C I f�ooo:,,, : P'� : :,._,.y. : f"}P,-.."} : Ft. : flODP' t--T : f,l-lA I h.f,ODit/;\9° :: �"IC : "11 : P't,.(D• : nro·6lh : fTilf : {Ii\ : oo(lfl • nrllm.c = A�= h.!!,f..il9° = 1t11:, tr'i = 1'1-f.. = {l'J{li\:,-. = r+..rfn �ro• 1 1'1:(:: fq_e'} : Ft.: ilh.'1A : 11-it-: T:P9°: ?i'Jf..: If�:: 'h1Jtll' : f'}J;.. : 'J°"}it,f;C : P't. : t\9°'Jili:C : 0-1\--: T:P9° : 1''lf... : ,.r-, : DI/m:,, : fllJ.A;JA :s f..'1'1°: fh.til\."f-- : 01/10C : o-tr : h.i\:J> : flf� : t.'11""1 : hlP�,,..�T«= "'l1nc = 1t1� 1 n."Jo�An:,.. = 1'1-J;f.mf: == 1i1�..u• = rr1il•-J:�-:f- = "'11 nc = h.il:J> flf'l = 001-"JP':,-- r = hlPt.+�:i: = OIJ"�Oc = h."}J;.. = n.'Jof:A 1i._e01Y:'1° :: �"IC : "11 : 'h.M-J;"}J;..: o-it.·9° : 'h1� : f:tiou- : {JlJffi'}: q>;J c&'} : ,,emllJ:A :: 0-1\'9° : 1tn�1>;.. : O+(ltlJ:f lD· : Ft. : f01/f-1'1£lr1 = DDP'/r"r : nAn- : ttf.ooprl:,.. : }rifl(lc : h'}� : ODffi�- : f,,r'} : h1-l -�

oro•4':r

h00 1"1P'T : A� : A� ; il'rW;r : (ili\'1"1) hti:9° : = f,f• ,.,,m:fc& = 'h'J�(D«cf>,f: = DDm'} : 'hro-4>:,-1 = ,,ec;1c :: °1'l1A;Jf.,'J° : (l tr't = 0°71A1fr: f,"}.:J> :: Jtfl,t-°7t9°: fllf'J: OU'/fl,f•OIJ?--: J!,:,-;, :: r:oi: 'J°: 23 = II cf>" ?!'ii b(l}«cf,:,..1 : f"11: om- : tr/ta: hn4--•1" : f-,f..:·c;IA:: '11C: '? 1

-408-

tD4+:,.. : 'h1f.o-l- :r 1:_1�A : l-tA(l �:,- : mY,{l : 'h'1fuT : f,floo•;t- A : 1t 1 +"'lt,{l . 'h"}fu:,W : filirfc'J°�A : OD" '71p i'til ht\,i\:fm.. ""'1l,, : il } T : h 24 :i-1 = tii\�oo == t:OIJ.; 'J° .,p:,.. = trlr oow 1 I§ 11 :: rw " : t "'1 f = rlt- : 001� : f+"'lt, : 11:,.. : �(De :: tt oott . 1 : a, :t + -l + h+'i : ft oot. 1. - : f tD4 f.\:,, :: f--t-"'/t, : {1:,.. : f,OAT : F,oo (JO/. : (lOr : hfL'T : llCili;f"} : f, -1 ' = tJl/t ir 11:it\f 1i• nc h t 1:1 UDtpt.T = 'h'1�tr} = 'h'1�tt .ir f A = ill\ " �(I}« :: .."f, f. : IP : UD : .-"f• (1 (, "7 : 9° rf t\ (JO'}d/J>':,• ,,tJ' }"} : V· It- : t\OT/:f...l\f..f;\ 'i : t\ "'I h"'I"'I:,... : f..,..ODl.llJ"f- tr : ti fr�"} : r o 9° 1ilrf:�1· :r Iff, :: h.il�Y:OT/1•0• : r+ 1t, : l1T1 : t\"'l,'f»'J° : :fA : ti:,.«ntr:: " : + : } fi'"'lt, : fLT : 'h"}f.. : tr,� : nw.:J>:f�A'i :: 'J° -llif!' ,f ch:,..'i f1& : l A f 7tillt�1 s 1:lil = llX- : °1.tAn = iJw-�:,w : i't..."f·r-k.. r: + m1l:J> : :,-'ic : T 1 'h'i i1t� Oll-- == ' 'J° 1 'h1�.v- = fA'l:Y..v•"} 1 /Jw.'f>T'i = h'l-il : ni'l.:i-r tif : (IDffC;J-l- : fil'-A:Jl--'>.A :: 71�9° : fh..:i•r-k,.f : ch1111 : lD1"} : f'J°tr"} s= OX--'14?C'i" : ffOO�"} : !It t\t;:ti- s: bw-+ .. = 'h11.. = {lCJl/f, = rt--4>� = 'h'1f. = oum� = 001'?,,.,:,..1 = {l � {l := 9°") {l irf;(:l-")'J° I {] ti i\ T : ODh fa : {l I\l} (},fl� i•fr :I ��/.T : 'h "} J; ,e,t r111� : 'ht\'J°'it\v- :: -l-A:,, : tr� : T1 7i : tr� : 1\1?-'i' : ttoo1°1P'irf: : f"7,f,4''j I ft\'J° :1

= = ,,,-.. =

r1,..:i-v-t.,.r = hJ;.il =

h.Ofl = OD;}+OJJ.f

- 409 -

--,

INTRODUCING THE ETIIIOPIAN LAW ARCHIVES: SOME DOCUMENTS O N THE FIRST ETIDOPIAN CABINET* By Selamu Bekele and J . Vanderlinden Introdu cing the Ethiopian Law Archives In the co�rse _ of the_ academic yea_ r 1964-1965, the Law Faculty of H ai le de Un cid ive ed rsi to ty est ab lish the Ethiopian Law Archives. Sella ssie I The creation of this ne w facility \vithin the Faculty was justified by a : ty si triple neces

1) first of all it wa s necessary to start collecting in a safe place all Ethiopia n legal documents; they were precious, i.e., difficult to replace in case of loss or damage. It ha d been not ed that some documents of that kind previously existing in tl1e Faculty had bee n los t with little hope of ever being replaced; 2) once the documents were gathered, it wo11ld be necessary to classify them so that they wou ld be easily available to anybody interested in them; 3) finally it was desirable that persons who might be interested in the Archives be kept informed of the progress made on the two points mentioned above. The first task, that of gathering the documents, began in May of 1965, At th.at time Faculty members were asked to deposit in the Archives all documents in their possession which could be considered as coming within the jurisdiction of the new department; much of the present collection is the result of their contributions. We also contacted students, some of whom a.Iso contributed with generosity to the project by providing us with documents. mostly relating to Ethiopian legal history, which are very difficult to �nd nowadays. Finally the member of the Faculty in charge of the Archives started a systematic enquiry into the sources of Ethiopian law for the purpose of discovering items of interest for the collection. The result of the first six months of our activity is that approximately a hu.ndred and fifty items have been deposited in the Archives. Among them, we find: - the original of a letter addressed to the Journal of Ethiopian Law by His Imperial Majesty in 1964; - documents, mostly drafts, related t o the preparation of the Ethiopian codes;

Haile y, . lt u ac F w La e th t a Th'.ts �aper. is the result of the collaborat1on t d stu of a J. Sellass 1e I University Ato Selamu Beke le, an d a rnem:r O f the teaching staff, Dr. in ifferent share d a 11 a • , a V nderli nden. We h;ve an equal , although in many c� } �� ; ready tQ take the i the Prep ation of the paper, but as it here stands, eac 0 respons1b� 1l1ty fo r it as a whole.

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, ed at lg 1t 1u h bt ic on pr wh en wh d is te in pr no en be w ve ry d ha at th n io at isl leg _ difficult to find; es, 1rc l sot ica h tor suc his of t as ou en tak chro nicle s, rs tte ma al leg on _ excerpts travel reports, etc.; _ work done by students of the_ Law Fac� lty, mostl)'. t_ransl� tions into English of Amharic texts, but also part1cular studies on special subjects; _ studies by various scholars on aspects of Etl1iopia.n law and society. While the process of gatherin� docume11t� is being carried on, every item coming into the Arcl1ives is classrfied according to the Law Facult y library system. Once classified the items a.re put into tl1e Archives filing cabinets and book cases. Finally, in order to inform people who might be i11t�rested in the Archi ves, the Jour11al of Ethiopian Law has agreed to publish regularly selected documents from the collection which seem of s·ufficient inte.rest to its readers. This explains the title of this short paper, which, apart from introd11cing the Arc.hives will offer to the readers of the Journal some documents related to the constitution of the first Ethiopian cabinet by Menelik II in 1908. We hope that the publication of these documents will not only stimulate an interest on the part of Ethiopian lawyers in the Archives ( it is only through their personal contributions, however small, that the Archives ca11 be develop ed for the common benefit of all), but will also contribute to a deeper knowledge of Ethiopian law and legal l1istory. Some Documents on the First Ethiopian Cabinet 1

Although there existed state officials with specific gover11mental functions before the time of Menelik II (among them the Afe Negus is perhaps the most ancient '\1/e know),2 it was during his reig11, in 1908, that for tl1e first time in Ethiopian history a. cabinet was established. 3 In fact ne\.VS about the Empe ror's intentions of establishing a ca.binet was circulating through tl1e country as early as November or even October of 1907, as the docun1ents reprodt1ced in Appendix I clearly show.4 Le Semeur d'Ethiopie, a Frencl1 periodical published in Harrar, in its . 1ssu.e . of !"ovember 1907, mentioned tl1e Emperor's intentio11s and gave a tentative 11st of fou.r names with correspondi11g functio11s. This first list differs l.

!he purpo?e of this section is onJy to introdL1ce sun1n1aril)' the docun1ents contained

in Appendices to this paper; it does not deal with tl1e conte11ts of tl1ese docu111ents. 2· See on this point � �cudy by Aha Paulos TzadL1a in the Arcl1ives (S3), \Vl1icl1 refers . relevant Et _ to th � �iop1�� literature, and the notes and docume11ts, prepared by G.W.B. Huntingford for his ed1t1on of Alvarez' Prester Joh f r. t o the 111c. lies (Archive s, S1). 3 · F�r . all these histo�ical developments see Balam·ba.ras Mahten1e Sel]assie Wolde Meskel, Zzk,re Neger, Addis Ababa, 1950; Ab passim, and a 2, Pa no L1lo te s, cit at abo ed . ve Guebi:e Sellas5ie, Chronique du regne de 2• M ene 1 iopie (1932) , vol. lik d'E roi roi JI, t/ des s pp.. 527-28, and notes thereto.. 4· See the excerpts from Le Semeur 4, ar Ye an d d'E thi opi 30 e. 1 Year 3, Nov. 1907, p. Feb. 1908, pp. 354-355, in Appen dix I, below.

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]NTR ODUCING THE ETHIOPIAN LAW ARC HIVES

one on two poi11ts: Afe Negus Nessibu . b fina l .. the c r e er �f nist i er nist ffi Mi me e Pri {th : er latt not �� o c e was neve � �� ce and rma y e�t�bliKet ema s Me bec qua an1 e Minjster of Interior and Liq e and ) u d · e h not Mm1ster s . But Le semeur so a I . mentioned the names of three oth . of Justi . ce. . le M'1J11s er persons · . te Of rs t . es h e, e on pos sib ly one received a cab"1net as b ·ing . . . . • . . pos t . o h w was G1org 1s, appo inted . M1n1ster of Comm Negadras Haile . e c r · e · an d F . ore1gn of · the pen as pred'1cted 1n Le Semeur 1n1s ter M . not s:r:air A · s 1 N• ' A s f • . or D.eJazd orqu1 an N e d . W ega cha ras Iggezou, they niatch Mecha '''ere .l'' no t appo1nted. · n In its_ iss11e of Febr·uary 190�, Le Semeur provides us with tlJe full and Exc elle new ncie s and, at the same time , enables u the of list rate accu · · · s t o a d e t · · with precision t he new 1nst1tut1on,_ .wh'1ch wa s proclaimed, according to this source, on Janua�y 26, 190�. In th1s Proclamat1on, the Ministerss were njne some of tben1 being responsible for mo re tha n one branch of public adminjs tration. They were: Afe Negus Nessibu 2. Fitawrari Hab te Giorgis 3. Tsahafi Taezaz Gebre Selassie 4. Liqe Mequas Ketema 5. Bejerond Mulugeta 6. Negadras Haile Giorgis 1•

8. 9.

Minister of Minister of Minister of Minister of Minister of Minister of Affairs Kentiba Wolde Tsadiq Minister of Azaje Metaferia Minister of Kegoazmatch Mekonnen Tewondbelai Minister of

Justice War Pen Interior Finance Commerce and Foreign

Agriculture and Indt1stry Imperial palace Public Works

We do not have the proclamation by which the new framework \Vas established but, fortunately, the rules that were devised by Mene]jk for the nine Ministers were preserved through the Zikre Neger of Bala.mbaras Mal1te1ne Sellassie Wolde Meskel. 6 Each set of rules defin. es tl1e jurisdiction of a Minister by giving a list of bis powers and cluties. Some texts are fairly long, on.e having twenty six articles (for the Minister of Finance), a11d some others are very short (tl1ere are only fot1r articles for the Minister of Justice, but this could very well be because the functions of the Afe Negus l1ad been sufficie·n tly defined in the cours e of time). There was one set of i11structions for each Minister with the exception of t11e Minister of �nterior,__who �lso had under his jurisdiction Public I-Iealth and received special add1t1onal I ?S tructio ns on that subject and the Minister of Commerce a11d Foreign Affairs, who received instructions' for each of his two responsibilities. 5· Translator's note: TJ1 e Amharic wor d for Ministry is n1i11israir an? the Amharic_ "."0r_ds . of 1?� �iniSttJes

�or Minjster is ,ninistir. Th e two terms are used in tl1e regula�1ons n� y O 1r. 11sta n111 IS s tio� ula c reg nter tl1e in a term y abl c nge d . The most ommonly use b ! m three instan ces is the term mini.stir used, but \Vithout a _difference of seose j-0 meaning. Note as well tha t Memere Besserat in his allegorical es�ay A pen .< pcase lhJXe 11' b�low� all through uses the term 1ni11istair and never mzn · · · But ID b1s · 1st1' meaning is clear: he mean s tl1e person and not the department. 6. Cited �t note 4, above. We must express here a11 our t1ia nks to Balarnbaras Mahteme translat• . and ion uct rod rep s ella the s1e Wolde Meskel, for having so generously allowed � Ion of these documents.

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the fo�o·wing pages (Append i? es rt1l se the ng i c. u rod rep ix We are II) as the e 1n Zzlcr ago er; s Neg year the texts ha e · published a few v her e t e. rs m fi ti e th r fo 1 sl li g n E �� ';:::slated j 11to the d l1 blis es esta istri Min k neli e ' M r afte time � Soule _ � a n1an whom we esserat of .Ma11z pt1bl1sl1ed a short p . e n1er Me B of e nam the er Ulld k o with the new institutions. That pam on, fashi rical allego in g, ;alin e� ;:�tt 11d the seco book ever to be printed as 1t t1se beca 011ly � not lg interestil in the very was 1t first to be totally devoted . t] le country,? but also becat1se _ , . to a legal subject. The pamphlet 1s reproduced �n its entirety even indirectly . in Appendix III, below. The allegory represe11ting tl1e ne�ly created cabinet is th�t of the human body and was borrowed fro_m va:1�t1s passages of tl1e B1ble. 8 Its general purpose \vas to show. tl1e . unity ex1st1�g between the ne':' institutions and the Emperor, in reaction, _it see1ns, against those w�10 saw 1n th� new organs a division of tl1e I111p�r1�l power and. a weak�n�ng of Menel1�'s at1thority. Toe releva11ce of the biblical texts to the descr1pt1on of tl1e cab inet generally is very clear (in some cases the author has reproduced passages almost without cha11ge), but at times one cannot see where the pa·rallel lies. However, analysis of the texts is not ou.r task here. 011r only purpose is to il1troduce them to tl1e reader as we did tl1e rules drafted by Menelik for each Minister. Let us hope that starting from these narrow bases son1e scholar will one day be able to relate the full story of the first Ethiopian cabinet. APPENDIX I Articles in Le Semeor d'Ethiopie concerning the appointment of the first Ethiopian Cabinet (Le Semenr d'Ethiopie, 3d year No,,ember, 1907, p. 301 and 4th· year, February, 1908, pp. 354-355). 1.

Noven1ber, 1907. Constitution of a Ministry. 1

During the mon.th of October, Emperor Menelik took the initiative of a eform unprecedented in the history of Abyssinia, by constituting a Ministry 7tn the European way. Here are, by way of ii1formation, the names of the candidates kno\vn up to now. President of Minister of Minister of Minister of

the Council: war: Justice: Agriculture:

Afa Negous Nezibo. 2 Fitaorari Apt:e Guiorguis. Like1noikois Katama. Kantiba Wold Tsadek .

7·

SNee 8· Wright, ''Book and II vol. s, Studie Manus Eth. cript collection in Etl1iopia,'' J. o. 1 (Jan., 1964), especially pp. 14-15. 8. For the convenience 0f · III the the r�der we have st1pplied in footnotes to Appendix text of all · b"bl' _ 1 ica1 · re · fe.rences cited 1n tl1e text. l · The following texts . . · are a trans1 at1. on from th e Frencl1 original. . . Th le. 2. e names of the M'miste artic . rs are here reprodu · the 11mg of ced in the original spe.

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One considers also as possible Ministe the follo�1..ng pers ons : Dedjazm atch Mechacha Worquie would be in c�;rge of the �1 rustry of Fore ad-R a s Iggezou Nag w ould tak e �1 iarge of F s. Affair gn i inances. Nagadw o uld Guiorguis fil l tl1e p ost of M"1rus ter of the P Ras Haile en. · •an Mirn. sters. 2. February, 1908. Proclamation of the new Abyss1m In one of our last issues we announced the co .ituti. on ?f an Abyssinia n Ministry. Today m ore precis e information comin �:� m Adclis Abab a allows us to rectify and co mpl ete the list of Ministers ;, hich have bee n elect e. d and proclai med. 3 already appointed were procl aimed 1·n th e Ghebi on e n v e s e Th Sunday of January an d t wo others were appointed and pro claimed at the 26th the . same tune. Old. Justice : Foreign Relations Finance: Agriculture: War: Pen.

and

Commerce:

Af a Ne gous Nazibou. Ne gad - Ras Haile Guiorguis Badjironde Mo ulou-Gueta. Kantib a W old Tsadek. Fitaorari Apte Guiorguis. Alaka Guebre Sellassie .

New. Public Works: Palace:

Kagnasa match Mekonnen. Ass allafi Matafaria.

APPENDIX II Menelik's Decrees on the Organization of Ministries.

I. Rules of the Ministry of Interior (Zi.kire Neger, pp. 109-110). I.

2. 3.

This Minis ter shall b e the Negus' Minister and shall govern the gov erno rate of Shoa as the Negus' deputy. It is be who is the Negus' deputy b efore all the governors. It is his duty to send th e orders of the Negi1s to the governors. If hall ob e y s rs e c offi e h es t s, wn to e th in rs the Governn1ent appoints office this Mimste r. att er m is th In e. rc Fo e lic Po e th The Minister of Interi or is ch ief of e curer of s e th is e h e nc Si . m hi all gov ernors shall ta ke o rders fro m e A m haras th : ry t un co e th of s nt human life , h e shall protect th e inhab ita the ferengis, Gallas and others. it h �he w n io at er op co In ). ic T�e� shall notify th e Ministe r of Interio r (s ng i do e, pl eo p e th of th al e h M1n1ster of H ealth, they shall protect the all things necessary, -'

' for st li g in w llo fo e th in 3' Alt� ough L e isters in x si s n o � ti en m ly n ie r o p eu io th em S d'E . gettmg Likemoi.kais Katama as 1'1inister of the Interior.

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JOURNAL OF ETHIOPIAN ,L,,\W - VOL. IV !'i"o. 2

5. 6 7. 8. 9.

10.

II. 1. 2.

3. 4.

the te lita ing faci tak of a census of ll s�_a or teri 11 J of er inist . The M the all 1 sl order o h w the 11e 1s governors to hav populatioii itl a!l are�. It e s. te ra 1o r1 ve censuses taketl 1n their go He shall have a11nually registered i11to a large 1·egister t h e census es sent to him from the governo1·s. The Minister of Interior sh all also l1ave births, deatl1s and n1arriage s of of persons registered in tl1e Honor Book. He shall show the report of the go.vern_ors e�ery . year to tl1e Negus and the oth er Ministers a11d after having 1t copied into a large regis ter h e shall deposit it i11 th e State Treasury. It is h e who levies personal a11d income taxes. Tb.erefore, he sl1all seild tlie population data of th e governorates along witl1 the revenue accounts and tl1e copy of th e books to t he Minister of Finance as soon as he is asked to do so. The functions of th e Minister of Interior are divided into four (sic) departme11ts: The administration of th e Governorate of Shoa. a) b) The administration of the gover11orates in the north up to the east of Shoa; fro1n Gojjam to Adal country alot1g t11e Tigre and Wollo countries. The administration of countries west and south of Shoa; from c) Harrar to Gojjam and along Kaffa and J'imrna. d) Censu,s. Police and Security Forces. e) Rules of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Zikire Neger, pp. 178-181).

The m.ain function of th is Minister is • concerned \Vith foreigners. He shall d,eal with ministers of otl1er States. The Negus alone sh all decide upo11 a major political issue that n1ay arise between Ethiopia and any oth er foreign State. Even then, the Minister shall study the whole matter before h and and present it to t he Negus. It is h e who s h all write the final letter of agreement or settlement excuted by the Negus. It is this Minister who sh.all prese11t to the Negi,s any guests or n1inist ers of for·eign States wh o come to Eth iopia. The ministers of otl1er countries sl1all present their credentials from their governments to bitn. Foreign_ consuls and resident ministers deserve respect. Repres e? tatives of foreign States should enjoy so1ne sort of immt1nity. A foreign rep resentative, h. is family and secretaries shot1ld not be harn1ed, assaulted, troubled or arrested, because such can be a cause of War. Also it is forbidden to enter with force into embassies co11sulates or legations, �ince because of t his hostilities 1nay arise. Tl1e' State enforce ! su� h. law in every country where t here is la\v and order. Therefore, th M1.n1ste� _of Foreign Affairs sl1 all be the cl1 ief protec uls ons n for eig of c tor and m1n1sters. It is his duty to ma k· e agreements tele and ph telegra co nc po ern st, ing phone with other States. - 416 -

INTRODUCING THE ETHIOPIAN LAW ARCHlVES

7. 8.

•

9. 10. 11.

12. 13.

14. 15.

16.

17. 18.

IIl. 1·

Also to make agreements with other States for the aid of th e sick and tha t so ed, the y wo ma un y d no t be harmed. the Any foreigner coming into Ethiopia shall show ru · s or her passpo rt. to this Minister or his deputies. This . Minist� sho��Jrst see all agreeme�ts of trade or contra cts of se 1 n g ou or te d n er ed g to _fore�gners. After such agreemen farmin ts have been f ormed he shall copy them 1n his registers. He shall receive 011 behalf of the �tbjopian Governme11 t land grants from and excute loan agreeme11ts \V1th a foreign State. If a forei�ne� bri?gs a_ �aw-suit against an Ethiopian before bjs own consulate 1t 1s this M1n1ster who shall protect State interests in the trial. If the Ethiopian Government intends to deport a foreigner from the Ethiopian territory on political or any other grounds it is this Minister who shall discuss and settle the matter with the particular consulate of the foreigner. There is a. n agreement between the Ethiopian Government and ministers of foreign States concerning the extradition of criminals or the granting of asylum. The Foreign Minister shall excute this agreement in cooperation with the consul involved. Provincial governors shall be deputies of this Minister in matters con cerning passports and visas and extradition. The Minister of Foreign Affairs shall be head of all Etbjopian consuls, ministers and ambassadors abroad. All Ethiopian envoys in a foreign country shall tacke orders and directions from him. When there is a need of establishing a new consulate in any country this Mi11ister sl1all present the matter to the Negus. This Minister shall appoint and se11d Ethiopian envoys to other cou�tr ies on behalf of the Negus. Until the Ethiopian Government appoi nts Ethiopian envoys in Europe this Minister can appoint there ferengis as consuls. Since these persons have other jobs !hey shall serve . as �onsuls for the Ethiopian State only for its honour, without remuneration, except for . stationery and postage expenses. The Ethiopian Government has a consulate in Djibou·ti. There must be other consulates in Jerusalem, Aden, Massawa, Khartoum and at tbe at the frontier of the British Sudan. The Minister of Foreign Affairs shall divide his work into four depart ments: a) To discuss matters wi th foreign consuls and foreign States. b) To discuss matters wi th other States and their ministers. c) To translate contracts, passports (visas), . . 10 rs ne ig re fo to g in ng lo be or d) books, writs, newspapers concerning Ethiopia. irc ik (Z ne ho ep el T d an ph Rules of the Minister of Palace, Post, Telegra Neger, p. 490) The main job of this Minister is to attend to the Palace. - 417 -

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JOURNAL OF ETHIOPIAN LAW - VOL. IV 'No. 2

3. 4.

IV. 1. 2.

Wllerever the Negus may be, wheth� r in the Palace or outside it, this Minister is the main attenda11t to him. ·He is the one who shall organise . and ad minister the Palace. It is he who shall receive delegates of foreig11 �tates at the e.�trance to the City and shall escort them to the Palace until tl1ey are . received by the Negus. H� is the head of telegraph a11d telepl1one. All others who are work i11o- in this field shall obey him. They shall p repare their account book ev�ry three n1onths. The Minister' sh�ll t rans.mit this book t<) the Minister of Finance. The ·Minister of Commerce · and Customs (Zikire Neger, pp. 377-378).

This Minister shall superv ise the co1nm ercial transactions of the country. He is head of all customs officials and negad ,·assotc/1 officials of the Department of Co1n.merce. 3. He sl1all present plans and projects to the Government wl1ich may i11crease the com1nerce of the country. 4. _ He shall present to the Government plans of custom s arrangments which a.re suitable to the m erchants• and at the same time increase inland revenue. 5. When it is necessary to in1pose, ame11d or abolish a system o·r taxa . tion it is this Minister who shall present such proposal to the Govern ment. 6. He shall · keep customs accounts in two books. 7. He sh.all record all goods and products imported an d exported so that he may report to the Government at the end of each year. 8 . · The negad rassotch shall send to him a qt1arterly review of the revenue in their districts. 9. This Minister shall transmit the books of the negad rassotch at the end of every year to the Min ist ry of Finance. 10. He shall be a judge for traders. He may appoint a deputy to assist him in the adjudication of com 1nercial disputes. In cases involving fere11gis he shall appoint some number· from among the fere11gis a nd decide the case with them. 11. If the consuls apply for tl1e termination of a trade license of one of their nationals tl1e Minister of Commerce shall settle sucl1 dispute in person with st rict adherence to the law so as to avoid any blemjsh on the Government's reputation. 12 • Appeals from the decision of the Minister of Co1nmerce shall lie to the Afenegus or the Negus. 13. In i:natiers involving trade agreeme11t's with a foreig11 governn1ent the _ M1n1ster of Commerce and tl1e - Minister of Foreign Affairs shall study . the matter and. present it to the Govera1nent. 14 · �11 agreements e11tered into by the Etl1iopian Government \vitl1 a fore . : l_gn; cou.ntry are only for a fixed period of time. Thus, the Mjnisters r yea a ent m Commerce ?f and Foreign Affairs shall notify the ·09vern 1n advance about the date of expiry of the agreement. h.merc all · . 15 · He shall impose a business and alcohol tax receivable from •

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INTRODUCING THE ETHIOPIAN LAW ARCHIVES

· ants. He shall collect this tax each month and· give · it to the State Treasury. 16. He shall transfer all tax account books to the · M1.n1ster • of Finance at h . r . eac yea of end the 17. The Minister of Commerce shall help the Minister of Pub11• Health I. _D respect t� th e following matter._ In th e sale of food-stuff � merchandises be shall see to 1t that such goods are ·noa n _alcoholic t harmful to health. .18. The Minister of Commerce shall divide his work into five departments: a) Business Transaction Division. b) Customs Division for the City of Addis Ababa. c) Customs Division fo r the rest of the territory of ·Et�iopia. d) Accounts Section. Commercial cases Division. e) V. Roles of the Minister of Agriculture and Industry (Zikire Neger, pp. 317319).

1. The function of this Minister shall be concerned with agricultural wealth and industry. 2. It is the . duty of this Minister to see that the ]and is well cultivated' old agncultural tools are replaced by good ones, distribute various cr op seeds when he has any and accumulate other varieties in addition. He shall also see to it that cattle breeding is done, i.I1 order to make the country wealthy. He shall do this after the European manner. . 3. He shall be the protector of the peasa.nts and shall enforce the law concerning them. 4. He shall compensate with money and honot1 r all those perso.ns who haye cultivated their 'land efficiently, who have harvested a Jarge cr op and bred many cattle and those officers wh o have supervised the works of the good farmers. 5. He shall have pt1nished those person who have neglected their fa r ms. 6 . If there is a crop failure- in a certain area or a country. suffers fr ol? cattle disease or epidemic the Minister of Agriculture �hall present th1s case to the Government. He shall arrange that the tithe and tax be reduced for such area while it must be increased in another, ricl1 area.7 • It is the duty of this Ministry to supervise the cultivated land of the farmers in order to avo id crop failure. He must see that the farme�s obey the doctors in reg ard to their own health and the . health of their cattle. 8· This Minister shall find ou t what part of the governorate is cultivated, forest, pasture ]and or arable or neglected land. . 9 · H e shall record al l notice fr om governorates in the Commer cial Reg1ste_r. lO · The governors shall report to this Minister the number of cattle in their governorates an d he shall also have a cattle census made. . 11 · The Ministe r of griculture shall form and execute contracts of _hire;f A e e i or ct f� of ng ni pe . land for commercial establishments or for tl1e..o � s 1r a u A . n ig e r o F 0 f ers t shall also consult in this matter with the Minis

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12. 13. 14.

15. 16.

VI. 1. 2. 3 4. ).

6. 7. 8. 9.

IO� 11 12.

vn.

----..

tl1e con ?f tract �opy a to give shall each Minister. e 1 1 and ce Finan and _ . . ce v1n a p1·o 1n hed blis esta 1t sl1all be sup 1s ool sch l tura icul agr If an er vised by this Minister. This Minister and the �linis_ter of Publ!c W ?rl<s sl1a!l together execute major agricultural projects w 1th the advice of an agricultural engiiineer. He shall protect the forest wealt�1 of the co� 1ntry. I-Ie sh�ll forbi d the indiscriminate cutting of trees, s111ce that will hasten s011 erosion. He shall decide which sort of trees may be cut down and which may not He shall order that young trees should neve r be cut down. In this job he shall be assisted by the governors. He sh.all have government farms cultivated according to the order of the .Negi1s. He shall impose land, cattle and service taxes. He shall annually require the book for these taxes from tb.e governors so that he may keep his account. After h.e has closed his book be shall transmit it to the Minis• ter of Finance. Rules of the Ministry of Public Works (Zikire Neger, pp. 426-427). Tl1e construction of roads, railways and other public works is the func tion of this Minister. He shall supervise the constr-uction of gover11me11t buildings. He shall make contracts with engineers and constructors. He shall maintain and repair all government roads, bridges and buildtn.gs. He shall supervise the cutting of wood for use for public \Vorks. He shall enforce contracts in regard to the cutting of wood or the sale of pumped water. In cooperation with tl1e Minister of Agriculture, the Mi1 1ister of Public Works shall build d.ams across big rivers for irrigation purposes. He sl1all excute contracts i11to \Vhich he has entered according to tl1eir terms. He is the supervisor of railway works to be co11structed in Ethiopia. His agents by his order shall watch a l I roads and bridges \vhere money has to be paid in order to pass through. They shall also collect the fares. Since the governors collect such fares i11 their own governorates on behalf of the Ministry, they shall every year send to l1im what they have collected. This Minister shall deposit the fares he h�1s collected, along with tlie account books, in the State Treasury. He shall supervise the store for equipment for public works; at t?e end of _each year he shall transfer the list of tl1e equipment along with the register to the Minister of Finance.

f9�� %. 19

tbe Mini5ter of Finance and State Treasury (Zikire Neger, PP·

This Ministe1· is principal keeper of the Gov ernme11t Treasury. - 420 -

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INTROD UCING THE ETHIOPIAN LAW A·RcHIV · ES

1 . 2.

3. 4. 5. 6.

7. 8. 9.

10.

11 12. 13. 14. 15. 16

This is his work. The Govern ment Treasury, the Negus' private treasury and the Crowi1 Treasury are three separate treasuries. This M inister sh all keep the Negus' private treasury and th e Crown . y r u s Trea The Negus'. private property shall pass to h i"s he1·rs o a) n . h" is death o r w a gi ay ve n1 ro . f ay m th he is property as a gift to the Ch urch, to the hon1e for the Sick, for charity or to any person. b) The C �own propertr sha!l be t�e N_egus' during his lifetime, but , gus sh all 1nh after h 1m the new 1ve er1t such property. Government property shall be disbursed on ly for the adm.i·n·s 1 trat·10n of /:' st ate a11a1rs. er • the cot1ntry an d 1or The Minister of Finance is the a gent of the Governme nt in· its transactions with ba.nks a n d other treasuries. He is the head of all local treasurers. It is he \Vho shall have them appointed by the order of the Negus. He shall collect into the coffer all Government revenues. When incomes from the various ministries, gover11orates public corporations banks monopolies, other government departments, etc. are deposited 'with th� Minister of Finance, the books shall be deposited as well. The books shall be deposited in a safe in the hot1se of the Minister of Finance. The Minister shall give a receipt to this effect� All government expenditures shall be drawn only from the safe of the Minister of Fi n ance; the Minister shall receive a receipt to this effect. Orders about revenues and expenditures shall either be deposited or drawn in the first five days of each month. The Ministers shall send their books of account to the Minister of Finance w ith"i n the first five days of each n1ontl1. They sha ll also return all surplus or repay the deficit from the previous mo11th during this time. Aside from major withdrawals or deposits of money there may be other extraordina ry expen ditures by order of the Negi,s. Therefore, the Trea sury mu st be ope n for four h ot1rs every day except on Sundays and holidays. The Min ister of Finance is the one w ho shall make govern ment contracts when it is convenient by ten der to government suppliers. The Minister of Fi nance shall be informed of contracts, monopolies, agricultural contracts, etc. made w ith foreigners. I-Ie is the keeper of the Government Treasury. nister i M e th of s nd ha e th in be l al sh s All government account book of Finance. ld ou sh is Th : es pi co o w t in pt ke Government account books 1nust be nd it will a a in m re l al sh e on nd co be so because, if one is lo st the se be possible to find the accounts when they are looked for. . . i?cial _v ro P �. ee sh e nc a l ba y rl te The M in ister of Finance shall issue a quar ler. iS in M 's th to ts ee sh e th d treasurers shall also d o the same and sen ar. ye y er ev of d en e th at There shall be a budget-expenditure re_port

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17. 18.

19. 20.

21.

22. 23. 24. 25.

26.

vm 1

The govertlment books of account shall be deposited with the . Minister ; , , and egu the . N the to Councillors. wn sho be ll sha and e anc Fin of The Minister of Finance may at his own discretion sen. d to the prov inces an inspector who shall i11spect the bool(s and accounts of the provincial treasuries. At the end of every year the Minjster of Finance shall make an inven tory of the goods stored in _the Stores, listing the goocls _in a separate register. The Minister of Public Works may demand the register of goods for government works. The Minister of Finance shall close all books of account, including those of other Ministers, and these will becon1e Government property. After the budgetary year is over and the balance sheet has been issued the surplus shall be kept in separate coffer and shall be a government reserve. There shall be one officer in charge of tl1is reserve account, because the register is separate. When money is drawn from this coffer the assembly of the Councillors must be consulted. In time of crisis, tha.t is, at a time when ''cholera'' is wide-spread, or in time of war, epidemic or famine, when revenue will be less than expenditure and a deficit accrues, the Government shall draw from the reserve account and cover the deficit. If the Government borrows money to execute a major project it is the Minister of Finance who shall arrange and repay the loan along with the interest in accordance with a11y such agreement entered into. Wit11drawals from or deposits in the coffer of the Minister of Finance sh.all be made with a double receipt. Tl1e copy shall be kept with the books in the Treasury and shall be identical with the original. Tl1e accounti11g of the books of tl1e Mi11istry of Finance should be accurate. If the account is not acct1rate the Governn1ent may become bankr·upt. The Negus ha.s ordered the assembly of the Councillors to convene. When this assembly meets, from Ta.hessas 7th to 15th (E.C.) , the Minis ter of Finance shall give to tl1is assembly a report 011 the economy of the country every year. The work of this Minister shall be divided as follo,vs a11d ]1e sl1all appoint a head for each departme11t: a) Tax and Customs Division. b) Finance Secretariat Division. c) Treasuries Division. d) Banks Division. e) Reserve Accounts Divisio11. f) Imperial Wardrobes and Regalia Divisio11. g) Division for Stores. Each department shalJ have its own seal but t·or major official trans ac tion the seal of the Minister is necessa;y. Rules of the Ministry of Justice (Zikire Neger, pp. 71-72).

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2. 3. 4.

It is he who must re vi ew diligently all. cases in · accordance with the the Fetha Negast. He shall h av e . all judgmen�s in the Palace, from the C hillot an d judgthe 10 passe d provinces recorded. ments Copies of the judgments of the judges sitting in the v a . rt·�us la es a?d tr (d s ict i sh sa ) al nd be l s se nt to him and s ha.ll be thou a iy him re v1e we every year.

Rules of the Ministry of War (Zikire Neger, pp. 228-229). I. The War . Minister is t�e h ea? o � ��e army of the Negus. He supervises that so d1 1ers are kep t 1n th e1r d 1V1s1ons and that military tra · · 1ru ng · 1s · . em. given to th 2. He shall wait on the order of the Negus to make \Var preparation s. 3. He shall .keep an d be in charge of the munitions, weapons and supply stores of the army. 4. H� . shall �e the I_iaison_ between �he . G�vernment and the army in all M1l1tary matters, 1nclud1ng the adJud1cat1on of cases. 5. He is the supervisor of the Shoan regiment and also of the army of the governors when warfare tactics are changed. 6. In time of \Var the army mobilise s by his command. 7. He shall order tl1at the army get supplies from the inhabitants of the area through which it passes. 8. When the people of a region rebel against the Government and the governor of that region cannot bri11g peace to it, the Minister of War shall mobilise his soldiers, surround the region and invade it until he subdues the rebels. He s hall do this job in cooperation with the gover nor of the region. 9. If the Negus levies a tax for war purposes thi s shall be the work of the Minister of War. The Ministers of Interior and Finance shall help him.

IX.

X. Rules of the Minister of Health (Zikire Neger, pp. 704-706).

I. 2.

3. 4. 5.

This Minister is the protector of all men and animal s. He shall present programmes to the Governm�nt for the eradication_ of serious di sea ses in the country or the prevention of one fr�m en�er1ng into the country. If the Governn1ent cannot preve�t the serious d1s7ase other States must prohibit the entry o_f person�, an1maJs �r goo? s int� their countrie s fro m the are a where the disease exi sts. There 1s .an interna tional agreement to this effect. · d and he sha11 · me He shall hav e the cleanliness of the country ma1nta order medical checkups in regard to the health of persons. . . He shall be the supervisor of all p I aces wh ICh are open to the public, so that they may not be the cause of harm en dangering human heaIth. for en op be to · ' s i h ic h w ce No one shall be per mi tte d to op en � pla tis in M e th y b d ve pro ap the public unless such premise i s exaIDJned aod the that t. 11 e m rn · e v o G er of Health. The Minister may s ub. mit . t 0 the public the to harm f 0 office in regard to its go od s or location 1s free - 423 -

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7. 8. 9.

IO. 1I 12. 13.

1, and tl1ey shall be appoin bin y obe ]J s]1a ans sici phy ent ernm Gov All ted on bis recomn1endation. whether ls, l1ospita they are Government or I al of or supervis the is He private or belong to a foreign State. All 11ospitals in the country sh�ll be opened 011ly with bis appr oval. Before approving he shall exain111e the pla,11 a11d location of the hospital. No ·pliysician or ph�rmacist ��y ope11 a pharmacy_ and s�ll medicine in the provinces u .nt1l the M1ruster of Health �xaID1nes tl1e1r certificates and gives them a licence. He must also super,11se them. If such physicians and pharmacists are caught for a serious offence the Minister of Health may revoke their licences. If their offences are very grave he may deport them from the cot1ntry by the order of the Government. The Minister of Health is head of the veterinarians. If there is a medical emergency he shall infor111 all ph.ysicians in Eth iopia. He shall also collect their licences. Where an agreement between the Ethiopian Government and a foreign State in regard to health becon1es necessary the Minister of Health shall form such agreement together with tlJe Minister of Foreign Affairs, so that nothing bad may result.

XI.

Rules of the Minister of Pen (Keeper of the Great Seal) (Zikire Neger, p. 646).

This Minister is head of the secretaries of tl1e Neg11s. I-Ie shall work in the Palace of the Negus. He shall copy in a large register every written document to be sent out from the Palace. No written document which is not to be copied on the register should be sent out from the Palace. He sI1aII keep all copies of documer.1ts and old books in the state coffer. The awarding of decoratio11s is his responsibility. He is head of all go\1ernn1e11t presses.

2. 3. 4. 5.

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Appe ndix ill-An Allegorical Essay on the Establishment of M inistries by Meneli.k Il. A B OOK OF COUNSEL IN ALLEGORY AND INTERPRETATI ON E G . C NF W Y O IT R T H M IT I E I O O LY l1N BIBLE WRITTEN FO: AIN I NY O N E W H O L O V E S 1-IIS KING• AND COU NTRY Ethiopian Press at Addis Ababa ************************** Published for the Ethio pian people, big and small at the City 0.f Add.is Ababa in .the year 1904 after the birtl1 of Ou r Lord Jesus Christ' in year . of Grace, 1n o r der to mak� k nown t he functi ons of the Ministers by way of an a,llegory, an d to_ explain that the work of the Min isters has po\ver to make King and subjects o f one heart and will. ************************** To beloved excellent Ministers: I do n ot pretend to increase and enlarge knowledge. I write Symbolis ing the Kin g as the Head a11d tl1e Ministers as parts of the b ody only in order to reveal the idea in my heart2 to th o se children who are eager to learn. 1\tfemere Besserat of Me11z. ************************** HERE ARE THE THOUGHTS OF ONE WfIO LOVES HIS COUNTRY AND KING I write in allegory ab o ut the functio11s o f the State, which ca11 be do ne severally and still reflect unity, after the 1nann er o f Saint Pau l in wh om the spirit of knowled ge dwelt and who wrote in allegory abo11t the church. Menelik II, acc ording to the grace of God, in the b ou nty o f his k now· ledge, built a foundation as a wise master-builder. But let every man take heed how be builds upon that .... If a11y man builds o n this . foundation bis work will stand. And he whose work abides shall receive a reward. I C or inthians ch.3: I 0, 11 and 14.3 There are differences between ministries' but the giver, who is. G od, is one. 1 Corinthians ch. 12:15.4 Similarly, in Nature, fr om ou r ha1r_ to our toe we are one b o dy and o ne flesh. Nevertheless, there are parts wh1ch have differences in name an d function. 1. Translators' note· The Amharic word mengist, from the Geez, is various!� u� d ?t mean King, Stat� or Government. Se e Kidane Wold Kifle, Matsahafe Sa>vaSlW ag,ss Wa,nezegabe Qalat Hadis (1956), p. 625. 2 · Translator's note: The heart is considered as the organ °f thought (Matthew 12:35). �ee also Kidane Wold Kifle, cited abo�e a� n�te l, p. 555· as a wise masterbuilder, 3 · 10. According to the grace of God wh1cl1 1s _given unto me, an take m y e� ev t le t u B n. reo the I have laid the foundation ' and another buildeth t a th · an th y la n a 1 n o n n .heed_ l1ow �e �uildeth t.her�upon. 1 I. For other fou�da1·1onk caa b id e which .he bath built 15 laid, wh1cl1 1s Jesus Christ ....I�; If _any man_s w0r taken are follo\ving those d there upon, he shall receive a reward. This quotation an from the King James version of the Bible. Lord• • me sa 4· "5 • And there e h t t bu s, are differences of adminjstration

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M e, , o y u se E o th H N r, , a e a E , r t, cl ea H e: S to es th re a mach' ey th e m a n In . s r e th o d n a t o o F � d n a H . 11 io ct n fu in 1t e1 er iff d e ar s rt pa These various The Function of the I-lead ly ts t , fi y . exis ed bod join the of togetl1 er with ts par the of f chie the is It the acc for x bo a o n1ulat1on o� know als 1s It ve. ner and � ne bo soul, flesh, . the ns. of ctio rest fun the orm Ephesians ch. perf r, veve ho\. not, can It ledge. 4:15 and 16. 5 The Function of the Ear The Ear has a mechanism to attract sound waves i11 order to blend with the Head and the Heart all the wisdom and kno":Iedge th.at is obtained by learning. Had the Ear not existed, knowledge and fru1tful talk would not have been found. Instead, we would have been like other a11in1als. It cannot, how ever, perform the rest of the functions. The Function of the Eye The Eye is the light of the body, created with light for seeing. It is a guide for works done by the Hand. a11d Foot an.d for wisdom obtained by learning. It can see all things having material body. It cannot, however, perform tl1e rest of the fu11ctions. Matthe\v ch. 6:22. 6 The Function of the Nose The Nose is a path for the breath of our life and a s1nelli11g organ for good and evil. It cannot, however, perform the rest o f. the functio11s. Genesis ch. 2:6.7 The Function of the Mouth The Mouth is the speech organ for talking good and evil whatever it is ordered or not ordered to talk. It can.not, however·, perform the rest of the fu,octions. The Function of the 1-Ieart The Heart is the source of good and evil tho11gl1ts. B11t it cannot perforn1 the rest of the functio11s..Matthew ch. 19 :35. 8 The Function of the Ston1ach The Stomach is a storage place for food and drinks. It distributes in tl1e body the nutritious elements and disposes ot· the refuse. If our body is not 5·

''IS. But speaking t�e truth in love, ma)' grow tip into l1i111 in all thing, \Vhich is tlle h ead, even Cl1r1st: 16. From whom the wl1ole bod), fitly joined together and pacted by tliat wl1ich every join� su pplieth, accordi11g to the eff�ct�al wor_king ! n ��: easure of . . � every pa.rt, m aketl1 increase of tl1e body unto tl1e ed1fy111g of itself in love. 6 · ''22· The light of the body is the eye tl1y wl1ole : sing if le, the refo be re eye thin e body shall be full of light.'' 7 · �?- And. the Lord God f<?rn1ed man to of the dust o f t 11e ground, and breatl1e d in is nostrils the bre atl1 of life; and m.an became a liv ing soul.'' 8· ��tthew . ch. 19=3 does not exist. Matthew ch. We � think to that refers t he a utl1or 1 ·3 �•ch reads: ,35. A good ma.n out of t11e tb for etb brin g hea rt goo d treasure of the goo ; 1.ngs: an d an evil man out of the ev il treasure bringe tl1 forth evil t11ings."

•J

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hed, it will not produce blood,- and if there . nouris and fed is no blood, the . the from body. te The Stomach cannot' howev soul will separa er, perform the . ts c h s. c 7 n A .9 o 2 4 ti :3 c n fu e th rest of The Function of the Hand The H an d is th e instrument of every work achieved throug 11 wisd_om: of differ facto e11t types for work in iron an ries and es achin Ill · d bronze, silver . · . oo s, tur I t I l · a typewriters, sewing machines difer and gold , agr1cu :li en . t ty.pes of " and ' 1g, ·t otl1er similar things · But tools for 11ouse buildi1 1 cannot per1or1n th e · · . 20:34; I Thessalot1ians ch. 2:9_ 10 rest of the functions. Acts ch

The Function of the Foot Tlie Foot is power an d stre1�gth for all the parts enumerated above to stand on. It also serves for _walking where the I-Ieart desires. But it cannot perforn1 the rest of the functions. These parts of the body are called one body and one flesh, because God has fashioned them harmoniously in one flesh and only separated them in 11a.01e and functions. And if the foot may say, ''Because I am not Eland I am not of the body," is it 11ot of the body? No,. it is. Or, if the ,vhol; body ,vere the Eye, where ,vould b e the hearing? If tl1e whole body were the Ear, where would b e the sn1elling? The .Eye cannot say to the fland that it has no need of it. Nor can tl1e Head say to the Feet a11d I-Iands and the rest that it has n o need of them. If one suffer, all will suffer with it. If one rejoices, all will rejoice with it. If these members, wbicl1 are djffer ent in name and function and are harmoniously joi11ed together in tl1e flesl1, together caring for 011e another, do not fulfill their functions, they will perish togetl1er. I Corinthians ch. 12: 15, 16, and 26. 11

First The King is a s the Head. The allegory is this: the IGng is above all creation, protector of all creation, the source of all knowledge and the found ation of all wisdom. The parts of the body of which I write belo": are the Ministers. I-Iowever, the King cannot perform the rest of the functions. Second d an od go the ar he to st r fi the is r Ea e e Th Ministers are as the Ear. Th evil. I t is the on e th at attracts knowledge. The Head cannot get knowledge · f y ur healt h: f or there · 9 · "34. Wherefore I pray you to take some meat: 1�or �.his 1s :0r o .. shall no t an hair fall from t he head of any of you. 1s 1n m e av h ds an h e es th t a h 10. Acts ch. 20:34 reads: ''34. Yea, ye yourse1 v� k 00;;'• t 2:9 reads: h. c ns ia n o l sa es 1 . !�red unto my necessities, and to them that with me . . f :T� day, and night uring o lab 0 1 9. For ye remember, brethren, our labour and tra vai e th u o y to n u ed h c a re p e · , .w because we would n o t be chargeable unto any of you gospel of G od." . ody· is it b . the f ot 11 · "1 5. If the foot shall say, Because I am not the h fo d �e� ai eye , wher: were therefore n ot of the body? .... I?. If the whO e 0 YsmeIJin g? 26. And whether the heari! ng? If the wl1ole were bearing, whe�e Y:�re he ed, all r honou be r e memb o ne memb er suffer, all the members suffer wit h it, 0: one· the members rej o ice with it.''

b�

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lf se an by m g hi in K ou � 1e ith t} w t couns ely, rl ila m Si it. t ou ith w ss ne er ev cl and 1t d os l1 . er an lt 11 ea y ge w , th ng re st d an e dg le ow kn . tors cannot get

Third

1t the ligl e i of the body. No Ey e T e. Ey ? the as � are s ter nis _ The Mi ly, the . Kjng cannot have 1lar . S1 l1gh t hou wit � � rk wo do can ng bei human n1y 1t e11e hot ts w1t sh qui the van � or ain dom Mini sters his and exp or dge wle kno r iste a a n1in 1s so ligl1t of know� y, bod ole wh the for t ligh is Eye As the ledge fo r the King. The Eye protects from n1an y harn1s all parts of the body, from Head to Foot. Similarly, a. Minister fully protects the people fro1n coast to coast in order that oppression and strife may 11ot exist with tl1e Ki11g and the People.

Fourth The M:inisters are as the Nose. The Nose is the patl1 for the life of the body. The life of the King is the Ministers. The Nose provides to the body a pleasing good smell. Similarly, the Ministers provide to the King pleasing things: the extent of his domain, the 11umber of l1is army, the development of his country, tl1e knowledge for l1is people and other good and pleasing things. If the Nose smells a bad smell, there will be s11fferance for all the body. Similarly, if the Ministers smell (that is to say, think) bad thoughts shifftas and offenders, discomfort of the State, will increase i11 the country. This honour will be no n1ore. Wealth. and gain will be lost. Fifth The Ministers a .re as the Mouth. The Mouth is an orga11 for the expres sion of ideas and counsel. Because speaks what is left over from the heart. Similarly, the :t\.1inisters in council after deliberation can convict an offender against the King, and can punish him according to the gravity of the offence a.nd can publicise the punisl1ment rendered a.gai11st him. Proverbs ch 25 :2 and 7. 12 Protecting themselves from 1nany bribes a11d gif'ts, they n1ay accordingly reward the d.oer of good. Exodus ch. 23:8; Romans ch. 13:3 and 4. 13 Sixth . The Mjni sters are a� !l1e Heart. The I-Ieart is a place wl1ere good �111d . ev�l thoughts are bred. S1m1larly, if good ideas a11d counsel issue fro111 a good _ M101ster, th.ere shall be peace ar1d health i11 011r State and Co11ntry. If there 12·

"2· It is the glory of God to conceal a thing: but 1!1e l1011our of kings is tl1e search ut a matter · · · · 7. For better it is that it be said u nio thee, Con1e up hither; � an that th0 u shou ld est be put lower i11 the presenc thin·e ey es of wl1o pri11 n1 the · ce e h ave s.een· '' The connectto · · -· n w1th · the text of tt1e allegory 1s loose' 1f not very l1ere · non-existent. 13 · E�odus h. 23:S reads: "8. And thou sl1alt take no gift· fo r the gift bli11deth tbe � perve b rtel the words of th e righteot1s." Romans ·ch. 13:3 and 4 read: "3· ;�:, r�fers :,r e 01 a terror to �oo� ot � wor 1e ks, t bt1t tl1ou to evil. Wil the t l n n b afraid of t 0 er·? .d? that which 1s good, and thou sam� the of prai se shal ba,,e t 4 For he �• Pth e minister of God 15 whic h to that thee do for thou good . Bu t if ·· ' be a.ti e�il rai�.' for he beareth n o t the sword God, of r min iste in vai the n: is he for a revenger to execute wrath t1pon h im that doeth evil."

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Stat e kind

--------

. counsel from a and bad ideas Minister ad ' there w1 11 come b and Country war, hunger, d'isrespect, ignorance and things O. f Proverbs ch. 11:14; Matthew ch. 12 :35. 14

t o our . . stmrlar

Seventh

The . Ministers ar e as th e Stomach. The Stomach is the carrier of nutrition which gives energy and P?Wer to the whole body. It gives to each of the p arts of the bo d� prop�r��nall� stren�h. an d blood. Similarly, the Ministers � te 15he nutr1t1on of counsel, whjch will be power give to ot1r Cpoun ry an and energy. salms ch. 104 .1 5. Eighth The Mini�ters . are as . the Hand. The Hand becomes prosperous by doing all works which 1t obL:-i1ned through knowledge. Similarly, if the Minjsters do their work together and with full knowledge, they will enrich the State and make it prosperous as well. 2 Thessalonians 3:8. 16 Ninth The Ministers are as the Foot. The Foot is the carrier and chair of the body. The parts of the body cannot stand without it. Similarly, the State cannot stand. alone without the counsel of the Ministers. The throne and power of the King are the Ministers. Proverbs ch. 15:22.17 As these parts of the body are different in name and functions and are called one body so are the Ministers different in name and functions and are called one Government. As the Foot cannot dismember itself from the body saying that it is not the Hand, so one of the Ministers can11ot say that he is not a member of the Government and a servant of the State. I Corinthians ch. 12:1 5 . 18 If the body were the Eye, where would be the smelling? If the whole body were the Ear where would be the hearing? 1 Corinthians ch. 12:17. 19 Similarly, if all the' Ministers were War Ministers, where would be the Minist ers of Agriculture and Commerce. If all were Finance Ministers, where would be the Minister of Justice. What is more, the Head cannot say to the Foot and Hand that it has no need of them. 1 Corinthians ch. 12:21.20 All are workers. Similarly, the King cannot say to bis Ministers that be has 110 need of them, because they are his helpers.

14 • ."14. Where no counsel is, the people fall: bu t in the multitude of counscllers lhere is safety." As for Matthew ch. 12:35, see note 8 above. 15· "15. And wine that maketh glad the heart of man, and oil to make hi s face 10 shine, and bread which strengtheneth man's heart." . labou. r and 16· "S. Neither did we eat any m an's bread for nought; but wrought wi_� travail night and day, that we might not be chargeable to any of_ you. 11ers se un co of e ud tit ul m e th 17. "22. Without counsels purposes ar e disappointed: but in they are· established.'' 18 · See note 1 I abov e. 19 See note I I above. · 20· "21• And the eye cannot say un to the band, I have no need Of thee.. nor agam the head to the feet, I have no need of you."

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if 011: ;t fers all will su t bu k or bis h ac e to d ne sig as � ffer a:n d ; � , God has _ _ .- . c�1.. 12 .2o. Even if t �e functio 1ans nth Con 1 1ce. reJ0 I 1 w . all ices � rejo _ ns if one rs e ar ste ini all e M th e , on me na 111 1n pr t ren ffe di e ar ers rk wo · otectin g the f 22 2. :2 2 . I ch bs er ov Pr -�he Country a.nd the K.ing. The. Minister for :Some Rule is as the '!3,�e. · Tl1e Ministers of Foreign Affairs and Telephone are as the Ear. The M1n1s�e1:s of Com1;11erce a11 ct Agri culture and Industry are as the ��nd. The M�111sters ?f �111a11ce and Agri culture are as tbe Stomach. The M1n1ster of Fore1g11 Affairs 1s as the Heart because the secrets of foreign States which a1·e deliberated by the Minister� in cou.ncil are performed through him. Also, the Minister of Justice is as the Mot1tb, because 11.e convicts and punishes. The Minister of War is sy1nbolised a. s the Foot, because i11 him is found pqwer and strength, All are the employees of the I(i11g and. they work witl1 the King. A. s the Eye can11ot become tl1e Ear and hear, leaving aside tl1e functio11 o.f seeing, so it seems that one Minister cannot leave the ,:vork to which be is assigt1ed and do tl1.e work of another. But if tl1e fur1.ctio1 1s ap_pears different externally, tl1ey are not different internally. They are 011e, Jinked like a chain. . ·the Cu1Jction of· the ·Eye is useful for the body, so is it necessary to As realise that t]1e functio11 of one Mi1 1ister is useft1l for all the Mi1 1isters. AJso, as 011r Head, which is the cl1ief of the parts of' tl1e body, ,vould not like to lose one of its workers, so tl1e Ki11g, who is the chief of the Ministers, would 11.ot like to lose one of his workers. But eacl1 according to his toil shall take a reward. No 011.e shou · ld establisl1 an i 111proper fotindation in his heart, b11t his thoughts should be proportional. Since we have various gifts fro 1 11 tl1e Ki 1 1g, tl1e 0 1 1e a111011g t1s who is give11 knowledge should proclaim knowledge, a11d if he is a n1inister, let him be ililigent in ministering, and if he is a teacl1er, l1e n111st be diligent in teach ing. Romans cl1. 12:6 and 7. 23 A man wl10 obtains k1Jo\vledge will be saved from evil, but how will knowledge be obtained if it is not Iear11ed and bo,� 'Yjll it be learned. if there is no teacl1er. A11d l1ow \Vill the teacl1.er teacl1 if the State . does not build schools. Roin ans ch. 1O:.14. 24 A scl1ool is tl1 e fou11d.ation of knowledge and· the source of' all k 11owledge. To 011e vvho observed and to one who l1 as searched, the sc·hool appears st1perior to tl1e cl1urcl1. :'-s . the .school 1s a foundatio 11 for tl1e cl1.t1rch, so is tl1e State a. fou 11dation for the school. 1

••

•

See note 11 above. . '"22• : A wise man scaleth the city of tl1e n1igl1ty, and castetl1 do\.v11 the streng hth of the confidence thereof.'' 23 · ''6·: Having then gifts differing according to tl1e · grace tl1at is given to tis, wbetl1er proph �cy, let us J? f? Ph�y according to tl1e proportion faitl1; 7. 9r n1inistry, let of � s wait on our m1n1ste.rmg: or l1e tl1at teacl1etll, ou teacl1ing;'' · . ·;.. · 24 · 14· How then sb�ll t�1ey call on him in wl101n tl1ey hav not believed? aocl 110� e . ·· - s��ll :(lley believe m · him, of whom th�y l1ave 11ot. heard? and·· · how shall they hear w1tl1ot1t a preacher?''

21 . 22:

-430 -

JN.TRODUCING THE ETHIOPIAN LAW ARCHIVES

sters, 1i iL M t n e ll e c x e D ear app oi11 to ted bee n hav . assort a11d reconcile all tllese, do not e Who oreh a11d sinc bef , e you have known that a school is the ls scho o buil d to t e n eg1 � ioil of wisdom and knowledge. As Ethiopia has been existing protected fouii at· kno t Ats of wled e ge Menilik, so yot1 have to extend in he by now to and thoughts of your heart. dge wle kno the pia ithio of th. e Ethiopian natio11 :people, who l1ave passed my the fro1n being I, �ho� k11owl�dge 1s as far as. t�e sky is, beg fro111 _and rance igi1o in days r . n1y rem1n?111g you, 111 so far as my l 1m!t�d knowledge cons1d to not � yo of u as the_ Head, a11d the M 1n1�ters as the could perinit , symbol1s1n¥ the King . There 1s no one, whether b ig or s1nall, 11npudence as body, e tl ts of i 1ntry and K.ing. t his Co for s lou jea t no �;0 is •

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Etl1iopia11 Press at Addis Ababa. ************************

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--....

JOURNAL OF BTI-iIOPIAN

LAW

VOL.

No.

1 1 h·fl •1;;:ro•• ' --

: ()1t�:,",l1: '1 "lJ»;t-'i: fir "l�:,�: (l',f.:f: fOT/..�14-;I... : .ltl\.tbc:,-t,. : f'lt JA : ,n'? = ('/f,tP/�;J 'P. � lDf,']° = Aua111_ce =) -;w.. ::

Documentatio11 fo·uod deals essen.t1ally w1tl1 the Fet!1a Negast an.d with Erit1·eao traditio11aJ law (eitJ1er religiot1s or ct1stomary).

1 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.

f'1 ...

L. De Castro, Con1JJe11dio de/le leggi dei Re - Fetha Nc1gc1st - .,ulla traduzio,1e di J. Gi,idi. Co11 co1111nenti e 11ote sulle proceclura vige11te e i costu,111 nell'Abissinia, Livorno (1912). G. De Stefano, I c·ostu1ni pe11a/i abissini eel ii '' Fetl1a Neg/1est '' (Coe/ice abissino tradotto i11 italiat10 dalla lir1gi1a G/1eez ), Firenze ( 1906). I. Capo111azza, Usa11ze is/a111icl1e lianefite di A1assaua e di11torni, Macerata(l 9IO) G. De Stefano, fl diritto pe11ale dell' Ha111asier1, As111ara (I 898). .Raccolta cli mas:Sin1e giitri.SJJritderzziafe di cliritto co11sueti1cli11ario de/le popolazioni dell'Eritrea, Asn1ara (1909). Raccolta di norme di cliritto l1anafita e 111alelcita, As1nara (1909). ,,.

y,{l,f'ti:lD·• : tfOD } : (h!v.f!} : 7,llh =

Ifit@i)

Third period (from 1916 to 1936)

f1...tLro· : 'P'i = T°I�-:,·. = lit\. = �fl?-fl;I' : (,1,'I = {J1J"}"JJP,,·t: f ra,1ll\'1 ooq,til>J» : m'? • r 'le�:,-- = -1'�1' 1 01,-,..,.. =) h··f--�t-:i•=1"4!;1' = it"}<f>i1-- = fbt\ h11•1�?>:i: : ?i",11-f:::f• : f"'l.fo0fl'nrf:,)·· : rh.:1,r-k,,P'i : rh.11Jl\..f1 : . 6lr:,. : {l,11'? : l1f: : r�fllOJ·"} : 1,t':r : '/OJ« :: 01

7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17.

Apart from a few articles on major problen1s of tl1e ti111e (the co11stitu tion, tl1e pe 11al code, the qt1estion of slc1very, etc... ), most of the titles co11cer11 the Italo-Ethiopian cor1flict considered fro1n its legal aspects. A. D'.Emilia, La compravendita ne/ capitolo XXXIII def Non1ocanone di lbn al-'�4ssal. Noto storico esegeteche, Milano (1938). E. Poletti, // Cadice Penale abissino, cor1 le ,·elative nor,ne co1-zsz1etz1di11arie ,· L'ordinan1ento gi1,1diziario e processuale in vigore nell'Africa orientate italiana per i sudditi indige11i ed a.ssin1ilati, Milano ( I 938). A. Pollera. Le popolazio11e indigena dell'Eritrea, Bolog11a (1935). Rapport du gouvernemer1t ethiopie,1 sur l'esc!avage, Geneve (1924). M.W. Steet1, T/1e Ethiopian Co11.s·titi1tion, Washi11gton (1936). On the Italo-Ethiopian conflict: L.J. Cibot, L'Etl1iopie et la S.D.N., Paris (1939). G.-S. Dagafou, Die volkerrechtliche Lage A t/1iopie11.s seit .I 94 J, Diss. der Rechts-und Staatswiss. Fakultat der Rheiniscl1en Fr.iedricl1-Will1elms Univ. zu Bonn, n.d.. W. Freund, Die volkerrechtliche Stellu 11g A bessi11iens at1f Grund von Vertragen, Jahrbuc/1 der Konsi1lar-akalle111ie zu Wien, (1936), pp. 30-42. Von Freytagh-Loring-Hoven, ''Sanktionen," Dei,tsche Ji1ristenzeitur1g, (I 935). pp. 1260-·1267. H. Gernhuber, Der italienisch-abessinisc/1e .Konfiikt i111d das Viilkerrecht, Konigsberg (1937). w� Landecker, ''Suezkanal und der italienisch-abessi11ische Ko11flikt," Revue de droit international de scie11ces diplomatiqt1es et politiques, (I 935), pp. 204-220. - 434 -·

JOURNAL OF ETHIOPIAN LAW - VOL. IV - No. 2

/;\IP/I.' Custom

l\.

B. 33. 34. 35. 36. 37. 38.

a), opi a thi it1·e (E Er Addis Ababa (1966) itz ure ten 11d La s, no ka Ze Ambaye M. Hofner, Das Feteh Afahari. Sitten und Rec/1t der Miinsa, Wiesbaden (1951). A. Lauro, II noitvo diritto eritreo e gli statuti dell'Jfamasien in partic olare' Asmara (1944). G.T. Mary, ''Eigentumsrechte der Kaffitscho in Athiopien," Zeitschrift fur verg/eichende Rechtsl,vissenschaft, vol. 68 (1966), pp. 216 ff.. W.A. Shack, On Gi1rage Judicial structure and Afi·ican political theory, . Addis Ababa (1965). Silesbj Wolde-Tsad.ik, Land Olv11ership in Hararge Province, Dire Dawa (1966).

Case-law

fttLPtc; : ftp� rt-�-:f"} : °l'l'i--'1:,-- : fOIJ..ouflh+. : frf"ODlfn• : f<t:C.J!'

7·�f·:W,.,_ : •f'11,;J �rf,cpA : 39. D. 40. 41. 42. 43. 44. 45. 46. 47 48. 49.

A selection of labour cases has been prepared by: Syoum Gebregziabher, A sample collection of Labour disputes and t/1e ruling of the Labour Board, Addis Ababa (1967). Legal Science

On Ethiopian constitutional law: Alemayehu Seifu, ''The significance of the recent administrative reform in Ethiopia'', Journal of the Political Science Association, vol. 1 (1966) pp. 18-19. Bereket Habte Selassie, ''Constitutional Development in Ethiopia," Journal of African Latt', vol. 10 (1966), pp. 74-91. Gebru Mersha, ''Censorship and prior-restraint'', J ournal of the Political Science Association, vol. 2 (1967) pp. 15-31. J. Kerri, ''The role of the Parlia1nent'', Journal of the Political Science Association, vo], 2 (I 967), pp. 9-14. G. Krzeczunovicz, ''The regime of assembly in Et11iopia'', Journal of Ethiopian Stitdies, vol. I no. 1 (1963), pp. 79-82. On Ethiopian criminal law: The crimi,zal law system of Ethiopia, Washington (1962). e Revu " Gra en, ethiopien, ''Les circonstances aggravar1tes en droit � : znternatzonale de droit penal, vol. 36 (I 965), pp. 499-526. P . .Gr:aven, ''Les effets internationaux de Ia sentence penale en droit . ethiop1en," zdem, (I 963), pp. 80-91. P. �raven, '' 1:,a protectio11 penale de la moralite publique et de la _ fam1lle en Ethiop1e," idem, (1964), pp. 729-754. Ha.bte-Mariam Assefa, Die vorsiitzlichen Totungsdelikte im Athiopischen und Deutschen Strafrecht J Diss. Bonn (1965). - 436-

TAQLE OF CONTRIBUTIONS - VOLl.Jl\rlE IV - AUTI-IORS Page

Bulcha Demeksa,

T/1e Ethiopian Budget . . •

David, Rene,

Administrative Contracts i,i tl1e Ethiopian Civil Code . . .

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•

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Source�" of t}ze Ethiopian Civil Code

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· · · 369

· · . 143 · · . 34 I

Kindred, Michael J.,

Formal Require1ne11ts for the Conclusion and Modification of Contracts i,nder tlte Ethiopian Civil Cocle oj� 1960 . . . ... ... 218

Means, Robert C.,

En1ployees Who MaJ' Not Strilce . . .

Paul, James C.N.,

Fourt/1 Annual Report from tl1e Dean . . .

•

Sand, Pe,ter H.,

Authenticatio,z and Validatiori of Wills

...

188

Selamu Bekele,

Introducing tlie Ethiopia,i Law rirchives:

•

Dissolution of Religioits Marriages in Ethiopia . . . • • • • • • • • • •

Tedeschi, Salvatore, Vanderlinden, Jacques,

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• •

Review, S. Lowe11stein, Materials for the Study of the Penal Law of Ethiopia

i ;

.. . 167 •

Some Documerzts on t/1e First Ethiopian Cabinet . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 411

Singer, N·orman J.,

I l

... 205 ...

230

' l

lntrodz,cing tl1e Ethiopian Law Arcl1ives: Some Documents on the First Ethiopian Cabinet . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 411 A Supplement to tlie Bibliography of Ethiopian Law . . . • • • • • • • •

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433

) I

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'" VOLUME CON. T RIBU�fIONS I\' - TI fLES TABLE OF

Page

A.dministrative Contracts in the Ethio11ian Civil Code, Rene David

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143

Aut/1,entication a,,id Validation of Wills, Peter H. Sand

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188

Dissolutio,i of Religious Marriages

•

Ethiopia,

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N'or111ar1 J. S.i11ger

Eniployees W/10 Ma;1 Not Strik·e, Robert C. Means The Et/1iopiarz Bi,dget, Bulcha. De1neksa

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•

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•

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•

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205

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167

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Forn1al Requirements for t/1e Conclusion a11cl Modification of Co11tracts under tl1e Ethiopia11 Civil Cocle of· 1960, Micl1ael J. :Kindred •

•

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•

♦

•

3 69

•

. . . 218

• •

•

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Foirrth Ar11111al Report fro,n t/1e Dean, James C.N. Paul

•

Introducing the Et/1iopian Law Archives: Sotne Docu1ne11ts 011 t/1e .First ... Ethiopian Cabinet, Selan1u Bekele a1.1d Jacques Vanderli11de11 Review, S. Lol-venstein, Materia/J' for t/1e Sti,dJJ of the Peria! La,,v of Ethiopia, Salvatore Tedeschi • • • • • • • • • • • • ••• •

• • •

Sources of the Ethiopia11 Civil Code, Rene David.

• •

. . . 411 ...

230

• • •

...

341

A Si.tpple1net1t to t/1e Bib!iograph�v of· Etl1iopian Lcrw,•, Jacqt1es Va11derlinden . . . . .. • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •

...

433

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•

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•

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l J

•

J l -442'

. .

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••• •••

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-446 -

••• ••• ••• •••

••• •••

278

INDEX TO CASES REPORTED Vol. IV · . . . . . of ad1rurustrat1ve dec1s1011s e tm ue ar en ep D ev r1t R 11d la In v. d. Lt ) ia op i th (E ld vo Mos

Adtnin istrative Law Judicial revi ew

•

···

•

l04

Appeal See Pen.al Law a.nd Procedure Applicati on of 1960 Civil Code to pre-code situatio11s See Custoinary Law Burden of Proof Mamo Wolde v. I nland Reven ue Department

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· . . 3I 8

Business Assoc iations See Commercial .Law Civil Procedure Jurisdiction Ethi opian Cement Corporation v. Commerc ial Bank of Ethiopia, • • • • In gra, and Yugoslav Bank for foreign trade ...

•

• •

Ethiopian Cement Corpo rati on v. Comn1ercial Bank o.f Ethiopi a, ... • • • • • • • • Ingra, and Yu.goslav Bank for foreign trade

•

• •

114

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•

Commercial Law Business association s - effect of absence of a written contract of association Teresa Poca and Angelin a Foca Galassi v. Mari no Mari ni

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Confession See Penal Law and .Procedure - Homicide Contract of Agency See Obligati ons, Con.tractual Con tract of A_ntichresis See Obligations, Contractual Co ntract of Employ1nent See Obligations, Contractual Contract of Loan See Obligations, Contractual Customary Law Applic�tion of 1960 Civil Cod.e to pre-Code situations Negest1e Fantaye v. Sable M ar ia m ·Men gesha et Al. . . . . .. Tsgie Habte Selassie et A 1. v. Senait et Al. . . . . .. . .. . R.egistrati. on of im · movable property - property 1n i s Ab aba A. d d • F.1tawrar1 Kassa Neakuto v. Aklilu Gobeze . . . . . . . . . ... Disturbance of another's holdi n gs See Penal Law and Procedure - 448 -

• • •

•

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•

272 240

a m h 11 ra u . . d . b A . ed . m . m . a h .. o . M · v · w le e · ··· ··· b e · L . Abebe . 26 6 1al merc . Ceme Com Bank v. of n . pian o orati Ethio Corp pia, nt · · Ethio . . e • • • d a • • • tr n 1g • • • re o f r fo k • • • 11 a B v • • • a sl o-o u Y I11gra • o 8 7,114 te a st E d se ea L in s le b a v o in 11 . 0 . d.onna . . . . . L1en . . . . . . . . art1ra . . M 10 r e . v a S . v a it • • ik N · · · 307 Ele11i Sale of Land rs he et · ot nd Br ra d . AI. on G rt po 1s a1 Tr l na io at N Societa • · • • · · · · · · · · · · · · • • · · · · · . ••• ··· a n e g es M 1u t1 · ey S v. 293 Obligatioi1s, Extra Contractu,11 Employers liability . Mulat1t-va Asfaw ... • • • • •

Ministry of Education v. Pen.al Law and Procedu1·e Appeal - 11un1ber of apfeals . Dis·turbance of another s hold111gs Public Prosecutor v. Bezu11esh Bolcan . . .

• •

...

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•

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•

• •

• • •

•

···

•

· · · 3 l3

•

. . . 246

• •

... 253

• • •

... 293

• •

•

Homicide

Confession Moha1n1ned Abuissa v. Pt1blic Prosecuto1· Extenuating circumstances Tsegaye Gebre Medl1i11 v. Public Prosect1tor

Persons, Law of Right of preference Societa National Transport Gondrand Brothe1 ·s et Al. v. Ato Seyum Mesgena • • • • • • • • • • • • • •

Property Registration - Bad faith Societa National Tra11.sport ... v. Seyum Mesgena Registratio11 of Immovable See Customary Law, see Right of preferenee See Persons

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Gondrand Brothers et Al. . . . . . . . . . . .. ... Property also Property

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Sale of Land See Obligations, Contractual Successions Wills Ezabel_ Yousuf Matul et Al. v. Aha Lochis Kidiyas et Al. Negest1e Fantaye v. Sahle Mariam Mengesha et Al. Taxation Income tax Mamo Wolde v. Inla.11d Revenue D epartme11t • . . . . . . Mosvold (Etl1iopia) Ltd. v. Inla11 d R ev en u e Departmen t • T·urnover tax Nicola Pappassinos v. Inlan d Revenue Depa1·t1nent • • • • Turnover Tax See Taxation Wills See Successions • • •

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2130 2134 2144 2154

2190-91 2192 2201 2202 2203 2205(1) 2207(1) 2403-07 2512 2513

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86 310,311 76 40 40 288 320,322 321 320,321,322 320,322 320,321,322 320,322 286,287 75,154 157 40,41,42 42,44 42,44 41,42,44 40,41,42,44 41,42 74 • 156 284,287 305 136 214 310,311 283 66 66,67 311 129 129 130 125 130 130 130 131 131,133 131 131 131 131 131 129 132

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3172-3206 3175 3177 3178 3179 3179-82 3179-93 3180 3181 3182 3183-89 3190-93 3194-3200 3196 3197 3198 3199 3200 3201-06 3207 3207-43 3223-24 3225-26 3227 3228 3229-35 3234 3236 3237 3243 3244-45 3244-96 3246-49 3250-60 3261-73 3268 3269 3270 3271 3274-81 3283-85 3286-87 3288-92

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