Journal of Ethiopian Law Vol. 4 No. 1 (1967) by jahrastafari89

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Vol. IV No. 1 JUNE 1967

IN THIS ISSUE

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Farewell State1nent to the Dean Fo11rtl1 Annual Report from tl1e Dean James C.N·. Paul

CASE REPORTS ARTICLES Etl1iopian Adminjstrative Contracts Rene Davicl

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E1nployees Who May Not Strike Robert C. Means

CURRENT ISSUES BOOK REVIEW

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PATRONS OF THE JOURNAL OF ETHIOPIAN LAW

The Journal of Ethiopian Law was inaugurated by His Imperial Majesty Haile Selassie I in the s·ummer of 1964 as an important step in the development of Ethio pia's legal system. Subsequently, the· Board of Editors of the Journal has invited those who are interested in the continuation and expansion of the Law Journal's activities to express their support by becoming Patrons of the Journal of Ethiopian · · Law. H.B. Afenegus Kitaw Yitateku Hon. Blatta Matias Hiletwork Hon. Ato Hagos Tewolde Medhin Hon. Blatta Haile Wolde Kidan Hon. Ato Tibebu Beyene Hon. Ato Kebede Kelel Hon. Ato Negussie Fitawake Hon. Kassa Beyene

H.E. ·H.E. H.E. H.E.

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Tshafi Taezaz Aklilti Habte Walde Bitwoded Asfeha Woldemichael Ato Mammo Tadesse Dejazmatch Fikre �lassie Habte Mariam H.E. Ato Seyoum Haregot · H.E. Ato Ketema Abebe . H.E. Ato Assefa Gabre Mariam H.·E. Dejazmatch Berhane Meskel Wolde Selassie H.E. Col. Leghese Walde Hanna H.E. Teshome Haile Mariam H.E. Ato Aberra Jembere H.E. Ato Belatcbew Asrat H.E. Ato Muhamed Abdurahn1an H.B. Brig. Gen. Abebe Wolde Meskel H.E. Ato Nirayo Esayas H.E. Ato Teshome Gebre Mariam H.E. Ato Bulcha Demeksa H.E. Ato Teferri Lemma Hon. Ato A111manuel Andemicl1ael Ho11. Fitawrari Bayisa Jemmo •

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Ato Abate Wondemagegi1�hu Ato Abebe Gire Ato Abdul Aziz Mohammed Ato Abraham Tesfatsion Balambarass Adane Deressa Ato Adarra Francois Ato Admasse Gessesse Dr. Maurice J. Aelion Lt. Col. Ahmed Aminu Ato Aklilu Atlabatchew Ato Aklilu Bete Mariam Ato Alene Aligaz Ato Amare Degefe Ato Amede Lemma Ato Arege Arsido Mrs. Marica Arvanitopoulo Fit Asega:hegn Araya Ato Asfeha Kahsai Ato Assefa Bekele Ato Assefa I-iban

Kegnazmatch Assefa Nadew Ato Assefa Metafaria Ato Assefa Tsegaye Ato Atsheba Fanta Ato Ayalew Gobe Ato Berekadu Tadesse Dejazrnatch Bekele Beyene Ato Bekele Demissie Ato Bekele Gebre Amlak Ato Bekele Habte Michael Ato Bekele Nadi Ato Bekele Tesfaye Col. Belatchew Jemanel1 Ato Belatchew Nigru Ato Belay Meketa Ato Belay Mengesha Ato Belete Wolde Sellassie Woiz. Beleyu Work Gebre Meskel Ato Berhane Kefle Mariam Lt. Col. Berhane Woldeyes V

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Mr. Russell Berma11 Ato Beyene Abdi . . Ato Binega Tseba1 Hailu Dr. William Buhagiar ta e d a Y e li a h C h tc a � ra G -Dr. Christopher Clapham ,Lt. Col. Dama Zeng Egzer Ato Demerew Tashu Blatta Demissie Workagegnahu Ato Desta Gebru Mr. Harrison Dunning Ato Endale Wolde Michael Ato Enda.le Mengesha Ato Enyew Gessesse Kass Er1r1ias Kebede Ato Eshete Berhane Mr. William Ewing Capt. Eyassu Gebre Hawariat Dr. Eyob Gebrecristos Ato Falke Aragaw Grazmatch Fessahaie Zegheie Ato Fisseha Gebre Ewostatewos Mr. Stanley Z. Fisher Ato Gayim Asmelash Ato Gebre Gebre Giorgis Kegn. Geta Gebre Hanna Kit.aw Ato Gebre Hewot Wolde Hawariat Ba.shai Gebre Meskel Zeilo Ato Gebreyesus Haile Mariam Balambaras Gemeda Urgessa Gra21natch Ges.sesse Mesfin Ato Getachew Admassu Ato G·etachew Asfaw Ato Getachew Kibret Ato Getahun Hunegnaw Ato Gila Mikael Bahta Ato Ginna Abebe Ato Goitoro Beyen Mr. Everett Goldberg Dr. Phillippe Graven Dr. Saba Habachy Ato Haile Giorgis Differ Ato Hailu Alemayehu Capt. Hailu Arsede Ato Hailu Shenqute Ato Hailu Tesfaye Mr. G. Hamawi Mr. N. Hamawi At? Haile Leoul Habte Giorgis DeJazmatch Idris Lejam Ato Inquo Bahrey Gebre Mikael _ Miss Mechtild Immenkotter Capt. Kanaa Guma Ato Kebede Atnafseged

Ato Kebede Gebre Maria m Ato Kebede Seri Ato Kebede Waga Ato Kida;ne Equba Egzi Ato Kidanu Kassa Mr. Michael Kindred .. Ato Kirkos Nig atu Mr. Lawrence Knowles Capt. Legesse Wolde Mariam Ato Lemma Wolde Semayat Dr. Marcello Lombardi Mr. Steven Lowenstein Ato Leul Menberu Ato Makonnen Wolde Mariam Mr. Paul McCarthy Mr. Robert C. Means Lt. Col. Mehrete Gebre Selam Ato Mesfiln Fanta Mr. No11nan Metzger Ato Mewail Mebratu Kego. Geta Mezemer Hawaz Ato Michael Fasil Fitawrari Haji Mohammed Seredge Ato Muhamud Nurhu Sain Ato Mulugeta Berihun Ato Mulugeta Wolde Giorgis Ato Nabiye Leoul Kifle Ato Negga Tesemrna Kegnazmatch Nuridine Zayenu Mr. Donald E. Paradis Mr. James C.N. Paul Mr. Robert Picot Mr. G. Prota Mr. Kenneth Redden Mr. Harry D. Richards Mr. Ezio Rusmini Mr. Arakel Sakadjian Ato Saleh A. Kebire Mr. Peter H. Sand Mr. Olin B. Scott Mr. Robert D. Scott Mr. Robert A. Sedler Ato Seifu Wolde Kidan Ato Seifu Gebre Yohannes Ato Shlffera,w Worku Mr. Nor1nan J. Singe.r Ato Solomon Abebe Ato Solomon Habte Giorgis Mr. Roland J. Stanger Mr. Peter L. Strauss Ato Tadesse Asfaw Ato Tadesse Tekle Giorgis Ato Tadesse Yersaw Ato Tefera Degefe •

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Ato Tefere Sertse Dengel Ato Tefferi Berhane Ato Tegegn Bitew Ato Tekle Gebre Mcskel Ato Teklit Makonnen Ato Temesgen Worke Ato Tereffe Gessesse Ato Tesfa Mariam Sebhat Ato Tesfu Zion Eyassu Ato Tesfaye Kebede Ato Teshome Bahru Balambaras Teshome Getaw Ato .Tessema Wolde Yohannes Ato Tillahun Fettena Ato Tibebu Abraham Ato Tibebu Tegegn Ato Tsegaye Tefferi

5 Ato Tsegaye Wolde Mariam Mr. Michael Topping Dr. Jacques P.M. Vanderlinden Mr. Vittorio Vercellino Mr. Nicola P. Vosikis Mr. Frank D. Winston Ato Wolde Leou1 Seyoum Ato Wold·u Berhe Ato Woube Gebre Yohannes Ato Woube Woldeyes Ato Yeshewa Work Hailu Ato Yilma Gebre Ato Yilma Hailu Dr. Yohannes Berhane At-0 Zelleke Desta Ato Zeude Engeda Ato Zeude Mekwanent • •

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TS R O T F O W A L E H T O T AN JNTRODUCTI�N Clarendon Law Series 52s (UK) g in m le F . G n h Jo . ce ses On los nt prac_tiC8:lly cid ac ir p re to is � ts_ tor of v la\ e � tl1 of ern nc co l ipa inc The pr g lo s n ha bee 1t , king led rin sh ab dis tl1e g t1n s,1 en � mp co for ce ur so le ab ail av ly on the _ ost 1 portant are the re. sha ger lar a 1ed un � ?1 _ in relative importance as others have ass nce e vat ura ins pri d against _ social security benefits associated with tl1e welfare state, an the calamities of life. At the same time, liability insurance bas �astically cl1 anged the role of tort law by not only easing the burden of adverse Judgen1ents but, more importantly, by spreading the cost. -i:o pond �r tl1e e�ect of t�ese changes on tl1e content, place, and future of the law of torts 1s tl1e primary a11n of this book, rather t)1 an to offer yet another potted version of blackletter rules.

PRINCIPLES OF PUBLIC INTE.RNATIONAL LAW Ian Brownlie

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This book is a treatment of Public International La\v wl1icl1 e1npl1asizes the technical aspects and major issues of legal principle. Wltllst tl1ere is a degree of selection, all the major topics are covered, including sources, law, legal personality and recognition, the nature, creation and transfer of territorial sovereignty, the law of the sea, common amenities and co-operation in the use of resources, jurisdiction, nationality, state res ponsibiljty, admissibility of claims, the protection of individuals and groups, the law of treaties, international organizations, and tl1e judicial settlement of disputes. Careful account has been taken of recent developments in the subject and reference-s are pro vided to the literature in English and Frencl1. T11e over-all treatmlnt, involving selection of topics and e1nphasis on the teclmical, is intended to provide a convenient work of reference for practitioners and a textbook suitable for ·both first degree courses and post graduate work.

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JOURNAL OF ETHIOPIAN LAW Published Thrice annually at the Faculty of Law, Haile SeJlassie I University in co-operation with the Ministry of Justice. EDITORIAL, BOARD H.E. Ato Belatchew A�rat, Chairn1an Dr. William Buhagiar Dean James C. N. Paul

Ato Nirayo Esaya.s Profes�or Kenneth Redden Ato Negga Tessema . EDITORIA L STAFF

Case Editors

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Associate Editors SeifLt Tekle Mari.an1 Se.mereab Mikael Tiume-Lissan .Le1nma Worqu Tafara Yilma Ghizaw Yos,eph Gebre Egz:iabher

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XIV

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HAILE SELLASSIE I UNIVERSITY FAClJLTY OF LAW The Faculty of Law of Haile Sellassie I University, established in 1963, offers courses in law leading to the LL.B. degree and to a Diploma or Certificate in Law. For further info11nation contact the Assistant Dean, Facu]ty of Law, Haile Sellasie I University, P.O. 1176, Addis Ababa. FA C U LTY Ja.mes C. N. Paul, B.A. LL.B., Dean Michael J. Kindred, B.A., J.D., M.C.L., D.E.S., Assistant Dea11 Christopher Clapham, B.A., D. Phil. Stanley Z. Fisher, B.A., LL.B. Jea.n-Denis Gagnon, Lie. Droit, D.E.S. Mechthild Immenkotter, Referendar, Assessor. Lawrence Knowles, B.A., LL. B. LL. M. George Krzeczunowicz, B.A., LL.M., Lie. Sc. Comm., Lie. Sc. Polit. Robert C. Means B.S., LL.B. Paul McCarthy, A.B., J.D., M.C.L. No11nan Metzger, B.A., LL.B Keneth Robert Redden. LL.B. Peter H. Sand. Referendar, D.E.S., LL.M. Nor1nan Metzger, B.A., LL.B. Roland Jonathan Stanger, B.A., J.D. Peter Strauss, B.A., LL.B. Jacques P. M. Vanderlinden, Dr. Droit PART-TIME FACULTY Abebe Ouangoul, LL.B. Amanuel Amdemichael, LL.M. Assefia Liban, B.A., B.C.L. Awa.I Adam, B.A., Lie. Droit Bekele Nadi, B.A., B.C.L. Belatchew Jemaneh, B.A., LL.B., LL.M. Getachew Kibret, B.A., B.C.L. Legesse Wolde Mariam, M.C.L. Negga Tcessema, B.A., B.C.L. Negussie Fitawake, B.A., B.C.L. Tafari Berhane, B.A., B.C.L. Yohannes Berhane, Dr. Jur., M.C.L., LL.M. Yohannes Heroui, LL.B. Zerabruk Aberra, LL.B. xv

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TABLE OF CONTENTS Page Pat1?011s oJ� tl1e Jot1r11al of Etlliopia11 Law · · · · · · ·

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Tables of Cases Reported

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Farewell State111e.nt to the Dea.11 · · ·

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Fourtl1 A11nual Report From t11e Dean b;, James C. N . Pait! · · · · · · · · ·

XXI

Articles: Administrative Contracts in t.he Ethiopian Civil Code

b_y .Rene Davie!

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Employees Wl10 May Not Strike

bJ' Robert C. Mea11s

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Current Issues: Authentication and Valiation of Wills by Peter H. Sa11d

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Dissolution of Religious Marriages in Ethiopia by Norman J. Singer

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For1nal Requirements for the Conclusion and Modification of Contracts Under the Ethiopian Civil Code of 1960 by Michael J. Kindred

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B·ook Review:

Lowenstein, Materials for the Study of Etl1iopiar1 Penal Law ·· ·· · · ·· · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · by Salvatore Tedeschi •

XIX

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TABLE OF CASE·S REPORTED Supreme Imperial Court Ethiopian Ce1ne11t Co. v. Commercial Bank of Etluopia Et Al. · ·· · ·· · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · (Civil Appeal No. 526/59) Ezabel Yot1suf Matul Et Al. \'. Aba Locl1is Kidiyas Et Al. (Ci\'il Appeal No. 155/57) · ·· ··· ·· · ··· · · · ··· Haile W aqgir,t v. G irn1a Gegere (Civil Appeal No. 1569/54)

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K_assa Nea.kuto (Fitawrari) v. Aklilu Gobeze (Civil Appeal No. 353/57) ···. ··· ··· Mamalingas Et Al. v. Zapula Camusa & Co. �Civil Appeal No. 97 /57) ·· · ·· · ··· il.\l:lJlic !Prosecutor v. Bezunesh Bokan · ··· 1 14 6/56) Criminal Appeal No. � •

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High_ Court Bthiopian ©ement Co. v. Com.me. rcial Bank of Ethio.pia Et Al. · · · · · ··· · ·· · · · ··· ··· · · · · 2 · f��ill Case No. 55 /59) M'es¥old (Ethiopia) Share Co. v. Inland Revenue Department fl'$ �ppeal No. 820/58) ··· ··· ··· ··· ··· ··· ··· ··· NicoTa Papassinos v. Inland Revenue - Department (Tax Appeal No. 403/58) ··· ··· ··· · · · Teresa Foca Et Al. v. Marino Marini · · · · · · · · · 1 . 4 ) /5 4 o se N a il C (Civ

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Tax Appeal Commission Mosvold (Ethiopia) Share Co. v. Inland Revenue Department . · · · · · ·· · ·· ·· ·· · ·· ·· · · ·· · ·· · 122 (Tax Appeal No. 1130/56) ··· •

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FARE-WELL MESSAGE FROM THE FACULTY AND LAW JOURNIAL BOAIRD OF BDITORS . TO DEAN PiAUL This issue of the �ournal marks the fourth birthday of the Faculty of Law, and the departure of its Dean -and founder, J.ames C. N. Paul. The Board of Editors and the. mem ·bers of the Faculty take this opportunity to congratulate Dean Paul on his many accomplishments, and to wish him well. It. is ,perh�ps difficult for those newly associated wi,th the Law Faculty to appreciate the .1mmense amount of creative effort that has oone into its establish ment. We have come a long way indeed from the summer of 1963, when the Dean arrived here to find the locked and vacant •building which now houses a function ing law school. In that first, fra.ntic summer, somehow a class of students was recruited, a curriculum established, and the library collection begun. Assisted by a few pioneer colleagues, Dean Paul sparked and directed the molding of the institution. which is today one of the finest law schools in Africa. We shall not recount here the specific achievements - .the growth of staff, student body, library, and pub, lications - which have marked the passing years. To those familiar with the school, these are known; others need only refer ,to t, he Dean's annual reports· w.hich have appeared in the pages of this Journal. All ·of us, staff, students and friends of the school, realize the extent to which the remarkable progress of the past four years is attri,butable to ,the imaginative and energetic leadership of Dean Paul, and to his dedication to the welfare and future of legal education in Ethiopia. For his indispensaible role, we thank him. As all ih t ose associated with the Haile Sellassie I University well know, Dean Paul has by no means limited his interests to teaching law and directing the law school. From the very start he has been active in University affairs and has taken a leading role in sponsoring advance in many areas. His Chai11nanship of the University Student Affairs Committee, to ci,te only one example, has had -a pro found impact. It is, therefore, with pride that we note. tha� Dean _Paul :�s �t leaving us entirely, but has accepted the post of Academic V1ce-P·res1dent of this University. We wish him ever- y success in meeting the many challenges of his new position. . We also note the appointment of th,e new Dean of the Law Faculty, Professor Quintin Johnstone from the Yale Law School. To Dean Johnstone we extend the warmest welcome and hopes that he will find his new job stimulating and satisfying. We look forward to the privilege of. wo�king �i� h_im toward our common goal - the improvement of legal education 1n Eth1op1a. .

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m� : �ro, :: flin°I : OD9°UC',,r : O�f V-'l:fm• : !§ : qao; ,}c : UJcftT : 1 ilh : l\ i't"}�"}P,.f.9°: f} .. l·A /\aJc'P"} : "'l LllJ"} :,i: t,"}�"}P,. t thltP'f >th : O�-r"} .: "1"1{11•: l\"'ll.,:J'l'P: ltf-Wffic : fl\L : qoo:,, : hA'IOl.9°:: �'IC : ..,,: Oh.Tf"'kf: DJcit'P: P'C'¼>i··: ;'f-9°UC;"f-"}: "'ill,:Jl;"f-t;: "'li'f?fA f h). : 1'.'lf..9°19°"1•tIJc Oi't"itti"} : h"lC : aJcil'P : ti;,mao� : >i"OD'iltf,: P'�: n.r,n A'P = r"7.!ltf..h:,.,; = roi.eil:,:--,c9° = ., tl)c n t1c:,-.r- = tIJcilT {ID It ...,.: f /bt\ ID' : fin.., : �"},::,-: it I\"} :;: irf•OD It{)� : ft\,ltTffl" : f"'I ft,f·"'IC : l-°1�ifvn htr'l == n,11 °1 = oo«.e fLP/\(11)• (l9ll- = 0"19° Tcf!,r = n.ir�: &.1a.1. ( nt;:C.(!- = n...y..if,; = O'h.elb = rOD1--,,,.,:,. = .OD,,.,t1 o,,r..-:;. f1t:ftIJc �:,.-: '1"19°: ht;:: fl\: 'IW':: ft;:C�·: "7..til,'}-? -: ('111:: 4-1: "'l:r: {l{ID 'itf: {l.rf: : fiODlJ;t{.q : '¼ODqct; : hv-1\..I•.;: : '¼DDT : �t"7t9lT: ;,c: ()f..�1--T : tIJc,,,,:,.) : ODP1tf = (L;r:flIJ«t; = �Cl: ; l1..Y·'f : I\"'l{/Dlfr1' : itf lb = '¼OD;1--:,. = 11+. = flf). = f ,n°l = :,-9°uc'1· = n.:,. = .-f•oot..cf!9lT1 = rrtr = /\OD�mc: OD:J!t\:fDJc"}: itt.;,°lm'PA:: lbttol- = "7..til,r�;f,;: foo'}'?P'T= ODJ"'tf: n...Y.if-9° : na1°1 : I\LPl\m�- : (}$Pl-: fltTOJ4"} : 'i:lt1oT: 'lt\?.tD A,;A :: n+�"'I t9° = it>=>th = rhil>i·>;F-c = it!f:'l°l- , 1t9°l)t\ = f01Jto:r = -- = OD ?f ?f A � fit tIJc t..� it ii+>; F-c i r . A .,.,:,. q 1 -i f,.;.,t,.,,..?f"fa """' .e-11;J nc : T�°lt.-9° ·I f\.!l:!l:oo•t; : (l.ifift\ r:,./{1:J-lc"} : ..,..oot--cf!9lf : irf-&./\'L '1:'f-: 1'.ff..1 = f,'t>;A:: 0"111•0: 'r�9°: t.1.(!-: +F..9°,1•',,J:: it'lh+�: tlll' 19° 1 '1°1A: P't..9ll-: l\,n°l: ..,..00t--4!9l1•: -n1·,. : P;J,. .: hit:: l\,f,�lD' : u;i: flcf!: flf�: f"1°1: '11A °11\"':,.: f"'l:,»lft-9° : '1--°lllC: I\Wf..k·f:: OllJr: fL:J� (l11n:,. = f"t1'l = ,-.>;,, = 'Im- == P'C'¼+ : T9°UC,'}-"}: f"tf11,:J�: (l(D• � f ,"h 1 : . (}.(I)• � fl?"'}: {19" 1 : 1 P't--: t\f, : iLIWIA : 'lt"}f..OIJ..l-At; : f ,)10/ : :,,9°uc:,- : f"7,.(l'r'1T1- : 9°h r "}f:,C: "7w:,»,;: "'/ODtfH"} : it/\(l,r:: 'l'IC : "l"} : fi,U"} : t\Ol/1:l°l: {1oP1"1 F:,. = ODFtf = n...Y•l- 1 nt;:c.� CL•r--l-,; = Ot\fl--'f 9° t! = 0,1--* = , : r 1ta.OJ : (lSJ>'f : ffr, ."} : A� : /.\.� : ht;::,. : fP't-- : (l;J•9'if : noiflllJ; {lfh,r : ODlPl:,. : °1?°'1• : ODflm,r : 11:F : fief! : OD{l{\-- : h1-:rf�9° 'hC1 °l'P = 'ltDc ., 111r9>:f. = f,r9°UC;'r : n,;:1,-:;.1: .-,,oo�4!9'if : mF..&.T : {19°1 P't--: ltf, : 1'."}f..OIJ..OJcfl•: "'/en:,, : hilLlt1. = �aJc:: 'l'IC : °11: 0,t-a101/& f

A-,

= n

= ,,,.

-6-

= aa,,.,

,,I

{l,'h"l : ,,911: : P1't-- : lD4il'P t- l\ 0 70Dtffl"} : f,OA'P : i'tll:f!;JI, : fl/'�:,."} : �1 C:i" = "'im:,,,; : :J00tftl"} : !ftLA..,:JIA :: {lf·LU : qov:,-. : OD,:ootf : ltf, : /l '1•1-G1lD• = f�tn c:o.t : oorut--1 = 1--'11t, : n+n:iiar = g,,1�� = m·ilT = f"'lh+l\tD4'1 ,h'111 = l\OD"l l\?..· 'l°hto = �nc

O;rClt"'i : ou'q7f A 1- l\.&.. ?..9u : f"'lTA : "YI\"} : (l"7Jf;Jj!:, .. �000/o:t-: P' 1,:,. : ou'qif A ¾ Oi'tm·t,.,�· : itll+P.1-C { · 0"'1,-,0t--'1! : f P't-- : TC:"lt--'l°T 1 {1"11111 : &'11.r?J:f t {lOD "}"Jp:,. : oopt,f : (L.f:f : !1t-:,.1 firJctf n· = i',f..-i..1°...f•:f = 0"7l?° = r �c,: = fL...f:f.1 = 1:c�:,- = 0"'1 m'1hC'i : h 'i tl,U"} : flooti(l�• : 1'Pif -:f : /..1.r: : ii P.Jtil : i',* 'JP:f"} : l\OD<t:mC : O°t1.l1lD• : 'Pl,1· : f ,11"1 : (lm• : f oot,';.-J:"} : P''t-t-- : i,'1.';.f,11 : ilAirf--1"'4• i 0 1�-0l,,.l- : flfl'" : m· ll'P : 09°1: 0 & A : &.. llJ"} : l\.lD·'P : l\°11.'l"l : "h"}f,°1:/.A'i -:· Oflm• : ltf, : h'I�": 1,.9,:,. : ti,.e,1-cil = llm·T = llOIJ'J°llJ:,. = 7''1�-T = 7'11.orz.:FA • llll'ittu = 1 -Pir·l· :: f ,n"l = flm• = OJAgit; = 'hC"lm� = orr� = 00111: = 7''1J;.f il11 = tiA.,1· "'il 1 .eu = �fl· = ll.1-t."1 = ilAf/.ll = '? Pi>fl-11 = oorz.1'1 1100&.1..9° f'J°"} i"t\_ : i\.'6 ODfl{\ ";Jj9° ::

0 +filit"7 t9° 1 f l,1.'1,-,. : '¼ It"7 91:f: f i',.ti 'i°1 : "1 fll-'1 : /l"7"11 ,)· : f ; r,P.c;.. = ODIJ'"} = 0..1'1:flD'".'J° t- /ltlll<f:;J· = rorz.&. ll1ID' = nm:,,ltl\lD4 = --fl«f? : fll''i : �r: : llllll'� : 0DDV'li: : llll: ODt\ti9°�T¾ �,n: �&-;:,.c;: fOl\1..1 : ,-,,fll,,.l·fl11 : A."} m011: f,1'1'iA : 11\?o : i\'J°'i'"l\U• :: '"

•

of ii1� o..-1--fl,.e,r = ii Jt fl.. = :,.. OJ4 A,: = n cf?11J = o,,..OD" . n :t-'i ' = '1/l.lD-: U•t;J·: 0"7 f,1- flT0T : {l:J• : lDf,9°: "11·= /l'P?a= dJ•{l: 0"7f1/l mf 9° : f"'if1/l �A : OD{ll\ 0°'1..:J·•y,n;,. : {l;r : O,l1"1 : l\ f, : -;4,"' : ODO'"}H�"}9° : i\9°'i./llJ• :: Oh�� : "Ltf, : Of h1� : f ll-T : (191:f : fl.. 'i t-:ftIJ« : f,i"ltll· : irf•-Ot\v : fD?.. :J•OD�m•"} i hu-0;,• : forz.1,0r"} : 9°:Y::,.. : t\l\11- : ,'hll fli" : n-'til : f�C!' : 1°?.'i : f ooh&.+. : "f'°l'IC t 'J°"}'J° : 7'"}\.\"} : OtLU: 1--P,f, : ltf,: l\-:f°l�: U•/t•: oo� :,.dt.= ft. ml : r oi oollA = irf-ct-- = 1"1'1c,; n1- &. c;ro• f +F.l fl.. 7,_·,,.. c::1· = n..'i�9° i h"'i "}�m-9° : "Lit : f,OA.'P : l\.:J--(111{1,r'i" : OP'&-- : ltf, : 'h "}J;.m•A : A..11Jco:,- = fOIJ..1'I = 1--Pif, = 'itD4 == f nil¥ti.1--;:,. = lloi:,. i lltLu = +d, 'IC : i'til&.'l"L : ftr-�lD'" "} : f..-f--{l" '"} ::- fOD,rtT'Joo"}t; : fOD{lq>t):,..� :,-1 : il°i'T : f;t.'Pt--A :: i't"}f:: ;rP."L: fllJ'� : n1C: m•ilT: f"7.1:Jj: �toe o.t : ''f &.llJ"} : l\lD'"'P : illll/.:,.,, : f l\Tffl'"1: f·L1ui": nwAT'i : "7:,, l11 = "l�;J,ro• : ODIJ''l-1 = i',9°'i" llU• 1 ''f &. llJ"} = /llD'"'P = il°i,r'' : �r" :f.mc : il A : {l'J°-0 : {loollJA : m1,9°: noun'Pn'P : fl A<j: = {lOl/1:l"l'i" = 'J°A.h.f�"} : fl ouiih'J° : '11,IJ'"} : ('h"iF.1·1.u : film•"} : +"l'IC : "7h'i" ro1 = 1,cr11t1'J° = nil:f ,:1t = 1t1,.e..1lcr) = ,e,nAT = nilr,:1t 1 1,nAT = 'k'J° : P' t-"} : h '11: : ftr� tD<"} -:- Ol/fl:,. : h J;, il : ·OG "I·(l1} "} : f °IP. � : flPJ.CD{lJ; .. : "7 l\.,.I: : �lD'" :: �taCfl....tm• : ODCP.T : f llO:t- : "1� ]f:fmc1 = niloi:,- = /lOl/h'i"m"} : •O:F = '11,11'1 t h'IY.· = firf•l\f� = rrt :J-9':f : 'l,:JmtJDc?" : "Ll-f,: f,U"} : "lP.�·:,:m.."} : f"'lLK"tJDc{l:,.. "} : ti� : /lO'/lD:,, : {IOIL:,• : fi\:f.m•"} : (l9l'f : {l"'iH;JlT : 'i.lD•:: n:J --P,-i. : ii1 C:� : m· il'P : f l\.. ;I.. : 1lll· : �toCfl.,,.1;91:f : fl�J·f.U : ,f•'?'IC'i" : 'P�: 0

I�

-7-

°'*

= '? f ,, .. . = 1, J!. = 9° OJ V1 'l-'t = : t\O t.m nt h, (IJ«tn.,l• : "'l"li;r:f!OJ•"} : 'le h : 'IO : n1 . f,., 1, ti1 9° l :tJ A f : I il 1 t\?/ (ID � : lr :J! � .: i\Ol/hfi'tD"}: !A -rcn, "} A, ;} J : ).; 'i O: f, IL T Pr. (L f!1 f 9° : hh : "} 1D 1,4' .m P't-tD· : ft1'/ l : � : f" T l. VC : : 9° fl,:r 9° m,,e, 1 1: 9° 1,\9° 'f f fl9l : )· {n tPi\ L1'?a : f « : ',OJ :: : • ,:(1} : . /l,!1 il/\ 1" (l9l : ,,fft' f : t : : 'i'! • P' "} t'J,f I ? f° ?>f f : '¼ft"'l l. 2.� t • h t\tD : : ODA : ',,l• 1\ q_e, : ,l• • o l\tD :J>l\ : om

LPt!\.m�1 : +'?QC : h1' -04'"} : OD!11 = ,,e,'iC-O'i"A :: ho-1 : O}l,rr-t.r : 4!91:f-: �Lil;JIr I 1'4!1'--l- : f,r'l°IJC,}- : lL:rT1 : 1-0Dt--4!91:f. : ''ht°� : : ;JC : foPl\Ol/pD,: = --re'?t- 9°'' = lD'il1' = 1-0+lD' = f00LPAm1 = 'hf:A = ! f;J'P"'/:f'PA I Oil,l\lD�: h1C: 'll.1�tLIJ: fl\lD' : 1-- �1, : fi°lt!\. : fl01/..�1ar: -00c!+� : foo( f"} : 1'lrr : lD'il1' : 1,m:P/\1\A :: ,f OD&--4!91;1: : t-lt:far'} : j . Ot-t\T(IJ«: 1'.'lPr.!7i7itr'i" : hP't--: ;JC: h1Jtfll"'l?°Pr-: f,1�J;it· I h�.i;.il: �1.;rsi>l-: 1'1-'tt.m?- : h+Ll\1 : h'IILV1 : h�>tll : f1•�;J-- : �l.�911· : 1,0DLPC:J--tr:: t'ltLU : '1!?'1 : '11�1- : h'11: : flf)· : ''htJDc,,, : ;JC: DDi''P (D�'}t; : /;\'/°'/°J.':1 : 1,mf,�lr :: J!,V'I° : "7/\:t- : n+ro(l', : 'LIL : (l}«(ltp : il.L�OO- : ftl'/..T.lr'i' : n�..,nL'T : f"tODfl(l• : Tf!11lil,'l°1' = hiPt-C ,f fii� \ ,:,1c : ilA,l- : iim'a'1 i F'I = P'C'¼,l-1: fooh..1--A = A'I°1: 1 aoflfA = f,l,'? = lt'1 P.l-1: "'IH;Jl'1•t;: ,..,..a,&91:t: : 1,'I ILV1: IJ•/r : ooA ODjf911-: h'})LIP�: 01'11� : ooh;J•-rf�t\ : Ol/ilT : ',W4 :: f,U : 1-°l'lC : h'11: : ',tD· t OD9°V��: f+"'lt9l:f."} : f,)•'J°UC,r : Tir';r'i : (j:l\'Jo..-f1• : 1'ilh.ft&<f? : ..(-lil: l1flX-: , Ft- = .etr1'l:f'PA i ..,--a,tsP-:f = r:,--'J°uc:,- = h(lllJm• = u� : nm:Pf\ft(l)c = 1 iiJtil = ilil"tlf1'l:fro• : OllJ'J° = J!,:f1t--1t- I J!,U'I° : f"ttr10T : ,,�"'lt91:,:: . mf. = dt°l = T'l°Uc:,- = l1T : hao'J°llJ;rTOJc : Ok:,.. : hiill'1--"'1 t'i" = h(JP� dt�:,- = 111-:,.1: 11:,: ooA(lm• = o m1.+;,. = l\f, = f"'lil&.c = A'J°f: = llt\�n &.:flD4 '11& n+a;tOIJt'I° 1 fODlaotfw• +rue:,« ,,,...a,&9':t: n�,,ai, Om· : '11�:f : ;JC: 1'1-'t:1"1/r: lll\l\ll11«>;:fw•t;: A f..: A f..: o->,:J--?1°f1: Oii1J.': : "1'111 : l"'C : "1 m�i\A 'i : fOI/ 1,a;t{l� : ,l1'1(11-t; : i'tili',ff,f 'f"} : 00iln1:,.. : f+tJ;1llm«: oo A{l-:f;t; : oo(j::,-."1.9'1-1: hODitm�· = ht\O'/. t +� : T?°UC-f: : ,e..ti,n�:f-'PA :: �1C: '11 I l\OOc1 : 1'011 : 11.r : tJ(j:irf,� : OJ9°,)• : tID{lm,1· : 04! : hf, 00hi\ �'I° flffull}« = r-toc(l..t = ..,--oot.<f! i o,,,..il,,9° = 0,,, �OJ = ,.,, = oat 1� : ii1C ·1 01111.,,�fllt : OJc/11' : 01'C0lT : '''l°C1''' : (l(IJ« : il.lf"} : f,1': /\A :: 'P'i'(l}« : T f4: : J!,U : ir1�oot-4! : dtt\11 : OOD{lm,)" 1 . OO?o: ,f--'?llCc; I 000il'P�.-,,�:,. = r111lir1-- flo· 1'i = rii1?-1 = r�� = v-),�91-:,".. = it"77i7tA = ' f..1'C = J!,ff"} = O'J°"}il: '}f..',,r : .H� : f0?.ilm• : 'im• :: 1,U'I° : 1'f4: = rf-0'1&• 41 : 4!m«: .fcf>(loom• : :,-'J°uc:,-: l\tl,U: °I-fl : 1-111\o : oo(ln1--J:'}: mf,'f' h1'C ' mc;:(l}« 't'j:l\'lu:,.. : ,:JC: OTA+:,.. : t\f,t·foo..(!-: uo(lm-f:1: /\.1A'G: f,l-1\A: : m ililtLU : OOl/"}�ro.. 9° : 4,h·At : 1,i�°7..f.l10Jc : lJ•lt- : h"'ILPA '1 :,.9: uc:,- : fll\,,e. ; t\,i\ : 'i!fu : '11C : ODQ;\,UDC : hilfiT :: ,11'111 : ti�lt4!�1" iic 4: : "'lr:,-c; : h:J"I\� : '?11 : raoX'lh : OD"}&.it : ftJI/ f,11-'1:f(JJ• : fll'lu' ! Am� = llf..91:Y.. : 'P;, : Qil : ,;:,:m, :: (

-8-

11tLU : '}oo:,� 1 f:'f-9°uc:,. : fL,J: : P'C'¼T : T'l°UCT : h"7..h,.l.. "1-.'l.. : 'P'a : 'Pt; : "J(lT : /\ODX'-lil : +7i'7ifto : fflT:l;A :: �I

f :;

r :;

11,n'? = OD«f: fA9°9°f:: °7"1i1m•: Hoo'J: l;: qoo..)•: 1t'J-'tlf'J: ··t -milS:A: (,,e,1im·9° : hit'JX': '}<.111,)-: m:,,i\i\: f�tiiC(l.i:: T'J° �C'T : 11�1\ : ',(De) I ..eu : fl; : qoo;,, : fT'J°UC,}-: ffOD'J : 11�t 11c(L,t : it?A"lfl0 T : ii?° : hDDaJ.l7im• : qoo:,-. : 11�,r : /\OD'} "Ir:,, : f°tf.l1e&'J : fit'JX•: '}oo;'f-: fJ1"1 : it1A"lfr:1:,•: I,� '1°&..A :: .

6l"l1l>i• fl,11: 'lh: T'i,f-1"..: (ftifA: l),,e,'}il): "h'i: ;t-th: 11P'C'¼,t•: T'l°uc,1: = (DcilT = 1t'JJt111· = +f.c=lA == 1100 l00 tf(Dc : qoo:,. : i\,,e, i f:it'? : 111.-9':f =· P'C'¼T : f l\(Dc : fTe,O/b'fD:f = it+'i,,1-'J'i = -�� = '11e'"f, = 11"7..1'1 = fool?.:,. = H1o9':f : :,,1:UIJ . f : h'JJ; .(\"JTl& : ..,.. WilS:A ::

2 1 &..l'Jl},,e,;;: : it'JY: : itil&..i\'L : f!)-•SJDUC'T : q_e',:,. : lf$:A ; ftL

= "�"'

ur '¼i\°7 t(Dc = 11,lt"l = ;, .'l°uc:i.- = 11:,. = IJI\ f�l'J IJf.� ?idt .C:T'J : f"?'Jl1,0'i : foo>f--C7o9° : fl?i,h -G::f.'J° : fODm6f»9° : Tfr>;t- : h'JJ;. fj l (De : ', {D• ::

� ;

f"l/\ : (l,{1 : ,lt"l'J -i fm'Jll\� : (lll:PtiliJ. : :lt"l'J i ,lt1 : OD'}"Jp-1:,, '}t; : f'J"l� : ,la'?'J : f"7.,0D/\hi: : ODlPl:J--'f! : fT'J°UCT : '}.f,� ,f-:f• : 1'1-'tflm - : ,1,milS:A ::

} I OD�tj: t it'}X,- : 'l'J_e- : OD:rl'J°'i : ,,,..f..;J"l'l° : OD�� : f"7..1'1T m•'i = OIJch f"7..(lT'1:fm- r11;,. P' tr9'l 11r1.tr.1& 1'1-'t (lm• : i'milfiitA I 1t'IH.U'J° : ++'lf.'IT : f0?.f191 : it'}f: : h� ii'� : fT'iT'i : f'J°C'J°C : ?id}.tj:'J : f.m»9°&,.t\-::

i ... ; ,lt°l : f"'lc+:,,,;:_ 11:J."1: 'lh: hchc: UJcilT: fOD/t>f•�: f.\'J°'J° Y: 1'1-'tf.l"l : +milS:A ::

x1 �

f1'Y.'1:,.. = Te"lt,.'l°l-'J'i = ,1,"1 = f Am"J'lTt&'J = 1•?.r-':f = f"7..0D "h+. : /;\� : A� : f:,..'J°uc:,.. : '}_f,',,f-'"f : h'}J;.flm- : 1rf-UJilS:A:: il/\tl,lJ : fih1 : OD'J"JP'T : ooqqA -1 f7"/\."l:'1 : 'lihl : dt'1,{1 : (,f:9't) I fi't..lifiOI/. : '1,ltl : ,h'1P'f I f1'Y:'l·t : fTi\'} t f'11\1C : AIP/:,W'i: fh+"'I: 1'Y:1:,• -: fOD�:,..: A"'ITt; : t'bfr>'f'J° : ,,._P,V-'"f: flOl/.1'1: :J'il(lfl:f'PA:: 11·t-/\,,e,: 11DDQ;tlqm•: '¼ODT: fT'J°lJCT T(!"lt,.9° : m·il'I' : 1\1' 'ItLU : ,,._P,f-'",.f : h� : fI\ : "l'l°T : ,,e,(lllJ :f'PA ::

''f:'f•ruc:i.• = f.l�9':f'' = •1,P.ft = TA:,, = "l'l°T = f\.{lmm- = fOl/.1'1 = 'llD4 :: n'11 = Jtil,t 1r:i- •• l1ittj:ttJ = ��ac(l.,t:9'1..._ = rf.l;f9'-:f'J · = ,,..P,,. = fl "'I,flt,.&.,:,. : ;J'ii 11(De : 11 f1. f·I. W- : fOI/. (l',II ?a : itil:rf-ff..Y.:f. : fl.fi?a'J° i ,,..P,�'} : 110'/.1'1 : ll.f,+m• : i't,e1A.ft.'J° :: fT9°Uc:'f, : f.l;f9'1- t fl\,i\(Dc : /)f.lf),. : f&.,l)'f'} : flDf.&,:,• : �f\'Jo,f•T : OD"Jflff}, : ODlf'} : itflflTW- :� fT'J°IJC:,.. : f t.�9'",f : 11:P : fOl/.ft'T : OD'J°Ut-,.).. : h+"'lt9':f : f"7..�i\,,..

-9�

:,.1 ·: (l.f+tt� ¼ (l.(l'J�'i· : P'lr : (l. t..··J: t "l•:t9';�9° : J,1�Jt°' =t1Jt P f . . "' '10. C ' 9° . : 1 tJ l �· • �� • ti ' °l'lC: 1\..,11 C7-: (l.L�J;..ftij :ro.: a;m- == flltJ :,• n:,.: foit.l A: OllJ9'1: h'i=•f"f: f;'J-9°tJCT: f.l.ij: "'/Or llJ l·'i : .,e.l�m-1, ;: -o f : 1 C = a; l\ 'lh'im"}: TA:,» : a,.m.f-:ii1 = Of1..tf.t& : ODh/til: ro• == �tJ _ , "lfl --00 f : • Ati¥:f: O'¼oa,}c: Jiili"'P1-a;;,-: ,,fl\_far'}: fLWat: ii"'lltt9'-:; t; , tt; s:- = 1..ti = n"7ilODllJ:,• = f'Tc>"lt.00·1 = :,,c1':61-t:.1· = (tt9°tii\. = rt,1�; = f,r9°tJc:,-: q,-a;:,- : }ltj:A) : m.�9° : 'Tc>"lt.OD•"} : nm:'f>I\I\W" : }\1-'tool r: f : a 1 :: /t fTc>"lt--9'1: hftti : 9°?- : "'11:t..°l: f,:f-1\A t f,1 'lAS'° 1'. f...tLlJ ft..i''i : rot..+.f-l-1 : (llJODCODC : 111- = '11,lf1 1 ,..,_"7t?1:f : 0T9°UC�• : I\� : '1 1\- : ODOD/!\hT1 ¾ hirl-"7t9':ii'i : hOD9°lJt.'f. : ,;JC : oow.rr:,-«; i f"'/flirf--111/tf: 7."m-C:.l-1: "'/f."f•'}'i: h1f:: OD"J/t6fi},: /t>',.'f.'i:·. fli'tit� °7.,: 9°tl>rA: T�ft>;'}rf: : "'1:,.l -0 1 : (.t19°Z:A:: _1'.ilhtf&. : 1:1..il: fth°l: T9° uc:,.. : l1:,•: h"th+tt-:,.: tL:J>m-1:,. : f9°tlC: 1'C>;;J--: f"'l"l1T : /Jf:A: i't.?'1''1°;1--A i f/t1f.1: �1ii'C(l.1:<D-·= r+f."'l°lD·: TC-to (IC: .fut!\: {l: (L: ,,?lDC i f(1A4,il:,.: h-'1!1il: �tii'Cfl"f:OJ': 'TC-tc,(lC: 'l!/t.f?°: TW•�i°I : (4'1:'l°: OJ;�{ll\9°: �'f.1iiC(l.t: fih°l : 4-..ti·At: Tf!1tc,(lC) 1 fYCiiC�: Tc>to(lc = c>tc = A-ifc i Ofr>il = il.1i1til = foit.11m- = rtil\..c:.c1.r = �tiic o.--t:(I)c: TC!''--OC: OD•� : it-'PC:'f•1f I f'1.H1: 'TC-fl1il: -�1iiC(l.tm-: Tc» �(IC : tfii.C : 11/\1 : 1f7i1:: f"l°til: "L itt& : 'T�°lt--9° : tl/\'1 1 f-'tT/\.,"7'r. : f(ICt&.tt:,W : Tc»"I 1rqoif = 'P'i = '¼l\"'1 = ra.°1 = r1r = 1\1\:f(I)c: (l91if = oowt..:J--'l!'i = wJtft»-',..: rt.. = l\fs = tt. ro·A = roil-A = :,.9°uc:,. = I\ODilm:i• = a;m- '1.1�1f: = fi1' '1.l\..11�: 10-- il : tifi:/\0'f : "-**oo-9° : h"Olf�OJc: ftLIJ : TC!'°lt-9° : :t-9° UC:'f- : O.h"'/C�: oo(lm:,, : f,1'1'PA:: f,IJ1 : T9°1JC:,.. : hOJJ.b;J--+ l\•,r = (I)cll'I' : .hifllf'lf-l:: fP'lr : A'J°'J°I:: il.l\:fOJ«:;: °11 : T9°uc:,..: ft,}: 111 ,.,.a,. : lll,C'J°: 1..tL: .hA.1-"'l'r'J°:: h1llf7f:ii: +"'ltCD•91T: '1..U: f'l't.T 'PA :i i;.'}J;"}f.:,i: /\:tt,:,'l!: m'11l: h"ll\l\�: f°7.filLA,,,.:,.. : '11��: f1'fr 'P;f'PA:: fa.°1 = >;.Tlr'"'l?1�1'i: (1Ct&.tb...Y..T1: f•Ll\"LlD''l : '1.11: 001/f il1� : 00'}1�-- ·1 lthf lb : fl?>:P : "'/(It,.�:,. : 7-J;."f• : /t.fODllJ : _P,9fl\lA f!

1''11LU'i = hiir'l-r = 1,�r·:.f. = n1tu = 100."f • = 01,�t:1,:,... = ,,ntt· = fOD't' IJ/r'} : (l,fl(ll}?'':.f : I\J!, : ,..,,',(l,f•(l)c : 11,-,◄ : tD"'1�sP1· : Tl•(l'f',f'ID'-'1T'PA ,, (li) f(ICt&.tbi:'i: fJ',."ffr'°'llO': TC!'°llr'T°'Zf•: 1'1J:.'PlJJ;. i J.1,1i9°: 11'/l\:t«= f(lCtA.tb:,.: 'Tl!'°llr'l°: foo1_ootf'i: CDf.. : ..'-;,Tll�atJro, : TC!'°lt.9°: fllPL . "lfr';,. : +"'lt9'if : fP'/llJtf : TC:°lt--9° : 1,' }.'l,lf1 � TC: Jt,.oo- : llirl\:,C: -- :,.: "I.It: f°t(l'f' :· lf'i: OH.IJ: 1.lL· : CD-il'I': ODIPl..:J--'l!: f:,.9°tJC:,. : '¼fll1 ; q1,a;...r--:.Y..1 = 11:i: = i1-tif�1 = f..l� = {lf..l�· = nrra; = OD'J"1.¢: = fJt?o:f. : 'P'i = 'P'i hti=lr'l· 1'1-'tm�:;: nu-../\i:: '¼(ID;J--;'f• : ouGLl.l?f : 1t1' = ,f•d1/t -- :f(I)c:,ODlP/.:,• :ii : fllD'm.;J : (0.0lf): boo...y...: h.'J°ltCD•: hO,,(': OJ};/\IW: 9' : ., t . · f>;.Tl\ "'I: TC!'°l/r9° : 1'1);.10·: f,t.+1:1\:f'PA:: f)tT/\.,"'i(JJ': ry�'? 'f'(JP ,.,-"'I t?'-l:: O(ICtLtb+.: 'TC:01&.'J°: ro•il'I': foY.,{l,rt(l)c1: ;,.7o:,i'J: fll'l /\b:,• : ,l•'l°IJC:,W : f..U'i : hf:C1ro• : 1'1f...°7.,fm•«h : {loP<l?mC : fot(tff' ' lf'i = O'IH.f = ch"Joif-.. ODlPl:,_.. +�'161b = flf). = rch°l = Tc>iflt\'l°if = aof' t,.:,W'}: f,mf,�t\ :i fi·"'I t?':f.: A�: A.�: fi:l\1u.f-T: h'l�.lti: f;'f-9°tJC:t- : 0

-10-

I l

l I

'¼f,'7..Y..l-1 f00'1°Gn1• = iJX·A. = f Oll,n f,lf'iA l\9°/til, i .eu1 = :,-ruc::i--= fOl/.b:J--+tr : bf� : 01\f, : f"tlf� : f111f•fl: "ttil,f:C: '11G : t..J/..T : ha> 11.ll� : oo:,,651 : ;,.-, : P''1 : rcq� : f,A.� : ill\ : +GT : i'1 0fl(l"fi : IP/T· 'iT"} : _eoocllJl\• I fT/Lil: ooho"}t;>'f : 'J°CtiliJ.: '11 : fUD1.DDCf(J)c: �lD'-':: ,f-"'l t?J:1: : 'h"}f..f�l\'Jo:J,ff!w• : ll.. h'i-t.ll 'i : llT117i : �p.."f : T'J°Uc:i• : OD{lm:,-C : n.1.00 c : 0TC1°lt--OO• : fODf;LLl7i : Y..l.�9-11· : l\f, : 07'',n&.:i• :· f°t0Di\.{tc : f;,.'1 : TC11lll,'l0':.f-"} : O•Olf:'f• : Ol/lPt--T : .,,fil&.A.,."Jt,\ :: f..U'i :' f"7(trl'IT'/l,f: �th-c:::f, : 0'1H;J1.•1· : 1.1·1.'} : l11'f..fP/.mf,:,:1 : U•{\.. : },'lf·LU1 :" '¼l\"'l?J'f : hF t-- : l\f, : °'l'PA.9° : 1�tL1 : f,mf,_4,t\ :: '11C : '11 : ff·LU :· '¼f,'7T : hC'J°� : (ll.4'171/.',:,.. : '?A� : ',OJ· :: 1

nttu--� = -1.t1» = fi'l.;,-r-k.e = ;,.01 = 001.•th.;,- = ha.u = OI\� = ruirr�. = t,1'10... 9'T : hl\•T ! hJ£2 : 01\,,f,: fOl/.lf)•: J!,,7?1.•'i: f,'hOJ: ft 'P�l.!9'1.': fUD?;ab'f!:

tnflrf!9':f'i : f..;Jk?l"f : 'i:flD· :: 1''1C(t•9° : P't--(1)« : 1-t1..t+TA�· : 1'1�.il 4--4- : t� : "fie : ff..1·n7f'f.: ,l1..'1"fi : ..eh�l\l\-:: nH.U: qoo:,.. l OD?;Jh,f: :, 01·9:9:oo : n.r�w• : qou:,.. : foor_oot.f?J'f: frf•°'I l, : i',tJ;,:e;?11· : f/flt--: (Dcataf-'f: ,:J--.e, f,. •'PA.:: t,1P.1'�: fr,..l\irf'�'i: fY'ilirf•'1: qua:,..: ,f·°'lt9'1- r noo�dh;,_ : (JJc{lT : ll°'lltirf--9" : fft-'1¥lD•1 : f'J°C?°C'i : fT'i,l· : ?;,li - . c;:9;f-- : fl"'IH;,)!:,. : rPC+'PA. ::

..eu = /flt-- = n,-,.1, = w..e'J° nbc,:,1--�w•'i nm:rl\f. = f1"1'lP '11F:, .. lj:C�: CbT : W•ilT: f,-,..oo{\h,J:,r"}: ;-,"}.�"}�": 1',i'l:f!;Jt: flf).:'f•"}. : 7''"}(1 : "1 ii {l T,"} : f °tODi\. h:,.. : ', (JJc :: . : (1:'f• : h1·1.u: n:J,';}'".. : f,fcODf\h,f:-r'J ·I 01'.h {tc;:c.e, =' f TS'°lJc:,. "1'1 : f 0.'l,A. . °'l .. it ti:t· � : A.� : OD�ih�:,, f-°tf : {t:,.. : h1C':f fDt(tt--m ' i\. A. : : : :: ' f . c;:c = " = (t,, ... t = ,, = 1:'iA : z\ow· 1'<;: = i'1..:'f,r·kf °'11:tfAil 1 I fl°tA: nChilT: bir'lD·1'il:J...f,1': firf•11;,:e:: (Jtu,'J : l\V'l\,f"'1 : 1.rt : noo:J... +9° : l\f, : f,"J�A) :: r p"}tj:fLh:,.. : 1'.t;: : t\ w·il : 1'1.. 1' : h. :i•V-"Cf: ODY.A. : i',c:11i'l:t· : hfb� I i\.C : f+H;,1. :: ° i',1 : h.:t-V-"Cf1' : /L;JA: G:C9 : fr-h : htJ.1..:1 : f,f.. H;,.:e.. ::

=·

I' I

j/,

= "�

i\.h..TV-kf : "1'1 : 'J°"}UWT : OD"lfl.f : 001/.A. : i',C.1,ilT : h'if'} f.Ci\..1· f.."} : f+H;,l :: l\"}X" : :J!C+Ch : n.1' : '.°ClfC"} : i'1..:'f-V-"Cf.: 0°2.A. : i',C1,il:,-. : OU"}· t1�Cf: : f,f• II;, :e.. :: 1\11:: ,t-,..C: 1'1.. 1 : :Y:t : (o'P : 1.•c»o:1i'l) : '1, : 7"f,fl,)• : &..A.X·il··l,J;. :'. 067.A. : t,Cl,il:t- : bD'/1' : f+H;,1. :: H : flotIJc : OIL h.1'1 : 'TC'llil : h, 1 : h,;,-r•"C.l' : n'"I.A : 1',C1,il;J• : h�f.."} : f+11;,i :: -11-

° A : : f " hChllT : h..TC1h 0 : 7. {l�:,.. : 1i,11: : 1\11: : h..1 h,,1·V- C l {l:,• : f,,.f•H;J]! :: ti.:J•r-A·J'1 : (l,ii.A : --r�t"l..J!C : 001/. A : hC'l,il:,• : h fLJ.!'t\C : f,,.t-11;,,:::

'1.1f: : iL;JlA : 07.-1;1,,,r A : {10'/.A : nC'tl.ilT : h7"A 'i : hhl\TY9P : f➔•tl;Jl (f"'l.:J .. i'9°n:,.. 1:.tt 'l':,,9°:,. !.fift% '¼ 'l° = h ,., : h =) f+m:J>t\lr : fh..:i--r-kf : ,l1 1o"f1 t\tP/lD•llJ:r = f.-f•m,n',1& : "fC1,c: = OD t\ h = {flt, ,, .� 1.. 1t = foi IP 1r 11 ¥ro•1 = ,1, 1o"f = o-h.· = uu t"l .-n ./.\ tl· : i'ttl.,'J� Y..'i : 'tl. llhlf &. : 1:1.ll : f lDill4T1 : 67qqf9"'-:f : tJ--h.- : '°19°(!1 : (lOIJq,,.,.9° : flODllJC : l\f,: f,'17/1,\ :: }rir{llf?p:,: : f1"l•IP : 'l"IJ'"' rf: : OD'JOJP'T: .:lt-Jn':-f : {ltj::J•th : . -Oth..C: : thdJ i (la>1lt\� : uu:,,66}, : thdJ'i : {lt\,ft0'f9° : .,n1°1"- : n..rom-9° : 'tl.1� : nf1:.tta>• : fll'/.rom-:,-C = t,.ft\, = ,l11nl- = f°t1):,}-: {l',,:Jt:i• : ;JtLllJ = t&il'I' : -01 : ',(I)" :: {lH,tJ : n'i!A : lD'll'r : f"t1):;,, : .il,?o"f : tlcf'�Ol/'l! : :}f,il : P'llfL : f..tii'Ct"l..,,.l: : :rC ,,.l·C : 1'ilh : 1•9°'rh : �1 {l:f'i : tl"'l..til:i•�:f : P' Al1J1'i : P' Ir : :,..ilf1f : 1'llh : f,n1f.-0 : 0'11\,r'i : JI ·f1'tl1•.�" : O'¼A : ith'lOC : tt'P;e. : .,ft\•:,-1 : "l•�f•1· : f"7.'i\"'i:). : 'i:fe& :: dJCOT/'l! : 11•lP : '11/>1:'f- : 'liilf©� : '¼ : 'J° : OD{:4'{1}- : '19:!J:,w.:,. : �,

= =

t"l•n n

non

.t:i• : ;Jli,llJ : ttOT/taf.'1"1- : ,n1o:f. : flor1·1_ootf = "l:.tL : O'?AX" : n.rom-9° 1 tltt.r = ro�..u nrom•-1'" = itft\, = ,11·1nl- = w·ilT = f°trP/rfl:fro•'} dl.1o:f / ..OD/lf'1• : h�..ta"'l. : P' Ir : lf!'ilA :: f1·9°?-P"f : f1 (1.'i : f (l)(J;\. : /J:J> : 4'l'I' : cO'/ilh&.f : .e..1{11• : ft·LU : 9°/tt\, : 'i:ft& :: h�l·LU : .e..1P"f : /l{ID1..outJ : "l.1·1. : ;J•:,.{/Dro• : from«.:,. : 'l!ilf�§ : '¼ : 'J° : ',ro• :: h�tLU : .e..1P'f: htlf: (l).�u : h?!� : 1�tL : (11\,e. : ..,.7f7ill'PA :: 1ft, : i\l,\f.. : A� : /J:J ?1'f: r t(/IJf. {l•,r-1 : f4>l.'r : Alll- : ilOT/m:,, : fOl/.&.AdJ : (l(l)" : fooioot,f ar1 : w1 m .l.1f'i' : 1tf1P.1J;..1 : f..-f•7f7ffl : .e..1•0 : ooa0caac : ltilllT :: +7f7it\lD' : rm �:,-1 : f.1(11• : f"'l..f '1,e. : 1'1C11C : il/lt\,1\9" : hYBr : iiio '¼ 'J° : : : lD-'tlJ ...................... . fmllJa, '} : h,.r'}P.'J-�-1 : '1;,t,1• : ,;JlLllJ : uuaacooc : f,'iCO;-.A ,: f,U : .9°/tt\, i ,n1»l-'J : nouiootf : 1'ilh : ODal,/.q : ,,.,.h:J---'tt\. t\oPl�:,. : f0 1L&.A1t&'J : (llD" h"'l..Y,:J'l'oo.:,.. : i'dJC:"f : tt1 J;..1 : ·O:J: : fortfltf, :

. ., (D-c �

- 12 -•

;r rf-t\ : °h"}J.;.:FA = fl°h.<'"}P,"}J;.. = ftfl/qi)"f : 'JfIr ::

9°"}� :

'1 il:J·wq?J:1, = 1-tl;J

""°'

Ohtr � : 'Ll·L : O°h1°ll\..11'1 : 9:19: : f+�t.ro• : f..-f,(lO(l(lw• : : lDf. : ��oi : .J• .�C!).A:: fhtJI/C=1tD• : tJ<;::A : /"/r'J° : rf-l'J°Z:t\ ! 1,U: ,P-'lr: O°t+Tl\llJc : fhlr:,,: �l<;::T: ro:,,:,.. : Oh"}f:: h<;::,,t-=1 : 1'flo:J·· : 'll\to· : f..rh:J,i: qoo:,.. : fODr.L1l7i' : qou:,- : 1•01/t : 001/.0D"r,1· : fclt°l : +"'lt9li- : Ohil�!l)._e;: h1J.;.tit�·: 1, ,,e.l;JA:: nou,,_,l.,.I:: -Och.Ir(£: 1,P.f1-1 : fOI/.ODfl h"-f: : "11°-:f"}: O"'lf.tllDd -� 01•(l(l(l(l(J}• : cn°l: P' Ir: 'J°ti"} y:,. : h1Y: : fh,t;.il: hfl'l"}: h+"'I : -0:f- : f01J.oot\hi: : ;,."Jal-1'i : f."}{l 1-"} : f°tf.11 : K"cft.<;:: : n:,,cn· : 1, :J--Tl•"'IA :: r1·1.u : �',h.(i: : ou;J -- +9° : /\"}?-IJ-' : '11Frf:: OD"}'-JJPT: DD'i1'l: hTOI/: ',q>(';?Ji': h<;:::rl•=1: T:,,'J°: booflm•l:9°: 01\1,: -rt\:P: fl\f.D-: f1•(l(l(l(l(J}c : "1'1 : (l.;r+'J° : l\..f.C(l•: f°7:f 1r:,.. 1: ftfl/rf'01J.f'i: lbl\ 1· : 1•'-J�l· : hil«I'y_,qo : l\01/w:,, : 1,lP.IA:: flH.tJ : DDIJ-'l:,• : frf'1•f..:,•"} : -:;."J�1.� ·I 'J>'j(JJc : 1f'-J�-;.:,, : 01/i•°tf: fl,:,• : hoot.';.: 1 l\6' :J>fl/A: aJ1,'J° : lJJ,C(t: l\Ol/ilW1Y.·: f.:FI\A:: 0

n&,:,•

1o-O'"f: o0'J°Ut-."}'i: lbl\..i': f:J--ro+.: °h1°1P.:f, i OH..U: quo:,,: hf lb: 'l,."}'?p.'f : CJf..l'?"}l\:flD•: Tt: ODIP -�:,.. : l\h"},...: '19°"}:,•: (D,.9°: hlLU: 01\1, : t\lf'l : "Ltl.: 1n-O�+{l)c'it\.:: 'l,.f"}P,"}J;..: f;r rocf,: 1n-O'"f: 7'.tLU: (1� fOT: 1:.IL : lD•ilT: h11:: lD,.9° : hh"}f..•: "LtL: 01\1,: 1°l°IC: h"7Y.'l "l-9°: 01\,.: Oh<;::/A: (Dc{lT: 7'.fi--1·f: f:'t9°uc:,•: h(lllJm•"}: tlfo: ,f,ooA h:J:A :: t'IJLU9° : 7'1'?P.i-: htl.U: O;ri' : f,f'Oll'fth,f::,.. : 'i:flD1 :Tl!'ta(lC: 'iCOI/"}: h'} f.C(l"} 1 Ot\1f."}: itoC(l. t : h<;::,f'=1 : i' dt °l : �'i,fT1: 'h"}{l,1;:,..i:,-: J.;.t.n..-1-c-:- f'l,.ili\9°: dl°l: O°tA: hChil:,•: 'J°l'?C hY:C1'PA :: ° t Te a (lC : lCt·L : �•Oft-ii h. t tlTl\1f..• : fl\ Y:: �t'iiC(l.,t : f·r9 U c:,.. : htj:l\ : 9°hTA : hil1·J;J;t 1 f(tql\..il:,-: cn°IC: : fcn°l : :,-9°uc:,- : 07'"1\1f..· : 00?.t\- : hC'h.il,Y..i' : 'J°l°IC : hf:C'l'PA :: 0

fh,lf ·"}: T�(}"}il : �t'iic(l.,f:ro« : TC1to(lC: 1l'ii.C : {l"}: 1f q'} t flt.I. 1ti.e�: "r'i;Jt: h1�'f: ilt\cn°l: OD{l'iP.?J-:f: h"}f...': h"}f:: 1'P. f-'fCj: fOO/oT: 1,11:J··: (JD'qq_A : (101/.,t\-: hC}t{l,t',;f-c: 1°l°IC: hY.'C1'PA ::

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= ., ==

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•

JiJt{l: -'t'i'1"'1': T�to()C: lr'f!"},f:'}: j!"}{l.-f"}: 0,h9°/\,: me: hltlJ: f,f..C'1�:: 1'C-&o0?-: fif A: (!.t'iic(L,f:: Ott�t:J''i: (llbf\9" : (l;J-- , /\-OH·= qon;-:,. = ttil1·9°l.'PA o,nai = :'f·9°uc:,- : CL:'f- = :,-;,:,- , '1.11:-,:,.,; = r1t 'h9"_L:: 11 {l /\.:,.: f DI/.� 11.;. {l:,•.,: H�911·: f,HID' : h"}f..°t{IPffl•: h lD4:J>{\ Ir d n{/IJilhl.9"° = me= Iii£21 = q = 9° : 0IC"'l'I! = 1"1•1P = �1P':t· = n.11: s 'lf. = ''f :it°l: ,n"}K'' = 00c4'm- = hht...rf:: m�.u: /.119°: OD"}"}f.·: 'tf..'i"A :r "11: 11ft' : f°tlP�: �1C : Jill:: '1;,m,w.,r = 'P'i: �"lr:l-: i'l.1P.1P..:fi: ti) fO)!-i:: "'lf..."l-\?-tiiCfL r . r . . +.ar = ilT9°UCT : fb; 'f"} : {lfOD-f:: �fit : 11C : ODODf...11 : nl\O, :

-16•

(h1f,."t ODf:11 'I° : n 'I°'ifl Ir) I flT (;Ll.676 !I° : floo 'I° ut-..; : 'I°cliliJ,'i : I\ (D- m : n1C : 1Pt-.,,t-7f"f : Tt-..1il7CT : f"?.fil&.IA1(lr1 : mat.. : ooiln1,) 1,-iCfl:J'IA :: llOIJ.h,..,..ll..:,. : nfll, : '}OD:J..,r : fro-(J;l. : t)CP.:J-- : fil&.IA1'i/A I "11 : f�CJ;;J'W4 : �'\1°� : nr1..1·tro• : OD4'',{l : nt\0,1 e) nn,Y: : r:,.r lJCT : f:c�:,-- : t&il'r : h�,, �lD- :rom : f"7.f-l..1t& : t\;;u'l°Ut-.., : ',tD• :: f.rf..°769l!f:1'1° : 1-fto:J' : h'i! : h"7.f�C7-"1 'l''i : 'l''i : 7-J;V-'f : t,;.-;.. : rnil>t-"76sP"f = Tl:,, = 'lro• 'l°,?0 = i,,\\, = n-0•1�:i: oo9°ut-.., = roll)' ..Y.."f = n.11� = 0°11�1&'/° = htJ7-C llit-,r rh�,,..'i: :,.ruc:i• = (ID9°1Jt-.., = ,;JC : llOl/roJ;f,.C : ou;Ft\,; : flf.il;J-- : h11A�t\lJ• :: nlr'l : h�"l : 0"19° : 1'?, = r11� = ou'J°ut-..1 = fll·'l = f.>ouilt\'11A == 0D9°tJt-�, 1 n-1,t\,e = h'i!,,t-i1 :,· A'l°'l°f: = ,.rf\;fa,.1 = rFt- = �f.7t:,;, = f°7"Jrirf:'i = rouflrom- = ,-.J;,e = nil T,:16 : ',m« :: ,eu : 1-"IC : ou�:,..dh : ll.!1� : fOIJ.."ft\m« : ft1IJ{lirf�"76f :· h'i!ll : 1..tLSJl:f."} : +llA : 0"7f..•l"l'i : t\'l°C9°C'i : 'l''i:, - : &.:J>Y: : flOD fl. "1.:,.. ='Im-== h'l1·tu1 = fODlt(tlt-:,-- = 11�?11· = rof. = ti.:i•r-kf =OUT,,.= n1A. "lf\o:,. : ou{lm:,.., : nil..e..tal--c; : ,n:J>"?. : f f.C;Jftc :: h'llt1J1 : 006 :d,tin'f: (7/l.fl.sP'f) : P't- : i\f, : /l"'i'l'A : fl°i1''rt\CO- : '}OD,r : h�+� : 'l'l'T :· ,e..e..t.,;1/A i rnt\m = fn'l'rl:sP"f = t)CP.:J''I° = ,,e1?/A == Ft-ro• = ''n"°" = nn._ +r-lif'l!,.r, : h1Jtllif: : "1Y:l1•':1 : f"'ifmt--'l'C : 1',ltltfl. : 7-�,e : ',ro- :: '11C = "11' =+'Poi:OD'J°lJt-11 =t\o»'J°l'r = rrom,r =.,e,.1,.JfsP'f'i' =P''I = P'C q,r-."f : fl"l9° : h'i!>t-�: "l'l°:t-: fOl/.1'1.:fro - : 'i':ftD4 :: n1f: : (tro« : fln ..'T· -1. r f = m-il'I' = roo-tt- = 1..1i = ou'J°uc = hoolf� = n&.:,. = ;}'\&. -;:,,. = 'llln:'f· :; (1:J' : 04! : f "1"1 : P't.: IA'l°'l°f: : "'if:l"l : h1P.t\flT : n'l°'i't\U• :: f ,"h"I : :,..s,uuc:,.. : CL:t- : fllar, : 'l'•fl:,, : TC!"lt- 9° : "71\1\T : ft\fi-T'I° :: 7'1--'lf. (Dc9° : fnil+a'/69° : .,., : fT°76 : +"l'lC : hfm'lhl : ODif: : n/\fl:'f• :: r) ren,� = 1--P.,e • n>t-/\,e nLL,..,.. = ODK,n'i!-1: = flh-lA = ,I\, 'i!""'°+ • n'lf: : IA� : 1-"IC : "''l'Z:IA t OOl/.+T/\lD• : '}OD:,W : /\1'Y:1+ : h:,,1: : h'i!, +� : "I?"';,- : oo{lm:,- : filLA,:JIA :: 11

n'lf: : foo'J:'J:OIJ.f : 'LtL : nAj;A :: 'l"lC : "11' : rof,.'i!�'/°',,r : J.1,.l1f : f9°'i'J.1,.C1ro« : 1--11 1 f'¼/\9° : h+c;: :· ..,,�., :J''f'} : oo{l4,.4,.:,..,; : nhc;:t� : '}/\'/° : n+c;: : OD}tc; : ro«ilT : h "},. :· n,1: ='¼/\9° = n+'i! :"'lhh'\'l! : nllA = "7..e.."I I h'IH..tJ = 1r1r = fl.:t·(l-O'l:fro«=; f"'l.1fl : 1--�r -"f = c;:,:m- := fln.'1-r-1.1 = lD-"ilT = rcn"I = ;,-'l°ucT = nisru i:; = flOl/1oAoo(tc = nil1'ti"f'l:t- = n/\c& 1 lln16;t = fltJJ'I° = nilt..1\1.. = 'It& t Ofl,fl.o'f : (1:J'SJl'f'I° : +Ll\1..'l:J- : hl\lD• ::

f,lJ : rih"I : T'l°lJCT : (1;'f- : h,.�-�-Oct; : h'i!+� : hC'l°1f : h'lJLJ> f J.1,.CdJ : hOO�fllr ::

- 17 -

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0 • : f : 1/t91"f : 1fC11C i 1 llJt11• · ,Iil,ol : :t-/0�:t• : OiiJ.£2Y. : q : 'J° : 1-uoc4'1I> : fJi;A: h>A: fl.. : �..°It : f1·f. ::

.it..·f-. : it 'l n..,f.. : f1 '1/! {lC : .ti n·c. : Jt..f.. = it06- = l9u o6> 1tn. � 1fl:J·· h'f• : n(I')-. : 8,?fo : "f{ID,f, : Jtl\:J> : -OC'/� : 'lftJ : ,ti O·C : ".,y. : O·A:J! : f,.UD:,,q : . ",,y. : "lC.Of/ : :J.. ,_(t : •f {IDirf : itfl:J' : :}�ft' : UDbu11 : = 'h;e-7• = f..'J°fL .n.-r• = ti'>f .J-1..f• : hfl,__ : 1-0l"7Cf9° : ·f {ID,f. : i', fl:J' : Of/ 'I° : {ID H9°C : 1t ,,y.. = {ID-0t..--1: = 1il = ,nirf- : {/D11?f mc:,,-,v ?f'J°flA : (ID(lC,:1 : 11ll:J>A : J', ., f· : ', fi.f : AO·A : t]C,:fl, :

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- 18 I

}',,f· : -,;J : 1..1;J· : . ' n..Y.. : wf,4« : &.fl+ : q9°(1/,\ : if.ouAil : oa:J--&.tf : (0"7 /JC 0l) : 1t ,f• : oP A ii : V• fl»"} : 7ifl:J> : ;J--�(l : "111-'l : h,y.. : ,..,.. ft· : OD h 11 : if9°0A : m1>=f1 : 9'°"1l"I: : Jt.,y. : mCch : +Lt,. : it. .Y· : f /J�11 : ;!,f,/l : "7Cf'l° : q9°fl/,\ : f,/;\OI/ : d}lfl&' : 1t,f.. : r«m1il : tJ?,.e, : h.-Y· : llCO : 1l?iti : it(lt,. : q9°(1/,\ : lfC'¼.e, : V11+ : P'I\I\ : t,..y.. : H{ID ', : ti.,., :

Ji•f• : OD{l�") : 1.") ;J-- : .1-t,,y.. : {IDho") 1 : f.il;J-- : h--f- : OD•fl,f: : Atiq : .Jt,f- : 'J°'i(L : ,,e..1· : irf• : LP f;4• : J. _e.Uf. : . hirf· : (11,4·• : n'i1, : .hirf· = (I�� = f-!f•?f = roe:,, = .hirf- = qoo-ti,A = roc:,,-,u = ·°tilirf·C : nt-.h.A : '111:(11 : h..f : 04>/l : 1-il4-f... : .hrf- : 11C'/� : Uf.Ufl : 1..f-C"lil : 1t,f- : 11C'/� : tJL.-f"l&' : �n+ : 1-il4-f... : Uf.U/b : 'Jt., .. : ,,..il4,.f.,. : ' q {\ 00- : · 'fOD,f.. : hll:J> : ,f"7iOD : (lf ', : _h.f- : ,f•7iOD : 1/P'l\fb : f?f9°0A : ;J--9°?, : :}f,l\ : 111Ch.A : i17i9°nA = :J-- f... = roA.1- = 1:.r·c1.il = .n"f· = ;:1-- f... = ·ro1t:"'1110• = .it,f• : :}.f.ft- : lD Af- 2 "7Cf9° : 'fOD,f• = t,fl.:J> = .,,;17i = = "'lcf9°

, l

n,f : U-Oi- : UI/C/9° : f..flil : ,t,.,f : th°7..f: : O·il"'I"} : k.f:til : Jrt,f, : "1-fL"} : ci,�,n : ,,,,.. : ODdtODf: : ,h"}h.A : Jt,f, : 00,hODf: : �C : 'f?ilUl/1\ : Jrt,f, : OD,hODf: : hit. :

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h ..f.. : hChf : '11llP'l\fl. : h·f : hLtDC� : }!C';e- : h ..f.. : k.lt,.fil : U-0+ : P'l\fL : h·f· : h.C1il : '11llclif.m:, . : h·f· : ll,nltf. : hil�m : h·Y. : tiVf 0•'1 : f..l(I : f ?f9°nA = n-Ol = n-O = nc¾ = h1'· = mAP,. = nc¾ = 1t,r.. = i+.11111. = nf:hOD = it·f· : 11llOl/..llh.A. : -01"�:,. : it.1'· : 11llP'l\(I. : 11llT'1Vf h» = f- : 11ll'T'1Vf h» : mA.Y..P'l\fL : it.1'· : �dtf : \"'dt1il :

n ..

n•r•

= nc¾ · = mA.f..OIJ.llh.A. = it.1'· : Of', : 1:.f"C"Lil : n.Y.. = +nt\'/1-UtJ'i:,. = nc¾ = n.Y.. : lb�&.9° : O·'kf11-0CJ'bA : 1'-t·f· : h.�'1 : -OC'/). : = f = tJtj:t\ = it.1'· : fOT/', : ,f•tJt\ :

n..

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h..,.. : f.ODil1'1 : thf,t\ : 'LC\"'1.il : h ..f. : \"'th1il : ;}f.t\ : h..Y· = .e.. n1t.e. = ,J-itci, = ;,11c = h..f. : 4,{l.A : P.9°ltil :

-19-

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I '

FOURTH ANNUAL REPORT FROM THE DEAN 1966-67 (1959 E.C.) James C.N. Paul, Professor and Dean Faculty of Law, Haile Sellassie I University This is my last Repo11t as Dean of the Law &ihool. . . Lt is written in haste because ,other burdens weigh �eavily. It is wrijtten with feeling · because the joint ventlllfe which is -the Law School has been, for many purposes, my life, for four busy years. IT will miss it. Today the Law School: t s over 120 studen s enrolled as degree candidates over a 4 year progr-am and l1 � will have close • to 170 next yea·r with the inauguration of a new evening class in addition to the regular d,a y classes; is aibout to have , an ''a·lumni'' of 30 DL.B graduates and 80 Diploma graduates and. has priviously awarded abo·ut 300 law certificates (signifying completion o.f a ba.sic familiarization course designed primarily ifor working lawyers, judges and parliamentarians). has -about 300 studen·ts enrolled as candidates for .the Diploma, studying either in English or Amharic and about 250 studelllts studying for the ·Certifica1e in Law (in Amharic); these students are nearly all judges, memb ; ers of parli-ament, govern ment lawyers, police 01-fficers or licen-sed private advoca·tes; we have nearly 50 judges, over 100 Memb en[ " olled in · ers of Pariament, and over 85 police officers · · these part-tin1e program; has initiated extension law co11rses for judges, lawyers and police in Asmara and Hara·r and will soon start a similar course in Jim.ma; about 70 judges, pro secutors and advocates will receive certi:ficates or d�plom, as at er gr�d11oatioo sched11led to be held in Asmara in July; has a full time Faculty of 18 and a part rt:ime Faculty ,of 11; has a library of 10,000 books; and is developing within the library, the Ethiopian Legal Archives, a colleotion of unpublis1hed materials which, hopeful!ly will be a valuable resource for fu·ture scholars; ha:s initiated a Cen.ter for the Docilnientation of African Legal Development; has prepa.red, in bound foran, mimeogr-aphed 1text and source .materials for the teaching o f eleven regular law courses; has pu,blished 6 issues of ·the Journal of Ethtopian Larw containing over 100 significant Cour. t judgmen1ts and many significant articles on iEthiopian law; has printed a- nd published eight monographs or source books on Ethiopian Law; two more are n•ow at 1the prioiter; has under.taken: p·ublication of t, he Consolidated Laws of Ethiopia (in cooperation wiith the Prime Ministers Office); p�pairation af an Aniharic-English-French Law Lexicori; ,translation and publication in mimeographed form -of The Digest of Old Ethiopic1n Judgments (a complication of p:re-war judginents reflecting pre-cooe law); translation and publication in English of fthe Fet/1a Negast, the source of so much .oif Ethiopia's j11ridical tradition;

-21 -

◄ JoU.RNAL

OF ETI-IIOPIAN LAW -

VoL. IV - No. l

has raised $82,000 in priva-te contri,butions towards the construction of a hostel ''Law House'', ,to provi,de ·decent living ifacilities for at least some o,f our student; whose l1ousing needs are oritical;

has a Law Student's Association which has aotively sponsored many s •uccesSiful extra curricular progra.ms, including tl1e hi� ly su� ss�l TV :progr am You are _ the Judge, · is organizing, I hope, a Law Alumru Assoc1�t1on which, hopefully, will help to maintain the spirit of the Law School an� w1�l help . to _press ·the developm ent of law, legal education and the legal profession 1n Eth1op1a. The a:bove steps tfe£lect the plannin·g, work and corporate_ espirit of my faculty colleagues, ai ;facul·ty which has made ,the Dean's role easy, enJoya,ble and enrich ed. These steps also reflect the efforts of many student� _who have contributed to the shaping of traditions in 'llhe Law School, to the ediit:in.g of !tlhe Joz1rnal, m the translation of much v.alu�bfe material, to the activities of the Law Student's AB socia·tion, •to the development and maintenance of our Honou·r Code and, again, to tl1e enrichment of life l1ere.

Finally, the above steps were aided, financially, by ,many outside sources. I express our very deep appreciation to the Ford Foundation for the financial assistance :it has provided in the sectors of staffing, publication of 1he Journal and tea.c.hi,ng materials, and libra,ry develQpmen,t. We have been helped by various assistance programs of Canada, Belgium, German, Great Britain, U.SA. and ·France in tthe fields of is,ta£fi•ng or books ,- or both. All told, this 11elp has been significant and indispensable.

I I j

Curriculum Review - Academic Standards: It is to be expected that a lively, concerned faculty, in our situation, will worry considerably about the question: what should we teach? In 14 yeairs of law teaching, I have never seen a year go by where new ideas, some revolutionary, some iperennial, were not put forward. But the p , roblem of curriculum •development in Ethiopia is, Ito me, far more interesting, challenging than I have ever found it in the U.S .;A. Here we have a unique legal system. We have unique •pedagogical problems. We are confronted with the fact thait professional lawyers, as a manpower resource, are in exceedingly short supply, are needed urgently in the administraition of justioe and in many, many government agencies. The Minister of Justice (in a stimulating discussion at my ·house one evening, with members of ·the senior and junior classes) stated flatly and forcefully that his Min.istty and the judicial branch could use every qualified graduate of the Law School ror ma•ny years t(() come. Other agen'Cies and ministrie s have also indicated 'their needs to us, and it seems clear th.at ,as certain areas of public administration continue t. o develop - e.g. land reform, local government, development banking, trade union .activity - ,the deployment of our graduat� will be interesting, diverse and. significant. While it may be of a lesser priority 10 terms of the pu·blic interest, the privaite sector demands already loom large. And the task of supplying a,dequate legal services to the ordinary citizen. is ai problem whic.h wil1 need imagina·tive attention in itbe future.

ration�e of One m �t �onsider_ the possibie ''roles'' the nd a the of lawyer : ly s1rop enough a fram1ng curriculum. But in my view it is not legal education 1n to spe�ulaite over sta.ti�tics or esti-ma:tes reflecting and projecting various so� � vacancies for la\vyers 1n the civil service, judiciary and elsewhere. Of cours e it 18 relevant to k n. ow what ·many of our graduates will be ''doing''. But one must als o -22-

FOURTH ANNuAL REPORT FROM THE DEAN

try to ass �ss th,e �ore . imponderable .element � of the lawye,r's .role. In a paper . prepa .red for a Un1vers11ty facul,ty sem1na,r earlier •this year, I tried to express the thought: Unless the la\vyer is motivated to lead in the creation of new institutions .--- the development of _1parliamei:its, ra ,tional, realistic planning ,a!Ild reform, local govern n1ent, co-operatives, _ p. ublic corporaitions, the weeding out of corruption in govem me �t, _the strengthen1ng of courts, and ·so -0!11; unless he is taught to think in a clear, real1st1c . ,vay_ ab?tlt t�e kinds of revolutionary changes, the alternatives which are P?ss1ble 1n his s.oc1ety and how cl1ange ca11 be systematically developed without ex.acting heavy human costs; unles.s rthis can be don,e, I think we fall sholit of the requiremeruts confronting us. I a_lso believe_ that, while development objectives must be concerned with economic t_argets, m the long run it is •the total quality of life which counts and �n 1:1nderlying concern n1ust be \Vifth underlying values: •the elements of goodness, JUSt1ce, and .freedom as well a·s the elements of a more abundan·t society. I .also believe ,that ''law'' is under attack all over the world - but especially 1n· places where younger gener•aitions are ,angry and discontented, where law serves no useful end, or s o i't seems. I believe tthe recreation of those societies which do n·ot how enjoy much of the materia1 benefits which men are theoretically capable of enjoying everywhere, is a task which ,must quickly entail a far greater amount of concerned ruttention - ,and ,doing - than irt: yet has, despite all the platitudinous, panacea talk and generalizing literature on .the subject. A sense of ur. gency may generate the sense of hope and confidence and dedica1ion which the cause requires. I believe ·a 11niversi1ty in a developing country must be making · uifSle, in the bomb throwing sense or ''revolutionary-mi.nded" citizens - not, oif co even the agitational, demonstrating, sign carrying sense (for it wiJ.1 really be 100 difficult to . fill tha.t role), but in the much more difficult, much more challenging role of a creator of a new society. The university must help prepare men -got only with a sense of mission, but with a sense of how to carry out that mission desp�te heavy odds. I d·oubt whether many universities in deveiloiping coun·tries are now succeeding very well in these -tasks. I suspect they are failing - partly because they yet lack the manpower resources, experience or academic leadership intellectt1ral discipline ·and climate and vigour which the job the t-o generate • requires. .

In effeot, I ,think we are confronted with a sort of dual tas • k, a parad·oxical mission. On the one hand it is clear that we must stick ,closely within a tight dis cipline working at professional lawyer training, judges,, counse_llors, advocates a�d draftsman are needed here now, and few .of ou.r graduates will have opportun1.ty ,to go through the kind of ''apprentice� ' t� a�ing �?ich is �ake � fo� ��ted, els� , of a where, as a part of the process '?- 1nd1v1dual ,s profess1onal1zat1on. Th�y will be on their own - they will establish the new standarrds of competence, if new stan.dar:ds are to be generated. These facts call for a heavy ''professional'' orienta tion and experience - which m� a0:5: !ots of· wr1ti?-g confined to n-ar:row m�nage aible problems, drill on verbal ·di-sc1pl1ne, emph·as1s on proced� e, preparat10� of si•mulart:ed legal documents, and putting st? dents under pressu:� 1n t�ese exercises. 'This task is hard - hard for faculty un·til •they become familiar w1th the educa tional ·background and needs of student�, hard fo�- students �ecause it is usually a totally new experience, because . by J:> r1or educa:ttonal expe:1en� they are more used to .a more rote-learning s1tuat, 1on.. because general1zat1ons, slogan-type - 23 -

... JouRNAL oF Er1.-110PIAN '

LAW -

Vor.,. IV - No. I

n concrete solutions rte concrete thoughts -and abstractions _co.me , f a� mor� easily th� 1t1on may not l1ave o:fiten forced ca edu r prio r thei problems. because (I bel1e�e) : them to grapple with practLcal1ty. But it is nat enough, I tl1ink, simrply to emphasize 1he ''professio nal skills" p�•ticuliairly �n � _dev�loping country _ aspect. TI_ie University gra�u�t� t �Y. , can certainly become an elite m h1s society. The que� t1on 1s �hether - and liow - he will use the advanta.ges and resou�ces of his � ducaa:100 t<? help re. create many aspects of his community and n-at1on, to C?ntrl'bute by thinking , b y his ideals, by his s.acrifice 10 that task. And ithat question may turn on whether nis education •has really been orie�ted towar�:ls_ this task or . whether it has only dealt with the .real work tto be done 10 -a su,perf�c1al way: �e, l1k� a�y �ther faculty, must therefore provide something more than JUSt spec1al1zed, d1sc1pl1ned training. The tools of professional training •are useless without ideas, perspectives and ideals. 1-

The curriculum of rthe Faculty was reorganized 1ih.is yea[" to accomplish the following general objects: I) provision of -an integrated 5 year experience (after 1 ''general'' year of University stud.y); the 5 years will include a· year of legal service to the govennment ws an E.U.S. student, p.rio.r to rthe last year of academic study; 2) provision for instruction in the social sciences and history; 3) provision for e-mpl1asis on legal method .and disciplined ,problem analysis as well -as sub, stance in the first year; 4) provision for French as a requirred s•ubject ,, the goal being an abili1ty to rea<l, translrute and use French legal materials while in Law School; 5) provision .for the basic foundation co·urses in private, penal, constitutional and commercial law; 6) provision for continuous writing assignments individually reviewed, re:• written and graded strictly all the way through, imclud.ing submis,sion of a senior research paper which must be of acceptable competence; 7) iprovision for drafting •and practice instruction in the litigation process; 8) provision for a number of courses or components of .courses which focus on problems of development - in new or as yet undeveloped areas of the law. Thus problems of future constitu1:ional development, of political theory, of economic theories of growth, of planning, of urban and rural chan. ge, land development and so on. This .is particular. ly the emphasis in thei senior year. The question of ''.academic s-tandarcds'' is of obvious importance. In my _view there is a great deal of loose talk abou1: ''standards'' in African Universi1ies without pinpointing the referen�. Standards should be a function of expectations - oi,r expectations, ,not someone else's. ]if standalfds drop, they drop because teachers lower rtheir demands, become lazy, ·disengaged - and allow students to do like wise. The critical proble1:11 is for this Faculty to set high expectation� - the highe�t �easonable, and to continue to review ,them_ and measures against them. �15 process can and _shouI,d be greatly facilitaited by , bringing in imaginative outs !�e cornultants or evaluators once a year to examine aspects of the program, (e.g. specific course areas) or the program as a whole. This reviev.: ha, s iincluded not simply reading ex�minati?n . scripts, . but attending cI,asses, talking Jto students as I well as -�o ,staff, rev1 _ew1 �g teach�g maiterial�, and. the 'preparation of a report to , the J' Dean and Academic Vice P.res1deiit. Toe Law Schi>ol h as been fonrunate so far - 24 '-(

•

FOURTI-I ANNUAL REPORT FROM THE DEAN •

; •

•

in �av�g able consu1tative help from: former Prof. L.B.C. Gower of London Un1• �ersity (L.S.E.); Prof. William Twining of Queen's University Belfast (formerly of the Faculty of Law, Dar-Es- alaam); Prof. Roger Fisher of Harvard; Prof. �urray Schwartz of UCLA; Prof. Xavier Blanc-Jouvain of rt:he University of A1x-En--Provence. 1S

Review of �e Part-Time Program. The rationale of our Diploma and Certi . . programs 1s to provide f1cate basic, practical instruotion to persons engaged in legal . work. �ost of this instruction mus,t 1be provided in Amh.aric although some English sectJ.ons have been organized. Many of the men enrolled in the classes have had much practical experience, little .formal educart:ion. There is a serious dearth �f legal �aterial in Amharic suitable for instructional ,punposes. •There are limita tions of time on many mem·bers of the class, an·d some have less facilify at formal juridical expression. There is a danger or proliferating certificates or diplomas in law, i n. a way which would do disservice. These and other problems were considered •at several staff meetings this year, and several decisions were taken: (1) that the centificate and ,diploma programs be integrated, in the sense tihat the ce'rtificate program would be a preliminary and screening - progr a, m for nearly all entrants into .the Diploma·; it would last for two years and wouJd cover in that time only basic su1bjects - a step..iby-step passage .through the important parts of :the codes. At 1he end of 2 years, the upper 50% (maximu·m) of the class would be eligible ito enter the more rigorous 3 year Diploma program. The Diploma course would assume fami1iarily with 11he code material ·covered, would be more directed at practical problem solving in those areas and would allow more electives to accommodate ,the various needs for speci alization of ,different .situdents. E.g., we have some 25 advocates from the Mmistry of Finance who are more concerned, •Of course, with taxation than ·penal procedure; but with police officers it is vice-versa. Along with specialization and smaller group instruction would come an effort to require more written work, in the final stages of the course. J,t will take ,time t o implement these objectives, just as it will take time to develop useful instructional material. But the immediate importance of this work is obvious. Faculty of Law Publications. The J0L1rnal of Etl1iopian Law now has a do meSttic circulation of well over 1,000 i-- and over 250 judges and lawyers are patrons who pay $25 for subscriptions to support .the enterprise. This year, the third· in the life of the Joi,r,zal of Ethiopian Law, saw the first products of Student Editor work. A num.�er of the second �d _ thir�. year student Editors worked on their own research proJect for future publ1cat.Ion 1n the Journal. Most of the work concerns analysis and comment on difificult legal concepts from the Code or critical discussion of High or Supreme Imperial ;Court decisions. The Faculty of Law has now published ·the following books which are distributed intemation,ally through Oxford University Press: Lowenstein, Materials for the Study of' Penal Law (now in its second prin�ing). Graven, An Introduction to Ethiopian Penal Law Sedler, Conflicts of Laws in Ethiopia. Redden, An Ethiopian Legal Formbook VandeTlinden, An Introduction to the Soi,rces of Ethiopian Law . Hunrtingford, Land .Charters in Northern Ethiopia Maron, Land Teri,,re in Chore (Shoa): A Pilot Field Study 1

- 25 -

JouRNAL oF ETmoPIAN LAW - VoL.

IV _ , No. 1

Redden, Tlze Law Malci11-g Process iii Et!topic1 Pankhurst, State a11d La11d in Etlzio/Jia · . Sedler, Etlziopiari Civil P,·ocedure 1elo7J111e,1t: Te.tt ci, c l)e1 a11d v • La1 11al L1to 1stit . 1 f Paul and Clapham, Etl1iopiar1 Co1 Legal Materials (publi:cation. date is Ootober 1967). T/1.e Co11solidated Laws of Ethiopia, the project to consolidate the law of Ethiopia, is bringing together all the pr�sently eff�tive laws of th� Empire,. to publish them organised logically according to su·b3ect matte� and mcoriporatmg all amendments to date. Although much of the law of the Empire h· as been codified in rthe Civil Code Penal Code, and other Codes, a great amount of the law is presently accessibl� only as it was publi�hed c m:onologi?3-11y in ,the offic�aJ Negarit Gazeta. Falling in this category a .re laws covemn.g a wide range of subJects, from the Charter of the Ha.ile Sellassie I University to the Customs Regulation s, and from the Ministers (Definition of !Powers) 01,der to the Public Holi,days and Sunday Observance Proclamation. Although a great step forward was t•aken when His Imperial Majesty in augurated 'llhe Negarit Gazeta in 1942, so ithat the laws were published officially for the first time, •the accumulation of legislation since that day has made it in creasingly difficult to find the presently effective law on any particular subject. The Customs Revised :Import ood Export Regulations are an example. These regulations were first published in 1951. They ha, ve since been ame.nded more ,than twenty-five times. Any person wisl1ing •to know today's tariff rates on- various items must examine the original schedule and each a_ mendment. Since no list of amendments exists, he must examine every issue of 1Jhe Negarit Gazeta since 1951 in o-rder 10 be sure he will find all the ,amendments. This of course is only an example of problems confronting 1those who must track down the law. To remedy these problems, the Institute of Public Administration and the Prime Minister's Office began work several years ago on a ''consolidation'' of the laws to be published in Amharic and English. In the· £all of 1966 ,this project came to the Faculty of Law, where it is being carried out in cooperation w·ith the Prime Minister's Office. In addition to presenting the laws organised logically, incorporating all amendn1ents and eliminating all repealed l1aws and articles, the Consolidated La ws will contain a comprehensive word index an.d finding tables so that anyone who wants to look up a particular subject or to trace the history of a law can do so easily. Furthermore, notes will be made of the source of each amendment to existing law, so that someone can trace the history of ai Jaw backwards as well as forwards. At present work on the English version of it.he Consolidated Laws is nearin g completion. Work on the Amharic version is underway, and will be pursued rapidly this summe� by s.tudents of the Faculty of. Law, led by .a high-ranking memb�r of next year s senior class. As a by-product of the Consolidated Laws wlrich will incl�dy all laws national. in scope, a pamphlet containing the laws and' regulations appl1�abl� solely 1to �dd1s Ababa wi. ll soon go .to press. In ad1dition to be.ing val� able 1n 1tself res to ide nts of th� Empire's caipital city, the publication of this _ pamphlet will serve as ·a test to discover printing and other problems which may be encounif:ered b� �e . much larger Consolidated Lav.,s. The problem thus discovered s can thus be mm1mized or even avoided entirely before the major project goes to press. -26 -

FOURTH ANNUAL REPORT FROM THE DEAN

•

Vi�i �g �ecturers and other Disting11ished Guests: During the current year�. at our 1nv1tat1on, we had_ a _ n�ber of guests who visited us for periods of a: week or lon¥er. E �ch of our ilist �gu1shed guests gave one or mo,re lectures and partici pated 1n various cla.sses while ,here. They ine. luded: Prof . onn N_ �n Anderson, Director of the Institute of Advanced Legal Stu·dies�.. . London Un1vers1ty, who lect11red on Islamic Law. Prof. Jerzy Wroblewski, Vice Rector o - f the University of ,Llodz, Poland, who· lectu.red on aspects of socialist law and. P , olish legal ed11catio,n. Prof. Xavier Blanc-Jouvain, Univernity o,f tAix en Province, who lectured on. aspects of codification and land reform in Francophonic .Africa.

Mr. Yash P. Ghai, Associate Dean, Faculty of Law of University of East . Africa, Dair-:Es-Salaam, who lectured on constitutional ,development in Tanzania. Prof. J. Tixier, U1niversity of Poitier.s, who Jectu·red on taxation in developing· countries.

In addition Prof. Quintin Johnstone of Yale U-niversity, my successor as Dea-n ,._. visited us for about 2 weeks. Prof. Richard Maxwell, Dea.n of UCLA's Law School, with whom we enjoy fine ties, visited us for •a week. Ethiopian University Service: this year ,marks .the first pairticipation by law students in the program of E , thiopian University Service. Six law students have served during this academic . year, all as employees of ·the Ministry of Justice. The students have served, inter alia, as advisors to the Attomey-General of Ethiqpia ,· as Assistant ,Prosecutors in provincial High Courts, and a·s teachers in the law Extension program in Asmara. Next year a large number of law students will ,again be assigned to the Ministry of Justice, although we anticipate that a few· law students will serve in other Ministeries, e.g. the Ministry of Law Reiforiln and· Administration, t·he Inland Revenue department of the Ministry of Finance. One student will work wi�h t, he Confede1ratilon of Ethiopian Trade U.nions.

One important decision has been !taken with regard to the timing of Eus· for law students. !At present, law students go on Service after completion of a11· c1assroc)m work. At the request of the Faculty .Council's Standing Committee on· BUS, the Faculty has -reviewed ,this practice and the policy undeTlying it and has decided that law students, like all other students in the University who break their classroom wo.rk to go on Service, would benefit .from Service preceding the final year of classroom work. In the future, following a period of transition, law· students will peiifo11n their Service during the year im-media• tely preceding the-final year of the LL.B. cou.rse. The Library: its present situation. Size of the collection: A. Volumes: B. Current Serials: C. Archives :

9718 207 l23 books,

D. Volumes added since August 1966: E. Periodical Exchanges: F. Gifts: - 27 -

364 non-book items.:

1307 22

- - - - ---

----

JOURNAL OF ETHIOPIAN LAW - VOL.

Misc. volwnes: Smithsonian : . Free Su.bscriptio111: . Grant for ,books from tl1e FrencliErnbassy:

IV ·--: No. 1

-26 est 120 2 .

IOOOF.

Staff

1 1 1 2 2

Lib.rarian Half-time ca.talo.gu· er Secretary Library Assistants Library cl1eck-out clerks

Library extensions:

The library is growing rapidly, and there is need .for more space for readers and more space :for books. It should· be stressed tihat the law_ Library is D:O� onl), .serving the .�tuden,ts and ·fa.culty ·of the Law School. It is also_ providing a service to students and teachers from other faculties who wis-h to use the materials at the Law Library. The Library is also serving o.fficals from government m:ini..stries, from foreign embassies and .intemation,al agencies. The rate of addition of books can be expected to .increase over the next few years; and it is our hope that Jn.ajor donations of sets of legislation, I.aw :reports and runs of periodicals will be fortl1coming .from many af the governments who have em1bassies in Addis Ababa. Currently negotiations are in progress to arrange the transfer of sets of legisla -.tion from the E.C.A. LibTary to the ,Law Libra·ry. This in itself will create a severe pressure on existing •shelvirrig. As tlhe Cen.ter for Docu1ne1itation of African Legal Developme11t gets under way more space will be needed to house its collection ..and the readers using it. Minor extensions ·can be .made to the existing plant by walling the .area und.er the colonnades and at -the b , ack entrance. B,ut this will give -0n.ly .a relatively small inor. ease in -usable space. Another possibili•ty is 1to utilize the flat roof oi the Law Faculty building, and to erect there a study ,room. [f the structure is sufficjently strong a limited number of books iean be shelved there. 'The long-term solution to the library's space problems lies in constructing a new Jjbrary at a site close t- o the present building. This new buildirng will release the ,existing lib!r,acy space for tlSe as classrooms and offices. This project must rank high on next year's agenda. Law House: The previous report ·descr.iibed in detail our urgent need for a professional facility and student hostel called ''Law House." We announc-ed our · plan 1to .r. ai-se Eth. $80,000 from privarte sources to pay ·for the construction of the projeot. This yve have done. His Imperial M·ajesty graciously became our f�rst Patron. Donat.Ions were thereafter m - a,de by other members of the Royal Family, ·various Embassies, business enterprises, every b:ranch of the legal prof�ion, �tudoo.!-5 ood pr?f�sars, and friends a, broad, . This self-help project, which is un1.qu e ty Facul the · & 1n1t1atecl a n d suoces, in wa s s f ully consununated by Africa, tudents "Ill . of Law._ O?r L�w Student Association is to be congratulated for their brilliant leader�hip 1n this regard_. yte h� their exam1pl <: will inspire students in other e th by n Faculties to undertake s1m1lar proJects. Consitruct1on will be undertake l3uildi�g College and completed, we hope, early in 1968. Unfortu•nately, ris�ge :maten a:l. coots plague us, along witll some difficulty in clearing tlhe siite. The driv forr- add1-t1onal funds goes on ., but t, he goal is in sight. Law House will stand next year,

-28-

FOURTI-I ANNUAL REPORT FROM

THE

DEAN

1fie. academic year was ,also filled with student programs; the Law Students A.ssoci.ation presented lectures given by many of the distinguished foreign visitors at !the Faculty; the topics ,ran.ged from Islamic law to the .Constitutional Law refotr� of Tan�ani�. An attempt was m a, de to bring certain of Ethiopia's dignitaries no . give Un1v�r&1y. 1ectu-res'' . under cosponsors.hip wi,tJh tJhe Publ ic Relations . of Lhe Un1vers1ty, but this has n•ot yet worked out. I hope i t will. Off.ice The fourth annual l�w day was hel d witl1 Ato Teferra Deguefe, General Manager of •th_e Com?1erc1·a l B.ank, as guest speaker; the students also presented a f?ll lab�ur d.i�pute, 1_ncluding a Laibour Board hearing and an appellate arg11ment. This year s aud!ence mcl uded many members of the lega, l community; it was the largest �oup o:f people that h-ave so fa·r assembled •for any Law Faculty function. It was fine program, a great credit rt:o LSA. Pros·pect

Prof. Quintin Johnstone, our new Dean, will arrive in July. He has taught for many years at Yale University - and el sewhere including :Africa. I know be will bring vigour, integrity and intell ectual comitment tto the Law School. We have traveled some distance since the day when His Imp , erial Majesty fo1�01ally opened \.Vhat was, then, a nearl y empty ''Law Building'' .in September, 1963. But there is much ito be done. Some major problems .confronting us :a:re: 1) bui1d-up of the budget - we must (and will , I trust) soon come to ha, ve annual University appropriation of $500,000 with additional supplements to pay for the high cos.ts of recruiting and transporting foreign staff. We will continue to need outside assistance for a number of years, but of course irt must be on a climinishl,ng basis. 2) Staff is bath the major expense of any good academic institution and, with students, the :major component of ,excellence. Whil e our staff averages on the youthf· ul side, I would be pleased to match it with a great many institutions on any continent; 11 think we have now an excellent staff. The problems of 1·etrai11i1zg and replacing, especialy my more senior colleagues, are difficult. These problems can only be met by developing liberal policies for research leaves, teaching loads and other valid incentives to make tours -Of .service ·heire stiinul. a- ting •and important. More will have to be don· e next year ,to develo,p ,these policies, .and mo.re l i!beral , in-telligen.t outside help will simply have t-0 be forthcoming. ''Ethiopiainization'' is, af course, cn1-cial . But the standards and procedures fixed for recruitment of permanent staff are obviously of critical importance. It is also ,my view that the •Career !teache r of law in Ethi0ipia must have enjoyed some practical -experience in a 1esponsible legal job before he turns full time to teaching. The Daw School cannot afford to relax on its int: ensiive program. Rather the pressure on �t!h staff and s,tudents m� increase. 3) Phy�ical plant now looms as problem, particularly because of our library needs. Serious, attention will have to be put a development plan next yeair. ,A f.01111ative stage has. been passed. But the drive towards excellence ._ and ;towards expanding our· international contacts, and developing as an international center in Africa's intemationial capital, this wi ll have to go into high gear. Legal education in Ethiopia is an inrt:ellectually exciting venture, af critical i.m .portance to the n,ation, of interest in many other places. May ,this Law School prosper and progress. 1

- 29 -

JouRNAIJ OF ETHIOPIAN

LAW -

VOL.

IV - N·o. 1

Graduating. Students of the Law Faculty, Haile Sellassie I University, Jone 1967. L.L.B. DEGREE Ato Ababiya Abajobir H.E. :Ato A.berra Jembere Alto Abiyu Geleta Ato Assefa Tsegaye Lt. Berhanu Bayih H:E. Ato Bulch·a Demeksa Aito Gi·rma Taddese Lt. Hailu Makonnen Ato ljjigu Demissie Ato. Kassa Beyene Ato Kebede Gebre-Mariam Lt. Mammo Mezemeu Ato, Mebrahaitu Yoh.annes Ato M.engesha Workneh Capt. Mesfin Gebre-Kal Ato Nabiyelul Kifle

Ato· Nega Fanta Ato Seifu Felleke Capt. Shimelis Metaferia (wirl1- Dis·t.inction)· A1to· Shimellis Houssein Major Tadesse Abdi Ato Teklo11 Makonnen Cap.t. Won·dayen Meheretu Ato Worku Ta-faira Ate Yacob Haile-;Mariam Capt. Yilma G,hizaw Ato Yohannes Heroui: Ato Zeraibruk Aberrai Capt. Zeray Habite Sellassie Ato Zemene K·assegn

Law Diploma Lt. A.bera Goben.a Alto Abraha. m_ Tsegaye Ato Aklilu , Atlabachew Ato Aklilu Bete Mariam ,A-to !Assefa Bekele U. A,ssefai Hailemariam Mr. Arakel P. S·alc·adjian Alto Berrhanu Sahle Giorgis Ato Birhanu Kifetew .Capt. D-amtew Minlikie :Ata Demisse Bekele. Lt. Erdaw-Darge Ato Gebreyesus H.aile-Mariam ,Ato Gennay Zewalde Capt. Getahun Bekele . Ato Gudeta Berou Ato Haile Wolde M·ariam Ata J emaneh Mekasha Mr. Joachim Matovu Aitoi Kassaye Adam

Capt. Kassaye Mandefro Alto Mak:onnen De.sita Ato Mesfi.n Fantai Ato Minassie Degu Ato, Mulatu Ljkasa, Lt. Negash T.- Mariam Ato Samuel Worqneh Ato Sayiifu Fayiisa Ato Seifu1 Yeiteshawork Ato Seyfu .Anage ,Caipt. Tamru Haile Gabriel .Capt. Taye Wolde Giorgis . to Taye Wonden1-agegnehu A .Ato Tes.faye Alemu ,Ati o Tesfayei Sahile Lt. Teshome Beyene Ato Teshome G. Sellassie Ato Tsed.eke Tekla Capt. Welde HawaTiat G. Mariam Hon. Shasherasha Zewde Otoro

-30-

FOURTI-l ANNUAL REPORT FROM THE DEAN

Law Diploma

(Asn1ara) .Ai. to Afe\verk :1 Giorgis Ato Arai.a Gheb·resellasie .-Ato Barachi Kelk:el Ato Beiene GhebreselJasie Ato Berhane Kiflemari,11n Ato Beyene Asfal1a Ato Chiros Ghebrehewot .Ato Ghebremicael Besserat Ato Ghebresellassie G.herensae Ato Ghebretensae Woldesellasie Ato Hamid Osman Idris A .to Haptemariam Debbas Ata Hussein, Farah .Aito Issaias Haptesellasie Ato Kahsa� Asfaha: Ato Kasahun- Derres Capt. Kebreab Berhane

Ato1 Mawai1 Mehrahtu Ato Moham1ned Hankil A!to Mohammed Ibrahim Hangalay .Ato, Mohamed Nur Kusm·alla Ato1 Mo h· amid ,Ali Omar Ato M.ohamid !Ldris, Omar Ato Ogbazghi Adcheme Ato Said Khalifa Ato, Saleh Shifa A. t o Seium Ehdego Ato Seyoum Fess-ahazion Aito Solomon K.h,aiSai Ato Techie Ghebrecristos Ato Tesfazion, Eyasu Ato Te&fiit Zemicael Ato Tzeh·aye Johannes Ato Woldu Berhe

La\v Certificate

(Asmara) Alto Abduselam Musa A1to Abraham Desta Ato Adam Mohamed Saleh Ato Amdeberhan Ghebresellasi,e Graz. 1Araya Hagos Ato Berrhe Woldemicael Ato Beyene Ghiorgh is Ato Debesay Tesfagabir Ato Ephraim. Ogbagabriel Ato Fasil Dem1Sas A,to Kidane Berha,ne Ato Kifie Kidane

•

Ato K1fle Tzh·aie Ato Moh.amed Nur Ahmed Ato: Negash Desta Ato Resene Tesfai Ato Russom G , hebremarriam Ato Saleh Karrar Ato Seyoum Negassi Alto Teclahaimanot Berhe Ato. Yemane Teele Ato Yimesgun Hailegiorgis Alto Yoha·nnes • Haile

-31-

OD °I (\ ti6J rp f :: f"th+�:,. : 'ttP&. : 'tt1f: : '11C':f : mf,'J° : 1•J;fw�

=· flh..Tf·k. :· f

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-.. : : o-l\:, 11'1 · ill\,..l•OJ(l�T : 1->;�1• : tlnOI/Cc1'i: 01t1dJl\. A� : A� : 'ttili•J'f.f:f : ou�4.:1!�1 : "'lil,..l·'PA : itilt...1\.1. : ',ar :: 1''111..

tJ'J° : nil+ J'f..f,l- : it1.i;. : ti1J;. : r+i"'l.'Jo(ID : t1f.,f..�'J° :: i11,;1.i;. r· (i:Cf: : &.(lc1 : f:J!l\ : O.lf "')'J°: O>;�'f : (ID\ih/,\ : ill\ : P'l : '11?a'i: ill\ :; OD tJ;tl.q(I)< : ID" l}). : fl 'J°'J°'1:,.. : it{\ ::

- 33 -

REPOR �fS The follo\ving are e.leven cases dicided by tl1e Sl1pre1 ne Imperial a11d tl1e H.igJi -Courts of Etl1ioJJia. TJ1e Aml1aric judgement is offiGial a11d alway spreced es the E1 1glish . .It is in1porta11t to note tJ1at in those cases J1eard before 111ixed ·benches -of both Etl1iopia11 a.11d foreign judges ) t\vo separate opinions are written, o11e in Aml1aric and one i11 Englisl1. These opinions are .11ot translatio11s of . bt1t are i 11depe11dent judgments based

t1po11

011e

another'

co1111no.n agreeme 1 1t among the judges

.as to tl1e JJrinciples and fi 1 1al outcoine of tl1e case.

•

I l

� 34 -

h &.11'-F : :,, IIJ OJ• : 1-;J--m «I? : h"f-- : OJAf..m'.· : 11ll.h.�1 : Ji-f· : i"ltf\ : OJAf..h..&;'J :: 0:)>(1 : ,h°I : f,,°l'l� : 'If,, I h0D"T : 1Jtt-�1i : {ll}'} : ODt\{l : (16£b :: f011-=e:A : f.'1'1� : ,,,._'l'C :

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.e,v = f011:,. = aa1:&.c = 01.e,'1° = O(lllJ« = c(l.:,. = "" = 1--.&;:,. = f/P/ f:l.(l = 1t'i: Ill-: O�IP/: 011-J:A: Om1J:i\.�: oa:,,tiliJ.: ih.'1: 0,,,._'l'C: : OJl.� : tj:Cf: : {1:,• : ooA,(l : {16£h : 1too,r s h+IPI : f,f-ODIPl.,f- : �llJ« ::

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h'i!i•�ro« = �c.r.- = f1..-).. = nv-ll ..,-- � = .e."1'11 = t..e.1-- : nt.t.Y..ro- = t;:C� = l\m:Pl\,e, = �cf..' = {1:,C = f°t+cn· = ,n,1· = f,'1'171· : hl\,e, : f•f•mt:f'fllD'1 = fa>1'1:I\� : ou;'pliliJ. : P''I : P'C'}:'fc : ,71'1 : nttu1,:,- : OD"}"lf.." : noo,f'C 'lo'/° : ., OJ« :: .e.ur 10-1 .e."1'1� = n1L· u• = q,e,r,:,- = ilt11-:,- : f+l.n = f,"1 '11 : 'iro« =2 il/\tLtJ : h"1"1 : ro«'i}> : f+t:n : .e.'1'1� : noutr� = nAT+OA �lD'9" si 'l,l1(&. : I!i : +1 : ..... YiJ"' V9 i : q : 9° : ,,...,...,...

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SUPREME �BRf!JAL COURT Di:V. No� 1 Justices:

AUGUS1T 20, 1964 Afenegus Kitaw Yitateku Ato Wolde Ha.nna Gebre Kidan ,Ato Tekola Wolde Kidan PUBLIC P.�QSECUTOR v. BEZUNESH BOKAN 1

Criminal , Appear! No. 1146/56

Penal Law a,ui Procedure - Appeal - N1,mber of Appeals - Art. 182(1), Crim. Pro. C. Perzal Code - Disti1rba11ce of Anotlzer's Holdings - Arts. 651 and 654, Pen. C. On appeal from ,a judgment of the High Court reversing the decision of the Awradfa Court which had reversed appc,llarut's convicti,on in the Woreda Court. Held: A(ppeal dismissed without being considered. 1. The Criminal Procedure Code does not allow three aippeals; Art. 182 (2 ) properly in terpreted permits only a second appeal.*

Th,is offense against immov-able property is dealt with in Arts. 651 -a nd 654 Pen. C., Disturbance of Another'·s Holdings. Through 1the petition of the i:respondent Emmet Bezunesh, the prosecutor brought an action against the appellant Corporal Tesemma Anteneh in the Jimma 2nd Woreda Gizat Courtt, which found the defendant guilty. .An appeal was instituted agains,t the decis�on wi th the Jimma Awradja Court, which rejected the decision, and returned the case ·to the lower court with orders to ,refund to the defendant the -money to be paid a- s a fine levied by tho Woreda Court. A second appeal was made to the High CouJ!t from the order given by the Awradja Court. The High Court -then reversed ,the order given by the Awradja Court and affi,1med that given by the Woreda Court. 1

The appellant has now appealed to this court on the decision rendered by the High Court. This is the third appeal. According to t, he Criminal Procedure Code Ar.ticle 182(2), a second appeal shall be from a decision of: a) the Awradj.a Court tin its appellate jurisdiction to the High Court; b) the High Court in its iappellate jurisdiottlon to the Supreme Court. In the present case, as pointed ourt by 182(a), what came to -�he Awradja Cou- nt as an appeal has passed to rthe High Court for review. Article 182(2) refers to a second but not to a third appeal. The law does not allow a ·third appeal to be instituted with the Supreme Imperial CoUITt if the Awradja Cou·r,t has heard the case in its appellate jurisdiction. * A closely related question which. did not ari� is w�ether a second �ppea] always lies as of right, or is limited to certain cases mentioned 1n Art 195(3), �m. Pro.. C. _ If �e latter is true, t hen in many cases only one appeal may be taken. This question 1s dis cussed in Current Issue, ''Criminal Ap peals,'' J. Etli. L., vol. 1 (1964), p. 349.

- 37 -

JOURNAL OF ETI-UOPIAN LAW -

VoL. IV - No. 1

In a criminaJ case a·n appeal may not come to the .Sup_reme Imperial Court if ilt was appealed from the Woreda ��r.t to :the. Awra�J a Cou-rt and finall reviewed by the High Court, but only if 1rt was 1nst1tuted 1n the ,Aw•radja Cou y rt and •then appealed for a first time Ito the High Count. When the 1Article �82(2) of the Crim·inal Procedure Code refers to. a second .·appeal from a decision, iJt means only It.hose second .appeals permitted by tbe law. Many appeals are erroneously brought to the Supreme Imperial Court afte the High Co-urt �as Teviewe_d. 1he cases on s_ec?nd appeals. These come becaus; �e above mentioned proV1s1on of the Crimin.all Procedure Code is wrongly interpreted. The present appeal h·as come in this erroneous manner. And since it .is an appeal not in conformity with r.l1e law, we have rejected it.

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aoAh: {l6J.bm·9' or>hl\hfrm-1: {l.f+cn· = o:i.::f· = fl h•'l"}far ,,..,,, I 'l'l.014 : t\.f1t\'?t\--- : 'h1Y.. : ',{lC 'i : f17i(i':.,f:f : 001Y..1t:fro•"}9° : l}f,h,&;.: o:t1· : hfhfto:f : (1911· : ;>C : J't"}J.',."'i'r : f17i(i':.,f,-:;,. : f l•1Y..tr:i• : 'lllrt.: 1oJ:'i : l\f, : ht\ : (f', : l]lPt.lD· : f'?A :: 1'ai,:,-'i = f1''1..P<J: : 1·f:I\:,•: ?°ti"},,..,. : ',ro• : t\"'lfl,)• : Jtf,:f-A9° ; '1014&,. : "l P.'i : l\f, : ht\: IPt,,f• �m- = ,n.em,1• = iln1'ln:,• O.P't-W4 '?"}"'r,.',:,.. 9'1ti1,,r:,. oof:11c; = 'Ph /\ODlf"} il17f-A9° ;: no:i.1· = I\J!, ,,Y..;> fU(lm· = flooh.'iar 9°h "}.. r:,, = h,eY.t\9° «t>nfhm· = 7i(i':.,f•1· 11-n,,:,. = f°2.h°7:t:n:i- = oolf'f.'1: h'1 = ,, 'ilD':,:,9° ;: n"'1 "}9° = 1·11.e..· = n,,e?,.. = r;rm+ = h rr 'I = o:i.:f:9° = 0-�;1,ar"} h,r 014>: 0,7,�m--t:: ft(.t.,.f,.ro• : t,.(1-: 'Im·: t\"'lt\'1•: f,:f-1\A:: J't"}f: : rf•tpflJt: {lrf- «f>mt.n:i-: P' lr-: I\J!,: f°tf.Chn:i-1 : f: "}1,1-�: hf-;J : flt-(1.: OD/"'P t,:,...,,7. : t\00!1:!l:9° : ilh«f>f:tp> = (l.+mc : It�"' : f°t+fl/\lD• = rro·A '11� :J' = 'llD' ;: nntt-/\• fOIJ.t.t\"ln:,-1 = DP.P''PtJ,1•'1:,•'i ;}l\k'l,1· i,rm4' : '11A;,,,ec;: n,1·1A;,J!,: ool}11A : '11\m·: '?"}"'r,.',,) ,fl;}! : '1"1 : t\ODmf'P: "ttJ!,�A'I° :: hl'LU9° : 01\J!, : ''f'11·P' : mf\,f,;)-.'' : fiOI/.A : 001/.,:ra>tplD': (fl:,.I\It: f.."}"": nuIPG:,.: f,7,11,fl c: m I\..,. : Olf -,..:,. : (l91 I\CPJ.�-"'{11J0,. : O'?A : '1"1 : f"'l..mr�n:,-: hl!,f.t\9° : -0/\lD• : DDhl\hf:fm-1: (ttp ,f-'f>A:: Oh"17i : Oh·A: ht\: ,f•m+(l•T : r�-1·,I,: ·O,l1»C : ,n?o1"'1° : !0' t m--- = ;}/tt...,:,.. nr-t-ro· = P;J-- : I\J!, : ,,,,,t.w· : ll.'1,"lmlt--:fm·'i : ,th"l1 It:f m· = ht\"'1.1 'l ro---: ii Y.;,911· : 'Im·: 'h"}�· : n iiro·t--: au"}1 P..1· = l\f,: h,,, .. . tm· = f1Pt,. t•;;:m-1 : ,7,,,em:,- : 1,1�.m-n;i. : fOl/••f1·1• : ",,e,,e.. /\•'J1''i : ho· : (o-.r:� : lf'i : f,lPl.,.1fA"} : 0"1/t\:,.. : ·l·ht--til.'Pt\ :: fh" 1cr:1: = m{l-9> 9° : n�m.1.iif : ha>• A : (D•(;L). : ilt\01..Y..C(lOJ• ;}I\ t..'l:J· : fmfif"o•:J•1 : ,1•:J!t\o• ;: '11Pt'i : {ltP�..rf-� : ou1111t\ : flt\CD4 : :}I\ k'I,)• : m-ti� : �(l,n� : 0/\m• : n1f,�f:1cp A :: u -- ,I,: -O,l1»C ,l,°l ,p-..' •: 9 ti <,' : .C f:: fL1�9° : {l�,1 CQ.L:r'uiiJ P' �OJ ''{l l : : : : 'C , . "}f,)·' ' f"'l.t\m• = hP' t-m·: f oiz.'I"I t · h 01/.,,,t- o,.,:· : �1 r,,..f . .rIf: "7 ft:, == ',ro·: ,f•rflfl�: OD,f·C:109°: i',f\n:1•:: J!,U9°: tTCJ,fl:,-: h1f.': 1P&,.rt•'1: q1� 1

:.r.

,,,..�,r :

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{/Dh.'i = fl°t1Pt.fl:'f• = 1.tL = 00 h.'im•: -,,.>;:,.: fl.ff..ciln.+: mY,'I° : i\"}Y: 1 iPt.rr� = 'l'1Y: = P:t- = O°tlPt.n+ 1.11 = f°tlPt.o+ = P:t- ·f\m.'i = r671, il67"7 :· (lootr� : n7i;t- : fl.f..Cilfi,l· : :}l\&.w- : h1Pl,W• : 1,tr'i/A : "'lf\:'f• : ',ro-:: iPt.,f•�m- = hP't.w- : ;JC : ffA.,f•fftfro•"} : '11C : (Lu,t. : f\°tf..C ilfl,r : ,,.�:,. : hlPl,lD" : :}I\&. : i\f,lf1'1° I "J.:f. : fcp>,f"w-: noi',J;W- : ooh. 'i II OD(ll\ifT : fl.tr'} : 'i� : OD/Ail : (ltJJ.w- : :}I\&. : Olf'I : 'IOC ! ".7.,:ii : ftp>,f-,& : (1"7..',P,1& : ODh.'i : ,,.Y:f\:'f• C l)f,lf'} : (l'i(lj:Ti" : ',aJ• ! 7ifi:-f• . 00 hl\h/A : f00Ail : (IQ1.ro- : f°IA : ,f•"l'l� : i\1,f..f\'I° :: 7ifi:1'--'f : :r11 : 00'it.:ft&1 : i'tfw-:i»'J° i DD/Ail : (ltJJ.ro• : «J i•"} : ooh_'i : hf'I� : h'lJl . 'tf:: "'/Hit' : h'/°'19° : V•),,;J--: 1\.11\T/A"} : i'tA:J!f\9°:: "J.:ii: flP'lrlD": 1\1,: h'lf..: 'lflC : : i'tl!\+l lf..9° I '1'1: 1·P.,f: : r..e..1...no:,-: qu,�m·: :}l\k'IT: w-a;i_: Otr'I = 9° h'1.r:,. = ',ro• I i\1Pt,(lr = f\7ict:,fl· : ;}I\&. = f\.lf"} =. tiA:J!f\ : 7itj: ,f-:f. : /\°tff..C(l•:'f- : 1·P.:'f- : :}I\&. : i'tf.,lf"}'J° I fltj:Tth : 1lth.C : �C : t'it�f2� = ODIPl.,_T = fl«J..:f. = l\f., = ff..1.,_(l(D• : ,--,;:,.. : h"J.:f. : P'lr : ;JC = ncn"I = '1'1"f-'1:i- = ilf\lbf\ro• = ,1·hi>tn: flPt. = :}l\&.'l:i- = ff\'1:fw-'1° = -Of\'1 mil'l'iA. : 11,\o : h(I."} : (lCff;f'A ::

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f.,'1'1� = 'l\"'l- : flht;:,f•�(lr : �/{L:,.. : f,f·(lmm· : (Ir{)),, : (1671,1'1 = ill\ : tr'I : w-l)),,w- : ,,...7i� : '11� = ro,.e.. : h(j:+;;:w-: (j:/{L:,.. : ,f-oofA{l : fh "1'f'1'1'i : flA"l•flJt.(lr"} : f,--P,..-}• : h.i>tlr : h'l�'iill...J; : f.,f..l...dJA"} : f167 t\:,.. : f.,tJ"}"} : f.,'1'1� : h(j:..-f-'PA I flf.,'1'1�:f(lr'/° : !+1...ct:i• : (j:� : hChC: +Tf\ h'Jf..rf•ft�t& : ',W- :: O<t-::i•th : 1lth.C : ih.'1 : h«r'l'C : t'it�f�ji : hilh = t'it�f2� = h'1f..+ouflh,f•(I)• = i\lPl, = flf', : (l(I}- = ill\ = IP/rrf-?'f:f. = fflOT: 'l'•n:,,: ;}l\&.',:,C: ',(I}• i flP'lrlD·: 'J°h"}f:,-: Orv1r,1,«1ro·: l\f.,: l\°t f..C(t. : itf..;J9'i• : i\rvt.w-: :}l\k : ',ro•:: i\rvt.ar : h;}l\k'l:'f-: f°tf:'lro- : n«r-TC = e'itl:f-if = h'i = e'itl:f-io = r..-1•1i1-:,. = o•),,:f"9';f ,,..�?i·oow• n.1,-. •n:F = .,� �;.,,.,iu = v-�:t-i�; ,1·�1'"0D'P.A = roiA = ncnc = n.ooAil = (l6f!'t& : Oh·A : ill\A+l.n : h:}l\k'I:,.. : l\.f..•"} : i'tf.,7£.A.'1°: fl67l\:,C : ',ro·:: 0

(161!'W-9° : nh(j:rf•�ro- : lj:/{1,:,- : f..-f• (l m (D• : (1)-pt),, : ih.;J'I! : ill\ : lf'I: h'lJl�'ilA�'i: f.,°l'lj:.: h'1}t(l'ifl:,-: f.,f..l.°IA�: OOI/fl:,-: DD/Ail= (lT+'PA == 1+1...0..:,..'I° ncnc = n;;: = Oh·A 1i1.1;1• = l-1\ = 'l,_,.,,..,.. ttl\l) f"}'J° I fl"J. :f. : l\f., : f..e..1...nm· : i'tf..;J : nooh. 'i"(I)- : 1--�{\:,-: l)f.,lf"} : nc� : (It& : Ol/f\:,.. : (1 7i(j:,f•:f: ',ro•:: "litj:,f•:f. : f\&..�oo•:,.. : ro•"}iflf..•'i : :}l\k: itf.,f.. fl'l'I° I f7itj:,f•:f.'1 = nttro-t- = 1->P.'i l\f., ou'ic h;;: 1t'iw-:,,vu I ":l.:f = f"litj:1'--'f"} : oo'fc : hflD+ : h'I� : tr(l• : (JJf,a : ff..1.,_(1(1:,- : i'tf..;J : ',ro- ! f.,'1'1� : ()f •:f.. : fm+(l-:'f- : �"h°I : f°t'i1GW- : rf-+llJt. : flP'/rW- : l\f., : fl°tf..CilO:'f-: i',f..;J : ',ro•:: ":l.:f : '11 : fcp>,f-ro• : h1v1rw- : ;JC : "l"}j:.',:,• : fllbl\ro- : '11C : ill\ : tr� : fl;}l\&.'1,l· : i't'1mf�9° : 0°1fl "r : 'lro-:: ODAil :

h7i'I° : i1_e..001...ooc'lro· = nooAil = (1611" = r+1...oro• = 'P'iro· = hc:nc = n_,,.1.. = l\f., l\f..l.(lro- = hf.;, n� = ntt-A r,,-,.e..1...1 fT'l:114: = ,,.�fl:,.. = hlbl\ : :}f\k : i'tf.,f.l\19° : fltJl/fl,)• : (I.If"} �- flf.,'1'1� : 'If., : Oh·A. : f.'1'1° : fltj:T,h : 1ldbC : ,l,'1 : 1,"}f...-f-f.'111(1}- : hlPt.911" : {\lPt.+?'f:J!:fw- : ;,,f_, ro:,.. : 1'11:,, : �l\k�:,. : ill\f\():fro· : fOD/Ail : (llJJ..1 : -:ff\ : ()f.,',:,• : 67il t11/fl:,.. = �ro0 nrttJ'I° = = A fl 'l'i = �1 • 1:i 0?'1 = 1 11:1 l.�.rr = tifil&.A1'1 = ti

-41 -

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: } O f : f\. (lr : (Lili•V°fi :'.f (t. . D' fl )" /l, "'/ :: :f l\� tJ� : °1 f" 1 �1C: : flfil\irf: : • : : . r c lJJ • 'ir f � ll f + == = l ?J 1. ;, 1 = 1: 0 l\:f f ; ° ·'1 ll1 (L c it.A fr,(D = .. . . Olt'J°"} : {r>(IJ• : 1;."}f: : LPt--1·'1: t,.Y..;, : ff..t(l(l:,c : h1f..lf� ·_I wt,..,,. . ;;:roe : "'lill.�,r : ·f l\n:i• : h.f..;JlD" : ff..l.(lfl,1• : ll/'°t--W• = l\f,'i : fiOIJ..l!-'t.. n:,. : OD"itf: lDf,'J°: �111:: OD(f',-"}: -O:J!: 1;.f,Y,.t\'J°:: (l,J-m-"7.t :. -.eu :· 7-1:t\:,.: l\.f.Cll : f;rt\lD·: (14'l1JtlD•: lDf,9°: ilt\4'l1JtW· : lf'i: Ft.OJ:-"}: n"'l..rti'lf.lD" = (lw• = :fl\ = q_e,-,:,. = oPlf'l-1 = 01/ill. �:,. = h.lln,r== ·.e,u, 1 -�- "'iill.�:,.: tiA;rl\: �"}: fti"i: 'l'f4:lD4 :·ro-J.':�: f,lf"}(l;r A_:: 1,1,t·v•?° ·: t.J.'...;,lD4 : fUt'llD4 : f\.:J'rooo«:,• =·· O"'if,:J!A : :}f,IA : OJf,'I° : 1'f..C'lt:A : . ,,,..11fr>= n"'i.e,mn:,, ttf...;, = flf., = t 1f..lf� = +llJtw· = :}i\k = tifsiilcr : . '" : J.;Jt7i1) :: t'lCY.. . (lJl\.ilfitil: f\olD4il: J.� : h.. 1°11\.1Y: . . : .. . O(Lit.A: 'l\ lD4 : '(l_{l,f•'J°: ill\ : nLPt'?JT: ;}/\k �;,. : 04'Y:'l°llJc.:_ "Lit : = r�nl.llJc = ih.°l = hflOD"}fr>(Dc = ;,c = f,J-:J-l.n = t'l..l1'1 = flv•'I- =' 1.t1.=· 111.(Dc ;,."I � wt.i�lD' : nr1t.ro· : i\f, : fU{ln:,- : t,...e...;, : (l'J°"}'J° :: ·f}:e,·�:,. : 'J°ti"}f,r : fl.If"}: Om�l\i\W•: 1;.LPtlD4 : :}i\k: �(De:: itV:'tlD' : h;}i\ ��:,-: flPJ.,f:�ll}c :. JPt,.rf•'1(Dc: i't{l{l : t.:,,f-: t.{l,"}: fii'tf..;J : l\f, : f"Jt\ : �(f"} : i. ..n;f-: .,llJc:: ('Tl\t�A: i't.1"1l\.7i.: :i•t."}{lll,7i"} t 1'1.t\ii"}il: h..l;.7i.1:) . . . II"} Y..' A.�-,:,. :: hi"ODf\h,)•" } : ' fc;:: ih.1°1· : ootihA. : t\<D•"} : :: f nv-t\,J: : (i::i•m= 11th£ = ;,.ai = r:,.t1w·1 = 1i 1f..,J·hi•t\= 'h'ior>tf1f'i/l1 1 /lH.U : �-,c .

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: �'r{\v : },"}f..rf•f.&,.(Dc : f,.,fl{)t\• :: ., .. . 4>ivrc= git.�t�ii 1 flFt--ro•= 'l°ti1..r:,-= nwt.,1-�w-= l\f,= t\01.J!Cfl, = Jif..;J?Jl-- : hlPtllJc : ;}i\&, : .,(IJ• :: . r'l'C : gi(.�f.2 ; f,U : P't-- : fii'tLPtW• : r:1--11119 ° : {]f,lf"} : flFlr :. "7t}�jfl1Jc: 'r�'J°: rPt.i""�OJ c: 0°'/,rPt--OJ• :: P' t-- :: "'ill�.�" : 'J°h"}y:,,-.: /ltJI/. ·. ..e.c. (lcn:,-= t,f..;J?'l-= i'trPtllJc = :�l\k= .,w. == 'f>"- : gi'(.�f,2ii ! (ii) lPt,.,f��llJc: '1"}.,e; : fi,f•(IJ{l.,t\:,• : OD(o:,• : OJf,� : '1;.r: llJcil'r= fP't--llJc"}: i't1/A"ltr,:,.. :: (l.&..g-9°: fll''l: 'h"}�lf.,: UP'lrOr : "Ltt'i : (l;r : filPt,.,f•�(Dc : l\lP/.,f..Ct'l·flT : i'tf..;J9ll-: hlP6lD' : :} l\k: 'ilD':: (t) flP'lrOJ' : (lq:,.. : flPJ..t.cJ:1f..ro· : f1,G'i:.,l· : 1..U : },"}f.F/r : ·1- .JL ·: '. lf'i : f,�mt--A:: (r) n., H.U• : hG(i:;,.. : 1,lt : ftrPt--.,1·7f1".. : 01 Gt,f : f--f•tf.,?�:,• : (l;t" ?>-:f- : 1-t"}�P't-- : (l;J... : ti'i:t\ : lf.,(Dc : f,(j;mt,.{r:: 4>"-- = 1n:�1.2r i ill\ ttiPtm· = n�l\&,'l,l· = OD�"} 1 ii 1 ,._�,), : fJ.'...G(l{l,)• : (lro◄ : '1'1,... •):: l : (ii) ltf...;JllJc : Wf,'J° : fi7i.;J·•ro•: ff.l,(lfi:1.. : {lro• : }'1 {l(l : '1-f,.�'lD' 'r4-:,. = ODlf',-"} = hlPtOJ•= itilG� = hl·LU : fik"l" : {)fr,r : 4>"-'1'£?1" = h�OJ (l.,(Dc : :}I\&,.,,.,.. : hlP6(D• : .,1. : .elf'i A:: .

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- 42 -

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h'l°l>tU htLU : 01\f, : f,,.K4c:,..1 : "11°:f : il'iODtf1f'iTlD•:, fit.,l·r··. kf = :tt°l = �.r:'1°9° = (ltj::,..tft = �1r:r� = it"'lilf,�,r = n,n�"" = r,,.+ollro- = ffl. iiA.= .fl��- .= (lil+9°1 = (ltr1 ; 1tv•'l9° = Jt>t(l. = r�:,..th = ,f)th.C =·. = r,,.u;,,:ro- =. ov1c = A "7,:,; = n,tv• = ,n"l = oo,,., 1..:,.. = iltt = rr� · t n1L U9° : �1C: r+h1•ft(D• : 7'(l•"} ODlf',-"} : 0°1��-- : fill.P,A.:: (lflOD"}ft W- I· ttlPt,w-= '1-f:l\:,. = "'lf:l1-1 = "'lill.Pr:,. = ftto,1• = ,,.,�...,·"1m· = fl.tr"} ¾ on. ii.A = fl�� = (l fl,,.9° -:· "'I l\:,.. = rit.:,.. 11 = ,"hai = a;t 9° e ¾ fl,,., tar = 11,,._.._. ttT = rf.l.(l = oorr1 itl\ODlf .,.,. it.1'Ll\tt 1 = ,,.,�,,.,.;;: w- = ttf.:Jw- r�l.n. OT = &.(l- = i'til{l : flf.l.1W-: T4-:,..: mf,9° = f,,.(lmro·1 : Thtf1f : {lou,f,.I\ ft 'i: = oolf',.'l : "'lillP, . :,.. : fl\OT : 1,,,.,tw-: �ro-:: f,"firo·9° : "'ltt:r• : f"'lil� l.PrT:_+°l'lC: (OCf.1: ,..�: 'T...,.t;:) : fft (l,1•: hlP/.OJc: �CD-: DI/ft ,} : .�(I}•::

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7'1->tU?° = fl.lf1 , ntt.u �1c ODAil = (tfi£bw• r+1,,.o-,l· = onhf\h,.r ¼· {1); : (I hcA..: f,f•U1 : '1-f:l\T : . OD'i....."} : f,°lfl:t : flf,?11· : ill\ill.J;..: �I\.. '-�:,.. : fl\,(}�9° i fOIJ.fr,)• : ODbl\hf:fm�: ntiou"}: /\ lD" : ODlPt,,.,)•: h 1:( : Oi't.Tf'kf : th'? : {14! : 9°)l"}f:,• : ill\f,f.ft : l\.,,P"lft°ll\TlD• : J'tf,1,.A.9° ::, 0

,,.,fl� q � -1 o". :r: l\f, = t,f., :, = rf.l.flfl,l• = P:t· = r7i �;:1, = ouhOI/;: =· oorr-,., .: aoAil fttiJ,b fw-4? = �oc = l\Ol/..tr:,. , ouAil = 061,hw- = r7i�:t" = {l ;J-- : m> If.,."} : h'i(D•�9° 1 7itj:;J-- : OD 'i..... : h;t" (lJ4'9° : "J..1' : (D p. :-· {1,nf,lD,f: : ",, : ff.l.(tlD• : h,,e..,:J : ill\ : lf� : 1,�:- : 1t1,nf:i,o:,..9° : 0"7/l,r : nou=e:outf(Dc : f.l.;f : �10,:1·9° : . OtLIJ9° : �;n,:,.. : flT"n� :· +ht--nl.m-O;J--A == hl\f, = 1t1 f..1tt1-.·',(D• = n1t.:r•r·A·f = ,11'? itlPt!P1.. T,fl� : :}I\&. 'IT : fl\ fl?flD· : · (loulf',- : Y,U : tiChC : A��:,, : flf,flT9° :.. l\il+ff:,.. : fUA : 4'Ttt�: f,,.K&.m-1: 7'11AKft"}:: f,U : itf..,;J : Of..l.(tfi,1� : no..,:,..eo1 : tt.m-t.'A : v-h,)· : +'lil,f· : 7i�TT : itf.,:J : ODll}A. : fioo�.:,. : r?° = 0 fa 'lcIJc 1,1-'l ,fll\ 9° = .. :: 9° = «f'Y '¼ = i 1lI.u .. :, ":l.l- = h+1f.ll•n : f.2 r � ::O (\tif!> Ail 'PA :: : (D•� : • ;J· = O'P=� r Q•),; f.: . tl fil:f fiJi : '¼ : 9° : flifj ��,..,,..-- : ill\ : lf'1 : • 1 : {l;J :,' : 01 l.m• : f,,.* V � : · �tD•"} P' flf f,1 I\F...,:,w- : 9°ti1 . 7i<i:;J-- : ou'i...,."} : 1,1f..9°"} : itt;w-:,,'l° : OT/fl:,,. : Y,-:fl\lt.• ? 7i�..Y..:f : one;� :far: f;J--m+: blf�9° i "..-:£- = Ot-(l• = I\Y, = �Cf- = foull}ro• it�,,., = �ro, = 1\67.tr:,..'J° t ouAil : (t6Jl'W• : t\tiCtit-:far : ODLPl.:,.. = flf.. l.1-- :,, : htioo"} �(D- : 7'"}};). "} : ,f•4>f1Jl,(D• : hf..,;J(D• : l\.ODflJ : Y,-:f-1\f,\ : ,{1{\o : OD10D"f: "} :� ,n;F : Ol/ltf:,.. : n«f! : ouhl\h! : i'1,,elf"}9° ! IP�"l"<;lD· : :�"n,<;.. : t\ODP'lr:,.. :.

- 43 -

,flt\� t.i'P... r1 qn:,. ootr.,."} "'ltir ,r :far : h'f.,'.'.1 {l : ll.lf1' : '1'-61' A'l° ::

= fitt.A:JA = ilt\OJJ.A = hen&.

ODAil : (l6J1'(D« : fOD1-'?P':t· = ml\..f'f = 'lf,.l(l•:t· = Jtf,.;J = ;}I\L9>f : A1-tr1- : h'-61'11''1° : t\Ol/.tt.-:t•'J° .;, hl\.e.' i1-.,e,.1t\,r�a>• : rtt..,rf-kf : ;,.°I: f,f•+fll\{IJ• : fhrPtsP:f-1- 'r1li' = ;}l\&.�:t· ilt\lf�'i = hlPtSJ11, = h�I\ k '1,r: fD'i..�").:,• : fltj:,},,h : 11"1.C: ii,'?: ,r-,rC: i7L�!.2!: : 'h'i : i'it�t:l� : fl,,..{ID"h,1: :,. 'J° 1- f,y..'f 111- itt\ rr., 1 00,. '1 P',)· = m I\,..,.. = +'l/\ (De : ODhl\hf : l\1-f.U : '11C : -f•1{l',,} : ht\lD' : ft\CD•'J°1- : OPlD(l'} : 1,ilt..1\1.: 'lt\ODlf.,. : itAt. 'l'PA :: r a h t. = ;1c = °11-"'f. 'I,)· = ll,{\ (De : = ,f: hILu : «l>'r 1t� : 11J.1· cp> :,. i"' hP' t.ro· : ar"1.. : Olf'l : (l;J• : 'J(D« : OD? t\:t• : f«l>lfilD''} : ncnc : 1' 1ou 1.'l°t.l\1- :: O'i!,l·dt : 11"1.C : "1°1 : .,.._'PC : 17L�f.2l! : 1'1-f,.,fcoufth+(Dc : lP&,.+�ro- : o,,.. {IJ(lijt\,}• : (l;r : lD'il'f : h1A'1lfri1:1' : fl. t.�'l° : h1}t O·'l° : 01'l'i!.,l.. : 1.l·Lro- : ft Ol/.1.C(l ll)c : Ji1;J - : Ji tPtCD• : ;}I\k : 'I (De I o,.:..f· : p-1t.:fm· : ooh.'i : 001-.v.:,. : ill\ : If'I : fOl/..rP?,fl,}• : (l;r : flooA fl: {l61]»(D• : ODP' t,f : (1rr : h'PC : °lfl. : a>•il'f : fOIJ..a>(l'} : Ji.e,f,.t\'/°:: ODh. 'iro• : hOIJ.'1'10,r : (l;J .. : 1'ilh01/.f..CitO,"f• : il �t. : f:lil : ft\ll)c : 0011Y:: U•l\... : p-1t,.:fro·1' : f°tt.�oo -fl:,.. : (l;r : 'llD· :: h1-�U•'l° : OJ.-:f : f,f•1F. tt·,,l--: hODh. 'iw·: m•il'f = ,,..roitf..a>• = OD1'1f: = I\J!, = hlf� = hP't.m-: ;,c . 1h oo 01/. 'l 'i 1-\\ m· i h : it t\ 1' ro °11- "'f. 'I:,.. = rtt ·9', tt . ro· = m· itIf = flOD1f.f: : ,f·milF.m· : r.,:,,c'i: Ot..4>.v.:,:m-: 'l°°l'l:i:m-1- = ft ODDP11l : a>J!,'J° = hl�,l· t\Ul/ f:l.."I : m r,1·m· : n.1f..tt◄'l° : hP't. : a>-6J.b : 'lro· : t\.ffl�: it'-6-:f-A'J° r. °.t:f,, : f',��',;J•:fa>•'} : , f•cJJ{lC : (\ODJ.?,.'/° : lDf.,'/° : '/°'1111 : (\ODOD'J1} : /tf, l/'1- = ODh.'i:,:,l)c1 = it4!0Dm• = u1c = tt"'lr:t· = l\7ic7ic = fl.i,c;.. = itf.;,ar : .e.C.(l'l:fm· : {ll/'1- : 'f� : hP't.a>· : ;JC : '111-l"'l"l' : ft\a>•'/° : "'It\:,•: Orf• ,-l\ = 'IOc. f.u ttaolf)• 011 oooAil = fltif.b = Oh·A = r«1>ln = ncnc = mf,'l° : DI/ill.� : ill\lbft = hP't.m· : ;JC : °11-1"'1:t-: fltm·'l° : UIJf\,}• : i'tA ;1:A'}'l° :: htj:rf..�m· r,:jn.,l· : O'i�c.>;.. : l\f!» : 0:,.1" : itf..;Jro-: fl.f.ciln,r : OP' t-m· : l\f,: h"}f..'IOC.: JtA,f·tiF.'l° : fl.A : '11-f:: flh..A : F.°1'1°: {IDt\{l = n6J.bm• a:i ."'f-1- = ODh.'i = hf'IPi = h'}>',.'tf." "'IHI.,. : h9°1-'l° = v-�:J-- fl.ill 'PA 1 : t,A;J:t\'l° : ,fl!l.A :: rPt.,l·�m- : itf..;JOJ• : fl.f...C{l(l,} : OP't-ar : l\f, h1-f.. 'IOI..= h:J.. m+ = n1·1 ... «111-: ODh.'i" = 1'f.,�: 1'1-,"i..'tf.': itrPt (Ir n...rIfOJ•'/° : 'l.,rHa>-'/° : l\'11 c;. : 9°1-'I° : A�a,:,. : h_e. ,n a>-9'° :: f.,1i "}).'I° : fltj:/-0,ILC ,rrrc.: ga:�t!t : f,f•�t.m· : t\.!llt.P. : �-,1•1\A ::

= =

= n

= =

= ,,...

ilt\11.u �l\.e 11c1ft.1 }P.ilt..v.a,m- ott..:1- r·A-4.r rc,:::,.. "' •Oth.C ,n°I : h1Pt?J1, : rp ..o:,, : �l\k'l:,... : ill\t\'l:fm•'i' : °11 •'1° : fqo,l• : hf..,:J : f;Jmtrl/: 1:m. flP't.:f-m· : 1\5!» : ill\ : lf'l : ODt\.{l ; (liif!> : �l\k'l,r : itll'l :1:m. = •Ol\1- rh�·'l·�ro- �/r1:,- : f fl,nm·1- : m·lt�: t\m-,n1- : mil'/1 ftt"i : ro·"} tic.tic = f.,f>rrtt� ff"} f: mF.: h�...,-�m·: �Cf.": fL,)• : ODA(l'i:,:cpA i f,"l'l� : 'l� : l\Pi�'i;I.. : fht./t·,) •"} : Of..l(l� 1 n.v1t. : u-ft,}• : (JO,f·' �: (ii) ,(lC.: .en&..tt� I ?,"}f.: m-/t�(D•: f!»t.?.9°: ,,,.,_...: fthtj::,f•�OJ•: .e,f"I\(\,,: ::

't-/n,:,-:

- 44-

Div. No. 5 Justices: Vice Afenegus Tibebu- Beyene Ato Woldo Hanna Gebre Kidan Blatta Demissie Work ·Agegnehu

MARCH 6, 1966

Mrs..AE.FfIHA MAIMALlNGAS, P,ANAiYOT,IS MAMALINGAS v. Messrs ZAPULA & ,CAMUSA COMRANY Civil Appeal No·. 97 / 57 On appeal fr-01n a judgm.ent of tl1e High Court. !I'ejectin,g the clai.m of .the appellant against the respondent, the former employer of the spouse of the first appellant, also fa_tber of the second -appellant, who had been killed by "shiftas" while in the execution of his functions on behalf of the respondent-employer. Held:

Judgment reversed, and c-ase remanded for determination of compensation only. I. By virtue of the Civil Code, Article 2549, •the employer is strictly li,able for accidents which his employees suffer while at work. 2. The li,ability of the employer can be excluded only for one of the reasons mentioned in Articles 2553 and 2554 of the Civil Code, ·and not by a proof that the employer has accomplished his "duty of care." 3. The place of work of an employee hired as a driver comprises all tl1e spa.ce between his starting •point and l1is place of destinaition.

Mr. Antoni Mamalimgas, the hus:band ·of the first ,and the fathe!r of ,the second appellant, was employed as a driver by the respondent company at a monthly salary of E$300.00. On November 24, 1963, he, .together with fou.r other people, was murdered by outlaws at a place called ''Bi,o Asgalanavi'' when he was driving a Landrover plate No� Hara,· 1103 ,to an undertaking of which the respondent was the contractor. His dead -body was buried after ithree days at the place where he died. The appe11ants pleaded to the High Court that ft.here is no one to support them; and .that since ,the respondent knew !that rthe place where the deceased died was infes,ted with outlaws, it must have !taken measures to safeguard its employee's life. Thus, they prayed that the High . Court award ,them compensation according to Art. 2095 on -the bas.is of extra-contractual liability and com•pensation according to ,Ar. t. 2549-2554, 2144 and 2154, they being , the successors of the deceased. The respondent in ilts statement of - defence, wit.bout denying ithat the deceased was murdered by outlaws when he was working for it, pleaded .that since the deceased, together with four other people, was murdered on a higliway, �t cannot be said that the deceased was murdered because of the .respondent's lack of care. It further pleaded that it 1s not its d�ty to guarantee 11:he safety of its �ployees on highways. Further, s•ince the dea'th did n,ot occur because of a car accident and 1

- 45 -

JouI�NAL OF ETI·lIOPIAN LAW - VOL.

IV - No.

th ted tla es wi ou inf s wa , v e lac p , e h 1: iit ca� at th_ ow kn t � no . ot did ny _ since t, he compa � _ place was infested w11h be l1eld liable. On the other hand, if Lt. was known ,that the outla.ws, the respondent pleaded t, hat the deceased also '1:°-ust h�ve known abo ut tlii.s fact, in whicl1 case the r, espondent cannot be held liabl� since the decea sed brought about his death knowingly. An empl?yee accepts _on his own responsibil ity an accident that may happen to him in ,the course of his du.ty; �ons�uently. he cannot claim co;mpensation solely on the employer-empl�yee relationship. Besides, as Js provided in the regulation as regard� '!he ''Enemies o� the Emperor," one cannot claim com,pensation for damages ar11smg from acts of. o �tlaws. As for tlie provisions of .the Civil Code cited y the appellants (then pl.a1nt1·ffs), ,the1' provide grounds for liabi1ity only when a.n aiccident which 1he employer could have prevented takes place; but they do -not pro:vcrde that 1the employer should protect his employees' l,ife on the highways. The respondent thus prayed that .the claim be disn1issed on .the above grounds. Finally, the appellants withdrew :their claim for compensation based o.n extra contractual Iia1bility and limiited their claim il:o l•iability of· the employer ar:ising from the contract of employment. 1b

T11e Higl1 Court interpreted Art. 2549 {o apply ,to cases wi1ere the acciden1 arises froin the work of tl1e employee. The High ,Cot1rt reasoned that .if the accident occurs when the employee ,is working with a macl1,ine or \Vl1en an employee working at a pa·rticular place contracts disease becat1se· 1 tl1e place is not heal1cby, ;the e1nployer sl1all be liable. But the en1ployer s-hall not be liable if the· accident occurs when the employee was noit at work. If ,the deceased bad died because the car went out of or,der, the employer would be liable. But •tl1e deceased \\'as mt1rdered by outlaws. and it .is not the employer's •duty to safeguard his en1ployees from 011tlaws. The defendant did not know t, hat there were outlaws · eceased to d a11d tl1ere is nothing to show that he ordered the d · r,ive the car to tl1e place of t, l1e defendant's underitaking. J,t is not deruied that rt11e deceased was carr)1ing ou.t his duty; bt1t !the employer was not responsible for tl1e acc1derit. If the employer i·s not respo-rui'ble fo,r the o,utlaws, he can[lot ,be responsi· ble for ·w11at they did. Thus, the cotrr.t held ,that since lthe murder of the. deceased did not l1ave any relailionship w:ith his work, :the respondent is not liable accord4ng to Art. 2554 of t-he Civil Code and dismissed the case. From 1hi 1s, the arp-pe]Ja:nts appealed . The appellants pray that since the judgmenf of the High Court was imprope r, it ·be quashed and that the case be r· emanded . t o it ,for retrial, tilieir grounds of ap_peal ·�e,i11g the following: As prov,ided in ,Art. 2549-2555, 1the employer is �tr1ctly . liable for damages that may be caused ,to his employees. The employer 1s not liable only when rthe elements of Art. 2553 or 2554 are satisfied; but since no argumenrt: \Vas presented by the respondent to show tl1a.t ei1ther Art. 2553 or 25'54 was satisfied, he must be liable. The r· espondent in its reply stated that &ince the accident occured not because of'. any _failure on its part t? ,�ake rhe necessary precautions, but because of tl1e act of a ih1rd party for whom 1t 1s not responsible and tha t since tI1e Arts. cited by the appellanit:s .talk of acci'dents ithat arise rfro•m tl1e v,1ork of tl1e emplo)ree ,and sinc e ,the decease� w-�s murdered when he was noit \Vorking for Lile employee, tl1e appe al I1as to be d1s,m,issed . 1 af care lack o dent's The res no ma:in ground t is of defenc is h ere l1at si11ce , e t _p � ._ _ n a in s � t l1at :the appell,ants, on ;the ,.other hand, argue i on its pa�, it 1 � not l1able; _ _ employer 1s stnotly liable for damages tl1at ma.y llappen to his einployees, 11t JS - 46 -

MAMALlNGAS

ET AI.... v.

ZAPULA

CAMUSA

Co.

i ,rrelevant whether the· lfespondent took the necessary precautions or no.t and there" tore the · employer should pay compensaition. The common law and it.he civil law approaches :to this issue are different. According. to the common I.aw if an emp.loyee meets an .accident, rt is not enough if he proves }that •the ,accident h-appenetl while he was at work or when he was on his way to work. In addition he has to prove that !the accident happened because of the employer's or h'i s ·manager's lack of care. If the em·ployee does not prove this, hi•s action fails. Besides, it •the .accident was un;foreseeaible, ! thus preventing the em_ployer ,frro m . t.a·king •the necessa• r. y precautions, he iis Iio t liiable (Halsbury's Laws of &gland, 3 ed.). F·ormerly, the a·pproach of the civii l, aw system was similar to ,that of the common law. In the modern civil law system, however, !the· employer is strictly liable for accideio,ts met by the en1ployee in his work. The e mployer is released from liability only when the employee inlentilonally i injures himself (Pl:aniol, Engli6h Trans]ation). Having seen the difference between the common law and rt:he civil law approach, let us see which sys-tern our Civil Code folliows. The -relevant provisions are the the fol�owing: A . rt. 2549. ''The emplbyer 1shall be liable for acci'dents which the employee suffers arising from 'his work." Art. 2550. ''The employer shall be liable for accidents which the employee suffers arising fr.om .activities which he performs i.n -the interests of t· he undertiaking, not withstanding that these activities have not been ordered by the employer." Art. 2551. ''(1) Where -the employee performs his work ,on the premises or -at :the place assigned tlO him by 'the c.ontrac't of emp1oyment, the ,employer shall be ljable for :the accidents which the emp[,oyee suffers during the time and at the place where he works. (2) Rest periods •belonging to 'the work shall be · regar,ded ·as p.art of the work" t.ime. (3) Premises placdd by \he employer at ,the disposal of ilie em ployee during these rest 1periods shal'l be regarde·d as part of the work place." Art. 2553. ''Non..iliabi.lity of the employer � 1. Fault of e mployee (1) The employer shall be relieved of his liaibility under the preceding articles where he proves that the 1accident or ,disease is due to :the intentional act of the victim. (2) He shall also be relieved of liability where he p11oves that :the accident -0r disease has happened because the employee has contravened ,a regul.atron to whi'ch bi. s a�ention had been especially •drawn. in wr1ting.'' Art. 2554"2. ''Absence of reJ.ationsbi,p wfth, work. The em ployer sba,11 not be liable wl1ere he �roves •that the_ accident has no connection v.1i;th .the work 1of the em ·ployee nor with the contract of employment ·with which ib is .associ•a'te'd. '' · · Art. 2555 - Other ca11ses ''The employee shall n10t be relieved of his liability for any other cause."

- 47 -

JOURNAL OF ETHIOPIAN LAW -

VoL. IV - No. 1

These above articles show us that our Civil Code f, ollows our traditiona] approach which, becaµse of the infl11ence of the Fetha N1egast, followed the civil la ,w approach. Under the common law, the burden of pr-oof is . on_ the employee. Under the civil Jaw system, wl1ich is the same under the ·Eth1op1� law, the employer, in order to be free from Iiabiility, has to prove that the accident was caused by an inrernati'onal act ,of the employee or th.at the emp1-oyee contravened a regulation to which his attention had been especially drawn in writing. In other words, the burden of proof is on •the employer. Thus, the respondent's ·oefunce that unless .t �e app ellants prove thal it did not exercise the necessary care it cannot be held liable ts not a defence according to Ethiopian law. The r, espondent, in its def'ence to <the allegation tha't it knew .that the place was infested by outlaws, has argued in the court of the first instance and in this court th.a't it did not know that the place was infested by outlaws. It further argued that even if it was known that the place where the accident occured was infested by outlaws, since the deceased went to the place kn-ow�g that it was infested wr'th outlaws, he intentionally went to the place and therefore in both cases respondent is not liable. Although as we explained ,ab : ove, sine� the employer is !Strictly liable, the argument is irrelevant, we, nevertheless, give the following opinion. It was bef'Ore the deceased was murdered by 'the outla:ws in 1962 that the commotion stiatted in Ogad.en .Awradja, at the place where the accident occurred. In fact, since a state of emergency w-as proclaimed in 1962 and since the respondent entered into a con\tract :to work in .this area, how coul1d he say he did not know of the existence of 'ou'tlaws? Since the exist'ence of outlaws was a known fa:ct, even if we follow the common law approach -on which the respondent based its defence, its defence that ·the employee knew ,the exis.tence of the d,utlaws is ndt a derence. It is not enough that the employer foresees the .accident. It is .n'ot a defence to say that the employee did it ·to show hifs fea.rlessness. The respondent's second ground of defence that an employer is not liable for accidents brought about by the enemies of the state is not a defence. The only grounds of defence are those provided under Art. 2553 and 2554. Next, the respondent argued that the accident occurred when the employee was not carrying out hi� �uty and at .a place outside the scope of his duty. According to �rt. 2551 of the_ CIVIi co�e, the employer is liable i:f ·the em.ployee meets 9.!1 acc1de�t when carrying out his duty at the place specified for him or when he IS on ho �days. �e d�e�etl's w?r � forn.1erly (i.e. bef-ore he died) being driving a c� r. his duty 1s not_lII?1ted 1? dr1v1ng a car within the co.mpound l()f the respondent ,_ s office. All space wrth1n which .the car starts from and reaclres its destination 1s within the scope of the deceased's duty. As for the contenti'on that if the decea se d was .taken out of the car and murdered on the road the murder Jl'as no con nection with his work, let alone his being .taken out of the car by force, even if he was �urdered when ?e had gone out of the car either to ,take his meal or to take rest, 1t cannot be said that the murder had no connection with his work. If the deceased _w,as mur?ered after he had walked out of the car with the intention t_o take a tnp, then 1t could be said that the .accrdent ha ·d no connectio-n with bis -48 -

MAMALINGAS ET .AL. V. ZAPULA

CAMUSA Co.

work; but since the respondent did not offer any evidence to show that this was the ca-se, we cannot say ·that !the murder had no connecti!On with the deceased's work. The High Court in its judgment has stated thia'.t the deceased was engaged in his work at the time of the murckr; on the other hand ' , it s'tates that ·there was nothing to show that the 'deceased was ordered to go to his work. As can be seen from Art. 2550, as long as the em,ployee was engaged in his work .at the time of ' the accident, it does not n1atter .whether he was specially ordered ,to carry out his work or not. Thus, since employers are strictly liable and since the deceased was murdered when he was carrying out his work, we quash ·the judgment of the High Court and find the respondent liable. In order that the amount of compensation be determined by the High Court, we remand the case · t o it. The respondent shall pay the appellant the amnunt of E$200 as court fees. A c-0py o.f :this decision shall. be sent to the High Cour;t.

• ' • '

I ,

1 1

' ,

i ,J '{

-49-

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ouAil = {l6JJ'9'-:,-. 1

f.2'f;/2i =�

lD4Ci'l-�·•llt-nw�.�li�•1· : oo14-A-i'1·fll:,-: '1il•l·Prf.C-f0:,.1·: 'P'illr foo'il,f: (l;f•:i f'i!:r•,l1 : -0,li.C: ,l1°1 : .,...TC.-1·-firf ,fir§ ,iY.Z-%(/i) ,�firl,Bf'!Jji ,fn.j:f�t,fiLff2� :: f°'-=J:: '}-OG:,.: >til•l·P.Pit: fO:,.:(:·t: 1-0l:,•'i: ,11.1\-0: h1P,.fillh•O: Oh�·f•�tD4: 'i!C�·: •tl.:l .: fl-rlO: nil: I\!!, : f-rlO: f,°l'l� :: CD•fa). ! fh'i!--f-�:a,. : 'i!Cf:: O.:J·: �C.(!.•: K1:J.:A 1: t

�/ o�:J-,h = 11,1..c = ,l,°1 = 4>"-TC = tfiti(fi) = ilc f ":f'· = 'P'i = f00'itf = P;J· f°t.'11\ar = fitj:::J-,h: •Otli.C : cl1 °1 : 'l>"-TC:1·: f.·jrf.h'i: fit§: O•f•a>(l�a:r: ODIPl.:r· fo:t°f: UDf.0� (l;J•:

�CD•

0 ,.

taf,a:rA: O"-:r•: Ollr61.1": h1C : f•f-f.l1 °l/A'G ',-lftl. : f'i!:J-,h: -Oth.C: TC: �f·jl·�: f"'l.f.�°11llr1 s G:C9°: f•f-h,f-l\: h'lf.lf� : fi'i! .:,.,h = -om.c = if,°1 = r-Tc = ritcf:l� = oo.,,l:,- = fK'i = f,lf'iA ,, c/ f°'-:(:: f•t-WI\��:,. : if1°1: htj::•l·,11: •Oth.C : ;1,°l : 4>"-TC: ii.f@u: {lUDll."'1"'1:J· r fffor> _p.::f1 0119°:J- = nw&-·li�,l·: 001-rA = f"'l.t.:J,.(!.•: hlf� ! hw&:li�:r- : f-l·�4'rr:,-: 1100?::;. = .n.wcfl• = UD-0•1· = fl\:fro-9° == �/ \'ri::•1·,11 : 11"1.C :

"1°1 : OP' &- : I\!!, : th°l : .,...

ftLU '11c ncnc ru:i.l-'P = rm�tr� = oi1, = oPf.'PC � fo:L:J: 'f'P,t : ,h°'-0 : ODf.'fC : 'll\11-T -1 f":}.:(: : f�(l-tj: : OIJ,�ai : /Ai: : l},fl,r : .arcll = 1--J'iJ?,, = 'lar :: u:i.-:f,1·'P : oit : ODf.'fC'. : J?,,dJ{l� : qr:,r.. : f1Y.: : (lm◄ : /A,.1"' : 1'1 .f.lf� : f,:J--ODt;'t\ :: 1

u:i.l-:i•'P = b-Ot,◄ = fiOD,;:,. : l'l°� : llit..-Tf•k1 : dJtf :,• : m·ll'I' Ola, ,CTI,-: m:,>/t}?,, : dJtf:,• = OitP'ODt,. : ti,,..,,., : f,'i� : i,1-.e. : a;nl9° : f:rao�: ·'}•J', J?,, : � (D• :: -50-

•

"J.TT'P : ro,,e,: +1 = IJJ.f2% = q = 9°

+cnm- = ,,../\:,.. "71:l.:,:,:OJc"}'i': h1�f\- 1 h: � : {11Ji\f;r:f0r9° :

°l"fl�': it1C : ni.t;..n:,.: 1.. r·L t h: � : it: 'i,h(I.: u: = O"l-OK- = it1c = noi 1·r(De = f;,,11..n = itcpcp1, = k� = r:t-ro+. 9° llnt''f 'ltt-n:,.. , roY.ro•'i &..:i 1.(l}« = �•11·L = Y,U1�: �tff·Lit:fro•"}: ltf,i\(I}«ffi•: httfm·: h°l"OK-: it1C: it: (I).: I?i : «f>"}: Ii!t�l : q: 9° 1 htl.tJ: '¼i\9°: O'l°T: :J.. 9°S:A::

1': �: i',: 'lth(I.: Jl = «f>1 = Iilf�% : '¼: 9°: 'lf.l.1--:,..: �tff·L9°: htttJ = '¼i\9° : fl'l°:,. : fl--1'/\�: 1..1'1.: 01'ilh11.."Cf : fOl/..11m·: f(aCf : l"t..fl\.l"t 'I!:,.. "'l1"lnc = Ol11:Pl\l\a>•: f"'l14 ti+ll'i = fOI/.e14'ti+ll = 1--01.:J,:fro-11'"}.�rocll'i' s h°l"fl�': it1c: ro•6f!-: f°t1"fm· : ftJI/1,1+ti+ll: 1-0l.:J"T (De,. = 7i ncJJ..n� = it1c "" = rOl/.e1«11ti«f>ll = 1..n1.:,.. 111 ,,y.. = nlltJl/:f (D«'i' = fl"- :f= = 'lt\ n,;1,:f m· = ll9° = foi.mt- = fn1n = '11..'t,.7n:,.. = 1:c�:,.. = ('P:,,t;:) ? "7i\:,.. ¾ : f(aCf : ttf-l\.tt'I!:,.. : ?i I 01-0l.+. : it"}y_c;:w.: 1,�: Ohilh1f:C,.f .. "'i""I flC : {I)« ll'P: f°t1-,.. : nJ,C �'i": f1-hoo•,;: i'ttiI\:f (D« : f1o 1-1\: -;r.-,l. 7/61' : it'li\ i· : fOl/..(11�{1:,• : fm·l.:J,.: n.:,. ?-

'° =

I. 1 Ov-f\,t-'1 {I)«

J,�'l° : fihllh1f..•Cf : f(aCf: l"tf-l\.tt'I!:,.: 11'/""IOC : it flI\°�: flf� : ro I\ '}l..;J!:f(l}«: f'I°,f: fl :fm· : f...'lfl- : ,nK'i',}: A'}l..:f: f°tf ,:,-.n:,. = P:J-- = 1'1>;.f*+.9° 1 :

j: I Y'll--t-'1(l}«: h �'J° : 0hilh11:Cf: l\ °t1·�;m•: f(aCf: 11,,f.. l\.tt'I!:,..: (1.rf-: ncll,t,.f"}: UDC�t;': {ID"}&.ti'I!: h1A°11\ h1-'}.a>•A. 1 nfti9°1--f:: '¼C 11: 'hft:,,: {l ,f•'."tf1f'Pt;: no:t:f.: fllll1;1"TlD": il9°: h1J;.4'1.il: h1•'t 0 :,..

f1.C°l '

§ i fv-i\i:"}9° = o:i.:r=:y. = OD.P-nc = 1'1J.t ,.fil,n ,,n:,,,; = l\hh = ;r:,..cyc \r9° : (ltDC : it11:: 1.tl: OD_P-{l('r:f(D«"}: hf1ofii ,: it\o:,-: 'h"}J.t,,f f..C()• l\:ftD•'i': f�tf tLit:f(l}«9° : itil&.K°t: 1'1?r..lf� : mll'i'PA:: f

OD/All: ()6f!-{1)«9°: n�tff .(l}«: oov,l_,1--: Ohilti"}..("C.f: fl°t1J(l}«: f(aCf: l},f,fl.tt'l!.:'f·: "7""10C : il'l° : lf'llD·: f"l:f.cp"}: 1-0l.T: {l (D«C{l: (19°: flODl.h-Ot;: 1111.,f:"}9°: f\"7(1,t-�f.C : P'Al1J1: h1Jt()l1):f{I)«: O'? -OK': n1C : i\°t11tD•: <t:C ..(": 11-r: }toofAtJ,t-'PA::'

0°111�: it1C : f"t 110J•: tj:Cf:: n.:,.9°: O"ll-'P: -,..;u.: oowt.,r: OD/A{l: ()tif!'lD': /\1..tL(l}c: f"J..:fcp"}: f"t "}«f>ti«J>llt;: f01/ f,"}cf>ti+il: 1-0 l'T: "'t-l.tifilD': 1,1-'tfll--l•P...("� 1 h.1f..: � : it: 'PC : t?i: +1: Iillt!: : q: 9° : {l()mlD·: .:'f•1,tf1f : mllS:A ; '11C : '?1: f"-1-'P: fOI/ 1,14'ti4'll: . = hr·LtJ'l° = 1111.:,- = f0'/.11m· = ,r:,,r = roi11(l}« = nn.:i-r-kf = 1-01.:,c; "l., :i- = (I}« ll'P = ni'tF{IDt-- = = n ODlf�,; = n m·611- = "1c = OD"}-,P':," = tj:Cf..·: {1.:,- 1 f,l'()mOJ•9°: ro•ti).: Oi'.1 ..:,..r-A-,,f: "}1,w: '11P':,.: DD1'?P':,..: fi:cY..· = n,,"t- = ;1--.e,,r- = r,1•&..1' 0·1. -,:,.. = ,:,,.eA = 111.i;..,.r,�� = tiA,1-1-1.1 = n,t +c : ll.t...i9° : lli\ll'/1,l-A: ooAll: ()Fif.bCD•: _e1i1-,.: O"J,fi�: it1C : O°t 11 (De : <t:Cf..': (1,)-: f,t-(1 ,n ll)« : ,"f- 1,tf11: r,f• &..'A "t-,:,.: '?1,A: h"}>;f . 1:,,: 1'1>t1-l'?l\:for = n11..u = m:1,1\.e, = 0:,,1:,. = i\OIJ.11ro· = h�+i;ro· = �C..(" =

n,.,.°'

·- 51 -

: f C : : 00 : 1' · hl\+ln· .:: 111 cf: 1 'k 21/9. : tl>--1' C 1 nll f•P,t ... : ll'i'" ll>'C fL'T : fl htv1-;;:ar �cJ!• = fL:,•9° = fltLtJ• 001 11, n = OD;,n.:,. = ?i'§ = +1 = Iilf2j '¼ 1 9°: nllmll>' : :,-.1'•111 , lll\ : �CJ!": fL1'..'f = P'IAlll'l = O�'PC: f.11.t;/2l;: nro111 (J)c = n'P:e, • ott,,,,� = lln:,-. = n10-ll = ir-Tc = Y'llT = O,t-001\h+(l}c ODIPl.:,-. i nttf"'ODt-- = · h+o7 = foi11"(Dc'} = fo:t'f'P'> = 111t.:,. = nooAtt:,: : 11�.� : nfl : /\"'eh : 11.�..fh : l\"LtLtD" : .,l"l.hfl(J)c : 1'1�.fili•P,f:,;.._ : ,. :,,

= =

� IA::

fltltJ-9° : :,-.1'•111 : fcl'l.fl : . ,f."1'11 : fl\'J° ,f.LJ : Thtf1f : h OD(lm.-f: : nt....1·. : "J'} : fo:tl•'P'} : f"'I�'l+lt+it : 111 l.T : ho:t'f'P : CD'}f:'l°'f'i'" : 1'LJ1'..'f : {1,f--(lllJT(J)c : ftD·hA'i'" : P'A,")1 : tulle = nAP.. ,;:c,;_e.t ¾ ootPt.:i• : 111t.�1 fh,t-P.Y:4- = f.,n� :,1-0l.1:'l'i'": h'l,fll.1:9°: f,t-11(J)c'l: 1':,,9°: I\Jtll·: hh,t -P,P,t: l\Ol/iilh-0: L:PY..� : fll\oPlf'iT(J)c : 9°h'lfT : OD/Ail : (l61J»(D� : '},fll.irf:'}'i : h11ll 1:9° : fort.11(J)c'l : 1':,,9° : h1-'tfill.ti (r : h1-'tU"ll\TlD' : l\h'i:+'1(Dc : fi:CJ!· : fL:,C : lll\oPl\hirf: t ht;:,f-;;:ID' : t;:Cf: = fL:,•9° : oo;,n.:,- : !I : +1 = Iilf2i : '¼: 9°: fl(lm(J)c : Thtf11: f tJ•'i:f:: �"1'11: nr-'f : CDll.A : flf = nAP.. = t::c'i_e.t 1 111t.,1:1 = "'lil,t-P.Y..c = h1:oP,;...nT = 1.u = �:,. = Tr:ta(lc ' -,_9°r: : fl\(Dc'}: f111l.i:1: nlli·P.Y..C : 'lllf11: 611-?°C: ha,"'/lll.)f�: floo All : {l6J!'(J)c : 1,'}Jtfill.tifl• : n!lA :: f�"1'11 : nr-'f : tnll./A9° � '10•�: .,,t.L�:f(J)c = n'11lta_e.a,:,. f 'Th•• tt·1 _e."ln1 = ot;::,.dt = 11"1.c 0011111 = ct>--1'C = i:il:li = tttLLJ = ,.:c,: = 11:,- = n:,,cnro• a,nc . .,,c. ; "11 = _e.u tj:Cf: flA· = ort.f111 = ii"t = +1 = Iiif2i = '¼. = 'I° = fl(lm(l)c : (l)c/t),. : .e."lfl�:f(l)c'} : llf\A,f"+fll\(J)c : :,-1'tf lf''l : nK-1+.: ill\+ t.{r:i- : oo:t-roort.f : tictJt.:fOJc'l = flhtj:,,-�(Dc = fi:Cf: = rt:i• : h1-'t+'l'tr = ODA !J. :ftpA :: f«l't.flc:i•9° : OD:PW°tf � "J.l•'P : 'l·tf tLn:far'} : fY..l.1•'r : {l"J,flK" : n1c = noolf)., , f'l°irf::,•9° = ntt1(1)c 1t1c ill\ = rr.,'i" = 'P'i"OJc = OD'i 1,1:r (l)c'J° = ntlf(l)c = noolf)- 1 fOJcC(l-9° = tictic = nttf(l)c = n1c = ht\ = ,,.,: ODl. ticti-..1 = l\ODil"'I:,. = P'IAlll'l = fl\ro- = O"l11�" n1c = roi11nr = t;:Cf: = e1:,. = -,(De , n'1'1l\T a,nt. s= ht;:,,..�ro- ,.:c,: fL:,-9° .ev1 = f4'l nl\:,.1 = tictic = n'P;,n. = lf'i = il1tl\11·ro• -:· � i ":1.'f 'P flf..t.1.:,. '1·1flt 'P'i = oo'itf:fro· : 1,nt.;1,:fm4 n"2.'1 �n:,- = nn.:i-r-kf = "ltf,r = lD'il'P = oorr1 nt.:>"ll!LA I i flD'Cil = hctic = r+t.nn:,- f"'l'l+tt�l'll = 1-0t.:1-:,:lD"� = ftfl/. 11(J)c = nn.:,•r-k.. r= "l 1fT = OJcil'P = nooo>). = rro·cll-9'1 : tictic = 01:':J,r:t� = f°t'Jfl(I}c: On.Tf"kf: ,)1flJ'i: nn.,rf•k..r: fi:Cf..• : (1•f"1": a,,04 !: I fln.Tf"kf: ft;:,l•d1 : "'1di.C : ,1,"l : 'f>"-'l'C : u\ioiB : 1,'} f,.,f•t111/ln�1· ..-. OJ'9° : f"J.'fcp : lDftA:f : Wf,'J° : "i"lDft}!1• : (A]f.-:{) :r-�A lf)., : {l,f•if'C1 : f tJcl\,,.� • fY'ili·�'i r nt.1-� = f..t.� = 119°f:'i fl\:far = tJ-l\.. = n1i?°:J : brot.7ia,:,. = h'lf..,f-'14>ft-- = fOl/..�m'r: noulft;:fro•: ro•cil: f,1fl'i'"A: -OftOJ• hChC : l\01/:,,l.11 : ,11:>tf! : 0011:,- : fl\TlD''J° I· 111l'P : OD,:.POJO'/. f:f01'1 :

= ,..�

- 52-

m-,::,, : hl:C?n'i: f ":l.7f'P1· : 'I-If1·1.: hK- 1,f, : ill\{l'i(l:J--:(-(1)- : f,tJ"} : 1,°l

'1� = 1t:,»cn'PA ==

01,°l'l� : 1«1'.lfi•-T9° : 'P'i : 9°h"}f,)• : f (Dc : fthfi:i"�lD- : fi:CY: : ,i.:i-: 1t:,»cn(Dc,r: f'l(ll(Dc"} : '}.,e.',,)• ,. OT/ft:,.. I "J..l--'P: hYf: qoo:,•: l'l°r:: 'P'i = 00'itf:f(Dc = f f..l�:,. .r = f'l°i:-T'l° = O°l11i-- = 1t1c = noorr).. i f(Dc C(l-9° hchc = OtLf (Dc = 1t1c = i•hfi:·f = 1'i = m•ta);. f l\11 noorr-,. -: .f.°l'l� 11r-1·9° O"l11K" = h1c = m°l = 01&.'i\'l· = or>lf"} = ilft"'l.1'1:f(Dc i nn.:,..r-k.r : f'i:-Tm : 11,h.C: ,-,1°1: .,.._TC: r7Lr!�t : h"}f.,f•oofth+(l)«'i: "J..if--'P = n'fP ,1:n:,- = H 001 = n1.,c:i•t. = fOJ«ilT = i\ili"Pif..c = 1..n = at"I = lf'i : .f.lP&.0-T : 0'I filOJ'" = 01'."lAf "} : r�,)•tft : 1lth»C : m°l : n-,,..TC : 7(.xtr .J §f2i I iif.?i"r = n+00t\hi•Or : ODIPt.:i• : heh?- : oo;J--f,} = flP/. 1'1(1Jc no:t.T'P f or>'f tf = m"I = Oor>lf'I- = h�,,..�OJ« = �c..e- = a.:,. = f(I mar: �CY: = +7ir: : rh.:i•r-kf "}�IP = '111":i• : 00"}'?1":,.. : �CY: f1,f,if--: P'A"l'I-: fl\-TOJ•'/°: rl-1),\o: 1'"}J;.,t..;,1TA'} ; {I.ft·: 'lar::

fOUAil : {l6£b: '11l : &.,:'J°: 'l+.ln·,)·: {I.(.: OD/Ail

� I o:tif'P'i: f6J.7f'P'J°: 'lftfi.:,•: ti C'l: qoo:,..:_ 01\f,: oof..O�: oP'i lfT(D«: hY:C1lD· : roi 'f?-n:,-- ; h/"00&.- : hi--OT/ : 'IOC::

-= l-'P = "l11i mf = '11c = r�>;..n:,.. = 'J°h'J1:i-'l° = '/°1'1° = 1'1\\ = g i o:t. .. n1'c�'i = nm'i = 9°h1,:,.. = n.111'/° = 'lf..t..�:i-- = '1-lftt. = l\f, = 'P'i0r = oo'i tf :f(Dc = nh.:i-r-k'f = °lt1:i• = 0rilT = Oi\FUD&.- = n...,..1111 = ftoolf'I· = 01111.. 7i°7 : it'l;J1C : 1A�Or;t-A::

!: If f..l�:,-'/°: 'I-Ifft: ;,,"I: h1f..OIJ.L:,»f..ro·: Om1f11: i\'P'P.,e.: '-:,..:

+cnw· : 'llD• :: Otto- : 'l-lfJ-1.lt:fa,., : fhilh'JY:Cf : ('ICf'l! : ti·Y..h..ti'l!irr : 11111nc : rm:,»I\I\ 011:-1-- :far mt.7i : h1Jtlf1 = roil'l'PA ==

f '1-lfJ-1.lt:fro• : i\ilL?.D'/.9° : fhilh1�--Cf : {ICf'l!:,.. : ti•Y..l\..ti'l!:,- : n.+ : hCil.rf:f 1: "'110C : l\hh: ;r:,..c,ch: h1Jtlf'I- : 0'1-lftt.i\:flD•: ilfl 'p00cq>:far : ooAil : (l6J!-W•'J°: h'Jf.: "J..T'P : 1,-•ftL: fin.'TV'kf : "llf:,.. = OrilT: f"'l.11lD•: fo:l,1'-'P'}: 11ll'T : ft"'lilrf•P,f..C : ftn.:i•V-k'f : 1�1P : .,,F:,.. 001'?r:,.. = �cY: = n.,r = Tf<J:i\:fw·1 '1:,,cn'PA == n"l1lK" = -: it 1C : fOl/. m.,e.«kn:,.. : ,..P,y, : : 0'?1li '},flt.,)· : °11 '11C : ill\ "'l.1"fro· : ilt\lf'I i htltJ : f4-L.0•:,-- : Tf4: : fft'J° :: § ; "J..-:f'P: 'I-Iff·l.itTlD"1: 'lU�n:,.: 1..ft: O°l•flK" : h1C: roiz..(f?,,r: r : °11 : 11ll:J--T(Dc : O OD'j lfT : · 'P'iW : ft�-ft1..H.ID- : Uolf ',-'} : fiUD°l rt-"7 : t\ODlf'/- : ..f l h : . "OD& Oitl : T Oril )• : °lff, noi 1�n:,- : flh.,rr·k',r : ;,1m•O,r'J° : 'J°h 1f,).. : 'J°'iA'l:,. : n1·LV• : OJ•Cil : 'J°h'),:i- : flJl/.'llt : --f,: 0"7 (I 'l:fw«: . : h :J : hchc: n.. 'iC i heh?- : ni'�.:,. r•kf : �Cf-" fi..f•-:f 1-",. 1'1f.lf'I : hf ,nt-TC9° :: � ; ro:,.-:f'P = wt.7i = f1'ilh1..f..'c:..r = {ICf'I!:,• = ti·f--t\. ti'P.:i• = 111/"�0C?" = f"l�'P : f'l-lf,.,. : OJ&. 7i : t\ODlf ',-: frf"l..P,lD' : 0"111K" : h1C : ft"t11roc : ' 'i:C�": ft,)· : Tf4: : '14-'lnn:i• : 1 1·1, i >', : Ji� : i'1 : TC: � : 4-'"} : Iitx�r : .

- 53 -

i 1 il l\ : ..P,1'1;1" : P't- : hti�� : 04'...'l'C : @r/i'C.tt!'1ij : Om11Jm.. : = 1-t'>f...+oot\h+(Dc?D = ,l1"1 ;0h14'�·: h'>� i 0,1-t- ,,,.._,r·c = !! 1 Okf...A till : f+'l'ifi-T : '11C : O"'if-1+'14>il : 1-0l:'f· : n.lf'} : tin•'} : Ol/f�,: f°?_ 1'1ro· : 1-0l+. : OOI/..110:1� : {l;J·· : f0'/.1"'i0>• : ri:c� : · 11:'f• : 'Im• :: Ow. Cil : "t-Pif-: {llf'}9°: ftDt- if.. · : tJCtJC: ODbt.:,• : fOl/.."l'lOJ-: f°,7.:,$: 'Pr;: fOD'ftf : P'(i:./r: Olf'IO:'f· : {1;1-- : t\ODlf�: ftj::'f-.rdt: •Oth.C: "1°1: ,,.._TC: tt?i"i lillPiA 1 11� = 00>- = ODf...O� n:J-- ""t\,r?° nco-rm« = n�'Pt �:,. : 'h.l·LfOJ- : {l;J-- : t\OD'.°C : chC'l' : ?'1-fl : h�C?o : f1..P.V-1"'1'i" : f'I':,, '1'1:t:1' (r1111,,.+.1) = cpi; = fltj:t- � ff...l10J' = n;:1-- = "'11\.:'f• = 1\.0011�. , n� ,l·,1, = 11th.c = ,n'? = .,,...'Pc 11rr f,1•0Di\.b1... m· = f {l1,,... v.A ilfl1tu = llft ° Tlil1:� 9 : {llf'}: �U: hCtJC: {ID;J--f;'f-.r : fOl/..1'10J•: 1-t;tf"tf :_ 'P'illr'i: ou.e.n� : fao'ft.,fOJ· : {1;1-- : 'lf...t.10>· i 'h_'}f...H.�9° : f,f•t;lf1f- : fiP/f,'},p 'l+il : 1--0l.,1• : 0"7.110:,. : h1C : :it'?t;: lj:C� (L;'f• : ODlf�'} : ll"'lill. ..';,l•: fUA: ',OJ• : h'}:{_ : �� : Oh,CTt- :· f,IPt-0:'f• : f',Ol.(Dc : fit.llJA hh.:,·r-A-1 ,n'? rOJJ.ttt 11 = f(i:.,rd, = 11d.. c = ,.,,'? F'I = P'C'¼:'f· o:,. = ?°n1'f ,l.. 'f�,l· t,,,e,.e.f\9°

= =

=·

% 1 f\9°/}ll,: ,,fU/;\9° : f�'?'11: qr•'f: 'l"IG.�:e:: hm4,o-'P:far: h�C1= ,111°-:f'i": tio-�: ,n1°-:,;: A�.,:,.: f{\OD'f?-1 ¾ fi't.llJA.f'} : f(i:.,r,11: -flch.C : "1'? : -,,...'PC : ilt?i"r : "'n.t; : fi't_,"f•f -A".,r'} : ftj:,}d1 : 11"1.C : ,'h'? : 'r'l'C : ttfiilh 1 'h.1' .e.tto-9° = fi't.11JA,.r1 = rri:,rth = -Oth.C = ,-,1'? = .,,...,re = Ii = "h'i = nt = 1,rr fit.:J,V-k.. r1 f(i:.Tdt -Odi.C ,l1'? = �c = ....virf ,,... .... = ooODAh.:,'iA ::

t I h.1.e.t·Lo-9

: ilt\ : ii.,1·V-kf : 'i:c� : 0,..y..:f.. : fP.1'1:,• : l"t- : 1111 . : 04> 't� (,�n.tc) : ..'l'C : ©r/if.ut@i : ftDll)lD• : dl.°l t Oi't14>X- : k 1 fi,f-t. : 4>-·'l'C: § � Okf.A: la : f+ootth--l"lD·'i. : fli't.llJ/!\.,r'}: f'i!:'f-th = -Odi.C : il� : P'C'}:,c : ,),'? : -,,...'rC : 10 : 1-t'i : 1l: t "'n.11-IL0-9° : fl�llJA f'} : f(i:,l•m : 11clhC : "1°1 : .,,...'PC : "'n.'i : -----�-q;;; : f,f-ODflh--J:,r Af. .,,.,. : "'n.1f.lbl\T{Dc : {\ODlP.:,- : i't,.fil:fdJC 9° :: °

ir :

iii

(u) flf� = lf'f = hl\.e, 'h.11.. ,f--1f\�ro.. = _e.u , ncnc = oo;rr:Jc = ,,fft o:,-- : Oi't..,rr·k.f : r�:,-,,1: ,,0,h.C : ,.,,., : i,1:( : fl/bl\ : ,.,,'? : ill\Alf� :,

1 l\ : = r ( ) f,'?'11 'lr-:f 'l1lt..l,._ = r 014'(1•,l·9° fJ-1.,l·r·A·f = ffi 1•"1 --nd..c : rl.t'? : 'f>"•'rC : ritrt�t : l\f'f.,IJ : hc tJc : i',"}P,1• : .,,..1 fl',,)· : {l(lft,

/l UJc

·=·

I I i i

( ,,,) o:i..7i·'P : .r.e.l1-:,-'}', : '1-11lL : (l"i'1.."l"f'"A" f : flj: ,)•d1 : ,()dhC : ,1,'? : 4'-- ' rC : rif.r!2?; : >'\1..e.rf-ouflh,f•ro• : Ot.i·t1�..9u : "1"1 : tJ,'1 : lllJ•} : Ji'? : \1«'1.?t'i" : f.10'1 : �-111t : oourr�- ¼ �

- 54-

(00) f"J..:fcp : U1C : ,"h°l'J° : (ft\.fl"} : �T,fil\.n : OD"}OJJ":t•) : hh.:t·

fi!illit : ;JC :

f-k.f : f'i:�dt : ,ficfhC : ,'h°l : 'r1'C : .f"1l.-Oh·-l- : DI/ill� : ilt\0tfillPiA�

f°7.il"7"7 : t\OD(f�.. :

(1P) fl'j::,,.,h : -OdhC : ,"h°l : 'l>"-1'C : tif'miJ : 1,1f.. : sf•oot\h--t-aJ•'J° :

e&Ch � ....f,1fl'i"A :

f,°lfl� : flf-'f : fl''HOD�-- : _f,(D•/.il'' : hC : oo,n:,.. : ill\ : il,i\:,!ro. t·

111\W• : t\ODht

hfi:i•c;:w.. (j:C�· '1--1.. flOl/.1fl = ffln1ro• : �cf..• : K1.f :: f,'?fl� = qr,,'f = .fl\ = tt°lfl-O = .. r+t..n•:,..= f.°lfl� = --1-flcff i hh.l>ft- = ;,c = 1'.1�.n + : .e,f..l.°lA� : fl 'i" . fl. 1\- : --t-ht-nl.'PA :: . htLU : fli\f . : f1t\K"�a,. : ncnc : r�,.,.....} : oo�if'i" : oof:l.7f : il.fil l•� : y_;f/\A :: � i "J..'fcp : fil.fl"} : n1C : ,f•roi\:e, : ODlf'i"rlD·'i" : flDt\�.:,.. : A�'; : mi\,:'f,r = 'h1.. e.lb!lr1D4= ;--W'*A ==

"J..'f'P'i" : nh.:i-r-kf = W'il1' 9°n1,,..,.. : {\lflj(llc l;J1m : 'lW• t

f"J..'f'P'J° : flt\ll»T : hootp>;J--:fw· : nt.:,-. : '11ll.W• : = .e,t;� 1'.1..e. = 'ln�'i" , o:tl·'P = ttv--1 t\tLu = ncnc = : fat/f ,"}4'ft4'il : "}1ll.'T : fl{\0D fl:,.. : ODlf'i":flD• : f,f-c

1 = °I-OK" r 1 w..e. = tt1c = ni�.n.:,.. = 1.1 . • 1, = h> = it = _...1uruii .,.. ..... ,,,.. _..... ,.. = q = ,r i 't-tfttitr(I}«1 = fl..r..e.c1-- = 'P'i"w· = out;cfrW' = nttu = 1-0.1,,.;--:f(llc = noi ,�n:,.. : flh>C.:,..t- : m-1>1\.e, : '?If.:,- I fiit.P'ODt- : h,,.t-"7 : OD(f',-"} : ill\ : itl.;J1ffic : 'J°"}'J° : 1,1\J. : WY- : h.:,,.r -k.r : °ltf:,- : ltf,OD{\(l• : h : h> : it : 1ur;te = 1,11- ,J•ou .... .... = q = ,r = (l'1°1:'J° i O'i:Tdt 11"1.C = "'" = «r-1'C = riro .... l\h,f-(llc : nao•(t• : YllflrLD· : 001,.n�'i" : 'f'i"(llc : OD'f tf : (1:J"'T(llc : ff,.l ,..:,,. : fnP'ODt- : hi-071 : ill\ : lflj : fitJ"ODt- : h,f-"7: oo.,e.n;:: {l;J--:fw•: hf,f..l\'J° : l\lP/ l\:,.. : 1tf ilf,.�C9"° ::

,..,... ..-

,_ ,..

!! ! flf'l : lf'f : f8J.T : fOD'ftf : {l;J·• : ,fi_r : ltf,lf"} : f"7_f,"}4'ft4'il: II � 1-01..�:f(llc'J° f01J.11w· : flit.Foot- = t1,t-Uf/ = ill\ = lf'l ¾ nY:c>w.. fh.:,Cr T : ;1,°l : 'r1'C t : : : .F'l : P'C'¼' lf -0"1.C : f�:,..,h '7 fl-'tO· : k f : "1°l'J° : : f i 'h"}f.. : ,f-00/\hi--W• ¾ 0°7f.1"1lt+il : "},fil.:,.. : f"'l.."1Cfi(llc : nil : 1-0l.i: : n0?...1�n:i• = n�A = fll\(llc flt\P'AllJ1 �c..(' ft:,• = ill\ ¾ rri; = ff,.'?fl� = flf-'f: '11l&.� ;- fh. :i--V-kf : C,:C..(' : {1.f'f : fl·LU"} : ncnc: '11C: l\"7f:,..: : P'AllJ1 : f/\rlD''J° i (Lt\- : fc�l.n•:i• : ncnc I i-1(l'l.:,• : f/bl\lD' : hoolf � 't-9° : fii\f, : flllJ'J° : ltfil1coo1 : '1A4'l.'J° ::

�; ff,°lfl� : flf-'f : '11l&.� : 1'.1f..1l\�.:,-. t filLU : 1-..Pif, : 0W'611» : -- = ft:,tt1c = r,:c� 111..(' = nil = +cP = 'h1 Y-lflj'i' = 1--Pi�r = n+mc> i\f, = 11 fOIJ..ii : (ll1'19° : 'h19.: fit.:,..V-kf : �C..(' : lt.f:f : f,U1't- : '11C : i-4'-0 . /\W' : Pi�'l--1:1 : h°'lf,}: }t"}f,.Ol/f,ht\ht\-: ftj::,. dt : ,ficfhC : .F'l : .Fe'¼:,.. : 11 «r-1'C = tit = ill\"7.fill.� = 1«111.n·,r = ncnc ,t-1n.lj:i• f/bt\(llc = tr'i lt°l�i-'l'PA :: 11r

�·

- 55 -

i :; Oh.1·1-C'i"itf-'i"A : h9°9°'1:,• : fl,f--t\1,, : 1'1-'lt.'1.9° : f°t ff..ca, : A� =--ih"I : ht\.t\ : hh..:'f-V-kf = "ltf+ = ar6Lb = �+(ln1 = �c�· mt.r : l 1 11.e,1 : lln.+r-k.<' : t;:C..e-: (1,f--:f : cf,C( : h1.';,t.K9° : 1A;J... H11 : n,1-.+c: i\DDt.'/.9° : h1f..."'l.e-1·A : 0,,,._TC = f.1J.'f;/9,"(; = flDllJOJ• = ii'P�'i = '1.tlit : fro --TC : : : + : P'C '¼ th"I 4> !!£2i : h'i : !!!t : ilft 11JlD4 : ftj: +dt : {ltfhC : P''I "'lfill.P,. : f f,'?fl� : flV-:f : 'l?l.L1: : 1'1:"19° : t\.f...',4?0:,- : '1A1..1'lfm•: a,oc i I 01·1.tJ : V•i\• : 'J°h1f:,, : f,tJ"} : ti ChC : f n..:i•V-kf : <t:C�· : {1-f-.'f : i\"'lf� : tJDc/r : P'A"11 : h1�1\,rOJc'i" : far6Lb : h'IC : OJ•l}). : ltcf>C111\ :flD49° = w·lt).{l)c"} = {/De"°t.OJc = :t-nnll � = ODlf't-1 = h1·1.�- n:\1t Ohc Tf-kf : ftj:Cf: : i'tL�K'J° : if1"1 : ODrPl.:,, : f,f•L�OI/...,:,. : ;}f,A : h1>;, . O f1'1 : i\ "'lf:l."I : 'h1f..."'L:fir : OD�(D:,, : iii\ :, :: t i ro:i..:f'P'J° = -,...,,.,. = r,,..f...t.1lD' = rn..:,•r-A·,,<' = ftj:,-,.dt = 11"1.c ;,,°I <r'TC : tfiri/i : 'h1f..."'LL:,,f...OJc : OJ-t\ : i\ "'l'P'PIA : FA"11 : o+nmt&: (lro• = &.:,..'i = v-ll:,... = r;--ro4? = 'J°ilne>1· = fltt-n:,- = n 011 tr't- = ,"h;,'l! = .,..,u = a,ro• : 11/l'iA :: u i f,"lfl� = flf-1•'1° = ro:i.. l-'P = ro1 f..•'l'1l-'i" = 'htJ,f,:f = floolf'i":fm• : ''OH;;,f..... : .e,ro•l.il '' : {l)cC(lc : .e,1'1'iA : flf-'f: ii"-: lf't-'i": fltj::,11"1: 1ltlhC: ° .,,.. iifillii t hOJcC(l• : 0119°:J· : 'h1..e.: ,,.� ,f-ODi\h,f•tD·9 },1f... : : : : TC cf'tr roi�n1� = fiODlf'i:far = f,tJ1 nchc = t\"'l:,�t.11 OD,o,-,. fftf (D•9° : ,fi{\«;t\ :: I :;: O"J.li'P9° : ii1c : iii'? = OJ.1·'P : ,f•OJl\]!':.f = ro.e,'J° : m1tilc; : 'IA = ht\.l\:fm• = n,,..cf'c = 111l.:J":fOJc1 = ll"'/19° = i\Lcf'�.:,. : i'lm· = I\CTTJ lD·l.il : 'h1f.."tt.+f:l\:fOJ• : fODAil : {tlif!'(D• : .,'ll.L1: : ..<'4>l.O·:t· : f�· ,I..� : '11/ill"Jf : .. <'ill.�A:: Ili I ftDl.(l•:,"'J° : 1-0l.:t· : i\ODA}i'J° : , f"dJ(}C : 'h1J'z.OJ•A • Ol/1\�• : 1\1�:ftD- = 1�'1° 1 1�tJDc : 'h1�l.�o:,. i ro1o : t,f..•�1°:,• : f:c;e,:,... 1'1-'t OD,;,,o�:fm•,; = f'lt\f1:J··:ftD- = 011,;,,oc = h1.i;..'110:t,n:,• t nfi f·LlD·'J° : i\� ti:flD4«; = i\ '1 flf1;t-:f tn· : 'I.f\�:,.,t; : tj::}• ,h:,. : 1,1�f..l'1il:flD' {lODlf)· : {l)cC(lc : ftfl/f,?t«;O,.,. : 9°ti1,.f:,- : ft\'J° :: ilfllllJ : h�·"f•�{D• : <t:Cf: : (L:,- : noi1'1 : f (tmtD•") : �c.,e, : i't��, 1 A '1 ,.,..1 = f,"1 "F1 = " (t 'i-0,,..,; .,e,"1 '1'1 '1 r-:.1- "OD A ii = (t611'lD' cI2 (Y'ilT : OD-f- : '/9° '1) : ri'1..:t• : ,oc : t1..v1�,; : t\tLtJ : ncnc : .';��·r'i' : 1·C ,,..9° : ftDll)(D•"} : mm : Of..l(t"F : t\ti : 'h1,<;.h'i:ll-- : i'tl·l«;A :2

= =

"•°'

**"°":,. ,

ftl.U :

�C�"' :

"lt\'1611• : i\h�,f•i1w• : ct:Cf: :

- 56-

o,:,. : .e,f:l.(tlD• : 111\'i'A

SUPREME IMPERIAL COURT

I,''

I�

Justices: Ato Haile Aman Doctor Gianca['}o Polera Ato Berhe Sekwar

ASMARA

NOVEMBER 23, 1965

EZABEL YOU.SUF MATUL !ET tAL. v. tAiBA: LOCHIS K:IDIYS ET AL. Civil Appeal :No. 155 / 57 Successions - wills - disherison - administration of estate - principal· residence of deceased. · · Civ. C. arts. 183, 184, 826(1), 882, 939, 3348, 3355. On appeal from an actli•on instituted in the High Court to compel administirator of the deceased's estate to relinquish possession of the estate and the •accounts. Held: Decision affirmed. 1. The principal residence ·of a deceased person u.nder Civ. C. art. 826(1) is .the person's ·· d,omioile as defined in Civ. C. arts. 183,184. 2. A public will made abroad prior to the coming ,.inmo farc.e of the Civil Code is valid under av. C. art. 3355 where it complies with the form requirements of Civ. C. art 882. 3. Where the national law of the deceased permits itacit disherison of relatives in con fon1lirty with Civ. C. ar:t 939, ,the disinherited relatives are not entitled •t o the succession.

This case concerns the su�s.ion to ,the estate of -the late Woz. Meri Medewar, wife of the late Wadi Habib Medewar, daughter of Yousuf Matin. Tl1e fact that the late Mari Medewar and the appellants are children of the same father is not contested. It is also a known fact that the deceased was living in the town of Asmar.a, Eritrea Teklay Ghizat. It is alle·ged ,th.a1t on August 9, 1947 ,G.C., ,the deceased, while in Egypt, appeared ·before a notary and made ·a public wjll in the presence of two · witnesses. She died in Egypt without returning to Ethiopia. The testator, in her will of Aug. 9, 1947 G.C., provided that after her death the Syrian Catholic Association in Alexandria would ,succeed to • all· her m,ovable and immovable propetry. She also stipulated that the Association could sell a.11 her immovable property outside Egypt, purchase immov.able pr_operty in Egypt and estaibljsh a welfare Organization as follows:1. One part of the property would be used for housing old and disabled persons .found in ,the Syrian Catholic Association in Alexandria; 2. A second part of the property would be used for bringing up the poor orphans who are memb.ers oif the Syrian Catholic Association in Alexandria; 3. A third part of the property would be used for help and religious service in the Syrian Catholic Church ful Alexandria; on Fridays, -services. would be held her late husband; and and in the name of the testator . . . 4. The representative Patriarch is• empowered· to execute her will and look after the grave of the testator as well as that of her late husban,d. The respondent had petitioned the Egyptian court to empower him to take possessi,on of and administer the estate_ of .the deceased on behalf of the Syrian Catholic Association in ,A]exaridria.

- 57 -

JOURNAL OF ETI-IJOl>IAN LAW - VOL. IV -

No. 1

The Egy,ptian court, in an order given 01:1 _ January 21, 1963 G.C., had em. powered the respondent to take ov�r and �dm1n1ster the movable and immovable property of the deceased for the time be1ng. However, since the immovable property and its fruits are situate-cl in Asmara Ethiopia, a.nd since a decision o� a .for� i� court cannot be executed unless it i; seen .and a.uthorized by tl1e Imperial Etl11op1an Gov_ernment Courts, the responda nt High Court located submi,tted the order oif ,tl1e Egypt_i3:11 Co:urt ,t!<;> 1:.be _ in this Teklay G'hizat under Probate and A<lmm1st•rat1on file 52( 56. On Meg�bbt 2_4, 1957 (April 2, 1965, G.C.) pursuant ito the Courts iProclarmait1on 195 ( 62, the High Court per mitted the Reverend Aba Lochis Kidiyas to take possession of and administer the estate of the deceased for the time being. No appeal has been made on this order. But Professor Aldo Fomazini, the person who was administering the deceased's estate under the power of attorney given to him by the brothers and sisters of . and over possession of the estate ,and i� fruits to the deceased, was unwilling ;to h tl1e new administrator. The respondent petitioned the High Court, to compel Pro fes.sior Aldo Foro.azini to h, a!lld i.t over. In .an order given on Miazia 16 1957 (A,pril 24, 1965 G.C.) the High Court directed the present appellants' agent, Professor Aldo Fomazini, to hand over ,the estaite ,and the accounts f, rom the time he took over . as administrator together with any documents concerning the estate to the res-pondent. The appella·nt's agent through his attorney had filed an interlocutory. appeal to this co11rt under file No. 77 / 57. But this court, under a decision given on Miazia 28, 1957 (May 6, 1965 G.C.) rejected the appeal. and remand.ed t1l1e file back to the High Court. The contention of the appellants was that the deceased made her will in Egypt and died there. She was domiciled in Egy(J)t and the litigation concerning the succession was initiated in an Egyptian court. Therefore, the court that has the jurisdiction is the Egyptian court. Tl1is conte.ntio-n o.f the appellant was not found adequate. T11e High Court found:

I. The fact that the deceased ha·d made her domicile the place \Vhere her main property was situated could be ascertained from the will. 2. Since the immovable property over which the dispute arise is found in Ethiopia, the case mu,st be seen by Ethiopian courts in accordance with the Ethiopian law. 3. Art. 939 of the Ethiopian Civi� Code, permits tacit disherison of relatives of the second, third or foll[ith degree, 11nless they are ru;cend!a111ts or descendants, therefore, •the appellants are not entitled to the succession. B_ase<l on the above findings, the court overruled their contention, declared tl1e will of the deceased valid and dismissed the case. The appeal was lodged ·against this judgment. The grounds· of appeal are identical with appellant's conten in the High tio n Court and m.ay be sumn1arised as follows: be s. � year e deceased twenty ad made h Egypt her domicile for about . � _ died 'there. The act!oo c�cerning the succession was initiated in an Egyp�an ion _ result is pendmg there. The cess uc s the of coUDt and the appellants can partake - 58 -

EZABEL YOUSUF MATUL ET AL. V. ABA LOCI-US KIDIYAS ET AL.

under Che Egyptiam law. I:n accordance with Art. 3348 of ,the Ethiopian Civil' C�e and the Iitalian Civil Code A1:1t. 11 23 - 456 - 923 which was .irr1 force in the · Entre �n Internal Ad , �ini•stration· at the time the deceased clied, any action regardmg the succ�s�1011 must be i.nilitiat�d in t- he cou['t d.fi ·the .pla.ce where the· deceased was domiciled. Therefore, til1e decision of the High Cour:t sh,ould be� reversed on -tl1e ground '11hait tfue Etl1iopian colia-ts do not I.have· jurisdiotion. The reply submitted by tl1e respondent contained the following: l. The deceased :and her late husban . d lived and were domiciled in Asmara. for over forty years. 2. Even _t�ough the deceased left for Egypt for old age and health reasons,. sl1e 11ad expl1c1tly declared in her will that she was a domiciliary of Asmara. 3. Her will was made in accordance with the law before an officer of civil status. [n .this will she had ma:de the Sy-rian Catholic Association in Alexandria tmiversal legatee for a]l her property. & the testator had appointe<l the representative Patriarch of the Syrian Catholic Association in Alexandria executor of her will, the respondent had peti,tioned the Ethiopian court to empower him ro administer ithe estate .of the deceased pursuant -to the testaitor's will. The r, espondent -did not r, ai-se questions before .the Ethjopian court concerning the testator's property in Egypt for the appropriate c , ourrt is the Egy.ptian Court. 4. The reason why the deceased stated in her will the fact that Egypt was her residence and Ethiopia, the place where her property is situated, her domicile was, beyond any doubt, to confer jurisdiction on Ethiopian Courts regard ing succession ito lier propert)1•

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J1\ 1

5. The universal legatee of 'the deceased, the Syrian Catholic As-sociation in Alexandria, came to kn-ow about the successil()n on January 21, 1963, G.C., at which time it applied to the Egyptian Court. By this time t- he E·uhiopian Civil Code was in force in Eritrea. Therefore the applicable law is tthe Ethiopian Civil Code and not Uhe Ita1ia11 Civil Code as submitted by 1the 1appellants. 6. In accord8lllce with Courts P.roclamation 3 / 1943, Art. 1, Sub-,Art. 4, any actions concerning immovable property must be instituted i11 the court of the place where uhe immovable propertty is situated. Where there is dispute concern ing a succession, Art. 826 of rthe Ethiopian Civil Code makes it clear that the suiit: must be instituted .at the place ,vhere .the deceased had his domicile at the time of his death. Art. 183 of tl1e Civil Code makes it clear that the domicile of a person is tl1e place where such pers,on has estaiblisl1e<l the principal seat 1of h i. s interests and of his business, with the intention of living there pern1anently. Therefore, the case must be 1ried in the court of the place which the test, a.tor had chosen as his place of· domicile and also in the court of the place where the immovable property is situated. This is not ;a question of ,discrepancy between the Italian Law which ,vas in force i:n Eritrea and ithe Eth,iopian Law, 1but only a matter of procedure. 7. For example, in order to show that there is no diffe� ence ·b� t,veen the for _ to cite Article 923 of the mer law and the present law, it may be appropriate Italian Civil Code and Art. 826 (1) of the Ethiop· ian Civil Code. Likewise, Article 16 of the Italian Civil Code and Art. 183 of the Ethiopian Civil Code are identical_ - 59 -

JOURNAL OF ETHIOPIAN LAW - VoL. IV - No. 1

?f Ith� . ) s 40f ur-t Co . -<Airt Proced ure Sub 1, e ticl Ar f o on aris . 8_ Again, .coilljp n vil l1a Ci � Ied the Proc o_f 95 d ure Code. an 94 les tic Ar d an 43 19 3 / on ati Pr oclam n ce ee en tw fer f be no d1• 1s e th e er th at th former s ow sh 6, 45 d an 23 les tic ry Ar simila law and the present law. •

Therefore, A. the suit must be instituted in the Ethiopian Courts, B. Article 3348 of the Ethiopia·n Civil Code is inapplicable to this case, c. the deceased's will, in accordance with Article 3355 of the Ethiopian Civil Code, is valid under the former and the present law, D. from the ev.idence submitted •by the respondent, the law .of ithe nationality of the deceased (the Libyan Republic) is in agreement with Article 939 of the Civil Code of Ethiopia, and E. under Art. 939 of the Ethiopian Civil Code the appellants are not entitled to succeed; the decision of the High Court m u· st be a£fiocm , ed and the appeal of the defendants must be dismissed wj,th costs. The above arguments reveal the whole matter: I. The fact that the deceased was a Libyan National and had no children is known. 2. The facts that the deceased and her late husband were living in Ethiopia .and that the deceased was the owner of the immovable property which is the subject matter of the suit are also known. 3. Even though the deceased died in 1962 G.C. without coming back to Ethiopia, since she had ascertained in her will of 1947 G.C. that she was a do miciliary of Asmara in the Eritrean Teklay Ghizait, it is beyond doubt that she had established Asmara as her principal seat of her interests with ,the intention of Living there permanently witlhin the meaning of Art. 184 of rthe Civil Code of Ethiopia.. 4. However, not only was the deceased domiciled in Ethiopia, but also her immovable property is found here. In such a case, both under the former law of Ethiopia and Art. 20 of the new C • ivil Procedure Code any suit concerning immovable property must be instituted in ''the court of the place where such pro �y i_s situate, d." Nevertheless, the advocate fo!f fu ,e appel1ant argued that the Eth1•op1an courts d·o !Il:oi have power to try .the suit. Sucl1 a contention is irrelevant and this has surprised the court. 5. The appelloot's argument that since tl1e .suit is institt1ted in a foreign court with a r�su1t pending, th� Ethiopian courts do not I1ave j11risdiction is irrelevant beca11se 1� accord�nce with Art. 8(2) of the Civil Procedure Code the pend e�cyg ?f _th � s_u1t a fore1� court cannot preclttde 1he COU!fts irr1 Etl1iopia from .takin. Jur1sd1ct1on .of the suit when founded on ,the same cause of actioo. 6. Since Proc�a·mation 195/62 and Articles 456 and 460 of the Civil Proce dure Code ma�� it clear thaJt in 1the absence of international conventions , ju?gn ments �� dec1s1ons may not be executed in Ethiopia without the authorizatio of_ Eth1op1an courts, the appellants should not have been surprised. ·- 60 -

£ZABEL YOUSUF MATU'L

ET AL. V. ABA LOCHIS KIDIYAS ET AL.

7. It must �e clear that the Ethiopian courts have jurisdiction to try the case and power to authonze ,the execution o. f foreign decisions submitted to them a.fter finding them final and enforceable. 8. The _ will was made before a notary in the presence of two witnesses in ac cordanre with Art. 882 of the Civil Code of ·Ethiopia. So, we have accepted it as a valid will. 9. Since und. er Art. 939 af the Civj.l ,Code af Ethiopia pe1mits tacit disherison of irela.tives of the second, thi.rd or fourth degree, the appellants are not established t e succession. to ,h 10. From the respondents' writi ten reply, it is clear that under the Jaw of the nation·ality of the deceased, she can pass her property to any one she likes pro vided that she is not survived by any decendants, ascendants or spouse. 11. Since the will as was made •for a welfare purpose, that is to say to help the monastery of her cooo•tiry to m.ake sure ,thait her grave yard and !that of her late ·husband are looked after and fo-r -religious services held in their n·ames, there is no reason why the will should not •be held valid. For the above .reason, we have affi1med the decisions of the High Court and dismissed ,t he case. The -appellant shall pay ,the respondent E$350 (three hundred and fifty Ethiopian dollars) as costs plus any other costs in accordance with the receipts forwarded by the respondent. We order .that a copy of this Order 1be served ,on the High Court.

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Given and delivered in Open Court this 15 1day of Hedar 1958 (November 23, 1966 G.C.) in rthe presence of both p . ar.ties.

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·,ur'1o n'lt1,(b �-e ..... ,.... ,.. '¼= 'l°= r�cY:= i',ilt..KOI/.= lJ.'t..,1,;;: ''n:,...... ,..= <t>'J ,,....,.... }\tfff• : Ol!lPl,.-)• : h-f'flmm· : {1,r : OJ•il'f : i',"}f.." : h�A : c::i, : n.:,- : h� 'J°f:C:{1�:llJt..:"Jf:'?�lD•'J:.-fl�:fi�Cf::�ilt..�Ol/.f=��L�:(1�: il'l° : lf1" : tt,f. : nhll.fl.. : 1->011. : fn-n:,- : llf.'lta : ttill.hf1t,l\o• � h); : 'l,"}f-.,f"11\�lD· : ODl...hf1"} : n1•ft L;J--m·t..t : ta"# : '11'-th·..f · : hllU : oof-.ro· = LC"7Vo tt1..,:1"l"Jflo .. t\htiif..'1°= filt...h-Oh•,1" = ?°Y:c = n.:,. = noY.A :PA ,,.t.t..COD'PA u-fl:i.• n�A = -,m. nr·tu n:x" = n'?'Jfl-1• t2 <t>"} Ii1!2� = q r = &..:J.. m·t-.t ti"I = -, 1t h ·,f· : tt,f. : nht\.fl· : "1°0lt1 : ,J'flU n-1•'} : fl...-)• : A4>:,,A:,; : 111\tD· : nJ'l -� .il : tt n'l : ttw-t..� : �CY: : n.:,.. : h(lo• :: tt,f, : nhll.n- : 1°0tL : ''},� : hk;l'lD•t..t: qv-1 : n&.:,-: nmflf_•: ttaif: : ,f,q>a>•fa : ,f•l.hfl.: ff1·11r:,. : ',ro-'i : nfl:P9° : '' { • lfl(D•:: ,1·ht.. h�-- ftt,'t{l: ttn'l : tt(D«t..�: 'i:Cf-• : n.:,-: tt,f-: ttht\.n-: "1°01t: ff1·1•,)•"}: '1:,•: fl&,:J· m·t..t : fl"# : }\"}Jtl\4? : &.. l.f.. :: Of,'?ff:� : h� .,.1·'1m· : t;:CX." : n,:,.. : 4,cfl : rtt>til : ttfi'l : ttm·t..'A" : �C-�" : n.:,.. , : �Cf..': fllD•(O: ft,f.: nht\.h-: 1ontL: J &.l.f."TlD" :: k:'llrt..t : tav-1 : ', i',fr,f, : Oh�,,..�ro· : �Cf;." : n.:i• : �c.� : "f, : h. (1--f:;:J··:f(D.:"} : fl'? C07'P. : "},,.lP : ',1P:,. : r ,-,..4,"} : -:y..(\ h'Pl n- :: u-fl:t,= <t:cx.· n.•r n�cx."= r,1•flf f..n:,, = flODrf�. f"}"J,,LJ' = 1,1J-P,l" = ,n�".e, : 'i:Cf-" : (1,)· : h"},.e..1c; : h'J.';.ffm· : ftf•1-"} : :1-n°:,- : i',tltl :: f,tJ : �CY: : lLT : U·fl,f:'J'J° : m1cr:f. : i',:,,c:fl : (19",..J;A. I ou·tt10·'J9° : tJOC'l"

""_e, : = = = = = =

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=�

0:,"

�A_::

&..:J·m-t..t : fl"# : ilfl : lDflf;.': i', JJ;. : m•/;\ : '' r� : (I}«/;\ : ·{}A.66].: ov,(J,l·: fflro- : 'lm· ,.. Orol.� : �Cf-• : r1:1. : f1'l'a : f_."}..0 : f'l°lt: ',lD• t ftt,f,: JiTI f ll.fl· '?'J h't:Cf-" ft,} fA1'l nm1..� "1111:,-= fi•"1t.,1·= n,. :,,9° fll 1 = n:,-nnA = r,,-001110 ttf,f..fl'J° ='' 0

= =

.e,""· ==

- 64-

i't.f• = tth A.l\• = 1nntr.r h'-:r0rt--t = ti.,, = "'-'r ., fk:J..ro•t--t 11.,, fl!Df!ll = '¼ = 'J° = lf'i = f1'). 0rA. t1ID!.2li = '¼ 'J° i nmt.� : °11:fT : oup-1 tf : a,:,. : 111:f:A I ill\lLU : f). : +�"7...,...-,.. : i\/\Or : 111\ar : f.ht--ht--l\• ::

hlt.U'J° : n+c : k:J,0rt--t : tiVf -� ''n,ht--� : f11:fV•T : }\,f. : i\hl\.l\• : f°tht--h.; .n:,•1 = a,:,. = iif.b'J°C = 'lw• = '' n.tr = i\..Y• = i\hl\.tr i ''1c; = c1,t--� = lt1-0Jl1J : l\h�+�ro- : <j:Cf: : '1T : i\DDAh:i: : ht;:,,..;;:(J)c : <j:Cf: : ft,l· : . : .,rl\n:,, : h1�.e,a'I' : Thl:fll : (l'l'.f'•n:J.. A'' : f,l\fr :: 0011:,. f). : f',1-;. v.�;r 1'ilhlt .U : ',ro• I 1tV•1 : f f,°llli-1 : '11C : mf. : ouOD 'J° fct:T,h 11c1t.c1 = ,n«? cone : h1°lll == i\il+1:001 = f10,qe ,.......... ,,... .... = '¼ il10Dl\b,r I

f"7f.1+'1+il : 11lGT : 1tODff;J11l : nct::,•,I, : •Och.C : ,1,°1 : h«r-'l'C : 7L�f2C : 1.'J°C: : 1'ilh : 'l>--'l'C : 7L:i,;f�j : ,f•'l°IZ:A :: Otl .U : "1°1 : n.lf1 : h.1� : (Im- : mt.� : �Cf: : {1:,• • 1\,1\m« : 1-°l'l° : mt.?, : °11:f :,• : x-;,,t.+ : a.� = l\il0011'?'11\l\u. • r� = 1,+f:D'IA 1 r� = 11A� 1tl\ro• :;: f°ttr = nc he = A.'llt = mf,'J° = ;f.OJc = l\.t.'l'C t,,f,;f.A'J°

ftj::,•ch : 1lch.C : "1°1 : J\0011;,111: mf. : 'tt1f: : ODitooc : fOl/,.out--. : ill\ : (f', : hlt.U : m«lif!» : flf',lD· : 1-111 : fA+h-i•l\ : ODlf� : {l'?/;\K" : f;rro+ : 1-lf1 : ',{lC ::

'11C : °11 : '11�1f: : 9"h1,,r+l- : fct:...-,·ch : 1lcl1,,C : flP/ f,1+ti+il : 11lG:,. : f"7ilou111n.f : "1°1 : l\1,1·1.ro• : hP't--. : l\f, : 1'1A'P/\'J° ::

•

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i i

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�I

ftj:,rch : 1lch.C : ou7i;,1tf : "1°1 : i',1+K.. : '?!I : 'J°iJt--."' : V•/\:i• : �c = rn:rr:i:f Oct:T,h ...,.,..,_ .... = ill\t·Lv• = '11c = .e,c;1t--.A ... .... ....... ,.. = 1'ilh = ....rn:rr:i:i 1lch.C : "1°1 : ODV'l.T : f"7f,1+ti+tt- : 11lG·f·1' : 0Dlf11l : OD**{JD« : n'l;,t,r : ;Jtf."l : 1'ilh.1f\K• : f:Gil : {l/;\IP/�'£ : f.111 : 1'1J;.w t--, : ft;:;f•ch : 11ch.c ,r-Tc = ritcft9. 1 r.n:r1t� • rn:e1ti 1•1 ".. ==

= "'., =

h1°1-'LU : "'Im:,,: fl\111: f k;J--lD·t--.t : till-f: '11t&·f·: fmf\f..• : h.0lf..': (De/A , f+ = i\hA.ft- = 1nn1·L rml\f: 1t°lf..' ro·A = nA"'IP.'I! ,n°l = oow GT : r+w-,. : (1111lfc;:fro·1 : ',(De ::

ni't-'til = "' n q = h-i·"7 = nAA = ro·il'r = ooi,�� f07.e,1�1>ti+il = 111 GT : 1\1- : fOl/.f.G°l : "'lc;':J!(Dc'l° : (De/;\ 1 flP/ f,1-+lt+il = 11lt.:,- : '1 h : f lf'I X -ch-lj: : v.ft- : 0011111 = oo'?ll+ = .rl\o:,. . = Ott-'til = ttO'l = "'ltt;,� = ft:,ncil:,..c; = narA = htj:A n+**{/Dro• = 0011111 = 'ltJJc x .e,u = f �f = A."7 •a.ill� = �«e :tt°l 'Im· 1 .e,u'J° = A"'l�«e = ih'? = n,1>...Tc = II� i r.Ii � � '¼ : 9° : ',,:Jt,} : ;, f·f."J : f"'I tl;J� : ft,1· : h cr:e- : :,-'h•f11 : (Dc{l'J' : ,,:.t_;,

= =

'?(fl : ,,,;;: /;\ ::

.e,1i0r'l° = '1.'P;e.: = r0'/11;,;.f = CL,,1,. = rcil:,-c; = f(J)cA h'i:A tic:J-- = fl\ tJJc1 : m.e,9° : f /bl\lD'1 : 00/oT : n7if6Lb9'1 : If', : {lil(ll:J' : {loo : cil:i• : ft"71:fmcc; : f ootoT1 = 1--Pif, = fcrt'lti : v•tr = 110011111 f\ooK� = f+* 'J:oo : h�A : oo'r?-1 : fil:J--ro•:J>/;\ :: - 65 -

,,.I,"'1 : hAA: lD• 11 h : : '} hn'l il .. :r n1t.<; il'r: OOIJ..11 I : m• lll\tl.U : na1c.; ,,01 = r+h,J-•fl 1 = m·A ..e.. = ''r� = = .,fflc;: r� iflt11/ f,1'4>ti4'il = 1•nL:1, ·= i\f, .ao..n:,,: "nA 61>J.: ,,fl\{D':: ',lD• :�' 11£/1\.1•: roiz.:FlllD· ni',.';.il : i'tn'l: h'l •fn/: ,,n = 1 n,r.. = o. � 11 : o = n111 r •• 111n aoou = rm·A 1 : , :,-,; : , rcil o.,1· ·"'ltl;,'1f: -',m- : i1 :�� : hU•1 : ,n1-t-lD': (lm•: l\1Y..{lllff..C1 (D• : i',"}P,-.: nml.';: °1•1:1,: ° ,. : m , : : (L; f.,'1 : ni',�..il :: nfil} : hllr .ou p-1t,f : (L,)• ¾ t\,i\lD" : nmlP, t;:C�' t,.�" : �c.. e..--: (l.,)· { ro. e'J° : nh�rf•�(l}•: (i:CJ.1..." : {1:,- :: h,. f..<JJJ.filODlf°IOW •: ·'l"} J.1..." : ao/flt! fL-)• tJ,e.tr1 = n,, f lln:,. = h1f..OIJ..Y..t..1m• 11·11--crc: �.e, ,.,,.,. : Orf', : "'J{ll1D1-f"l"fi : hf,F-1\'J° :: O�C..(- : (L,f-'f : f'l°i\lD• : ftL U : �f, ',:,. : '11C : 'llD" ;: h�C� : n]I:,. : 7f'?C : f,A�, : 'lflaomi�� : fit,,to : . i',n'l = tJIJ11;,'1f fb:,. = m•i\:fro-1 = 'lll"'/il(1D1-11'l:fm- n,n,-,. = (l.?J1• 1t,e, ·f'17...e..c(lro· : h..vtt- 'llD· : fOIJ..OAmro· ::

= =

lDf.. : hU•'I · : '11C : {l."}ODl\{l. : fU•l\'l:'J° : llJ1'i'f : fOJl\1-· : h"lf: : ,ti>«A : nAITI/P.'P. : ri1°1 : oaipt,.,)• : hh .<;.il : hn'l : Ol/11;,)f' : n,:,. : fCilT: ,OD1f1•n : f1(} : t,_e..e.f\'}° ::

:ro

n.tr1'1° r ml\.e.." = h'?Y:.· m-A n�:,-,,, = ,ndbc = ,1,°1 --F-1.1 = y,1..'iA • ODLPt,.,1 v•i:i nm-A h1 = 4,,..._.,...

r•

= o,,.-.'Pc =

fml\Y.." : i','?.r.·1 : m•/,\ : n"'lf.,1«f>ti<J,{l : 1•nl.:,.. : ODf"lf. : °7flo011 ·1•n : t,ill..i\1.'i' : l(lj>{Jll. : rur1.o·',ro· : ny ,{l,1-� : m1'i:l-.. : ill\°1.�'1W• : �nc:nc : ',m- :: it--Y. : itnl\..ll-- : --1°n,-1. : h1'1,f· : oJ •,n7i,1· : ,,"Jt--: r ...,..'P'P/\-T1 : frot\�: .i'1'?Y.: : m-A.: nouilhll'i: : lDL?. : "]JI:,.. : ODP't,,r : (l.:,- : noo:10..:,.: .,f: 01n'PA q •4>1 : ..-.� 11:ir'iE '1° i'tilDD1r ,-�,....,,.

= =

&.;J--m·b't: Q"i: 'li'1hc,f•: hh·-f·: (D••fl7i..-"f•: ."Jb': f,f•'P'Pl\�:,..1: flDt\�= .l1"lf: m-A nrti,-1:,1• j';•i «1>1 ,ora;e = q = 'J° fiODilhll.;: = ml� = �Cf: : (1:,.. : i',ilDD1i 0'PA I o,,,cpq>(>·:(: : aotihA : f°tf..'i : m-A: {/Dlf'J-: ·-r;:J-- ro"' -:fal'r : f..1n·1 : ..,. h:,"t\ (l',P,... "} : ,,filao1-J1(1 : Y"il1·'i: : m11 : flf� : .nro· : OD'}',f- : 1,1f.- : ''1,); : (D"f.\, : F-1n·1 : ,,-11:,•l\ f,f•ODtf'lO : OJ•IA: t,.f, .•e..l\'J°'' n.. A nc

= = ., (Ir ==

- ,..

...... r-. .,....,.. "

= ., =

i'1·f-- : i'ttill..ft- : 1°n1t : fWl\f: : it JJ;."} : lD"t\ : )rl''PllJ•l\lD- : (lllJt\.(': .i't"lf..' : f,,PH·;l'1 : n,,)· : n�1·,h : •Otl1.eC : ,'h 01 : cf>,.,.'l'C : fO.f?;b : ODV'l:t-: ,. ·-·-·· +Lnnm·: 'll:�:,:m. : 1'1Y.·c1ro-- : ,.e,,;•�..n;J·t\ :: 0

f,U : Wt\.f.• : i'1"JY..· : f,f--f-l1(1,)• : {1:,• : fl1'1--f: hnl\..l\•: 1->lllt: h�: t,A1'l : fi..lJ'"} : fll.U• : <fv·'rC : 0·ll : (i) : ''f,f•'ll\lD' : "'i ll': 1 .h·fl = tif,&.K 9'1 = >,llh ��rn:,- f..'lil : my_,9 ° = 1 ,.e, 14''14,(lm· 1, ol:t- · mJ?.. : llt\ : 6.<;m• = },l: : f1'l : A1 f.. lf'l : ml\.f..' : it 01 <;-. : f"'lf, 14''14'll: , . ...},OL:, : o0 r rir : (D•m.:,. : f,'il'PA'' : fOl/..1\0 J- : j>/,\ : rf"t...1'°t: f,l f't' ,

�., oc ::

r'il:xt;•j; :

r01

•

- 66 -

; I � � �

btLU : 01\f. : h1 ->;A �(I}« : t,:J--a,-�t, : ti"f : �ii b·-f· : Oh�il : hfifl: ij:C.('-: o.:,.. : blDt\ .. �= h. °11: : h. ilf1C(I}« : bh-f·: (D«,fi fl:,-. : ,:J�: +"j "I+ (De : f(lf,..;-a,r"}: 11'H11: h'l-'t<l'Ot\-: LCF-1\:f'PA l f,f-(lP,l,,lD•9°: f"'l14>lt+il,;: f"'IJ!.'l+lt+il : 'l11lT : ,,-.;r (ll : 1'1-'thLl\:fw- : nfflt:f'PA:: t..:t-ro-�t = ti"f = c;:c� = 1'1.&;.. &..�9°1\rw· = t\lj:Cf: = hil&..�01/... = tt:t,c O'PA :: '

tt,r- = hnt\..t\• = 1nn1·L = 1'� = nwt\t: = h"IY..' = f111 v-:,-. = 1'1Pi,e.�ti11� = .flt\(l)c : t\blj:+'1ro• : lj:Cf:: n,:,- : nODA_tJ,f•(D•; rti:fro· : 0011:,..: ft\OT: 1'1Pif.�ti : llI�/9./9.9. : :,-1'tf1f : ,f·{lT:f:A : •Ofl.'tA:: f<j:Cf: : hilL�"'l. : OD1f1•0 : 1'11-0IJ..fillP,(D« : 1,IJ�� : t,;r(Dc�l,, : ti.,., = n(D«+(l)c:rA 1 �1c = "11 = n1·Lu = nttr,:+�(Dc = lj:C.f: = 11:,-. = :,-.1'•111 = "" : OD:PlDIP/..f : �"JC : J-,lt+l.0·9° :: btLU : 01\1, : 1,1?.A�ro• : f7if Q;1;"} : 'P,:J : ovh�&..&\ : �1C : fl�lt : 1,lf'tA: 001/..A: 4,_e,..y.: OTC: il : «J,1: Iilf29. : '-} : 9°: f OJllJOJc: f,h��: "'lil:J--Wc:f!f : l\f, : t..;J"'lD•�l,, : tiv-1 : (lOJl\f: : h"l.1: : fft,.:,• : 1,ollJA : 1,1\A 1 f"'l1fl:f(l)c = 1'lt:fw· = OWl\.1:: h"l.1: = f.r,r:,-.: �w- = fl."'11\T: �w·? (De,\-: V-fl.T: flDfl.1: : '1.°11: : (l)c/A : �(D•; (1,f: : h1.1: : 1,V• 1: 1'1� : fl.V fl.,f:9°: h0Pit9l:f: Ov-fl.:,, 1 flDl\.1:: h"lf:: (D•/A: fi'" 'P'PI\--:,.. t h1.';1�1: )J<j:fA : oo'fCf : ill\ : If� : t\f-O;rro- : �(D« : 1'1� : V•fl.+. : ()5J>'f, : f+'P 'Ph-OT : flDt\1: : h"IY..' : fl1.1: : "}1)l,)· : l\f, : ht\ODlf)·1 : hft_f. : hill .1:+'tA :: f,f•nmW-: t..;t·ro•�l,,: ti"f: (llDl\f..•: h"IY: : ff t,.;,-., : {lf\,t-flt\: fOI/. 1flTlD-: ,e.1iro·: nti:fco-: il9°: f,,.,-.;rmW• : 11:F : �OJ•:: t;:Cf: : hil&.. �OI/.. : f lDllJW• : fch�� : "'lil:J"' OJ'l?.f : &.;J-W-�l,, : ti"f : OWl\1: : h°lf: : ff,r:,•1 : �w· : ,e.1\./A : 111\'i"IA:: fi-71mro· : h-f· : hhil..t\-: 1->0tl.: Orot\..(-: h"lf..': fflr-T'J°: 61!'9°C: �w- = ,e.1tA ? O°IA� = brollJ(Dc = IP/il:J"' m«J:f = ,:,� = r01J.eil1PJ1PJ = �1c =

h,,,.: '1.hil..t\-: 1o0tl.: (llDl\f..': h"lf..': f,f•'P'Pfl.•(l:,-1 : ft:,-- : flij:T,h : -O�C : ch°l : Of7L.f�l! : 1'1f..,f•ODt\hrf•(D• : +lhOm· : f°t'i�n:,-. : �, (le"} : ft.�ao- : t;:fm· == htLU9°: fi«f,C: f'1.,Y..: hhil..t\...: 1°0tl.: fmt\1:: h"IY:: lD"/A: Orol.P,: °llf:,-. : ODP' l,,f : (1:,-. : nc/1/9.� : q : 9° : f1fl: ilfl.: If� : hC"lm�: +'J : fl\W-: �(l)c :: c;:c,.e-: hilL?.°t.9° : {1.-f: : O,h�� : h00 m· : nt..:,-. : 0..fllJ� : nm l\f: : '1.°l..e-: ,f--lh (l(I}" : f,,r,r:,-1 : (ltD•: �1C : ill.Pi : f,:fA : �nc ; t\Vit-9° : btj:,,-.;;:(l)c: ij:CY..·: {1:,•: bt·I..U: Oltf.: f t\ro-'J : :,-1'1f1I : t\h,,,.: hh t\..lr: �P,J!.: (l,(11': f,t-jPtDOD: ft\9° l t;:Cf..•: '1.ilL�°t: t..;rro-�l,, l �"f: «f!.r : hlDllJ l 7i m � ;rm "'lil : llJIA OlDI\S; : n."lf..• : f,,.,..:,..: {1:, f,,n { V-1\--19° : (1,}· : �ro· : fnTV--,)• : f,I\IA::

"""° :

- 67 �

l\'-6:J--0rt.t : lJvt : "11 : fill..h'l:flD· : flD/\f: = h"lf: : ffH·-T"} : fL,}• : ',Or :: t.,;J-w0rt.t : lJvt : 'lhh··f· : fllDl\Y: : h"lf: : fflt'T : : +-Oita : -:J : fllDtJ} : ftht--1,:- : tll/il:J-wlDtf!f : /\11C l\'-6 OJ•t,.t : '1Lllf : f"t{l"JT(Dc : f0r : fl"JA� : dtt--1,:- : ftDtJJ fl:,• : fil}:(-0r : ,flf:C : ftDllf: : h"ll: : m•A : fT(lmflT : ft,r : '1014 : h.11,:- : h.,,Y.. : htill.1\- : 1°fltL : f1Wllf: : l't'?�·: ry H·:'f- : lL:'f- : ll.ntJJ!f!w· : h.�1 '19° :: ll-T

illllf.lJ : h<;:Ti1lD4 : 'i:Cf: : fl,} : fl t..l..f.lD' : lj:Cf: : h'1il"'l"'lll1 :: f1,;J --m-t.t : lJvt : 'I h. fl.rf• : h_ft,f::J-- ·: ODIPl..:,· : fl\w« : lf'i : hl\11 'lw«9° t ill\lLIJ : w«Y:� : h.Y:C1'l'PA :: f��'l"l:1 : llo-fl,)• : h1-'thlj:t\- : h.vtt-- : ff&-'1:(-w•"} : 'h'1-'t�� : mil'l'i"A == o-1\i:9° = w1'i-:f. = '11\-flT = IPJ..f11f = ?ii = +1 : Ittf:l% = '¼ = er :

TLlf- IS

•

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l a /r Ct•

•

-68-

SUPREME IMPBR!IiAL COURT Div. No. 1 Justices:

A!fenegus Kitaw Yitateku Balambaras Tesemma Wondimneh Ato Tadesse Tekle Giorgis

MAY 4, 1965

FITAWRARI KASSA NEAKUTO v. AKLILU GOBBZE Civil Appeal No. 353 / 57 Contract1,1al obligations - Contract of a,ztichresis - Validity of a,z z,nregistered co,ztract Arts. 3119, 3121 Civ. C. Registration of im,novable property - Customary law - Property in Addis Ababa. Arts. 3363-3367, Civ. C., Municipality Proc. No. 111 J 112 J 1940. On order from the lmperi1al Chilot, referring a petition appealing against a judgment of the High Court that .a,ppellant, the judgment creditor on a contract of loan with an accompanying contract of antichresis on one part of the judgment debtor's house, had at an auction by the judgment execution office only purchased that part •Of the judgmen,t debtor's house which was the object of the contract of antichresis and which was described in the notice of auction and not that part which was the object of a separate cont•ract of an•ticbresis between the judgment debtor and the responden<t. Held: Judgment affi,rmed and petition rejected. 1. According to customary law, which is presently in force for the registration of immovable pvoperty, a contract of an-tichresis the object of which is imm,ovable property located within the limits of Addis Ababa mu9t be registered in the Register of Land and Contracts Office of the Municipality of Addis Ababa. Regism:ation with the Woreda Gezat Office or the Wored,a Court is improper. 2. A cOI1Jtract of antichresis is valid between the parties even if not l'egistered. Registra tion is necessary and useful only where th,ird parties are involved. only the property described in the notice of 3. buyer at a public auction purchases A • auction..

Fi.tawr.ari Kassa had given a loan of E$800 to A'to Wubeshet Gebre Mariam; the debtor had made with the creditor a contract of antichresis relating to a three room house to secure the debt. Fi:tawrari Kas·sa sued Ato Wubeshet before the Addis Ababa Awradja Oourt on the ground that .the debtor neither repaid his debt on the due date nor trans ferred the house. The Addis Ababa Awradja Court gave judgment for E$1155 to Fitawrari Kassa and ordered that the immovable and movable property of the debtor be sold by auction and payment be made. Fitawrari Kassa applied to the execution officer for ,the execution of the judgment. On December 21, 1961, the High Court gave an order to the judgment execution office •stating tha't ''In the case of Ato Wubeshet Gebre Mariam, appellant v. Fitaw.r,ari Kassa Neakuto, respondent; Rights of a third party, not indicated in the judgment given earlier, should not be touched.'' This order was pursuant to ian application made by Ato Aklilu who asked \he court that his contract of antichresis with Ato Wubeshet be respected, and the house 10n which he had contracted not be sold in payment of Ato �ubeshet's debt.

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JouRNAL oF ET1-110PIAN LAW - VoL. IV - No. 1

After :this, on December 23, 1961, Fitawrari Kassa �nd Ato, A klilu appeared before the chief execution officer who recorded the f ollowmg statement. ''A writin g from ·the High Court, No. 216/53, dated Dec_ember 21, 196�, }?resented and seen; the value of the hou-se was to be estimated f1rs_t an� ,the pnonty 'Of paym tmt was to be decided later. Both have agreed -to the est1mat1on of the value oi the house, , Consequently he ordered the carrying ou't o-f .the sale by auction. It is irhis con.fusio:11 which became tl1e cause ofi tihe iooti:tution of the s-uit between Fitawrari Kassa and Ato Aklilu. On January _ 18, 1962, the execu'tion officer pu,bliished a notice of sale by auction in ,Addis Zemen. The notice -reads ''Since the ,ju,dgment debtor did not voluntarily pay the judgment debt, the h'ouse which he built as a l� se� and wh!ch he gave as security for his deb't by contract of arr , tichresis to the pla1nt1ff, as estimated by the engine er of the Judgment executing office at £$3171.64, will be s•old by auction witli' this amount as the openi.n g. bid.'' . • On May 8, 196�, before the sale by auction, the chief execution officer wrote the note belo,w and signed· i't. ''Since the ·c'ourt has ordered righ'ts of .third parties to be ,preserved, care should be taken . during tpayment." This note is referring to the case of Ato Aklilu, the respondent. · The contract .of antichresis of Fitawra:ri Kassa and IAto tAklilu is on the same house was divided into suites,. tl1e contract of anticbresis between· Fitawrari Kassa Neakuto and the owner Aro Wubeshet is. on one ·· of the suites. T11e other suite was given by a .contract of ·antichresis to Ato Aklilu Gobeze. . . .. . On the application of the executi'on officer, that no buyer was fo.und with the starting bid,. the ,Addis ·A b · aba Awradj.a .Court ordered tha.t the house be �Id · at the offered price. · On August_ ,18, 1962, the chief execu'tion officer Negaderas ·Alemu gave an order to the execution ,officer to de. liver to Fitaw-rari Kassa the part which he held by ·,a contract of. iantichresis ,and the rest fo await the decision of .the Oourt. execution officer and Fitawtari Kassa signed the On August 28, 1962, .the · · · · · . following agreement: ''In accordance with 'the order and in the name of the Judgment execution ,office I have transferred to Fitawrari Kassa one st.ory with its floor (the walls and the :oof 'o�ly)· without irtclu,ding ·the part that is occupied by Ato Aklilu Gobeze. I, F1tawran Kassa Neakuto, hereby verify that 'the house was transferred to me in accordance with the above statement. The ground floor which I have transferired · : · t-o· F.iitawrari Kassa has .two- roo-ms." After this on June 24, 1963, Fitawr· ari Kassa sued Ato Aklilu before the Addis A·baba Awmdja Court asking him 'to transd:er the house. .

· Th e Ad� Ahaba Awradj.a . Court gave iti.s decisio a Kas s ari Fii n t awr in af fav our , and ordered A�q Aklilu to transfer the house to Fitawrari Kassa . . On appeal to t. he High Court -the. judgment of ·the Addis Ababa Awradja Court was reversed. • Fitawra1:i Kassa �ubmitt� ,a petition to his Im ilo't Ch 's M aje sty pe . ria l · agamst the_ Judgment of the High Court. •

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FITAWRARI KASSA NEAKUTO V. AKLILU GOBEZE

. Bec,ause _of the differences b�tween the_ ,two Courts'. decision·�· His Imperial Ma1estY s Ch�lot_ ordered the Supreme Impenal Court to rev iew the· decision. The Supreme . Imperral Court ·has : beard both parties and has also ·examine he d t . . , · documents. · . I

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FitJaw:�i Kassa alleges that his contract should. • b�· pr�ferred. It h-as been . registered in .the 'Yoreda �ourt _and has satisfied the· r. egulati•ons, while Ato A.klilu's ha� not been registered in Cotlr,t ·and even its• registration in the -Woreda Gezat office was not accurate. . . -.' . .. . . . . . · Ato �}1u G·ob�ze also alleges 'that he h�s p�i�rity.on the ground · that he has . registered it m 1959 m the Woreda Gezat Office while .the -registration of Fitawrari Ka.ssa was in 1960. , •

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. . In additi'on Fitawra:i K,assa 1�lleges th�t the house i,bi�h· be ,�ought by auction 1ncl�des the one �n which the dispute has arisen, and IA.to .Aklilu.·alleges �hat he applied to the High Court before the iauction pursuant to whjch· the High Court gave an order to the execution office n-ot t,o sell the house on which he hatl a right. These are· the facts ·of the case; Jet us now· examine the respective rights. First let us take a look _at'. ,the ,Civil Code o.f 1960. . . . The registration of immovable property i,s ·covered by Articles 1553-1646 Civ. C. · If i;t was to be done in accord,ance with rthose provisions, the above situation > af .one of them registering in tlhe Woreda ·Court�. the· other .in : the Wored.a Gezat Qfifjce and the claim Jhait one registration is better than the other, would not · .· have come about at all. ' . . . . Since the registration in th� CiviJ Code is to be �:lone in ,only. one '.vay it is easy to say that all other methods of registration are improper. However for various reasons the registnation provisions ·, of· the· ·· Civil Code have not yet come into force. · ·· · · • Title 22, Chapter 2, Arrts. 3363-3367 of the Civil Code, covers :thjs pairticular case. Art. 3364, 3365, and 33_67 provide that· the ·registration of immovable pro perty will be 'Clone in accordance .with the customary rule until an order brjnging into force the registration provisions, ·is published in• the Negarit Gazetta. Thus what w·e have got to keep in mind. is that the contracts of _antic�resis of Fitawrari Kassa and of At:o Aklilu Gobeze are done in accordance with the customary rules. . . . , . . . . . All contracts on immovables or. docuinenis c·qncemi:pg immovable· prop;rty · Ababa have ·10 be registered in The Register is Add of City the (>f ts in with the limi of Land and Contracts Office �Contracts and Rist Office) :of the Municipality o·f Addis Aba!ba. This is an old customary 1aw. This customary law has been afii.r•med by Negari1 Gazeta' (Legal Notices No. . 111 and-11, 2 of 1947, Neg. Gaz. No . 5 of 1948). r n id iste tio s to a Jw sec �eg ha li�y iipa nic Mu the t · tha ws n sho o ati am ocl is Pr Th ' er n y oth a d tio n or e � na sal do y b • e titl f . o �r nsf tra the , eed d le •tit h wit or without •a • act concerning land. · city that �is. a A ab dis A s of i lim 1? · the ? hin wit im � cla · ly on can e us Th on . _ th ce d w a an ere cor 1n ist reg 1s 1t t tha or � er oth an ! � n tha ht rig tra r con ct has a bette the regulations if he has registered .it in the Land and Contract Reg1strat1on Office 1

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JOURNAL OF ETI-IIOPIAN

LAW - VoL. IV - No. 1

ing are le do op t pe t s mo se pre as a, ab Ab nt. The � is d . _ Ad of lity pa ici un M of the oth�r 1n the Awrad ja d an by an e fic Of zat Ge a ored W the in e on by ion registrat us ":1 th e cou.rts. The m ro nu e ses ca ch Su � er. op ar_ pr im t is ur Co gh Hi or Court e m not re�sterin enc lig neg ir the of e aus bec r u. inc ple peo ny ma t g damage tha t le ub tha the tro ts r u. the co n tha are facing, re mo is lity pa ici un M the in t their contrac Coming back to the present situation, p.eithe� party registered their contract of antichresis in the Municipality in accordance with customary law. However a contract of antichresis in accordance with Art. 3119 of the Civil Code will be valid between the parties even if not registered.

The registration of antichresis in the register of immovable is necessary and ·useful only when the case involves third partie�. Ato Aklilu Gobeze registered his contract of antichresis with Ato Wubeshet 1n the Woreda Gezat Office on March 12 ,. 1959. Fitawrari Kassa Neakuto registered his contract of antichresis with Ato Wubeshet in the Central Woreda Court. This contract is valid between the parties.

There would have been a problem if a third party who had properly registered l1is contract in accordance with customary law claimed that his contract was better than this one. Ato Aklilu Gobeze, after he made -the contract of a-ntichresis, had ,the house delivered to him in accordance with Art. 3121 of the Civil Code and is living in it.

If tl1e h · ouse on which ,the contract of antichresis was made had not been delivered to Ato A klilu Gobeze, Art. 3121(2) which states that ''the antichresis shall have the same effects as a mortgage until such delivery has taken place or after the immovable has been returned to the person having created the antjchresis after the immovable has been returned to the person having created the antichresis" f would have held good. � we have mentioned above Fitawrari Kassa Neakuto has a judgment for the payment of the loan against Ato Wubeshet with whom he made the contract of antichresis. The court has ordered the sale of the movable and immovabl e property of the debtor for the payment of his debt. Fitawrari Kassa has presented the judgment to the judgment execution officer for execution.

also said that Ato have share Aklilu has applied to the Court that his We so . will not be sold and the Court had given an order to that effect on December 21 > 1961. l tha r Office It also ��ear frol!l is the document Execution of the Judgment _ . t. Cour High F1tawrar1 Kassa knew this; however he did not oppose the order of the be to was sale As we have stated _above, the distribution of the proceeds of the 8, 1 anu J � done later and the notice of �le by auction which was published on .W .ll 1962, says �a!. the part that F1tawrari Kassa held by a contract of antich res1s ! is. res h antic be sold. This is to say -that he is entitled ,t-0 the IPM't that he held by e(Jl tb of each Th �re are two contr�cts o� antichresis. Though the house is one, tbe on not made hi� oontract of ant1chres1s o ·n a different suite of the house and same suite. - 72 -

FITAWRARI KASSA NEAKUTO V. AKLILU GOBEZB

S�ce t�e sale_ was �o be for the part which Fitawrari Kassa held by a contract of ant1chres1s, he 1s entitled only to that part. 'Ye have said that the notice which was published -by the execution officer me 7:1t1ons. only ·the part that was held by Fitawrari Kassa by a contract of ant1chres1s. .

He says that the sale includes the .par.t also held by Ato Aklilu Gobeze. This is inconsistent with_ the notice that was clearly published. ·In accordance . with Art. 3121, IAto Ak.11lu Gobeze has taken over the house on which had made the contract of antichresis and is living in it and thus has acted in accordance with the law. Moreover the contract of antichresis of Ato Aklilu having been registered in the Woreda Gezat Office on March 12, 1959, has an accurate date. If the execution officer had examined the situation before the sale he would have understood the case of Ato Aklilu. Anyway, nobody was in opposition when the High Court gave the above order pursuant to Ato Aklilu's application. The execution o.fficer published a notice saying that the h�use which Fitawi:ari Kassa held by a contract of antichresis will be sold; he made the sale, and he says that · ·. he sold both houses. But he transferred to Fitawrari Kassa only the part that he held by a contract of antichresis. In accordance with the published notice .which says that the part that Fitawmri Kassa held will be sold by auction, the buyer Fitawrari Kassa will be entitled only to the part which the notice mentions and not to the· part which is held by Ato Akililu Gobeze by a contract of antichresis. .

Thus we agree with lt1he decision given by ,1fhe High Court.- The petition of Fitawrari Kassa is not well founded and thus we -have rejected it. .

They will share the Court fee and each will bear their respective costs. The judgment was given on May 4, 1965, in the presence of both parties. ..

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= Iilf2t = '¼ : 9° = rrf•t..lf.. :s '1-f = :}"fl, : frrf•. Har :

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- 76-

SUPREME IMPERIAL COURT . Div. 1

Justnces: Afenegus Kiitaw Yetateku Ato Tadesse Tekle Giorgis Ato Mogos Wube

OCTOBER 13, 1-965

HAILE WAQGIRA v. GIRMA GEGERE Civil Appeal No. 1569 / 57 obligalio11s - Ernploymenl co,ilract_ - Right to compensation for dismissal c_o �trac tual _ - D1sl1ngu1shed from contract of work and - Arts. 2512, 7610, 2134 av. C.

. On di rection _from the Imperial Chilot to hear a second appeal, where the Awradja court den1ed and_ _ the High C�urt granted a tailor's claim to compensation for dismissal from a per. son who hired the making of coats at $15 each from a third person who in turn hired the plaintiff. Held: High Court decision reversed. 1. Since a contract of employment only exists where one person works under the dirrection of another, the provis,ions on OODl(pensia.tion for dismissal under a contra.ct of employment do not apply where, as in .the insta.nit case, the claimant did not wock under the direction of the defendant 2. The mere fact that one person pays another directly for work that is of benefit to him does not mean that the worker is working under the direction of the person who is

paying.

Ato Girmai Gegere instituted a suit against Ato Haile Waqji·ra claiming com pensation for dismissal from his employment. The Addis Ababa Awra·dja Court dismissed the suit. On appeal, the High Court reversed the judgment of t, he Awradja Court holding for A-to Gilma Gegere. Since the Addis Ababa A:wradja Co:urt and the Hi,gh Court gaive different judgments, the Ch,ilot o.f His l1mperial Majesty granted a second apipeal and ordered this oourt to review .the case.. .

· In examining the ·. case we found -that Ato Haile Wa.qjiira was a person who conllracts with ,t,ailors ro get a .definite number of clothes made. Ato Wolde-Giorgis Haile Waqjira to tailor coats at a rate of $15 each. Ato with ct contra a a has Kelbis ' . • •= ,. • Ato Wolde-Giorgis Kelbisa has hiired a n11mher of tailors who work under him, rtailor.ing the coats of Ato Haile. As we understood the testimony of the witnesses, it was Ato Wolde-Giorgis Kelbisa wh·o employed Ato G.ur:rna Gegere to do ,the •tailoring. However due to -a disagreemoo.t between Ato Wolde-Giorgis and Ato Gi1111a on the question of payment, ,Ato Haile Waqjira began paying Ato Gi11 na Gegere dixectly by deducting ithe wages due ito him from ,the $15 per coat due Ato Wolde-Giorgis Kelbisa. Ato Wolde-Giorgis dismissed 1Ato Gi1·1na· Gegere on -the ground it.bait the quality of his work had slipped and info1n1ed Ato Haile W-aqjira not .to pay Ato Gir1na Gegere out of the money due him for work under the contrac,t. I

••

•

- 77 -

JOURNAL 01• ETI-IIOPIAN LAW - VOL. IV - No. l

A·Lo Girma Ge� er� then instituted suit a?ainst Ato Haile Waqjira. claiming compensation for d'Jsm1ssal. Let us now examine the l,aw. Art. 2512 Civ. -C. states; ''A conur.act of employment is a contract whereby one party, -the employee, under.takes 10.-r�nder ,to the oth�r pair:ty, the employer under the latter's direction, for a deter mined or undete1an1ned time, services of � physical or intellectuail -na,ture, itn considera-tiion of wages \Yhich 'the employer under takes to pay him." In accordance with this provision, t11ere are two essential elements that shoul d be satisfied for the employer-employee (relationship -to exist. in questi'On must. employ the Firstly, ,the employer worker. . . Secondly, the employee. must w0;rk under the direction of the employer. In the present case, ,Ate Haile Waqjira has'not employed Ato Gi.nna Gegere. He does 1�, he ·�ailoring under ithe direct.i on of -Ate W·olde-Giorgis Kelbisa, his employer - not -· . ·Haile Waqjira. under the diiecti9ri. of·. rAto . . ... . . ... ' . .. · ,·• It was with Ato. Wolde-Giorgis Kc�lbisa that Ato Haile Waqjira contracted $15 ,for ea<;:h finished 'Coat. .to . pay . . . . Even if A10 Haile Waqji,ra -had been paying Ato Gir111a Gegere direct]y, deducting fffon1 the amo.unt he was to give to Ate Wo1de-Giorgis, it-did not mean tl1at he \vorked under l1is djrec,tion. . \

. '$ince Ato Wolde-Gforgis' contract with Ato Haile W,aqjira Js for. a . defin�te piece 1of work, Ato Wolde-Giorgis is an independent contractor according to Art. 2134 of .tl1e Civii Code.* •

For afl t1l1ese reasons, ·we h.aive ,SU · Stained decision of the Awradja Court of Addis Aba1ba, and we l1a.ve dismissed tl1e suit instituted by :Ato Girrna Gegere against Ato Haile Waqjira. We have rever-sed the decision of ·the High Court on the ground that jt was not in accordance with the law. Le,t the sum t-aken from Ato Haile be returned to l1im.

*Eel. Note: Article 2134 ,in discussing "Lndependent Contractor" ·refers (to anyone comntiting a fault wb.o !is m ot (subject 1to the !forn1er'5 'auth 1ority iand l\vho ba, s iretained his u.ndependence. That Ato Wolde-Giorgis wa, s ah independent contractor is ,a factual deterininati on, .which seems to be clear from ,the m•anner in which Ato Hail.e Wakjira contracted wit, h Ato Wolde-Giorgis for a fixed runount of wor� to be done, i.e. for a specific number of coats to be tailored at $15 each.. This is a series contract for work and labour wherein one party undertakes to p�oduce a give11 result under bis own respo11sibility, in consideration ·of a remunevatio n that the otl1er party undertakes to pay him (Art. 2610).

- 78 I,

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= ?i'r :

n+m�OJ- : nr;r/f;/2P. : r1t.:i•f-kf : (L"1.1T : h·fl1f : mfi.4>'. : !11..�m· : +hti7i : rtt.:'f-r · k1 = 1"11: = '11h = mn.4> = +ln· == rrfl+�m- : +hti1i: i'lc1"1t.. : hA4>l09° :: ?'il+� : ,f•hlt1i : r�1°11'\a.1 : 1°1f: : '11h : nA<f>l09° ::

f f,°lfl� = 11,.e, = mn:J> = nmr<k:'f-: oov,l:,• = 1,u = r,:c,: = 11:,. = Olbl\ : 'Lltf'l! : -Thlf11: hct:i•:;:ro-: r,:c,:: ,i:,. : n1�c: ! : +1: !ilf!lfi. : '¼ = 'J° : f(lmW- : T'hlf11 : htLU : r,:c,: : (1:,C : 1\,1\ : :,,'htf1f : h'l"(lm : 1:lll : R1T : h1>;.�,.e, : h.HH :: htllJ : fi�I\ : f,U : r,:c,: : fL:,C : f(l.OIJ..11'· : h·fl1f'. : fit.:,Cf-kf : 1°11: : fl1h : f<f>l0•.:,-1 : hChC : (l'J°,fi : w-ltt : (11':J:A :: nhr,:,i,:;:01, : r,:c,: : fL:,C = rrf\,f''1m•c; = ?'il,1,'1(Dc = ooAll = (lfib9'l· = hA<f>l0-9° :: ?'il+�w-: i-hlt7i : l\hC,:i-'1w- : r,:c,: : 11:,« : 'h11..tLtJ : fOIJ..A : ,f:lb "lt..9° : h.lli"I\A�A :: ''Ocr-1'C : i!Yib : fii•�l101' : 'Pll:,.'i : ntt.:,Cf-kf : 1°11: = '11h'. : 0�1o111\a.f : flD4��: 1'11: : fl1h : ool]hA : f,f"f...l1 : °11��:,. : ill\ : If� : O;r1'1F : r/Iilf2it : '¼ : 9° : fi?'il:,C : (l'}:,C = h1f::,C+co- : (L'lA: Of...l.(l'> = ooTtf = ODIPl:,. = OhJtil = t..nfl noi11w- nhfi:+�(Dc r,:c,: : fLT = ,..,,,: = -:ftr1:,« = I\OD�l·O = rfi:cf: = fL1:19° = FAl1J1 = If� = fooA'1:ii1 : h.fb,f:;r : f01/1<f>fil\(l}c : �lD' 1 f�1o111\'ii.f : fW-fib : 1'11: : fl1h'' : f"'l.A : �(De :: r�1o111\a.f = f(D«� = 1-11: = fl1h = ill\ = tj:Cf: = 111: = FAl1J1 = r+ bt..hl.ar1 : hct:+�ar : fi:Cf: : fb--r : i',A++fil\OJ•9° I nr,:+�m· : r,:c,: : n.:,. • ,l',U'} : '11C : i\"'lf:,. : I" AtIJ'} : h.i\Or ' 1l!lA ,:

- 81 -

r = fLoi1,r-- = :i = f r-A = nhti7i · ,, tt. .;:m• : �c� : fb:, .. 'i: .. • • 1 h- fl"}_r� = h ,(}"}�'1£D• : ..,..hti·li : fi'lc:t--r-A·,,r : '}'?� : '11 n : ootihA : f/\ID•"} : hchc : < -00 = = o9°i'· = ft,.:t-r·A·,r = o. oiz..1 r, h·'1111 1'J' I: '1ll +nA = OTc = 1 = c /t : c: l = : , ( (lm q = ' -+ '} = Iilf2ii = l° = l lD' OJ ). l\f (lcf> (ltD f,'?(}� = l,H.u : �c�· : fb:,. : fcJ,l0•:,-1 : fh,:,�r-kf : (LOIJ.."},f.. : h,'lif'i : fn..,)•r·A-.r: ·1'?f.•: ()'}ti: ncnc : (l'J°rf, : ro-lt�lD•'} : O'P:l:A :!

'11C: hil?i t

(1 h.,)"r-A-.f : (L °t1..y.. : h·'l'}f'i : 0i'tc"}'?t,.. : OD tihA : {l ,f·•.e.l1{Dc : 119"9"}:,.., • n-1•tn."7 t9':f 9" , W-{\o1- , h. "}"J t. , r-,· 111\0J• - , r\!."Ja111'tit.r , h· 'l1f: Ol'tJ;.il: 11(1'1: h--1--0T/ : f(L°t1...f.: 4-•0tti: lt*cJ?qo: 1T'I°: OP't. : l\,.e : /\.flD•f.\ : '11J!o:J' : (lD·A) : 1•0..Y... : ',OC :: ro. °t1,y . : 41.•flttim· : P' t- : /tf,tJJ.Gil : +!':Gm ::

Ol·LU : 9°ti1,r:t- : h.1'11&- : fi..'1/\lD' : h·'11f : hn.Ti"'kf : (Loiz. --, ..y. h·'11f l\f, = OOl/.&.t\1CD- = ,1,.111-1 f(Loiz..1,f.. = ll·'11.r9'1 = ooA{l: hit. ·"}'?t• : l\f, : fi 0?..&..f.\1lD' : 11u,n : o-1\--l: : ro1t;:f : /tf,il"'/{JD« : 4'?- ::

r1t.:i..r·A·.r = fo."2..11'.. =

ti·'l.11 = 1'1.V.OD/\hi"lD'

f,U'} : ncnt-:fm•'} : 07i9°'?A'i : -�,.;,,:,.. : {\OD'1J,l{l : +h"'/{IDc I 1 ·f.li?°'?f.\'i : Pi�i� : OD?°l'P : J!OD?, ::

hl·LU: 0:.\1\: fh.--ri"'kf: {I.OIJ..1,f..: h•'l'},,r : t\h.1'1t-: il/\0-Z.h�fl(l)c: -1111•0 t f�1o1fl\7i.f : fm•oe, : lt1c : '11-h : t\n.:i•r-A ·f : 1'?Y.: : 'l1ti : 01PiC : It/Iii£2ii : '¼ : 9'1 : (1'1� : ii,m•�;r : fcJ,'} : ltcf>"JmC : O?!'t : 'i o.?°OC : I.ilfti : q : 9° : ) q(l..f--1\/\&.ID· : ,f:fb'?t-9° ·I ((OD/fl t,f : (1,j:: Jf"l f -�11 : t\tr',m•: t\n,1'11&- : h·'11f : ootJ&.A : f"t1'1.lD· : flt"itti : ,nc : � : Ol/.t\.f·1 : �£�%fi.U: ht§ : ill\ : tr', : hltU : ;,c: ltf f,H'}: fifttl',lD': ·OJ/m:J'l\f: tvt1l: ODfPl,)--: f,U: 'PilT'i: r+on10:i•1: 11ll•O: h',lDfl�: .l'tU·)-� : 1'i>th&.l\1 : 'l\'iil:J..lD-:J't\1>> : 1l�A :: fi't.1'?&- : h·'l.1f9° : Oi',"ii : 'f0:9°0C : "iur:r.i : q : 'l° : ('11�C : :xi Iii£2il '¼ =e ?°) t\J-1c,rri:, = 11•w = 'l1F�"= ...OD1°1r:i-- r11n-0f = ·OIJ.tll,,l:C : (}�&.,m : �,(lP,fb t ''}\'1 ltU: U•t\--1: : fi"lt4J..: (I', P.-:f: f,f'(tm•fl' : ·'}°ti1f:,, :: if'1ill : i',.1'11t- 1 ODvt tf i oP h.'i"91:ftj : lJ:J' 911.... : 11:,,Cfl : flh 0 0 • -Jtil : 110() : l't'}f.": f(l. 2_"}..f,: 4.1lti} : it*+..'l°'i : OP'&-: l\,e: itlD fl t\Ol/ilLh·O = hh.,rr-A·f 11--w = '11 r:,- = OD'}'?r:,.. = r11u-n = oaz.til ..l:C = _;,c : &o11Z:t : � : 4'1 : Iii!ti: '¼ : ?° : 9° : 'l.f..L'?'lm-: ,f .. m,"'Jt : ll'f' · 9°'1:,... : O(t\) : "/,'i : (c11) : ODwt.:i• : a,m.. :: a>t\Y.:: 1'ilh: 'i°ii:?°OC: ui: cf,1 : "iiJr:r.i : '¼: 9°: Y:lil : f,f'(tm : {Ill .:lJ''l i �u rm+il'lm· = r11oii ti = 11c �,i.ifa.ervili' : 11c = h•li' = '11.-f:9° = : -: 1'ilhr·Lf1 1.r· L . :: � 1.{l : O.h&./\1 : h'i�(l'?t;�1 'i 11HO· : ...(lf..'Jo1fl\,O rm-� : i'11C : 1- '?f: : ()"}t, : Oll·A : l\h. i°lt- : h•'l'}f : O.h' -A : f,t :q't\ : �ID- : '' f,l\f.\ ::

-82-

1 l

1• I

i ,t �

fh.Tf-kf = f\.°2_."},f, h·'l1f?° : f°2..t\ro• �- n,1·f..l.1•..."f· ar�l- = v-1:t- = ODlPl.:,• ·1 fi1->111\11 = f(l)cfiLh = i't1c : "}OJf:: '11h : · rh."}OJ&-. = ti. 1111 = 11t1,n = ,,.<1>11.e, = 00 rr� ,1·1A.(IJ.A.'i: hchc = ft\O..."f·19° 11t1-0 ri1o111\r0 f(l)cfiLh i't1c r10J1: '11h .e.h&..t\� f°tt\Clr rh.10J&-1 = "J"}H,fi : ++'If, : fiODlf"}: ill\ : lf� : Oh."}OJ&-'i: Oi'1 .Tf-kf: (Lui,,,-.: be'l"}f: 00 tihA. = 'lt\{D«: hchc • nv-t\,f:: ('}P,: outihA.: ft\Cir: f67:F:FA.= 1'f<J:nif1 = �,c = itA.«� = rtt.:i•r-A-f = i'l.oi,,r... = t1-11,, = t\h.10J&- = rOJJ. h�t\w- : 11H-0: Ah: ltf-roi'l1 i fli..:,·r·A-f: 10JJ?:: 'l"}h: f�"Jolll\iif: fc&6J.h = h.1c = "}OJY: = '11h = h1J;.h&..t\w• = rmf«f>llr"}: 'fl°titf-1 = If�% � 7LtJ : if§: -OC: h�i: i')"}rf:9°: (fi',0i&ti1: -OC): h1P.f,htj:A: i'l.A: ,,.

,:P(DOD ::

m}lfW-9° 1 �1?.1 : t\htj:,, .�m-: tj:Cf:: n,:,.. : h.:t,C(l : hl\f,: frl'OD t\h+w-1: Thlflf: hhc;;,1•'1ro•: tj:Cf:: fLT: ,f•«l>nt\:: nch�9° = ntt.:i--r-A-.r = 10J1-' 'l1h'i n-ril i'tf-·&-'Lro• nh.:,..r f: n.OI/.."}-f : 4--0tti : ODi}hA: lf'i: fh.:i-r-A-f : "}OJf_• : '11h I q>{I:,• 'if.."}: "'lhOC: i'tt\-0� I ootJ&..A: i'tt\-0� ! i'l.A: fh.TV-kf : i'l."7.1-f: 4--0tti: ht: ,,l'I\OD"}lJ•T1: ('}P,: ODtJ&..A.: i'tf,1'1119° I i'l.A.: },"}P,f,htj:A: +hl\ht\ :: fli.:,..f-kf : 1"1Y: : 'l"}h ·1 h� : 0'1...10J&-'i : Oi'l.OIJ.."},f : h«'l1f : ootihA : ft\roc: ncnc : i'tf1'1�9° ! -PilT'if.. : t\i1o111\cif : fro-61!- : n"IC: 1"11:: ()"})1 : lf'i: q>{l:,•'if..9°: 67'i:flD·9°: 1f..-0: f f\t\n:,! : .,(I}• I f,I\A ::

fh.:t-V-kf: (t,0?."},f: h- '11!: f�"la111\iif t f(l)•6J»h : i't1C : 10Jf.' : 'l"}h: h"}Jlh&../\w-: fmf+ro•: 1"}H-0 : fi'l.O"/.."},f: h -'l1f'i : h.10J&-: O+-P'Pfta.:,•: P'& -: 9°h1!:,.: t\h.1"1&-: f"7.h&..t\OJ•: 11H-0: �ro- I f�1° 111\ii.f : fOJc611": it1C : 1°11-' : '11h : fh. "}"?t-- : h·'l1f : -J"}H-0 : ,1,+ q_e, : ',W-:;: Oh.1"?&-'i : Oi'l.OIJ.."},f : &'11,,f : ODtihA : ft\W- : f('}P, : +mffcf!�:,.: '11C'i: f"'l:J!:J!fta: -,,c: ltfA.:t,: {JIJh&.A .= i'tf,1'11J9° ·• i'l.A: hi't.TV-k.f: "}"?f:: 'l"}h: ;11� : ,l'n&-hl.:: f�1� : o-�;J-- : hilhf·LIJ : �ro·::

fn.:i-r-A-f: n,oY.,"},f•: fl.()"}f t h.10J&-: &'11!: hh�: l\f,: 1"}H-O: Y,mf,:J>t\ :;: 1'�9°: hi't.1"1&-: I\J!,: 1"}1f-O: hmf,:J't\V• I f°tfta:,.: hchc: _ 'lo-�: �1C: OJcil1': fOl/.&.lt:: 'hJ!,f..t\9°::

�

I�

nn.:i-r·A-.r = r�,l•1h = -0t11.c = 11,0J = -r1'C = 7Ltf@� = 1''i = n,1·h 11 �f•:f .: fllP,: 67:J!:J!A: 1'h"?: {/D'i�: f;J-- ro+: �OJc:: 1 d1 .,.._1'c = 'if.:i!riiiii 1 o-t\:i• = i'l?':.f. = h.1,;.. = 1\1?,. = 'lt\6Pi = lf'i = n.1� = fJ htt.u = 1'"}f..°'i..+'l'h014 : S!.111 = rv-t\,1:1 = llPi?'l· = fOJJ.!il+c = 67:F:FA = \ii f,f..l;J t\ I f,I\A:: - 83-

0 : «r''l'C: 7f.t_f@i : O•l\;I.: �>;?1:f: Oh"}X,1 ,l, dt. ,, : tj:,rth C : 1.tt: : ll f I\ : Ah : : �OJc • ,f•�OJ i,>; : 'l�il f, : ,r :J!/\• "'l.:J! ,r ..( A:: ?, l) f : •� 'i "} : (l · l,};"}: �:J!;J!A = "7/\,r: _'lt\'J"}Hll· 1 1,(1•9°: f'lt\�J;OJ• : ii); : ft\O,}•: -0 : J;OJ · t\ m-) : :J (°llu A · 0 il ,J•:f-l: i,};: n . D': ,f•�l q�il 1h1 = If� : 1''1 X: . 1.1-1. : 1''11;.+(:: f,f../.;JA � "'l t\:t•: �OJ•:: :

•

ntLtJ : {}I}�� : �'JC i h'1.:t·r-kf: (I.DI/. "}.fc: lr'l"}f: '111111.: mftar � 0 t\ L r: Ot\ l l "'lillcjffu: �tir': ftA: f: �{De : {}t\: 1'1Hll·:; h_."}'1�: b-'l'l ·1.-;c: !!i : ·+'1 : !i1!2tt : '¼: 9° : ('i it9°0C: l!'t : !ilftj : '¼: 9'1): fl1.,r . · : '11f · '1 = f • P'� : lr '11h : l\'1.,rV-kf -f h�h. 1� : '1"11: :_ .. (I.0?.. : = V kf . 1 , ''f�1u1f I\ {lf: fOJc'ib:' h 1C : • 1.-fl};{LOJ m:,,!LA : f.11);{1 ,..Kt.01' : "} r, 1°11:: 'l'l.h: OKLA"} : f..11);{1 =. r1t\mA"}"} : 'h'lf..°th,f•t\m- : h1m:,,ti t\'1 I 0'1.:t,r-kf: (l.°t'lT: b•'l"}f: 'l'f4:: ODtp/.,}•: fl\"}J;:f : Urfl;J,: ll'PilT'i: 9°tiJ-f,r : rt,oitti : 11C : li =. Ol/.1\.V-'1 : !t�'n.tJ§J�.: . h��ft>;.: 1'1•fltj:l\�1 ·= (I.A = n-'til = i,n� = ft\OJ• = r'1.:t•r-kf = OD"}OJP',-,. =· 'l1h = h "}f..: n01'C:7: ffOD"} : h�llJmC : ;J--1a>f P' : l!'i = +1 = !H!�li : '¼: 'I° : · l!!li : f,f•(lmOJ•"}: f'Pit:t·'i : · f.11J;f1: ,, : O'r'l'C /\1'"?/ � 'Pil : fiODlf"} : ' .· ' ' 'it'\il'l/\"}:: :

''f.ODlLl,lq,a. = ouh.'i"'i = '!'1 .,.,tf r,1·')hlD' = 1''1f.. ttro•�:i: = 11001 = : 4..rfl it�llJmC•: . rii1:.:,- : .tr : . cf,"} : !Uf�§ : '¼ =- 9°: (I.If"}: f(L°t"}far • I -tti = P'tr = ·r:e=ool(l}c = 1''1f.. = ttro·i::r = uou1 = tt�11Jn1c = "l1P:, = fi1. = · 1'llh= +1 = ,u\i:to"" = '¼ = "° = (l.lf'l, nr1.t1»0Jc = DDhLA = h°t1'1ro• 11u-0= If&.: i:2ti : h'lJ;i•'J° : fA,f--h�./\"} : ilt\: If� : ODP'tf: {L,f:: tf'?&,11: /\11�01' : /\h.'1 '1� : h·'l'lf : ouht.A : f°t'J'lOJc: fn"lt'11·= -OC=, li°tl\.V-1 :· l!��n.tJi§ : h�i : t'\"},f;'J° : ill\ : If� : htLtJ : : ;JC : hf�H1: Ol\h�01': "'lm/P/\f: 'lv-111: ODLP/.,'}•: f,,tJ: 'Pil:i•'i: f,f•(lmfl�•: 1'1H1l : h�OJ/\J;.. : ho-��: 1'1-'thL/\'1 : 'h'iil;J--OJc/Pl\"} I n.u1_e: .,,nn· : : l\.hLt\"}: rai.'J'lOJc:· hilh: 1.-;c: fib Y:lh : llt\ Yuf:ti : : : '¼ 9° .- .,.... : +1: ...... .-.,- .: h If� : OJt\�9° : r;J--(lnm- : 1'ilhH.fOJ' : 1:1.il : �OJc :; ft)�OJ•..}· : Oil lf "'I il:J--ro4!f = i1m q n.4> /\1 •

•

,,..;:

'' illltLIJ : O'?Yo;J--1·0-- : ouv,L.,,'}• = f,f•n1f:1>:f o.,1,1 : tit;:f .: h1f.·1· L'l..'00• : 1'1mY,:Pl--:.\/\'1 I 'l"1l1·1 : noo�ftc : ho•�� : 1,11:.:,Cht;:fr: 'h'ih ;J--OJc,iP/\"} :: f h.:t�r -A-,.r : 1'?1: : '11h: fOJcii[!,.: n'JC: lhhil;rc:,�: tJij:A'' 1 fai.A = �roc

- 84 --

i11.;;: = tth,,-...r v:,.. = Ii:� = �1.;. � fh...:,-r-k.r = fL"t1...Y· = \lcQ1f = tDl,'J° : O'PilT'i'"lD• : 'J°h1f,r : nw•hA'i'" : fh.TV-kf: 1°11:: Q1h: A\?-1--111\o.f: fW-6f.b: it1c: 1°1Y:: '11h: f"'i..htj:l\ro-: l\it.1°1t.: f°th&.. IA = �lD' 1 mf,il = hf,1.1\'J°? f"th&.l\ro•il: h..1°lt.: hit.;'J•V-A-f: ·(L"t1+ = J-l.Q1f = ;,c = n,,-..'P'Pl\ro• = ffLoi1..y.. 4.•ntti "1:P'J° � P't. = 9"°h1,:,.. = �CD'? hh..,l•V-kf: (L"7..1·f,: b-Q1.r: 1111-0: f"'i..&..1A1ro·: QI\: "l1HO· :i t,..1°lt. = �w- 1· m_e,ri = ff,.1n11/\o.•r = 1..,,... = 'l1h = �ro- ? 1,u1 = a,m� =

"°

fh. ,rf-A"f on"}°IF:,- Q1h = n..e.,(t,-,nc = ijj/IfiY.t '¼ = = l\\?-"Jo _ 111\flf: flD'611': h1C: 1°11.': '11h: f(lmro•: ,,,..'PC: i!V1b: f'Pl'l�:,..: .e..-OP.ft I ff,."Jo1f/\ flf = fro•6lb 1t1c 1°1Y: 'l1h = n�1'Pt = 2/IuI:t;li = '¼ = ""·:,..r•kf 001oir1,r = q1t1 = v�&..ro- ..e..-0P.a. = v'Pri;,-c; lD'IA = ID'l'l'P : fh..,l-Y-kf : fL"7..1-f·: h•Q1f'i': i',.1°lt. : f,t·'P'P�:,..1 : f(l.01/.. 1..y..: 4, -0tti: "1 **9°1: ,,.,..P,f,: f,'i'""lt. A::

= "°

�

��

h/\f,: 1'1P.1A�ro-9u: f\?-1°111\o.,.r: fOJ«'>Lb: 1t1c: 1"11:: Q1h: l\h. :,..r-A-f: DD1°lP':,..: Q"}h: f�&.l\:i•1: 1.-0P,{t,'i'": h.1°lt.'J°: fKLW- 1: ..e..-OP.{L: ODIPt,.:,..: 067Y:l'?: fh.:,"r-kf: 1°11.': Q"}h: l\it.:,..r-kf: fLlT'/.. 1+ : \r'l"}f: 0�&. lD": ,.e..,OP,(1: f+tnf+OJ<: 11tl-0: OtlO·: fl,f•'ll\W- : , lD"/A: l\it. 'J'?t.: f°th&..A: �ro- i (l,A: fn.:i•r-kf: (LCT'/.."},f, : lrQ1f : 1tooA.h:tA :i flflU: /\f, : 'Pfcf: : fA.+lnn;,-c; : f,IJ'J°: tj:Cf:: fL,"f •: lD"lt�: ,,rfA(lmn:,..: �1C: a;w- ::

� :I" ,.

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r ,

:;,

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f �1(

·fldLC: ,l,'1: l'll\: 'Pl'l:,•t;: {llJ1JJl.:,": (l,.t; ,,, ..'PC: a.Bvj; ,,... .,.... -- : f�:,•,I,: -- roc"}: c °l..eo;J : l}P,ro "lC I l\°l..eo;J--w-: h&..K?a'J°: 'Ph: ftl'f.lf"}: (lro-: {),\: f/A&,.?aOD : h'Jf..lf� : ,\{]{\11f·ffl•: f,U"}: °lfo:J, : l\.&.?...'J°: f."lF.P.A ¾ f,I\IA:: 'll\l}P.w- = ..,,,�;J--01•1 = fA.&.&OD = "1Y,.tra; = "'ll\ = 11Hfl• = ,eu1 = °l..eo;J--: ll..&.1''J°: 'P(l•: f,1f..P.A: f"tl\W•: :J>A: 'Pl'l.:,..c;: f'P'a'OJ•: °IFu;J--: +..e..t.{l.: (,t-"1.67 t): ODlf�"}: f l'll.P.A:: OtlU: 'lV•�: �1C:: 'P'i'"W-: "1..eo:J--: Ot1.:,..V-kf: fL°t1..f: �-Otti'i'": : f+f..l."lW-: l'l'J°'J° flh..'J°lt.: ODl}h/A: {){\: (Loi1,f: 4--0tti: . ill\ = = = r-k '11h t1.:,. .. ':, oo"}°IP : fn.:,•r-tif �:,.. : �(Dc :: ,i,Y,.t--{l.ro•?°: " ' ' �ID i' •}' • 'Pil lD' (lm f : ,e. .,_,: • LII t\l . 111 h, ! • • ! 11'oY. k I\ :, ro'J° = 'P(l.. ri'1. = 11 h•'l (L:J = r, iz.1, (l.o = 'P'i'm· = (}{\l}P, = rt,.:1-r-A-1 TV-kf: 1°11:: '11h: O'Pil:,..,;: f\ooh&.IA = {JD,fi;'f• i'tl\� = 671\:,•: lDf,'J°: l\00 ht.A: OD,fl;,-: fl\�'J°: 671\:,": f&-(l•: 1•P.f,: �(D.. :: 'l.:, 'Pl = l1f : ,f h·' 'f."} (l,.O : A·f • f 1.;'J OJi n 111 ;: lf 'J° : -kf :,"f fh.. . 'ia,. : h1�.h'i:IA : f.f•,11fcf>lD•1 = 1'JH fl: l\'P'i'lD": 'll\l}� : I\J't.,)··r·k,,f:

°'**'J°

- 85 -

(L"7.,"}.f : tJ..'1"}.f : footuhA'i : roont.t!\ : (111,,n.:,- : hl\lD' ¼ Wf,9° : r i I\ m-9" : ll"'f ll:,. : hATmf:,,19" J: 0 t.tJ 9" ' l\.f, : a>·itl!. : h1 i'l'1'9" ,. r1,..:i-r-w1 = a.oi1+ = lrfl1, = nfi::i-t1t = 11t1t.c = :it°I = +--Tc . t'i'Lfti'li = m:i»P r1t..:i-r-w1 = '1'?1: = fl'1n = nn..:i•r-kf {L"t'Jwf-. : ,.,, : l\f, : -,.�.:,- : f"tfODllJ : �1C : 1-t"}�f,lPt. : h��'f : f"'1 1)l' : �,; 1i11 : 7' 'JJt{lmOJc : rmf"1lD''1 : hl\f- : fi(lmt;:J!OJc : 9°h'1f.Y.l· : u-� : hA ; +nA�CD-'J° ::

OtLU : V-lr : 'J°ti"}f,f°f :- f,'?'1�"} : m,,::,, : nf:C1'iA :: bH.U : tj:Cf: : (1.:,S : Of;e/l;/2!1 : f{lm�lD'"} : fll'/1� : :,.it111 : "tt1il +'iA :: +(lm I "7..1111 : ,..f : +'1 : .................... 19fii9 : l¼ : 'I° ::

_e.u = lD'itt = tthfi:+'1m· =fi:C..(' = 11:'f· = f,rf-1\/\fi: ::

t !

I tl

b le

le � '

IQ ,

de �n ao

-86 -

Justices:

S.UPREM!B lMPERLAL COURT Div. 1 A NPRIL 11, 1967

,Afenegus Ki taw Yi.tateku ,Ato Tadesse Tek.le Giorgis Kegnazmatch Mulat Beyene . ., , . ETHIOPIAN CEMENT CORPORATION V. coMMERcI.Ai; BANK,'OF ETHIOPIA, INGRA, AND YUGOSLAV BANK FOR FOREIGN TRADE .

Civil Appeali No. 526 / 59 Civil Procedi,re - J11risdictio1z - I11ji1,-1ctive relief. Obligario11s - Cor1tract11c1l - S11retysl1ip - Accessory obligatiori - g1iara1itor's riglzts a11d resporisibi/ities. A Yugoslav company cont:r-acted to build and supply a cemenrt: factory for the Ethiopian Cement Corp., and the Commercial Bank of Ethiopia provide a guarantee for the Cement Corp. in conformity with an earlier agreement between the Bthiopian and Yugoslav govern ments. On appeal f:rom •a High Court decision refusing to enjoin the guaa-anto.r for paying the contractor pending the resolution of cross-claims between the contractor and the Cement Corp. Held: Affir,ned. * i • Ed. Note: Mthough the Supreme Court ,affirmed ,the High Cou,rt's decision (n High Court of Addis Ababa Civil. Case No. 552/59) refusing injunctive rretief in this case the reasoning of the two court is significantly divergent The Supreme Cour,t expressly rejects the High Col.lll't's reason for denying injunctive relief. The High Court decided that the guarantee ''was not a sample guarantee by which the payment of money due by [The Cement Corp.] was secured. It is a (primary) obligation undertaken by (the Commercial Bank) in favour of (the Yugoslav Bank Foreign Trade) "under a prior agreement between the governments of Ethiopia an4 Yugoslavia. The Bank) is bound to honour such obligation independently of any dispute between the Ethiopian buyer and the Yugoslav seller." Thus, the High Court decided that an injunction would be improper since the dispute between the plaintiff Cement Corp. and Ingra was n·ot ,relevant ito the gu.arantor's obligation to pay. The Supreme Court rejects this pos,ition when tit says "Suretyship is an accessory oblig-ation to a prima·ry obligation. The prima,ry obligation, in this case, is the contract entered into by the Ethiopiian Cement Corporation for -the construction of the cement plant; and the accessory obligation is the guaa-antee given by the State :Rank of Ethiopia on behalf of the Ethiopian Cement Corporation for the same purpose. The Supreme Cou:rt declines •to rule on how this principle that the guarantee is an accessory obligation affects - t he right -0f the Commercial Bank to pay the Yugoslav bank and indemnify itself f.I'om the principal debtoc, bwt the Code h ·as several clear prov,isions on this. Article 1942(1) and (2) provide: The only real question is whether we have here a case where the duty to· set up the debtor's defenses are ''excluded by the nature of bis gua,rantee". It would seem probably not, since this provision probably refers simply to a case like that foreseen by Articles (1923(2) aad 1926(3)) where the gua,ran-tor guarantees performance of an obligation with full knowledge of the fact that the principle debtor is incapable. The basis for the St1preme Court's refusal to grant injunctive relief would seem to be that either (1) the Cement Corporation's interests will not be adversely affected, since he can alway-s refuse to indemnify the guarantor for payments he sh,ould not have made, or (2) the guarantor is exempted from liaising these defenses of -the debtor (under Anticle 1942(2)) and therefore should not be p['evooted from paying.

- 87 -

.....

JoURNAL oF ETI-fIOPIAN LAW -

VoL. IV - No. 1

suit an for a r injunctio n betw ee· ove tion sdic i ·ur . e hav rts cou '° 1 " •� . 1 • · Eth e 1. Th op n an � e t"ff th h p or e 1 all · l · ar an tor Y" � p 1o th s _E cge :tn d an tha t the i �� t ' Ethiopian guaranteed perso? . e co a n ct ng pairty Will ·ngh,ts gams ,th f o a pJ.t to th E m n o ti a liz rea be possibilities of r. to an air gu e substanti.a11y prejudiced by payment by th depends on the principal conthus and on gati obli y essor acc an :is ntee a ir t. 2_ A gua antor fro� paying a guairantec guair .8: t ven pre ,to e. issu t no ll wi n tio unc inj 3_ An just im e by th of cla the acy other contracting because ithe debtor disputes .the mattl!n,ty or the legi1lim party.

The petition filed at the High Court · by Appella�t against the lf:hree Res. pondents was that the first Respondent, the_ Commercial Bank of Ethiopia, be enjoined from paying and amount 1to the thud. Respondent, the Yug_oslav Bank for Foreign Trade, under Guarantly No. 211 given by 1he Commercial Bank. The High Court, after considering the affidavit and othe: �riefs filed by Plain, tiff with the Court on Hedar 24, 1959 (December 3, 1966), ID its order given on Hedar 24, 1959 (December 3, 1966), ordered_ tihe Commercial Bank of Ethiopia not to remit or pay any ramo-unt under the said Gua·ranty No. 211 to the third Defendant, the Yugoslav Bank for Foreign Trade, until a further order is issued by the Court'!

In its decision given on Ter 6, 1959 {January 14, 1967), the High Court dis solved the injunction order and dismissed the petition of the Plaiilltiff. Hence, this / appeal has been filed. Appellant petitioned this Court to continue in effect the injunction order granted by the High Cour,t on Hedair 24, 1959 (December 3� 1966) until the appeal is heard. This Court accepted the petition of Appellant, and, in its temporary order given on Ter 9, 1959 (January 17, 1967) ordered the injunction order granted by the High Court to reman in effect until Ter 23, 1959 (January 31, 1967 ). The , Court then adjourned the case to Yekatit 23, 1959 (January 31, 1967) to hear ( the appeal and for the Respondents to appear. A,t the he·arin.g on Yekatit 23, 1959 (January 31, 1957). The attorneys for Ethiopian Cement Corporation and the first Respondent, Commercial Bank of Ethiopia, appeared. The second Respondent, Ingra, did not appear.

The third Respondent, the Yugoslav Bank for Foreign Trade, did not appear . . . P�suant rto the petition of attorney for Appellant, this Court ordered the 1nJ��1�n granted by the High Court on Heda.r 10, 1959 (November 19 , 1966) �o 1I remain 1n effect until a further order is issued from 1his Court. Thereaf ter, this I Cou-rt heard �he arguments p�esented by the Ethiopian Cement Corporation and the Commercial Bank of Ethiopia, and passed its decision thereon. The The secon d w. and third belo Resp onde nts did Cour not t appe a• r in the . third Defendant sent -the following cable to the High Court: '''V-j�. shall not •apear in the High Court of Addis Ababa Commercial D1 v1�1o

n on the 3ird day of Tahsas (December 12, 1966) at 9 a.m. Stop i d n� t a_ccept competence of Court nor justifiab pet it on the len of ess i t op ea.!1sa1non the Gu·arantee No 211 is the matter of relations between Co�ercial Bank of Ethiopia and our Ba k n only ston aoslav Ban k fo r "' Yu0 F ore1gn Tirade."

-88-

ETHIOPIAN CEMENT CORPORATION V · CI·AL BANK OF . ETIIIOPIA ET AL. · COMMER

ll 'I

':fhe High Court rejected the arg11ment of the Yugoslav Bank for Foreign . Trade challenging th e Count's 1· urisdiction, and ruled t h at 1·t h as ··1ur1s · o d" . · 1· 10n 1c t . case hear the • �e High C�urt heard th� arguments presented by the Plaint iff, Ethiopian Cem�nt_ Corp<?r �tion� and the first Defendant, the Commercia Bank of Ethiop l ia, an<l; 1� its de�is1on given on Te r 6, 1_959 (January 1 4, 1967), denied the petition of _ Pl_amt1ff• This Court, after cons1d erm g the appeal filed from the decision of the . H1gh Co?11, an d after hearmg t� e arguments presented by 1he Ethiopian Cement Corporation and the Commercial Bank of Ethiopia, has rendered its decision thereon. ,Pursuant to the contracts, and supplements thereto, entered into by and . . bet ween Eth,1opian Cement C�rpora t ion and Ingra, a Yugoslav �onporation, lngr� unde· rstood _ to cons�ruct, 1nsta�l and put into operation a cement plan t in Addis Ababa. Pr1or to _the completion of th� construction of the- cement plant, the con tracts we�e term1n·ated. As a resu,lt of such termination, a disput e arose between _the parties as ito_ th� amount :Ingra claims from the Etp.iopian Cement Corporation, and the Eth1-0p1an Cement Corporation counter-claims f,:-om Ingra.

•

Ethiopian Cement Corporation alleged that the parties agreed ,to settle their dispute by arbitration, and nominated arbitrators on their respective behalf. Thereaft er, tthe Yugoslav Bank for Foreign Trade, on Hidar 18, 1959 (November 28, 1966), sent the following cable t o the Commercial Bank of Ethiopia with respect t o the payment t o be made by Ethiopian Cement Corporation to Ingra:

...

"The amoun•t payable to Ingra, Zagreb, is US$ 1,247,064, and we cJa,jrn from you immediate payment of the guara.nteed amount plus i,nterest as per enclosed consolidation of debt."

•

• •

' ,

And Ingra, in iits lett er of 17th November 1966 •(Hidar 17, 1959), a-ddressed to t he Imperial Ethiopian Government, Minis try of Finance, stated: ''These two promissory notes ,ve.re issued in compli,ance with paragraphs (b) and (c) of the Supplemenitlal Contract concluded on l�t Februsary, !963, between the Ministry of Fin.ance and Ingra (the Seller) for the delivery of machinery and equipmen,t for the Cement Factory, Addis Ababa, and tor erection installatiion and testing of the said machinery and equipment. "The inter�t accruing on the debt has been calculated till November 30, 1966 and we would be most obliged if your payment of the US$ 510,241.11 wouid be effected until the said date. The payment should be made in favour of the account of Ingra with the Yugoslav Bank for Foreign Trade.''

Ethiopian Cement Corpora-tio�'s contention is th �t in all t�e con tracts con cluded, it is provided ,that the Yugoslav Bank for Foreign Trade 1s the representa tive of Ingr a for •receivin g money on behalf ?f Ingra; that the Yugoslav Bank �or Po .reign Trade is claiming paymen t of the �isputed amoun t_ from the Coml?e�c� al Bank of Ethiopia in such a capacity; tha1 prior t� the establishment of the liability between Ingra and Ethiopian Cement �orporat1on and t he amoun t payable to Ingra is fixed and the question of set -off 1s settled, the payment of US$ 1,247,084 .47 demanded by the Yugoslav Bank for Foreign Trade on the Commercial Bank of Ethiopia should not be made. Toe foregoing con tent ion of Ethiopian Cem_ent Corporati�D: was p�esent ed before the High Cour t, and the High Coum delivered. the dec1s1on heremabove mentioned. - 89 -

J0uRNAL OF ETHIOPIAN LAW -

VoL. IV - No. 1

The case thus became one between Commercial Bank of Ethiopia and Ethiop. Cement Corporation, the_ g�ar_anteed . Corporation. Th�_ position ta.ken by �� Commercial Bank of Ethiopia 1s that 1t has to �espect � ts guarantee and pay th n Corporation, 1ts Cement part, Etl1iopian amount. ? took the positio: guaraniteed _ debt which the not pay a should Bank Corporation itself h that the Commercial as not· accepted or admitted.

•

The Commercial Bank of· Bthio:pia argued that 1:I1e dispute between Ingra and Ethiopian Cement Corporation does not concern _the Bank; that the guarantee given by the Bank is to the Yugoslav Bank for Fore.1gn Trade; and that the guarantee js unconditional.

Ethiopian Cement Corporation argued that the payment demanded by the Yugoslav Bank for Foreign Trade is relait:ed to and arises from tl1e work contracted for by Ethiopian Cement Corporatio.n and .Ingra and is payable to Ingra; that the Yugoslav Bank for Foreign Trade is representative of Ingra for receiving money on behalf of llngra; thrut the Commer-cial Bank of Ethiopia sh-0U!ld not pay the amount demanded by -the Yugoslav Bank for Foreign Trade prior to the claims . onporation are determined of Ingra and the counter-claims of Ethiopian Cement C .and the question of set-off is settled.

These are the facts of the case. T11e claim of Ingra from Ethiopian Cement Corporation and the counter claim of Ethiopian Cement Corporation from Ingra is a case that shall not be d.ecided upon in the present case. Article 1831 et seq. of f, ile Ethiopian C1vil Code provide the rules of set-off. Article 1831 provides:

''Where two persons owe debts to one another, set-off shall occur and the obligation of both persons shall be extinguished in accord . rticles." ance with the provisions of the following A And Article 1836 provides: ''The debts shall extinguish each other as from the day when they both exist and to the extent of 1the amount of the lesser debt." Set-off then occurs when there are a creditor an. d a debtor and the creditor owes the debtor a debt; and the debt (obligation) shall extinguish simultaneously io the extent of the lesser debt. Pia D: Cement Corporation, in this. action, alleged that the credit or The Ethi ? . er m (Nove ? 1959 and m ev1 d ence therefore cited a letter dated Hedar 19, 1s lngra, , 28, 1966) addres�ed to •the General Manage,r of Ethiopian Cement Corporation by the Commerc1al Bank of Ethiopia, which states: ''We _ quote hereunder contents of a letter received from Yugoslav Bank for Foreign Trade. 'Reference is made to the State Bank of Ethiopia, Addis Ahab.a, Letter of Guar �te� N ,o. 211 of 4th Janu.ary, 1961 issued in our favour, at tl1e request of Ethiopian Cement Corporation, i n which you guarantee unconditionally payment -to us up to the amoun,t of US$ 1,124,406.- plus interest

- 90 -

ETHlOPIAN CEMENT CORPORATION V. COMMER CIAL BANK OF ETI·IIOPIA ET AL..

'As the last s.ry�pm · ent of machinery and eqwpn1ient was effected on 2nd March, 1964 the Cement Ractory wa� put into operatio and no pa�ment ?f due _1nstalmen.t:s l1as been effected un on 4th June, 1964 from yo u 1;mmectiat� p�ymen,t of tl1e g·uaranteed amo1p to date, we claim • unt olus interest as per enclosed consolidation of debt, a..e. U.S$ 1 247 064 47 made by Ingra ' ' ' · Zagreb.

'Tl1e interest is calculalecl till 30th N·ovember, 1966 wl1en ,the payme must nt be effected at the l,atest. .'Awaiting to receive }'iou.r respective credit adv.ice.' "Under the circumsta11c w_e l1ave no aliternative but to ask you for settle � , ent f the whole obl1gatnon ,accordingly. Therefore we hereby demand � <? 1mn1ed1ate payn1ent from you of the entire amount under claim.

"COMMERCIAL BANK OF ETHIOPIA "Export Departn1ent "Foreign Branch"

Eth�op!an Cement •Co�poration's contention is that Ingra is the Creditor; that· Ethiopian Ceme� t Corporation also has a claim against Ingra; a.nd, therefore,. pursuant to Article 1836 of the Civil Code, has a right of set-off to extinguish the debts. Jn the cas,e before us, argument is presente<l that the Commercial Bank of Ethiopia ha� no obligation (debt) in the claim the Ethiopian Cemen1: Corporation has against Ingra. .

. In our view�· the main question to be determined are: Whether the payment to be made to the Yugoslav Bank for Foreign Trade by the Ethiopian Cement Cor,poration, or the Commercial Bank of Ethiopia, by reason of its guarantee, as mandatazy or agent, is in fact payable to Ingra? An·d, does the payment arise� from the contract between Ingra and Ethiopian Cement Corporation fo·r the construction of the cement plant in Addis A . baiba? And, is it Ingra or the Yugoslav Ba.nk for Foreign Trade who is the creditor that demands payment from Ethio pian Cement Corporation? Guaranty No. 211, 1dated December 30, 1960, given •by the State Bank of Ethiopia to the Yugoslav Bank for Foreign Trade, and the letter of the Yugoslav Bank for Foreign Trade, dated January 4, 1961, addressed to the Commercial Ba.nk of Ethiopia, make reference 1to the contract entered into by Ethiopian. Cement Corporation and Ingra for the construction of the cement plant. As we stated hereinabove, Ethiopian Cement Corporation submitted tthat on: the basis of the letter written by the Yugoslav Bank for Foreign Trade to the S,tate Bank of Ethiopia and the letter written by Ingra, the amount demanded· 10 be paid in the letter of the Comm�rcial Bank O· f E:thiopia to the Ethiopia _n Cement Corporation a•rises from the said contract and 1s payable to Ingra. This question, however, is not in issue in this case and this Court shall not give w decision thereon. Jn providing the principle of suretyship, Article 1920 of the Civil Code states:· ''Whosoever guarantees an obligation shall undertake towards the Creditor to discharge the obliga1tion, should the debtor fail to discharge it.'' The words ''should the debtor fail to discharge his obligation, the guarantor , an p is shi te t ety ica tha sur ind y arl cle '' on ati lig ob h suc e arg ch dis s undertake to - 91 -

y JOURNAL OF ETHIOPIAN LAW -

VoL. IV - No. 1

accessory obligation to a primary obligation. The primary obligation, in th'1 case, is the contract entered into by Bthiopian C.eme�t �orp_oration for th construction of the cement pl�t; _and the accessory ?bl�gat1on 1s the guaran tee given •by the Sta,te Bank of Eth1op1a on behalf of 1Eth1op1an Cement Corporation for the sa.me purpose.

The Com,mercial Bank must itself decide whether or_ n�t it has a right to make the payment pursuant to its guarantee when !the pr1nc1pal debtor, Ethiopian Cement Corporation, objects to the payment. We are not presented with and asked to decide on rthe question whether the Commercial Bank of Ethiopia, as guarantor for the Ethiopian Cement Corporation, has the right to substitute itself for the principal debtor and make payment of the amount demanded; and we shall not give a decision thereon.

I I I

Wherefore, w_e have denied the injunctive relief pray� for by the Ethiopian Cement Corpora11on, pursuant to Article 2121 of the C1v1I Code, -to enjoin the Commercial Bank of Ethiopia from commiting an act damaging to the Ethiopian CementJ Corporation.

For the reasons stated above, the appeal is quashed.

The injunction order given by this Court on Ter 23, 1959 (January 31, 1967) is dissolved.. day of April, 1967). A copy J?elive�e� rthis 3rd day of iMiazia 1959 (11th _ of this dec1s1on shall be forwarded to the High Court.

J t

- 92-

f.ti,f-C : 'f!Af'J° : O·,h:(fC I h·Y.. : hChf : hO;Jll I "l• l. If : c:'1 'i" : ii 1lIL'i" : c:ti : ;1i\ ft. -i hti'i'i'f I °1t'r : °1tt 1

+hlt7i ::

ftj::,W,h : 11"1.C : .,,._TC : ij�/9.9. : '¼ : 9° :: •• f1°1� : OW/�OC"•f : - OX'm-Ci: : fV--'L/. : 014/,\ JrtflOD'i� f°t.filh;'f•fl014 014m..."f· :s I

hlt7i I t\i·hlt7i : 1't1� r fP,{l : n.:r· s li1>tht;::r• • 1111-0 : {l'J'1'•.."f·: dt.lt0-1 : flOD•f•lt(l,0 : rcJtt.0 r hil ss

m-ta� 1 o:,..�°t.f = ri·hLt\ro• = 1111-0 = •ni.-c • ilfl = lf�'i • m.lt-O = t\OD--f•ta(l-O = ilfl"7f; :J!A : h fr r tD-�:,. r IY!-:A :s lil fOl/...,Oc = °7'k'k"tf = 014&\ • n�·,1t-t;: = ODP'Lc 1tt\n:,. :s

t/ OX',h-'i!

fV--'L/. s 9°19° : }1C : hl\.t\ : 9°19° • OW/�OC , t\.'k'k9° : hf;°:i•&\9°

r/ ,h..lt-01 ltt\O.:'f- ::

t\{lD+ltfl-0 : rai+c-n : nil : 01\1� : "7�(1C : OD'}:'}:9° : ,.,. , ODODP't.:r• :

lj:C� : (b,f: : hlLIJ : Oi\f,, : r+l.0(1)"1 : nil : (IDC'J°C: : htLU : roih ,l'flaJc'} : tj:C� : OT:f:A :: fhltif.. : mn.:J> : (lODilhl'J° : Ir : +1 : 9.!i : '¼ : 9° : n,t-�L : rnil : 01/0D,Ah;Fa,. t till : f+lfi(l,r1 : fP,(l : OD;11Z: : h�,W.{\- : ODa>f l,f(I)" t +h '11i : l\hltii'f : h1�..fillh•n : {l..1\- : (l{l&,(I)" : nu : 1?i : r+�L : till : Jri:i»cna,. , ti(t-19° = tili = 1'ilh = i = O-i..Hltt«;-.:,• = rhti7i = "'lill..�9'-:f = 1-°I L(l)c = till = r+lnn:,-1 = fP.fl = OD ;11Z: = ,t-htiit- i1>tl\:i» i1>tL1..�n:,. mf..+'PA :: htLV--9° : hff,,H(I)" : f+l;J1m : fODthi\ : :J>A: t\�C�: (b,f: : 1t:i»cn(I)- = f,,u = till = f,t-�tin:,- = fP.fl = OD;11Z: = ODt>ftf = n,W.f\- = ,,...,, TC' : 1'1�:J--7i'? : mf..+'PA :: hlLU : (l�I\ : ,t-hltif.. : O"IP.C : Iii : 4>1 : 1''i : O"IP.C : 'll� : 4>1 : 22 = 1 = r = n+�4-l- = rnil = ODhl\hf(I)" • nil = r-1-�tin:,.1 = rPifl = OD;11z: = = = = },1 lf = ODlf OOD r+1 = 11c = itu 'i u,n ,, = .. n-1 c = n11� hlt7i : (l)c titi� --

-93 -

,, _., ,z: = htii"°:f.1 o·lich'i" = f\°1"1'l'l,r = x-c OD f\P.P : 4' 'P it'i f\tt.v- 9° = ..e-c : "'1..('l..1..1: n{11JtfCtfC : a.1A?i' 1 °h.1-'trJ•9°: hl'I.V - : h1l..e-?- : 11H11: c o : : 1,f &. {11J(f','}9° m'f'(l O{J;L{._q(l} g-c: i fl 9°: 07i�°1A'i: : nh A: f{11J{\(l �-,?,'} : °h.11-f,:J{\'} : O"'lf\:,• : fODfth,f-c : OD(f)-'} : f4'l(l(l}• : ?.ch.�: flt YA:: htLIJ : n+c: till•'}: roi1icn.:,...: OJf,9° : arY...·�. = fOl/.. fF..C'?0,) "'litl>{'l°: tr�: lDf,'J°: f(lm•: 9°ittiC: f\tJl/�l..11: ,,A;Ff\9°

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11:

n7i"'l°1/b f\{11J:J·l� = nODAti1'· = r�o1..ro·1'J° = 9°19° = (l}«m.1• ft'? 1-f· : /Lm4'9°0,l· : roi1·A I hP'Ir: l\f,: fOl/.ro·A: i',itl:(: nl\4>l0?11 :: itf\tLIJ : fi:C..(': l1rf: : �1?-'}: f\1lf·f4 r 1.1·1,: (t.«l''l'lW·: h�r: 0:\1\ .,. fh'l �·l-: mO:J>: fi:Cf...': °h.1�.llmlD': �,:J°l'l°: itf\mf+ : - �c..e-: (1•·1:�: �1?.: fitj:Cf...": f\{11JlD(l"}: f01/..fitLA1lD': lf'i : n'?�•f; rA:: �Cf..--: (1,f: : fh'17i'i": f,f.. h'17i'} : hcnc : ODC?°� : n.oo f\n,t·m, : rhtiO:: mn:J> : tifr'}: f\"'litlP,,l•: ti+lll:faJc: t : "'litl�9'-:f: m•{ltp f ��: = rntin: = "'lilt..>{ = 1,u nil r+1..no.:,.. 1111.....'l· rv- f\1: = hltifl- = ODlf�-"}: '?IA?.: nf...--C1o: itl\llLl • �Cf..--: l1+.: 04!: itf...--C1°: ,f,,"1, 0ft :rA = il/\ttu = ,f•hti7i nit = r+1..nn.:,-1 = r4cc'i (TD.,.,-,z: oov1t f = fiOD•ft' : f\h'1.r:f : l,1-'tfilln-O : fP,��,f:'} : OU(l� -:- f\mn.-4> : hOA : Jrt"}1...--: OD,f: -OC: h 1-'th�A: LC�'i"A::

=·

fODAl1¥l- : m04> .. 1 ft{\: OD/Ail : ll61b::

�Cf..." = l1+. = r,f.. h'17i = mn:J> = fit"'lc:'1ro·c.· = f1'1'?/L11�m·: = �c� = 06:J>m·: "'lill..h•O: f1"1\ff: ill\: If� t �C�-: ll"}f...': '¼f,�:,.: lf'i: �1-'t :J.. l'l°A�: (LA: 0{11J,:JO..:,-: J:g: +1 : 2§: '¼: 'J°: fi,f•�L: OIJouAh:F: :i»to:J'lD• "}: O{JIJ J·ICHC: i\�Cf...--: (1,f:: itl\"7l0 t fh'17i':f: mfi:1,9°: ij:C�: f,i\ffA = f,f-- 'li\ro·"} nou:J>(JJ'J° = OOD;,n..:,... = .,...,. Yf = +1 r•a;o .,. •= '¼ = ,r = 01" • ��-: "'l{JIJ/Ah:f.: OD/Ail: O'P;t/A:: �Cf...• : f1+.9° : f tJ•f\rf:19°: ,l,'111: ,f•'l',,Ot\ff : ht·f.lJ : f"'l.hi·Am-1 : .:,...htf1f: O'P;tA::

.:,-htf1f ::

f,IJ: �Cf..--: fi--{IDfPl,f-c(!)': i�: fh'17i: 67 itl1{: OTllf\lD•: ODIPl:,-: �UJc:: OhOIJC�m- : �Cf..': (Dc{l'f': ''fP,{lro•"}: OD,:J1Z: : UD"ttf: (ltJD<"ft•: hti�l- : 1,1Jtlh0·:'' rf.. -Ofto : ,,.. ?.."�A:: fh 1°1iL1f�{l}•: OJ'}: ''faitn.t: OD;J1Z:: flf�ro-: ODl>//,f: 11:r: <l'CT: f�{l: {JD,:J1Z:ID•'}: h"}J',.lh(l-:'' ftJ1/../A: �(De :: f,IJ"}: fOD{li\UJc'}: iltJ,f..:,•: f\"'11.9'1 = nJrt 1+1. = 1i = r,,..ouilh1"w, = m'? = f\�cf...' = l1rf: = P'Ai1J1 = itf\OIJ.{lmm· � hlJ--19°: �Cf...' : {1rf:: OILV-: 001/..;r(.UD(l}- : ,.<PA: h,rf-�;J 11..n.:,. = O:\I\ = r�c>;.. = i't&..��9° = ni,1°11\..1-1�: n+K&..w•: �c� = {IIJfPl:t- = r�'i tr'i = h1.t rtt {JD;,-,z: = {JD"ttf = n, i•+c r+1..w• 1 = ntii"''f = 1'1 Jtl..hO-: itH'iA:: f,U : fi,f..atOIJ� : fTllmro·: Thtf11 : O'PC: Yi: 4'1 : ....... 2§: '¼: 9°: h,f.. (lm(Dc: �Cf..': ;JC: Jt,fi� : f,�OllA::

- 94 ·-

•

HIGH COURT Commercial n·lV. .N0. 1

Judges:

J;ANUARY 25, 1962

Dr. Willian1 Buhagiar Ato Araya A.bega� �to Meikasha Amare

•

11BRESA FOCA IAN:D ,ANGBLIN.A FOOA GALASsir V. MIARIIN·O MARINI

•

Civil Case N'O. 41 / 54 Business Associations - effect of tack of written conitra.ot. He/d: The adv,ance \Vas a loan and so no accountin-g is possible. I. A. contract o� association must be ,in writing. 2. Where _th.ere 1s nothing in writing, no associatiiQll was areated. 3: An action for an accounting must be based on the existence of an associaiti on . 1

by supported The facts as set out in •tlbe statement of claim and wh' i ch are . vairtous documents submittted by the plain'tif.fs (Exhs. ·p/ I to p/8) may be sum nrarised as follows: .

The defendant was acquainted with the second plain�i,ff in 'tha·t :he had taken from her a room on lease; the defendant -approached iher and -requesited her to ask her sister, the fi1rst plain-tirff, for a loan of E$9,000; ithis sum was ito be used for the estab-lishment of a bake ·ry. There were proposals ,to the effect th·at a .third person was ito be employed ias a b-alcer and 1ha· t there would be ,an ass-ociation of the fiirst plaintiff, ithe defendant and ,vhe third person, Anoni Natale, .as three partners; according to. the suggeSition of the -defend.an,t such ass,ocation would take place as soon as E$6,000 ,vere repaid Ito •the first plain1iff, this sum represeniting the s,hares of the defen, dant and of Anoni Natale, of E$3·,ooo. The defendant has in fact received E$9,000 from the first plaintiiff ·an-d ihe h,as acquiired the necessary machinery for the bakery; -he also employed Anoni · Ntatale as a baker. The defendant has also :taken on lease ,the p:rem , akery which is now known · ises for the b as Painificio Royal. According ,to many let'ters which the defendant wrote to first pla'intiff the business h•as been a great . success and very pr-o-f1ta:ble.

. . A contrao� .orf association was never . drawn up an· d Anoni Natale (known to •the parties as ''Batfo'') died .in October, 1960 (Tekemt 195 3). The p1aintiffs have submitted a document (Exh. p/8) da�ted February 1. 5 ,_ 1960 (Yekatit 7, 19 5 2) in which the defendan•t - a nd rthe said Anoni Natale declare that ''all the a. . ssets of the ''P.NNIFICIO ROYAL'' - machiinery, equipment, furni·ture and utensils in accordance with il.he .inventory - excluding ,that which is used for the production of ''grassini'' obtained f.ro.m Mr. J>erino who is ;the legiitimate owner - belong to Mrs. Gina Galassi and to her sister Miss Teresa Foca, who are tthe persons who patld up the whole sum of money which became necess�y for the ·completion of _ the establishment of· the Biakery including the mechanic ·bakery acqull"ed from Mr. Lolli.'' This d.ocu.ment •then goes on .to say that the defenden·t and Anoni Natale could becon1e co-pro.prietors with equail ·rights- of 1one third of the capital

- 95 -

JOURNAL OF ETI-IIOPIAN LAW - VOL. IV -

No. 1

1 e ll b w.i! paid st re te in t an lev re e th d an 0 00 6 E$ as on .so stock as errt e um Th oc . ies lad o tw d ? san e .th to 0 00 , $9 E , of l ita ithe sai d cap ess d e sm an bu of tor tra nis mi � ad e th be o t s wa , the defendant re would the s tie du ch su for d an , ger a n· ma l ica hn tec to be 1ihe compensa1tion.

on account of also adds that Anoni Natale be •a mon thly

These facts as set out in the statement of claim are not denied by the defendant. he alleges, however, in his defence that he ,has_ paid E$3,767, on !account, to th� second plaintiff; no evidence has been produced in support of such alleged payment . . . The defenda.nt also states in his defence thaJt he ha1 s presented to ihe · plaintiffs a proposal !for the constittution of a partnership, that he was prepared to pay the bala. nce of -the debt ,during the week on which the · defence was lodged, '3.Ild thait the value of the business was not E$9,000 but beyond E$30,000 beoau·s e of the co.n tri1butions made by him. The defence prays for an ·adjournment to enable the parties to .come to an amicable settlement. On 1these facts the lega:l posi-tion is ,that although ,the parties had ·�n mind the construction of a regular association, such association never came into being.'There is no doubt 1th& the first plaintiff gave the defendant E$9,000 towards the .business; from Exh P/8 �t also seems that with this amoun ·t of E$9,000 the defendiant had acquired •the machinery necess'ary ,to start 11:he bakery and that -such machinery has been credited to •the plaintiffs itowards the amount of E$9,000. Also it. cannot be denied •that fur;ough the defendant's efforts the bakery has ·become a very prosperous busin.ess. Now the plaintiffs' claim is for ·accounts ,to be mooe of the business since i-ts estabLishment i.n May 1960 (Gr. Cal.) and for the resti1tution of th� m·achin. ery at 1the bakecy. As has been stalted above, notwithstanding the prosposals for an a· ssociation between t· he parties, such association never came into being; 1.here has been nothing done in writing which is an essential ,formality to bring an association into being. The plaintiffs have, therefore, never been iassociattes and cannot ask for accounts. It is true that the de!fendant has ma.naged to create a goodwill for a business which was started with the first plaintirff's money but the f.irst pl·aintif,f can only claim her money back but in defauLt of association cannot claim for accounts. The plainti1ffs, however, rely on tlhe dec1'aration in Exh. P /8 and do not claim the repayment of ·the loa.n but for ,the delivery of the machinery which according to that declaration belongs to them. If tth.ere had been an ,association then under Exh. P /8 the ,defendant would be enti 1tled to a ,remunera·tion from •the association for the w.ork ·done by him in building up ithe goodwill. The plaintiffs' claim can. therefore, succeed o n· ly in so far as they claim for the imme,di,ate restitution tu them _ ?inery mentioned in the said declaration Exh. P / 8, and in doing so �e �f the mac first pla1nt1f,f seems to have renounced the sum of E$9,000 with ,vhich this machinery has been acquired. 1

For -the abo_ve reasons i� er� shall be judgment for ,the plaintiffs, and th e . ndant shall ve o the plam dofe t1ffs 1the property mentioned in ithe first p·aragraph ¥I � of the_ �eclaration m �xh. P/8_ ,thait is machinery, equipment, furniture and utens1ls . m acc �rd �n�e. ;vuth t�e 11nventory - excluding •that which is used for the_ produc �ion of ��SlDl, o�ta1ned from Mr. Perino - to the pl:ajntiffs; ithe m�chl· �e� referred to a mechanic bake,ry'' acquired from Mr. Lolli is also to be included in the property 91? be hand�d over. The defendant shall also pay the 'plaintiffs Cou•rt fees .according to receipt and cos.ts of E$100.

- 96-.

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nn :

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'i:C.t: ! f°lilC: f,°l'l�: (tOJJ. : 1·'1� : w-'1�: ,1•1/.\-0tp./.\ ::

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'P;J

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= ncnc =Tc= 2 =

f,U : f,'?'l� : f4>�{llD• : f'?,,{lC : f,'?'l� : 1--'llblD· : f1if6Lh1 : 1n. : ;:t--hll +1 = = :rhil) = noiz.ODl\h:,• = '¼ : 9° : fl(lmlD· : �"h•l1f : l\f, : 'llD· :: '1.ht--\itlD· = 1--�f, : }!1 f : f°tVJt-- : 'l/\4-11 tti : }!'}f lD'1 : /\{l•'i" : /\(l• tiC : h'i" : l\ {J;l.lD• : 'I ;J f..o : (L 7iT : f1i f61b : 1(l : ;rhil : {/Dht.A : i',l\(l:,• : lDf,il : fl\{1•)"9° : fOI/.IA : ',ro· :: f"l 1lC : l,'?'l� : 1.. ()lblD· : ooht.A : '1./\{l:,• : (l.A : lDilS:A ::

= (1·c'>>-iic

Iilf2t

-. fl,'?lli!- : 'J°h'} .,f:,.. : f'?,flC : f,'?'l� : 1 'llb : 'lifif.2?; : q : 'r : Lt1,· = = (/\) = t,"} h.'P]!= nil · :J· ·li1 t--,1n .. = l\mf1Jw• = l\:, =

Or-Tc err: ��--

- 97-

•'l;,t:'f- : ;,itnJ : �I� : qoo:,·f"1./;\ : ., (Jr ::

= ,,,,.,re = It = f,t-tilt·l· = :i-c�9° = (lT:f:A =

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)

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OH.U : <t:C.(·: f1,)•: Jtil,J·ff,}: f h14'K" : Ii: (ll) f:"} ;,1,?1'f: '?/A'G: ·'i:fro· :: h1Y: : Ill\ : -i,•fltti : 'h"-(tc : fw"- (D«"} : n·+ir : 0�9°1\ : l\�;Jf..o �1- : (LOT : tt:J--tJ(l• : 'IK: ',CD• :: 'httJ : 'l,:J1-o?1T : h'lt\ : 'f,.-Ottim-: f1 lt'T"'I: "fi.1.r: I\ fl,1\ 1·: 'I;,1-o?11': fifm-:,-: 'h1 � t\: m 1,'l°: if+'I' : hTt lD-0:,-s,u: (llf1 : _eu : '1°19": A�'I:,•: hf,&.'PC'l°:: it14'?.' : Ii: (il) IA�� .:,-1 : ill\A&.m�: A�.,:,. : 67Y:�"I : itf,;FA'J° :: 'I ,:J1-o(J)c : {l'f,.-Otti: f,f-H ;,,:m-1: 7f+T: (OH.ti: '11C: ·'ft"Jfw•: oolf).: ',(D«): t\l\.l\: 'l,:JY-o: ifc#''I'= .aotJ1•:,: : hf:C-) : (lomlD-: f7if6lb : 1(lro• : :J--hil : fO'/.ht.t\(D« : OH.tJ : +i•tJ,f•: 0"7.'il· mro·: 7f+Tl\f,: oPlf)."}'i: ,f• h:,-,r.: f"1.7fmlJr9°: ifc#''I': f7if6lb: 'P,:J : f"fi.1flD-19° : 'P,:J : m:,,Ai\1> : f°i.f,11 : oolf)."} : hl\{]IJH1 ;1:,. : 'llD-:: 9°1 : "l.f·L'/° : (llf1 : "11 : Qt\ : if..•flt\-t(D«: +�9° : -01\1: fm +il'llD-1: �1-0: fh14 11 X- : Ii"'I : .(·'},:J"l,?11• : oo&.?-.9u : 'h"}�l\O>r : ff m+ : 'llD- :: hH.tJ : 01\f, = fl,f•Hltf�,} : 9°ti"}f,f·T : f,f"'IVf : f"l-OC : f,_.1'1� : ·1•fli'h : 'PC : § 4"1 : Iiil!lt : '¼ : 'I° : f(lmro•"} : ,l·'h•l1f : 1il1 : f,"lll "i1 : +4"-0/t'l'PA :: 0

1,u = �1c n:t-t.111ti1i1 = tt'Pl-. = 'l°h11:,- = ori:cY: = o.•r-1· = t:,. = ·f+�n : h�il: '11C: ill\ : If� : h.Vft. : f,h&.A: "'1/t"} : t,I\H1f19°:: - 98 -

••

. •..

.. .

•

I •

•

HIGH COURT Commercial Div. No. I

•

Justices:

. •

Doctor Willirun Buhagiar · · Ato Abebe :Awgi tche,v · .. · Ato Mesf.in Berhe .. . . '

. .. .. . JUNE 3, 1965 .

. Civil App.eat No. 403 / 58. . . .

•

.. . .

•

�

••

•

Taxation - Turnover Tax ..:..... Exemption of wl1olesale sales - Proc. No: 205. of 1963. On appeal from a decisi <:>n of t�e Tax Appeal Co�sion holding •th�'t the appellant, a n1anufacrurer of , a -sacks, 1s required to pay a turnover -tax on his sales to dealers in coffee, salt • and sugar,. s�ch sales· n�t qualifying : f or. ;the exemption on given to wholesale · · · · · · sales by a manufacturer. · · Held: Decision reversed. Held: Decision reversed. 1. The sale of sacks to dealers in coffee, salt ,and sugair are "wholesale sales" witllin the meaning of Article li(b) of the Transaction Taxes Proclamation, Proc. No. 205 of 1963, and therefore are exempt from the tt1,rt1oveu tax where ,they are made by the local manufiacturer of the sacks.

2. Where a merchant sells goods in a container, the turno , ver tax is ,payable on tl1e tonal value of the gioods plt1s tl1e container.

I I

f ,, t 1

This is ;a n apperul against .an order given on Ter 4, 1958 E.C. ·by the Tax Appeal ,Commission in .a matter relating to Turnover Tax. The matter in issue is whether -the manufacturer of sacks is exempted or not from the payment of turn over tax when he sells the sacks to coffee, sugar and salt n1erchants. The Tax Appeal Comn1ission h•eld th;at he was not. The ground of a, ppeal is that the Tax Appeail Commission was wrong in the interpretation it gave to A.rt. 18(b) of the Trans.action Taxes Proolrunation (Proclamation No. 205 published in Negarilt Gazeta No. 18 of the 22nd Year). The facts are not in dispute; tl1e appellant is a ma:nufacturer -oif ,sacks in Bthiopia and he has sold sacks to merchants who deal in coffee, salt and sugar. The T.ax .Appeal Commission .held -that if the manufaoturer of sacks sells the sacks to other dealers in sacks then he is exempt from tax if •he complies with the provisions 01f Art. 17 of the Transaction T,a,"\es Regulati,ons (,published as Legal Notice No. 282 in Negarit Gazeta No • . 8 of ,the 23rd Year); bu.t he is not exempt from tax if tl1e sale is to coffee, ·suga.r an. d salt merchants. T11e law .t o be considered 'is containe,d in Art. 18 of the ,aforesaid Proclamation whi.ch :is as follows: '' 18. The following sales shall e exempted from the payment ·Of Turnover Tax: (a) sales o f goods imported, irf such s.ales have ·been made by traders who imported the goods or by the�r· � ommission agents; provided,. however, •that this exemption shall be limited only to wholesale operaitions, that is to sales made to otb.er traders, b1rt not 1to consumers; 1b

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JOURNAL OF ETIIIOPIAN LAW -

VoL. IV - No. 1

(b) sales of goods manufactured local!ly if made by manufacturers wh 0 commission agents; their manufactured the goods or by provide d, howev ,that this exemption shall also be limited to wholesale sales only." er, � the op �ion of this Court the provisions of Art. 18{b) are quite cle ar• there 1s exemption from tax when a manufacturer sells the goods manufactureci by him by wholesale sales .to other :traders; whether -the�e other t•raders · sell the manufactured goods to others by themselves or as containers for other merchandi , difference and ,therefore no di!� no makes l 8(b) differen. c e; Art. ak no � � . t1notion can be made. It may be menmoned rt.hat when the trader sells th manufactured goods (in this case sacks) as containers for other merch andise th e turnover tax is payable on the value of the merchandise which by them inclucf� the value of the sacks. The manufacturer is, of course, always Li-able to comply with the provisions of Art. 17 of the above mentioned Regulations.

For the above reasons the Order of the Tax Appeal Com,mission of Ter 4 1958 E.C. is reversed and the appeal is -allowed. As tltis is a new point which has. not arisen before the Court under the Transaction Taxes Proclamation, there shall be no order for coots.

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HIGH COURT Commercial Div. No. 1 Judges:

FEBRUARY 20, 196?

Doctor William Buhagiar Ato A:bebe Awgitchew iAto Tad,esse Mengesha

MOSVOLD (ETHlOPJA) LTD. v. THE

.,...., REVENUE DEPM TMENT

Civil Case No. 820/58 Taxation - Income Tiax - Definition of entry for income ,tax purposes. �raxaition - Income tax - Deductions - Deducti-0n of other taxes paid. Administrative law - Judici,al review of administirative decisions. On appeal 1lro1n a decision of the True Appeal Commissi1on holding that the appellant company and -a related company should be ,treated as a 5ingle entity for income tax pu-rposes, dis-allowing the dedu.ction of interest allegedly paid by f1lhe appellant company, and disallowing deduction of trans·action taxes paid by the appella•nt company. Held: Decision :reversed with respect �o the first point and affirmed with ,respect to the second and third points

1. Companies organized separ:ately un.der .the Commercial Code must be treated as separate ent!iities for income tax purposes. 2. On appeal from the Tax Appeal Oommission, a court may consider only questions of \ law and may not consider questions of fact. 3. A payment of transaction taxes :for the preceding three years is not a deductible expense foir income true pUI1poses, on ,the grounds tha,t ,it is not an ex,penses wholly and exclusively incurred for the purpose of producing income and that the transaction taX is payable monthly and the taxpayer n1ay not take advan1lage of his failW'e to pay , the tax on time.*

This is an appeal against a decision given by the Tax Appeal Commission partly on Maskaram 12, 1958 and partly on Ginbot 24, 1958, E.C. The appea1 concerns ,three points, ,namely:

(a) whether the Tax Appeal! Comm·ission was c011I'ect .in law in clubbin g the I income of Mosvold Company (Ethiopia) Ltd. and of Mosvold Wood works Ltd. which are two separate and distinct entities for income tax purposes: (b) whether the Tax Appeal Commission was correct in law in disallowing an item of E$97,630 being ·interest of a loan which is sho·wn in ,the books of the appe11anv company; and

(be of 20 Article , note: Article 9 • Ed. of the 1958 (G.C.) regulations corresponds to . . present ,regulations, L. Not No. 258, 1962, Neg. Gaz., year 22, n,o. 1. A�ticle 8�f) of the 1958 (GC.) Tegulations correspon·ds to Article 17(bXiv) of the presoil regulations, cited above. c usin Article 17 of the Income 'Da� P.roclramation allows the deduction from b � �� btJSill of. "all expenses wholly and exclusively incurred for the purpose of carrying on such

- 104 -

MOSVOLD (ETHJOPIA) LTD. V. TH E 1NLANn REVENUE DEPARTMENT

(c) wh�ther the Tax Appe� Commission was co rrect in law in disallowing an item of E$86,5'!4 bemg Federal Thansaction T ax re la ting to 1951" 1952 , and 1953 E.C. which wa. s paid in 1954, ,E.C . On the first point, ,the argument of th e respondent is the appellant company dlld the Mosv�l� W oodk?Tks Ltd. were registered under differen na mes for the t purpose of avo1d1ng taxation but in fact they are one in 1interest and wo an ar rk d e O\vned ,by the �e shar�olders. On ·behalf of the .appellant it is submitted that the tw? compan1� aTe different persons and tax should be assessed separately. There 1s no question that -t�e. appellant company and rtlbe Mosvold Woodworks . Ltd. are two compan1es registered as such with the Ministry of Commerce and Jn , dus:try; �der the g�D:eral principles of ,the Commercial Code these two companies d:irf t o are fer ent ent1,ties or bodies; The Income Tax Ptroclama:tion (No. 173 ": . Negant ��eta _ No. 13 of the 20th Year-) defines ''taxpayer'' as any person or 1fece1v1ng income land makes no distinction, as there may be in other legisla body _ tion, between two separate bodies ·and two bodies one of which is dependent financiailly on the other or ,two bodies which have ·the same shareliolders. In default of such distinction two separate bodies like the two companies mentioned above aire subject •to be ,truced separately. In view of the state .of the 1aw i, t cannot be said that the appellant company is evading payment of taxes; the true position is that rthere is a loophole in the law if it was the intention of the legislator. in a case like the present, to club the income of two bodies for the puripose of assessing tax. On tlhe second point, the a. ppellant has submitted in detail -the history of the alleged loan on which the item of E$97 ,.630 has been disallowed. The court has nothing before it concerning. these po.in.ts of fact; furthe1more ,the decision of the Tiax -Appeal Commission was based on t. h , e ,provisions of Art. 17 of the Income Tax Proclamation. Nothing i:s stated in the decision about the alleged inflation of prices and the consequent reduction of profits, this was �ubmitted as -an argument by the Tax Authority before the ,Commission, but the ,Commission did not base its decision on 5uch argument. In the memorandum of appeal, the .appellant states that no loan was in fact secured and that no interest was ever paid. On these facts, the Court has nothing before it to enable it to say what .the position a. ctually was. The Commission found this amount as being interest. This is a question of fact into which this Court cannot intervene. As regards the conclusion arrived at by the . e Proclamation, this Commission in disregarding this item under ,Art. 17 of th Court cannot find any error- m law. The third point concerns the . transacti_on tax for the years 1951, 1952 and 1953 ·'!3-· C. which was paid in 1954 E.C., amount�g to E$86,544. The T� Aweal Commis sion held that this amount was not deductible because such tax 1s collected from the public and ,furthe1more in accordance with Act. 9 of_ the !,ncome Tax R� gulati?ns (Negarit Gazeta No. 7 of the 17th Year) a loss sustained TI?- one accoUDJtmg penod is not transfera1ble to another period. The appellant submits_ that Art. � does not apply , to tr•ansaction tax but 1to losses incurred Jn one acc<?un,tmg year which c�nn� be transferired to ianother period; furthermore he s� bm1ts •the _ only iax which 1s disallowed is income 1iaX - .see ,Art. 8(f) of the said �egulat1ons_. On .the other hand, the Tespondent submits that ''.ta� '' in tArt. � {f) �s a generllC te1m. for �l kinds of taxes and as such includes excise, transact!�n, income etc. On � 1s pomt it is to be pointed out that Ar.t. 8(f) clearly qualifies the tYIPe_ of tax mtended . ,, and that is ''•tax or penalty or fine under 1tuhe Decree No. 19 which 1s the Income T-ax Decree. � the other han·d, the items mentioned under the second part of - 105 -

JouRNAL •

oF. ETHIOPIAN •

LAw - VoL.. IV •

No.

Art. g (being iten1s of e�peooiture which sl1all not b.e allow�) are not exclus · the items . therein �enti_o_ned are some ''amo.ng other i_tems. '' In the opinio n of ��· ,Court transaction .tax .should not be allowed for 11he reasons that it is not 18 expenditure wholly or e �clusively incU11Ted for the puTpOse of producing ineorn� Ln the· present case the item of E$86,544 ,sh,ould not be allowed because llnd At-t. 9 of the ·Fede. ral Transaction Decree •(as am�nded by Decree No, 35 _:· Neg a. rit Gazeta No. 14 of the l8tl1 Year) the tax 1.s payaJble monthly within 30 1: paid the ?3fl?OUnt iappellan. month; tlle of each end . e t from �or the previous days � three years m 195� and he cannot, therefore, take ,advantage of his own fault. For the above �easons, tlie Court allows the appeal only in respect of the fil'6t point mentioned above and holds that for •purposes of ass�ment Mosvold Compan (Etbjopia) Ltd. an� Mosvold Woodwork Ltd. must be considered as two separatye bodies. The Court dismisses the appeal on the other points.

•

I •.

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- 106 -

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ilt\ : <D-A °IF-o;J·?'":f· : - 'Pil·l·'i"- ilt\ : ·l·t. ;- 1,"}X•'l:l· : ilt\rf'I : 1,,,· : '' il"t.\•l• ro{I',''' +--Tc if.Hf{•Jr. =• 'Pil•r'i" - r,-,:."f•t1t 11,,..c

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m-1)� ! f°71P,lD- r :i•'h•111 : itf.\,f•(lm9° ! O·l•Q;t.Ol/&9° f',Ot.lD- : f°71'1f : ·l·'h•l1f r ·l·'lil�/.\ ,:

hH.U : 04'.·l· = t\1.H.lD- = •l•flT·f· ::

i/ 0'11..(• : hh...,·f"kf: ID-611' 1 0"'1..1� : ·l·t1ta·li : "" : '19°•1: : h?;il:u : ,nc : fll'', : flP/' 1'1{ , T'hffll hil n.+c110:i• i 1-Paf.1 f"7.roil'lm- 1 rh,;:,1-c;:m- ,;:ex· n.:,. 'lro• s1

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- 107 -

•Ltt.'1'1! = "711' = 1t1J;.(l,11,o• { n(JD,,,ti = :J>A = rmr+ floolf). = ,.:Jr11: = fOD,hi\lD·1 : .<J>A'i : ib�l-1'1° : (\',p.-:f : ,f•OD/Ah.,. : 1P.C : �§: cf,'} : = nh'i� = 1'1«1: = aarv1..:t- •l ;-.11.�1& "h Iiit!lu = , = rr = o'P/\lD• ' . ti7i: /\Y'fl,f•'1w•: ,f•l1'17i : 04> ..: 11!6 = 01'1m•: 'Pil:,-t;: ooo,t,.;,. : hli:/ {11:: +"1>"7t : :,W°lltfll: l-JAf.l.(\: Oil,f•cf>C: 1111•0: °ll1P,,,f'•lm«C: lD1,9°: "ll'}P,,f,h<j:A : -ttLlt'I! : "711{ : fl'P;tA ::

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,f-l1ti'i\'";f: : h<j:C� : {1:,- : °ll'J�.+cn· : (JD'j'/,f : ,,..fA'1ti:fm• : h'}f. 'i:ar rf"h'17i = ;J..,.,.,,F = cf>'}: !!1£2!1 = 'l: 'J° = cf>C(l = fDDhl\hf: OD(;\ "41 = f+t.n = 0.111 i v--f\,,..'1m· = ,f..h'17i = 1tA«1>1..nrr Y'il+�1& +h ti7i: '?1: Jt�t,.ifm-1: /\h<j:+�m· : 'f.jft,)• : 0"71:l.."l : htr.u: f"?.h,f'tt (D•'} : ,f;j\,"J/,,9° : /;\ �./;\::

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nf..1o111to.f rm-� = '11n OD\-JhA r,i•f..1.1 '?1,-..,:,.. illl tr� � n:1,1vtP1 = !: «111 Iiit2fi '¼ 'J° llY'il..-,.. (lq:,- = i1�•.:,..+cn· (L'IA = (lU(l'} : OD'f'tf : ODIPl..:,- : · JtJ;.il : Jt{lfl : 0 °'1..11m• : 1'?1:: 1'fr>T : (\OD:,,l.,{l f flj:C� : {LrJ!'} : }'-6/All)'} 'J° : If', : fOD/A\-J¥:f.1 : h(1,f:;J-. : f0'114'0/\m·: ill\: l1''1 : (\011:�l.•fl = it'Jl-A'J° fOI/.A: ',roe::

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llhtio•: rnil: 0'/0D/;\h,-: l\Y, : h'Jf.: ,f•1/\7'lD·: lD'/r: hOD*lm• : n,,:,. = v•l\.rf:'1° m1'i:f. : fti:fm· OD,fl,)� = ,f•m1l� : h"IP.C: 1: +1 : Iitf.2fi = 'l = 'l° l'J°r: r,f-()(\m- m•/;\ c; ,f.. {J;b"7t m-1t0l- : nou-� : Oh.'1..r-A·,,r : O.Ol/."}•f· : �--1lt'1 : ,f•*C(ll : 'IOC :: h1JlV•9° : m-/r: nou!J: l.m· : 9°n•t f,1· : h.1°lt- : f,f·'l/\lD · : ti·ll'J f : ill\"'l.mt+m- : 1'1H,fl : oom'} : flll"/\•f: ,f..'P'P\>-1· OD\ih/;\ : ncnc : ,f-',il,f· : 'Inc ; OtLV•9° : 'l°n·i.r:," v•f\,1: ,,..'f>'PV-16;. nODtihti:fm- = rr1·'1tim-1 = ncnc nll9°9" ',,1• : (\ODtilil./.il : O.it' : 'J'?'?C : 1.'1°/.lD• : J't.'}"ll,. : ill\.O'/..mf,«f'(Dc: 'lit ..nc.- J,'Jf,,.f'LV.. 'f° rt'-'1"f·kf o.O'/..'J•f- 4-1lt'1 = ODfA(l = il/\OIJ..mf,+lD' = 'l{t,{l : (lK•,h.�'i'" : (l.<J>A : ODODCODC'i'" : J't{t•fl : /\tt ftorfl : OD(\'J'(D'J' : ,f• 1.'l°C: : 'IOC ::

= =

n,f·'l/\m- = {l'f°'f°'l:1" :- il/\t·Lu• n,1,.e,,.1.101· oo��lj: ODIP/..•l· nu• /\"f! w1'i"f OD\-thA = 1--P.¥- llil9°9"'1,l· = ta,rA:,, = n.+c ll"IA'?A = f"'l,UJ(l1: OD(f�'}: V•l\.1:9° : w1crl· : ,f-iltll/9°,f•m- : ill\ : 'In/.. : fl{JIJ{lh l.'I° it = +1 Iilfjjt li 'I° : it.'} '?t- : rt-fl·'J : f°IA: P.'1: oPC(ll : : : : "J..P,¥- ll'?A'?A 'h'J� .•<'A_:,, : /\hll'if· : /\i't.:i•r-A·f : ffl.0'/.1.Y. tr'111 'f'f'l:m-1 tth,t-t\Ac:./\:,.. = 1,nc ll'f'f4:w· = ODIPl.:,... = htio· = rtt.:t-tkl = rfl.OI/.1·f· ti-'11,,<' nn h·lr = f'?A '?A P,�ro.., = ODC(ll: rtt.1°1t- = t1•n 1,,f: f.'?'l°: '11�1: /\ortti,nC: f/\lD•"} : ,f..fili1tII/t: YVf-0: h1-'t1A'l'll:t-: OODmr:,, = n4>1.n/\,l• = 'f'f«f: = fOl/.il°'/tII/ (/Dlf�-1: 1/A(ll: ,r:,,9°:J· =it = 4"1: Ii1!2P... '¼ = 9° : O�'-ro·: f...·OP.O> : i',il;J.. ro-,f:,:,-: 'IOC: f,itA �.V·'I°: hti?i: nt11/0Dl,\h,-ro•: i\f,: h1f,,.1t\KUJ• l °t,,<'llf: !it : «f,'}: !nt2� q s,u n,,..f,,.1.,m· n'Pc.-w• m•A = i',1+7',. = 000,1..:," = ft1.;•l·r-kf = ,�,,., • ·,1P1,l· = OD1'?P''1• = nnh•lr = r>t..:1-r·A.. f = 1'?�-- = '11n = rot-1i = rlf��' 1 ,c f l"f..''l°m· = '11n ill\ ·11t1n· t, hti-t..A :J-.,�.,.,P' ?;f = +1 = !iif2§ ..... ·-

= =

- 108 -

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l'l9°'1°�...,: = f ..-f•t.l 00(Dc = 1, = 1t, = it TC o = c1>1 = 1uvx q = 'I° = rr1 ., fh."}'?t,. : n,(}"},,r : fll11f+ro• : ODIPLT : nit.:,-r•kf : i�oi"} ,f• : 'i,1lt ta'i : Oh.1'?t. : bc'l'1f :: 00 \-thA : ,,r l\(J}c : hcnc : O'?A'?A: 1'� : 1''1P.l\: '1P.C : ° : : 'I° +1 = Wf,9 : OH.U• : {l'J'1"} : fi't•.:i,r-..kf : "}'?"" : (}"})1 : If1£2il : '¼ Ii : fl{lmll>' : 'Pil:,• c; = 001v1.:,- : y,{'l,f•'10J• : ,,.l"h'17i : l\"}f,.�ro· : fi'tDILt\-t"} : -OC: j_icPJ.ll.f·1: lx�in.u : t§ : 11C: h�l: ti'J,f:9°: 1''1P,.h�I\OJ•: mf,*t\== . h'17i : 'l1'l00>· : hchc � "JA"li\.• : hl'lh : i't/\«t(l,rr : "'l.l'I : l\i't.'1'?t. : r 0 ht A : = f"'i.. "l'1tl·f1 taf\oo'f�..'J° nra,..1•+c = r 1Aoitr = u-..�: = h-'l1f . lj:Koi = h"'l'?i'--1: = nk:,.. n'l>''l'C = txI?i = f "1"&.L{ll10Jc OJc/.\ 1.1·Lro.. ,c; = fAO(lf\ = 1'.'Jf. : 00lf� : oom"} = f'?A°l/\... : P,��:,-. : w•m:i• : h01J . 7irf: : Ok:, : fl'l'J°'l°�" l: : °lP,� : ,f•&.KO'f.�;f. : i',f,'fLUJ•9° :: y,{'1.-f"«;:OJc : .-f•h'17i: l\'Jf,.�(D•: .-J•h'17i: n�f : ,,rf..1.1: hlJ'�: f°lA°lA: P,�� ..,:: ro◄ ti�: Oi't.,1•\"'A",,r : ro◄llT : 1'"}P,.&.�9° : taA,,f"f..l.1 : nra.-,..�c : fh'17i1 : oo..n,1· : f\oom n� oo1:u1 IL 'f1.ro- 1tf,1•A'f°

nttU : 9°h'J,,.,. : hilf. : h"}f,. : ,f"m«t(lOJ· : hlt'i1"· : 111/1� : 1'1Jt{lmro• : mf,*A ::

On (l• :

OIJODIAh:f- :

r : ,f•hlt7i: O(lmm· : foo ;t•'�l>fP' : -f : «t"} : .,...1ii\i'1ii i','Jf..'i:a : q : 9° : _ ..... ,..._ hl\hf = oof.\ll , i't1f..�ro• = --l·hti7i = cPJ.f11.r It = +1 = IP.It = q 'I° ill\ : ,�t_l_OD(D• : r7i,,r� : CD•A : hh'i•f. : ltf.lf"} : i):J>?J:J:"} : hooC:h1l : 1'.f, : t\OD«tnA : f"'i..,,r l'11•/\·:,•"'} fODC:h1l : (l� p..:f.. = (\oo+OA = f"1fh t.hc: = 'Pr.:ri; = f1'l : OODtr� = f,f•(ln1ro· 1.1-r.i','P. OT/1� 1,1�.�lt (l,A ,,.:J>(D•"J._ t!\ :: hrtU'I°-: "'" : f,U : 'Pl'l;f•'i : ru-f\,f•�(D• : ,f•hltf1".. : "J�;J· : \1(\uD(J' �9° : nilirf•+c : tlU•f\,1•;.;:(D- : ,f•hlt7i: fO'f.h&.. A : 11J-l-0 : ll/\"1/\ : il.:r "lY: : f°tl·A : ru•f\,f..;_;:ro.. = --l·hlt7i : T:,,9°: OJf,'J° : lDl\f: : f"1/\0'1· = OOlllf�o,,,._Tc = e,1 i n,,-(ln1ro, r"1fht• nc = <rr.:ri; ODtPt.:i• oi�:1 -- 01• f°tOD/\h+W:� y,(l.,f•i';ro·"} : ,f"h'17i : �ro· ::

= =

h+htr-'1t9':r: : lD1'f1"' : r+1.n-:,.. : it�p.:1: : }\ "}f.°1.f lll;�.•1· : 0°1 1p:,,. = r;, = +1 1uv'1ii q = "° n�1 o11il'ii..r ,1,11•0 1o-r--01L n 'i" ntt.:i• f-k,,r = = � = �--;�-tahA = nn,Aoi1r-,.e, • h1"111/ = it1,: r..n,:c: = ro◄ A = r+f.1.1 0Dlf�1 = fil1�1-1'll\--0.r.--.;:.. : f"?.ODflhrf•{D• : ta ,:;J--h.·1'i' : i),. «p ?J:f.1 : n.�n, : fl"1l'll.h"n : o..rr1 : il'l°?°�,,.,:'1 : 1\01/m'JhC = n�1°11l\o...r fro•'i1' = u1c 1°11: = 'l'Jn = �A'?t-Y." : O"'i..17..lD''i' : n;-,.<;.l'I : t,n'l : hrf'OI/ : n01J.1iro· : ftl_;l'V·*..r : '11n : ,JDtihA : tPJ.f1lf : I.Ji : ct"'} : IP.It : q . = 911 : .-t;tJth·'J'i' : 11i-rn·1 : e..c�A l'll\°7.00"11,r 1--P.f, nt, tt hi·0'1 ll9"9°�:,..

= ==

= =

= ,,-..

flhlo>;.,f: : (D•f.\ : OD1Pl,.,)• : h_J;,l'I : i',O'l : f 0'1.1"f £D• : f i't.:i •r·A·.r : 001-,p,,.l• 'l'>h : n,A"lt•Y.· : f\112.,·�·ro· = /\�1n111'0..f rro◄ fiLb u1c ,oif: = (c:c ,;:1o1 = :,-1oy;,•) 1 ft1- .,1·f·A·.r 1•,,.,,., �1_,,.,:,. = 00,oi_,,.,:,.

fl,n=

- 109 -

= =

•

TA : °2.tll -- C : f,f--ll0 ti : 1: 7oo«O,r'} : P't. : f1"}H-0 : °2.tll--1:C : OJJ!,9° ?° (,rt-1Jfti'it1): .fll;l"(J)c.:J'A:: f,IJ9°: n. lf1 : hf·L�. = 4'Tll0 ''1 1,:''hr;, 'Ill : fOIJ..mt--(1}«1 : f-1·t.4'f.ft.:J•1 : 1'1..:J,f·A·f'P. : (iY..f6lh = �,f,f''lft: f °tol t,. OJ•'}) : 0 f.1°1f/\1) : J'h}l'jO?._ : f:C�.:J• : {l9° : 0D1(\?;' : fftn,)• : tllf"}: -- : P't : h&.K?. '1 : : t--'i l\tLU , f•,114-(lOJ• : " 1l .. 'h "}J;.U·9', f-I"' ft -1 f, : 9 : n,,.� f . l 00 1 , A · f = OIJ.."f 'J 1 : f1 A"lt.X, : t_(l}c : u->,;J-: UPLPl..:,- = 1 u fl = l\UPllm:J f °111·0r : f�1°1f/\11 : f(l}c6lh : i't1C : 1°11: : '11ti : h-'til : i',O'l : llCPJ.1 --ro fll;J UP"}'?f"':,• '11n -�A = f,'lA I n,,.u arA "f(l)c : llh.:,-v-t.1 = ni�ro- : tt.14-X- : 'h"}f. : rf•�flh,f·lD'9°: hJ;.ll : itO'l : f°7..1"f(l)c : fii. :i•r· kf: OD"}'? I"' ..-1• : fl"}ti : n 11f(l}c'j ·: 0 a.,fab : fl+f.1...1(I}• : (D•(A : ODu,l,)�: ODtit. A roi1'lw•1 = ,,n..n o--ll· .rll = tt.1�"f hcnc flaah& .A llf1Pr'J� : ll9°9°'1:t· : 'Pll:t·'i : J!,{lflJA:: 'h'JJ;.U•9° : fll9°9°'1--h: u;;:m«: tt.1 +1.-- nt,,:1,ro- nl'1h-O 1.tL ,,rLPt--«'r- ..e..1-0 roimn� /lODtr). = °f,1AKA :: :

�

'h : J'h : t, : D'/.f11.r : i·i : 4'"} : I.ult : '¼ : 'l°: nh'17f•'i : Oit.1°1� : OD'1hA = r,,.. f.l1lD' = w·A fOIJ..UPfth--l'W" = P't-- = rtt...:J•f-t..r = OD1"1P':i• = '11 n 'h J'h = it = ;1-.,.,,.,.,,,., @ = +1 = I.ult = '¼ = 'l° .ru1ro·1 il9'19'1 '1-1· : n.ll''J : fh.:i•r-t.f : OD"'}<'Jf"'T : '11n I lll\1f.�w• : ,f'h'17i: T:P 9'1 : wt--"li : flf',(l}• ::; 0°7.rnt--til..aJc : 4-... : i!Ifi : 'Pll:t·'i : rorih,f../l(l)c : . Pl\ : fv-•t.l..0..-"f•'J : f.·flPrfL : X-�A:: ''fl'i1--l·'i : n'1 : 'l'Jn : ool}hA : '1/llD• : il9°9°'1;1. i l}"}f.�m- : 1'1 'Pf.' : ODlP/..,..,..'i : flh.;l•f-tif : "} : ., : {111 : f"}<?f:'i : it..'J�il:,.t : °ttili: C'i : (ltf'lJ�-0 : h.'J0lt• : h(lllr:,..,: : 01/t�n:fl..Cll : lt'i! : ;rmc : h, "}f: : h.1-Pill:l'tfA = --rl\1:,-- = OD\ihA = 1, h, = n 01J.f11f = 3"i = +1 IH!t '¼ 'l° n,,..,.t..ODro• rai1c (l}ct\ = ODtPt..,1· -� rn.:,-v-t..r n.oi1,r-fie : ff..l..1ID•'} : 'rfcf: : flooh,f'A : fi'1..:1-r-t..r : (l.°t ,..,.. : "1/10C : fl(}. oi·)..f· 4,-0tti = lP/cJ:cJ:oif = hn.1-'?t- l\f, llftoi,.,:f(l}c f4,11tt-i ODfL 'i9'7f o0 V1tf9'1· >-iilt1 n'JY: = oill.r·1 1t11: (IIJ ..f, 'If = ht-- 1· = a.u : nt---1·: OD,f: {lf_-- {l,)'l: rt,0'1.t'11: •flC: Y.:l..ll'i: hH.U9": 01\f, : (D(\ ,':.."} : fi'1.'JO•t--"}(lc"}'j : flP/��,·m·"} : (D� : n,,..fX1lP/t : flUPhtLA : rOIJY ht-h C : 'P {l,1,c;·:;.,-'} : (l1....l.. '19':J··f.\. ::

= =

= = """'

f'i--1lttiro•'} : DDh..'i"?Jl- : ho0ch•fl : "� : /lOD/.tl"fl : f0'l..,.<'fl1'"fl"'l·: (l',f-."..f.. : U•{\• : )'tP,.ll : i',fl'l ¾ llh_,)·r·*·f : OD'} 1F,)· : (}"}ti : rt1c"}J;.(l ,l· t 'i: f'}'?Y:: 11.(!..c: ti�A i OD/\ti: nll'l:fro•:'' fOI/..A: n.lJ'"}: Ott.tJr>: ° . 'Pfl:1-c; ODlPt..:, 1, i'h n = 'rC = r..r;, = 4>..} ,Bv;r.:;: = q = '1 = t$Jf:'l° = h'Jf.<f w, : ,f-nll7i : hY'il"1·<fw• : --l·h�:rl : f"l'JH-0�7�ti�,.<' : rf l: OOIJ.h ,,..f\(lJc i',l).�,. = ..e..c ft;J--A ''rh0'ltt-i 11c = ti 0'1.il.f·'} vr..oa.u orL: t1',ro/l>;.. <'ll i',1P.1· m·ll:J' 1 O'Pll..-,.. 'i : (D•t\: /loon,.A�:�fi'1..:1-r-i,...: OD"}' 1pr,)• 'l'}h : ftli.�· r· k,,r (1.°"l.1..y. h·'l 1.r q> ft r n:,..,} : ,11•A = ,,c;ti it q fl 1 : ''fODlJ;).l7ico• : f'i..•fltli : OD•>/tf : f,f·/\hro· : rti ..,..:,.. : j;•iii : tf''} Iitf2i : '¼ : 9° (l.lf'J h.-1--00..e..nro• : n�.. <': 1'llh : lft» : f..'lil : ..f:,,.•:,:'f': 0

= = =

= = rr,,

- 110 -

=·

11t1,n: ltt\ ,,.l"tl&.t\'}9°:: itt\ltU : n,,.t-(ln1ro• : tp{l,)•c; : OD,P(..,)• : tp;,ro•'}: flt. 'l'?� : n fl"},.<' : f.9°C: : h1f..l\hro•: ·'P�ro•"}: "1111,n: .: nttoi h'lmt\.. '-; :. tlJ1 = 11c = !! = OJJ..t\. f·"} �!�% a:u iro = hu;:;: : fJ'},h9D = or, rh:i:h. A n ...,. ,... ...,. �· le,. 11;J 11 t,\ I.. h"}ffi,.f?,,:J. > t\"} ::

''f,IJ : fn1f:i,,,m•· : 11-lf·O: 0.f"}{l: 0.f'}{l: h' �C: lib : </>'}: "ffirijiJ '}: 'I°: n&.:i•: ODh&.t\: itl\ (11l 1fl0J'·: OJt\.l;.9°: f;J··(IOro• :�'hilhtLV· .f:l.it: oo(J')•"} : h'...it;J--w·�t\"} :: 11

;-1J·L�

11110· = f0'l.h&.t\O,)•"} : (I��.. : h1nafl0.�' ll.1 ::'' 7

fl V•}-: 1.11, : hll i : f0'/11; : :,. �,•111 : fmf<f,{l,)• : 1111,n : Y'il+�: (1)•: ...,.. h "l 7i: h"}.';.h&.t\OJ• : f(11 f<f'ID·" }: "1"}ff·fl: ',Or ; Y'il+ ti: ID· : ,f•h"l7i : t\� ° w = ilt\l\h f · cY: ,11: ...1:ll,°1�9 = onAhn:,.. = ""'�·e, rir., = n.lf1 = °11 01 ilt\: .:Jtt..OID•: fOT/1:(f: /0Dt\h:f.: �C.'-1.."' : (l,,f;: ill\ftlD•: P't\ll)'}: ilt\: tr'I = Y'il+�ro• ,f•h"l7i = h1·1.u = = P't\llJ"} m·611' f°1.1� fllf 19° = Ot;::,.. ,h ,n,1t.c = dl."l = t»'I P'cq:,. tt14'7'.. r:t oowL:,. = ,,.. '17f. = rcri'iLm· = h i'1..:,..r..A'.. r °1,.,:,.. w·6P.' tr '-i 1'1, r orz..,:,, n A = OJU.t\ : f ft,t\(D• : h1f-lf'l'i' : ft\n:,.. : i',�-- �7i' : (l.:J--m:,, i OD'fl,far : (1,,.,,. 7i: ,,.1•7'"C::.: t\°'l.1�0:,..: i't1C: ,,el\lJA :; f<PJ.A: f:'};,1,: h"l.n«: il'l°'i': lll\l\: li'!/fLrrf:: f4't...flf\,).."}: 'r,.<'4:: /\"'If:,..: Ft\llJ'}: i',ttar i (l,1'(,Q>"'Jl,9°: ilft : 0711f : f<f1l..0CD• : i'tfL,,.t:;J-- : f�C�-- : fL,f:'} : P'/;\.fl}"} : f,f•ODl..flH :

n.f.'"�

I i

�Jn,:,.

= � .r =

frl"llfta>• : frf:tt�°1�9° : ,)·C1·9° : 1--P,�: f°!ODfth'i"OJ•: f<I>"•: r�.er76 • ,.... .,.. : 'PilT'i'1: h&..�ivn,; : fif.�:,;: fy,{l,f.. �: ,1--hlJ"lii : : ill\ : lf� : �/fLT: 1»t\llJ"} : fttro·9°.: rcry_.l,\ : htr� : Fl.. : '11�-: hJ·I.V· : 'IT,{l: l\f,: ..ei,;&.: {lootr�-: <t:,/ n,:,.. : (lFt. = .,,� : l\f, : (D'"ll : {\OD{lm--1· : FA llJ"} : it fl ro•::

ai,,:.,:,..

fh"l7l: = 1.e'l--1·� = ncnc = ,,,,,e..�m• ..,..n"l"li hh"l'if. ;,(: = fttro•'} = °11"f-.'I:,..: llt\6P,: t\lf'llD• i ilft: hti"li: l\1iH·fl: mf<l!Ur: fti't..1°lt•: 0/\,i\= (lti«A : ..e..'?'1° : 11tl•O : ,11,.<'<1.! : /llf',ro• : ftY'il,,·1--<;:m,: ,f ..h'17i : O(l,11ro ... : 'Pil1--c; : ',{i}• :: flf'llD·: lf'i: hti"li: fcf,fro""}: 6P,: ho0 n&"t\: flOD�,,e.l\-- : llif..�m·: +hti7i : l\f-: �il.&..'1,,..,.."} : i', llh1'�/;\. = O.. flA?° = {l <pl(lt\"} ncnc: f.,,..t.P,�(D« : flh"lii:,; : nt\.1°1� :. fic(}jf : UDt}TIA : f,f --f.. l..10J• : (D•f;\_ : l\t\ 1--lD(l', : 11tl"fl : (l..lf1 : nu,t\rrf: : DDt)hA· : i'tl\{JlJC#}{l{l:,.. : f--t-&.n1l. : h1f..0Dlf'J- = (ft),111 = ,o..n• = �1:1.:A = "A?.t;'l° = fatJ..fn1 'l1c rttcr.

= },'}

hti7i: '14'/..fi(D•: ncnc: ,,e,,,e.:,;:oJ•: ,f·h"l"ii: 'Ptt:,.. c;: 'lnll\ : 'Pil ,,.-,.. 'i': 1, 1.e..: ODIf�. : (JD{n '} : ,f0'1J11t- C: <p il ,1, 'i': f0"L� f!l" : :,, ?; A : n'r.r. cJ: UJ· • : OD lJ'I,. ;f· • : ftOD tJ &. I,\ : E1JJ!o;J·• : 1 •(1:J: /,\ : (Df...<FJ..f O711 : 1" C1-. 9'° : fOT/.. I\W•mtIJ• : f,f,f..l\'I° ::

= °'

1 hJ-LtJ?° no,1·<1 c = 1, = ;,.> = n = l''l.�11.r = i·i <1'1 = Iilf� � = = (1,f•J?..t.1w·: (19°9'"- ',;f.: f1·l•· fl]OD/.: {}.V, : oolf?r-i: '? 02.1A?t..: -;,1c: ilt\t\,l\ : 1

-111--

ralA°lir- : >;�'l•l" : 'P;, : f/1.0J': a,cl)� = hODil,n,f: : fl&.:,- : hP'�: l\,e. : iLOJ'A : nf,TA'J° : (LA : ..-f•ht-ihZ:A :: -«A 1 : },11-. : If', : i'1'}J.!• : (J Jl, '¼i\01/lD•1 : frf'hrf ,f: : 'J>fl : ftp� (l DV ° ° OJ = ;}I\&. 'I:,-- = h1Y-°1.ifh9 (1)•1 = '111.: 6>; r;J-- «J> n..rr,9 = i'tu-- 1 = n+l (IA 1 : tJ {I : i'1 7 Y-..'1tD• : ,f·hl)7i : ,,f/1.ll)c : OJ'}7-',,f: : f...-J•"JODl: hhlJ.7f.c; : hti7i = hh.. ,°lt,. ;,c ,oy: tiJ?,lf, = nn..:,•r·kf 1 = hu-11.--,--�lD" (JD : he; : (1�1°111\'ii.1 : ,"hlf,{1 : t"f.ir{l(Lti : UD'}dJF:,- = 00 \-tht!\ : h,f..f.t. 1(Dc : f(Dc&\ : OJc,n,)·<; : h1J;.U•'J° : 'l1f-�ro-c; : (ly,{l,f"�•a1• : ,f'hti;r:r. : ootihA : n,f•.. ..f l1lD·9° : il9°9°'1:,..: ;JC : 'IOJ'::

= ..,..

= =�

•

(1{19°9°',rl: : nii1m- : n1+� : h11-: •f'UDt\hrl•aJ«: 011c: Ott.'1·r·k f'i nn.1611» n�1n111\ 'ii.f = ODtihA nrJ•..e.l10J• = OJ•A ao,,,1..:,, /\.r1� 1>;.. = <»·A : f°7.fht..tJC q,{l:,..c; : fl.OD{lm,1• : .rf•iltII/9°:J:A .

(1�1°111\'ii.f : OD'}dJF:,.. : fl�"lo111\ii.f : flD·61b : i't1C : 1"lf.: : {}'} 1 h'i" : nt1.,'?t,. : h«'l1f : or.:IihA : f/1.(Jr = '?1 -'1,1· : fi,)·htJA : 'lf,;rm :,,vu = u•t\i: 'l,til- = ff..l1--:i•1 il9°9°'1-l· = il10Dl'J°C'i" = nn,,-,.r-A-1 = OD'}'? ,,.,:,..'i" : (l�?olfI\ 'itf : OD'}dJF:,• : ODi}hA : f,.,....e..L1<D•'} : (De/;\_ : ii'} on ii. h--l'lD": 0�?all I\'itf : 'lii. m- : flbti 'f °7.") : h !l:9° : 0°tout\hi·t& : fil--1--J;f.C: A �'I,} : 9°ti11:,•: "'11'i10J•?°: Y:c�:,.. : 'PilT'i": h1-'t'il.m •: (101/llL"?-: tJtj:ftD-: (l�'lo111\i-i.f<»·: flD·'11-: h1C: 1'?f:: '11h: O h·A: h1�.hLA : frl•f.l.1: /1.0Dlf �: '?A�: ',OJ--:: ntLU'J°: il9°9°',r)•: ODIP/.T : (li't1f..�(l) • : i·h"17i'i" : nh,1'?t,. : ootihA : {lrf•f..l1lD-: lD•A: OllrP/.1•: /1.01/..«f>C(l(l)•: 6:J>: 'P;,: fl.ouhLA : h11.�tD•: i·hti7i : /1.0DtJLA : foo"f. ODtftD- = OJ>;� = 1t1:c·1o = r,1--+nil.OJ• = ftlf, = 1,u = OJ>;�'i" (D"&\ fL,f• t.1n9° = roaz.1'lro- = nhti7i'i" = nh..1'?t,. ODilhA = f°7.&.ml(l)" : ttfloo'? qq:,. = trJA:J> = h1.';1'l = .,� lf'f h1f..°7.lPt,. = lf'f = ',(D' rrtu = :}l\&.'1,1.. q.e.,,.,.-,..� = ou',?fro� = nnti7i'·'i" = on.1'1t,. = ODilhA = f,f'f.t.101· 1 m-A : �ro-: (l'lA'J° : :,,It- : 'Pt;m-: 9°1611-: Oh..:tf"kf'i" : n�'Ju1fft'ii.f: ootihA : fTf-L'1lD- : ll9°9°'1:,•'i" : h1Pi.U--9° : 'l1f..�m-'i" : OY'ft,f-;;:lD" : rf'hl)7i: OD\}fi{!\ : fTf..l1CD• : (D•/A: ',(De! {lODfPl,rf:: f ff,U : '¼f,�•J:: :}/\ k'I:,.. = q.,e.tfc = tfe n1,c nn..:,..r-kf'i" = 07f.f'11- = nv.1u111\n•..r = ODti hA = '11J;i·9°: il9°9°'1.:,•: ILtfC : 'lA;r/1.: 'IOC:: il/1.tLU'J° : (lcf>--1'C : .......... er,,..�b : f,f--(lm<D• : q,{1.:,-'i" : hl)7i : t\..tl'i!fllD" : ll°t1'lro.-: 1,1·1,o: +11: t\.lf,: roaz."..fA: 'lml\: q>{l,l•'i": ltf,11'1: �l\�f:: 1 r 1 : OD'}"JJ>'; :,• "711.T: ft1.:i.•r-A·f: ao'}OJF:,·'i": f�?o111\Q.f ao'}'?P'� · 'lf.l1--:i.• : <»4/A : ODVJI,.,)• : i't1f..�lD- : ,f"h"17i : 'lf..l.1<D• : (D•/,\: /\Y'ft,f• ? �m- Thti7i r1'l<»· °l�:J· = ilt\ If'I = r h..:,•r-*1 = 11cc; = r� o1f/\ 0.f: a.flif.b: i'tfl llD°l 'l 'l:,..: llJ IA:J>: ti.,e.1'ln:,.: it, ..e..;;: <»·: ... ,.. hti7i: 0'1 A: '?Yo;J--ro•'}: fOl/tJ(lC: :}I\&.',:,..: h/1.0.:,-:: f,V•'}: 7,1:{: 11.tiCh?o: ftJA: h1f..�<»·: Th"17i: t\Y'ili"'i1<»·: )l'l'h"17i: ;}l\&.'1,1·: f/1.lD•'J° : ,f-,fll\0 lt'l ou,1•9°: (}ODVJ/,.,f:: nt.i .TV"kf: ftj:,1•t11: r(}Ja.C: "1'1: i't14'K": 7Lilf.tJJC: : . ODIP/,.:,. : f'}f..�lD' : ,f•hti7i : f°7..fht,.hC : 'PilT'i' : OJ..e. : '111:�,-,.,c; 'lml\: q>llT'i": h1f..°7..t\lD1': '?IA�: ',m-::

- 112 -

htLtJ : l\f, : 00 1/\?a- : f"7.fll&..A1(J)c : Y'il•f"�(l)« : ·l'h'17i : flllf�,1� : 11H11 : iLbL/\(1)« : f.,1'1A : nf-1'19° : f"7./\(1}« : �P,f, : �c�· : fi,f:"} : fOI/f.00I\h +(1}« = oui.r �,,; = (D«.-.�(l)« = "-.(lTn:,... = f"t1'lm· = n,1-..?1m· 1'hlt1i : f00h&.A : �l\k',:,... : i',/\(1)« : f/\(Dc9° : fOl/..(\.(Dc : ',IJl,fl : UDlf )·1 : ',(De :t

fltj:C..(' : fi.,f: : f+t.nar : ouht.-htf : n1F..�ro- : •t-h'17i : 04>' : lf!l! : fi(lm(D«: 'PilT'i': ODtpl.,r : 111111 : h1P.f-htj:A : f\."111: : �:f-1\A : n1,;FA'J° : 0°7..A : T.f<J: : ',ro• :: hltif.. : 'l+l.fi(D« : DIJooAh:J! : n1f...'1ro• : ,f'l1'17i : /\Y'il+'1(l)« : ,,-.11 lt1i : f1'}H1l : }ltj:f : fF.l.1 : h11..lf', : fl1'1if. : f:C';e-•)· : nn.1"16- : I\� : fillD''} = 0011:,- ilil"7.,r"1 h�.r = f,:r1�·A� = f°7.A = AOD'i .,(De ;: 1,U.1 : h1:{ : h1f...?1ar : ..,..h'17i : fi(lm(l)« : foo·l11\11f : OD/Ail : t,11..�m- : ...,..hlt1i : ilh.'}"]t,. : f1'1lD· : "lYa:r : tif\.OD'i?-9° : ""� : fln.1"16- : flll/..11� /l(Dc9° : 11H11 : f/\'J° :: n1f..?1(1}« : ,f•l1'17i : OY'il+�ro- : ,t-11'17i : Oh·A : .. T ',' : "1Yn:J : f ll,/\(Dc : ill\ : If', : it 1f...�ar : ,,-.11it7i : nY' {l.-f· 'J°'}'J° : '¼� �(De : Thlt1i : nn-A : �l\k',,.,,, : n/\11� : (l.A : ht.-fi· : f°1.f9°1n:,• : �lf'} : nhlt1i'i" : Oh.'}"It,. : ootihA : f+Lml.m· : fl\ : OD"J{}{l,r : fY'il ¥;(1}"} : Thlt1i : oo,n.:,,. : fOl/..',ti : lf'i : nl\11',ro«9° ::

,' !

�.

�

ililtLtJ : ilil : °71'1f : f+l.Om«'} : 1'f«f: : 1PCl·f"}'i : fl"IP.C : ?i·§ : <1>1 : . : : tj:/fLT : fT(lmro· : f"'l1i{ : Thlf11 : n1il+1 : hllU 'J° : q : ruf'lii .................... +ht,.tit9':ii1 : fitj:C� : '1(l'i'1l+'iA ::

1•

Ji.

:f ti

1r :i11r I

!,·J

•

- 113

HIGH COURT Commercial Div. No. 1, Addis Ababa .Judges:

JA UARY 14, 1967

Dr. Willian1 Bul1agia.r Ato Abebe Awgichew Ato Zeleke Desta

ETHIOPIAN CEMENT CORPORATION v. COMMERCIAL BANK OF ETHIOPIA, INGRA, YUGOSLAV BANK FOR FOREIGN TRADE Civil Case No. 552 / 59 •-Civil Procedure - Jurisdiction -a11d subject matter ju -risdiction - Art. 108 Civ. Pro. c. Contractual Obligations - Guiairantee - Simple, Joint -and ''unconcliti.on" guarantee - Art 1933 Civ. C. In .an action ,to enjoin the Commercial Bank of Ethiopia LI1om making •any payment to the Yugoslav B.ank For Foreign Trade with respeot to a guarantee it _ ha_d made for the _plaintiff pending ,tl1e settlemerut of a ctispu,te between INGRA and the plaintiff. field: - Injunctio11 deruied and temporary injunction already granted li.£ted. 1. The High Court bas jurisdiction over a petition for injunction concerning also a -.defendant wl10 is ou.tside E1hi.o·pi.a where the amount of money involved is in excess of .$5,000. 2. Wl1ere a person agrees to a gu.arante.e ,a debt unconditionally, ,the undertaking is like a primary obligaition and mu.st be under�ood to en.title th oreditor to demand payment from tl1e gua.rantor irrespective of a dispute between the debtor and himself. 3. A person wl10 guairanrtees a deb , t unconditionally is a, joint guaran,tor within the mea11ing of A.rt. 1933 of the Civ. C.. 1

The plajntiff is praying for an injunction restraining the first defendant, tl1e Commercial Bank of Ethiopia, from making .any payment with respect to a guarantee, No. 211, to the third defendant, the Yugoslav Bank for Foreign Trade, in -any amount, pending the issuance of a final award by an arbitration tribunal \-Vith respect to the dispute between the second defenda.nt, INGRA, and the p]ajn tiff or pending further order of this Court. The plaintif, f had also asked for a Jen1porary injunction pending the hearing of this action; having seen tl1e affidavit dated Heda.r 24, 1959 E-. C. (December 3, 1966 G.C.) and the other documents submitted by the plaintiff, this Court granted a temporary injunction on Hedar 24, 1959, restraining the first defoodant from transfe1T.irng any money or making any payn1en,t to the third defendant 11.nde.r guar,antee No. 211, witbo11t a. previous order .,of court. The defendants were s11mmoned .to appear ,in court; the first defen dant appeared and filed .a defence -on Tahsas 3, 1959 (, E.,C.) {Dece1mber 12, 1966 G.C.); the second �efendant ,did not aippear, the thi-rd •defend.ant sent a telegram .addressed to the High Court of Etl1iopia i n the .following terms: ''We shall not appear in the Higl1 Court of Addis Ababa Commercial Division t ccep not do on tl1e 3rd day of T.absas (December 12, 1966) at 9 a.m. We � ation Reali ompetence of tha.t rt � Co nor petition. justifiableness of the � � k Ba n rcial the guarantee No. 211 1s the matter of relations between Comme of Ethiopia and our Bank only. ''Yugoslav Bank for Foreign Trade."

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E1·1-110P1�.N CEMENT CORPORATION V. COMM ERCIAL BANK OF ETHIOPIA ET AL.

· In the statement of claim the plaint.iff . all .eges t�at ...contract, and und er a and supplements. thereto betwee . n the P1 amt1:ff · and INGRA, INGRA undertook . . . operatio to supply, erect an d put •I�to n a cement plant at Addis Ababa and that · the _ p�ospe.ct1. ve effect of the contract, with suppleon November 16. 1964 (G·c) . s, was ten _ n1n' a ted by the pla1ntrff reservmg· to the part·1es· a11 r1 ·gts ment h accrued . . ' · . de.r the contract prio•r to term1nat1on·' as a result· of· sueh t ermm un · · disputes · · at1on arose b tween the. p art1es as to the amo?nts due to . INGRA; the p.arties agreed that .fa1. mg an amicab· l e settlement the dispute would be submitted to arbitration and-in �act ?n Septe1:Ilber 19, 1�66, IN,GRA communicated to� the plaintiff a request for arb�U:�tion n.aming an arbrtrator on their behalf and on November 1, 1966, the pl a1�t1!f responded to such request by naming an arbitrator on its behalf. The -pla1nt1ff also states that u.nder Article 7 of the original contract da ted April 27, 1960 �G.C.) the Impe� al_Ethiopian Government caused the pred�cessor of the Commerc1.al Bank of Eth_1op1a to produce a guarantee, Guarantee No. 211, to the Ytigosl�v Baink for _Foreign Tr,ade, �uch gu ,arantee being dated January 4, 1961, and that und er t his guarantee the t hird defendant demanded from the first defendant payment of US$1,247,064:47;_ according to the allegatio� of the plaintiff no am�unts are pr�sent!Y due or will become due to INGRA until the dispute is deter1nmed by arb1 trat1on a nd therefore . until that moment the debt to which guarantee No. 211 might apply is unmatured and the said guarantee remains executory. If payment is m ade by the first defendant to the third defendan t th e plain tiff's r!ghts . to obtain an arbi tration aw.ard, subj ect to execu tion in Ethiopia t would be 1rretr1evably lost and any remedy elsewhere would be inadequ ate to protect the -plaintiff's rights. On these facts as set out in the · statement of claim · plaintiff has paid for t he injunction. the . ,�In the d.efence dated Tahsas 3, 1959 (EJC.) · (December 12, 1966 G.C.). � the firsit defendant opposed the continuation of the injunction and the main ground is that the first defendant has given an unconditional guaran tey of payment to the ,. tb,ird defendant based on the sal es contract of Aipril 27, 1960 between �he plaintiff as not a party; this w dant defen first the h whic but to dant defen d secon d the n a. :· gt1arantee is not an obligation t o the second defendant, ther� is no mpn�Y, payable t to the second defendant and there is no at tachable interest of the second defendant aran tee No. 211; the said guarantee is gu al ition ond unc id a s the to er in, or und �?•• r,J for payment of -machinery and equipment shipped and received by the plaintiff ant; nd nd defe seco he t · to nt enda def d thir t with title under credit fin the by ng nci a · ;� the obligation under the ,said unconditional guarantee is only to the third defend.ant, d the Yugoslav Bank for Foreign Trade. 1Jt shou.Id be mentioned tha t from the documents submitted by the parties it &� O��' appears that on June 6, 1959, a Credit Agreement was concluded in Beograd ��- between the Government of the Feder.al People's Republic of Yugoslavi a and the d an al pit �a of ery liv �e e th ing ern nc co a pi hio Et of e pir e Governm nt of the Em ch su on of at1 nt me ple the 1m ble a en o t r de or in d an other goods on credit basis av Bank for �oreign, l os ?g Y e th n e� t� be d de lu nc co s �1 V Agreement an a rrangement wa aba, _concemmg the b A , is dd A , a p1 o h1_ Et of nk a �(, Trade, Beograd, and the State B. angement r 1s Ar t; t}:1 en em re Ag e th g tm en em pl im technic al and financial methods fo r ., was concluded on February 19, 1960, in Addis A baba; this Arrangement provides at _may be agre�d th n o i_ ct sa an tr e s s_ _ sin bu � ac e r fo �'J for the procedure to be fo llo w ed 1 ance of the Impenal Fm _ of r te 1s 1n � e ic V or .�: upon by the Minister of Finance . v la os ug Y a f d r ye bu n 1a �p h1 Et ed ris ho ut � a y _ ns of thIS Arrange e t i¢1 i· "e: thiopia n Govern m en t as regards an �� ,�/ economic organization; in .accordance with t�e pr�v1s1o 1a p 1o th E of k an te B a St e th 1 r11 fo 1n ld ou w rade T e th gn ei or F o r ug fo k Y v an sl a B ,

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JOURNAL OF ETHIOPIAN LAW - VOL. IV -

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g cin an fin of the specific bus· the e tak der un ld cou y the t tha er sid con y . I·f the . mess• . f . h eac t or_ ee t con :an gua act unc onditio na but the State Ba nk of _Ethiop1a would : i 1n for the tr ed con vid pro r act nne ma the betw een th . payment of all sums m l� c t1. 9 Ar ?)t. of (ar ler ithe Arrangem sel v sla go Yu he t d an r ye bu 1 · n Ethiopia en� the ry 10 ive del of the goocis f rorn to• be followed also provides for the procedure . IA.1op1an buyer. · L11 the Yugoslav. seller to. the B 1

The contract of April 27, 1�60_, between 't�e plaintiff and INGR.tA was one of of provides the the w1th1n came which Arrangement, and 0 the transactions December 30, 1960, the _State Bank of ·Et_h!opia (the predecessor in i�terest td th� first defendant) issued its cable uncondit1onal guarantee No. 211 In favou r of the third defendant reading as follows:

''In compliance with the tenns of a,rticle 1 of the ATrangement between your Bank a· nd ours and in accordance with ,Article 7 of the purchase contract dated 27th April, 1960, between the Ministry of C?mmerce and Indust ry of the Imperial Ethiopian G_ovemment and INGRA Associated �a�ufacturers of Power I and Industrial Plants Zagreb and at the request of the Eth1op1an Cement Corp ora tion we guarantee unconditionally payment ·to you of up ,to United States Dollars one million one •hundred and twenty four thousand four hundred and six plus int�rest insurance cost and freight for purchase of machinery and equipment for a cement ·factory by Ethiopian Cement Conporation from INGRA. All sh.ipping documents covering said ·machinery must be forwarded to Industrial and ·· Com mercial Section S.tate Bank of Ethiopia, Addis ·Ababa." On the strength of this guarantee, on or about November 26, 1966, the first defendant recei,1ed from the third defendant a de�and for payment in the following / terms:

''Reference is made to ihe State Bank of Ethiopia, Addis Aba·ba, Letter of Guarantee No. 211 of 4th January 1961, issued in our favour, at the request of Et�iopian Cement Corporation, in which you guarantee uncondJtionally payment to us of up to the ,amooot of US.$1,124,406 - plus interest. • As the last s•hipment of .machinery ,an :d equi,pm · ent was effected on 2 March, 1964, the Cement Factory was put into operation on 4 June, 1964,- .and no payme:it of instalments due has been effected UIJJ to date, we claim from you 1mmed1ate (payment of the guaranteed amount plus interest as per enclosed consolidation of debt, i.e. US$1,247,064.47 made by INGR,A, Zagreb. The interest is calculated till 30th November, 1966, when payme nt must be effected at the · 1atest. Awaiting to receive your respective credit advice."

f now seeks

·: It is this pa�ent demanded by the third defendant that the plaintif to stop by injunction. As regards. the telegram addressed to the Court by -the third defendant, th� am?�nts to a_ �lea �f lack of jurisdiction of this -Court to take cogni zan ce of pe_titton for lllJU!1ction. The Court ·holds that it has jurisdiction; the fact that th �ir� defendant is outside Ethiopia· is no1 objection and in fact A.rt. 1�8 of � �: Civi_l P:o�edure Code makes pr�vision for the summons of a defendant who IS ou�r is f E�?pta, !u�h ��ore the subJeot-matJter affected prayed this n inj un cti o the by · t ba wilbm tbe JU·risdiction of thi_ s Cou.r.t. Iif the said telegr t n am is intended to mea

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ETI-IIOPIAN CEMENT CORPORATION V · COMMERCIAL BANK OF ETHIOPIA ET AL.

Court is no t compete.tit to grant the inju·nction ·because the rea1· · 1za t1o n of guarantee JS m a · at t . e 1 0 'f 1 re 2 1atio • ns between the first and third defendan th No. . z: at is a ts s m of th er e its tio of n que th e case an d ,this Cour··t is· com·pe·ten,t to dec1 ·de on· s·uc h · ·t mens.

m �in . ar¥11ment of the -plaintiff is that the first de Th e fendants relationship . with �he plaintiff JS thcl:t of guarantor to the plaintiff. (debtor) i n favour of INGRA (Creditor) or _ to. �he third defendant as creditor; whoever the creditor is, th fir e st , lia bility (a� �uarantor) t� pay arises only upon failure of the debt s t defend � _ or _ (pla1nt 1;ff) to pay an ex1stin� d�bt; 1t IS alleged tha.t the long term credit set out in the contract between the p · latntrff and INGR.iA was still o · f an indefinite amooot and because of the disputed �lai m and coun�erclaims arising out of INGRA's per f?rmance coul? not be sa1� to b_ e due or 1n default; the plaintiff submits that the first defendant s guarantee IS a simple gua,rantee and the adjective ''unconditional'' does not convert_ a guarantee into � promise to pay on demand. Th� plaintiff also add � that there 1s as y �t no consolidated debt as contemplated in the contract of April 27, 1960, and ,this cannot be establis-hed until the arbitration tribunal has given a valid award.

Now it is true th.at i n principal a guarantee assumes the ex istence of a principal obli gation but in the ·present case the so ·called guarantee given by the first defendant i s ti ed up only wi th the contract between the plaintiff and the second defendant, 1NGRA; it is also the result of the Agreement concluded between the Government of the Empire of Ethiopia and the Government of the Federal People's Republic of Yugoslavi a and the Ar·rangement between the f i rst defendant and the third defendant. Under the Arrangement (article 7) the first defendant agreed to guarantee, for each contract, unconditional payment of all sums due in the manner prov i ded for in the contract between the buyer in Eth iopi a and the seller i n Yugoslavia. The exact relationship between the Government of Yugoslavia, the Yugoslav Bank for Foreign Trade and INGRA are not in evidence, but, from th.e examination of the tenns of the Arrangement between the two Banks, (the Ethiopian and the Yugoslav) made in pursuance of the Ar, rangement between the Government of Ethiopia and the Government of Yugoslavia, it is clear, tha1:, because of the different state organization existing in Yugoslavia as regards economic matters, all payments for exports by any corporation in Yugoslavi a had to be guaranteed •for, rund payments weire ,to be mad.e, to the Yugoslav Book for Foreign Trade. Under this Arrangement the first defendant undertook, as a pri mary obliga tion, to pay to the -thi rd defendant for anything supplied under the contract between the first defendant and INGRA; such undertaking was given uncond i tionally and this must ,be ,jn, terpreted -to mea,n that payment was to be independent of any conflict or d isagreement between the plaintiff and -�GRA. The i mmedia !e cau�e of this undertak i no is the contract between the plamtiff and INGRA but its main source is the Agr;ement between Ethiopia and Yugo�lavia an� the ArrangeJ:!lent between the first defendant and the third defendant; ID fact without such under taking any contract between a buyer in Ethi opi a an d a s�ller i n Yugoslavia wo 1;1Id not be possi ble. Guarantee No. 211 is not, therefore, a s11:11-�Ie gu_ara?tee_ by which the payment of money due by the plainti ff w �s secured; 1t 1s an obligation under taken by the first defendant i n favour of the _third defendant under th� A:rrangement resu lting from the Agreement between the Govern�ent of Eth1op1a and the Government of Yugoslavia and th e f i rst defendant 1s b?ull:d to honour such oblig ation independently of any d.is,pute between the Eth1_op1an buyer and the to re we nt da fen de st e fir th t en m gu ar of ke I Yugoslav sel1er. But even if fo r the sa - 117 -

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Jou1wAL oF ET1-1roPIAN LAW - VoL. IV - No. 1

be considered as a gua.rantor ,of ,the plaintiff (that is ev,en if we were to · Jgnore t ; he l primary obligation of the first defendant towards the third defendant) th e fact that the first defendant gave an unconditional guarantee amounts to. � �he made clear that m this case the Court 1s no� concerned w1�h t?e question Wheth ee � the amount of money •demande_d by the third de�e�dant 1s, m fact, due or � no _ t, h '\ln, not or 1t bound IS whether to t c1de e d• to defendan mak e t e paJ=ent it is for·the first • · · · the is�ue bef�re the Court 1s wh ether. or not an lllJ�nct1on should be granted t� restrain the frrst defendant from making payment with respect to guarantee No. I 211. Th � plaintiff is praying f �r an injunction on th � �ound that i� the first defendant 1 makes the payment to the third defendant the plamt1ff corporation's rights against INGRA would be prejudiced. But as the first defendant pleaded in the defence there is n•o obligation ·on the part of ,the fir.st defendan.t to INGRA and the.re 1; 1 no money payable by the first defendant to INGRA. The first defenda nt has an ob�igation to the third defendant and if the first defendant considers itself bound I to m.ake the payment demanded by the thiird defendant, t, he third defenda-nt canno t I between disagreement of because in the rights his be prejudiced p1aintiff and INGRA. For the above reasons the petition for injunction is hereby dismissed and the temporary i11junction given by this Court on Heda.r 24, 1959 (E.C.) (December 3, 1966 G.C.) is· hereby lifted.

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0 hf,1 9 : () ! !!�/ 11C : m.ti (Ltr)- : '11 1.... -,:,.: itm:l't\P : '1•0C : oomf:,, iufq:. 1(l : DP/o.:i.• : f1Pf11 : 00111nl-1 : Obi(.t!\ = iiil00+0tr"} I 9° : : : q : 9° : ttf2 U 1 h = I\I _9: = f+h��m:; ; t � '¼ 1 /\! Jl • ttf2 h 'i : : 11C : tJ -tlil : �£':!I!! 1•1tl7i1 · ! !!�/ m�t\t\ : iJ ;t 1.f}iL '°lo/r ,l-t : A f + ll il : A1: 1'h : 1ii '1°1 : 'i hA lD' : : lt>il Ji. r il t\lh / ; r;'lf h t" � 5Jll-1 iif.tJ : l!f?ii = -OC : '1�� : '11-rf:9° : l�/ It -+ : qoo:,.. : f'i11�:,� : fl.:,, . h. trf, : ....jif.tJ : t : -OC: 0CD"1.-,:,. : iifl"'l(IO• : 1i'1'111: 1i'6f.il'I°: fi'"/fl�: .,(D' :: {l7-(}Ji.CD' : 'f'f-f: : f1,"J(}� : ()� : !1/. : '41: : 00/,\fl } &{)'}fYJ:,i : '1"11iiA1: ti.:i•r-kf 1t.oi+1:'i qo11 (lt!\f: lD't: lPCnit = r+qtt- = ir-,m- : (lDDlP/.T- : fi -llff : 1i*9°'i : f,f•llff : flD'it'I' : f."}1] : ht\fa,. .. '1!iif2§ : q : 9° : o�:,. : '111C : f<PJ.htj:fr,}i : llf11:f- : 'I nc :: pr�Tllr9°: ! h1Y.;;:m-: f1'1f..' : U-l\i-;;:lD' : f1'1.';..ilTt : 'Im- :: f'1C = (Dcfl'I' :· 1n. : oo/ I o.:,. : ll!ii£2§ : q = 9° = P't-:flD' : fu-fl,f:19° = '19°;rt9>1· = ivt11 : fl fil :r:C-m- = boalDPl = n�/\ = "111C'} = 1illJ9°e = m'6*A 1,u = nr:,-�fD«9° = a.'1 : -,(De : f°t.'-.:,,f:t\T ? bcf11f91:ii = 01"1,_,. : °ttil'1:C : ilf1l:Ffar : •t -DP11'1nm· t-/t:f(Dc1 = r:rtt- = tr'i ltl\ 1'1f. = :,,c,�c;: = 1t1 >;.1 : ht\, I\W- : ,:JC : 001/llJODC : '111�1 : lim:>t\0 oomr_:,, : 1i'61f19° I fP'�fa,. f e f°t.fDPt\tli•a>-: (D l!\ : +F.9° : li,..,.Cb : h:,,CCLhft.V• : tttr: h.*9° : : 19° 'h1f.1'i : {\rJ-cf.l1/\TCD": 'l'f4:: h·'l1f9':f.: ()"},..,.: il9°: oum�:,.: 11,; I /tj!,IJ'"} : flP't-9°: f•t-t\f� : 'iTCD-:: �;;:(De : btD•Q.). : f°7.J'{tODllJ 2 {L(f'}: e;;:m- : htlll• : wc,r-. : f°tfCDllJ'i : f°t.if'r : .,(De :: 1i "}y_;;:(Dc : ilf:ilT : o-t\+;;:m- : h9°hT : fl/\htlilr-'il- : Jift-,l• I U•f\,t-;;:lD'19°: hti(L�'} : !* !J:oo-:,• : ooiDDtf : P't-m-'} : foo(lt:,f:T : (ltr)-9°: fP't-ar : 1t!l:9°: fltlt '? : 1·/\1,�A : h.t\• Iflt\ : 1i1C : ro•il'f' : 1(l : 00/0.:,, : IJ'',(Dc : f+lO•:,C: .,,.ht..tit = tt,r-. = DPho11 = i9°n&. = 1t1•'11t.m- = Tf4: = f{ lffi4-r = {llJt\h = . : HY-o : llf11:r:fm• b-111191:i: : '1-0C � l\t\DPhLA : ll+.';..:, : (touH1fr9° 1 . . 'I':,,00-1 : f°1.fm:J>At\m- : '1°11 iiA,_,. : it9° ;rt : Ji.:,-r- kf : ft.ti'/.:,.f: : �m· , P't..:fm-9° = r1-1fH'i t\v•ll+.9° = f1'1,..,. h!l:.9° = 'lllo.--r...-1: ti11:: (Ltr)- = n"l-0� = IL.llff. = ttf,1'1:fm-9° == f,u1 = noo(lf\(Dc =· v-).;t- nil:r, 1 �cY: = ii'h•o--9° = OD�;r-,:,. = f1'1Y: = oi.tfl'1:c = .,,.mf,tf. = n'1..nc = iih4-A.A 1 f11l111 : °1.t hi:C : h1�ilLl\-i,�+. : boomf:,» : nil.,,.+c : hC(lc'} 1 fll'/! 111m-·: ootr)-"} : 1A�A If1-'111'1 : ( }� : �1l : '-.1: : 'h1f.Ol/.fr:,•: '1f\A.{& 1 ffOD"} : '111?-1 : t\f-0;.f. : O.h'i:lt·9° : h.tJ•"} : f1C : a>- h'I' : 1(1 : av/n,:t-:, r I hY:t..'Jo;t-:fm-"} : floPl};:,• : t\'111� : Ji(l()(l-0 : noi.oo:fm- : o-),; hm :>ll0 (lmf,:,» : f°t.,f"lf.m• : ch"l : h,1!,'iC9° I bl'LU9° : O�I\ : 1'{)h,lD': 1 OtJct\T : f.,,.hLit-T"} : h•fl'}f9>l- : f"} JY: : ti!l:9°: m-A : ltf,.f'i: "1'111 .,,.t\'P(Dc(ll : OY:9°K" = 11A61.1 : f°tb+t\co-"} : . htlA :: , .

r�/

�iiJJ�

= =

�

:i•1t•111 ::

f'iCD- : bct1c: '1°1fii'AY:: 1i.:,. r-k1: ll.°1.Tf-''i: qo11cit\f:: 014t: mcnil : f•t-t\,ff. : (lODlf'iTlD•: '11}-;.'}9° : oumr:t> : fOl/.1f1TlD' : ftf,{1;f�: ',(De = 001/t\:,W = ',(De 11c : m•il'I' : 1(l : oo/n.:,. : f..'1'11' : 'l'11f PA!::� (111 f-k,f : iL°t.Tf..''i : '1°11ii'Af: : (Def; : lDCtlil : 0"1/t\:,• : t\f-0:f. ' f,,. ,:' 1flc:,- : t\'11lC : .hb4-t.A: 01/9°/\� : 11�0 'h1:( :, 'lt\htlfLf-1 : OP'f�

- 120 -

O'l'f9°9° = Oil9'°9° = ffA,f- /\ff. : fl00 lf'i:f(Dc : °111?-"} : O"'lm:J>/\IA : fn1 ff',CD- : OOl/..1'1 : ',ti)« : 0"'1/\T : ,f•ht.hZ:A. :: h�9° : ODC9°G."} : }t"}f...T G. >1'10>- : fT"}+. = '1°11ii1Af: : h..Tf'A-1 : il.°tTI: : +f:'l°(Dc'J9° : fh"}"1» 1:1 : 4'.11&'1 : itllJ9°� : Q.tP& . : h"}f...�f : ;J--(Dc!f:/A : O�I\ : OJ'} : fh"}"1 1: 1: Ft. : 4...11&'1 : '1°11ii/Af:: (Def:: WChil: 111\ (loo{lf9°, /\f-T(Dc : -00e = ti1::J l\-1 = rtn:u = 11c = 00 1:nro• = httv• = 111§n:u = 11c = (Lf*!. ll'l°1f fl1Af:: hcTV--A-1: il.°tTf:: 1:C?f: +&(De'}: ii(U: 11C: ll'lttfro-: f\4'1:'1"9':f:: f'l°11ii/Af: : 1tc:i•r--A-1: /\.tPJ.:1.-,: : oor t.¥-:f: '1/\111G....Y..-:f : (101/1:G°l: 01'?1:: "7.til·'l:C : 1il00tl10· : (l.lf"}: fl'}'?.(!": "7.tili:C : /\°7 (IOD1f1{tf = f"tmf+(Dc : 'lV/11 : h�°l: it'lil,f-� : 'IW-'i": P'&.ro-: +1:'1": ,JwllJ9°� : O"'/.IPt.(l:'f• : 1..IL : h°7.hij:�T : °111C : f',(l : /\ODhLIA : f,f-L ll 1 : HYo : 'h1f..tr'I : ril1'111'11A .. :: '1°11iiA.1:: h.:'f--V--kf : /\. °7.T1:: I� : '1°1f PIAY: = ro-,:- = mchil = fl"'J/\,l -- = /\f11:f- = 01°11: = "7.til,,l:C = fl.ODH1 0-9° : OV-/\T�lD- : ith(l.f--"} : lD·ilT : f�:,. : 'h'lttfm• : fkrf-�ro-"} : h-'1 h1:{ : {bl\ : h"}l;a. : htD-61!- : f,f-"1.0DG, : "If : fO.O IP Grf:T : (19'1" : (ll04: ffl9° ! h1�V ·9° : 7if6'b"}: f"t&.1.�:i•'i: T:,,�,9°: f"tlIL�T : {)'}t;',,r : lf'r : '1/\ : °1.-0? -1 : ODh&..IA : f"7. 1fl"}: l\f11:f-: ',ro- : 0"'11\T : f+lnco- = nchc = it°1'11l = ill\lAtr'I = 11c = w-ilT = 1 n. = OD/a.:,- = nm :J'flo : Omf+ro• = ODIPl:,· = nchc = i,�.+TIA'i = fIA,f"°l'ln-:,. . , = fPt. = 01/iltb;f = wat. = 'lV/11 = ,,..�.. r�fw-1= (19°,f"'J = w-ti� = f\ooilm,r = l\T:,,9°:,- = 6/2t : '¼ : 9°: cf>T G.'i"IA:: 0

.-n,- :

f:J> A : A f.',,)• :: ti'lf\o!f: : n11:: it.Y. : 11lG1t°ltLit1lth.C : 111?- -t ff-°1'1�: 'lf. : '11l: '-�: v-1\-i: = f1°11:- = 11...Y..'f = '1Ifif21 = '¼ = 9° = Om"lro-: fit.,l·V--kf = _"}"11:= ih°l = noit.:i-f...w- = ODIPG,:,. = l\f &.ti:fro- = /\P't.:fro- = fTl\ff = it!l:9° = fl\:fro-= oo lf'i�ro-1,; = n1°I1: = "7..til,1:c = f ,,,..OD 111 n-n :,. = f1°1Y: = 11il;J---i:,r fl lbm-: it:,,cp : ill\ltf.'i: :b1--9° : fTl\ff : n!l:9°'i: P'&.: fl\TlD-: f'l'?R.- � CL...Y..-:f: V-l\-: /\U1 C : W-ilT : 10. : °111�.. : h11:: 1\1,: hf.,f•m:J>l\/\ : hf+ �ODl: 1,hLi\A. : il/\671,IA : V•l\,f: : 11-111f?>'f: fP't- : it!l:"'1:fro-"}: (loo ttf.:,-. = n,�..e: = "7..til-tc = /\f11:f- = ,t-0011-,nro- = h+1� = n,..,.1.. = OD'J&.il = °111 ?,"}: /\f-0:r: f-mf�l\-: {l.l\-: 0�"9°,r: ,t-flf-,,1-'f>A::

.=. ",..

- 121 -

' .

: T AiX · AiPPBAL COMMISSION Addis Aba!ba

•

Commission Members: President: A.to Haile Leul ·Ha•bte Giorgis Ato Gebre Egzi�bher Gebru Ato Assefa Hawaz. . . Ato Wolde Ammanuel Mulat. Ato Negga Fanta ' Mister H. A. Mahta

•

SEPTEMBER. 22, 1965

MOSVOLD (ETH·IOW:A) LTD .. v. THE INDAND REVENUE DEPARTMENT File No. 1130 / 56 •

Taxation ' - Income tax - Definition of entiity for income tax puq,oses. On appeal firom an income tax assessment by the Inland Revenue Department, which t!reated the appellanit company and •a related company ·as a single entity for income tax purposes. Held: Assessment upheld. Where the shares of one OOilll()'any 1rure held exclusively by a second company and the founders. Where one company and its founders ·are the sole owners of the shares of a seoond company, the two companies undertake sales transactions jointly, and it appears that the second company was formed in order to reduce the incon1e tax liability of the enterprise as a whole, the incomes of the two coi:n,panies will be consolidated for pwposes of applying the income tax, ,notwi�standing the fact -that they aire organized as separate C01I1WDies · · under the Commercial Code. . • •

I I '

Counsel for the appellan� Company is Mr. G. Ham a i wi. The Inland Revenue Department is represented by Ato Makonnen Jembere. This is an appeal·against Notice No. 169 / 56 whereby the Inland Revenue DepaTtrnent charged the Company with income tax of E.$103,892.22 on its import business for the yea.r 1954 (E.C). ' The main grounds of ,appeal are that whereas: 1. Mosvold (Ethiopia) s�c. and Mosvol.d Wood Works S wC. are two separate entities. The Inland Revenue Department erred in considering them as a single entity for income tax purpose.... In reply to a question put by the panel, the co,unsel for the appellant stated that Mosvold (Eth.) S.C. and Mosvold Wood Works S.C. were ea.ch formed by separate memoranda of association; that prior to 1954 (E.C.) they were taxe<l d engag � is one at the nti. t ies since different have different • business purposes : �� nse 1�. com.me �c1al act1v1t1es while the other is engaged in manufacturin g ente� ( industry ); that the Inland Revenue Department in 1954 (E.C.), first examined ,the r�rds and_ b?oks of accou�t� of the two companies separately an _d then the mg ahl en consol1,dated their incomes; that JJt 1 s an error and there is no law nch bra and Revenue Department to consid �r two entities as if they are main office · IndustrY and were separately they regI S tered Commerce where with the Ministry of e th if The_ Counsel for the Inland Revenue Department replied that eve n ¢heir. es pos pur e Companies were fo1111ed and registered �eparately fJor ta , x avoidanc - 122 -

JOURNAL OF ETHIOPIAN LAW - VOL. IV -

No. 1

income must not be �reated separaitely since their activities are related and Mosvold (Eth.) S.C. gets all the benefit, and Mosvold Wood Works is o,wned exclus �ve !y by Mosv:cld (Eth.) S.C. and its share holderis. He also pointed out that in a ,s!Illilar cas·e with _Sna1nda!fd Vacum "!fhe Ministliiy of Commerce and Indusitzy· was oonsulted and repl1ed tha1t -the quest101n of tax <loes not concern it ,and rests with the Minisrtry ?f Finance to t�ke any appropriate action. Finally .the ooun_sel had been paying income tax in the past as, stated that _e yen if it�e com pa11 es � _ separate e_nt1ties ithere _ is 1;1-oth�ng 1n the l 1aw to prevent the Revenue Department from .ma. king a cons•oJ1dat1on J[l a mannen- suit.able for collection of the tax after· being aware o.f tl1e tax avoidance scl1eme. 1the memoranda of ass·ociation of the tw•o s-plit companies· After -�.idering _ and after deliberation •the p a. nel ga .v e the following majority decision (''order''), The main argi1ment raised by -the appellant is t. l1at -the two companies are· separat e entities an,d must .thepefore be taxed separately. The respondent -on the other· hand, argued that oonsolida.tio·n is proper since Mosvold (Eth.) S.C ..and Mosvold Wood W-orks were registered separately as -a tax avoidance scheme wh"i]e the two, are 1he same as regards shareholders, business activities, even in benefit and name. In studying the case, we have learned th·art: originally Mosvold {,Eth) S.C. was carrying out the Wood Works activity. Later on '1:he Wood Works was separated and a share company of £$300,500 capital was formed and registered under· the name of Mosvold WOQd Works S.C. Out of the total capi1al Mosvold (Eth.) S.C. owned £$294,500 while the remaining E$6,000 were owned by founders. of Mosvold (Eth.) S.·C . Silllce the Tegistration fee is much les·s -than the tax. that co,uld be avoided by having the two companiies separate, the fo1mation of the second company is indicative of tax avoidance scheme. Even if '1:he two companies were· registered separately the shaire holders in the second company are exolusively the founders of the original company. Whereas the ,two companies undertake sale · transactions jointly and also share the profit, the argument brought up to keep., the compa.nies separate for itax pm-pose is not proper. The income of two companies. must -therefore be consolidated .... Dissenting Opinion: Ato Gebre Egz1a·bher Gebru dissented on the ground tha� the two com� anjes· _ are separate enrt:ities registered in accordance with the Commercial <? ode of Et?1op1a. The Law does not authorize •the Revenue Department to consolidate the income· of two entities. Since the itwo compan-ies are a-egistered with the Ministry �f · Commerce and Industry as separate entities, they must be charged tax on their separate income in accordance w·iith the ·spirit of the law.

- 123 -

fJ-tfl,l"Pif..C: ODJ'-'l,f:

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ftLIJ : K"lh-lj: : i'tC(J(l,)• : h�(l« : h1-?Pi : '11C : f,ODflt\. : f,lf'iA :: ,J'il+Pif.C : ODF l,f : o.:,. : (JJ«/;\ : f°7,.t\(1Jc'} : K"'}(l : ,h'11l : i't1Pi1� : filt'? : :,,1�1-1• = ((Lil+9°il) : (l,m«J>oo«n:,- : ibt\ i" : f.'?'I° : i'tf,m«f'oo« n;,-9° == it1Pi1J!..:f. = r "•" = :,,1�..Y..l-- = Of-LU = K"1(l = m'11l roim«f'oo« n,} : 9°h1f:,- : fil+Pif.C : ODP'l,f : {1:,- : (Dct\ -:f1 : hm:,,1\1\(Dc : ftj: :,.� _ : -Oth.C: ilt'?: f-1{1:f: P'Al1J1: hAA: n(JJcT,f,,: fl/;\�: fiii•Pif..C: ilt'? : f-1(1:f : : {Lilt\ : ',(De:: ilfltLU : ',OJ• : f {l,f•Pif..C : : t\67 ODP'l,f : o.:,- : (D•/l. 1.., : fltj::,..,,. : 11"1.C : dl'? : P'C : fOl/f,tJ;bOD?,:,.. :: .

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fltLU : G"lf:: Ol/..fllf : �·i : 4'1: !Ut.21 : '¼ : 9°: ;J--(DcJ[. • ODilhl9° : +1 1ilt.2r '¼ 9° = OP'� = 1\1!, r'Pflro• = r1t..:,•r-*f r�:,-m = 11th. c = ilt'? = f.rf•t\f = 'lOJc ft;::,•m = "nm.?i = ;,.-, = ?;�ro· = ODK"t11� = (ilflA� = (Dctr,'f ) : ilf\il,f•Pif.C : ODP' l,f : n,:,-: (1Jct\o1•: f"t'i1?-: £(:1 : «r''l'�i" : (h.,,.. : rit!��--.ritr!i) : f,,ftlOJ•1: ,.,,«t>K" : 1i11 : f,CA9°�/;\:: {lfLV• : 11 b;;: 1.....a = <I' 1..'J° ,,nflro• r oY..ODm«:i• = ..... OJc = oo K" m(j: = ro·il'I' = h n, «J> X" = .... 'j:'} = il" DI/. aufl h1: = ro•fl.,,l- = (n, 1, x.. = 1?;) 1 fP'�91:f.. OD-0,,,..-:;.. = "7 n"lA'?fr'.:,- : ODflm:,-, : ilfl"tODflh,f: : OJ«fl l- : (n14'1'.. : J.j) ·I f(J:J> : '1'0:J>'} i fl():)> : OD1t\.1A1 : (JJ/!,'J° : fl():J> : l/Dffi «J>'J°1 : ilfl"tDDflh,f: : OJ«,r,1' = ( 1 «f'?t.. = !1 ) = "h,; = r01J 1,, +ti+(l• = , 11 l..f..:f 1 = ilfloi flh,1: = OJ«tr,'f = r"t'i1?-:,- = 1t1+1ar = ,;:,:(De hni+K" = 1t1 = flT.rf, = roionllJ(JJc'i fouatt,,_?fOJc : n1«f'?t" : ill\ : «?A«?A'i : il'J°'J°'l,r : f"tf..l'? : (De/;\ : : ill\ . f67.'i"l lW:- : '1 OJc ::

�=

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h1)ltJ : ft\ : f,f,,t\f : '11C : t\9°1 : On.,.-,..V-*f : r�:i•,h : 11"1.C : ,"h'?: OJcil'I' : ,J--f.l..1 ? f'j:,,)•d1 : 1ltlbC : ,'h'?1 =. l.4!:,,: "h1Pitl;J� : hf..�: r+"lt\-O� = "ht = ht\ = '1nctr = = 'I' f«f: = t\OD00 t\il = r,,.OD:,: = = ft\V-T·= 1')..0J" : '1°1 :: t.l1'1'1!: f,'h'?: t\..:,,: 1t'}f..0Dlf�: ODffi'} 1 t\�: "n.1 1-.oi.ODilt\� 1 m:,,1t1t01·1 = ,1.-, 09°1h4-'j:An:,- = 1.tt r 00 1-,p:,.. = ;,.-, h'?A ; = = r�:,•,h = -OtlhC = ,'h'? = llil,f'Pif..c = ;,,"? 00 r1: = �?t-9° : nflt.1\1.. : ',{I)• :: fOD'}"? _p;,f: : J't{l,f•.';.';l,9llc : fdllf 0-1 : 'l':,,'J° : h1"ln1-0«f?'i : 1,1,'lfh'lhO· : hf.t. : ,f•'l't\0 '1:f'PA ; h tLU'J° : fll\1!, : . O..:J· m:,,l\:fOJc� : '1f;;rOJ:,,l\:flD·9° -:- "n.'lli .lJ : 1',il,f•P,Pit91'f : h"?A : S:&91l- :

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n:J-

= 1\

(l?J�) : (lhC°l'r : f,tl\f : h*9 : itl\;l!ro, :: fOD"}'1Jp:,": t,{11' � 1 �P,t,9l1• : f,f· --'P'P�..:t:m,: lD•fl "P: ,,('ll,f•P,,.e.. C : OD P' l,f: fL,)•: W•l\n-:f.: r mz, t : : : ,(ld1.C ,l1'?: l)f,lf"}: n-1·/\�: f(l� : Af.. : ,rt'l.e: (L'r -TlD" (llj:,1•,l, r.. 1 n:r 1,1,<t,f•P...e..�- = (1llY:l'1 = h '1·hhl\�: = �,1-;,, ;,c roi.fltli/trl/ = �a}•:: 1rl\•'J" : f th "I : :,,1 "f.,.f.':j,: ( 1'1.ll.-f •'J"ll) : h'i ILIJ 1 ' f ,f•l\ i: .e,. 1 {l1· , "'ilD'llJq- : 9illl '1:t!roc :: f..-f•l\ff.. : f "1. 01 : �1'f:,,y,.:.f- : 'llDf!LTW" : f, f•(\�: f,."}(1 :f : ootinA: f fllD•: /;\ f..9i'1·: f"} ..<;.: f,f'l\ �: f,. "} (11•: f ibt\CD• "}: JUA : 1oA , ,,,,oc : hil{ID ;1,r :J··:i:ro. : -0:-1: : ',lD' :: 9"h"} "('..-f:9° : lit\ : h{l,f..>:�c : dl°l: ro.e,9°: iln: h{l,f".�1..C: 011Ftf: n,:,.. : (J}cfr>l- =. f07.. '-."1"r: frl •/\�: X-d,.. C:.1' : lDf,9°: 1'9if·LU"} : ro·tril-: fOl/..9iti: hChC: (1,J,r,ti: 1 . lt: foo� 1:i-..: P'AllJ"}: ft\;f!ro,: f ,f·flf..: f{l,J,P,1..C: tj:Cf:: n,...f,1·: ilt\lbft·: �m•:: r,l,°l ODO'i P.. = (Lf..l'? nt,..:1-r-A-f a)'ll'r f'I llllfr- = v,),;J .. f...Ol/..hTillD' : 'I ll C :: u " . 1 : : } P,v. C'"} : 1. 9 "i. · : itt\a;n? -� :: �· " f,f"flf.. : fll,f,P,f.. C: fi:CY:: {l.,,Y,1• Jt --: ��: f,f � "1-G::f : .lli\A'IO"r: h1�: n..-J,(;Q,"71,9°: lit\ : i'1..Tf'kf: ;,.ai 9°�t..'1t& f"} ;,,1n1·: Av.: f,\f..: )ltj:/;\: Oh.'1•f'A-!: hl\ = - 01\°: t\DD-t"'J OD"} h.e:J!A9° r,oc OtLU = o-�;J--: ,,r l\,f"P.1..C = 011f"'tf = fLT ro•A: : f°tt\(Dc'} = X- 1il = d,ti,n = h1m+9°n:t-: ro.eil = h1m+9°0T = f"?..flm. 9°C61iJ, = n(j:'1• = a;oc == u

(h ..-f•t• :

= ,\,

9°C61iJ,.: OD'f "r"}'i : Oit.:i•r·A·f : lD'll'r9°: fl\OJ•"} : o,�;r : noo ODl!\h:,.. l l\ll-l"Pif...C : OD/"/,f : rt:i• : lD'i\o-:f: flTl/.lD•/r: ..e,.;p'f: flOO'J° l,f: fUA: (ltj::,•th: -Oth.C: ,l,°l: lD'll'r: .ef.l1--: ro.e,9°: DD'?l};r:fm-: .e:Pc'i: :,-A:P: ft!\"l'l,;J,;J'i: f A,f•l,;J1tn: ll•t;J··: .et.me: f°tt\: "1'1-0: hf.."�,n1 ; hv•l\rf: = 111>;.. ,1,ti•n = 011t.iao- f67.e+c = o0 ilfl� ;�r1 f �,rd,: "'Od1> C: ii,'?: h*9°: 1''I ILU : lD'l\�1--: 01•/\ f..: .e..1 P:f : 'h'} �t+ P, f."r : hf°IY:9° ! a;1c : "1"} : h., tLU : f +l\·f.. : ..e.."} l11': 04'1\�: n,n"l : h_em (l'1-9°::

.eu :

OtLU : itti'l{l : fl\lD•"} : v..�:J-- : 1',,0t-C..f- : OD'?l\7"' : �i-�: hilL 1\1.: ., nc :: fOD"}'?P'T'i: fhilrf• P,..e,.c: lll\P'AIIJ'fl-: ,f•"l'lC: 'hflJJ,ODl: ODD't� = 'll\ �:,- :,,c ,o = o,OD :1· :,.. w·ll1r = oo--l\•9° = h1L<.::f- f nil,,,..�tc = ooP'tf = lL:,.. = lD'flo:f = OllJ9° = itilt.1\1. : rra;crA .eu = o�l1'1t • Oh1'?/\..11 1 Oitoitti1 = h1C = hm-i,:,. : blf'l • Ol'LU = 1.11: = ''O(aiLfll.. il:i-..'' u1�:f'i = ''ll.1lt..A'' h.lt':'02. 'lt\:fw· : 01�1.. = 0Dtil1A = nD?. ,,..:,.. m.e.. =?.I\= O+"r..-l·: u1�:f = rOl\m = Jtw,a;:,-: f,'fl'PA:: f.,t4tJ = u,�-:;. = fi'1.lt'f°t �f:,:,, ODlP,:,.. = fl\o:,-: n'?A = P't..?1:-f- = f<PJ..'li lD'"} : fU/;\ : mf,9°: h tLU : f,A:,, • hifl1J,(l'i : ,"h11•0 : a; h: hlf)..: /fl& ?11•: ',(l)c:: O''ll.1lt..A'' = h..P'i°t h*9°: },"}};). 1 i f'?/;\: rt..'/1-:f 7'1' Jt9i:J>4!'i : P't..:f{l}«"} : 1,1-'tfh'ilD''I• : l\"'I J.'..•l"l :· ,01-1· (De"} : 1.1·1.: llil•�,; .e..c 00P'tf = rt:,- = w•flo:f 011m+9° = ttllt.t\1.: .e11'i A f,u = v..�:r I ti,:;J--A = 0°2.f"rc n:,- = 01�1.. = o•tr : ff:l i 1f. = aotf'I- • DDtn" }: Oit.:i•r-kf9°: OD'f?-: "lA?i : ',(De:: f1t,-f:: t,,:,:,- : {/Dl�:,-: !fl

= =

- 126 -

{l,r : l\"lC: ro·il'rfi: llCD•lif!>: i',"lC: f1°lf..': P't •'P-:,:: it'}(L(l,f·�1·: noo

{l.m,f- : 'I CD•:: l\"lt. --1: : iJY:1:t-: i't-OJf;;:m-'}: L " f·L: h°IA : f'}OJf..•: P't.'11-:,:: ;JC= 00 'P'PA1 fOl/.mf.,,:k ,fltl · foo"}a,JP:,--: Ft.91-..1·: fil&.A;Jit.•

1\C:PJ'r: fl'r1'1·: H00 1: fl'h'}OJfl.11: ''tiC7't!.7i'1'' : 1,<i : i\&.'41ltf., : ° ''ti 9 ;r"'f'' = f.,IP/r 'h1f.. 'lfil.ro• t\,r 1P.1J;... = ti1a1»0.f·1 f°IA = " OJF:,.: Flr'P ,t-C: h"'l(D«llJ'T: f.,:f-_A : 'l{lC:: 7,J"}P,"}J;..: °1.lil,.l:C: foo } l-1: f�*l.'r: (D•ll0T"}: foY.ilOl/"'ifi,1• } " : fro•A: '1�?.�: l¼f.,'1:,-: (C:C9°): {lJCDllJ : f,1-- IA : 'IOC:: f,,IJ: l¼f.,'1...-1·: ,-,� ¾ 9'119'1 : 'h"}i),"}: OD"}OJP':,. : '11t,.I: : .h.lt'i'OI/. : CD•il'r : f'IO l.ro·: fP' t •: 1:C7f : 04>"-T'l'C: "O:J: : f,f.. : {l'J Ol.{lT: 1 .f·L: ,f•,:1,'1f.,'1:,-: ,:�:,-9° : {1.IY'} _, flu-�-: m:,,:,... : "LtLID•: . (D(l'J � Ju ri\&.O,r= f,ODil.l\A ;rc,1-� l-'i = t,1�1-i Ok:,.. = 1.1L· t\f = t1001 • , i\OJ•t\�-:f: 1':,-C ,f-- ro•: f'l{l?,,,)--"}: '11�-:,�: i'tlJ•"}: 0,11°1: },"}.�. ,... ...�f,.?,: 001/ Y:ld/ : OOt\mfi : f,f.. q{l : 11a,:e::,.. : 'lt\tIJc : llfo : 1,,r hc;ro� : 1,1\.e: f,f•,n ,:J>(l(D•"} : l¼f.,'1:,.. : lffo : rof,.: 00.....•{D•: i',1-f"},fit\'PA :: "Ll·LtIJc: ,,.,..{lOl/<fl/.: floolf� �- fl i't.:,�r-A-f : (Deii 'I"' : r........ 01/ ?- : f�°I: il'P4!91:.f. : 001/'I ta:fOr <i : {1 "})','}f: : {lfOD"}OJ_p-'rf: :t,C"}66J,� : ODp-'t,f= {L.f1-- f1Pt\m� lP/r"t' 7fl- : {lflOD'f /r:f{l}c : l\{l,f')',f..C. : ODP't,f: {L:,• : lD'"i\.0T : f°t(D•it· : m:,, . "" = .e.. 1 n1· = "'ll'l:Ji:,. = i't il&.t\1 i't11: t,1:r = 00 11,;1i,1• = 'I O ln:,.. : f.,U9° : (Llf"}: OtLll" : i',9:9° : m·il.'1' : l\{l,f-cP,f-.C : 'lt\FAITJ'f�'i" : h'IC (t--9° : ;JC : {l}ct\ : lll1"2.10·: (l9l1-- : 'h1.e.. : '11�- : U.. ).;J-- : oom.:J>?° : 1,1.';. -:fit.·: OOI/(1-11 : fl;:J• : },} " ..�.,1--m•l\:,.. : ,f•f,.C.=1A ::

;=c

llt\lLIJ : f\{l.,f•Prf,.C. : OD/"t.,,r : {L;,. : {D•f\. ":f : f°t(J}«I\• : f-. } " {l:f : {l� :,..dt : 11,h.C: ;,,a, : lD·il'r : 'h"}�.'fC: ,f•m(l'I :: f.,U: {Del)). : f,f-'Jltltro· : ru1t1:1= iJ.e:1:,.. = roil.Pr hoo1a,r1,1: = ;1c noi.,,e,.l.1-- r,o.. A ll9°?° 'I:,.. : OJ"}1" 'I,), : h il &. a>• : ODTOI/OD'} : f.,&. ,n IrIA : .rf-,fl t\0 nDI/ (l,fl : '/{De== ill\llrf•P.Y.c. = ODJPt.f = fL-l• m,A Y-1flT= r,1--f..l1 01/ ,,0t.t.. i fro◄6f»b : i't1C: f"}°lf.' : Ft-91-:fc; : tir.;J-- A : mf..: J-1...-l--f-A·.r : 1,1-'t10·: f.,l.P.A : +-11/t. O,,.,•llf., : ,f•llti-- : ,f•f..C.1n0;.f" A :: 0

""l.

(D«/)�l&' : h,f'(l(ll : ti"}s: : llP't. : l\f, : flJ1lCD•{l(D• : 1,110:,. : 'I oc. ? ° . . : 1'9 : ill\ : A�: {lt\,t\'> : it14'K 'i' ill\ : artt�:f- : fim:,,1\1\(1)•: 001/.fi"l" llD" .. : {l4! : e } " fl:, 1 DI/ fl : : l• ii f.. 'r,:I!:,.. : 'r il ID· �,, 1� 7' h : (D fr, 1': {loi....,�:,- : "} ◄ /\ 1' 1 m .. fl,:, t,f {JD,v' .. -P.f C fil,t · :: lf'I : · .itflODlf� : roJ;.fOr) °IAK : -- {l rf•tih�: f.."} 'i: . °IA� .... r (l•9": C l\'I : } :flD•" UDlffi fi1ltt-: 1,,.11...--: i'tJ;.il : " : 1,"}f.°'lOD " ,:J>ft.:J>(l•: 111l.1'·:.f.. } fll-: OI/H;,l:,. : 111.�"t: ill\ : lf', I fD'IJ!_,} llhrf:: {l}c(t�:f. :· '11-f...': o,f•/\f: i',1,:1'1'': P'C.: 1,,�.lf)· : OtJll,...t\1--: °IAK.. :

., oc. ::

'11C: '11: l,"}f..tt.lJ : ,r fl◄...-1--1: f.."}fl1• : t\OT/lD·llJ-l• : f02.lPr : 'I°�&\ : hf,}-: f.,1�? hJLU: n&.:,-- : i't1Pr1'9°: ;,,a,: lltl.lJ: 'l" l C.: (D'f',f--: i'tfm«:,,9°:: Ot.t,,."}l)fi, : IJ1C: 'P'i' : 'Pfi : flf).:,• : hlt1fLA : f..Ji,;J-- : m◄ lt). : f,t-1"f. : '',h?n-:f'': O,"l,°1'1:,.. : fl"}f...·: l\fi,: f,f.. (l{l(l{l•: f�'J° :: o�:,..dt: Odh�: " J,°I: ibfto-:f: t,"}P,"}f.": t,14'7'-:f'i: 'J°iJt.(:::;,: 1,"}f.. : ,,.l..f..l1lD·: V•f\«: I\f·l.tJ9° : it"},:,,?; : {JO IPl.,,.l: : r,..,, 01: t\.:l"lD"1-l-- : �d1-C::1· : ., nc. :: lll\{lrf-)', - 127 -

-' : 1 f"t'i1C: '1': 1 11"19°: 'I'�: f tr',: K°tl1 f,.C: ODP'l,f: {L ,,"f•: (D-t\�1·: � ' : ,, . : (lC n:,,cn· : {l�l1'1f,: h'IC: :J ,..,..qo ', :: : f',(ll.,,111: (lf·f..lJ: ?t..dt,'i�: co• llT: f--l'fl'llf� ,1•1: hit . h�: 07.f:l'? -- : } : : f : : . :J h'i: r'-l 1'1,e, : ]b {l:f•: (lift'?: ao/;\ti \-tH;Jl1 fi?.I\ lt" (I,/;\ f..t-.(Lf1: i\1�:flD': oolj:,l•th.?'l·: r1t..,)·r-A·f1 = A f,.: u-�;J··: OOl/fl-fl : "'17i7if?'-:f: fil�&\;J:fW': '1t1f-.lf1: 00mr:,, : 'lllC:: 1'.,rr-tif =n-011· = l.11: = h'l°�t.-0 = Jt(Dc�:r = ,·l1�1· =:1•flftt-:Y. � ;.1 f.''l°: fw-6£b: h1C: f. 1-0: (ih'?): {llf1: t\h.:t-f·kf = --t-ll°7 °'l.'i m..+°7_: r1,l',(l}c fft9°:: aotr�-'J = ta'}m,e.:,, = hij:,,"f•t11 = -Oth..C ,n1-- =. _m-llrr A ti: lb fl�1· : r lj:,,..,.tit : ..flth,.C : ,n '? h14'f. �- = ll'il.:,, = }, "}Pif..l°1 ',W• : o•tr ¾ r ttil,f"P,f..C 00 P'tf = fL:,- ro•ft�-:,-.. 1 = h14'� = il'i1.:,,'l° = "t.u11 = 1 r f4: mf,cf>'iA �U'l° = t\lJIJ'lf�: (lODQ;tl.7i = ?tY:'l'w· =from.:, .=i1n1- : O '?A?t.. = fl'tftr 1 n1'..:,•r-A-f = flj::,.dt = 1lth..C a1"1 = ro•ilrr = fith...,�P,f..c: ODJ"l,f: {L,,"f,: (D•fl. -:f.: itODt-.C : {l,{ltf•: l.1..f:: h�l.1'1'7: fi't(l+P,f..c : ;,,'?: f,fl,,f A:: tt!f:oo•: f<PJ..,n'l''J°'l:flD': �1(): itlt(11• 1 ff..'JP:i:1: itcr l�I.� : fJt.-f- l.�1oOO- : OD"}"Jf: 'i: (lP't• : l\f,: h1fo,,"f• : },'Jf..°iW-A : ttll+,:qo = flDTIODAn,1: , f 1'.,,"f•f·A-f lj:.:,.tft = -Oth..c = ,11 '? = .r&. l'}tt� = f ,'h"l : T'i.:,,: 'l° C'l° C: (f ,1 1 '?: i'lf,1il) : lj:�: ',ro•:: '11C : '?'J: fct:,),ch : -OdhC: ,l11--: ilflf.,raJ•: f..'J{l1': flf',: 'h_'}f-.lf',: fit,.,,"f•_f·li.r: f�:r"': ,fltfi.C: ih'?: h'?tn • hil'l!il • h'?•fl?t": rof,'J° : h1'1'?f'lft.11 : ffiflm: rtt L'Ji'lf,'J = i',f,ODilA'l° ,f-{ltJTJOIJ. 1 1''J�flD·9° : i·&.l\'L : lllf'lar: Ah : rri::i•,1, -O,lhc ;,.•1.. hODJ!ODtf 'h.ilh oot;Q,Lif r1t..:i--r·A·..r:. il1"l = a;ro- rri::,.. ,,, -0t1hc ,'h1• 1..1p:.f =ni'1..,1--f·A-J' = ,'h11-0 = lj:i\1°,.l•c; ilDIL�= ;, c : noo-I\--: r,f• ilOI/ OD• : OD trc; (De'}: I\ Ol/ l,;J "1 'I': uo·,f·OI/ avi;;: ?11� : ., n� :: "17.. 'J: ll"'l(l'i�,-f:: P't•: i\f,: ..fl:.J!f 1 : i',A ',(1C:ti• 9°:: hi;: .r1J;,:�v--1·: fuo�e_ODt,.f: l<l!cf?'}: -O;J!: a;nc:: f,U 9°: l'l!:,,: (Df. � i'ttJTJCi;: h•f-,f•l 1°00: O:\i\ = llODlODtf �- Oi't.:,.f-lifal•.,r'J = fij:;'J• ,h: '11F:,•: ti°ifl9'1 = 1',fl(ln:f•: ,,,..t1;,;e.-f,: htt.•r 9°: f�,,"f·•,1 1: -0 , li.?-1 : ,'h01: /'lODcf>Ot\ � f{]lJiJJ, lil"ro·: P'i!\llJ'J: ()fl<D·: Oi'1.,,"f,f·tif: ?0tiC : fL.. )• : (;J'C.i\"'1) : �1:l: A ::

= ..

fl•Of·f•?':f.: t,"},J,1'1�-: f fLU : '¼f,',,f:: .l1LPt-.C: P''I: P'C'-'J,)• : 0'1ftluf: a;nc rtiOtJ.n.?')-9° rt-. n,l· •ro-1 = 1..rt 1t..:J'/\A = r:Ftt,v· ·h�JDl{]IJt r = r;,,ai: l.'1!:,,: ;JC: Oi\hu-:,.. : ra r,1,11··1: OD 'J&.ll: uo•?fltw}, : (tbtJil . Ttl. = 'l°'f:fi:) 1'CP,:J" ',ro• '11c 1 ., 1,'J.�.u ,,rfl: ooc-ill0'hl: t\itllrf• �.e.c : ODP'tf: (L;'f•: (D•{t -:f: t,14,�-: ht\ODf ,l...7·1: UCJil;J•aJ{l: "1·'1{l: ',(D• :: ''fJ't{l,f-c�f..C: ODJJ-'/,.f: (L;l': (Dc.fto1".,.,,: ftl'lflCD•: Jt"}<t,�": t\{j: 1"dt: . 'l1F-f:: ti0?..fl..f·1: flOl/:, l-fl: (lovi;Q,t...7i': tiL,·J,;1'�\:1:m..: l,14'?.1·: it'},�·: noulf�-9° : Oi\f,: /l,)11-- : OD'J&.il : OD 0/(l6"}. : i', Amn1ft,1·•9° :: it14'1'· : CDf..: h"'IC'1: n<J,rp;J . : ,f',f•t...1°ou 1 (l,f•l&.: P'IIJ.(l.. V·� : t\,i\: Pt• : f�O 1...n:1.: houlf�-�: Oi\,e: 11'1·1�-: i\J!,: a� 1-1c�t1c: ft.ouhcn,1·: 1.f·L : .eA '1111.w- �ODfli\A lbi\<D• <f'c,f· i',c_P,J!m· il/\tLU : ll'i4'� = 9°19° ,f:,.. ro,e,'l° "r!cf: i',A,..l"i\h9° :;: ht,C:J',f!<D·9',: ;J(:: 111�·1·1 = ro,e,e,-,.. : i',A,f·f.l...19° :: f ooj,:ODt,.,,rm•: l <l!;l': ,,efl.9°" }'}', : (\(D•'l': \111' 1 : : (l..f �.: f,n'? : 1,ti,,O: lf' i: <f'C{l: 9°hC: n,...f:: J?.._aJqo: h'J-�.U· ,,flt t,

=�

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= I\,,,,,, =

- 128 �

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.rf•+1lt\0 nf.l." llD' :: 1,U9° : hY.." t.'1°11)• lt.fil1C9° : t»F,'J° : ILf(l;J : '1.,e. 1'19° I 'J°h1frf:9° : 1,U : n,.:A : (it1+?i) : 0"19° : fmt\+ : f;,.--, : 9°C9°C : f"?..1ilLA1lD' : (--1:httiA) : ilt\ : ll''l'i" : ilt\tL IJ-'J° : )]lj:A. : h.11:'J° : A._"7.';'f! : ;,.--, : Wf,9° : it.:,Cf-kf0rf"} : 0--l•l\1, : : lj::,C;,. : ',(J)c : 1lt\lD' : fOl/.f'J°�O,)• : '11C : ill\/l,t\ : ',a>• :: :

;,.--,

:,.nnA

f,V•1 : 1'."}:{ t f,U : O°IA?i : f"?..fil1:f,6fl- : v-�;J-- : 'IOC: :: ill\ll,{\ :,i : '114'1-l- : hll"?..ll .?1�: :JC : f,f•f.l.1fD« : lD'f,1,:,C : fil11w· : 1':,,9° : ti"'l.. (Lf-� : ti+�OlD' : ,r1•:,C : 01\1, : foo1'..ootfro•" } : l.<f!:,, : 001/'tfqA : l.1Y..' : ',OC: :: ill\l.+:,,�:,:ar : h.1+1-l· : h/l,1\0:f : fl?11· : ,:JC : o--t-ro.C'fV-OT : = itt\00tr)• = 1'.f,1·1ll� = 1tf... ill\ = 1t1<11?i = itFt. = "LtL = Ft.fa = Hm� = 1'.1-'tU = .r ll = lD'f,1,,)• = t.A,f•f..l.19° :;: fit"}<f'�"} = foo1'..0Dtf = l.'1!:t> : bQ;tl.ilh◄ : hil1:il'1·: rot.,)• : ro,,e'/° : hJtOD,)•: 0:.\1\: l\CP/l.9°: ti,,e ODT� : +� : ilt\tLU 1 '1·hhl\'10J• : f;,,°I : itti1l : l)f,tr"} -:· fOD1.ootflD· : l.'1!:,, = 1'.1-V.l\. = ;,,°I : lf'f = ;J·w1'.. :: htLU'J° : fl"'i : FC:'iT : ou�f.A = fT'l'1 : 1t1+1.. : OA¥-: A¥- : l.'11: : fA-l•"J.f\ : ODO')·: O'i�?"'J° : i',f fll� 'l'C:9° ,,eu'J° = n.ir1 = h.1<f'?i = nFt. ,-,m� 01-1...:,•r·A"-.r = o�"1•J, = 1ldLC: = ;,.°I lD'il1' = ODdJfl+. '1·A:P = "/,f-'A = 'IOJ• ,,eu = '1'1<117." = wf... = kT : O+ooT : 1«1·1. : IL'tf7fA : f,:J!f\A :: t,v-'1 : 'll\0"1·9° : u-�;J-- : m,:J'f : °11"f. 'I.-fla : 'Pil:t· 'i" : 1'.1.>;,'ft. 'I :,:lD' : 0CP/1:l.°I : l\t,..:,,r,-kf : ft.»ti 'f orz.. : iJf:"lT : ;J--1\:,, : h.1A°ll\.0"1· : 1L(l1' : f,:f.f\A :: 0

,.:�r

f1i1+1.· = nFt. = 11(11� r1't>:.y.. fnil..,-.�f...c o0P't.r CL·f·1-- = l\"t'P'P!lTlD' : art\ ":i· : V-ir : ''"'-�°t : n1,ll''/·9° :: ,f•&.�"'l•.,:,-. : Jf\rlD· : h'ltLtJ : OJct\�l- : w·il1' : f,f--l\f,.: f..."}{l':.f: l\OIJ..&..A1..,)• : O�T,h : ·O,lt>�- : : w«il1' : filT�f.C: : h�A : ODP'tf : (1.-f-:,-:. : f"'l.ff...C:"1·'P;fro• : lD'l\0 1" : -1"1ll\.OJ• : l\;J--rocf?,)• : OJ•l\ .-0:1: : 'llD · :: OH.tJ : L1f: : fh.:,.r•A·f : �Tm : 1ldLC: ,l,°l : OLl."}ti,,e : h1C:: fOIJ..f..l.1lD•"} : Af,.',,)• : om:Pf\f\lD·: h'l,:J"lC : f,4'01\A :: 'r''l'C: : j:U.£'.DR : f{l,f•P.f...C : OD/flt.r : OJ•l\0:f•"} : ,)-C�DIL : f,(l"IA :: ftLU · : 'l' .. 'l'C: : 10 ..il : 'l'.._'l'C: : (ll) : "/,'i : (d,) f,)·i"-1:t: : ro«�l- : f {l,f--.';f.C : OD Ftf : ft,)• : OJ•{\ :-i·, : UDlf'i:fOJ•"} : {\OD{\ -- : f<Pl · 0 f"ll\.°lir : m:i>f\f\ : 'JUDtf11'1?1-:, . : (au9°tf?J':.f) 1,(l"lftc 1 ill\'I r-LtJ O'JODtfH f?>l- : +&.K"?...,,1· : fLl.1lt1,"} : f;,,oi : 7'',�(;;.1• : {\ODOD&\.h'1· : ,,e:Ff\A :: tr'f9° i 1''1tLU : ayautfH'1?1l- = 1i'1f: w,A = fttil,f•P,,,e.. c = ooptf = {1:,-- = 0rIA : 'I w« : itf, f.l\. 'I° : 01/.l\ro«"} : h Ch C : &.?i" 'l'1 : t\CP/ {lOJ1f: : it ,,e-:,,. -:froc: 0'11cf>?.' : ro1'il· : il9°9°a; ;1 ,f•'P'PV·':. ) ". � u,n1: tr'J°:: ilt\tLU : : P'C : 1'1J;,ro•A : h&..t\ "1· i "/,1f...lltJ : f l\OJ•"} : tiC:tiC: : /\ 11'/{l<f>/,,_,)• : °IA7'' : nira; : :J>A : (D•f\:flD·"} : ''fnil-f"P,f...C: ODFtf: CL:i•: ffl'lA'': ·Ot\Or: l\.. (l y,aoc:,- : uu;rf\TlD•"} : ,,,... : ta.1-©i .: (u) : fODt\ti:J·•fA :: 0

,n°l

0 -:,:

v:i

nP' :

rtt14>?;: OP'lr = 11,111: 'l°iJlr� = � OD1...0Dt,,r ,n;l'f\f\ -� 1,:1 , -'P. = ntinl-1'i = .:,-c�OIJ.911·1 v ftt = .,OJ. i Pl.:J ooL ?11· = oorz.A = t,ciJll.,1· = irf•P,Y..C : i',il ill\ •: A: h� (l} f,t; i't"} rf•h�ti. htLU : O�f\: Ov-l\.,)·: -)1 �{\. oor l,f · = '1:,.. = ro•A.,l· = Fcq:,.. = (,,,... 1'c = t __0�2�:_t· fOJ-c: )]tj:A, t- ro,t\�':.f: ilt\oY...r rih:t- t\•,)·: a1•n1,)· : (.,,.._'l'C : f.fi.f.{f�-c7i.�f:"-) -9.A :: J 1 Y.. ,,.t-OJ : laHC 'h ..'tH 0 ':.}�:

-�

- 129 -

= ra.x©�-(n..Y:�41

'lt\P't\l1J1 =. <»·A = 0..1'19° = rr� i n ui ·'P'Pil:,:m, : w•flo":f.•'1° : rof,? l&'/t• : ric; : i1�,lf1 : 'lt\P't\llJ�. : t&fr'} • 0 O'/f\1: : "0:F : ,,P/lCD•/t·"} : i1'1•0 : } ; : '/ l "l· Of/?,•�:,, : ,,('t\{l.."l• : 1\1Y-..rf1 \ oiJ.t\lD• ·= n10--il = h�t\ = n hti-ce t.:J·· r OD01 = •'J° 'Pl.CD cf, l hfi = nt\ �+c/' 02..'i"1l.CD·: 'Y-·: r7Lf.©!!: ,.l·•g--c;:: f, fl 1'1·: 11 1 aof ;; i t..4'Y: 1i1A :: . 'J: iltt: (14>"- : 7(,jf."fi'"I : ilt\ : lD"t\ T : flm:,,/\/\(J}• : f,.l,(lmOJ•'}- : �'}-,fi : /\i},tP,�C 1 oa . P't,,(' : ro•t\ 1-- : ,1--t..1.oil : h 1P,.lf1 : n,J> ... : r7Lf.©2 : l,1 f-1'i : +i·�t\:: _y, u = r,.,.._e.1.10,1• 9"°h 1f:,.. n,1>-- = n:i11t� = r,t·mfl <h:,.._ = rtfv- = itix,«·r- ---V.F.C : ODP' t, P : fb T : lD•ft 1" : ,.,..t.?i"'l . · l\(l , 1 -Ile,...,,... � irfri ?Jif : l : r�:J ,, ..... -I\'t,P, II J!,lf)· : t\ IP/.e:l. 1 : � :: ·.

rt,--,,P,.e..(:: ,JD,-,.,1,,,r = 0fb'1• = :

(D•

=""'�...

lit\ : 01•1\01· : nm:,, 1\1\W" : 0"2..'i"1l.a>· : h11'?i" : P'C : f"'L11(J)c : . . ..'P'PJ!, : 0111 : f"'l.111cf>'J°'l:f01•1 : m�f\f\ : , l 4>6: if.f\iiri i i't1F.i;ro• : · ·flf�· : f'ri : i',t.�i'J° : u--�;J--?J1· : (°1.�;J--?J1·) : /!,1t\"1A :: h�ILU : ,11;, 1\1\= flf�-= rrt-= i'ttt1ti'J0 lr�;J-- ?J-:f: n,.,..t\J!,= (l}til,f•P,f.C: D DFt,f: ,0Jc/l 1• : lD·il'r : f,f..t\f: ,1--t.1\1:,:,--: i',I\TlD":: .-f11·t•lD•"} : 1..lt : flH.U : llf.o : fiODmc/''l° : �m· : 1, 1 '?t\.1i : hOD1°1F'1": ;,c : f"2.Y-..l.1· : <D•fl�;f =- htt,f\o'f= (D•/t. :1... : r,,...t\�: �1n:.f: f t\,l\;l!ro,: t\CP/ilOD{lt\: f:Ft\1"lD• ::'ty-•: c[t@�rif.!@i! : t\i'til.-t"P,1..C : ODP't,f : (b,1• : lD"t\ 1·: t\.01•(\-« : roi 1't\�:r1: m:,, 1\1\ : u--�;J-- ?Jt- : ("lfo;J -- 91:.f) =· ,}C:}DIL : f,,(l,11'PA :: l,1.';..U•'l°: fJi{l,f--P,f.C: ODJJJ/,f = {1,} 'll\FAllJ'.1": t\OIJ.'P'P!l,.TOJc = t\f.. = t\� = qy,-,.:,.. = (I}cf\ol: 0'PJ.ll"1D'/lD· : q1,�:l" : m:i 1\I\ : u-�;J--?11· : h1,tHl.lfZ::,:ro, : il(DcC : 'l A ir 'I 0011f..' = ftall'll\· f�.:,--,,. "fi,l1>?- = ,"h°I n.,-1..u �Pi!!, l\f, t\t\ 11 c11c F-1 fl1•1 t\ODaXLooc = hA:rt\'J° :;: 'J°h1 .r,f:'J° = i1 F.tLU f tr : Y..1fl1' : (Ill}']°: t\--l"t\,,<1f..: f i't{l,f--Pif..C: ODJ>'/,f: fL..f..'f: �i\1°'1·: "1·il"101/.: ODlf1 : lli\t\ff:fa>· : ',lD· :: 1

1 I

= = = =

4> cTI:!©%-rif.f<EV. : ,n:111\I\ : tr �;J··?J:.f : (°1�;J··911·) : illlO'/.fil h:i•l\--'1• : !D"nt'1· = fill..P,ir u"�:1--91:,: = ill\ = lD"t\• : i'tt.t-l.'J° = (it{/Dwt . ,l·): (ti>"• : rif.f©%) : {lOJJ.UD{\h,f!{l,1--: 1..tt : ,,r/\:,:ro,: lD·ntT Jill\: (D«ft•: 1.. }i ,. f-- t..::,,1°9° 1 fiOJct\" : OJ•il'r : ill\t\lD" : :J>A'i : ill\ : lD•l\" : ht.1tK9° : (ir : fa.f@t = norz....rODt\ti"i:O;I. = 1..1'1, = tiil :fm· = m·m:,- : r+t\.rf = f,lf'iA :: llt\ = llrtr = it &.t--l.. 'l° = fOJJ.f.l..f..--",..:,.. = ,n ;,>"I\ = u-�:J--911· = r{ID1'?P':r = S:1,:J"J,?J"f·1: fUA: ,f·t.?ioiJ.',:,•: (nil1P,:��.:,-.): ft..'1t-:1:ro, -i 4>"": ,r7Lf©t' f"2..on t\h +.,)• : m:i> I\ I\ u--� :J--- 91l· = °11 : ,1,t.1t °!. 'I,1... : i 1>;,'.t-T m·: O(I}«ft·= (l)•{l'r : UD"Jff:i• : J-,{\ff;f(D« :: ftj:•l",f1 : .-fi,f1>?-1 : ,)1°1 : h1,e_1t; : {19°'i'� .- -no,l· = 1..1·1, 1 _e u = f,f--f.l..1(n• = Af..'1:1.. = ,1·10. : ouilt\-o = 1', f,;J--f,'J° Orr °: ._ · mIP/ t,9° : 1' : a: !@;t:1° : 1,c,· : tp-.. : i.. r"iri1- : t\DI/ iitIT/IP/ ,l• : 0"19 : 1',P,;1:.f... : �a>• :: ?°h .. },,r,1:9: 011'"• : iriri ... ..,. ;;,,� ,l· i o� :J•9':t; : m:,,1\1\ : t. -·f;,,11--0 = 'll\FAllJ'r:f.. = f.e.. '11:}:fro· � -hlf� i 'r'P'Pf.. : ro11 = i',ll4'f:'l" = .fttw:1,:fro, : fl.l1'19° -� ,1--t.1t oil : f,lf'it\· :: 4.-.. : fn.riii,: : ni1 : Oh·A: flf', : f·flbC : ilu,1--:,-" : (/\Tilil : ti/\ 02..) : f,lf1 : ·J!,;;;t;A :: J?,U : 'J°lJ./l,'i: .. : t\.:i,c; : flOJJ.(1. 91)· : aJ•J!,f, ,1-- : (lff..C1 · : 'i'C: · -UD'?l\tiliJ» '-' f;111• : i',C �«f! . 0 } f,f:" : fUA : tn.,cJ' 7.. : t\.lf1 : f,"f:A : h 1 F. : � flC'i : ro·J?,f,--1:'J° : f,t.'} : .!tJA : h1f.. : T'arl' : ,,rti,,rA :: , ,,... : ......f7t......riiiu _, ... : r}tfl,f,t�f..?-: ffilP'AllJ1' -.. :

�

n..

- 130 -

f°t+'P�T : 'P<I!:,. : 'r'l'C!''f : f.°l'l° : fh.ili•Pif.C : ODJP l,f : {1,r: Or/A : {\OD"J{):'f• : ill\l\(D• : .,�.,:,.,; I h.1Y: : OJc/A : 1rf-ccf,f1Jll)l, 'lft P'AllJ1 : : '1'1/;.f?t!:+w- = h.ilt.1\1. : Olf "I : 1.fL· : ftOJc/\• : foom1.if' : 1too,.,,�1.:,- : oil&.fl"L : ilftlf �:,. : U.1:r?'l- : Af. : Af. : "'/•fl�t,f9>'f : �(lllJfl· :: h"I tLtJ : V-'l'C!'T: '11-"l'-1 l "'II\:,- : h1Y:: fiti),f•P,f..C : 'lft,P'Al1J1: f\1rf•'P'P 1\(1}« = (1}«/A = h.t.�1.9° = f°tfilt.fA1..:,.. : 1111{1:f : fA.,f"(lm«:,.. : O.lf19° : arA.: f?. 'i : "IW-: f°1..ilW•1 : (4>-.. : [Q.f�i) : A1l : 'II/ Y:l°l : filt.lA,:JA := �u119° = -,...Tc = l\ 00 �ri: = r,1-,.. tt1w• = r 1tu1 = ,1·:.1>�1 = w-m.,r = rai foom- f°t00ill\•:i•1 r"A 1°11\.11 = r�c1-· = w•l)�91'f = n,f"fl� = 'h.11. u = ++'11-"IT : 'h.1Pi�'i �:fro-: /\"'I Y:l.°1: ',w•: 'h. 1J; U•9° : -,....: fa riii�: A1l : 1Jft(D«: fCPJ.ouflhi:.:,•: «f>""'l'C : "llD•; �U: «f>""'l'C··• ,J•cf,llJllJ/,�: 'lt\P'A"l1 : 1'1-VKY:+w·: ltilt.1\1.: flf",: (l}•/A: hitilrf-c.P,f.C: ODJJ"l,f: f1T: r+'P'Pl\: (l(D« � ff.l.1CD· : W-A : 'h.ilh : ilY:ilT : me : Y:lil : f'P/?if.«f? : "11C : f A+ -ftOO 'h.1f.lf", f bro-� : : 9>:f : W-611- : ftOOlf1 : �1•1\A : �I\A 1: °lfo;J t. Ott,l\«>l- = h.1C!'if = 'h1Pi/\ro• = o-� = flh...Tf-A-19° = ritili..Pif.C : ooJPt,f : {1,f'f : /\O'/.ff.C1·T : +1n. : f Alf', : f'P/'PA ·f 'If/l)f.C : T°l'IC : (n.en �(t.) : ODhl\hf : "'Y:l."1 : m:J>O'/.: ',ar:: {lODQ;l,l.q9° J 'I>"": r af�i: r hil +Pif.C : ODP'l,f : {1:'f, t (1}•�1 : lt�t.�l.9°: r+l : 'h.1f.lf"I: (l}•/r: hoo Ll.(JDc : {lt,:,.. : fl,f-f.l.1W-: 1'1'7C : 'lltfro- : o.).;J-- : 9°ti1fT : ,f-c'P'Pf. : OJc/r : .e,&.1."7A : 0"71\.:,• l\f.l.,:1:fw- : mtJJ..91l-- h.vit� : 'h.1>tm�:,, : 0011.:,..: .e,(lm'PA:: fl'h.1f.f·LU: 11\: U .).;J--: h.vit�= f°7.(lml0': ritil+Pif.C: '11\./"A.llJ'il- : 'P�T : (h·A:r : h... 1: lt1:'f•t.Ja. 1,;..) : (D�9° : .l'l\"1'111 : oo OA?t"1 : (t.'i C : '',w- :s er : ,.f7t.fiiil?-f7t.f,:9 .... ,_ -,,... ... .,.. _... : ro-tt�'f : flQ;l,l.;J-- : ilftOl/.(lm -flT : P'"I : P'C q.:,.. : .e,,;1�/r:: 9°19° : 'h.1\1.1 : ftj:Tth : 11,h.� : cit'? : �U1 : P''I : P'C q.:,.. = h.il&.1\1. = 'lf f.c1ro-9° = r1til,,..Pif.c = our1,f = tt:i• • n,"h"l = :1--1 1 = n.tr . 1 : ,h = r�:,. r1cq,1 = = = P''I hm(l"I .:i• f\ooilm w-A. · : fl"1l.;J I : 19°: '11-lf'J 11th.� : ih"l : 001/.flf W- : oov,1...:,.. : OD(f'} : it/\{1.:,-:: rh...:'f -r-A-f : lj:Tth = 1lth.C : ih"l : Ot.l'Jlt.e, : h1C : flli.tJ : ti��: 04! : lf',ro-: f+19'f.T1 : f.'J {l'f : 111..v,� : ++11/r' : h.&-Y:*T'PA. :: · . ill\ = w-A. = 9°h1.r.:,. = r,,..f. '111•:'f- = � = t7Lf <: = 11,; = r7t.f�li = r :J.. + �:,. : f ih1f 0-'J : 'Pf9° : r1til,f-Pif.C : '11\..P'A"l'il- : h°tf f.C1--T : iltJ+ :,.,; : fl ftP'A.t1J'i'f'i : f"7.e,;J--oo � : (l ?''f : I\"1IA : 'P:,, 9° : h01/. tD 'I'�.:,.. : il9°9°"1T : {\aomn:,» : (L'lA : "IW-:: 'h.'llt.tJ -,....'l'C!'l-- = 11:J! : flcf! : lf',ro1t.e,;J--� : .e,IJ''iA :: IJ''i9° : 1to-'J : 'lft1llT : ff\.1l�A : J'hlt'i°t : o- ).;J- 00ilA9° :: �C Y: : f1,f-'f : : 1t.e, ':rA : fOl/. �:, il� l\"7 : /\m {l(l : : .tJ hH S'19;f +10.. : aoilfto : 'h'JJ;.;J--fTID' : '1'',tLtJ'J : ODIPl.;J--'I! : thlt{l'f : 'h.fil�4' : il.+l.1--o;J.:fro- : .e,'fl\� :: w-A : ill\°tfilh.:,-.l\m- : m·m:,.. = f"t.'i1-r:'f· : ,r- : J:7Lf<:J-r7Lf<:t = 1 f.� A W1t'J 1'P :: ,f .e,1 : { f.'J : l T 0-1\. : 1'1 f"t. : • OW-hllJTW• : (LODflh:t:fCD

- 131 -

(.,,,... : f:if..f�i) : ftt{l,f•P,f..C : ur Ft,,f :

n,.:,- =

fl\n:1-1: '?fu:1·: h/\oo 0 -J · °9 = -�°!�� = 9°h·}.r,)•: � �oo«: ,f•'P'Pf.: ,,fl\n.:,-1 : '?io: ?1-:f: ltt\&..� ? it.tr . 'l lD": 11,e. 1•/,\9° : ,el\.A:: l)•{\,r";lD·: f..'1'1° (4>..... r[f�*): 'l''P'Pr.: /JP,: ,e y:y:AA°1 : -Ol\ f1til'1--P,f..'t-"} = oPJJ"/,f = (1,)·· = l\OD(llf�> f0JJ..1·1tar = ,e;f.;f. AA°1: 'ftPJ.l\lD": 6P, : f4>1.1': �P,"} : f0'l00 /\h,)·: ,,f Alf'I: J,1 1.tr�: 11a : ritf ??;19° : ODODt\.h.:,. : hil&.t\i. 4> :: 'lllr OIJ./\lD· : 'llD' : f : 'Im• : fltLtJ : 4' .. 1' C: ODO'l,,)... : P'AllJ)· : OlD"t\• : lD·il1' : 1til4>J?:qn : r•,...m(t�; h lf'I : fiiil·t'P.f..C: 'l/\P'AllJ'iT : nt--ti:i:w,: FAllJ"}: 11:J�: 'l"'P'P�:}: . -° 9 : 1 fil1 : : 1-'t�1r . .tL r ...f:�.:,- : 1'1'1\.ft« :: lL "l�;J ?1:f:1 : h�Cfl·: (lro(l) 1' r,,,.. : r7Lf�� : '¼I\.OI/: fi',{l,t-J;f..C: (}I\P'AllJ'iT: lD·A: f]OIJ.. 'P'Pft-fl ,),: 1..tL : 1'"};,e..tLtJ � f/\ = w•l\;J·· : t,il'I'f:'l° : {lf..l.'1 = ,n..4> °2, = ontr�'J: /\"'I{} 11H-fl : 'IOJ• :: ill\ : W'A: OD'qq A -:· ill\ = W'/\�-:f = tlm:Pt\t\W· = ll°'L 'i1lm•: >t'J<#>?,': n,,,.. = 7tixtr-n:i1tf = (Dc{l1' = ,f•f..1'?�A f1tfl,1•Pif..c = UDJ"tf.= n�- = OJ'h°-:f: l1 IitJ : l.1f:: h'I tL tJ : hm:,:.I\. I\.?1:i5 : f.. 1 (1-,Y... : l1 llJ9'1: ll /\"?..fl� : A:: 1,�1-J.tJ: 'r-'rC'"f: l\>tll+�f-C: a,,,-.: !:iLftf!i-j:if.fjj:: ro·il1': ,f•f..C1'P lll\.P' /,\ l lJ'i:f- : n+ /\f, = f,f•&. 4> J;.t\:fw·1 = 00 mcl'OIJ.f9':.1: : f,f.'I'?,:J It- ,. h..9"°T&,iitLi'i : f,1·'lttro·1 : f,"f,'1 : itti•O = (,1:1it) = f, 4>tll\l\• I 'h.'JJ;.u-9°: / 0 fhil1•P,Y.C: oo.P' l,f: fl,,1•: {D•{\.i:f'J: f '1. �h·: foP1'1F:,..: i',f:��..Y.."f: ill\tPJ.filh.:,.!l:,:w,: ro·m·f--:f: f..1(1:f: ltil�L..'PA:: n1'1 '?/\.11 111c = ,,.,.. c>&o(lc = oY.itt\ = 'fY- = r7t11r = he,.· ftPJ.f..°l�:t-1 : ''fon"}<IJF,)•: Fir � m•m,}--: fDY.,,f'il1�: ODlf"} : itflfl1·'' 1 fOl/.,/\lD•"} : DDlPl;J·•'J! : h/t-fl : f,ff'P/,\ :: (D•{\.., : l\,l11f{]'J! : h1A'?lt 1' : ° f<PJ..,n:,>9° : '1f.,1f'J: (t.,<f>C: lDf,9 : ll�t\'1°,1: : f0'/f, ilOl/°1 : lf'i: (L11: ,,.·'P'P� 1'4-.:,. = ll,e'ica:,..9° 1 r1til,1--P.f..c = ooFtf = n,:,- = m·tt�1 tL.r1,. Cil: f,;rl\cp A:: f.,tJ 'J1 9"°: n..&..1roo• fl,l1°1 : (1,J•{l llJ:flD·: OD,f],}--: oum4' OI/TlD' (lODlf � : '1l1Y. = ''<JJcll;J-- : Ol/�t.il'' :: l]f,,�mC9"° : fl+'P'PV. = A·fl: "rf.C ?o: lD11 : h.Vflr :: ODti&.A: i',/\'l=l!mc:: .,,,...: ,..f7Lririi' .-. ...... .-.: 1'1Y.1'i: ° 0 'l P P ' : : f : h.Vflr Vfi. n-O {\,f• ' 2..fl1'(1,1--: 9 ti'Jf'1·· : (lllJ9° : /l;Jil: f,DD{l I\.A·:: hf·LtJ : l\.f,9° : n�.:,.,;. : '11P''1·: flOIJ.il9'1 : w,1,,e,,1- : fl.f.G'?: tfe: fuoj!,.ootf(I}c: l'I!�: il.'il· q A: 1.,:fA : f'IOl: f,DDilt\A:: . fJ't{l,f--P,f...C: 'l/\FA"J'i1· : OD•(l:i• : lD'/\.. 1: 11"1/il'Pl:,-: •{11=: JtA,t· mn�9° :: fllrltrlD': P'AllJ'J: -0:F : (llD•l\..: lD' ll:J-- : l\f, : ou'if7ifP'1"1 = 1Lff...C1--: f,-:fl\.tt-: (ra!�Jl): fl>\1-'ttJ : ,fl\: 1..tf,: ,f--cpcpf,.: mr1'J : lt"it'r: l\Ol/01·'i,r: ou,(1,"f• = i',llm· I h1?i'Jf.." = 1.t·L?°: ro•/t• : h1.';,�Cfl,)•: lLtn y,� = f,1•1tA (+--- = rn:11r1) 1 1 = · = rt1..9 •·1·&,o:,-,.·1 r,n'? = ,1,ti-0 = (1:1-t) 4-... ni'i.:1-r-ky = ,l,'? w•ilT ,1·&.7'°7. = ff..c,;,l\.. ,11 1• n'll.1..eu.:,- fft' = o•t I ' r : -0 ;J 9'1'": f,tJ: ,d,'111: flP'Ir: I\J!,: 'l,'J,,e.. tro•AC,: f1tfl,f--P, f..C: 'l/\.P'AtlJ'i1' l ftP/.h�tt-;,-- : h.vt&. : 'l,1�.:,. : 1,1f..'11/.mn1 : f,Y.'1°1,;JA :: ,'h1-- fO'/.t.� f..m• = c.:,.t, = flf'Im· = fh. 1&. = Jrt fl,1--tin,,a i r ,-,{),f...P.f...C: 'lllP' AtlJ'i°:f } "'l 11 : f il" l17 7i n&. '1: m, : F. A"11 : -0:fa : lD•l,\ 1 : (1tTI/ it,f>1.,}· : roJ!,9° : fl A hti:l\•:,": h. lt •: fi',il.rf•'1(l•{l: UD'J•1�..: (1��.9° : f,f.. /\f: 'llD":: 1

= r7C.titi! =

= =

== == rn..t1rr·-rn:xi!•J1 = =

- 132 -

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{lou,�l.7t.9° 1 c;-. : r7t.Jj-r7t.fjr : ill\ : OD "}'?F:,• : P'C'},r : (to :, _ .P,. : Tt1il) : f,C.1&--t\ • :: h� l·LU: rTt::f : lt-'t il : f°ta>m• : ;,,1u-:;,.c; : f..1{11' ; - fltil-i·P,f..C : 'lt\FAIIJ'i:f : {l,f•'P'P�..:fm•: m•t\� - : 'lf, 1 f° tf : f.. r r C(lc, 1 : r0 A : °7.•11 : 00 'i'm1' : a>•m:i• : h�tLU : t,-'til : ift'Ju 1 •'i f.. : "} fl f,�"1'11&--tr:: fOIJ.f,�1J,:,.. : n«1>1':J·: m-A"}: t\"'lil«f>t..:i• : mf,'l°: t\UIJ q7iA = il'l�l.1'� = nc;-. : ra.J?fi-r7t.!it� = 1irr:,. = u•).:t-?11· =. ""'rr ,,U-1 h1:C:S,. 1 U•t;r?1:i: : hon"}'?JP,1•: auFtf : {1:,• : lD4il1' : fou tJ.1: : � oul.l''i:fro·1'i f• • 'P'Pf. f J'til,f« P.f..c = 011r tf n.:,•'f° = f 11.u- = ou"}'?P':,• h1f: : t]tj:/,\ : ODIJ'�"} : t\ 00 cta:,- : r01f,;r/;\ : f,ODil'l/;\ :: {1/;\f. : Af. : foP"}'?r':,.. = £IDF t,,r = f1·f·l- : outihA : ft\O}• : fCil : ncil : ODl��,1- : l}• ).:J-- t h1,�Cit« : ,;JC : f,f«'P'Pt\W-1 : (lm• : on,nn:,, : f , •1n. : ODIJ').."} : fillP.'ilA :: �·1C : '?.} .z ,f•'P'Pf.1: m11 : nou,11{1� : l1f.' : l,t\on�m-0 =· fhil-i-P.f..C : 'lt\FAIIJ'i1· : (1..1..&.t.t.o:J,.:fm•: OJ<�1' : 'lf,: u«/\• : f f;\.,f•l ,:J,:J : u->,;J·· : f,&.'l'C: : f,lf'iA. :: ilt\li.U -: fi'1.. :,•v·*f : lj::,•dt : •flth.C : ,n'? : lJ•t\�"}9° : U•).;J"?11' : t\"'lilUI/°1:,• : m:,,1'1' : 1,'i : {l,f,t\f, : flf).. : 1'1:J>4: ?>l-: (ro·tat9'1") : 1lfto: A.f.�:,.. : t,OJi::tA :: ,,1:,,1\'l: 1'1:J><f:?11•"} : f..'?'l° i ftD-tr1 = :J>tr>l- roiz.�h.. h'i = rm·t\·1 ltt..��'l° = n11J'l° m-Y: roif ,,e..C1' : U•),;J--91:f : 001/t\;I. : {llJ•t\,r : t\f,;J:;l:'P/;\ :: {l,f-f\f, : il/\lf� : 1'1.. 4> 4:9'1· : 01"} : A f.�,1" : f-i'f..l10J• : OJ•lt).?11•"} : ()OD�{J;tOJ• : 'lt\F'/;\llJ"} : ODlP/..T : �OJ• I f,U'/° : '1/\FAIIJ"} : ,f'q><pf.: f>t{l,f«J',f..C : 'lt\FAIIJ"}: ht.(lc : (0.,,.. : r7t.!?fi : {l,f•f..�11m• : ODlPl'r: n�l>T;J-- : OJ< (\«"}: {l"'Jq7iA : H� : ltf,lf"}) : mf,9° : �t\: f>til,f•�f..C: mf,9°: foo"}'?F:,..: '1/\P'AllJ"}:. t\.lf"} : Y,l-1\A. :: «r : 7t.%tt:li-'a.ttG : ill\ : W·/\ ·•1- : n,n:t,'l,1\W· : r.e..�1-,..:,-1 -: 'I>"- :. -- : >t•{lt.C,f"lD-'i: tt?f ODP'tf : t\J'til, f •P,f...C : (tT f7t.r10-f7t.lI\i : ro•/l�1 : ......... ....,,......... 7i/\Or : f«f>C()fr:: (D•/;\"} : {l'?f: : h1.';.t..�"tJl)c : f}'t{\,f•P,f..C : 011P'tf : (1..f•. :f : ltf,1f..);.. .9° : (c7L!j§) I OILU• : l}f,�:,.. t {lj',"}.'?l\0 >t£11Ltti1 : ,n'?9° : , -P,f...C : 'I t\P AIIJ"} : f 1 'I {1,)--"}: fOl"A : '?Yo;J-- :· ,,"},'t (floo"} : fr1 lD') : f 1'1 ilf /..'1.9° : O"'ltf"lf : (001/1-P,ooil) : t\01Jil1f.f:: hf,;Ft:\9° :: fi't.:,•V-*f : ,l,'? : fltLU : l1f: : hh1'?"411'i : Ll"}ta,e.: ,1,'? : ,f-OfJltftf,: �m· :: ,,,-. : r7t.Jjj : ° -= = r11�-n:, 9 n1,,.,.. = .,,._ r7i.!�� nift1' m-ilT =. "h.'i ra.r1i 1tilttl\1. h"})t"1.�C: : h1"r..ti,Or : '/°ti"},,.,. : ltf,/\f,'/° :: h"}f,.�,1\(De : h1C : ni't.:i•r· .. .. = P't- = {IIJ1° •t-;1.. = f,f•t\ouf.. = �-,c = �ro- ==. �f'r = m-ilT i fooJPtf = lt·f·:1 f�Tdt : 1ld1>�'J° : ;,,ai : f,U1 : '¼l\9° : lJ•fr : .fm111m·"} : u-�:J-- : taf,oot\.. hTm· 'lt\lP/ll4' : fihC°l'r hOIJ.f.C:n· = ··1·'?�1.. ;.,c roi;t-1A 0Dlf�1 fltfA :: ilt\H.U'J° 1- r nil,f-P,f,.C: : 'll\r' /;\llJ'a°:f.. : f(D•(\c"} : '?fo;r : taf,L K'tJDc = na,<rA = na,ta..e.c = �1�1 = r1o,,..,1: = h1f.lf1 1 ntttJ = 'l°n11:i• =. /\�l(l w· : -,..,v,:,.. : n1P.l-9" : IP/ ilm14'�l!f : ltf il&.A '? : OAf. : A� :: U•t :t-?1-:f : O«f>T;J... : tLvtt- : h"}P,.;:J.. (111 : ,1,1· : ,,r•·ft\:: {1,J-at°1t9° · 1 hf·LU =. '?Yo:J-- = t\{IDPi"} = n.� = r1til,,..,v,.e..c = 'I/\FA11J'f1" = nw•f\c = OrilT = f°7. ilf1n-;,.. : :)>/,\ : f'll/.flffi{lr : m•,11:i• : f,f--ro(l� : �(l)c :: -hltilf·P,f,.C: , -- 'P'Pt\Ol· : (la}• : rro•tr i',&.�K'l° : : ()/\FAIIJ"} : ;JC : ff = ic; ro.i1u = 1,c;, h1.';.1°,,..:,.. = ilt\OtJ.f.e..c"ln:,.. ,,..>,:J-- = ,,,._ t.tt,. :: i,�ILU : .,, ._1'�-:f 1 ,r'Ptf>f.. : ro1"} : oo{l,f; � �OJ• : mf,'I° : f '1/\� �

1: :

=. .

.....

== =

,..

= ra.r.1t

- 133 -

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t1J}- : °l� :J'- : �lD · : h°tl\;l:l&" : it "}�"}f.." : '11�-:f'i : h"'l.t.Tt..¥m- : t\ . � 1 m : ll : O cl f;t-cf,J;.. : 'if .: 00 1':,,9° : f ,nllfl•"} f.. 6J;J. 11�9':f : UolD• f : A ar -'P'P = f = lD•t\ 1• "} ii &..�&9°: n OD'Jo ,f•rf: : h"}1:·.: : l ir f.. At1J'f 'lltP' : C fl,J-�f... f ii l : A : 0 : 9° 1 1. : -Otl· -tlJ� �tit '1.ff...C 1· t (4>"- : rii'.fjt) : T'P .J1'1 : : :,, f f..1: itf,m:,,OD(D «9°;: 1,."}P,.o-9° : ii :,,t..n .9':f. : nil + .,e_-qo : flit il+��c: : q P'AtlJ'iT r f,f-&. +� : t"tAlf}- : fl(tirl-4' C : f 'I CO• : ODff°lf:,, : "l''P'P� . I h . f..Cil(l:, : : :, � 9°h 1°-i· KK .. � .. � , ;}ft�',,), : hf (llD. : itL .9:-� 00 ?f,1: -. (lo :: . CO.Rf: f iiilT�f..C: 'lllFAlll'if: 4>"9°..tii.£1!!) 'J° nal,�q -,, lD' : ( : f ,,l·'P'Pf.. : h<j:CJ': : '1;,- : f, '?'l"� : ll"'lll:,.. : f,1,omw,1 : oo rni,p : fioo1t°1: :,,"I;,-: t\.lDil }-fl:J- = 1'1f..."'IY,l-t\-- = ,,'i,t..A == ,,usrn = f..1rn = nlt 1+�·: .,. : ' Af..: fl;J ,l-f.;J'?'I°: ,,-��4.. A :: iiP 't..: Hm'1: lD ilT: fl A f..: .,... = ca.txl!-fi'titi , f.."l'l" , m-1r-"f1 , {\{\,I\. , (tw• , ill\ , ""/;\"' I t.6/J> = noo'i?c = :,,'i : h 'P'i(De : ... t.itif»b = illl ,1·il tir/"'I = v•ll +;;: � ' ° . ,, f.. 1 lj: = iJt :: : f.9 m:,, "'I 1:1 ,?Jl9° = ;, ti1t(l)c"} f :

1:;

,-*

= ,,,.*

f it 1+X- : Iil = f0'/.4'Til·T = Y'il:,- = 9°/Jt.ib.:f.. : f.'?'l°.= llY'ilT: <pc;: f Jt{lirf•�f...C UDJ"l,f: 11:,-: (D•/t�l-: q�,,,..,. : ,roof..-{l'PA ; h'ltLV 9° : flt\: m11-0 = ii1A'?l\�:,.. = P't.. = ti1i'Lo.r-1 = (4>.. = ra.1xi-r'itt!?ir) • roo1 °lP''r = P't.?Jl-1 = f 00*lT = (De&\. = (4>"- = rn:11�2-r'itt!1i) ='he;= ilt\ = iJ:t19'T : "'l:,,l11 : (Dct\ : (.,.._ : riLl!:i.%-riLr!i) : 'i :f w-:: f "1111 1 : h'IA �1t :i-1 : 1''i : f "11111 : '111!\°lfto:,� : P't. : ti1i'LO .f-11 : : 04>'-: t7Li!i: b1t\K: fl�I\ 1 fij::'f•tft: -Odi.C: ih1--: fliiil"l-�.f,.C: Ohl\FAIIJ'ilc'i: O'lt\P10.0.f - � : oul}h A. : ft\(Dc1 : '?1�',,} : (lououA.b:i• : fM111l : 111 A."l�T : P'& -: P1fLO.f-11: oum(l1: ,,"f..9°&-A. :: ;,.1.. 1 fnilT.';�C : Qt\ F.A."l'ii' 1 'lt\'11(1.(Lf-}- : f1'ln:,--1 : "l�:-" : iiL�K'l° : {lODfllJmC : il l\l\:far: ou,n:,..: ti1�1.e-: m:,,1\1\: ,.e,.1{11•1: nilij:Z:A. :: '111:: it1f.:ii: f..1fll- = n>i1�1,: = o-).:J'9'l- = f'P;J'i = f :J-tij: = 1tw<T = 1t01/Y:l."1 ilt\01/. L:,,f...(Dc : fP1i'L(Lf-1 : m·A : :f>A : ii+l::-.1°9° 'i : I"&- : ilf- : it'P'PA : f, f...'I°1;, Ir :: h,ftu:ii: f...1fl l-: f..°1 'I°: f iiil+ �f..C: '1 ill" A. llJ c;";f-: n&.'1TlD' 1 .P'A"l1 : -0:f- : fp'}(b(l.f-� : fou"f..outfm• : fl'A : : ltOT/Y:l"I = ilt\"'l l-1r;,- = /t(DcT = 1''i1t.1r h'ltLU = ,.e,.1P1-- = 1111: = m11 = llnilrf•J;f.C = Ill\ P'A.tlJ'ii' : 0,f-flf- : f+L"1f...l\:fl&"} : oom+°tf9'1· : (L{lm- : flt\,i\lD' : m11 : f..."l'l° = 'h'ltLV• = 'lt\l" A."l'ii' : ii°l'l-0 = f A.lf 'I = ic9°i = h1�'1 mil.';. : f-lDil£:f'PA. :: O+lXl»"'lt 9° : ilt\ : P1 i'Lo.r-� : f lD•t\:J"" : :J>tt0"f I I f ;,_7;:,: : t\.t\lDm-'i : f:,..7f:t:: il..ltlDm -: 1,."}.f,.01/1,:fIr : f, H l11&.Ir f f'1'/.f. l1(Dc9'° : lltD4T : fl'lllti1(b(l. f·� : l\f, : ,f •QJ,"'Jt : mm. : f ilhrf"i\. : 'h't,e. lf'l : h.Uft. : 'h1-'tf1� : 00-0:,-- : .e,(lm-:J--A. :: 1,.',f·LU : f..1{11" : f;,.11-0' ii1A°lfto:,.. = ti1i'Lo.r·1 = i,1,.e,. = ,,,,.t. : m•IA = ll.�mc = 1,.1Y..OTJ f,:J!A 0: A.?; : fltf ir :: ql\Ol/llr : f "111111 : mcl1 1\I\ : Tcl19° : ll"'l"J..1':,-C : {ll\ : If�' fti1i'L(Lr-1 = arA = ,,.. 'P'Pr:f = f"IA : :,-cc;: = m,,'l° = T:,,9° = noiz.&.At 'l:fm• = m•�l- = f,l-flf : 'Im• ::

=·

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I\,,

f "11111: n1A"lfto:,- : \11{1.(l.f -1 : hm:,, 1\1\lD« : fmcA. : :h"I : f01J.flf,: f..1{li' : filLA1·:-"A :: nm:,,1\1\W- 1 aJc�-:f : fCJI/..DPt\hrf::'f• : ,f•'l''f'f, - 134-

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�

OJ1'il-1 = 11:J! = �t& :: t1 f. : 'h1°11\.11 : ,-'h°l : (rro•A : °IA 'I�) : 'h'i : 1t1.e,. :

l,.l,,.'}laf, = ch°l : ('I>"- : if..t�� : r�.:i•dt : 1ldLC: ,-'h°l) : On..:i11r-k.('9°: aicJJ -� .f"'l.001\hi:.:i• : 0 :,,l\l\l& : ,,.,-.'P'Pf. : m1'i-:f'} : 11:f- : �(De : ( : 'fY?1 iLufiK) :: lf'i9° 1 9°19° · 'h1};).1 : r ;,,1111 : '11A°I�:,.. : '11f\r'lr-1 : roo 1"11"� = 'lilr'At1J'i1''i: '1l\ll1f\fLr-'l : f°t'P'P/\-T: Q.lf19°: '¼l\"71& i -- = f 004 .:, f"'l.m+ = J Y'il+;;: : m1'i:Y.'l : �l\1nT: l\"7cti;,-. : �t& :: '11A°l�1: fnil+�f..� : 'll\P' AtJJ'i:Y. : fro•/;\ :_ ,:f>f\-"}.:. (lf..l.�� l\t-.ft:f(l)c : 'l':,,9°: = 0.'1A9° 1 n.:i,.nnA = Jri�;,1c = rrr� 1t.11..rr� = �c�� h�c(tc1 = Jif,ODl\h�9° :: fih11-0. : h1/;\°ll\�T: }l'}f\(lr-11 : h"'l.J'il+�X--l.tnc : 'J°iJ �lj: : tncilT : rori.11- : f.1'11' : ('fY- : r'i'f..lftr·-r'i'f..lf?i'i) : h'llt.lJ : Y'il ..,-� : w1'i:f-- = J'l\T(J)c1 : '1*9° = fill.�/\- == 0--l•l\1,.9° i +miP"'l.911- : (f.1 n?fl-) : 0'1l\ll1f\r'lr-� : 1,h·A : oo;rr :,, : i\l\ '1:fm· : f"'l.l\tnc1 : m:,,l\l\ : ..e.1-0 = 1,u'PA = (.'fY- = c'i'f..lf'?!'r-ra.tf?i"§) i 1t.1>t�9° ¾ '11�1�.. = ��;1-91'f : 1..lt : +m.4>°7..?1:ii : Oi'iil--l•�f..C: 'll\,P'AllJ'i':.f.: fl;f• : tr'ltnc: 'll\111 f\ilf-�1 : f\oo n(lil = 00 -0.:,. : .e,(l tO.T'PA : (,,.._ : r'i'f..lf?i"�-r'i'f..lflij) ,,.... : r'i'f..lI?i"i : h'i : 'r- : r'i'f..lfit : }l'}(l.(Lr,-� : ilfl"'l.K'rOT: 1..tt : --f. (l• : J'il��l\• :: oo;J ti'i � : ,,,..fa.i!r�i A : ill\ : ��.,... ,... : fll1f\r'lf-� : 1..lt : hil Ata = 100;1-- � = oo-fll\'1' = rilo.:,..9°= 11/r' = J'tnc'JfA i -,-,c = °11 = 1,u = rc1t1 = oo1°lP'T1 : ftJ/;\ : "1 il1��.:,. : fl\tnc9° :: 'I>.. : !:'i'f..ifti"i : f.U1 : r'lA : fhil+�f..C: oort,f: 11:,,: &«:t'�.. : hilAlt: qoo:,..: Oi\1,: '11f\ilf-1 : f\ODilmT : 04! : "11,f.l\'J° : l\"71\.:,• : ·fl:f- : �(De :: ·n1t.1f..tLIJ : J'l\ : "Lit : rrnc = 11+.1 (r ;rcl\"71) &«:t'x-- atJ°li:,.. i'iil&.i\1.. 'ltnc == fll1f\r'lf"�'} : 'li>t-0: "7"1&.T: rm,n�: -:f"l�l-1 = (T�,fl/l,'l°l-1) = ill\"'l.fil�ta : _e.u�� : l\00'k'k9° : � : J:'a.gffi"t}-r'i'f..tf@� : +f..1°l1'PA :: f{}{\}l"}f\r'lf"�"} : �,.. 1n. : 'l':,,qu'f : oomn:,, : -0;- : 04! : '1Y.lf19° :: f}l '}(1.(1.f"� : 1..ft : . tnf. : IP/l\4!flD' : r'lf..Cil : 'll\ : '11f\r'lr-� : f"'l.ff..C1ro· : f°lJ.1.ol\7i� ;,-. : Ft. : oohAhA : J'tl\OT:: h1LIJ9° : 01\1, 1 f ,-'h11 fl• : h"l/;\'1 °lt\ I flOD'}OJp>',1•9°: If', : OJ\}til: fl{\: }l'}f\(l .f-'} : h:E- ¾ fli',rl\: oom"}: 0'1'�: ��;J-- : oo+ml\- : (11Jl.;J1'1' : nl\OT:: 'll\ : ll'Jf\{l.f·� : hY'il--1·'1 : m1'i:Y. : ;JC : (10001t.--l•OJ• : tnc/;\ : '1&.KK9° t 111(1. (lf·'} : (lt>J.bro•"} : O'll\ : 111f\r'lr-� t°lc= foi�c1m·= (roih--1·l\ro·1) 'I'--= ca.If@§• _e.u= rJtil+ �f..C: UDJ"'l,J' : 11;,-. : (D•/;\ : f 11H•(l1 : OD{l,l,. : ilfl : IP/il,,.l'l\l\(i: : '1,'i : ilfl : OD�l°l : f,J--1'4-.:i• : f.."}(l':.f : (.,,... : n..uftl-'i'f..flf (:�) : --1·&.K"t : h"tlf�· 11:,:{l}c ,i-t. = rocl\..:f = noo01l,,.l: = f,f --fl r 0Dlf�1 11t1A == rf•{l ") :,.. tJ f D"J : {\U : \ . /;\( OD : f•1 {l.{l. l\J\il,f,.�f..C : fl{\P'/;\llJ'i:.f : }l'} . A"11 : 1l:J! : :ffDc : ou-0:,.. : (.,,._ : rn.i!@j : tc,· : r'i'f..lf@I) = nt.ti:far : P -- �f.C: ODP'tf: (1:,..: tnc/;\ : 11 rf fi\ : -19° 04>--: ffi.fir : ODIPl,..:, : tT'J'}�CD /\"'Iil��:,:-- ; hrf-{lll)T(D• : OD,n.:,-- : ;, C: fOI/.OD ta (l/;\ : -; (D• :: lf'i9° ·I }l "} f\(l.. r-�1 : ou/;\(a : fOD°ltJ..f: : oo,(1,1• : .,,... : ·en.lit : (l"'l.Jf l.1·1&.:fro • : "' V·t;J--91:Y.'" :: r+m(la; : n.e.f..l\9° 1 fh .l>f&.lD·?° : J't{l")'f' : fOIJ.OJ(llj(D• : 04> : en. Iii : ODtJ.Jl,)· : i\.e,1..l\9° :: r11 = il,, Ul/ = = ill\ 7''i = il) "11 it (Yo = 0.:,.. 1,( : ;,-. -0 OD t f·" ill\ : 'll\ll1fbfl : � 1 1' l\• Y. � = l'i c: 'l' 4'-= • i:-.:i 1 oi f = il'° t l ,L OD = t;: tJ "° n �"..,-. ;;:roc = t. =

��!-:

.= . .

.,m-

·=

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l\.e.

- 135 -

ff r f: : 1'· . , :,,"1 •/\�: : ''?.1 : : (J}4 ,,:f IL, · . 'l'i1 '/.\' l'J/\P : : P,J!.( L , , h{l t U: f li w.• ,,11 : ...,.. .,fl : aolf'i:t!ro·'} : (taoml?f : aoro(l). = f �C � : {Lf,1·: 4, 1�; -- = flct1 = f = : = = fnil,f·Pi�c lrf 1''1tLtJ'1 :,,flJ�1 nilt.1\1. = hlf'I = �c� fl/\ : P'A«J'i:f : fl/\fl1(J»n.r-�- : /\�l(lfl;'f• : -,.P,,)• : h."lt-: >,1Jth'i:tt� .

.,m- ==

0IF:t-- : P't-?11·: f 00 !1.'l'l': lD"/.\ : f°2.'r'1/.Wc . "} fOD : 9n�t-.r,:: ilfl : = ll r,1• 7t:1: = �·ll�!�-= . ,,. �1.-� � �1 ,..oirr"}'i = ,)•c't·9°9° = non ll111:,. = i"" , c7f.!!t�t;) _:: /\'l':,,9° : fl/\ : P'/.\"J'i,: : ,1·!1:t.(l>l, /rl,\ : (r-- : rif.it�2. : /\DD?°l'l': fl&.. fl-r: 1.lt: ilfl: (D•{r : nODIP/rt..,) · : .r:fi aJ•: ':-f"}: (la,.��C rtJt-� = .e<i1t-A = (<I>"- = ra.11�1-ra.11.�il) == I · f'l°/Jt-4·: ,f-- h;J,.:J,_e: <r-'l'(�1•: f.'?'fP: flit{l,t•P, ,.e..?,: foo'}'?p;,-.: P't. j 91:f, 1 : W•A: h&..�K9° : {I.OD,f,fl}mC'i: {I.UD9°fr,r: fOl/.,ffl°fflro•J: (Jl),n:,..: .eo"ltr :: "., ,1.tJ; = <r-'l'�t-- = (.,,.... = ra.11.2-rn:.11�) = {i{I.Olj,,, 1c11tt"'il = "},flt..,}·: f Ft-: (Dc/,\ : h°'l.'i1'r'1': <J>...'1'�1· : (4>...: r'n.Ii1'-r7L�: ..?C: 1l'i� ,f·ff:f(Dc I f£1D"}"Jf-P,)•: P't.?11•"}: fUD*l'l': (D•/.\: f}',fl,,-l--P,�C: 00/J"l,P . , : {l.,}•: m-A: (lootr).: /,\ �: '}f,',,)• : CD•/;\: h"} f..tr',: ou1'}tH1: h 1lltt\'}:: f 1'tfl,,-P, J!.C : 'l fl,,., A"1 'i:f: lD• A: fl�. 'P 'Pfrfl:,..: 1. It: h 1 l). 1: h 1 f.: "I IA: ,f·'P'P f, : W1'i:f : lt!!,�fr9° :: h/\.1\ : "'I/JJ·f"} : flh· A: · IJ,',,} : •(l'}onfth,1· t I fltil+P,�C : fl/\P.AllJ'i 1·: fOl/.'P'P/t• ,)·: OJ•/.\: f ,)11lflc1: 'l':P9°: f01J.�1}:

h°l'l•(l = f AIY', hC9°;f = /\UD(Ir(l"· fOJJ.fil.1--fl(Jr: PA")'} : ODJ. I ,J,J.>: = rttn:,--9°:;: °I.}-� flv•fl•I: = •1-- 'P'P� m1'i1· = ODt}h/.\ .fflro•1 rm·A: °t1f"} : {l'jonll)'}'"} : OJ-ft-: rt,fl,f•P,f...C : ODp-'l,f: {1,1•: OJ·A: l/Dlf).1: 001'} H·fl : ,e,.'ic1l� A:: i',"} � : f°IA: ','Pl, : >, "}}tlPt-i\,r : f ,f•'P'Pt\m·'} : J,1-�.oot. flOI/.e� _en:,. 1.. lL fl.1:,,,1-- m• = f1tll,1--P..e..c. flll_P' At1J'i°1· = fl'> .V,"}�" : lJ•�;J··SJ):f. : 1.lt : fFt-lD• : f(ll\f, : ntl:ff',;J.. ;f:ll}" : oum{l�,: lt/l (J,r :: il''1.1Pt-OJ• : Pt- : hilt.1\1.lD•"} : (lro- : O,(l/;\(ll"}'." : 011 �11J1nC : ,1--·1n. = f'1tffl"ftt- = r.1n�;: i\1tft,1·P... e.c= 011Ftf = o.:,.. = (1Jcl\ l = 0 J OD{li\, f,;-,r A:: rt\,.,},r -A·,.<1 : r,::,•,h : ,fl,11.C : "1°1 : 'h'ltl.U1 : t'} (l1· : I\ cry U)«llJ:,.. : cp>tJ �:A:: ',OJ• -�

-,cn,"':,. =

cfv-: rn:1xtli-rn.lfl:r : ill\: 'P;J : lthti--&./.\ : .e.,n-:;:: ,e 11A:: {lUP /.\f..: '}f,',,)·: fhti,&. A: HfoJP1--: ..,.. nc·11t..'PA:: f0?.h·t· I ,:0 0 tf ·J /.\f..: ft-,)• : 'r'l'C:1' : f},ft.-l"��C: fll\Pt\.tl)'j•7I'-.: fl'}P, '},,�· : lJ•),:J'9'1·: 1.,tt: I n.t11v. <J>'Pr- w11 OD•t-·IP/oo�: f,ollJ/\• ('I>"" ea.�xit) i '1'>•�. lJ-c?° - : · ,f-- q><pr,.: m1"} : fi'?fo ;J--m·: ODfPl..,)-- : i\&..?.'11}:1:m.: 'r1r.:1"�: h'l•'f{l•: l\f, roi:J--o·O 11t111 i',illCl'x.-- qu rou�nA ,w,,1,1- : J.1., (1,n,;J·A (4'" = rif.iftii : -,,� : Eif..lf �) :: (lft,ft : (l h·A: !!-.. 1'11} ·! r� ,)·d, : •fldb�· = ,1t'? : f\A,f"rPt- Ft• J-,ilq,J!..•'f" = f' /.h &..f.\ fl,1•"} : ,J-�;J--9':l'·: w{l5::,:cp/,\: ('P":

= (\,,..

rit.1r.�l.i)

- 136 --

11tJtj:A = = w•ilT = fOD"}OJJ'-',r = F&.¥'-:f ro-A = fai?f?f f\'a'l:flD' = A': A,: f.-'Jfll : (lij:l'fA :: 0&.l}:f(Dc: t.:l'Y:: 11:r: fll+P.Y-C : 'l"P ' AIIJ'il- = (De �? = fl.fil"1i� y,:f•I\(\,. = (,,... ra.111rr. r.n:111r�) P'& = . "" ° . ,f•*t fiJl> : (Def\',} : fi°1..L?t 9 fi,r : 1.l·L : ;rf.,•f· : f"'lf.,;J--m:,, : W·f\','J° fi,f• : l.l1 = 1.1t = ,,rA:rnn· = 'hhA = ,,r;,moo(Dc = h'JY- = rr� = (l)cf\'a = '1'JJt?f7iA : l\..mf.:,, : f.,-:f-1'A : (,r : r.o.gf·Jri-rif.tfitl) :: +!J:&.m : W•f\',"} : l\"'ill +l:,. = 00:F�'i f°tmY.+w•'J° : f h. "t&. : ODm'J : '11\f., : n,f"mcf>(lrotJtj:A : (1)-flT : ,f•n1:,,�..A ::

«,.-. : r7t.ifi!.. i·-r7t.ifjg : J!,°1'1° : °l�;J·cn-"} : fiOl/..1'1 : fA&.'ltOD :

'h'Jf... : lf� : n+*&."1J : f\f., : f Jifl,f•P.f...C: 'l"P'AllJ'i:.f : l\.m{l>;..: f°t1" tr:i--'1 : hC'J°;f9'-:f : f.lll11&.� I 'h�tLU'J° : 'hC'J°;f?>:f· : fi°t1'1 : fA,f• wt.fDc"} : I"t. : OP' Ir : out, : (fiOD"}°l,F:,- : ch'P'PC) : P'C: "'1 f:l°l'i : CD4/r'J : 'h"}f...1'i : Ol/tiliJ,l.:,.. : 'iT(J}c :: },�tLU : 'hC'J°;f?>'f : ftj:C..(' : (1-f,7i-- : f°t-'llJmZ::fro· = fi..lf"}'J° i <j;C� : {1,f--1• : fl.{lC•l:fw« : hf.,1--"·'J° :: f,, .. tD(lP,..:,- : 'hC'J°;f?>:f : +10.. : ,,PAIJ'',.: 'h'Jf...: lf� : fh{l+P.f...C: 'l"FAllJ 'il- : it+*t""1: : ti.ult• : 'h'JJth�lr : h"?X·l°l : (4>-- : r7t.gfjf) : fill,f• cf>C : lj:C.� : {1,f--l- : /bl\ : ,1·},1111 : "ODilffiT : hf.,7i--lr'J° :_ : tJtj:A : ?; : OJ•A"} : itcpr.:,-'i : OD.. f 'J°()&,.fj: : {l" : "'I{l+I\ f\lj: = f.,'i1t.A:: 'h'J�.u = fl\tD- = H� = i',-fl•f�(Dc'J 1.tL m:l'at.,,f: = F&.c&: 111111 : "'l"ll'l:"}Cj : ODti-m',."}: l\"'/l.;J1'P : .,(De :: '11·1..u : f\f.,'J° : noo-n:,,. : ,f•cJ,{} fi'f''ifDc : , f•9:t.6l!' : UJ•{l,p : ,f•!f: �tif1> : filf.,(l)c : (l(J)c : n*9u : ODtihA A,.,:,.. = ,, ....e...c�A f1J:J>si>1· = "'1:,,1...•n = ro·A = fit·:t· r,,.."� n1'lr-:1. = hoo'J"lr:,- = rt� 91:f"}: fOD*l'P : (J)ct\'a.. : h"1111l : h1A"lft }l"}f'L(LV-"}: CD•&\: m'lv-:.1- : f�{l« : Cj:f(Dc :: lf'i9° :- n'i:T,h : 1lth.C : ,7,°1 : ((}•{l,P : f,t-{lf : (l;r : +n r.Y·:rA :: fihfl,1�P.f..C : ODp-11,f : rt:i• : OJc(\oi'j".. : h'Jcf>?t• : re: : fi(lll{J;l.l q(l)c : 'J°iJt.tj: : lll\J-LV· : w·A. : hP'C : «r'P�-:,·.. : ,f•f...'J 0l1'PA :: '161b?- • r1t.:i-f·k,,r = lj::i•m = -nt1i.c = ;,,ai = rt,il,1•,;1.c 00rtf n.:1-= m•ltG"f"}: roioof\h;J---:fro·: OILU: q_e,a;:,- : lj(l)c:: '11jJ-LU: f..."}(11•: fi'1C°IT= b�?t-9°-;:,.. : ft.<k : 'i:fa1, I l\1·LU9° : h'J..(' : ?°ll'Jf,1 -- : cf>f...'J° : 1lit'J : +'i °ll'iIA :: 01·�"7 t9° i f,U : tJtj:A : 1'i : f A.,f•t.;,1m'i : f A.1,.l;J;J : ill\: If� : 'h"}fo:," : n�,rm : 11"1.C: ."1°1 : l\(IIJ�llJmC: f.,;J!I\A : fi"'lf\T: tJC nc = y,a;ti = f.,lf'iA == _eu = t1ctJc l h1t•f�ro-1= "l.1·1. = "�"ar = f,n°l = tJ�A= fm"l : OD(l'jf..9'1' : (11�.ktb7i1): n°tf1.c:1--n:,--: h1�"f-, f Jill,,..P.f..C: 00P' t,,r = a.:,.. : ;,,c11 : l\9°1 = n:.ia, = oo?;m� = {IIJ/AtJ = 'h'JP.A,t-(l'iP. = l\UD°ll\1' = f°'l.4'C11 : �lD' :: f"'"' : UD{l'i P.. : l\"'IY:l'? : h�C�" : f,, -- 1·1- : ''"11n�'' lDf,'J° : f Ji(l,f.. P,f..C: A9°f..": f,,--�nm: {IDfPl:,..: 0111/ f.,lf �n:,, : h'Jf.: h..:,. r·A·f : {}� : h1�-:·;-"7 : f.,U : tJCtiC : rn"m : f�'i : h�lf"}9""} ? f,U"} : -:;.. 1c : fi(lklD· : ,,.,�;,°ll1fi,}-- : �nc :: a;·1c : "11 : tiCti?-'J : :,,.,,..}, : {\Ul/l\'� : OJ(l"}:: f hil+P.f.C: ,.,,°I: n&.. l."}{}f,: n1C: 'h'Jl:\"} : h --1· f..ODl : {TD,,. : '}OD;J--,), : 11:1= : fiODlf� : 0,11:,,l\'llD· : f,.,,°I : hhti--�..A : ° : 9°ti'J,,r:,.. : i', "}P,"}..r.- : f <j;:,. "' : 1ld1»C: ro◄ll r : i,P,. {l : OD,P a; (D• :: n1·1.tJ9 4 : ;,,°I : :,,c'J66J»C:1 .r/\.:1:ro,"}: f,f·.�;,1,n : v-->,:J· : ,.rUA : f nil"f".�J.'.C: .;,,a1 :

''i :

r'lf�;,.. : =

0 ,}-- :

•

- 137 -

o · p flt : tD : :,, .. n 1 c ;,:, . '¼oo 1 :: • & ° C9 -1' ll hJ' : o 9° l 9°"} : lD4 f ,, 'h"}f,./b/\ : � f,f...l;J"lm: ODD{)ftn�,: P'T IfP'&-: tit;:.,f: (100/\aJm«: f}t{l,f,P,f.C: ch'? -- : 9°1 : 'h" k:, aJf. U: L (lf· } f."'l.t r"} : 0" ,e :: -z.rt : 'h"}f."l'i: ODIP/."f:: ,f•'i;J ? 00 al.l?f tr f.. = .. w . = 9° ch'? = C +P.f. 1 = rttil = 'h ",_ = ° • 1 '¼/\'I ;,m:,,n:, = "?.. ' = l " C: :: : ° °11 f/\9 --J.:l : (l : f,U fn : ° 'l I llJc il1 c: /\"'Im:,, : f"tTA : 1'1Y:9 ih.°11 : 'h1P.'iP.11llD' : 9°h1f:," : f"'ltr1 = 'laJc1 ? ch'? :· nllr{J;l,.(l)c ft • {llf"}: i'tV-1 : lt/\lD' : 1111.1•(111: f.'}{l'f : /\tTf/aJcllJ,} : fP,�f "} ·: fUA : T/l ;J' I it/\(l)c"} ? -- : --OD/\{l : 'h"} : f', : f.,f hA?1'.l!-: (QUA) f.. ( fOD�lqlD' : , 1'14:: Oi'tl\c;J 'h'i = ht;:CY: = f+11 = ch'? = ,_A:,, = ,,..�c: = f mllJ = ch'? = r;,,1of1 = oo� nc = ,_.,,:J...A = n oiA = itil+ft(l11 = 1tJ?; = f1•ou1.ti11 = oorr1 = ttt\n,r :2· .eu = t\0.� I (lm:,,f\f\lD' : fch°l : OD{l'j�'} ¾ (10D1P/.,f: : ft1,,lf"}: {ltJ-.1:J'(Dc: f'l.;J• m:,,9° : f,fcOD/.ltHlD' : itil+ft(l1} : flA,f•l.;J"lm : ',(I}«! 'h"}J;.fW-9°: fltU : +:J>t-).aJc : An : f,DDil/tA :: /\i't.Tf -kf : +HC1f� : faJllJ(Dc : m°l : 04! : ,n:,,lt'\ : f.111:f"}: il/\: f H: /\itili•P.f..C : '1/\.P'AllJ'iT: fouq>q,A: +"Ill t.:fw- : 0"'I,_"I 'l : it\\:\"} : 'h"}Pi f,:J...,,, ,,-,.. : (lk : {l ;J-- : ,,..,)·-f--1\ :f q>A :: ntt.:,•r-kf = m•h1' = fi'th+Pif.·c = '1/\.P'AllJ'iT1 = f°toot. = rT;:,, : IA'l°Y:: il/\./b/\'i: P.7f-T9° : hlJ•"} : fen°l : /l:J>W•"},,.,.. :· hl\1,f..ir: ht\,l\1>:f: 7 P' 11:,-: tf: 1' t.: 009°tf: f"tlf'}: ODtp h"l�T: f,IA� =-'hlltJ: /\i'th+P.1-aC: OD l.T : · OD!l) A: Ofi/\m: itilLl\1. : .,(J)c :: h.TV·kf : ntiou"}: t\.°W- : (fhi"l il11'i : flt°it'1"} : en'?) : h'i : OLl."}l)f, : 'h"}f. : ,1•f.t.1w• : V-lr : ft.it I ,f•P.f.aC"J : ih°l : Ot;:C� : f1-f·T: nh•A: /\OI/P.OC'i: /\"'lh4--4-T: 'LH.'i: / ltilLl\1. : -,"l�T9° : f!\,.'1·9° :: tt*"'-1 = n+ft.o /\"'I1-ah'i = uou'i<e OOl/ ..('l.°l ren119.1 f).c» =· tl�= /\"77i7iA = /\9°,,-,'LA°l = u1c = r;,,., = oo(l'if.. = t;:�'I° = 1tilLl\1. : �OJc :: f,U: 1th+ffT : /\t;:'1•m : 11ch.C: e)1'? : f,f•',1/.(Dc"}: flJ A : t\ltil+�ic: e1,°l9° = 'hm .-,:, ...,,,-, .. it/lro• r;,.1- = itoolP&-l'1· = P.?f'f = ll"t(l1&,r = ,;:c� = {llf"}: ll1'.,4>:,,1: '1·C1-'l°i": f0/\ &1 : lf'i : /\11lli· : (lflc9°: t;:ft?oT: ftP/. iltJT/"7 = f,lf"} : f,lf'iIA : lf'i'I° = f,U : m:J>oaz. �:,- : f,f·t.;,1m: ltf,tll'I° i 9°h1fi:?1' = 'h1JttJ : f/l(Dc: fP.7fT: 11111111 : llit1P.1..(': uout;:,.: 1111': oo{lq>l),l- : mf,*i:\ :: ntiou"} : ·1t-oar : u1e1• : it /A� : itAC:. : · dl"l : J\lD· £&1..W- = llJA.P = 1,111 = 'ie = ;,.;,:fro• : Om�m� : �.. "}() : ,l,tifl'f'i = f.' }fll = ,,-w- mar = f,+'i- = �nc OOl/"}�ro-9° = t.1� : tt.:,--r-kf : niro-:t, = 'A1f.. ,f-lPt,. : A1lil : f,il"'lo:J..:J-- A: ,f•,flflo : O�?f'f : �c� : "',...,. : t\"7.';flC : oomo:,, : itT'fA'I° :: il/\lltJ : it"}� : ltil+Y:'fP : f,l-1·1;,i : ,n'? : (lTi''i/A :: P't.Or1 : l\{/P : -00 00 ° , l C : h"7 1:J ;J 9:f"} : f,OAT : P'&-lD•"} : ODL&OI/T"} : tt,,rti�l.1'1 : °11 = nhC°IT9° = re1,1-- = oo7i7i.. r= 0011� = 9°19° = itfA,f•H.?9° flt\,t\lD4 tt1c = 'h1f.. = ,t•f.at.1(Dc = n1t.,)•r·kf 9° : ro•il'r : -v.7f1.· 'i: f"1'1 : fl.:J'OJ•11· = r�:,..cl, : 11ch.'i-"} : en'? : 'h"}f.. : V•l:J"9':f5 : /\.f h"'l oo-:,, : �7£-fttr :: OJt = L:,.. ;,,:,:fw-1 roi1'1n•n:,- = on·fPt..,l.. 1 itfl,l'IJ(l q:fm•"}'i' = roaz.001Pc1:n:i- = 001Pt.:J--'1! = ,1,tip�: • Ft.:f0Jc"}9° = foioo?-o,r = 1t'k'J° : /\"'lil11:,- = 00 CP.:J--�,, = O'hC°IT = 'h'i''l°'ifl"} i 1�.u = fl\ = f;,,d/ = (111'/, ... ch� : /\.11-aC°l : fDl/.1·/\ro• : 1,U' }).. : 1):J! : �ro• :: 0

- 138 -

ncnt--:i:lD''>

r 1

� �

�

I �

* 1,u = h'1+K'" = noaz.l\'11r = {tf"J-1\(l = OJcllT = h'1.P,.,:r+9° = nt.G'l lt1'� = f�?i"- = iltr'1 • nn...+r-A-f = ;,,,., = oog«cfb,)• = 1&llT · = "h'l-<;.. :J--,f•9° J'· 04'�"'1'1! : ;}1,l\ : l"l\i'L: �tiic(L,f: : fih°l : 4-tt..A,f: : l.�,l• : TC!'&o(lC'i r· l.�,r: )t").: nrr�:,.: n"71,nA: h .'1.e:l..e: t rof_: h'l"lft.11'1: ' ,f•+l.1oOD � "' . "l\T : irf•C::}OI/.. : f�oot--:f-1& : f"JC1. : 01/ll;J--wif n�u : n.'1+K'" : ID SJ>l- = f,f,sODl\bi:,..,,. = nrruy:,.. = (Llf") I nttl.1lc1: 'l>--1'£!11": f,f-oofthi::'f- :· f"IC1. : "'lll;J-- roifsPl- : n.'lcf>?t. : 0T£!1to(IC : �'iii: : h'lf.. : +?it.. : f�(l 4-,r I c;:fOJ4 ::

"'°' =

T'i:,- : 'f,lrt\rl;

f ,"h."l:.-

I f(j:,lcdt 11th.?- = f:J --mllD" = °tf1lf fii = +1 = Ifi!2i =· '} : 'J° : ()..If") I OP't-- : l\f, : OD'PA : flODl..lD• : hDDllhl.9° : b : cf,'} :· · !ilf2r q = 'I° = l9°!!' = �.ro•:: 1,U ,"h.°1 1 Ot1..,"f•V-A'-f : OD'}"JF:,,C 7 ID4ll1' :: ih"l = :J- -:,,.qo = f 01/..CDllJ n:,.. = 1'&..i'LI\ff! ltllJ = nir�.ro• = n�;, t:,.. ltllJ : n+l\f.: nro"JCD4: ntt"'IC�'i : O"h1'?l\..1f'1: :1-- :,..qo: lDT;J:A:: tr'i?° : f;,. 1--: l}--{\ ,f:'J° : K'"Ja.C:l- : f,f,s,f-l_?ooo•,"f• : f;,11• : fOD.,_ODtf : l. �:,, : 0•f•1-, Lfl,"f-c: hLl.'llt1,�: �(D• :: h'1'J° : ,.1i'l'l : f ,"h."l: l.4!:,,: /\"'llf;Jl.:,-: noo ODl."Jl-'l : n·11c : f,(161/'iA :: 0�1\9° : "11· : OLl.'lltfi.� : ill: : (l.'ii.A :· �: l\9°TfC: >ti:V-1: : (h..11&, : 11:�t--A : f.. : l:C'P : h, : f.. � �tllT�• �1ll • !v.!:si) = +1 1f\o = ;J,:i-"J..A == Ott67c'1ro•'i = Oh'l"ll\..1fi1.lD4 = 7',)•qo:f : aJc{l,P : f /,\irf-iJJ,ODl_(D« : O&,J!t!\. : :,,1.'J° : ,f"h,f't\.�.:,• : frf•ff;Jl : 1fC1fC :• "'/aJc65J. : OLl.'llt� : 1',l•'J° : ro·llT : .e,1'1A::

= ;,

2 fn...,-,,.V-A-f = ftj::,,.th = 11"1.C = ;,.a, = ntt'l°ll-r = oo�,"h.lj::,• = f1•tt 4-'-./\: �lD4:: 'bi!/: lll\ : (tSJl l- -s e'1 = lll\ e1,,.. uou!...''i = ll/\ = ro•cll = (tt(l)' t-l.ll} • = ii" = 111l.:,.. , !!� ;lll\ ,,�:1-- ¥1-:t- 1 �;;: = ill\ A� = !D"fl�"f .. « : f'l· _e.u : :t.°l : oul\hl.'J° : 'b: +'l : 1iJriiF 'I° l\fi . : : : : nr t--: O'Pl\m q -"ll:: ih°l: f 'l'"-1\: �.fDc :: f'l°l�� fi.:1--'J°: 0Ll.1ltfi.'1: ill:: f..: ti 0icll:-_ � : l\�TfC � - (l\ : ll:,,.V -1:) : _e..· =. -'LTV -1: : !ti!� : (t\.•fl&,C : 1'tt-A ::· f. I f:C'f' : Ji:t\"'1: : h,: f.: )l'.,t{lT,;.Jl1{l ; !J!f�?;) ' T-flfto : ;J•:i•"J../,\ :, , . f1°1.e:: . ;,.i,, : foo1 0Dtf : l..4!:,, : · f+H;Jf-lD' : Oo--l\:,.•: f Ll..'lltf,: fdl°l:· ?°v-.C!'l-: 1'�(t«9°: Tl!' to(IC : "hilti&. -&.-c; : TC1to(IC: 1{"tj:&,: 'i:flD'::· (u) t.'l+K'" = Iii : flLtJ : n.'1+g, = ,,..cf'"J.e, = tr'i = CDT;J:A

(/\) � � th-'i! : # +11,\o :

u-0:,.. :

;rt ll : f"1"l'i : fn.1C : 9°"1� : n . ** 1'l!'t_.(lC ::

r�

�-'°' ::

I Oh'l'?l\..1l�lD·:· 'P Y:C f..: : toC ,.")/\ :,Ct = 'l n. : 1o: fl"):,,.&,.: ii..lt tt: ''tt'l:,,.&,.t,,l--ll : tll,i;")°l : ,f: : ll, : 1-tltfi.")(JIJ'}:,• : }'.<j: : t-_e.:,-(l'�·

,f �,f..C1--'1J,A ::

'I! ' 1f "t,.. ' = r tilf f.· h= 1 . "it , " , ti. , 11 0./ ; :i• t, :i• 1>1 (m) 1v , 1v � 1il 1 = 11 ' c:.c = il n.:,. •t 1:i "1> " ID = 1ti;: ll 1"l , 01. ., >:.ro-1 , i'1"11 , ,,_ � r\ 0 ,f•,f•C'J-"J../;\ :: flr\ T: {l" :i•A J.(j:. :]! I 7i il : ,1 l-i -1'-Jl. I {!.1f f h,1f: I ;rlf, 1

,..,,..t;:. ,

- 139 -

3 9°19',: h'}l;i_"}: f t,ilirf-P,f...C: oPP'l,f fL,)·: f°t'P'Pf\:fm-: l&ftu • 1' 0 u•tr nttitirf--,;,e.c : ,l,'? = i,i,tf... t..,_..,v,.-e.� = tt1:c11 = 111<¥>T�:fllr9'1 , r · {l rf'P,f..C : ,lt'? : f t,il ... l·Pi.-e.c : OUp-·t!_ . (L:,- . f°t.'P'Pf\T(&1 : h1�'} � � -o :f : : f OJ·ft.,··.. ..r,: ntt1�" = .. (l�t\ : (l_ODt\h;J · ·lD4 (l,ll. :1 .-e.'?'I° : 01\,I\ : ho: 01 r 11-�An:,... = 9°n11:,- f�'l° i't1Pi1P..:,: 1: h:� . , ) · = tt.h:J,:,-,o• r t\.OD , ,)·d, : ,fl,h.C: ;,1°1: ilC: o.,,rf.C;JrlD· -:- f '-1.1/tf. · ,)1°1 : h 1P.l1m•: ft f\

IJ•t\,f:1: fCD·t\: �f.'l·f·T: t\ODt\f:J•: f°tfil1•t\CD•1: 0'/UDlfff�: room(}�: I '!'IC : ',CD' :: 4 hftov'} : f\"lD4 : ;JC : t\''1/'l��C 1 :(�: °11.i'CA : II: ta1:,.�h�-o: },',: : ;r-Oll..h : �-Y..t--1:il : (IU!t�) i 1i»1· = {l:,«1,:,- 1 ;,"iic1on'}:,-: l\f(Lft.,ti t irf 'P,.-e.c: ODP'l,f: o.:,-: ffl (\o"ff f ft{l '' z . : 1�, : 1\1° : 1t i • (h,?"{lt:e: Ii1!2r) 1 O"'l'l��c f..-1,f..1..1 'l'c.;:,.,, = n�tti1 ;rcc;A = �� = ta9°;r�..t1i �m- ; 1 5 fi'l..:,. f·A-J': ,l1 °1: (1 oo � ,11c�: OD t\i1 : h OD (l 'i" P,..-J:: fl k:,..: wy_:,,'I' : ft\.{i',,)•: f, f..:J>l(l : ',(lC:: h.;, -r,,*_<'1 -:- flhcf:t,t;f'.1· : ro.+: hU}T'}: ,11°1 °1/\:,.. f�:J·m -,,,pr,)•1 rn1t.e.,,,1.. 1 ll1'ilt\'1°1· = r1,ilt\9" ;,,1u"f, = i f (ll\f.'1T : n.,.rro•cp. � {lm-<'}: "11 : f'f�.:,. : (lhC°l'r : 9"°1 : ODIJ''iflD' : j f&A:J�mcf?:,• : f Olt,e,'1:J.. ;f:t»·: {llP/'}fl�'l! : -,.(!' : 001/.f..l..l-- : fll&tn1· : 9°h 1,,f,)··: fA,,.t-l.;J,:J'i. : h�Ol\,: mf..: ,f,{lt\,: OOl/.ll'PWm•:,": 'lUft if: �flC :: {lt\ : h.:i•r-kf 'lUl\'P. ,l1''l : fl. : \'11,t : C!'O..t t J;.t·Y.. : \t"}il'f?-t:.l;.'it�: ,,e.,lbt:,..1,f -: (�OI/ : Ii1!I1) = l,'-i... J.>lj: = 1',--iltt ,.. -'tt·f· = h•1(tc'f? rf:>;. 'it�: f fo {\,t:i•tJ' � (ltJPO'-'t.. : If!r-21;) : ,:JC: it'l?.;r�w·:: r111/t,.r1 : (1i.1) t II: --»,. il·A : o.. il..f 'J°: � }f..': ti: l\Q<D"'il: 1'� : i'1.:J--\"'A·J': (l!'i•CP,9": Iilfj�)' flfl/..fl(Dc : OD7''dt<i� : f,f•ODl\h ...rro· : ilt\ : i't'}P,"}f.,--: HOD'r'P. : ,l,7oif: ,fl,-: ',m� t {lrf"'ilf,'J°: {laD"}OJP':,. : i', il,,·l"P,f.C � 1°1.e_, � °l'J°?-tJ'. : h'lt'l•"} : (l{]D l}(l(\◄:,- : 1"P.Y..:f.. : ',{D" :: 6 ri'1.:J•\"'k,f: f<j::i� ,11 : •(ldhC: ,nd/ : h;J·�mi : W-'tU : f hilrl•?,f.C: OD�l,f: (1,:'f•"}: (D•ft.CJ�: rOIJ�OD/\hrf::,- : firf•":lft·: ;,11-ol-: OJ�'}°:. ili'r :1:.. }: fl°1.£n 4'Ah- : 001.m�:,- : n:,.:tiill\ ti'h.,<''i": n:e:con"}: �.'P'tit-..tti'f : : > C f t·r-• ll\..ti : ;J :,,ooq A :: 1-t'ltf..U : ,l1'l -:f : fh .:,•r·A-..<' : f�,rd1 : •0"1. ,71°1: fl Ol/.ll;J �fl;I..: 1.f·L : J'1 A',fl?-'/°:: f lf',: lf'f: 1-t '11-f..U : ih"Jo1" : f•�II ; Ji),::,. : fl 9°t1J � : U-0:,.. : it:,,qr111/ :,-:m•c; : fl 7(\"l:'1 : � A it{j:'i':fOr : hn.,r\" :i-r A'f n"lr ll ar1.ft i:,{\(l a:J'1t..ll:i•'' = n1�:1·• = nootr� = tt1t. tJ : ,,.t·fllll/GJJ..: 'l°.. �n.�l-: ll.U'�: i'tf,1•/\...'J°: ',flC :: r,1, r (on) ti }(b : fo:J·· : r.<.l1ti,.e. : r,,il.,l•P.f..(: : lj:(:�" : (L•f--1• : '1!1t l 11 ., a,.. ,, 'I tl.U �Cf.." fL..f·T : h�:J".,-11: ,fl,lh(:: 1:•l\� ,,f•7f·: f.-f•ft f. : c;:fo,7 {lrf•j\f,: f?°,,n:,,(lm-: fli't14'7'': If. : (D•{l'f': f 0'1:1�'ilD· 1: h(J}<:: I . v (O•liJ!-' : il ft.'J'Lf...Cil : :.}l\&,'l:1, : f<Tf/. l\W•,,.,_ : lfOA "-�- : I : f..(D• :: ,... \'inb ,,, :,.re'r ,.... ,. • I 7 UU ,,. • , {}ii ,,C'l\.-- �1"1: f,U"}: 9°/J�'i: : il';"fj,;Jf_: : rOIJ..hirt-ft...:,-1: lJ•tt.:i• : O Df.,li(i: , : n: -' , klD": ,.,.. m:,,oo }'l:fcpt\.:: i',C: t>P'-fC ¾ I\: thT1ltfll\.-t: c).o.l,\: (1�. Iv.£21:) -:- 'h"i : � : :�:"}nfl ,. J;f,:(fl,l• : J,<j: : ti.'}°lll.7i : o.'ii. A: {\1'� I ° (!l�: 1...:,.9 -: tt1,,<'."} : Iv.f�:4) ::

= ''

- 140 -

l\ •'lJ;C i :,-�·l: : ..1;91 th: h>: {l,} lr'l;fi: I · (r ii Af,.'fl>:f: ;rtii !P. X2i) :: 8

J'h:

·rt--ttJ : f-o :

ti1 ,rt,)·: h f- " 07.... �

h1+?i : 2'} : (ilt\ : r' ;J: 119°Y...·c;c;: ill\ : ;111:t: 119°.r,;c;) i h 1 � 4>�·: J1 : (ill\: °IA: lJil,r ) ., n'} •f>?t': i!1: (001/f,14>'14>(1«: 1•01.·f--1': n1 11L:'f- = flt\ = OD01+9'1) � 1,c.· = (hro-A m·6£b = iil\aiz.F..cil ' :}i\k�,r -"• : ,.<'i\"1'1•11 : ill\: ODflt\.?t"l) � l"t 0'1.. ilV•a;..t; : 9°hC: fL,f: 11tl• : tPJq : -7f f9''f: h.� c1ro•'l=f'PA:: 1"t 0 9°hC : f1 ..I:: 1,1f-tLU : 'PA:,,: f A If� : /\ c&-,n:f : llf1--C 0l : h-J>�,1· : r�:,-dt : ·fl,h.C : ;,,ffJ: i',14>?.1· : h'? "71i � r11-,.:,.1: Oour11-,. : Jrt7t7i�.:fq>A:: ( o•) ilftf.. "} f l:f:: hlftlflJT'i:" f .e.. 1 fl:f-1: h 1A01n� :,..: f°2.1Aft': 111/,,flt.-tf::

= ,-,,,,,1i· xr1 =

'l.ilr--,.,,.. :

n",e, :

10 ffi":,,.,..th: ·0,h»C: (1., Y:: •l>"T " C: :f:o � (l�: e: .,,,.: "f---·-,a•-·ilr-ii: q: 'l°: J,: h. : h: flit .."rr-A·,.r: f'i:r.1--: OIJ.'1.il•l;C: fii\ " h::

1I h'i:'1•1h ·0th»(: dl °l ;JC h1�.;t·m� h')f.. �n1.n,1, = "1 il:J•ymil : .<'il&.A;JA::

l'r :

f'J"lf.'

= a-.01 = ODIi;,

12 J!,U : f lf�a>": OllJ9"° : 'r•t:,•: t\tr� : t,"}+?.l- : -O;J! : -,ro.. :: ht, '}cf'?i: 1il : �ilrf·•J>C : Am�(lro·: f9'11'l\lD·: i',1-l'?i: i:1: (0,11'?: f(la>·: OD,fl:,. : ill\ : ,,..(lflJ :,:OJ• : "'11 11 �:-,: 'i' : fl/;\ f,. : h 1A°11\.0:,. : ilft : 1' on Y-n•: "} •01..Y..l-) I l',14>?i: ):1: (ill\: V01/f,1•J>ll•J>il: 1•fll,l· ·= 0°11 1-0) �· 1't14'7'· : ' 1 I§1 : (il" = 1,'}f,.t--(1.'I:,•) "'n i" : h1cf'?t' = ,g-1: (ilt\ : "IA'?A'i : ill\ : il9 ° ?0 1Jt.-<j: 2 9°�,,-,. = foitf._L..01 = m·A) = 'Im· .e,.usru = n.tr1 -� llh"t,11r. tiOl/..ilV·� : ;}i\&.�:,-: n.. 'ft.m"'9'1 ,.r.e.l;.1:fm·: {\(D�(ll1 "'nillltl.. U9° = �f.f../\'J° �

. 'I

,e,u:

",e,

= •n,,..

= ,n,-,.

= = = =

n;J--m�n:,-

rti..

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ADMINISTRATIVE CONTRACTS IN THE ETHIOPIA CI N VIL CODE* by; Rene Davi1d** con ''administrative term ·The paradoxical. seem may article - e title of -this � � _ .tract IS. not u ed In all leg �l systems, but where it is used it ·designates contracts _ � beyond 1he c1v1l_ c?de, s_ purview, contracts that are subject to special administrative law rules. Adm1nt.strat1ve contracts are, therefory, never dealt with in civil codes. The C:ivil <;ode of Ethiopia is exceptional in this respect.I Book V of the Code, dealmg with ''Special Contracts,"2 includes a title on ''Administrative Con tr �cts:: (Title XIX, Art._ 3136-306).n This title is preceded in Book V by titles dealing with Contracts Relatmg to ,the Trans,fer of Rights'' (XV),b ''Contracts for the Performance of Services'' (XVI), ''Contracts for the Custody Use or Possession of Thi ?-gs'' \XVIJ),c and ''Contracts Relating to ,Immovables'' (XVTII); it is followed by a f1nal title, which treats ''Compromise and Arbitral Submission." Why this anomaly in the Ethiopian Civil Code? Having prepared the pre . . lm1mary draft of the Code, I may be able to answer the question. To a French jurist such as I, the distinction between public law and private law, and more particularly between civil law and administrative law, seems essential to legal classification. Government administrators are to represent and defend the public interest, and whether it is acknowledged or not, they are in fact in a different position from private indiv.idualls. It is in conformity with just1ce, properly under-·---* This article was prepared lin French for publicat ion in the Melanges Sayagues-Laso and

** 1.

. a. b. c.

has been translated in,to English by Michael Kindred, Assistant Professor and Assisbant, Dean, Faculty of Law, Haile Sellassie I University, for publication in the Journal of Ethiopia.n Law. Footnotes added by the translator are indicated by letters; the arabic unumbered foot notes appear in the articles as written by Professor David. Professor of Law, Faculte de droit et d� scien.ces e.cono.miques de Paris. The Civil Code was promulated o n May 5, 1960 and came into force on September 11, 1960. It was published -in Amharic ·and in English in ,an .extraordinary issue of the Negarit Gazeta, Ethiopia's official legislative repoiiter. Both of these ver,sions, however, a.re transla,tions from French, the language of the preliminary draft of the Code, which we had •the honor of preparing. The Code wais Later published in French as the Code civil de l'Etliiopie (Librairie gener.ale de droit et de jurisprudence, 1962). A detailed ,alphabetical. index that was omitted in ·the Amharic and English. editions is included in the . French edition. . The Ethiopian Code ·is divided into five books: I - Persons, II :- Family and Succes sions Ill - Goods IV - Obligations, V - Speciail Contracts. Irt is complemented by a Co�mercial Code'which -also came. into force on September 11, 1960. The Commerci?l Coqe bas 'been published in FreI?-ch as th<? G_ ode de Commerce de l'Ernp_ire_ d'Ethiopie de 1960 (Llbr-airie generale de dro1t et de Junsprudence, 1?6�). The prel1rmnary draft of the Commercial Code was prepared by ,two French JU.nsts, Professors Escar.ra and Jauffret . As this Article contains references to numerous specific provision� of Title XIX, the reader should have the Civil Code of Ethiopia available for consultation. Des corztrats visant a, 1,n 1ra11sfert de droits, translated as "Contracts Relating to the Assignment of R-ights" in the English version of the Code. _ it la jouissan�e. d'une ch�se, tr�slated as Des co,ztrats visarzt ,, la grade, l'11sage, o , 1n ,the English versi, on of th e ttels Cha of ion sess Pos "Contracts for ithe Custody, Use, or Code. .

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stood, to subject contraots concl,uded -by them_ to special ru!es_, other -�an those of the · _ civ tl . Jaw, at least when these contracts h·ave the character1st1cs pecul iar to ''a�U.Ul IQJ. ,,3 strat1ve contracts. 4 l s,pecia rules. h c sup develo Tl1e only differe to had have s system All legal : among various systems is �h_at t·h�s development _ is. less . apparent in some thann: Qithers, eithe·r beca11se adm-1n1strat1ve law o, r ·adm1,n1strat1ve . contracts are not de 1t with in specialized treatises, o·r si1nply because -there are special admini�trat ive c ouarst v1ith jurisdiction over litigation concerning .these contracts. This was th� situation in E_ thiopia _w�en � edification was undertaken. There \Vere not, and sttll are not, special adm1n1strat1ve courts, although both the High Court and the Supreme Court in Addis Abalba contain a division that deals with government cases. In addition, since there were no treatises ?n Et?iopian law, s one could not be sure to what extent any of the western categories existed in Ethiop ia. The choic e was open a.s to whether or not to us. e the concept of ad·ministrat.ive contraot. , .. Given this option and conditions in Ethiopia, it seen1ed to me that one of t\.VO tl1ings would happen. Either rules relating 10 administrative contracts would be set forth .in the Civjl Code as a guide in this area, or no such rules would be I included in the Code and great uncertainty would result. But the silence of the Code would not prevent -these contracts from being subject to special rules; the special rules would simply-not be stated in a statute. , It was very desirable to clarify the law in this area. Beca11se of the incr eased functions assumed by tl1e s-ta.te and its .admin.istrative authorities, adrninisurative contracts have become more important in all countries in recent years. True as this is in France, the United Kingdom, and even the United States, it is even more so in the· developing countries. The economic development of these �ountries must come :from public and semi-public undertakings . a s mu· ch as or more thain from private enterprise. Even in the fra,mework of a ''liberal'' economy, it will often be necessary to use administrative contracts to stimulate private enterprise. This situation cle·arly prevails in Ethiopia, as in all countries \vhere capital is scarce. The country's develo,pment must be aided •by concessions given to domestic and foreign enterprises; it will require many public works, which will often involve contracts with private businesses. It would have been possible, of Althougl1 we consider all contracts concluded by administrative authorities to be subje ct to administrative law, the:re is no reason why administPative Jaw cannot treat so me of these contracts one way and otl1ers an.other. It can subject some to the civil law an_d and create sp ecial rules for others as French !aw has done. The only problem then 15 to decide what criteria should be used to distinguish between the two classes of co ntrac ts. 4. Cf., for the com,mon law, J. Mitchell, Tlze Corztracts of Pttblic Authorities (!965); 8: · Street, Governn1e11�al Liabili (C �bridge 1953); G. 1:,angrod, "Administ rative tracts. A Con1parative Study,�1 Amer1ca11 J. of Con1parat1ve L., vol. 4 (1955), PP 3 25 5. Before codification, · Ethiopian law verged on cl1aos· '\\'l1ile theoretica lly recognizing �e au•ti1or1· 1y o f _an anc1�nt_ n�ocanon, tl1e Fetlza Negast, for n,on-Musl1•ms ·an d f Islamic unitY law for Musl co ims, Eth1o p1ans 1n from mm fact lived varie acco d . rding to custon1s that . d · · pa1re to c�nun�� 1ty, custon1s w�ose content was ofte n unclear and whose authori ty was im oti· by 11;1s!abili_t� due to soc1a! change. Concerning Ethiopian customary law cf ! .. �-t Co011• _ del['Eritrea Ross1n1_, £:,ir1tto co�1si1eti1cl111ario ·(Roma 1916) and F. Ostin1� D1r1t o c(Jll d , suetuc/111.a, 10 dell Erztrec, (.Asmara 1956). The work of N. Marein, Tlze Juclic1al Syst�,r� Y _ Jarl the La}vs 0 1 Ethi_opia r (Rotterdam 1951), only deals with certain modern } a\VS , .pa tiCl 1n the areas of government administration, commerce, custom and tl1e like. s 3.

C:.

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course, to dr �w indivi �ual ''charters'' for each concession, as was done years ago for En.gl1s-h oorpora;t1ons'' and French ''co1npag11ies." Each ministry could develop ''fo1111 contracts'' to be used for contracts of public works. These solutions, acceptable when the government's role in the economy was limited to regulation, seem outmoded now. �odem states have abandoned this approach and become _ more syst�mat1c, regulating by legislation things that were fo1111ely left to charters or to . ordinary contr�cts. The shortage of trained lawyers in Ethiopia and lack of tramed _ person �e� 1·n !he government required that general rules be drawn up to deal wr � adm1n1s �ra�1ve :on·tracts. A framework had to be provided, with the understa _n�mg !hat w1th1 � this framework there would be ·room for adaptation by the admin1strat1ve author1ties and ·the persons with whom they contract. Th �s. it w� decided to provide in the Civil Code itself rules that wou1d dpply to ·a<Cln11n1strat1ve contracts. This decision was ,motivated by the feeling· that it would lead to a security in contractual relations with the government that would enhance the country's development. [t was particularly hoped that the clarification of the rules on administrative contracts would help attract foreign enterprises and capital to Ethiopia.

Once the decision was made, how was it to be carried out? It wa.s soon apparent that it would not -be enough to insert a few rules here and there in the ti.tie on ''Contracts in General'' an d • in the v.arious •ti.tJles •dealing with the special contracts. Because of the p·articularity of administrative contracts and the im portance of providing a clear and coherent system ,of irules for them, -it was apparent that, like contracts relating to immov.ables, they sho,ul,d be dealt with in a special title. But where could one find a model £or such a set of rules? No previous legisla • tion had dealt with it; 6 in France there had been no ''consolidation'' of the case • law of the Council of Stated into a statu1e or code. As in some othe.r titles and chapters of the Ethiopian Civil Code,7 the b·asis here had to be scholarly writing. An excellent treatise on adminis,tr· ative con1tracts had just appeared in France.8 We had only to put into legislative terms the propositions formulated by this \.Vork, • ' and then of course to ask if -the solutions adopted by the Council of St ·ate a.nd • • French writers needed to be modified on account of conditions peculiar to Ethiopia . In many respects, Ethiopia differs from the countries of Western Europe. f' No rule o·f any foreign law whatsoever went into 'the Ethiopian Civil Code without our asking whether it was suitable for_ Ethiopia. W,e asked this question _ in drafting the title on administrative contracts JUSt as we did for all ·the other titles of the 6. Since the enactment of the Ethiopian Civil C�de, administrati�e contracts have bce_n dealt with in comprehensive statutes o.� codes 1? ,Czechoslov,akia and the _De:moc-r�t1c_ Republic of Germany. These statutes dJ:d not exist however, when th� Ethiopian C1v1l Code was being prep·ared. In any, _ca�e,,, they W?uld n�t have �een su1table_ as mode]�, since they were prepared for "s�1alist couru�es, which by v1r�e . of the1•r economic structures and poljtical philosophies are very different from Eth1op1a. d. The Cottseil cl' Etat is tl1e highest court in the Frencl1 l1ierarchy of administrative courts. These courts are independent of the civil courts. 7. We are referring in particular to t�e ch�pter on . "Ex u:a-contractual liability"_ in Title XIII. Tw o \.Vorks we re used exten� vely 1n drafung th1s ch�pter of 133. rurtic_Je_s: R. Rodiere, La responsabilite civi/e (Pans 1952) and E. Jenks, Dzgest of E11gl1sl1 C1v1l Lalv (4th ed., London 1947). 8. A. Laubadere, Traite 1l1 eoriq1,e et pratiqi,e des contrats ad1r1inistratifs, (3 vols., Paris 1956). 1

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y all we e. t fin a th_ es. rul a_dopte�; the reguJ the 111: fro t den � evi is is Th ·Code: at·loo l . e C1�1 _ n C?d opia rs Ethi diffe e th_ _in . 1n m ·any res .of administrative contract� . cts J)e , 1on zat its an1 . org In law 1ve the trat 1n1� adm c con epts 1t e from that in French met.hod of interpretation and. appl . U� s, the and s, . t he style of fonnulati9n of its. rule . cati i on · a d uct pro e o . o C IS . f c· ·1 d . F IVI . n h 1op1a rench Et . lega.l sc·1ence that it presupposes, th� otit in terms of the conte�t of the ru1 es_ l't c_oll:ta1ns, IS 1� n� more French th an Gre ek' , Swiss, Egyptian, or English, Ne�essar1ly, 1t 1s an Eth1opian code from end to end'. Fortunately, there were chec �s .to assure that. •th� r·ules . of the · �ode wou ld correspond 1:0 th� !1ee�s and sent1men�s of th� �th1o�Ian nation. I did not work ::alone on the cod1f1cat1on. I .pr_epa.red the prel1m1nacy ?raft ,of the. Code, but thi� draft, after it was translated into Amharic,. w� studied and -revised, first by •,C od� fication C? mmission n:i, ade up of Ethiopians and then b>7 _ 1:he Ethiop ia: Parliament, which had· the final power to adopt the text of the C1v1l- Code . . . For many of the titles of the Code, this procedure worked, well . 9 The task •of the Cqmmission was o.fiten fucili.t.aited by � expose des niotifse tlia!t I submitted \vith the text of the preliminary draft. This procedur.e was not followed, however ·for tl1e title dealing with ·administrative contracts. The title ''Administrativ� Contracts'' was one of the last that I drafted for submission tq the Codification , Commission 10 and was not accompanied by an expose des motifs. It was translated into Am.haric, ·but the Commission was otherwise occupied11 ·and aipparently ,did not have time to go over the text in detail. At least, no comments or questjons ·were sent to me concerning this title and it was not discussed with me. The preliminary draft became the proposal of the Commission without change, and 'it \Vas adopted by Parliament without ·amendment. 12 This should not cause undue I surprise or alarm, however, since the subject is highly technical and is not one ,on which there would be any customary law or any peculiarly Ethiopan feeling ,· of what is just. Nevertheless, this was clearly regrettable. In , the case of. the other titles, the "discussion with ,the Commission resulted in improvements on the preliminary draft. Quite apart from critical obEervations made by the Commission, imperfections in my work became aippairent ·to me as I was called upon ,to ,p:r:esent i,t and discuss rt with others. Title XIX was not 1he subject of such a discussion, and circumstances aflso prevenred me from ["evising my rprel,iminary 1dra1ft six months or ,a year after 9. The _Com�ssion and Parliament thus revised very considerably Title IV (''Bond� ,�f Relationship by Consanguinity and by Affinity"), Title VII (''Individual Owners hip }j T�tle__ IX ("Coll�tive Ex:ploitaition of Property"),_ and Title �I ("Extra-co ntractua_ . L'lab11ity and UnJust· Enrichment"). Without maki•ng such radical cha.ages , t, he Com 1 f!1ission and Parliament revised and improved appreciably the majority . of the otber titles of the Civil Code. e. A statement of the background of and r-easons fior itihe provisions recommended. -10. Document C. Civ. 64, sent to the Ethiopian Ministry of Justice on July 2, . .n I 11. It should be :emembered that a commercial cod.e had to be prepared for 1957 prom.ulgatio ait the same time as the Civil Code. I :12. This hap:_pened to only a very few titles. In addition to Title XIX, I can cite �o lY -��; s IIl ( "Bodies Corporate and Property with a Specific Destination"). Title X ( j' �egi d of �mmovable . i::r�erty"), T1tle XIV ("Agency"), and T.itle XX ("Compromise � A:b�tral. Subnussi�n"). Even for these •titles, it should. be pointed out that ��oati �ns missi�n Is ,respo!].s�b�� or <;hapter IV of Tit difi le III, but on the whole the mo . made by th · e ·Comnuss1on In these titles were minimal i .

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.. , :! .. ETHIOPIAN ADMINISTRATIVE CoNTRAcrs· · ·

finis�ih� it: �us, a mere ,prelir· rtinac • y dTa-£t, ra,ther than .a -true proposal, became law, an:<f. rt 1�· beyo�� - ?� �bt rthat . variou imperfections resulted :£rom this procedural � . _ f.rul1ng: Even �o, 1t .1� _,fortuna1te that ·T1itle X�X wa s included in ,the Ethiopian _Code.13 _ �-1� •-titre. � an · b e nnproved ait • _ � apPrGptr1:ate ,ttlnre, but as it stands 1t can play a _ useful role m making legal ·rela,t1ons more secure -and · ,thus in the econotnic develop · · · me_nt of Ethiopia. • ' . . � . . •: . . . ... .. . . . Tht? . ·pr?v1s10.p.s o� !�tie � of the ,Civil Code · do not apply ·to all contracts concl��ded hr the admm1strat1ve authori·ties. ·As _in France; 'the · speciaiize·d rules only apply where th.ey are neeqed, to contracts terxned ''administrative contracts'' by t�e· law. Sub-article_s � 132(6) and (c) _ pr6vid� a· general definition of admini strative contracts, for the interpretation of which one can refer to French treatises. !hi:5 definition _cannot, _l1owever, eliminate all 'QDC�rtai�ly, so Sub-article 3132(a) invites �ontract1ng parties to elimlnate any possible doubt by, expressly calling their contract an_ ''ad.ministrative contract'' wh�r� they wish.: the rules of Title XIX .to apply.. . Chapter I. or Title XIX, entitled· ''General Provisions," · afttir·setting forth prin ciples · and definitions, is divided· into two Sections, devoted irespectively to the . contracts (.. Ms.3134-71) and ,the effects .{iArts. formation administrative f O • 3172-206) .. . . . . . . . · · In ·Paragraph 1 of Section I·, on '�.consent," Article 3134 states. the principle concludes that silence is not acceptance; either where a:n administrative authority · a contract or where his approval is required for the validity of the contract.·Article 3134 .· reiterates for administrative contracts the rule. givep for all · contracts by Article 1682. Its purpose is to· exclude, with respect to administrative contracts, th.e exceptions to· Article 1682 that are provided in Articles. 1683-86. .-· .. . . . . . . Article 1686, in the title on ''Contracts In General," deals wit� general• terms of business appliedf by a conitraoting party, a maJtter of particula!r importance in administrative-contracts. It· is largely by having recourse to general .terms of business that England bas• cr,eated· the appearance: that ·there is• no special set of- rules for contracts : with the government. Articles 3135-39 define the various types of general terrns · to . which administrative. contracts may . be subject 3!nd make an undisguis� appeal to the various administrative ·authorities to develop such general ter1ns, adapted to the various types of contracts that they have �o conclude. The Code . cowd· not go further in the establishment of rules on this subject, since such· rules must ·be appropriate to t�e needs �f very �ifferent · a�!llinis�ratiy� bod}es. A_r ticle-s 3137-39 deal with the effect of general terms. Their effect ,differs a· ccording to whether they relate to the conclusio� ·of _the_ contract :(Art. 3, 137). or to the in:t�r pretation, content and execution of the contract {Art. 3138). � �nera1 te11.ns have �

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. ..

13. T11is staten1ent is inspi��d by a rt: gret. � ere was no! time _to translate and exa.�e �e last titles that I sent to the Ethiopian M1n1stry of Justice: Title XXI on , 'The Application of Laws" (C. Civ. 86, of February 15, 1�58) and Title� on 1he c�ng into force and the application of ,the Civil Code (C. Civ. 92, of Apnl 15, 1958). :Ti.ties XX.I and XXII ,of , the Civil Code, •as promulgated� '1: re not related to these docurne� ,ts . and �� re not , prepared by the author of the prelirmnary �ft As a tl'�sult, _the E�•op1an Civil Code does not include as had been planned, provisions on pnvate mternational law and the aipplication of I�ws in time, ,and its tra?sito:ry provisions are. fair from adequate. One can _only hope ,that these gaps will be filled m •the not t. oo distant future. f. .�General tenn.s of· business'' are standard clauses printed in a fioxm contract. A general tc:,1111 m,ay deal with a pa.rtieular problem or •it may -incor.porate by reference a whole set of legislative ,or -administrative rules.

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the force of government regulations in the first case, while in the second th e y · oblig y ator must be expressly incorporated. by the contract in order to have fOrce . "" . . . d oes not seem J_ ust1f1ed. In additio · On re-reading the Code, th1� a·Ls�1nct1on · ard to reconcile with Article 1686, ·according to which gen ·rn, Article 3138 is h I ey wer unknown t even iif party .to him whenever t�: ? � _ terms of business_ ·obligate a have been perscr1; bed 1by the public authority. Art1cle 3138 may be due to a la Y calanzi on my part. This example and this confession s1how how useful a discUS:Us b�tween 1:h� expert and t�e commission could have b_een a�d how mu �h it w: missed. Article 3139 provides th·at a person c_on,tract1n� w1 _ � an admi nistr ative authority shall not be a�fected by the . autho�1ty s mod1f1cat1ons of the general terms after the contract 1s concluded; 1t requires no comment. 1

. The next few articles cla :ify certai ,n -points co�cerning the administration's freedom to contract and the time when a contract 1s concluded where approval by a supervisory authority is required. Among these provisions, one should note Article 3·142, which provides that a contract concluded by an administrative autho rity is valid even in the absence of the appropriation necess·ary for the performance of the contract. This article is included so as to exclude the adoption of a line of English cases that might seem to reach the contrary result. 14 Similarly note worthy is .Article 3145, which permits a person contracting with an administrative authority to withdraw from a contract where approval by a supervisory authority is required, if such approval is not forthcoming within six months. In EthiQpia as in other countries, it is useful to protect against excessive bureaucratic delays. Finally, Article 3146 gives a right of compensation to one who has incurred certain expenses witl1 a view to contracting with the administrative authorities where·the c-0ntract is not concluded. In such a situation, compensation can be granted on either of two grou�ds, fault (cupa it1 corztralzend1,) or unjust enrichment of the administra tive authorities. Articles 3147-69 deal with the allocation of contracts by tender. Although the Code itself never requires ·the use of this procedure, it regulates it where the administrative a· uthority, whether or not required to do so by law, does decide to use it. On this subject, the Ethiopian ,Code reproduces the rules of French ]aw, which seetned satisfactory. Articles 3179 and. 3171, on cause, are designed to protect the public interest against administrative carelessness and against collusion between administrators and scoundrels. These articles may seem incomplete, but it seemed impossible to develop 1them more .fully with the present •asp.iration·s for a- liiberal econ·omy. The courts can interpret the the principles set forth here as extensively as appears appropriate to them.

· de inclu s, Articles 3172-78, in the section relating to the effect of contract two note'Y orthy rules. Article 3177 provides that ordinarily a person who has � on tracted with 1lhe administrative autl1oritles may -not invoke ithe exceptio n�n ad! mp· leti contractilS,8 and Article 3178 deinies •to a co-contractant of ;t he gove roment cit� possibility of setting off tax debts owing to him. Article 3175 should also be noted. rk wo t · e urc 14· Ch h wa e ' d r Str V R · · eg1na (Eng. 1865), L. Reps. Q11ee11's Be11cl1, vol. 1, p. 173; . cited �t note 4, pp. 85 ff.; Mitchell, work cited at no 4, p. 69. ttacl con g. The nght of a person to irefuse to perfiorm hi'S ,o te ral under a bilate bliga tions due. · where the other par,ty has not performed l1is oblig; ations even though they are

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if the contract so provides, -�e. administrati�e authorities may 11-nilaterally impose on _the . other P8:rty by r�u1�it1on orders a time limit for the perf orn1ance of his obl1�t1ons. Article 31 J5 1s_ intended to call 1:0 the. attention of the authorities, at the time the contract 1s being made, the possible usefulness of such a stipulation. . r �e mo?ifica,tion of countries i_ s �deaJ;t with i-n 't'he •t1tie on ''Con.tracts. In Gen , eral ,. 1_n A�ticles 1763-70 of the C1v1I Code. The corresponding rules concerning adm1n1strative contract� appear in Articles 3·179-93 and differ considerably from these g��eral rules. Articles 3179-93 gr�nt certain ,prerogatives ito. the administrative aiu1lho;1t'les, �<>:pt tfu. , � mheory of i1rz.1J1·evision,11 and deai wirtlh acts of the government affecting adm1n1strat1ve contracts. Articles 3180 and 3181 incorporate the princiiple of· ''governmental effective ness," of w��ch Professor . Mitchell has been the advocate in the United Kingdom. The author1t1es may te11n1.nate a contract i n .the absence of any fault by the other party wl1�re the contract has become useless to the public service or unsuited to its requirements. Although they do not commit a· ' .'breach of contract'' in so doing, since they are only exerci_sing a right given them by law, compensation must be paid to the other party: On .re-re.ading Article 3181 , the basis for compensation seems too g�nerous. Here again, the preliminary draft might have been improved by a discussion in the Codification Commission. The admin.istrative a u. thorities' rights are not limited to the -termination of �he contr,1ct. They may unilaterally impose modifications of its tern1s (Art. 3179), but again -the other party has a right to compensation and, in some cases to ter1111ina tion of the contract �Art. 3182). r\rticles 318 3-89 adiopt for Ethiopia th · e t· heory of imprevision. The law speci fie.; tJ1e cirumstances in which this theory can be invoked and the measure of com pensation due from the authorities. The equitable compensation provided for by the · 1aw here differs greatly from the case, considered above, where the modifica tion or termination of the. contract results from a unilateral decision of the admini strative authorities. .

Finally,_ Articles 3190-93 specify the consequences of new legislation or ad: ministraitive regulations· (jaits di, prince) itha1 upset �he balance of a contract concluded by the administrative authorities. Since these measures are not a direct tern1ination or modification of the contract, the situation is different from that provided for in Articles 3179-8�. Neverthless, it seems impossible to . ignore �e fact that they emanate from an organ of the . same State as the con�rac_t1? g authority. The community of interests of th� various_ organs of t_h� Sta!e 1ust1f1es some protection for a person w�o has contract_ed with th� adl'n:� 1st�at1ve autho rr,ties. To go t100 far in this <lilrect1on, � -0':" �ver, m1.ght create 1n5tabL11� 1n all_ �ovemment contracts, so the Ethiopian C1v1l Code seeks a compromise pos1t1on by measures. For the forn1er, a furtlher distinguishing beltween general and particulai" � distinction is made according to whether they affect the very te1�n� of _the � ontract or just make perfo1111ance more onerous. For the lat�er, a d1st1nct1on 1s m�de according to the authority from which they emanate; 1t may be t�e contra�!1ng administra.til\!e authority itself (acting by a •procedure other th.am the dtirect mod1f1ca1

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A d tri according to which a contract may be modifie<l by the court where unforseeableococc��ences a]ter radically the conditions for � rformance of t�e contract. See A. Yon Mehren, Tl,e Civil Laiv S)1ste111 (Englewood Cliffs, Ne\v Jersey, 1957), pp. 705-24.

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1 i t may �e a dififerent, adtn i or 3179), Article in �or ded i prov. f:?.Il.��t, t�on , 0�:the, nist ra. . . · . ::,: •. . . t1ve qr. gove��ntal aut�or1ty_ . . . . · · and m�dify, for administrati�e contr��, the gene ify clar 00 .. Articles :31�4-2 ral _ s. of r�ct ce con� a Spec1f1c perfor man rule concerning the effec�s of non-per_f�rm � ce s 1t1e hor e (Art. 3194), just as may nqt be .order�. against .the. adm1rust_rat1v aut in to used force the Crown to perf : orders of mandamus cannot be the c6mmo� 1.aw on n �s �bl both rese thus law lish Eng and Fre nch contractual <ihligations. Ethiopian _law •in .thi�· respec�. Articles 3196 �nd. � 19� are msp1red �y the _sa�e conc ern as A.rtic;l� �1�5. Bureaucr�tic procrast1nat1on 1s as common 10 E�1op1a as in othe r cotmtries, arid the Code realistically ac:1rnowledges and deals; with this universally deplored situation. Dam�ges f_or delay 1� perf?rman�e ar_e _t�us m�d� to run auto. maticaUy ·against admin1strat1ve au_th�z:it1es m. v�r1�us c�rc�m�tan_ces without a prelimin•a _ry mise erz. demeure.! !n a�d1tion, o�Ir :l1m1ted _eff�t IS giv�n to clause s which pretend ·to free the adm1n1strat1ve author1t1es from l1ab1_l_1ty for such damages. Tar ,dy' ,performance 'by a person· who contracts wj , th · �l_ie �ministrative autho. rities is dealt w.ith in A�ticles 3198 . an.cl 3199, . which protect the public interest by excJ1,1djng_ce,ftain claims __ 'and tactics.. s:uch a per�on �ig�� - ��ploy_._,�e·. does not profit fr:om d�lay by . the admini. s,tr�five . �u�horjtie.S: i,n _.,ap_Qlyi�g,_{�l ·anqtions for-laJe . performance (tArt. 3198), arid delay by._his suppliers do not. excuse his own tardiness, unless the suppliers were previously approved by the administrative auther rities (Article 3199)) Fi.nally, Article 3200 provides that the administrative autho rities may nbt•imposei a ·penalty on the other party without· the latter having a right to appeal. to a· court.· This ·rule is· reaffirmed at va��us poin�s · 'in Title· XIX. . . Articles 3201 to 3206 close the chapter of ''Gener�! Pr�visions'' by dealing of contracts.' . witl1 su,b-contracts . and the assignment . . . . . .· The· 'i�r� following . �hapters . o.f Title XIX. are' ,devoted, .respectively, to the three principal t. ypes of administrative �ontracts: the ''Concession of.Public Service" (Arts. 3207 _ :-43), -the ·,'. Con-t'.raot ,of Public· Works'' (lAJ:Tts. 3244-96), .an_d th-� "Contract · .. of Supplies''· (Arts. 3297-306). · �

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The- Co�e defines the concession of public service in Article .3207 and then begins the · r:egulation of this kind of contract by considering .the r�laitions between : th.�. admiilistr�tive. authority: and the grantee ·of. the concession. It deals with the right of. the auth6r.i�y to control the way the· grantee performs his obligation s. There are rules f�r. tbe interpretation and application of,·concession clauses allowing �e modificatjon pf prices and rates in .certam circumstances, and others dealing with m?-�ifica_tiqns. that the ·administra1ive authorities may .. make :unilaterally i n .th,e f original..te� · pf .the concession. These ,proyisi,ons simultaneously grant adm_101• strativ_e authorities certain prerogatives and Jjmit the possibility of arbitrary action. They specify that some kinds .of clauses in · the ;concession · may b.e · modifie d but tbat others m�y· .not, and they es.tablish the grantee's ri°ght to compensation where the

A �onnal act orclin,arily required by ·tbe,· Cod� bcrfore d�nl�ges fo� delay ii:1 perfo nnance \ · · begm •to run. See Civ. C., ·Arts. 1772-75 and 1so· 3. bt j. This las� phrase is a c'!rrect paraphrasing of the French version of Articl e 3 t 99(Z;he� � 19?(2) -1s completely d1ffererut in the Bn,gtish and Amharic version of the Oode, aric it si�ply .repeats 3199(1) in slightly dififeren,t lan gua the English and �)iers ge. in Thu s, _. versions of . Article 3199, no exception is provided su.P the e whe r cas e for the we.re -approved by ·the -administrative author ities. •

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modif_ication of !,he: oontrac·� in�r�ses..his · costs. The se ,disp iti os ons: eleatly sho\v that th� �oncessi . �n. ot public s�rvice cannot· ·be· treate4 as ,� ordinary · contract. Because: 1,ts - fu�ctio_n 1s the fulfillment of .a ,public .interest, t dif fers: :firom those i, where the paw�s s1D1ply seek profit or pursue a· personal: interest. ·: ·.. · •· .: . The concess�on of public sezyice r�q ui_res. r�les t_hart d�rogate � :a��th�r respect fro� the ge_1:1er�l la� of_ �ontracts. Ord�ar. 1ly, contracts iI;1yolv� only the co1=1tracting parti�s. _ Eth�o_ l;>�an law, l1ke Fren:�h law (FrC?ncp. Civil CC>fle, Art..1145).and English doctrme. (pn�1t� of c_ontract), provides that ord�ariiy ·contraots . only •affect the , ?.ontrac�1ng parties (C1v. C., Art 1952)..The concession ·of.public service, however, though _con�luded_ betwe� n t�e: apminist:r�tive· authori�ies and t�ie':granrte� of the concess 10�, _is de�1gned to s_a!1sfy �eeds of other persons, the users of the service. The _admm1strat�ve author1t1es st1pulate for their benefirt, although it cannot techn1oally be· said .. to represent·-them.. A second group of provisions ·in the Chapter .regulating the. concession of public service deals .with the position ·of .these -third' pers ons. _ In particular, i1t is provided· that u ly by the · sers must be treated ·equal grantee (.Arts. 3223-24), and. users are given the right.to sue in =p1aee of.the admini strative autho;I"ities in :certai n: circum·stances·. (Arts� 3225-26); ·· ·: · ·.: . : ..

Articles 3227 an d 3228 deal with the duration and extension of the concession. Article ·3227· decla· res 'that th� concession:· maY .·'n:ot exceed sixty.ye·ars ·;·but· this is not a provision of constitutional -force. It- only · means that ·· an· administrative act is sixty ye8=fs:.; ,th.e appr9val of Parliainsufficient to grant a concession .. . . for . . mo.re .than · . . ,:- . · . ment. must be obtained. . . . . , . . . . . . .. . . ' . , The winding· up · of the concession raises difficult problems- wmcb are dealt with. in .Ar-ticles '3229-35. It·is ·not eno·ugh •to protect the -legitimate: imeirests. of the grantee. Neg,ect of the concession ,by the' grantee, as he ·sees its, expiration. approach ing, must be prevented, and the con•tinuation of the pubJic · service under· the. best possible conditions, either by�the State·.or·by. a. new, grantee, must_:be.. ,fs�lited. �e . grantor of the concession to: the . gr.antee in the subrogation by Article 3234 of the perf.01m - anc_e of contracts pas�. ._by the �a-tter _y,ith t· hi�� persons a�t�c,1�es ,. again s. ry Fontract . a to ordin_ . Uie miique ness· of ·_ tliis admini;sµ-a{ive contr .�ct � .r�lation : , • •• •The -right ·to� redeem concessions, given··,to ,the administrative -�u�?rity -by Articles . 3236 · and· 3237, is · .similar to its ·general . right under. Article 3180 to te1minate unilaterally: any administrative contract. .The possibili1ty' of red�mption of a concession is not limited, however, t o the cases ·provided in Article 3180� and � 81.• cl� 3 Arti of s the: rule �o g rdin acco � fixe not on is sati pen com . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . : . . . . . . . . . . . . . LI:>SS. �f: .right : ·(decheance) ·and, sequestrati<?13 :· ,a!e pr?v!.�ed · _for _in � .�losinig , ha· pter. II. These are. s anctions !tha_t �e· _a�1n1strat_1ve. 3:uthor1t1es can articles : ·of C . , he court: are Just1f1ed-;·T hey t 1f g 1d1n dec of . task: l fina the e hav rts cou er -0rd but the may � ancel the s anctions and, if necessary, order �he autho�ties to comp��sate the · · 3 · .32 �usta!ned ) : gr an . tee , 4 y Joss (.An, for· an . . . . , . . � . • • • •. ? • • . • . . . . . . . . . ,. . . . . ' . . . . . . · : g and � �i� ' y lso e�i e� d 1�rac�:of: P�blic ·1Works," · · n Co ' . ' the �: .on � Ill · e� Chapi ! :· � � t�e th ls .wi dea n 1:0e 4 :It_ 324 4n) ts. ... . �Ar · _ lies app 1t ich wh to ct tra s specifying the con ose therr petiit1on to cho for111ation of the contract where the authont1es hold a c?m • '- ' • · . · . . · . . : : . contractor (Arts.· 3246-49). .. . · . . . . . . . . . . si? n in the rvi of pe su ·as �ll · as w . ion ect r di of. ht rig a ' n e giv i s n The admlnistratio 1 1 �g f_rom ult �; res a · s ntr �o thi of �ss en iqu un e_ Th : s. rk wo c case of contracts of publi . s le tic Ar n .f o . sio ar1 mp a co m fro nt ide ev 1s . · t, ac ntr . co 1 its being .an ·administrative ,

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3250-60 with Articles 3�19-40, which are gen�r�lly a. pplicable !o contracts of w 0rk . The adm1n1strat1ve i mmovables to relating auithor1ty, labour and even as it e into contracts, is unlike private contracting parties_. Th� contracts it conclud es �:ers the public interest and sho_uld n?t be tre�ed as 1f this were of no importan�. ect course one ';Ilust no� permit arb1.ti:ary aot1on, but t he balainc_e � taiblished betw Qf the contracting ·pa.rt1es must take into accoun;t the fact that 1t 1s an admin istr � contract . The authori:Y mu:st :e�ain master of the u�d:rtaking in some cir�:� . an ordinary 1nd1v1dual would not remain ID charge of a project sta.nces where h b e see provisions to in • justified for admin istr af e contracted to have done. Special contracts with respect to the timing and supervision of the work to be don e. Thee Ethiopian Civil Code has attempted to for111ulate these rules. are �irst _ d�f1ne�. The �1�les th�t follo·w �arantee a person who contracts with· the adm1n1strat1ve authont1es against certain delays {Art. 3268) and give him the right ordinarily to require the payment of installments to the extent that he has perforrned his obligations (Arts. 3269 and 3270). On the �ther hand, ithe Cod e limits the possibility of obtaining advances for work that has not yet been done (iArt. 3271) . Acceptance of work done is dealt with in Articles 3274-81 ..Afso dealt with in these articles is the warranty of the contractor against defects of construction. In Section ill of the chapter various possibilities for the modification of contracts of pu b • lic works are set forth. Modifications can result from a unilateral decision of the authorities (Arts. 3283-85). It can also occur in case of "unforeseen difficulties'' (Arts. 3286:-87), where the contractor encounters in the performance of his contract abnormal ma-terial difficulties that could not reasonab , ly be foreseen at the time of the conclusion of the contract. The contractor's right ,to terminate the contract and the amount of compensation he may claim ·are dealt with in the Code at this point.

Articles 3288-92 provide sanctions that the administrative authoriities may take against their contractor when he does not perfo11n his obligations as he shou ld: placing the unde�ing under State control, or re-allocation of the contract by auction. 'These sanctions are subject to ·the con1rol of ,the courts, who, however, cannot cancel them. If the sanctions aJ"e n. ot justified, the court may only ord.er the adminisra• tive authorities to compensate ithe contractor �Art. 3292). Section V of Chapter Ill deals with assignment of the contra.ct and giving. it as security. These operations are frequenitly used to finance work and to sp�d its p erformance. The distinction has been made here again between the pos1t1on of the assignee and that of the sub-contractor. on cessi co the c e n�ract of supplies • n tha .presents fewer peculiarities � !° ? i spec d ve recei public service and the contract of public works• Nevertheless' it has n · I o e tit the attention in the Code. Ten articles are devoted to it in a last chapter of 11 '' Administrative Contracts.'' 0 th in with In. brief, this is how administrative contracts have been dealt ve . Eh. _1op1a n c·1v1·1 Code. These provisions certainly are far from perfect and we hathe po1� ted . out o�e of t�e reasons· for this. '.In addition, one might ask whethe: in . d gula subJect 1s � ot 1nsuff1c1e�tly settled, too much in rflux, to be 1able to be � � bab a code. This argument 1s frequently invoked to explain why •administrative la

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not been codified in countries where, for other areas of the law, codification is the no1m. Is the airgu1;11�t n?l valid; a fortiori for a coun-try like Ethiopia where neit'her case-law nor admm1strat1ve practice affords a solid basis for codification? 1

We �onsidered this problem at length, ·but concluded that these objections �ust be ignored. Because adm!n�strative �aw has only been in existence, even �n France, for . about 100 years, 1t 1s a relative newcomer to legal s;tudy. No doubt 1t lacks, for this reason, the sta:bility of some branches of civil law. The transforma tion of the· State's role in recent years has upset the foundations of administrative , en it seemed -to be reaching maturity, and no one knows, �aw at the ver� moment wh 1n the uncertainty of this world, whait is its destiny. Is that, however, a reason to refuse to try to develop it? And is the legislator not as able as judges to establish its general rules, for the present condiitions of society? A negative answer to. this last question must rest on an assumption that statutes inhi•bit Uie evolution of rthe law more than do customs and case-law. This assump tion, on which Savigny based his opposition - ·"'ctually of circumstance more than of principle - to codification in general, is unproved; quite the contrary . Legislation of the kind we have tried to elaborate for Ethiopia includes enough general formulas a:nd leaves sufficient room for the contractual practice of the administrative autho rities to be not unduly restrictive. In a country like Ethiopia, where there is no tradition to guide the admini strative authorities and· where judges are still usually not jurists, it. is parJicularly . important to establish a framework for administrative action. Ethiopia has neither the time nor the means to elaborate its own law judicially as the common law has done and as France has done in the area of administrative law. Codilication is an imperative for a country that wants to renovate its structure rapidly in order to modernize ·and raise its standard of living. This is as true for administrative law as for civil law. For1nation of the law by judges might result in a law richer in nuances and better ·adapted to the society for which it is made, although even this advantage is far from established. The plodding of judges has cost much· in certain periods and in the common law countries the law would be filled with archaic concepts and rules if the legislator had not frequently intervened. In any case, Ethiopia cannot wait t�e sev_er� c<: ntu� ies_ that would be needed �or the elaboration of a judge-made law JUSt so It will fit like a custom-made suit. We have therefore, given her one ready-made. We are no more ashamed the way . is cer!a�ly of having do�e it than we were hesitant to underta�e i_ t. not closed to the development of the law. Judges and Junsts will be able 1n Eth1op1a, as they have been in other countries, to ada�t the code !o ci.rcu_m_stances. We o�y hope, ·and firmly ,belie� e, that_ � e have ass1�ted them m iprov1d1n� a foun�at1on on which they can build, pnnc1ples on which they �an base their re�on1n.g, a framework in which they will be able to move. That IS all a code ever 1s.

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- 156 -

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· o;,,11•0 = tt1.1A"lfF,f--1·· = 01•/l'r =flt·= wt--1 ..7r-:;-.

o;,.1,,,n

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= 1t1.1A"lfl�.:,.. = �•ll'f' = ffl .. f 1Pt--i1--�1: Ft-- = r�*t:T-: {flJ,o:,- ill\ 11,.,.,1,,; ,_,.,t--,,.,..iz;.. 1..�1, oro1TJro• = h'P� flt.fl• = r+·· .(Dft} = 'Im·:: roti"f,.9'': 1-.1·0 = i',1,:f'�• = g/,,e../k(i)(o) = o.ir1 1 ,,,,_..�i: f°tODt\i)"l".LD' : fFir :. Y:c�:,-- : t\,)11·1•0 : f 0?.f'l,nm• =.'l'l'lt\"l {t�:,• -I (\9°/tt\, : ,,fU&\ : fi'i,t\,h,.,..l,h : f,f;t\,{;:."},; : frf;t\,d/b,.� ,: OD-Jfi9¥J"f : "h�'1 : 1til&cl\1.. : fioo(f,;:fro• : .Ft.i&1 : 0°7 f.:,...t--1il;rc:,.. : h1.A"lft 9:G'l' : n;,,11-0 : l\f; : -OC,f: : "l--J;:,.. : fUCJ..faollJ'': fitr'I : '1.ff. : Owt.+� :fsro : tr'I = fiLPt.-1·� : "7,.,nc = fUC/..f..G°l = P't . = "7!l:lT1 = ''+1n. flA lf'I: ft>'t--: tt&..�K9°'': ff..C1.'PA I ilt\J-LtJ9°: P't--= "7*lm«1 =m1-m,p: 12 ff..C1'PA:: fii'11J.1.' : filrA : fltlJ,·.: f..1-0 : tj::f• =·&..?.'I° : °IA?. : 'It& OH.U: f..1-0 : ti'I,:J'JC : lD•il'l' : f°t1fi• : P't,. : "7!1:l(01' : "1.1-lDT : lifar t f..°1'1°9° = Ft--: "?*lm· 1. OP'-t--tl>' = Y:c�:,-- = m�'J° = ll°tf'lm(Dc : tt11:t1 I\�:,.. : m:J>UCJ..',,r : na.1111 :, l\f, :. ,(lei: : ,,,..�:,- : f_UCJ..fODllJ : hlf', t Fir: "79:lm•: �10-: n'l;J1G :·w .ril'l': f,"J'lA:: .:,...c-i,;9°: fOIJ..f"li�: 'P'ie&: Tfct = r+'ltim• = �'O,nll11 = l\f, = 11c..-1: = ,,,...�.:,... = foitfoollJ'' = f"'lftar'} oJ:b.11'1' = f"?..out\n.:,... = 'l.m.. == mf,9° • �A:Pit ·=· •'f'fctm« = �u : 1i£1"1l'r • ni o-il 1'114'� : ((l) : llC : 1t1Y: : 7-�f, : t\1twt'i :. wt--"1--� : 1--��: fl.C�: (l. 4'C11 : 611"-0'l' : 'ltD• : m�.: fUC/..1\.m« : 'I'fcl: : '1 tlC :: t\J-LtJ: 'l'f4i: O-ft1' : OD A(t'f : + (l Ti·'PA :: rouiuotfOJ• : hi"G?i1°9° :- (lf..t,.(l.,ro• : 1til,,.ff • f:,.. l h.11:: ,P'Ir: Ot/t I �'r: "l--10.: fAlf'I : fFt.: itt.�K9°: ',w•: fUl/.A: oof..'J°J!..ortf: ft{ID{l m.:,... : flC� : v-.1\..:,... : (j:ti, : 'l"l�T1 : "h1Jlfl1Jt. : fil&..A:JA:: (��-: .f,th 00 ln:,-1 = sron11:,. n:,,cn· = "h11A�/\ 1) "h'IC(l 'J° = (k) r'_tr = OIJt�m- = • . ll,)11111 : l\f,: -OC:1: : 1--J;,l• : t\.,fPDITJ : oo:J!t\..1'i : (\..,ODllJ: f"t�/l(JJ•'J° 1--J;:,. = sroh1,,-,... = ''7-J;� f D!loot\n+ .Ol4 = rP.'t- : 1:c:e,:,- tta,11-0 : fat

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11. 1\1-cf'K" 1 thf • (u) t flP /rT'11 "'i<t«iOC':f1' 1 cc/h;J'f! 1 P'/r?'":f•"} 1 ,.,..fr I flOUP'&.T'' 1 y,1,.:,,J: l\:f-'PA r1 .eu 1 "1'1+1i, r+f:'l"m--1 r.,...,..c. itt11 nAht\, llll. J\ivt'i • iv&.+� 1 'rt'lf,' /\aJtJJ(l)- h'P)!- ncC.�K9° iv&.-f•V-";f /\tr�T r fOD1''1P':,• iv/r-t--V-l-'1° 7''}\l,'} 7''>r s·{l�'Pi Ot.(t, �fl (r,..L?aD?. 1,."},.e..tr}) f.-f·'PA ,f•,flfr- fl"'l"}O•n QEJ!A9° l . · ' hrf•h/\h/\·:,• ).;I'SJ>l· {lll-f•+C nLP./rrf• '1 "'I'"IOC fD?•.e..'41· P'Ir 11'/*l.to1·'t · :,,�A 1 -fltr- 1 "'110Cl· = fO/\m • 1-10. 1 .eoollf\A 11 f'I°, tr} • .eu , .eu , �,.. 1 nJ.',OA1' 1 ll'l°C'/°C I ftJA I f,f•}l} 1 }CO- 1 '/°h1'f,f:9° 1 :i-c� , O°t.fll1� 1 fou"}'1P':'f· ·• J:C�.f'f f°t.lP"r ' h-fl•1V-:i: I f00"}'1.P'T I IP/rrt-'7/"°;f· I hoo"}"JP'·)· I IP/r•f-?t";f I h'i!A I �"J!' I 0� tr'i':f-co- I hi11'1 1 h'i':A I "'ill;l'ro«f!f' .,....,..c I r I P'AtJJ"} ' CD-� I .,-,.e..c 1'P A ·rs {l�lt(t, I iff: . fuA I l'lh.:i•r-*, • nfc ,• 00111: • iv1r.,1·V-":f· .eu, • vai11.c1co-1 • f!fi f!l ' 1 ..!: , fih'1 1 h'i!A r "'1(l;l'ro4.!J', .,..._,..C, !lfirt 1 �;,1,:,. , ;,tLtJJ , ili:�, qou.'J· • t"-'l'C' J.,t• .eOUflh:tA JI ,1 I

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{Im(lJc : It'1A'?/\�;,. : • • . • h-,_:-, : i', ii&.I\1. : nODlf'i' (I}c', : ., (De :: h'Pcf! . -f·'f � P'� : "'I!I:'-'"-:f : lbI\ : "'I 'i':fw•·r : Ftr . : "'I* l'I' : Oi11 1111 : l\f, : -OC1: : "}--J',,r : (Lf · J!.Cil =· fCPJ..l-./\lD• : 01U.il : '114'� : (fl) : n.-r1/\�.,.,.. :: 9'°h1f,f•'f: il/\lf', : V•/\Jr�i';w•'}. : �fu : '11C.: Ol/llJ&,.:,• : -:f°IC : fOl/..&.'PC : ttf>ouilA 9° == ntLtJ = n,..,·l�?n?° = ilc 1 /\flcJ;.. = 'P'i'w· : 'P1<1: = 11c,1: = r ,'h 1111 : _'1-P, T : l\.ODllJ : f,-:fl\tt1 :: fOl/../l(I}c : ',(D•. ::: Vcflr�=;:,(I}c : it,..,·��1n9° : . OPCJ; . : · 1·4''lf,',:,-: .r11 :: fOTJ.ODil/\W- t ,t\,l\lD' . : . nil"f•ffqc I fi"}O•il :: 1'114'�: ((l): lD-il'P: "h')J!.: IT'/0Dft/\7f : (:,•&,."} ll;rc;,.)_= n+ll1' = n .-,•111c1·1"r:,• = it1Ai?ir1,f·.,1· = l\f, f·f--01Jtcfl11 .,(I}c fitLIJ : nil.-,•ff:,W 1 ODHCHt..:flD• : 0',f·I.U : it1A'?/l .f•-:f :· l\f, : f°1..J!..lc'? : .P'tr. = "'I� 'I° = n;,. 11,fl l\f, ,fl c ,1: = 1,P,,r 679° llJ ,1:1 = 9° hc = fL,f: (;rcl\67�) : ouro(l�"} = foufln:J-- A il/\ti.U9° : 0'11� : r,r/\f : '1-l',f,: m«il'P=. fl\= P'tr .= IT'/*l.'I' = n;,,1111 = I\J!,= ,flci: = 11--P,,)• = fOIJllJ 1,1..e..111 flCJ;. : ODmf:,» : flm:,'I\I\O)c : itfil&.A'llD•9° :: Ft.a : 61!1:lm« : hrf•Hllf 4-� : ·1t1A°lll"�r•-:f : flit"}.&;. : l\f, : 1,Jrl•F.l..1.: �lcil-F.dJ'l°9° : h'P4!.f·':.f : fiilT4'C : 010·il: it'Jcf>� : ((l) : ilC : f"t'l(l«:,. : 1·P,V---:f : f,U"} : '¼J!,',,}• : .P' Ir- : ""-*G'P : fCP/..DD (\h,f: : 'i'TlD• 1 flC-<;. : f?°hC : fL ,f:"} : m«ti� : .-f'OD Chell : 1•.';f.."} : /LOJil"} : f,-:f-1\A :: .

== = =

9°'i'A.f1T : °7'i'T0Jc9° : it+l.�'Jo9° : fl.If"} : f"}O--il ·: it14'7'.. : (fl)1 : *'* = mf,9° = '¼l\"'I = n11c,1: = n.rtf1&.w·9° 1 f.CSJ<fP?° = v-f\,f"�'1m• nTl� ·?o'J° 1 {lit"}P,') ,_... : 7--P,f·1--: l\f,: f.-J--ml}flfi : f°1..lf'l1D41 t �fu :: '11C1 : flT'/ ·llJ /r.1T:. "i•dJ'lC : 0it,fl If i';W": 7--P,f,: I\J!,: 'lfl.111/ il&. /\1· ¾ ,n:l'oit'I:,.. : it/\ lIJc:: lf'.9° fOD1_0Dl,fiw . : n.-f•lc�?n'I° : hi't"}cf>7'. :: n'l,;J1C : ;JC : flf,OA'P : flPJ.il°7.IPJ : f,,OD ilI\/,\ ::

·I·

9°'i"A'l,r : f,U : i'1ll.-J•ff:,• : ffl/\m : ll.11t..t- : foit"f-1\m• : f10·il ' 1114'7-: (fl) : ,hZ.1°:f. : "h'JJ!.oith,t-t\m• : "h1F..'1'i': fl.ltll·'i': O,l1 �1, : frf'm -4' ft(Dc'J ·=. rP'tr. = "'I* l 'I' = O.f OD/\t, .-1: = ., m, = -

''llilt1f,fl = l\f, ,nc.-1: : 1•?,,r t\..fOIJm• = roil-fl· 1 11--Pi� = foitOD/\h ,..,..ID4 : f/"/r. : f:C�T : /\il1 1f,fl : {lllJ9° : i',il&.1\1. : flODlf)• : (D�9° : roiz..(l(llc:,.= i',1A'?� ..r-l-= '¼J!,'1,r= itil&.1\1... = 00011,;:,:m-= noih"1-�,-,.= l}f,tD(l"} l (\9°{}/\, : ftJI,\ : fOD,{1&.,1•: ,Pf,/;\ ¼ (D◄'/'j • : fb(\-o-:j.']° : f "111 ,o = n1Aoifl.�T-:r-= fill,\h'i' = r,1:fb-?tr.� = OD'J'i''1!P1.c; = r,1111•0 = tPJoo 'lit ?f = n1/,\°lflo·Y.1·'' == n,tu = nfltih = ootPt,.;,. { it14'� = ''n,n1111 = ·l\f, : ,flC,J: : 1•/',,r : l\..fODffic : foit-:ffr'' : P'/r. : IT'J!l:/.(0-:f"} : flOD'J' +ii: J!,lOD/r.A:: 1'1 14'�-: J,f·LU : l\f,: {lf�'/°: '.�: flCJ;. : {lf"}P,"},<;.: 1� P,f, I\J!, = rtLtJ = '¼J!,'1:t-= 1,.v,:,. = fLOIJflJ = ilfl.00:FA· 00rofl1 = "h1P,I\O:,. = it"}'f'?,_. : ill\ : OD(llf4? : 9°"}9° : 'l'C'PC: i'tf,'iC'J°:: J\"}"J,'tfil -� f,..f-cf,"r:t- : rn1+1t- = :J'l\:t• i'1 il&.l\1.'l:,- 9°1�c = 'IOJc? r1..4'�:,. = :l'I\:,• 1 it14'?t- = r oiOD1tb;J--:flD'1 P'tr. = IP/*1.. (111• = n,11 1111 I\!!, •flc •f: 1--.v.:,. ll.!00mnoi:r-�:,. = f+ll� = 9°ti1,,r--l- = rro(ls::fm" = f-DDil�A == r ,,.,.." �� = 9°h1 .r-r:f'E° i 1-?.� = r01J.OD/\h·l•lD" = rr1 tr. = �c-,_:;,. = 1t,l11111 = OllJ?° t,il&. a\'1.:. = OD(f',. : OJf;9° : rn1.fl111·;l. : i'11/A"lflo,f·1· : t}!!,'1-1" : t,il&.l\'1.. : ODlf'i'

=·

= =

- 159 -

0 1c : r 1c : i1-rc:- 1,1\f, : 01·m+ :fto-: 'i:far :: rA�: h1A"lft�.f·T9° 1 1 _ 1C :: � (tl04 : lD01' : h'l'l11 : ,(D•{l'r : .lD" 1 1f�... f9°hC . (}.,f: : (r:rcti"'I): 0 1• "f ' : r : A "lft h1 l.ff +H . llD t;.:, �"l .Y. : fiPJ : "1'1 · : ''"1ll ' m·l\�: ij(])' 1 {Dcl\�lD rf-f...l.1 : "'l'i:1: ar f : l\f, : · fl�CO : 9°: "�'': ODlf'iT(])''1: , �(D• : 1''1;:( ◄ 1 : hf. P&ft 00 : : ° 1:," :f-ll : ,. 9° : ·0"11111 : l\f,: ,oc,f: 't-Pi:i• "'19 " l\f: ftTC/.1.l..°l : P't-- : °1*l 'I' = Ot"f11l·O : O''ll {lttl\1..'' : h1A"lft0 111, ,nc,1:: = -1-�:," : i\.f ,IDflJ fOIJ..,f•A. = f,ou{lA f,tr'iA i i',il nttrt.r : 1t1 A°ll\�rf: : l\{l&.l\"L : �Or : i\.'IA : t.f,:f.A9° :: lf'i?° : �1?- : f'?�· : (U•A "Ltt) : °h'1f.f·LtJ : Jtf,Y.ft'J° :: t\?°l\i\, : ftJA : 0111·,. : h·'l1fS'1:f : fOl/.(}'J' �" OitJt{l: JtO•l'i'": n:<1:117: outahA: fl\: ft,ro•,r•fl•{l: h'lAOJfto,)•'}: h1(l}c(}�• :: fJtwt,'i·: 1Pt-- t-'i:: 'l'Pif, : {lC�: f1'1'1,<;..: h·'l'1,C': I\!!,: {l(lrJ,�l1: "'l*l'I' : 9°1 : Ol/f...'l"l : J'tftO,),? V-t\rf'<;ffl•'1 : 1trf•l:}'Jo9'1 : ttrf'4>0A'}: oot\_(l• : '?AK' : �(D• :: OILIJ : Jt,f.. l:}1°9° : ODlP(.:,.. f ?°he : {l,,f: : 001/oo ""71· l\f, r 0i1.1.01 = rt-- "'l!l:lrr h--1,nl114-:,.. = t,,A°lfto1· "f = n 1J;.. = °1111.0Dlf�- : oum1 : n;,,1111 : l\f, : rflC,f: : ,....�:,.. : t\°19°l1J,), : OD;J!�'): milS:A :: P't,-.lD· : r & l m0-1· : h•'l"} .r : "'1001\t\71''1 : f,{lt1Jb\ � ilftH.U : P'lr : OIJ*lmc : 010.. fl : '11-cf>g - : ((l) : ilC : ,),1-lD'I' : -,m.. :: lf'i9° :· 'J'1 nc. : (1,f: : fro(l�ro-: OI/OD/tfl.7t. : hilLl\"L : i',1A.0lt\ ODlf�-1 : ,O;F: -,ro.. : n;1,1f-O : l\f, : ,flC:,f: : 1,P,,)• : "◄for>fff : f,7fl\A. 1 : r 0'l.l\W•"}: 'I'f<f:: fl.ftC:J;. : :,-{·ft;J··A. : taA1 :· f�1?-: lJ•�;J--: f,t\W"JA:: OJ't,<;.il : t,Ofl'i : nJ-t 1'.(!;: r,n�l\f,: f1}Jf,)•: ;J--1\�: lli'"'i : outihA: ft\ : OI/ODf\t\q: flt: 9'1hC: },.}f..oY.�mC : 1t,.rmt.-'l'C9° r � {l,,f: : ro-l)� : 'h1'J.'.. : 1'-til&..1\1. : Jt1A"Jt\ 1C: : °11' : f,U1': 1't1f.\'1fto•-,.. : OhkA : f°tf/1,'/° : P't• : ''1'kl'r: n;,,11•0: I\J!, 11c.-1: 1-Pi:i• il..foofll'J° = l\,,roo111'J° _e,l•I\A 'h"f, fl.'l°lttt,: n4> lfla>· : 'l•P,f, : ll,n1f ,f1 : l\f, : ,fiC,f: : 1,P,.-7.. : i\..<1oollJ : {JD;Ftt--1 : f\(IDOJ (11' i nJt.�.il = t1nflc; Oj{,0'1 : {JIJtaht!\ : fli',ro•.-f·O·il r"7..14>'14'flm··} r� (D•C,·: fiJ:J>: An I OP'&-: OIJ'J:l'r: frf•il&..&-&--OJ·: h·fl·}.r: f°tfOD/t&\OlD': f(la>-C,-: fiJ:P : .{!;C.if :· 1\1'•�.lJ-9° : f,U: h·'l1,.C' : it·O•·f�lD·1' : 1.tt: f°tf� '1'11 w•"t (lw-c,· = t,:J, = ft,tt�:i: h· 'l1'.r?J:.f.. flauliliJ,'} f lt:1:,0-1 :f-.tr,:J·: ooooc:OD c. = .r il&..A;, A '1°1''1'1 l\1�..,. : fl'11P/,.'r : lJ.l/r,1..c;: : ·1-P,f, : nc..�- : (1�11.U : U·/\·1· : �,-� K?.6 : 1'-t,f'l.�1°'1°1· : out1hA : fttm·: 1'-tfl.-1• .(' f,)·: 1,iltio•"}: ,r..'lfl: �K-9°: 0 'lf,lf1? '?A.7'' (r1·1.u ?11n1.r,)• nh&.A : �1� = t,.';.il Jt(l'l-1"1 1 i'1w«,f-Cr il : 1-P,J!, : l\f, : i'1mlrl1Jt : �1C : oum(l'} : ill\A�(ll(l;� : �CD4): nc:J;... : lrft"l"�lD-1': h,f··l�1°?°: frf--=J>{lt\: ,eov{lf\A :: hiltiu,1': f.·t.il: '}O·h: -1t14>1- ((1)1 f DIJ.<JDfl.hi: o-tt:,- 1--.v,r-:1· - = nnc.<;.. &, .. )· <1>cntJ'A � fit.,l-'t'*f 1trc. = DD11�' -� nti7i I r;,,....1-r·A·.. r ,-,re·= ao"}1f..· w�•�7f'1·� ""'�nc: ¾ --t-h'17i =(r�i. 1t =au=1-P.1 ,) r1-,.:,•r•A',.r="'l{JIJl\l\lf=1tno: f-1' "'1,·,nc ¾ h'17i 1 r>t.,�..r-A·.r tTCJoDflfl. 7a· 1tnn.r-1 O"/"�nc ;;.:�rr1•1t1·� t11J1oc: -�..:tnti]. = (f"'/l/Df\f\?'t •1-.v,,e,) i:l orr:,,'F,:,. 1 ,,,.} 71:u�2i q:

J»!;

=�

"'*l.'1'

:,•

J»t.:

'' *

:,..

:,-

13. fV·t\•I:: 1-.v.r·1··: ,l,·l·;J--: r-f·ro(lJ.'.. aJ• : R' ,I,,'i! : � a,. ::

= �\,; = =

= =

(l°lc·,.: "'J{l:J·a1i1·:?... : 11·-t·,11•l•1,aJ•: t':J·J�(t l 1t1J,'t:

- 160 l.

9°': flt. : n : OD : IP/ri•7f1·: P'/r: O"'l*l'r : '¼l\9°: i',+4•"} : h1A°l'flo:,•: "i.e,11'1 s 11"1./r'P.(l)c'J : n1A'?l\0 it*lm- :: ntt.r). : /Ji\:,• : fitiPt'i : fwt.,f'7rl- s -,.�.r, ·: PCf..' : ltrt:f'9.f, : {l,fl(lll : l'tf..'C"1° : fOl/.hi'l\tD•"} : lD"lI� : (Im :: ''fh_ : n : OD : lPt,.,f-7fT : hfL•f:;l•:f!.(l)c"} : {lfl : i'1 1Pt'i : 1Pt,'f'i1 ' 1-� 1, nmllJ(D« lt'PJ!- tfIIIi!f2i 001Pl.:,.. = llPc>:.. = rt/\/\'l>l.n· i rh. � l't OD = P'tr = fih11,n OI/001\l\?f tt1A'?�,l· 1)l\lf� 1 r,-i.. u., = q_e,�.:,. = P't-- = "'llf,9° = n,l,11•n l\f- •nc...,: = 1-�:,.. roi,,rootrJ rtl\ ll'�'i • ntt1--�� = � (1..) (l!) (t) ((l) = rte ri't .. = it = oo 1Pt.-1-7flO"'l'iTID"9° : u--�;J·· : 0.lf"} : P'lr : f"'l!l:l r : 0°11:,, : {lt\fbl\:fm· i (lCJ;.. : h1 J',."?.h,,,.. {\lD" : f11'1A :: � n1t1+,r It (u) (t) n,,..(l,nm· P'AtrJ"} <JD1>'1..:,. = rJt. = i', = UD : 1Plr+i'f-:f : Plr : "'t!l:1..m•'J : i',<f?ooa1• : mf... : p&,.:{-cn• : '' (} UD{\ � :,•

= =

= = =

= =

f,"h11•n OI/UD/\f\7i = 1-�.r, t1tt1�· '}OD,l• .r,nA,r = n:\/\ = ., ..�" fc"h1111 = "'100 1\l\?f hc111..r nn>trt ttn11 rocn,r fi',ar•Y..fi'rt 1t1A'?/l•• :,., : ft1i�A :: fi;r"�UfP' : ...iur;t l\u-l\:i• : +c;:,.. : r-..-...-. : '} : 9° : lP&,.rl"i'f:,; : (lit.P,..{l : ttnll : fl'tlD·•f,n·ri : 1'1.1A tr-:t, : �OD :: h'rcf!:t· : P'lr : mt,.:,.. : n�/\ : PCP,. : 0.W'ti�m· : l\f, :

"*l.� ::

= ..

'' JtfL,t;;J,m·'J r+l.nm· h•ll"} .r = (l?J1·1 nJt.,rr-A·J' £11<l>/\,e, 01•1 ..,.-:;..'i n 'Pi;(De = h·"f•OI/ = n au-1t- = ..r OD"A"A -1 ,.,1r,o- r"'I OD" t\?f n"JA'?/'r"T1 : OD{lm:,-: �(De:: OOI/OD/\l\il" : n1A"Jft.e1:,-.: f01/.1P"r : IP&·• +i'f-:f: n1t1+,r : g (f,) (ii) (�) ((l) : P'/r : h07!1:l.'r : ,,,,ttAnl\'PA'' ,fi{\o : Of� ::

= =

flt. l't OD = "} = ·1-�'1 'h.11..+1..'l°:,.. : •Of,'J : ODD'r+ri PC>:. 1JJ& ,,ri'f:r: = •r10.. fAlf� rPt, itt.�K?° nOTJf..'l."l r1..r1,7f>l· = c;:fm· hi\ :: fn4: h: OD: -,,�_e,: l\-O:J=m·: (l.m(l�- : {I(\ : 'JO-il : h'}«f>7'·: (n) : ,., ...,. G:}1->9° : (lCJ;.. : ill\l\l&' : hil.,f•..rr:,. : f ..-r�G�,. : (f�r,4>l.)..) : lj:"}(;lib7,'- : f,(l lllA :: (lC�.. : pt,. : "'l*llflc : n,n1f"(l : l\f, : •flc:,J: : "l·P.:,.. : l\"'i9°'1J,)• : OD:Fit-1 : O'?Ai· : (D(l� ! f,tJ9° : fDD1.0DtfaJ""} : i't,,f-cl.�1°?° : oo«pn/t-1 fODl\h;t·A. (lt\,/\OJ•: nh•A :- fit.. it= OD= lP&- ,,l·7fl--= ''O"'l'i':f�r = u-�:J· (llf'} : pt,.. : {\OI/*l.'P : ODit(l:,.,, : rl\:1�m•9° : fOl/.t\OJ�: OJ.il}�tD• 1 rh.. : it: OD'J = fm(l�, = 'h.1f..lf1 n'h.11�1.v"' ,,,.....,..r, l\f- n,n1111 = "" = ,,,...�:,fl.f-C{l : OD:]!fr"} : ODOD&\h:i• : itl\OI/h&.t\,,,...,. : ilt\01/..fODt\h,)- ¾ hODi{IDc fDr : lt+l.:}1o9° : f,f--l\f : f.�lf'iA ::

= =

(lC� : 9°'iA'l'1• : lJ•{\,f'�:OJ.,") : i'ti,f'l�"lo�> : rf·•cf>,fl!l /A : •{l{\"} : i\Uo tD(l") : fm111l : DI/OD/\{\?f"} : -i,P,J?, : ODODCfl11 : i'tl\•0"} :: nouiODt,,r :· ntt.. = 1t : OD = ,,.,.�,, = ,,,.,,e..mfl.,a,., l'ff,lf"} nm11-0 = 01Jor11\fl ?f "1•-�.e = flC>;.. i Fir : "'J!f:l.m· : O,lt 11-0 : l\f, : •flC.,f: : ·1-P,,)• : "'19°trJ·t:·t : O'?AK" : i'tAro(l-,9° :: t�l\+"? : (lC.J;.. : tiAh/\aJ�"} : f1t\KlD' : 9°1'1° : f+l\ � : U·�

- 161· -

.:t-9'l- = 'h'J-f..fl,fl<P- = tt1-·c1 = fLlf1 = tJJclt�lD' = 1,&.1: = +cP = o-;ntw. .

· -,?11:: w.ti� : ·-7- P,.,e,: i\1•0Df\ h,t-tJJc: it'J-J;.1: h-'11,, f: Oor>'f'4'il: itA+w{t � 'fOf/.{\tJJc: ''(}"'/.(]Dt\i\'1: l,1AdJ�r"f•: f"7..LP?,: V'&•--l•7f;f•: hP�: °7*l : 'I' > ,, t-hAtJflq>A: ... ,, ',ro• :: f,IJ : flD't\ �lD-: :J A: ,,1Jtu- : (t\11:Fm- ): ·011 : flOIJ..{lmlD' : iltPJ.:i• : tllD(l� =h+.rt\ 1· f1D•il : h1+i--:· (0) 1: v--n+ '�a¥} : h,t-l:i,1o9°: flCJ;. : ao•ft.· : 0(10«/t.-: f,,.l·+Ot\w, : ODlf)."}: f ltfA, 11

ft;

r : (l.',0-0 : 0"2.0m.ro: t\•fl:J!a CD4 : t f�lt :J>A : iltnt,r: {\ao lf'i9° �. ,tD-(l�: f,:J!t\A: ,,fli\ h"'i(ID'J- : n&.:i• =. :J>lt· :_ 09°1 : i',111.11 : h"}� , +� t\7i = 1-Pif. =h1..e..=fit.=ti = · 11. =Ol/fl:J:wro(t• =ODA.ti�= ',(I)•==r;,.1111 =IT'JODt\ .(JD: 1-P,f,: r+out\h1--l&': Oh1�: q_e.',,r: OIJODt\{\q: 'l°'r:r{ L: ff\a,.: ',ro• :: Om.11·0 : °7DDI\/\ if: hcq h·ll.1! : t\f, : f+f...?11 :. Ft- : fh�. {l: hO'l: ','Pt.?11•"}: h:r 11: l\f,: f,..l•f..l1: f1•ltti : Ft-: ;h(L9''f: fi{l,f--cf>C: ll,t\: f,.,11'1•0: "'iDD.,., {\q: flt"IT'PA ¾ 'lfl�(Dc 9°: P'�: ·67!1:l'I' : 1.tt : ltlt'rj;Tq>A :: :J--tin.9':f.9°: Om.1111 : ��l\t\if : lt�fO· (1--:f =roi:i,:i,tf4ir1 = t\OD6li/,'J- = 04! = hf,lf'I- =y,rrc.A 1 net = fl.tr).va· i httm« ,f,fl•(l:f: =r Ot\m =,ro•f.' =c.¥01.c ==f,IJ1 = n00nt\ =v-�:J.. =O,n111l =l\f,: 1•�:,. 'f°tfOD"J : ',to• : 'hl,f..t\9° : 11{\o : oumf� : noutODtflD . " : h+l.�1v9° : :'h"}I).'} t 'l°'rA'l:'I--: h{lt..t\1.: J,f,lf'J-9°-. ==O,nlf11.: l\f,: 11c,1:: 1-�:,.: fOI/. .fODllJ : ',Or : 1',f,f..t\'J° : f°tfltDc : 'l',,f4: : ""A'I' : itmt."lt : flf�O,r : '1'P,f, : 1,{lh,."JTODOJc. : f.·l{l -:: flCJ;. : V•t\·1•'1.w·1 : it,..1 ,. :i, . 1o'l°: +t1l�A : ' ·11ft,:, : "7t1D'1 : 1t.,e,111. 'l° :: . 0

""*'-'1' : ""*'-'1' -::

roo1'?FT = w&.1·7tl-r; = r ,l,11-0 = "1A-1tt.�:i- = LPt.+?f-:f = nrc:. : «01J!l:1.T = ov11:,.. = 1..1,: = tt*OIJTiD' · = 1•ootiti1, = -,ro. 09°19° o-);t = O.lf1 rOD'}'?r':,.. : IPt,..-�"If7£- = P't- =lLf !I: Cm•: ttf,--:ftr'l°:: r,l,11-0 =ti1 A'?it�;,-: 1P&-1·7f-:f 'J°: 010..(l : it1+K- : (n) : u-t\i..f : "1,.,..l.:}1o9" = {JJJl}J .L.,r : Ft. : t\..f!l:Cm•: tt.,e,1"tr'J° ;: Oootout,,flD"?° : h,t-t.:i,?u9°: 7'1\\1: 011H· 1 'l°'i'A.'l:t-9'°: Oit•Otf'1?1:t:: o-. )-,;J--?J--:f: P't-: h"7!l:l'P : �hi\hl\t\• If lf'i9'° : f1f..fr : �-:;. : {\(J-t\rf:9° : q.,e,-,,} : 1P&-.-f•7fl- : '111: : h.f-J?.(\'}" :: 1 ·10-{l = tt14'K = ((l) = Pt. = Ol/!l:t.'1'1 = n��'l° = J!,ht\nl\A i 'h1Jto 'l" fichll-0 : '11&\.?' irT: IP&,-,..,,7;:f : it!l:'J°'r : fi,f-t.. : 1Pt..T7f1·: h!l:9°: (IPll .hA. =ffl.OJc A.{!�;,..: 0"19° : f,,.,p-,(l : �-ID' : •Ot\1 : 111 ro{t_(--9° J ft1t11-0: ,'11&\'?fl. ,r : IP&,.,..l•7f1·: h°tt1Pt9':J':!f!01• : ;,c : t\ODht.hC : Oih'1: J,:r: = n,eoA'I' = ftn .fl\;f(Dc = tt!f:9'° = roo1°1p:,.. = ,vt--1·7f1· = til\:fro• = '',hi..: �ro•;: f,)111•0 : i'1 1A. '?h:1:,.. : rPt..1·7f1,: P't-.: 1,1�f*Clll': 'f'iA -11.:,.. = t..K-'l° O..hithfl·?° = h11· .u = lbl\ : {lt\ : JtrPt,,'r : rPt.-,..t-'1 =·r�1' = OtV ·"I {De : /\'Pg,: i\. IPt--+7f-:;... : . n..,..(l ,n-:t· : OD•fl�,..1" : {\ OD ,ncf>9°: �'I: ',:(-tJJ• � I ,f-(l11{l�_ro•: f1Pt-.,,t-'1 : 07,.,0C: i\°7!1:!l:9°: !!,l-t\tt.-;: f,n1111: Jt 1A'?fr'!; f wt..)<l-'1.01" : 01/"�0C : OP't-OJc : (Dc{lT : t}ft.-,r : it11•1�rlD . "1 : V' t.,,,_'lf,,·

"*?°

- 162 -

= ==

. • hLPt.+�(D« bQ;t00G 1 itLPt.w _ = "'i"rnc ;,c f"r11l,r G"I = fih'? = d/�:J-- = ltf.'icn:,.. = tt.e.+c9° i4

= ncnc = ""'Y:

1-t � H.tJ = 00 11...f--1• = t.l):f(D« : (il1l;J!:,:(D«) : m:l>"t : 'i:fd,,:: f itLPt'i : LPt.+� = 1--?,f, = PCY: = n+(lmro• : (l&. : P'A."11 : 9°h1f:,.. : m.4'0l/..'I ;rTlD': f"+ : .e.tr'iA.:: f(lC.';.. : i•"JCJ.C: OODIPG.1: : ?,�'IT: 'lh: flf',ll}c t -w 00 11.fT"}'i: SJ>'f"}: oo?,j',1•: ',m• :: i•"J{l: fA.lf',: fP't.: ,;J'l! "l�;J = ih h&.��9° : >f-f..C�A. : 1li\ fOIJ..4'C11"} : it{L•'f:;J-w : /lODODCODC : f flfW : 5 16 : ilil : ff..'111 i hLPt'i : I.Pt,. ... 1,,?,,, h'P� ,..� : P'A."11 : : ftD")(l}4 : -(I}« SJ>l- = f"'liltt�9° P'Aai1 .,ll}c ! P."19° nnrPt.'i = nLPt.+� = , = «1�:J _ ODithA = ftlro•"} = rFt. = ncnc: = ttoo1"1A : film• : P'A"J1 : 11 ttLPt 9'-:f'i : LPt.+7fl· = O"r11G.:,..: il9°9°'1;r:f(D«: fro(l).T1 : "lYo;J--9'-:f : f"'lil &.�9° : FA."11 : f"tat9°C: f,ODill\A :: 18 lfC:-9° -:- Ji'P�: ll}c{l']': f P't.: ncnr.»l- (l&. = :'f-c�oi = r,t-(lllJ:f_w- illl : arr, , Pc>;. = n1t1Jtu = �_e.r,:,.: ncn�l-- = ",. = fttro- P'A"11 1 f"r11G.,r = ncne!'l-19° i "'lilT = ntt1Y: 04'lfl : il9°9°',,r : tD·il'l' : fro1cr:t: : 0011...Y-.'f'i" : "1Yo;r9''f : 9°1 : 1'1f.. "tlf). : f"t',(t- : hChC!'l-1 1 t\ODtD(l"}: fili-t\'PA :: 0

11cJ;.. = f"r...nl:,.. = ncnC!'l-1 = t\OD11\1A = ft\ar , P'AllJ"> = flf">il = t\P't. = °'*G.T = oo...n:,.. = nh&.A = 9°:,..n = fl.tr"> = fCPJ.-:fA = ',co- :sfai1111 , Jr.1A'?�:,. = LPt.+?f'f = a,1nc, "14- = flA bi'ro(l� v--�:r9'-:f = nil,t-+c • bl\1.Pl,,(J)c : T:i»9° : t\"'1"11,r : (l.f)A : Oih;J'I! : OD"}"JY:: Ft. : tlO'f*lT :

14.

1s. 16. 1,. 18.

''1/t I P',:JT I (fl) I 0Di,:,1c'''i I ''n+:Fll: oum"} r f P'&.: hChC':.f'l J {l{ll\OW/'£ r 001-1� I ).,"})lro{l).'' • "'IYo;J• 1 h"7..e.i1�:,. 1 h'lO•ll • 111-+Y.:.f I thf, V-flT r (ll)'i 1 (ou) s l,U: "'IF-..� 1 9°'iA'1:'f· r tt.ro(l� s 1,:/!A • l,IJ''iA rs IJ''i'J° • }'1'fl4 • h1th&.'1&iT r 1tAmf1J9° I 9°h'lf rf:9° , 1'illU • .e.1-Pl- • f"7.m�fl-:,. • ftP&.+� • a,..,oc-:.f"}'i • f1tV-'&9':.f • "7..,0C':.f-1' , im-. )..">:( , f"'IA , 1\V-'&9'l-1', 111,.e./t'J° si "'IF-o�a,. • v.-.-o�:,. = hchc , h)!oP� • O'-" • h1P&'i I w&.rf•?'f:.f I f/tfl:fa,."} • "'IF-..�9'l· 1 {1"7.ff�1,�:,. • ficf>"-"l'C I fii'i I fii: "" • n+ '1':,. s ft.ouw�:,. 1 1tflou:J!tr"> 1 a,{l�ro{l I f,1CJA 11 1'tl. lJ 1 '\I,• ,,f{la,. s TJ'cf: = f,lJ"} : f.., ,o�:,. • hchc , ..,��.,,, • 11/tCJ:fa,.1' , f"7. fla,. , ilD4 • 11"}:( , heh�.,. , (L.f.e.c� , � , '¼1,,�T 1 �"'l'IC : D'l'°lfT 1 1tflC):fa,. : f"7./t<D4 r 'Ji.f,.e./t9° 11 1t1'+K' r JtP'&. : VeltT • v) • (I) rs ll/t I Jtw&'i r w&-+� 1 �P,1, • ffD")lIJ4 r h'P� 1 r.e.}1;,_:fa,.1' 1 D1l'i:f<D41'!1° • d/F-..79'":f : fiOD"Jil • ow&..,.� , a,.-.oc, 01.V-'& , ml,9° • 01.V-'&9':.f • a,.-.oc • rai.e.�.,,, , Jr.1:&.1-:,. • T1fi.. • fAIJ'i : fP'&. 1 'Ji.LK1a9° : }a,. :1 Jt"}+K" 1 11-/tT 1 .e.(�)'i 1 .e. (l)(lt) rs 1\1'+1.' • OP'&. • 0e1t:,. 1 v) (li) ss 1\1'+1.', OP'&- s 0e1t:,., v)(/i) • r�{'lflm-, Pc�• fP'&. • hchc-l-1' • flOSJ..�'1 • )1c • -n:F = )..1'j[, 1\1'� • 1.tt.• n+ODw�,J:, rm-A, �c��l-• 1\1, 1 f1"7.}taa,. 1 1t/tou"'ICJ'lT • +h&.ta&?> l-1' 1 ttou11\1A, 111,.e./t9° 1 +-O�A ! }1C • "'I">• _/tH.U• ro(l'l • h'Ji.'P�: ODV-'�:,. , "'l-,1:,. , Of1J9'° 1 hfl� r �m- rs 'h">Jlf<D49'° 1 {11t'P:q: s ODV-'�T • PC� 1 MA I a,.fl-l-'l I TC�"'l. , {l� • tiA f'"l.iti • hchc • /t"'lr:,., r"7.l-A , f,OD{l "A = (h1t1+ ,.., ©c 1 ,,..:J-&.ta,.1- • ODCD4 :FA-,.) 11 {l'Ji.w&'i , w&.+� 1 ODl]hA I f)/ta>- : -,"}"}:}:,. r (1004/'r I fOSJ..h+frT1' 1 ouro(l'l 1 /tJllLA"'I 1 )lD- , (li) 1 f'Ji.V-'&'i I V-'&-+� • 'l·P.I, • PC� • 09°1' s v-t;. 1 /t-fl:J!a,.: ("7 19'° 1 f"71,,:,&-m-) 1 P'A"11', 1'1Pa/tlD- • (!l) 1 PCP,.'j s 'i:C� • O..fl-: OM • v-��9'l- 1 lD- I Qe/t,f:9° I P'A"J"} I )._"}P,'l:flD- I (f) I �C� I {1,f,la S {19°"} I IJ-�7 I "7"}9° I fD'lf,;J&.T I a,.�• A la"} 11\1 &9' • hOD &-'1 ' • +h )1C }'1 0"7. 1 C"> hCh • . st P'& f i\:(-CD4 )..1P, lrl1' 1 P'A fitri 1 �1C I V-k 1 �c� 1 {1,f-?f'•'i I PC� I V-/t•f:'J° 1 P'AQ J1' r fi\:fm- 1 f,ODlll\A II fP'&. 1 hChC'l- 1 11-0•J�a>-"> s 1.tt. 1 oo-t11"--:.f1' 1 {louP,'f:,. • tt.ro(l). r 1t1,l-tr9° ! il/tH.lJ 1 /t� C� , {1,t'--la I f"7.'J {)4 I �P,f'"':.f• I 'Ji.f,f-.fl•9'° f1 - 163 -

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: he 1 : >;;t r, O"'l 1C -9° :flD A °1 : '1 'J • f,i : . t.t il.L iLf . P' � : '1 : h tlD � n • = f+c ncn 1\A = c f,l• iL � p ?-P.f, = 1-;• ,,.,t. �1. = ft = -'> t'i nrP h4 = : : C . t\{l 0"1:Pl1l f flP�+x ()}c 2 � "} lIJf, t. : t 'f° 'T il& : .. O"'l -O :,,l . J;...: t\D'l (\{lC or il t 1..:,.. = n"'looAtt ,1· = hoi D'l"rnc = 111:,-cn'i = t\nrP lIJ'" f:'f-nn/\�.,.:,•P n = = flm, .:, .. ,,-.(l� .. 1 t\67"1 A 'I' .en ,p:,,io 1· 1D' 1 fP.nl : ftPt.i·'1 : 67"1'1C : (JJf,. : {lCJ;... : fDD'tf:"} : OD-fl� : I\A+w (l',: /"t..: fD'i!l:l'I': oo,fl,r: n'l';J(l: 'l°.:,-.n: 1'1:C'lo: l\.efCmlD4 : t;F ciJ.'I' : D'#'iT(J)•'/° : rw�,,-� : '!"Inc : : (l) kf l nn...:,•r lf'i'I° fAi• /\A:: 00 ;J·•lIJil. = 1i/\fl'1· :: 19 pt. : · l\,f\ro : 1 f.. h : . .:,.. OD,fl : l'I' fD'i!l: : (l'I t P' : m : f"'i!l:l'r _: oo,f):'f• : fOtr : -,y..{l:.f : tttt-n.:,-. I h .'IJ·LV-9°: q>',;;:(Dc ·I flP�..,.�: =-'i,.,..: n�.:,-: fFt.CD'' = : }il hilf:lt : 4 (tf' hD'i!l:l� }: he D'#"rflC : Ft. : tic : /\PC�- = h1-'tf+C•fl = fDIJ.m,,+lIJ'" = filf:lt = +'t- = f.-111 = ootr).: 'i'l ;J"lttLA:: f..1'1'"9° 1 ftPt.+;;:m- = "'l"r'1C = f mf+ro•"} = /\OI/'?i,)·: P'� llll'/ !f.'l"r : hOD:J!/t•·: n�.:,.. t fitrPt'i : wt.i·�: -,.. : {lC�" : Tht.itt9lf' }: fOD1/\1A : /Jf:/;\ : fi,(lmq>/;\ ; {lC�9° : hCh4-1 : Oilf:ltro• : +1 : ll)c{ltp : h1/\1/\ 1 2° h1Lf = n�/\ = flP�i"�.lIJ'"-= "'l1nc = P't. = °7!1:l'I' = nf-lA'J° -= �-ti"}f,J:9°: P't.: 07!1:lm·: flH..U: "Ltl»: f{lC�.."}: f'f/A.'1/;\: rflf-"}: ilfl°t . - :: 21 :J'm'J°'i = flH,U?° = 9°ti1.,r:,. = a11-lIJ"r = ill\orirr1 = '!w . . (l(JIJ"}'1P',r : fPt.rrf•'lf';,f : ftiCtiC : it!l:'J°'i : (11\,i\ :f: : lP t.rrl-i'ff : rn CtiC : n!l:9° : oohl\hA : fl\lD• : Ai-,:,- : h1f..°1..h'l"l\lD• : 'lfD' t fi'tlPt'i: O't.'t� : '1-'Pi.e : (lCf: : nil�•{} : +'i:,- : lD"il'I' : nCti4-1. : fA.m(l� : h1 f,.lf', : il/\rrf-t. : wt.i·'lfl· : lfC:- : f<P/.',;J1C : fwt.i·�: 01/"rflC 1 P'/r : o,ii: l'I' : n.l-A : ill\ : OD'}'?/":,.: iPt.i·'lfl-: lfC:-: f°t'l;J1C : fw&.rf--�: "'11 nc = = r11.11 = 1.1·1, = h1';1,1 = P't. tli/9:l'I' = it1'l-A9° n,1--'?'lc = "" 1 PC� : �h1J;...il�t"} : (lf\9° : t\OD(nn:p : f /\lDc"} : lD·lt� : fi.ODODC{]IJC I fk,,J,?;cri• : ffPt.,1-� : "'i"rflC ·: P'� : f"'l*l'I' : oo-n:t-: f,1-0DtPl�·O;,. : V•�:1' : l,.-fit-f '1�1 : 1..tl. : f°1..f..Cil : n.eooilA9° :: : i}"}ooflil ¾ wt .. +� : 1'�f, (Df,. : OD"}'?P',r : IPt."r'lf-:i'.. itwt.'i ill\ : : : . . . hrollJti}c : iiq>;e. : ll)cfiJ,b : ODlf'iTlD• : h.0•19° : ,,1'1'0D'i/;\ :: hh'P�: flP/r ,,,,..�: :,-c�oi : lD . '611»: il/\lf). :: itwtfTl1J' i 0!11'?P':, ;JC: fl(IP � :· n� (l-: . .

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19. tit\•l•tD(l', : JP&- : fOl/9:G'r : oa,n:,. : :,c I h=�°I : O"l'l° : \1,f•:}>1.:0 : 00•0·1· ' {li\' �IP t,<; : lP/:-i•-;;: : , •.v,_e. : ftD"}Clr : h'P:e.� ' htP&,.r f• � : :,- c�OI/. I OJ-6[.b r f·f•rf•cv--:J•.: (l?'1":

(11 ,°IP'T : IP&,.-f•"'rl- • ��) : fl\:far : oa,c1:,- : fl..lf'} : ,e.�1·•1\/.\ . 1 20. {lC,�- : fP,�',:,• - oP{lt\ : ..,.°l'IC : o.fh 'i"m•, : m•l}� /\oPilt11:i• : °IJ!..;J· : J'tt\{l•l· ,f· -Olr' .e.1 :J--t\ :t ,f•10.ar :·C}t\J»f.\")'} : ft...filt.?,,•ay:far: ti•f.\&.cl)..e.: {l{lrf-4'C • ,n;J'P. on,(1{•1' s 'P;, • fl\:,:ar9'° � fP&- = hchc-1·1- = fi'''L'll1: '11C =··f·l1&-ti1,5P:f-, •1-P.f:f-ar'} = ft."l/;\'?A' · o.,�,.cO•t\:i• : rf• '1'1.e : °1!!..:r • 1,'}P,(\fl•l· : °lt.\K" s 'f,j!.,.e_(\'}° OP'&- : hC hC ' 1,J;f, m1'i:f: t'f &-il:fm-.. }I onr,::,•1ft. I 'h1'-'.tif·· : fl..',°lt,.:fa,•: .e:Y•I\A: +11t\�' ooh&-<hC I f,1,llA it 21. i',,-,.?,,• V•ll•l• F..)ji/(l)1v) :: 00

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11�11c = ,h;J'l! = -,�;1- = rl\n:t-9° i Y..'?'1°9° i hou'J"JF,r = ;.,c = 'll\:flD' = t1cnc = 1\1' = rnlPt'i = lPt--'1-� = ,,,..Pi,,= Pcf: = 9°19°.= rAllJ'1 = ril.lD'?°:: 23 22

fOD"}'?F:t- : lPt--+ ?'f-:f-- : "'lilrrl•P.1'tf : m:,,l\f, : ODJ" tf : lt:t-: Tt.ll1f : na,A = rof,r, n1-ol:,- hcnc t..1:J· 1 f\.ou f\ro•: foo'J'?P':'f-: IPt,.,t•?tl- :· '111:: q_e,�:,.. : flf� : f1'ouro11: 1'l>f: Om'?: 'h'JJ;.tnllJ : n11!1.A:: 24 P."19° flhLPt'i: flv,t--,f·� : ,,,..P,f,,: ·pc�-- : t..") ;t-: fOD"}'?P',..,..: wt--+?'fl-: 67il1· P.1't,,f : m:,,l\,,e. : 00P'tf : 11:,.. : rrf•*<h":J�&\ i ODFtf : 11.-J:9°: h�"}H•n : "'ltil--1:c = ;.,c nn1f:�:,- = tr'f r1..ooro11 Y-l.>f9'1·1 il"7lD'lll+ = �"k�:,.. : +'I'il_v n ;J--A :: 2s l\f, : l\i"} : {l"}ODf\h,.l--tD . • ;. flOD"}dJp-',r : LPt,.rrf,?'f'l- : "7{1rr1"J;�&,f : ,n:,,l\,,e, = ooFt,,r = 11:,.. f1..o0 m1-, : 1-.l>f : DDro•tfJ,f: ¾ fttwt'i· = lPt--..,..�· = ,-.�1, = PC:f: = n1�•nl.:,.. = hchc· h°1..f1.c1.w· m·tit = OllJ?° = f°!ilff, = l\tooilA = 1,-:fl\A n1'(11Jm11 = f..l>f = ttmllJT?° = tr� n1-0l:,.. = nchc : nrolt(l"} : n") �· : f+ilr : fOO"}"Jf"',"f•: (JDFtf: n,:,.. : f\rrl•i\� : LPt--1"�1-· : )Jlj:J'TID''1 m,,e.'J° = rP1 t-- = v•t;J"'9'T1 = f,mll'i&\. lf'f'J° 1 nPcJ;. = t.,:,{ltJI/..«J>cn-:,.. : ,,,..Prr-:f : /"'C'i,f: : OV•{\rrf: : UJ"1'f1": UDl}hA.: fOIJ..f_l,.,dl : ftJDc :: f : \ "l,r : FCl¼,"f• 0 �m· "l--'1J..;.,:Y::f. : m1'f1• : 'h'JJtfm,<f!;'f• : i\.f.l.°l : ftJIJ... {l t..A"l'i: fDD(l 7T: iJf:IA: f,'rt--T.lD•: ll"}f: ¾ foo(l"7:,-: Fcq:,..: oo'fc: Jtiln:,.. :: 26 J-PC'¼i:9°: (lCJ;.: OnlPt'i: nwt--+�: "11�nc: ootiht!\.: l\{\UJc: " ti enc = f"7fPil\ = "11\.;Jf,'1 = P:r = 'h1>t,,e,11 = ,..,..r.c=1A == Ii r• rwt--,..1"7i'l« : °7il+P,f.t,, r = m:,,l\,.e. = �,;,1tt:,.. '1T iii\ = oo"}<SJJP;'f• = 'I M lPt.+?f'-:f : fP't-- : ll"�:J --9'-:f : 1','1 Y: : 'hC9°>f : hou,ar(lP,.. : fl&,;'f• : foo(l ' 27 �--,11&..;I.. : f1,f:9°: fO'J fP,I\ : "'1,r : : 'h llt..lA °19° 1Jt1'l"l : P'Cq:,. nf :: � ° : : (l;J 11\.;Jf,"} '1,"}_t;,,,e.11 : 0,1 ... 1'? : rrf•f."}<?=iA : l\"7i\:,.. : J'tf,:J:A.9 :: 0·01�: �

\�11

Ii�

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{lrf'i\.ff•: 'J,fft,: fhChC: UD'}1/l- •l...: htLIJ : 0°1.'1°1.IPJ••f: I\� : ll.1.lil : �: l&A:: t\9°ta"7: (ii) : fUD"}"IF:,- : v,&-•l·?f":J"·•> : fro{l�·1' : 1'1'1.lf� i llll : J-,v,t,c; : 1P&-•1·7i: : �� : llW 11)lD- : h'Pj>: : hL��'J° : Uo"}"IJP:t• : J-tv,t, : h�F.fl'J° j 'J°h1'.f,f:9° : J-tv,t, IP/fl:,• : ''v,&.,.c;:,. , +�e : ft:P/..f1P&- = {lm-'' = illllf'� == (�) = fiUD1'"1F:,-t; = floo1'"1F:,. = 1P&-•l·?f-.Y.. : nai�;,1c : 01/.... {lC : outihA : ft:P/..1.l."I s hctic : ''f....•{ll;I. : hCtJC'' : h�lf1'9° ! 'J°ti1' ,,1:r : �01' : flUD{l(l : tichc : ,f•1n.. : m1'il· : ill\Alf'�: �m- : (J-t1',f•� : ir) 1."l'l"'J° : ''flP&-•f•c;: l}--).;J-SJ>°;f•'}'' J't�UD{lhr1•'J° : (J't1't�� : lJ•fl•1• : 1l1) f UD) : h'i": •�· ) r, flC.P,-: {l''F&-: hche-:,...,,,••: ,,..,.1 o.: 'lt\.lf�: fF&-: hJ.1-�'l"l·'': l\f, : FA11J1': h/llD(h1'4-.K" : OF&- : V·fl:,• : U) : 1'ttJ : ,l1'41°if· : f•l·1llK.;I. : J-tv,t,,SJ>°;f'}t, : 1P&-.,..?f°;f1' : 11:F : 1,1'�.UDi\.llrf: : ,f•F.C'Jo : �m- :1 f = CPJll+P.1-t,.f : m�"� = uuJP •f•?f",. v,&:1-: '"1F fUD1 : · ,f,(lm : J. f,f•m i if ;J·w 001/ll : 1'1\� l,f I o.:,- : :,-1'•111 1 i',1'4>.K" : ti't(f) :: 0

24.

25. ht1Jm-

- 165 -

'4."lf:: ,,fll1D4 : :}l\.{.�,r : h°IA.: t,,_,.,t : fTC(a�A: (+11Jt) : h'i:A: ;,c. l\tn : 1'1�..oalt(IA : ff.C"l'PA. � Oh1Pt'l : 001t-,t-;;: : '1-�� : OCX--� =· ro t-,-,.'i;'";f- , h.ll-,..111.C , 7iiht.:,. : 0,..-,, • outihA • Oc"h"l : f ii.OJ< , t\ ��,n� OP't- : 11.f, , OD,P/r , tDf.&,:,. : f67.;J•f, • �'IC ' �a>- ,, fllJ1"lP'...,• , IP! ' r O : DP'tf 7fl-: "'lil.1-�f...tJ.1 : m:,,l\_e,: O,, : :t-'lllf1f : hmllJ : nV•1: l,'}f:� (lf:(l:f- : '}.OD;J--:'f-: fl..'1°1\�9° I ff_ODOJ1f : f... /,.�9l9f : fDD"f..ODtf : IP"} -l..1f : 1'iltiV•1 : f:l..il : o& .nL'T : (L,f:t; : 011H-0 : 01/..tilTC : Of,4,: (n� .{.(L A) : hA.;t-m',:9° :: htLU9° : fi,OA'r I Ooa1'1P':,. = 01�,t-'i'fl- : Oh•A. O &--thL'T : O,,f: : �,r : ilfl = T:,,"7:f� : fOl/..�.,?"lCI\TlD· : "710C : (x-. ,::,.) , ll"7'k'k'J" • 1'll'1Ir1 : .('.l ll ' 7i). ' 'I'.l..-,. ' f-,.U'l • h!!,ouilt\9" � ff...ODOJ1f : �1 : noom(l1 : '¼f-�:,C: �"IC : m:J»"t : ftr� : fOD{l"?:,C : P'C 1:i-: flCPJf:'4°1 = f&--.nt.+ = fti: = r?f:,« = O..lf19° = 1'1IJ.11 hl\f, = r+m<1> (IID'1 : foo(lll : "710C : 1'illL**9° : 1:1..il : L�'l° : fCP/f,;r/A : f.lf'iA = 1

•

- 166 ·-

EMPLOYEES WHO MAY NOT STRIKE by Robert C. Means Faculty of La,w, Haile Selassie I Universi� For most employees in Ethiopia •the Labour Relations Proclamation1 has con ferred or prese r. v:<f the right to strike. This right is not an unqualified one under the Proclamatio 1:1, Only a union may exercise it,2 and even a union may not do so . unless the dispute has been submitted 10 the Labour Relations Board at least SlX:ty days previously.3 Subject to these and other conditions however the strike is generally recognized in the Proclamation as a proper weapon �n labour'� side in labour-management relations. There are two important groups of employees to whom this general principle does not extend. The first are ''public servants," a te1n1 defined to include virtually all government employees other than those working in profit-making enterprises. The second are employees of enterprises that provide public services such a·s transportation and electricity. •

Public Servants The po,sition of ipublic servants can ,be st, ated easily: They may oot strike under any circumstances. This prohibition raises no apparent legal issues of any import ance, but an examipation of the legal provisions from which the prohibiotion results is worthwhile for the light that it sheds on the structure of the Labour Relations Proclamation and on ithe importance of several of its definitions. •

The Proclamation does not itself prohibit strikes by public servants. What it does is to exclude public servants from its definition of ''employee." That term is defined generally by Article 2(f) 1to include any ''person bound under a con ,tract of emplo,yment a. s defined in Article 25.12 of the Civil Code ...." This general definition is followed by the enumeration of four groups of persons who, although working under a contract of employment, are not to be considered employees for purposes of the Proclamation: management personnel, domestic servants, ag. ricultural employees on farn1s having fewer than ten ·per111anent employees, and public servants. The exclusion of these employees (in the ordinary sense of the word) from the Proclamation's special definition of employee has � nu.� ber � f immediate con sequences, two of which �re of . concern rto us at t�1s po1n�. First, n� ne of t�� se persons ,may fo 1111 a union, since the Proclamation defines a union as an I Proc. No. 210 of 1963, Neg. Gaz., year 23, no. 3. 'l'he statute 1mt1auy was promulgated as an Imperial decree, Dec. No. 49! 196�, Neg. Gaz., year 21, no. �8. It was appro-y e<I by Parliament the following year, with nunor amendments, .and ,redes1gnated Proclamation No. 210. 2 Art. 2(s)(i)(2)A. All references in these footnotes are to the Labot1r Relations Proclamation except where Jndicaited otherwise. 3 Art. 2(s)(iX2)D.

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JOURNAL OF ETHIOPIAN LAW - VOL. IV -

No. 1

4 (Emphas-iis join." e1nployee�· added.) Public ser whioh in ... organisati ioo v y the barred abo � _L and the other excluded �oups are not �r Rel�tions Proclama �ts from forming organizations to represent them 1n their dealings w1•th their empl on but no organization that they might form can be regard� as union for pu.:s� ' of the Proclamation. Accordingly, because the Proclamation allows only un · 8 to cond� ot a strike, a strike by ,persons fallin� within one of these groups necessarily be unlawful under the Proclamat1on. defined by the Proclamatio n .Howeve-r. ''strike'' also is a term specially It lS. • c . . 1 LJ1A1 action 0.1 a group of a ''temporary cessa;tio:n of work by 1he conce1-+-A empl oyees ,,5 (Emphasis· ·added.) Since �he· excluded groups are not ''ei:npl�yees," any conc ert�d cessa•tion of work on the1.r part - what one would ord1nar1ly call a strike _ i not a strike within the meaning of the Proclamation, and none of the limits impos� on strikes by , the Proclamation is applicaible. In particular, there is no basis [or applying the .provision making it unlawful for anyone other than a union to conduct a strike. So far as these four excluded groups are concerned, it .is for most purpose s as if tl1e Labour Relations Proclamation had never been enacted. No provision of the Proclamation that .is based directly or indirectly on the status of employee is of any effect for them. The effect of being thus removed from the scope of most of the ·provisions J of the Proclamation is not the same for public servanits as it is for the other excluded t groups. however. For ,the others, the effect is to leave them under the provisions of the Civil Code governing the relations between employer and employee.6 Of these ,provisions. only one, .A rticle 2581, places any legal limitations on the right t.o str·ike. It provides as follows:: (I) The participation of the employee in a strike shall constitute for the r employer good cau_se for cancellation where the strike has been instigated with the sole purpose of injuring the employer or has been declared I unlawful by law or the public authorities. • (2) It shall in no other case constitute good cause for cancellation.

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cases in which tl1e provision applies, only tl1e third - where the strike bas been declared unlawful by the public authorities - is of any practical import ance �1 present. Employees seldom if ever strike for the sole purpose of inju'fin g their employer; it.he injury done to -the employer by the strike ordinarily is only a me�ns 1 of achieving such other ends as higher wages. As to the second case - declar ation of. the strike�s unlawfulness by law - there appears not to •be any sucl1 law 31 ly 10 app not present apart from the Labour Relations Proclamation (which does tl1ese excluded gro11ps of employees) and tl1e special legislation applicable only to public servants. 4 Art. 2(i). 5 Art. 2(q)., · , 'k � a 6 There appear 11ot to be a11y· pro� ision · o( criminal law dealing gcner�lly \.�,jlll �� ; � t ect -as such, although a part!_c11lar strike mig bJ ht be unlawful by reason of its � ample, nielbo�s use� by the stnkers (s ch as destruction of oompa11y pr,oper t ex·o1ated y). }•or � the. stnkers in tlie EAL case, d1scussed below, were held by a cot1 o I1 a ve viadesse rt t T Arti�le 499 of the Penal Code and Art icle 733 of e S nce s. e Of fe Co Pet tf1e de of ty Abdi, P,,b!i_ c Ser·vice Strikes i11 Etl1iopia. (un ,pttblished, Faculty of Law . . 1967),

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I� addition, even where ticle 2581(1) �oes appl y, it � do es not forbid employees to stnke. Employees who stnke under the circumstance s en um erated in it are not at least _by 0rc e of that provision,7 subject to criminal pe na lti es or even to a civil order d1rect1ng them to return to work · They are· me I · re b" Y su Jee. t to d"1sm1ssa1 w1t • · h e co out th mpensation t hat would otherwise be due to them an . d, if the strike const1tutes a breach of· the employment cootraot, liable to em th p1oyer fo r the e damage caused by the strike.a

Th e case is quite__ othe�ise_ for public servants. In this and oth res er pects they are governed by special leg1slat1�n. th� 1961 Central Personnel Agency an Publi d c n Serva �s Order and t_he regulations issued under it in 1962.9 Article 83 of the regulat1o�s flat, ly forbids public servants to engage in concerted refusals to work. For publ1� ser:v�nts employed in profit-making enterprises this prohibition prob ably was 1mpl1c1tly repealed by the Labour Relations Proclamation. Those public servants a.re not -excluded from the Proclamation's definition of employee and therefo!e may fo1111 o_rganiz_ations h_aving the_ rights given to unions by the Pro clamat1on, apparently 1nclud1ng the right to strike. 1 ° For the great majority of public ser,1 ants, ho,vever, the prohibition still stands. Employees in Public Services

The right to strike of public service employees is restricted by the Labour Relations Proclamation itself. The controlling provision is 'Article 2(s)(i)(2)G. which makes it an ''unfair labour practice'' - and therefore unlawfu111 - for · · employees or a labour union to conduct a strike that is .

Article 2581(1) is applicable because the strike has been decla.red unlawful by law,' that law may carry its own civil or penal consequences. However, if it is applicable because the strike h·as been declared 11nlawful by ''the pubhlc authorities," it seems that no civil or penal consequences (other ,than the aipplicaition of Article 2581(1)) could follow unless the declaration was ma.de pursuant to a statutory authorizati·on that provided for such conseqL1ences. Indeed, it may eve11 be questioned whether it was intended that r\rticle 2581(1) itself should a,pply unless tl1e _public authority making tl1e declaration was empowered to do so by some other legislaition. 8 Article 2581 appeairs also to conitr:ol for employees who are subject -to the Labour Relations P• roclamatiion, and £or then1 it gives at least � partial answer t, o an important question left unanswered by the Proclamation: What are the rights of strikers rela.1:ive to \.v,ork.ers that tl1e employer may have hired to replace them during the strike. Article 2581(2) a.ppea.rs to require the employer either ;to -rehire the strikers at the end of the strike or- pay them the compensat· ion due to .them for a dismissal without good cause. 9 Order No. 23, 1961. Neg. Gaz., year 21, no. 3, and L Not. No. 269, 1962, Neg. Gaz·, , Code governing employment contracts a-re year 22, no. 6. The provisions of the Civ il. expressly declared to be inapplicable to -public servants by Oo<le Article 2513. IO Aiticle 20(a) a.llows Jabour unions to "engage in .all lawful activities." While this could be read to leave standing the earlier prohibition of Article 83 even ·as public ·servants \.vho are c.mplc;,yees for puirposes of the Labour Relations Proclamation, it seems more reasonable to read it as allowing strikes by unions in circumstances prohibited by the Proclamation itself. This issue is largely academic in any event, since most o,r perhaps all public servants working in the government's p11ofit-making enterprises have been excluded from tl1e category of public servant, and th11s from the scope of Article 83, by legal notice. See, e.g., L. Not. No. 285 of 1964, Ne,f?. Gaz., year 23, no. 12, doi11g so for Ethiopia11 Airlin.es employees. 11 .Art. 28. 7

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''likely by reasons of the vital public natur� of �e enterprise concerned. or the essential chairacter of the services being rendered such, as, without limitation, the provision of electricity, water and other public utility services, rtelephone and telegraphic com munications and .transportation services, to produce serious public injury."

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The meaning of this. provision is in one sense quite clear. Strikes com· · within the terms �f �he pr ?vision are unlawful, . and a str!ke_ c?mes within the ter:! _ l1�ely to produc� serious public 1n1urr �y reason of of .the provision If 1t lS the � mportanc: of the ente�r1se . or !he serv1c� rendered. Th� pnnc1��l guestion of 1nterpreta11on that. has ansen 1s with respect to the central 1�ue of serious public injury." Or, to be exact, tthe question has been whetlher thart: J.Ssue iSi an issue when a case under sub-paragraph G comes before the ·Labour Relations Board. To this . question two, answers have been given. Tlie fi,·st interpretation: Ln this author's view, a conclusion that a &trike con. stitutes an unfair labour practice under sub-p�agraph G requires tw? findings O• f fuot by the Board. (The reason for emphas1zung the last words will appear shortly.) They are: (1) that the strike is likely rto cause serious public injury and (2) that the reason for the likely injury is either the ''vital public nature of the enterprise concerned or the essen1ial character of the services being rendered." Th second finding is unlikely to cause much difficulty, since almost any strike that would be likely to cause serious public injury would be likely to do so for the reasons stated in sub-paragraph G. The essential inquiry for the Board, under this inter,pretation, is as to whether serious public injury is likely. The �eco11d iriterp,·etation: The other view, which probably has been adopted by the Board, centers on the specific enumeration of certain services, such as transportation, in sub-paragraph G. On this view, their enumeration constitutes a d.etemtina,tion by tlze legislati1re that &trikes against such services are likely to cause serious public injury. There thus is generally no need for inquiry by <he Board as to ·whether -the strike involved in a particular case is likely to do so. So long as -the strike is against one of the enumerated services - and nearly all of the cases likely to arise under sub-paragraph G will involve strikes of this kind - the Board ca.n dispose of the case by relying on the legislature's determination.

Probably neither interpretation does really great violence to the langu a ge o.r purposes of sub-paragraph G, and the second interpretation does have �e advantage of rend.ering unnecessary i. n n1ost cases a factual inquiry that is certain to be complex in some instances. However, the first interpretation a,ppears to accord more closely with the provision's wording. h p a ragr Perhaps this point will appear more strongly if the clauses of sub-pa G are rearra•nged somewhat, so that it refers to strikes thact are ''likely to produce serious public injury by reasons of -the vital . _ public nature of the enterprise concerned or tl1e essential cha ac er of the services being rendered, such as, wi1hout � � _ l1��tat1on, the provision of electricity, water and other publi c· _ , tel�phone and telegraphic communications and utility serv 1ces _ n services." transporta11o -170 -

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Thus, rearr�nged, th e_ _p�ovis !�n commen�� by referring ,to strikes ''likely to produce serious publ1 � tnJu�. If the prov1s1on stopped at this point there could be no doubt b �t. that_ t•t required the Board to make a- determination of .the Iikeli hoo� ?f such lilJUry 1n �ach case. What then is the significance of the rest of the prov1s101;1? . Appar �ltily, .rt fu�er limits tlbe scope or tlhe provision by restticting 1t _ to str1k�s _ in wh1c� the serious public injury is likely for . particular reasons: either the vital public nature of the enterprise concerned or the essential character of 1!he services. beiing rendeTed. '' It is iln 1ilie conflexit of 1lhis limitation ittha.it: rtJhe enumeration of particular services appears. The enumeration does constitute a determination by the legislature, but the determination is that the enumerated services are ''essential," not that any strike .against them would by defini ,tion be likely to cause serious public injury. Let us take, for example, bus service between Addis 1Ababa and Jimma, a service provided by a number of different individuals and companies. How should the Labour Relations Board deal with a strike against one of these companies? If we adopt -the second interpretation the answer is clear: The legislature has dete11nined -that strikes aga1nst ,transportation (as one of the enu.merated services) art? likely to cause serious public injury. The company that has been struck provides transportation. Therefore, the strike is unlawful under sub-paragraph G. .

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The oase talces quite a different course, however, if we assume that the legi&lature had determined only that .transportation is an essential service and has left :the question of likely serious public injury to the Board. A strike against an essential service may or m·ay not b . e likely to p.r:oduc.e serious public injury. To determine whether it would be likely .to do so in this hypothetical case, it would be necessary .to consideir the amount of traffic ,moving by bus 1between Addis A..baba a·nd Jimma, the proportion of the traffic carried by ,the company threatened by the· strike, and the ability of the other carriers to absorb the traffic.

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Although the position of the Labour Relat- ions Boa-rd as between the two competing interpretations ha• s not yet become entirely clear - in part because it bias ,not had to deal wit•h a case as dou1btful as the ;hypothetical iA.ddis Ababa- · Jimma ,bus case - the Board .appears probaibly to h.ave adopted the second interpretation. Two cases involving sub-pa· ragraph G have so rfar come before the Bo3.:d, case) and General E1h10Eth.iopian Airlines v. Ethiopian Airlines Unio.n (the i -. an Transport Share Com 1 pian Transrportation Share Company, v. General Eth1op _ pany Union12 (the General Trransport case). On Octob� 20, 1964, �e �mploye�s of BAL went on strike,· stopping the airline's domestic but �ot its 1nternat1o �al service. On the same day .the Labour Relations Board met m emergency session. and gave the follo,wing decision: 1�

''Whereas the employees of EAL did not submit t�eir grievances to the Board in accordance with the Labour Relations Proclama .tion 210 / ·1963; whereas the EAL: s activity is pub_li� transport•a tion services; whereas the stopping of such ao�1v1ty pr? duces serious b-artn to the public; and whereas under Art1� le 2(s)(1)(2)(g) the ,EAL employees have no right to go on strike under any circumstances; therefore the Board orders: 12 The account of the two cases is taken fr,om Tiadesse Abdi, work cited above at note 6_

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_ 12(a) ·(ii), tha le by tic it Ar in d ste �e rit� tho au the th wi ce an ord acc t the (I) In · urn to ret their work...." BAL e.mptoyees shall cease struk1ng and

ral Transport Case· arose some��at more than a_ year later. The The Gene -syst, bus m e al 1c1p 1n -Addis Aibab a mun the s_ rate ope y pan com rt spo ran 1 a.I •Gener . , er 1965 emb �ec totally halting bu� 1n_ 1ke r st_ -day two a ed stag es loye emp rts s e nth mo som n later, the Bo ard 1s1o dec its . In aba A!b dis Ad hin wit service ' stated that "the Petitioner Company �arries people throughout the Govern I orates-General of Ethiopia and in the capital city; its function is to �rovide transportation se_rvice. Em�loyees i� transport�!ion services are forbidden to strike by Article 2(s)(t)(2)(G) .... Citing the EAL case as precedent, tl1e Board then h-eld. tl1at the employees \Vere guilty of an unf�ir 'labour practice.

Taken by itself, the EAL case gives conflicting clues as to the Board's position in interpreting sub-paragraph G. The- Board expressly found that the strike was likely to cause serious public injury, which suggests that it had adopted the first interpretation. On the other hand, its statement ,tha-t EAL employees ''have no right 1to go on strike i1nde1· any circumsta11ces'' poin, ts in tl1e opposite direction, since it i .nclicates that at least so ffrr as EAL is concerned , tl1ere •is no need to consider the likelihood of tpublic injt1ry in each case. I

ft is in the General· Transport case that we find our_ warrant for concluding ll1at the Board probably has adopted the second interpretation. First, unlike its decisj011 in EAL, th· e Boa.rd's decision i n General Transport con·tain,s no express ri11ding that. :the strike was likely to cause serious public injury. Second, the Board again described the prohi·bition in ''no-exception'' terms and tl1is time did not confine itself to referring 1t o the single company involved in the case before it It stated simply that ''employees in transportation services a· re forbidden to strike..." lf this statement can be taken at face value, it reflects a ft1Il adoption of the second intenpre!·ation of sub-paragr·aph G. The Significance of the Limitation

Public ser:vants and public service employees stand in similar positions \\1i tb res�ct •�o tl1e -r1gl1t :to strik_e. Public servants may not stirike un,der any ci!fcurostia.nces. Neither may public service employees und,er tl1e 2econd interpretation of s�b paragraph 6,. and even under the first interpretation they are forbidden to �trike under many, perhaps mo.st, circumstances. The si. gnificance of the 'lin1itation 15 not the same in each case, h?wever. Public service employees, even if we assunJe that sub-paragra iph G constitutes an absolute ban on strikes stand in a cons.iderably stroi1ger l�gal position in bargaining witl1 their employers th·an do public se_rvants� a_11d the difference b·etween their position ,ind. that of ordinary employees is con s1derably less. ike l\.llbougl1 p�b]ic service ,en1ployees are, perhaps, absolu str to ; tely forbidden .the), are otl1 ei:v 1se free to ta�e advantage of the rights given to e ploye m � by !d ab ou r_ Re lat ion s on Pr oc la.·mat1on. They m ay organize :themselv � un i �. h i nto es · . • ,f.· a ·union of· publ' 10 t e · ic service em-p1oyees mc ees oy lude_s a majority of the empl - 172 -

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ente�ri�e� th<? e �ployer probably is under a legal oblioati on to enter into collective ° 1 bargammg with 1t. 3 These rights are � mportant in themselves. They· become mo so by reason re ? f _the broad po�ers given to the Labour Relations Board. The role of the Board 1s LD pa rt the essentially judicial one of adju,dicating legal rights and dutie Its s. _ _ pow·er to cons1? er corn plaints of unfai-r labour practice 14 is in effect a powe to r . enforc� the dt1t1es 1mrosed by the Labour Relations 'Proclamation, is and its power to arbitrate labottr d1sputes 16 ·apparently includes the power to enforce the duties . that employers and employees have imposed on themselves in their collective agreeme.J1ts.17 �iv �n _ tl1� �rocla,mation's broad definition of labour disputes, how _ e�er, the Bo�d , s Jnr1sd1ct1on over such disp utes allows it also to settle bargaining disputes - disputes as to what the parties' rights and duties will be in a proposed agreement. _The Bo�rd's power to arbitrate bargaining disputes is at least potentially a partial subst1t11te for the right to strike. A union of public service employees can lawfully threaten a strike in order to obtain concessions from their employer in at most a limited number of cases, but in all cases it can submit the bargaining d, ispute to the Labour Relations Board. Through the threat to submit the dispute to the Board O'f th_rough ac, tu-ally submitti•ng iJt, the union has the ,prospect of obtain ing concessions that go beyond those obtainable by mere argument and appeals to the employer's sense of fairness. A strong union js not likely to regard this right to go to the Board as a satisfactory substitute for an unrestricted right to strike. It m-ttst be remembered, ho\.vever, that ,zo union i-n Ethiopia has an unrestricted right to strike.18 The right to strike is subject to a number of restrictions, of wl1ich l3

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This obliga.tion perhaps n1ay be infer.red (ro1n sub-Ar-ticlcs 22(b) :.u1d (d), \vhich impose -a ciut:,, to ''negotiate freely" and "to set.tie Jabour disputes by peaceful n1eans \.Vhenever possible." Tl1e point is hardly beyond dispute, l1 owever, sinc.e these provisions refer to t1nions ancl employers' associations but 11ot to individual e1nployers. J;t should be noted that the obligation ca11not be grounded di-rectly on Articles 26 and 27, both of which dea.i ,vith the cluties of the parties once they are engaged in collective bargaining. The question I1 ere is ,vhether -they a,re requirred to engage in such bargaining, not how they n1ust behave i f they do so. Art. J2(a) (ii). A vioiation by an employee, t1nion, en1ployer or employer's associ,ation of any duty imposed by tl1e L a. bour R . elations Proclamation is an unfair labour practice. Art. 2(s) (i}(l) and (ii) (1 ). Airt_ 12(aXi). lt has been sugo-ested that Art. 12(a)(i) was intended only to allow the Board to arbitrate bnrgain-ingj disp�1 t- es ancl not dispu•tes as to the terms of exis, ting contracts, but it is difficu!t to find any basis for this limitation in the Proclan1ation. Indeed, it, wot1ld ;ippeai: from the Proclamation that the Boar, d has jurisdictio11 over disp�tes concerni� g tl1 e interpretatio11 of individi1al contraots of en1 ploymen� (un�es� we .can infer otbeI"Wise fron1 Article 33). Thrm1ghot1t the area of ·J�bot1 u- relations 1t 1s go!ng �o _be_ n�essary • SdJcllon, (2) to determine (1) where the L . abour Relations Board has exclusive JUO \vhere it and tf1 e courts have concurrent jurisdic-tio11 , a .nd (3) where only the courts 11 ave ju�i sdict-ion. On the face of it, the Cot1rts and t_ he �oaird _have concurre_n� juris?iction 11tes. Ba,rga1n111,g disputes d1spt throughout the •area, except in tl1e mat•.ter. of . arb1trat1ng _ ordinar]y cannot· be resolved by the a.dJud1oauon of nghts; they tl1erefore are not an appropriate matter for the oourts. . . "fl1e closest thing to an unrestricted right lo strike may be that po·ssessed by persons (other than public servants) wl10 are excluded from -the definition of employee in the 'f_.abm1r Relationse Proclamation.

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e le th -:--: ru y requirement that a da tysix e th be O ed ov pr •! as 1 J nt rta po im tlle most ns io lat d for a per io ar Re ur Bo bo La e th to ed 1tt bm su en be ve ha te dispu d 1 b t . 1f1e effec of �� rule is to ike str O es go ion un D: the re efo b ys da ty six :r ��east arb!trate a �argru.nmg di �pute to y n1t rtu po o the ard p Bo s io lat Re ur bo La � give the d the if an ard , Bo d an dem does arbitrat e its e orc enf � to ke stri y ma ion n u. before tile 19 t y no u ma seq ion sub un the , ently strike, iod per y da ty six .the . hin wit , the dispute l 1tra arb ard .s aw ard Bo and therefore the on ck tta a . an be n the uld wo ke since the stri unlawful. 20 In swn, the difference between the bairgaining ipositio� ?f public service emplo 1 t o_�e do·w.n to this: A �ion representing s seem es loye emp r othe yees and that of a group of ordinary employees :m� Y .� trike zf the Labo� Relations _Board fails to settle the bargaining dispute w1th1n s1� .ty days, but a 11.n,on r �present1�g a group of p, ublic service employees may not str1ke even then. In piiact.Ice, considering the · d's apparent determination to1 preserve in, <llustrial peace. the conti,ngency on Boar which •the .former union's right to stirike depends is not li'kely to, occur jn -many cases. When we tum to public servants we are again immediately confronted by tl1e fact that they stand outside the Labour Relations Proclamation. Because they are excluded from the Proclamation's definition of employee, their employer, the government, is under no legal duty to ·bargain with tbem,21 and the Labour Relations Board has no jurisdiction ove·r their disputes with .the govem ment.22 Jn place of individual or collective bargaining the Central Personnel ,Agency Order h . a· s provided for the promulgation of uniform pay scales for the entire public service,23 and i-n place of the Labour Relations Board the Order has created the Central Personnel Agency, which is jointly responsible with the Minister of Finance for establishing the pay scales. 24 Superfically the establishment of pay scales by the .Central Personnel Agency may not ·appear too dissimilar from the resolution of bargaining disputes by the Labour Relations Board. In each case a specialized government agency is detennin ing tl1e pay or other labour conditions for certain employees. In the case o. f pro ceedings before the Labour Relations Board, however, the legal framework is tl1at of ·ain a· dversary piroceeding. Th·ere musit be a hearing, of which the parties must b, e notified and in wh,ich they must have a.n opportunity t o •be heard.25 The Board is placed in the position of .an .impartial ,arbiter of the dispute between the e.mployer and union.

19 Vlh_ere_ the Board is performi?� a quasi-ju�iciaJ function, it presumably is under . ru1 obbgauon to hand down a decision: Legal ngl1ts a,re -0f no value unless tl1e appro p•nate body is. W•i!ling to enforce then?. I,t is not clear tl1a,t it is under any similar obligation �her� 1t _1s ca:1Jed on to a,rbi-trate •a bargaining dispute. Argua.bly in the latter case It might _ sllllply tell t11e parties to work out their own sol1 ttion.

20 Art. 2(s)(1)(2)E.

21 This conclusion ca!1 be reached by severral different Jines of a rgument. For exa mple: (l) :tl1 e governm_e.nt is not an employer -fior pu-rposes of tl1e Lab ons ot1 r Relations Procl ama ti so farr as public servants are concerned. si'llce an em as "any person plo def is yer ine d who 1.1as. work done ?Y an e�ployee." (2) Ba,rgain aocl an t n1en ing gov bet ern \vee . the 1 n ,?·:ganization representing pubhc ser vants wot1ld no t be "collective bairgaining " because � ��1!;�t � e between t?: pr,�er par . ties for such bargaini11g �Art. 23) ·and it \vou ld 0 . l ab. o� r .c�d1tions ,A,rt. 2(c), (d) an d (k)). 22 The Boa t . 12(a) Bo�� ,�;st6uJns�1ction over "_labou,r disputes" and "unfair labour practices." (Ar • S ms - e defin7d so as to concern only em·ployers a�d e mploye es, 23 �ntral Per-5onne� �·g:� cy � r der , cited above at 11ote 9, Art. 28(2). 24 Ibid. 25 Arts. 14-15.

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No ·hearing is required before the Central Personnel Agency takes action with respect to .the labour condi1tions of public servants.26 Nor can it be said that the Agency is placed by the Jaw in the position of a•n impaTtial arbiter. fts re51Ponsibilities in many respects make it more akin to the personnel department o.f a private en1,ployer. The importance in practice -of tl1ese differences in law betwee.n the Labour Relations Board and the Central Personnel Agency h·as yet to be seen. The first schedule of pay scales has not yet been officially promulgated by the Agency and Minister of Finance. More important, there appears not yet to have been any serious at-tempt on the part of public servants to fotm an organization to represent their interests before the Agency. Until such an organization is formed, it would be virtually impossible to hold a useful hearing on such matters as pay scales even if the Agency wished to do so.

a.n st ain ag en •tak · · o is n tio ac ry ----. • ina ipl disc e for be s cc n ta. · 26 � ��anng is r�qu-ired in s m� tn! lations No. 1 of 1962, cited above ait n10te . dual publi c servant. Publi nr.ice R mdiVI ants generally. o serv c bli g � pu tin fec af ns ti ac · � d ire qu �e 9, Arts. 92 ff. H oweveJr, none 1

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(l(lC: 't1t: '19°}C: ar1,f_,"}: l,fl"l"ff;'f• : ''1·fll'1"'}: 0�·•11·1,: t "}�if : "' « ' (h1�t!\•O) : fUD{l(l1;'f•: (ID,{l;'f•: Cl'il\9° = :J th = lD il P = fli,,.f"}P,"}�. = Om•: hi,f,(lmro·: 1,1Pr7f fat;f:l'? (ID,(l;'f• = htJ•l\•: fl'IJ?° = fn4- = 'l<D" '' 1 Ol 1. Jl' -« ,)·Y"*.. ;,,1 : UD }"l_P':,.. = Clh14' � : �!! 2 l, 1y,....,...(l,no1 u-l\� : ll!' }P,'}�: om.. = f.,U"} = FAn11 ftJl/.{l'r = 1t,:,1. 1 fit 1�- = (Im.. = �-•11:1, .,-,.l .. f11: f "'ir h'l°"l· : (1?,i\ = tt.mn:J,c; ll.L.,:,1'r = fort. f-A flonl )· = 'Pll;'f•r;'-: onil.01·l..: ht\fl;'f" :: )· 'ilL?':f-1: {ll\ 0'll,,:J1'f''i: {l{\01/flJt,..,)•: f,f -- <TDIP/.•t:: �"}(11• : ff n . : OD(ilfl�> : .-n;F : ll�tf '}: :1;1 : 'P:,,9 : fmt.-, . "}Pr"}�1: "''"'c;'f1f : f1-0t.n0 ·•1.: <;-:i\1°,;'f• : ftP/..,,,f'1f<D·1 : ;,, 01 : hC'?m'1 : ffll/.. lf"}0,)"1: Uf/oo •Ill� : (l,f•Gl.),Ol/t : f, ,,e..','?,;J/t-::

)

(D�<J'

(ii)

1I·'f u9'1"1 = uy 1.,:,•1'f' :- rF'I

v c'l:1-

= 1x- �--c

hu•ft--9°: h(lcf> f:'1°: flf'J..!,:J'f'UDOJ• : :1:aic : f,)1 °1 : i',1..4>4':1,: &.fl..'P : '/(D":: flt\: ,) 1,;J'f! : ?11h1,.r,r-.:r-: ...,....fl/\. f'}.<;.. 1: (tar: �--1111,: ''l\0'll,:J1'I'''i -r,ol:J .eu11 ir01.,),•} = '1?t.-6£b = 1,,f. = ,1,;J'P. 11 (J-b"tit1"1 i i',V-'t-- C ,,..o ,f,rr{� = 1,1�- = OD"}'?P':,.. = hoiz. ..e��-:,,n:,- = ti1111.-n = i',<l't-l?,· ;,c = fm,�f:l'P/.\) : 3 }'t"}.V,"}X-,-: ,)1,;J'f! : 1-v'I : FC'¼,f--1': (1,)1'? : •·f--�1'?1ro• : '61 � t\-- I h', ti.. U: i',"}.�"}�: 1�J-I,: ''f.aJ<(:{l : P-''I: .P-'C'¼:t·'' ,"I,'?: ...,---Ot\m•: f,m t--tt.- 4 .eu� ¼ f,,.l•.<'.. '1·11--:1- = rcq, ..y.:1: (c:cqn:f,) = fl�,-,.,,, = ,.n,,bc = ih'? F'I: P'Cl}:t•: ,l,"1: lD"il'r: 1'1.e..: i',1f:: n�A: (f�(IJc: J!,1'1tt·: 01/1\T . : hf,Y-./l'l') :: '¼l\0'/lD"1 : t\DD&..?t'F"' : (t�A : i't,:J1!_.(JJ« : h ',f·LU"} : G:C'l°1.-.. : fi� :,..,g,: 11,11:.C: ,71"1: mf,9°: Cl<i::'f",h: •O,l1.C: ,"l,"l'i: (1,P'', : P'C'¼:J•: ;,..'?: i\f,: 7).1,<;.. �',17-: A.mi)"}: f,:fi\A:: s

1. h.:f. :

tb{):

a.ll,;� : l'lOl/.,�,rl.;fl. : }t."} : : \'-C)l : ItfG°'�) ¾ 1�· : !?j!{ : ''OT/'}�m-9° : t'lm· : 0;1,°l : f•f•a.,(l�m-·t : UC/.�"};

'' :

,,.il•1' :

,.b"}f..· : 'P.il·1· : (;::;-:: h:1·9° �

•

} I

):.llr:

'i�·l•ft/l'i! : "}1lG.:J· : /l"'/(1�·1·'1'" : flt..4'.F .ar = /\"'/'PA : ao-0:1, : 111\aJ• ::'' 1',1f..· : (lm• : fi"Y..'l°;l•fi:I. : 1..lt. : (l'}•fit.:•I: : 0"/1111 : oo:J:i\.: 011 .u = r•'f'C : {le , f•t-,c.ool = J!,ooll.flA ==

1tc = t:::'} = >..•'tt/J°l � �c, :�J!,il:,- . =�fl= c.»OJJi't1 = t:- li:1-t1; (''f(":O"/lD-f'J: ,-,,..,: ,JU'}&.il'') :: ( 1::, � 1,:1·9° � ll_:!:11..°I : J:iift;·E) � 'fi'A�?° : I� h'i=A : �l; ;- ,,,�· : �f.j·: "h'i : 11 11 : f"tcf>'i' fr·l· i /lff .lJ : fh 1°lt\.1lf : --1�c·1•?° : f1-/lC' } : O.rth : ti· t:l·t-h·1· : t\<>{lr : (lL1:'f· : 7"/A 1 <17.�il.;t• ; Iitf!?ii) � 17.' : .Er. : f!,ODt\h:J:A :: 4· ·I: : h..T ,: h.C•(l�7j:,. : (''rm•c{l : ,"l1"l'' ) (I R7.: : >,:l-9'-' � ,1,-.,:r .: ll'J!'} .., • ,1:0.1•1'} : I.ufil;)' 3.

5·

17' : f.§_ij u

(lrf•/l�?° : nt..t.'}ta.e� : f•l'l1.:Jlm• : Ifix2E : rct::i•,1 : 1lt .C t'°l1" 1 : G-1.!;,, : /l1'1fr1� : 1 h : f�Cil. : (l,mt-t.ll) : ;11°1 : h'i=t\ a1� : \''i=;l.,l, : ·11,li.C : ,l,"1 : P''l : 1vcq:1. : .eootr'i/A ! lt'lf : ��:� .e. : pf..• : (l.ri.t.\'} � h'i=A : � I oo�·t11 'i: : !t � (''{le\ : lD·C,)'i : .e.OJ�:,-'') 6 !T fl1 =,1-fx*·�• ) = 1 �' = x·ftii-0f 1ii = ,1-a0 At1·1· t o.-1•a�o•16r (/ltt•<J!ILJ''i) Joi.A = 1t-r't !�9° too_11 t-'i • f°l�?·: ,l1 !,;: fP'� : P'co,:,.: ;1,°l: (lm·c,'l : ·1•�f·q•: ftJ!,: ft;:•l·d1: o�.. c .• ,�°I . P'} : P'C°trl• : f(j:•·f-,11 : ·O,l1.C"} : ;1,°I : 1,'}.e..•1· : }"} f.oi_� l1CD• -1'' •l:1\:} I h"lD' � 1. 6(llD• 1 ttAi?° : ui7: : .(1iif1A t 19• : � s,7, � •• 0 T ....•.. 1: •• -\:. ....x--:.:<) • n -,1. 0

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(u) f\.ti .A

= /\�ro- = (rnro.. r:;r = r,h°l = it!P.9° ==) · nr:01/0J.c

�tf It : foo',Q;tll)« : f"} : ,'h°l : itf,f..1\9°:: "}•01..:,.. : o-,.•.,,.,� � fO'/.�•"i\fi:flTllr : n1P.1.. e-: P'C'¼..fl- : (C:C'l°i•) : o,o, .. : A f,. : A f.. : ,h°l : n*'1°1•'i : h1};,U•9° : 04>f:'l°tD• : fi'l.:,•f'ft.·f : ,h°l : 6 f,;rm"h : �{lC :; �'IC: "11 : 'i-tfft1 : ff1P.1�1 : (lar = �."3 f:: oi•"Jl\filiJ» -i f,t\"1?19°: 'hf"}: (Dc,,e1 Pi'J.P,. = (l(l)c = ''f"?A it ;J1.'' "/,">-'tlf1 .eY-.1..1w.. = (�ti\T?-P.1 il) : 'lroc :: J',.'JS-' : (lm• : 'i-lffLCD•"}: "/,1�&.i\1lD" : O°IA� : l\lT'/ l.,;J1'1' : f°tf il:-fl\.<D•"} : '''i-tff·L1 : O°lt\,�· : ill\ : 07 Y:l.°l'': 7 fOIJ..()i\CD•"}:· ,,.,� : P'C'¼,"f• : noo.e...111-9° : Ot'\f, t f{�0'/lD·f"} : ,'h °l., f'li\P'AllJ"} : f67' t;f.4!,,f : 9°AtJ,"f• : '1f.f..l..°10T : {11',_ti_:\-,.. : ,031: : ·04? : lf'i : f...f-111 :· t '' = fi-&_:,,,: i; oc f,U?° = roir.r�m· i ,,..c;,11P 1t1.v.1.R.... = ''"'"'£ = i;.•1L P'C'¼,f--1•"} : (fl�•i\f,,�' : r+m(l.,. : 9°ilhr:1· : "/,1-'t'i�- : fCP/.tr:,,,.) : 8 f•I-: hrf•i\.• : h1f..lf'l : '1 oc ::

= m°l =·

rr:61

fI OU 'i'I!: (L it.A. : i\. (De : 1,',:,; u..} : it IP/ t,6Lb : f011l;J 161,/,: fI 1a 91:.f.. : f.i t :, f,"l�A :: ''fl°IA� : f02.f.l.1�1 : .,.lff'L'': i',!P.?" : (67h;f. i O�C-�" : {1:,-C :· mf,'J° : flw«A : J',.'P'Pf,, : ('i;J-.. 6) : 7'--;,,&.:i• : (1,}, =· f<P/..f.l°l : '1-tftL): o_e. ° OA'I' = (lf {14,ti-- = "h'i = OOJcCil = f9 ilhc mt..4':,- = ((lc,1:&,lb:,.. = 1- = ii,� fnrf::;: 1-hClln':.): J',."'fti�'l.:,..: ffli\r'AllJ11: °7l,;J161,/,: i\OT/..<Pf.cf? : 0,(1'1'9'1:· 'h1\I. 1 rfOD'i'f!w- = (l.o.A = flow• = rou1ai,,.,:,.. 'li\.P'At1J'i'f 01--P.f.. ,,--11: «S-f, : l)f,lf.,.. : f,rf•&.1.00•:,W"} : f·L9ll- : 0,h°l : &..:'f· : f?..,. : ODlf"} ¾ htr19°: fl.If"} : fi-",,fi"/,\ :: ill\f·LU ¾ °l"'I!: (l',f.::(.: 1',"}P.1.R.': frf..m(l-,.:: 0

"'"'I! : .,.•,

n,=&� ...... =· ou,y. = n�" = f1 oo1' = ,1,.,,.,.., = o0f.\tn = (11.r: = ·1.r.:f.\ = .m•il'l' = >,1-''·· = h.'l°:1- :: Of.\ . : 1-"l•o>-1 : ft(l• : m&."li I l,Y:C1� = f{JD/.m :'11\'1•1·: ;J·th: 1,/\ i n,1·,Ll.""lt: h.� = . liilt't �- :i•&. :J·f•, : -'t : �.&•f - · : p'}(la• J•f:)t'i"tf..: J!..,,\ : o-t:i•t�f : (i'tP'{JDt. : IuJ::li) II 11. 1 I� 1 .e,ool\h:t;f.\ :s i. O°ltn : P'f.\"11 : i'tODll�� l· ·: 9'°'i"f.\lll• ·: t1'1'1'•f: : 1..IL : O�\i\ :n�ot.m· : fC:""laJ•f'} :i "1°1 : Oril.1' : 111·1·: .errc;/A • ,f·•Of\1>: fCPL-joD,f• m· :''O"lf.\K" : fCPJ•e..•t."1 : ',-tiff.'': (•l:ilJ· : DIL1f• :9'° I i'trr◄.e::i'th:f" I lt1 Jtri:9°)·1 O'i�CX.·:n.,f·1·:m.e'J°: Ot\.l\ :\'DD1'"'1P':, •: �c�:,. 11· 00111111 lD-il.1':.e,(lLC:�ncQ m.e,9°: l\1'i•IP: �-,,-.,,1:: rf•l\f.\G:: �O(:: (·l:il.;J•CPJ.1•1;9°:'ft 1-0.;, = i't11i\rf:9'°) ,, nh. :i•r-A.- e = f�..-,.,h = 11,,.. c= ;,,.,, = aril'l'1''O"lf.\?i" = f 'lf..t.°I = .,.,,,.L'� :: r �1-o - f\1> : f.f•m&. ar : (cf>"-'l'C : tfii•ji-itf:)· 1 O;J·mcl> : ,.,,,.� : 1''}f..CP/.�;J1'1' : �•Ill. :: m.e,9'°: 1'1-f..: l,1-X.·: {l,f•OJ(l',, :9'°il nc::f- : cf>"'l'rc: f°7.t.;J1'1' : f"lf.\ : '1· 111·L: fl.If'} : OD;J- /t- 1 s fil.;l"Ori\f.\ s: (llD. : ,enf.\m-� : ''(l"lf.\f. : fiCPLf..t.'l· : .,.,, tf.9';1;'' : 1'1 �.m•I'?° : l\117: X.·t.°1: fl.i\• = 'f'C!'to(lC: t.1: �it.f.•: O Lm�-:i-: f.\f.�.'l· : ouv,t.:1- 1fl.Pf.\:hOI/..P.t.°l: �tftLc;' O+'i"lf'W fi•,,..� : h"tf..t."'1 : "l·•Jtf.: ..,.h.e+:''O"lf.\K": fCPJ• •e.t.1•: �·· tL'' : frJ-(IJ(l� 'l.tf. :: ti/\L:O�i\: arx.•:,,: Jri.elf19'°; (,,.....'l'C: jif�-c): f1'1.;l·V·*f: fil1°1: ou(lc;p..: PCP/. il.V-1 i, 'l'C 1 ! 1 4>1 : !ilf.:lt : frl•f..t."llD· : {l,fl(lfl : nchc::f. : f(lt,.<",.n ,: -1 1 OD1J1·01 (f�·l·th :, 11"1.C s "1"1 : (l�X.· s cf>"-'l'C : (.;') :17' : 9. : .e,001\h�l:t\ == 8. OC!'ll?Orf'}: ,h°I : ODI.Pt.:,.: ((1. : 6.23.21) : 1,1.f.•"' : f,f•,\ODf,.: �•Jlt: /\OD'i"ff11 : (lq:,. :: • . • ou? � t rt• Oli (lar J> ·m• : : n,1 = % 'l'C : «f> 7f --m J l: : ""1l C'l. O°I ! �O<t : l\1.. : L 9°ilhf!'l• i'iil. ' :· th�: ouv,t...l· : .eu : «f>..'l'C: nt,.·l·r-*' : '1'1 :i•: il,°I: lD-(!'1'9'°:r i't/\ Sf hhl\f\.tif.\ 1 lfOD } 01 .. ° : ·re : lff\1>°lt- , Lf..t.'1 = �•fti.'' : (rf:il; '"l1 f:'J f :: tj , f K", : 1 O�l\ : f�Ot.ar :''O,.,.c;,11 : . · ·: 1',frtLf.\1·9° = f\.f.\ 1 .ew&.01· ·= r�nt.ar = O?°o. 1 nt!': 'J°il 4,.9° • il.ht'f<t-•f:&.?°), 9°"'1'1° : � : }fie :; h1U'?°= m.e.. : ''0:�'!:�; &.'1'1! : rc:UTJar.e1 : ,.1.v, : � 1,-.,:,- 1 ..,,,:,. : �il'r = ,fl;J t,1, = 11,11oc = ,n°l = (cf>"-'l'C = l=X1fr.) � r�· " = ·r·tf Jri.:i : mF. � � i\ : 'l' 4, , 'i" r Ll1 ti.e s ,h°l 6.

1•firf• : .e1 � f.\

- 177 .-

+>: o+ 9·,, ,R:-) : : mil 1 119° •1 ::,, ta1 1 tJ L,., : (ff l • •t\ h� h+ -1 '11:,, : p1cq,f1�1 : ) ° i) f.1 : : ID• 7.ft fl° fl :,-J.': (l f,1 }., h/ t: ('f : '': /.� UD IP/. f i: ..',:,•: f»ff.',"l"l: :: 'PA 'I If : ! OJ'=I .. .;:J '1, 1,� : 1,u9° = "*9° = "1A7'' = flf�- = 1,:,,qo:.f-c; = 1--Pi..Y--1· = i',�:,-. Oh.1x. m 11 • n,l1"l oo•,,f'1--?'f1· = t}CPi;t- = ta..r1"1c; = f �C�" = fL,)" = 'lilP'A"l'i"f = ·'1J'?.f:'h/\.:t-: 1,f"}P,1-�: (ti&' : .,.,,,.,. : "h1J',.f$!.C"l : 0"19° : O.lP, 1 Ot\,'\m,.: OJ11 : �"l'fP � 1--f,."'/\.:,• : /t{l(J}<: �· 1flL : '1°1'1° : OD�:,-,-,., : it.f,(}1J19° :: it1 ; Y : 'Lft: ftPJ.fil&.A"llD': P''l : P'C'¼:J·: fA--l·mfi41 "h1F.lf'l : r,..t-c;lf1f 1: 'l,.,m. 'l·t-.;:: itlt·fl : /\.Ol/llt..Pi:r: flD'6/!': itflt...;e.: fl.'fC.9° 1· -,.•11·L m• = hFt..: oow .l.."l: : f?t'i' : nf,�/\.9° 1 �C�" : tL:i•'l° : 1Lf?f7it\.m • : t,f,-:ft\9° ::

(ll) }lov'} : t\�<D- : (fit1"1/\

itl12.tti1 : ,l1'? : it*9° ::)

c;,,>ir

rn1'?ll� = 1toitti1 = r)- 111·L = "1'?

= "hf1Pi1� = ,.,,.. = i,� �It ·1o,1: : "h1� wtr : f(lftm : OD-0:,.. : {lOD{lm,f: :- fP''l = P'C'¼rf: : T-0:P�:P : .h 'Ill: !ft : ',ar : ,f•1lft 1,100 :J-A :: 'l"JC : '11 : 1l1rm•1' : 1.lf. : /t'iil+(DcA: ·f?°'i'A&..m• : fro•Cil'i' : fitll,..1--Pif.C : F'l : P'C'¼,)· : (TC!'fL:,. : TC1ft1:C) OD'i4r1 : 'lar :;: ft\tl••<' = pcq:,. : f-,.iftt = ,..t-m:l>Ol/.9'-:f = OD1l:J':fa,.1 = f\UJJ �;11'1' : itf,1•fr9° :: 1lfl•lD'1 : "I.If. : h.,.lftf.ll>49° : (1/tf, : f:f'A : 9°ilnc: f"?.fll &..A1ro• : f,U : f"7l..;J16'6J» : P''I : P'C'¼:,• : tlfa : fl"h1''?lL1f : h1C: ;e:ODl. nOD:e=ODtf9° = _e.u = P'� = FC •flltrf• nur,:,.. = ri:c.e- = (1.. ..y'f q:,. : ll/l : oo�:,- : "l•Pil!, : il°tU1-- : -,.lflf.9'1"' : itf,&..ild/9° ·I "h1}lf(lr9°: l'tf,&..+..f:9° = r,nc :: 10 �,c = oi1 = hit!2i = '¼ = 9° = ("h = }'I, = it =) l9°L!1=rh 1°1/l..1f : ,11"1 I it.';.ll : (l m ll)ro◄ : ''fUJcCfl'i' : fitil+Pif.C I fP't. : 4'f,t\ : sf-hfi:,,Y.. : (1"2.l.;J1'1'flT 2 fi:C� : fL:Jc : '' ll ("h1'J!.llrJ•9°: J!.dJtp>: (lit'}�'}_(': 1 tic�1'' ·r1toit111 = ai1 1...Y--1' = (il,1::t•ll) = ''rJ.c>t,;t'' • ,ro.e ,r : ''f"f �C!''1."l:"fi : (i:C..(!'- : lt.Y..1•'' +1lltro• : f,mtrt\-) : 12 rrfr9" : -,.iftl.9'1': h1-'tl..?"lffic = f1fifA:: flD'Cil1' : ODrr(l:,-C: f"ifl;JdJmlD': fltlt'1= .·f:J"a>fro ◄ : OD·l..1f t d/1\<f! : 'l-lfff. : ltf,tr'} l r�c�· : fl»rl: : "7U+1° : ftPt.l n:,. : fro◄Cil.'i : fitllirf•Pif.C : f"7l.;J16liJ,, : d/lA'l611- : ',tD4 :: f"h�ILIJ : P'CiJ ,f,'f : 'l'rr(l��:,. : O(Ln.A : /lve& : h°1.fil&..IA1'-:,.. : P'C'¼,f--1• : '1'11:,, �:,. : f'l fl = itf,f.ft 'J° I '?1 = ,..l·&..?t°7.'I:r:fm• : f"ihfll.ar : OD1};,-.c; : d/1o:t'1 : •fl°tf. �°11" : f"7l.?16'6J» : :t."Jo1• : /tf,tr1' : flP'� : P'C'¼T : dldJ : � 014 � .

= ,..,..

''rftL!''lilT'' ''r

I I

9, H ?'Chil J..<;: : �G"i 1 0,.,.:,.yr (:(.e, s (lro•t"}"'l r 1-t·)·r , h..';.?°Cl&., !�f.!iif) � rt\ j; 1�· 1 �}:!-?if·it?l 11 (''&.7i'i"A 1 1'fi:: �J;.i)"A I h.'it.e.1'il i'' 9°/J&.'i: I§ 11) -io. ,f: 1 h. 1t:,·h.1(l1 11 u,..(-fr'h = J..� • ,, : tr-m.. , J..(f: , 'l!Ail , (I�. 1.:,-r. c\.,:,. 1 ?"A: · · "'l.i.ll:J.. • 1ux2c) � 11. • §f·n·A :s 11. ?it'i : Z-1.i 1 'ii.h,f-tf : ft. : G"% � (t.h � Ir :s 12. h.A ' 1t.r • "lf.,rJ • "� i "C = ti. • fl.ft. • ''fhOl/.tl1 • fw-cil : 'i:C� s fL.-,. s 1t'k'f'_''' _ "'l.if.;1; 1 tr-w- • t1Lw- • flA�r, �g: (!iif�f-!5§) 1 1�, ilf�?J; 'iiA�9°, �f., (jif;�- I �?;) I 11. : flf J1 I

- 178 -

_e.u'J° : f ;,,-, : h*'J° : (ftil+'J°) : 1':,,qo-:;-.c; : "1•P.-f-'f : t,lt-T :: llh1� : tD11 •: -��l\T : l\l\ro- : f)••ltt : :J>A : oot;::,•"1» : .e.ftllJA :;: ��l\"I: : irfltt' lD·1 : 1-�lt : fl/bf\n:f : 00 ��9'-:f : l,v,:,-�:,. : (lro•cilr; : (1'11"lrf..P.f.C : f°1 l ,:J1tiliJ, : P''l : P'C'¼-T : ir(lff•ro-"}: 1.f· f» : IL i'i· qA : · _e.l-1\A :: 0/bl\ : ro11 : f rol\ro-l\• ,:11,?J1' Jtf\oocrc1 = /\ro•cr.c; = /\1til ,v-,cq:,. Y-'?'l° 1 . ,rfc,P,J!C : f°1l.,:J16liJ, : t;:C� : '11'--i- : f+,.,t·ro : (t&, : P'Al1J1 -1 irllJ'l° le& : o/l0Dl;J1T1 = 10 11 l\11 1 <;:ex_.. = f1 ..y..:f.. = A.fht-h?- = no, .e.1 � �P.r ·1' = ILfil:f'?? - : f,-:fl\ it- ¥. 4'1\ft·19" : 01•r;n11 : ,f-cJJ'lC : ,ncJJ : Jtcp,f!?J-:fr; : f1 -0l,r Tl\"J = Jtw•lXI. = oo•.r71,?f:f = 1·cJJ'lc = 11.c1--:J..A

r°7

,9°

= �..,

•

(ll}r;'P,: flh.ro•O.n: m:,'l\f, : CIJlf-T: c . &ilT t f'h1CIJ/L11r;': ft..l1lt.e,: f�l-f It : "1"Jo-:;,. : 'litf�j; : '¼ : 9" •••: (l\ : ht : '1 : ) f�,rda: 11"1.C: "1 °1 :. to-ilT : ,f:'f"11.a>- : f,1'<;1\- :: Oro-A : lt'P'Pf,. : f,tf.l."1· : ro.e,'/° : f+l.;J 1m- : �lftt?Jl-- : (°1/\:,... t· 1'11:,, : P'C'¼T1 : flooh.-f•A : (l�A : Jtcpcpf,. : ?i'att..:,.. : 11:,.. : f ,f-f.l� : },If Jt?'1·) : flf·Lo• : irfl:,: : f?..� : ft.If}, : {l,tr;'lf1f : ?i'th«� : fOl/.f..l� : �•ltL?J-:fr; : ''h'h1'?iL11 : ,-,,-, : 0+110>- : P'Cl¼,r : r+t..&oo•:,,.'' (°1/\:t- 1 OK',h-<;:r; : 09'°ilhc?l-- : k:t-) i Oro-Cil'i' : Oltili" P,f.C. : °1l,:J1tiliJ, : �c�-- : n,:,.. : fP'Ir : 4--f,.A : i•htj:-f- : ODl,.,".111' : '1/\ ._ : it2%) :: fro-Cil'i : fltil 4' ,-,,CIJ : Q:fro- : (f h.ro•{Lti : f�-Td1 : Om.C : " ,tP,f,.C : Ol/l,:J1tiliJ, : P'� : rcq:,.. : OI%f.(:!! : q : '1° : ('h : }b : '1) : h'h1'? fL1f : ,,,..m(tf.. :: 13 f tD•Cil'i' : f1til7f.. P,f.C : OI/ l.;J166J. : f:rl-/\ i: tj:C..(!.': ft..f,;f: 11,lhC: Oh-ro·{Lti : lll\lblt- ¼ },If ff,9'1· : f°!l,:J'lm·:,-: (1'"/"}'<;ro-9°: <;:CJ!' : fb-T : �m• :: 14 tt•ro•(tt, : m«ilT : ro�cll1'i' : itll+P.f.C"}: /\Ol/ l.,".J 11': h°tlJ:.:,-: Ol/ill.�PJ;f : fl'l2.DD�Q;l;T : ro-m. ..f-1.. : l'l� : i',"}P,"}� : A� �,.,,. : 'iC'l° : 15 (l(IDLP�rf: : (l}lOD"} : 1t ro• : OoY.n1cJ>'J° : h'lC : ro•ilT : f°7.1·rro-1 : ,,,.OD"l/tf,.: '?-0 : f,.t.?...°1/t-:: 0'11..(!.': ro11 _, f.OJ•Cil"}: P'C'¼T-1 : (1,-l•h07f•{\ : (llj:C�· : (1·,r : ,..,.,,,(}1,,�:,.. : l\f,. : f,-l•DD/.PH : ft.f f. c1ro- • fltt,I\ = m11 = f..'?'l° i 1--,,e:/\:,• = fl\:f(Dc = f'?.A = },•t 1·1»9'-:f = fltj:C�' = f1T : P' AllJ"}: mf.k:,.. : 1'"}Jtqq(t- : ,n1·: f;t..:,,P,A :: 16

r�:,..,,,:

1J.

{ID.-o:,- :

: 4.nc-taco.rc i ''fllj:-rdt = •n,1i.c ,n;.,:f•'} • fh'}°lf\.11 = ift1,::;. = "1t\.P·= 1-tl}-r ,, t'' &n.c&, P,,. = llC": 'iiAf-9° = xr = (!uf:lr) � ,,,,_ = fx�� == J-1...

= = xtc, x@v

= ..,.,:

14. �ii = 1tr ... r -� o. , §f:li (!tfli) == 15. IPLT 2 hOl/fr>: ;,c r f,tt}(l(l•{)-r 1 (h.'}"?: !t.f.?f) � fih°l: Uof-d1.•f:f.: ('T'&ii.. 1 t}ar'}� t\) 1 1 ,1 ..,-a.1."'1& = 1..t\ = (l�•'P.'} , fl • _e-.-;..q> = ta. a.A = � = I\ = 'T'C"'l1il , o, §1.. = ta. = h•fl,h -i ('l°'t-r&f.t\ : !fif.2E) : "IK" : if.f:lli I tiil•l:A i II •· fl.a.A • ti..,ar s �il,t9° : J.lj: : · 11 : 'T'C"7i.1il : 1-4: : h-fl.h : (,Y•C"'}•f· : Iuf��) ,. "17- : .f.li : ,f·00 Ah·"t· :: -.,rc = tfi« = (rmcf, = 'l- 111tsP':f1 nril>i 4= = ,n°I : 1t.c •fl, , 1, 16. O,t/lf ,9° , rtrn.n1 = f'i:•r, : 1· 1 n : il : . : <:':f : :J> A : ilfl"'lt.;J1'1') i 1,'i >( l� ii'll ''��t.:llf:' " ��1!:°:.. �'I-�!!�;��:� . f.XG'f. !.f - l! • . ) 17-" . x� (.tu ?!' . (11,\ 'll!" � ,P,,_: : G,•{l i'' l· :J"9' l}•}. "I:,-: ftPJ.ffl&./;\1· 2 ('1·P, r,:f'} : (1 or>,r•I' {l) : ,f•ooA11 ·1• ::

- 179 -

J'YBfjf'f: : fh.:,.f-k,,<' : f�T,h : 1ltl1,,C : m°l: f(Lii.A : n°tn-1: f '"/ . l.,:J1��tt:,,1..-- : f�hii'I\ : ',ti}«:: '1"}1: : (Dt,.7i : ', lfJ-1.lD• : {lOD'}"Jp,}c: 'l l\ P'Al1J1 : 1,.1�.l;J'l'PI\:,• : l\"11.·l°l : flDt,.7ir,--,:"} : f9°ilhC : Wl«f>:,.C : 17 f� : : "11 '11C "1-,h : y;fl\A I "'l .(,l• 1 r ;,, '0m. C9°: °I:. h�C : {1 : l\ °l " : lf'I : f�:,.,h : 1ltl1,, C : /"'I : P'C'¼"1• : ,l,°l : h1�..U : h1-'t,,<1f..C°l: hftlW•?°:: ,,,,.1 = 1,.1:{, OA "'/1..' : 001P1..:,. = nit-'til = '10'1 = fD?. 11• = �c� f1.Y•'f, frot-1i'l,r : f9°iltiC mt..+:i• Ot\.l\lD• = 1'.11). = a..+c f"J.'f arcil : n�tfH, : noitr"}{l:,C : 'LfL : itilt.l\"l� : OD(J'',."} : f,1A'ltfr :: f,U'}"}9° : ,, : A : :J1 : : 0 0 : P'C' "7l., P''I : fitllii'��C 6li/, ft . ¼ l- .e-h1·1ttr:: flD"Cil'i f:l°l: f,IJ : ,,,., : P'C'¼:," : f,f--:�ODl.lD" : f�:i•t11 : •0"1.C : d1'1 : h00w·tl),f: : O&..�•: ',(D .. :1 18 '11C: a11 ., n�:,Cth : -0"1.C: dl°l: ODIPl.:,-: f.lD•Cil: OD,f},r: O�tflt: ntr'ln:,. = 1..rt = n-,.i,,-1,ro• = l\f, -0:J! }..1:{· = }..1-'tU o00ftt\ rri:c�, fL,r: "'Il.,:J16liJ» : l\f, : h"}J;Aii•DDl.\'ltl : alA?i : 'llD' :: ill\1-f.U : fm4• : Wf,'/° : fmf...oo- : 't- tftl.9'1' : 'h1f... : �A : 'J°lltiC : (lor>/t{lt\•T : fD'# ill)l' : HJ'u9l"f• : ft.l,:J'ltn· : itf,-:f•t\•'J° : ('IY- : tf1%(t)) :: OH.U : l.1f-' : fll.:,•f-k1 : ift°I : hh1'1t\�: h°2.6'1'i: hh.to-'111: m°l: 011J9°: f,l\ffA :: 19 h.1�: cnt.7i• n�:,-th : -0"1.C : ,1,'1 : to-illf : f tr:,C"} : "l�;J--?J:.f : f,f•h,f•ft1 : 1'11: : : 1'.1-f...: '"t\,1\0'1": U•t\• ::- �c�: f1T9°: f.P' �-tftL1: o�ct_·: '1:,": "'ll... '71'1' C'¼rf� : 1--f:I\:,. : fftlD•"} : 't-tfft"} : D?if7t A : Pt\.ll)"} : fl\e&'I° :: (1) ,,...r:1t,r = 11\ 'lT(l)c'> = -,.tttt?>-:;. = ""1....'i:,.. ¾ f�c.r: = f1•r•'f1 = hrt1· ff1'·1• : "'#(11JtfH1 :: T,{l;'J, : fP'C'¼,l• : 11-o:J·?J:f"} : f0'l.UD1PC,1• : "'11�:lD•9° : fih"l : itt9° = ''itll:f-,:Jb : 1--�f-";.f'' : '11 ;JTtJDc:,• : nl,+C9° :: 11.1161°1 : "11t°t

·=·

= =

"°'

l\(D• :-

Hf2% ' flCOD}.'}' : r�•1·,h : ·Odi.C : ,'h°l : ,,... T(:.1 !{if..rf!li: ! r�-{lfar : flj:�•tlt I -11m.c I if:.,, , +---Tc= §fen?; = 1,c; = r-,&1r1- = r�:i•,h , •nd-..c , i,,.., = .,,..'l'c = n:ut9i , J-tm >;�c st fro&.7i'I:,. 1 9°ilhc : rolcJ>•f:'' (f.tJ , O'l·•llt , rof.9° s �it : 'l·•IIL , m-cil , 0>4c"l'I' s lt,wt.n:r• I f.;r'1A) I llt.l1-"1� I ''lttl·I· f Y. : 'i..Y·t•f.1:'' I rof.'} I ho.'f!{l• I li,•l:il:J·fl.\"1 f Y. ' ." = t i":•I: j... , &--1:rc (fil'l!il = r�:1·d, = 11,h.c = ,'h°l , +---Tc: : ?;f!lil) ,e.OA'I' • t.'l'fl ·l·?i· = flSJ>�· • 0011:,, , r:,»1- s Afl'i I Tfl:J- : f.,fl"lA 1: n•J•Q.1.cry6 , o. , 1\.":J· ·, o.:fc 1 'l?Ail 1 >..'}X;' >..il •l::r•o : h"}f..C : ,:coo"} : (r>«r : t.. : h'J"' ;r&..tn.. : :'f·&•f;il s ]'it;: : (lo.A : h,1.f:� h-001- : ll°ar 1 (fiClt.1 1 IilY.:ll=) ·t 1�· : @r-@!i � 'h'i : 1: : x.·&•IL-'til -t ''frot:li'l-l· 1 'f'fl he : (DlcJ>:r· : flP' t-- 1 l\f., 1 fl.arA : f"?."-.m�--1· : �l'4e";f �,, �n.. 1 h .1---t·C'ifl.r-'iA 1 .e.� x.·� = 119°?"&. � flA� 9° = 1:r; , (:tut�%) � ,�· = 1:v,r .... ........ .. , -1•00At1·"t •• is. fa>-co = ,-..�r,:y. ' 1tv-·} = X.·lll = ''nm-cll'i' , n>ill·l·>;Y.c , «f.f.A'' = a, (l'I' = .e.-r(lfJ"J/\• � fl'h1-°llt.11�a>- 1 fh.;l•f•k.r : f�·1·,1, 1 11,,..c : P''I : P'C'i·1· 1 ih°l : (,ur.!l�): 'lfi": 1 OJ-_il'I' : roi,"fa>- IP1-ml1r : r: o-,,-.TC : Z' : llc : ''�•ltL : (la>·Cil'-:·, 0hil-f•J;.(C: �g ,r,l, 1 . t ,f:: _n.•l· �1-P..l:>1'1' : l\UJJX.·l°l 2 f"?.Y.loi: T.f<l:'i : fouh�.J f : :/. ti1I'' ; O"'l.A I hC 'h . 1 f 'hi\: • · ro:'1 G:CV° = Y.,!f.t\ :1 (,.�Ul/6 ' Ul/•Ot--&f 2- (lJ-iUJJC� : f'i!:'J·,h : ·(l,h.C = P'�: f>'C q:, . il1• °l • Ol'l1-ml1f : [ : (JJ◄(lT : °I'} : 1,1-P o : . fOI/.. A f/\ : 9° is) ,. . 19. t1"f., : fl\m•1- : f°IC'l. : U'Jll:J·roif : +---TC : Ii'} : ·J•ODAt1•l· :: 17. cf>'--TC

◄

- 180 -

wt.,f•a,. : 00'1'G: = '11C1 = l\"'lillD"lf: : 'Im- : "7/\T : ',ro• :: fP'C'¼irr : 7-P,,Y..'i-- : Onil"l& .OI/. : lJ•).;r : /\tti11-0 : 1'11: : 1:.U : (l;J--� -i (/\9"/tfl. : h1Y:: �Ifft: llP'C'¼T: 1--f:llT: 9°h1fT: <i:Cil: 'Im-: (l'lA: mf,9°: h1Y:: hil: Oh1Pi1Y:: fhil : 1·1:/\T : m-,::,,: (l.. tr1): fY:C1.-f-.l-: u• ).;r: A"'IP.'P.: htr'ln:,-'i·: P'C'¼,r�: f,,.l...&../\1n:i•1: '?-n: hOI/.L,r9°(l,r: ft.: 1.lt9°: hOl/..f..t.1ro• : '11C: f,A:,,: fll/\m: .m-1,1,:,.: f,t.'l'�A::'' 20 . nJt.:,. r-A-.. f,f,m(l',ro• = fit ii'h...<'1 i hlt7i'i" 1 tt ii'h.,.<'1 � ,,.t-hlt7i ·1--Pif, = f-OH· : fl,fl.0'i-- : n"ll!'i-- : P.71•'}9° : '1,;Jm"'/:fro« : /\ILU :· :f'?C : 'I'� : "7il l� : '1.m- :: ffi::,..,h : ,(l,h.C : ,"h"l : ,f>..'l'C : :i:firjj : O'?A�" : ht•T : 9°ilh . · filt.A = il/\OIJ.A l!'i-fh);.il nn'l = fi:CY: = a,:,. ny,il:,. ,:1tr 'i°ilhc»T : &,:,.. : f,f•f..l1 : "IA.1'.. : �If tL : i'tf,1..'i"9° : -01\0 : m(l', :: 9°'}9° : Ji19.1 = �•1t1.m- = fP''l = rcq:,. ,..,:/\:,• n .'ft.m-9° � f,f.. 'i"lf1f = fi:l\1o:'f• = il/\0'/f{llt.'l'C'i" : ''fi',.:�1.m• : '¼l\°1 : h�•IUtD•: P'C'¼T : f,A:,, : frf-'alf 1f'} : d,lt-0 : f,OA'I' : ttilt.'11. : '1Y:C7°: ill\OIJ...:J'f'llD·'' : 21 f m'P'1f, : ,.,..,,, : 'l"IP'T : �CY..-- : a,:,. : fi:C);..'} : " IA.-fl(ll;J.. A :: 111/n};..,;JA'i": unc : h1 f.,f•'i"1�:,. : 61b-Om• : ''llhf1�1 -t;.. : (lm- : t..:J>f..•'i" : 0"�11l+ : (l,fi : .:f?'I' 'l'C : outihA : ill\/\(!}" : m(l"} : ',ro• ::'' 22 011 11\/\�: "1--Y..•I\:,•: O.'f lOJc9°: h1 1-\ ·} ,"h0l: ff'}P,'}.P,--'} : ,,.,..'alf1f: 9°7t:,. {· U--A1.Jt : 111/tJOC : ttlln:,. I tDf,il : f mllt:k'i" : fOl/.hO?- P'C'¼1'..1• fOl/.,nf,4? : f m:,,'1'1lD• = ...�--Ol (l-0 = ,1-1 0. : 'I':,, 'I°1' : it ft.·?

= hct:;,..� =

0"19° : '1'1:J··'P. : Otr'lm« : f�•fr-1. : ;r 6h : m«il1r : P.7f>:f : ft.1n : fit rf•l�1o9° : llf.o: h1J;.lft.:fm•: f'IO�:,!UV): 111'1/l,: ,,c; ·,.r/\'} :: Oc?Ol/ : h'1(ltiA : J,'? t �•11·1.911' : OJ/'}�Or9° : (lm• : .<'1.Kti--�ro.. '} : :,..c,..9° : OOI/. 1flll}c: ODfP/.,l': 0'1''11:,": {llJ,rf•C1o9°: O.'fC'lT.ro«?°: ,, 23 '}OJOJC'}: hlt9°C!1: {lro«'} : (lOD"'f GtJ : l\f, : frf"ODfPl..rJ-(D• : (6,f-.6tJ) : fOJ6h : �"'}{l : tft/}1} : °7.. A '??°,l· f,f• = '' '?'1'P.'' ,i,,r" '-° 1 f+ 'i ,, w t1t 1t-0 = .,_(Dc ( '11ilht-O) : t.�·Jo9° : +il : n+il : h1-<t:J-- ro:,, : hf..l"l :: (l(l(b{!1 = 1.ft : = ''Ohlf = tl·Cf� -:- n,-, 00� = 0"19° = o+m(l'lm« = n11'l�m- fm-cil ,.. h:J·roil!+ : f,"h°l : /\••4'm-1:,.. : m·il'I' : nt,'}J;.. : h. w· = oo-(1.f ll : 7t:.e.. �'1 =

n,,.,...

= ,v,,,

= ",, = ou,,,'·"'"

20. hi\.& : fl"1C1. : 'P/ll:J··m'i'i : 4>"-'f'C : f: : f·l·m4,fta>·1 : fh.'l61"1') = 00 ?i"thti: : rf• 00Al1:1- :: 21. flt "ii'h.f1'i : flt "ii'l1.f1 : 1-Pi.e :: (fm-,.1\1, : 11•1P : '11/P•l· = ct:c�- O. •r ,� !fff..2j;: f'i!:'f•t11 = 11th.c = ,..,,11� : ,,,.."'c = n:f1� , (:Zr= '¼ = 9") :· r.n. •1· = ,n.,, = 00 ?i" ,h.:i• = ii�: = nAv.r , (Inf a,.flt : ht\ : fl.T6h = ltiih.•f1 : 111�.:J· : (Iilf:l?;) : 9%) : 1?i " : 3'r. � t\h�·l·�: fi:C..(- : fa,.cfl'i = fltll•l·P..e..c = '11c : fh.:,•r-A"J1'> = ,.,,.,, = UD1'"th.•1· = fi� = 7iAv.r = (Iilf.:li) = 11'· = tJj I 1,0Dt\h:l;A :s 22. lb'I° : lbll: "'lhPi.,?t\: }'b'}..(-: .';.: fJ{l(: ;- ·rc-·,·c--1: -:- 'l!t\11 : 1\1�· : ltl\0h..·li1 -: 'Tl\t.., : lb1�· : Jta.t\01""'1.1·1· : (;J!Cf\o•l·ll'ii.A : 'fie::(�.<> 1 IP.f!,t) : '11'" : if�-!j.ff 11 23. ''lr'I° : Ji.'} : oCO.ll : �I\ : lt?''O."?'f!;J •ll : lb: 'i1 : ..e.,o.:,- : 1,�0"/..rf: : ii"l\0"J;J ·•tll : �fil ,f· :f.'' : ();. : ,Jj� : ij·l; ?!) ! (:J,l\•I: : f"'l!'if{ID• : fl.tY1 : f4'.;J>P,.. : '11C: (1•1-P,f-: 1,.e.·1'19', ::)

0.-r :

- 181 -

...... u ro 1 : ' 9 9 O ,i!\: 'i:C�, °'ii-t ·"1: { � :: : f�: lD l :l IJ O Jtlt• : .. J.',. -.: , m-1 tD· --'l 1& f f : {1,f t\ ° . .. l f i h ,f • 11 1'1 : ,l il 1: ,r a,:,. : °ll\'Cm-1 : fJt,,f'L.�1°9 -r oe1"'J ; il:,• = n/\(l..tiA = ,nai _ = fn»t� = h..1,t·c1 �:J .. (l...r. = w,hy,),o9° = "'i '1 : 1\W 1 : f1f •'i'l f,f + � : tl1'1 ' l Li 1>• : {ID : : 1,,.l U'/, l;J-.-t;l ii & .. : : C f fl:,-c1--9" = OD'/ °t,..r = O"'IY:L'? = no•l\ •9°.. = 1·11Y.. · = :rf•tf>flJ?,'l:,-1 = h1i 24 ,, : ,f 1 : t9l { .,., l\ °I f t:h : : :.f {1 , A) l n_c l, I " : ii.! OIJ..)t ( : {/IJ1 Ii "f: (De �11 {/IJ ht\ f x ,..e,1i(Dc?° t,1 ft.,n :,--c,--'l° flODil,n-r = ,f•fJ;bO'/t = 'l°n1 ..r� = --l:!1 = = 'nCil : t\fL"i• ' qo:,-.n:,• : 1:..1· L ,p i/'9° = fOSZ.(ln1a r : ilm;J- n"t (llD : ?'1. n+/\tr : h1J;.&.�(Jl)c t\°1Y:l..'? = ., nc h11..u = f,,,,.. ., ti = ''o.t:J--fl: ·r� 01a,:,-. : (tt\,9"'i:J--...1;'' : ("'lt\:t- : /"C'¼:,..1' : O'r-0;� : noun1·A: f,i!\q,: ht& �,.,,., : {llJb+A : f,{1/,\.llJ/,\,) : t\Ol/..1\l&.: f'J°/tl\, : h-, ;J1C : OD',q : (f� :: -f'?/\'P.: h1'L�1o9"' =·i 1(1: tl1'11l: m�: ,t,q,-,fl(l?-: f(l.a.A: ft.olD•: ,'h?o"fi l\9"'tilb = ric01>1 = flj::,•,h = -Ot11>C = ,n'? = (<r = i'itu1r2) = 'h'i' = fh.:,..r·t.r: flj::,•tl1 : ,{lth.C: ;,,oi : (4>6- : ili:I(�)) ¾ (lf·LU : it\\?.1 :_ 1fl::

= x,=

�ntw•

1 ,u = t\11"'/0IJ..f = fitj:;'f•,11 = -Ot11>c = ;,.1n1· = ..n:,: = ,,,,•mil'i = hA crlri == tiOD..t = ll.pro•'i = ct o.t!\ : 112.. h,,." m· 'l° ti"' i11.oi.1 tif. W" = v--I\ ,1: 1t lD" : 0°1...-f'�J.'..?- : h1�1· : fOl/..17":,. : �C..(!• : O>..Y..:f : O&..LJ;..Jt¥m•: 1·.P, y-:f : ro"il'r: thtilt: irf'4''1f,'i:,.C1: h°l�;l:A:-

r=n

''ti 1f.." : fi',,..l-<L�1o9'1 : f..1•0 : ht\ : ••• f,1im•9° 1 it1f: : +'i'lf1f: r mn"f> = r1cq:,-1 = o{/Dh+A : (l.'.H11 = .,.,.,,1.w·: rcq:,-1 = r,..,..h.,rll = no It:,,f : IL.fJ!...C'lllr : }\1Pil\4'J!...'i' : '1·11 ti. : flP/ f:L.°11 : P'C'},}•: O&..�oon:'f-: 1.Jt : ltf,'iH1'1 : IL.qo:,, : h1Pil\(lfl : DD10D:,.C : it/\flTOJ• :: h1':rt\ : .,.lilt Or"} : "71011 : fl\'l"fo• : 1•'if1 : )\.1:( : ltf,'.1111 : 'l°;tA : h1,�.A : hf, · D , .,e,u = it1f.• : ,}�/,\:, = "1°1 : 'lw• f..fl9 (not(l1 = 1,�f, = l\f, {· 'lt1"1 IL. 7i : t1c-1, = tilj: = i',1:A { - i'f.tfit?;) == 2s J

==''

''Oflil1+T : 'l°n1f,r: 11:f. { · 0�1·0 : P'C'¼,r'l : firf'hi'/1.'i: ��?": 11«1? = flf'I :, r-,.t-JtL = irf•'?flc = 1'1Pit\,t,�.." = ou«f!mc =.f.-0110-1 :,,nt,n.;:.: itODt-C : {1Dj>(D9° : 'IID· :: f"l¥l· : .,.•,,,, : fOI/L,:J1iiliJ, : P''I : P'C'¼,r t '11-�1,g, : r+�.?1m• : ilUi•.f·l- : fl\--'lrlD•'l : ., ...,,-,,91�":.. : hOIJ..lD'J..("ft,r: f, A:,, ¾ <r-'f' C: 0fhI\$_(I}<& : {lA.11 : I\ f..' : ilU,,f-c,,f·:f. : hD?.(l ', If?i: {JJJ:J' m'f' f9'l-: Of..111: h1Pi.hilhtrl\:,•: f,OAT ·= hilLl\'t: ',ro•:: h 1f:: ,..,-c;tf1f: n,1,.,e,ro1: '11\ = i"1fl 'r1�'"I: : O"'/ X'L°l : fOD1'.UDt,,rro·1' : •rf:ft,r = !LfillD'?f: : f.,laA : 1'1f'i/,\ 1 ill\ : �.l\ '1lD• : °11 : �'}9n : fLfJ.',.C"I: ttf,

"fA'I°'' ::

- 182 -

(ill\ = � -= �t\0h01/"} : ).•ltl. l ).ar : lCtL: tic.:,-. : ;.� : i'blCil : la."}f.." : -26 ) : :: n"CA il l!l!!?: . ,, ( 11'1AK" : 11 "7..1..l°l : ).lj ti. : l11:) : r.P'C<},r : '1Yo;J--91-:f : r,,,..f. '117-T : 1'1�0- : lt1,tr"} : r,,__:f."} : fooQ,1.l7i : '1·1-ftl. : l\"1/ilhllC : ',ar 1 ilt\lLIJ : OJ'PODY: = 00 111 = ttf.1'1:flD-9'° i r"l''i•11r- = ,1,ti11 = h,-ucq:,. °1Yo;J--?J-:f . ,,tl:J.. : ,;JC : i,119. ''19'° = ,,,..f.C"Jn : f"7..il"1" 7 : hlf'I : "1"4''1,,'1:,... =·"'1°1 f·l·: nl\ ll>T'' ::

('r:,,9'°:,.. = � ·1 Ifl!@1 = q = 9'° = (i = � = ti =) rnc1L1 = tioic1t1· = r,, <?'l� : �Cf: : ct:i•) ;: 21 ''r"l"'ilf1r1 : rouml7i : 'l°T,r : l\01/hllC'i : '111 : l\lP/ 1:lil : 11°7 (111 = ilt\ = ).If rt?J-:f = ,-ucq,-,... = f,rf•�'i«:,-1 = "1.;J'f! : 1:1;J1'?1-:f = n (l�w- = oo,,,..c1or = r�trJJ..-:f °1Yo:J-- = ootr).1 = 11"'1(111 : ,,

=·

(ri\l!1111'i = fi't..X",r = ,,,..P.,,e, q: 'l° : (h : 11> : ti : ) 2s

t·

rti'iP. : m:t'I\,, 'i:Cf: = CL:'f- • ·

,ar�E.... =

------

h'IILIJ : lD'ltt?J-:f I h1'f.i1 t 9°19° : h1\\1 : m:,,1\1\ : ch°l : fl'fC9'°: fl11P.1J;.. = 7-P.f- = :,,,. : �CY: = f\ooilm,r : P.?f-:f : ,,ri\:f(Dc"} : �i\1n,r :;: �l\Ti1 t (llD' : ltJ!,'iH11 : fl'fPirf" : "Ltl. : h1-'ttJ : ootr"} : 1illl1T : 1lft0 ttil .,,,:qo = h:t-4'J;.. = a1'Jo-:f = �A:,, = o-A"Lit = r0rcil1 = '11c = f\oom(l1 = ).I-flt : 1,?fi\A : f"'l.A : h9'°'1;J--:fa,. I Y'ilT� t fiT:Fil : (]Dm'} : chd/1 : r+ hTl\1 = 1:c�:,- r�'i l\°71:l°l Pi?f-:f = fl\;fm-1 = 111'llb n,,,..ll,, = J'OD l\h;J--A :: :

�CY: : 11,rh."} : '111: : "Ltl. : h1�lJ : (l.�: "l"'i°lla,.: 'IOC t ''Ott 11: : f:F1ilt : �� : d,lt-0 • ) .1f ft9'-:f1 : OiltJ,,f•,r : f,rf•l'Jooo-.:,-.1 : P.?f1· : ',tj:il : flou4'{1A : Om�f�.ro- : f(l. 1-A : a>"}1f : P.C:J! : f"7..m'1114!,-,.. 1 :t,c : f+(l�,r: fT'ilfY1·: f',lj:{l: OD{\}l;J··:'f· = hl-f&» = l'J°C!1 = ,,,..'PlrT.W- = {1")9'° 1'f4'',(l: ,,e,iP . A : 1lf llf.il;J--: hm'lfl:J>ilo-'' :: 29 ,,e,u : \1'1°+1 : (lw•: 9'°7/':,• : t.?i'fP = r°7fo'ihl\.l& ' • ttil1'1'.;J6JJ> = r�c,: = 11:,.. = rrtilb = n'l.;J1c 1 fl). lift : "1'1 : f,f•f\f : ''"11\'I! : m'lf,'' : (lrp-f•;J--A :: 30 'Pf4:w- 1 h1JttJ: ff\w-: "11\'1! = t.4'trl1l = f�1ll+ : 0111 : m:,,1\1\ = rr:i-r = 114! = flf'I = 00111: = 1-,m1l:J>A : m1,il : t.f,mfl:,,9° : fl"'l.A : ',ar :: 0:

26. t �. 1.c(L. �nee:,., ii'At!-9° 2 itZ, ,�,if@� , i'f!76: Jrt,r'\'t,tn • &rci"c • iiAt!-9° • fli f "IK" I lfl� f lfji II 27. � l )atj: f :q: I (l,:\\!,9° I J:g I "IK° I fili ff� II 2s. tt-'T , t-c�r&rc:,.ll • (!Jif!7�) , ,� 1 lf<:i , (-re = � &- 1l\-t' 1:) 11 29. Ohll7i i '1:&"} : +hll7i

'l°C;J"} •

-,.);.,e. 1 (h.1"1'\"}..(- 1 !Df!,f)

il'\'\:,:tl14 •

1 �

(L : f:fjJl 1 §f!?i

ao. o-. -'=-flt\.� • llt--l·, ''o:,..:f.";f. n1-0�;1��t114. ,.,, • �'l''l'C •'' ,ioc(L,t • "� • '1:"}(LA'iLA"}f r tr-� 1 &ii'.� I ii'At!-9° 1 �� 1 (!llf!i) f 1� 1 if!li 11 - 183 -

(t\) f'i!Cf: : fL·f·1" : r'IA'lJ"}: 11'Pl-:: l1Ah: ft\ t.: ''rc:,-1, : <;!C..(-'': f UDilmrl·: 'i!i\1°:t·: Oltl\ 9°(!>: °19'>,}•: 0 9°c;' : '"�'i\i\ : fd1'1 f.. fl >' " h : �t..� l i', ) f.,. • IP£. (tilf'l!ilt : "} l,1 : m : ,f OD + : -.,,e. : w·m;,. = ,.,rll = 1'C1'C = !00 t-- A '11x· = >;�: rFe e,, 1'"'l +h:J":1 1 : m oA-1: f:"};,1»9'-:f : O(l&alD· : 001/..,.,l'l.11> 9°0,l• : "Ltf. : f+ifll : �1C : lff.,t• tit\,-,..= r(ID1.oocfro,, = oawt.,:r = 1c;w•i'PA == 31 1,u?11 1 ''r,1,'1= 1--&.�oi�:,,= h&-fi" : f,n"l : "J•O : a;a,.'' 32 (l.. fr : tiCP..fl : h'1"1t\?..:,. : V-.ll-- : llm;J'f!: f: C?.1·1': 1'0:J> : nr:t-i1w-9°: 1•01.+(l•fi : ft\tD•"}: fi:i\11>:,.. : TA: .etiA :: ,., ,f : : l : il ht\ : pcq:,.. : Jtm lO:P f<;:CJ!" fL,}c Jt ff:t· : 0"19"° : fl\l\ : J,1>; If'} 1 9'°19°: t"} �"} : ',.If H.,.,fTlD4 : '1..Y..-ll:,. : lL'il.(1}•9°: h1J!.': T"fl:,, : jA (fa; : J;t1 : h1�"'lf?tc;'i\TW- : +ilti, : 'OOI/X'l.°l : h1PiifTlD• : i\ODJ»t,T: ,,.l·'it11t:i5 : f,"ti--&.t-tr :i ;Ft., = 09°'1.h> = 1'1Piilt..Pim• = O•ll.. = ''Or-tu• : ootp t.:'f• i 1'11:P : fP'C'¼:t• "} : 00 hOC : fOI/f,.�a;"l°l : �111 : 0. 'iC : 'if: : flO· C:1•: v--A1.r·L: fl"Jf,rl"lD": (l,�(l,: 11lf': (ISJ>:f: (}ftC: l}ODflllJT.OJ«: � Oc:: ,, 33 -,.111·1.9':f"}: t\"7if7iA: fi\:f.w·: f'i!C�: ft·f..':f·: f m:Pi\i\ : P't\llJ"}: m•m.:,. rnil = 1 ..Pir-1·1 = <I>--1'c = ,,.,11.,:,- = �'°' == 34 'ii.t� = 1i.1:,rt-cT�:J-- (1.i = roi11 t\lD• : f C:O'/ID4f"} : (ltj. : ft\ : f""l•l.�11>9° : H� : fl-,.., ll.9'� : J'��'i: : FC q,)•: l\f.,: . .-f•Lft"'l�,}c: 1',Aa;Ot.a>·?°:: +c;.,1p: ll.c;'ffll.a>': f&.t\1m•: '1'1-0: hmt-llJt : q_err19° : �,�"} -� illl : .,.,,,.1,91-:f : :,rl•&..1.oi�:, .. : f.-f•f-�11'1' : 1111'?1:ri"}: fP'C'¼:,•1: f.."}fl:fc: fA+hi·ll: 'l·tfl-f� t -,..,,ta>·"}: n��: f&. C(l'PA:: 35 ff'IOD'} : /t a. >·: 'i!C..(-: '1·f--if.9'1 : (1'1f..: C:IP/tD•,.,r1: fJ•�): 'h'}f. "th,..l•t\<o« : mil'l'PA :,,.,_.,,t9'1• = n,..,..f..'l�l"l•:t· fp-rcq:,.. f.."}(11• : ODLPl.:,- : ODJ..?a'J° : lift fl:fID" ·• .e11 = ll.etr1 = "11 = ��.r = 'P.,"J : itf,'i1r:,:ro-s,u :: · �ex- : ft·f-1• :

31.

fh.'i!: G:'}: 'L·r:A' C::C01/LilCTD•il: O·'JX:: "°·li·)·llP.°10?.,th: (''P'ca,:,-c;: flih'?: tD-h'J'l ll/\01/.'11•: «'l�C: ,l1'ifl1• '' ) (flC/L'} : J.ilf«JJ?;) � ·f•ODAh•1· :1 f,tJ : (tar : fltLtJ : oPK'mf.: arilrr : htlU : flk•r: flf-t.fa• : 1-P.r-:r. 0DtP(.r1• rtr}m•'} : r)!coo1 : �c.r.·: fl,f1· r (').lftf. : h·f•t.�1»9" : 00 C'l°6--A :: "'C : --tf.C ,1 /\ : ti�- I (Li'i.A : ll'l!il :· (01..1· I "ri'i J ILO 6h = Iul:t = rctt.'t'if. = •1·c·,-r = �� = h:t·'l°) � 1g- = f.«Jj� , (,,_,1 • �r), i,c; , r.fwi = (1i.1 r;?;): floY.(tro• : {/IJK',l1'i! : a,.{l,p = .eu11 : ffP/.ooilf\• : fll'l!ll : f'i!C�· : ·1-�r-if-1 J?,,n� tat\ � . fi. : ticP-1 1 1 II : 76-P..hilil: 1-.'i! : ll.,"JA : 'lf,'}-{l : (�a>- : r-ch : Iiif.it';�) : ..,�-: � i fi-tf.ll.Ol/6 : 11"1C1. : oYll:J·mif : ,,.,..TC : f. : f•f-m«f•(at�'} : fJt.'l61«11 : (11Jfi'"1� : J!,(IOft h:t:A :: IL�: : if� J ''O·l·ll�. : mt.•l•:1. : m•llT: f<T?:1·f. : fouhctfe&'} : 'l.11. : /\'11:,,t.-O: r"'l.!h 1•/\•: ih1°:f·'' : VC"iiCX: : {\0(D• : 67i.m• i ci'Af.9° : �'ij!{ : (Ifii:Iu) , '}fi" : %f:l ii 1'tc : P.1lft-(Dc: ;rmc : '''l·•IH. =- f,f�t.�'109'° = uu906.r :'' >-, \?.'I' = /l"{Ir ' .6a.m· J 'fiA f.9° : y�' (Iiif�{.;) ¥ 'JR.. : .f.Q :: h.9°: 11..llc � C:"'11 : ,·&-.eii:i• : {\o(Dc : (r.�: : 'h:,-90 � U9°'1C°l : 1.iift§ � �i\1"lt\.11�1t11' •rC·t-9° : f·t-11;i:f.a,. ' flhC : �11161°1 :• �(;(}'} r Iilf.i·f:) I 1fi• : �fj§ :: . lit\= ..,.,,t\c = 1-•nt.:i• s (l1ll7i � c:il; ,1·t1ll7i � ..-1•.e/\c) � (m:t,ftf, = 'i!CJ!." s o.:i-� "0·11 = Jll':,' 1 I IUf.!%) � tam•11 = P.11:J· 67CTll �- il.A : «Jj_u 1 "'IK' : �f� t 'iC1I : 'P.ll·l·C1 = &?"C'! � rt'- } .. ·\?-9° : j::'r.7:- i 1R.. : n· H ,·on •: I

32.

JJ.

34. 35.

36.

. --

•1. ;.1,-.("

•

- 184 -

�Y:l\-f-l-'l : l\"'llli·tihA'I° : .,., : rP'C'¼,r : f..'l(l:f : nllLl\1. : nl,f../\•'I° : 1){\� : /\ODUJ(l'l : ,P'AllJ'l : f l\TUJ-'I° :: ',.tf ft?'l-'l : floo+c'lu '/° : {).{) A : oo:J•f:,C : fl\n:,.. : fi'c;'tf1f : dtlt"n : ',.ro• : f"'lfl(J.r: f..'111 : ill\ : .,.,.,,-i9'l- : JiKK� : T1fi.-,:,. : fl\m-9°'' :: 36 /bl\ro• : n.+c = n "'I.h..,..fl(De= t,,,: : noIP1..-1-= "'"11= �tt-= ii9°9°.,:, .. JI\ = 1, 00 ll1t.A hu•t\-- 1,nAT (I&, nil..,.1r:,. ffl(J.r : r'i:cY: : n,:,.. : nTl.�1n9° : h 'l\>.'l .; n.� 1.a: ti roflJT(J.r : a1IA?.' : f:"},;J"19'1.... : floolD4fl):,J : nY,l-A?° 1,u,-,.= f"'lf.. 1�,o-1= ''n,-,1"1 flPLl.OJc "IA?i· nir-,n:,,. 1:.1i � �� = h�"l = ilc 'lro• 1 ,.,,1•19°= oo.-1•c1u?°= nf-1'llD49°''= 37 f"'lfl (l)c"} : f (l.ftci'l : OD� : 1°1"1C : U-flirl:9° I {).'[ A : fl�m•c; : }'loo"} : flo(Jr : _...,..hTfl(&i;r i!\ :: 38 ,n1n�: nOIJ.t.:,,�:,.. : 1.e.."n : tD4il'r : 'i:CX· : fL.f•l-: . FA flJ1 = 1t1>t111: = �f -"14· r'ln'r:,. -1 n&.1.1ti� i1.e..= :().'i nicoo1 ''f'IK : ,n'?'' : h1;'J,it.4'ft : .-f-h;J-- r·:f : foo(lf\--:,• : ffl"}t).::J' A : f�'? : l\..P m-1:,,. = 1t1\>.1 1 ,n"l1 = rOIJ.Kt.c = n+1.�1u9° n��?° nAf..14•9° 39 '1°19°= 1t1l).1= fh.Tf"*!= r�:,,.m= ,nJhc= �"I ilfl ,n"l tt.-1-1.::,,1u?11 ..e..1nl- : {)f,��T'I° : (nflOD<j�:fro• : nlt•l"ai : ',ID") : 40 �(I."}: f�trth: fldh C1 : �d/ : {\ODrf--C1°r : 'r'rC : i!!I(g) : (ilfl : ',.If ti» : h"'f'l..::}1°9° : roi c; . 1l.(J.r1)= n'l°lt/b'I:,-: ,n1mil1: .,(De== r�1•= i't'l;J1c = "IA? = nir �n:,..= "l.n= r1t;J1�(1)c1= :,.nnfl�= 001�il= flpoLfl'?= (l.ll A= h,.,1,,,..= floo �:,, = nf,:J!A?° 1,ur = '' ;,,?-- "lA ?a nrr-,n:,.. 1.tL = 001.t(l-1 floo h+A : 001/ltnfl : h:l>A : n:J> A : TC1·� : no�:,, : nf,1'19°'' 41 rof..OIJ. /llD• : nil'1°1T�.ro• : f&.l..1'11, : qoo,1• : ,..f..l.,;J'?(llc;' : .-f--«f>t;,fl� : Omfl)ro- : f?°lt/b : n'l,;J1C : ff..CltlA. :: n;,,"l : w,(l,p : fllt»-1 : 'lf. : (1;:J-- : .v,-;o:}._ : P' AflJ).1 : noih,f•A : fn ,t•l.::}"Jo?° : 11F-o °'l":ll\Jf•c;= 01A1.·= ftr�- r,-,,'? x-1;J"l,9'1'1= rof. 1n1

= =

= ..,..-,a.= = =

•

1t.1i£1(14 V•'} ; ou��,h'i! : � � Ifi : Ir :: }i.�: &.-'L�} i ''ih°l1: l\ODCP,·r: h"P."C: 111..'';: uctics..·: i\ W-: �O.ll>4 ' ii't\: :i'lr 1 (Iilf!'.7R 1K": ofr i 1t1s..·: \1,f•t\f: f1,1°lfl.1·f foutihi\�ll>4: h'i:t\: JfOD'}: ,.,,°I: ({l,f•&.: h};J1C) .e.m:i'1A :; .e.1im-� : ''ft1{l•"f·t• ti�f-1 : f.: ll;J•rf::,• : 1'11·1: : lt,;rr:t\'' : f"'i.llm- 1 f1t.1c

.37. (l. {lC" i f.. : .38

·1·1 : K"tft.'i! : }ll>4 ::

.39.

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42.

- 186 -

(IDJ!._ : ht!\'IOl.9° ! tiOl/..tll..f,"f- : P'AllJ1 : Om(IJ;.. n:,�9° : 1.tl, : Ocf>l\l\� : l\.• ,n, 4' : :f,.A :: 4 7 �:t-dt : '11P'T : 0/"&· : I\J!, : "h1J!.."7J!,�A : il,"l : n.:J"J!, : "h'JJ!.. : 'IOC .: V-f\c : fit.,rf-*f : ?,��: : f�T,11 : "O,l1»C'J : ,-,1"1 : },"}f..f·I..U" : f\...c�· 'I'.;.:,- = f.h�f\c J!,JYc;A 4 s 'l1c "11 = ''it1,... tfOD'i''f ,n'? = Ol\1f..1·1.u = v-t:r = l\'11t1· = "tt·L = il,,.r,_e, = 'i',J!,:f.A.'J° == '' 49 n.,-,,r..A·fm•f1 f-;.1·11·L!P'f1 = IP/l.;J1� : ,"h1n1·1 : "'lnnc : \-}{\{):fro• : f i'1,,.,•f'*,,r : .v,�:.f..9° : ,n1°:f."} : "�&..Koi'I:,- = fL{lf!l..:fro• = Y,1'1A. nl\t1.1r = TC?to(lc = ..;..f\c = 1'1?,f\c:,.. ''OllJ?° = m•ilirflll•n = hJY-;.:,.. = r;,.�, = ro"illlJ'f = '?-Ol.1.,na,:,... = horz..,.r!I: cf?004 : nll&.l\"l : '11(!>1" : "'If\:," : n,-,1?·'i : Oi,kfl.A : OOIJ..m{IJ!..m,, : 1,C?°jf : (ID\-thA : il?°?°'I,.,..'' : 50 OD'fC : "h"}?,{\fi:,• : ?,'lf:(: : J!,H'l"l·:J--A ::

47.

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48.

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hC I

- 187 ,

CURRENT ISSUES ON TI DA LI OF WILLS VA D AN ON TI CA TI EN TH AU Peter H. Sand Faculty of La,v, Haile SeJlassie I University

The power of free testamen! ary disposit!on �plies, a�cordin. g to Sir Re the n n give h1:story o.f the :world � r ev e u 1 t i a • test grea ''th ? � ! ine, Ma � � ner �Sum � , 1 _ A legislat .r wh l. v1dua nd · :t]1e of rice p � � grants this J>Ower _ ,the voliilion .or ca. � � 2 s 1n le doe rtic t1on A , st1tu Con an 44 1op1 Eth the s a . - m ust als to the in.dividual guara.ntee -tha:t a11 in.dividtial's will can be preserved_ and aoc�i �ed after rthe deaJ -::Of its author. However,. fo11nal safegt1�· r� !or the authent1c1ty �nd clarity of -wills not only :Serve the interests of the 1ndiv1•d�al testator,_ or the _interests of his 11 eirs - they also set a. standard of legail certainty re.fleeting the interests of the ,con1munity at I.a·rge. I. Authentication of \Vills: A Procedural Comparison At the beginning there is a problem of legislative technique: In order to -"authenticate'' the will ,of an individual for legal purposes - -a process compared by ll1ering to the offici,al coinage whereby a piece of metal is authenticated as - l�gal cu·rrency 3 - certain formal procedures are prescribed ·b y law, sometimes ., called the ''pr.ocedural law of succession."4 This d-oes not imply that ·the forms .prescribed must be pa,rt of ,the law of civil (Procedt1re; the legislaior may decide .. Lo achieve his objective by substantive rules of civill law. or by a combinatio n of tJrocedural and substantive rules.5 ) (a) Civil Law The testc11rzent11nz. is 11ot a creation o:D Roman law ,.._ certain forms of tes1a - n1entary disposition were reco gnized i n many other legal systems, including early · Ethi-opian la w . 6 - but it was Ro,man juri�ru,dence which turned the will into one of the most refined iJlSl�ruments of individual volition or e. ven ''private law· making." Wl1ile :providing an optional public proc.e·dure of authentication, the so-called "public will," 7 Roman law at the same time pe11111itted the making of I 1

-----

1 H .S. Maine, Village Co,n,nunities irz tlze East a11cl West (3rd ed., New York 1876), p.42. 2. "Everyone l1as the rigl1t, ivitl1in the limits of the law, ,to own and dispose of proper,ty�" Tlri.s article would seem to cover dispositions niortis cai,sa. 3 R .. vo_n Iheriog, Der Geist des ro,nisc}zen Rechts ("The Spirit of Roman Law'') ( 7th ed. 1 Leipzig 1923), vol. 2, sec. 45, p p. 480 f f.; for an English translation see L. Faller, Basic Contract La1v (St. P•aul, Minn., 1947), p. 300. -4 T_. J.Sipp, Erbreclzt ("Law of Succession") (12th eel by H. Coing, Tubingen 1965), p. 139. 5 S1gn1µcantly, the 1961 French draft civil code refers itio the civil procedure code f« certain parts of the law of succession; see Avant-projet de code civil, pt 2, book 2· ("Des succ-�ssio� s et des liber.aJ.ites") (Paris 1962) rpp. 189-91; see also (for Louisiana) L._ �ppenl1e1m, . Substance and Procedu•re: The Civil Cod e as Affected by the Code of Civ1 I Procedt!re .1n Ma!ters of Succession," T1.1/a11e Law Revielv, vol. 35 (1961), p. 475. . ,6 In the chron�cle of King �alac Sagad,. in the 16th century, there is the story of. a ��ef J who upon_ hi� deatl1 nomm,ated •the K1ng as his heir· -see d,,,u o d1 F. Ostini' Trattato ' _ co11su :tt1d11:c1r10 �<;ll'Eritrea (Asmara 1956), 85 p. _7 , _ . !11 e .public �ill (testa1ne11tu111 ap11d acta co11di.t11n1), which probably found its ,vay 10 to ,post-cLa ssical R:oman law of,� under Greek iI1fluence was enti ered in the records I cotlrt or ·other government author, itj y, or , tP prin c m 11tu con sign ed to tl1e emperor (testame oblatul'n). Note that •the so-called "pt1b 3) . . 8818 . (Art s lic . w ill " Cod of e th e.Etlllopian CiVI·1 • • ,, may be either · �- ". n·otaria · ... 1a WJ.ll , or a mere pr1vaite wil l attested by a certai.n nurobet of 1 . 1. : ��::· � s � s:rn�� l 1o lo gn1a p h a,n d oral_;�vi!15, � pub la p �•�: /. not s lic ,vill doe p io " r 1 ( Arts 90 2 O 3) ti o f ,: .- ,_ a ,�sit:mct1on n1ade by Pro f� or R env • ioO, in order to encourage tl e use ss · O o public IJU1ll C see n \VIlls icatio Codif ; Ethiopian Minutes of Meefing Held on J,anuar y 13, 1958 (Document C. Civ. 70), p. 4.

- 188 -

AUTI-IENTICATION AND VALIDATION OF WILLS

''private wills,'� w·hioh W�r· e valid iJJSO fac·to and without any stamp of official . approval, .Pr?vided certain forma, liities (particularly, the •presence of a certain n11mber of w1ttnesses8 ) were obser\'ed by the testator. Modern ci�il Ja\-v h �s r _etai _ned these alter.native ways of ,authentication. While .f r er d�velop1ng 1 e 1 t1tu•t1on o;f the ''public will'' (i.e., the wi11 declared in � � �� _ court or IJ?- a n?}ar• y _s . office) ru1d While offering official autl1entication by means of a"? optional certrf1 1ca:te of hei.r'' (certificat cl'lzeredite, Erbschein), it still re cogn1�s. the f. �ll legal v.a]idity of private wills made without particiipation of state autl1or1t1es. Pr1va'te docun1ents are thus recognized as ''pre-appointed evidence," to use Bentham's tern1,9 provided they oomply with certain rigid stand.ards of _ torm. Tl1is syst disadvantages. hand, 1 , l 1as obvious advantages a . nd On the one �� . it �eaitly f �cil1tates the execution df wills by private individuals, withou•t pro fessional ass1stan _ ce from lawyers and without o-£.fici.al approval f. rom courts. On �he other hand, It offer.s no remedy for deficient w111s: once a for.m requirement IS n·cxt observed, tlh e• will is .invalid ab initio - regardless of extraneous evidence as to the true intentions of the testator - and no cot�rt ,can ''repair'' it. (b) Common La\V

The Anglo --American law of wills is generally conside.red as less formal, leaving a greater degree of discrelion to individual testators. What is usually overlooked, t,hoIUgh, i. is ul1e probate procedulfe, wi1thout which the benefioia["ies under a will cann,ot establish their rights. This pro c: edural method of authenticaition (wbjoh ordinairily reqt1ires spe·cial witness te.stimony in addition to the will itseilf) origina.ted ,vith the ecclesiastical courts i n •England, ,and originally was not required, nor even permitted, for ,vills concerning devises of lan<l. 10 Since 1857, however, the English Jaw has required ,all wills to ·be probated in the newly created ''court of probate'' 11 (also cal1led ''courts of oirdinary," ''sur-ro.grute'-s," '' orphan,s' '' or ''pre rogative courts'' i,n some An1erica·n states12). Not t111e priv.ate will, but rthe court stamped probate copy, constitutes the recognized legal evidence of the right of succession. ,The f.o.rmalities , tl1us reqt1ired are n,o less ,rigid than in the civil law, but they are sanctioned - b y procedural - rather than substantive - rl1les of authentication. This sysitem, too, l1as its advantages a:nd1 d�sadva, Dit:ag:es. 011 the one hand, it . f p· rivate wills, which in many case·s can be offers a remedy for ,deficient drafting o _ �'repaired'' on probate with the he1p of o• ther ev1?ence. On : the o�er han,d, the lack of absdlute form requireme11ts and t-he oons1dera.ble d1scret1on left to probate .

8 The making of an ordinary ,v.ill� unde ! Rom� 1�w (C 6.23.21) '.requi,red �v7n witn� , a num ber which �s also found m ,ancient Ethiopian 1aw according :to Ostin1, work ctted above at n,ote 6. The post-cla,ssicaJ holograph _will (testame11ti1m per holograplzam script,,ra,n), which required no wi,tJnes �es, was oormned to the western pwt of the_ Romru1 Empire, .firom .where 4t found its way into modern French 1aw, and subseqt1en1ly into the Ethiopian C.ivil Code (Art. 884). 9 Tlze Works of Jere,ny Bent/1a1n (J. Bowring ed., Edinburgh 1843), vol. 6, pp. 508-585. . (''Rationale of Judicial Evidence," ch. IV). . 10 T.A. Atkinson, Handbook of tl1e LaJv of Wills (2d ed. St. Paul, Minn., 1953), p. 481. 11 20 & 21 Viet., c. 77, sec. 13. . ,, . . . , n of the P,robaite Court 1n Amenca, 12 L.M. Simes aocl P.E. Basye, "The Orgaruzaitio h1ic/1iga,1 L. Rev., vol. 42 (1943-44), p. 965; vol. 43 (1 944-45), p. 113.

- ]89 -

JouI{NAL oF ET1-110PIAN

LAw ·- VoL. IV - No. I

tl1e courts with non-c ontentio den bur , inty erta unc ease incr to bine com ,, . cour·t s , ,, us _ o t • 1n a an 1ng · t r . f . a1c· 11 :or legal experts business, and turn the simjple .aot -of w1 -m and. professional estate-planners. (c) M'ixed Systems In tJ1e C , anadian province of Quebec, 1:he E°:glish an'? French law of Wills has been combi11ed im. 1tl1e Civia �o,de oif 186�.. Wl11le n �t�r1al or ''au�hentic'' wills (i.e. wills made i-n a notar. y's office, . u11de1· if1gid £0· :rmal1t1es) are va.lid ipso facto holograph wills and ''those n1ade i n the torm der£ved ,from 1:he laws o,f England'; (i.e., in writing and in the presence of witnesses) must be probated (Quebec Civil Code, Art. 857). The proibate procedure (verificatiorz) was i1nported from Engl. an d in 1774. L3 Since there are no special probaite C•ourts in Quebec, wills are probated by the , ord.inary civil courts. 14_ /Although t�ere ·a_re certai°: differences as to the 15 J t fulf ls .essentially he same , c . Quebe 1n e probat purpose of � effects tiary ! eviden l as in a comn1on law country: on tl1e one J1and, 1 t makes the right of succession dependent on 'for1nal court appro, val; on the other h.and, tl1e Co<le alLows for r.·ubsequ·en't ''repair'' of deficient private wills at a court's discretion. 16 Tl1e Ethiopian Civil Code o,f 1960 follows the civil law system of authentica. tion. A11 heir 1nc1y obtain from the court a. ''ceJ"tific.ate of iheir'' in .order ,to have a will officially autheniicated, 17 •but neither the Civil Code nor the Code o.f Civil P.rocedure requires him to do so. In practice, however, courts in Addis Ababa appear, to treat the certificate of heir as a general prerequisite at least for testate succession, th11s followi•ng a qu.asi1Jrobate procedur. e which originated in the years before it.he Civil Cod.e was enacted. 18 Yet the right of tes,tate success-ion under the Civ.il Code clearly does not depend on such subsequent judicial authentication, but on th.e will, and only· on the will; con.sequently, lost <)r destroyed wills cannot be authenticated by other means of evidence, such as witnesses CArt. 897{2)).In this respect Ethiopian law di£fers shaffl)ly from Anglo-A 1 merican and Quebec Iaw.19 While there is no, ·need for an heir to 01b tain court aipproval of a iwill which complies with the formal requirements of the Civil Code, there is also no discretion for a court ito ''repaj,r'' and salvage a will which is deficient in forn1. 13 E. Fabre-Su.rveyer, "Un cas d'inge-reru::e des lois 1ainglaises dans notre C,ode Ovit," Rev. d11 Barrea11, vol. 13 (1953), p. 245. 14 41 Geo. III, c. 452 (1801). 15 Mignau]t ':· Ma}o, �ng .. !872), Law Reports (Privy Council), 4. A.C. 123, ait 139; sec L . Baudou>1n, L e drozt .c1v1l de la province de Quebec (Montreal 1953), p. 1151; J.G. _ _ l La� System of Castel, T_Jie C1v1 the Province of Quebec (Toronto 1962), p. 101. 16 �e particu!arly Article 862 Quebec Civil Code (p.robateof lost or destroyed wJUs by witness testimony), and G.S. Challies, "Condiitions de validite du testament au Quebec et en France," Rev. d1,t Barreau, vol. 20 (1960),pp. 373, 385 (citing cas es). 17 Art. 996; coml?a�e A.rt 2353 German Civil Code, Art. 557 Russian Civil Code and Art. 1956 Gr�k Civil Code. The "cerufioa<te of heir" (which is available both for tes�tc . ruid. for mtestlate successio n) offers a higher degree of bo11a /ides pro tcetion to �d parties than !he F_r�nch acte de 11otoriete or the Swiss atte statio11 de la quali te d'hlriller rt. ( A 559 Sw i�s Civil �e). See C.H. Beecher, Wills an Law: Ge rm arid Es Un tat de es r A Co"':p?r�� ve Treatise of Civil a,zd Co 4; and 33 -3 m m o1 pp La 1 . w (B 19 er 58 lin ) � - Drakidis, �es problemes nes de !'application · rna lnt e ue du v Re cer �. d'h tifi eri cat tie , r d e Drozt Compare ' tzo n a e , vo l. (1966) p . 593 18 . Successi. on cases are still k t 18 . . . . ., and th third in ''Pro b ai t e and Ac · lm.in istr ati on Fil es. schedu,Je attached to th Ci� � N 20 · . o Form a C ains cont 42, p. 5), (196 ode ure � �f;d r f. cntitle-d "Petition for P;obae O 1·ll and O·rder of Partition." 19 See noto 16 above.

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II. Validation of Deficient Wills: A Survey of Judicial Atti tudes Any legal sy� tem wl1ich establishes rigid form requ iremen·ts is bound to encounter ''hardsh1p cases." A s lhering gays, ''It · s t�ds �ith formalism as with o many other ·arrangem ev e.ry en ts one � . 1 �eels 1 ts pmoh,_ no one 11t� � e:ne_ fits, �ause •the latter axe purely negative . 1� nature, that 1s to say, consist 1n avoid m . g evil. A •single case in which the disadvantages of form are pres-en. ted in dramatic form to the public (as for e1xample, w.hen a testan1ent is ,de, clared void .for •a defect in form or a suit _ 1s lost ' because of some ;formal neglect) causes more talk than the thousands of cases in which ,tl1e course of ev-ents was a normal one ' and form fulfilled its beneficial ,purpos,e."20 Th� Ethiopirun c.ase oJ: A vakiltn v. A vakian is a good il1ustration of -�his pr_oblem, wh1ch confronted the judges o.f many other countries before: A public _ will ma_de 1n the presence of three witnesses was held invalid by the High Court of Addis Ababa, because Civil Code Alrticle 881 clearly requires four witnesses. The Supreme Imperial Court reversed tl1e -decisio·n on the ground that, in spite of t·he forma� defeot, thre i1ndubirtable intention of the tes1'.ator was clear, acnd ''It js more the intention of ·the testatc,r than the form -of the will rthat i·s the real aim of the legis1,ator''2 1. As �cDougal amd Habe·r pu,t i1t, the issue is one of ''individual volition vs. community oontrol."22 Should the .Jaw -always honour the wishes of individual testaitiors :__ however deficiently expressed - or are there legitimate i. n�erests of tl:te community at large, demanding strict and general compliance with standards of form? (a) Be11igr1a lnter[Jretatio Quiite ,early in the history 1 01f the law ◊f wills \Ve notice a tendency of judges towaTds lib , eral interpretation. Whereas in classical Rom.an law wills ha, d to be interpreted strictly .in conformity with the objective meaning of their wording,23 :he in.fluenc,e of Greek rhetoric theory led to a gradual -recognition -of ''subjective'' inter!l)retatio.n •relying mainly on the ,presumed intentions •of the testa:tor. In the ''Causa Curiana," a famous .succession case decided dt1ring Cicero's times, the Roman Centumviral Cou.r,t -followed the subjective theo,ry - against the opinion pleaded by one ofi the best-known jurists of the 1time, Q. Mucius Scaevola. I·n post-classical Roman. 'law_ the princ�-pl� of. be11ign� inte�pretatio or favor testa111e11ti gained general recog. nit1.on, esta� l1s!h1ng th� true 1nten.t1on of the ,testaitor as the principal guideline for interrre.tation.24 Me �1� val canon law had further . _ reason , ·to jillterpret . wills liberally (un ord·er to :£ac1lrba:te don,at1ons 1nort1s causa . . 20 lhering, work cited above at notei 3. ! l.Eth.L., l / 55) 4 pea il 111 Ap Civ 3, 196 t., . Imp p. (Su , ian � vak A 11 rti1 A . v. 21 Chake A vakia,i rak Avak,an (1963, vol. 1, (1964) p. 26; for the High Court dec1s1on see Estate of Set vol. I, (19�), p. 32.. P,robate and AdminJ.straition Case 107 / 55), J. Eth. L.,nd: AJlocat101t, Plan111ng and Dev22 M.S. McD-ou�al and D. Haber, Proper/)', Wealtli, La . . ,. (D 2.25.1) elopn1ent (Chairlottesville, Via., 1948), pp.246-49. . t1. v lu11tat1s t1 q1,aes � � 23 "Cu,11 ;11 verbis 11i,lla ambigi,itas est, 110 �1 de�et ad1111t � : a test zn m Cr, 12 . 17. 50. m ( ur' eta ) � 24 "Iii testa,nentis ple,1 iiis vol t.lnfates testa11ttum znterpr _11gne 1nt undum id sec ar1 et ret erp be1 1 est, 11 ipt scr i11n per per m etia a,,t i,e ;: 1nento a,nbig and 192 17. 50. D so al · See 4). 5.2 34. (D est 11n 1d1 de1 cre , f.1111 qitod credibile est cogitat D 28.4.3.

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111ade for the beilefit of tlie churc.h), resulting i11 •tl1e . maxim ''verita.'i /Jraevaler .voler, 1,1 itati'', i.e., truth is .more in1porita111t t1�an s<;>l� mruty of _f? m1_. The subjective theory of interpretation tl1us found its way 1� to _c1v1l law cod1f1cat1ons, such as the ci,,il codes of Gern1any (Art. 2084) and Etl11op1a (ht. 910(1) ). N-0r was this trend limited to ci,v il oodes. It :fou1;1d expr•essi-0n in �ases decided by courts in both civil la\v and common law countries, as the follow,ng exa mples may show: - "Tl1ere is one rule of construction ... viz., that w�en a t� stator has executed a will in solemn form you must assun1e that he did not intend ,to make it :i solemn farce - that he did not intend to die intestate when he has gone through ,tl1e fonn of making a will. You ougl1t, if ,possibl�, to read the wilJ so as to lead to. a testacy, not an intest,acy. This is a golden rule.'J (lr1 re Harriso11, English Court of Appeal, 1885)25 - ''It is against so·und public policy to permit a pure mistake ,to defeat the dt1ly solemnized and completely competent testamentary act. flt is more in1portarit ·that the probate of the \Vills of dead. peo,ple be e£fective1y shielded fro,111 the atta.cks of a m11I tiilude of fictitious ,mistai kes than that "it be purged of wills containing a few real ones. The latter .a testator may, by due care, avoid in l1is lifetime. A0a.inst the fo,rmer he would be l1cLpless." .' (/11 re Gli1ck111a11 s rVill, N· ew Jersey Court of Erro.rs :a1Jd Appea(Ls, 1917)26 1

- ''Tl1e fo, rn1 requ�remenls [of a. public wiJ,I] ha.ve not been. m.ade for ·l1heiir own sake, but in order t,o· secure the last will of the deceased. They must not. there.fa-re, become tra,ps; the intention of the testator, provided it is some.how co'Inpatjble wi•lh �he c-011tent of the -Dorin reqt1irements, must be assured of recognition." of tl1e Ber]i-n Ka112111ergericlzt, Octobe ·r 1, 1936)27 (Appellate Decisio.11 : - •'Conside,rant qu'il inco1n·be at1x tribu11aux d'interpreter liberalement Jes dispositi,ons legales concern.ant la forme des testaments, en vue de respecter et de <lonne;- effet aux dernieres volontes evidente·s du testatet1r." (Larose l'. Eiclt, Supreme Court of Ca.11ada, 1945)28 Tl1ese decisio,11s charaoteristical1ly reflect judicia1 .arttit:tides: First, ,the judges� concern v.1it.1 1 the eqt1it.able decision of iindi·vidua.I cas.es, evei1 in spi1t e of a general rt1le; second, ,their belief tl1at a will al\-vays is a better way to settle a st1ccession tl1a11 ('he schema.tic rules of intestacy; t.hird, the t'e11dency i t o ''validate" a legal transaction \vherever p-ossible. Lor•d Atkin once made ,the revealing staten1ent: ''I anticipate \.Vitl1 sali.stfaction thal henceforth the growp of ghosts of ,dissatisfied testators w}10, according 10 a late Chancery judge, wait on the other bank of tl1e Styx to receive the judicial , personages ':'11<;> ih�� e misc�11strued 'lil1eir wj11s niay be considerably diminished." 29. The tratimatic Judicial max1n1 never to frus.trate a dead 1nan's wishes l1as give n the 25

ChaiJcery• D il '·• vol. 30, p. 390, L.J. C/1a11cer)', 799 P· 55 vo 53 l ; vo p l. . Ti 79 L 111e 9 s · ' · � · ' (.per Lord Es h er, M.R.) e 638, 641 , r1tla,ztic Rep., \'Ol. 10 1 , p. 295, 296. P· 1 7 28 f 11P Ct: Reps. ( 194 5), p. 27� 29 . n p. err1n v. Morgan (Eng 6 (per Duranleau J) . 1943), A.C. 399, '41·s:

�� f;�� if. f1,ll�:• �f· fJ

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law of ,�ills_ its _ d .��tinctly ''j11di.vidualistic character.''30 Tl1e questio11 is whether such a subJect !ve approach adequat, ely takes into account the general interests of the community. (b) Li111its of J t1clicictl Di.\·c:retior1, Exces�ive c?11c�rn Wiitlh ''eqt1itable'' decisions i nevitabl)' leads to catSuis , tic· . . �nterpreit�t1on, Wl'th its . c? nco�1tant ''erosi•?n effect'' on general rules of law. By 1n�e �pret1ng form pr ?v1s1ons 11-berally, a Judge undermines the certainty of the· or1�al stan?ar� w 1tl1out ��bsti,tuting a better one 3t - t�us neglecting the _ , ; omrupresent social 1nterest , 1n the security o( legal transactions as formula,ted _ by Cardozo: ''The finality of 1the rule is in itself a jural end."32' If the judicial attitude toward � ompliance with form is too lenient, testators will be encou-raged to· take a cha111ce with the l1ope 1that an jndulgenrt jud.ge wihl uphold their will in spitte· of its def-ect5. As Cha.tee illu&tirated, ''011 the same principle, if trains habitually lent ]ate, more people wou.ld miss trains than under a system of rigid punctuality."33 The predictab]e rest1lt of ,a gen·eral judicial di!Scretion to repai·r would be an illlcrease in the incid•ence of litigation.J4 The liberal ,principle ofi be11igna interpretatio i n RomaJ1 law did not exte11d . to the execution of wills, i.e., their extern.al formalism ·(as opposed to their internal content): The vidlation of external requiren1ents of form invalidated :the whole will, even though the rtestaitor's intention which was directed 1to a will having a s.pecific content was certai11.35 Simi1larly, courts of common law courutries have held tl, 1at '' A will must be executed in accordance wi,th the statutory requirements or it is entirely void. Courts cannot supply defects, nor can they hold sta,tutory req_ui•rement.s to be mere for, malities wh.ich may be waived. The ·rule that tJhe· intention musit govern, which ru]e -applies to the interpretation of wills, does. not apply to their execution." 36 There appears -to be genenal agreement a·t least with respect to one principle: Even the most ''liberal'' judicial interpretation cannot depa·Pt from clear legislative provisions . Cicero's classical statement to this effect - ''Ct,ni scriptum est a1;erte tu1n ji1dice111 leRer,i pctrere, noti interpretare legi OJJortet'' 31 - h-a-s been followed by both the civil law and the common ]aw. 38 Even those con,tinental jurists who advocated a maximt1m of judicial discretion wibhiill the fra1n-ework of the codes� •

30 A.W. Scott, "Control of Property by the Dead," University of Pe1111sylva11ia L. Rev .• vol. 65 (1917), p. 656. . . " 31 See F. von Rippel, For111alis1n11s itnd Reclztsdogn1at1k_ ( For111a_l1sn1 a11d Legal Dogn�tics") (Berlin 1935), where •the c�suis�c interpretation of �ll.s by_ G.errn•an courits 1s analyzed. Similar S\\iss cas·es are c1.ted 1n P. Tuor, Le code civil s111sse (2d ed. of the French transl. by H. Deschelllaux, Zurich 1950), pp. 335 (n. 23) and 337 (n. 25). . 32 B. Cardozo, Tl,e Parado,-res of Legal Science (New York 1928), p. 67; see also lhenng, \1/0rk cited al}ove at n1 ote 3. 3 3 z. Cha fee, ''Acceler-ation Pr, ovisions in 1'ime Paper," Harvard L. Rev., vol. 32 (191 9),. p. 750. ,, . 1on, C ruct /owa L. Rev.,. . 34 R.W. Power, "Wills: A Primer of Interpretation and onst vol. 51 (1965), p. 104. . · · . 35 M. Kaser, Ron1a,r Private Law (3d ed., Hamburg 1964, English transl. by R. Dannenbring Durban I 965), p. 294. 36 In re Taylor's Estaite (Ross v. T,ayloc), (Sup. Ct, Sou th Dakota, 1917), Sottt/1 Dakota Reps.,. vol. 39, p. 608, N ort/1 Wester11 Rep. vol. 165, p. 1079. 37 Cicero, De Inve11tio11e, Book II, 12,13. 38 M. Radin, "A Short Wa y with Statutes," Harvard�- Rev., vol�, 56 (1942)_, p. 403, men-· tions one mediev-al En,glish exception: Eg erton's d1scOUJrSe on Construction de Statt1te. Con-ter Jes Parollz."

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r-:,_- , or u e y, an n 1t uo t:'11 s em v ov ne m w la r e re ''f � � � e h t!. d pp an su-c/h as G,eny in Franc. e te d n p1a 1I th C1v the . de, �? ugh ? th Al .39 e,n leg 1tra ? �01 �i n atio ret interp _t1,o,n, we ma y leg1t1m regretta bly, ta ate re ly p . er t m y or ut , at st dr•aw on s le ru n ai nt co t no es do oll: ati ret of _wills) to ,the inte�� er,p i11t l1e t 1 i'l1lg er-n nc (co ) 0(2 91 le c ti r Ar m fro , gy a.lo i a.1. 1s leg he t · o 11s 1 te1. he t , �at1on. are cl�ar, they � ere Wh lf: itse de Co the pretati-0n of means of 1nterpretat�on the true intention by k see to ro11; f . rted a dep be not 1 , ay .n _ ma�_1m .formulated in the ous fmD: �he to se · l c us gs r1n , b, , s 1, Th . tor isla leg � tho of , Quancl Lt11e !oz est clc111 e, zl 11e fa11. t p oint en· French Project of tl1e Year V JI/: 41 it." pr es l' r cte pe res en d' e elt1cler la lett1·e so11s /Jretext ''

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It ·is one thing for a. judge to fill gaips in a code by progressive .interpretation_ l it is .anotl1er thing 10 disregard or -�ca:rd cle� code rprovision�. Article 881 of the Ethiopian Civil Code is clear: Whe;e fou· r ':'1tnes�es are -required_ f. o�. the making of • a will, three just are not enough.4- And a Judge 1s: under a oonisti:tutional duty to follow the law.43 By departing fr-om a clear code provision he actually infringes 011 tl1e pre,rogatives of tl1e l • egislator. •

C6nclusion

It l1as been suggested by a learned commentator tl1at the Supreme Court's -d. ecision in Avakiati \J. A l'akia11 ''should nank amon,g lf:hose wlh±ch would ease the contact bet,veen n1odem 1egis1artio:i.1 a11d an ·un•s,oph1is·ticated society," and that tl1e flexiibility tl1us introduced ''col1ld be the best way ·of overcoming the difficulties in tl1e i1ntroducti011 of modem codes into u·nderdeveloped counitcr-ies."44 I r�pectfuNy take exception to this view. There is at least one warning 1foreign example where sucl1 a ''[lexible'' judicial .appro.ach ultin1ately led to total failure: ,the Chinese Civil Code o , f 1929-1931, whicl1 was based on modern European models and rated as a most st1ccessful oodification,45 1but was applied by the courts only so far as i1t did not hll'rt 1tiheir traditional senl5e of equuty. 46 The res ult was that in practice _judges c,ontinued to follo·w ,Con(t1ci,an equity concepts in-stead of .the \vritten code,

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39 See F. Geny, Metlzode d'i1zterpretatio11 et sources en droit prive positif (2nd ed., Pains 1954), vol. 1, JJp. 300 fif. (Eng. transl. by Louisiana State Law Institute, 1963, pp. 206 ff.�; and H. Kantoro\vicz, Rechtslvissenscl1aft z,nd Soziologie (Karlsruhe 1962), pp. 3-4 ("Die Contra Lege,11 Fabel"). ·40 Till� XXI (The A•pplicait!iion of Laws) proposed by P-rofessor Rene David (Document C.C1v. 86, of Febru·ary 15, 1958) was not ·ad,opted by the Ethiopian legislature. 41 In Fen�t, Recueil. co111plet des travaux preparatoires di, code civil (Paris 1827); see �I. Pl�1 ?l & G. Ripe11t, Treatise 011 tlze Civil Lalv (12th ed. Paris 1939, English · tranS}. , by _Lou1s1a!1a Staite Law: 1:n,sti!Lute, 1959), vol. I, pt. 1, p. 159. ·42 Trus ruil� 1s no mo�� r1g1d ith,an that of chap.ter 41, section 1, of the Fetha Negast.. If poss1 ble, [the witnesses] should be seven o:r five in n1101ber· if not -three or ,two wJtnesses wi ll suffice." Acaording to rthe Suprenre Imperial Court's fu terpretation in Estate of Beyenecl1 Aba Nebro (1964, Civil Appeal 227 / 56), J.Etlz.L., vol. 2 (1965), p. 247, th1_ s z:iieans that "no less tha11 five witnesses were reqt1ired by our custom ary Ia�, S 1' 11les. the 11111 es vere basI (emp i,c z t es" at one � coul witn d not ess � gatl m any l! � 1 er thrut � pp il �d ) There 15 no mdicat1on in the £acts of the ,..1 vakiari, case (supra, note 21) fuat . s ;�e wil l \va made �der .such emergency conditions. _ _ 43 S ee Rev i• se? Cons.titu · t1on of Etl1iqpi<1 (1955), ,articl es 108 1and 110· · f .n T .,w -44 J . V an der . o linde n "Civi·1 Law_ :arrd on Law In.fluences on the Developi g J.X>E.thio·1ni� a,, , B 11ffa· •1O Laiv R ev1elv, voComm l. -45 See R. Pound, "Con1parative Law and16 (1966) pp . 264 265 . . L�w," Harvard LaW II i t s ' B y as a ses Chmese 'f or . ," T lane l· �eview, vol. 61 (1948) . 749· �� _ Lalv RevieJ-v, vol. 29 (ifs·5) '2R , Pound, The Chinese Civil Code m Actio n " ' p. 77. ·46 See R . D avid · , Ler· Grands sys1,emes de Dro . 1t Co11te1,-1porai11s (Pa.icis 1964), p. 521·

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which therefore never .took a real hold m tlhe conscience of ,the people and was readily abandoned after the Communist take-over.47 There may well be a temptation for Ethiopian judges to regard the Civil Code as an utopian ''ideal law'' to which, as it:o the Fetha Negast, one ought to aspire, ,but which cannot always be followed in practice.48 However, ''a modem Code is not destined to remain indefilllitely in an ideal sphere."49 If Ethiopian citizens are expected to conform with rules governing the authentication of wills, Ethiopian judges must be expected to enforce them, too - or �Ise tlb.ey will neglect what Prafbssor Fuller has called ''·the most complex of all the desiderata that make up ithe intternal morallity of the laiw: congruence between official action and the law."50 •

• 47 David, work cited above, ·P· �3o·' �f· wang Tzc-chien, ·•oic Aufriabme de.s europlischen · in China)• A.rchiv JQr die Civilistische Rechts in China'' (fhe Reception vJ. European Law Praxis, _vol. 166 (1965)! P·.. 351. 48 According to R.. David , Le Oode civil ethiopien de 1960,'' Rabels Ze.itschrift, vol 26 resents ••scarcely more than the ideal one ought to (1961), _p. 668, the Fetha Nega:t who is?'' (translation supplied). follow 1f one we re perfectly. VU:Wr;�s v_ but then 49 G. Krzeczunowicz, ''The Ethiopian Ci il C°de.· I ts U sefulness. Relation to Custom and Applicability,'' Journal of African Law, vol. 7 (1963 ), p. l 76 50 L Fulle r, The Morality of Law (New Haven 1964), p. 81.

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1 = aif'P1:· "ltflD' 1 h1 1.'; = me:,, I hlt7i 1;Ji: f,ooc • ii'h'17i : 1•�.e: I\�; f+(lmwc: t;:C..(-: h.TV-kfarf'fT: 0"19° = ilil"tm0f}'O,j:° 1 TC-ill\, 'l° ·=· (l-°lc):· firf'ODt\hi" = hODlf)-9° = 01\f, = om:i»tl.tl.to- = t\m°l = :,,,�,r.1.: 'l,.1:1T: m:J>"'l.a;:,.: ft\w«: a;�:: f,IJ: t;:Ct."': h1,_: o:i»c11: 1..ft : n:t-w:e=: ih.°l'i: J.',IJ : m°l : f"t.f T;J...:fto-1 : h "}�1t:' : 1•�V-l-: f,Jf : 0a;Olt& : n? J!,IP/'f:t : dl°l : ODl}bA : ft\lD'1 : °11�-;:,. : f,ODt\b;J...A I "'lt\:'f• : h.';.O- : :tt°l : f'/f,IP/'f--1:1 : il,°l : f"tirf•lJ : hlfa;: f,IJ : f"tlf�(l)c: h1..e.,,r: -;(De? 0"1t.:,.V-kf: lD'il1': ft\�: ftLIJ : 1-��: V-).:J': h1,."'l.h+t\t&: a;(l)ci: ft;:,rth � 11th.c = at"l = hOD:J"w�3 = ak:,. = fhcil1:f1 = "1t.,rV -kf = ih"l 2 = 1,1Jr = at"l = '/f-,"'l'f:J''l!'i , f¼t\01/'f: ODIPli: = t;::,.m = a;1P':,. = �nc lt.111 • b�c, hhh 1 �c = '/f-,IP/'f:J"'l!lD' = a;n = a;oc:: t;::,.th a;,P':,. = ntt.:, f-kf = 1ic-r•P.hlt'f!:'f• n.+ ncll1:f1 ODlP�:,. = f+t.KtJDc1 = ,;,11:F?''f = :,,.-;.ha;+ : llf,+ : J!,'i1�A :: IP/"}�(l)c'J° : h11.tLtJ : ft\ : ,;,11:F1 : fLX{JIJ: hCh1:f1 1 k.TV-kf'l! I· {l}riC,f-f.hlJ.'f!,}c : ft+ : hCil,f;f"} : h9°a;:,.. : h1�: ;J--w+lD''i: {lt;:,rth : a;1P',r'J°: to-il1' : h11'+m4>(lW': :J11:F1: IP/�ll: 4 O"l9° n+wo). = v->,:J--9'l- = a.rr1 , t\a;ttur = nt , 9°h1 · f"t.rlllD' 1+'f = lL'f?- = h1F-a;nc = fto-:,» = a;nc h1-'lv-9° • 04! = rn1,..,.�, titr = fir'J° : f°tlrT'i: ,;,1};f-lD4: /Lt.Ch: oo:J!ft-1: t\.lDil).: f"'ll-lt-T : ff1+: hCil1:11 : 'lllP'AllJ'il-: 11:F : ODlf'iTlO'"} : fOJ-:,» : a;oc n ftlt1f,fl: (f (tflA): 'lt\r'A"l'f°f : ntLtJ : a;1c : 9°19° : P'AllJ"} : ttAa;n�:ft&9° ::.

• r+,c;"7'1! , ,:,f,,A I P'"fl. = ¥-tii'ctt.,t , rih.,, , 4-h•I\.,t si 1. f'1...Tf-1'f r m.-i r ODK"m,.:,.. r c� • PA�'/° a (Dif.!lfi) • 1K" 1 ff{tfi ,. 2. h'P� +-vrc • f�?i/Ilif!lf • 'i : 'I° • i;,�:,.. • ;,un, , O+ll..e. , rron, J. flr-a>- _?ll;J..,e"}"} � ''r'1...:,0r-1'f fW11:A • h:,»Y: (f1:EoT)'' fh..Tf-1'.f, ih"l s oot.th,•r r ttAf.'J° (I.ilf!li) 1K" • ff!lh f,,00/\.h:f:A d "1&.ii'"} 1 ''fJ\..rrf-1'f 1 "}-,.,,, )1/>"-r' 001-ip,:,.. • rw11:tt�, ou:,»ffl • ,n"'I''. r'1...:i•r-1'f. ih"'I • ODK ..m.:,... 6�, ii"Af.9'2 • (IBf!li)· 1K' If� st 4. 'J°{J&,.ft,. ti'§ hft..A i ss ft.LCil 7..":f·A • .'.'.111:f. (fh1°11\.1f�lD- :,.c-,.r hh'1 ' , t..flc :,1· il:,..&.ar , �m-_tt-il • ,c;.e,,p r+11;11:ar tl'TC!" • , , o+,c;" , :)f,,ll 7'1! c P'l\c\. il :.�. �"}�C".-t �lh� •-4-h-A,f: ·, ..,..mQQ-l!iT' • JJl !lD) ,,.. m r' 'J°h11-f-� • f"'l,h,f+(}.:,.. • f r • , , . . . , · ft•,.,. I f;':fa,. II . . . , , . ... ti) QA'i�; °7..ilT ao"}l,.fa'f 'I-C!" /\.OO'iC a hou�m• , . I) �Q�'i °7..il.:t· .h1f..�ar • °11"�}:,.. • lt'if..C1'1° lift� st . ·f.) ·hCil .- �� •00��,c;:,..·i; • ODi•;,111. fl\.fl{l,.,.. ;,,fl!J! : D'#h,r i V) flf�T • +'"JQC I ctLK",,.,.. rs ll.) h'lA'i °7..ilT • Olt"}f..�ar • m.f,,ro:,. ilf,, • -,.J;:,.. (l.f..CN 1

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lf'i9° 1 f�:,.,.h : 11"'1..;.. : i'h°l : hODW-llJ,f: :· nL,r.: 1,;J•w:,. : f.,n�(D« : ,;1-0!F : f'/f,"'/'i-:,. : ;,,n;f.: 11:F: '1Ai;nl.9° :: li 'JI:: (ltD4·: .f'11C'J: A"'/1:: floP+nA : (fA"'/1: : ;,11:J!) : ft\/\ : '/f:."'l'i,r : P'C'¼.Y..la'J : n.oohrA 1 m,,9° = �,n� = f+nt\(1)4 = f001'?Firr = 'l"FAtJJ'J = noo'J'?P',r = il9° = ,;111:Fw-1 = i1-'tf�t::Pt\:,C = n"'lt:l."I = (11m.t.'E = ;,,n:J!) = ;,11;. : IL&. �9° = 1,lil\A =1 i,-'tv-9° = fii;1tu = ;,11:F1Pli = oa(i:�il i "'-'l**QD« = n� �:,. = A'I° P...la = I\Y, = f'i•oo,Pl+ = i;oc == .:,11,-'J : h°7..00f\h...,:,-,.. : r,,::,.,.,, : 11"'1.C : i'h'? : -,,..'1'�1" : .W-il'f' : rn "'° = Hl\<I!.,,-,.. = til\¥1D' '= rh.TV-k.r = ''rA"'/1:'' = .. n1ula= r+w(l..';. = ,,,?/it· 11 r�:,."' = 11..h.?,O = ih°l = '11\Y, = r+m+(I.:,., =· Y'ili:19°7 = r;,11:F = q,e,i;+la = ++11�¥'PA :;: t\"'l'J�w-9° : '¼.e,i;:,. : ;,11;f.9lla : f"ttr�8 : lim...411\f, : &·�;t-9l1f'J : lfC1f�T'PA I h'JP,.V-9° : r;,11:f.9li"'J : oouil : f°tDDf\hi: : �'}{11f : f,!(A :: ill\ = ..?11:F1Pli = oo�l.il = r+t7Dflh+a,« = r�:,.m = 11.h.C = i'h"I -1 ill\ = '/1,'17.'iT : 1:C'}.!-.Y..�c; : �'JflT : flD�LT : h!l:9° : irf•...41&.t : /LODil/t� : roi-:f.tt- = oov,l_;rff! = litifl-:f.'} = f-!lA == r�+m = 11th.C = i'h"I = �c = jf{t� : h'J-'LU : f,I\A :: 5

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5. ,r-,rc if�i-if$�"}: 'h'i: ifiti·ifir: .e i\h:l;A st 11'iH..U•.,...Tr:l· iii\ o.+: ffOD.f: � r7i14A'i , �v-:r-- , r"t'i1� • 'i:fw- sa r7ir«1A'i , �v-:r-- , o·h..:i•r-A-.r • rAll'/Y: , ih"'I = W-ilT fm'ih� : h*'I° r 'iO&-:fw- ! 'h'if"t-'I° ''7ill'/"'lt\,SJ>°;f'' {lCJI/.A ,: ii'/° r;f·m+. : fl.tr). (l..,.i\.e• 011.f:"1. : 1-i.: 1/r'i : iii\ r "IA : "*'I°•f"tc"lm-•r : w-tatsPi'f•�"}.,e..:,-. : 11"}1'0?..-'�'"" : f°tfm-+. : 'ifl� 6. �ii'.�· � i\ Y:'C'P•' Y.: ": ci.O?..A: "} : I\: fl.(- fl.ii.A: h.,fa,:: (Di!�) 12t': � ,r-,rc•l;f� ,, A� =-A� :.«¼,ea;:,-.= 1-oY: ! ii) ;J-0.r rih11-fl rh·-oc 0011111•· if.'/° i\J.�"'I Y..rl\A ,• I) 'h"}1'ff..V.'I°•ih1· : OV.i\rf: m1'il-: '/.ell'/'i_•r : m.e'I°• '11C •A"?.(-� ODIP�•l· fcP/.. 1'�-,..:,-"} ;Jofl.r?>l- ft&.?A (.e+OI\A) ,r-,rc l;f(t� rs oflth.&-'e ;J-0.r I ;,-oy:, i\11'/Y:�"'I•h"}Y:: m"}.f:'i, h'>-'L+ i �:,-., Oh-fie =.00111-0•if.'/° •·.l.+•fl.+cct'i, rih11-o s rh-oc •00111-fl • n:rr , L:l'�:fw-"} = fl.+fli\m-• ;111.r = ..,.LRou •. .e'lt\A -,,..TC • l;fifj} rs f'/1,"'l'iT r ;J-0.r I w-tat.SJ>:f"} : m.e'I°• FCO,fa°i-'} •11"}� • 'l.ell'/'i:J·:fm-,· }'I"}.(- , tD"}Y:'i , ·h"}-'LT m_er, h�c�•'1"}1'�w-, 'IY."'l'iT, (LLRao-: 'P;,•fi\w-•fcP/..1.'i•;1-0.r, 'h"}�**oo-: ..e-'m&-A ss ..,_TC • lifir rs fA"'IY: •;Jofl;F ! 01----1:fw- All'/.f: : tD,e'I°• h'iC� : {l}'l"}��m-• 1-"'I • h"}� aJ"}.f:'i h"}-'LT : r°tJ'ilhTA•F� r FC«¼T"} LY. All'/F; hv.i\1: ODl)hA �'P6, f(T'jt&"}•-J"}'}':,f�:,. DD'PA f°tf(lja,.'} , ��1·, {lool)hl\:ft&•;J, l,r• hi\•.e'll'\A ca 7. f�Tth r -flth.C , ih"'I • .,,...TC::f • �firii ,�fji 11�tlU ;11.?1:f ll,\ /J.f:"1. 1 119° F:'i, (fF;J , 11?°F:'i, ml,'/° f;,-0;.J!. 11'1°.f:'i). •O;J-0;.J!•1\1,, ;J-0.r, 11'i•iii\•A,lr";fr l,'i1&-/r st 00

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'''h1JtlJ• 9°: {l'/fP'/'iT : P'C'¼:'J-: f+LKOD: ;,11:F: O'/fP?'i:,.C I q = : 011 = 1'1f.lf'I f,f•l;,1m flt.rr). :r :.> :J! on ft tr-,. P'l.\tlJ'ii" s ftl'/f,Kc;: 11 : � f : = : 9°h1 : h'lX· : 1-:r itl\ l\"'1 l\:,C :J-. "'l.fllh,r� '' t.il: f l\A ::

f, IJ: 4"'-1'C t f'/.f,'1'/'i:t-: ;,11:f-1: oP�l..il: ,,,..�,_: ODOJ(l'}: ft\'lfe& : f'/�'1'/ 'i:t- = '11\FIAllJ'i:t: = 'i!f!lD' 11''1fl·9° = O'/f."'l'i+ = = oowl+ OJ-lt),f:ftD'1 : it.flt& = f.l-1\tt- = f°t/A = :,.c,,,..9°1 = f.fl"JA = f.'ltt = t rr 1 lA IJ 'iA:: (lt\,I\ : flll·A 1 ,,....1'C: iftl : 1'1..';.. : f.l\

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(�) r;,11:J!lD' = P'C'¼:t- = f+L&ODn:,.

= Fe'¼:,. = °71�t&?° = 01,�:,.. = fl.If'} : f;,11:F.co-: OD',:l..il'i : f-lJ : f°tfilh:,.l\(D• : tD•m.:,.C.: it'}f:: 01, �:,. : �to' :: .

(1) ;,11:Fco- : f+LKODfDc: fii't1..(- : f"11111 : '11/A°lftoT : ODJ»(,f 1 11:,.: '1/\FA"11 = L:t- = mf-9° = O'/f."?'i:,. = P'Co:t- = tnf.9° = ntt1c , A"'i / �: ODIPl.,:,C: {llf'}: (l,;J1};r: ��/,.{l: l..1..(-: "7'}�(D•9°: /;\\?.: J\fl+ffT: / 1.1,,f..l."19° s: f.U: 4"'-1'C • ll11:ri&: fl.'1011 1 f;,11:F: "7tj:1,.{l =·'1"�'1,: (L �I): ff P'l'i:t-: '11\P'A"l'iT: 9°19°: P'A."1 1: fl\TtD-9°: fOI/.A.: f,ODfl'\A:: n+�"7l,'J° I }t'}..(-: f'l'l : (ltD- I ;,11:Fto- : 9°19° : i'tf,�;'f-: ,_,,.., I n� = tJJcilT = n+m+ft.:'f· = ;,11:F = "7tj:l.'if = 9°h11.Y.¥.: Tth = 11"1.C = P''I : FC'¼..fT : it.m+9° : f,'f.l\A I fOI/./A : 1,,011ill\lA:: 1''1ll1J = 9°h1! f ' .Y.'f'i: P''I : ·Fc'¼.Y.'f : 1\9°/tt\, : f}t.Tf -kJ.': 1'C,Y..f.hlt'£:t- : l1+: heh 9 ,f;f'} : h'J°TLX-DDtD• : fll\'1, : ;,11:F9'l-1 : lDf... : "7lj:/,.il : f,(11Jt.fr =

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fifq>1 s '11flD• = i,.,�mc:,, = flj:C..(- = ,,,..�,,, = ta.:rf. = ni�u.u = i1 (l'f : oPltbA : fl\ : OD{lfto : fOl/.;rfll)c: +�t.t'l:'fc : nm:,»l\f- I f'}'}-IP f -,1F-i:: lj:C�: (l,;'f•: L:'f-: rf-f.f'i: '10C r: i'tft,r: q.e,cp: ;,11.fF'P: �'},\ 10 I t..cil = ll,rA = hhtj:�(Dc lj:C..(- = tt:'fc = >tft-f:;J--cr1 = >t+t..n'f :i tichc, h+l.n '1:f1&- = 'l'll!''f = (l}cilT • lj:C..(-: ft-f: = hml.t.tD- = flLT = f»tLKODllr ;J-0:r : f"-:t-V-kf : 1'C.Y.f.hit'£:,C : ft+ : hciltf'J 2 P'C'¼-,..f1 : rth 1-1\ : oPl.f)."} : hl..;J'lm:: fll'LU'J° : 9°)}'},:i- J lj:C� : fL1:: (li\il'I',rr:,. f fH.U1: '¼f,�:,. = ;,11:f. = oo'i!t.h: '1"�1-: {\ooooA.h;'f-: P'A."11 1 m�tt:rm- 1 ro.e.. : '/f,"7'i:t-: fl/\ = P'A"l� = fL:'fcr-cp : on'tY:: >tl\'l,r: 11fto: m(l� 11 l\DD'i.;r:,.: f°t:f.l\lD": h��tJ : (){\: P'A.11J'i'f : {14! : OD"}Lil'l!: 9"1111

- 198 --

,fl- = (Lf11- = .,ny: = 'l.w- rm:,»111- = "}wi,,lP = 'l"lP'i: = 'i:Cf: : 11+ : rh� ��OJc"} : fi:C..("- : 11:,. : (Lfi.e,:,, 1 }\"}Y: : .-;.;: : h'i:C.';. : Othi\11 : "1·ll1-+ 'PA :: ij:CJ.': : fLi: : f<l>.lOl\,r"} : wi,,J;f- : 0�"}11 : hOl/irO&.t-,} : ttAC:. : i·CC:. : nc;:,rdt : 11,h.C : ih°l : ID-il'r : r+H.lH-'rT : I]�"} : O�T : "1'l : O'/f.01/'iT : 'll\P'AllJ'i'f = P'AllJ'l = lie r'ln-r:,. = wi,,J;r-'f it�"} = roi.-i-.-;r-r+ = nr ,r�_(l)c : ih°l : DDlP.l:,.. : ·'/(De . : fDl/..l\ro«"} : TJ.14: : +ouAh:tA :: f'/1,,°7 'iT : .;J11;J!"} : l\°7�.lil : hil : (l.+C11 : 1- J;� : 0.,,._'l'C : ifi:li : ilC : c;:c1: : 111: : f,ODllJA : (LA : �c.e, l1i: Of:9°X" : irOA65J. : ro(l', f(lm (De : TC"J,-9° : htLU : 0111- : fioo1.ootf : r+m+(l(Dc : (Llf"} : h"}f... °th+ll(De : 'I (De 1 h"}1: : r'/f-01/ 'i:,. : .;J11;J!"} : r'4.Kou : (lw, : ,;,11:F ar"} : {\Ol/lj:l{l : (L'-.A°l : 04>..'l'C : ift:li : DDIP.lT : "J,,);�"} : (I}� : '/1,"'l'i:t-: Ill\ : P'AllJ'iT : ro(lp. : O'/.f."7'i:,.. : �"}{ll,- : ODrP.l,r : ,;,11:J!w«1 : "'lfi: lil s OD!J!A : }\flooY:tr1 : 01/.l,;J"l'r : ttlln:,- ::

OtLU : hT.l�1u9° : On.Tf-kf : Jtc,f-P..hlt'E·r : fl+ : hCiltf1 : rc1,r..'f = ODIP.l:,. = 11'll-.ro• = ro1-11i: o'P1 = °ltJ.ro- .;111:F'P = ""-cil = H11:: ll'/f-01/'iT : 'lllP'AllJ'iT: "'/DDA.h,r : hil'-.l\,;1:,..: 0.,,..'l'C : ift:li: ODIP/.T : nhc;:+.;:(l)e : q:c,: : {l,rlj" : 0.9°:,..oocm(I}« : r11+ : HODY: : 1•'ll'b: ,;J,fl:J!OJc1 : {\01/ij:.l(l : lDf-9° : {\ou4,.;r:,. : f9°TTt\(I}« : oo=e:ootf : f.U11 : il:t-�c°l = 11:F = '/.(De == nrtu = �,--,+ • «f>--'PC = 1.ve'b : flj:,-,•"1 = 11,h,,-r = at°l noom•t1Jirf: n�:,. = f-1P&.'l:f.lD4 = r'ln-r:,.1 �fYM'i:,. = �1P'f = h1 J;h- : nc;:Tdt : 11th.?- : ih'? : (Dcillf' : 0"7'?'1,r'i" : f'/f."7'iT : ,;,11:f-91:Y..1 : l\"'l(j:.lil : f°t:f-llOJc : Oh'IC()• : DDIPl:,- : 11:J! : h1-'tlf1 : 0"7Y:.l°l t ++cwi,,":1.A :: fj:Cf: : (1,f: = f.U1 : .lD•i\t = f(lmOJc : r�1-,:,- : P'AllJ11 : n"'lil:rhn = (Ltr1 , tt1Y: = r'/f-01/'i,r = ,;111;:1 = r"7�.lh = .,,,.�,_ = 001.0D tf : oo;'f,.l11 : fl\0,r : hhc;:,�.;:OJc : tj:Cf: : fl,r : f.A:,, : ll'lf.OIJ'i:,. = 'lllP'A"l'i'f : llfL+ : htJ'I:,. : wi,,fLl'h : 'Im·, (LA : ro(l', ::

fooutr : .-;;;: : O(lm•'1· : f+llf : flj:CY.;' : ttili•ff,r : (l}e{llf' : �'?'I° : r+Y:'l°ID4 = ih°l = 9°19° = f.v-1 , nitirl»4 = ttil+1r:,-- 1 ll1•J;� = '1'1'111 = tD�ilTID4 I .,,..'PC : iref'i" : f°th+h-,r : rr,::,-"1 : ,fl,h,,C : .,,..'l't:if. : oo'/,Y,:: J\l\111 : (L{\ +h�hi'PA 11 :: hi\T(l}-9° : ttil+ff;r;ftlY} : fODIPl,J::,- : ''nJ;1-,:,. : FA11J1'' = X"1il = "1'111 = 'lf. = O.lf19° 1 hilf. : n+m+(lw, : 04>--'l'C : 7.fXf! : "'- : Of.OAT : fi-ODIP/.T(l}e : (l)•i\�fT(l}e : ill\ : ,;J,fi :F1 : ooc;:ifl;-fD?.',(l.,)•1 : Jtht-llt: 1--J;f-;f·: {\ou ro (l1: fJ;�'IT : P'AllJ1 : fll:t!ar : lj:CX' : fL,f-'f : ,oy: : 'i"TlD' = f°!A = 'Inc == ill\ = .;111:t- : OD�lil = r "7.',(l.:,.: tth&.llt: wi,,.-;r-'f: f"7.. ro(l�,r: O'/P,'i,r: �1 p'f: l}f.lf1: nc;::,.dt : 1lth.C : "1'? : ODlP.l,r : 'l.lD' : f"7..{\(JJ• : m-ti�fTlD- : 11rt9ll-1 : :,,c : f{l� : f.lf,;A : ,otr- : 0"7 (l,fl : 1D4lt �f:f�1 : h"}-'t(lm• : f ii"l �.-;T(I}« : atwi,, : t1:( = r'1cti:i:ro� : f'?A = tj:l\1n;,. = ttfloolf�"} = ll"'lht.J;:,. = �h00'PA 1 : 11

if<tf 1 'h'i : f"tllT-h:)· : ,,...'f'{!'';f : flit : 7i9°'1A'i 1 ��-- 1 P'&· : 1,t; : Ji'>X· : (la>• J ;,,o;: I /l"7�lil J ooh,f•A : il/l"t"J'IID- r ,,,,, I pea,:,.. I 1''i'1&-ir fl

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------P, : 1 o r,-:f : fP, ��, .,.. : P' .. tit : b&. . 9':f tf� o·fl : l'P D"i l . ll hCh�- : . A : A fl : : 9 r (l � 'i! �f � .. 65). , .., C X" '' r (1..(!." : (D c; : f : ..h tJI/.. (TD{\ : h f : 11 l J l\ P' .. : A '1 f P.1 1• t1J'i : :, P' lJl\ : l ,l· J'i 1,"' : l\'/ P,1 'l?J • : h :t-, :t• 1: t'} ff : t;: ..'!Ol/..fl'P = faof\�:J-- A 12 tr'i9'1 = r,::,•d• = 'l1P'+ = ic,· = f�:,.th = 1lm. = c °;i."J: V• l\...1!9°: f;:>•ll:F1 : OD�l.{J. : 1•P,f, : {l{\tJI/.OD{\h,1: � f'/f,OIJt;':,.. : q . i\ . : P'AllJ'.T : itV--19°.: l\'¼�"'1'£ : ,,.�r-'f : ,;,-{l;J!'} l\"'l�lil : P'l\fl)'} : fll:fcp. : ooti-o = r+l\ f,.:,. = Pi� = 00 1f1 = til\00 1f": = '?A?a = 1t1'Y.1t'r ,wti�9" � t;::,Cth : '1 1P':,C1 : f,tn:i»tiA ;: '11C = '11 : t;::,CJ1 : '11P'T: fm+ (1(1)• � fiP,�ID' : oil+,,('f:,-: f'/fs"7'i:,- = ll/\P'At1J'i1· = n;,11;: : "7�lh= 7-P,f; : llf; : J'llT.lD': fP,�',:,C : _P'AllJ'} : f,f•lD(l', : ODlf)-1: t\°7ill.C:T: 'llD' =; nttti-o =· n>t•flf,."1- Pi;;: = tiil+fr:,. = r'/,,61 /'i:,· = 'lt\FA"l'if P'Al1J1: IL'f�TlD": f"tT/\lD' 1 011:: i'tht--tit: 1-P,f,: '/f,°7';':,..: �h: · ft.lf1 : l\.9"'11\: f'/f,"'l'i:,• ·= . ..e..1-0 : f"thl\hl\lD- : ;,-O;J!: ,lLttK?": 11:F: I l 1 f'/ 1 : : f,"'/'i:,C 'lflF A"J'il : .?il I 'llD •:: ' ?C: °11 : f,U9'1: fl.If') "h1\\ 1 f\ hCil : tf'}: : ( ou"}t..'1'1!): 1-�r-:f: 7{1}<"}: /L,,Pt..Cft.: fOJJ.'fl\..:,.· {\fly+ 11:J!: 'Im• 1 ;,,(1:J!m·: l\P';J'J!: (l\(Lfi.A): 1,P.r-l- .: 'h'JJ;,t..Cil: h,f•&.fl'l t 1,P,f,. = O'¼l\°7'£ = 'lflP'AllJ'f:f = po:J,r:,- = ttl\fl:,- r.ft,OIJtf:,. = OttP'A"l 'f-:f: ;J1l;f.lD'1: il,t..l.fl•:'f1' ¾ f,U: ttY:t-'1°:J�T.lD-: f'lA'i" :, "7.(l,f:fi1 : OD� ' ;t-,r : 'h1..'!"'I.J'ilh,"f•A : h'lY: : 9°h1f'1• : ,,,,.�'1'£!1 13 : flt;:'t''I:,• : hC9°� : J f,,ro(l..(�tfl:J-- A 14 :: lf'f?° � i't"}f..": oODAtil- : .:,-0;1:m. = ·'h1.';.&..Crt : (LA: I . : Q.lf19° ·) f t\1' : l't'P;Jfl.: 9"ti1f,"f•: 114>1.0 : .:,-fl;f.(l)«: f'/f,DIJ'i,"f•: :., .n;: h'/ f,DIJ'f:,- = '1t\FA11J'i1· = ,:J•O:f-m• = r,..t.(l: OD(f�') = flPJ.f/t.f, = Thtflf : I h1�fOD"J : °ilf,,1J!f:9° :: .. fl�9"°� : -OA61iJ» : ro•ltt: fflm.,r: �if»'f: '''1""1" : tiCil"l:.,f"}: 'J°'h(ID '."'}1 : f11il,l1: f?°,.,..LPt-flT �· f9°T'l>lfffl:,.. : f°lt\.: P,�'IT'' : fit:J- : ,DPlf �1 = itOT/'1fT ·f '14>.:.'t'c = f!-19rm2:· I: = q: 9°: f..-,·(ln1.m,1: f:'},:11, i ,,..1'1: . .,..,,......,...... 'it14'7' 15 = m:,, fl'PA ''h'lfl·9° = f.U1 = tt14'� i '1'. }'Y.." = nctJc = CL·r = nc. 1 ilrf;f'}'} : f°1..mfil: (f°1..�il): hlf'I -:- f'/f,"7'i:,• : 'lt\/"'AllJ'i� : 01/1'1°: tt..;,t,..:,:m- = fOT/1:fA t· f'?A: fP,��:,..: P'A.llJ'J: ol\T.lD- I f,,ltA: ,flt\tD·: rf-C'J-OD(&;J-- /;\:: '11C : "J'} : tf>' f(\ f{\(D«') : ''fl'¼/l07(f! : P,��:,• : fOD1} "" = . 1r1: = f'i:CJ!' = f1 .y.."f.. = ..ril-1:Pif..'t-l\...'' = f°1..l\m"1 = rtLU1 i',14'?. = ti�A , .tJf,_+l:1-{IDc : +Cl<l''PA:: (lf..•9°�..: •flt\.66),: m•lt�: fflm.,1•: P.'1-f -� '1°19°: : tt,e11·: 1'1�.'}: t\t\it01·: O?,C°l'P: <¼/l"7'f: lf�{D;: OD"}t...'1'1!: '1·1c-f1r '. <

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· .ticn�:f = ''l\qf\"1'1! = Pi��:,...= r°7..n.rk = (19':f = roo1&.-ti'I! = 1•'1.h:, ll"'I:,, t:11 = f,l-1\IA rOSJ.'rD'D",r9° = n11--LP = �1r1+. = �'°''' n..'lA.9° ·• r+l.nro• = hil =· hl\J\: r+m+(lro•1: 1'111: ·\'OIJ..ODt\h,r: hf,f./t.'r: 11/llD': 111n-1.: lD·Y::,, : hf:C"lUJc;rA :: . ; · f-lJ : nooQ;l,�q : r,,t-,n+(lro• : 1'1-n i 11:Fro•"} (lf:9°g-: flt:\651. : m-ta'�: f(I -i,,,r"}: .v,�:f : hchc ftPJ.f &.Crt'lTOJ•: f,ODill\A::. f,U ·: 1'111 -: . n1i..:i« r-A--1 : ,"h"l :· rte : 't\OIJ.�(l-.:'i• : h1P,1f: : hht.'1� 1.. : .9,r,,:f,a : {1001' ",,.,:,.= ·r+**00 ro• <i:c1..·= rt:i• = 'P'iro. 1= fP.�.,:,. = P'AlfJ1 r1n= rr'i = °11': f"1'1•1: OD"} &_/t'f! : 9°"}(!ib-:j,: nrf-t\,e_: DI/OJ:,,: nlfJ9°: JicJJ(),,fl : f°t lf10T: 1..tL : hll :;: ntl..U: 1..tL: f.001'&.'1'1!': · 1--'llh: f,iJ1'1': frl•t\f: 'htb• +:,. = nrt. = 1\1- = 'h.1�,,rro-t\• = t\Pi��.:,. roin.cJ? = (19':f·= o,:,,,t•n = 1,l1\/,\ ; .,,c : ''11' : -i,,P,�: fOIJ..ro(l�Or : {lqflOIJ'I! : ,'h"l'i: fl<¼t\°7'1! : �Cf:: i CL.Y...-:f :·· • �ar,_:;: fOIJ.A : ,;oortl\A:: 'J.'l/.ro-: ii1tf>g- : CL,,.t- : hCil:11: 'r�n t.T1: f.9,:,,-,:,.: P'AllJ1: fl"'11''1,)•: "IC"1/'l!'l;r;ftD4: fl4-if..il,r = · ml.t.: �h1f:,.: mY-..: ?,1"ll\.1I : U1C: 'tf..OJ•: hilf..:,.:, (l.,oofl(t-: ·hi•l(]Dl.UJc: m:,,1\1\ : fPi�'l:t• : P'AlfJ1: oo?f?f A. : ii1J;.. : lf>.A :: (l.rf•: hcll,f:11 : 1'1llf;;:.m-1: ff:�: F&\lfJ5:1: ',,('")7(-ro-: "ICOI/'f!',;r:,!(Oc: lD-'t,.fOJc: h1f.: . : ou?fqA: '11ll,fc : 'l'J.!ii�t : +?f7ii\� : flDlfJOJ-: irf•oofl(t-: tiirf•loo� UJc ,'h1 ou1"lF;"f• = (l.,;J--m,: i hH..19° 4>'Pi\� r,,,Cr:,. = ,'h1ol· hmm«·= n� l\'i= hiltiv-, = Y..·l.il 16 = 'lt\m- = 1.11. = m . ·il'P = 'IUJc llt\ttu· = rP'A�1 = "'11''1T·= 1--Pif-: 'lml\ro•i,: q,1'lf: roiooilfll&': 'h.l\f-: r,,.1.. m.cf'(l_,w: ,;;:ro. : 1t1'4>K -: ',ro�:: llf:9°g-: 11A6l»/..: firf•(l,n ro-: ro-'1�: f;U: h14>K":· ·ti�1 : (l.{.,1•: ll9°1 : q,--,:,..: 1·?.f-: DD'P/t-1: ("'11A1tr1') =· · 11,-: (l0Dl. 9°C9° ¾ tj:Cf: : ft..f-:f : f,U.: ftj:Cf: : 1-P,f;: h{IIJlD(I). _: {l.{.,r ; f,U1'1: 1114>?,.': ll�ml\ : �:fm.• : (Lm.rf>oo-{l� : 1,1f..��-: "IA?,.' � ',a,. :: fL,..,--·: hCilrf:11': 001iti'I! : f P,�',:,• : P'AlfJ1: 11:J! : '11\:,. : (L'lA ·1 h.")f. : 1-'r 1 ?,.t\�n� i . •&. i • n,, 1•flro t\9°:,. • llJrro A;'f-.rf> ·l· :,,lfJ·f = .ti'I! 11 · (l«'l.i'h, 'lh".:'i = 001& f,UDill\&\.:: : 'P� : . OD1t.'i'f'f! : fllf'J.,)•. : '11(:•:;:. : fl:J! : ODlf�•: "J(.\K" . . · !· 'hlll\9° � fl+t\f, = llihcJJ 'i:i• 'lf;tJIJ = • m -'1. 1 Jt'lll,,. =· P ar.il' : r · :,-r-A fli't · · :.f = . '1° � fl'hrt lf>.A :: : (lll •mlt l . f,, "l•Pif-: · rtt\;J--m�; ., UD�l:J''l!lD·: Jt.ht.'1t: . ool}bA: ,�:,..: f"IA: "l11"'1"f·1·: fOI/.L'PZ:TlD·1: hchcl·: \'Ol/..4>0/t·r+/\f. ·= �c�, : n..•f,1• = iri·!l:4!{/IJ'PA 1 s == r-11•LP = 'l1P'·,1:= "llf�• = tL1ol· =

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fW1lfl�: oo:t,61?, ·: ,l1°1 : (Iiif�ji) : f�:}·,h : ·fl-��c � �°I : (Iuf:lt} � 1r�� =. oo:i»61?.:. . · ,'h°I = F'l : pcq.,1· = (Y.iif:ir.) = f10J�• : ,'h°I = (.tux2c) = f'lt'hc = ,'h°I (1ufjc) • f'i;:t-dt • t'h°l == = riG;r = r, = . ffllD4 1t.e :,= 11;,,= 000 · 1 • 1tv = ) Y.:lt = (T.H = ,'h°I 'i:tP'C = P''I : :c·: -om ·_ 2 .e.u = �"1(1 11 =,�,�flf..:,: = = = = i �f:i � 1�· ) = f!t@ (In · = f..9° iit\ r:.; ·: . :1;.· r1t..:,..r-*f: ,'h°l: 00� ,11.•1 1.6.

,f•ff;l. : 'IW• :: P,� : hfl .

'r.. = fW� = '¼· . = ani = xpr. = i1 = c ".'•r = a+ :, (JJ}n ** r••· = . o.:, ,= ,.q .. 1· = '1?1 f'ih. :fc; ,;_91 = r:,, 1s. J, �tT p; = '1 1· � . rP = = R = · 4-... '1° = · = q = % f@ = In = > t1· i·li = ll:, oi1 ; J 1.t1 :i1 = :r ' 1t<r� = .,,6 , . b

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,f• : f(t = i" :�-' :l�'l l l °l : • c;:, : ,1,1. l' : l•I! Af . : 'h°I : fl, 1l•O •J1 : f' . (U) f;>•fl.?" f foo4.;J-;I. � f{JJJ'i6. 00 'I rrr • ·,�� f,1 J.= • ;,,O = l\9° hfl = � h1 = ;,•O = a>, . ,, r,, : P..e. ff. • ?• : .. 119° 1 0 ,o = -1t . · :: f'I �l 'h1 : � f(f. : •1· l\'1° : 'hfl 'J° l\• V· : 1,1�tr'I 1 ro,e9° : llt\'l•,V.V-:f:

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. Olf�r :r 1'lll\'1'1':f : ,,,_...,re : -9° h11,-,. • f,f •t\M" : �'hlll\9° : f."}flf : 0'1_,r . · O : "l f if'P"} s tflD4 tj:C-": ,,..�,,: t&ll V-kl s ihd/ I lD'il'I' rf•iA9°l.'PA :s T: fl..(-9°�-- : -OA.tiZi : tJJcti� : f(tm-,"f• : �?fl- :r o.h&.h'i- I 'hlll\'1°:Y.. : fl+ili : 1/f.P/'i:,. : �h : fllf� : f.."}fl'f : 'h11¾.n1+00- : lll\,,l•L+f..l\¥1D4 , hCil•-f:f 'il-9° : 'h11-tLV- 1 l\'hlll\'1°1· : fl,f•L+f.'l:t!m- : An I f;,,,"l :r �h : -,..�.,e : il1 rro:,..TlD4 : nt,. ti:f.OJ« : oo"}Lti'I! : f.."} P'f. : 'h1>tm + oo- : I\.L +Y:I\.Ttn< : ,&1flA J -Ot\'PA:: �1C: "J"}; flV-t\,f: : 1/f,"7'i1·1.. : ootih/.\ : Af..�:,.. :r itti l d/ 1 f°tl\lD4 : fij:C.(- : (L.j: : hChC : Ah = {Llf"} : o. l•/.\ 1 f'i:CX' : n.1:1 : t& ti� : f11'/f, Y,.dJlj: : iLIf"} : I,1'1\A :: f+00I\h,111'iT(Dc = -,,...1'�:f : ill\ : 'I1., ! ll'J'i,.,.. = ;,-0:f.9'':f f"'l.'i1'i-,-,.. = tt1,;..1 = ti1>',. 111\ 0011.t1:,. �w« i�n..u = - , ,r'l'C:� : fit.:J-f-kl : f1'C1'-P..hil : '/f,"'/'iT1 1 f'hlll\9° : '/f:P'lfiT1 : mf, 9° : · t\,I\ :r '/f,D'/'iT1 : 1\1,+lD' : hf.mf(t•9° :: fltLtJ : '¼.e,�:,.. 1 'l°�IA q:,..: f�Tth : -Oth.'i- : d.l"l = nv-�9° : '/f,"7'i 1'-'f : 00'1h/.\ : Af..�T: itfl ' Cd/9° :2 .e,ur : (L'lA : f�"dt : 11"1.C : ih"l : llft : '/1,"'l'i:,.. : A°7,.T: I -= fY..�11014 = 1,.111 = n.(-ri 11A61il. = lD4ti� = f(tffi4'r �7f:f.. = foutfflc:,. · fYf,OT/'i:,_.. : ;,11:F9'l- : f"7..LCfrT : 111/ .e,"7'i;r'I! : 9°h1f,Y..1·� : F � : . P'C'lrf-c1-· : 11:F : �lD' : fOl/.t\tD4"} = �ar : Ol/t\:J--'f"} : hf.f..ll.9° :: h�h+9 : Y:?°?i : f(l m-,r : �� : 'h "}f..rf•ht.h?,,"lsc_: v--� t "7"}'i!;OJ•9° : (tm� I .,,."'l'irf:: 9°19° : 1,rJ•"} 1 ;,11:Far"} 1 iLfLCil : f"tl-t\lD4 : ,;,11:Far : fll'/.e,1.� : oolf). n"Jfl{I 2 (}{\(& : f'/f.OT/'i;,• : (}f\P'f.\nr} : "40J(t"} : ir(l;f. : ti_e.lf"} I flft,f\,,: (lij:,}•,h :r_ 11"1C I 111\"} : 11'lht.hc: n?,e . : "1"1 : (l;J--mcJ, : 'J°h"}y:,..r : IPJ'irf-cl-: oul1hA : Af..�:,..: 1'tf,�C: f"'l.t\lD•"} : iilJ.11 : f19°"}9° : l1Y: 1 f°t :l'L.1 : h �lf"}'I° :: ,,,.,.'l'C : if:tl!'J° .... ..... : flThhA : f;tJ"}� : f"'LA : f,DDhltt\ :: (ii) f;,11:F(D« : P'C'l:,. : frf•tt&oo(l,111 P'C'¼,l "'l"}�lD49° : Of,�1" fl.If'} : f;,11:J!tDc : OD�L.il'i : .e,u : f"7..filhTt\W• : OJ•m:t- : h11: : Of, �:,.. : �m- :: jj

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(I) ;,11:Fm- : f+ttf.ODOr : flh"}X"' : fch11-0 : ii'l/.\"lt\�:,. : ODJPl,f 1 '1,r = l lllP'AtlJ'l = �:,,. = m1-cr = o'l�"'l'i:,. : FC'¼:t- = m1,'1° = ott1c , Aari,: = DDlPL.:,.. • n.rr1 = n;,11:F = oo�t..il = 1..1X"' = "7'1�e&'l° = A� = nil +,,rr:,.. = ti.e,f..L."19° == rn.u = tf>vrc = 1t�;,1c = f'/1,IP/'i:,. = ,;,11:F9'T1 = OD�Lil = 1--�1, = fl(/P 00 Ab;'f- : fD'/.TfrT : f(t+ : hCil,f:f"} : 'l P'A"l'il-: 11:F : 'iTlD' = ftfl/. t\ t\m-1 = mlt-O = �,::,, f"'l.ff..c1m- f.oofl1tA �1c = «11 = f'/f,"'i'i:t« fl/l P'At1J'i1,• 1 P'At1J'i1'1 : foullJ.m· : h.0•19° : ffllt..B : hlf�tuc h?f, °7'iT : I (h�,rdt : �-,p:,,) : �{De : �l\ll.• :: f'/ .e,"'l'iT : .:'rr'tJC� t 9°1'0D'i''}"} : f°7. 00t.fl,r : 1.4=:,, : 'llJC.e. : h t\(Dc 1 llOT/../llD' : fl'lf,"'i'i:t- : : 00 t?J-:f : hchc : 00 ilOJJOTJ:,- : .e,1f1A I �"lC : 1 "l"} : f..?11:J! : OD'i!lil: -�f, 9°"} : ch;J<f! : arm:,· : h'l�/l{Dc : f01/..1A K.:,.. : fOD'}"JP'i: : a11oif : 'i:fl114 ! n+�7t?° h�ttu = ;,,,1v:r-- = f;,,07: = ooij:t..fl = -,.�� = ll'¼/lOIJ'f : t1llJ>1A tlJ'iT . P' �t1J'} : ilC : h,"}f,.lf� : �1/.\ Kh.• 19 ::

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THE DISSOLUTION OF RELIGIOUS MARRIAGES IN ETi:JIOPIA by Nonman J. Singer* Fact1lty of Law, Haile Sellassie I University Th : judgi11ent in the case of S/1elva11 Ghizclw J11gida Work v. Nigatu Yi,rzerl deals with a problem of great concern to Ethiopians, and of itnportance for the develqpment of legal systems generally. It concerns the relationship between a .newly promu]ga:ted. �ode and the religious law that previously governed some of the matters d.ealt with by the code: how, if at al], is the religious law displaced ·by the new code? The sitt1ation as i·t ·arises in the Ethiopian context is as follo\.vs: Prior to the promulgation of 11he Civil Code,2 a body of laws known ,as t· he Fetlza Neoc1st wa:s the· basis of . Chris.ti � Ethiopian Iaw.3 ,It contained both religious and femporal laws, but w1 th rel1g1ous overtones thiroughou1. The Fetha Negast m·akes specific refe :en�es to th .e holiness of any marriage contracted under the au,thority of the Ethiopian Orthodox Church. Any Christian Ethiopian who entered into such a marriage understood that, according to the precepts ·embraced by the faith and embodied iin tihe Fet/1a Negast, d.issolt1tion o. f his marriage would be possible in only a· few limited cases, where grounds existed to justify annulment of the marria.ge bond.4 And, he understood, determination that such grounds existed could be made, and his ma·nriage could be dissolved, -only -by Church -authoritie�. Civil authoritie.� would play no role. This religious form of marriage was not the only one recognized in the Empire prior ,to the. Code, l1owever. One could also enter into a marriage by complying with the custom o. f .a give, n com m . unity (a custo,n1ary marriage), by follo\ving the prescribed rites of another religion, or by having· the proper local governmental authority sanctify the marriage on behalf of the. State (a civil marriage). Dissolution of these marriages, likewise, was governed by the institutions which bad contributed to their formation. In its articles relating to marriage, the Civil Code bas drawn from the more stable rules of Ethiopian ''customary'' 5 laws . In doing this the Code has recognized

Faculty of La\v, Hai.le Sellassie I University. · 390. 6) (196 III . Vol , Law an I Journal of Ethiopi . . . 2 Proclamation No. 165 of 1960 Negarit Gazeta extraordinary issue. ,3 See, Lmvenstcin, The Penal System of. E�opia,. V?1· II (1965) 383.. . En1p1re of Ethiopia, Jour11al of Etlz1op1a1z Law, Vol. I, the of J., Tl1e Penal. Code en Grav . .... (i 964),20?.· · · · ,nay be disso ation Abba JS. trans1' lved (_Eng l'h 4 Cl1apter XXIV Section 6. T/1e 111arr1age wl11cl1. . , Law lty Facu of ices of the ausp der un ss, Strau .Paulos Tsadua. edited by Mr. Peter L. _ 0ll'e d cite s und gro · the I-I:iile Sellassje I ·university, 1967) •·. -t) l-f the husband and ,vife choose - a ,religious life; . 2) If one of the spouses refused to ;per-form th_e mantial �1on; 3) A marrage in whicl1 mutual help is not attained,- that 1s; . . . a) performance ·of adultery; . . .. ·' . · ·. b). damage to ,tl1e ltfe of_ one of the spou�e. . . 5 ·see Arts. 666, 668 i and 676-680. These ar� th� Article;S that mtrodt1ce the ·fiamtly ar�n:a tors. �n1e wrbitrators were a· strong in.st1tt1t1on �nder :the c�tomary law of Ethiopia, com •. :-,k.R,0�,n- asi the "shim.ag]iee>Gll" Literally, "old men, but •IIDply,u:�g older men of ·the n1unity v,1ho knew ho,v decisions jnvolving personl&l ,,staitus•-should be made. 1 ··-,, ·

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JOURNAL OF ETHIOPIAN LAW - VOL.

IV - No. 1

6 set do wn spec fic , age r ma of ins i:i for � conditions all three of the above-mentioned 7 m ble pro the of h w1t lt dissolution of dea �nd ge, rria ma of ms for all common to a marriage. In dealing with the problem of_ di� solution, th� Code has �ncorporated what may appear to be contradictory pr1nc1ples regarding the continued funct_ ion of religious bodies and rules. Art. 662 states.

(1) The causes and effects of dissolution_. of �arriage shall be the same which ever the for111 of celebration of the marnage. (2) In this respect, no distinction shall be made as 1to whether the marriage was celebrated before an officer of civil status or according to the formalities prescribed by religion or custom.. I

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This provision, read alone, seems to state thait: religious authorities have no role whatsoever when issues regarding dissolution of marriage arise. It ·also seems to state that any married person, whatever the origin of. his marriage bond,. can avail himself of the grounds and procedures for dissolution set out in the Code. These gro·unds and procedures would lead to dissolution of marriage in a far grea1er num,ber of cases than those of, for exiample, the 1Ethiopi.an Ort'hodox Church. On the other hand, in Art 671, it has provided that ''There is also a serious cause for divorce when a marriage contracted according to the formalities of a religion has been declared null by the . religious authori•ty." •

This n1ight be taken to suggest that the relevant religious authorities are the ones who must decide any issue of dissolution regarding a reljgious marriage, and that they may do so in accordance with the relevant religious rules. The apparent conflict between these provisions was before the Supreme In1perial Court in the Sheli,an Ghizalv ln.r:ida Work case. The peti1ioner filed her 6 David, Le Droit de la Famill.e dans le Code civil ethiopian (1967) p. ·s . . Art.577. V.arious kinds of ma.r:rage. 1) Mar• :riages may be contracted befOlfe an officer of civil stiatus. 2) Marriages contracted -acoording 1lo the religion of the parities oc to local custom shall also be valid under this Code. • Art. 578 Civil marriage. A civil m��age shall take place when a man iand a woman have appeared bef� . r of �ivil the office staitus nor ithe pur,pose of contracting marriage and the officer of avil status has received their respective consent. Art. 579. Religious mairriage. A re:ligious marriage shall itake lace wb -a man and a .Sl!cb perf otm ed wom hav an e � , � acts or ntes as are deemed to constitute a val1d marria the religion ge or by rel imo the ir n f · 0• o one of them. Art. 580. Marriage according to custom . A c� stoma,ry marriage shalI, rtake .place wh en a ma n and a wo ma n perform such rites as cons,ti t ute a perma.noo1t union betwee f the n o c s es man h I ru, and wom , t he an und � er com.munity ,to ch thoy be1ong or to which one of them belongs. _ . · 7 Arts. 581 ·596 CiVII C.ode Th . • • i coo;. \ ip oosb n,Iati de age, inclu to o ences refer ns .LSa �OOV san.guinity or affmity) , bigamy�

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DISSOLUTION OF RELIGIOUS MARRIAGES

peti·tion for the teanination of her mrurr.iage· with the High Court.s On disputed !acts, the court f ?und tha! her marriage; celebrated before the Invasion, had been 1n accordan � with the ntes of the Ethiopian Orthodox Church. From this, the <::ourt held, Ii followed that s�e must go to the religious authorities, who, in its Vl�W� had the power to d �al with dissolution issues. Only if these authorities found reltgi <>:us grounds f �r action wo11:Id a divorce be ;possible. On appeal the Supreme Imper1al Court aff1,11ned the High Court's decision, with one judge dissenting. �e. court de�lt eloquently with 1the. problem at hand, and in fact went beyond the petition for_ divorce t � consider the general problem of what law now controls a matte_ � previously considered as _ coming under the jurisdiction of the religious a�thor1 �1 �s, b�t presently tre �t�d In detail in the Civil Code. The majority took the pos1t1on that where a pet1t1on for divorce involves a religious marriages, Art. 671' oontiro1s. Its interpretation was thus the second ,men•tioned aibove, that one who enters a religious marriage is required by Art. 671 to take his case for dissolution to the religious authorities and establish his righrt to dissolution in terms of the governing religious dogma. In the case of Woizero Shewan Ghizaw, married under the rites of the Ethiopian Orthodox Church, this meant that she must go to the Ecclesiastical Council ·and seek to obtain an annulment. Then and only then could she seek . through the High Court, and the fumi:ly arbitrators she would appoint, to obtain a civil dissolution, or divorce, under Art. 671. Art. 671 was thus inter preted as bringing pre-Code religious practice bodily into the Code, and conitinuing it as the only source of dissolution for one who had contracted his marriage in religious rites. The Court phrased this conclusion in terms of jurisdiction, stating that, at lea&t in the first instance, it is to the religious authorities - here the Ecclesiastical Council - rather than the High C · ourt that the petitioner for dis solution of a religiOU:S marriage must go. The presiding Justice in his dissent, on the other hand, argued rthat no matter what the previous law had been, one n-0w must. go directly to the most relevant articles of· the Civil Code, w.h.ich in his view were Art. 673 and those following it.9 He, too, based •his opinion on a concept .of ''jurisdiction," but h · is conclusion, based in large part on Art. 662, quoted above, was that only the courts have jurisdiction over issues of dissolution. Knowing that this conclusion, that Civil Law predominaites over religious dogma on issues of dissolutio�, might offend many, he w·as at . pai,ns to note that it was the law - •and not his own personal prejudices - which required the conclusion he reached. The jurisdictional aspects of the dispute per1neat� the_ argull!ents. The major�ty opinion refersto to that part of the Fetha Negast which gives pnets� �he authonty to make judicial decisions. However,- � the Fetha Ne g_as.t and the C1v1l C� � refer to 1the dissolution of marriages, 1t 1s •not clea:r on its ·f.aoe whether the religious atithorities still h,ave the a.uthority to dis-solve ,a marriage for civil punposes. The Negast, but only it:o illlustirate the ha Fet the o t ce ren refe kes ma y orit also �m . . . ,. ,

8 Jt would have seemed that the petitioner should have filed with the family _ � rbitrators in accordance with Arts. 674-676, but it also seems that the reason the petitioner filed re she whe law ter a of m,at rt as cou he t , ask to was tely edia imm rt h Cou Hig the with _ orce. should institute the petition tor div h oug thr s ure ced pro and the s tor itra arb il fam the of ns ctio fun y 9 Art 673 ff. refer to the . . age m ma a ve sol dis which one must go in order to 10 Journal of Ethiopian Law, Vol. III (1966) p. 393.

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VoL. IV - No. 1

g nti� sse u J the of , tice vie� e th. in he_ t t, _ tha n ctio isdi jur religjonr;· · � of e typ linlited � t1on solu of �1s �he a ma r, r1 age. The 1n� olv mv e cas a r ove e um ass y ma s itie llor aut e 1�s� such 1ous rel1g a as, for exampl e re �h� only that es stat ion opin ininority znarr.iage wiithin a religiously proh1b1ted degree '- 1�. :nvolved m�� the religiou; · ·authorities ,assume jurisdiction. Bu•t even then t, he r�l1g1ous au_thor1t1es ma y ann ul the mar,riage only for the ptuiposes of the Church _; !t must still be considered b . , e dissolved for c1v1l ipurp_oses. Once the religioJs tl1 e t· emporal authority if it is to b authorities do ann,ul, t·bei•r action is to : ibe consi-dered a ser1ous cause for divorce11 can satiS!fy some other and deatlt with immediately. 12 Howeve.r 1f - a . petitioner _ conditions for divorce, he is not required rto obtain an order of annulment,· e ven though his marriage is a religious one.

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13 to . of 1942 of Decree 2 IO refer to ,Art. show that, "the majority also Toe Cl1urch has a private juris•diction over the congregation under which it can- dear with (he members by way of confession and inflict penalties." They interpret this to mean that in any dispute involving the Church, the religious authority has exclusiv,e jurisdiction. However; the majority refused to interpret a Iarter part of the same article, which refers matters of civil (temporal) jurisdiction to the· government courts. The majority dismisses that passage by saying that the petition at hand is not the type of conflict that· is meant by that passage, even though in other types of conflicts that are truly temporal but have religious overtones, "the Ecclesiastical Council may propose men who are · capable of civil (temporal) jurisdiction buit they sl1all be appointed by •the Emperor." ·

Tl1is last-quoted language would seem by itself to destroy the argument of tl1e ,majority. · It seems to mean that-there . are problems that aris� in. the Ethiopi'an law for which the basic ju,risdiction is the government-appointed court, but in which a special knowledge of the religious sources of 1he law is most relevant; in such cases the Ecclesiastical Council may exercise their power .to recommend persons for jud,ici,al positions where they might exercise •this speciral knowledge, but it is the �emporal law and the· temporal courts which govern. In thus relieving the Church of i·ts former judicial power, Art. 10 for111ed part of the complete judicial reform that started when Emperor Haile Sellassie I returned from his Fascist-impo�ed exile in the United Kingdom. It was soon after his retum , - early in a period of r�form which has extended through the promulgation of the Revised Constitution of 1955 and following Codes to the 1present 14 - •that the Church lost .,

11 A.rt. 671. Civ. C. . . 12 Under a serious cause for divorce the fanlily · arbitrators have only o�e month within which to make an order for divorce; whereas if it is an ''other cause•• for divorce, which' wo�ld be anything· that is not "serious," the arbitrators can take up to a year before acting. · 13 Regulations for the adnililistration of the Church, Dec. No. 2 of 1943 Art 10, Negarit Gaz.era. of Nove 1;1b�r 3� !9�2. 1!1is Ar ticle is entitled "Legal Jurisdiction"; it t_hen g� . _ ts ove on to . say 1:ha:t , �nvate ; Junsd1c tion cx:i-s r the congregation, but differentiates tbL' from. 1unsd1cti� m matters that they call ''civil (temporal) jurisdicti on:' 1· 4 Penal Code of 1957.. .Civil Code of 1960, Commercial Code of 1961 Maritime Code of 1961 '' qi1;11inal Procedure Code �f 196l. Gv1l Proc� ure Code of 1965 and Codo of EYidence n-ow in prepairation.

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a great d�al _of its former power. The above mentioned Art. IO seems to be the sin�e . most_ � �portant-factor .. in this withdrawal of power. The fact thait the� maJor1ty op1ru °:n . merely . questions wh,at that Airt,icle did cannot obscure that the courts were abidmg by its language long before th.is case was decided. It seems clear tlJ,at the. purely religious jurisdiction left to the Church would only be over· those matters that could be classified as religious in nature where the Churcl1 i mposes only spiritu�l penaJities, such ·as pra.y.er, fasts, medit;tion and the like.is� The basic issue is complicated by the special legal recognition which ha ,d been• given i � E�iopia t? a r �ligious minority, Islam. Special courts were set up to· deal with d1s·putes i1 �volv1ng the _personal Telation-s of a M , uslim.16 The special'_ rules of. Isla:m were mcorporated Joto the law of Ethiopia because of the number � Muslims who are nationals of the Empi.I'.e. The majority irr1 Shewan Glzizaw· argued that, because special religious oriented rules were allowed for Muslims,. Chrisitiallls should equally be aJ:lowed to faJl back upon their ,religious dogma m. legal ma1ters. It may be noted, however, thart: the Court's equal treatment logic may be correct, and yet not support its result. The articles we have been referring· to refer even-h-andedly ,to ''religio.us marriages." They do •not specify the Ethiopian: Orthodox Religion., the Islamic Religio,n or any other. Thus, the Code probably· does have equal respect for all religions. This is not to say, however, that the rule the Code cldopts regarding religious practice is the one the majority chooses-. that religious grounds and procedures are th·e only bases for dissolution of religious marriages. It is perfeotly consistent ,vith the equality notion to argue, as did thee dissent, th�t all persons, whatever their religion, may obtain a dissolution not only when an annulment has been proclaimed by the relevant religious authority, but also on a.ny other basis recognized' by •tlhe Civil Code. This, indeed, is exactlly· what Art. 662 appe�rs to mean when it states (1) The causes and effects of dissolution of marriage shall be the same which-. ever the form of celebration of rthe marriage. (2) In this respect, no distinction shall be made to whether the marriage was·. celebrated. before an pfficer of civil status or· according to the formalities: prescribed by religion or custom. One would think that this language would put an end to the assertion that only the Church authorities can exercise authority over dissolution - of religious· marriages. However� the religious authorities feel ,that the ?asis of their authority comes from a set of rel!gious law (Fet�a_ Negast) ·that remains supre�e. ?ne ��;: , agree with their contention that the religious dogma does have a certain mystical quality which controls the actions of its adhere�ts; but it i� the gover� ment's body of laws that declares the legal effect of dissolution _of mamage � d thl_s sa?Je. body, 1 of laws declares through the whole of these prov1s1ons, tha1 d1ssolut1on 1s 1n the-17 competence authority. civil of the 1 15 Journal of Ethiopian Law, Vol. llI (1? 66) p. 396. This is as the _minority considers it. 16 Naibas and Kadis Council� Proclamation No. 62 of 1944, Negant Gazeta of May 29,� � 1.944. , Art. 2 determined ju,risdicti_on: . , . . .

P• a�· any question, rega,rding marnage, 1nclu<!-ing divorce and �ntenan�, guardianshi . . , of minors, -and family. relationship, pro':lded that the marnage to which th_e question� . related was concluded in accordance wi,th Mohammedan law or the parties are all,

. Mohammedans..

17 Art 10 of Decree No. 2 of 1942 and Art. 662 av. C.

209

JOURNAL OF ETl{IOPIAN LAW -

Voi.. IV - No. 1

Wiith all respf:Ct, _the author feels that ''ju.risdiction'' _as s�ch is not the dis. r be iled conc can 1 6 and. m a way �at g 662 ? A:z't: , � view his In � issue ive t posi: ives hor1t . au . rel1g1ous 662, and � c1v1l establ � appropriate scope to both � ishe s the _ primacy of the ,tem1pora- l legal �ystem and 1ts agencies, 1n gove m1n ¥ what is .at least in6ofar 1as thiat system 1s concern �, � . t�mporal · legal r· elationship � marriage. It. c�eates rules. of general al?p�cab1l1ty to all., and establishes the important principle, recognized by the �aJor1ty, �f equal treat�ent under the law I 1.n Art. 671, ?n the other hand� ther � 1s e�bod1�d a . r_ecogn1t10� �hat parties t� religious marriages may. on ?ccas1on wish to seek d1ssolut1on.on religious grounds t.hat these grounds, reflectmg the deep_ �st of hum� feelings, are deser ving of recogn•ition by temp0tral as well as •rel1g1o� s author1t1es and t?·at the. presence or -absence: of such grounds is most appropnately ito be deter 1111ned by a religious :tribunal rather than a temporal court.

It is to be remembered that ,the Decree which withdrew power over temp oral · -a ffairs from the Ethiopian Orthodox Churc�. reaffir1ried its powers in spiritual affairs.. If the Church is unable . to prevent �t� mem�ers fr?m o?t�ini_ng legally effec! ive divorces �µ grounds that are not _ ·sp11:1tuall� •recognized, : it 1s 1n n? way required to r• ecognize these temporally valid d1Ssolut1ons as effective for s·pu-itual purposes, That is, it is free to condemn such dissolutions as ''invalid'' and to inflict '' penalties'' within iits private spiritual jurisdiction over what it considers to · be erring members of the Church. The temporal law, even if it validates the dissolution for temporal purposes, requires no contrary conclusion. j What one comes to ultimately, .is the conclusion thait the previous heg emony •I of the Ethiopian Orthodox Church (or any other religious body) over the marital l status of its mem-be:rs has -been replaced by the provisions of the Civil Code - in ,case o,f dissolution, py ¥s. 662 ff. This_ d�s no� affect th,e Church au_thorities' power to annul ml3.mage where the parties deem it proper to bring ·their case to these church authorities. However, it must also be understood that, according to rt:he Civil Code, even when the Church authorities are called on to annul a ·religiously celebrated marriage, the parties must still go to the judiciary exercising temporal jurisdiction, who have the final say on whether the marriage is dissolved for civil pu•rposes.18 In Ethiopi•a today if a pemron who has been married according to his religion (in the case discussed the Ethiopian · Orthodox Church) wants to .dissolve his m , arriage,: the ultimate power for the dissolution rests with the temporal authorities and the ultimate basis for the dissolution will -be a tem poral rule. In the eyes of the law, marriage under Ethiopia,n law today is primaril y a · �emporal rather than a spi_ rrtual relatio·nship. • .

l .

hi�_f

i 8 · .On� . could argu� .. tha� .if a person consults the Church authoritie who s, give 1 decision, �at. d�is1<;>n if abided by in · society would be � tha t has effec bin din a t g However, it 15 1ne v1t a_ble t� t corrolary quest some waY co kc ion in s tha wo � ari t uld se before �e. temporal authonties wh o have power to � e ac th tua lly bee wit ves h n ted legal dec1s1�ns. Thus, it would only be a ch , t h of rity e mai tte r au of tho tim th e until , e . would be diluted by th·e -activity of the Civil Courts. .

210 -

I' I

fl1.Dt21 : '¼ = 9° : {ltDll)(D• = fi't.Tf-�f : ftj:Tth : 11,h.C: "1'? : ODlPt.,l-- : . 00 = 'P'l'At; ll ro-A.1 = = rc:c9° = ai1u;1--?1-:f- 1 rilt...A'l'-:, /\00/\'Pm'r = rnt 'A = lD ,,

= '¼ = 'r = rr,::,.,h = 11,11.c = ,n"l , n.4'A9° = tr'I = n�tfl.lj: = r+00iPt.i: : ro-ftol- = fK). = "'h1�nttr'I• = nm:,'l\i\{D« = 1,i;1t.A == ntt_r,.. = qy.-;,}, 01'1..f:: (De/,\ : i\f, f1Dt:iii:

: ftP/.1'1.7'- : /\OJ•(01': f,K).: H1..f:: fi�tfl .lj:: ootr'} : hfif:fro-9°:: Y,r,..'} : "'h1:{ : 1.1.';1..f: : 1.tL : ro•A : rof,9° : fro-A : 00/\'PlDT : 'I',:J : 1,1P1c'i/.lD• : tt,f•&../\1 : OK"tfl.<j: : 1,1)l&.K9° : f<j:T,h : 11th.?- : ,n'1 : fil1..f:P.A :: fitlU : l.1..f: : lll:,,i\i\tD-: 1'11l'i' : 1'10· : fUl/f, 00/\h;r :ftD• : V--1:r?Jl· : h'l>....�C : itivrB ............. : "'hilh : i'Lif?; ... ... ,..... i ... : 'lft-:,.. : it'} 4'1-1' : irf'1Am'PA :: 1

hrtu = n&.:i- nrollJOJc = rii_:,,r•*f ,11'1 = OD�Jt.:,.. 3 = "" = n:J--,1· ooOJc = fl{]f,'1 : '!{'I° ::- hti7i :;: Jt(lti.. = mAf..1.r-c1.il , CTDAfl = (l(J; l. = 7'-Pif, = l\f, : ,11:,,1\.,e : f11--lP : .,,,,.,:,.. : <j:C�' : (1:,.. t t&A: /\llD/\'PlD'r : il/\Ol/.fil = ,f'c1--'fP;J··A nttu = &..t\.1(Dc = c:c9° = rni rrotim-1 i i't14'K" = i'Lir�e1 _,..,...,.. 1'-.';f, = i\f, = r,f"(lml&'- : r,:c�-- f°tfilh:i•/\(D• <j:1• : <j:K,9° = '?AK" = qy, tr19° l n,,,...: i'L%fiit : "'hilh: tt.jf'li"i : f/\·,l--"} : i't14'?-1' : /\ODOD(:ooc,; 1 fltlfllr'J° : ii/\ : 'lf,'1 : �'I° : -,...';.,e : 'l6lh?-: /\"'/ro-ti:,.. : "'h'}t.:,,.';{\'} ::

�

noo,=ontf : (I}•/,\ : I\OD'P'PA : ,)11· : fOIJ.flf:fro•'} : f G:C?° : '?Yu;r 9'-;r. : fli'tt..'1•: q_e,-;:,. : fro•A : r,,t;,J;9'l-c : i',Uf/'rJf,',,r : "'h'i'4'C'l/\1:: htl !9° : fi'I H.v-- = q_e,',,f--� = rro·A = u, ,;,1;9>-:f = i',"'ltif,'1:,- = ro•A = /\OD/\ 'P lD'r : f°7.fil&..A1'-:,,1 : '?1u;r9'1' : 1,'}0D/.'J°t./\1 :: "'h'ltlU19° : m:,,i\i\ : i'tlt(l'f : ODV-'/.T : flOl/..f:/.'11 : f{]f,l} : i{'fP'} : 7'-Prf-: "'h'}OD/\h;r/\'} ::

(u) ar/;\: I\DD'P'Pt\ f°t�<'il&.A.1'-:,.. rc:c'J° '?�;J--9'-:;..

=�

= it:t!ID = (l!) ''nm:,,i\i\OJc = Fe'¼:,. = r�:,."' ,flJ1> C ,1,'? nv--1\1: = ro11 : ,f- -'f''Pr-:.f = OOl/t;:fro•r = u --t:J--: fi•1't.1 : il9°9°'1:,.. = ro•A = 1.

* f<l>�Ol/'C : ;>J!,ll : P,1\1), : it'itcft.,t : f,l1'? : 1-h•l\..'l: :: htLU : (l;r:f. : (l•f•{IJJ,\h,f·lD• : f'1.IJT/C"'.: : f*1* : f:J•I\.:,• : '1.1'1-fl : °;fdJC : t..1.r: : ill\ : flm•·1· = 1,c.v,;:1• : 1.,h&,m- = l\•f· = ;>f.,t\· = oPho11 = (n•f'P,Ol/'f! = ;>J!,t\ = Pit(), = �incn:t = f,n°l : :,-ruc•1· : 11:,• : f{IJJr.lilit..if : o,av:1. : -l·tP/&) : rll;J'i : f•l•C'lt\• fri::1·c1, = •Oth.c = r-'rc = 'i1:ir.Iil = (l!) = (hri:-,-� = ri:c..(- = 11:,. = !uf:li) = rh.:,-�k-.r = ,.,,«? = oPf.•th.:i• 2 i:�: = 'ii"/.\ ir = 11.· = i:f:iii t', 11

2. J.

- 211 -

·--, {\OT/,.....ldJ = o4! = �,»·'' = ""A := fi:l''r-:,. = h'f -• = n:iixiu = 1,fl11 = n.ixi·z : = ftt•:i· : it"t+i1· ,7,1 .. = A f.. = c:c9° f'/f!·· �·1 = ro� ?° = "'''Pcrr-:n = Af.. = c:.c9° = 'll'}J;,'fc = o:,,f.. tP/.f = •rflOI/9 ,,..� .. • J,11!111 • .eu1�-.= on�if = -: v-- • r : f 2. .

•

r1111

·(l9°9°�.:,- : ;,,,,.. : fOl/�f{l.(_� 9"{1,1•1 ,_,..), ;r 91if

: it"'I tif,.,.:,..

t;:! 91 f..

: . �, 1 on Ah:,-. : -

0 00 l\h•"l:

: 'i:fro.. ::

. = 'PI\I\ n1·tu9° = t.11.: <J>·· = . . f,'P lD·A = 1il n:� fi'1.1 � fl ii ( ) vc; = ( ) = = = = 1,91:r: = = ) � i�i ( f a.i "h.'i I\ = tt� n:i � � (c) a.ttI� f...,.. Lt..(IIJ = n v•il:,• = 9°flnt!':f-- f,1·t.;,1m = f�'t11-ct: = o'lf: h1-'t'ic : -' . I fll 1f: PiI\• 6

v..

n+'Pcr

91:f. : OO'JC::fm·SJ» (v•),;J-- ) : C:C9° ILcpcp I\- = f,1•/ttr 0°1.. 1\m• = Ofi:,)•m .: -Odt.C : cf>... : iti!Iil : (/i).: ODIP/.'T : '1.lt11 : OlJlPlT : f,U : 114? : flf� : f:J'A : m·A : ',m• ;,,•1.. : '11 : "h.tl,U : /tf, : fID'/\- : C:C?° : Oj t!\ : >,1,tt If"}·: {19"19° : q_e.�,)- : t,fil1f:f:9° ::

=�

(r) fU"} : t.lil : l\fl: - I\- : OK",h-� : ...,,cp<pj\- :: .e.u: ·fie#!: - t\ODO'l' : vc;: flf', : 'f�--J,.� : OJ·A : ODlf)· : 0lA?; : ',lD• :: flLlfl : '1. 7f?i'f' ·: ,"h1.. ; f1· {\f : C:C9° = ilflO'/�m.e.:i, : '1''P 'PV--:f. : "h.1J!Ll\.1-.:i• : n:J>A : lDY,'l° : th-� : t\(IIJ'P'PA : '11.'l;I. : J',l\:fUJ• :: ,n1• : fli�lD" : '¼f,',:,.. : llrf;\ : l\t : = l\t fro·tr = c:c:9° = n,4,A "h.1-ttr1 = 7'1�1til1..e..� v•tr ¾ n1·1.u9° m-A . . -ni Jt.<t: = c:csro = 1,"t>;.tr1 = t...ri11_e..•1:9°

·. (2) t.1..e..· = f'J"IX.'" = OOl/�l"l : ltf, : 'i:flD· :: (lro«A : (t',..e.," : tit\lf� : .e.u = 00�if = m,l\:fm,

1:c�,)- = 1\.0'/'k'J:9° = -uc; = -I\ = f,�lDtiftn = 1°l'?C, mf.. t.,:,� : fOIJ.ff..C1..:,- : il9°9°',:,•- : V·I\.• : n�,��: f,t•,,,./t : i',f,lf"}'Ju : ·flfllD· : n:,,�°2.f : ...,,cpcpfr.::. = f:J>A = m•A IL c;c = l,1Pif,-:fA = ff..C :JA �

= -n4?

n�

fr,::. = 11 : ,n 4>.. = if.ilifi : (f.) = 'he; = if.ifti•� == Oih"I: L:,.. : roi.1..c;: lD'/:\: 1tm1cp,pf,\: t\f.: C:.C9°: fO'l..('{)t.f.\1·11 •1·: h,fl.•::,.·.: u,<;,t; 9'":f-- : flot/J!,1<J•ti�f>il : '}•n�:,. : 1\1!, : 1l'}.P,1 Yv· : OD•fi,f,:t-1 : f<P/.t.�c;, � \ "'1.cp1 (l• : mttf' ' f67. !tf(Jr<,. : Orflo:}4.: ·(4>-.: if.if.fr) 1 foo'}°IP':,.: .<DJ!,9°: f,l,11·0: }'t1A°lfl<>•l-: OVJ t,, : O._..Y..•f·: f..,F-..;J· : Orlt..:f. : (,,.._ : it:jf'3·§) : h,; : fq>{l,)•c; : lD•{l..·•1· : (4>-. ' if.jf�l; : (ll)) :. c;;f(Jr =' '11.P,1 X· : U•),:J ·!P1· : I\J!, : flit1 Yv· : f·l·m fl� : Yv·c�:,. : II'} .e.· : Orfl· ' 1''},'t(Jlllf ft 1•fi : llfl°'l..P llt.f,\dJlj : (lt\.{\o:}", : U•).;J•?':f, : I\J!, : J,'}Pi_lJ : ,f/\ : d'Jf,j!..,:J'" : {l{lt\,fl : ,,.,(, O 4!.r : 'LlD': C:C9°: U•A'L lf,: 1,'}Yv· : q,.e�:,. : itJ!,J.',il'J f�'"ll'l'lOJ•: .,IJ!o:J· : ''ll. "iil:J ·J IUA: �Or'': (fr,:: ·fl: ,"11: 'P'-: i"1 fof.•'}: ..,.onf.\t1:,•): 11"'-•f•tlA: "W·ll:·1: t'?,'i": (11Jl ')' 1

J,)

0 ::

f (l:, f,\_

,·

,.,

• • • ·"- �

I l

it'}� : m•f,\ : (lg•,fi,'i: : 1,1.';.ll''} : ,'l1"l· : (lDl'/.fll1.�·S.·(l.:,• : V·',·•l,·9'if-. : tr fr: flf, I �•/\•. = ou:t\:,- = !T°llhc::f. = 1,1..i;.�.?·1T : 4,--. : n:iJ:?J·1: : (�) = 0•1.,t1a'lt : f""l.•r11 : ui:lf�. }9". "'Ill l''Pt\ 2 .em:,.a•1A :: ;1,1-·} : 11.f, : l\\'.'} = r"?.f�fl·: fl?'il·· : 1,'}Pr�iiti-1:" OJ_A : ( i } : lf fitr�a:,. tlK"m: .= �' .P,. '} }',ll1P.;e::,: r Of}',·}P,'}J;.: 4>'°-TC : l\f,:-,...: ;1:�fi : g) f� J'llll · 1 tXl."1/1, : °IJ!u:J· : ?,1.P,.1(l�.. : IJ''r : 'hca1:,- : fi.f ..�"1 : OP/:\ti?"'' : �'JC: (111tJ'� °lf.\R.. : �a,. ::

...

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' .

,f••fl{\u : {l-r, : fi.l£!Ji : (f.:) : h'i : n:if�% : f,f--�',11llr : U•).;:J·• : OD(f�. : '?AK... : ',roc:: fau,xi.�?f : (D•l\r(D• : flft',h.C,: : OD(f'} : itl\n:,. ::

fl'lfi.lt = ij·qo , lllt7i i i',(lti.. wAf... 1,1.r-c1.ll. ¾ ,IDAil. (lm: 1--P..e, = l\f,: m:Pl\f, : f17'orP : ',1p,) .. : r,:c�: 11:,-: fl?-t.. d,.C,:: f,f•&.�OD : m•A'} : 'I l\oPl\'POJ'I' : A� G:C9', f ll.&.A;JA wf,ll. = i',fll.&.A'?9° = fl0 ?.l\roc = � Tf4: OJ•lt). = (l'f',f,n;J -- A. == flllDJ!ODtf r<f>"•'l'C n.ir�e, *'* = -roo A.t1+1 • �'ri\09° : hr,: : •flf\roc: fl,t-(lm-:,..: fro•A: '¼i��f-- : it"'lti.,e.-,:,, : � :'f·C7'o{JD«'} : flODODCODC -� f,U"} : 'I' f1: : ,,,. ... , • .,:,-.c;{\'} :: \ flt.t.11').,e. ·� i ''Les modifications au contrat originaire doivent etre faites dans la i forme prescrite pour ce contrat." t flit"'IC� � '''P'iID•'} : (DcA_ : fODl\fD'I' : 1-P,f, : iltLU• : ID•A : n,1-� ',11ro· : nKKC,: = (c:c9°) = 00LP6'"r = t.fln,..,..

==''

:, fl'h16/{L11� " '' A contract made in a special form shall be varie.d in the same fotm."

1•

:t a. '

� f;

fl&_�'}l).,e.�aJ• : 'l,T9° : G:C?° : 1·&,{lt,t:1.. : (forme prescrite) flOl/..{\OJ•: dtt.'?'i: flit"'lc.;:rocc.· : fl'h1'?(L1f�{Jr : ;,:,..qo-:,.__ : ftl.U--: ,ht.OJ : r,::f : fllf �T: "'/fl:,,: fl,f•�',11roc: itKK� : 'h'i.: il1:7ifA: G:C'J° : (special form) noiz..ll.. :,. ,1,1.1o:f l\.,e. = ,hlt'l:f-1 = (l�c;: "7,·1--tic = i',iln:,- rr,,rt1:w• i -t\ t\ OD i', 1 y__ 'P OJ = r... ,...fl r c::c 9.13' 'h 1.';.&.�9° 'I' 'r r 01/•.fil lD'l\�;f-«1 = "l��OJ•· : fl'h'}Yo,)•: ff\: U• fi,f;?J:f..: f\.,e.: ',OJ• ·i fOl/,1\.0J•: (I.If'} ; OD(A(,•9°: 'P'illr1: (D•/:\ : l\OD'P'f' A.: G:C?"°: 'T&.ilnt:,..: (forme prescrite) mf,9° : f,f•J!.',11 : i',KK� : (G:C'J°) : ll"fl,)· : U•).,:t-91:l.__: l\f, : ',ro•: fOT/./;\ : �m- =� ill\tl.U : f',tLU1 : ,l1 t."lo1: : 'i�:f: ouro(l'}: itl\-01::

= ;,, =

f1,1<?ll.1l�ro-: 1,T9° : .,e.u1: ,l1t.<?: '' /;\ r,. : G:.C'J°'' (special form) 1,l\'l'A:: .,e.u : '?AK" : flf�: OD'f'C: : h"l·t.?,1°9° : ',(D« :: flt.l.'}l)fi,�OJc'j" : !1 {lit"'Ic'1Or : h,),qo",.}"... : h ..-1• IP t,. l}:(-OJ• : ,11t.'1°-:,·.. : r Of/..OD I} (l A : :,-c..,..9° : hl\Hl\9° :: ht.�'}l).,e�w· : (Lt.fl'? : .,e.1{}0J c : f�{ll.W• : f,f•'ltl\ : ,)·c1--'J° : -- &.iov : : : : OJfi,'J° : : : ''i',ll.&.1\1. (fl,l1"1) fl:J fllf', i',KKC,: : (G:.C?°) . . tftl fi 1 )' (J)«t\ i n1·LfiD' = qJ?.�:,- = "�� (G:c'J°) = ODI\.OJrr t,iln;,-.,, ntr� = -,nc :I, ' 'h1}tf(Dc9° : fl'h1°l(L1l'1lD''i : fl&.t.'}l}f,�roc = i,:,•9° : outJhA : tit\w· : A��;,-. : fll11'?(L1ft;mcc; : fli',O'/C�OJ.. : 'h.;1·9° : oul1hA : fl\ar : A�-,:,-. : '" f,flA'I' : f1°1l : f,lf'i A. ::

- 213 -

-------

= } a,. ., = : .. n,, ro ilf., ro· . l-� 1,;1 n -1, +t 11 c �� 'In f: r., nr = h� , /;\Q,r: r,1•tft\ , : : l°l: h'J1t\11\(\"} :- . -9° 1 l ( l1 � 1':t : (l}• ti.,e, }L « lt\(l} 8 (lOl 'l°) C: : lj! � : ( C : .

«A : : f , :,C : :, 'i! ro u-c;,1:911, , o (l ',J.1,.4 .. f i,t,. . WJtfm• -Ot\ : : ittJ•1: h _ vu: -& . 'i!Cf:: {1,f:"} : '1;> 111on1 � (lllf,lt : �'I° : 1 �f, : ltf, i f� : •O : ;,1 : � : 7Ltit11 : i,V't,.C,: roJ.',.OlJ..OOt\h--t•(D« : 'l',,f:'4: : 1'.1o»t\fl hi',t-..--1:: fm•A: o--t:;--1:9-'f: it1Y:: fi,,J.',.'111: itKKfi:: (C:C'J°):_ f°'l'11lD•: (lf:,c;;:m": �m-, m1--: (l�,h. (i: : fll'', : E,.C:C9° : ilt\°'lfll : 000)!00t.fOJ• : q_e,',,)w: fro•A; o- -'i'-i: , tl'/t\:,C: Oli.17f◄.t.10·: ro- A: f+f..'111 : i'tKK� : (G:C:9°): },'JP.ti: OJ A� : '1lD' :: 1'1);.tJ·9° : Oo•t\,rl•�ro« = '¼f,'1:,- = fUJcA = tJ•'i'i: DI/fl,)· r I &.l..ll : t\UD'il"'P : (l.,PA : a+&.iooro- : (l}•/;\ I f,t-J.1,.'111 : i',KK� : (c:: cri) ; Jtf\au'f-r- = "lt\7'.. = 1,ro• ,,e,u = ro,t\ = O:J>A = c:c'J° = oulf"} = 'IOln:,.: ttflf/ i\:,... = oiz.:FA a:,- = OD'J 1f.' = 11

=�

r/\ "° ::

1·

Y'il+9ro- = q_e-.,,1.. = f(J}«A = o•c;rf: � tl'/t\:,.. = t.t..il = t\007f'l' nx--,1..�· = fJl'l"t. ?.aolD': ro·A • hv --t\,t-'1cD•: '¼f,'1:,• : ro•/;\ = f,OA'I' : "1il:f1c : t,A� n1..n.:,•9° ; f,tJ•"} : }\,:�:"' : r,,,tl'J ;, : '11C: f&.ml: f,OD{lfl/;\:: f,U"}: ontt,e: (D• /;\ : t\OD&.K'/° : O?i ,11-'i! : flf', : f(l}•/;\ : c:cr : 1'.'JJ;. 'fC : il,1· : it, C1h1 f."1:9° r,.1..il = (,1·14>ti:J'7i = flf'1 '11c) 7if61b = m·A = n1i--t1t.r,: oolf'} Jtt\O:,.. ; f"?.A : il,°l : ft\'/° :: lD-il;l:(Dc: ll"}f,.': f,f•t\f: C:C9° : },'}Jtlf'}: ,f-q>'PV,-:f: : i'til«J,f..."ODOJc ,,f:'f;\,f•'P'Pt\-- flt\ = ll'',9° 'r-1'C :: n:zt1it : (r) � 'h'i': 0.lf.�l : Otl.. tJ: OJ"'/.\: ltf,: ,f•&.�oiz.: tif,ll''/-9°:: ,f•'P'Pr·:i:: h'}J;. u, : t w•l\:flD·1- n�,h-� : ti1:c10J•:rA == f'f>"- = 'if. tti·1 : �:Y.. o.O'PV° 1 ni ,.,...�: f--1-�f,OD: ID-/;\: UDfl'POJ'l': f°t1'llD': n,r,h,C,::: -0 :F: ',m•: n,t•llfl 1 (lj A = f,J,t.KDDOJ• = m·A = tWt\'POJ'r:: f11?..1llm·: ll:J'A = •fl:J: = �m· flOT/ tt:i•: flt1'1\IA:: lti\OJ·/t-: t,�K�: (C:C9°): a:,,�'"7..f: f,f•J.',.l1: il9'19"�1•: h/l,t\: f,tJ1- : '}f, ',•f:"}: (D •/;\: t\OD'P'PA : it"}J7: f,f,t\f: h��: (C:.C9°): 'h1-J;.'iC: ;,,,,-.: fil1.r:P.A J t\OT/t\:,, : ll'/°19° : 00"} 1�·: 1'tf,;f-A9°:: llfllt. U9° : 'r'PC: 'il%t�•i: f,U"} : '}f,',,f:"} : (I}«/;\ : t\OD{\ 'POJ'r: (}"} f-": � f.. : flY'l : i'tKK(i : : (C:C9°) : 001A1A1' : f,f,,nf,:,>?°:: f,u Y'lt1·'i: OJ• qy,.,:,.. rro•A lJ"'i-t; �c� {1--1: O'lf,ti: :e.r: 1--P.� = tif, = f-f• 00 i\h--t-m· = o•'i·I: = q_e.,:,.: a,m, f1·1.u = 1--P..e: �to: �1c 00 ilfto: fOl/..;t-fm• � - ill\: ,f•"} 4>'1�"(i: 11ll'1·: (lg-,J,��: fl--1·&.?t{JlJ: fP'&-: ro-/;\ l\f- = n,'h"l roiz.ic,· f:J>A. = t\m•1' = f;:t."l = ill\ = OD:J:ft--�· ' ti�. 00:ri\• : 'lfll :: �U"} : ODl}f,, : U)rf,\ : flOD 'P'PA : 1'1 1�-- :: f.-J.. /\f: nKfi� : (t:.:c9° ) >\1�..' ic = nt'h1,.. 1tA,1,n1f«1'9° 9 c, :c..�· 0.--1:?° = m·tt· Otthr ° . � 1,1-J; IJ'"} = ,f>f...9 : {lfl(J)c : ,�'P'Pr-:f. : r--J·ilo?{JD•0·1· : flODlf)· a tr·

"°'

)'tOI/ ;,;: = fh.:!•{'-?a,Jt : UD.,(1.fii1 : !1:1!1: : {)fl : r.r� : (,J,1 : ao'}'11":,� : t,1•1'7'' : ff;?;)_:� . a</c' w• = fr,:•1·,1, = •n,11.c = :1,"1 0 07;,1.ri: = fOl\,e '11/)�?.&.r = oou•1 ,e1'l'l'A O'i-C , o.,f�r-9" =. !"'i.rP &-0•1· = .e·r.w- : (TO�',hC,: : )O>· :: t"l,"t• : f··f•t..4•4'0·)· : *'}* : {1ft I If). 1 f"-f:1-'1.e. c;•m• =. _oof..,d1C,: : 01t"}P,"}�· : U•l:J·s,>:f.: I\}!, : f"l(\Olf.\: J!,U'',"A :: 11rr/\:r: ;,ll-'t - ��1',a</C7,·�-t; : h"-t..'}f).e,X,ar 2 ODfi',l1 �:r. : {} 'l.,::J6JJ>(l,)• : ·1.11;: f),'}c1JlL11 ' . t . ?;d1 ,. • P' f.\l1J , : 'l,1.,e.ay f,'i t.ro• : '1 AY.... : � m• :,

flt!: ,fl.• '�I : �. -x·�:?�� ( ) T. • ,1.:J�i!!l : !! : cf>"- : j:i(:l!" : (j;)1- : ,.e,011(\hj:t.\ ::

- 214 -

{11'

-- t..1''°lA : i',i\t\'J° :: lD« ft-: f11'.. ,h.<,: tj: : irf R',h : flf'lm ·: 'h1Jto-: (flit;, fl "l"'l.) : 'iro« :: f.U : lf'r: '1fl -: ij:Cf: : 11--1: : hflmm· : fij:� : '11C : ,h1:r : ro«il'I' : rfctl"}'? rf--ro- : frfcrf•ro.. : '? f:t.,,,y::;. : tiA'r-r: nLl'C t f{l)•fl-- : OD t\'PCD'I': flg",J,.lj:: "/,1�..lf"} : ,1,1--: fil•1f:�A : t\Ol/t\:,_.. : f°7.,.f : ill-A: 'J° f lj:Cf: : {11: : '?1: '''P'iCD-: (Dct\: f11'"",h-lj:: htr', : roif. t.1(1Jc'J° t\W·'I' = n�t1t-lj: 00 tr1 = itt\fl,1·'' = fl"'it\;t- = n:J>A = r+f.t.1 = t\W•'I' = t\OD'r-r = "?llt.:(f = t\"'l:i,1.-0 = itf.&..1,.r,:'J° = fl.A n.e.s:A == itu•1 f'l> ..'l'C : 7L%r.?i•i = lj::y. : i',mtrllJt flclf1 : mf.oiz.:f•Afl.:,• : ..fl:,!;;: : lJ•'i--1: : Wf. : lf',m• : (Df.,. : i',tr,,.1-<;:m., : rro..A : q,e�.:,-- : 'h."}lf lDC:: f,U'J° : fi..lf1: t\tl..U : �,f,..lj: : 1'd,k : flll}'J° : it,ntrllJt : oo{l� : itf.;J f. 'J° ::

ti"},,,.,. : ""° :

it1f: = r1°1 Y.-- = .r:c�:,- = t\"'i!l:<J:'J° = flODmfr.:,- = i\f. f tt-,)-- = u = c; = ,h.lj: flg' t\ : : lf'r : '11�...: r+ttl.OD : (I�Y: : i\f, : noufltt-r : flk:,- =-il'J°'J° .,;t· l-1 = o-t\• = 'P;, = ft\m• = (lJc A. : itf. lf1'J° : "fl flro«: fl:,, Y:°t f : 1--'P'P fl--:: f,U1: oui)J!, : our,7i : il'J°'J°',:,.. : ltf.'rC i fl'h1-'tU : '¼f.�--1: : (IJc(A : Ar-: G:C'J° : 'h.1-'t'rC: "'"'": tt,,ril1f:Y.''J° :: ',1C: '?1: fl;\i\ : r+f.l"l: f:J>A: il'J°'J°',,)•"} : 'P;, : 'h"}f.fl,t\(Dc :· floucf?mC : OD',q(Dc : il'J°'J°',:,.. : 'h.1-'t tt K9° : «r : 'if.% £'l!fi : ( r) : "/, 'i : fi.1:£�1 : fl'?A� : ,.fCDftlt.· :: ilfltLU : '11Y.' : flh«A : 9°19° : Ar-: G:C'J° : "11-- : fOT/f,q : (Llf1 ·I fllbi\ : fllrA : "11 : 1-'P'PV-:i: : cf, 1- 9° : -0t\m· : fl1'ilOT/ oo-fl;,- : G:C'J° : 'h.1-'t'P 'P fl·: fl01/il1f.f:: A�: G:C'J°: J!,mJ!,:PA: 01/fl:i.•: ',(De:: it1cf,1'": 'itir'X'i: 1-'P'PV-:f.: cf,f.']°: .fiflro« : f,f- ilOT/ tJOcfl :,..1'i : fl;,,'? : ,,.,.. &..?. "'l.'I.:,..: ft\ 'tt?.1. tj: 9°: (G:C'J°) : f,gJ,9°trA 1 irJ---0t\ 0D ,f--C1°9° : itt\fl.:,. : wf,il : Ji,,,.. : Irfl· : it1f: : r ,,.,.. t\f : fro«A : nKKlj: : (c:c'J°) : f"'l.f11'l:fCD•1: 0-'irf:9':f, : -n;. : ',(De :: f"'l. f m:l'A.t\OJc : irJ ---Ol\ DD1- C1v9° : it flfl.:,- ? 0

ai=1 �

� :' f«r'l'C : if.trt;e ,...�---� : it'l,..?1C : fltLU : 'l'fLI: : out\_{l : fAfH : OD(f °IA?. : ',m• :: lj:Cf: : {1,�'J° : fl'lf.'1 : ;f'l° : ,,,..�,, : i\f, : rtLU : q_e.�.:,-- : o-'irf: : cf,CPll'T: 'h.11-lf'I • it htrtit: fi.lf19°: fl.:,•t,nA: flf.S:A :: f.U•1: 'h1:( : f,U : 1',h� : mfl-0 : fl\lD•"} : itrf'l.�1°9° : («r : tLlf�i : 1-'P'P V-'f : frfcflOT/tJDcfl.:,..1: nKK� : itf,gJ,'J°C'J° : fOIJ..flro«"}) : �ODCtlJA ::

htLU : fl"'l.h+llro« : 9°h1f:,.. : «r'l'C = 'iti!l!'I : h� : -01\o : h+m .,, (le:,.. : r(D•t!\ : lJc ),:J--9'-:f-: r OD1_ODl,f {D•"} : -0;. : f m :PA I\A : -0"� : nm 'lll' : oo+C1n9° : f,f-?f {\ : ODfl(to : f,:J--fA :: fl001. 00tfW- : rw-A : '¼f, ',;'f- t (Oli.1'fr-lr1il : (J}cA) 1 it;J"Lro« 'P'ilD4 : CD-A = fl�th.lj: 00 lf1 1 ttllO-T ! 'h1JlA : f fli--T : ODIP�;J""'I! : 'J°h"}firfif- : (01/i\T : +1n. : fA lf'I : OD66J»1: 'h1�f,'rC 1 ffh1�1);. : irf•'P'Pf,: '?fo:J--: f,OA'I': f1·l.;J1m: �1-'tlf'} ! ) lltLf(J}c : O'Pt; : CD-A : ltf, : f"'l.f.l.1-- : /l{J)c(ll1"1?° : f1� : h��lj:: (G:C9°) : 'h1Jlhrf--ft-: 'h1-'t.f 1-C"l: fil1f:);.:J'A.:: lllr+�w -: rm·A: ,,-�.:,- : "11 • tpt;(D•"} : (D•t!\ : lD!-9° : O'P'iCD- : {D•t!\ : i\f, : f"'l.f.�1-- : {\� (111'1 : (lh"}..(" : f+llf : n��lj: : (G:C9°) : ,fc<p<pV,-:,: : 'h1Jt&_g'tJDc : rortfil = r trfr = rrr� = oov,l:J"'I! = ?°n1,,,.,. = "',,,.. = r llm·r rr = n:ii!.u = (.c) = 'h'i = ref>... = 'itifli"i = irf•"l'1C9° = r+crcrr-:i:1 = lj:i\1v.:,� = 01/h

� ,��n:,.

- 215 -

.--,

6.1''1° : 11;= : �(1)• :: {l_t\1-f.U : fltllJ : '¼,.e ',,l: : f,o�/,\ : l}•},;J� � l\f, : ffi•tr1 : o it{ID l\'f'(D 'f : /A f. : C::C9°.: J!{I &.A;J/A ! 1) {l: : o7 {I "1,,e_�,: -f"1 (l: f°'/.,(f�(I}c .• 1 : o:,, J!:°if fl,Jw {IOl/o0·:1- = il? ° 9 r,:1-c . (l}i/ ,r • t; a,.1t .. C: ' :1: C9 m : = ll l\ : l � °l : OD9 = 11v-:(: : t--ti:i!� : f{JJ•l\;rlD"1 : £::.C9° l) 'P ,,fi\:t•m•'} : �i�,)-- : < Op ODfl 'PW'} 'itD•: (D•/,\ :_f::C9°: l1�-: 11:J!: tt,-rf"} t flOIJ'iTlD'9'° ; ' 0 ° C:C9°: l"lf:9°: 1111;.ro(l"} = &./.\"l'PA i l\ '11\,.1··: 't'Pf.filf-lA 9 An:1,: ff\: ,, "}f.. lf"} : "fl7 : ', (D' :: · .

=_-yro-(tc: =

·=

_ 111 1.:: (D•/;\ : (}"}.{':: f1" t\f: C::C?° : 1,1..';.. t..?.9°: fl�'�"01/.J1 h-t·.e, , 1.1 : il9°9 °�"1· m"il'l ' = f11l·'P'f'r·:i:1 = �l\1°:i• = i't_1-1UJJ 0 i ..r = tt.tnJm:P 1 +qi I 'Pf·:f: = .etJ1 ODti_e = (D</A = 'l.�l1.. n:r = u-�:J-- = _ l\,e nt1,ti•n on�lit : f{ll,..IA;JIA:: f,tJ9°: i',111J�tD•"} : "Ll·L: f,f•tDlt(lfl: 1'1"1C: ft\fl:,-- ¾ m, ec;o: (l,tq>cpf-:r:: OD\-ibA: ftD·IA: "111-',,)--: oot;>?-1: t\Ol/ 00Ah;t:- ,flcp.: lf�m•: 1 ll.17' : fOIJ.1.•ftc : f(l',�': OD4'(}fl/A1 : ffH· = ro-,-,e,Y.. 71'-- : fOl/..t..fioo•n:,, : {r,;,1: a;m, ,f-ccpcpr-:r. =. f;.:1-1.1.4-•'P:flD" = �11�f1.?1:f'i = ,,.,,tu cJ>i9°•r = m·�Y,itf-;f.T m·• -� �IA : n ootiht\i!ro.. : �,..t..'l'�A J lD�°1.fo.1 : llU,f"1•: h1 ..i;,rf..co.:: "i"'P'f'f•:t:: 1,C"lm<rT : ftODlf"} J!,t./.\;Jt\•:: f,U"}"}!f> ¾ fl?a',lr�: ttAtr� = nll ,1,c1,(: = m�A = flOlJ'1hl\:i-:lD . = il. ere =· i',f,TA'I° 1 noiz..A ni'i1� = OD',q : {l'J°9°',r1.. : .{'l,.;J'?ffJ ft■

=·

· _e,u1 = '¼�'l"i: : oo',7t : il9° 9°'1"1· : ol�i\-1 = O:J'A : ho 0 t\lJ1a>'P : 1t1i I CPJ.ttt\nA = OD�mc = .e1Q-PA1 ? 1rA"L.1·1, = },1Jtu = trcr = fl.,f>,11c = roi1 I 'l{l.-1--1-: 9°n1,.f,r: °7°1 ..'i".-1,: i'tPr;,:f: ',m•:: 1,C'1 r 1 ,f-cpcpr--:t:: · farl\fiD•: ODl\'Prorr = nt11-� = r..-1-- nr c::c:9° = 'l,1--'tlf"t = nm·ll\:fro· = ro"ll'P = 9°1t H.9°: OD"Jt\lJ' = f,1•1\i\-:: mf, 'J°: (}"}J!:: firf•lD0.'1: "l--�J!,: l\,,t: ri-:cl--: {1,rl:: : : <t:t\1°:,": f7·Pa�: i't'1'lfi.: '11r::f : hlf'I·: A�: u..c;..,:91':f: f,U1: '¼F,'1..-f1 �t...A:J A:; (l,.A. :•flOIJ.1'1: t'Lflf,"}: f,1•1\A :: '11C: '11 t f,U1: fnrtfiti: IA¥-: lr'i''I;: {ll\,t\{l:,- : �•t -� 'P'iW": (&/,\: n,f-.ct.iou =·0.:.\1\: aJ•t\·1 : {\{llJ • l1 : f_4>1,\ : il9°?°'1:,- : flOD'i?- : 0 4! : oif lll� : 111/�' l-0 l l\.'PaJ'P : ff, f.. h,f•:rll I ll t\ : 'P'iOJ•: ro•/,\ : G:C'l° : o:,,_e_•oif: f�f,f..l"IW· :: il9°9°�1·: lD4tr1� = l\ODt\-PmT = .f1'1· G:C'I°: 1,"}.<;,m_e:,, = f;1--4,,.e..: 'Jm « x rai.en�� = '1°ll1y:,. = ft\9° : : f(Jl)'lil"ro.. : il9°9°'1:,- : i-"l'lC : -r'ia>· : m·A f'•rt.i ODfl,r"}: "L.1-f�'i: {l'f''j'{D•: (D«A_ : lD'{l�: fcri1•f.;f•"): 1--Prf":f: {j:��9°: "}/;\fi•: . ° .. : ',ro• flf'I-: i\1,ttr'J.: °7�.-l°l \'· : i� l1l :: fl-f• ft ,e9 ,9°: 1.tt: ft.i: , f • ' P'P : : �-t�:,.. = lLfil',l\(D« = fcri:f• t\ro•1 = f"1'111 = 1111c:,»c:,, = ·t\tPJllm1�� = y,7ilt' (D•�f,,f! = itA �: cpc;m,: (I)•/;\ : hrft. • .lOD: {l�I\: "1"}: fOD', il"ro·: il9°9"�1·: 1, "IA "1flo:,-. : .f, &.K9°'i : ..,.&.. I\1.. ',rf: : _e n..4'A ::

•

{lg·J-..<,":: G:CS"':. fl\. = CD·/,\: fl:l'A =· f,J.. ilm,11: ·{lt\: ool f�·: f02.4'C'O_= · "1ilt..'Jf : hC°l'P : fl'P1'.. P'I:: il.:J--f, : f,1'l'PIA ;: '11c: : '?1- : t111lll>fOJ•1 : l..?i"'I° l\f\00 4'0A 'i :- 'P'iro< : � A-: f•·IT·i\romn:,ll : ftP/fm�"l'C = f:J'/,\ : '. lJ.!·A : (l'iC9'1 : n,l>...'PC: 7t.%ft;·g : i',ft,fl(l :_.cp;:, =· n�'flro·9° ! (lOl/ll�'. f01/..fit.1�A-: ...,--10..- ?°n1.. fil9°

r:,-=

-== . •

.- 216 -

.·

h'1 tLU : r�:,•tf1 : 11,h.C : ,ndJ : ifY•rp�:f :. (..cf!:,, : ODlf'i;fc&-'} : (l�' ,:JO'l. : ODdJi\?i : ttil&.l\."L : ';ID• :: h1-�.U-9° : V'lf,lt : jfqo ·f ttti7i ;: }'t(lti.. : OJ&\1-"LV-C"Lil 1 ,f·hti"li : 1--�_e: h¥'il1·�:0J•: q_e,�.. 1-: rm-A: rr'i,f:: f,A:,, : h�'l"'1lD•1 : q_e�:,- : flD•A : IJ•'i'f; : ('irf"(ID(\t},,.. : il.. lf1 : 1'1-f...lP/.i-A'i if, 119° : hlf� 1 �c-'¾.. : ,}tJhA: ODlf)-1- : A·O : tPJf\,1� : f-m:PtP/A :: _eu-1- 1 1'.1-;f i r�c�: fL,f: : lir()�: 1--�.e, : h'i= : 1ll\ tt,t-mcl>(lm• i h¥'ll,t-'1m· : q_ei;:,. : rw·A : U•'i rf; � onouft(t{\--'} : J'ODl\ti;J ...A ;: _eu� : hlf'i : (l�dt LCD• : i'tilrf"ffT : f'i=C�" : (L•f; : ,(lf,'} : r..-1--titi1· : OD(f',- : it.ell�?"° :: 0

•

- 217 -

FORMAL REQUIREMENTS FOR THE CONCLUSION AND. .

MODIFICATION OF CONTRACl'S UNDER THE EIBIOPIAN . · CIVIL CODE OF 1960 1 J•

by Michael J. Kindred* Introduction

The Civil Code of 1960 in general r,ecognizes the validity of contracts regardless of whether they are concluded orally. or in writing. 2 Similarly, modifications of a contract ordinarily need not be in writing to be valid. Nevertheless, in some cases the Civil Code requires that a contract be made or modified in writing in order for ·the contract or the modification to be valid. The general rule and the exceptions to it are given in Articles 1719-27 of the Code.

In Baye�a Ja111n1.o v. Assefa Wolde Giorgis, published in the preceding issue of the Joi,rn.al of Ethiopian Law, 3 the Supreme Imperial Court has. co.nstrued Artcile 1722, which deals with the formal requirements for the modification of contracts. The import of this decision is not completely clear, but we wish to discuss briefly Articles 1719-27, and incidentally the Court's decision in Bayessa Jamnzo.

We shall first set forth the law's formal requirements for the conclusion of contracts in terms of four types of contractual situations. Then we will discuss the formal requirements for the modification of contracts in terms of these same four type-cases. We shall consider Ba.yessa Jam.mo in light of this general discussion. A. Formal Requirements for the Conclusion of Contracts.

Article 1719(1) provides that ''Unless otherwise provided, n o special form shall be required and a contract shall be valid where the parties agree." The remainder of Articles 1719-27 are concerned with the exceptional cases in \Vhich the law requires a special form4 or enforces a prelimin.ary ''sti,pulatian'' by the parties establishing, a special form.5 Let us now consider those provisions in terms of four illustrative type-cases.

* Facult y of Law, Haile Sellassie I University. 1 Th � author i s_ indebted to Ato Hailu Makonnen, senior student in the Faculty of LaW, �rule Sellass1e I University, for his help with the problems of Amharic termiJlologf discussed below. 2 Civ C., Art 1719(1). 3 (Sup. Imp. Ct. 1965), J. Eth. L., vol. 3, p. 401. 4 · Civ. C., Arts. 1719(2), 1720(1), 1723-25 and 1727 ' 5 Civ: C., Arts. 1719(3) and 1726. ' .

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CONCLUSION AND MODIFICATJON OF CONTRACTS

A and B conclude a contract of insurance. For the va 1. . lidity of this contract, .. Arti�les 1719(3), 1725(b) and ! 727(2) ,require a written instrument sig ned by the pa.rt1es and attested by two w1tnesses.6 2. A and � enter into an oral contract for the sale of A's horse to B This . 1s clearly a valid . oral c�ntract under tl�e principle expressed in Article 1719(1) ��at g�n?, rally parties are free to contract 1n any form whatsoever. The law does not. require the oral form l1ere in any sense. 3. A and � ent�r into a written contract for the sale of A's horse to B. This . 1s clearly a valid wr1 tten c?ntract. The law does not require a special form for the sale of a horse, so the � art1es are free to conclude the contract orally or in writing. The l�w d�s not require tl1e use of the w-ritten form for this contract any more than 1t requtres the 11se of the ora.l form in the second type-case. 4. A and � ar:e involved in complicated negotiations concerning the establish ment of a _business enter:prise. They enter into a preliminary agreem-ent that their contract will not be complete until it is incorporated in a written contract. T11is is clearly a situation in which Articles 1719(3) and 1726 provide that their pre liminary agreement shall preclude a valid final oral contract. Their final contract must be in writing. 1

Formal Requirements for the Modification of Contracts.

The Supreme Court in Bayessa Ja,n,no v. Assefa Walde Giorgis dealt with the question of whether a special . form is required for the modification of a written contract. We shall consider this problem ·by examining first the language of Article 1722 and then the meaning of this article in terms of the type-cases set forth above. Frencl1: ''Les modifiications au contrat originaire doivent etre faites dans la forme prescrite pour ce. contrat." English: ''A contract made in a special form shall b-e varied in the same form." Amharic: 'P'im-1 : m-t\ : \'OD/lm'l': 1•�i : /IH.. U·: m-t\ : 11+ �'111m-: n��: ( C: C 9D ) : OD llJ �+ : n 1111.:'f- :: Our atteDJtion must center on the phrase fornze prescrite in the French version and its Amharic and English counterparts, 11+ �'111m-: n�� : (betedenegegaw· atsatsaf) and ''·special form." The question to be answered is: In what cases does the law -require a particular form the modification of a contract? The answer is: In the caEes where there is a for1·11e presc,·ite or 11+ �'111m -: n��: (betedenegegaw· atsatsa'f) for Mle conclusion of the main contract. We must therefore determine the import of these phrases. 6 Other cases in which a special form is requir, ed for the conclusion of a valid contract are: contracts creating, extingu.ishing, or trmsferring _certain_ r!ghts . in immo, vab]es (Art. 1723), contracts binding the Government or � publ�c a�m.irustration (Art. 1724), _and contracts of gu·aran•tee (Art. 1725(a)). T�e form requ:1•red 1,s. not _ always the same, since registration of the conlract with a pa11tucular body 1s requ1:red 1n some cases and not others. This r-equirement of registration �ill . aff� t the � alidit· y of the contract unless it is interpreted to be a "measure of publ1cat1on. (See C1v. C.,. Art. 1720(3) ). It is important to note that in all cases where the law requires that a contra� t be 1n writing, Article 1727(2) requires, in additio?, that th� � ontract be _ attested by -two w1tn�ses. It is clearly desirable that indiv.idual art.'icles requ1i:ing the wn-tten form b� techruc� lly· amended to reflect this additional require.ment of Article 1727(2) and thus avoid confustoni on the part of the casual code reader.

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Tl1e. English versjon_ of tl1e Code ren_ders this pl1rase ''speci�l form, '' but th· is e_s no� carr y the sam.e _mea ning as the do and on slat1 11 a tr. bad cle s . a arly i . Fre c � n , _ t1on a , fr-om �l1e French W0tuld ancl Amliaric pJ1 rases u�ed. A b �·tte_r Engr l1sl1 1tra�r .sJ b� re 1 ·(or req11 1?ed m fo rescr tl1 n � for th � origin.a � � � . -··· ,I\ contract n1ay _ b•e varied �11ly 1 , contract." The divergence of the English from the A.1nhar1c version 1s probably e ve� Frenc11. The word O-l.. �'111ill1: (/Jeteclenegegc,11:) is th e v erb o,r tl1an fron1 tl1e · b eater a 1 7 ec an s '' r · e !11e e. ''d 1 l 1c ' , Th · z b ·) ag · e, i en ( us, _Ci : 1, a reas onab le : � . .forrn of the nollll �,.,,;J E.nglish tra:i.1stati-011 of .the Aniliar1c vers1? �- n1�ght be: Con�Ta·cts ma�e in a legally reqitirecl (or clecreecl) f orm shall be mod1f1ed 1n. the sa111e form. In tibe, rest f O ' · OUr· 8 . disc11ssio _ , n we sh.all ltse the French pll!f.ase forn1e [Jres,crite. Let t1s nov-.r turn . ·t o the qt1estion of -the ·applicability of �rticle 1722 to the four . : Lypeis of situations orutlined _ above and t1111s to th1e s1tu�t1on that conf.r.onted the . Colt rt i t1 Ba}1ess£r J a11z1110. In whicl1 of the fo·ur t)1pe-cases 1s there a forme prescr ite? · · Clearly tl1ere is a forme prescrite jn the first type-case, tl1at of the insurauc� ,-contract, sinc e the la.w iinperatively requires th e written form. Equally_ clearly in t.!1e -,second- case, tl1at of .t he oral contract to sell a horse, there is no prescribed · for1n. I11 no sense can one say tl1at the oral for1n is req11ired. - f the written , contract to· sell a horse, should be no The rhird type-oase, •that o n1orc di.ffic11lt fha·n the second, but it se ems to give .rise to confusion. The law in no sense rec1uires tl1e use of a wrjtten form for the conclusion of such a contract. There js no legal provision saying that sales of l1orses, movables, must b e writing. Neither . ties did not stipulate to tl1is case, since the par ,do Articles 1719(3) and 1726 apply · or agree that their contract m11st be in a special form. They simply put it in writing. In interpreting Artic, le 1722, it would make as much sense to say .that a contract made orally n1ay only be modified orally as to say that a contract made in writin, g may only be modifed in \Vriting. -In tl1e absence of a preliminary agreement con cer o, i11g ·tl1e fo.r1n of tl1e agreeme·n-t, one cannot say that 1t he la\V requires, i11 any se11se, tJ1e u:<:e, od: a prurtiicttla!f :f-0r1n- foir tihe conclusion of such ·a conit.ract:'Thus, A . rticl e 1722 does not require the use of a pa,rticular form for the modification of such a contract. . . , This third typ , e-case seems to repr esent the type of the situation the Court�� dealing ,vith in Bc1yessta Jar,1.1110. The apparent issue i n the case was whether it 1s ·possible to •have a vaJid oral n1odification of a \vritten contract of work and labour relating to immovables. No partic11lar form is required by the law for -the conclusion of such a contract.9 Tl1e Court does not state that the contract \vas ptit in writing beca11se of a preliminary agreement -to do_ so. It was merely put in writing.· There· . fore, unless there are crucial omissions in the Court's stat ement of facts, t here s'ee111s to be no basis for saying that the law required the modification of the con· ·tract to be in writing. The Court stated, •however, :that ''if the principal contra ct -is in writing, it must be modified in writing'' and decided that evidence of oral modification was not admissible. can re the Let us vvhicl1 no w g, 0 , o n to . the fo· □ rth in tyipe-case, the only �itua.tio,n . be any d, oubt as to the meaning o f, A . rticle 1722; and. even ,tl1is case cloes not seelll -ve ry doubtful to tl1is \Vriter.

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7 See Rev. Con., Art. 64 (Arnharic version). · · ,8 !h Amh��ic version of ifhe C cle shot1lcl or di.11arily be tl1 e co11 trolling one sinc e t\�ha�� ; � . ! tl1e 1s off1ci_al language ?f Et111 opia (Rev. Con:, Art. 125) and is the version used � the c urts. �1�e. French ve�s100 m�y be of use in so:11 ca.s ag � lan g _ u the is it sinc es, 1e � e both � hsb c� , ant pio1e_t. The Eng th ,,'I t version is clea.rly ,¥ithollit at1thoritv ,vhen in c onflic -the· A�1ar1c and Frenc.h versions., . · "9 See C1v. C., Arts 17l9(1) and 3020(1). , .. .·

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CONCLUSION AND NlODIFICATION OF CONTRACTS

A and B, �egotiating the esta ?li �h1:1ent of a business, agree that their contract . ll not d e sign, a in mbodied e d IS 1t t1l n t1. conolt1d ly written document. val1 w1J : � � � _ In th. e a �..,en �� 0� sucl1 _a pre11.Il11nary agree1n�nt, tl1e law does not require any special form f �r th �s �ind ,of a contract, but �rt1cles 1719(3) and 1726 state explicjtly . 1 relI m1n ry a reement f tl1e part1es sl1all be enfo ced by treating any later that th..., � � � : r , ?ral co11.ract as 11:val1d. Thus, 1n . �ne sense _ the law requires no special form, but 10 �nother sense 1 t doe.s by requ1r1ng the form agreed .to by tl1e parties. Sl1ould _ APt1cle 1722 \1/ho11 1t ref �rs ' !•O ''for!11� presc·rite'' be io:t1erpreted t, o, inoltide a fom1 agreed _ t1pon by tl1e pa,rt1es In preliminary nego,ti,ations and eniforced by tl1e la,v, or to 1nclude only those cases \<vl1ere tl1e /cri,,.; itself prescribes a particular rorm? 1

Ciearl)', tl1e langt1age of Artjcle 1722 does not contain the answer to this qt1esti.on, ai1cl if the Cotirt in Ba)1ess,cl Jc11111110 was dealino- with this kind of a �ituation i � has taken an arguably correct position. This writ:r prefers the narrower Jnterpretat1on, l1owever. A narro,v interpretation of Article 1722, to include only the first type-case above, seen1s P:eferable for the following reason. In the first type-case, that of the .contract of insurance, tl1e same policies that Jead the legislature to insist that the original contract b e in 1vvr.iting (fear of unclue influence, desire for great certainty concerning the parties' respecti.ve obligations) require that any modificatio1J.5 to th,e original contract comply with the san1e form. In the fourtl1 type-case, on the other l1and, the law l1as no policy reason of its own for forcing the parties to conclttde the- original contract or any modifications to it in a particular for1n; ·the function off A1rticles 1719(3) and 1726 j.s simply to en.farce th,e will of the parties. Thus, rt.he imposition in •tihis kind of c·as· e. of a special fiorm for 111odifications is only justified if one can reasonably infer that ,the ,parties themselves intended by their preliminary agreement to restrict tl1eir own freedom not only wit'h respect to the form for their original contract bttt also with respect to tl1e form for any modification. In order to decide what· inferences regarding tl1e parties' intention one can reasonably dra,v from a. preliminary agreement that a contract mtl'st be concluded i.n a particular form, we must envision the sitt1ation in which tl1e parties make such a preliminary a.greement. It will ordinarily be a situatio11 wl1ere tl1ere are complicated negotiations or planning discussions involving the exchange of documents tl1at might be taken to i11dicate the existence of a contractual relationship. The parties want to· be sure that their corres,pondence and these preliminary negotiations will not be misinterpreted as evidence of an already existing contract; they gu. arantee this by a preliminary agreement that no contract will be concluded except in writing. 1

Should suc.11 a preli1ninary agreen1ent be 11-eld ,t o preclude o,ral o•di£.ications of the contract? It 1s l1ard to see wl1y it ordinarily sl1ould. The parties may, of course, always provide :in their con, t,ract that m? dif�oations ?1 t1st be mad , e in a particular form, or a court might legitim� tely decide 1n � particular case tha! s� ch an intention is to be inferred from particular surrot1nd1ng facts. Ho\vever, 10 the absence of pect1liar circtm1stauces � 11s_tifying sucl1 an interpretation, ordina�ily there is no reason to think tl1at a rprel1m1nary ag,reement on �he f_ orm for conclusion of tJ1e principal contrac:t would be j� te?ded al:o to regurre the sa e f? nn :for � _ modifications. Tl1e ft1nct1on o· f the prel1m1nary ag1eement 1s to rnak-e pvrfecLly clear the time .at wh, ich the princi,pal cont,ract � as .concl� ded ,and the c� nten,ts 0 tl1e . principal contract. The parties wish to avoid confusion that 1s particularly likely 1m

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VoL. IV - No.. I

0 r,..�lilT frOfl1 C•IOtracted precon1.r2ctt1al nego1 ia1ior1s. · Once the .negotiations. are -:nrsh�d and tl1� principal contract conc]l1ded, the ft111ction of the pre'Iimin!.l � .-� 1 .,... ' 1 """l ri -a.r.y · ePd l.. =.. 1' � i 1 · ov u; " e..-t, 1"-. n e a u:t a1.1 1cJ 111 IL! 1s t 1tn en �11.1re 1

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NzttE:allj') 1est1mo11y concernir1g ora� 1nodifi�ations of ,�1ritte11 cont racts m b0 ,.,;ev;ed ivitl1_ clrc.u1nspec1jon,, b11_t t?ere 1s no '\1aI1d reason to exc1ude the evideii�� cZJmR !�:eJ y an_<l _10 _sa� ·tl1.�t- eve.u 1f t.her� w� � a cle �ly-proved oral agreemen t or . 1721. 1t rs 1t1etfecL1ve becat1se of At t1cJe . 111oci1r1::at1on

Conrlusion ,It js i111por_t an! to no�e that lhese Code �rticles a1·e com1Jlex. It is also irnporlant _ 10 repeat t11at 1! 1s po�s1ble that BaJ1ess·a Ja11i1110 11. Assefa Walde •Giorig:,· deaJl \Vit? a sitt1at1011 like the !our th typ �-cas� ratl :er ;ha --? tl1e third, �n i,1I1icl1 case ihe . decis1011 w.011ld be arguably correct 1n t111s \Vr1-te.r s v1ew. It •remams true, however tl1at .the judgznen � of t �e Court i?di:a tes t �at tlus �s . a case sin1ilar to tl1e tllird _ typ::x-case above, 1n wh1ch ca·.se, 1n tl11s wnite-r.'s op1n1011, the Co11:rt's decision is ci �2r�y incorrect.

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th�: fi"'IH:JlT: 001.00 tf: Ooowc;:f!m• ¾ fluaJ•·}o.-1:1: ODODfl".J"}: f,"l. 'l :t!'PA:: '¼l\"'lfo: CDf..&.:,..: illlh.:,-�kf: f<D1lfl� : OD�Q;J.: ,)1'? : f«rJ.f-. l.11D4 : 'l''.:'f•: 00 h+A: °1f1,:J--: f "'l.lf1n:1"1: 'P'i'CD•"}: h :,,fl)Q;J.: OI/ t")f:,-: -0:1= : �(O• :: r:,C : ttit,,.t-ff:,, : 061.1-'t,"li : f1,l1 t") fl : l\fs: f0'l'PAA: (·1:J,t, +l•flr f " ° : t\'J° :;: i,J;.fro�'J° 'I':,'? : l\f, : t\°1'PIA: fOTJ..,:fA: ',a>- :: •f:l lA) : 'h.�Y. rt).11 lD" 17it"}: hI\_e: f1 ,,.r(fl 'I'11(l.. :,..: ffl 1.,:. ° ):}:rt\ : f,)1°1: : ?;,l1-C:",f.: 00 1 ., fflJAJ1'i hl•�.U•9 : fll.'P.llCl\if: 1) : n_t\OD(ll4'9° ¾ ric :t"'l : t\ ( {IDcP/..?''l!: {l(\lf)..: tt,Y..·: 1'1f:: fCD1lt\�: 00:1,Em},: ,)1'?: 'PJ.''l:911": !'PA r �· A h = �:l c 4• Y.t.o,ro• au?i',l1 4-:1:_m•'t : o,,.r,1;,�:: taf,'i'1�- i 1.c;.,. . ill\ = +ht\ht\-T = UD11 Y..-- 'Pt; = '¼l\°1 1,1.<;..u f,l\t\-- ;: ,t•tr'/t?Jif.,: fl'P 1 :J><J:: ht -ti¥ro · = i,.;�,1 -- m•: 1,1,�..fitO·: l\OT/01..:J--;J•:,. i fm1lt\'1: au:,,�: ih'1l: f°tOIJl..(Dc1: i'0'1t If,"h.'?: (lro•'}: 'P'i': cpc;: fi',lli.. '1(l•f1: lfYo?Ji": t\01/llQ;tfi'f'., "'1t\:'f•: fJ',1Y..·1: 1,..,v y,: <t:/o: '1".lC: h1t\qm-: ODCtfl i ,)11'1: h�&.: '11� • : l\f, t\111/'Pt\.: }._1,':.."fA = l\.OI/Y:1..°1 i i'°'/t, m•: m"}t-it.: lPt. --f"� : },"},t;,.lf 7'i': t.(l•°} : "ff\o: J,"J,<;..1P� : t\°'/f11..;r;t•,}: ',(l)• :: n,"}f: : (lro« : 'r�..: i,.llTOIJ t, ootf)·: f°'l..:J.. m,11m• : fsU1: foo(lf\ : '¼I\Ol/: o. 'f l.lD" : ',a>•:: '11C: °11: i'ltl.U1: '¼l\°'l?J1•: h°l-0: t\OIJ.�·t.il: irf'tr'/tw-:· O,i•t\f,9° = l'1'Jt m• = ,r'1'Jt i ft1..,l•r·A·f = rm1lt\� = oo�66L = ;,1°1 ODlPl :J--'l!: "1 qp ':.f-.: 1t"}f,.·: l\f, : fl �-�9°: ,,..h,l·A: fai 1,:0:,-: ODOD l,J.': au'It' : lDf,? OD7'',h� nro«6Ih -LD4il'r "lit1 1 lD• t l rf f11) : : : : l : "1�: n,,('ilt.lA'?'J° . h1C: f;,1'? : F'l: g" d�G:.1": f,,.t,m(l,,c;.: 'l':,,p:.f,;: f�Cf:: 0."1·: w•lt�?J",f: n.1;:n:,.r: :,,fl.. f· 0D7'",l14 ·: .('fArf·o:J,.il: ',m• ! Of·LU: U..�;J--: 1,C°1'P: fro"} 1,.t\� : oo:,,filiJ,: ,11°11 : ODlPl;J...'l!: d1ltf l:.f: J',111c;,� : t\arl,,<'m•:,,: om• : m:l>°t: ?°C?°C : 't,1J.tff.. C'? : f,t...V m·: f,lf'i'_A:: '11C : '?1: i'l..:t·�A·f 'l!W•: +°'It : 01•1: t.(l• t OD7'",l14«: rti ·f--aJc "}: t\01°:l..l\:,--r;: t\lOIJt : •t-'fl/t,: °IC : f0CJ..ft,r1: '11c:-:;,.: i1fo :,.. : IL.,<'{lm'1l.V.:fm·: f,",fl\A::

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(li) 'liBroi,!: (lCDllJ(Dc: ,)11: OD"}'11F;I..: W•il'I': fi't..:,·r·A·.r: rm1i t\�: �:,,�;;,;'11 : i,_"}Y;: }'t°}f..': <WlP/..:J"''f!: dtl}(l':-f,: f,i<;(\--:: {lf\"}fi;'f,: ff0D7: W1l/\�: dl °l: (l)<f,il.: f;,11: OD"}'11P'"1·: i',1'117'1": fll:f-tD•"}: h�: ft\: °19°:'f-: tll/ill.V,:,•: tt,,r?i'J°:: flfl"a>.i17i,t:1: on,r,11<;;: tD•il.'I': °11: ilt\'IH. U: dttifl-:;-.9',: (f', : ll,l11: OD1'11Frf:9°: tD•ll'P: ooc;>t.:f-m-: ?°1: fUA: 'P;J : i,�t\CD• : i,."}.�1"9°: '11C : '1Ai--?t&..'J°:: (g) fm1l/\� : ou:,,6li}.: ,l1'? : ,,,...'l'C : g: ll/\: '',n'?',rf:: ODlPl.T'' 1''i1t.lA :: f,IJ I flfl"}i:�"};1,/!\ : ,"h"l : (ft...L."}"f f,: ;,1°1: TilDflJO:,--: 4'1: 1:?°r:): .m«il'I': 'fl"}f..: ;J•fl:t>: {IIJfP/..;J-- 'l!: fro1)!t\�: oo:,,Q;J.: ih'1l: ,11'1-fl= roi�mc : ',CD• :: 1t�W417i·t:1 : °11 : llt\lLlJ : ,111).-fl : '11Y:?°: fft�T : '11C : f119°:: (r): fllbl\: flh · IA = f.. 1'1°: f, U: 1t"}4>g": � ! h�°l: '1'1'10.: llt\lf',(Dc: ill\: tD"}l/\� : OD:t 6li/,: ,71 °1: itTl"l..�1p9°: l'lfo: 1,c;1trt\.:: lfc;>?° ¾ tt.�m0

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-- A : IJ A h I ,11°I: h"?. + llJfm. : : ,, , ;J ,f (IJ· (I t. to' .. ,p : : 11;1 : 1· (t 'I':,, 61!' 65J. : C h f• , A lt(l11 : :,, "1:,. : t 1�,,e.� R9'> : t\ , (l i' • : OI/.. I\ n r 1) lt .r,ou : c ;1 : . . : y ?n,, t, f:&. 1 ° o : : tD4ilT ilt\t lU9 : 1�P ,e, · O"JA �·: f,ht\hl\A :: Ot\�.ro•17iirf:1 : ni· ,h� 1 , .° o9 J•m :: A : t, '} : 19. J\ 61i], t\ : "] OD C 0U {l t1D : :,f '11�..

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(I) f h..Tf-kf = fro"})!f\� oo:,,tifiJ. : "1."I i fro"})!A : i',/..1.K'l° : J-til t}(t : (Jt),;J-- ?J'f"} : (14,. : flt\: tJtj:/A : l\ff,,f.. ·f :,,11),r"} : f"tfh,O�..: lDf,9° : fO'/..f_fJ,Ai\• ·1 m:,,1\1\ = lD�'J° = IA� _, f"IA : mf.,'J° : f"IA: fIAIJ''I· : O"tA: (lfll'/.: }l4,.tj:!l-T'PA:: nh'J../..ftc ,p"},:J>,cf:: f<PJ.fqm«Cj: nP,,;J1•: h'lf..lJ'a; i\(IP1"}H-0 : l'A�'l°r-1 1 h ,,,-..'PC: �ii : hilh : if!! : �'lil : fftc :,•"} : (hr·L !9° : f+m,,,(l«,1•"} : .,,.,_'Pl.!1-:f) : ITl/10-0 : f,O.:J>A:: J-tu•'l'J° : tt ro•17i.1:1 t +"'ltm- = fl\ = n1P,'f = "h.CPi:l' = nt--fl• = 'PLT = n«rv- e0-1ro = f+m"1 (lm• = h'l�T = "h.'lf..°7..lPt� = t\.f..c1.1n;,.. = Y,l-1\A = noii... 1'.iu�.:,,. tt,.r-0 lr?a : A/..(De;J--A ::

= =

-0� = tl,f\..0 1· 'J°/tfl,?J:f-1 = ool.lm'1· = f,:f-A a;nc a;1c "11 .e,u1 = h61!'C: fi'th«tj: : htLU : l\f., : ODf..9°f..9° : 1'.'i : �� : a;1?a'J : 01/m:J>/\A : 1,?fA: f..DD/.lfl·� A fr·LU Yt" th.lj: 'P'i '¼l\°1 = f,,.,..,1/\ilm·1 a;1c'i 1•1: ilrf'f1 : /\"'/(DcflJ:t- : nf.,f../\9° i 9°111 fi:9° : l\ ro•17i.1:1 : l, 1�U1• : ilf\Ji"}f: : fA+a; l] : a;1c : frf"1./.. : ODK'd1� : f.,U"}"} : foolt(lt'\• : 1-.e:l\ ,r--l-: ill\"'1f..:J...m,fiT: a;ro•:: fK'tft.l•: '¼l\01/: (9'119°: 1'.11;1.: nu--1: OP't--: /\f.. = (I}«fto = foi11(l)c1 f h..:t-r -k.r1 fro1i l\� = ou:,,tifiJ. = ih"I n tJl)cftc llOD"I (\ ?t : n 4! : '1f., ,r '1·9°) : . hIA� : A� : /.1tj:t-- : f ,,.,.. _(D«flJm• : ?.th- ,;::f : Oou� th� : QD/Ah : ..,..mt,.:,,oo(Dc : 1'.1P1c"1Cfr' : Of..il;J- : I\OIJ-O(lC : a;a,. 1: ih?-: flP't,. : l\f., : h'Pt\ : fi"l'J°:,• : il'J°"}:,.. : qou;:1,:,.. : nA C::;r A t ililtLIJ : fih"I li'P"l!?''f = ih1-1 = 01/-0t--t--;,•c; = 1'1�:i- "h.1f..0'/.1Pt-- (n*tJDc1) = OD"li\?t = DD)!DDC = ft\t1:i:m• = f..ooili\'iA .etJ'l° "'11\:,.. ,'h"I = nc&lJJ,.m•= fTh,,..i\(l)c"} = 001.100c i nm�l\l\m• = n+t--ln·1'i n'JP,"} f.:f.19° A� h�t\ 'f : "'1'P'i,1• : nt\tlT(l}c : "'11\:,.. : a;m•

f ih"I : Ji'P4!9'-:f t t\"1lfr'I\T1D4 : h�irf-� : "19'':,.. : il"tflflJ:faJc : r+ t&llJm· : ?t',h-C:'f : /\0 (D-'"}7i.rf:"}"} : "1/0D/.11"} : f.,1'1:f'PA:: htLIJ'l° : 4''Pfto 1 f{\olD-"}7i.1;"}"} : {/IJft..th� : 'J°Ch«1f : fi"'11:l"I : (lou?fqA : f,,.f"lf,;Jj! : "'t1t-lj: = f9",;1, n:,. 1:.1-i . = .e,ool1J A -0 il1 = ,,.,..il1- = 1''i_e..c,:1 I\ 1 :�

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BOOK. REVIEW Steven Lowensteia1, Materials fol' tl1e Study of tl1e Penal Law. of E . thiopia, Addis Ababa, 1965, 425 pp., $10. Stu,de11ts of Ethiopian law oan no,v st-ar• t toi chee:-..Af.te.r tl1e i-ntens•e codi{icatio of Ethiopian law, ,v �ich �as initi.at�d in_ 1954 �nd_ is s�ill goin�. on? 1 � u?lication 0� new juridical materials_ 1s d�velop1ng 1n Eth1op1a.. S�1ne br1e_f Jur1d1cal studies 11ave ,already b�n published 1n •the Jo11rnal of Et/11opzan St1td1es of the Institute of Ethiopian Studies (the ilnstitute is part of the Haile Sellassie I_ University). No,v we have the bi-annu.al publicaition of a Joz1r11al of Etl1iopian Law, in which not only juridical studies, but also i11teres,ting j11dgments of Ethiopian courts are published. Above all, the fact that the judgm_ents of tl1e co11rts l1ad never before been published was a gap sorely felt by jurists. Since la\v lives in the way it is daily practiced in courts, it is ,to be hoped that tl1e pt1blication of jt1dgments ,viii be not only continued, but further expa11ded. The progra1n so far mentioned is due to the activities of the Faculty of La.\.V of the Haile Sellassie I University, vvhicl1 is to be ipraised from all points of vie Vi'. A1tho, ugl1 the regularity and ·accelerated 1rhytl1111 of tl1ese ·publications is a source of satisfaction to all tl1ose who are interested in Ethiopian law, there is particular cause for satisfaction on the part of tl1ose \Vho are primarily interested in penal law. In the summer of 1965 the Faculty of La\V p11blished, one a.fter anotl1er, two works on the pen_ al law of Ethiopia. One is the work of a former professor at the same faculty, Steven Lowenstein (whicl1 is the book under revie,v). The other is by the foriner leg.al a,dvis, or 0£ tl1e Ministry of J t1stice in A • d·dis i\baba Philippe Graven. The latter's book, A,i I1itrocl11ction to Etl1iopian Penal Lmv, is .a deta-iled commentary o•n the first 84 articles ·of the tPenal Code of Ethiopia. Since others have undertaken •the task o,f reviewing Grav-en's c· omm·entary, the scope of this review is limited to the work of Lowenstein. The general character of Lovvenstein's work is well sun1marized by the word "materials," which he modestly inserted in its title. The work in fact consists of n1aterials which the author thought useful to compile for the purposes of teaching the main elements of penal law to the students of the University (as he poi�ts out in the introduction). Tl1ese materials are of a quite diversified nature: Etltlo ptan and foreign judgments (the recourse to foreign judgn1ents is justified by the una.vai]ability of Ethiopian jt1dgm.ents); selected passages fron1 the Penal Code of Ethiopia, both from the official English version and the French versions (ava nt proj�t) _ from which the English was translated; and in addition passages from �he _ preliminary drafit compiled by Professor Jean Graven of Geneva. It also contains texts of foreign legislation by which ,the Ethiopian legislator may l1ave been

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1 Since the Revise� Constitu�ion of 1955, the foll prom tilgated: :: bee ow ing 11 cod hav es e Penal Co� e (whrch �ame unto force fin 1958), as of 1960), of the \ f orc Civ e (in il C.o de Commercial. �ode (rn lforce as ,of 1960), tl1e as e orc (in � Co Cr de im ina Pr l ocedure be 1961), tbe Civil Procedure Code (in force as to yet 15 of 1965)· The Code of Evidence promulgated. · ,

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BOOK REVIEW

ts (aln1ost entirely of in. inspired; doctr.inal excerp , "n.rrlo .., -Saxon or1g1 . · n ; practical · ) . . cr im es, series of questions which sttldents are invited to examples of answer, etc. The mass of material is undoubtedly abundant. In fact, O ne 1• s J• USit·f· I ied to . . as_k w hetl1er a11 o f 1t wa s ent1,re]y 11 :cessary, and 1particu]arly whether a student \Vill not _be at a loss. In order to provide an answer to this question, it is necessar ·Y to examine the volume very cl,osely. The extensive reports of the main j? dgments of Ethiopian courts relating to . und oub ted!y const1tute a precious contribution, for which we must be penal law grateful to Lowenstein. However, none of ,the judgments is followed by critical commentary. Su_ch _c ?mme:11tary wot1ld l1ave been very useful because, \Vith due �espe�t to _the JUd1c1�ry, 1� _ h as never been claimed that courts are necessarily 1nfa":1ble, or that the1� dec1s1ons sl1oul � be always and unconditionally approved. Cred.1t mus,! also be given to Low_enste1n for the collection of documents relating the successive ph·ase:s o� the c,reation of .the -Cod,e (extracbs rfirom the preli:min,ary draft, the avant-pro11et 1n French, the official English, version an<l excerpts from the minutes of the Codification Commission). The choice of the remainder of the materials, however, gives rise to perplexity. In a book iprin1arily mea.nt for beginners, was it at all necessary to resort to a large number of judgments from Australia, Canada, England, Ghana, India, Israel, Kenya, New Zealand, Nigeria, Sudan, Tanzania, U11ited States and Zambia? It seems that one is justified in having doubts on this question. In fact, the majority of the countries mentioned have legal systen1s based on concepts which are basically different from those on which tl1e Ethiopian codification, and in particular the Ethiopian Penal Code, was founded. The question whether such vast and elaborate materials are comparable is debatable. In any event, the comparisons are so difficult that the reviewer feels tl1at it would have been advisable to reserve them for specialists ra, ither than presenti11g them ex abritpto and wi�h, almost ,n-0 explana tion to Ethiopian beginners. . The abundant extracts of doctrine cited i n the text raise similar doubts. We must definitely approve the citation of the writings of the ''father'' of the Code, Professor Jean Graven (who, thot1gh to date he has not published any doctrinal study on Ethiopian penal law, has in various writings traced the historical back ground up to the coming of the Penal 1Code, which he drafted), and · of Logoz (author of a well-known ,commentary on, the Swiss Penal Code) ·in addition to the recourse to the ''Fiches juridiques suisses." But the recourse to large extracts of Anglo-Saxon doctrines of penal law (notwithstanding the use of such great names as Hart, Hall, and Harne) for defining basic concepts of the penal law of Ethiopia often leaves one puzzled. This is the more so wh� n o�e !ecalls that .th� purpose of the materials is to explain to beginners the basic pr1ncipl �s ?f Eth1op1an penal law, a law which certainly is not based on .Anglo-Saxon pr1ncJJples. At this.juncture it can be arg11ed that Eth��pian penal science is in its in�an� y, and that in the a;bsence of works devoted spec1f1cally to the penal law of Eth1op1a, recourse to elaborations of foreign doctrine was inevitable. This �rgument . is only partly correct, however. To start witl1, _to h�ve recourse to foreign doctrine cannot mean that a series of excerpts, even 1f written by famous authors, should, be wholly transported. After a careful choice of the doctrine which c�n be used it should be elaborated, so th at the fundamental concepts _to be provided to t�e 1s er th t Bu . rm ise f nc co d an ar � cle a in � Ethiopian students may be extracted al rin ct do e om es tir d an e at lic de is th ke rta more to it: Whoever decides to tinde - 231 -

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d cte ·the n el eig <; , for lly efu r . a ce penal law doct . hav d han � ore bef t s u 1 ' n n tio ora b la. :hich he proposes . to . utilize in orcler !o _ contribute. towards the f�r�ation ofr;�: t men req ry L11r of d.ec1�1ng _ upon na 1m1 prel the s ose imp � s Thi . one an iopi Eth _ : the the y1 g portr to 1� red ttal refer essen � ? _ lme s of the models which are to b� ID:ostly und�ubtedI physiognomy of the Eth.1�1� penal_ system .. Th� Eth1op1an �enal _ refe to 1s rre a wh1cl1 t th th to r s1m1la system � � Contmentalr, has adopted a _ � . � type. A quick ?lan.ce .at the Ethiopian Penal Code w�ll suffice for a European jurist to recogruse m 1t a IJ?r.op� gatto � of the vast family of codes that originate from the great French cod1f1cat1on of the early 19th century. However ,- such an observation will not in itself be enough. To_ ?e � ure, !he �r�nch Penal Code of 1_810 (even if it h•as �de:rgone pr·o,fo11nd mod1f1_cat10,ns) 1s still 1� .force; but for the penal codes of a maJor1ty of the western nations, that Code 1s no more than a distant ancestor� So m�ch so that it l1ardly resembles �ny of the continental pena l codes, and comparing it to any of then1 would be of little use. Which are the codes, then, that are the nearest to the Ethiopian Code? The models which the Ethiopian legislator ·has r• eferred to in -the oodification o.f Ethio pian penal law are innumerable; 2 but those from which- the legislator derived a major inspiration are well-known. In, an article written by P.rofessor Jean Graven (and cited by Lowenstein on page 63) it is stated that ''certainly the continental system, and its great French model in particular, has been retained with respect to general juridical method. . . . The most modern codes and projects ,vhich are generally considered the best - the Swiss, German, and Italian among others were precious sources providing numerous suggestions and solutions.'' This is a significant statement. Jurists know that the three above-mentioned codes (and o. thers closly related to them) constitute a well-defined family, despite differences in detail, and for m.any decades they have worked together in identifying and defining with scientific rigour, con:cep.ts and pt1oblems ,vhich are substantially identical. T1.1e scientific Iiter ,ature of the tl1ree coun-trjes mentioned abo:ve is so vast that it can be said to be almost endless: from Stoosc to Hafter in Switzerland, from von Liszt to Welzel in Germany. from Carr· ara to- Bettiol in Italy, the spectrum is quite vast; monographs, manuals and treatises are innumerable. And when one undertakes to write a book in which the fundamental lines of .the Ethiopian Penal Code are to be identified and exposed, one must resort primarily to this doctrinal stream. It is unnecessary to state that this observation is not intended to imply

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continental doctrines of penal law. Nor is it a matter of passing judgment on whether one is superior to the other or vice versa; such comparisons of scientific materials · are both useless and insignificant. It' is primarily only a matter of establishing which penal laws are closest to the Ethiopian one, . and later of making �se of the doctrines deriving from these laws, in order to explain and expose - with an appropriate elabor-atio n. - the outli,nes of the· penal law. of . Ethiopia. - I do not want the preceding observations to sound critical of the efforts of d she publi �owens_te�. which are to be esteemed for being tl1e first laborious study in a difficult and unexplored area. Th.e observations are meant only to be ia_n modest c ntribut�on _by way of pointing out an im,portant track, or rather t?e ma . � track, which Eth1op1an_ penal science wjJ,I in the ft1ture be unable. to av01d. 2 �e tll e nist of m� n !foreign 1penal law provisi· tbe �f 1 1 dra ftin o ns g t he co1 in 1su lted El p ian. p e na l Cb ode ln ithe appendix (to :P. Graven, An /11t rod " ,ct io11 to Ethiopian_ Pena 1 (A dd 1s A b a a, 1965), pp. 271-274.

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My. observations are not at all ''theoretical , '' in fa' ct t· he y · ar e ve ry pr ac 1ca t·1 . . · av h m se as 1s g t h 1 e ·ct th e above-1nent1oned continental doctrines (th Th�s. G Italian and largely . also the S�iss o�e) l1as ]eel Lowenstein to omit tr:aU: ::�f fu nd am so m en e ta l n questions oE �ena_ l l w. TJ1e author says that the m e ve purpo se of the method followed by 1111n 1s �to encourage students to thin ain fo k themselve � carefully and creatively'' - ''to help to train tl1e penal law student inr the essential thought pa�te�s of tl1e 1awyer: the ability to isolate material facts, to .apply abstract leg al pr1nc1ples to tl1ese facts, to be relevant and to work hard and ind�end ently." Such are observations which distjnguish a really good educator. B_ ut,_ 1n. o�der for the : s �udent, especi.ally a beginner, to f11lfill -the se auspicated acti v1t1es, .is 1t not pr1mar1�y �ecess.ary to provide l1im with a book (a ''textbook'' as the A n· glo-Saxons. caIl _ 1t) _ 1� wh11 cl1 he •J?ay fi·n-d the fun.damental principles of the penal I.aw of Eth1op1a un1.f1ed and set 1n an orderly m-anner in one l1omogeneous treatment? Lowe nstein's book, rich in (foreign) doctrinal cit ations and judgments, presents itself as a fragmentary w ork which may definitely give rise to useful thoughts to S<?meone '":'ho has solid notions of penal law. Bu t how will the Ethiopian stude. nt, on his own, fill the gaps and solve the doubts that are bound to spring to a beginner's mind? The following are examples of so1ne of tl1e ga.ps in the book under review :

which

may be pointed out

(1) Some fundamental principles of Etl1iopian penal law are contained in tl1e Ethiopian Constitution of 1955. !It woltld · be sup, erfluous -to note how imporrtant consitutional penal dispositions are in n1odem states. In the volume under review no trace will be found of these principles - nor is there a hint of the impor tance of their ''constitutionality." (2) Article 2 of the Ethiopian Penal Code concerns tl1e fundamental ''principle of legality'', which in the continental system is considered (�rom the time of the French coclification) a c· ardinal point of the ;penal law. Not one comment on this principle is provided by Lo\venstein. (3) The ·sa1ne A.!rticlie 2 •is concerned \Vith ·the inter,pretati<Jn ·of pen·al law, a vital problem for every penalist. Yet, description of the procedure of interpre�ation is Jimited to a very few excer,pts from continental and· � ommon I�� treatise s. It should be added that the Ethiopian Penal Code con tains a prov1s1on expressly prohibiting reasoning· by analogy_ in p� nal Ia:w;. ye!, not one line of comment is given on such a prohibition and its delicate l1m1tat1ons. (4) Articles 5-10 of the Penal Code are d� dicated to the � ell: known principle of non-retroactivity of penal law and to exceptions . to such � pr1�c1ple. The student would search in vain for a statement and explanation of this pr1nc1ple. (5) tAirticle 2502) speaks o.f ''non-instantaneou� offence," �ticle . 33 of 'proper'' (or special) offences, and Articl� 34 of ''collec t1v.e offen� es but 1� the vo!�e under review there is no explanation of these terms. There 1s no tentative class1f1ca tion of offenc.es not even in a summary form. Should_ we then hope that the student will deduce th; classification and distributions on his own? (6\ There is only a brief 1nention in the volume of the differe nce _ b� tw�en main ·,p �rticipation (offender and co-offender). and sec? ndary partic1pat1on (inE:tigator and accomplice) in an offence, dealt with by Article 32 et seq. 233 -

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(7) In n1a11y of the provisions of. t�1e Penal C?de (Art�cl_es 41(2), 60(1), 6 71 aild . 74) tlle legislator speaks expl1c1tly of the 1nt�rests JllJUred ?Y the. offe0(2)· c n It 'is �ot ne ce�sary. to .indicat� tl1e_ importf�nce � f tl11s concept, which is _expres:i� developed n1a 1nJy 1 n the·.cont1nent�l doctrines. fn_ lhe vol_uIIle under review there 1pt, . wh1cl1 wouldconce this . of explanation �ave bee� useful single a not is to tl1e of be�ause so uncertainly mor �he and imprecision clarify to the beginners;_ � of the articles in the off1c1al English version. .

· (8) The Ethiopian Penal C?de (�rticles 66-78) c_ontai�� a . paragr�h entitled "Jus tifiable Acts and Excuses.' J ur1sts well_ k.11ow that this 1s a delicate field· they are the causes which �xclude the punis�_a·bi�it.y of �n accuse�_. Now who wiii explain to the student which ones are the JU�t1f1able, and which tl1e ,-;excusable" ones? Who will explain, or attempt to explain, why the at1thor of the Ethiopian Code has used botl1 terms in tl1e title of the paragrapl1? (9) The seco11d paragraph _of Article 40 speaks of the non:transmissibility to others of 1personal (or subjective) circu1nstan.ces (or causes) which have t}1e effect of exclttdi.ng punisl1ment. Tl1is st1ggests that the slt1dent shot1ld be given an idea of the distinction between subjective and. objective causes of exclusion of the punishability and tl1e in1pli cations of st1cl1 disti11c tion. It is a difficult topic, but it is inevitable. Yet except for a one-page note at the beginning of the volume, no mention is 1nade of this distinction. . (10) Tl1e Etl1iopian Penal Code has adapted a broad system of distinctions as to the c ir cumstances of offences: gen-eric o,r specific, aggr-ay.ating or extenu ating, general or special, subjective or obje ctive. It is enough to read the long Articles 79-84 (and those to wl1ich tl1ese articles refer) to realize that it is a delicate and com1plex system. Lowenstein does n,ot dedicate a single comn1ent - on the ground that tl1ere is a belief •tl1at tl1e st11dent can trt1ly, 0 11 his own, und,ers-tand and delineate the �1ay this system -v.1orks.

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Tl1e examples could. be 1nt1ltip· lied. Bt1t it is li111e to end this brief note and to pt1ll together tl1e threads of the speech. In fact, the purpose of thi� note is not to point out and enumerate gaps and defects, which in reality are inevitable in a \.Vork which, like that of Lowenstei11, represent a laudable ''pioneer'' endeavour. The purpose, rather, is to record witl1 · satisfaction the collection of materials, although it is to be pointed out that the work is not )'et s11fficient to delineate a panoran1a of Ethiopian penal law presently in force. Nearly eight years have elapsed since the Penal Code first came into force, and it is time that ·the jurists. began to elaborate and set forth tl1e fundaimental lines of the system. This means tha. t they mt1st stt1dy the system adaptecl by the Ethiopian legislator in its broadest zones and in some of its particular clispositions. In conclusion, jurists ougl1t to be grateful to Professor Lowenstein for the :• �ateria]s'', n1any of whicl1 are precious, whjc}1 l1e I1as put at their disposal: But · it is to be l1oped that, after tl1e materials, the 1noment \.Vill come when it will be poss.ible to see a]so some portions of the ''edifice." · ' .'

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