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Sixth Annual Report from the Dean Quintin Johnstone CASE REPORTS ARTICLES Agricultural Communities and the Civil C � Bilillign Mandefro

16293

Income Tax Exemption as an Incentive to Investment in Ethiopia Timothy P. Bodman

FACULTY OF LAW - HAILE SELLASSIE I UNIVERSITY * THE FETHA NAGAST

Law of the Kings Translated into English from the original Ge'ez by Aba Paulos Tsadua and edited by P. Strauss, Faculty of La'tv.

* MATERIALS ON ETHIOPIAN CRIMINAL PROCEDURE Stanley Z. Fisher, Faculty of Law.

ETHIOPIAN CIVIL PROCEDURE

Robert A. Sedler, Faculty of Law.

* ETHIOPIAN CONSTITUTIONAL DEVELOPMENT Vol. I Ja,nes C. N. Paul, Christopher Clapham, Facul ty of Law.

* ETH,OPIAN LEGAL FORMBOOK Ken11eth R. Redden, Faculty of La'tv.

AN INTRODUCTION TO ETHIOPIAN PENAL LAW

Pf1ilippe Graven, Ministry of Justice, Imperial Ethiopian Government.

* MATERIALS ON THE PENAL LAW OF ETHIOPIA Steve11 Lott,enstein, Faculty of Law.

THE LAW--MAKING PROCESS IN ETHIOPIA

Kennet/1 R. Redden, Faculty of Law.

THE LAND TENURE SERIES - Joint Publications of the Faculty of Law

and Tl1e Institute of Ethiopian Studies:

* LAND CHARTERS OF NORTHERN ETHIOPIA

G. W.B. Huntingford, D. Lit. School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London.

* LAND TENURE IN CHORE (SHOA)

H. S. Mann, Rural /11stitutions Officer, F.A.0. United Nations. •

* STATE AND LAND IN ETHIOPIAN HISTORY

Ricl1ard Pankhurst. Directo.r, lnstitut� of Ethiopian Studies.

•

* THE JOURNAL OF ETHIOPIAN

LAW

Published tri-annually, as of I 969, by the Faculty of Law in cooperation ir- ith the- Ministry of Justice, Imperial Ethiopian Government.

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Sixtl1 A1111ual Report from the Dean Quintin Johnstone

CASE REPORTS ARTICLES Agricultt1ral Communities a11d the Civil Code Bilillig11 Ma11defro Inco1ne T:1x Exemptio11 as a11 Iuc.e11tive to I11vestn1e11t in Ethiopia Timotl1y P. Bodn1a11

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1t ..y.. : &.l\ <f> : i',C;, w• : "'lll...,..c = ll:J--"}IL = ,-L� = &,;rc 1 ?-h "i' C = &,,,f°t;J-- : TC.- :r: \"bf,,,T1..f'J: 1t.,.. : 4,."};J--fo : ;J-9°la : 1',.,Y. : c,:ll,-11 : 11llf-ll:J-Tf-ll : °til,,.l'C : C:-llc:,.. : -'t : ilfl+ : OIJ.il,,l'C: P..'iAf: : h. : ;rt.--'tll : °tll"i'C : �ft.f'J : 0.. : ;e:c1'JllUl/fC : -"'lil,,1 C: � : TC!';J-- : �ll+C=�9°ll=�=�'J=rA: o-z.ll•l-C: h-'J,,f:"}: ;('J{lirf'"} 1

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PATRONS OF TI-IE JOURNAL OF ETI-IIOPIAN LAW

The Journal of .Ethiopian Law was inaugurated by 1-Iis Imperial Majesty Haile Sellassie I in the summer of 1964 as a11 i1nportant step in the development of Etl1 iopia's legal system. Subsequently, the Board of Editors of tl1e Jour11 al has invited those who are interested in the contiuuatio11 a 11 d expansion of the Law Journal's activites to express their support by beco1ning Patro11 s of tl1e Journal of Ethiopian Law. •

H.E. H.B. Hon. I-Ion. I10 - 1 1. Ho11. Hon. I-Ion. I-Ion.

Afenegus Teshome Haile Mariam Afenegus Kitaw Yitateku Blatta Matias Hiletework Ato Hagos Tewolde Med11in Blatta Haile Wolde Kidan Ato Tibebu Beyene Ato Kebede Kelel Ato Negussie Fitawake Kassa Beyene ;

Ato Abate Abare Wo1 1de1nagegnehu Ato Abdul Aziz Moha1n11 1ed Ato Abebe Gire Ato Abraban1 Tesfatsion Balambaras Adane Deressa Ato Adarra Fra 1 1cois Ato Admasse Gessesse Dr. Mat1rice J. Aelion Lt. Col. Aluned Aininu Ato Aklil11 Atlabatchew Ato Aklilu Bete Mariam Ato Alene Aligaz Ato Amare Degefe Ato An1ede Le111ma Dr. Aradom Tedla Ato Arege Arsido Mrs. Marica Arva11itopoulo Fitawrari Asegal1egn Araya Ato Asfeha Kahsai

H.E. Teshafi Taezaz Aklilu Habte Wolde H.B. Ato Abebe Reta H.B. Ato Man1mo Tadesse H.E. Ato Seyoun1 Haregot H.E. Dr. Haile Giorgis Workineh H.E. Bitwoded Asfeha Woldemichael H.E. Ato Keteme Abebe H.E. Ato Goyto1n Petros 1-I.E. Dejazmatch Berhane Meske! Wolde Selassie H.B. Lij Kassa Wolde Mariam I-I.E. Dejazn1atch Fikre Selassie Habte Ivfaria1n H.B. Ato Bulcl1a De1neksa H.E. Ato Aberra 1·en1bere H.E. Ato Belatcl1 ew 1-\srat I-I.E. Ato Teferri Lemma H.E. Ato Yoha1111es Tsegie H.E. Ato Tesl1ome Gebre Mariam H.E. Ato Muha111ed Abdurah11 1an H.E. Maj. Ge11 . Abebe Wolde Meskel I-I.E. Col. Leghese Wolde Hanna Ho11 . Ato A1nn1anuel Amdemichael I-Ion. Fita\vrari Bayisa Jem1110 Ato Assefa Liban Keg11azn1atcl1 Assefa Nade\v Ato Assefa Metafaria Ato Assefa Tsegaye Ato Atsl1 eba Fanta Ato Ayale,v Gobe Mr. J oh 1 1 II.- Beckstro111 Ato Befel<:ad11 Tadesse Dejaz111atcl1 Bekele Beye11e Ato Bkle De1nissie Ato Bekele Gebre A 111 1ak A to Bel<:ele I-Iabte Michael Ato Bekele Nadj Ato Bekele Tesfa)re Col. Belatchew Je1naneh Ato Belatcl1 ew Nir.:ru 0 Ato Belay Meketa Ato Belay Me1 1gesha Ato Delete Wolcle Sellassie Woiz. Beley11 Work Gebre Meskel •

•.

Ato Assefa Bekele Brig. Gen. Bereket Gebre Medl1i11 Ato Berl1a11e Kefle Marian1 Lt. Col. Berl1ane W oldeyes Ato Berhe Beye11e Mr. Russell Berman Ato Beye11e Abdi Ato Binega Tsehai Hailu Dr. William Bl1hagiar Grazmatch Cl1alie Yadeta Dr. Christopher Clapha1n Mr. Richard C11n1rnings Lt. Col. Dama Zeng Egzer Ato Demere\V Tasl1u Ato Demissew Assaye Blatta Den1issie Workagegnahyu Ato Desta Gebre Mr. Harriso11 Dltnning Ato E11dale W olde Michael Ato Endale Mengesha Ato Enye,v Gessesse Kess Ermias Kebede Ato Eshete Berhane Mr. William Ewing Capt. Eyasst1 Gebre Hawariat Dr. Eyob Gebrecristos Ato Falke Aragaw Ato Fantaye Tan1re Dr. Fiammetta Prata Kaypaghian Ato Fisseha Gebre Ewostatewos Mr. Stanley Z. Fisl1er Dr. Gaetano Latilla Ato Gayim Asmelash Ato Gebre Gebre Giorgis Kegn. Geta Gebre Hanna Kitaw Ato Gebre Hewet Wolde Hawariat Kegnazmatch Gebre Hiwot Mebratu Ato Gebre Medhin Drar Ato Gebreyesus Haile Mariam Balambaras Gemeda Urgessa Grazmatcl1 Gessesse Me�:fin Ato Getachew Admassu ' Ato Getachew Asfaw .., Ato Getachew Kibret Ato Getachew Hunegnaw • Ato Getachew Tessema Ato Gila M.ikael Bahta Ato Girma Abebe Lt. Girma Welde Giorgis Ato Goitom Beyene Mr. Everett Goldberg Dr. Philippe Graven Dr. Saba I-Iabachy Ato Haile Aman

Ato Haile Giorgis Difer Ato Haile Welde Mariam Ato Hailu Alemayel1u Capt. Hailu Arsede Capt. I-Iailu Shenqute Ato Hailu Tesfaye Mr. G. I-Ia1nawi Mr. N. Hamawi Ato Haile Leul Habte Giorgis Miss Mechtild Immenkotter Dr. Quintin Jol1nstone Mr. J11lian C. Juerge11smeyer Capt. Kan11a Guma Ato Kebede At11afseged Ato Kebede Gebre M .ariam Ato Kebede Habte Mariam Ato Kebede Serir Ato Kebede Waga Ato Kidane Equba Egzi Ato Kida11u Kassa Mr. Michael Kindred A.to Kirkos Nigatu Mr. Lawrence Knowles Maj. Legesse Welde Mariam Ato Lemma Robbi Ato Lenuna Wolde Semayat Dr. Marcello Lombardi Dr. Maria-Grazia Prota Mr. Steve11 Lowenstein Ato Leul Menberu Ato Makonnen Welde Mariam Mr. Patil McCarthy Mr. Robert C. Means Brig. Gen. Mebrahitt1 Fisseha Lt. Col. Mehret Geore Selam Ato Mesfin Fanta Ato Mewael Mebratu Kegn. Geta Mezemer Hawaz Ato Michael Fasil Kegnazmatch Misgana Gebre-Egzy Perow Fitawrari Haji M·ohammed Seredge Ato Muhamud N11r Husain , Ato Mull1geta Berihun Ato Mult1geta Welde Giorgis Ato Nabiye Leoul Kifle Ato Negga Te,semma Ostini " Mr. Donald E. Paradis . Mr. James C.N. Patil Mr. Robert, Picot Mr. · G. Prota Mr. Ken11eth Redden Mr. J-Iarry D. Richards • Mr: Ezio R11smini •

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TABE OF CONTENTS Page

Patrons of the Journal of Ethiopian Law.................. . .... .. . ..... . ..

Table of Cases Reported ....................................... • . • • • • • • • •

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XlX

Sixth Annual Report fro1n the Dean ............... ... ......... ......... ..

Case Reports

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Articles: Agricultural Communities and the Civil Code by Bilillign. Ma11defro

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Income Tax Exemption as a11 Incentive to It1vestment in Ethiopia b �y Timothy P. Bodman .... • .. • • • • • • • • • • · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · ••

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TABLE OF CASES REPORTED Supreme Imperial Court

Page

Tirfe Measbo v. Abrehet Ghebremeskel (Civil Appeal No. 149-59, As11iara) ........................... • • • • • • • • • Ketema I-Iaile v. E.E.L.P.A. (Civil Appeal No. 230-59) ................................. · · · · · · · · · · · Tadesse Kassahun v. Yadete Robi (Civil Appeal No. l 59-60) .................. · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · Public Prosecutor v. Alemtt Urga (Crimi11al Appeal No. 1136-60) .................... •. •• •• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • Ras Insurance S.C. v. Abd11l Seined (Civil Appeal No. 1486-59) ........................... · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · ·

33 42 49 55 61

High Court

Public Prosect1tor v. Yeshigeta Arega (Crin1 inal Ca:,e No. 3 59-60) .............. • • • • • • • • • • • • • · • · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · Orbis Company · v. Inland Reven 11e Department (Civil Case No. 708-59) ............... • • • • • • • • • • • • · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · XIX

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A : "f t-tLF-..?1.. ;: fh.Tf : ;t 9°h : th P.° i'tti :lD· t O.,,. toC ff:(9°il : ;rA. : «1 : U l\--1''1lD•"}: OD?." .Tw l-..4 · ?.", : 0J•"} tf : ,11 1 : 0D")°IP'1' : -,,y_..,,:,.. : f,f--(t7 th(j: : ?." Lar : liliLCO'PA :: If f,°1001:,.. : "ff\rf•C : ill\?." tf,.c,:: : "tl°l�1·'i' : f dl°l : TO'/ t?"'l- : auljlf : 11 ,r: ttw1,..cc; : f 111f,fl : n ofl(l,fl : 1--�f, : h� : fl\ : �l\&.'11-- : roll.F-..'PA :: 'hlt -9 = far ° hllh..:, r-A·f: ,n.1 : ao1<1P':,.. = t111:: � t1,-� : 00?11;,i:,- = l\f, : c;:rtD-=2 -- : -: : 'C�:, : ,1 1,f..'1T ;r7fc:,-. : f n�tti : f.. 9°n:, A. : �I\&. : naolf TIA 1°1 ro• : f O'/ :J.. : :,..9°UCrf:1'i' ' t;fC&9° : l\f,, 1 fl oiz. fl ,1--c : t1I/C 7iA : 1i°lC : ,fc,fc f+ Ol/t?1-:f1 : ,,..�_e : P'&·: i1 c;..w4--: l�:,--: .';,1 : ,f--,(1/\lD•: rfcfPf,OD'PA :2 iti -

n ...,..

-3-

rrt-'Pt\ :: t'bf\9 D :e 1;, : i't1 :: : :ftD-9°: hP.n+c : q1f..Ct\.1f..'} : ;JC: i'tif..' �d�lj flO'J ti;J :e:T : I\ f, : (j:,!a,.:: 11 n t • f-:f 1,� 1..· = , :c = fct : .:1 m ? "l {JIJ ,1, = f f•* .. . (tool: i't -O: oiti1t,A: f,-�:, -- . : H 001/ : ° l\'I /l, :: ;,l :1.: f,\ .'P -�J � ,1, : 7. �' .. tt1 : "l ,h ;,'f:: (Llf-,..: ill\.i't.:, �*f: l\f, I 'iTOJ• :: r:'ilAY: = 1,ilnl\c rn,,1-- = OD�,1,�:r- tioiz.,1: = t\.4' = {JIJ'JOc'i (nttu : o,OD:,•: 1\1f..: IJf..•f,\: lf'f: '1°1'?: nil: .,<1 &\4'l0l\.:,.. :) fti·flC: flCY:: 1\..4': on1nc: (l.lf�· 1 O(l.o.A: flo : Oh·A : i'�C,,.f:IJ: �,:1,1.,--1 : f01/.{JDl\.h:l..: hiJ':: :1.. A:,, : ?.',It-�: 0°'/ll;Ji:,..: l\f, : 'iTOJ• :: · -r: : i1 : : Hticf (l-1,('; i1 :, '? f,n'? ,,.,."'It 91 :;.. OD 'ft f : (l, :,• : POIJ. rrl; = tt4': . ° ° on;nc: ',fl«'r:: 1\cti:f,0·9 : ill\i',.1rf'C'i.li'iA : i"lY..''i: f.."1'1 : ill\.,),"J rf•: UDE/ l't = u•l\ ,)· r- ,,,. c:.7£- n"'I ti •'1""7 TlD·?'-' = n l\,e, :;: ill\.J-1..1,t-c'i·li'i A 01/"� o c�·1· : ;,,;Y: t,61!·c = 1.--,11-� t,11;,:�,1-crlA n,,.. QJ,OTJt9° i',.1,1-- c'i�'i'A UtJ1ne ·:{•'}: ftPJ••<''1 '1/JC: i',.}Y..': 7.--,1,.�: 0°1ll;Jt:,-.: l\f,: r;:,::,o.:: 111 1!!,nt\ ,r-1:1"1 nt1.u o,UD:,.. = m·il'l' = n1,;01t\.1·1<1 = r:J--,f•OD<o•; c;::t-,h : '11P';f.. : fauLLl,l'tl.'oJ•'} : 11"lf::,-• : >th'i'OJ•�'PA :: f..01 '1°'1° : ill\,1,"l : ti.f,iil: (i.to·1 ·,;.. f.. 1il :) ttiY..• : i',611"C: 7.--,1-••t;:: 1.--&. 01•: hm1 blililltTm·9° : 01\.f, 1 ilft(': 0'/m•f1 : ,1 i0l: , C'll;J�::,-.; : ?1..,f, .t;: : 'h1 ,<;.:J,,f·9°: t, ?r�l\.ID•:J-- A :: in{l = ,.-1,e..(:n;}f..1 rt,r,.:tti: ;,,a, = 1,.�...,:,. J.':cl::,. ,�.1on,t-c: = (l .lf� 1 >-,Pi.ll : i',O'l <D·il' r i',f.:•c11 = llt\'IOlm· = f,1i°l = ,).. 9'-'uc:,, {l,fio'l :J> l\ = 1·'11'hlD-"} : t,11;, f:"l--'Pf.\ :: 1\ti;f:m·9'° : 1lll· : ?t"' ,1,.c;:.·:f- : hOI/ ti,1,u7:1:tu•9° : nI\ f. 1 (19>·:;--; lll\ oiOD l\h:,.. = fi'1..:,-v· *· f = ,1. "l : it 1"" OD9°tf {ID 7'" ,1,r,.: : i',tl;J�._,,, ..'Pt\ :: 1-ittJ• : OD'J°UC: tirA : ;r'-1c:,.. : ;,c : noorf--'10(:: ill\h.:rv"A·f = f .. �•n:f-: ;,,'? = i',11." OD'J°t.r ov�-- ,11,,: flOD��: f\f,: 'i:1:0r � '1,"t,<:.u •'J° : fi't ...}.-f.. cc;7ic;t\: fhr,::tti : ,l1"1 : OT/"''10C: ·1-- lof'L�1--1-- : tr'lm·: "f•(JD c,n'PA:: , : t, : 7.,11&.,t; : : ti h : &.t,,, 'r1ilA � 1: POI/. P Ir : i'1il : fti C�l: : .. h·A .f -! . _?J ff-toCtL"l:lD·: f�l'Y..""'I° : ,f·"1t9'1·· : 11·rt'l;l,.: f,l,'? : 1,C,V,:J .. : h1'f:: tJtj.:A, ILcf, , OD"} nc : c;:rro·:: h1tu: o;:1,:-;.. = f9°1,� :1,ti:1:(n• u•l\:1.. w,'J°ut 1 : t'\ti,h·A,f:ro· : ilf\Olh .. .. • -;:•fro·: 1"AU : h1A°ll\0,f•"l : h1·1.u 01\f,: fo,11',,o• : oo 0Jf\ e, 6l / iJ, t14 : : ! ill\ tfl , If'} ! {t{\',(l• : (lrf--GQ>C"Jl, : OD'j"JC : ,f/{1&_(;\;Jf,\ :: h',l·f lJ l OO 'J°U{,...j : }t"} ,�.: . OI/�ti A It1..�· l..<': = f�- ,,•.� = 1·1 °'f:;,:r,. 11 n cry 71·7i'l,\ th -b� -:;.. = � = n •n .., :,. ;J..·l•OD£D• : 1,"},tmm-c; : n ,;..: u.. �;, : n1nf : 1,: }�,_W· t\ · : "-�· c1'P&\ :: trflrf • :r -;;:�- : l,P,:, : Pz.1 : f',O,;...:t•: ]!:"}: CJI/C?fA : ( u••,. 1 1,•\:i:<D·9° : fl,f--tPJ t9J-:f--(j : L .. l\ ,f•'J°uc,) : 0,.e�,f-.1' : OD 1f 1·0 : ntTI/ 9u�..: OT/ ;r :l OT : n ..9°uC:, .. : n,,f: : i / : : ' 0 hfOD'if. : f-tItt� 1c; : f (lCrf:fulb:,. : ,),9°u C.-1 "} • : n "'i ,,,'l>7 : n "19° : ;:J--1\:,, : 0 rr Plr : tPC f•'Pf.\:: l\l·I.U? : 0'1lll� : h1·1.u: Of\f, : f·l--,n<J,(l,:, --: P't-?1:f.. f fttil ,f-P,f..C � P'lraTW•i : h--1.. lhlr n:,-: 1. 1·L : .,, l9°r: : .,fl\.'J°"}'J° : -::., ,,._ : ti � ); •,·"le 1,, OD4',f;r rro• 0• f..°1'1°9° = h&\f.. = Af.. = rol\'l° •· �X". x-c-�· . ,, �,,y...:r-- = "l"l,\hm•: fo om.:,..: lDflJ :,· rPt..: �f..?;,' :F:f·1: fi'lf..Ti •. fPlr •· OJ•m:i.•: n,t-t\,e..: I,\'i"rt; rm•(l(D◄ : ,e,1'1A1'

= =

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f}toitti : fol\'/° : =}� : i'tflA : flJ'�:,-- : •1�"1001':1, : Tf\.-f'C 'i" : f(LA�"l : f(l : \'IJ'�T = TA = ;r;;:c:,.. , F.."lCfU'I° : h&.l1'"if, : +Ahro• : fODm-:i--: 1\9° � �.. e. :J-w: h,tn : ti.f..A ; OTit. �w-'i" : ;t-:fro- :;rl\rf:'11- : flOI/ f,ODl\ hrf: : f,,.. QI, t 9'_-:f'i : r4-h·A,,.I: : 1'-�V-:-f·: ro•{\T : fOl/.&.l\1W-1': ODt\ti'J° : P'/r : flODP'/r:J.. :,-;ro• : 1'F..'1 : fl1\-: ru:·f : :,-9° uc:,, : (L,f,':-f: OJ•l\T: l\{\ODTC : f(lf\9°: =-1 ..�..: "' : h1--"il\rlD• : i't{\ou{\tJl'PA :: : (l:J T '1t\ h

n:,...,

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n {} :-

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OthlC �- 'tf9°flA : 1,;J--u•1' = .P,'J°m I tt,A = i'bA = n. 1 Oh.. :1--r·A·f = 1-1.. rP = 'i1P'T : OD7°1 P' :, .. : f (llC : i', t},",OIJ.. : f,11°1 : 1', "'ltit'i": 00'/°UC :: 1,°ll'Lit,,.0,lhC t n�c�.. : °7..).l\--t-C: fm:,,l\.e,:

> {l,: O:J n>r01J :- \'·(J,� : 1,{ll: ,,.I: : 1'11A (t. f-'l.oC : T\1·kf 0h f-(J,�: .. : 1t,f ,-: .. /r-:,· 009°tJ .. ,l1"1 : O� .. :: f";r:lP/ r,. <D·: °' 1r,:,.. = I\ .e. = rr 'i = 01J:rm· = f :,..9° v c:,.. = �I\'f1- = "or,l\ ,,.,.. OT/ c = fOD "f.{IDt 0 1 fl.o:i-- , l\f. = A (I h., , ¥-ffl .t ,ar = ., ro• ,, "'l.<f"r11. 0r , '¼ oo:,- , (11 l£: : 1,1'1:0IJ.f �!z 'i"� :i:.: fit· : ,,.f-lP Jt?J":f.. : �-1-9° --,,0 = .. -, .. ,. .. . .. a,,. I 7 1. : : (' .. ,, : h 0 Ofm:i,l\.e.: °lf-frf-:: f(lC--tt.�,,..--: ,f•'J°uc.:1 ,: lb C' .4> , .,. F..lP/. : h,. C : i'°l : A:, .. :, 1' DD1' f ,:JT : .. fO'J flJT 001/ . : fl\:fro-1 : OD9°Ut--'} AAA1': --l'l\'i--: "h'if..C,:J l\"} ::

n n�: 1,; : O�,

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-: h : OJl : fi:A +:,.. ro-x � u : OJAf...oo Y...·,.,"}c; : -i--hol\ : 1•fil : oof..'11 : S' ° iltJC f (111'/oC'? : ,t-ooc<f>'PA :: 1'� lt .U : 1, --01Jt9ll- : o:,--;,;J--:fro•c; : (}l}f,.:,-- : h(i:,f--� : l). 'J m-m:,.. : i\ 'J: f...(l : f I\ "f.,u• : 1,'JI\ :f'PI\"}:: (1U•l\+i1w• : (loo(l -1--c: 001_00tf : l\f, : t,Jt(l : f(lc,t-&..h,:,--: TI(j:A : ill\ tiL:,-1 } h:f:! : it 00Ati¥1.-- : t1r(lT : it : ,1--+•0l\c;A :: itouAti¥:,5'J9° : h rf•+ u .. t\rf: : h. 'l"l'Cn..w•c; : f?t' I, ..� : t.-i·'i : �O?a :: OA'Jl' T(J)c : f9°CtiliJ. : H .. O H.IJ = qoo:,.. = itFt .. : H,n� : ,f.. 01/t?Ji• : f�/,\ : i'b/,\ : fl : Jt'?tf:t! ro•"} : l\{JD4>(1A : rf•lf;J�+'PA :: h� (l-9": ro•(lT : ,(ltf• ?>:i:: fitP'C: ro t--:,-C: ft1.:,.. f•kf: 'f,.1oC(l...t : it1A'?�1-- ' O�CO·• : f&.f.(Jl)c : c;:1!cn• ::

�S'lr:

1',"},,�.U- 9° : �x@ : f(lc,t&.h,,)•'; : �!2 : f�...Tl\.00'1 : fr --Ol/t?>1..... : 111x--� : 1,{JDl.:Pfr :: nv--1\,f--�W-: (lou(t,f,c: it;JOl/..li : it'Jf." : fi',t-f-, -� : o,ou:,..c; : itt--:,-C fY'ilrf--� : qon;,--: f,n°l : ,1 --0IJt?J1.-- : fi',1/,\'?fl.o;t-- : 1.l·Lf:fro•"} : l9°l'P/,\ :: h� & 9° : Y' {l f, : : t\<j:c-�" : OIL1 ll rf;-c = noo ,,_, t--:,. : I\f, : (l. lf -,. :;: it1�-- : I\ 9° c6liJ. : = = h�l\':f-1 nc.. � = f,IPt--A fbl\ar = J?..01'1° 1 n ,1 1lc = f(lc-t&..h.:1.. = :,-- 9°uc;,. ° -: 1t'J-�.fft,t-9 C: ,t-oo ..� !l.A :: Ou-t\rf--.; 01-: (looftrf--c: £IDatl.i1 : l\f,: {lf"}ft: �l (l. : fh.-l• f-k f : f,.1iiC(l...t : it1 t\°I Ilg h P'C: +°1 t 9' :f : &.,,--c;Tt»•"}: 1'1.. e.. ;r:far"}: f,1_9°t-- t\-- ==

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-14 -

SIXTH ANNU'AL REPORT OF THE DEAN 1968-69 (1961 E. C. ) Quintin Johnstone, Professor and Dean, Faculty of Law Haile Sellassie I University I have written this report near the end of the 1968-69 academic year and at the close of wha� to . me have been two pleasant and exciting years on the Law Fa�ulty staff.. It 1s with regret that I leave but with appreciation for the oppor turuty of having been here. My successor as dean is an able teacher and scholar Cliff F. Thompson, who for almost a decade has specialized in African law and has taught on the Law Faculties of both the University of Khartoum and the University of Zambia. dom Ev nts at the University and Law Faculty this past year have been the � . mated 1n large part by the student protest movement that resulted in brief closure of the University early in the second semester, and later in withdrawal for the balance of the term of a substantial n1ajority of day degree students. About two thirds of the Law Faculty's day students withdrew. The impact of this student dissension on the corporate life of the University, both academic and non-academic, has been considerable. These are facts and they should be noted. The Law Faculty staff has tried to take a neutral attitude toward the pol itical issues behind the protest movement, honoring each student's decision to stay or leave but opposing violence and threats of intimidation. Many law students went through weeks of personal anguish in making up their minds of the question of withdrawal, and I admire the honesty th�y displayed and sympathize with the agony they faced during those troubled weeks. Ho\vever, as someone from an older generation and a different national background, perhaps I will be excused the obser vation that it seems to me anomalous and somewhat masochistic that in what pur portedly was a movement to improve Ethiopian education so many students were willing to cripple severely the University and their own educational advancement. Finances This Law Faculty has been developed largely with grant moneys from forei gn so·urces. However, balances in our big Ford Foundation grants will be almost all expended within the next twelve to twenty-four months, and thereafter foreign financial help to the Law Faculty can be expected only in more modest amounts. What this means is that the Faculty increasingly must rely on Ethiopian money and manpower resources to carry out its programs. Staff Our teaching staff this year was composed of nineteen teachers on the full-time staff and twenty part-time teachers, the latter involved only in certificate and diploma instruction for one or both terms. Three Ethiopians joined the full-time teaching staff this past year and will continue next year, and we hope to add three n1ore f11ll-time Ethiopians this coming semester. One is already under contract: Yohannes Hero11i, a high ranking graduate of our law school. This year Ato Yohannes has been doing advanced st11dy in London. At the end of this year we are losing nine members of 011r full-time staff, including the key administrators and nearly all of those who are senior in period -15 -

L. VI - No. 1 O V W A L N IA P 10 H T E JOURNAL OF

rs are r he ou l ac 1ti te u1 t as ]e at t1e in nt co ill w . of ser,,ice. Acute turnover problems f. af st te ia tr pa ex an of s st co 1e tl n1ostly Ethiopians, one of next . year an d the 1i 11 ? la w ac te be � ill w s ue ag lle co Most of otir departing . _ 11g 1 nd1 cates tl1e caliber of foreign 1 ki or Vi be ll wi ey th e er wh 115 1 tio tt sti e in stature of th Ric_hard CuID?li11�s t. ac tr at to le ab 1 e1 be s ba re he lty cu _ personnel that the Law Fa 1 so11 Dt1n111ng 1 s r a H , \ La of ol ho Sc � le vil � uis Lo is returni11 g to the University of 1 s, JuJ1a11 Juergensn1e yer v D at w L of ol ho Sc � ia rn � _ goi11 g to tl1e U1uversity of Califo te 110 Sta to 01 iv red Un n? l Ki a 1cb M w, La of ge lle Co � _ to tl1e U11 iversity of Florida 1 ty Scl1ool of La\v, ers 11v U1 1lt erb 11d Va to ll ha ars M hn Jo ersity College of Law, d I will be a11 lty ct1 Fa \V La la psa Up of ity ers 1iv U1 the to om Zacl1arias Sundstr iates have been atr exp v ne\ Six ty. rsi ive Un le Ya at l oo Sch w La 1 tl e to ing ret1.1r1i J1 ired to help replace those wl10 are leaving. Tl1 e [1.IU-ti 111e teaching staff has as ust1al been eng age d in n1 a11 y academic and 1 1ly the contributio11s 0 11ot 1g 1 i icat ind n1, sroo clas the 1 e tsid ot es viti tive acti stra adn1ini 1olved is ool in, sch law the t 1 th,: ns ctio 1 f111 of ety vari the of u1dividt1al teachers but il1. S01ne of tl1e more in1porta11t are these: Ricl1ard Ct111u11ings. Cbair111 a1 1 of the Researcl1 a11d Publicatio11 Co111mittee early i11 the year a11d con11)leted tl1 e 1nant1script of a bool< on international la\v.

I·Iarriso11 Dt1nning. Assistant Dean, C]1airma11 of the C11rrict1lum Committee duri11 g tl1e first semester, 111e1n.ber of the Uruversity Fac11lty Council, completed several articles 011 Ethiopia11 a11 d Africa11 law including one p11blis]1ed by the Col umbia Law Review.

Willian1 E\:\1 ing. Cl1 ajrn1an of the Law Scl1ool's Stt1 de11t Relations Conmlittee, supervisor of du tee the ing Co?1mi semester, seco11d. Chai rn1a11 of tl1e Curricul?m � � _ 011r p]aceme11 ts on Eth1 op1 an U11 1vers1ty Service and director of the Consolidation of �tbiopiai1 Laws project; he also wrote a11' article on the right of Ethiopian }JUbl 1 0 servants to organ1ze, for tl1e Jour11al. asil �al1um. Me�1b�r of the Ethiopian University Service Conm1ittee, con1pleted : , I articles on Etl11op1a1;1 law and has a good start on a se\e1 set of AJnllaric � . teach.1ng materials on constitutional law.

J11lian Juerge�smeyer. Completed teacl1 ing n1aterials on East A,frican water la\:\1 and substantially con1JJleted a n1011 ograpb on Ethioi)ian water la\v. Michael Ki11dred. <=:hairma11 of the Research a11d Ptiblicatio11 Conimittee during 111ost of the year, .Cha. irman of the Ne,v Appo1' 11.tments a· c: 11d pron10t·ions c0 111n11·ttee, tra11s Iated for pub lica tion sev � . 11op.1 . va11.t t·o Etl . s rele . icle · · an 1aw' . . eral Rene. David art completed a rnaJor . conJparative law article a11d l1as ,,,ell 11nder way an on art icle .. ' . . · E t_111op1au suretysh1p law.

G·eorge Krzeczt1nowicz. Pt1blished an article on the Etl11o · p 1a11 law of 1narriage, completed a n1ant1al on tl1e Etl1iopian law ' of extra.-co11tractual obligations and n1a de subs tanti··a1 progress 011 t\vo other articles and a n1an 11al on damages. John Marshall. Assistant Dea11 in char e . 0� tl1e exte1 s1on prog ram and de . � J facto Deai1 of St1idents, CllairnJan of tlie A miss1 ? 11 s �on 1n11 ttee, Chrurn1an of the . Extension Program Committee m b of the U �ll\'ers1ty Faculty Council, n1em? er of the University Admissioils 'c0;:it��e, sub . stantial!)' completed teaching materials on ad111inistrative law and on taxation.

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SIXTI�I ANNUAL REPORT OF Tl-IE DEAN

James Paul _. Academic Vice President of the U1iiversity, completed Volt1me II of bis treatise a11d materials on Ethiopian Co11stitt1tio11al Development. Zygm�1nt Plater. A �s�med major obligations in the publication program and in che fi:na �c1ng and organ1zmg of Law House, has a11 article in progress on Ethiopian t onst1tut1onal law. Paul Ponjaert. _Dept1tr in charge of the Center for African Legal Development, co �pleted one art �cle with Dr. Vanderli11den and has another under way, is the Assistant Dean-Designate to take over Mr. Marshall's extension and student affairs duties. Semereab Mikael. Case Editor for tl1e Law Jot1rnal, publisl1ed an article on Ethiopian law ,1nd bas a11.otl1er in progress. Ronald Sklar. Cl1airman of the Library Comn1ittee, Chairman of the I-Ion.or Board (that this year fo1·tunately hacl no cases), I1as a major article under way on i11direct intention in civil law. Zacharias Sundstron1. Cha:irman of the Law House Committee, published two monographs on international trade and one on conflict of laws, completed an article on international corporatio11s and .made substantial progress 011 a comparative study of international corporations. Michael Topping. Did the final editing of the English edition of the Fetha Negast that was p·ublished dt1ring the year, completed one jurisprudential article and revised his Roman law n1onograph for publication. Jacques Vanderlinden. Director of the Center for African Legal Development, edited our Legal Education Conference proceedings, published several articles, com pleted a manual on the Ethiopian law of persons and with Paul Ponjaert has a manual in progress on the Ethiopian la\V of 1narriage, was elected president of the International African Law Association. Worku Tafara. Secretary of the Executive Committee of the Faculty Council, Chairman of the Alumni Relatio11s Committee, in charge of legal aid planning. Two staff members n1erit special mention as the above notations fail to convey adequately their outstanding contribt1tions to tl1e Facttlty. One of them is Michael Kindred who reorganized our publicatio11s program, s11bstantially increased ot1tput and put the entire operation on a sound business basis. The other is Assistant Dean John Marshall. In his organization of student and course records and in his ad ministration of the certificate and diploma program, the latter requiring his presence at the school most evenings during the week, Mr. Marshall did an extraordinary job. Proof of this is the smooth way in which these operations have run since he took over principal administrative responsibility for them. -.1: •

Special attention should also be directed to the success of our yot1ng colleagues representing one or another of tl1e various foreigi1 peace corps progran1s: Zygmunt Plater of the U.S. Peace Corps and Pattl Ponjaert and Eric Edel sponsored respec tively by Belgian and Fre11ch progran1s si1nilar to the U.S. one. In their ability, dedication and non-politic,tl involven1ent in stt1dent and Fac11lty affairs they ba�e performed in the best tradition of tl1ese services and have proved that there 1s a place in professional schools such as ours for the best peace corps types. Since the inception of 011r certificate and diplo1na programs, ot1r Fact1lty has been successful in having as part-time teachers an able and distinguished group of

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1 . o N I V . L O V W A L N JOURNAL OF ETHIOPIA e xception as ou r part-ti me no as w ar ye st pa Ethiopian lawyers and judges. This 11�uol, L L .B .? Legal Adv ua e G b e b A -ba ba A staff included the followin g: in Addis r1al Board of pe r, !m ise dv A l ga Le ., .B LL , a t ele G iser, Ministry of Pensions; Abiyu e H1g� Court, <;omm th of e dg Ju , L. C. B. ., A B. n, Telecommunications; Assefa Liba � ant Ch ief of s1s s : A ., .M LL ., .B LL , eh an m Je ew ercial Division; Colonel Belatch l 1t, ga r� D Le e11 p ur Ex te oo D y, a br e b_ G e an rb Be r; Security, Ministry of Interio echtsw1ssen shaft, Legal R r. D , fa se As 1am ar tem ab H er· ist n i ert Office of the Prime M e sse Wolde g r Le ajo M � 1 i isr ur �o d an y str du n I ;, erc mm Co Adviser, Ministry of ge; Mohammed lle Co e lic Po ina ad Ab w, La in tor uc str n I ief Ch ., .L Mariam, M.C ul ele biy s; on Na ffe, nsi Ki Pe of ry ist n i M r, ste ini M ce Vi , .L. B.C ., n, B.A ma rah Abdu o ; At sty aje M Negga l ria pe Im s Hi of et bin Ca e t iva Pr LL.B., Vice Minister, ekele, L.L.B., B u am Sel ; aba Ab dis Ad of y alit icip n Mu , yor Ma e Vic , ., .L. Tessema, B.A B.C A., . M. B.A LL.B., fu, Sei bru Shi ; oly nop Mo co bac To n ia iop y, Eth orn Att Senior Legal Adviser, Ethiopian Airlines; Major Tadesse Abdi, LL.B., Judge, Supre1ne Imperial Court; Tafari Berha11e., B.A, B.C.L., private practitioner of law ; an d Ato Zerabruk Aberra , LL.B., Legal Adviser, Ethiopian Airlines; in Asmara -- Major Berhane Bayih, LL.B., Legal Office, Second Army Division Headquarters; K assa Beye11e, LL.B., Vice Afe Neg11s (Deputy Chief Justice), Supreme Imperial Court; a nd Ato Kessete Haile, LL.B., Legal Adviser, Commercial Bank of Ethiopia ; in Ha r ar - Captain Geta hun Da 1nte, LL.B., Legal Adviser and In structor, Imp erial Ethiopian Military Academy; in Ji1nma - - Yoseph Gebre Egzia bhe r, Prosec utor's Office, Ministry of Justice. Ato Yoseph, our Jimma instructor, is the first person to teach in our extension program while on Ethiopia n University Service. Next year we expect to ha ve E.U.S. students teaching in both Jimma and Harar �nd tl1e . availabi�ity_ of se�vice students n:iay overcome our most serious problem �11 operung . prov1nc1al cert1fi��te courses 1n other cities, namely findin g qualified instructors 1n these commun1t1es.

here . Special reference should be made to several visiting scholars who were durmg the ye�r. I� October,_ Professor Max Rheinstein, a comparative law specialist from the Uruvers1ty of Cl11cago, spent two weeks with us lecturing to students a nd at ou: request prepared an eva luation report on the La w Fa culty. For several \veeks during D�cem?er, Professor Israel Drapkin, a renowned criminologist from the Hebrew Un1vers1ty, Jerusalem, visted the Faculty and took over our penal law classes. He proved to_ be a superb teacher a nd also helped in organizing for subsequent years the portion of ot1r penal law course dea ling with criminology. Th�oug�out the secon d semester Professor John H. Beckstrom of North,vestem Uruvers1ty . Scbo�l of Law was on our staff a nd with t,vo student assistai1ts he brought with him from Northwestern Thoma s G era ht _and L nn M ;el ous . carried out three rese arch studies on the functioning 0f Ji:1liopian \aw �no �eg�i . i11stitution s. The subject areas of the sttidies. are Ethiopian 1 O\ver courts, arb 1trators ID Ethipian divorce laws Eth·10�1• a n 1ab or sta11dards. A n umber of our students . and . were �mplo_Y�d as 1nterv1ewers during the course of tlJe stud"ies. Al tl�oug 11 a � the time of this wr1t1ng, the final reports by Professor BeckStr0m and bis ates ,vere assoc i not yet available, these proJiects may prove to b e amon g ti t · · s1gn1 n1os 1e . · a nt 1egal c ·fi research efforts yet attempted in Ethio ia. The have Y ea_t de� gr shown t�at a of data concerning the Ethiopian le a1 order can be syst ematica lly obtruned 1n . a comparatively short time that our � de ts he i1 �t pro per ly exce lle s11p ervi e ar sed field research assistan ts; �nd that t�r�ug� t; speaking resaerch supervisors can effect·ive1 Y conJ llse o� our s�ude nts, n on-Amh�r1c u�t detailed studies on the operat ion of key Ethiopian institution s. One eason, h of nk, for th I e s a ces r suc nt e ppa i � � the projects is that Professor Becks rom and h is a ssociates wa ited until they arrived r

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SIXTH ANNUAL REPORT OF THE DEAN

iin �thiopia to work out their �esearch designs and procedures, and they selected · topics that were manageable 10 the six months or so available to them. S�dents At the begin�in� of the academic year we had 159 degree students, ,exclu _Sive of those on Et �opian University service but including 23 evening LL.B. -candidates. As _ of that ti �e we also had 670 certificate and diploma students, 210 of these 1n Harar, J1mma and Asmara certificate courses. At the beginning -of . the second �emester a new certificate class was opened in Addis Ababa for w �ich 700 applied � nd 200 were accepted. As part of the selection process for this new course a written test was given and many applicants personally interviewed. Nineteen students are scheduled to receive LL.B. degrees at tllis year's graduation, ·mo�t o� them _ students who just recently completed their ten months of Ethiopian Un1vers1ty Service. About 130 certificates and 150 diplomas in law will be awarded .at this year's graduation. For the academic year 1968-69 the following awards are given for excellens performances by students at the Law Faculty: Billilign Mandefro, the Chancellor's Medal; Gemeda Gonfa, Outsta.nding Law Student of the Year. English Diploma graduates with distinction: Sahilu Biru and Beyene Abdi; Amharic Diploma graduates with distinction: Demelash Tegegn, Shimelis Abeba, •Getachew Mengiste and Dessalegn Alemu; and Certificate graduates with distction: Wideneh W oldemedhin and Tecola Gebre Medhin. These students are to be con gratulated for their hard work and outstanding achievement.

In the middle of the second semester, one Law IV student and four Law ill stu dents started their service period. In this group, three are working for the Ministry of Justice, one for the Election Board and the service assignment of one is teaching in our Harar certificate course. At least ten more of our students will go on service immediately after their examinations at the end of the second semester. , I Due to the student protest movement, law student organizations were relatively ' • been an exception to this, and during inactive this year. The Law Journal has \ • the first semester students were also busy in raising money for Law House. • • Library and Documentation Library holdings continued to grow this year at gift of books was received ment Govern French ' large A rate. tial substan fairly a •' gave us a full set of English reports back to 1860, ment Govern and British the • • valued at about E $12,000. Other book gifts came from UNESCO, University College in Tanzania, and the Governments of Nigeria, United Arab Republic, Ivory Coast, Malawi, the Netherlands, Germany, Canada and the United States. During the se� , shelving for enclo in ":as build l schoo law main the of o year portic the west � •i ll • several thousand books installed, and our bound per1od1cal collection moved to Within the next year or so it is planned similarly to enclose this area. new ry libra ,,�· the south portico of the main building to provide still more stack space for our expanding library. We had no permanent head libraria� duri�g 1968-6�, but early _ in the �rst _ semester Miss Frieda Brown of the Main Un1vers1ty Library filled 1n part-tlfile and later t·he very able Miss Carole Rowsell took over full-time.. Unfo� tunately Miss Rowsell is leaving Ethiopia soon, but a replacement has been hired with pro fessional qualifications in both law and library science. •I ty, cul Fa w La the hin wit t uni a , ent opm vel De gal Le an ric Af :u e Th Center for . 'I contin ued its bibliographical work on African law and added to our holdings over

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o. 1 N I . V L O V W A L N IA P IO H T E F JOURNAL O

a thousand microfiche card duplications of Africa� legislation._ Within a few months. a Center-prepared Africa11 law bibliograpl1y covering. the perJ od_ 1947 . to 1966 will be ready for printing, and annual supplements . will be p�blis hed 1n s ubseq�ent years. The Ce11 ter is also as sisti11g us to o�trun .the rev:sed statutes of Afr�can countries, and personnel form the Center edited m . Engl1sl1 and tra°:slated into French the proceedings of the 1968 Conferenc� 011 African Legal E�ucat1?n. Maj or Belgian Governn1ent support for the Center 1s s cheduled to en� 1!1 !111d-1970, so this conling year mus t be a most active one f�r the Center s t_aff 1. f 1 t 1s . to comp lete as planned its African bibliography and IIllCrofiche collect1ons of African laws� Publications Tl1 is year the Faculty published more and co11 tracted for the pu blication of more tba11 it ever has previo11sly. It also contracted to have se,,eral i1nporta11t works in Englis h and French translated into Aml1aric for printing a.nd distributio1 1 at a later date. Se,,eral numbers of the J 011rnal of Ethiopian La,v ,vere put out a11d it is expected tl1at with publication of Volun1e 7, Nu1nber l 1 1ext acaden1 ic year, the Jour11 al will finally be on schedule. Some n11mbers of the Jot1rnal !,ave sold out and bad to be rerun, so in tl1e future four thousand copies will be JJrinted of each 11ew Jo11rnal is sue. Similarly, fro111 now 011 we will a]so expand. t]1 e 011tput of a]l new books and 1nonographs . We are convinced that the 1narket for works on Ethiopian law in both E11glis b and Aml1aric ha s been underestimated and tl1at witl1 a pla11ned sales pusl1 \.Ve can dispose of everythino:0 we p11blisb.

Early in tl1e year we hired Ato Zewde Seyoum to keep our publication in ventory re�ords a�d to ass is_t i11 sales a11d di�t:ibution. He l1as bee11 of great help to Mr. Kindred 1n revamp111g and systemat1z1ng the entire operation and as he �i�l be a I?ermanent ad�iti?n to our organization, he sl1ould help eas e the tran s1t1ons requ1red fron1 per1od1c turnover of students and teachers ,vho work on our pt1blicatio1 1 s. . After _son1e dela?, _tl1� Addis Ababa laws r_ece11tly went to the printers a11d vv tll be 011t soon.. This 1s the frrst c?m�leted . port1011 of the Consolidated Ethiopian Laws a?d tl1e rest of the C?ns _ol1cl�t1on, 111 both E11glish ru1d Amharic, sliould be . pub�shed a1�d ready for �1st�1b11t1 0� sometime during the next academic year. This edited version of all_ E�h1op1an legislation other than the major codes sliould be of great help _to Eth1?�1an judges and advocates as well as to our students. It has �een heavily s11bs1d1zed by Ford Foundation funds. Substantial doinestic and foreign sales are expected.

Law House This combined law s tt1dent dormitor·y and I ounge b t11·1d·1ng, f'1n� . . . po y ar p11 b 1 b st1 anced . scr1pt1ons rais ed by s tudents and s taff' _ i· s now co?·lP1eted . and will be occupied by st11dents at the beg i1111i11 g. o! tl1 e co1n111 g acade1ruc year. Approxin1ately ten per cent of t l1e cost o f the b111ld1ng an d its fu1·nis 11 g is yet bi to be raised As living quart rs for i any of �ur s ttidents an d as a social and � profess ional �enter ' this new s t:ucture wi ll fill maJor needs. Legal Aid A modes t leoal aid pro1rram conSist · .·111g_ of s tudent ass 1s tanc� to 0 . court appointed defence c01111�el in crimina1 ca�es ,1va . s ina ug ura ted 1n the middle of the year. Before it \Vac s well 11nd er way tl·us pro as g d J e ram · d 1a cance e 11 b to a res11lt of 1111certai11 sttident availabilit d ise by tl1 e student protest 111ovement. t �� i� l . Next sen:ester it is agai1 1 plani ed to s t te assi_ stanc: t� court appo111ted conn· sel a11d. 1f a pending request fo r forei 1 ; 11 panded legal aid program will be laui:hed� rr<lation aid 1s granted, a m11ch ex·

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SIXTH ANNUAI. REPORT OF THE DEAN

Conference on Legal Education in Africa From October 20 to 24, 1968 the .Law Faculty was hos t to a confere11ce on African legal education l1eld i 11 Addis Ababa. The confere11ce was largely plan11ed and administred by our staff and our -people also prepared and distributed the ratl1er lengthy proceedings of' the co11fere11ce. I.n attendanc� were representatives of fifteen Africa11 countries: Ethiopia, ·Ca1ne�o1111, Co11go K111s�asa, Ghana, Ke11ya, Lesotho, Liberia, Malawi, Nigeria, .� 0!11al1a, Sudan,. Tanza111a, Uga11da, United Arab Rep11blic a11d Zambia. All par t1c1pants were e1tl1er la\v teachers i11 African law schools or directly concerned with -problems of legal ed11cation i11 Africa. The conference dealt with such s11bjects as the goals �f legal educatio11 in developing countries, ct1rricul111n, teaching methods .and materials, researcl1 . prioritjes and publication, sub-degree education and pro spects for closer coopert1.t1011 a111ong African law scl1ools. One afternoo11 was devoted to den1onstratio11 classes at our Fact1lty pt1t 011 · by some of our teachers and stud •dents. Expe11ses of tl1e confere11ce a11d preparation of the proceedings were paid for by the Inter11atio11al Legal Ce11ter. Needs a.nd problems At the close of n1y annual report last year I set forth a list of Law Faculty needs, each of which raised difficult and persistent problems not readily overco111e. In re,1iewi11g the Faculty's situation at the end of th.is year I feel that these 11eeds still exist a11d are still of major importance even thot1gl1 in some instances there has been progress 1 naking then1 less critical. More money \Vould help i11 satisfying some of tl1e needs but for others a change in policy or shift of effort by the Urliversity, 011r staff or our al11m1u is needed. It may prove helpful to those who ca11 influence our Faculty's develop1nent if I expa11d some what my prior re1narks on these 11eeds and in the course of doing so indicate what p·rogress has been n1ade and what prospects now appear for alleviating these needs i11 tl1e f11ture. 1. Transition to a predominately Ethiopian full-time teaching staff \Ve have made a start on this with appointments of the past year and next. There appears to be general University approval of our goal of annually addi11g three new Ethiopians to the full-time staff for the next five or six years and if they wish sending these newcomers abroad for a year or so of foreign stt1dy after they have been witl1 us for two years. This rate of tra11sition to a predom inately Ethiopian staff is gradual enough to permit assimilation of inexperie11ced Ethiopian teachers without 1111d11ly in1pairing prospects for enough fina11cial help from abroad to employ the decli11ing 11umber of expatriate teacl1ers needed. Btrt without full cooperation of the University adnunistratio11 this three-a-year goal cannot be met ' for at a11y one time the number of Ethiopian .law graduate. s of sufficient intellectual caliber to make teaching a perma11ent : full-time career 1s extre.mely limited. Tb.e University must provide salaries for Ethiopian law teache·rs cominensurate with wb.at the best lawyers of similar age and backgro1111d are rec eiving in government legal positions. Also, in my opinion, the U11i�ersity _1 nt1st be willing to take on as teachers at least some of o�r top stude1�ts 1mmed1ately upon graduation. Professional experience beyond EUS 1s not essent1� for a goo� law teacher. J11 fact it has been my observation that too long a per1 �d of experi ence in governn1ent or private practice can ruin a good law teacl1 �ng prospect. adm y rs1t 1ve Un th d, nee e rs che tea ian iop Eth � the Lastly, if we are to recruit � inistration must be less d.ilatory i11 passing on candidates submitted by the L.aw Facl1lty tba11 l1as been true in the past. er mb nt1 e in t io rit att ? y rar po tem e tl1 m fro art ap e 1it Q1 2. More degree students � t rea th a 1s ere tl1 , nt me ve mo st ote pr nt 1de st1 e th of our degree students caused by

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1 . o N I . V L O V W A L N IA P JOURNAL OF ETHIO

e ts r en de ud un st . .B L th L y d� � ne f o mber nu . w lo ry ve a n ve gi be ill w e w at th to p u t into efef c�. s an pl y 1t rs ve n1 U e th at th rigid faculty-by-faculty quota system ga l �rder of this. le e th n o t ec eff . e th , w lo o _ to . If our permissible quota is fixed s 1 ze an d need no African country its to n tio la re country will b e catastrophic. In � pi an io l th th E ne on rs pe �nd d ne ai tr w la l ve -le ee gr de of e ta bas a greater shor g h � _o uc op1an m �i of Et e a� st � pe lo ve de un e th r fo le ib s this shortage is largely respon 1 1n n m t1o e ad tra s th 1n of gs 1n om tc or sh y an m e th d an law, especially public law, y t da en o� llm ee· ro gr en de e th s ar ye e fiv xt ne e th in th wi at th justice. I strongly urge r is be le th m nd nu ha n ca at e W 0. 30 to d se ea cr in be lty cu Fa w students in the La nt ty d� rsi stu v� ni U body e th in h wt �o ed at ip tic an th g wi d an st, co d de very little ad d e d an ter fie in sted ali qu of er mb nu is th , law for a ot qu and an adjustment in the r is as de or al ces leg ne nt cie effi d an rn de mo A d. ide ov pr be s tudents can readily . al tri us t d ind tpu an ou al ur ult ric ag sed rea inc as nt sary to a nation's developme 3. More resea.rch and writing on high priority Ethiopian problems Law Faculty research and writing have principally been of two kinds: (I) screen ing a11d translating in1portant recent Ethiopian court judgments and opinions, and (2) summarizing important seg ments of Ethiopian law, usually some portion of a code, frequently with an analy sis of logical ambiguities in the text. In the summarizing process the modern evolution of rules and concepts is often described and a coinparison of Ethiopian legal doctrine with that of other countries, notably countries fron1 which Ethiopian codes \Vere in large part borrowed, is common. All of this is important and because it is relatively easy to do and because prev iou sly so little has been published on Ethiopian law, the priority it has received has probably been merited.

But what I submit is d�sperately needed and deserves greater Law Faculty research effort from now on 1 s the description and critical evaluation of how Eth iopian law and legal institutions actually operate, and from such observations ,vhat �odificatio� s in and addition s to the law and its institutions are needed. This 1s a. very difficult form _of research for it requires slight reliance on libraries or arc�•�es and heavy. reliance on data �athering throu gh interviews, questionaires and participant obser,,auon. And becau s e 1 t often involves inti1nate and little publicized ��owledge of _l1ow and why pe_ople act, it is more likely to meet with su sp1c1on and resistance. However, if the problen1s with \Vhich Ethiopian law deaJs are to be fully_ underst?od and the most effective legal solutions worked out, more research ?f this sort. 1s necessary and thos e 011 the Law Faculty are probably bes t qualified to do 1t. That such research is poss ible in Ethiopia and can be done by our staff and st11dents has been proved by projects currently underw ay t t�e L w Faculty: those supervised by Profe ssor Beckstrom and referred to ear· � �r 1n t � s report, and one on s11retyship bei 11 cond uc t.ed by J\1 1· chael K" 1ndred with the aid of stude11t assi stants . Possibilities fo� . Sllch researc l1 may be enhanced ! if proposed plans for reorgani· i• ng and upgrading th e social science side of the · i·s · roug'h • z o ne ai_ m o f the plans now· under cons1·a eration University are pushed th to increase the amount of un·i rs •t fi l res earch effort dire 1tifyin g idei cted at and solving the key problems �� ihioP� �11 develo�n1ent. I as these hope that . plans take shape attention will be g;:�i t cooperative searcl1 re law-so cial science progr�ms in whicl1 our staff will P�t e. We have much to offer and much to ga111 from joint research ventuies. 4_. Curricular improven1ent I increasin I h ave . a felt g Y. that 1n offer ed cour ses nd their content we should be more d arin g and innovative. Our curric11lum is - 22 -

SIXTH ANNUAL REPORT OF THE DEAN

still too •:eflective of wl1at is done at American a11d European law scl1ools and is Ethiopia. Progress has bee11 geared t the unique needs 1nade, 11ot �t1fficiently of � _ esp�ctally w1 tl1 sucl1 StlbJects as la11d refor1n, 11att1ral resources, tra11snational tran ;S�ct1011s_ a!1d emplo �n1e11t relatio11s; but n1ore 11eeds to be do11e i11 e1nphasizing l11�h pr1or1ty Eth1op1a11 proble111s a11d in 11si11g Ethiopia11 data and 111aterials. Illustr . real world matters to s11cl1 E . th.iopia11 as uld be give11 ? �t1 �e�y, g·reater . stress sl1 . _ JUdtc�al and police ad1111111strat1011, tl1e 11ature and quality of legal services provided by l1ce11secl advocates a11d otl1ers wl10 are u11licensed, actual relations between c�ntra1 a11d local gover11n1e11t, tl1e success of n1ea11s 11sed for enforcing tax laws, clisp11te settle1ne11t amo11g traders, care facilities available for aba11do11ed and delin que11t cbildre.1�, and co11tr0Js exercised to regulate the growtl1 patter11s of urban _E1npl1as1s areas. also sl1011Jd be give11 to l1ovv 11ew laws and new legal procedures -co11ld be 11sed to help solve s11cl1 cl1ro11ic Ethiopia11 problems as excessive sub sistenc e_ far11 �i _n�, l1ea\1 Y soil erosio11, 11ncleri11d11strialization, i11adequate trans portat1011 fac1l1t1es, too few scl1ools a11d a11 acute shortage of competent teachers, corrt1ption in gover.111ne11t, a11d i11effi.cient 11.tilization of white collar personnel by ma11y 111inistTies and govern111ent age11cies. Most of our graduates are going into jobs where they must deal \.Vitl1 n1atters of tl1ese kinds, so their law school courses should help orie11t them to t1ndersta11cling a11d solvi11g such problen1s. There is a11 obvious relationsl1ip between the kinds of curricular cha11ges I an1 advocating a11d the forn1s of research discussed in item 3 just above. Little ca11 be done i11 developi11g courses of tl1e sort suggested until more relevant data is available, and U11iversity staff research is tl1e most lil<ely source for such data. Ethiopian students too have a part to play at the research level botl1 in course a11d employme11t situations; and if properly directed, st11dent research activities ca11 be valuable educational experiences in addition to expanding needed bodies of know ledge Our certificate a11d diploma programs present special curricular problems. I am inclined to thi_nk that coverage i11 the two programs is too much alike ancl also that subject matter might be substituted that would have 1nore significa11ce for those whom these programs are designed to serve. My doubts extend beyond the curriculum and I have a feeling tl1at the diploma courses should be upgraded and made more di'flicult, that more writi11g should be req11ired of all sub-degree stt1dents and that students should be encouraged to engage more i11 class discussion. In addi tion to ol1r certificate and diploma offerings perhaps we should consider giving short workshops of two weeks or so for specialized legal personnel s11ch as prosecutors, registrars and lower court judges.

•

n are ?ased n:iore on bunch 11ctio instr l leve ree -deg non ut abo have I ions The opin • than so]jd evidence, but reservations concerning this level of 111�truct1on are held by a number of otl1 ers and caref11l inq11iry into present and pote11t1al non-degree pro grams seems needed. I am recom1nending that with funds available in ?ur Ford grant a thorough evaluation of the certificate, diploma and other possible non e tak y also stu the t tha and ? r, yea t nex the ing dur ree deg de ma ms be progra :, er resources 1n . the legal into consideration present and pote11tial_ fl1ture n1anpo � _ ca edu r aJo m _ the at \vh n 1n erm det for is bas ter ic bet serv a e e � giv � field so as to ,,'• tional 1 1eeds really are. In any such st11dy the M1n1stry . of Justice sl�ould be const1l ted both for data it possesses about the legal profession . a?-d . for its plans a11d preferen ces for training of legal service personnel. Other m1n1str1es and agen d. lte nsu co be o als uld sho el nn rso pe e vic ser al s leg cie y plo em t tha 110w or later may {

- 23

No. l J' . V L O V W A L N IA P IO TH JOURNAL OF E

ha ve been submitted to the Dean-De sig11ate and

My evaluation recommendations the University administration. e it to sa y that I have c ffi Su n tio ia so as ni um al l � fu ng ni 5. An active and mea e Law Alt1m 11j by th ,1m o gr pr us ro o g i v e or m bee n disappoi11ted at tl1e lac k of a . l 1o t1ld be e xpected of s e or M go a ar e y a n A ssociation followin g its organizatio this gro up next year. 6. A satisfactor), physical plant For pro1?a bly five years w_e can . get by \Vith the buildi 11 gs we now have. In es tablishing this �aw sch ool a w�se _polic y ha s been followed of spending available moneys on st�ff, l!brary _and p11bl 1cat1o ns rather than 011 a moder 11 law scl1ool building; but the time 1s c oD11ng when tl 1e need for more adequate quarters canno t be postponed. How long we c an co 11ti11ue where we are will be deter111ined by the rate of expansio11 of our libra ry, fo r wl1e11 tl1e library o utgrows the grou11d floo r of our n1ai11 building we vvill I1a ve to 111o ve. Al though th.ere a re still expa11sio11 possibilities for added libra ry spa ce a djace11t to tl1e present readi11g roo1 11, structural limita tio11s preve11t use of the seco11d floo r of tl1e 111ain building for l1eavy collectio11s of bo oks. I ca11 11ot s tress stro11gly e1 1o ugl1 the in1portan ce of ba.vi11g the law library IJbysically sitt1ated i11 tl 1e law buildi11g, an d t111der no circ 11n1sta1 1ces sh ould added space be n 1ade available by separati11g the library fro1J1 our central office and clas sroo1 11 bt1ilding.

7. Fruitful ties with the outside world Last year I ca lle d attention to the danoer of ot1r Law Faculty becoming incre asi·ngly isolated fro1 11 in tellectual a i1d educa tio;al developn1 e?ts . outside Ethiopia. I s till see this as a l ong-terin threat, especially . tl11op1ans ta ke over, as they sl1 ould, the adininistratio11 a1 1d 1n os t of the wl1e1 1_ E te aclun g at �be . Faculty. Up . to n ow, due to its foreign staff at1d Iiniited available data 011 �thiop1an l,1\V a11d 111 stituti o11s, I think the Fac ulty J1as be e11 overly con} c ern ed w1tl1 tl 1e Iav.1s of Euro pe a 1�d �o rth Ai11eric a. Tllis \Vill gradtlally be cor re_cted, but t prevent an l��d_ue S\VIL1g !n the ot}1er directio n I llo pe several steps � , ta� vvill be en. tl1at s0111 e v1s 1t1n g expatriate legal scliolars will c oiltiillle to be off· ered teaching a.n d res ear cl1 opportu1•11·tes 1 1ere, t1 1at 01 1r Etl1 · 1op1a 11 teacl1ers ,vho . . stud.y abroad will con tin ue profess1011al ties with the foreig 11 i· nst'tI llt· ·1 ns ti 1ey atten de d, and that eve11tually Etl1iopia11 legal scholars \\'ill .r.b e e 11co11�a ge� _to ta 'e k per. . iodic teachi11 g a 1 1d lectt1ri11g a ppointn1 ents at 1'ead c 111g · 1 ore1g11 t1n 1ve rs1t1es . • c ts ,v It also would be desirable if m ore conta e re developed be tween o11r Fae· those t1lty and of other African . co un t r1 es. Stt1de11t and fa cuItY exc . con1mon , h a n ge s , . . . teacl11ng mate ria ls joiiit researcl o ec s and. act ve d an al rti ion c pa o1 reg ati i n ip 1 i t J co11 tinent-\vide ac� denlic ass;cia�o�; are possibl e 111e ans f or crea ti 11 g a 1 1d e11l arging tl1ese contac ts · Ethiopia's · probl e111s are co·111 ino11 t o ut· d ro muc an h ' f o a , A f r1c · · ual aware11ess of ho\¥ la w is b eing sed t� sol,,e th e se _proble ms will be of be nefit to each cot1ntry a 11d sho ttld be of llig� Priority . to all A fri can la\J\1 teacl1ers. .

Ot1r 1nain buildi 11g is old a11d requires regular repair w ork to keep it presen table. Tl1e University buildi 11g repair ancl 1naintena nce peo1Jle l1ave bee11 very co operative i11 n1 aking 11eces sary repairs. Ho\vever, two of tl 1e tl1ree o utbuildings we 110w occt1py are i11 bad need of rel1abilitation a11d wil l 11 ever last five yea rs \vitl1 out co ns iclerable work o n the111.

- 24 -

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REPORTS The fallowing reports are cases decided by the Supreme I1nperial and the High Courts of Ethiopia. The Amharic judgn1ent is official and always precedes the Eng lish. The Journal of Ethiopian Law is a scholary publication, addressing itself to all members of tl1e profession. Its purpose i11 p11blishi11g judgn1ents is to make known to the profession interesti11g decisions wl1ich in the opinion of the Board and Editors raise important issues of law. 111 selecting a particular judgment for publication, the Board -and Editors do not wish to convey the in1pression that the judgment is definitive on any propsition for wl1ich it may stand although the quality of the the decision is always an i1nportant consideration in determining whether it sh?uld be included in the Jol1rnal. When, in the opi11ion of a Board Member or an Eclitor, a judgme11t is of interest and raises an important issue of law but there is reason to believe that aspects of the decision are co11testable or that the result reached by the court is not clearly the only Sllpportable conclusion, a note o� the case is often included. The absence of such a note is not however to be mterpreted as indicating complete finality on the issues raised in tl1e ca� e, as !t. is expected . that members of the profession on all levels 1nay hold diff ering op1n1ons on the merits of any j11dgme11t published herein. The Men1bers of tl1e Board and The Editors.

- 25-

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= o 611' 'l''1" = n nh·t\:1!m· = flP/..h1·t\m·1 = A il = o'r ..,.q> f.\ :: .. = t\1·1. = 1•P,� = i't"l'l•O f"l'mcf'o-:,.. = fc,::1·,1 = ,,n,,..c = ,1,"l = 4?'1'(�•f

or,A il u/

fl/ ,h/

Q()

ft\;f!£D•9° I h'IJ!,111/'i:, , = {/Dt?J":f- ;,c n,1·f..t.1m· il,,Oofl �°1'11 'li •1,P,� : lth'i'lD·"} : ff, l(t : (D• : Oi/.il-t"} : t\J!,{JIJt\h:,.. 9° i f1,'i' ..l:"} : 6,V, : a, m· :: '' ft.A : t, ?°5'.A ! ffl>,t- : JftJD�• : f7i?°"IA'i' : P,7t:f-. : ,f,h;t-,)·•t\lD• : ff..lO•'l:t!m·1 : 'I1r:":f- :,..n tifl�: (1\m·'I..,.. .;:) Q() lJ1'i':r-w• = n�c..elj: 1o : ,f•l;J"lflJ.A ::

=''o>;

u0/

= �:,.

;, ,n:,:m·"t = fl..f&.cit = fori-:f·A 04! ?°i11,.r:,.. t,t\ ii fitU•5'.: {JIJf,\{l : 061]6 nt,m·t-:�·m•: <;:C�" : (11·: 'lcf't.fl·T : nil: ll}<{l'f': ff1,1-- : 6,<JJ : 'f);, : �!!fl : "fie : h?i"� : v-11,-f:?° : f.J?..co.;:A : •Ot\m• : '!OC :: ft,m•t.�m- : �C�" : �:,. : UDf,\{l : 0.6£b'P : l1,nf<f'.,)· : "l"}tl,,{l : "ltll/a•"} : ,n,: : 1,1.�...r1·�-.. &.CJl. 'inc _eu11 = Oooj1 m?° m_e11r: : it·filn.,1· .e"l'l� = -0/llD· : J!,"l'l"f-1 : f(I.Ol/m•: fh�.,,--t1m•: �c..e..--: e1:,,: '11�"}: roJ?,.: (l.rl• : J"J{JIJf,.": » f li9''"1Ac; : P,q'>":(, t,fl.-l•ftl\.ttm· :: l,'io•9° : t\1--.c;{t : m·lt), : om• :: OJ!,"1'1� : fli : f,t-m4'0.·1... : f<;::,•·,11 : ,,n,,.. c : ,71°1 : <f?'J'c.?1·· : fi{1,f• : liUD..e- : f7i9°"1A'i: �"1· : (ll,.f&.co,:1 ..) : t,y;:,'-n·?° :: .. .qq'>":i- : frt-(tmro·"} : m•lt), : llfil<l 7i0'l"lil,?':f. : fl"?..f11.r : IE/9.ii : '1J?..l1-:,, : (D•l}), : ilt\t\)!:;1: : U•);:J" : (1..,. .. lf 19'' O 1tA,1•a;;,1�?° :1:tt .. nf11--1;:, = v./jiJ : 1,c; = noif1-JJ' IE! = . �� :l!l : Ort-f..t.1--:,-- : {l,fl(tfl?Jl- : rA.�•;t"} : 1--P.f, : (J,l·/\.f.. : 'lf.lf"} : nm�>i\f\tD•: l I h1f...,t-'l;,1�n:,.. : f"1J!,mlmC : 'Im• :: ilt\ttu = .eu �c-�- l1:,.. t\orz..n,f•t\.. :1.. : itt--:,,.: 6J,b•flto1•.. ;

= =

lJI fl/

ilfl;J•fl.rm· : {/D�lil , ilt\•fl..e..--�.c; : Orf'ht. ilt?':f. : ooi)nt\ : ilt\+f..l1ro• : il9°9°'1:,• � ·- 28 -

d1 OD/

r./

ilI\"}·ll l:i :'i : f"}-o l...,: : (}I\ {L:, .. : 0'/"} : 1\11' tr., .z. ill\ = A'J!-:t = it ,.ef1-f'i" = ilt\<Pt\!). : w•tit ouilm:,.. : .e'icO;:J·A :: U / ill\;J-tl:]!:(',n- : ou�lll 1

0'/J!,"'l'i:,... : 0Dt?J1".. : 1-.(}"1, : "il"}.,e..,,t·1t\?ta>•lj : "h"}Jtu--9° : .e"lll � : llf, : f�-1--,h = ·fl,lhC1 = ,n"J = 1?'1'�7f-- = ir;.to- irxL: m:1,(l = 1,1P.oul\h,,1--w- = ;,11:J! : (lcJ!lj: hll.f..' : ,.r/;\tr-a,. : 9°h"} jy:-:(.� hibt\: ;· flil··f•· <PC : OD�lil : ft\fl.-,..9°::

f;J•fl:r = ,,,..,1,Pi'P/. = ql\01 = 'lAc; OIJ..il:i• ni\c"l,n'1 : r,:�,c : Ttiillw• = "h 1 >t'i?,... = ,,., -�-- l."1 = ., w• .. I\ :1!m· = r,:::,,cc; ao"l q q :,,. = oul1J I\ :1--c.· {JD ., ;1-. 1 /\;J 0."t-h· O;J:w. : OD't:lil = {}cf! : 9' h"}..e:,.. : tit\ : l\°'ll\•1-- : J!,:J!/\A:: Ock lh • 'PC if.ti : 'il-'i : lf.? : h,t-n1cl fl·;I.. : h 'l.f..· : 9"h"} ..e,y.:f.. : /\,I\ : 9°h 1 .. r,),: lt.'i u 9 C'i' : _eu : 9°h, ,.e:,.. : O�;l·t11 : .-0,11.C : ;11"1 : 'k'f'C : lf.�•E(�) 1 ?!f.fli 1 ) J,c;: 1f.12: if.%: £.IDLJ.'l")·· : 0,1:: lf'i : (l.1�: f{L"I.. : tfUDf-..' : 7i9°c1J/;\lj: P,� :1-..'i" : �C..f: : O»"f--T : .:1.-0:J! m·•"} : l\Ol/�lil : ,f,"f/\� :: rn..,t- : tl 00.�· : f7i9°0Jt\lj : ,v,'1-:f... : Ollf.\lj : UIJ.il:,... : aotihA : ffla>·1 : 0 11 j".. '1 T 'i : m� I\ I\ : lr>,;t-: h--t-ouh hrJ.: : n ?. I\ : cp'i" (IJ• : OD �;t· ,h, : f;.,11;f.w· : {ID�t.il = outf�.."} = •1fli" ,eu?'' = r,-:c:.e..� = f t:1, fli'h�tit?J:f.: UDtihA = fllm·1= 0•�7 : 1-'lf.....,,f...7A :: hf·l.. lJ9° : U·h,,.I: : (lSJ>i".. : O��> C : ,l'tiillllr : noo'fc : .. : Ofl,.,.. . : J-IODf.' : r7i9° "Jt\lj: J!,�':.f: }il\OD;rl\:-rro·•, : ...,.•111-JOC,"A :: flODlff"'t r °il(:.v,;t- : yt-h�tit?J:t: : rf•{lGl/9°,f·ro-- : t\ODtfC : ll'J°9°.,;I.. : tif..l1·· : o:�./\ : -�" :fro&, = ti.et◄ �OD• = 41�- == P, 01ou'19° : i,'l"fu• 7i °'l"llb?1"f = t\01/il;rl;l> : 'l°h?-1 °11 : ,).etiti : cl'l :: 01.'h�tit?J:11 : ootihA : f'iOlar : ,n·fl : fl�(t- : •fl:J! : ti_e lD(I"} : no,,,,-. : 11oop..;1.::,.:ar9° : UD\-}h&\.: t,6'.0D"J(}ll"1"1 : &.. ml:: 7-..J!,f..: 1,l!htLIJ : OD�t.l'l·19° : u-..fl.-J:9° : Th�tit?J:f... = t,9°.,'PA :: illltLU ;.,11:J!ro·, = fl°'I� lll : flcn"l?° : (f'., : nt1 1,9°c> : "19° :,.. : 04! : 9°h"}f·1-- : J\l\ : -Oh, : i,c;9" c;i\"} :: ilhlJJ!,OJclj: nhti"lic; : (1,f--hti7i : uutinA : ill\'ifllW- : ll9°9°�T ¾

= r

= =

= n

"-I

OQAc; : 00?..il;I... : ootihA : ffi "O : 1,11..-t--&.ml : fl{l,"I' : tfODf: : f7i9""1 Ali : P,7t:f... : 6CJ!,;J' : 1,c:,, : rt-f..C1° : ',OC :: fl},Ccf?9'° : UolPl;l.. : h-f... : "'rC&o : lJJ!,:flD- 1 : h"},�h�h--� : (}/;\'i' : Ol/.il:,... : flil9"°9°',-).. : },,. � 'f ?- : rf--1'l1 :: .,1C : 1 ,, °11 : 111,Ccf.? : fl:\t\ : it...Y.. : ,) ·C6o : ilh m� : OJf,tf � : ti Ol 1 ;,-.. : ,f...,f,fDJ. :fro• :: f{lt\lj: 0'lil:1.. ,,:,.. : OD'}ttil : flODt}ht\rOJ• : m�,,y... : -{l'f',O'f' : fl&.', :: ro_e11c� : h-fll"fi:1 .. : lJP,lD' : i'1"Y. : :1--C&a"} : ..,1,: : roiz..aot\h"1' : f"lA : 6,V, : aotr'l-1 li : 1,Clt:flD·9° : (}P,ro·"} : 6',ooti&../;\ : f;Jt- : ,-Ot.;J ..;f.: ro·"} : 7im'PA : O°'lt\:,.. : "l":VlD!JDc :: h--Y.. : :,..eta : frf"'ifmw-, : '}•(lt.r)' : f11·1 U·T : h;.,-n:.J!m· : O&. r1• : .,w- : 0.�9° = = n,1i 1-- = aowl,)· UD'if 'P = f°'IJ!,1ll:fro•1 = h-0,,y.."f = <.flJ'if"1:f m•,c; : fltLV·9° : ?°ti, .,f :,-. : ouh(t ti:,.:ro..1 : tiAti-�--9"° :: h V·1 : ,t• 7im· : f,,,.. ll h ;I.. : ,-0l,,y..i.._ : ti 1.f.... : ,J?9"° : ti'P1 i t,, .. tioo-�.. 'f t i'1 � T : OJ"} Oc>:f'i· : it1-f..."' : ''TA�,, : mlA.•"1 : n;1-n;:ro. : fl&,:,.. : f1·1ti·•: OD(f c;:fro•"} : f°1..1A?; : 04! 0'/ilt.'P, : fh9° :: h1·LtJ9° = lbt\ = 'lA'i"= OTLil:,-- = O;J"O :Fw• : llh :,.. : (}f..l1--:i-- : il9"°9°'1:, .. : UDlP.l;I.. : h;11t:Fm· : o&.:i-- : f� n�:faJ• : 1-0l:,.. : f;J� : f; U · 1 : forJ.t\ : III/ill�- : t,/\11·19° :: > ?° = ff..t.o 6-� = 'r� � f:J = = .?J"f ,, :io .. hi: = ... hu hdJA = '1'�9° : ti.e,tr, 0 -:-, .. 00 v.•t.:,.. = "-:,"•,v. c = irx , :;:r-,0 i ) (,1 r :,,v.,: 1 , .,,. dJ '° .. ..11 ,.hc 1 nc,�,,1--th. = 'II, .... ,,.�. ,... ti\ I = -r- I Le , ....-.. ..� .,..._.-;...:

1',�,

,. :

= ...

-29-

° 1 1 U : : 1 9 U/,\ F-.. f 1'1 : C •O ffi�• : {1D : -.(" tJ f. fl :: A t m � ,e : l1 -i .e.. • '1'�9° : 'h1F-.. °h f:• : : 1 C �" 9° : 9 •fl ; ll 1f .U • fi ;I 1 �{ fl ,f· .e.. 1'1 : :tj {JlJ . I hOP,ta, : II'/"} : 'll1f...lf)· • lD· : 111f•fl : 9°1 : "l ·P,f,: l\.e,: f 11 f, .. : 'h1F-..'ifll:; {lODGt1l7i9° : {lf·f.. U : •Of.·C · ° :: hf l,tJ9°: lb/\: nf. · fl 19 1"f : hl\ l:� {l cP/ 'i: flf : � 7'' 'h1f...'Pll: f°tflJf, : d//,\ , w, ll"'J :f· C: : "} : '11 =. 1 r,::� · •:i· '''" ·m f,J : 'I' : fl OJ• ":f(l� (D• : lJlJtflD·'i : U• fl,,..'i:� : . ° · = .. h--1: a; Dfl r LO = nf u1 11. .,,r :, 19 11 hl\ � 'A fll 11'/ 'i � LA.11 : h'l'.9fl.. flf = -- m· m·I}� ilATnm 1· �t. : .,.,e:.1-.. : nn,,1• : tfODf:: f"li9°°1A'i P,� .., , aic·t c tt.e.1• l,n ll,.( 1}� m',:J = q_e 9° 9°1 : '11-.. '1'1' .. a; : q:1�m-: c,::cY: : (1,f,l· : fl 11 u fr'}°:: ,I,/ {lfl"}, fll,f.:'i": {Ill: '1/l(]IJ•fl,r',,f: t ! : flt,:,. : ra; fll : U •01· ,n; : t1;, : % : , if� C cJ?'f' rc,:: )•,l1 : ·0,lh C : f°IA : 1"11.'.,. : f;J/r : lf'i : 1,1F-..IJl/f,,f,tnC : f,'i"1t--A :: '11(: : '?1 : h;,..O:J! : --ro<f, : 0(11•,pc · 0 : ilA;J " fl°l/,\� : tJDlf� : : fl?.f\ : r,1·11 : 1t;:fw ·9° : u,n:,.: f°IA r;, t- u,fl:,-. ro· = ,f• 11 n� .e;J-- a0c,·IA -- : (JIJ,,. . ;,111'i": ODl� " 0"2..ll-l : {lfl/,\'i" : ;J•O:J: : 'hf\f, : }, }f..1/lf.'',OJ·: U·lr . ... ° ,: P,·)· : oof.'l{i:: {l"-i',llfl;f,: i',"}f..i1m·: OJ11 : /lU·fl..-f.:9 : ro1'i I.. : n .. A: f1 'lfi•r: ° V : : : floonLA •Of.·?-"} ·l\1:9 : 1, h·A = 6P,: 1\"}f..;Jt• : 6P,: _e,f,,n/rt\:: {lfllf',9° fl/'', : ''l�;J-- : i',ll q:f!ro . :: O--f-- Gtl,Ol/ t'J° : V·fl,f: : 'lll;l..,".c.'1" : f°lA : U•O;J..:fw•: f,.9t- : }\1,t;.lf '} : flOD{llJl/01/:,- : OD:J'l\:fOJ•"} : fC,::1•,lt : •0,lbC : ,1,"l : cf!'rC : . :A : . ir2� (E) : f!.,'i"1/r/;\ :: .eu119° : ff.l1,:,-1 : (D•/A : t\UD/\.aJ'I' : 1, tf.°2.:1 r�:,.,,, ·fl,11.c ,"t1°l 'l?'l'C ix�Il � it@I • "h.'i = it2t eftl,".l\-- := .eu1 011: l01: f0'l:J!"-(D• : O'lll1·P,�;f: : ootant\ : fllro· : 011,:.-;:1.. : �:,;,(: : f,t·'l°ltO:i-- : n.lf"} : ',m•:: U•{\,f:'J°: W1'ii·: 7,1F-..: ml\:,- : n.,,,..,i : ;:,-n;:ro. : 1,1�.t.Cll : 011 ii:�I•� ..: ,1-- 10.. : ',ro• :: ;J•fl:J:ro-1 : il.f&.C{l : r;:/\.m• : 9°n1,.f•1': il,.ODllJ : r:F l\W• : Oi',1-�: ro1"} : 'r'i-"1· : ·(l:f.: UDlJ''t·: (l.,l;J'l'r: ro,,,..: f·JOD�·: fo'J°°IA'i: P,'q>",.f.. : V·ll--19°: r;:>t.. : IJ•O-l· : lDf,9° : fh'l'&.lD·1 : f"JA : 0•01 -- : lllbf\£0• : • fl-- = /\..Om· : .elft . (f�·r,h: :O,l1>C : ,"t1°J : ,f?'l'C : jfji :: ) hlttJ'J°: lbl\ : fO"..,-- : ff(]IJ�' : f7i'J°°lt\'i: ?.7.°1'': h'lA'i : hOIJ.ll;I.: i't"},�..: rof,9° : u--n,f�?°: n;:,..n;Fm· = '1°tl1f:,..= f .. 1"i:,-.1 '1'�'9°= mf,9° : r,1--f.t..11\:fa>·"} : {1(11:J" : {l(ll ;J-- lD·1 : I\f... l'1-- I\:,:(D• : (l91:.1. : 7,rt.';.OD l,\ (}• : ll •r ,.,. : .e:y.." /\.• :: (f �'T "' : •fl ,1.. C : f • ',

"'°' :

= .,

= ..

;,,°l : cf?'PC : jfj{i :: )

f{1-i": ff0Df.' : !7i'J°°ll,\'i" : ?,71'",.} frf•llJt.. : 0'1lllP, : ti r1 ,:. : T:in..?J:J : I : . ll'ln;<f.. : OD(D•6b], : !1 i:,--1 : {1(0:J-'i : f;Jt.. : 1 ·fll;J":,:a}•"} : ,f•;Jfl ?J;f: : otriJ. . f : m ·: fl°t 1 '1 : J:ilLh' : ·Ohm · : oum (lc;:1:ro. : i,ro • a;:,.. : ',ro• :: 9°1'1°: },"}�"t : ro.e11�: h-Ol"fi ..J·: tl{l: f',(l-fl:,, : ff1·1-- : 6:J:, : f01/"} : 1,1 e.. .. lf ',: fl"JA�: flf. I ;J·ro�, = !��t.:q'ro·=,...'i_:Cf: (1:,ht..i-tt?>:f:: 'lA 'i": °1.ll"1·: 1,'Jf.OD (fc;:1:m-= ODffi') : !;f!!l: •OC: ?it: i>f"},f; 9° : 6P,: {l7io1/°ll'b ':.1"..: i',"1'ltf,',-1-: ,f•tJ A 'h : h9' t;:/lro• : 'h1'�.. h�ft-: ro(l', :: fh�,f--f<n•: �CY: : -1 fb · : f, tJ"}"} : c,::c � : tt?tf.4' :: -n'1'1° t,{l,,..,r:, n.tr1 ,1..nnn.;: ,;:c_�.. = a;ro, n = n .. :i�9':i: �- 00l-th� : f'iflt..ro•"} : (1)• I nllJ ·r,..,:, C•f-.. _ ... "J"} .... ��:, : ;: ��: : tifro � h:i n�ro • fl�/\ • r,,--., , .= u-0.:1: i1?.l\'i : fl 'iC'J° : °19°1: : 9"1 : 1 � fU/;\ • 'h"}f...lf', • ra.,,, tlOD�.. : roo'l°llb •. ?,t;»1· .. : i'}ffl}?,: �c:�· = (1,r: 7 ' f '1°: c,::c�- : OD{lffi1' : }if,':.fA'l° ◄

.•

= ..,..

�=

111)'\

-30-

oo/ lll\"17S:'1 : lll\oo+�Y.tf'P

°' :

,l1'IS: : f,f•OJl\f..1:ro.. : fl'r�'9°:, .. : me : '/U : 9° : (l lf"} : h lltiU•"} : fO'/.!ll,,.t--J;f:Z::i-r = tr�- c#'l\!l'} f:F tt.1 :i• i��:t ro.e11c: t.11l"ti.'l-- = 1•nt.. ODil+A = 'i:fm· == i',·f-- = :1 -- c&o = l\,11f.JS: J,f.•1:,- = OD•f•,�Y.t,.f = tt1P,:1:sro = oc.v,;t-: 1'1�1\f.l•J·· : °IA.ft.. : 'Im• :: ffb,f-- : tfou.(>; : f7i?'-1 lt\.c.': -�ar1--: f,U'J'J : h..-f--ooft. h-f: : O:\t\ : }'t..-f.: TC"•>: ib.;,1.'15'. : Ofro,;...: @ •nc: ,f .. (f,t--iifb : Ul/.f:l·°l : 1,'Jf.'lfll 11:fllr: '1llOro• : 1,-,fl.. : m-tt� : J,llhom-n:,-: 1..1·L : t\',fll(Dc: i!t=-OC: J,'JJ;.h�t\-= ,nf!l:rlD·• :: '1"1(: : 1'} : hWJ'..t..•l-: : ;,,'15',. : J,1 �:,,.. : 1,1 f.9°•1--1..,1 : 9°"}9° : w-tt�: tt,eom• : cJ>Crf --'PA :: '11?- : {1�0111� : w,.e.. : 11�,f·•�ro· : �Cf.• : 11:1 .. : ,f·ro(lf.. . •:,•lf .e1im· : �C� - : 0:i1' : ,)1'15'.. : 'f; : q,,0:1, : 7,ilh.'1°1\;f .. : tlh�";t : Jf"} f:: 1,}f.. "}'i = '111;1: l\ 00 rf·•.�.e...t,.f 'P = Ofro,;... : 11: ,oc 1,1�·t1�t\,,. : Of'I == f,U = �c�-= ni't1'9°C: : °19°:, .. : 1··n tit\� : hoolf /\,I\ : ;,,a, = flPJ.J'J-llD· : ill\tr', : 1,�9°: t i'tf f-'+','J't!\ :: (f�1'm : ,{1,JhC : cftOJ : (J?'r(:: jfe'Jl-if•f"} : ,f,OJJt\h:,-.::) {lrf•tJ;b 01/t9° = ,'h., s:9° : rr., 1· = },'i;t n"li ,,.,°1 (\, = .v,;;u:-;.. = �cf:: on,_,.,t.. :,. = nit..y.. : :,--c"o: 0 f c f '1-t"}J; ,. (lll): ro : f :rllHl\: m-"} : h'J P.l\11-- : -f·t.�·,f--t;'A :: w,ei,e : i't1ll ti,} : A�;t'J = l\UTJtiJ.. 1 f.e...t..011:,�ro-1 = w 611, = 1'1· c:11c = fl.t;ro ..:P9° = 1,"}ti. = ff1r = 0 0 tiOD1: : 7iUTJ J l\, : Pi?i 1� : Oflm•:'f· : "19°:,• : UDIPl:I.. : },"}f..0-Z..hrl'"l\W· : h 1 &.CP. (\"} :-

't-r...;

=�

hOJ"} {l;'J· = ,oriiu -- : 1'ilh = rr:P9°-�,.. = ,Dr5: = fl\ro·1 = nh�,,.,...� = �c�- = lt;t-= frron�ro◄ : niw� ;- ....1l: .- : ,flC'i" : (l{l,r =--H��... : f"liCPJOJ(\, : Pi-rt- : f,t--w(l�ro-: {lfaJ?, : oi ..... ·flC : n£11q'i\i\{D• : i',.f.. : :,,c"° : 1,1�.h�/\-- : OtLlJ9° : 1◄ '1-0 : i't--f- : :i--c"° = f°lf.C illl:f w· =

7i'· = f,,.. ro o'I 1 -0c irf; n7iOT/°ll\, 9 ' ............. 6ffr -OC : 07iOT/°1/b9';f: : �cf..•t; : Otltl-•11 · : �C�' : o0tihA : ftt\W· : "L tL t nm:,-;l\l\ar : J't.f, = :,,eta = f°th�t\1:1 , = Ut = -0c = ootr'I• = � w- :: h1·1.u = "'" = ,n'15'. = h9°ll:,.. : a,oo,} : },il h.'l°i\;I.. : �llt : i'1•f : :,--c"° : nrro?- : If: : ,flc : 1,'JJ;.om ◄:

;rH'P&\ ::

fu-.t\+.1 = ro1'i'1-- : hctic = f?."",l1-� : OT/ill'Jf9'°f'J'i c1 = o�J" : 1' 1f..oY.. h,t--nro· = ".c..e.'.A ::

= ,l,1--'J : hoot.OD

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I - 32-

SUPREME Il\1PERIAL COURT Asmara

Justices: Dr. Yol1a1111es Berha11e Fitawrari Tsegay Tefferi Grazmach Yol1ai1nes A111au TIRFE MEASH.O v. ABREI-IET GEBREMESKEL Civil Appeal No. 149/59 Family la111-Divorce-.Divorce for ,.,or1-serio1,s cause-Co,n,non debts-l\1aintena1,ce a/l0Jvc1r1ce for children-Civil Code Arts. 659, 660, 673(2), 667, 679-82, 694.

An ďż˝ppeal fron1 . tl1e decision of the High Court grantiJ1g divorce between the parties, custody of the child and n1a1nte11ance allowa11ce for tl1e ch.ild to the mother, and settling common debts and property. Held: Decision a.ffirn1ed. witl1 r11odifications. 1. Although religious autl1orities l1ave not given any decision on divorce, the marriage may be dissolved in accordance witl1 tl1e law if tl1e family arbitrators cannot reconcile the spouses. 2. The family arbitrators shall decide wl1ether the debts incurred by the .l1usband were personal or common debts incurred in tl1e interest of botl1 spouses, aâ&#x2013;Ą.d the manner of partition of common property. 3. Custody of the child is entrt1sted to her mother t1ntil the age of 5, and the father sl1all pay a maintenance allowance.

J'UDGMENT The two parties are spouses; tl1ey were for111ally n1arried. They could 11ot continue living together in peace. A dispute arose which was first dealt with by family arbitrators and then by a committee of religious authorities. Finally the case was taken to the Awradja Court, and, on appeal, to the High Court. Besides the declaration of divorce, the following decisions were 111ade on the case.

(a) The female child born to the spouses shall be entrusted to her mother until she becomes five years of age; she shall be given E $ 15 per month as a maintenance allowance. (b)

Ato Tirfe shall pay E $ 720 to Woz. Abrehet for the expenses she incurred in the past to support the child, and for other matters.

(c)

Each party shall bear the expenses it incurred during the litigation.

Ato Tirfe lodged an appeal from this decision. The grounds of appeal are, briefly, the following: (a)

That the marriage should not be dissolved, according to Articles 647, 664 and 665 of the Civil Code.

(b)

That the order requiring him to pay E $ 720 was contrary to law.

(c)

That Articles 669 - 670, 677, 679, 736 require tl1at e,,ide11ce be produced. - 33 -

1 . o N I V . L O V W A L JOURNAL OF ETH10PIAN

s 11t te pe s 1e n1 iti co ce w du ro se JJ to t 1 i gl r e tl1 (d) That 11e was tlnlawf tilly denied and docume11tary e,,idence. Tl1e r espor1de 11t briefly replies as follo\VS: se. ca 1e tl to nt va le re r j e ar d te ci s on i (a) Tl1e pr ov si 1e a ppella11t had stated that tl es iti or th au t 1s o gi i l re 1 itl w (b) D ur ing the 1neeting inc t1rred on bel 1alf e er w ey th at th 1d a1 , fe i w s ru n er nc co the debts do not of his motl1er . 1 itr ators were fo un d to be tr ue by b ar ]) 1i n fa e th by ed ish bl ta es (c) Tl1e facts tl1e courts. (d) There is enough cat1se for divorce. 1de 11t clai111ed only 1 po res tl1e , t1rt Co ja ad r Aw tl1e to d file nt lai np 1 11 l1er co1 E $ 519.25, ,vl1icl 1 is tl1 e value of tl1e ft1rnit ure of the l1o t1se; it vvas decided (by the Awr adja Co t1r t) that she receive 011ly 1 1alf of her clain1. 0 1 1 �1p: peal tl1e I-Ii gh Court itrators in accorda11ce with arb ily a111 f to rred refe be first uld sl1o r 1 1 1 atte l deciclec tl1e tl 1e J)rOJ)er procedure. Tl1e family arbitrators p a ssecl a decisio11 011 tl1e case. The provisio11s cited b y the appella11 t do 11 ot i 11validate tl1e clecisio11 pas sed by tl 1e family arbitrators. Cert ainly, i11 tl1eir decision of April 21, 1967 the fa111 ily ar bitr ator s did 11ot cleal ,vitl1 tl1e interests of tl 1e cl1.ild as a seJ)arate isst1e. Bt1t ther e is no clot1bt that botl1 i11 their decision of February I 6, 1967 a ncl tl1at of April 21 tl1e fai11ily arbitrators treated tl1at issue i11 a ge 11eral n1an11er.

1-Ience, this cot1rt has to _pass j t1dgn1 ent r egarding tl1e f ollowi11g fo ur poii1ts: (a) Tl1e divorce. (b) Tl 1e debts, a11d tl1e agree1ne11ts entered i 11to by the parties. (c ) Proper ty and its ow 11ersrup. (d) TL1e conditions of the child a11d its mai11tenance.

(a) 011 the divorce As s�a_ted by _the co111.mittee of religi?�s a·uthorities a11d as the appeUa11t pointed out by c1tJ11� Articles 664-665 of tl1e C1v1l Code, marrjage, a serious bond as it is, ?annot be dissolved unless th�r e is a serio�s cat1se. Tl1e 111ain ptlrpose of marriage 1s to keep � hus?a11� and \\11fe together ,vrth I1011est Io,,e. I-leiice, ,vllen love and . r elat1011sl11p d1s_appear �nd h atr ed and avoidaiice pr evail a111011g tlie spouses, s1!1ootl1 . d1v?rce beco.mes essential and J t1st1fiable. Other t11a 11 the seriou s cau ses nieiltioned in Articles 667-670, u11der Articles 673(-?), 677, 694 , 606 ot· c·1 v1-1 co de t h.e 1a1n1 c: ·1Y .. . . . ar b 1t1ators a11d tl1e cour ts l1ave tl1e power to declare divorce. The ly ar bi_tr�tors fotrnd ot1t wl1 at ki11d of relatio11s]1 ip exi ste d an10 11g the t sp?u.ses. t . er exa1111nmg the case,_ the family arbitrators i11djcated that in their op1mon d1vorce was the only solt1t1011 Tliis cOtlrt· also n1acle further findings rega.r d·w ing the relationship of th a ·t· :��t tl1ink tl1a� tl1e parties could _Iiv� together as'a. good and lo�iIJ� ��:�le. �ir�� Y _ agreed, � 1 th the help of arb1� ra tors, to continue to live peacefully but . th Y failed� tried, g�11n, · arbitr tl1e ators b t1 t i11 vain, to have the par ties a'gree to five ! 0 get11e1 � 111 �s hat red pea ce; the w not limited to tlie parties_ it exte de d to their . 1s res !act pe cti ,,e th �a . is mi lie s; admitted b_ y both parties. In view �f tbe ab v� .facts, we__think that: despite the � fact �hat d1vorce may not be granted by the religious au tbor1t1es, there 1s a gr ound to di ssolve such a marriage in law and reaso n. -34-

t 1

TIRFE MEASHO v.. ABREHET GEBREMESKEL

(b) On the debts and the agreement between the parties Wh e11 a di�pute arose between the spouses, a compromise was reached with · the h elp of . arbi trators. According to that compromise, A to Tirfe was to pay h is debts, a11d both t�e spouses were to co11tin u e livi11 g in peaceful \vedlock. However , after the con1prom1se, A to Tirfe erred ancl Woz. Abrehet \Vas offe11ded. There was 110 peace.fut marital. rel atio11sl1ip. Rat her a bad atmosphere was creat ed. Woz. Abrehet alleges tl1at the deb ts co11 ce1·11 only Ato Tirfe and tl1at A to Tirfe in order to satisfy l1is debt, sold their con1111011 property. Al tl1ough Ato Tirfe 'claims that l1e b · o·ugl1t the proper ty before 1narriage, h e does 11o t deny tl1a t l1e unlawfully sold cattle a11d was co11seq11e11tly brougl1t to cour t . The re is no s11fficie11t evidence to prove that tl1e proper ty i11 dispute i.e., 011e cupboard a11d another pedestal or bedside ct1pboard, four chairs, a11d 011e big table, was bot1gh t before the 111arriage. F u 1·tl1ermore, we do 11o t l1ave strfficient evidence to decide whether or 11ot, according to the agreeme11t e11tered in to during the wedding ceremony, all tl1e pro_perty that existed b efore th e 1uarriage was to be included in the co111111on prop erty. ·oeb ts i11ct1r.red in tl1e interest of the spouses are deemed to be joint debts. (Articles 658 (c), 659 - 660 of tl1e Civil Code). We cot1ld not ge t clear explana tions with respect t o t.l1e an1ou11t of the debt, to whom it was owed, when it was ent er ed into a11d for what pt1rpose, nor as to h ow the borrowed mo11ey was spent . 111 addition \Ve could no t ge t clear informat ion vvit l1 respect to the con tents of the first and second cont racts. Before the f· ac ts are clarified and decided upo11 by family a.rbitra tors co11cer11ing t he above two points, the cour ts canno t pass any judg1nent. (c) On property and ownership Novi we wot1ld like to deal with tl1e question of the owners hip of the pro perty unde r dispute. Article 647 of the Civil Code explains that property acq11ired before marriage is personal property and not common property. But, any property acqu ired a.fter marriage is presum e d to be common property, u11til it is proved that 011e of th e spo uses is the sole owne r. As we stated earlier, since a marriage has to be suppor ted by both th e spouses, any debt i11curred in tl1e in terest of th e household .is deemed to b e a joint debt; each spo u se has the obligation to satisfy th e debt. Ft1rthermore, t he . spouses can agree and include perso11al property in the common property; (Article 6?2(3) �f the Civil Code.) They can also modify th e terms of the con tract r egarding their relationship (Ar ticles 629, 632, 658 of the Civil Code). All t his can be done only . wl1 en there is a good relationship betwe en tl1em. When tl1e spot1ses become h o�t ile to each other, divorce is gra11ted. If it is ascert ained that one of the spouses 1s at fault, t he family arbitrators can award all the common property to th e other; they can even award one spo11se 1·he personal proper ty of the o tl1er spouse wh o was at fault (Article 692 of the Civil Code). e us spo e on or s use spo tl1e at h t er ord n c s a tor tra rbi Furthermore th e fan1ily a restitute such pr�se11ts an d matrimonial benefits received to tl1ose persons wh o gave them (Article 691 Civil Code). rm ation, decided �ha t fo in r a cle g vin ha t no rs, to t ra bi ar It is tru e t ha . t tl1e family _ he spouses m ak e a fair decision or settlemen t regarding the property they received - 35 -

L. VI - No. l O V W A L N IA P IO H T E JOURNAL OF

g UI) their in e tt of os se rp e pu th r fo ed i,, ce re as 1natrt1non1a · 1 gt·rt·s, the property · J Tl 1 e Awra d" a Court . . ty er op pr 1 · o1 m m co l · ra ne ge r ei th · > eco11 01lllc aut onomy, and • ·. re i 1 i�u ur f 01 -v.,hich 0 f the r ne ow � e th s wa 10 wl _ to _ as ar althougl1 it was not cle s 1 e, tie pa o ar sh tw e tl1 s th e wi t1s o sp , e ar ey th ce sin _ _ at th ed cid , de ed woz. Abrehet su 1ed rn s afli wa t J by tl1e en gin Ud is Th 5. 9.� 51 $ E of bt de e th s, er the help of eld High Court. Tl1.is decision we think was fair. tl1ey

ssary cl�rificatio11 ce e ne tl1 t ge rs ato itr arb j the til un t 1 e11 gn ud a ss pa ot nn ts The cour ca ses acquired aftet on the previous relationship of tl1e spouses, tl1e property the spoti 1narria.ge, if any, and its value. (d) On the situation of the child and its maintenance

It is clear that tl1e female child born i11 October, 1966 was tlp to 11 0w living witl1 an.d 11 1ai11 tained by her mother, Woz. Abrehet Gebre111eskel. Within tl1is expanse of time, Ato Tirfe never offered any a1nount of n1oney to aid or maintai11 his daugl1ter. In view of this situation the family arbitr:1tors decided t]1at Ato Tirfe pay E $ 30 for every past n1011tl1, E $ 720 all in all (fro111 the time of birtl1 up to tl1 e ti1ue of decisio11 by arbitrators). Bt1t the fan1ily arbitrators did 11ot n1ake a11y clecisio11 regardi11g the future of tl1e child. On appeal, the High Cot1rt decided tl1at tl1e cl1ild be entrusted to l1 er 1 11other until sl1e beco111 es 5 years of age, tip to which tio1e Ato Tirfe shall pay E $ 15 every 111onth as a n1ai11tenance allowance. We affirm this decisio11, not 0111)1 because it is just, but also becat1se it is supported by tbe law, (Articles 679, 682 of Civil Code). Ft1rtl1 ermore, tl1 e motl1er and the child l1ave not bee11 receiving a11y mai1 1te11a11ce allowa11ce from A.to Tirfe from tl1e time the family arbitrators gave tl1 eir decision tlp to now. Altl1ougl1 we did not receive a.ny report regarding the expenses incurred by tl1e mother ancl tl1e child, we hereby decide, follo,:vi11g tl1 e approximation n1ade by tl1 e family arbitrators, that Ato Tirfe pay for May to October 1967 the amount determined by tl1 e High Court plus � $ 15 whicl1 . is E $ 30 per n1onth altogether. Totally for the said expanse of t1n1e Ato �1rfe sl1all pay E $ 180, but we affirm the High Court's decision that Ato T1rfe shall pay E $ 15 per month until tl1 e cl1 i]d becomes 5 )1ears of age. So tl1 e payn1ents which Ato Tirfe has to n1ake are: E $ 720 that whicb was determined by the family arbitrators; E $ 180 for the tin1 e betw�en the decision of the arbitrators up to n�w. Totally he shall pay E $ 900. In addition to all these, he has to pay a ma1nte11 a11 ce allowance of E $ 15 every 1nonth until the child becomes 5 years of age. Hence, considering the arguments of tl1e parties' the various docun1e11ts ancl the laws, we decide as follows: The lligh Court jt1dgment give11 on Jt1ly 1 follows: (a) (b) (c)

(d)

i's a·ffi 1-111ed

bt1t an1 ended as

The two parties are divorced as fro11 1 April 21, 1967. The question_ of the debts and. the agreemen ts entered between· the spouses shall be decided upon by arbitrators. The n1ovables and i1nmovables they ow i1ed shall be ascertained and decided upon by fainily arbitrators. • Ato Tirfe shall pay E $ 720 1us E $ 180 (E $ 900) to Woz. Abrehet. In addition ' he shall. pa·y E $ l § ev ery month until tl1 e child is 5 year s oJd.

- 36-

TIRFE MEASHO v. ABREHET GEBREM.ESKEL

(e)

We u11derstand that this amount of mo11ey ($900) is too n1uch for Ato Tirfe to pay at once. We therefore decide that Ato Tirfe pay, starting from tl1e end of the Month of November 1967, E $ 35 (from the $ 900) and the E $ 15 (monthly allowance) - all in all E $ 50 every n1onth.

(·f)

Each party shall be responsible for the court fees and other expenses inc·urred in the litigation. N· ovember 9, 1967

- 37 -

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(i:C.. �: (l, ..,:: : "11 : ..,..h'1 f{flci, (lOJ• : ;11 "1 : t\;--ro c,, : 11If11 : q>fl : flOD = fU'/.&.:,, F.. ar, = 'I OJ• J,, �: ilt\ = ..,,..r:l�r., :,. = rori..'i"1c = itf.,f..fl9°'i" fli;;:w· = "' "' -,f--hti ii : lt,V. : o,t-f1:f- : Og'1ro• : ,f hti ii : n.OIJ'rtf.,'1:,• : ll.h&.A: f.,1'1A : -nl\� : &.C..�A ::

If,

f,U : .e"Jl}� : f+lOA1 : _e1i1"} : �c�· : (loo:Pro?° : (l.lJ'1 I f.,"1'11 : JflOJ•9° : +f"J:f : g�ro- : .-,..h'17i: ·O:r : 'lro• :: 'P'i"ro• : 'lt\6Pi : f.,"1 '11 : n.l\ "> t\'J° � ,,eoi'l1 = l}f,. : flt\ : _eoiq� : fc,,l(l(D«9° : ncnc : (lODLPl,f: : ..,..f ff',,f;: fl11111l : ,t-.+'lJ?,'1:,--'i : f°l'J°;f : fL-},: P't.. : '1f.,lf"} : t\7',h&..'1;1' : 'IW- l\7',h&.. .,:,. = rt-- = ..,..._r>ir = rir,n-o:,.. = r--1,f1r'l:1.. = }rth-�9° = m:J'f = 'lAlf'l = it\\:\,= ',(De :: (l<j.::,..."1 : -offl>c : ,l1 '1 : cf?'rC: n.uftR : (r) f11lf0' : t\tJ : (lq>{l:,•'ilD· : l\f.,: 'flt\,f'1t\�: &.t--7i: 'IOJc: flt\lP/.A: ,l1;J'l!: 'lAlf'l: '1.l).�.1: f&.l9°h•"1': °11o:r: 'lt\0� : l\..ff..C1� : ilt\Ul/f.,1'1 : �C.';.: ,,eifcA� : OOl/il:," : ailD'" ::

=�

fooAfl: (l6Ih: �1l : &.1': : flt\ = out\o·: f�&.ro·'J° : "'/(IIJ/,\h:fc:- J!,01'11= 'l� = i'10Jc h'17i '1...Y.. 1-0lffl roAf..-- = nooAil (l6Ihw- oort.r = o,:,-.: +4''r � = ooi01t..n,1• = tf {ID"} = u•t\-- = nori..f mci-.ro·'i = 0°1'i":t! w-9° 9°n"t f:,.. = 'Pei-.T 0.110 :,.. : l\.'r 4.. .-1: : lr I\• : 1'1 I\&.. : ,t-mfcf! : 'h If'i"t\ U· : -0fl-«' : &.COJ.A :: O�Tm : -fiffl>C : m°l : {lck'rC : bfi.if i!'fj t liif.irir t liif.ir1f 1 bfic:Cfiri ·l lin.Br� .,.. = n--t-�&.ro• = {IDLPl:,.. = h�+'1ro• = �c,: = fLT = r &.lf..OJ• = noi1 fl = . : f.,?;'iA� : fIP/.A: :t' A = ,,e'I0-00 ;rA:: t\� : (i:C.. <;,

= ..,...

.......

........... � ..-

·-

·- ..... .,......

.......

,. .... ..,... ....

.....

..- � ir""' ....

J?,u = �1c = (l'i... = ft\ r�11oi = ncnc = ttt\n:,.. == J?,oi'11 'lf- = fm+(l(l}« ch°I: cf?'rC: in.0r,,;·e: (Llf'} : f.,1i0J•9° : ;,1°1 : O,l11L'i" : °19°:,.. : 11:-f! : 'PflT'i= 1'1�t\ : '1.f.,cY,mC� cpfl:,•'i : °IA�' : {ID(J'"} : '1.fl(l:,.. 1 J,,�lr'J° : n,tf..l10J•: <&A : ro(l"} : t\lP/t\� : itf.,1--A'l° 1 /\°lYo;J--ro· : q>fl : flf'IO:,• : f11HO· : An : O'PflT'i"lD· : OJ•A : 'riA--1'1t\?t : &.Ir 7i: �OJ• 1 OIJ/lT1 : fill.Pit!\ :: f.,°lfl� : 'lf.,: cJ,"} : Iiif2i : q: 9° : U:,ll:,-- : f.,tJ : f�T,h : 1ldhC: -l·f11 : flf�OJ• : (l(l� : m°I : hOJ"l : bo : 0,00.-1, : n�.I\ : {/Dlf�"} : r.-,,,,r11'1--f: : f}rd,. � : "'lill'lf : 1A !lA :: faoAfl : �(l6IhOJ•'J"° : '11l : &.1': : 0 0 &� : fm+ti:fro·,9° : f,l,"1 : cf?'r --f : f �&.lD'" : : �n.jfif f:1-- : {/DC'J°l'iA :: i,;: :- 04!1'C : �if.jf�ji : 1,'i aioi = OJcA1 = &.:,,P... ='llt\OD'P'PA'-. = flt\ = .-,..cr'Pr-l· = fl'l°'l°�:,-. = J?,'i1t--A == 1,oi 'l�: 'li : OJ-LU : �1C: �t. : �1C: itf:C1o : ftPJ..'i1lOJ• : fill: +f1f'IT : O(l mu-:,.. : OD,t-OT/OD� : O,l 1 "l-- : 0001l:,.. = f11tf O• : oom, = {l,f•f1r�,J: = �--,fl.lj: =

- 39 -

=...

( = :1 1\ 9° '''1 1 ', lf A D• : :: i't. : y, ... ..; , 11 oP : � " C:, PA (l' C &. ,.r : -11 ,1 ?t . i\f, : \-JA·l·11\ : · .. ,. '}'1 f, CD • 'l f /. lP OD ·l• • : A A f ·O fl I °l t, : Oti("ti?- : h1� ..,... 11\'l,0J' : l}•I\-- : 0,11"1 U tL i\'l ', IY : : /,\ {li\ • ) I .( 'l,' TJ. fO : •1 : •{t (D : f = 0;1 .. : lt· 'P 'P J!... OD : : -:l-.. fto • l' OJ : , 6. 1: :;., !l:'J -- : l\lL ° lf/ .,P [J : c : tJ cn n l ' · 1 : c: 'r cf? 1 ,1 .. f 1 : OODfA{t: (lQJ..OJ - : Oh·A: f1--,ncJ, (l• ·1-'P'PA: fOTJ.1flm : nm,A : f "? : ll. , (lro : ',.-)• : hf,'ft.1=w·9° :: _e,1iro·9°: tT'/1'1° : rf• : ',OJ• : : : {l (\ {lt\ "} : (/' {ID ,f, •n ,e/\,rom- : J-,111·r : fff�- : f,11°1 : ,4'0�::;..1 : m .. -- · : hit :t,9° o : l' ' fl lD' : :t:m ,i\ nro : : V·:f: P'P ' � i'i:m· : ,f!'rC : {i'a.. ;1:Y.'!i'i : <<..1-"' = t,l\{ID&."1.9° I\ llJ 7.f {/D • m -1\ f W ?° ,1,c 0 ?° . &.?t tif, .� Ol\f, Off'l = ,:.,f,A t f, • t\ J ''l' : D'f /\O : • · l · �· l : (I t,l ti · ,1-;rw -... . :J &.'l 1,1\ : lD· -01\ : 1 1-.,v,:, : 1,i\&. : 'h_'}ffC,Cl\ I\ ft·'': f,I\A :: . a /r ./;\: : ',m y:, : f : f', i1 • 9°t : Of (D•(\-- : l\,,e&.. 7,9° : fcpllD· : h1,:, 9° : {lt\f, ° 9 tD ,n.r,:,... fl\ · {Jf\.(ID'f�. Y,tJ?° =''!'re= 1\11.u n(:nc "' : O --l-- '11l(Dc : I\ · .. {la> : · ,:rro �:.,; : P, 1 l 1tf fti:ro : ,J!'l'C : i,[.1.r1f : m-tt�:..1-.. : -' ,1 m· 001/..,P fl ¼f,'1 . .. :J f<D•l\ . } .. A{l' :,, · 1-.e..e--·= t u i , : <j::1-A;;;,f.. · : tif,ff1 ·; n:1 ..�:1!m. : 'l'l('::l'-- : 6f1'9°C : oPff�-1 : .e1A1'A:: ° : 'Pi): f 0'llf1 : (lm•:{}(\oP,cD·: . "1.9 i',&.9' lD·: . f.o:J ''t\"1 : ro iJf½" .. : • b{L : cf!'rC o'i: f 6 ', t\flt\11110· .eu1 oi..�;J... f.,&.7'..ffCJA'' f,ft/,\:: f e.. =·1:i. J tA&..7,;; e ,, <'1�i-,v-1 rC= : 'l!' lm· : n,n,,,( ;�: '11l: .. 1 -: (lti"fb(D• : {t fODA : .ft\(1)• f hCh� 9° : 'i:&. : '11C : �a.flft : 'h,C,": f,'?()� : q,e: flm'l'Om·: 'l!'rC : l!7LitJ?i·g: l\f, 'Im· :: ltl\lf .U 9°: ,1,1--'} = {IlJ{llJc(/Dci. 0'1·1�- = Ol'f.'t.lt fl\111 f,-,.....r:frr,:,-- = 1Yv:J ... = ill\ = 'Pfl "' . :1--c; : 0.-1--?i&.ro· : f<j:;f ,I, : •fl,l1.C : /11°1 : tJ<j:fA : Q : m·ll'r : ,.1D1 f•l· : ft\OD1"f •1:1 : 'Im· :: c:l:'PC : liif..i!Y.t� : f<j:•)--,1, : ·O,f1,,C : ,11°1 : m.e..&.•l" : ill\OT/.ff1 : 1--�J!, m.e'l° : Oh"}� -- : °if,'1:1- : u-�;r : t\CPJ.OD'IJ : 1.e.,;J-- : 'Pfl : t\DDff1 au;:1\ = : 1 . . . . . f,'i'1t•lA I f,1i?° : 'TC/1\;I : ..,. .r:ff : flP/.lf',m• : (l(IJ• : f.-f•f1 f'l;I.. : 1�:J -- : rurz..1'lm· ,.r1r 0611',n•c.,· ..r,r "' --1-�fl� mf../._.•l-- I\Ol/.&.?-.'ao•:i-- = lt9"9"°'1:,•: --f--bll,lTl/t = 1'tl\&. : i\ODff'} : •,m· :: f, fim·9° : ,1--.r1,.. : (16l}'m•C.,· : •·r4'fl� : flJ.1..l. 1-.:,-.: {)9"'J° ', :,-.: OD lP l:,. : fA6.. '/, {ID• : h"} f. lJ'', : I\ i', /...�?. (Jl)c: r-f-c OJ (1 L: i't OI/ tif, : I\tJl/f..'l. <?c; : il9°9'°'1..t:1 : t\tJl/lt&.?t'J0 : ',(D• : : {t'J°'J0'1•·f:1 : l}• t\1:9° : m1lf1� : 111...iaoc,r: .. : fl"f•f·1r- : t\f, : '1°1'1° : q,e',.-)· : '?t\&.', ..)--'"s" : •l"mf,f!',.-)-- i',f,{/D"J0:,--9" : "1} : £JJJ 1\:1- 'I ro· :: ,eu'l° n.ff1 : •1--y>ir : a1I\:,.. : 0·1.e..•n : yt\ : 'P {l:,--i; : (TC/I\r : '1 (D•:! f 11-�.n- : ftj:::,'£11 : ·0,lnC : ,1,"1: hODW•")r-f: : o&.:,-: °11 : o.-,--.. e1·r.,,-f:: 1..�:J·· : 1t.e : I f-11110· : aum1: fl,em cf,{19° : ,,--,,r1r: fiODff�-: ·£1:F: tT1Jt;:1!ro-9'° : ·l·f:lf : u,.ft:•: oP, : h1---.e : 1,1..e..fll"J..ff1 : f1.J-Lm· : i',u-'t-Ct; : l'U1C : A'll/ ..�-- : .rlt1�·�ro- : 1\ 't ..e..'lfll = °1A7' 'lro• f�1,_e11•-,:,. = cJJ�t ,:J"' : fl\n:,-9° : ,,m- : O·'l·hflo : 1.,-,, : fail . y4,cnm· = hchc ,,,...e•,rr,1; n1 1· . u n�A : Pt- : ;,, ef..n'l") £DY,</', : : .,--f�fr : , -h.,e� t\U--'l° : OtT'/t\ ..) : iOC ::

== =

= ,,.. =

,o:i=

= ..,..

1,u-..1 : f crl0<D" : hchc : °1 1 : 0,11"}, : ODU-'l:,.. : n,,.<'1 t"',irf: : fo:J" : m·il'r : f1111 O· : 00,n1 : \-JA,J �(l l'l'(l : �P, : h/4 f- � ' : "}9 : ,A ° l/ · fll : l l t\< D nC he : f .-f··&.ml<D• : hi't�.. o- : fc,::,•,11 : ,fl,li.C : ,1 °1 ODUJ ,(1)1-- : ro� tJ : (\(/JJlf �- : 1 : ..,..l.,'?'9.lA ,ecJJ()� fl�?° ,eu1•,. hchc = .r,1,1.nro- : n,Lu· : OD16 ,,� = ,,.,.. ODC.-f.. : ',(D• :: 0

--,1 f :, 1: ·O�f i. C : ,11"1 : hr r o na f C'J!, ,, .. : l � . • f · 1:1 : • m 'l_ 'Pll �� ;": �' "1<D· '��,: . 'l'ft . "'Ill:,· ' l\;J•m<f> ' 'i1C. ' \'•/•'I '() ' 0.11'1 ' -,.a;i.

-40 _

•

t \

•·

,i I!

= ..,...

. 0 .. O'/t f ,11&f = 1n:,...,., r,� , .. : fOni\ = 'Pil = _f.flA = i, }..e..'lfll'i t Ah·: I\A; -OJcf''i': i\A+1ni: 1'1..e..: 'Pil : fOl/.cf,tnC : ?,1..e..'lnl: t,l;J°lm'if.\:: ° : ;JC : ,f,_4>t,t'l;I.. : . htLU9 : O:�.�: <kTC : l!'if.titi·� : hcf?'PC : tDf,'J° ,t-ilOI/ 0'l'l•J': ff\w• = 001f�.-"} : {]Duocooc: /Lffl&..A.11: a,ro-:: hft_f.: 'h1'f-rt- 1/\i(J}•: cf�'rC : ti'if.ilr.�� : t\°l�;J--ro·: 'Pil: f(f',(1,)•: f11lf0•: ODfll1= . r • ro : : f'1 'P /\?t : il;f. 'iOJ·: &.b'·ii: ODlf�-1: n...J'l,:J°l'P I cf?'PC : (1'Pil'1·'i « (D /;\ t)f;\ [i'a.V.f.'6� : ..e..'? 'l° : OJ.,e..&,:,.. : /\0'J.lf1 : °lfo :J• : 'f>(l : £1Dlf1: OD:J!ft-1: fl.'i'1 u : h9°1 .J : : OD•fl f..'lfl : },"} .e..lf', : .. : </>.,e..9 : fl/\OJ•: .,}°1°Jt,":,f..1: f1t\?t'',(1}4: C 9° f {lt\l 'l: fll't\1:9°: UD"}�il: 01111•(1: t,11\t\�·: l"l ..f..': ..,....e..,;1,:.J&..'i·: ..,..fl'l&: >i\:, --;J-- f,9° : ,.. :J r� .. : UDlf'i';fOJ•1 : ..,.. 1...e..,,,,tj./;\_ :: hli..U9° : fl'i"A� : h1f."": , h f9°"} 1A1tw« '11c: ttt\ .e:tiro•9° r�:,..,11 = ..n,,b� ,"l,°1 hroOJ ro.�.u = ill\= JI',..,,_,..,:,.: fq>fl,lc'i": '? �;J-.. : f01/.,1ll: (l{D•'i': 'Pfl:1,'i·: cf'llJ&: flf',OJc: n�/;\: m.e9°: ODJPt.r: n,:,.. : f(i:;t-,h: ·ll,h>�: ,"11°1: fOT/...flfOJ•1 : noot1--,.. A: f11tf -" fr"}: oom } : (10Dt\f1': il.'P'Pt\--: (L1(}: h,"11'?: (D• 6f,b: rf''Pw«t\lD•: n.1·r,.: °I"}: fP't..: ro·,11;1-:f,o•: ,,eu1: ncnc: il.f flh.. )'A: oo:J!t\--1: ',ro· •:: n ..,.. .r�tr'l;t- : il9°: h.ffit•C : ..n;: : 1'1+: AOI/S:1: (looh+A: f,t-f1-f'l;f..: °l�;J-: 1-01--Y &.'i" {I}• : fOT/..cf, CO (D• : ti fl: 9°19°: q,e A1.;: o-�: h'i,.,e: :,.. If'i't\lJ: 0OI/ t\:,..: n.. e.. .,:,.: Ort1"b,), : il. 0.'P: h... "f A'I°:: ,n :I'°'I.: f If., (D• : fl;,1A'i": AtT'/ f.': {l th7-.. : (D• {\ 'P: rf- Q :J--&,: If 'f: 0 .. 1�: 1°Jt: f °7.If',lD" 'i": fCJI/_f. ffi:,, OD (D• : J!..°1 'fP: (1,"f1 -. : : : t-nmro• : ll�b' 1, 1P.A . 1-: ro«ilT 1)'/°'t f;J roc/> = huolf�·'l° t\.f\ t\.nm llr'I° : 1'1".e..OI/f,1fl: °IA?; : -,ro. :: 9°n1f..l:'l° : OI/19°: (lro·: fl.U'1: 'li\rocp m«'i': flA..,-.lPr lD'": 'I 1C : flt\bPr: t\OIJ..f....l°I: ,1, fl..'i"ro·: {l t\tT'/ f,cl> (1t\w• c,·: 11h1-: }tf:t-•):i•'I° = f£11/.4'Tlcn· = ilt\lf'l'i" = ,111,'f° = .eu1�- ODlPl:,.. n°11.�t.'? = ftJI/ ,e (111' ODOJ•1'i': 1n�OJ•1: &\.tT'J f..': (l �b': i't q'f..f;f, : (1001"f,J: : ;h°I: DI/ I\ T'l°: fl-rnhl\<1',rJ!: f(llIJ•: ,"f,n..'i': t,?°'i': fOIJ..h--fc/\lD•: fiODU'�· : ',(D•:: fl00«9°

{ia.uxti•�

-�;J : --t-mf cf!'l"r: ft\0"1''1°: 1, 1ftt\1 1 u : °I : flf, : ilt\lllJ'I°: ,,e°Ifl� '11·1.. 9"ti1,,e..-J:9°: llt\,)1 1o;f:: t,,f'l.�1°9°: 4, ..e..'l°: t,f.'C1"} : fllll·IC 'llD·: O.. lf1'l°: t\<t:CP.:f- 1 : cry m:Pl\f : (101/S:l°I : {l.-l'lJ,bOI/ t : f'/°1m:,,(lro..: 1'f.''1 °: flA OT/f:: f,lPt..0;1.. : f ', (lllD·: V·it-: (l�--),,1, : ..f1,l1>C : ;,1°1: cf:T(: : (fl.(£�% : 10�il: <l?'PC : b: f,1,t1 ·l: ilt\lf'I: (11--·'ifl: Affl/S:: 001A1A: flt\Ol/f,:J!A: nttu ni\,,e = nnlt1c'lro•c; = f'Pil :1.. 'i" = "l�:J-- = r111·1n· = An = tiA--1,11\?t = &.t..7i= . "": ll+'l'lt'I:,:-.. : : f�:,_,1, fi,l1>C: cJ?'P�1 lJIJlf',-: <k'rC : 7f.ut'�e: "h.'i' : 'a.iJf�L: ,.. ill\ orz.f lll-"r.'i" = ro· = �(:Y:; i:,..9° h,n1-- = 001&..il ro·"Lh = rOl11w· <t:C�·: If'i': ili\1"f',OJ•: �c_c;.1-: 7il1: .eoi (}� : fl i: il.mf :,,: h.f,1flW·9°: fl °"It\:,..: f, fl"�1 : t, (l 'i' ..-n ,f--t;A:: .. "" .. e.i :1 .. .,, °I ,, : : f 1 .. f l ..e.. .. 1--:, f _e1i lD·9°: (l.If1: ,1,,..: h uoOJ•OJ ...,:: fl&,:,--: 1 ?J"f : ..eu: �Cf..': i'1 f..'1\-}r(J)•9°: ..(11\'i'A:: �CJ}.: ODt\lDm•1: "h.1,c;• .rro•cp{D•: --i\t\(i: == ,,eu = tj:Cf. ' : Omq,t).,,e: 11' 1P 1 = 1 .e,.{1:,= ' �C.f.. '?A'llilib': i\h�+<10J•: -- (lm:: : 1 � 11A �' : 0�9° :,. 1-� : f<1 : '11P'--r: �Cf.': 0:.:1-: ....

h�it1

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-41-

T R U O C L IA R E IMP E M E R SUP Addis Ababa, Div. No· 3 Justices:

Vice Afenegus Abeje Debalke Ato Wobe Woldeyes Ato Damte Fanta

KET.EMA I-IAILE v. ETHIOPIAN ELECTRIC LIGHT & POWER AUTHORITY Civil Appeal No. 230/59 1 il Cocle Arts. 1679, Ci1 eera11t gua of unt amo of io11 ficat peci -S ract co11t of ortn ip-F tysh Contracts-Sure

1690, 1713, 1887, 1920, 1922, 1925.*

Application of Civil Code-lnterpretatio11-Ma11clatorJ' provisions-Civil Code Arts. 3347(1), 1731(3).

An appeal fron1 the decision of the High Court <? rderi1;1g the guarantor to pay the guarantee, where the an1ou.nt of the guarantee was not specified 1n the contract. Hefel: Decisio11 reversed. . l. Since the Civil Code provides for all civil n1atters, all rules whether wr1tte11 or customary concerning matters provided in the Code are repealed. 2. A guarantee, customarily a special part of suretyship, now comes u11der tl1e suretyship provisions of the Code. 3. Contracts entered into since the co1ni11g into force of the Civil Code 01ust specify the an1ount guaranteed. Civ. Code Art. 1922(3). 4 Since Art. 1922(3) is a n1andatory provision, an argument based on pre-Code contract law is of no avail wl1ere the disputed co11tract was n1ade subsequent to the coming into force of the Code. 5. Consent of both parties is not enough to render a contract enforceable wbere mandatory provisions of the lav, have not been adl1ered to. 6. Arts. 1922(3) and 1925 do not conflict. A future debt ca11 be guaranteed, wl1en it is in the forn1 required for other contracts of guarantee.

The appellant and 011e Gl1 ebreyes Wolde were sued jointly i 1 1 the Higl1 Court in an action to recover E $ 7, 643 ,vhicl1 sun1 was the �11 11011nt tl1 e latter en1bezzled fron1 the EELPA. The appellant was joined in tl1e suit as g11arantor. Prior case. 1 n st teme1 submitted civil of t defendai1t defe11se prese11t tl1is 11 i first he � 3l � to th1s ca_se lie w_as prose�uted cr11n1nally and upo11 l1 is ad 111issio11 that l1e had put the sum 1r� qu�st 1 on to his own 11se and l1is plea of gtiilty, he was sentenced to !Wo years 1 mpr1sonment. Furthermore, l1 e stated that }1 e was 110t willing to appear 1n or defend tl1 e present case.

1 l I

T ?e second defe11 da11t admitted tl1 at l1e ,vas the first defendant's guarantor but only 1� so far as the latter \Vas employed as a clerk. The latter's erilploy roent as a casl11er, l1 e argued, ,vas beyond the scope of his guarantee. I-Ie further argued *Eels. Note: Arts. 1725 and 1727(2) provi'de e· r nte 0 r a dd1't'1ona 1 forms of cont · 1• a guar of racts Un der · _ these _art·1cIes a contract of m I:>�1arantee must be · . 1n writing and attested by two witnesses· In tf11s case 1t appears that tl1

e contract w as attested by tw o witnesses.

-42-

I I

t i '

KETEMA l-IAILE v. E. E. L. P. A.

tha� the guarru.1te� was of no effect because it did not, as is required by Civil Code Article 1922 spec.ify the amou11t for which it was given. Th� Hi�b- Cot1rt rejected this arg11m_e11t on the ground that the provision cited _ giving a gtiarantee for a specified an1ot111.t and not with what was involv deal� w1tl1 ed 111 the present case, 11amely ''teyaji11et. '' I-Je11ce, it ordered the teyaj, i.e., the second defe11da11t, to pay off the debt inct1rred by the first defenda11t, wl1erefore tl1is appeal. The es�e11ce of tl1e appeal is tl1at tl1e guara11tee only covered tl1e situatio11 vvbere the first defenda11 t was e111ployecl as a clerk a11d 11ot as a cashier or store k. eeper. Moreover it \-Vot1lcl be of 110 effect becat1se tl1e a111ou11t it was 0oiven for \1/as 11ot specified i11 tl1e in strt11 11e11t as is required by Civil Code Article 1922 (3). The appellant tl1erefore reqt1ested tl1at tl1e Higl1 Court decision be reversed. . Tl1e respo11den�'s represeritative poi11ted out tl1at tb.e appella11t had ·undertake11 to be held respo11s1ble for a11y clelict co1n1nitted by the first defendant while in the emplo)11nent of tl1e 1·espo11de11t. Civil Code Articles 1679, 1680, 1713, 1886 and 1920 be said, suppo·rt tl1e I-Iigh Court decision, wllicl1 decision ougl1t to be affrrmed. This case raises several legal isst1es. Article 1922 cited by tl1e appellant states that ''a g1.1ara.i1tee sl1a II not be presu 1 ned, it shall be express a11d may not be extended beyond its co11tractt1al limjts, and the co11tract of guara11tee shall be of no effect urlless it specifies the 111axj111u1n amount for which the guarantee is give11 ." Tl1e instrt1n1e11t profferred i11 evide11ce shows that the appella11t t111 dertook to act as a ''teyaj'' 011 J u11e 10, I 962, i.e. two years after tl1 e coming into force of the Civ-i1 Cod.e. We ha,,e also exan1i11ed tl1e provisions cited by respondent's 1·epresenta tive. Articles 1679 a11d 1680 talk abot1t t .he co11se1 1t ai1d express agree1nent of the parties to a co11tract. As pointed out earlier the appellant's principal argt1ment is that he ought not be ordered to discl1arge an obligation based 011 a legally i11effec tive contract. The pro,1isio11s cited by respondent are irrelevant to this case because the contracting pa1·ties' consent to co11clt1de a contract can11ot validate a co11tract which does not observe the requiren1e11ts laid down by the law. This is so because ma11d.atory provisions of the law n1ust be adhered to by contracti11g parties. Seco·ndly, Article 1886 states tl1at tl1e parties 111ay extend their liability u11der the contract and provide that they will be liable for non-performance notwithstand ing tl1at performance is preve11ted by force majeure. Since there is nothing here to show tl1 at the contract was not performed because of force majeure this Article too is irrelevant. Thirdly, Article 1920 �tates tha_t ''whosoever �uar_antees an obligation sl!a� undertake to\vards the creditor to d1scha.rge the obligation, should the debtor 1a1l to discharge it." And this case revolves aro11nd Articles 1920 a11_d _ 1922 cited _by respondent and appe]Jan. t respectively. We will examine tl�: se l?�ov��1011s to decide whether or not the concept of guara11tee embraces that of teyaJ1net . . tee �an gua al io11 dit con d a ure fut a be ld cou re the t Article 1925 provides tha ?, This means tha t the ''teyaj'' wol1ld have to b e held responsible as regards a11y ft1tt1re agreement that ma y be concluded betwee11 the person who produced the ''teyaj'' a11d tl1e one who den1a11ded. it. I 11 othe·r words the ''teyaj'' is there to ensure tl1e exect1tio11 of _t_he agreen1ent should one of the 'parties fail to discba1·ge bis obligatio11. Thus, ''teyaJ1net'' connotes -43 -

VOL. VI - No. 1 LAW PIAN ETHIO JOURNAL or•

e of forc the Civil Code, into . . ing con1 . the re Befo it a l1m1ted form of g uarantee. · · _. 1 1 'a ble reg ardless of whether or n ot t. Id h e · b e d l ·he ou w was obv1ous tl1at• a ''. teyaJ'' · ., as specifi e d. And when such a ''te ., , w , aJ tey . ,, od sto J . . . . Ya exact amou11t for wh1ch .he .. . ,, · r t1 1e s1tuat1on 1n cove not did t e □ Ji a y te '' ques. was s u ed, he would argue tl1at t1Li is tion or that he was not ''teyaj'' at all. \vitl1in the purview o f the Civil . e prese11t case of ''teyaJ·inet'' tbot1gl1' falls Th ,, Code. ·under pre-code l aw a guarantor or ''wass u11dertoo k to guarantee an u11specified debt. We will n ow proceed to � onside� wl1ether Ar_ticle 1925 clashes_ with Article . tl1� max1111um amount 1922 or is consistent with it. While Art1cle 1922 r equi res .tl1at be stated in tl1e i11strume11t of guarantee, Article 1925 d� als _with. tl1e possibiUty of givitlg a guaraiitee nierely for a future obligatio11. Be ar1�1g 111 1n1nd what we said earlier with respect to the latter, we con1e_ t� the co nclusion that these tw� provi sions are co11siste11t wl1en it comes to spec1fy1ng tl1e amou11t the g11ar�tntee 1s given for. J t was the fail ure of the gttar an tor a11d the co11cer11ed de1)art1ne11t to specify the 111axi111t1111 a111ot1nt of tl1e g uara11tee, as is req11ired by tl1e Civil Code, which gave rise to the presen.t dispute. Tl1e cour t ca11not acce1 )t tl1e argument that one cot1ld be l1eld liable as a ''teyaj'' i11 accordance witl1 the old custo1n ar)' rules. Past practices wl1icl1 are fo1111cl to be 11seful ilre i11cl11ded in the new l a\v, ,vbile l1arn1 ful ones are rejected. A person should 11ot be bot111d by a contract of guaran tee ,vhicL1 does not specify tl1e 1naxj111u1n a1nou11t tl1e g11ar a11tee is given for. To io1pose su cl1 a11 obligatio11 011 a perso n is u11just. It is for tl1is reasor1 that the concept of ''teyaji11et'' was rejected by tl1e Civil Code. Tl1e law must be fair and acceptable to tl1e sense of justice of tl1e co1n1nu11ity. As ,ve said earlier, a co11tract of guarar1tee is of no effect unless the n1axjn1u.ru an1ount of the guarantee is specified. Accordi11g to Article 3347(1) of tl1e Civil Code, custornary rules previously in force l1ave bee11 repealed. We find that the High Court's jt1dg1ne11t is contrary therefore to the We _ law . reverse the Judgn1ent of tl1e �igh Court and l1o ld tl1at tl1e appella11t is not bound by tlie contract of % uarantee. However, this ju of dg n1 e11 t do s co es nt ra af no ct fe t ct ¥11a rantee entered 111to befor e the Civil Code was p ro11111Igated. A copy of this Judgment shall be forwarded to tl1e Higl1 Court. Tl1is judg1nen t. is given by a majo rity.

I ' J

June 28, 1968 1'

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- 47 -

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-48 -

Justices:

SUPREI\tIE IMP'ERIAL COURT Addis Ababa, Div. No. 6

•

Ato Gebre Michael Wolde Tensae Ato Kebede I-Iabte Mariam •

TA.DESSE KASSAHUN v. YADETE ROBI Civil Appeal No. 259/60. Property-Joi,11 ow11ers/1ip-Rigl1t of recovery-''11/elca" arrd ''mi,izir''-Antichresis-Civil Cocle Arts. 1384, 1397, 1399. Civil Proc�dure-J1.1clgr11ents.:._ Fili11g a suit-Civ. .Proc. Cocle. Arts. 1 J (1), 215, 246-48

by . the second defendant from tf1e tl1e decision of the High Court rejecting plain p�eal An. � . , claim to a right of recovery tiffs on tl1e land transferred to the second defendant by the first defendant ptirsuant · to a contract of anticl1resis, and ordering tl1e second defendant to transfer the land back to the first def�11dant upon receipt of tl1e money involved in the contract of an ticbres.is. Held: Decision reversed. J. There is no right of recovery 011 land traosf erred to a creditor pursuant to a contract of antichr�sis upon tl1e debtor's default _of payn1ent. , 2. The existence of "aleka'' and ''minzir'� relations does not prove joint ownersl1ip. 3. A court can only render jt1dgn1ent where a dispute l1as been argued before it. Where one defendant. had no cl1aoce to argue l1is positio11, the plaintiff cannot obtain judgn1ent as aga.inst that defendant.

J'UDGMENT Appellant's original cause of action was f ou11ded upo11 bis claim that he _ was the person entitled to purchase tl1e parcel of land involved in this dispute. Ato Yadete was the original owner of the land. Later 011 Ato Yadete delivered. part of the land to Ato Wolde Mariam Wolde Michael after receiving one hundred dollars fro·n1 the latter, thereby creati11g a · contract of antichresis. Soon after, prior to the expiry of the contract, Ato Wolde Mariam urged Yadete to repay him tl1e said sum of mo11ey. Consequently tl1e latter agreed to raise the amount to E $ 160 and repay it within a fixed period of time. It was also included in this new agree ment that Yadete would transfer the piece of land in question to Wolde Mariam if the money was not paid within the said tim.e. The period fixed in the contract expired without Yadete payi11g back the money. Consequently, Wolde Mariam took over the owners1lip of th.e land and it is said that l1e thereafter paid land tax in l · his own. name. T11is was done witl1o 1t taking i11to consideration the actual valt1e of the Ia11d. Followi11g this tl1e prese11t appel]a11t brought st1it against both Yadete and Wo]de Mariam claiming tl1at l1e. was the person e11titled to pre-empt the Jan.d i11 q·uestion. In tl1e Higl1 Co·urt, Yadete de11ie� having- sol� the Ian? to Wolde Mariam. Furtherinore, he argued tl1at tl1e AwradJa Court decLded the issue without his slightest knowledge of tl1e matter. On the otl1er hand, Wolde Mar.ian1 argued that the sale was carriecl out properly.

-49 -

L. VI - No. I O V W A L N JA P IO f-I T E JOURNAL OF

that a piece of l�n� was s ge le al l1o w on rs pe ,1 at th The l l- iol1 Court reasoned e document pla1nt 1ff in !h . ct fe ef at th to ts e11 n1 c11 do sold to hi;, sl1ould produce 11ces betw e11 �he . two re ffe d1 . e th of nt 1e en ttl se e t� es ov � troduced, the court said, pr e or ef er le. d th sa i smi ssed !t ed eg all e tl1 of ce en ist parties btit does not prove the ex i am. ar M de ol W d an nt lla pe ap t en es pr e tl1 e suit which involved th Jt then took up an issue tl1at ,vas 11�t raised i11 tl1e suit and decided tl1at Wolde Mariam should receive E $160 a11d give tl1e la11d b,1ck to Yadete. Both Ato Tadesse, origi11al plaintiff, and Wolde Marian1 appealed from this judgment in Civil Appeal No. 259/60 and 359/60 resp ectively._ Altl1ougb the purposes of the two appeals differ, the basic iss11es are tl1e same 1n bot�.. We l1ave therefore con solidated tl1e1n i11 accordance witl1 Article 11(1) of tl1e C1v1l Procedure Code. The stateme11 t of appeal filed b)' Tadesse co11tained tL1e ar%ume11t that it was e rroneous to dismiss his request once it was proved tl1 at tl1e sa id land was trans ferred to Ato Wolde Mariam, be it because of time limit or any other way . T.he other appellant, A.to Wolde Mariam, argued tl1at he was ordered to give up l1is property witl1out a11y suit being brought against l1im. He said he was de11ied l1is rigl1t to own land that was properly tra nsferred to him. A11 exa1ni11ation of tl1e record of tl1e lower court discloses that the original s11it was brought by Ato Tadesse Kassahu n against both Ato Wolde Mariam an d Ato Yadete. Evidently tl1e latter two were defendants throughout the suit and as such tl1ey never took opposite sides as plaintiff and defer1dant.

To start with, we shall deal witl1 the issue raised by Ato Tadesse. ·Firstly, Ato Tadesse cited Civil Code Articles 1388, 1397, 1398, 1399 as provi siot1s of tl1e law supporti11g his clai1n that he has the right to buy the piece of la11d. Tl1e I-Iigh Court did 11ot say whether or not tl1 e above provisions ,vere rele vant t? tl1e issue. Tl1is, it seems, was because the appella11t himself did not prove the e�stence of a contract of sale. The document produced by Tadesse shows t h at the said land was t�ansfe:red t� Wolde Mariam because Yadete failed to pay the su�1 of n�oney specified 1n t�e1r contract. This form of transferring ownership is j nei ther a gift nor �- sale nor a barlment. Consequently, the provisions of the code cited by Ato Tadesse are 1rrevela11t to the case at hand. For instance, Article 1388 requires �h�t the party wl10 deman?s the_ recovery of a disposed piece of property be a Joi nt-owner. !hen the question arises whether Ato Tadesse \Vas a joint-ow.ner of the la11d 11� intends �o buy. Ato T�desse bases his claim on the ground tl1at he �as the heir t? ��1zero _Ehte Mar1a1:11. Woz. Ehte Maria111 ai 1d Ato Yadete were Ale�a �� ,,M111_21r . · Aga!n. the quest�on sl1ould be asked whether being '' Aleka" an_d M1nm est�blishes Jo1nt-ow _ i1ersh1p as required i ii Article 1388. Joint-owner· eans owning a whole pi ece of property while a\vaitii1g its division among ship a num� er of people. It tl1erefore excludes private exclusiv O\VIl ership. e : 'e Ja�e thuJ established that 110 contract of sale existed between Yadete a. n d aria . ec�n dlY ' even if there was a11y su W 1 e cl1 co11tract ' At o Tadesse doe s � : · no sat1sfY t e requi rements of Article 1388 F or all t.1 1e above reas?ns �e bave · reached the conclusion that Ato Tadesse does 11ot hav e ive right to exc tl1e lus buy the land in question · To that extent we · 1.1 of th� High Court affi irm ' th _ d r e ec1 d s1? · . Ne:1ertheless "\\'e reject that part of t.he ' e i H gl1 z ogn rec � urt Co s 11c ion wl c1s d� Tadesse's right of pre-emptiil g the 1and 1·r i tl1e owner deci de s to sell 1t. We shall now consider the appeal fi t ou l 1 d e C by Thi� Ato r � Wold: Mariam. l1as accepted the appeal becaltse th·e H' tgh Court gave the Judgment ordering t 15h , i - 50-

TADESSE KASSAHUN v. YADETE ROBI

appellant. to give back the said land to Ato Yadete without paying any attentio11 to Articles 246-248 of the Civil Procedure Code. To have a cause of action against another, one must first _satisfy Article 215 of the Civil Procedure Code. Moreover , he must bring a suit which establishes a cause of action. That one who fails to do so may 11ot secure a judgment against anotbe.r has been clearly stated by the law. In this case Yadete Robi was a deÂ fendant defendi11g the charge brought against him by Tadesse Kassabun. During the course of the trial he mentio11ed that Wolde Mariam, who was also a defendant, took the land Âˇi11 an illegal 111an11er. This co1nplaint aroused the sympathy of the lower court as a result of which it ruled upon a11 issue that was n . ot raised before it. Consequently, it was reasoned tl1at Wolde Mariam took advantage of Yadete's weakness and took the land for 011.ly E $160 wl1ile its actual value was E $ 3000. W olde Mariam was ordered to transfer the lat1d back to Yadete after payment of E $160. This court rejects this decision since it was made without any regard to procedure. The judgment cottld have been approved if Yadete had brought suit against Wolde Mariam. For all the above reasons we quash the decision of the High Court which ordered the transfer of the land to Yadete Robi. Yadete's right to bring suit against Wolde Mariam is reserved. May 16,

- 51 -

1968

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• ,f'f,JfO) : • : ' } : : (JDlool : OJ {fl. h'l.. n:.\I\ : ooc'17 tm• : 7'/Lil : f?"CODt.cJ)c tfllm· 1" �� 1 .P'C'¼:1-: O'k'rC: iiii: ODIP/.:,•: t\O:J (l ,: ·•f• Om1l/\'1 (JD:,,tiliJ. ,"h."1 F� : r 1 r ��91-:,-:.: {l/\O'l..f�{l,l· d1"1: fl...,<1fl f'f\f,\� .z ho•: ,,llh.<1 c"o: f..'l(t: V• ).:J': 'j:(:�.. : fL,f: : fro'}l/\,;: : oo:,,LiliJ. : ;,,'? : "P' � : P'(:q:,..: {l�'rC: jY. : h� :

'}{\OD•

= >t..c: .,? :

(lar:

"lf.."/\'PA :

Ooof(A_ :

07'/Lil :

f f"•r,-,.:,..

"10..f:

: i I

- 52 -

o:J>O. : ,n"1·9° : f,"lfl1 : .rl\.w· : fh�•l'•i1cD• : �C�" : n,:,.. : nm1li\'1 : ,._, (JO�li61, : ,..,,"l : , ', : P'C'¼-r : O<l?'rC : �jJ. : f•l'F-'111ro·, : 0''1/'rO•n : ,, ..c1,qo :rA OtJTJ/\.-r 'lw• J,1ai,,;.u fhr,.: ..,,'i:cu• = ri::c..�-- n,:,. n:1,c1•?0 = ,,,,.. till..tA= lDf,9° : h/;\1" IJ. ti..., ..�' : I\. lfl/l\.:,.. : (' OJ 1:�(\ ,;: : au�,� : ,l1 '1 : P' ', : P'C llt\H.U : ,-.... ",_e: ff..'111£D·1 : ODOl>(:or>c : t,ll&..1\1.. : lf'f : t,'111•','Pt\ ::

q�.. :

fW1f:/\9 : ou:,,twJ,: ,)1"1: pr r,: P7C'¼;I.: 1,1F..F..'l11lD·: fW1f./;\1: --1''1 ° f : f °11. h;r,,,,.. t\ lj' IP/. OD l. 9 : C : r/\.it : ., (D• :: rfl .fl· : ,l11· : n OIJ.! ti U)c : OD lP 'lC l.T : fm,li!\ = 1·"1'1(: : OiPJ..oul'J°CO:t.. 1..u : ro,ilt-,: LPC;l:t\: f,f"{l/\.m·,: (ltD4: ouf1I : hil&..l\"l. : lf'f : fl..!1•r;lD-: Oct:C�": n,:1-·: :,..'h,111 : i'tt\Ot\H .!9° : ;,,1.. f°t"-:,,-�: fl.tr, = .ri\�C-�: 0.-l·: :i--1,1 f1f = ro1i/\'1ro-1 f,fl = ro,lit-1= fl..aul. 9°C : .e-:f-1\A :: ro; l /\ ;;: lD- : f ...,...r ,., (JJc : .r(\ct:CY: : n,:,. : :,.•,,ff1f : fl.If, t 'J°COD�(Dc : n •.rA:P : '1.rA.:,,9° : fTflllD· : (lro- : fiiijj: fl'¼r : lD·il'r: ..-.� : �c� : (1,}-: ou:Pt.·fl : i't/\.n:,.. :: lD1ll\.'1lD•9° : fcl>l.0/\.:,... : �c� : n,,1.. : flD1 lt\?/ : oo:,,6liJ, : ,-,,"l : F'l : FC'¼T : n,J?'rC : 2!1 : l\f, : OOIJ...('tllD• : DDLPl.-r : f-t,..r11ro«: (l(J)c: 001/l&.f : n,:,... : _e,f,f, : ro,e,'J°: O'Pit: f,t\cf>:,, : ·fl�: ouro(l;: ltt\0-r :: htLU 'J°: 01\f, : aocOl/tlD-: Th.it: 'J°Cout.ro•,: ltmc;:,,,r, : f t\t..'Aou : 1'1F..lf', � ,f"GI;tOl/t,, : 7..f·L : 1,,J;.(lmro- c.• : OtLU : "Lf·L : m«il'r : lD1f.l\.?/ro« : fl°1 lk.r: n,:,.. : h"})t,f,f, : �c-� 0.1: : 'h 1}Lf1f/\.:,..: ll.mf,:,, : .e·,t•I\/;\ :.: (1 ,.,. U: l.1� : ij:C� : (1,f: : f°t&..:,,F..ro· : »-f"iJJ,IJT/t,, : "LtL : ht.Ft. : Ji&.,)· : cf>, : fl.fl A'P : Jif,7£-A. 9° ::

·=

fro,l/\.9 : oo:t,tmJ. : F'I : P'C'¼·l· : n,J?'rC : jjJ. : l\f., = f°7..f.. '1"11w« hH. U : 01\f., : f,f--1/\m(J)c : (l..lf, : fh�'l"9lD' : �C�' : o,:,.. : /\.J-LU : �;;,1, : f(l ffi{Dc : :,,c,-..9° : ODCOl/t : Th.fl : nro,tA : 1--�.e : ffHlD"7 : (Im« : fitJTJl.k! : f,tf,f,/;\1 : fOI//\ ,), : 'l'.r4: : ll.fcf>C•fl : Jif,r/;\'I° : f°7..A : ',CD• :: ,n�t\f,: f,1.. lP = '11,,.,:,.. = �cs.;· = ct·1-- = "l, = ntLu ,1•c1..'J° it f, lltJTJ OTJ 'I° :;: ftJTJ .e iltJTJ 01 n -l-19° : 9°h1' f,l- : htLU : cf>'l'/r> : i,·}1A�/\.1' ::

(l.r :

OODLPl.,f: : 01/'i'rOJ•'J° : fro,;(!A : ,,.."1'1C : fOIJ.ODlODl.m« : OTll.il : JiOT/ ti.e,,,:,.. = (l tf"} n(l • = �c�- e1:,.. = ,J>cn fffl/.fltTCJc».. no:1''1 ;,.,-,.. = nn-A = .,{D• :: Th:il : f CD"}1./\ '1 : oo;J,6liJ, : tf1"l : P''I : pcq:,.. : fffl/.fHm« ,: ··l•hT�: : f,f.. '1/\ro•, : ro,1.A : noo1.001.c; : IJT/lll:�ro..'}'J° = tim'i<I'+ : n:.\I\ : r?Dcou&.ro«; : OJcm:1• : /\o:l'ct = ,-,."l = tJTJ ilTl\l\.� 1,,Pi/\n:,-- OP''l = p-1cq:,.. ° fi'k'rC : iiii : ..,--y..7'??,A :: o:J>CL : ;,,1--9° : fTfl.fl, : f9 C{JIJ&. : ro-,�-l· : ©t : n ..,.._e.',11ro· : UDV-'l:,.. : nil : !'---f'l'C•fi : lDJ!,'I° : '1°C 0.1.C(lro« : 00�ro• = 'h1-F-1fi· = Y,OJ� = (JJY,'l° = = t\.c1>c11 = t.Y,1·A'J° = •fl"-1> = fl.roit, = 1,lf\A ::

,,..IP�

,n°I :

n,J!rrC :

nil

- 53 -

0..4,0, ,l,1-- ?"COD�m· nt -,w• = n"'lt\:,• nil r01.f4>c11 rlf., hi f-tr'l = ..e..aiqo r9°coo�w- m·m,l· n..e..l(lm· nhrt• t,9°il·1-- +1 e&fltp= nil: 01/:,,l11 : h1�t\(l:,-- : fF'l : ,).Jcq:,- : ,nd/: O+.'rC : li£i1 : I\J!, : �F.',a, ;JIA:: h1d/>',.U: fro1lil·: 9°CDD� ll?'t\.il = Oh· A fi•flJt- 'IOJ· ll.'lA?°: Oj>{l,: ,nd/: 9°CODt,.(l)-: 1t1..e..1'i: f,llJt•: -Ot\0 t\"71111: OJ/!,'/°: 9°Coo� m:(14! : .,(l)..: 1}{\o: f9°COD�(l)-: m•m:i-- : n..e..l(llD• : Ohrt- : h9°il:,-- : <#>"} : roil'r: nil: hl1,;J�.,Y--: t\01/:Pl--O: FAflJ1: f,l"·(lmlD· : htr'i I fP'.,: P'C'¼ :,--: ,l,d/: lltf?'rC: iiB : l\f,: ff.'111ro-: oj>O, : ,l1d/: f,f•(l,nm·1: ,-f·"J'lC: P'� : l\f,: t\01/'PA : �ll�..fil:ft\ro•: {IIJi"IY:: OD,t-C1°'1° : f,'iCO;J--A:: hl\f,: 'h1Y.1 t\�"'lro- :ril..il'i oj>n, = ,l1 d/ = nm1lA l1Y: f,f,(lllJ:fm· ai'lc'i PA flJi ,,..rot--t-�li (lUDlf�-: Tt\.il: 'J°C(IIJ�(J)•'} ll°7.��'J°{l,)· 1..lt = ,1-·htii'l:: 001/l&..f : fO?_cf,fs{lTi: tr�;J--: (lcf?'rC: jfi: ODLP/..:,'": n�c�- : n,:,-.: t\Ol/{}ro 01: f--f·o,nro· : {ID-n:,--c;: dJ �:J" : Oj> (l>: ,nd/9°: fTfl.()•1 : 9°CODt-: 001/.J' ,nc;n:,.: 1.tL: - t-&.?.01/.: {/Dlfi: i',t\ll:,.. I 9°n1f,f:9° : O.,�,n,: ,l1°l: fTl\.{}"} : 9°(:o0t - : {ID1f"l•fl: i't'l'i,f·: nil: 1,ilh.f41C-O: �·t..il: 1·-V.f..: fl9°C00t-: l\f,: ,. •J'tl= 1,i�t\ ilfl"1Z.�mcr. n11.u9'1 1..11. ro·il'r = ,f·hti7t: ft\ct:cf: n,:,.. -1'h. OOl/l&..f : n,:1 - : t\.�f,: ilt\°1'61."·A : ',ro· :: htl.U?°: (lf\f,: Oj> (l" : ,nd/ : fi«f! 'rC: ©ii : £1DLPlT : f?"'t\.,(l•i: 'J°C(ID/r: 1'1'1'1-f,: 9°CODt,.{D• : J!,fl)t-: OJf,']°: {l•-f•£IDl{IDl(D• : {IDLPl-1--: nil: .e:1,l-O: t\l1?/\-1': 1..r-1.: f,f--(ln1ro· : ilt\lf', r .eu; ..,--01t1�-1 = nOJJ..&.�·'J°n:,- 1..1-1. ,1·htiif. r07_cr,,,en:,. o--�;J-- (lij:C.f." = n,:,-- 1,"}J?.1c; = {/Droo--} ilft/\n,1- r+.'rc 2i11 f....1;,1, fl(l�m· OD..,,.C19°= fil&.A,;,A ttnnt\1"1.f o,.4>n, ;,,ai n<J?Tc .n:r. 1,'i iru ODIP/..-1· frf'n mm◄i ,t-"J(}CC,- P'AflJ1 'P,;, : tn/ltflJ-1•: �lf�A:: ilt\f-LU:.... '1°19° : h" tl).'}: :rt\..il. = 9'1c{/Dt.m•; = r &.�{ID n..ir; -1 f:rt\.(l• 'J°coat- = 00..410, = ;,,1-- oom r.-1· : ill\flfl--l• : n,-1.u : 1..f-L : (l)•il'r : ..,.hti'i'f· : fOl/.(�,,en:,- : U•),;J--: O+.'l'C : 2H {IDIJJl:,• = nc,:c�-- n>:,. = oaro(l; ill\t\ll-1· rn�,,--�ro- �cf: n,:,-- fiOJJ '111•0: 4:'rC : :f;"f_;f;9./;f;: romm·i : -1--'h.l-f11: "lil1: f<l?'rC : iiu : Y:1;J1,: rll.il: 9°C(IDt-OJ•i: h&.�{ID : O�I\ : "1--&.1'"7. : ll.lf1: f,-:f-1\IA :� ---0/\1: mlt� '1A::

= ..,..

= =

, I

- 54-

SUPREME IMPERIAL COURT Addis Ababa, Div. No. 2 Justices:

Afenegus Teshon1e I-Iaile Ma.ria1n Ato Tadesse Tekle Giorgl1is K.egnazmatch Jv.I ulat Beye11e

P'UBLIC 'PROSECUTOR v. ALEMU URGA, ALEMU BORU and FIRE BORU Crin1i11al Appeal No. 1136/60 Crimi11a1 Proced11re-Ren1ancl-Crin1. Proc. Cocle Arts. 38, 59, 109. An appeal �rom tl1e order of the Higl1 Court declaring that the Crim. Proc. Code Art. 59. does not authorize tl1e detention of tl1e acct1sed after tl1e police investigations are completed. Held: Order reversed. l. According to Crin1. Proc. Code Art. 38, the public prosecutor sl1ould frame a charge under Art. 109 and institute proceedings within fifteen days of receipt of t11e police investigation, or, if necessary, order further investigations. 2. In order for tl1e prosecutor to carry out tl1ese dt1ties under Arts. 38 and 109 he must have the right to keep the accused in detention t1ntil he decides to prosecute.

The public prosecutor filed this appeal requesting the reversal of the order given by the High Court in File No. 864/60. We have rendered the decision given hereunder after examining the argument presented by the public prosecutor and the dec·ision given by the High Court.

JUDGMENT Alem11 Urga and his friends were arrested on st1spicion of l1omicide and kept in custody. The investigating police officer for\varded his report to the public prose cutor in accordance with Article 37 of the Criminal Procedure Code. Then, in accordance with Article 59 of the Criminal P1·ocedure Code, he asked the High Court to determine tl1 e terms of detention of these individuals until a charge was filed against them. The High Court exa1nined the application of the investigating police officer and ruled that Article 59 does 11 ot apply to such a case but rather to a case where the police investigation is not con1pleted, as a result of whicl1 the investigating police officer 1nay apply for a remand for a sufficient time to enable the investigation to be completed . that the High Court_ interpreted nd grou the on The d eale app lic tor p11b secu pro . Article 59 of the Criroi11al Proced11re Code very narrowly. We deem 1t necessary to examit1e the provisions of the Criminal Procedure Code dealing witl1 t� 1e pres ent case to determine whether or 11ot tl1e High Court gave an erroneous interpre tation. The Crimi 11 al Procedure Co de provides that the co1nmission of an offe11c� mt1st be investigated by t11e police. The police may, for investigation purposes, deta111 the

- 55 -

. VI - No. 1 L O V W A L N IA P IO H T E F O JOURNAL e either by court order if dee enc o e ff 1 tJ ed litt mn med c o persoi1 a11 eged . to 1 a. e 1e accused is detained witho tl If ; Jaw. by � ized thor u a ut necessary, I l 'f WI�h 0 t within 48 hou rs, \Vhetl1er tl1e i11vesti cour to t brough be o a �ourt . o� r er, e 1as t tl1e offe nder has been brou gh� gat1on IS con1pl et·ed or 11ot • The c o. urt to whom . houId be deta11 . · 1ed. or be er he s. tl1 has to dec1·de· 0 1 1 tile . basis of Article 59 \Vl1e • . · e 111ve · st1· gating 0: IS n.ot COJld I �t·e d, t h released on bail . Moreover, if the inve stigat 1o police officer could. reque st tl1e co.urt fo� st1f?c1ent tim� an ·. 0� an �rder that in tb. e meantjme the accused be detained. In this repect, the add1t1011 a l time awa rded by tl1e court shal l 11 ot be n1ore than 14 days.

Tl1e 1-ligh Court interpretecl tl1is provisio11 to 1nean tl1at tl1e i11ves�ig�ti11g police officer could riot ask f or the dete ntio 1 1 of a pers o1 1 arrested for a. cr11111nal offence after cornpleting his i11vestigatio11. Tl1e St1pren1e Jn1perial Court does n ot agree ,vit11 tl1 is inte rpretatio11 for the following reasons: In princi_ple, ai1y crin.1 inal offence .is i11,1estigate_d by . tl1� police� bt1t tl1e charge is filed ir1 cotrrt by the public prosecL1tor. Tl1e 111vest1gat111g police officer must sub1uit l1is investigation report to tlJe public prosect 1t or i11 acc orda11ce with Article 37. 011 re ceiving tl1e report the public prosec11 tor n1ay, i 1 1 acc orda nce witl1 Article 38, prosecute the a.ccused , order further i11vestigatio11 or ref11se to i11stitute proceed111gs.

If tl1e public prosecutor deen1s tl1e p olice ir1vestigatio11 co111plete and decides to institute proceedi11gs, he 11 1ust file a 0l1arge \Vitl1in 15 days of the receipt of the police report as provided by Article 109. 011 the other l1and, he could order that a furtl1er i11vest:igation be made wl1ere, u11like the p olice, lie belie ves t hat tl1 is is in order. If t l1is i. s so, the public prosecutor l1as to i11terpret Article 59 of tl1e Crin1i11al Procedt1re Code in sucl1 a \Vay as to e11able l1i 1n to execute l1 is duty. As stated above, tl1e rights give11 to and tl1e dt1ty of the p olice a 11 d the public pros e cutor are correl ative , and tl1.e public prosecutor 111t1st be allowed to avail l1imself of tl1e rigl1 t given tl1e police under Article 59. Tl1ere are two reasor1s for this. �11e, tl1e cas� is co11sidered to be under investigatio11 until a cl1arge is filed. Two, 111 tl1e n1eant1m e the accused could not be detai11ed \vitllOll a t cotirt order. If Article 59 is interJ)reted broadly i11 t11is manner, the pt1rp ose of Articles 38 an d 109 would be deflated.

I f f

/ li The investjgation con?ucted by the police IJ as to be studied by tlie pub c prosecu�or, and th: dete11t1011 of the accused m ust be decided upo,1 by the court a� pro�rded_ by Article 59. For the above reasoiis, we reverse tli e ·Higll Cotlrt's order given 1� File No. 86�/60 a11d l1 old that A rticle 59 is api)Iicable eveii after the completion of tl1e p olice ir1ve stigatio1 1. June 17, 1968

I ! ; 1

- 56 -

J I

�c� :

m:i»l\_e. = f17•rP = 'l1r1:,- :

n,.. .-, i

tt -'til : ttn q ;: ttt--1·'1 : l-/\�:,.. :: J',7;�: ;

111\ ;J' : 0'1 ·1·f ii : ,)1 {\ ..,.(Dc::,, tt, r. = hn.e.. = ·11Pw -=

'I° I i', &.11·P' 1

tt,,f- : h ct:t\, : ;�°'I � tJ ::

.e'? ll�

= 'l.e. , f

t--il = tt.1n·t--1il = ttnfl.r·1 = "7,., nc i

0°Ail = o0Lh ., tt ..,-. = tt "°.e.." =

t,•n-�-ft oo�, ==

f�,1·,I, : ,flcfbC : f.'1'1� : •� rC : n.§firi/:tu ill\ : (D•�-:,-. :- 'Pil:t·'i' - f(j:."J•,h : 11"1.C dl°I �lf'C = {i7Ljift;·% ! ii7LilK?i°t == fhc;:.-f•i1ro• : c;:c� : o.:,. : <p<;ro- : '11\bPi : l\'P«i"ro-: 'Pil : aof"lf : lll\flm : "h.'i : f,U'J° : >,S.·� .,..T : fm/\4,. : 'Pil1 : "1�:J, : ill\ 7...f•Oil0-1· : o�:,.,,, : ·0,h.C : ,n"l : ��c : iiiJf�2 : OD1J.1t.."f· : f m t\4,. : 'PO· : l10J.�;rro-: �� : f.11''."A : o.A: flj�;'J°f) : •flf,\66J. : ill\m•)} : f,tJ'}'}��··a,:-'1). : O(ID:J•m'J° : f<f>t.0 : .eOJ'l� :: m-'1). =- �c� = .-,-7i�A == �/ f(IDf'Jfar: m·A: f+f..t.1ar: fn1/\<i-: 'Pll:,•t;ro-: m•A: fi.-f•f.t.10:1·: bl\T: (•�1) }OC :: ff f'J° : 11'� : .e1J : l\'P<;ar : 'Pil : .-J•Q.1."1� : ao,.f">f : ao{lm:,• : ftn/\4.. : 'Pfl·1 : °IYo:J· : 09° 19° : 0,f,}."f• : J'tf,flilfl."f"9'° � mf,'J° : fbP.ar"} : aon&•e• : 1.11. : 1't.f �1f'J°'J° :: 1,1P'4.<'m-9" : h.e:�-,..•f:: l\ml\4,. : 'Po-: m:J•D?. : }m- == lll\11'}9" : fmf\«J.. : q (l. : h"l�:J... m- = �� : 1't.el1'19" :: 1

00111n- 1 = ooc'J°l1 = fu•l\,i:1'/° = ro1 'i-:f-- = ncnc = o'/°1--1 = f°!hi"/\ t&'} : �C� : 0'111--'i'A ::

fu,-,.. = f,'?'l� = q_e =ft--il = h.17t-t--1il DIJ,-,nc =file= hti7i = lf'i = t!'1 = -- V-kf: 1'1J.f:: 'l1ti= o..n.e..c= hh.:'f h 2: ,nc: : tt\1°il rf-- ti7i: i',lbh•·J1f..C: ;,·;r1i U·ft. ..,.. ,;:OJ• : ,f--hft7i : i', .f• : i'1-0 f..I\ : }t,{l�.. (t OD� : /\ I'(. U-- : ,fl.('C : fffi /\ti, : 'P ii : lf'i : 'P'i'w- : i·O�t : /\i1'17i : F..'1°0'1 : Ooolf-,..: jn.: ,flc: /\'l1ti ::}I\& , : lf'i= f�il: i',417t-t--1il °'l'�flC: ,e,u1�- = 111·1,n = h'l1h t,ro..'r-f, = /\t!'1 = 1'•hta.·li i',{},f--f\.A C:: : il/\.,flC : b� : .,.,. hti7i : nw•/\4 : ODIP/.:,' : '11\0D&.i(ID• : /\-0..f:?- : ,. ,JJ, �nc = qn.�tro· = 'l1n 1"1 H1l = cpc; = ttl\&, = ii = f:.t--1 '1.1, 01.01· = ft--il = "f·,n,,e�� : -,7(. : "°C : fh&.t\ : ilt\ tr-, : ,eu1�-: 11r·l·fl : ni,ro/\-�: fm n.�= '10A: C : 1 : 001 ,fl,l1. l ,1',h f<j.: J-7 : : �C ° ·t·� flh� : lJ : tJ fl.A �/\ : <;::l\ :rh /. ,9 {J; 1•0 : «k'rC : jf@9./,2t; : hit : i',�C!]..A ::

it=

i-�

n>:,. :

- 57-

= =

= .,n..,:,.

= 1,'"lti�-,:,. n1.1 Lf'l! : .,,,hti7i n,,1fl_p:,:m- flh..f- = nli • ,. : -h� .I\ O : h& n� (D• : , D cf,� : ° n. lD? • Vj (lO : ;:: 7i< (\ }',7i � : OD/;\.t: np-11,: F(:o,:,.: rl"(l rfOJ· : crmc: • : (l flJ : lD· ,(l{\ .A'? : /, : /A fo1 0'1 f..1 -n f\ : �,l f "'l DDhi\h : t\ 1 ,f• fl lj, A (l :: 'P ,f· ": • lD f\ ,(l : u ·=l\ 'r:J : 4: '11 9° h lD bA :l: hA r: j(l 0 9° :r'"1 /.. uo · c,· l 'P ,"I,) "} m• :,, n f,., ti � ixi ...1 ;c. •,; 1 .• h w· :f 'P.. t ., &. n 1l I 1 e--, -1 h"'I II �-.,,. f� • � u " . : fl f <? ,1 : 11.c:" C: 9 •: 'Im· ; h'17i'i : e�: ,1,hti"li : ,n,::,:m·'J (l(llJitOI/OIJ,· /.!f? ('(\OJ• : 1,ft l:,• ;- (\oucl,OA'i: fl(JlJlh-0: i',J;.it: lD•/;\: i',J.'.."C"l'P�: .. "t tt.� �);1: itAn1�-�9u : fl"'/(\:,•: (l<;::Ttlt: -0,ILC : ,71 1 : «#?'l'C : !J. fi.!!t� ·i-i·i : ODlPl:,. = 1-ocu,.A {Lt\- -rh�hl'PA ��:

�•!·�9°:

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(

-60-

SUPREME IMPERIAL COURT Jt1stices:

Addis Ababa, Div. No. 4 Blatta Matias Helete Work Ato Tebe·be Gessesse .Ato Ki:fle Ge111a11eh . RAS INS URANCE S. C. v. ABDU.L SEMED Civil Appeal No. 14-86/59 Cor1tracts-Suret; ship-Civil Coc:/e Arts. 1927, 1928. 1

A? appeal �om tl1e decisi ?n . of the High Cotlrt releasing tl1e counter-guarantor wl1ere the debtor had given security to tl1e pr1nc1pal guarantor thereby allegedly increasing tl1e liability of tl1e counter guarantor.

Held: Decision reversed. 1. Tl1e contract pledging tl1e security was made conct1rrently with tl1e contract of gt1.arantee• 2. Givi11g a security to tl1e principal guara.ntor does not in a11y way increase the liability of tl1e counter-guara.i1tor, nor does it postpone the debt's due date. Giving a security to tl1e principal guarantor .is actually advantageot1s to tl1e conterguarantor' and does not release l1im from any obligations.

After examining the docu1ne11ts we have rendered the following judgn1ent:

JUDGMENT This is an appeal from the judgment of the High Court releasing the cot1nter guarantor of the principal debtor for a sum of E $50, 000 lent to him by the Com mercial Bank of Ethiopia under the guarantee of Ras Insurance Co., the appellant, on the grou.11d tl1 at the principal debtor and the creditor (the appellant) have entered into a new contract whi. c h i11 creased the liability of the counter-g11arantor. The respondent, citing Articles 1927-28 of the Civil Code, contended that without his knowledge tl1e creditor and the principal debtor had entered into a new con tract of pledge whereby the debtor undertook to deliver property valued at E $180, 000 as security for the performance of l1 is obligation. The High Court released the counter-gt1arantor by a majority decision. The relevant part o f the memora11dt1n1 of appeal is as follows: The pri 11 cipal debtor, Mr. Papazakos, wanted to borrow E $50, 000 from the Co1n mercial Bank a11d, as tl1e bank reqt1ired l1im to obtain a gt1arantor, he asked _ Ras Insurance Co. to be his g11arantor. The company agreed to be the guarantor to the extent of E $50 000 and the principal clebtor also undertook to deliver pro perty valued at E $ 180,0 00 as sec11rity for the performance of his obligation. In addition he was also required by the company to get a co1111ter-guarantor. He therefore brought forward Ato Abdt1l Semed to co11nter-guarantee the performa11ce

-61-

JOURNAL OF ETI-IIOPIAN LAW - VOL. VI - No. 1

n l< of 'his obligation toward the Ras Insur,1nce Co. The ban tl1e forwarded the Ioau of E $50,000 to Mr. Papazakos as agreed. ':'7hen tl1e dat e of pay m� nt arrived, the pri11cipal debtor failed to perforn1 bjs obligat1�n �i1d the b,111k accordingly demanded that Ras Insurance Co. pay the E $ 50,0�0 w1tl1 111terest. Tl1e company, l1aving paid off t11e loan from its account in the bank, de111anded that the counter-guara11tor, Ato Abdul Seined, pay it back the E $50,000 plus i11terest. To tl1e contention of Ato Abdul Sen1ed in the High Court that he was 110 lo11ger bound because a new contract of pledge l1ad been signed by the principal_ debtor and tl1e ii1surance company, the said insurance company answered tl1at 1t was 11ot a new contract but the san1e contract of pledge signed on the same date as the contract of counter-guarantee and wit11essed by the same witnesses. The company offered to introduce \Vitnesses to this effect. Coui1sel for the responde11t argued tl1at, since the contraot of counter-guara ntee released. l1 is client fron1 his obligatio11s, wit11esses sl1ould not be introdt1ced. It has bee11 proved tl1at the contract of counter-gi.1ara11tee was concluded on tl1e sa111e date as tl1e contract of pledge, i.e., on January 6, 1966, and tl1e same tb.ree wit1.1esses attested botl1 contracts. It is also know11 that tl1e contract of pledge s11bmitted to tl1e co11rt was the same iostru 11:1e11t sig11ed 011 Ja11t1ary 6, 1966. \Ve do not find any reason why we _ sl1011ld. sustain the oonte11t1oi1 of counsel for tl1e responde11t since the contract of pledge does _11ot i11 a11y way i11crease t]1e liabilities of tl1e counter-guarantor and does not allow t11.11e for payn1e11t to the debtor. In fact it \Vorl<s to the advantage of Ato Abdttl Semed. We l1ave therefore reversed tl1e 111ajority opinion of the l-Iigh Court and hold that tl1e respo11dent, Ato Abdul Semed, is bou11d by tl1e co11tract of counter-guarantee. January 1, 1967

f - 62-

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-66-

lIIGI-I COURT Addis Ababa, Div. No. 1 Judges:

Ato Y eshewa Work FI .. a1·1 u Ato Goiton1 Beyen Major Tadesse Abdi PUBLIC PROSECUTOR v. YESHIGETA AREGA* Crimi11al Case No. 359/60.

Criminal laiv-Of{ences co11·11n1 :tted b Y_ police offi�er i11 discl1arge of duties-Pe11al Code Art. 422(b). Def endant was charged W1tl1 reta1n1.ng possession of the private complainant's pistol, seized in the course of his police duties, with intent to obtain unlawful enrichment thereby. Held: Defendant convicted. 1 Defendai1t l �as violated Pen. <=:ode Art. 422(b) if he as a public servant, commits the act w!. th :intent_ to o �ta1n an �la:Vful enrichment for l1irnself or anotl1er, and tl1e object retained by him came mto his possession m tl1e discharge of his official duties. 2. E, en if it could. be argued that he is not a public servant, Art. 422 applies to him pur· suant to Pen. Code Art. 410. 3. As a policen1an the defendant l1ad a duty to deliver to the authorities any object seized on duty. 4. Defendant's use of tl1e pistol as a pledge to borrow money sl1owed his intent to obtain unlawful enrichment. 5. Unde.r .Art. 13(2) of the Police Proclamation of 1942, policemen are deemed to be 011 duty at all times. 6. Regardless of the propriety of seizing the pistol by force, the defendant gained possession of the pistol in the discharge of bis duties. 1

JUDGMENT The defendant, Private Yesl1igeta, was charged with the offence under Artjc}e 422 of the Penal Code. The charge stated tl1at defendant in order to obtain for himself a11 undue material adva11tage misappropriated the pistol of Bedase Temesgen, the private co111plainant, which came i11to his hand, while he (the defendant) was executing l1is duty as a police1nan, on At1gust 30, 1967, arolmd I a. m. Tl1e defendant pleaded 11ot guilty to the charge. Witnesses for the prosecution were beard. Tl1e \.Vit11esses testified t11at they saw the defendant and the private complainant lea,,ing a bar together on the night of the alleged crime. The private complaina11t testified to the effect that he left the bar witl1 the defendant on the night in question and shortly a·fterwards the defendant asked l1im to show him his permit for the pistol which he (the private complainant) was carryi11g at the time. He then asked the defenda11t 11ot to 1 ·eport the 1natter to the autl1orities, but the def endant insisted on report.i 1 1g it. Wl1en they came near tl1e_ private complaina1� t's house, he tried to escape. But the defendant ca11gh.t him and wl1ile they were struggling tl1e pistol fell down. At this point two police1nen arrived at the sce11e an� caught the private complainant. The defendant picked the pistol up and showed 1t to the * Affirmed, Crimin.al Appeal No. 1032/60, Supren1e Imperial Court, Div. No. 2.

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1 . o I N V . L O V W A L N IA P JOURNAL OF ETI-IIO

e th to lice. After a 1 po d 1t ci in 1 tl ed rt po re � nt na ai pl in ! policemeil. The private co 0 1 1ned1ators, an d he dropped the 11 ro tl1 0 .0 00 $3 fe\v days the defendant sei1t hin1 E charge agai1 1st the defe11 dant. ird witness testified e th Th . nt na ai pl m co te iva pr e th of This was th e testimony 1� that son1e . pe op le wer� tryii1g to 1 1ti o1 sh 11t na lai mp co that he 1eard the private t str11g�l111g \\'ith a a11 a1n pl m co te iva pr th w sa be id sa � take away his pistol. He r e the em o lic tw po 3, 11 then o. ess itn W � ? to ng rdi co Ac . 1 111 an in a po ice u1 iforn1 nt. 1na e )la n Th m1 rso co pe te va pri the \Vllo th wi ay aw nt we d. an arrived at th e scene 1t t h tl1e of fig wi e a ac p 1e t to ight ed � urn _ ret nt i11a pla 1 n co the 11g th wi ,,,as strt1ggli t1nd. W1t11ess No. gro tl1e m fro tol pis a up ked pic e tim e , som for 1 1g 1 i rcl sea er , aft and 4 iderrtified tl1 e pisto which was produced as an exhibit by tl1 e prosecutio11, as the one whicl1 the defe11 dant h.ad shown him. H e testified that the defendant 1ad asked hi 111 to fi 11 d l1 im a oan of E $100.00 usii1 g the pistol as a pledge. He said tbat tl1e defe11dant told l1i1n t 1at tl1e pi stol belo11ged to hin1.. I,e testified tl1at he gave t 1e pistol as a pledge a11 d borrowed some money for the defe11dant. Witness No. 2 testified that 011 the date of tl1e comrrussion of th.e alleged. cri111e tl1e defe11dant and the private complai11a11t bad gone to the police statio11 a11d, wl1 en the defendant comJ)lai11 ed t11a.t tl1e private co111plainant fired a shot a.t him, the J)rivate con1plai11a 11t reported tl1at the defendant togetl1er witl1 his frie11d took 1is pisto fron1 b i111. I-le furtl1er testified tl1 at tl1e defendant disappeared fron1 tl1e police station. After tl1 e case for tl1 e prosecution was concluded, t11e acc11sed was ca ecl upon to pro'ffer l1is defe11ce. But the accused stated tl1at l1e had no evide11 ce to put forth. Article 422, tbe , 1iolation of which t 1e defenclant is charged wit 1, states: (a) A.11y J)Ublic serva11t wl1 0, with inte11 t to procure for himself or a11otl1 er a11 u11due n1 aterial adva11tage: (b) n1isappropriates st1cl1 objects or sec11rities w 1ich I1ave been entrusted to l1i1n. or wbic11 con1e i 11 to his l1ands by virt11e of or i11 the course of his dt1ties, is pu11 is 1 able vvith rigorous in1priso111ne11t 11ot exceedi11g ten years, a 11d fine not exceeding ten thot1sa11d do ars. re h,1ve seen the charge and the case of t11 e the s 1 :: a,v ·V\ ,vell as cited . ( th e 11ot cot1 1 or a1 now d 1ou s t 1e er 1 qt the s\ver prosecution. T l 1et w of estion � _ defeod�nt n1 �sappropr1�ted a11 object wl1ich bad beei1 e11trusted to hin1 or \\'hicl1 had co.1ne 111 to his h �11ds rn tl1e course of l1is duties, ,vit 1 i tl tei1 t to lJrovide for J1io1se f an undue materia advantage. · In order to answer this question, 011e J1as · to exami·ne t]le requ 1 re111en ts of th·e law . r · t: A ma11 is gui·lty of tl1 e o111ence u 11 der A1·t·1cIe 422 011ly 1·f the fo o,\ 11· 1 ° requ1re • 0 n1ents are satisfied: (I) the defendant n1ust be a p11blic servaiit; . (2) the defenda11t must have committed t·h e· a11eged cr11 1 inte11t to prowit 11e l c r h'in1se1f or a11ot l1er a11 undt cure io . 1e n1 at e1 ·1· a 1 ad ( t age, van I ( . . (3) tl1 e _m 1 sappro�r1 ated object must have con1e into th 1e defe n tl of a1 e 1 1d l s . dant . or m us t have bee11 entrusted t 0 . 1 11m bY vir.tue of or in tl1e course of his d 11ties. In exami11ing the first requirement Oile 1 e h t ) of 1 las to refer to Article 410 (1 Pe11al Cod e whi cl 1 say s, ,, · · m • o · t t ..1 �ec · .emb ers of the armed ?r police 1 1 b s forces are _. tl1e pun.1 t1\ e provisions w licll follow 1 . re, In t 1e discharge of their office, duties !' ( : or employn1e11t, they commit any 0 e offences under tl1 is c 1apter." TJ1 eref ore, l

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PROSECUTOR v. YESHIGETA AREGA

since tl1e defendant is a member of the police force, the law applies to him eve1 1 jf an argumei1t could be raised to the effect t�at tl1e defendant is 11ot a pt1blic . s�rva11t. Second,. tl1e charge .against the defendant is that he misappropriated the pistol o� the private complainant. Tl1e testi1nony of Witness No. 1 and the other prosect1t1on witnesse� sho\v tha� the defendant took the pistol from the private _ co1npla111an�. The pistol was seized by force and was given as a pledge by the d�fe11dant for the l �an l1e took. The facts that tl1e defe11dant took a pistol which did 11ot b �long to him a11d tl1at l1e gave the IJistol as a pledge for the loan show that he com1rutted tl1e offence with i11tent to procure for himself an undue advantage. The defen?�11t, as a 1nember of the police force, has the duty to hand over to the autbor1t 1 es every object which l1e fi11ds, let alo11e an object which l1e l1as seized �rom a11otl1er perso11. Tl1e fact that l1e ig11ored llis dt1ty and that he used . the obJect for hts own purposes shows tl1at he ·has acted with intent to procure for ]1imself a11 u11due 1 11aterial advantage a11d thereby committed a11 offe11ce. Thirdly, we must exami11e the iss11e of wl1ether or 1 1ot the object was entrusted to the defe11dant (a p11blic serva11t), or came i11to l1is hands by virtue of or in the course of his duties. The defe11dant is not accused of 1nisappropriating an object which has been entrusted to hi 111; no evide11ce was produced to this effect. So, let us look at the second req11irement. Did the pistol come into the hands of the defenda11t by virtue of or in the course of his duty? The fact the defendant asked the private com plainant to show hi1n his licence to carry the pistol shows us that the defendant kne\V tl1at carrying a pistol without authorizatio11 is illegal and that it was his duty as a men1ber of the police force to e11force the law. At this point a question may be posed as to whether or not the defendant was on duty at that particular time. Article 13 (2) of the Police Procla1natio11, No. 6 of 1942 states that ''e\1ery police officer shall be deemed to be on dt1ty at all times.... " Therefore, since the defendant is a member of the police force and si11ce l1e is 01 1 dt1ty at all times, he is deen1ed to be on duty when he co111mitted the offence with which he is chargect. Therefore, since the defendant was on d.uty at the time of the commission of the crime, and tl1e private complaina11t l1ad no licence to carry the pistol . and since the defendant believed that he was exercising his duty as a policeman when · h e took the pistol by force fron1 the private complaina11t, we concl11de that the pistol came into his bands in the course of his duty irrespective of the fact that use of force by the defendant to obtain the pistol may or may not be legal. The defendant failed to hand over to the authorities the pistol he took from the private complai1 1ant. I11stead he took the pistol l1on: e and afterwards gave it to a creditor as a pledge for the money he borrowed. This shows tl1at the defendant con1m.itted an offence in that he misappropriated the pistol witl1 intent to procure for himself an undue 111aterial advantage. We have, therefore, found him guilty of the offence under Article 422 (b) of the Penal Code.

SENTENCE

It has been proved that tl1e defendant, with intent !o procure . for h�mself an undue material advantage, misappropriated an object wh1cl1 came . into his hands f Articles 83 �nd 422 in the course of his duty. After considering the _provisions � _ (b), we hereby sentence the defendant to 5 years r1goro11s . 1m�r1sonment starting from the day of his arrest, December 7, 1967 and to a pay fine 1n the sum of E $_ 2000 . If the defendant fails to pay the fine he shall serve two m�re year� of . rigorous imprisonment instead, which brings the total to seven years of rigorous 1mpr1sonment. April 1, 1969. 69 -

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,,..I\. ,,.,.'i;: f01 ..n C : f,°l'l�: 1,fl tb :: W•'1�fDc"}: fOD wt...,.. (l:,.."}: h<p ;e. :: <i!'r -C: ifl;/Iilf2l; : h14•?. : I� : f 07.m:.t 1)w:· OtLU..: ,)1°1: (l}',"}<l ?.': 15:: f"l"t.. 4'f.(D4"}: h4'/.'1" : ',� : 0Dlf"}1: fi.l/'"}9°: fOJr(l(:: f,°}fl�: 1--'l}'b: Oi'CJ/\.W- : h'l'� = ,tTC = if� 'h1f.. --t-m,f>(tw• : hm•uJ,b = i',1c = noaz.10--:,.. = /J:1'?1-:f = r� 9°1\ = 7i,,.r.6J!> h+ t.'r = 'I� = {1/\. oolf"} .r ftc:,, 1 = Y.""};,1,91-:f = h<k'l'C = '1f {11CJ = "1 C:f:t\:: oon,c;· 91:f: Of..CH"}: lDf,9°: n:fc:ft,.: {1/\.0l/f,ifm-: fODn,t;: "lif61}»: i1 .e.�9°/\ : 7i,,f6l17: oo,f,mC: roaz.1flw· = ',ro• = 001/1\.:,,: 'lfD«:: 1

fouA{l = (ttif!'w• = mn:1> = OOh·ftc = 1,ciiq� : qi = l\<f>lOaJ• , hcnc = \. ·"}: Ail : (tT;tA:: i't"}f..� : (l}t<p� : <fi'PC : gf�/Ijtfy?-; : it"} f"th"f-1W '1;,Yv = n1-1.:l"r-A·1 ro•{l'J' --1-1<1>ti:1>7i 1J:.1, noiz.nT ,:;, = CJJJc;:fw·?" +x- = ....... 1 0 nt = 1.ti o7if6lh 1 n. l\f, f 1.h&./\.w•1 = :J'n il OD ht.A it/\.n:, .. a.A (t{\f.'111lD· : '"h.'i' : ftLU-: n!f';e.: <h'l'C : It : (u): ;:f'ti(l•9"°: fD?..auf,.(l(JJ•t; : fOIJ.ro(l',ro•: 't;JY-oro·: lJ:J> = (lODn'r: ti1·rar: rof,9° = il.f1�: h01/.1CJw·: m:,, -° (I"= t "" 1 n. = 1'f:r (l n (D• OTJ..A 1 n,,.,..lili1 '1 9" = 11-1 ?1-:f- = OD"}"IF:,.. = ro_e'I°= lt,�'lft9':f : ft.If�: 'I;,Yow·: h1, 1f...l·LtJ : f /\.lD· : °l·OC: 'I� : ',ar: roaz.A: "1'?: ill\.&/\. : '"h.'i': °l•OC: h4,f..9°: ifat: (lf\.lf'l ;-

= =

= ., =

U-.il"l-f: ,eaiq1: 'li : h·fl 1..f: Oi',<J>;e.: <i!'PC : gf�/Ififj?; : it "}</>� : Ii : ODV'lT: ouh,c;?J:,5"}: fn'PU•T: {1�9°/\ = ',(D•t; = h°l-OC = 'I� '11 /\.°t /l(Dc: tt'}Y;: ODQ'i': ODfi'f': �ml\: flf 6/!": J,"}j)�: �9°1\: 7if6J!-: {ll\f,f../\.: 'h'i: �9°'\ : 7iftif!' : fOT/..'1/\.0Jc : nm:,,/\t\ : (Df,'J° : (l',mi\ : ttn'r'i' : il.11/\. '?IA: 11ai.'f-A: lJ:J>: (lf\.lf', ; fODh.'i': 7if"1l": f�9"°1\: ,.lif611": itf,f../\.9° I fit 1l--: oun.c;: 7if61! ": r:�9°/\: 7i.r61l": ',(I)«: O..CJA9"°: 1,"}l)."}: ODh.t;sP:fi : f»tifm•"r: n--t-m .4>"7..: 1,1>(: ODfA{l: /\.°1/.0T: ',,;J� = (l�Alf',: f,'?'l�: flf,. . tf fl1f f'?..-nc : .e°l'l� = 1'lJi'b = 1,1�..hij:t\ = fro(l'IO,:r n:,..nhA ill\. If� : f7•'li'bfD« : lD·/t). : 1,1�..�c;A� :;: 1,1,<:.V·'l° : fmfl:J> = itOAt; = h.Vft.. = 6£b?°C: 1,1�h.{.t\";�: (l.A.: mf,*t\::

�

n+�°1t = DDA(I = (llil!'(D• = ,e°l'l� = lJf. = h·ll1f = r'?11c = f,°lfl � = ,.

r'lti, : fro(l',(1;1..1 : 1"Jtl-O: f,'?CJ �: novro(l� : n&.:,.. : t\..h�A : f,1flA : ODl/11,} nouA.fl = (1611" = h•,_, ..li�:,-- : :tt,:1'1! = nc:nc = 1t:Pc9.A : ,,� ro tt : � 'l ,°l : Of C '11 : J l.t Ot : • OJ C', f'?�: +,-.; : hcnc : 1, 1J!ODl.OO fOIJ.1'1:Pm• : lil}:t1J(DT : u,f\.:r: c,•:fm•::

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-71-

f f, ,), o = °IP' fo C l·fl n: : l1� 1 01/ .. " 'J° · :,:m f 'Ji1 01J : 1t·}.e..�:ro,: 4'l'I': ., . , f ... ..y n, = F OD u no , ,. .. ., 1, tt l& f llJ ac � 7f H· n .. : 1 ,; n .. av : .. = y. .. CL e ' 1, 1 avr ..:, .. : UD(f'} : i',ftoo 1 �. : : .A n rtt n .. r : J {ID nit .. ;J : c }',n "' t : } C 1 � ?>" f «; n l\f, : ou , : fl.ti'"} ;: -- 'lhio : fm(l',(l� --;: 1 '11111 1 : f, 1 : "1 •flC f" : � l U• fl-t•'1ro·: f,"lll�: q� : -..: OD(f�. : : : n.:i t\ ftio f m : 'J° f:, n ,. fn : A .. n&. ou .. �"l'li"- : \1ov(lOIJ--I: : nt.:, : ro f,'J°:

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u r,e. ro l{l fcl' : . '1"' · 611' C • , n, , : ;: J° (:' � UD : 1,11' : •0' 61!> 1,1"1�.u : i'1 1��m ;: r tt 1 ' l'I h'l' , 1 -..: 'l'u {'il , ?J!J: ti,«; nc oP nc : .e..� i't1 q 'Jf n,'l "lll� = e -00 l t 'z'SJ11-: . u n = c� :1�m ? ,f� � ::;. y ,, t 1· n1,'l f'l 1 it/\l ·,?t ntJ';. �- c�.,y.:f.. l\f,: f,f·C"}: ,,'iiC: ;t-hit: {JDn&.t\: ffl•fl�'J° : flP/.fllD•: ',OJ•:: fi','P�.: 4:'rC: .,nc = l\f:, f foY..h&.� m-1 : = n7i : �11 f6Ib .. �Y.7-;/Iflf�l; : t,1c11:r.: Ii : ''CPJt;: m,'J° t .. > 0 1 J i1 'r01·: fl : ;J--t,{l: 1: 7£,·:f,v•'J°: '-F;J.�: OJ-1..:1-.r,,A·f: OJ"ll'l" : ,J·'J4'lt:J 7i tJj, = 1 ?." : O DlPl:l·: .e"l'l��: 1 : i'11<l :: .u i n,,:Jl,\ '-'/ f.,.e..', A: :''fl. .. 1.JL· : h&..l,\ : i',nn:, 'lV-: h•'l"}J': f,U"'t : f,f•C"} : i,nc : ;:J--t,(t : /Lh�A : ftrl/f,1.e..�--n:,'W;: 9'1h'} ,:,.: ll. " 11,\7'"9'0 : n,11 9°/\,: �: 4', : IflfjjJ : q : 'J°: n�&.m•: r.e01ll�: Clf/{JDA h:" : ;!If,/\. : :J'l,\ : � : (u) l\f, : f"l,(lC : f,"l'l� : 1-.'111> : f."C1:·f·1 - : b"n.r6J]>: 1fl : "l•fl(: : .,�: f(J'',n,r)•"}: fn1:1,I\I\ OJ·"} : ,)1"1 : f:1,:J1�911· = h<h'f'C: i',1\1'1 0)•9°: ·(lfto: h'P/OPl,\hrf: : fl{l,f•cf>C : i'11f.': ',,;Jf.o : n11(:11c: n ..., --1/\i.•)·: .e:r. 1; ..y..--:,·..: a0 h.C.: o.o'r : f1·C"}: i'1fiC: ;:J--t1it: oun&..A: rnn:l•'J°: fa£/./,\: ;,,ai: ovc;»4r'} : i'tl\{llP,9° :: U• flrf•i19° : 01-f.U·: 01/0Dt\ti:J= : o,,.,.� : cJ?'l'C : � (ft) : J,',": Q: l\f,: O."Jl,\?t.. : fli'1'P;e.:: cf?'rC: if!.;: h1<P?.': It : i;.e..,1--ovflb,,.rlD·: .. : ill\lf', : fltl.lJ: i',1-cf>?i' : .rcJ>t.flro•: hCtJC: rm,h.«;: "iif'ih: fl:911 1\: "lirqJ, ODlP t..,1··9° f·l'·C1 1,,fc ;J-- n{l oon&.A rll--0�9° f°2.A ncnc ',ar == J-,nc = ff,°lll� 'lr."} h·'11.f = ncncli" n;e.:vul\ 7iftif,b 10. r,,..c; ;J-- t,{l: ovt,&.,l,\: fnn:,-9,� : fOl/./\lD·"}: fi',"}c/>?t : It:,--;: &..�/;\ : (u);: l'tllJ9° "' t..1: fl }(1Dl'J°l(Dc: .e°lll�: llV-: fJ-,'Jcf>�.'} : ,)•t,t,n,;:: �"i•fl : f,l'l,c;.:,, : "/,l,\OD_(lf\'t9° :: flit"}cJ>�-- : I'!!; : (u): ODtPlr)• : f--l·C'} : "nc: ;:J-•t,(t : ou}lt.A' fll·fl� 9°: •fl/\0 fl.ht-he: f"?.."fA : ',;J,,e0

= =

i i

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I 1

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f 1

f I

u/ /J:J> ro•"} : fif mro•: 0�9'°1\ : n.u:, ; : },c; :fl/ o.cJ ,m•"} : ro·mm·: (lcf>'f';J··: flrl•(nj>OIL : h'i�/;\ : ltf.,lf"}: fl/\,1\: ',;J.� I ftr'I 1\1f.tr'I 'I m· nt,u..)- nct,c: °11 9'°'19°: 1,1-'tl., : r·e�'J°!\: 7i.r6JJ' = 1 'Im· = fl01Jll1-- = flht bc9° oon.«;,0-1: ro·m··l· : ""'" : 'i.:Jfn ; · ti.err; ft{ID i r 1°1P'; 'e : �'C�,f:,1· : {lf\U:� ! i','}cf,�.. : ,f·m:J>"{i',.-)· : h..} '-;.'f lO J• : hotfil&.A , .. .. -. 1.. :, : u f\ :, = '11e ':f·: it"}J!'i- OJ• : ·I· "J.t\:t:I,\ : fl q A 9 o : },; l).1 : V•ll' l.t1(1}- : ��1;:7:ll ,eu : fi','P�: cf?'l'C : �f?;/IP.!2?.; : t,1c1>�-- : It: ·tm.�,7i',•r : ft\

- 72 -

r,..C"} : lD•ilT : f Ii : .= hiic: ;rhil : oon&..A : ft\n:,.. : i''ibLc : lt14'K' O i,;1!.o: ODlf',-: ilt\rf'f-'111 ;: ff,"ltl� : qr. : h•tl"}f: '11ll,.� : 1,1f.- OJJ.ht.hlar: -: h·'l1f :J hil : fi"fltiQ: ltf,lf"} : ;rhil: h4-,,e: ilt\tra; : _eu1 f,"1'1� : 'lV-: 19" : h(:hc : itA ...,-.-rl>flA 'Jw«9° :: {ll\ll't\,,.l'�(D« : 6lhrflT : Ot1'P�: 4!TC: lif?r/IJ1!2r: t,1-rl;J?.': tli: h1f.,,.I· JlltlllD": "l"�V-: fl�Cf;: ft:,,: <l>C{l : W"lt�: 1,ilhcf1�1,: f..'lil: 0,.-rf,f,'J°: f'? -0(:: tth4-�� = f,"ltl-,, POl/.-1: : Oro(l',ro.. : oowl:l· : c1J•fl�- : J?,h&.I\A : ilt\ Ollt\: f,«1Jfl�: flV-: h ..fl"},,f : f·'l•UJ(l',Or),"} : c1J " OC: oon&.. A: 'IOln:,... :: 'l"IC: 41 1 = ,ec1J'l� = flr- = ,.e'?fl"i1 : t\tLU = �c..�· = n]I:,.. ti4't.n = n:.\I\ = fc1J-Oc = .eoi fl�: "J''llh: fn,nw«"} = ro•ti�: "1Afl6Ib: ft1·1(:: ID"ilT: ·10..: oop,tf: n,:,.. : t\f,'? '1� = qr. = 1'1.';..nT = nt1.u = �c:�- = n>:,.. = n.:1.. ,-111 = 1 .. -1,•1t1·1 = 111\00&.i'J° = ff,"1'1�: flV- = mfl.� : "l"flibro• : f (lmw· : ro••>f� ;,«1Jp.. heh� : 1,1-'t(l0'J: f,;r tl11A1 : rflt\ll>• : J'ODt\\1"1:-1"1: rf•-rf'•flt\"} : «1]"}(1;,-. : �·g 7iJfijij ..... ....: 4'"} :. ....... ,.._.. �· : q : 9°: {l'Pt\W· : rt-t\01· : t\4'lfll &: hchc: f0D'1J,(.7l" : ro-ti� : 1,ilh"}(lT: �'lil : f11tl•fl : Ol/.tilrl:(: : fc1J rfl(: : f,''lfl� : '1--fl}b : nr·LU : '11C : f(l{l\lD" : ar ti� : ;r"lf. : h'J-tt,J.e : ill\ff1J- 1 I f..-,..ro(l'Jfl,),"} : 11H,,n: ltf,h�A : ,,e'?'l"}:: i'tf,;J-1,9° : {101/t\1' : OD(D{l"} : i'tl\il&.t\19° :: '11C : «1]"} : t\lDY-..t.-t : 0i'-t"}�"}J7 : ?°h 1,.C'T: r,.e'?(l�: noi : 1"flib: f(lmro•: W-/t).: itA;J--1Y-..: flr,..111-rl>(tlD·: Jtcp� : . {l}t"}�g"' : Xb .,.... ..... : ODIPl.T : f,,. ro(l'Jfl;I•"} : 11H "fl : ooh&.. A : ft\Or : ODIJ'',-"} : ill\D'/.Y..'l'?c1J = 01Jilt11,..A = ft11c = ro·ilT = 1n. = oop,tf = n>:,.. = 4 -1:J-- = n.11'1?° = 11tllt1: itAh/,.. t\ : f�CY..' : fLT : ,,ec1Jq,: : t,,,eniP/9°: 001/t\rl... : J,1": ill\A .. e.'I ·11: n,e'?'l�: pOIJ.(l..V-1: f..-,..ro(l'I01·1' : 111-J"fl: \-tt\h/,..t\ : f,«1Jll"i : fl<i:C�· : (1,.,. : ODfitl'/T : ft\n:,--9° : ftJ1/t\rf::"}: hchc: l,Ai'4'0A',lD•'J°::

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i't1r"} : "11 : ,,eu : hChC : n�c� : ilt\rf-a>(l'I: 01/1�ro«: ,f'',il;J.:A:: t\a>J.! ki:: fi't1C: ro·ilT: 1Q : f,,e'?'l�: "1--'li'h: fro(l'llD·"}: c1JAfl6J.b: oonAhA: ffb ttn:,. : OD(f',-"} : h'iilm'l:P�t\"}:: ilt\'P'ilD.. : hchc: hl\,,e: fl rf'Hl,.,�:,.. : ?°h 1f,f7{-: ll'lr: fc1JrflC: ,,ec1Jfl�: 1"'llh = fl1�C: i : 4'1 = Ii!f.2!! = '¼ = 9° = fnm ar"} : ro«/t). : �-rf,"} : .ec1Jfl�: fl r- : h•'l"}f : fltg� : qoo:,, : -rkTC : It : h'P� : 4?TC: ix�!Ittf=t?.; : h"}<f;,1'' : Ii : OD1Pl1" : . fi'mf+m•"} : frf-C"}: ho C: ;J--hfl : h1-'th�A : /,.Cf.'iA ::

n?i

h..tit.ro•: n�:,,,h : -OdhC: F'l: P'C°iT: ,'h°l: -rf?TC: !!f.tr : 1,'i: !!ft2= ODlPlrr : 11C11?-: (l..<f>C-OA "} : f"tro(l"} : 'llD· :: .eu : ct:CJ7 : 1-flo : :J--1VfP' : nm == = -0 ... ..., n1q = n:,, 'ltr l= ro1'i = rf:9° v•t\ : : :r. 9° f1} = +1 = ,.111r ._.,.. .,.... ,

°' :

-73-

IIlGH COURT n io is iv D l a ci er m m o C , a b a b A is Add Judges:

J I

Ato Nigussie Fitawake Ato Assefa Liban Ato Mohammed Berhan Nur busse11

ORBIS COMPANY, INDUSTRIAL & TECHNICAL SECTION v. THE INLAND REVENUE DEPARTMENT. Ci,1il Case N·o. 708/59 Taxatio11-Turnover ta,"<.-Tax exernption-Wholesale selling-Obligation to pay tax lvhile appeal is pending in Iligh Court-Right to appeal to Iligh Court from Tax rlppea/ Co:n_ 1n. before paying ta:-..:-Right of taxpayer to be supplied with copy of Tax Appeal Com,n. dec1s1on-Arts. 3, 16, J 8 of Proc. No. 205 of 1963; Art. 61 of Proc. No. 173 of 1961.

Ai1 appeal fron1 the decision of tl1e Tax Appeal Commission holding that the appellant should pay turnover tax ot1 cars sold to governn1ent departments.

I-Ield: Decision affirn1ed.

• ;

I r l

1 Art. 16 of Proc. No. 205 of 1963 provides for payment of turnover tax by sellers reg ardless of the fact that the buyer is a government department. 2. According to Art. 18 of tl1 e same procla.mation, J)ayi11ent of tax is. exempted only when the goods are sold \vholesale, and the buyer is a trader. 3. Under Art. 61 of Proc. No. 173 of 1961 (construed separately from Proc. No. 205 . of t 1963) the Inland Revenue Department has tl1e duty to collect taxes despite appeals pending f in tl1e I-Iigl1 Court, unless a stay is issued by the court. ' 4. An appeal against the Tax Appeal Comm. decision can b e lodged in t11e High Court l even if tax has not been paid. 5. A copy of the Tax Appeal Comn1. decision n1ust be given to tl1e taxpayer upon request. 6. The word "persons" in Art. 3 of Proc. 205 of 1963 does not include government departments.

JUDGMENT Th.is is an appe al from the decision of the Tax Appeal c 011unissio11 requir· i11g the appellant com1)any to pay turnover tax on the total inco111 e received from t �e sale of c� rs , sold free of tax, . to the Ministry of the Imperial Cotirt, variou s erobas � _ s1es, the Pol1�e. Fore�, the Terr�tor1al Arn1y and other depart 111 ents. The app eUan . alleges _tl1at tl11s dec1s1on contains an error of law. It olaini that it should not s t:to n fr ee ?f tax 111 the first place. The advocate fo r ised ra ny th e ap pellarlt compa the follow1ng legal argun1ents on appeal: . 1. The decision of the Tax Appeal Com ons visi pro e r • m1ss1on c. • 1a iled to co11s1•d of the general law w�1ch i11 fro exempt the departm so ld I the payment of all k111ds of taxes , includm· ent to which the cars were g tur nover t·ax. I -74-

ORBIS COMPANY v. TI:-IE INLAND REVENUE DEPT. •

Althot1gh th� Tax Appeal Commission based its decision on the rules 2. . which exempt �erta1n sales from the payment of turnover tax (found at Article 16 of Proclamat�on �o. 2 ?5 of 1963, according to the terms of Article 18 of thye . sa ID:e Proclamation), 1t failed to consider the rules which exempt wholesale sales of imported goods from turnover tax. The advocate argt1ed tl1at cars are not sold in dozens or retailed and there fore the sale of cars sl1ould be considered. as a wl1olesale operation. T·b e advocate for the respondent submitted. tl1e following reply to rebut the appellant's argt1n1ents. I. Article 16 of Proclamation No. 205 of 1963 states tl1at turnover tax shall be paid by all _traders s�lli11g a11y 1novable good.s i11 Ethiopia. Article 17 (a) of the same �roclamat1on provides tl1at turnover tax shall be charged, levied, collected and pa !d on gross r �vent1es fron1 sales received or due to traders for sale of goods. There 1s no law wl11ch exe111pts tl1e seller fron1 tl1e payment of turnover tax where the purchaser is a gover11111e11t agency or an embassy; it is tl1e seller that pays the ttirnover tax. 2. The appellant company alleges that it sold the cars on a wholesale basis according to Article 18 of Proclamation No. 205 of 1963 and therefore is exempt from the pa)1 ment of turnover tax; but the sale of one car is a retail sale, 11ot a wholesale operation. A wholesale operation refers to things which can be used and sold either on a wholesale or retail basis. Even if it were said that the sale of one car is a wholesale sale, the Tax Appeal Commission was correct in decid ing that the appellant company pay the turnover tax, as the cars in question were sold to consumers and not to a retail trader. The advocate for the responde11t prayed the court to affirm the decision of the Commission and to order the appellant company to pay damages and advocate fees. In addition the respondent raised a cross-objection wherein he contended that the appellant company should pay the tax determined by the Commission before the appellate court decided on the appeal. After examining the arguments of both parties, we have found that there are two issues to be detern1ined. The first issue is whether a seller is exempted from the payment of tt1rnover taa when be makes sales to gover11ment agencies which are exempt from all taxes. The second issue is whether or not the appellant company should pay tl1e tax determin ed by the Commission before the _appeal is heard. Let us consider the first issue. As regards this issue, the appellant company argues that it should be exempted from the payment of turnover tax on the ground that the cars in. question were sold to age11cies which are exempted fron1 all taxes. A.rticle 1 6 of Proclamation N·o. 205 of 1963 states that ''turnover tax shall be paid by all traders se1Ji 11 g any movable goods in Etl1iopia." The appellant con1pany under No. 2 (a) of its memorandum of appeal of July 29, 1��7, state� that the Tax A_ppeal Comnlission failed t o con.sider the general pro�1s1ons � hich exempt agencies from payment of turnover tax, but the appellant failed to c1�e a11y. law w� ich exempts a seller from paying turnover tax when he sells goods to the afore said agencies. The second argument found under No. 2 (a) and 4 of the sa111e

..,- 75 -

. 1 o I N V . L O V W A L N A PI IO -I TI E JOURNAL OF

ver tax caus e the sale no be tur y pa t no ld ou 1 s1 ny pa 1 n co · th t th e a 111e1n.ora11 . . . · dun1 1·s p eIamat1 011 No. 205 of 1963 ro of 8 I le tic Ar 1n ed fin de s a 011 1 · at oper e 1 I a s e I 10 w a f o cars 1s

a) of Proclamatio t1 18 le ( tic Ar d an t en um arg s nt' lla e p ap the ng eri sid ter Af con ent of y1n 1 pa the tur m _ 1over tax, fro es sal ale s ole wh ts mp exe ich wll 3 5 of 196 20 No we · are of the opinion that the ap1�ellant l1as failed to grasp . the thr11�t of th,is provision. A trader inay claim exemption fron1 the payment of tL1r11over tax 11nde r Article 18 (a) wl1en: (a) be sells goods on a whole sale basis; and (b) the sal e is 1nade to traders an:d no t to consumers. In the present case, even if w e say tl1e s ale is a wholesale oper�tion and that one of the requirements of Article 18 (a) is s atisfied, the second req�1rement would 110t be s atisfied becaus e tl1e cars were sold to government age11c1es and not to tracl ers. Tberefo;e the appellant ca 11not avail hims elf of Article 18 of Procla 1nation No. 205 of 1963. In. l1is reply of Septen1ber 28, the advocate for the ap_pella 11t compa11y cited Article 3 of tl 1e san1e Proclamation in support of his argume11t that tl1e co1 npany should· no t pay tur110\rer tax. I-le arg11ed that the tern1 ''perso11'' i11 Article 3 means a 11atu ral 1)erso11 and any associations of persons wl1ether incorporated or n ot, but does 11ot i11clud e tl1e age11cies tl1e co111pany sold the cars to. Tl1erefore tl1e company should 11ot pay the tax which the purchasers are not required t o pay.

Si11ce, accordi11g to Article 16 of the Proclamation, it is the seller who pays tun1over tax ,L11d s ince tl1e appellant company i s a tax payer and not a tax collec tor, the court does not accept this argument. And no\v for the seco11d issue, Article 61 of Proclamation No. 173 of 1961 s tates tl1a.t not\vithstandi11g anJ' appeal take11 tl1 ereu11der tl1 e tax payer sl1all pay the tax in accorda11ce \vith the decisio11 of the Tax Appeal Commissio11 , and the a1J1Jel la11 t co111pat1y should have paid tl1e a ssess ed amo11nt. However, after the appella11t brougl1t tl1is appeal to this court, thjs court orde red the Inla11d Reve11 t1e Depart1nent to give the appella11t a copy of the decision of the Tax Appeal Co1runissio11, b11t tl1e order was not carried out. Consequently, this co11rt, at the request of tl1e advocate for t�e appellant, ordered that the dec ision of the Tax Ap_peal Commission be stayed u11t1l the court gave a fi11al decision on the matter. Therefore, i11 tbjs case it i s not necessary to rule tl1at tl1e appeal cannot be I.1eard unles s the assessed an101111! !s p�icl. I-Iowever, in tl1e future, unless the decis ion of tl1e 1"'ax ApJJeal Con1.m1ss1011 1 s barred by tl1e co11rt for any reaso11 , it i s ti1e du ty of tl1e I11land Reven11e Department to ?ollect the tax according to Article 61 of Proclamation No. 173 of 1961. B11t, s1!1ce t_he law does not pro\,ide tl1at tl1 e appeal sl1all not be heard unless the tax 1s pa1d, we d? not acceiJt th e argu111e11t that tlie cour t can11ot l1ear the appea_l �11less the tax 1 s paid in ac cordance \Vitli th e decision of th e �ax _Appeal Comm1s s1on . But now, as the case 1 1as been fi ila lly disposed of, tl1e bar 1s lifted. yve war11 tl1e !�land Re venue Depar tin ei 1t 1 1 0t to reftise to give to appellants copies of the dec1s1ons of tl1e Tax A pp ea l C on e futu re. lm th is in si on For tl 1e above reas ons we ha ve decided tl1 at tile appellant compaily shall pay the tur11over tax �ss esse b y tl1e Tax Appeal C accorda11ce w1tl1 Art�icle 16 of Proclan1ation ommission on No,,e111ber 15, 1966 in No. 205 of 1 96 3 , year _?2 , No. 18. The costs shall b e deter1nined \vhen "''e recei· ve the details i11 accordance \:Y,,1'tb Articles 463 and 464 of the Civil Proce dure Code. •Y

January 8, 1968 -76-

i I

I•

)

l l t

r,., ,,lll:,.. = flf� = fJ,c7i =

001o•Y..1·

= il/\oi1i:'1:1�w.. = 4,nt\.?11-- = ,1.1-1•n'i'

llf\

� :,.- dt : •(1 d1.?-: ;11 '?: "ti C1·1 C: °1 "flt,t J1 : hO..AA� : (JI/1f.��:* '''11,�,:.�.: f(lOIJ.�.. : hti:A: ,n;,'i\f,: 011-1:,.. : W"il'r: '001o:,,: i'tf\U '? f°t -fCJIJ = ,IDill\ro· r,,: ,,n = f\.,�mc: _e:.f,i\A :: 'I' f .. lD' n,f>f\t\-: }..1 f.il� = 'r,, = " . <J:(D•: ,,.,.,Hl/\:,.. 9"[") : h·�--: (lro• : :,.,.u...),: {\Ol>lf"}: houl,n: �'1'? : (10"1(\1•: : }\it:' (l.A: f,UD/;\{l: f.,lf'i'A:: 0?'}'J°: (lar: 'f:'19° : ".Olf1: {llf'}: f(lar: AY:: (louU> ),.: .-0.r : ---on1o:1..: J!,'i1 l'PA: OIJt\,t:: -,ar :: J!,U'J° flJl/1'1°: f(lro• : G\f: : f(lro•.,·1· : uu.fl;I.. : ODlf.,..: -,ro..:: 11ll: nilh• : Oi't,:,• r,oA"f : ro•il'r : {l{\ODlo:,.. : '1t\l11·'11·: ft\OJ•: ODI.P{. ;r'l! : ,,il+"l(l•fl : .eu : 'lw..:: fm11o:,. : '1/\l1;t•'l:,••9° : f°t�t\1ar = "°2..filh :,. "Or : q/\ '"!Cf : 'I':,, 'l° : ,(1.?' : l}J!, lf'}: /\ () I\ (1,f:<;' : fl n,,,-. : (lfl' : t\... flt 1� I\ 1'9° : {t(\CPJ..-:f.t\.CD·: {l'J°C,-: h•flC: 6J}�'J°c:: ',ro.. :: OD/o:,--: auf1f'J°: fouhnc : f(lro.. : A1;: : fh11C'i' : fh-t.:i• : 9°Ah1· : ',ro· :: ilt\tLU9° : flov1o:1.. : i\J!,: OD.-01· : llt\:t�m-t; = ---0"11\:f-ro• = ODt}bA: ,,<1t\W": A�-,:,- .. : (l'}t\111/'P. : ,,.,;"J,9°: ·O:J!: J,.�roo.19°:: ou1o:,--: f/l,/\tD·: DDlf"}: f(lro..: fO:r:.Y.: {IIJ(f"}: -,ro•:='' 1

,--t. :.

r..,..

rnro· /;\�� : .,� :

ODdJ(l,.f j

g'J,.� : W"il'r : '¼I\OT/:f-1 : f1-0l-r: flf)-: f1,C?f : OD/o,f-:f"} 1 fOIJ..OD/\hi:T1: f<;::,.."' : •Oth.?-1: "1'?: 4?'1'�:,-.. 1 OT/{\:,--: h<k'PC: ,i'it!!fitil ?iit�t = f tt-:i,1 = n11c1·1c = l\ OIJ-Ot.t.T = (l..tr1 = .eu119° = f'J°'i'f.c1ro• -= <f?'r c:.:i: : n ro'"'n:,.. = 1.1-t = n � OllD' = n 1•fi l = o •flit, = v-�;:t-t; = it*9° = nODODt-:i-- : �w-:: ,, 1JtfOr9"°: l\..fil..��Y:'4-: f;J-4>,t;.. :,-1: f"'1•0l: (l•flh- 1: )l'i,:t\ : ,r),;J-«;: ILfitOJc1JJ;.: f;J--(tO•;t-19°: 1"'?C: t\t\lD4>: f--t-'11\-")': <k'PC::f: 'J°"}'J°: {}DI/,:,:-f01J.. (lm• : 'ttf,OD{l(A 'J° :: (1 tLU :

OD'?llf = ,J!'r?-1 ¾ <h'PC ,;a.§fifJ11 = t,11: 1cr·t = f�nn = lLl.�m .. = }t"}f..67.-:f-l\ro•: trl\- : �IJ : f�T,h : ..-fi,11-?- : 9°/Jt.<t.: QUA1'i' : AOT/ f:1: f°t *

--,h.<;:. : � : 'i-l· f'r : : ·f-� t1ct: 6f .:l:1. :,. P'. �--- !Ji�:f;{i : .e,u : K",l1•ct: : naoiao '

'1,f,\ :

h.t\ :

{l :

lf'i : ft"f{!'J0()C : '/6{11 : P.t1°1 : f"'"lf;J1':

}0>4 ::

I. oo{l<;:.1 : mt\�: '1'/Cf'J°: '19° s hll.'r.h-l·il : }'t<;:.: l\1Y.· = i'i<D•�Cif.'l.. : i',.1 : 1',.·1·\'-1:l_ = (fth..:'f· r,f"ao > (.r : = 'l°-) '¼: :l;s � � 'l''i•f·1· , il•Oo'l = ,1·11:i-:e-r• o:i•Y.·oif = r�1 1.o , K",,••� Xilf = .,t = co itn a. P'l\ = tt :)_e. , '1'/'l! -l•P. ;: fft " a.•1 = 1'1•fl ao1 , " <;:.-l ,1 ao?. : • 1 n.rf : 'l: ·A• Om°I , -i•h

r-�, ,

1K" , b ::

2. ''u-o:i:�;r:far = f'"t1lt.:1·: flf�- = (f..e.7i) = 1,1.�: 1no.1: mf,'l° = foo1.e.c I flf".t- = OD1 �,y:;;. • O'"I r • 111. 0'"1 1 L : "l.l' rf O; (r> ao{l • •fr -flt.-l· : ouw t--;J·:far : f'"r,flt.rJ:'> : q tJf,\,,.. : Aor,Y.· : frl•h·l f°7.W?,

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-77-

,n,,fl;I, : ',ro·:: il/\J-LU9° : 9°/Jlr4·: n:1·hhl\�:: i'1'1;,1C: JtP,.il : ,l1'1"01: fl·lft: tif,1.f'} : f'lflla>· '} : 'lUA: O'?A�' : fOIJ.m{l"}c;: hl·I.U9° : f,l.. 'l"i : fl,l•()flw.. : 'lUA : ;,,:,'e : rf't.ftll'/• .,:,.. : ftry_(tmlD• : 'llD· ::

.. ..: r�•,nl:,

flf)•: fhC 7f: UD{o,y..:1:,: flfl/.UD{\hrf"OJ" : f'r"},fJ : lcf!q> 3 : ft.f {l,f--J;J'.."t.:l�ro-: tiq-'J!...: f',Olm·: V•l\:,--: O hC?f: fUl/,rf..J;f..�: f�',-Ol: (l ..OJ-1,"}: hli=l\07{·: 'IOC :: 1\ 'ltl.U: u.. /\,f:: r,1,ht./\"' :,-. : 0'/f,Ol/'fTC:: tl�q-'I\I\: i','1:., 1 4 noit\�:,.. OD'} :J.. = ooODtf!Jl ., nc · c9° ,),11 = t,s:s:c = 11�

=''

= ''r n.. r

,r· =

fllcf!cf? : h1 ..t•l"�f.C: r;J--cf>f.lD· : fUD1.UDt ,. Pm .. : nfi:t\ : ,7111,n: nt1,C :,-1r = {11:1,1\,,e '?•1:,.. = nJ.1.:,ro·= n�A = OIJ/\,1-- nt,nl\ = 1 - 1 1.e =nflt-�'i = fl.. ' } : fl\m· : hcil,tf'}'i : n:,..°llo: n1q-'l\f,: <'J1 1·1.. : A� : A f. : cJ,fl/b!P1�-: m•{l 'P: flll/...11W· : 'IOC:: .eu: d11f•fl: Ill\'}: f/,\(f',: 111,C?f: fUlJ. ,f..J;f.c: fl.If}' : fOIJ.. O•fro• : OD/o:,•, : r\'Jf-. : ''(L,,.. : (I.fl :'' lDf,9° : ''OD'}f-C :'' l"Ol:,·: ffi' ui. 19° ,),

n,,,cry

= ., ==

fllcf! ch: 1,1-Jt,t·�f.C : f;J -- cf>f.. ro·: U·l\'r�ro·: h<;:A : ,)111•11: flrf-/\f, : flit J;/,\'i: fl(l- 0?/b : 1,1);.U•?°: '�": Olf',W• : f1'1•1P: '111"''1: : (JlJ"}<']p-1:,. : ai1-1:1:• lD·il'P : rf'•fl;J-- :1,'r : rOIJ:11W" : hc{l,f:f1' : .fAl.f'llD· : llf\).. : ,"611l•{l: ',(lC:: 5 .eu : ,1111,rn: ov1o:,.. ,: },'}f-.: ,,,.,.,., :'' 1·fll• 1": flTI/..ODt\h:,.. : ',(& ::

narz.or

1f.Om· : ,111f,fl: outihA : h1\\= hl\f,: h,1-- ,ncJ,o•:,• : h<;::l\�:}4..: '11'.J;.: ..;- : f.\f,.',:,• : OD'r�1 : i',C:J>cf!lD· : fi..C'ffi'cJ?9°: flf,J>fl�W•: Cl'lUA'i: AUl/f u-- I\ ..,: 1 : °i .e ', :,.. : ,..,,1f·fl: fori••<1 {l..,.. tiilC : flcf! : ,,.. or> ti '1� : AIP/ J'..' : av'r ?-'} : 001/0D'} : llft'1 · 1''i": fl}\Cq: rOIJ.'f lW·1 : ,)11l•n: fli'1 1�: r,71 1.. : ti<;:A: fltr�: 9°/Jlr<f.: flC : t\..,,f{l,J--�J.'.'6-:l: w.: Wil'llD·: 'IOC :: 6

''h °lttJA:f6•f.\ : tiutro•).,·l: il:'' (Ola.l..}"tf,=1m• : ''lb : titJDcc;ro•,f:: il.1

to(:='') flft/. l\m·•= f,,,°ll\..11<i:m• = :J :, A = Cl ·l.. t\ODf- = :1--c1-tJDc: nicif: f°1."i",t; f-.C : 111\'} : rrA rf','} : ,)111,n: f''?.fUD/lh•r : n tr,9° : f9°'}0Dl'J°llD· : f� .. ,).. ,I, : -0,li..�: rl1°1 : h<i:A: 0},1e1J/\.1'1'1ro•: ''i',<'Jttit\:,!tf.\ - : }'101J.ro•).• tll :'' {t.,t\ : ht\f,= fm,t,(lc;:,:ro•'} : U•l\'l:1'1°: r�,fil: (t-O�"}: h�/\ :f : fl"'im.41 . /\A : :: fll'LU9" : ,,. ,,•• r,:: : lD· il'l' : r,t·'lt\lD•'} : ..4'A : ,,c .. 1,(1D1 : f9° 1mcf' 9° 1·· = 1 1- .u- ll az:,... = ., ro•

',(D•

= n,t-n:r

n1·tu = ?i" ,11--'i: = fl UDloutf h<;::A = m •fl'P = ncl!'PC j;7f.orirti'i' . -111•: llJ•ll'r (ll: (l,r(}h, ch'f'�:; : P'C 1,,J;. ,J--}':f-.«;. h;J--c1,,.c;.. :,.. :

r--:r::

r��..

;t)�:h

- 78 -

7 Pcl! : 'h "} : -- c DOD C : : f·l t,f ,11 1,oo-q�fa>•"}: ,n1·1 {l°;f : 0--�;:1-.. : n11c11c: f.. U f ,n7- n : -n c:i t--t\1 "}{JDl?° tb t.. ,n:,,"_e = C1J•1:i-- = nn1-�, J-7 = 1,nlb9l:1�-i = f°t1·�: : 1,. ,n11fli·1 : 'lU/.\ : 011C'J-IC : f\ooooc ooc : f··f-..1F-...f:'lm•9° :: lcl!;l, : '1.m•mro• : ° = llOl/..r11,:1�:,.. ,11 1 = ouuot,f = .r.<1.t..1--:i-- = f},'ltLU, = 'lUt\ = f"'lODf\n,1: = :,;J,. 3 l . ro• ilt\'IOC: 9 , cl>Ofl .U: f ilt\�J:: :.f : 'lUA: r'Tl/;JA�.: 7i",f1.c:.":j.: 1,-,..:'?: '1 1:.:f:: f -c , r l!·J : 0.l �-9° � ff-1.U : �... ,11- �: .. e.t"'o.: ff,\tJl/.�'P. : ,)1. 1c•:J!:fro«"}: °1/.\'IUm·:f. nt1111J1-t: = 'r'ii:1 = f+u:1.." = t\.•f.e.(:'111\:1-- = °f!lA f"�..01..:,. =· fir� = rl,cif = I O --f /.11�(}rro-1 : cf'Of\,9l:1: : ,)1'11•0 : 'lUA : °i�'l--l·'i: : ODt\h : Jtilcl> {ID/o Y.·1 : ,.('(/D/ : hODlODC1- _: 0?." : ,J,'Pt\ 1 : ftp'}..·f:1 : lei!:,' : },'}OD(\h;J··t\1 :: f'r,,1: : let:,, : dl,;J'J.! : ...,.. t.�0·L-,:,-- : '1.e'i /..(D•9° : f..t.(l.(D«: t..cf:cJi,: fl.fll;J�:: 00Dl1Jt\6bl: • ,11''1 : rr'f: froll}ro•"}: :I'/.\ : /\OT/ill•�:,-: 'h;�:"1 : .. {JIJt\tJ : f�1-,,..�1-, : ,l1 "r:J... : <'UA rorz.m:,,9u : '/{I}• :: .eu : }1il--l•..rr:,-- : t\Ol/17.:(l)•9') : f£11'? : t..cl::t,c; : r,)1"1 : :J'A : > 1 : ft\lD· (l.lf"}9' : f"�•nl..-)· : flf�- : },C'ti" : OD(o,f,:1·-1 : f'11J.on{\n,f--ro· : i'-.'?'1 1 : -0 : ' }, : � : : : "} , }. f'P"},t. : t\ODl�r9° frf-c fll7i: : f,t-llll 1:,-- : roifi" .f. ·Ofr ,11'? c tJDlf�..'J : il1'nvt\h1· -! f'r'J•f:1: l'l:;,,: m ..�'°1.'1:i•.: f,OA'P : h11'llfO'Pfl"}

f'r'J--1:'J = 1..4::,, = htJDlODC...1 = (l?." : "IA?; = flf'l : :1--c1--9° = f t\,'l:fm· = -t\ h : a.i: r : ti lr;t-- : :J' /\�::;.. : 1r u-li it il:,:,:J t, av it (D• : (111. ;:J f,.:,.. : hck'I' C: ,..li if.or -- . - .... - ... ..- ,.... i'-t-OttV':151 = it'J'lO. w· = lllPi = illlOIJ...1...__ A i n,-1.u = ?i--,11-� = noulilitlifm• = 9°/J 6'� : m·il'P : 01-JC11C : . 01/•flt--t,f : f9'°'JO'P0r : J11--1 : flouonc ODC : A"}mf, �:fro· : ilt\9°11-- A : i','JP.1-Y.-- : h'l..�-- : 'P<'cl:5Jl1-: 'Im« I �U'J'J?° : il'i�C"l: .. h'?(}--fl : 'l'l:far : cJ?'re1".. : ODtihA : ft\ : f'TIJ.OD{lt\lD· : },t\OD{ltllJOTJ:1-- : itt\OD 'i° �'J : fl °1 ta f:,.. : h 'J'l°tJ t--t\1 ::

= "�

= tit\ = r1111..:,. = r11� = ric if = = � ,h-'i: = n01J1J,;1l:,.. {ID 1o1-:f1 roiau fl 11..-1-..ro· = f 'i:--1--"' = --o,,.. ?« = h�A = 1--Y.--t\•1· ta.e 'fco:,-. = n� tf'c ?° = fOIJ...A = "19°:,• = l,�en:,.. = .,nc == ,"h1-- f nit.1-P.1..� = r11-- w = 'l1J»,1: = oo"}t:tJp:,, : = ro·il'r ''n1•nl:,. = (°11\:,- n--t--&-Y."P =) f'PJ.;:J--lil on 1o:,, = ii" r noi A = "- ll .,.. .., r•1-- = r,f·• OIJt- = ilt\ OD o" m· = ,..,, 1"" = 1,1.<;,fil--1-- �f.: t- :far: ilt\;:J---cf,,.<;,. :,-W : }11�1' ..�' : f1•fll : (}•(lit., : h�t\ni': fhCq: tf� : t\ODlP.-l•: ()�l 1CD- : 'P'i :,. : ilt\'If-Lu : ti�{\n1' : nCh:,,. : ,,<' t\ : ODl:�· : 1'1,;J 'P'I°;:J-- A :: J!,tJ 9° ool� : ocf>"tr = fdl/�1� = ni,1�,u = fll = �--,1,-'i�?° = m·il'r .. = --f-1n. = n;:1-- 0r1 = ou1,:,... : f l\01' : 00D(J'� : f-..t--O,lD' : bL19°c>1' : f,1'<;/.\ :: n,,�(;f;bOl/t9° : .� U : {IDl'lf : f �..-)•,h : •fl,lht;, : ,'h "I : cl! 'PC : ti fi.Q f.ii"fl 'i' : ..,...h;:J---f':t"; : /\.. if7ft\· .e1 () A i (l_ A : 0ft', ,,. 4-.. : (JlJ !!.. 'J°,,e,.OIJ...f : "_e, : ,.e,. t-- OJ• : t\ "'l.fcJ� CO (De : "-,.� ...,..f r:,.. : 1,;(:'? : f°2..m:,,9°: ilt\lf'I � {l?i',11•4-,: m·il'P: 01-JC1IC: ..-J•{IDAtJ,f-.: �1'iA:: F-..t--O. lIJ«

.eu1

nfi:�l-

•

='�

.et1 :

h'lf, : 1,1f-..-i.. 'i'1C'lm·9'> : U·t\· = Oit.1?.'JY.' = f11•LP .,1p,f: = ou"}"Jp:,... = >r /tfr : 11:f- : ,f --OJ{l'f : fOI/..1 ic D•"} : f"�•{ll : 011'1·1 : ti�A : lJ .. �;J-- : "l\lDcl' �-

-79-

4:'l'C : in.or1i·u : "hCi : ,f--n;:J--f•:(: : :,-c1•9° ,.. 1� u-f":1-- ·; f:'1'1 ODODt\n:,-- : .e1 'lA

hil4'

fOT/f,{lm• : (lav(ft;:fm•9 : _eu

q,e'J-f•.;: : llUA I

r1•n ,nll

n1tu = n�A = tD-il'I' f9°10Dl9°ltD- = ni'hc:,-t. = m:Pl\f, = "1•1:,-- = I.T : flf� : fl,Ci:f : OD/orfl-- : h01J..1"f.'1TlD' : +nlb?J"f : f'P'i' : 'P'i?J:1:1 : Pl- : '1'/fl-l'?° : flit1f: : Oh·A: (l{lt,.fa = fldat1'/fL1'i' : fli'1hfl : 1--11.e : f°t'i� : (l 1\C 7f : f °t-l·� f..?, : hC{l ..1;f'il-1 'i' : (l lt, I\ lD' : lD11 : .e.."I 'I° : (lil..,-.9°P't. 1 · :1,c, : (lflrf--?°t)/r-0 : ftPJ..1 - : hCil..l:f1 : ..eAlf� : tll\if1"..1 r '1 UA : '}f,'Jrf·� : ODl\h : 'Jar :: nroo1-f..?o : fl.. 'iC : rui:.1:(\CD•1' : fllU/.\ : {IJJ(\,, ff..1-- : lDJ.!'Jo '} : · "" 'l't\ } : cpc; : cpc; : '11r:1,1 : ,ny: : "h11At1Jt\1' ::

rh,c:,-1r = m>Ah'¼ ?°f:cc; : rttrc = m'lf, = u-�:J·· '1'1:,.. = hl\f, nmcl>ll C.':fm· = n111\'iT-'i' : o�lm· 001/.. 'i-r-"l' : f'�•fll : ()•flit, : tJtj:t\�l· ODl}hA: rro 01 : hAA : lf',Or : ,,e,'i?,-- : ',(lC :: hff· .,U9° : f"l-',V/ : ,,___ ,f--OD/tl},e : llDAh'¼ s 'J° f:C = '11\:fm•c; 01,'J°'l :J--:fm· flt\'1' : 1lt\lD' = noi;t-r-:,.. = +fllt,?11-- : m•il'P: fot.lm· = r;11r !l:1-* (:,--oic«r-) r--t-ilti,1, = 'lf,Ol/'f:,.. = (;,.c..Y.P.nil·=) "/,c; = (Lro c� = o..'Pl.. t?: ,.._r�,-, foollJ : rAllJ� fflm· n1\c?f = roi..,-�J.!c = ,1,1·111 'Im·== nil-l·?°Ft-�''i. = nfl,..l•'J°t)t.-O: r01J.1·r.:,- = n1.u = +{IJJit = +nt\.?J-:;. = ai1i n11tt:,--c; n.n!l:!I:?° n.nff-?° = 1·11\1'1:,-c; = n11:,- = 1tcn.. = nrrr,ro- = �z::fm-c; 10 (l,:Jlr: "h?°' l ;r:,:ar : O"hill\9"°'i' : r-·f,q(l�.: r..n,-,.: ') q?J':-f,: OD'f l,f?Jl-- : c;:far,:''

= = ..

= =

flt\ltU?° � ''---(lf.,..,:Jm•: hC,:A: fOl/.1"f.:,•: f,l1°7(1.1 I fithfl: 7•tff,li': nm rot.i» ,,,nn,91:.1. = n--1··nht\'1: it'l;.,1c = r.., ...nr- = 'u1r:l- (Ltr� i 'lf, : fl q;hA : 1,1-�1 : lllbl\a>• : ftll/f,1'1'(1Dc : ,;:fro• I ,)111 (1·9° : "h'}J;.U : .ft\ro• = t\�'1:1,: h1-P.t\: fm·tf>'PA ::'' 11

11.

h1·r••em• x 1� , in :: �

- 80-

n:rtn:

01.,c,},t.. = arilT = Of..;,m• = h�A = illlCJTJ..11- = hcfttf'il· = ftJl/10t..'P. "-*9°'i' : f OD/o--l- : flt,}, I

= �-e =

ilfl 011/10t,.'P. : �f!1 : lt*°'l:,:w. :fh>CTt,"} : ft1Cfttf"} : :it1-,nl- : f1P/" 0t,.'P. : �C' : '1.!l:9'1 hOD/oT : ilt ;11:fllr = �'1'� = OIJ�r'i-:,... = '1.°1'1-0 : fllro· : "f,ODilA9° == i., t·LU : o..fl,f.: = fatJ ,_,., tJJmt)c : ,f'f..t..trO. : 1"Par·'f : illllf� t {}"}.,(- : l\f., : OD:J--f-1, : ,e1'1T'PA :: n� C {r : h"}.e.. 9°'i.. OD t\ h--t- (IJc : rJ, /\• ; n h., ,.,... tJ : cl> n ft,?11"" : fCTI/..11·(Jr : ,"111-f ,(1 : ftJI/.,., fit,'£ 1 },(!'(1}• : ''f,f-ODIP {.rf'(D•:'' flOD/o-1": l\f,: fl.lfl : f,h1-f fi-: OD,{1,)--'j : "}� ;11'1° : fCTIJ..W(l',(D• : ''ODlo:,.. : {}flar'i: {lfl,flro«:'' noiz.A: )ltj:f: ODIP/.:,.. : ',w«:: lf'f'J° : 1--.';�"} : '?AT : '1.f.."C1i : 1\01/illJ;-1-- : cf>'r/\1 : il/\"1110· : tJl/1{1t-'P. : : '1.1Pa,� : <pc; : cpc.- : ODIP{.;f-(I)c,.f"} : d,ft(l1--, : 1l'i'OD/\h;J--/\, :: )-C' : 11

-0:r

htt.u = cf>f..9° = n:,--hhA = 11,f..,,..1/lmlD· ;: ''---ntbc:i--t- = norz...,i: = f..:J = }t(Dct,..�?11�- : (,h"'l fL"} : '1.til\ : 1,Jff,'i : (lt,.f0 : ) lD·il'r : 'l'Pt : flf� : 0},Cq : fO'/.TPaf..?a : fU07i : ,'hllfl1' : 9°1 : 1..1·1,9° : fl.If, : 0..1\:,.. : fov1"1P'T : h� �-:;. : ',{1/rTlD· : ll"'lll:,.. : f.,;rl\&\ :: {}'}� : nh•A : {lfon"}f,.?, : fOl/..1"7-- : fOD'} aip:,.. = ODAh = 11t:i:w- = '1.!P.'1°1' -} O/l,I\ = nticA = f..'?cr> = n�c:,,t,.. = 12 Ft=' fCJTJ..'1/llD·: fh.:,-.r•kf: OIJlJhl\'P.: OD'}'?P'T: (c;:fro·) :: ''

''!",,.,

''ll1fit,(I)c : ,)11111:'' 'P'i: 'P'i'?J:� : f7"/\tti : it!l:'1°1"" = fou; f..?a : ('1. 'lil"1- far) h'i' : f«f,{lt\,(D•: (h�,f--�(Dc :) 'iTlD·13 :: fODlODtfro- : fCJTJ..,f--.';f..lOJ• : 14 (l6f:b:'> : ',(I}•:: ,{ltf• : oo,f...el- : fOl/.11-ll:fro•: a:�fifl,?J':.f.. : f..'?'111 : :}l\kfT(D« filf'IOr. : '19°ill\� : ilC : f.,rrf'�f..t..f\c ::

(l,{1 ti·?J'f : OD"}f..el- : (D•il'1' : 61!>:I> (D• : DI/ lJhI\'P.W-1 : OD'}'?P':,.c.· : OD"}f.. ?,"} : fCPJ...f1c;'ai : if9° : lf'f : f1l\'?I\&\ I '?-OC : f,(l{l{l{}&\ ; fOD"}'?P':,--,9° : Thlf11 : /\"111-0 : f{l,f'I\A�A :: 15 flJl\'T : rrf --'1'1t-TlD• : nchc : (l9°wf-. : OD(l} (l"} : flf', : Pi7fl- : n.'f?-9° ¾ 61!>..�lD· : '1."}�"}f..' : 1..tL : 0.';�',-1• : 00 Ah : 1'1"}.'; ; � : h.., ilT 'i : (I}"}ifi" l·"} : ,.,OD fl h;t-A :: 16 n (It,.. f (De il'r: 'il':I> (I}• : n l,\ IT'/..l': : 1

12. �: P,..'}t]'}(l'} , ''{11,.:,. : .n�hoP : 'J°/;\."J I lb , );.,f:ii: ftJ�·: �(& : }\<j:, '1.t•"ttf'': 1,<;:tta = .F.� I (1/;\\!,'J° i 4?'l'C: "lg': j;fqjji :I 13. 1.,il I 'i�A i /t'}X· I ,t�fC I h.'} I '1,t,:,•�.r'} I 'Tl\.f· : (1uf@i : q- 'J°- i G:•f-: tt·c 'i f,n°l 1 4.ll· A,t • 0011111 ;-CL:,.) ,,,g- gr, : '1•h;1--r-:1: :s J?,11 , �,,..� • .n<;:&'1 = oorz.t\ro• = (ID1.•�:,.. • fJJ4il'l'• fl%7lD4 : 'ilA \!-9° i '�'l'C • liY.�� i 111.fiY.@t I q- 'J°- ;1,:,.qo 1 � {lC :s 14- 111� 1 a>AX· • h'1°1?. : roe:,, I ''J-1.,,1·r-rz:fll :i•t-J;.1i'iA 1 (l. il"l•'J°' J\{i:' l\1S..·' ·!:_�C 1 11,'1 ! I iiA\!,'J° I (1UY.!l!i. q- 'J°- ) : 1�· : f.f.� I },<; �7, l C flCR I }\fl I Y"'T.f 1t..·1· i'' .rhf1.7i'} ... � h..,·h;t-Y.:f. I ;JC f,a>?.Y:Z--1:\ :J 15. h'J°flfu r 11tac_r{l 1 hl\J!, ' O"?il:J•a>i'i : cr-1·c I .ii I f,f•m tl'{lfJJ4 i 1� : I?; sJ

16.

htl.far

-81-

: "f· = Y-..l 7f • ,f· tJD1 ,.,-:,�. :1-i, tf = -1 m · 1 :1: .. t\ "1. t\ • {l,f f U•ft· 'lt\m· : P1 t\ll11: UDrPl:,-- : f 11 tr :: 1'1>;,cf,nl\• : .e1.. e...v, & ll'r ". ,1 e : t\, f,O i" m·: c Q:f 11 norz.. : ' ' --r f C{l f I" :) f: f1-1 '''fllC: (mJ!,9° : f : l,n -- t J Pl: llDr : • 'l<D : t\f, !.."'r 19° {11 m• : · = --t-lD 110·: ,.r,;,,.�Ot-'£ - : �-- C!' : f--1--0Dll-'l 0 : fit 1� : (I m• : --l•lDt\ft •J' : f.,1·1-n;f't\ : «? ·{tm : i\9?'1°: ''1,1P, :'' .e'lt\t\ 1 nw -- : h'lA'r h 0i, -: n : {\:, / {Tl o• 1· : n, : ti1� : ''n ;J··th : UDLPl:,..: 1,')0JJ;,U : 1,1P, r a c f 9° {1:,-- : --l·'lfl•f-- : fJ�... 1: (Ltr1 : h.. e.t.t9°: {l�t\: fl l!'I'C: fill1 = lt\fV-: fL,J,: °= t\;J f : i',*9 f �l?: , lf!: : 6 l/..'r l,'fO J't ?° .. (1(1:f '1--1": : U: · L t\ i,'ll" :: -O+ · (1(1:} et;>? " ,, 1 & il'r : r l n,-1· : : '11 = �· llD• (l • , i' -T : "1 {lflJ (l · f°t rlD· t\ O'J ;: : • 1"'1° c;:1-=m ui " : m· -- : (lcf?' I'C : i',',{l t\ : ti& : rorz. �&, ?° 1' · n;J--:fm A : �?- : i',·Olm· : ftTCJ.LP?-<; : f1-. 19 ,,fit·: fi',,�.. : (llD': 11--l"'fl•fl: i','lt\�1·: (m'l�:f-.q : Ap.'"f:) t;rm" ::'' ?'°19°: 1,ii). : (Jll{t,1--c: t;f.vf,\ : frf'flf,..t :,-: ?t,h&, : 1'1,V, : fOIJ1Y-..C1: fUCJ.OD{tf,\: OD/,: 20 mJ!,'J° : i',t\:P: f/\OJ--?° : (lt\"'?° : fllC: C{l:,..: 0°1."l��n:,,: fi(lt.f a r{ltp: f'Ir/. 1·1-- :,.: i,1 P,91:1·- : it t\cf, 1" : it!\..:f(I}« :: f(lt,.f 6Lhj": QftUD&,:,•: ('lt\fl•r :) flf',: '1'1:,"?°: J-1,,f;f,: :,,�•OD: }'tf,f-;�: 21 6 : i' , nn:i /,b:J> : h',{l�.: (l?J1"..: ,,c: fml.e. : UDlf1 :,,�un : itf·Y-:,; : :: i',,,r--)• : f'IO'r•: (l(D•: t\6Lh:,,.,:,.: f:J"flJ: 1,1Y-..lf',: 7i-OD,f:: roiz.o,nro•: narc{}, f--1·1\t\&.: ou1o:1--: t\ftm· : f\t1 /1�:m•'J°: '1/\un&,:,•: r,ro-:: ,,C''J° : irr,: ,eu : 6£b:J>: /\UDrf, i om-cit = f,t--t\tt&. =cit:,.. '1011:,. = UDlf1 = ,,r7t'A x 'J°n1,,r--1:va ''6J.b:P 22 .,.7. : O<D·C{l: f--1--1\/\&..: 00&,:,-1: J?,OD{tt\f,\', ::'' },11.U: I\J?,: fllC : cit,), : O°t1�'1;fm• : cJ,{lt\,:· lD•{t'J': forz..1·fro·1: '''lt\ Cit;I·'' : ''£:it:,--: ft\.t\ro•:'' f°t'lft-:,,1: 01·0l: (l,{li,_.. : it. 'lt\ :f : ootinA: !tr ·1·1 : nct:ft0:,l·, : i',1''10.. : 111·f{lc : i',f.,f'C?°:: f.tJ : {1''1.-{ll : n•01, : it'lft 1·: oui'J_�A = f°t:J"'fro·: Air,:,..: ''('OD"},e.c: ell:,.:'' �i1q:,:'PA: (lfTl/...(]t\-:,• : 4'fl

==..,,.

61!·:P

fl,!)>,}• : ID•it'r?° : ft\ : r,roc ::

ftlC : Cit:l.: 0:-"1�'11!ro, : cf,filb!P1--: m•{t'J ': ''(,,..r1�1-.<;. ·=) 1,'}P, : f·f'•{l . {(l(J}c = fOD/o•)· : 00-n--1· I ---n,1,1,n· : ootiht\ : '1'1:i-- : f',(lt.m·1 : ftJ1/ : "�0 t-'P. h!l:9° f,\ q.-,:,. : ftP/�,,<> it;J--ro•{t : fi',!-':oo• : ODLPl..)'9° : frf•llJnn:i- : ',ro• :: (ltL U?°: Ar.r,,}: OC:LPl:,- i '11�: nh-A: fU1t--l:: '1'1:J'(D•,,C'1: 'l'Pt!P"f: ,t,,nna: r f(IIJ.10D--f: = o.?>1· = o.'f?- 1 Ot\,t\ = nh- A : f.ai'lo: ;,,.c;,{l = OD(ll:7. e17ftt.'- ' ::23 ,

•

20.

l1tl•.(1m• ::

· 21. rot--r.. : AOTJP.'C = a1oi = hf'\,e ·• ntJTJfl. .,.. -;..• ;, m ·• = ,,,._'l'C = I% = r..-1•,11cf,ftro• = '' /.\ v. norz..A . /'ci fl·, P'C :: •

22. 23.

.. . :

htLfm· ::

- 82-

= /.\

-.:. '' .v,r··•·

= -,•

o {11J t f91:t1 : 'lt\C(l...f1 ,= , : : fl.tr�- :: f�./\�!J:: '?1 : Cil·r : fl\;l:(Dc9° :: htLU9°: o f A��,}- : 1llr : .,1C: +h·),/\. f,1?/ A :: . 24 0 : · ('()t\Cll··r�:f +ml\=� : 00 w1 : (t9° : f 7..flt\• ) :: UD1] .-f--1"1'i" : . T:,,qo f1 = f"'l·flt. = fl•nh, 001, = 00 tr11'1° 6I'>'l° c = ,.r(t"lA nt,ht\: 1--•·1f, = n(tt = f0'i = ·n,htJl/�1 � m·(l! = t\.li'l°'?AC." : t\.out.m• = rOCJ..:.1: tt.··1-- : t1t\ciJ.,f•:.1: = .) °_ =) ffou"}f-�-1 = rt�(l,t: 1--.v,,,e = u--t\• = ·.rm.�t\t\A== Pif-C .. .9 'i:t:CD.. ''(.li'J°'?A.,. (\'/° '1 /b9° : f tJ A : ,)111 fl•"} : {lOI/ '� {l(: : (\a7 IPt,.,}, : - "'1�e,.&-f'.:,..'i" : P't,. lD•"} 'J° : .. d"r : (1.-,.. : h(:{l ..-f:f"} : ,,.., .., fi.(D• : T"} ,;,,,: : l,"}.<;.f..t.'? : OD�") l]D,�IT}mC ! (\OD"} e.. 4.. : ° : "} I f 'Tl/ ,,?J":J. c,• "I to·li : fllll,nlfnll'.I? : fn;;;,:f-1 : oup' 'J ! fcll:1. : ,nc ; OD1 f..�. hcnc:: (l.,.,.,: Ohc:,,·: n.f,•f..: foum(t"}: lllJ,fl:r:: 1,'IILIJ: uo-fl-f,1--'i": '?�:J--?J9f-: flf.,: l,"}f-lf'l: ficOD,f:: (l{'irf--t,.c,": hirf"OJ(l',: "Ll'I,: .. hif.{/DT: ;,c: f·t·rs,r: ° 19 : 1.tL: (}au:,-. : t\fO.--f•(t(lc : f,--l·l\t\ti-.&\ ::'' 25 (1:\1\ : .enAm0

•n:1=

IJ'C:-9° : oo;t--m{l : ,.f t\O•)" : f'lt\out,..y..:1: : lD1"} : au (]''} : '' --- hoofu:,.. : ... : foY.fO'r : f,A� : Hl\cl!'i' = (lfbf\'J° : (lm« : t\.,lD(tJ;,. : f"'1,,e:f1t- : OfJ,,{l,y-..·f1 r,,c : Cfl·r : rfH: om• : f,Jf:J--ro•"}: (LOT : mf,'J° : lLJ'ht..f,: ODlf',-"} : ,,r,"ff\A:: lf'f'J° : htfoor;:,.. : Ok·)·: i',1Y:.: 1 ..l·L: flfC: ell:,.. : ODfH·: '1°1 1. n.. t-f.LL"'ltr = t\tft\qt\r = i1•Y.. = roi,r,,.e = o..mc..�.. = tL'l° = n..ir1 = hf,lti?° o.'Pl�. = foullJ = ''h>til = nuto1·,1 n11�,,,26...,;: = ttil+..rr:,-.. = foY.ouflh:,.. = rhn lo : out,:,.. : h{/D Crf:?11" : fl.·r : (l ,n : h'1A: f f..C1'PA:: '' ilt\f-LU?° : n1�1 . � - = foollJ: l1--r = (t,(l : ;-, 'lA: ouz,1 = .enAT = ➔--&. .r11: f,A:,, = (I. w e� = (l'Pl : lf'i : ,.e;r f A::

.,llr ::

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''1'1:P•f--?/:'' w ,,e9° : ''h,<;,{l : DDT :'' h°tllt\-:1, : ootihA : nrncil,f:f�..: 27 <110/b : lD·ilT : fOT/..'i''r : '"/,fll\'1°:.l:: f,11:0:J"A :: (tt..� : lD·llT: 'le!':.l·· : hf 1":f '"/,1f... ''lD-61'> > :. ,1, 11-n 'l&..9 " 1 h• +'ll\-' = f°7..m'r = (191 1... = 4'T :J (;rib1''i = ODt\ : nou�mc : 0D6JTc.' : hout,:,, : f°7..1'i-- : oo-{l,f--�: : U·t\• : f,',&,..;1:f'PA :: ..eu "}"}9'1 : 1'_-j,,v, : f(lt,.f� : ,'h'?: '"/,"}JtU·: (lA: O•)"U•)·'i" : f, 1Ai'PA 1 'l>T :J>[!ib-:,",c,-: 28 ODt\h:,-- : '/k9lt- : h"J,nc = ,,.,,,, : c;:,:m..- :: = A= '/l'l! f..1 : "} f,J: "1ti L ,}: .,:,,. .. {1:, 'lt\ : , t,:,_ fou :: A. nt. au : >,ltlJ : l\f,: °l"OC 29 A:: ;: ,.e1 : , J,f At ou r -: t' ?Af O' T: il m· : '? il : �'l! 1 AOl/ cp : 6£b f,U : 1t'lfJA: nta: 1: · : tfT '? 'P : "lJ> : fto1 ''O :: lA O' �'I : (Dc 't\ l . h,, . . D? f... 1 1, : f r'°h1,.: �'PC: ...,.77: .,,.. : OhkA

- 83 -

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ti AA: m·(l� : OD�:,- : "hfl(l : i\11..P' : "11lC : ftr'/.eh�A : ow• : 'lt\onta, } : = lC A i.en t �� : ·Otto: &.(1•1: fl .{l.e9°: OD•fi,)• = f/l(JJ-9° :� "11 � = >.cq : '¼00 . ;1 c •)•: {t.,('t\4-•: dJ1 j --- d}•(lC: {\OD)l&_A: /lU'/.TA: /l{\,I\ : {l(D : OD�rf:: J-',{l \ 'J ° (l;r/,\:: ---{ l(l} •f(Dc : �'J: �{D• ! OD�,f: : '11: 11'1•(1C : 'J'J : J',J!,f-fl9 ::'' J!,ll''i/,\ :: ..en m•?°: : "} (} () lt : f 4: f � : I\ il, : f: 1 lt f,U : f'11lC : 1.. & "'le 'r f = 1.·o • .. ,,., 1� aro 9° l\,,e = �,,e 1 .. ? = 1fOD 7 cPJ()nl\'l!w• = OD1'1F,7· = or ,,. , .. t'l·.r = lt 9° 11 = il .eu = l , i' O +l lD' ? .. Y = 'h1 " ..e. o+ V = hl'L raillro· = 'Im· , 00 "1 : m• ti'f oh fOl/ f'l : f-l 'h'J : 'l flf : 1" ,l1? : 1 'I! r,} : 1,1Y..(TIL..e.'1�· :I,. : A"?� it 1: : _ /b9l 4>0 'r : : : (l'J " tLU W 19° "}-1: ''� :: · '10> () : f'l h°f: : ;(J'i ,f•? '1 : • : F7 -- m· : (lfODt;91:J!:fm· : .e-r�f..«:-.= : tl 1 ·'J i:fm rui'i'r•: (l?J:.f : h'l°I\ : ?of.A: t.t -- = r"?onti'l!ro· = ou'J«1F:,.. = o•Ol/9°1,f l1 fl);. m -1· fA · 'Inc noi111-:,.. = c#'Oil, = "O 'h'J..e. : "l•flC : (l-Otifl.: 11:J!: f"lt\'1/l·: 'J(IC:: ,,� i'1llc#'X"OD'} : "t,'J..e."ltt.'P'IW• ; 01/on/t'l!O>•"} : OD"}'1F1' : (lfOD"}f.?,: f,w -- (l?J:.r. = f'ltt.OD&,:,.. = m11 = :1,91:.f. 'Ill?- UDta:r no· ,. · ft.Ot/"1 � :,. : ,f-- lDI\��,} : f'}: ,,<'tJA : i'tll&.lt"l. : OOI/f,U'"}fi1• : ''foo"}f.C : 001o ,)·:'' 'hf-l•'lfl: fOl/.mt--m·: flt:,..: 'ltt.n:,.. : <Pfiit, : m·il�9° : 'h1\\ : 6f.b:11 : fton 31 lf1 : 1'°},)•: OD&,:,-: h'I Ot--:fw-: (1911--: ODW/lf: : Jtll&.lt1. : 'IOC:= f,l1llfl•"}: , ,.1;,,e: fl�l\&..'l,),: 1,f·-f•h;J·•,f,/l•: fOl/.fil&.7'"{10•:t.: h rt• , t--m•: (la>•: h�: ,fitt.m•: OD;J--f;J--:fm·: fl"}�'}�•: t\'lt'I· : 11:1:: (1,f·n1n,:1> :on,fl ;J--:,�m- : f-,:J'fIA :: flt\01 : 6/l''P : m·(l� : (l_&, : mf,'J° : 1\9 ° : f'T?.fCX: : (tlD' : 32 0 u,fl..: 9'°1\n · 1: (Alt"}: 11:,,: ) il�:Pro•: OD{lm:,-: Jtfln:,-:: nnt.. f'D 9° Qlf'}: ,,,,,.1,ti(: : mf,']° : lJ.'C'? : fll(l:,..: om· : v--� : ft.rJ,n/bm• : i',il.�' I ll,)1 "1: mfl 4=<D·'i : /lOD'}.e..t;.. : 1·A:P : (lm•: }t"}f:: h1flt.. : ,111\ = it"}J.>..·: J?:(l:,-: m'f'c; 1 33 ° i't9 fl,)· : i\1:c!t-- : OD{lffi:,.. : i',flflT ::'' : .eu1 : (ltJIJf,&.X-'J° : l\f, : ,,.1 n.m· : ODcl>tiliJ, : .ellJAO:J·A ::

�,,e:

,r:i,c;

rv')· =

= r�o?-:, =

�

n9':r:

P,"10Di1'J°: (l(tt,.fo: m•ll'l' ! 6f.b.�'(D•: ffOD"}f..c;.."}: lPC"l'1 : t\ODODl:,,: fcl'f. 9'°:,.. ,,:,.. : oo,n:,- : i',ft.tD• I f-,t}'J° : ODr(l,)·: 611':J>w•: V·A"l.U 1 (l• ·l•ll..e'J°: {lLPC'? f. 1.11. : hOD1..e.'r- = 1,"},t;,e,n,S.. : .Pil"l�'..e.'PA :: fl�:,,91-:j.: h{JILOm•"1' : uu,o..y..:y.: h<;:,f--'1m•1: (l;J·: .e1• : f°t 1i • : '?1: ff001f.?a : '1.'lA: (lODlf'}: nui,1·�:,-- : ou1c,:,.. : /bt\: 6[.bq,',;J--:f ,: (JP/o:,•: : (1 ro 34

fl .. fil1�f\TlD·• : fUIJ..1'/l(D• : OD,(1:J"';f:(D• :

�UJ• ::35

h1-L lJ : I\f-, : A� : A� : /,\ '"/ P, 'I! : ,)1 1n·,1: "} : ti"}P, J.>..· • "} : 1..P, f,. : {1 (JP 'f'4' '1 ,f·'} : f9°'}DDl9'°t--:fm-: f.\ '"I .e:1 : hT,,0</•m• : fOIJ..h rl•t\• : ritll {11".. : rr�l};f:m·

- 84 -

(

l' 1

00 100 :r1--1: '?A'P : �(D•:: flithit : 1--Jf.e: t&il'P: hOI/ : 'JP.fr'PTW• h :: lJ''lih.1oT = f 'ilOJ•: ih.1111 : ,,e flAffic).: '''J°/J"} : oo,hlf :'' r,1,'lfllD•"} : A.OI/P,'f! : ,n'?: (Lh+A.; O(l&.f roi 'i/.(De : ,)11111 : f...'?'l° : fOIJ.h,l'fllD-: ''h�'hoo: 'J°/JA.,:J :'' f,f,()fl ID'1 : (fllf.lJ : g-dt. � : lD•ilT : f(lt.f.. : ,n'? : hf,1--()fl : roim'f1(lro•"} :) ;,,'?: 0 f t'J , m 7 a361r. = fithfl = �.,,. = "1P.1x.-- = "101\?>1-- = rrt.ti �ID' == n+�O'/ ° fl'J°itlb'J° : ftJA. : 1°1.il : 1°'1-: OJ,OI/fb1 : fcf> ;fll1' : ftr� : ;,,'? : itl\:ftDc :: llD•: f..'?'l° : fl(lt--f- : nlD•t,.� : f°t1.'ilD• ' ft\.,1 : 61]><p : <J7(lt\, : ft.ll• : flf�, �"'P. 'l! = ,n'? = itfl (De == 0

h�tLIJ : AOJ/P,'J! : dt1u1• : f"�1)/. : {1-(lit,1 : �•{!1 : (JDc/l• 2 (l(JDcfr : I\OD c�ll} ° --c . me : f;J t?,- l 0"1937 : l\ 'I'll()� : fCL+ : (l•fi'J° : If', : foo"} f..C : it!f:'1°1... : 1,�'? f,t(tOl/oo« : 'iTlD• :: ·rw1;el\ ;;: : OD�ff}."} : rr,:::,.,,, : 11,h.C'J'i : f}',{l,,...P.f..C'J : 1(11•1 , ()"} ..e- : l\,e = iim.. PI\W• , rft� : (I.If"} : (llfC "}'"P,f, : . f"t00 t\hrf: : .. e.. 1fC: f,f_-- f..�1'�: fP'� = P'C'}r),: f.."}(l:f'J° : ii!lc:fw• :: f°t!ll..e..,�(Dc: �1c = 1' �1·1.u = ,-,,7n:-,4... : '1+ = hcll,1:f'J'-.' : 'rJtJ'i1'--Y::fro• = rui l' ..r1"f..r }: '}t\01/'P.: 'P�'J°: 0Dcf,ll}mt.:fo1• : �(D• :: h�tl.tJ: ,-,,1:r- : OD"}&.,/t'f!'i': '}I\ --P.f.. . 't.ro•: 7'1f..�:,--"1 : �1P'T : ti.elf).. = f(l,,J.·: hu "'l'l! : 1'P.V•'f"} : h1 f..CPJ.... <'fl,J �� : it'lfr>1...'J° : lf). : fl,flo"f : (l?J':.f-. : {Lh,J.',\,-T : flTl/.1flW•"} : it'JP,"}X:': '/f,IPJ cr:1--ce: ooUDt,,r = f"tODt\h,f: = f..1n:f f!lc :fro•'J° ==

ht\f, : fm"1il'i:fm• : AO'/P,'f! : ,n"Ju"f : {lg-,ft.� : f(l&.,?-:,..: h�C11: 1.rt: 38 '1'1:,- : ''---{lh,C"1--t. : ro•il'P : ffUD1f..l ,,-..,;:w-1 : 1--P,f, : t\ODcf, m,tu : �(De llJmC : h'lll+V-:i: : fOD'J'?P'T : h�fr':f : �1t\1ll--n:,, : r�nt.ar : t\OI/P,'f : lh"l: 111ltffro«'J : 1..H.: -t1t\{fl: ,ei1: f�{lllD·: {l'J°ltt\,J''e: h'i;J1C: fl..111: ---f\11t� = tlOD'J = ng-,11-�: 1'1PiA'Pt\ : ;f.'? = .e�mc = �nc; .eu?° = iLlf1 = r:r nn:,.. : f7'f1P,'JJJ,... : 'J°'ill,f'f! : it�,:J1C : 9°161}> : {loo;J-ww,J? : 'Inc :: ''39 h'iJ-LU = A.°1�'P. = ,1,1o:f = flg-Jt.� = rn&..?-0:,..1 = s,nn11,r = OD1lflJ:,, = 11,,r �"IT?° oY.ll,l'c = -�1ti1n1 = r+'lt\• = f..t--o. = ''llcq•l- = itX.--hUD = 'l°lJA.,:1 (Oiitf@Q : '} : 9° : flX-,ft.<;; : f(l&..l:) llt\,,.l''lt\W•: t\O'/�'l! : ,"11'? : {I_�-- � : T4!1'--

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«s . .. , l\: ; : hm f.. J ntJ • : (: W : 'f cl! {1 1 · ,11 r; lt : :1:1 : 9°n1f,f·1�-: 1Am'P:f'PA :: '' m.�.u rh •01J �-c: "} OD f = t\m ) 9° = I · ti = '¼ = l •il · ©E : 1 (h,Bri :;: = q = 9° = 1'ilh = -- t-. i't {l , c, : q b JOD : '}' ©E : : : ilf Oi f..C h Ol>f-ci. �: c;: r tt..11Jll..f9°:r""w;J-. 0 . m· 2 o ,n 1 1 •1 'i lm ? ;, .... .. , -.e : = , C!' 0 •f.. · f .1 u--t\ = · n.:i m-, n.ro f ·: : 'f 7,.: l\f,: ilh,f .. 1 = ni 1 = = hu ' A .. · , f .. ro· l UA r.r OCZ. l'JIJ fi ! c .. -;o l:, > � i'l:J �e �c D1. m•( fO : = ,,)·: 01/h',.. : : •1 /o 01:1 C o fi, 71 : • c;' o,J D1 if. f..C f {J ;JC: : 1,�"l: r.-,..rol}(l{l :,.. : w·Cil1: &.A"}: f'11lODt\hr f:•1·: AOI/Pi'C= tl11°1":..: 'iO?-:: (;\U'/P,'f!.lD•: ,"fl'?: ,n'lf•(l: 0 «7._f w• 6J.•• q,61},; , --om 'i" t1c = nc f · (11Jl 11t\ r,1 : llJ"} ! .. 1 �ro-c; norz.,J,nfll&' : 'lt\P'A ° -- --- = f..0 1 1° ? = 0 1 , ·l il n'}f ;; ro ' = i't'l = 1,� 1 1'ro•J'i" t\(ID(D(lj,9° 1"' 1,v,-, ..,.. 'tY> 1 l : : • ( ' f,(ll{l;f. : 1,1�,e, cJ UA i : .. l i'lil' 1 1c;' '1 fU07fm·: ,"1111•0: 'lUA: f&.l17f_-,.f· -: ril t\mTt; : aXl.C(l?° : i','}Pif,m4- = t-o·1 ll... ;J w•:,,c; ft1,f.. 1,1J;..'fc ff.t. 40 DD• h t-. ::'' 10J· : : ',{lC

o'i� � = !�

,.?':

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''t,f---1'i ,,..11\'l (01-1.u = 7'..,,•• � = ro·il'r = ri'lnt\ 1- 1-1.e = ,1,"l = 1,f1·'1tt = . :, f far/.. {llcf'OlD· : ) 07'',11-'i':: 1,1.';,(l�C : f..l 't- : (l91if-: f.U1 : i,C9°� : {lm(l,i;.. o:i•'} = 9°n1s:,.. 'r� - i',�..c1m· = 0,"111.. = OD"JO.f = l\,e, : 1Amm·:J..t.\.:: 41 .r A ,f•{lrf·•iiht\: :,-c1--9°: l\t\ODilm:i•: ll 1t.\.: ,eu1�-: 9° n1f-r: :J'A: {1:J'f.\.: 'i''f t\'.t : (fl :,, (t., tp f,\ ::

''ru•t\·: &.''lt'i· : ,l1°l : hm•6J!'lD• : 1,"llf.i't•0,11..(: : Oil'i : pcq:,.. : ror1. .,. ..J1f..C: llt\lJ'',: (ta7_ec;: 9°�·c1: Oll'i: p-1cq,-,..: &..'P{!:: �'Pl:l·"}: U•tt�: {lODt.\.h: {lODf.\i')_r(D• : {lf{l;J·•aJc : {IIJ� •{l : t\f1P.1J1:1�m- : fl--l•m(t.,(l}• : f.;'}11 : J,'}J;.. 'f� : i'1f.l1 :: 'h'llf9° : r1'°ll'Li'l•Odi.C: lj:m,t-.1: 0 1·1.fw•: {llJfPl:I-: f,'f&-il· :: f,U: f,f•&.'PC!' : ,71"1 : i',h'lt'1·1· : ftfl/(t,fl : :ft\v:J.. : l\ t\m· : f( llD· : A;e;: U·lr : 1·0T;tf.\ 1 ( f,.,1,,.. : OD"Jfl.f : h1·1.. u: cf,,:pn_o : fi',P,�.,,.,,. : f,-li.'P 1' } : >,&. flJ,nc: .e,1·ciit.\.: ) Oro◄?° : U•t\•: hi'lP,9°: lD•f-'cf,_: , ..: �€_9°(!': >,llh: au◄�: l't.ll= f,f·�&.: ,"11°1: ill\t.\. 'IOl W•: ,71t\..C,0J•: flODt\h,f·m· ! o.,f· .�.e.c : .ecrc: ',(lC =�

,,n,: :

1 : (: 9' f(tlD· : t.\..,.: OX'd1-'i: : 'lt\o&.l : ,1 1"1: t\.,f"',V,,,<'.. : i',A,:t\.9° ; tJ1.f'rf: 9'1: O,"t1 t\..'i: m·t"l'r: ftl : ,lu"1 : f(lro• " }: -,,.."1(:: {\au!J:!J:9'1 : flcf! : itA'IOl9"'1; {1ft f·f..V?0 : 07'.. ,11-� .= fO&.l: ,"11"1: {lou.. �: ,,.,,ia,,l:: (foo•(b : ;J--tn: f.4''rl\A). . . 1 hnc ll--Y--ll :: m.<;..tJ; t\f•1 .. 1·1.<D•: --l-- {} 111/'Jtl.: f V' 'i: ,)1<'1: '11ll&.t\1·1: (l(D•: lJ:tl· : ,,.,..l.�1'--..1'" : 'IOC:: ... cf,ll,n1m.. 'flt : J,"}� : f'v1:i: ..I:: t\• :J>W•"},1·: �<111 ., � -· � ;; .'(f.:,.. : �:,•,f1: 'I1P':,. : f,J· ll I\ : ,"l1 < J : ',{1 l m•:: · tl,"1: tfl/ �:,.. : 01'011'1.i',·fl,-l't.C : OD�"}"}:,•c; fl1"& (t : ro : • lD · oi : : '] h t\ . (lt\ o ) 0 • . 't ... -9 = 9' ?° ., .., : i = ;,"}.v,.'f c fori .rf.c"1 = OD.,., t f . ., aJ • 1

40. 41:

hlL.J?m· : .,g- : hfut -... _ e :1 f'ftY.•lj: rf•'Jt\(l: t\"'7.P,'J!: ,"J,d/: (n,)•d/C� • ,b !J? A• 1 «e ,,.v.D'J = l\ :�f!, = 00 i o, 1· :J·f..toc(l.•l: = f;1,dJ = 1.h•tx•t = n, .., . • 00 ,,.;;; •• = f··•·�� ! J,A 00111-{l : o.:,. : fD?.1:it; I fll.111' : l,\11'/?.'l! f ,1t I OO"Jn.J''r" : .i',,>�,Y.· : h'f:flo:.f. : r 9° . flt.Pim• : t\ooa;tt.if : qOD:,• : (','l,dJ : .-J•"1//, f\1,·Y· : q [l90(11Y.· : .-J-ll1.f- : J!.t. m• • . 'l°il;J'im-1 : !•l•C'lA ::) fl. � I ) -· .86 .,_.

o�-,:�;!•'. :

f"�t,;

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: i','1 ..f--.rl•"} : (1:J>/,\: f.,(llro-: f ,IJ: (lg- �h -(i:: f(l�ca;ar: r"}: l\1moo"}: 1''?C : '"n.1-�ll°1/0I/: (ltJI/(l•{l: f l'lf,:J:�: h'"n.w (I.If"} · : nr : ' t1 0 �1"�: <;:l\1°:,': fOD.,(J;bt;: f1l1J·?11'9°: f:,:J(i:: {J;),ODl(lT : .,roe :: f,f,oo lP I.....,.(D•?°: /\ :,,.P,-..ft"}: OD ft (i:rr t;: /\ �:,-,h : -, 1P':,...: {] /\"}: J-,h •{1 �:,...: I\f ,:

r..-,...

oil., = P'cq:,.. = --1,4>c; ..n� = 01.... ,,,.� = f(l�l = ,7,ai = it/\OD'i?= r a1ai = 1'-t* 1 D "7:f-11: (1 lf"1111'i": O°t-, <1'�: U•).;J...: l\f,: 'l'l\ T : f,17//,\:: f1.1-1..r:t:1 1: 1•"/C : {\UD**'J°: },"}.f.'"}:f/,\ : ,),.�:f"}"}: 01.... ,,,.�: "'lil�C: }\"}P,{\•(1"}: ..., ...lY: ,f'� 'PA l\"l\ro•9° = 'lt\UJJ1:1 = ,1,1- = ,,. t\.e9° = f0'1ill1f1 = 1--P.� = roioo/\tt ,f'(l)«: ,7,'? : f,,.1... /\,,<' f: f'?A: :,,c1--9°: 1\"}P,,e(lmw·«;: ,1,1·9°: Ov•/t•9°: I\$!.: 'ill&: l\ 01 ..e.·l'?: -,ar -t&..?iOIJ.-,:,..: }\'}.. (l, (i',"}ti�OJ•: ff..t.-(1.w·: a;w-:: ) 0

n...

:: ... ''

r-,rr(l :

: .. v•l\•: f1..-l'tJCll...tf11'i' htLU: 01\,,e. : f,l'oufl.h..-J-- ro• "}: :J,A : f 2... titJ'i"·Y.;f: OmllO·: t\f,: ,.<'l\;f! ro•'}: ..-,,7.... IJ'f: (1c1'1\f\c: J!,lP,'P/,\ =�ill\.: {1,f•: tiC lltf"}'i': il t\: tiuc;..-f,'f'P :: c1''Pll.1: '16th�...: }\"}OD/\h�t\1::

0?.'ch-1t-'f1: ro•ilT: 09°1-,;J1Cllrw-: c1'(1(b?J:f: W-ll'P: OT/fl.T: fi(l&.-f-o: (b1 = '"h.1..e.. = oo1..e..c = n- °19°1:,, = v• f\c = 4:ft.1--'J° = n-{10 o ttn" = 1--.,f,'i = :r:flD': n;,1-0l: (l..(lJ-t.: 1--P,f,: I\!!,: h�: ft\: (l�: f,HW•: f,1i;;: (\c ; '}t\OT/'£: 'l':,,9°9° : ,r 1i:n:J... A ==

nm°'

norz..

ftlC : cil:r• : 110,r : (lrPt,.f-o: llril'r: ''---ffau"}f..?-: i',..e_,q1�:1-c; : 42 : titJ'i".f;Frw- h'?11C : a;'J : flf-, : f'l"l\. f: 001c,:,-.. : i',l\:fw- :: '' fou"}Y..C : oot,:,..: (lOIJ.. i1n:,, : (lf,"}P,"}�"': fittifl.: 1--fff,: «1'(11\,9°: lD•il'I': ''---fl. fou"} f..� = tiu'i...-,,. = forz.. i'l mm· = oo1c,..-1, : fl. ,"h11 ◄ = hoiz.hti,&. fl.(I}« : OD 1c,:,, = 1-t\ f = 43 r = : (Llf"} 1'-tAG: 1'-tAt:.: h01/,.e.l1m·9°: ti�f: 'l'l: a;0 :: ''

n,,

'?tl1'-t·fi tiuc;:,.. = '"h.., ttU1'. = t\,ilG1'19°: 'l/\0'1'1!: T:,.,qo:f: f01J.f1,::,.. = d1,C 'i": (}(tar: A"f_..-...: ootihA: fit1t;�a;:,,.: P'AllJ"}: 1'-tll.1: 0°1t\T : t\OIJ..f(l = 1'-t1A'?ttG...-,,. = 'Im· == ncil:1-,; = OIJ1ti:,.. = = il'l = ilcq:,, = = "1/h'i"m"} : �:,... ,h:,- : oo�;r:,,,; : f...,..1,11c: ?.liGT : °1Y:lil: hrl"l\. �: ,,,.ai fl�:F 44 Tllr : Tcf!,f--:t: : t;:f,(D«:: ti uc; ...-,,. = f /\ = ,.,:,, OIJ :f (D«"} = 1r /\.; = au"}�ti'I! = 1--P.,, = ",,e = 11:F = '"h.1Jtf m◄ ft•: t\ °1Y..·l'?: .f l\ar : �I\ 1°:,...: h�: .r ll.: hoolf)·: f,J,.-, ti t fil01°: 611''P: : (t.-lt:for'J'i : A;g;r:1.:(JJ«1: norz.,oo/\hT : tiC tiC : iiAlf-, : 04'C ): tiU'i' :,..,: 'I'"O:,,,;: '"h."}�,,e c� ou- : ro ti.A: 1,"}P,,,eIf)·'i': 611' :P-, :,,: '"h.1P,,, e Pou- : .. <' '?P, . 'P A ''(f'l(l-1 = vorz.ovilA) = P't. = ...,-. aiqc = ill\t\,t\ = (tiuc;:,...) ◄ m ¥ 1 = 11:,: = oort.... = "{\ ll ro· i ll" ,-tu 9° = nq "-"1 'I! = 1--Pi,,e, = w◄ii'I' = l1) A.P OD"Jfl:,... : 1t,,e 1q:fro·9°''45---: r,-tu : 1\1..v,: lbl\w- = 9°n1.r:,... = '?AT : ',(JJ« i

t.nr1:...-,,.

r;J•n:1=,; rL,.,rrflc

m'1

n�,,--«;:

rnu.,:,...

42. 'if.of.\ : hl\f, : ficP/il:J'a>'if' 1 <r'l'C , !f. 1 f,f•m4'na>• T 1x- �ii • l!'� 11 43. htl.f0>4 n 44. f(}&,.fo : f.\cP/�'P. : dl � T hl\f, : {l"'/il;J•OJ'q : <r'l'C : !?: I f--,.m•l'(la>- ; ''O.i" I nCilrf:f'} I h'i I tiuc;,)•'' = fi«P/.fltD- >,c:1,il:1- FC :, _ _ _ 1 r I. � �J •1'?." h1 l 45. ffr>1o : 6ll-'P : f.\"?�'P. 1 ,n� 1 hl\f, 1 fi"'/{l;rro7i : cf>"-'J'C : �ii : f f•m'l'OiD'

- 87 -

-1 : ;f : 11\ f �;J °':f•1t 'r : '?t\ {ID m• • ,t\t\ : flcf : ° 'f9 f ! 'l;f ttU'i'T : f --l·dl/'r'i' : LJti lD' 1 ll: (l ..flJ--r : n �A : i','1A : llt\lY� = �m· :: tiU'i":,.. : fCT'/.. f"l 1::1-- : '-l/\"'I 'I! : 'r:,,9° : f'?A: J,1>{ : .-,.. '.°-- t,. t--7i : 'I"I\I\&.: t, t -- f 00 � 0 D'/�l1--1: f"l : :J-f..t\'I° :: ''("Hou•:,.. : {l(TIJ&.�9°: rot,'1° : U'J..ll,i:1 :: -- • :,,: mn ou .:1 • · : �;J : 'hC � m O/\ } : ?;l,\ P,: f.,t.. : .. f •7f " lrf '}f.. oo 4:il : ml!,'/° : Jtfcf,1 : r'I° f. 1 on /\ fL > : 'i ) t\ 0 f., = ti = {I .e. ,,, (1lJ fL � :,, ( = 'I° 1'I° n 'I° r ro• 1,.. 1 i : it ..e '1 fl ,. : }, c �:r : /l <' l ., : OJ• f .. OJ• 'r fl) ti ,, .. . : OD"} � 1 '? cf, : P,.f 'l° 1 J!, : .. t\ IPL1'A : cf: il : m .f f...C"lil:, .. : f,1'1A :: (flf'j(JJ• : If'. : "'I/Jl,:J;flD'1 : fm· : 4'tim•{l:,, : �Pi(b: UDcf1,.e.{l : flf,;rt\:fm·?° :) hil,il�:.r,: tiu'i":,•: ,:JC : lf'im: : /\UDlfoPC : /\OD'hf\f,: /l{lD cf,'l°'i" : ri:1·,1,:1.. : (L,,e.t.."19° : l\{JD�;J--:,.. : {l/\fP/.1.'it- : iltLU.. : 'fh.1&. C : 'P,:1' : f,h&�l\:f-'Pf.\ ::''46

=� .. == ---:,,�

htl,U : nk:,• : {llilil,t..<;::;J --: il/\m4'il'i':fro·: "litll/'?il, : '''-})t:'' ililOIJ..fllt-1·: .lit11/ 0Jll,?11· : 1,1·1.u : Ill!, : i',"}�"}.(!" : 'i"lC : J,1'i'1&.t\1 :: cJ!'f&.;fro• : h,on1�c: {lD"}f.C : 'tlfl/.ilffro· : 1,'il't.U : o"'l"l /l,911.. : fl..<'.C'? : fl..<'.. C'? : {1{1Dtl4..�t\ : '' ... "�"nl = (l11J',... = ftPJ.n]!ro-1 = 'i1c = u-- t\-- = ,,em{l'i n-- ncnc>:f-1,; = n1Pl,: n>tc:,,c,· = fl"lt\'1)A = £1Dl\h = .e,f,clJJt\· 1 (1,--l·t-ro·) �c�.. = f1:,..9° = ,,�cnw• = :Jilt T(D•"} : 1,1J.;.om• : �1f..J.;. : t,.,e·:;-.. h·'l° :: OfoP"}��--'i" : flf--t-ht--titm-- OD\-thA: fuiz..1·�·m·•"} : m(l"} : ro{l'iro· : 9°/,\t,:,, : ,,ril�C1,.fl;rA :: '' 47 '11-V., �, : cl'(lfb : m•{ltp : fl1,"}J.;,.lJ : f/\(D• :: f7i(ll/'?il,$f):}4.. : .e.C'? : f,{1/,\ : flODlft : foi:1•/t� : (l?J = h1·,{11Jlj":,•9° = o..:J:,-. = o.rr1 {lDfu:,.. = n'int..ro· = n--1· = o.-n iri"lDI\� = {JIJ(f1: ithfl:f-ro· :: 48 fTllt\·:, .. : .li(Jl/'?/l,?J1· : 1,:,, : rflh1 : fl9° "}0Dl'/°&.:f-m· : fo0'} j f.C : 00fu,·1· : floaz.1'"f.fl:,:: ro· : '1' O l\,91-:;... : 1--P, J!, : I\� : fl ;1, : 1,; Pi I\:far: 1''i" {1Dhh;J-- il1 ::

:.r..

n�,,.,..� :

10·0 : tict:A :: et ilh {1D fu:,.: {It;t-:fro• :;:

fu:,.. =. ilt1·· = 1,1.e..arz..1� = .e'11t-t\ i f"IA: cll:;--49 : n,1,..,.. : n·fl : tWt,,!P:f.: 1,"f.:: : "" f:·? 7ro• i: m9°e_;:5!lfC: CilT: (''n:1--nntti1w•: i'1 'l,:J1C: f1\1�: Clt1·---'') ( If�?° = J!,u : i'tODP,_e,..0 : fl'?A�r : f,f•l\ffc; : 1 1,� - ruo1�c = cil•J--

t-n·

- 88 -

f,f ./l'J°:: /l'J°ltib : fl{l}«C{lt; : OD/;\{l : ODI\/A{l : (looh'i,LA 1 : 1', 1° :J!/\ f ' : 1 flfC: CilT: f',(ll(Dc: h1 .r·L: (l�.l\: f°IIA: ell:,.. : l\.lf"}: 1,:fl\A :: �tJ = �ti,-� = ''r,1,...nl:i-- = rir�- = ri,c?f : 001o,r..:f1'' = ...n:,: = f"toot\hT= ° «: 'J°C'J°C: itf,'iC :: : CilT : /A : f9 ill\ '.f-C'JOJ lftlJ'� ": --J 'J° { -- 1 : : f f-9° h"}fbtLIJ9° � , 1\mro• ; ''---hit.·1--V·A'f : (l{l,l--(lowtt;'I!: 9°�&.11= nr,:A = tT?t,:·1·•'J° = J,"'1(1>1 = { l&.f-o"}c; = nnt\ = 1--•11,1 = hl'hc-1··t• 1 fT°lt.o1 = frt1. 'f'Y:C"l'i: f?ujf'J°"}: ffl�'l\f, : OJlf,f--T : (loo-{\« j fi\il;r"}t; : f'P°I: h(Dct.:q9l l- 1: hlDt\° : m:i»i\.e, = °1 1i"l· : OOIJ•..fm.�'At\lD.. : U1C: (Dc{l'f': f"t110Jc: foo t,:,- ilt-1.. h'l°i\ = 1nf-A = f;,c:v··li = w.e'l', = f"�..nl:,.. = ilt:,.. = (ttoo-'iA •·'I:"} 52 fC) �m-:: '' ''f"�"Ol,,.1-- : ilt-1··'' (ttoo« 'i"A: •-f;"}fC) (l..'1A9°: 0001.o:,,. : l\J!,: f/\lD": flt\OD•fl.-1•�:,.. f°IA: 1',t\001f't-"}: t\CP/ltf-1·: (l..lJ'"} : OV•t\,f:: ootihA : 001Pl;J--'1!: IA�'IT: fi.'iC9°: ftlC:"}c;: fon"}�C: fell:,-: ilt,,y..�" ."}: .<'m:J>A 51

=·

{ltJCt;': flOD"} f-(:: fell:,..: ilt:i·•: llC: f it,c;f..: oo,n...Y..1--: frl•t\f�: ilt\lf'l-1 t\f-0:J! = 'h"}ODl'J°t�:i!'Pi\"}:: htLlJ : ,1\f-,: '1"}: l)•t\T: q>t;: 'Pt;: ',·1�-:£-1: OD"J' tf>il -1--1 n. = r, w· == ttAc:. = t,Ac:.. = fcJD"}f-c = fell:,-- = llt:i• = n.1�0:,--9° i n (l �f'O: (I)c{l'P: n..11 ..,:,..: 1--llti-,.�.f--: f°t:J""fOJ«: fHC: fell:,--: ilt:i--: ',ll}«:: 1,1-'t �' 1° = fttc = cil:,.. = ttAc:.. = ttAc:: = fl1�9"° i nttn/\ = ,,..,J.�-,; = nt1,0l/fl»1 = (Dcil"P= 53 c r 0..01-1:,..: -t{lti-,.(j:,,Y..: fOIJ..;1--f(D : fOD"}f-C: fCilT: lltT: ',U :: l)•i\rl--�9° ! fH C 1'i : foo"} f-C : CilT1 : fOIJ..f'PtJf-ro« : ODrPl:1--'I! : Ult-0: ODff"};,:,.. = fl\.O ,}'}° I ,r{\rf:9°: fouto+: iltT: '},,e.a;,,y.."f: OD:}-f;f·•: ft\'lrllJ«: {lJ'bC:,..�: m� l\f, = °llf T : rrf..&.Te = u ..n:,.. : o ...,../\.e9° = ,,.,..ilti,�..Y.. = O"'L:J"fro· = ''\10Dto:i• = 54 °f"IC: ,, it17tC: a;w« :: f,IJ: fUD�:,.. : :foic : ',aJc: Otbc:,..t.: (Dc{\1': 'lOl/..1 1'T1: fOD/oT: ilt·fT: noi1'1: t\ODlP,:,..: f°7.cfit-:f-llro::c

(u) il/\l·JC: CfIT 1 (jj) hODflJ� ! : iro• T 1'' : foi. l'P ro•{ : � · 'bC'1 Ol i v..it. : •"}T :J>ro . ll .. : :, u?lo : foo i1 'r� : }\"} .. l .. : ilt; :, fell : : f°IA -11 lh,,. : : ,,0:1 1-1:J--: o.e, : T C T1 .. + llt : : l:, : rc( ftl _e_(ID a; IJJ,: f,c;1&. /\--:: ilflH.U?°: ''--- (ftfC =) cil:t- ODrPl;r'l!: u lJ.,(l = °IA 'P = lf'i = fOIJ.:J--far = :J--th "}: (louooAh-1--: ,,O;r: (Llf"} : f,tJ9°: ilt:,..: 'P1;f..: it1f:: (lOJc: ll>J!,9"°: IL+: n-0 : (l(IJc: fA{lt..l0"1'1' : OD/oT: flODf1·1 : hODLPlrl--OJc'i": h1.r·L: 0?. 1\9'1: Ai: A�: aol,\n: flODf'tl: n,f../l<f'lDmlD« : O°IA�: frl--tD(t',: :,-c1--9°: T1:1-- = 001o..1::1 = n�nl{l}c = fcsi A = '1/\fL:,.. .,:,.. = 1,1�aonJ = :rtn = f ill.Pi'i A

51 · h1t.rar :2 52. tr,ar�"}{l : >.,;Y: , Uf/i ; ''tioo•'i"t\ : t\i�·: --t�fC : ti.i : i'i.rl•f·'l·f :'' '1.·l·�Tf u� = (lA�9° 1 ,,,..'l'c = 9. 11K" = rfI§-i:fI?i 11 11 53. '11-oA ; h�.e OU'/ll;rro'cf , '�'l'C : If = f�•m�i'llD' • 1K" 54. htt..rar ! 1?i" : A " 1

- 89-

�

...

: J.-0.llCaC

ffHlD- : {1,f" : t'l·O : tt'lt\11:.f.. : 55 lD.f.;>CV-7i', ,)• : irf•t\lDtn ::'' .eu : t\m•'r : f(11JflJ0:,..1 : u-�;J.. : (L.-;uc : 1,il"l;t : f"1-- �/r : f..�(l,. : >\1f.. ClfJ. }1,f··t\m· : J!,1Am· ;J--A :: ''f1f.• IIC : lDJ!, 'r : :� : auJ»Ir ,f.... : .it'l.,.,.. : 11i', "}�,: 9°ti1.r:,. : f,f· •', '1 : h1�- : (11J lo:,.. : J!, J!, ,.,A A�1: 9'-, (llD Ir 7i 'I�,.. 00•O;J·•:r-ar : .. -mJ!, 'I° : hflt. I\. L : t'l. (11JllI\:1!ro· = ,,f1 = OD 1o l : �tr cm m• = .eh 4-&.. ft..;:t,A :: 0 00 1..ODtf : fi1�- : f',OllD• : (11J/o:,• : h(11JJ»t•':f : i't (}1; : ftrf'UJ{\J;. : A� : G\ � : fHC : ,hl.°l : 1.1C1 61iJ,(:..1' : J!,hti-t.l\A fl0DP'/r1.· = i',Q,f: = fou1._ontf'l° : •I'm 1\7(.:f.. : rf•h',.. �n� : f',(ll,(D• : OD/o:,.. : (lODh;J"rf--A : (i\1..e.: i',il&..l\1.'1--I : : l\frf·� 56 t..l.01 :) t\irl"lDl\}!.1--: J!,h4,&.I\A ::'' i1..e.1ttJ9°: i\ft\: 'r1:,..: f1.e..": (lm•: f�n -f . : 11 ODt}hA 1,ftt% : - cf,/rC(ll : J!,h4- &.I\A :;: l.lD• = 001o:,. : --l'lDl\7(.:t: : Jtfl,f"ff; r:fm•'} : f,f._OD�•ff'/ t\

r l : : 'lt\CL."f• ',..• f � OD : )· : h°lA : 1 · '11 : (L. O··l•&.'re

o.t\-- :

(11-bC:'f•t,. : (D•fl'r : Of..;>lD· : tit;:A : f°t.1"f- : hCiltf'r':.f : f01/10�'C : [ �-{!� : ;J--t\cJ! : }',*'/° : f{f',(D• : 'h'}P, : (''---(llD•flffi• : flT'J..1•,;.:,.. : fJ-1 1.r.• : OCD•: / l --l'mt\:e._: : flf� : ;l·AA :,_, : f°lA : 11--1-- : (l( ':.}", : (L.tr� : i\1�a>·9° : fif·f..fro• : (l(J}• : il'l° : roi;J"OJq, : ',OJ• : ---'') 'h1 ,.e. : '115?.' : �0/b : f"2.�mc : ',m• : ,f·,n !l..t\ :: ''(n1i.c:,-t,. : ,n;�t\f, : °11·1:,. : (l)cit'r): 'P',•,;: : flf',lD• : roo1o:,.. : llt:1-. : o,.er,:,.. : tP/t\;I·'/° : tj::7..9° : flf',OJ· : (r111· : t'l11 : WJ!,'J° : ftlC : cit:i•) --- hh1 f �m- : ;JC : r,·f••>f•Pl. : OODlJ'�- : l,1�lD· : (ffLrf-c : 011 : {}� : fll 1'1°) {}'}.(!' : OJ11 : f,f•OJ(l',: c�fi/l. : ',OJ•: t\tP/t\:,.. : J!,;J:I\A :: fi\1?, : >t'lA : flJ'', : (lro•: &ft· ll°lt\ : llt\U,fl·)•',..-J: : OJ•il'r : flPJ.,,f(t,f--P.f."l..lD· : r,,c : cfl:,-- : t\.f,11 : J!:1...'1\/;\ :: lf'i9° : 1,'}.<;.u : ,,f ll.(D• : f°lt\'-1 : oo,o:,-- : 1,1,· : ,,.,..11t\ : f°2.10Drf--OJ· : h'}�lD· , ro•il'r : horz. 'i l.OJ• = 'r1:,.. : Of,1·•;J... : h--1'1"f ro• : f'llln.:,-r,:,.. : OD,fl:t· : �CD· :: �U'l° : J:ifl,r/t(l,fl : foot,:,--: hCtiC : flirl'•'l,..,.I : 1:f!'rC : OelJA'r : hon;J,r ..�9° : n�c I h1P,m•'} : hDllf(lirf-- l){l�.:,- : 9° h1,,f-f•':.)� : h1J:.. : ',(D• ::'' 57 0

J,'}P, : t'l.. 'lA : '',t·t\'P'P61!·'' flf', : '11C : ODlf"J-1 : .e·1',tl!l .A :: ''t,1f.: f h1?i : ---0°1A?t· : 'l"f\f, .-f-- : r;:t-- mcJ, : O..tr19° � ,(1,-J· : h'i�f.\'J.. �:f : llt\ft·1· : : h1�1�... : ·ttl. : o.t\'Pm'I' : fl(l•'i" : OOJ•flm•?° : 'lt\•:,-. : 11,,1-- : (lp 1�.. : {IIJlihA: t ft\tD·1 = t\�'1:,.. = OT/f1-- = ,,fPi'?:J--A ?"n1.r,1:?": n�\1'•�<n•: ro•ll'f' = hOIJ.11-�•: f1i•(lfl'f = ro•ll'r = T1:l!"Y•:1: = "t,l:01 : :,--1\.A;I, : ilfttr), : 1tD• :: OY'fl:,.. : m.e'J" ' Oi',t..1.. : 1•0J·t\f: : flfl/..flfV - : ,f·m1t,:1-- : (1,f· : 011 : (l{JIJ'l'lt\ : -t·'PtJ.<'.. ar : fion1·f1· : h1'1P,m• : cJJJ'f'tt� : ,,r n : WJ!..&.1--9' t,.(l-1 : f:J:/\ : 1,1?. : flO'J*<J:'f': ',

- 90-

. 58 "'L 7ih � . A i, : A -,ro : : f,'i t:: /\� '' lt'J ..(>_"' : 1,1Pa: }i:e_:"J.·: hn1·1◄ : ll.i.. : (lp"f, f : "' "" 1 l\f, : f .:f"ODV'l l = (Ltr"} : l1 ltt· : h�f\oi' : .eh4,&.A�.. : }if"}Pa"}?,.. ·: fllj:A: Of 0

� fr : {l 9

: OD ffi t-,. .-,..

: f,j!_ 'I°t-,. (;\ :: 59

: Jt1 'l·fl 1 (g ) il t\:l>t\:,-

(19°"}0Dl'/° t-,.:fw· = flfC = fCil:·), : iltT : OOIJ..1i,,'1:fro· = 4>(1/b?J'f : ro·ilT 0hC7i =OD&,:, .. = t\f, =fl\-= ov ...(1 ..f,1·"} =l\"'IOD&\.h:, .. : c"hlf(l• : fOl/.m4''1°'1:i: ro•"} .4'1\:,.. : h1ll-O'i' : :i..c1,'J° : }if·LU : l\f, : hi',"}'10.0J· : OIJ{l.-J,<pm;p : m:l'° t : ',OJ•::

0"19° = fOIJ.tfro""t-l�>· :J>A ''cil,,.t'' ftT'J.l\m• = 'lw· ''.eu'I° : :J>A : _ 6 ,,. : :,,A : fODflJ : ',OJ•:: 0-0tt·: ilni:, .. 'i : :, .. c1,'J°: ill\°t lfl+ : hOl/./\(l}•: h 1'1 = {ID 1o ..), =·1.. ..y.. = OD.r1-, 1 = (f oo 1o:, ..,. = .e ,, :J,1c; = q I\ :,. ·:,.1- =) f {JlJ I\ A==,, 60 nm:,,"": h'l;J1C'I°: fl.1,1 : ''---h"lA : {]{\(1,,,-,,.,:, .. : }t"}{l1-: ?,ilh : n.-1-- : (1•0: '1/\n.:,,-, :,.. : �--t.il : ..<'/\OJ·"}- : f 001o:, .. : '1/\n.:1.. -,:,..,,61 V-1\•: flJlJl\h:J'A : : O'J. il-tC : 'i'�l,\: f ..-t-Q/\· : J!t-.(1.. ''Cil,,.t'': fOl/ce ilro•: :l A''flfC:mf,'J°:f0,-1--:(lrr(l: Cit:, ..1- : , , f 01/..f OD t\ :,.. + ,,e.. c1° : f Ol/.1ll : fl.f {l <IDil Ir : h..y.. : ,.,'I°'1 f-o : f .,,,.. '1 fl·: .e.t-fl.. = °111 .eu = :i..n nA = Jtt\or>tr'J-1= .e 1A"1/\•=='':J>/\• = n{JlJ1o:,-- = ".e =ffl1= (]D-O•r : v.. fr : fOI/.f ODl\ti:,.. : i',m:1 1\f, : :l"IA : ',OJ• :: fOD•{lrf: : O,f,',;I.. : /Li\.e = o.&.A'? = .eu = :J"A = A = (IIJt\h = ,e1'1A ==''62

n ;,

n, .,

n :

n:,,�...

·r

ilflltU : c:il"C : .eoti : (fOD" } ,,e..c : Ci);'J ,) : hCilrf: : ?.A°t : (f°lt\'I! : Cll.,,1--) 'h'i: hCilt : 1'At: (hell:,..: ·,-..A:,..) f,l\fA. :: 'h1-F..: "1.,f.. : i'1'1°'lf 9°: "1.il+ lt(l-0: Cilt : f°tfODl\Tiirf'(lr: i',1-Y:: 00J": 0"'11-ti:OJ•'/° : O,_f,',,), : lJlJlo:, .. : • :: l\f, : .,('(\OJ«"} : "'1"}<;0J•"'}9°: OD•n:,,: ',OJ63 0

{l(l�fo : 1tro◄ t.� : lD·ilT : Cilt: "'II\:, .. : hO,""� : (lrr(l : f"f"OJl(l : mf,'J° : lt,e...r : q>;J : fr�h &./\ : lDf,'J° : l1"11C : frf'11--- m!!,'I° : 6&1\i1' : {JD"}-']'(!1 : 0°1 64 AOJ/1·· =f1"f tl =OD&, :,.. =ODtr'J-1 = 00111,..n =m:110"/. = ',ro• == {l"}0--il : h�A : b : lD·il'P = fm<l>il'i':f-OJ• : n,�,,n l : (l,nt� : ,,..,,,.e : "� : h�+� = {l;r : J!,l·fro• ; f°t ,,..:,..: (l?J1: • Cil+'1: (ll'lml\) mf,'I° = cll:,..'1 ;-- :,.. (0 1lrt ) 1"-0t\lD· : !!,mt-.lr :: fflC : lDf,'I° : f(l,irf' : (lrr(l : CilT : n °2.1�n:,... : (l>n

58.

59. 60.

61. 62.

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,"h,,; :,-= r{lt1 c = I\.onlf1= ,1.1--l\:• "° 1 t\..OD on""=roi":f I\- n :,. : '':,.. A:r = 35 (llD• : (Llf�'' 11:J! : ',a>· :: (lit'}P,'}�": F�l"'?J"f : W•il'r: t\UD/o1.' : O..f611' : lirA : 'l°ilhC : f°tlf�:,-- : <J:{l : },{ll\'/°'i" : 'lt\J,� : ,;:fw• :: fooQ;t,l'li9l:f. : V·l\rl! : (l9°{lhc'I:,-. : UD1"frl• : ''Oc{l:,• : "1·P,J!, : I\J!, : '}°'}'}'1 : q,,e., ..), : 'r:,,9° : f t\,I\TaJc1 ; ll.:J>rooo•1" : fOI/f,:J!IA : fi,w•',.-J,.'o/:f : 0?1:t:1 : f'J°iltic:'1,l· : 86 :J'A : ...'' t\°1"111.· : f\.flA : 'llD· ::

illltt.u=f(t,f--=011=ro,,e9°=r11c=rlf�1 cit:,..=fODif'r=,-..v,,,e=1--t-= �1C : 'hJ!,1'll'J° :: 1'1ClD11 t\ 7i{J,); : Of ODr� : t\..,,fh,,fll(D• : rorz.1 l}W• : :PIA : f°t f{lh:,'l\lD"'} : ffl"ffl.T : ,,e1',f·l!lA :: J!,IJ : AOI/Y: : tiJ·fODt;:,• : ll&.1.' : q{J;l;: fou lai: : 'll\O,r : J,'}f..�Ol : (L fil:J,w•il : ,,e'f t-lA :: :

(\q{J;l; : ttooP..":£·9° : f,f--f..l1·1.'1 : A� : fODhl\llf : lffo?Jl· : 7,tl.lJ : I\J!,: OD'?/\?t=,,e1 'lA tt1 = ro1!...'9°=h/bl\=v1c OOD'r?-=..li,,r{,f;}:1= /tf(I}c�' : f�l : 'h1f..lf', : ''(10IJ1«1ro,'}'1 : 1..l·L : ft -(l,'} : Cil:,.,, : 1111(� : 87 = f\f, fLf{lODA{l : f,'fl\A :: '11c="11'='h1f.."' , ''ro1Y:9°=01,,e'J° = r:1>c,n = 11oof:=flf'I: cll-t: : n..if 'P = (n11·cw·) n.:J--l(l'i"=o..l\D'/="h.ff=ta,,e.!11w 9°=r�l= 'h 1f.tr', : y,{l:,-. : '}ODT : til\t. : (l:\I\ : f"'iil{IDt\{\ : OD1):,, : i',J!, 'f l0r 9°::''88

== x· rt1·61J» .=

84. laili:i i hllf.. : 0"1il.+CD7t' : «11··'l'C : f; ' f,J-m-l>(la,,, i h1K" : ·ftt : 'f.'J°C: :: 85. hJl.fa,. :: 86. 'if.of,\ , lll\f.. : fioY/fl;J�ro7t' : ,,... ,,.c : IE = f·l·m<l'1'a,,, J 1fi = P. == 87. fo,t.r.. : l,\01/�'P. : /11°1 i hl\f.. : 001/il:J·· CD'i"t" : +--'l'C : J.% : f,f·m-l>(la,,, i ''fCil·t I .e,.1-(l:.f-'': hOIJ.l\a,,, = r 1t01J1,,. = 'l°till,J''f: n oi"m- : it c == J!,u 'I'' = ,,cll.:1• = o 'i'1". 1J = qoo➔: = "q" a.-t= 001 : 'i:KOI/. : .f:t..il'' ,, ''1,il h: 'l°: o.'1/.\ :,='' qoo : 'il.lJ '.f:: ''i',1 :: ff,\ ... f,:J g•: 1,};>1C: O°IA l\01/(\:,- : �a,. :: S8. httfw-- :s

=''

- 95 -

r1:,. : = OJ1f. : ouA.t, : fl), : r h.'Jf,: : fm·611' : om· : f(llJ&,•1:1 : f-,1•:J if. ,r -89 ti.1'1 : {1:-\t\ : {l{l{JD• : (l(llJ1flC : {lf,C.,'.'J : f{l>rf•: (l {l : Cil 1· : f(f',(1}«"} : llD ,, t la r -f : '1/\0.:,.. .,:,.. : /\.. f1:ti : 1:1•t\A : fl..'l/,\9° :;: i','Jf..' '1 !" : (l..{1 : i','lA : OllODc : -01 t = f 1 O D/o - n,ec,;1 = 1L.e11'i '1 �-nc: = n(JDti&.A = fttlJlJf-..1: .e>.·c7i = tr'l • ft 0 0 : : le i',,ef..i\.'J :: htl.U : flt,. :/• : } '} n,:,.. : f\..lf"} : }',f,:,}-..A'J :: f,lJ'J° : h1°1?i 'l" � , 1 ,1•.1ttilD' = rh.1�- : a,..,.. : 01 : t,'lA = ffl,--f• = fl-O = ell:,- = roi.e11ar ''n,..., , (lfl· '': (]l\OJ• : 09•fl--1•'i " : ftf.U'}u : (1,•I· : (J:fl : i't'll,\ : {lODlf� : ',ar :: ll t\tLu f{l,,J•: ( lr{l: C{l.-1•: ffff· : ( ltD•: f,f-1:J': hll,{\(D• :PfL'f': (l{l•:i't(}t\: fUCJ.01!\'}1: ° .:;: It.'ilm·9° : i',J!,-:j•l,\9° :: •9 f flm : : : t\f, : OD {1 1-- : flCll-1 .. 0 · 00 ,,, i\. ?.' A = A :, = r m-1 .e1flA == 7 f. {�., f P' ct: t-11 n m· arr r = tr'i9° = nno7o : 6J!>lP = 11 {1D--}.e.c : m·il'r = t,t\or>'iC = oeil.-"f· = i\J!, .rll 01>-n:,··} hilh 01Jtin1:,- : ff..Ctit\ :: 90 f,tJ119° : OOl/.cf''rt\OJ• : 1-0·il : m•il'r : 0(1 &.(&: 1,"}u0 {\h,f-'Pl\1 :: K"t\01/,C," : 9 1 Cll•l: : 92 noi17''1:t:m. : i't'}.�'} Y: : cf'fifl,?J:1.. : W·l lT : i',"}�·: illlY'l : r,t·'l/\: ilC'¼:, .. : (l.LJJ�{l:'f·: .e:J-- fl,\ :: i't"}J;.: q_e., .., .. �: '¼l\"1/(Dc ° v, = = n1· 1 .u9° OlJVJt,.:,, o.lf't = 'fl/ 1?J1: i','t .r: r-1,roo� = ,r;, 9 1 = ori f.l\f..lA ·z.. i-r. : 11flt. = n�.I\ = 'h1f..1'i = .ehti-&.l\lt• ,e u'J" : f0?.tr'lco• = Jt1.v,11,., = (19>:f: » h/l./\ :1�• : fU'l..flt\'1' : OlJq : f,f·f(I}• : {l.' l f. : (ft?°lJ.fl, : {1�1° : 'W"'J>) lDf, 19° : ''t\i',J;.il'' ,n.r'l! : �C7i : f\OD{lm:t- : hOl/."l)'o:,. : 0'/1\91":f-: OJ·il'l' : 0'Jq>tIJ:,-: (l.f {l&.f.\°l : (ll9°1Jlb : fl(l&--f-o) ',(1}11 :: (l\) lll\{llJ1 �C : Cll.-1· I ..,

n�t\. :

JrtODtlJm• I

''r{JD1 f..c = rcil"1·· = 'll\CL:,--�:,..,, if... ,.. f lt\ = roiz.m�(Dc = n1'bc,rt-- = m"ll'I'= >

f0'1.1 )'ro· : fUD/o:1- : iltr : cfl,t : ha'l.'lt\(D• : hlfC : ell,), : ilt:, .. : f{]Dll} : • • I "uolf ,. = f.t--n.? J --r r1•{1Dtiti.e = i'1 lt--1·1r:,.. = .eflfl1 fl· 93 .eu'J" Jrtil,t- <'f•1· = ,, ffL•I" : (lrfi : ell:,-, : <DJ!.. : UD'}J!..C : ell:,.. : OlJt\OJ'r : fOl/.:f.A : OD 1: 0 lf't 01/. "1 94 -flfl ;I. : fil\117o : 6/!>'P'i : fl(lt--f- : 95 fAOl/f.... : ,h"Jo1·· : f,f·Y.1&.. : �lD· ::

-· ---89. .eu = ·1•.Pi.e = ft\,/\.

�-,h,'i! = C()il : �m• == °ICcPJ = Fil\{b = ;,,cJ-tJ' ! i(l•ti··r7i1' = �'i,:' cf."'l.h. ' 1\.1�·: ;,,, e.c: 1't..:,·r·Tf1': h"lD• =(Iuftt: '¼ 'J°••<'t\;J•··f•oo r;, : ! ,ctJ: ·l•'J°tJC1·: (L1• i OOR . ,1,'i�1· = n.,-,. = ,ro1-11•n = o.:,-. ! r,,,,c;crri ce = ,:,�fl = Fil\{b = izric(l.--f: ==). ft\01° : t\OT/P,'f! : ,1,°I i 111\.,e : (lcPJll:J·m?\' : 4"'-'rC : "U : f,f•111•J>(l£D• l 1',11'� : Yl :1 'l! . h�f�d 6J.. •cp : l

- 96-:-

1,u = rilt,l· = nw•T = fTY-l1n:,-.1 q_e�+�: '¼i\°1 = n:1·ht1A = fl.(IIJ<1J:1,, flfltP/f,:J!A = °19°1·: Ooo{)m:,--: ,n:F = ouw(l"} = °If.."" = f,lf'i'A =� ().�c = 1'il,,tt= f,f--'11\1 �t,-.(l. ':I fUD"}f.C: rcll:,.. : {lt:,"": r,1--ioolw• : ''f(1,,..: ffODf:: {lOI]. , ..,.. y : f: ... �"} �· '' : ()..tr a;ro-:;: : OOIJ�l'f: t\tll/m1h t\Ul/f:l°l h1J;.'iC9": ,,, : :,-1 = s ,,. 'PA:: f,IJ9°: 0 00"} �C: fCil·)·: {lt,),.: m•il'l': t\C{lirf,'1;t-,),: fT :, (l'l' • : � f ° -- mn )-r r = ftf: (JPir(l l- . :1 o , "}: 9 h1' .r:,.: f01J..f{ll.V, : f,OD{ll\A :: hi.V.;J"JOTJ.: rf' : (l,,fl : ,..� fCJT.J.t\aJ•'J° .. {lt:, : fell:,: :J-,r .. l 'f : l {lflll : Cit oo"}f.C f h(1 : : lf mf.,'J° = ht1c = rcri:,.. = ilt:i• = t\00001-m..,: = it'Jf: = �,.,:i<;: = J!.,tr'i'A f.,IJ"}: f(L�C: i',il··f:�"}: itilrl" ,,rr:,..: 1,"}f.: itmj>,1\f,: OD''Ji\66],: t,Y.--c·1° 1 ::01c it"}J.':: 1,1:,,1f .:,,: "11\. 1 Y, iro-9°: i','Jf.,: fl6f.': OT//\ f\{/D<l>OA: foY...fil1 ·l· 9°: flJD"}.e..c : rf•rol\:'(-: .fA.lf�: (tro• i hou;y_�.: ell:,..: ,.,.. 1n. : f:Cif<Ir"}: ! "} : OD : ,)c,·{l ;J-- ro•{l : roo; ,e..c : fcll:l"' : ilt:,..: i',!l:9° : flfa;m-"} : :J /\· il.f11 01 f O·fl1: /m1l1.;..: •1,.Prf,: fl;J"•: �,1.�ll,t\ar: hi"Jijlfflt\1:: 7,C t)°'l;t: f{l."I': "1'r: O()..�C: i'til..l:).. : i',1,'J°C : ro•ilT: f�Olro•: n:,,cn·: it1.V.1f...": a0 "}f.C 1· = ro·il'l' = .e'i� = r�n�. 11ao.v,qo-:,: = nil?°'J°a;,)·· = J?,,1,.v,.e.�n:1- = r�nlm-; . .ffL"r = (l (1 = ell:, : flt,).. = ror:..ao1,�c = fell:,.. = {lt:,.. = rilrom-1"' = }m• htLU= l\f, = lt1m�(lar = flP/C."A&.. .w· = i't.llJl\...r'f:f. = 1bc:,--1,-.1 : .e11r: na;n1.n:1- = 1...tt = -= r�n�:iy,1·�: O"lffi: ,n•{lT ft,1�,,� = 1 = <J>Ofl, = llt,f,1· = w.e. , OD'JF.c = · 97 1,1'1-'tlJ : faoj!oot.,<'?1:(:: ()?1:f : fl'IC1 : fCfl1': flt,r: filrom-:,-1: �lD-:: fcri:,- = iltt« = ro� = ao,�c = rcil1--: ilt:i• = n.l\w•m,1-- = r-;nt--:,:ro- = '-¼i\°1 = 9°1: h1f.. �Ol: '1,,e;,w:l>9° : fao"},,e.c : f ao&,:,.. = flt:i-- = i'tlJ,'J = f9°1ool9°t- .. ..: oolf�: °IAT: �tir:: far: f111l: (t..(lJt...: h�h->1': 'P�� = f(lt,lm: '-¼.e.� 1 . g/ fll\hCi1 : oo&, ..y..7(-: f 1'th",-.&...A : FC'¼:,"''i : '?t\ : ft0·9° : 01\,,C':fro·: i\f,: ilt\i\lD' : f 01J,fl1· : q�a;,,y..':.f, 1 :

f ootit.. A: 0Dirfi1": 'lt\rW•: o.91:f· : aotihA: f'PJ.t.ioua,."}: fl,cil': OD 1o:1- : fOT/�i\F.A: ilC'-}"f""}: fOT/.flJA: itilf.'icf! : a;1c: 9°'i'A '11" : i',f,'rC : f,IJ'C,'A:: 9°'ifA'l,)--: htLIJ: Of"LtLro• : hOTJ...e.l1w·: foo&,:,..: °1h4- t.. A: ilC q:,- : .enA'I' : f''it"}�, a;:,--1'' : {loY,1•: f01/..1A1'' : a;1c : itf,'1C9° :: fl\�1°: 6V''P1: A"'l�'l! : auuut,f : OOl/f...'l'? : f,IJ"}: FC'-};t-: <l>'r/\.1: 1,'i'ill� fl"} :: fao"}f_�"}: aot,:,.. : (\OD"}f.lirf..?r:f: : fOl/h4-Lf\-c: rf"OJ(]C: fOl/..h'i'lD�ro:: hf ;�,�-: '11/Cct:1, : (�.,. ...(l,fl): O+lD'IIJm« : Ohf:fl:l": Jtq>cf! = 7i°7'?tb?'i': 98 Q.lf"} : roiz.or{JD«:,.. : f"'J.ODlm• :i--9°: nau,�� : �� : �(D• 7i.°1'11\,?1;6 : r�f\-c:: .. ... fh�a :f!(Dc1: '?<lt , : tlv-ft.,l0-� ra .. 1: , ..h�t\lD•: .

,n°l :

- 97 -

-- : 0· 1 1 � ' f : 0<RJ ?'1C · : .<',.. : " l"lD 1 °i ) : ?J:1 "lt tt f � ' : ( : ·1.1\t:: (D•ll'r : t'ID&,;l .. :f01Jti& .t,\: ov,o,1·: ,,fl\:fro·'} : ()?J:I": OD{\f,t·'i: hf·LU: 0fu•l·?D: o · k lD : · Wf (lm ·1 U•h : • f . : e ·� : -cz.1 . : 1 . ,1• D&, : lf · ti.e llD U � : ...,. 1 n. : OD•fi� : 9°,..}'l',: 1\1,v,_eot11lD·: {ITIY:l°I: ',<D·:: . . : l : ) ( ro ° f,'I /4- : 'lt\ : i', 'l;J1C i't!l:C:: U•l\'l·�:m : n£i:A : i',!��: (tn'l'l! 9 OD/.:,•)" : f ( ou&,1·: ,n'14!:) ,f ,:fl(\ �mt-A := : n�f : h00f..l7- : nt.. :1, : �u : _ : f(JD'}.�?-, : Ol/ti?l·J·· : (ltJDct\� : fl,J!T'"rt;" : F'C : 001/ fi',il ...z ..,V.�C : ti�A: 0- .. �1 f.:ld/ : u--a:1, : '11�:1--1- : ,e&.?t<PflA:: l,1f-�:: ''ao,n()fi,t.e: ''fJ,Ctf: oufu :.l . 1',: rn.:i, : ODJ»t,,r : (l;J--9':f"} : t\f.,•f-- : OJ/{l�Uo'I' i uz:»m(}flcl!f : f},(:q· : UlJ/o:,. : oucf,tmm•9 l): f09/orf:: n�f: \1--l·h'."OJ�: (l:\l\ : t\OJ/..U0m·: fOD'},l',.?, : 'l'Pt?11 ·: o.. lf'} : t\,l\ : n�f : ,,{lh.f..l"l : �"lll : f{ID&,,,-- ·: ·a·0JC : ,,1.c;,e1,ru7��(Dc : flUCJ ..V..."l•-JJ =�m· u•l\rf·f9° f(JIJ1f..?-1 r,,cif1· = UD&>:,.. fl'PJ ti 001/ti i\tY. 100 101 "' : : 11f }P,"}.';:} : l'J, = nuiz.ht.ttm· : (a<D• : ,f?,rC : 001/hti--&.:A lJtTJ },J?rom• 01 1 ti : 0''1 : fl mai h ,7. oro· : lPJ�A: � ro· :: fJ·I.U?1' : f07l) : ffl/111,&.A: {l'J° : 'PCf� : (,1,,1\--1''1 : 1•C'},{JD• : 0/(JD;J,) : fi.. ll'1:f01i.&.. 1._0D(D•'J°: flfil'J°'J--1:: °.,OD:,,. : }t"}f..": ·1.1·1,: -,ro. :: ''nct:.rm-: Oril ° . : : i11f•- -f.:'J° : 1n1o!P7f".. : f1,C7f : 011�;--:1:w,'} .. "}:, OD&_.?.'}" : llllfl;I l}uo:, .. I 9 9° nnr:1.1'1: l\.Ol/f.\°1:,.. : fll9 °1;1.. : qov:1.. : 1,lt : f,Oj>:f'f'Afi" : ',ro• ::'' 102 �1C : ,.. d} } : lllf.. U : f}-,(l : ·z.. 1-1. : "I/h'i�&.A : --1· 1(1. : h..ef... t\'J° I 9°ti1f,f:9" : n,f}Jf• , l Y:' l� = r,,.. ,-,_�'Jf. OIJti?11· = n(la,,;::1: = tLo,n• = {ll\nt:ftt� = 'Im· 10&,ro· = ''r 11 .. f},c'il· : aut,.-f:: 1: n.Ol/18;,�::,.. : 1,,>t"f-- A: 'Pf.f.:� VOJJ. t:;oo•: 1.1-1.: lt,..<'t.\',:{l;i'' 103 &.inz,ro• = h'l,111\ =Ii= },ilh: �,l1dL: ?!•fi: fll\a>·: 1.1·1.: ro·ll'P: -,ro.. ::'' 1\11.. 0 = h�,r = n°LPl:I· ftr'lm· : ;hdJ = .-),.�t-,.:1-=m-1 = Ol\. 1° : 61!'£J> : t* •nY: : tfl/'1 : f'l�:fl-c i 'l 01lf\lD• : .,,n, :: �U9° : ,71' 1 : 0.-1--tt.e: ,,-.&. �P.(J[J• : 0?1:1: : ?to:r1:, :,. fn ro· = n m·"V� = o 91:-f l\,,e, -n;: ., m· l,1°1-�tJ : t,1$.': : fm·6£b : nm• : (l}','}�· : OD'}S!(:: lD·il'r : (\OD*!f:9°, fl,. t\"l 1\1,e.tr1 : n{JD:�ODtf: OD ft.r :f°tlf.,OJ•: 1o)'l: t\t-t), : dDp-'t, .•l·: ,,ft

fUD�e._UDl,.flD•

-�

�

- ·•-----

- 98 -

-: rm-� : (lro•: Oit1.�- : o0; f..c : m•{ltp: S:t: tr'i: '',t-!I:+. tJ � i'1"} = {ll\t L rf",flf\v: rorz.1oo"f"W•: hltU: n&..:I..: },,�,,.1--'ll\m·: ''/\t.(l•: a.:,... : {loop A a:L • ,h --.:• () • 11 \. _ o o A au •• I 04 o fl � ;1! {1 • � . � ,, {lOD{ln1.:, ?J,, .. : P'AllJ"} :: l lb ...,- : ODP't,,,. : {l;:., ll,,'v.'-.(17 •• ;,, • v"I-. .. , : i1i\ :,:£?· : Y' il "r' : 7i 0'1 °1 lb9'1.,_ : &. :J, -�-- : °1 "Ii" ,,.t: : ,,n;f. : ti ,,e If 1 : (>,', 1·1.lJ9° : "'li°'I 4Jll,9' ,,f = t1 00 1 = "h,,P l\&.. -= (l ..'l.r: = r:,,1-10· = ,:P-'Pc = 0°1�1• = rw-611> = (l9l:f"} = • f{JIJcf,flA : 'i�l\ "'1° ;J-- :Pw• : 1, "l'c/1 '1 'lY.,A :: )'' 105 O�l-�01/ t9° : i', "}�- : (lm• : "h(J)•', rf'"; : UD"},,C!._t.,,f-<;: : lf'i: OD"}7•;,.. : i'tl\{17•:: ''fli',"}�: OD"}J!C: lD•{ltp: S:6: lf'i: 00**9°: 01Jft,) -- :: �lf..: wc,f-.: /\_tp1:f!:,.: 1.. f·L: "n:F: hwc{l11r: OD1:1'0D'J': h�f.. {\'}° :: hl·L,,r : uot;>cc; : OD'}f,.t,.rf.. t1 : fOIJ..mn:,,n:, .. ,9° :: U•/\- :: oo&.i9"° : f,1'1A :: ,:f' fit;�... = (1lJ;Y-l ,,.,.. c;: = ., ;� = (111" ,,_1, cfl:,.. = = (l OJ• = "7. fl :,.. hoo1�c?· = , 19° : hffOD P..;e : l..fJ'f: : ti;J.. 1�: noo;f..?,..: OD(D•llJ;l.. : ft\ q,,-)--9°:, 106 �� : me

=''

r,,_,.. n /\

Yv:r

: "I : it/\ IP/ti nc : n'PCfPi : P'C'¼,).. : 1..lt : nrf-t"t&.1\-:,.. :: CTI/ ti : eu,19° .. /\,e: r--1-- 1,"} : OIJ;{l..)• : 1,llh : 01Jtil1J•1"" : f�Cti A :: 107

il.*

tL"lfc. = i-tlltt = 1,1f..1t\m-,l· = ''f°'l6hi\f, : i',Ar:,.. = (rro·6Ih: ,,91:.-,: =) 9° = nllJ 9° = i'l. i1 .e..c; ,:f! = ., (I)« - - - == /\ ..n ,.,. = :,, w•A.e: = .r u A = n i'l.,�-- = OD;..e.c

{I}c(l'r: f'. .t,..,; : l\.-Oli• : tfoot;,)·9°: ftJA : fCq : ODfu" ), : .r tf• : '/OJ•6Ih : (l?Jl· : c;:f{Ir :� ?fiT£D• "}: hC{1,f-'q>':'}",. : (01/l\7•9° : fLrf,(lfl;rTlD• : (}(\(:((,f'1: : h�{l?, : fl9l:f) : ;JC : 111Y: : itS,.'C1(JJc : 1,f,19°,,.,:9° :: ---h·Ol·f• : OO•f: qoo;--:,,. : n� 108 : : :: boo'}� : : : },iltt : ,eu; : i\� j\'}l). ?, (1rf•ilf i',s:s:c : f,lf(D• .e1'1/\ '' 1).q1�.. : f,t-'1/\--1• : ''flJJclif!' : (l9'1'.._,, {loo "}.�?- : 1--�r·'f : i\f, : foot'l;l,. : P't\ llJ1: h1f..lbi\T(l)«: t\01/0DAh,r: ',OJ•:: OOtJ"},:J,}--: fl\,t\O•)': (\,fitt•: 7'lD•t\f.": fl0D1f...?-: llrfl'I' : ftf l : ''fOJc6Lh : (l(D« :'' A:� : 1'1� 1: l\.C'la.. : (101/.,lJ'"} : tPJti: i ll°1'? 'T : 1,fltf>.�qo : t--fl.., : foo,..C!..?- : �-'11t : '1..�'C.1° : OIJ'J:'J:9°: 1,,,,e..aifil &..A 1lD" : �ar :: . f,U : roo!f:!lf'J° : "lfv:r : "11 : IP/ti : l\CJT/"11';1.. : J,lXl; : fiootr'} : t\..cJ:1Cfi• : 0 DI/.. :f./\.-- : 0u--tt ,,.f-cc;:lD4 : ti �A : ro•il'P : 0"7..1� : 011I\:,..� : 0:PCfl· : f,,-J•;J « 109 ° fOD1f..?-: Cilrf·�:f: m;p.":f = IAlf.,'f = i\f, = ,,.,..t.1'°t = i',f,tr,9 fi'l.'l·f, 0

n :

104. IPJ?,4 Tflll : U?Cf'J° : p"}(i{L.ec,7i1' : )'.�: �t.°ICP/,.1':,•f: : trt\,�.1-°lll = i'1..1-: P"'l.OJ •'it\ = ,f:'} fc = 1.,cyri: (ID f.ti- r .rA:J·•,,:{TIJ i "''�U?'l! J?,l\ Ft\fl. = i�oco..-1: i fm'? = i:t·9°uc:,... = n.•1· O.rr: 00�,-,,�:1.: on111•tl : LL:l·) : : 105. h'i.e.,A 1 ht\f,: ncrr,ri;rw?f , +--'rC: Ir: h-i•m«J,nw· i 1g-: I: :ic: fw�-�-�t\ :: 106. fft-1u: 6JJ''P: AU?�'l!: ;1,°I : ht\f,: OU?ll:J·wt1·: 'IY·'PC: i!-1 : fTmtf,,)ll)◄ i',1-1,g-: I� =• I 07. hrt.e w. :i I 08. J'til,t� = t11&.e: ncrr,ri;:1�w?f r «l''•lfC = t = f·f"m«f'(lll)◄ = h"i�" = 1tt-1§ == 109. ,,1,1J.. = m'I J.� = A°J!.._ 1 .. 0,...,,. nn· = f,f•/\f: f&-n•1- = LL·l· = (l11 , n01J•<'* • �9°n:t- 1 1.,i = dl/ll 1 f.,(ln1 <J>t\ :: �':J'(D 'f'{l:,• : 7iarJ°lll,9'":i·: 00'/.."J '):n:,-: fA�:: fl,,� · = (l(l .-f• : l\°:**oY.� (D◄ . ,.,,,, • /;\dl/ , . hill\ fOl/.tr }a>•"} : .enm•:J·l,\ ! (.fJ!. c•1•l\:J·A):� hOIJ. l\OJ• : ;J� : ;('(DP,-�-':�.,: � 4 « : �<I! ,.-,,'? = hi\f, : ncrr,ri:J·m?f: «f?'PC , ':Ill. 1 f,f·111 1,nw•: 1'} '7' · �!:�� ·

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:,::rro•: '' OD ** ?°'' : l\h',C(l•9°: n,f! : [J 'lj : 01...1� : f,O D{l/).fA.�: I IO lllll-J.lJ� : (ll > •" : rf'l\0.o ' : f., 7:, /°1• :: ft 7 -:; 9 :: OT/ti l\f_, ' fW ,)--: Cfl • ( : : 4r: lt �{l -r: 1 1' \1UD'}f. 61. -- : , r . .. : ll:, f �'iC(};r' PA:: ' : () "'IOJ orz. 11'/ti : t\01/"11 ;1 : 7,'}J;.t 91:f.9°: 0?11: ◄ :r .. : m'}�- : IAJ..·1--c; : : 1,"} !! ro l\ ,f--m 1-.f : f (I,:,.. : /;\»y: : m1 p..:1: : A1-,1--'i rf--tJJ/\7!:-J!;f!ar : u,•tt- : (lOD '}f.C : lD"ll'I' : ','Pt : (lUDIJ''} : ''h◄ :!l?{ID•:'' tIDlf'i:t: ar'} : i\1-1.u : /\.e : UD'f''i 'll : _e1(}/;\ :: i11 'PCfP, : f l◄f.l'? : UDUDtf<D·: ''},n◄/,\ 'IT :'' 1,'}�: : hi't..pljOll: flll/:1·}·m• : u,,n:,-c,·: ,fl&\K-"l'i: 'itf.,f.t\'r ''O'lti-O = l1f.' = 1,h·tA = fll''I = (fcil1-- =) ouhti. &./;\ : i\'}>},LfC: t\(11/�'l°I : foP1f.4r: 01/ll: U·ir: 'h'}f.: t\9 °'1--l: : (lq,er,:,.: fi'} j!,',•f: : rf--o"}O'f : j!,tWf_ (}f,\ :: (11}1j;f• : (10lJ..1P&,.(1:'J" : {l', : P'C°i;f.. : {/DfJ.J/..•)• � �il:,- : q,er,:,. : fOD /o;I.. : t,UDP,f.-0 : 1,'i'1'1t\1 f (t\'1° 1 il'l°: m�C.- : ,n�) 6flJ 'J° : ftJrJ.OJlfJW• : t\,,(l'}P,1,t;.. : fUD/o:'f' : °if.,'i:'J' : fi I}''} : 1fi/o(D•'J° : hf�,e�,t. : :: :,1 12 i,.'}P,'}_('_• : O'/{) : ,ecf1flf\/;\ ,eu = nr1..tLm· rorlf-.l1m· rcll,)-- 11'/h'i,&.tA ,v-,cq:,.. = rcll:'f -- "iif61}>'}: 113 '11C: "'11 : fou'}f..C: 'h"}J!..Ol/.f'?Y,.·: 111-1.IJ: (14'f..'J°: ,f ..1/,\&_/;\ :: C{):,. : t\. 7f'P: it,e·:f•f.\ 9° : ,fl t\� : h OD 'i' 'l C: f,A;,, : 'P'J .,1.. : h ll &.I\."L: If'i: ilt\A ..,--1·-; : f OD/o:,, : n.,,f"P.' : ,,f,;,m;,,'J° 1 ,,nt\� : UD£,•14r : :,.. nhA : .eiJDfll\f,\ 114 lJ''f?° m,1o:,. = Oh.t--.e t\... o'P = lJD:f.t\·1 UD01tt1.-- = fll&.tA;JtA t\'l°tilb'l° = h'}Jt:1-. : h00 1�C : Cll1· : I\J!,, : _f..-- Cq : frf•cJ,nt\1·· : (I,:,..: 115 t-�- : t\ 07lil: 116 0 0/o l\t\tD· : (lro· : 0\1.t..,e : i',lll,\/4.. : A1·fl'I': '11•:1·•/A : :'' llt\ ''1·•A01--C.-:

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�/ {l�JIJ"}1f..:}-..: (1{11--: UDP'tf : fl;J._?J•,,1••',' : (\(TlJ(O(}ficf!f : (1,f•W(I�: {TlJ/o ,y..:-,: : l\f, : lll\t\W•: UD-(1:,.. :: f(lt,.� : t\.tJI/P,'f!: ,'h"'I : 1,1�0TJ.ff..C" l0>": ll.. 1\-- : 117 ft\. 1° : 6/!''P: &\OT/ ?.'£ ,1,'?'1° 118 r:1·1\A:,, UD"J1P..:1-1: (UD'}'J_f.... : J-tc,n°i): ll"i':,.. : mll'f = f!,t'r

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"' J;J/A :: 00 11f--1'1 :· noi1 q : /\ODf1·1'i : t\ODm11 : ....,l\&.91:,i : OD"} f..l....l''f:f: : ,,,1:1:: {llf�9° : fro•"I!-: (lro- �: lf'l : 001.e..1....,,�: tl.m<f>9° 'l:fm•: ,_,1..1\A ::119 '1t\�1-> : 6f!>'P : ��T : ao"}1f-. ..-f"} : "?l.il : *'r'1 : �''J;JV..:f"} : OJf.,"}9° : '?'J.';.I\ :91:f-1 : {10D'J1P..�r: l\.e, : Ol/{lcf>aorp: W'JlA: ',LD4 :: 1 20

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= ODP'1,,-..:,.. c; = q fl f1:, ..9° = oPtf'}: itil& ..1\1. = 000tr� : a,...f..1'1'i : DDP'l,f: fl;r9l·:f•'J: fon�"l,n?-: 1--P,f., : 1 :.1-.. : : CilT nwz. 17''1:1:ro, O : cJ,Ot\, ? "}f..C : OJ• ilT: htj:-i'�: (l:J---: f t\W•: ',CD•:: f D h{ID 1

{lt\J·f.,lJ9° : ft\"01n : 61!-'P : t\.lPJP,'P. : ;fl'? : ill\ : (L:,, : ODJP/,f : fl:J--?J':-f: }\cpdlJUU'f' : t\{'(lm.. : ilt\0'1.(l((lW" : fl:J" : Ah : ill\ : itOTJ'l]f., : fro(l"} : h'P�1· t flt\ f1 :,.. = m·Cil'i = ilt\ = m:,, I\ i\ m• : fa.··f·�--- : TI\'J: (ltj..: fit- = f..1 fl:.1--1 : f.,,, : : O�\I\ : OD"}•J�": OD 'iC: i',t\n:,, ::''121 1,1 �A :: ''llil�il•1' : ao.e..P, : (l>.y.:f . Jt{l�l\1.W •"} : &....<J>.r..· : '111'1: Oit'J�': OD'Jf.C: l1Jcil'f': a,:,...: f(ll,,-.. : rm• 6fJ': (lOJc : OD<J>6'% : h�t\"O : h1'•�,t\1' : f.,1J!.P,t\. :: '11C : OJ"} : (l,rf:"} I flPl,,-..(Dc : t.J'.. e:= ..,.. ,,,11� = tiira; = nc:il.,... .«1;-- :,... = h'J-'tl\:,, = (l,1f.Y:- =- '1--1: = f-i•1P1,,-..n:,--1 = fll Jt-: fi1'J• 1<;.-."} : h'J�:,-- : .e,.. : I\OD-t,,'l:: ao .. o:,, : ht\lD• :: &..:l'�: '1Y1�: {1�.. lP(:•f: CD ,,e"t'l° : {11,,-..{l«: &.,,�>Y;: Wf..t\,t\: 001.e.c: t\ODl fWC: &.A'J: flf',: 7,1 122 f .e.f 'l: f"lt--: UT/1�- : 1-i'J�T: t\Cil,,.,...'1:J--:,.. : +{IDl\1i: f.,tft;A. :: fit() ,J:'J : n,:,... : fWZ.roc(lro-: A;e; : haolautf'P : OIJ.il:,.. : f,,..mt\..e..ro• : ',ro• ''9°h1..f+-9° : nn,..-,:: P't.. : ,,..titi--,.e: flf'l-:f--w«: rau;. aot,f: 01/.il:,..: ilt\lf'l:f..: hLrll--t-�<r : OI/.il;t- : f,,..rot\f,.ro• : IA;(: : "ot;,f: : f At\ti--1"fiT1 : 1,'J-'tf"l� : 123 ', °1.�l.°l : +1fi. : ill\/Alf� : (De ::''

: (l;J" : rai.r,·,.:,.. : it.-til : frf•;,n· : OD•7i�:.f : t\f1T : ODJPl,f : fOl/.lf ... } n<JDm(]fi<f!..f : llr,..<f>ODffi(J}c : uot,:,, : (l..lf'} : nro•ilm-9°: fCif : l/Dt,:,- : /\(JD"} -: YIA:J f.t\ : fn,:,, : ODJPl,f : {l;r'i : t\itf."} : f+ht\t\ : l/D/.,T : �e.l+7r1' .e,1�n:l"A :: n 'lt\cfl,,--��:f. = &..:l',: = nro•6Ih = (l?J:f = 'hJ!:' = nh..t-,,e OD/Ati f°t17ro•, : uot,:,.. : 11.. t,.,.e : ao '}f. l...,..7f:t: : fauhti,&..t\ : ao--n:,.. : itI\:fa,« :: n1·mD?t9° : 'PCf� = h. ..,..11,;ro� = 0:.\/\ : roioum.. = it'lflo:.f = t\00 m'lnt.r = 124 ! « h--t-cf>UDmro« : aot,:,. : W•il'f': fCq: UT/ '1: fau<f>OIA : OD•n:,. : itl\1 ro

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g/ Or>fCCj: (l1''J(J;l,T: l\.e : ill\t\lD•: au,n:,.. I {l(l�fo : 1D4h'P : ''r>fC : },9°1 : T:t>9°: l\.f, : h1f.°tlD·t\t;: 9°1 : 'h'J�OI/.. 1'l°l: fOIJ..ro(l',llr : nfuo'},,e.. � : (ro..e19°:) ilt\ao'}f.�: IY'lw«: n�.. w?- = (l?J1-- = 125 �(De ::'' ntt1-,q1Y: : fao'}f..C: cil:,..: ODIJ..•1'1'1:fro«: <�Ot\,?1:f: m·il'P :;: hlflJ

119. hllfm-- :: 120. htt.fm-- I }',14'?; 1 Ii :s · 121. htt4flD4 I J-.14'?; I !.1' :: 122. hllfm-- a 1 23. htt..rm- I J-,1 c�1; : J.i :i -- I ?!'1 11 c "' 11j lm l'{ f•m f I ji 124. l't9°'lfu : tltJ.Cfll : hl\f, = fllJT/{l�mif I +vrc I 00 1\h--ll • . "' "'i • 7i1 (11 ''"1 f a m 4'fl f·m : f J.?t I 125. f{)&-f.. : /.\"1Pi'P. 1 ,-,,-, : lllt_.e. : OOl/ll�m'tf 1 +--'l'C f..1(ll• ='' 067.,i\lD4 , P'C :S - 101 -

: :: 11: .. A i t\ ari 1 Dti {lO : i : f ';; .. ? · l:J· . : (l/4 ·)'... : ( oci ,& � r ..1 : 1 �� : :f\(Dc 't,J : f .. : 'lt\ <i l OD l { h .. f ,,t; '' c .. "& " ' '"'', :' -h/l hl\. 1-: O.lf1: •flfj•(J)•"}: 1.t·L: ''r nh,,(l..f•:1�- :

(O•fiJ,b :

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0 =· Y-. .. a,, , • I\ & aJ r :.1: ... = -� .:f .. nri r � 1 ;. 1, v-, 1,c 1 e " 1".. , � n,,tt.. u f°1 ,n7i {}1Jilti h,,fl ,f-- 1"..: •O:r : oo(fc;·:1:,0, : °1 /;\ '1' : ', ro· :: r11c9n: If', : fOD1f..C: cil:r : n°t1J--'1;1:m.. : .:J,{lt\, : U•ft· : Jf(::.:1--: Ou,n:1L .. 1 ,,n = ...,. n l:,,y.." :1:'PA :: 11 c;:1: : :1: r (/D,,.,..,v,.e..t..,,<' ro = r.-0:r n <j::f.\ {JDJ!" o ro-- fl «1/\.U•fl;i,.',;:J··:Pro·: f°!A : lDf.,'l°: f;JCf·7i : ',OJ• I i',1f.: : (Im· : t\1\C7i': ht -au f..nn:,,.: 01tim· l\,e: ro,e'l° = noi<:en:,.. itli'ltl.. = i:1� = t\... ,1 ,.nA f.,1..1\t\ in•, 4·•lf° : l\f.,: 'i�?.-lf° : ov,n:,- : J!,'il'PA :: il/\.J-LlJ?"°: 1-1�-? : ,:f,CfO: il&...:f1f-.a>•: OtJcp '" AC. : h.llTJ1"9°: (l?J":j,: 1,1-P,f.,'lh·:,..: flODh t\hA : J!,-:fl\A :: .

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_ 1'1'1-tU: bl\,,e: 000 l00 c'i•:fro• : (lct:lro•: {1},C'lf : ·noirf--P,f.,.� : f,.,..fll: ,(l-Oit•: h�i\.,:f: w«il'I' : Ol/19° : (lw•: f.'Cifro--: flf'llD•1: fHC: ro,,e'J° : foo ,�c: CilT: f"!..fC(lfD•: Ot--(l• : ODvtl,f: ',a>•:: it.1P.1fo: °11 : {l/\,1\(J}c: foo 1"1P''f:: ,,.,.,,1.. : h�A: "n.1f..�.f..l1(J}c: l}•i\--: 1,Cif : i'tt;t1P, : Wf-9° : lD·«f!f: 1 (L,e.ciln:,.. : f nlfL..-f--:,i1t; : foo'}f..lrf·'l,n:f.1: 7,CP,;J... : n.e.. n : ODA.TI : ODmf<f!: 1'1?,4'C9° :: 133 . . f111l: (1"(11',. : itQl\�:.f· : (lft,i\o1: : f,;,t,.: oo&,,Y,.l·: q_e.',:,W : "'ll\:,..: {loo 11?-"f: fi{l,T: OD p-'l,f: fl;r?J"f: fltiliJ.t}?J:.f: },<;: (10J(Jl'7i : l\,,e: fl\:flD•" ) : OD-0-r : ODC'J°l'.'A I tif...l°l'IW·9° : 9° Coo� : ff(lm.: i'tm:P4>9°: ''f"lA. oulf�1 : .-J:c11llfi'.A ::

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htLtJ : fit..T : "n.1f..,J:c1i\mOJ•: bl\f,: (lODlODC'i'rW•: rncil:1,c;1: '/f.,"'1 'iT : noiz..hrf'� : f,.,,fll : (1111',.: n�i\ 1-- : (JJc{l'I' : ''J-t'lt\o:f.: (10Dta:1..: (Lm <f>tJDc = n,;,cr-7i = 'lw«'' = f°tA = rrf,titirf-- = i't.fl,1--,r:,- ,,rl\rro· = (l?J'f r,.,,nl = ll111t..1: foot, ..), : iltT : f\OD°ll\'I' : bOl/..1i\1/\-'l;f!(JJc: ilf�?J·:,:: ''tioo•c;A: 1o,:'l° fOl/..i\lD' = ,,e11n:rA == --- ''001a:,-- = n,;,cr·7i = n..e:rlil9° "n.f1,v,1.i;. 1 34 fLT = (l,n = wf.-9° n'lA = ft--(l• flf� = "'lti?J-:f = i't�:,.. i ..rcti:f'PA9° o - �tt.tJ: tJtj:i\o:f OJ• il'I' : ''f,;Jt--: (frf:ct--f.:1':) "n.C?f''1: fOIJ.ODil/A = 1,ai:�:,.. : f Ol/.;r f(De : h ll T ; h c;T'i. : ("ntt'fDc1 : 1. t·L) fI\ 1 (le : A)!:r:flD' : fi i't 'l :,,f(lJc : out-,:1, : (lOIJ..fCft-:,..: lT'J '1 : l\f, : ',ar:: 135

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136

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n.,

133. f,U 1 ?,arr,:1• : oor.r�1' : ll"7t.;J 1rr: f..t.(Lar : (Oot.f-: ll'it.ar) : ll'1.•f· 1 '}fl?° • 01� 1 ,J-ll4-f-! (Ofta"Jo 1 61!-'P'i : Ol'ttill : 1·•11, : ll'iI.CD•) s lll't•f· : f-,l11'il : ;}11"'1" s P'/\lL'i 1 (O,h"7fL1' : ll'i la>-) : ltl't..Y· , o-�CJ , 01/..tiJ'bA , CDAf.. r-"11-il mlt� fll f:J•A • rr.r,,: 1t�Cfl 1 �oc II OT CQ.OT/&9° •. (OT°lk : m�I\J-1, , .,,.,:,. : 07'1-f..C;J·c,' 1 01t.e·'P : ll'it.ar) : fll'trf• 1 r-�� s 11ll : 1'°1 tt.1t1lth.C, ,rf4: : +en = �oc :, rrrlt'9°: ooAil: f"1f011\arA • 1-ootata.& 1 �nc 11 (rrf<f!?':P • f<J,ltr:r- nrr:r9°:,. • CDC , 1v.f� , q- 9°- I\.& • �nc 12) 134. h9°'l�: 11ticfil = hl\1, 0"7il;J"OJtf 1 ,,,._,re s U ' f,f•m+(lar 1 1K" = I§ 11 : 3 1 5. c;1-o1A ! hi\.& 0"7il;J·mtf 1 ,,,._,re, 1c , n➔·m+(lro- 1 h1K", !Ii, tillar • ;JC s froPr��IA :1 136. fl/\t·LtJ , 1.,v.y, 1 nm:i•/\/\ 1 /\1, 1 1..9°'? 1 K"f-1' , P..01/.tti = hl\1, 1 001/il;J--rotf • v-rrc = lif1 • f1·m -l>(la>-1' : h1K· s @j;-!,?; s /\1, s f,ODllh�A SI

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: . m•, : °1 9°,)• � 1"''i : f,OIAm•i9 ° : 1..tl. : fl;J•ro· : ,f,f..C1 : fA··l•1l· : : .IL1'11'fflm,.. : .e1llt\ :: hC°lm�: : i', illO .. i',ll4'f r111t • 1 .. "'1° rrc; hV•lt"' : fro· : : oo : . \' lf', : ODl'p; : {lft/\,lt : 111' : ,flft1 :_ f9°il'l/.11t.�f-OJ•: '11�"1': tJ•lt-- : t,1�1_e.,: (l?J.,f.. : ''' 1ilf1 : h�4'C9° (Lit-- : 09°iOVl9°t.:f-m· : f'1.,fll : (l,rfl}'t.. : h�ll 1• : .. : f : "19 ° :, (l ', ti'r•)·•"} : i't{l,f,ff:,-. : � Or :: (I}« {l ,p : /l,17· : {l ft Ol/.1"" ft•:,• : ',1C: -:f-- (1 137

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1''1 f ,,c: cll:i• : = 4'0/\,91:} = m·llrr = r :J··rm-- = "'" = h ·�:a, •• '10. : (' lf',ro· : 1·° 1C : (loo1o:r : ?°tiif;I. : ,f•'lll•l"lD• : t\�Cf." : {L.-f,';f• : r0Y4'C o-:,. : tJ(l1• : c:J?rrc : t11Ati : ITC/t\� : 'ilD· 1,C"l'P : ',OJ· : �v : 1--"JC : Of·1·�: !f .,f t\ : ',m· == hr·LU : cf,f..9° : (lrf•f .l"IW• : "]9°:,, : llDlP/.:1.. : OJ-1.:1,f•A".,f : tJJ•1) r : hoY..'io•:,.. : r�:,-,,, : 11,hC: ti(l1·: tD"ll'r: t1ou,f- : {ill: ,-,. 9e{l,f:: ftJIA: lfiJt,T : '!ti = 1, if.lf). : ...,. .19°:J:t\ :: 143 ftlC : (:il1· : 0°2.1�'11:m.. : c:J,(lt\,911" : m·{l'r : 1·',{l,t-- m-- = f°1.."1·r,::;. on1o,) , 2 : hchc.>1.. : °li : O,f,'1:J.. :1:a1• : l\(',1· , ffl: I\� : frf"0DlPl•l: : ',ro• 1 •flff•ro .."} : 1..tl� : (lOD/or).. : lf�· :'' ---fhlt. : t. 4

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h',JL · lJ: ''---fhl.�'i": .Y.,{\o: fO'Jf_, �l( ll4 = n ch-t = l\f., =f+oolPl.•I: = fml\:,-..,..-,.. = oo'l'i":f---'' 145 n-i.r·tro• = i'hc."f· = f'llll.m-"} = f il."1/Lf = 001"lr:,- = l1"1 �1 : 9° = h"7'1nll:fro-: fi .. ',"f: O!!lf?i� • Jti}Qfi. : OD"}"JJ"•-f: : C{lrf:: f',(1�,•l-"}: 'f>(lfl,!Jl1"' : OJf,. : fol} : lt{ID/lOJ'f' : +1 p .: 'Inc :;: nwt.+:,..: l\f.,: •n:F : tr'l: h1:( : f.,U : 4>1\A : oo<j::,-."11,.

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OH.lJ : OH/A °7.e-: ''f:>Cr-7i: htT : ,, (lloo-r;A : 1:1r-c: ) (1°2_(}/l(D«: (It:,-.: i tD"il'f' : f"'L1 '<D4 : m 11· •n: h°t.<''1f0r : i·:J>ro,qu : f+'IVf : °'11"1 (l)c9°: fc(l:,:, 9°111'l : �f.,'IT : 1,"}.�f-tooc: h1:,,4-.)- ll 1'"}..('.(f', : ·t-19°:l;A :: i,�.1}•9° : - 7'C'il "} : +" lflC : hHOD'i- : OJf..:.\I\ : ll'l' t. : f..t.�·---'' 147 h 'i" : ''--- (}',(l: ''--f 148 l\f,: 1,1�.«l'C : Olli/.i!;-l1, : •l':l>W·'l°: cf>Cflfl;J--A:: f'J"}tl•fl : 1t.tilf°2.: ___,, nonatt.'tf 9°: f.,tJ : hll'1u,"} : fODlODC',OJ• : foot,:,-. : (It•)--: °if,',:,..: ,"h1f fr "}: Olt*?°'i' : O'i-L!' : f..t.'n : f°tfh'i-- �A : nootri;. : ;l,t,;J--"} : (l.f{ln:,--A : 149 1 ( : : Il l. +7i� foY..;J·faJ• 1A f: Ohh-A'IT: :f : fli\(1."f--',;f'!' : rf..ODC : f,1�A :: '' f;JCf-7i : rttT : WY. : "IA : (lt,."f•: {Li\OJ'f': f.1'1A. :'' fOl/.i\OJc"} : UIJ.-0: f°t. �'?4«: trl\- : fie!' : fi{!' : f.,tJ : fOI/ f.,cf>C : UD(f',-"} : (1"1 (l;rOJ(l: (l.�,;a,. : f,;r 150 f fr :: fHC'i" : foo"}.e...c : (It:, .. : f..,;,J,!P-:f· : '1'4!•1· : f_,OD{ll\�;& ! h'ltLU9° : Jt"}P,.. : "7.l l.. t-C : 'i"Y-uA : f+ll tt- : f..&-(l.: hi\H.U : (It:,.. : m.POl/.�;t-: (l.f;t..,f: : C{l--f:c,': ' ---n u1t-:f1 = (nh1"11L11 = 01c) roY.1�r1 = r"IA'i" = r ,;,cr-7i1 ilt:,.. = e.,ti: ' , 151 . • } : h n•A 'i:,.., : ((t'tfIL1'19° : ro, e?° : ll(JDct1'19°1 : )-- '' 'lt\m"l'l;t- 'i J!,Uoili\tr · I fl.fr : ?i&.'PA :: Ol/..rtrf--C : 'if.o/A : nm1hlW• : f"'l.fODi\tJrf:r : .eoti: f01/..'li\l1Jc: foot,:,.. : (It,:,.. : font,:,, : q_e.'i-l-: '' ---7'.�"l : O°tt\ .r.e,n:,,__,, <f'Ofl, = .,,..1� = 0Dlf.,.1'i" = ftPJ.:J--rw•'J° = ''f1•nl = o•On, : hoi:,.. = '' ''--1.r·L,,r«e J!,t•;J--: fi\l1Jc : rrir: OffJ?° : f"tcf>t-t.-0 :f1-0l: (l,fli'-r: n�IA: ltll/A: ',ar'i" : +11;1--r-:,;1 = 001/o-O i,1- 'tlPt- .r.e...c1crA f01/..i\OJc1 hcnc = 'IOJc 152 llt\tLU: hi\.,e,: h1f..m«f'(l',ro• : 0t(lrf--C: tr'/"}'i' : IPJ.{l•I--C : l\m•l1il : 1,1,V.i\--:,-.: t)J!,lf"} : ll°til+C: 'i Yn/A : Jt(l,f--.<'f:,.. : ''f1·fll. : (l,(lJ-.r: llOIJ.."f•'' t;e;°l : m"} 146

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144. �- 1'ti1'{l1' : hl\1, : O"'lil;,,mif: +"-'l'C : Ii : f-t m+1,m- ! 1K" ' ?if�C :, Oh.C-l·� : a>·ilT : l1DIJ. -l>CO·-r : f�:'f·,h : ,fl,li. C : tJ(ll• : fD1L(1Am-:f•'i : l,il:f;,&?':t:9° : f{1-t 1 (111 ' 00f:,.,. : f0?..00 ft hi: : 1'1',.e_� 0-r : OIJ.{l,f•C : ,c:..,. Ii'} (11' : {1dJ9°.:,-: l\f, : f,t,oav,t.,1· : Jiil--1·.rr:,.. I (l 111 l.'PA SI 145. 'i.�A : hl\f, : O"'lil;.f"CDif : cf>"-'l'C : If. : fi•m+{lw- t h1K" = I� == 146. llhfrC: ht.1'1"P': q,ll]W-: t,;J•,ncf:: tl'l':,,9°.:,•: me: I.uf.� I'¼- 9°- ht�l.0 I f:f>A f 'J'f <f: 1 fi·11 :i 0011.f , mc:,,�u = 1'1."'lt.&.r·t 'hil:t-t.n:fc = h.1-J.: = l,°lt.&f1' = &c:c9° = l1...1- 1 h. :,-y rr.r I (Ifif�li J '¼- '/°- ! .rA�....,..{/JJ ! (l+P."'1'1! : ":,?,tt I p-11\{l. : f-loC(L-t I f,n"I : {1,f•: oa�,n fi�-l- : 0011111 : '1-l· = fOl/.1 � =) h1K" = It = ;JC fmP.f:'l:-A == 147. htt..rm- , 11."" , (/1'7. :i 148. hH.fm- 11 1 I� 1 'h'i ' rf•h;J·r-:f. 11 , .. ,,. I m+{l f,f•m • If : l'C • cf>"-' 149. '•"f.r.A : hl\1, : O"'lil;,,mif I i:!I?;-c f!i I "7. ili"C I 1K" f,f (la>' j "mcf I I l'C 21 cf>"-' s OJif il;f'{1"'/ I 1 ! hl\1, 5 "'11' 1 0. l\lD-l. -il'i J I "'l«i• _?11 l f,:J!llA I (Lt\4 l 1-'i >-: fta I 1 f,IJ i "'IC {l,f"'/ (l 1·0 ,n1 2 1' I ll'i! : 1,J',f- I f"7..oPfthrt-OJ.rf'(la>- t 1g- ' r: ' 1 •m f,f �i: l.if • 'l'C .. : ,,, ?i J•m il; s °ll.Cf>A :i fl� i hl\1, OOT/ 1� :s l51. 'iYuA I hl\1, = O"'lil;J··mif: +--'l'C '?i'ii' f,f•m•f'(lm152. httf m- 11

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nttu

= n<;:A. = ro·h'P = r.,-, ..,1l:,.. = ftr'I = fhcil' = oofu:,.. = 11trro·1 , f""l,nG o-ilh-1 : h�tr-:f : 1'1-'tffl,f--��C : ;.1---:1' P. : f�OGt»·"} : f1'"},f:"} : f;,1'? : lcf!� n il"1 �OD"} : {loooocooc : {lODf'Jilit,.q : ;,,'? : lf'i : fOJll}llr : f�Tm : 110t:lh� : ih'? : 'l°/Jt,.<j: : ill\°1.fil�ti:t!OJ« : 1'1�1� : h'l� : 'Pf'f:?11' : f\oo',;J1C = '11 Qfl.ll)c"} : 'h'iH;Jnl\1 :: ill\ 'f'"}i: : f"1"1 : t,.1:f!� ;

f"'11llT : flf� : 'hC7i : oofu:,.. : flt:t:ar, : f""I-OG : (l-fli'"1 : ti�l\..·f = -- = f+h4-t.� 1 0 -1 il = = 10 fOI/..ODf\h,,..OJ« = fT'Jrl! = f,-,,'? = t.4!:,, = 1 74 1 �il :t1 y,{l = .. f\-c:, .. = f .h, OOIJ = � t.4! 1 : ,,e,11 · �l m : � tl 'i' : y,(1:,-- : <f?'P nChil-f-1' : ODt'IDCODC : m:J> OIJ.. = �w- ::

nc;...:,... ::

ntts,oit:,.

- 109 -

n�/\

n ct:A:

� I l ,f!,f! : ilI\ ilJ.. t\1 fl..), I · OitC-�>'f!lD· : i',il"l"ff:,• : /L{lJlfl : O;:J-- 1'f.,.CD·: f'i:) .. •,I, : "0,li.�- : ,)1'1 : ID•f) : � : f"r•Ol:,.. : flf-, : f1,C7i : {]Dlo:t- : .rl\ :t·m·, : f''r•Ol : � ·flJt..; : h�A: r02 . 0 DDt\h•J: : f..."}(11"·: aval,OVC : ''},ilJ.. 1\1..:'' -,oc :: ''(1° /o"I" : -�,e : ft\ : f"lA: llt,,1· : U·(l:J·9° : 01.f'IW·: ft,..:,•r-k! : il�t\ : "1•fl tf.�,y.. : fl,1"�?0 : 04-. : .rtt : fU"lt•l: : n�t\ : f..°1'1° : f..�cv·7i.: {lt:i• : noiz.ovfl/,\ : UDt\h : i)C : fl'f'q1 9° : I\J!, : OD'P/\• : f ;J--rocf,: .,m,:: l)•�;J--m-19°: il"}{]Dt\h:,-- : ,eu·} : ao1o ) .. ·: (llbt\: -,:,.. : ilt:i• : ODLPl•l·: n,r:,,9° I\J!,: 1,;,tm•t\ tP/f.."l'? = itt\ 00 :Fll· = "1.Pmt, 175 0 �C? ::'' (t,1h c.1lD': ff,.?,(LlD•: .,lD. ::) Ot·LU: g--,11.�: av"](lf : I\J!,: h"},.C'.,:'lt\'J'.,lD•: lJ·t\· I f,111·: l'f!q': fO.£J.uo t\h;:l·:1:m. : f"1•0l:,.. : flf', : f1,C7i : {]Dlo:,.. : .rl\:1:m• "} : U../\-)• : '¼f.',,)· : f.,., -(ll : O•Ott..."} : ti'i:/\�1" : ',flC:: ''faol OD t, f?J:f! : fhc il:1·',"'} : 'l!!,0'/'f,)· : n(ll, _en ..1--/\,,. : (lh·fl;I.. : 1,C'l ;J-- : na-z. ..,...�..e,.4. : flft\"} : 1°lt?J:,f.. : m·il'0I': f0tl11·.:1,1 : tl'f':t\,.,1"· : ',fl?,:: U•l\""l·'i:?J:f.: f..°1'1°: flfOD " }., e..�.. : (l.tj :lOJ•: f t1·f.: fll,C7i: forz... t·>:f... ?,, : ticfl.-1:J''f:f.. : ',04- :: flavtiht\rlD· : A�-,,l• : fl.. 'iC9° : fltt.U : (f,l11--:) <r•lJtrlj:: lD'il'I': i; ..<;,QJ,OD?,: ,,r,1, ..�,c;:fm•"} : f...1(1:f• : {l"}ODt\h-r : tr ,f:9° : f1,fll : (t-flJ',... : h'f':flo1": fli',"}� : (f;,,1--:) ?0/Jt..�: OJ•{l'J' : /L"f'.V,�<°r 1 ' I 76 ' O f J/ ,e:f.. t\· : OD {\ fl(Ir : t,A;J"'�"} ?° :: f ,l11" : l,e:,, : °Jt\fP/?J:f, ': fOt/.h1·t\--:,- : ., fl?- ---''(n; _e.. ?,:) 01.J-LlD': f� 0� ;I.. " } : {'' •fll:,• : flf', : f],C7i : (ID1o:,,: ft\:1:m•"} : tJ«j:t\ ','J'l:t- : t\fP/nOC ! flll.U9 ° : t\.{', : {bf\ : l¼t\fP/: ],'J"ht\l\; f fftJ«j:/l--"} : 'l/l UD•n:,.c; : °1 �:J·: "1 t\ 'I" fl ti'', : UD "} 'I-�• : fODlD (I"} : 'i:I\1°,), f fl f·I.U?° : t\,e : t\> I\ : 9' {l,f.. ;;:: qt\ OT/: ht,· nt\fi:,, i f1•0l:,. : flf', : f1,C7i : av1o:,- : 'lt\:fm· : tJ«j:t\,., ·1·'i' : OitLPt t..:,:m ·: t\.e : fav; °I p-1rf: : fi',il..,.. >: ..e..c : t, tj: A: 1? 'I''I'c : ],; �-'il {D- : fl01/�·l '? }i"}P,"}f.;•: f°t:J"�'l:rm•"}: flou,fi:,..: fl°t1'l: Jtt\oumcf,?°"}: fOl/illD"IJ.!· : '¼l\lPJ:: noa;� = ,J!rrc = �� rr,::,..,,, = -n,1i.c ,7,°1 = m•il'J' : h'h'l'c: = ti = 1,,'lh = 1f : fi,f.. UIJt\h.-f:,)· : {\C : f'Pl,fl',ro• }" : fcf!'l''rC : llfo : \1-,tLU : : Utifli� .. : OD?..1'1 = flODlP,,), = .e:rl\A::'' 111 f,),1, : l ,f!:p = q ,ea; ,f.. 'i: : '¼l\fP/ : h1•fll : (},fltt... : rr:,'?°'i' : f... u; ',:,, : 0rf' ll.e <r> : n ;,, 1 : OD"}OJ p.-f: : CD'{} 'P : hrf•ODt\h ..,: :,. : OD LP .. al•.r '}t\01/9'1· : : l ; ;J 11s :�C : 70 "} : t\1o "}: i;.<;,i.�,: flfP/.�"l"l: 'lUA"} : i' ,P,/l: f\O? cf,f,,)·: 1'1..e..'!Ol : , ,,fi.U: t\.e = i',m,ne : or/il;J--roti: .e1'lA 1 lJ'il:

}

q�

:r.. :

0 ·,,}".. :

nil{ :,..

t (

- 110 -

!U.il : h�A. ; g , frll1' : l't� : ill\m:J>l\l\:fl& : 1'J:f·:f 1 ''f111lT : flf', : fhCq : 001o:,, : fl\rW• : tJ<j::�'f : :f-c,1--c : (f ou--f-,�.e.. 1 1,f : f.1 1= )'' f,f-(l"'fOJc : flcf!ck : fODl00tflJJc : 10-il J h�A : (hck' PC : E-·11.) 179 ''--- 01•fllT : OI/A"?T frf-fll\Ol41 : f'l•fll.T : flf� : fhCtl' : oui',y,.:y:-i: (]l11Pl't- : nlt·fl : f,f... ',�,:JA :: r;,11' = l 4!:,:, = 1r fl:,.. = f.. 'I :,.. = ;:c--,..�:-;.. : (OD ..,.. ,,.·.e..1,,..r : -� 1 n1·) "-rom• : -r : "'l.:f t\'"O :,-"} , ).;J : O"?(l•fl : frf--f·f,:J�: : ',{lC ; fonr._outf<»· : .e..1-n : 0'11-'i: f " 00 : n\ 11\ m } : trP..e..l(l : J','IA : 'I'fcJ: : flcl>l.fl : 1..lt : 01•0t. : (l1)i..t : i't'l lD''J° ' �1' : m�I\I\ : il•f11)'1 : f°ttl,:J�: : foo ..f•,�-�t,f : f...1-•fl : ',OC :: 180 f,U?° : 'I'f'f: : flcl>l{l : fl fl.�(l:,, : roe : lD•fl'f' : lD•l)). : ou(lm;f.. : ,,e'icfi:,, : ',flC :� rr/\ ...,.. ,;: ar= f,., :,.. = r 00 ,,,.. -� ..e..6 .r : ..e..111 : ..e..'? qo = r,,.. 'I"'":,.. = n<t:1t�:f, : r<Pf.1,.fw (1,r : m/'1 11:, . : h1Y,.�();t : 001/..(lmro• : :1--'l,J11·1 : ODLPt.T : f1rflt.:,--: flf'I : fl, cif ={ID/a:,-.= .. rl\:faJ•= tJ<j::e\01�- = �•J1t.·)· = 11:1,: i'tll:J;e,,y.. : ta.'11·1.u, = ti<t:�'f = 181 f"'l.f-�'ftW• : 'IOC f..U?'° : h1,<;.Y..t.°l: ;J-�p..: f',{lt.ar: i',1�.. : f1..f1l : (}-flt): i't'IA : fOD i•P,f..t,f : Y..'J•fl : °h.1,lll,?f: : mf,�: lb�:,; : i't'l/\ 1" : Oil� fl:,• : roe : 1..IL : W•il'r : fl'P f'l:tD• : ODlPl.;I.. : OI/il�?i?° : (l.f:t>;J--rro·: ',OJ•=� (l�,ltt.:,-W : 0, ..1: : r :J"'f..(\.(I)• : fOJJ,f,P,1.t,f : .e...'Jr(l : n,.,rflt.:t- : (lrfltr : ,.,'11t 'f : ll.'if7iA : (l.'fA: fl'�•lll. : ()•flt,. : hf:: h1'1 : ht,1�--: q{JlJ:,. : 0;\f\ : flP'6'.: f\,e = OD'PA = ., Ol n:,..

=''

°'

r11>:1�

: '11 1 l = (lrflh = foui"�.e.t.. .e.1r0 = flOD61J,lifro• = t.4!� = 182 " b : P'C : frf'lllcf>(l•:,..1 : 1'1C1fC : -,1�:f : ti'/ ilt.C : ',Ot.0 r :: fl tf?'PC : n.ot-1 -.-. ..... htLU : l\f, : A1m;l>il : f?°'JlDf..w« : ''foofu:,.. : OI/AOI/T : P'6' : lt&.&�9°'.' : f'lrfll.T : itm:1>'1>9° : lffo f°tA : Cl,il : rf"(l'f'..Y.:,.. : f'lflt.roc'J : rt.cf!cf:1 : tf!'PC : ie : .,lfr" :: (lf·LU : <J?'PC: ODlPlT: OD/a:,- : ''h'J.e.,,,�'P�: U•flrJ:c;: 1'1.e.: fq,e,-,1:'"';,, O'P�9° : l\f, : f°tlD·Afl·r1 f ibl\tD-9'° : rJi•fll: (l,(lJ-t. : '}•flt.:,- : /l,;J6': 'P�?° : roiou.e...110:,-1c; : h'lt\o'f9° : P'6': f°7.h1..ttt\'"f1T1 : H� : 1'f'J P.'J-�• 183 -fDD+�..e..t,r = .e..111 = O'?AK- = "?ODA h:1- = .,nln:, lbl\ar : fl.mcf>il : f"7.1'1W- : f l.cf!ck : cf!'PC : f..'?'l°: ''01-•fll"r : fl'�,flt.T: {lf\oomcf>9° :'' f°tA : c,,il : rJ-(l'f',f'--:, .. : f',OlW· : cf!'PC : -,a,. :: fll·f..U?° : cf?'PC:

=''

179. P,'ft�• l hl\f, : (l"7{l;}-0Jif : tf>--'l'C : E : frf•mcf>(lID- : tf>'--'l'C : l.i :: f,tJ1' : 18 0. 181. 182.

flOl/.t1·f•{\OJ-- I

flllC11C : ?,;ool'J°l'Pl\'} :: Pin.�; hl\f, r (l"'J{l;:rmif : <f>...'l'C : E = frf•mcJ>(lID-; tf>'--'l'C = r :: hH.fID- : 4>--'l'C : 2 :: ''<l!'l'C : if..§f.j {i: (l oo.-f'P,f..6f : K",h.(i":.: l\,e : (lf\Ol/.?.t..ar : .cJ>IA := f..-,·fll·l- : oo.-f•P,f..6far: f.'}11: htl.U.: -'l''l'l\ f·l·lllll"i·:,•; :.:1-�r·,f·: fi·l·l\1,: oo.-,f\?i': h·t'\0:,- :s u/ o..-,11t.1: = w·fl'l' , f tt-:1-; = fl9'°1· = wf,'1" = �...,. = tt00 F--•1· ; l\/ : f'�1ll,f: : ov.-O:'J•: f"1.lll,?'1:(:a>•i : OD/o•f·:j• ! th/ ..-,,Ol•l:: : f"1.,,f•P,f.C0·1•; : ittt.?.1'i" : l\'�,(ll,J:9° : mh.lA : flonlf'} : P'IA"l1' : .t11\:fID-1' : h �ftol· ! . . _ . . · o . e OD/ f'"1·fll,f:: : 001o ,r::;.: mf,9°: fl,l\fl":i.• : u,O,f•rl• : (l'J°'} : h,?-?.'} : ?,'?'. .a_:LtP«t-'i" : )\'} -� iz.h�-Lfr! v,j f'"i1ll"� : oo,f•P,J.'.6,f : .e.'}11 : (looi'fi''it\ : f"1..l\'PtD'l'O,f•; : i',tt.�1' ! ''u ft.<1!<!?1 : ft.l1"'/f,'Z'/: 1t.,..?1C: hl'l.U : g•,fl.(i":.: f1,1°ll\.ll�OJ• : :,•c'J,9 : h1?i': f:1;t: I\J!, s J!,llDt\h:J;t\ :: 'J°{Jt,.lf. : ar(l'l' :

183.

tl,l.,

- Ill -

auv,(.:,.. : l\,;Jlr : 'f'q>9° : f,t-oi> f..(IOJ• : 1-0l;l. ll'1'�9° : I\J!, : f°2..m•f.\07• ''} : _ _ -° JI�: \11•flli:9°: f"t110J• : _ c;:&,'i: _1{1� : (\1,.()/\�:J:: },"}fo,f 'i: 9 1 : 1.lt: 1'1f.."thti-.&.A : f'�-0(. : (l•(llt, : {TIJ,f•P,f..Cf : f.111 : 00°11\1,' : ',{l(.{l,)• :: 184 4!'rC: 7Lor11> : (loPatt.7i: tl1°l : ll''i : (t.lDllJ: htL�: 10·il: h<t:t.\ : f,f' ,,. 1f,.4. :,..: u•/\ :,-. ��'rC-1--: 1,.>',.ll: 1t 'l/\�1-- }: oPtf,{lA 1: '1 ()f!1�•1: "'I ilmllJ:1·1'i: 185 186 oumfl(l,f!f : OD&,,f--l·1 : /\J!,·f--: O'Jc:'C"} = ftJ1..0D/\h,,.I: : ',(l?, ::

·(

hu•l\•I: : qJ!,',:,..: foP,t-P,f..t.r : f.1{11' : h.1�9° : ltJ!,'iC: (l,,t,c : m?,9° : u e, m : f..1{1-: ilil i't"}Y..': 1--P,J!,: ,,f;"};J1,: ltJ!,'-illD·: _ 9 : °IA?.': ltJ!,l1'1: (l.,J'C: mJ!,19° JI ,11 °/1: f"t:J'l�·: f:"};J1,9'";,f: J!,tl: a.1';�: ft.4!4?: c/?'rC: IE: 'he;: "1 'h:-'.. Y.:f:: cf?'rC-1· : ,1--&.?."t'l:,•: 1'1Jt'it--:i:m.: ,f--f.C1° : ',(IC:: 7\ l ·LU : t\J!, : A11'1tf(lro•:· f01l.1'11: '11C : fOD,f--P.f.tf : f..1-0 : h1J;.'ic: frf,{JD(.ffi(}:,• : 9°)1"}.f:,•:· f'�,(l(.:,• : flf', : fhC'.i)• : lJlJ/o:,• : ,f/\OJ•"} : tJ�t!\ I t,'l/\ ·1.. 0°-n:1-'i OJYn:J-- n'?A?." l\{llJ(D(t"} = ODtr-,..1,; = ,e,u9° = rl'l!'h i't'J�-- : '¼t\"7: J\"}f..',Ol: ',a,• :: 181 0

''r,-,111.,f· : (l,{li'\" : hc;:/\�:f:'' r,i-- (l·f 01· : f l'l!'I? : 1 o--ll: h�A : I : (heh 'I'(: Ii-@i) = f'�•Ol: (l•(li'l": i't'll\�:r.. = f(1,f--: (1{11.. = '/1\k?J:f. = WJ!,'l° roh. fto:F:t:m. (i'tttil = ODm"} ff.t.(l•'i = n,t-( )1\w• = rn,,,.. ()•n = �I\&. = ;,c = rorz. 'i?- : �wlJ'"}: �nt.fl:fm· r) f"t1'"Fn:i•1: 1--()l'b: f'�•flt. = (l•ni't-- = ''h�,,..�m- h 188 : r1.c1'PA = 1,flJ'bro• = i't1Y..--: 1--Pif, noimll1n:,-- 'Lit = ,,.r'J�'}}}.: �A ffl."1· : (l.-fl : �l\k : (1(1,f•: ()(l·: m•il'I': f l\m•: (Jar: •ll•1:, ..: h'?9°:,...: '1t1'1: i't'Jf..•: J!:'1"/J = •n:1= = 1'1�.omw• = ;1--:,,p.. = �nc J!,u--1 : 1'1:( = f,U = f'?f:: tth rf•l\..:1--: f°2.1fl: f..1-0: i'tA'l(ll'J" :: ill\tl.U9°; \1,f•& ./\1 I l,f..·°7.i'tTro•: httil?� l't'J"il.:,.. : qov:,.. : Ot\J!, : flf�•'i: ''n,-,•nt.,f: : P' t-- : ,f,.l')�...f,'' flf� : i't'1f\o7f : (loo•� : f1--fliha>• : hfll\ 1" : h1Jtlf)• : {lODrf-,P.f..t,('a>• : f_'}.-(l : m◄{l'f' : /\{]Df. 11°1 , 1,:,1:/.\ = �nc 1'1>tu•9° = n.e.10· = mJ!,9° = OAOIJ,_... = ouv,t.•l· -= f1--t1ti,ro• n'l/.\ = l\lf� = ffl.i·o•n = �l\k = Oil?- : roi,,-.�.e.t.ro•"} : f()m• : •Olf:,-. = n{JD1 ov :,. : n11 = .r l\ = ff..' 'l° 1.-- = au llm:,..: ov,n :,.. : fl.(I 'r: _e;: A : .,nc ::

='' ..

J,tt.u t\f, ''---ni't..:i--r-A .r ;,.-1 = ov1aiF:,.. m•il.'r = r021'"F = 1t1�1"' = 18 t\,)11"1"0 : 'r'r'l°'i: f..U"}',:,.. : {l.'lt.\ : f,f--f..�11-- : ovv,(.;J--m·f'} : ottf11•---'' � 1'1-'thO� : ..,-·f..C1° : ',(IC :: (l',f·LU'J" : ODV,(.,}« : n,-,c : (l'/f,O'J'f:,• : <Dt'f' ' nt ,flf\-o:f: a0l1hA: A�� )·: 0)-.C-: f..t.,,;: 'l°h1.. .. l\1.<;.f..t.°l: i'tJ!,&.4'.�9° --

�

r:,.. :

-- 112 -

' I l I �

-,oc ::: 190

"11�ro·9° = O.•f'(l1l : 01-- 'l�ar : l\f, : h1Pif,whA : "1.e..--t.'? ; mf,'} f.d/'l° : tDll./tc"} : h'Jf,.f�f\1o.-J: : f0D9°(.,P : 00•{1+."} : OD"}t._d] : i'tf,frA'Jl:'t ·: , 191 -,oc :: 192 ntn:Pl\l\lD• : f,"}:n : ODlPl;l·· :. f"�1ll : (l-O}',. : h�-,--�w- : hct:t\ : {lt\Ol/.h+l\-,r : 1-- P,f.-:-j, : l\00wff:l.. : Ofoo.-f: : it"}� : 1.1-1, : n,f•ro(la; : «111 : m 193 oo -fl-00•0 = a;nln-l· == i,'ltLtJ?° = 1--P.r-:f = f{JIJ61--Pif.. 1,-lf° = 0 1-·wo� = �lfT = 1 94 195 .�'le = 1t'li\�l· }.. : tt�.ll = t,'lt\ 1,1 = oo«f'nA 1 tfw-1 = f.., o = °17i7iA 1 196 "' 197 · • tl'/iltDl1J-l 1 f , ..nt.,�"}: '1_{\.-f·P,.c;t?J':.f : oo'f' 9° 1 ooqc :" OD4"11JmC'i'" : 1-0l : 0-0n:•1: t1ibl\ : "� 1ll: (l1l}t : ;JC : "'l'P d1 � ! "�•Ol : (l-Oit-1 : °1h4198 Ol oo " • : t..Ac; : 01/lj:(.{l } f /. {\l1··I:: 'i'"rW :: lD·'i�9° : flllJ.(lmaJ• : 0.f:9°?.' : 199 i (l,lf"} : f.U9° : OJ•lt� : chdJ"}: lDf.,'J° : f'1•{ll : (l-Oh--1 : fao.-i, P,.,e. -OA67>J» t! : �1.-0 : f0'L.Pt.1: O.lf1: "'11".1m·9°: (Im•: 1•,��, : ft.�/fL-l': 0111/0DAh:,•: 200 -= {JD:� m lll/.f t\..f � c •fl n •1 = .e1..__ A , a;n c .-1•"' 'P ori.w• = 'l<Pl n ro• = 111/aoAh:F = arll'P : arlt�w-- : 1'..}.<;. ?'f C : ,nf,«� : 7, 1f,.lf a; � ct:Cf.." : O.•I: : t\.7i llD· : ht\Ot\ tLf9° : f�j(L,f: : 1... �li.Pi'}1· : t\1..tf.OJ• : OP't-. : l\f, : },'}P,f,ro·A : l\.f'?f..W- : 201 .. elA= a;nc 0

fl<f!ck : 10--ll : n�A : Y'll.:t- : (h<l?'J'C : '!Ji - ?ii;) ilt\ : "�-Ol : (l•flit-- : r OD ii ,r-.'fc; : .,, Fu; ?Ji- : f, Y.. 'I °l ,;J A :: htllJ : l\f, : l\+'1"110-l-- : '¼l\"1 : i'tdJ'l"{l : .ft\(D•Cj : f-1-0l;fc : ·rtr� : rh C7i ! ou1o:,, : 1\1\lD· : n�A : ,)1;J'f! : "*'J° : 1'?-: ODlj{ : f01/.lf�1: <l?'l'C : '!)% �(Ir :: }t 1)ttJ : f l\lD• : '1.1f: : f-1-0l : (l.-Oi',, : h�A : O<l?'P'P?-: P'C: 'll\ : OD /oT : <Df,'J° : (l�fto':.f-. : "}•{l(.,f,:,i : I\J!, : f /\•:,, : OD{l,f,':.f•Cj : '?�;J--SJ>i' : fOl/'}� ar,9° : f'?A : 'll\1--0l-l-- : oo.-(l,f•1''i'" : '1�;1'9'1" : fOIJ.oo{lf\- 'iTW- :: f,U•1 : 7'1:{ : f-f''l/\W' : n�A : f1•0l:,.. : flf�W•1 : 001o:1- : /\ODO'f' : l\°1iJ"i'I\I\� ! --Jm:1 = 1t.e.l-A'J° = �nc :i h'ltLtJ120� l\ooi : '1.ai1.. floofric : wf,,9° : nrol\..� : ft °1f:l°l : f°'Ll-1\ar: hhC'q: °ttll-l'C: L.P1: : ,,�r: h1f..lf'l : -0:F: �nc:: 1 P� b"'l' 'lC: O+'? : l\�I\ : f1 t"lf,l ?f: /\hC ,r--:i:1 : 001o : : (l.-{l}t,. 'h1Jtrr'J°: 11ll . 203 .. n &.:,. = +OD t"l t"lf, = t..:>..� = boitil-l--'r• = ""°l1:, • ., nln:,.. :i

'J{l:J·mtf : 4>-•'J'C : r : f,f-mcf'(lar : ,,,..."l'C : tili : (I) 19 l. htLJ'llr :: 4>-.,rc = 3·1 = (�) :: = ih."I = f-tt\f. l\a>�l\ hm ; �� f°t 1t: .. 1 ,: 'tt.f ll:f Oh tJ: .. tf h� :s (t) : 1 r;· : rrc 192. htLJ'm•: cf>" 193. htLJ'a>- i 4>"-"l'C : 3'� r (/i) 194. hH..J'a>- , 4>"-"l'C = �E :: 195. htt.J'm- : cf>"-rrC : f.·l: 196. htL..fa>- : 4>"-rrC : "3·j :: 197. hllJ'm- : cf>"·rrC : fi :f; :: 198. hH.fm- : +--rrc = (i}ji-@f. == 199. htLfm- = ,J>...rrc: = ,99. 200. htL.rm: : r'l'C : 0.� :: 201. _"htt.fm- l .,,._'l'C : @j :t "m• , "-n•(' 202.1htl � : ..... .,,,. T I . : cn.. :i: 203. htLra>- : +- ."l'C , t]jji :1 190. J;a.�- i hl\f, :

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f"l·lll:,..: flf'I : fhC?f: oa1o:,.: l\t\(lr: 1,,fll: (l,,fl 1\ : hi-�l1ro-: foo 11-r: 'Pfl:J>: 1nil =•flf\o: fcPJ.;rf(Jr·: f1,,fll: (1-0it�: it'lA?°: IT',: '1?1'«1(l}c?D: f m,"1.: (lw• ; lll'l°: flt\: "Lit: 11,,e11;.J··w-: llC : fltJI/Y..'l'?: f"'1•fll:,.: rr.r� : au1o-1--1 = 'lt\u-n:, .. .,:,..1 = n,,ec;, = t\OXJ'1l"'i:r = i',t\OD;rt\"' 'Im· ==-04 --: ,•fll-l : f flf', : fhCif: onfu:I..: fl,n°l : f (lro•',;f..: OD f1-l•: f--f·(ln1ro, ;J ft\W•: ,,eu: "1-fll: (l•flh { nwh.A: i',tJTJt-JJ!,'1-l--: m•/;\: 1'"}?,.'P'PA i 1\1�..h lt: 205 ro,,e?°: 1'1,tholl : oa-fl-l· : 'lfllm· IP�.-,...r,:1: : m,,ero itll-- 1--PiP.t?J:f : = f1-0l: o•·nh-1: P'� = noi.rnt;ro,�n-l-- m:,,:,.. = t\OJJ..ff..C(l•:1, = '1'4,:1, · "•·O 206 -li:: ;}t\t..: 1'1.';..lf"}'P: '1lfo :r: ',{llfl-l .e u: ;}l\&,',:f..: (L UD',fif!' : r.02. •·:;..t\ m._: LP�,,..'1-:f:'l°: tr'I: itll .-,..P,P,t91:,;: it1Y..--: ',1 C: fl 0'1 f..'l;J :f m•: lDf, 'J° : ll..f..l'11 = f°1.1 'lw•1 = 'llloxi Y..·t.;,:fw· = 'Inc 1, 1,�.. u--ro = f..01l/° = LPt----t-cr:r: : ro,,ero: 1',{l.-f-P,P,t9':f. : lltJIJ..f{lh-l--tt·-l-- : f"'1,,e1(}: ·f1A7'"'1l'i': U•ft·: ;}t\&,: lf'f = fOIJ..mf;,, = ...,. .. nt. = o-nit� ., nc :: 201 h1·1.u = A1lP. = 1,"'tf.'/°1:f..lllD- ; f'°"" = lcf!:,11 1o•ll: n<;:A = Y'll-l-- now l:J··Cf!: '11lt11/: ''f"�•fll:,--: flf',: f1,C7f: oa1o:1,: .rl\:l�lD•"}: h<;:t\ 1·· : '1':l''l° : 1.1·1.: (ll"flcJ>m•: lltJIJ:1--t.<;:: htJl/f,OD/l(t•: (19'1�: /lODhl\hA: 'Inc ::''208 f,U: t}<j:/,\: fll,ft 1�-"'}: i',1�:1�: fi',LPt-.C: /,\'f°f.': nuun.-1--A : hrl•OJ•flJm-:,..: ft.ctcf?: : ''Oif!f©: qou.-t-: ?°U l,f:: f(l,of-l": ?o(t.f: f1,Ctf : nri::f\,,·,1�: i',1� -: 'iflC : ,11°1: flODODt,.:,..: f,;rt\/,\: ..,---nt\ h--1•10D..,..: fl?./\ �- ,,eu1�-: ,11'11: {l{llJh-i'A: fl:f-: �lD- :: PAP1·1: frl--(}t\�:1..: i',!1?'1°1': hf,f·il f,f,.ft&.ro·: 10 ·ll: h�A: 'i--4• = llll�� - = 'lu-�- = 1.1-1. = ,,eu f(l,or--1· = ,l1'11 = hP'� = l\,,e = 'lttou'Pn· h'r :,,'I°: OJ•61}> : (f�/,\ ::''209 fl.<l!'I!: h�A: !!: (hcf!'rC : �u-itg) fOI/.UD/lhrl"lD": r1,nl:,..: flf� 1 fhC'if: OD/o-l·: ,,rtt..:,-1: 1·fll.: {l-fl1,: it'lll :f: (JD,,n:,..c;: '1lfo:J•: ',{lC: :: 11'/ 1�lD·• 9'1 : t, 'lA: flf � : (t(De : °1.ll-l--: 'l"l 'l : OJJ!,'I° : ,l1;,'I! : i't '1fl : oDm'J = 'lf.t.o = "LtL ·f rn.-1-- = ouP'tf fl;J-- = ftJIJ 1·r :,.. UD•fl-l-- = � nlm· == }t"}f..': (troc: ,,eu1: OD,(l,,.,..: �ff: fOIJ..�flD·: f1·fil,J:"}: i',(}A',, }: �t•: 1,ilh 'il = f.."lll ,n� nc 211 hit1 f.." = h 'lA = l\,e: rn.:,-- : auP'tf = {l7m• = fL lDOf.."flr: rorz.irl"ilm• : "}"fll,,.l: : lltl11·l•f1 : i',1A°l/l -l--: }\1,�.t\cf>� : noi.�l°l n:,,: 1.. l·L'i: f,U "}"}9°: fOIJ..ODflhrf--(0•: ,l1 '11: fro(t',m•: P''I : pcq:,.. : U·lt· : ..,.. "J.A,,y... = o.1� = -n:r- .,nc 212

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210

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- 114 -

t\1'Cif(Dc·: t'OI/..W•l\ar : f�,,(ll :· (11}'1,. : 001.,:,.. : nOl/ti : nOl/ti: nouh4,. J.. A: ll.r,�1� : hflA : f'1A : T:PV° : ll.(l'I' : OJ�19° : t'J,ltr : t1Pit\ : : l : IL:r 1·�1.'P fl f,i'A : 'Inc :: liAlf'IV° : r...aiqo : . t\i't"}� : q�-,:,..: n go&,:,.. : ''it1f: : q_e.',:,.. : fhtPt--C : H.Ru !'' t\l\l\lD• : r...aiqo : f-tt\f : IIY.o : tt.n · :: C : A: 'J i1 hflA; flf� •: f: : n 'l f'1 f1,c : 001o:,.. : t\.(lmm· : +: f,-:ft\ � t\ ]: . f"'l. " 0r : bH m� : q,,o:,, : 1\1\'l(l m e : ,, va : n"� l 1 l: (l1lt,.. : n1:PI\I\: il1l(lfl : 1 t\ 213 ., : : : nc : fl"7..0J(t1 : bt·LU /\Ol/..l1l9'° : 1.t·L fltf!cf! : <l!'l'C : ji : fi',flf\o9:f".."} : ''ftb•A'1:,-- : ouirfl•r:'' (l.fl;J°l'I' : �u: f (IIJ,{l;I' : t\t(:if : fOl/.. l "} : one:,:,. : nlll/..b1..t.An-l- : 1.tL : o,ftc : h'JP,.h OC : �.e... 214 = 'Inc == r J''JP.1,<;..9'1 = ()co• , X"ci'i" = h h·A.,:,.. = rairo(l',<n· 1 rou1o-·1:1 = a, f, '1 :,. : h4'"7 OD'r : m�°7...'1 :,.. : fl/\J?, ,.. ;J·· ro• : OD lorf:1 : 0Ol/.fC ilO·).. : ro J?,9° : ""'" = T:P?° = nOJJ.. fUJcAn:,.. 1.tL = tt.r...ciln:,.. = rai-:f• t\ w-1 = 1-..,v,:,.. = o--t\• = 215 tr�;J... l&- : 1,f;J--f : t\i',1�... : i', Clt\ : i't 'J� : OJJ?,9° : hh fl"7{/D•JH1 : 'IOC :: 216 = e = rrr� tiSJ>1 t: Cfl/ .. = n..oo �n· .. 1-.. 1tOl\ = :, = ., J?, t\ :: = nc 1 ,

.,,,,'?

011ll = () "Oh- = 'J•Ol:,.. : ''h1Jt 1/\1An:,--c; = 1,1�.m<l'?°0•1-- = f°IA = OD-0 ;'f- : f,f'(lmLD· : hfl A: o--h- : h1 f: : Clt\U"O:,.. : 01•nl+. : I\J?, : t\.ff...C°l: f +� 4>,e..tt:i--1 : Dli"} �ro-19'° : f tt m:J:Jc�9°'i : f'?A;Jt\.,:,.. : Fir : tt.fhc;w-10:,.. : 211 n1·LU9° = nr>lPlT = f°lt\ = 'l t\u111--:.f = +mf'l! = t\°1..tf�..n:,.. = f,-:f.A = (',OC) == '' �1C : 0--ftc : "1"} .'l: : f"�-Ol : (l"Oh-: 11 Cl.AV° : ,f•mf 4! : J?,lf1 : ., nc :: i't"} �.. : i't flt\ : 0t--(l« : 'I'l:,.. : Ii c..y.. : .,rool,,.l' w- : (l"nA : ��-9° : 'lt\1-0 L:'f- = i1-trr1 = ;t-:PP..9° = a; nc ,eu9° : rairr'lw· ; i't 'lt\ = r tr-, ro • = (lar = h'l° C'i: : h�t\ hvL(l : f01/J?,Ot\m(Dc"} : O'P ;J : OJJ?,'J°: n:.fe!';J-- : ooAtJ : t\4',,fll : 21 8 : fl·Ott. ft.()T : ttA,l'flOl/"7 : 1,1 f..tr8i : ., OC :: f1·filrl' : (111'1:- : m:PI\I\ : {l-0.(lfl : OD/oT'J : flrl't-,.,(7f : t\Ul/lil: OJil'i : t1-f-lf-, { ff1 Pi 1,<;..1 : ,., flA: oorfi,r--:.f--,; : "I�;J--911': n°It\ ?t" : ?,1�. w il1 : J?, 1 21 9 f+Clt\Or: {l,,fl(lfl : ''---001o:,,1 : 0,,.1'/r�'P : 001/lil: l\.. 1� 1 �f: : .,OC :: foY..l-t\ar:rp�:,9"°: 01,;J!/\:·oum"}: ff i't (}ft-"} : OD•flT=f°1..fh"nc:}1."}.tlf1: ODf..l'?: �OlO-r :: '' 220 001"}tl -O: f°t 'iC,,0"} : foolo:,.. : hil"l't-.l(l• : l·lfo : h"}P,.ro (l"} : ;1-.:,,P.. : f 8i Olllr : 0"°1-0l : (l,,Olt.. : ,n:i:,1\1\ : fl,fi(l fl : h"} ,.e..-, Ol : ', OJ.a:: 0

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h:J--l(l: oo�:,--: fOl/.."lJ(Ir: 9°C:,.. : 01,Clt\0:f:·: OD\-thA: f°t h4-tt/\UJc : 1'1..e..OIJ..hrl'l\i&' : .,nc :: n{llJlOD&,f = h"JOJJ7i : fl.Ot\'11 : ftJf/f,-:f-A: )\'}�': frf'OJ(l', : f9°Crf: I h�.,f :' t\J,(:q(D•: /»/,. I (t\9°'1/b : t\},Cq : OD'>ft.f 1' = OD"J'1f =) 1,,; = l\"',,,Ol = (l-Oit--9"° = ..,..'?CJ.C1' = 01/h'i'"ro� = (ll9°tilb = rF1r = 213. htL.l'm• { 1>--TC : :t'E :: 214. hH.far t 4>..TC : :Ji : (i) :, 215. hrtJ'(Dc : 4>-.TC : jj :, 216. htt.rm• ; tf>•·TC : :li1 :, 217. httfm- : <f>"-TC : ;I; :: 218. htt.•r(Dc � ,,,._'PC : :l'e : "1\'i : ;J;J: :: 219· htt.rm-; ,,,.. ,re = = (fi) == 220. 1111..rar i ,,,..,.re : ;!;2 ' (r) ::

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,.1· l . o : : 1 f i\ i't 0 7 m J : u t •i : .. J , .. • lD O f llJ OJ l f :) .A t o,: Dti O t\ : 1f J t lD <'... ': D 1 ft .f J'tllh , :: u h lf\ : it' : -T f'I · lll \ : _e 4. 1 O : ·. tD f Ci l 'T' C 1 J!,{IDJ?..'lt\ ::221 llll .l J : f-tl.&.OJ• : 9° _ <',Pi, �-· · nw• = f1Pt-.ar·} = h m ., f • = {l} tJIJ..OJ ett'i-&.I\A rrtt'll\"9° = �...c:if · · , : • : \ : O} q" t\ ll i' : /\ m • : C . 'l" '? J! rf A :r : ti 1 I 9° � �'t,: 001J.oi 1li : H.�: lDJ!, --Ol. : O•Oh-: :: � , = l C 9 '? (l O :1 l _ ,, : '1C � " f. "'i : •l· /.. LJ' {JD : 1 1· .. '1 i ,r . O f� : t'l 'i"J!, h·o t\ .. hll 1 � ., · : 1-V : 9° 0 , : 1 · f. .J °i -l il1 : ( fl : 'r 'i'f . ?' nt1&..A : lDJ!,9° : noo•t\◄: n. � = :,nc 0 r f·· .. r = : nr ,... {JlJ .. i ' .:, : '? t'Ol/ ·i m : �· ,1 "c 1 f. .fbLl: = cp,:1 .. fl ,..r(l"}"aJ•1: f.. ,0 'l l f : it {Ii\ ff'/ 1 : l �'P · •&f;,,1- : }1 C:J)«f! : ''OD&,:,,1 : (11 : (: : nl· 1 O.f Dl,f f?ODU : ,)1'? : (l}c1 'lt\ f1' :'' '? 7 1 1 vtJ t\ : ''l'l 1 IL .'1 , +l'"1?(lr)•: Le : r ,, ., ., -1ro·: ,1--m:Poi1 ,v•C11·: h t.e...�nl : J!,'i1&-/\• ::---' f"}O·ll : h'i:A : o : f{IDQ;l,l.'ij"?J:(: : «l!'l'e":j', : U·l\;I. : --1,P,V·:"f'} : f.out\f1 ;rh! :: i't.if.t1aJ· 1 f"'r;fll"I: : lt'lt\�1� : (}"},(:' : (\ UIJ"','J° : llt\rf •(lm : f1·0l : ()•{lit- : {IDt,.,;l .: l\J!, : {ll\f\:l!lD.. : {JlJ,(1:,-c,· : '?lo :t" : �OJ• :: ODlP/..:J.. Cf!_m• : ,l,'? : "'?'}i1m·'J°: i-'tflt\ : fllf'}: (11\1�.lJ : .et\m• : (ll)t:,;l.. : l\f, : fuD m <f19°'i': fao1A 224 .. --,A: ov,n:, : l',t\ro•: f°iflro• : �m· n1·1.tJ9° : DDlP/..;I. = f.\OtJ..r: ; fOD'}OJ p:,.. ,.,,°le; = f'�•nt.. o-01t.. = .e...1-n1· nOJJ.6. :,,>;.:,- . OD011..:,.. = 011?1(Dc?° = 1',f(/.\ 'l\"Jtn7i: n-f•ao�nro,: f1•0l.--f:: aot,:,.. : l\f,: t1,n1.. :1:1 : i\.,,<'(1°'/t-. : h66l 225 · : : : . t, P''f:. : :,,9" t\ t\. : 1'°':,. Ofbft : f. DD,.(l,r: �Olm• : t\"'?'I : f°iU'i: 1\ ii<D 9'° Clll·A: f-!'l'l° � �,,fll: fl·fltt.. : (l{JlJ&,.-J: : l\f, : hOJJ..wOI/?-:,• : r�1, ..}.f.... : h•fl,f•1·: 11 uaz. 1·fm·: �P,: h�--0: f"'J,.eOAma>•"}: ,,fUA: footi&.A: {/lJ•O--) ·: fL'it..m•:_ y_,:1·•/.\ : 'IClC :: U•(\ rf..c;:w- : f,lJ : '}O.. (l : n'i!t\ : fOI/.DDt\h--,.m · · : 1--�J!, : f. 1'1° : r1,fl1.. : (l1ln• = J-,flt\--:1·• n�,..nt.. = 0111'" , m:PI\I\: ,,.n1..:,.. = f\,e f!l.:fro•i = a0•0·Y..t = 'IOC:: h'IJ·f.lJ : {ID,n..f•1·: f'?A: �O<r- ! 071\;l ..9°: f,..f--(ln1•;l. : l\fi�,-�.: h'lt\'t'= J't-Ot.m,:,•9'°: flOIJ..'r?-:,- : (l?J:f=lf':t'9'°= O.'lf.\: •(1:J!: �Oc:: 226 ll.ifm-:mf,'l°= {lOD f1f•',:,• : ft.{lffic : i't_f.,",f.. /t-9'° 1 227 ()(\oP,.(l,Y..:f: : ftp"rf: : 1,"}f.lf� : on,{l;f• :fro•: h00'1°:J"TW- = (lt!,,}: i', -Ol'PTm•: f,'r?-: /\�(}?,..:,--: (l?J"':f.: ,e.-1•1\t\4-ft•1 228 .. _ -h1,tU : f h.· : (l?J 1· : Ofbit- : 1.J·L : 01 1 : DD"fl-1'--:f: : /\01/U01- : ,f-cODl\.7i : 1'1,�. tr� ;t-:,,p. = �nc == . r��l?f = rv"'t m• 1o•il = = 7; = (h<kTc = --Irr 1r) ruiovl\t1•1•(V4 � .. : oot,:,-. : f(f\;l.. W n� .f..-,..llt. ) • :.lf',. . f C?f : i\o ·. : J!, f.l. : • tP/ 10J •1 'l!'r ; � f ; : I\ 1 . : _ > lf'C · 1 nc ·· Of ,,v, 1.c;.. m/,�.,_,:,. = 'P'i = h,·f•ffl/ : arilT = f'�•t11..:i- = flf�· = r,,

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•· o: t 4'f; . (114/,\ ?al, 1," : Ill!, . : '& hP r H. .. 1 :. } ·ro(l "'l 1' ••fi{\ :1·,f { ? f h (t /t<l• r '}<l• "'/f., }OC . : 111 -:-., • "'I {100111,01 r foY..onl\h·t-a>-"t : f�-l•t11 : ,(lth,{•1 fI DP'C'} : .,r1�ow-�' .• f"•�".... ·, <l' •• -n ' c � j tf' st :J:A {\}1 ''f'1 uo e , : 1-01 � 242. Wf..L•)· : /\"}f,.9'°"}0Df\h•l·w • • 'h - I '1°1 : P"-'rC : rn:rl!ti: o ...·0116<'0,.: t.4!:,,' OJ•ll : Oont;Ll.�ifm•r: V'� ' (lo .c.. , 1.,:,.: ,...,�. :'' /\"''lflw•..,,, . U•fr • • • •• f •

241. /\,1\m- : 9'°C,s"J. : f.°l'l°

«J•«

1 �

►

- 120 -

..,-1{l : fAlf'I-T1 : AOl/�'f! : ih1°:f : l\"'lh4'l:t- :· f;rif,.�,),1: ar"> , .e.1P'f :- °1hnc = fi.'icn:rA

'?�:e-.,:,.. : fl\:f.

frf"'l/\OJ• : h�A : f/,,..(1..'J : f..111 : 1\01/ro•lTJ:,• : f:J!l\ : J,1f.lf'l : (il>f..9° : 00 c'i:f-fDc = nhc?a' = f01J..,t-Pif..? :,- = tJ<j:flo':-'f = ncf>l\ft« = h..f1..c1--:i• = f (IDt. = ll1A 00 'i'l!'IT : 1°1\ : 11"1> • :: : H ',(D O'J.°f/t'T ) fOl/..:J"f,'1¥w•: n..-f--l\f,9° : ,.. qq. f 9'1'1-'i : f,f-t-.S.·�.: hC7t1 : h.OIJ.,ooft.n,1::,• : f l<f!'I? :: <h rt::f : i',..nlf'19.1:,5 : ,f..&.. .1.ori.'I:,.. : hf,'ilri•l--lD·'/° :: nt.,f!<I? : (Dc(IT : h'JO-h : tJ<j:A: e-o : fl\-:,..'I°: ,,..&..1. '°t'I:,. : f°t'i t-.:f-fDc = r00 +Pif..t.rw• : f..111 : i',ht..l-Jt : ""'t.tri1 :: rof,'/° :: hl\i't 1Y:: 1•.V.f,: f:1;J1.: ltf,'it.ro•: ft.4>C: mf,'/° : fi•.. e..'111ro•: cf?TC: ,'h'?1 : 'fOIJ.:J'l.1 : lf'i : (L •J� •n;:J: : 'IW•::

f1l1ll. rl- : flf �- : fJ,cq· : ODfu•f..-:j, : .. r(tc:,. : f1•nl : o•ni't« : h�A : ft,. fr'} : ..e..111 : ltfroll} : f<l'l.: h1f..lf1: t..cJ::«I?: ,,1_e.•1.t·Lf'l!: foo,f,Pif..tf: f..1•0: fl{JlJlf1 :: ,f•�f.OIJ.',,}• : f,'il.q>A ::

i't'J,('; : 1'1f..11 .tJ : fl\ : tJ<j:A :: OD�rl:1 : n '11ll.T : l\°"l/,\0'/:,.. :: {lq : .,, 243 �:,-: i'tl\(D• :: °111�W-'/° : h�A : {llf"} : oot.1,:1-:.1 : n�, ..nt..:,.. : (ll+lr�"P) : 1'1Jtfl\oY : i',,e1�,'l:'I° :: h1Jt,.c>m•'/° : oo�,y.:.f..1 : o1"li'.° : l\i','lt\o:,5 : O°"lhtr• t.A = n'?A = J,1Jtnoo- = h°"lf:l'? = ..el-1\A nooa11.?k·'I° = ODfu,y.:f,1: nnl\m= I\OIJ A°"lT = .e'fA = 1-11 .r: = r1..n1.-l· = rrr-,. = J,c?f = oofu•f•i' = ftr-:,... = r1111. = (1-0i'r : h�A : ''l\,'hif11 : T�'I° :'' nOIJ..lPt,.: g,aat_..:,,: n,:,.. : Tfi_P: P'C: f,lf c; - A ,eu = gr/CL:,-. = f+'lhro- = tJ<j:A = fOD,.l•Pif..tf = .e.111 :: °"l'?"f+.1 = l\°"ll:J 1'11 = r+flf = ;}I\&.�:,.. = .e "1An:J"A 1

f1.-nl.:,• = flf'I- = i,cti , ODto•r::;.. = fl).,.:rro-1 = n'i;ta: 1._ = roi{ll)flh,1:-r : f<j::,.,h = 1llfl>?- , ,-,.ai = <l!IJ't:i' 1 <l?'rc = 2firD-'it�f � foi 1,-:,.. = ncr-ro- : 0Dg"tf1 � = ''.n01Jf.,"}cJ l).cl'(l• : 1•nl•f--:f : n1,,nt..:'f·: ill\.0Dm<l19°: ''OOIJ.l\W• : nit �'117. : B : FC :: �OJ• :: hi\�r-1.u : n�f\al-- : h1"..e...�11m·: '/°/Jt,.(f. : J!.9° :: ,n{\o: Ot\"11f1l : '11A '?l\ 1-- : 1111.:,,i; : l\,111111 : i',1A'?"1>T :: fOl/.m:PtJD•:,.01 : U•n -h;J ,.,. :: _o 'l° <j: : 0 t• (D• fl () .. h ,., :: '1 T1' : ii l\DI/ {ll\ 4' :,, : forz..OJ {l )· : 9°iJt,. (:.."..f: f.,1 fr 1 r nl..'r = foom,�9° HYoSJJ,1·1 = roiz..onnh ''n = . u,ft:,. : ; f,'1 T = f:..'?'l° = P'C = roiz..1·r,·w• = == J,�H. tJ9° : 09°ot-� = ,i: : 1r-l\:,-- : 9°iJt-.c:..-:f : ''floo'J'?P':, .. : r;1--m,1: : f oofu:,-. : 'll\0.-01--'f : oY1nc h'i' = O'/°iJt,.<j: = 2 = P'C fw- :: n�:,-- ,11 : ,,O,l1>?- : t;: :'' .. :.f :t,.$11 p<j f°t11ro- : ''rh,fc"7 : hAA : f(J'',- : ih°l: ntt;<J,gr: ......B : ID-il'I': rui1�,;-.:,.. _:. i'tt,.i:: 'J°lJl,.C:..i': h'ltLU : OD(f'i:fro•:

n..

"'"°'f

,,,�:It'

�..

=''

='' r�

'�(D• ::

------

243.

.e,u : hC'J°"I;_. : r,t-&.Y:l' : ric'if : P't• • DJ�&,:,- , t\.)!OOC r ?,1'��-t\ : ,f•{l.fJJ/"'l. , \'lJ'� ,

t.,:,• J f\UD11)f.\ : 00:J,4,p,_ � "'Jf.\'}' I }CJJ4

- 121 -

OOIP

' }(r{l : h<j:t\ :

e... I ''f"�"o1.:,. :: '11\V"O;t·'l:1--'' or,::,.,,,: ,(},fht;-:

it*'J

,11 :,'I!:

P'C: 01\ftcn-:

-: J l 1 f, i • • il : , l : 1.'i � : h� , fla : t . ·'J tiV J, :'' · 1 '1, . .. t t i n:1 ;;: J t. , ll\l ,,.,.. ilt\ : : " 0 1: 1 f : , • (\� : ,)1;J'f! : U• • · " :: f l f, : { /;\ l , • 'f 'J/r -f l l C'A : C," ;J-. � J hODlJ''·9°: (ll\.e, r,,.0•1 ; r : ,�' ft r) 61, 'f1 9° f : 1'0 • m 'l ll'J 1" : : ,11 0 '1 . � 1'1 : 'I : " ( ,m 7' C l: ?J:1�--} � t\O DOl(\ .. : 0,1 l _ ' ' : 1 t\ ,. , , t\ l 9° V fl : P, OT/ . : l A ) , ' : � 'i (it :, 1 t. ,{} , . f " : 1l It.e,f-.l e1J : fl ti 6. cf, f.. :,,9° : l\.e, : (D•l\ (D• : _e.1 �t\• :!

·=

,n,,.. ', ,,.

f'?/;\'," : f"'I-Ol1·: 'l ti i'-i{\'f>f,_•(JD1 : n�:,.,h : •Odh't• : ,11'? : PC = u o 0 u b ' : { \1\1\TOJ· : ;11.�'f! : tt*9 : (]61, 't•: 9 cont-. : ti..e.1. 1 } : (l�\ft : mf,. : n : : 9 , 9° ·: conf..: >,"}oo(\/}ft1 :: '',)·c ..., ..,11 :,..: (ttoo•Cj"t\:) 'lf\lJ,{1r1•'l;t ,11,;J'f! i' �: . �OI/.:'' ffTILA : i',C.J,ll:l.: f ,f•o,nro· : c#!'f'C : it%£!! : V ,,o:1·'11·, : ''(l.rl'l1•9°:'' {ID.-0,1• = 'l<D·• = . et\'PA 9°19" = 1\·}1,1.1: Oc1J1·1•� = 1,01.:, .. = l\f, hu•h· _ .> 11 hc#!'f'C : n.ifo : : OD{\ h.f: t\ '10Jcl : q, f .. A9�,: cf!'f'C : if.%Y.r. tu . "}■,. : _cJ,/;\. ::- .. �'i1· l\1J•fl-l: : 11 .-1·om• ;I.. : {ll>,fl· f-·1-- : {ll)LJ.J/.;f" : 1·C1--'1°1· : ,e1�:A :: 1\'111.U?°: (l{\IJ•01:: fl1r0lrf: : flOD{l{\(D•: 00 ,1. e..· : t\.1t\1An:, .. : l\..m'P9°(} :1.. c; : 'P.� : ,,,.,1,.-ntt. 9° : tJ"' 'I : 'P.� : l}.e,cf1(1A: n1 •fllrf: : n ..<111n:, .. : roo!f.n·: 24 5 ! P ! OD•fl1 · : lj·:�ro- :: Ol\ .r:1 ,1J•9° : 1.e.--0 : ,J,f..C1°'l;f ' A:: ilf\J-LU : flm�'t\l\ : l,} ,} : f,";f!(D• ! ,f••(l(\O)•: f 0'J,'J0Drf:1•"}: }''{\1•: OD•O•f•1': ,:J1C : 'l'1; f,9t> : f{l(\L J•(lr f..... Ul/l\1· : fOD •J/;\1/;\: fou,n4 9° ',": f(Jl / 1-1'11'} : ,JD,(l--} : ,1, ---,.. : i',h--0(!, : .e, •1'-i:A :: 244

,n:,. .,:,.

ru-n:,.-,:,..,

= ro«i,:

fl�" m.at/t?° : ;1,·1· :

r;,t,. :

'l/\U·fl,,l·�1·.. } : ffl/l\:l·'J° : l\i',1f: : � 1C:

tin

U•O;l·',:l•'J° : 1.IL.(''f : co.e,9" : 9',11.J-L'J° : f 0'J.e,n4-..&..A: t\.lf 1 : f.,:1··t\ A :: foP"f_,11•t.<1(l)• : q_e,.,.,7. : r;,t,. : 'll\U,flrl•�:,.. : tl'lt\Ur(l•f·;f. :: �ft1o1' : 001/.0D 247 1 l\.e, f' ',OJ• :: : (}9°9°', 1 · (ltrflrf,<;:ro• : °'f,'1--r : f,;JI,,: nt\ ?.DDtJ.Jl--l : : : ',6J:' · . t u,n:,.-,:,. = ro·ll'r = dJ}. = �u : {t'J°?'J.,:,. = l\�'ic : y;...1·•1\A == 24s

: 'lftU•fl -r: 1.ft.f''f: flf', : <Df,9° : 9° 11.11.91 f 0TJ ,e,hti-.. &.t\ : '}r(}l,)": f .. ?t. '},flli:: 1-t1.�.e1l\0lt\: O·l•{ll)f,.(1{11•: °'l\"1: ODLP/..1" : {1','/: l\.:'lt\1Afi�• : ,e:f = 1 " ro•1 r /\A =� (,Q.UtJ t? = �,. }P,'}.c;. = ;Jt. = •ll\U·ll-l·: 111 -01..-1: : rorz.1, ' �1o t\UDll6.A: ou,n:,-- : J',/lro· :: 249 f ;,�. : fU'',ro•·} : •},fll1" : t\OD�'r : ftd' /{11'� \ (\r,: : (D.e,9° : {l'P{ \:1- 'i : {\(Jll ll.C'11: ro f,'J° : .. }--(1 /., f: : Of) .e.. {1 (l1""} : h· 1 t"1 l\"�•: ° {\OD{\OJ'P : o.t.l\ I : ''I'} : 1.1·1,.l''l! : ftr)• : f ;Jlr : '11\"}•(lt.,f•:f. : U·lt· : oo{ltflf o7:1.. : >,nq:,�ro- :: {tft1·1.tJ?"° -� t,,�· : 1.tl.f'l! : r ;)t. : 'lt\U·(l1-- : ,n;: : 1t'}l;\1 r U/}{1·"}: ,.<1t\ ,t-. q,{l{\(D•: },1f..l/''}: ,-nt.,J:"}: flou7f'J�, t\ 0'/il1""i\i\<i: ,J m.e'I°: f,-,,(10 '/ '

n,,..

r,,,.

•

- 122 -

250 ° 00 t\ = t\rorr 1�� = 9 : 11.1·1»9° = fOl/ .ehti.. it�:FA.'1° :: nn:,... 1 : 1 1' .eu-� A,.l,\ : "},(lt.:'f" : f;J� : 'lt\U,(l•t : +ool}qf, : or>,(1:'f· : ft\lD•9° :: ,e,u9° : f+f,l1 n,r , f 'lt\u11:i--a;,1:1 = 00wt.:J... 'l! = o.*9° = na,oo.,111 = .,w- == U'/? 171«;'1° = q_e -,:,-- = f;1� = 'lt\u-n:,.. -,:,.. = n.lf1 = '11f: = i',m..Pl\,e, : or>t\.r= 1tftm• 1 .e1iro·'I° = f:J6' = 'lt\u-o--r.. :,� 'lnu,o:,..., ;--:fw- = n1,nt...1: = l\,e, = noul\ = {IV(f). : a;w• :: ilt\tLU'I° : ff1Pi1 ,�.. : '1/\U•O;I. : �--c7i : '?J·f--� : (lOJJlf1 : itf,:J.. Y,'}1' 1 itf,Pi(lil'J° :: '' ff1Pi1P"' : f;J� : 'lt\1..0l:'f· : �,c,f : f"},fil+. : 10l/..il ·: (L,(t : �-0 : WH+ : hf+'lt\ : O'llt·O : h�Ati--,e : f,1/\trJA :: .eu•1 : 1,"}j{ : ,e,u 1 -· '}'} : t,�A.4-1, : 01·0l t: : l\,e, : 1,1F-..url..:J ..,e, : 1,1F-..OIJ.P,(l{l : i', ..e..•c'Jo : ',e, iro•'i"t \1'},fl/."f: : htLU : lD11 : l\f, : f,1"'1/;\ 1' "fl(\o : lP/OD/;\\l;f , : i',f ,:J!/;\'J° :: },f"}� '}J;.. = tJ<j:A'i,f, = n,n�'l\l\aJ« = 01-01.,1:r,: n1,.r1Pi1J;.. : :1,1t1J:,.. = m·il'r = rorz.'ic= 252 251 l' �{I}•::'' (1t1tie!'lD•: f,. , 6'fi.,OJ•: -,ro. ::) il/\11..U'I°: flj:1',11: "{l,n.�•: ;,,'?: {li\f . : : f : 'li\u,n:1�'Cl\ ;J6' : {}OIJ..f...,'?'?{l·r : 1 .f·L : �·c7iw·"} : 7,1f...OI/f, '}�'});. . ;rf, : lLI!:,, : oo,n:,..�- : Of1P,1J;..9° : ru,fli: : :111t1J,)-- : i'tiiA : l\f, : 1,"}y,...-,..oo V-'lT : 001/..�·t.'? : -,w .. �,J-1... IJ : l\,e : i','r,flc� : tJIJq(l,fi: fOIJ..,,f{lt..&\1m·: /\'?A: fJ/\1-0t.,f:.f : f1'(1 m-:,... = y,fl,f: = F&\fJJ'f·:f.. = n;,,,,.. Fe= r:i� 'li\u-o-r--1: 1,1�.ti&.,.. :fw- ooy,. l-r1 = -,w- ,'h1-c = nttu'I° = i',&\c:: = f;1? = '1/\U•n--,..�f = ru,n;-- :r-ro-1 = fit{li·� 2s3 : ,e..c : P'� : ''Oi', 1..�-- ',.)·· :'' ''1'"}�OfJ�:,..,, : ,e,y.._'l'?;JA : fitJij:t!\ : '11.(',.' : f,l'ODt\h:1 ,'i":1-=ro-1 : f'l i ftlC: m,e,9°: fOD1f,C: llDfu•f- :f-1 : u..),:J-- : ,l1 1-« : O;J? : 'l/\LJ,fi,)·•lj1• : P'C : it/\OJJlilitOfJ� : '?A7' : .,m◄ ; 9°h1.,.f,J:9° : 0 ', tf.lJ : ODfu "y,.:.1: : l\f, : ?.1·f.. : f'-.°lOJ« ' } : OD ,{1:, .. : ,,,..�,fl/\0 itf, ;rf:,'J°Cj :: 1 i'1flt\0i"' : U•ir= 0 i(l,OJ' : f'?/\ l\f,: :j,: : y.. oo&, .. "} e..C: ho n1nv-1: htlC: Wf,9°: ..C7iTlD•9° : l\f, : �?,,.9° : flf', : fl'?&\ : foom f+ro(I�: s:c7i: h1Pil\:fro·'i": n.. e.. 'f9°'1 : f{ID1A1A : oo,n:,, : 7,1�1\:fro· : ,J--ooAn,J,�"A :: 7,f"}�"}J;.. : it'lA : ff �ft."} : s:c?f : 1'1�&..�F-.. : t\.ft\01/lD• ; w,e,9° = i\'?(ll"li. = f01/. tr 1 = s:c.7i'm·1' = 'lq{l}«. : 00"}1S: : t\,mcf:1'J°fi:'f• : oo;J!t\--1'1° : +1111n'i"A :: tJI/"}'i?;w-'/° : ftl.f : (Im- = nc = flf� : n,I\ = t,'lA = .r:e1 = 4!�611- = oofu:,... = f/\'li\OJJ,n,1: = 1..:1>�.. = ,t1/\1A'lT : i',f,l-A'I° :: {l(\Jf.1J ; dl1" : il/\;J� : 'lt\u-n,1,-,:,.. : f°tOJil'i"rlD· : OfJIJ'/.rl': ,hltfl1' :. fOD 1�C: OJY,'I° : ftlC : C{l•r : flf� : U•lt- : '?f·Jcij: : Off', : 00 11S: : OOJJ\ltj.. &_l\·'i": ,,f"}P,"}?r9° : i'1'lA : n.e..--cif(D• : l\f, : �?t-'1° : flf� ' f'?A : fOJJm�'J° : 00•01" : flOD(lm+. : /\i""'l/\OJ• : ell:,.. : h°l'l"O : t\_'f : i'1 ..el-A'I° :: , ,,,, ,. s: = n, ...,.. = "ooy_, OD fu,1:1 = I\ {1D 'r = ro.e "° = I\ (111 {l ,1," I\ 'i� = .r (\ m• = on,n:,.. : 7,1'\l. : 1..1·Lflf! : flf�- : f;J/r : '1/\U"fi,f--1' : til\:i:m, : 00 -01" = 7,��'? : frf•

41\0IJ :

0"'/

�rlD· n

=,,

250. r'i::i•m , 11,h»c = .,-,,°1 tf>...'l' C = itlr.ii == 1,1t.hi) = �2 (1ii = 1 Lr· �f •• l\ 1i-o = r "-·t -1• -11. .J'1 t\.O f{, ° .,. 251. � = ticfliv.. = �·� , (Lo.A = 9

1gc 1 ·i';f; : "fi�u : : (:1·C'l·9°) :: 252. r�:,",11 : ,flth.C : ;,1°1 : 'fY•'J'C : 11'.'.�f.�il : if.ifi :: 253. r�:,-.,h r 11"1.C ' ,"11°1 : ,pc.ire : it�fX-?; :l

- 123 -

l\f- = r,ro• :: '1.1 ..�,.: r11c: = cil-1· = flf'I = _001o:i• = fl\m • =ow·: fft..-1- = t1on1..-: it'll\�1: : n..-t-{ltPJ00-(1:,- : oo&,..-J:1 : IL7i� : mf.,'J° : l\.!fl..-t-1\A� : OD7ft,'} : 4'f..9° : 11/\1 : ..-t-ooA'n-i•t;A :: ,eu•1 : 1\ 1:{ = f.,IJ : �1 ,,0 flft ..-J· : tfan..r.,,: h'l ..U 1to".-f- : fOIL(lmlD·: oo,n:,..: (looj!oDtJ': Y..l:�·: 1\ 9 fl. : f"'/fli·• } : ',(De:: ilflltU'J°: {b..-t- : H{JlJ p..:f: : it 1 f..' : 'lb� : lDf..lf', : (llD• : oot,:J: :fm· : 1\"}�J?,..-1--1\ft (i: : l\UIJ f.."'l"1 : (t\9°'1t\,: flOD"1 •f :,") : 'l,e &.:,, .<;..: lDf,'J°: (J-,"fi tf;;:m•"} : 1- f·f, : h1-Y..01/.lf�m• U• it-) : q_e'fft,: {lt\OD&,..-J:1 : noon�: fOl/..f'?f..lD•: '1°1'1°: '11(:;. f/\9° :: Ott.U: _ -ODlPlT: ffb-i": Jf {11J� : '1.'1�1" : rt1c = cfl,l = htr'laJ• = hOT/1-ti·(Dc9° = h�f : 1 0 ..: J : 1'.1 �f, •ftfl r,: fl I f..'l"J : fftfw. i m·ilT : it "})}.9° : 1'.1�,e 7iT : OJf,'J° OD11 :,.. : f ,,.. (D (l', : ',O)• ::

ntJl/.

00/\h1-- ro· : fr,::,•,f, : 1ldb«;. : ,1,'? ,eu : u• �;J-- : f;J/r : 'lt\U..fl:'f•',,,t1 : : �?t- 9° : f,f•t\f : 'Im· J 9°'n1.f1,,f:9° :_ f;J/r : flf',ro•1 : 1-(lt.,l-- : flouif,r : mt'J° : ·--1·.. : u--fl· : il9°'J°'I:,•: itil&.1\1.. : (1{11Jlf�: 'Im• : 254 • flOl/fl--1--1\t\<;: : f;J/r: 'lt\U O-r-: -------fl/bl\ = ;,\., ;11c "1.r..-- = r;11r = ()t\u-o:t- : n,t-.. 4'roOD 1 r;,� flf',m• = 1--nl1' : IL 7f'I' : rof,9° : ft..,t-1\t\<;: : itf,'fA 9° ::

(l;J/"' : 'lf\U,(l-f•1--t;: f{llJ1Y..Ct;: flfC: ell..-)-- : flf', : OD&,:,--: 111\:fw•: 09't: ou\-}nf,\ : ,,f f\.(D• : fOD,(l;f.. : ,f•ODl(l(,ea,:,.. : 1'.1 Y..'pth,f•(\(Dc : l\..m.4 1\A : f,'f I\A 1 u,f\,J:9°: ''1•fll;J--:,:m·1 :'' (loo7iT: lDf,'J° : (ltPJ {l..-f--1\l\ r,: : t.1.e-: ft\fm:OD117" : frf··ro(l', : ',(l}c :: hf·LU : (l,f•lt. : '?1 : (ll}•t\rf: : ootihA : /bl\ : foo,o:,, : ..-f,ODl(t)f,',1• : ft\9° :: 1

n,-1..u : h?.�.1 : (lf·IC : rof,9° : (lo 01Y..C : OD/o.f·:.l-.. : l\f, : ltl\l\(D• : f1·fl l1· : lTD(t(A : ou,n:,-- : ,l1;J'C : i't!f:'J° : ODODtf : f9° '117(1}c : ,n.1· : ill\,;J? : ()ft v,n:,,�:!.. : h01J..J�'l"J;J:f!m• : ·f..1fl1: : '1Y,lf1 : f''oo1�C :'' "ht; : f''f? "1 :''i ou&,..y..�}'1 = . h01J..ODl\h.-J::I. : h7L§fit!1-7Ll;f : '11\• :t- : cf!TC:°f : ',cD· :: O�l. � U9° : cl?TC:•f' : OD1Pl"1-- : ftt(: : f7°1>f : ·lDJ?,9° : f001 f,C: OD/o..f--1· : V•lr : ''f"r .-nl:,.. : flf�- : ric7i : OfJ/o,,f•l- : ftr1-- : ti�A :'' fO''J..{}A : ''tPJ"�OC:'' f"J/,\: 111l:t.: If., m·: f,�mt-l\•:: f,U?° : ''or/"'rOC:'' fHC : (:ilT : (l OI/."l�fl-l•: cJ,(lt\,: ''fb1·!10DY:''' : fon'}f..C : Cil1· : OOl/..1�n:1, : ''uv'}�C :'' "ht; : .f7o•>-/: OlJ/ot= noiz.1�n1-- '1" : ''7°,,.I :'' �,f1·'lt\ : fOI/..m/r : ',m.. :: ill\lLtJ'l° : f IIC : foP"},.e.C = lJ-Ot I (Df_,'/° : f1oP/ : flf� : OD&,..y::;,1- : ''f'�•nt.:i, :11255 mJ?,90 : f;Jt.. : 0

256

I I '' /

- 124 -

-OW OOT:il : ..,..h�A nf,f..{\'J° :: Ot·LU : 1--�1, : 1\1, : ILIf : l'J ro : i1 •/l(D• 1 1 "'11�(1)'9° • T CllJto • � � llT = i,c7f : 'lflu11:, ...,.-,.. = 'i' : noo 'Joi h p :,-( = r:r lDtf?: f{ID/o:,..: 'lflU•fl,f... rf•: °1UOC:) h'i' : O;Jt : 'lf \U•n:,,a;:,... : ool}hA : fllro•"} .. =JAi'--Ot.t-.9° : . '11C : ,,,�{\ : fl01/1lt-.t-.:,.. : O;J--L�f,.(D• 1 A�.,:,- : Otf?'fC = tJ 'itg121: = (g)= 1Lm1f: = .e1,I\A

�{ID��:'i"

f,V·'J : h'J :{ : htLU : I\� : 04:TC : i'f.9.fiffi : P'C : fi'm,p(l.:,, : f,-,'11 lT : flf� : UD{o,f-.9f : 11C1f C : f rf"°.7.1\ : },{\au.If-,."} : ODIJ':t:,ll : ,,, 'lA :: f1f C 1f�: '}I\"'/ : h'}J'i.rf,.�f,.?,.: {\;J--+J;..:,, : OD{orf,':.f : 'J° lt{b : {\ODllffiT : 1}:J! : ',a>•:: 01''J'?t\.1J � lD• : ''ii.lb� :'' fDtflro• : :J'A , f°t1A?.ro- : fon'JF..C'J: fCllT: ilt:,.. : a;m• :: 1,U9° : nil'f'ff:,.. : ''.e,.7i :'' n°tflm- : Oi't01/C�ro-: :l'c�oit : fi' 1.1&.. : ',(I)- I ''1° Vf :'' f0Ilfl<D•9° : :J>A : f°t.f'DDflhi'LD- : ni't'Jf,.�ro• : tJ<j:A : lD'il'f : f-i·00l\hT'i":f ro·'J : rn-0:,... : hen. : tJtj::flo:.1: : r1°"1: 001o:,� : llt.-,.. 'J: Ot LtJ9° = ODwl:,_, = ''7n"I rOIJ.flm· = :J'A = rnc = ell:,.. = llt.-, .. 'J = itf �{IJc tn:PAA9° ::

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hif.9.fifit : hilh : ri.�f : f:lll : f It::,- : 4?1'�:.y.. : OHC : ell:,- : llt:,.. : ilc: .= roi17'- = ODto,f:f'J9° = ,.aofl h:J"t\• = r?111 An:,, = u•ll :,.. = 9°h'J11,:r.. = i'ttt-'J:: fHC: (it'JJ;"}.l7: fHC: ,-l1l1°·f: OtJD,f,: f°t�m?-: i','lt\ ·f: fl.'ft-.:fro- : f,1"1\it- !) flf�: 00/o•f..":f, : hOD'J.. e.c : CD1,9° : '11° 01 : OD{o,f.':-r.. : ;JC : f,ODl}(t l\(\c 1 9°ti'J frf:9° � fHC : CilT9° : h'} f,. : OD"} ,,e.cc;: 'Joi>/ : CflT: ''r,-,•nl:,..:'� 0-0:,..-,:,..1 : n11fr>: llflOl/.1�: ',(D• :: V•{\-f'�9° 1 ,"h1··'J : fl'P4?:,-: ll..� : r,-,,n lt : (l{\lf� : f1iC7f : Uo/o,,Y..1" : fi'lL�L�ll}• : ,)1°1 : nr''OD"}F..?r t\OIJ.11-:,..: 251 l\:,..OJ toi; = fl i'hc:,.. t-. = ,-,, 11 fl":f.. = r;J ..+f.. = ., w- = f"l.tt- = f:,..:1" tt.· ni, ., tL u = trt\T = m/°l•l,,f-:f : LD-ilT : fOD'Jf..C'i' : fHC : flt:,.. : 1n'J : ll1n'J: lf�m·: OfOD 11..?a = ;,111 •O = tl1f.' = {ID 1,;1,:fro- = r ;-..ro4:t = � m• == 0

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o,f!"rC: TI:2ffi•_ij-tt,?.;f : llh-:,.. : P'C : f,l.. f!l'l,(t•;I.. : f fl,,f• : llouy__, I r1n .. : .. : Pfl • , : '} OJ : ,, : ',CD• ? ,l1;J ., , , J (l "l '' 'C Yo:, .,, l,' � f {JD"} ,,(1..C: r J, C7f: '(. t1'J..., . fle :1: ,'h ,;J 'f!: (t(D•',;r:t�m•: "/,'}f..°lt\: '1'/1fl£!'1'4..: fl\: ',OJ': OJ,e {l: "/,"}J!,.: ''UD7°7J»;}.. '£ :'' -- : ''O"/," J;. • ,o ofth,f: .V } ' , U·ft = r : (b "l t,*qn:1:? f,"t,1· : ,,C�'l! : oo} u : Jfl m•: "1.. lt : '(lro•' : mf,9° : '(lm•',:,.. , : •flft'} : {l'}c;1c : "l,1 �()�flit 'P. : <i�m•t- 1- : : flf}•: UDr(l,f-.:f•c;: °l� [i.'rro-] : fltP/fl:'f··: ltf,V'1: h,.. �n•fli','e: fi:m•t.., : ,,.. :J .. 91·:;. : t,lt:Fm· : ,1---0flm•: f(ll/,1(JlJ,J: : ho-Oit'I! : �m-t-1 : OJ•6lJ' : r,r� : �'I c::}'', : oolf&•;f�(D•"} -, fllJD°lfl'J' : ',O)• ::'' 259

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t11i." : hl\f, :: 1,1f..,f•m4 '0·:,.. : flt : fl,Ctf : ''OJJUOC:'' fflm,,: ,h;J'C= '" f(tro·'i--"t-: h*9°: (l{JD(D(l '}: f''01J1fl<r-1 :'' QD,n ..f,1 --t; : °l�;rfP°:f: ODOD/,\h1''J': nr,:::1·,l, : ,fl,li."r-9° : ,11°1 : m·il' I' : ''f'?t\ :'' "t,'"i : '' ,1,1·1'l'C :'' (ao1'?P':J"'C) : f(l(D«',:,- : 0°-n:r : ilt\!t.:f-lD•: 01..-�ne:.1- :: UDUD t.UDC: fqt\ 261

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f ;,,,fll:'f-c : fV'', : f"t,C'li : {JDt:,;I. : f1\:1:m.. : OI/ uor.-:.f : n,f.. (lm•'Pi�lD· : (JlJ.. fl,f-.1'.. : 1°1\ : -Ot\ fCPJ..;J--fro•: fOI/"�O'r : un1a,), : Of,C_'1 : 1\1.V,.ero(l� = 262 fCPJ....eoif.m•: f..1,(1: ',ro•:: llftli,U : uo,o:, .. : 11:J,: -(lft1 : O..t·IC11C: 'h"}',,;J1t• fl1 �� 0

11,t•'lfl... ,,).. : °'lUfl�:f.. : l\,e : 1111•0 : f{JlJmf:,, : {JD,fi:'f-c : .C'f\1:£D• : (19':l·· f f1c: : °1 1-f:I.. : OIJ.ifl, f;C: l1A&.cl,f : n,1,c : f ,11 •0l;I. : flf',ro•'} : f(JlJ.e,14'1)4'il: .. 1-0l:,. : t\UD.f> 1l : i',f,i•fl·9°:: 263 t\"'1•fll•'l:: oofu:, .. : r�\C'l' : P'&- : m : ft°! ,e'J ° · u fl?- : i', 'lft.'01' : OlJrf•P,f.tf: i', il&..ft•t : rrr•,.:,.. : f1'r t., •fl f: : --1--1-cf> lt;1'7i : 1•{1l.-f·1·

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h .. 'PA:: "l't : 1'14>'1.4'7i9° : lf., : :: 26s oo,o:,-. : fl\T(l}«9° . -= flf., = fhc'lf 001o,1• 'll\w• = OJJunc : ou.n:,-- = I\J!, = ,n"nt::• _e..l f ,,.:,.. : 1f..(1,,1-- : fillJ9° : "l-�U: U> 'f : f01 .;J--f(D«: ficJ?'PC: fi.!!f[ : (�) P'C: f,..f�OD "h"f'm•: i,w•:: n'J�.. : J\ ,�.u : fl\: 0'1UOC : ft..t'l·1: not>:,.. : ;Ji,;J'f : Olf'i : {IIJ11f: : l\ODifT = l\0 '1i'l"l,. l\l\� = OD,.f''1f : l\'11 ..�'l°l : mJ!,9° = ncn{\J.7 : t,'?J?: : "{ID{l(OT : f0'L-:fl\w• : ..r1c: .,.,:,.. : 01/..�i'l,,l;C1: /..,,PJ.7: ..r1•r; : 'l,1f.. lf', : •n:J�: · �(1}• :: 'lt\U ,,(l,f: : 00to··f:1 : t\oof1 'P : mJ!,9° : l\°'l{l"l" l\f\t;: : ,.ff\W•1 : OD,O;I' : (l')"'•fl:,, : ftPf.lD{l�OJ•"} : fff· .U"} : f;.•1,,':J"L : :,-c:1-9° : 001/.1'1 : ODl,�:,.. : .em;,> tfl/ &\:: 0,f' lllcf> f) W·: «J?'l' C: W•it'r: f,f• <JD l\h ..f• aJ• : Y,.--'},;J 1,: i',1J?:: 01J UOC: f01/. lfl•f:<r1: t._:)>,,r;: iil\1"�• : flcl>C : OD/oirf:'J: hti, �(\v: l\1Jf: i',l}{\�:1: : i',1l). : . "' ° : : 1'.1�J!,i1 aJJ!,9° (fl'P ;J9 : lf'i : ,.fll'P,;1): i,i�fil .. ..t--1\t\fi:: J!,hl\till 'l O.l1'1 : = fl,11 "l- = q>A 01/.i{l irf:�.. � l\00�cf>.e.... = roJ!, 9° = I\l\OD�ct> f: = f I\ w· = P' A 01 A = n �= ,.. = l1, � 1 "', fl q 1r:,,. + i tt :, .. OD ir ..r: = ,e I\ .e f ... m· fl 'r = ·1..e..-0 = r n '} = "l-� .. (�":(- : �/\"JoT : fl 01Li{l..-J;?,. : �I\1°:f• : OD(D(l �- : fOJJ f,cl>C : ',CD• :: tlJ-LU9° : f,f-• �l}: <f!'PC: 'it2!1E = (i) h i'' t..: i\J!, = (t(D«A = fOIJ.f {lh;l'l\W· = J-,'},<;. : UJ•ffi,T = OlfLJOC':f. = '11-�1-� = 9°n1..r•Y·1· = fOIJf,&.A 1,:1,1 = 001o:,-- = �Hw- = 1,1.�.'i«;.. = II'/ fl1 Y-...<;. : '7 m· ==

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fl1C : 01•·1:,-C : '1tii1,f;C : i\f, : n,·f--ll}/r;I' : �l\k'l--Y..�1·, : oot1tlA : fOJJUlle!' :r--1: fUD ..,--.v.f..6f : f..ifll-- : fOIJ..oof\.hrl::,. : 110..� - : f /r : lf',W• : J!,:J..f it· :: 1,,re "}P,"}J;...: 01/UOC : "/,,..e.fA{Jl/,,V,..c;: n.il/../\1.9°: (t U''}: t\lP/P,..'}: fOI/.fo:ll\: 07."' �� : fU'', : foorfaw�f.. 6f : . e.'}•(l : h1,P�fi1 : l\OJJ ..P:l"l : ,,f1C : '? 1·1:1, : OIJ.t{l 266 ,1;c:. ,.f{lirfifl:J"'A ,eu1 = Y-1-fl = °'110"r = ti1"f = fl:.\/\ = h'¼l\0119':e = i',1Pi.. = flf�ar"} = fh..fl'i°t: 1,f:1:,-.: l\0'1°11-1·: 1,1�..-:f·A: Ol/.t{l•f:"r: frf"'ll\lD• = f..i-0= nr1..ttar : 1'.'J,t if'lfA = /\°'1f:l"l : flrf--lilibtll/ t = 1,1,'t..f {l,nfl"1• : ai �:r = it/\ n:,.. == 261

h�U' i '161,b"r : f<j:;f ..,h: •fl,lb?<: ,l1'?: ,'h,;J'C: f(lro·',;I.. : OD,fl;I.. : ..fll<D•: r,1,•nl:,.. = fU'� = f1'.cif = aoto..f--7f = fl\""1· = t,1..�... = t.4!:,, = nilA = 1..'PZ:AI OD,fl f-1'"}: (ltp,,Y-.;J,t\. ;: °1.e..,;J--?J-:f•j9°: 'Ph"fl;J--A hf-LU9°: 111\J!,: ht1.:i•f•A•f: OD1 '?P':,... = na1'? = hil&.1taim· = n�A = fn1- -;.1 = '''l'O..P''9" = fl'P ..f--:J,,A hi\J!,: 1,1f.."l"l�'1ar: f,11 -0lT: flf�: f}iC'li: uP/o..f•T: f!l._:fro· : 01/tJO _C:"f: fbltn-:f: OI/Ufic>:f: V"l\": f!l..;fOJc: i','}f:: q>c;: '11C: J!,1 °J?:/\i:'PA :: ,,e1i m•9'1 = n1,1 = t..:J'-�rro• = •,tic'I· = nu-tt:,. = w,e'J° n,n,,,.. t'l9'1· = OD\JhA = f--l·ODLPl�: Ol/tJ(l(!>:f: i',l\OD(f 'irlD·: ', W• :: 268 J,'}Y-irf'OD/\b:,.. -,ro,: u-- /t�: f,.. ,

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'i:fm· : l\.,'lA : f,;f-1\A1 ?

a,unc::Y.

r f(l I.U : "1/UfiC:1--: ,1,11'1'1! = 'h'il' a 'l:1, : (/D-0 :,-. = fl\:1:m.. = = 'i':fw-1 /\url/\m• : 1', {l, f•l}(t-fl : f\...1:l'C·fi : fO'/. i�•ftlD· : it1Y-' : ,t-:J>OJ•'/0 : ,)111'1'1! : i'(lcn• 210 .. fl°t 1,-.n:,.. : fti: :,'d1 : •fl,11.?-: "1'? : ti�A: ',; l. : ao,fi;f : fl\:,�m-: OT/UfiC::f: llf, : l\.. UDLJ.Jl1" : fCJl/.1•A : 'Im· :: f,U : nti:A: f1·flt.,)-- : ftr', : f1,Cq : out,,)•: fll;f:ro. : 01/UfiC:1'7 : i'tf,,n:,,{19° I f,U•1 : 'h1:q: : f,l1"l" : i',C.41 4! : 1\1�1/\ .. : 271 fi,f•()/\ro• : hti:A : m•it'r : fl\.m• : 1fC1IC : ,)111 'l'C : flf'I : ;,1;,'f! : m·:l · noo•(r : t,m..411\0 : f,, ., � 't,,J!,f../\C/° r. f(la>·',;f.. : (]lJ,, n:,- : fllTW"1 : "-�9° : \1 1:k�c: � f.fl:l : 04> f,1)119° : TI1?�{: : Cfl� : 1,'i : b1"h:J--r-:i5 1 ll I\• : <flJlP,;t. : f,:f-ll/.\ ::

OIJ•�nc::f· :

n,,..

011.V?° : onwl:1, : fltf?'rC = £fjQ-f£ji : UDrPl:,.. : ,l11f 'l'l! : flf� : Jt"J: om-a;:,.. : ft\irf•(tfll:1:m,: ..�--c�.f-:f,: u--tr : f,1111·0 : Jt{t,f--,.�f..C : n�fl"1': m.e'f" fd11f·fl : ooptf : {1,f ,1-- : mf,'J° : f:C"l..'-,,f·':-f : lllf�'. : Oitil1"P,f..C : ,1111J'J° � fnro-a;:,.. : OO•fi"1--: fi,f-/\f, : h,J•(lllJ:J:m,: ,)11'1'1'P. : r,,m-�:, .. oP•fi:,-0 : 1,1�1\: far ::272 : f\....c�ffi'r f,1 '/\h_.

= lLrr : nc

( fi 4!" rc = rt1t = PC = ,7111 fltf = f(lm--;:,, = = f,f.. 0"1:i--1 {l rf:f'}'} : mf..1°1 : :t-1-1) : b1:J?'rC : fr10,-- -fr1i : Y-"lil : (' /\•:,-0"}: ,fl"}(]Dl'J°C: ...·--·· 0,11°1 : '1.ro :':1·ro� : h(i:A : ,hlt"fi : m•il"J' : f� O«r.-"f, : .�.. C�--f--:f· : U•/\,,1·: f,tnf s m'lf, : f!t.:l--w· : 0JJlf �•1 : 1,"tlP./\i ::

{lll,n:,..

�--- · -

i','}f.'11 h'itLU : �"C]-:-Y...:r.. : foD'J<?P';,-. : n�fot ':.f- : 01e9° : fit..�--r-tf: oo"}°IP':," : f,71°1 : i'1ll&..?t'II/.ro• : h<j:t\ s :1,c'JtiliJ G:1' : OJJ!,9° ; hOV"}'?F'·� ,,,c = . , I frfcf.r 11 = ,7111'1'1! = ,f,°l()C : fU?••fh'im•)· : 'i:fm• ::

n;,, = r

1 u ../\,,,-.� 1 °' (lro-a; :,... 0011:, , = "-,,,.. "1:1'! ro• = t11J u fl• f, tJ = o• fOIJ.(lmm• : °IAX' : filf', : f,)1 °1 : fJ>A : }'\O'J'rJ.J!,',:,- : �lJJ• h4!'1'C: rr1 !! ' t,; ' h·t-h:J·r-=i: : O·l•l\f.9" , h<ll'l' , EY.1% , h � ,:J c , O"l Ag- ' t C t J',f. � 'I

��r :

n �-:;..

=�

•

�

I - 128 -

·1'1 : ,f-ll'P'Pt : fltr'1 .: fni·l'Jo;l9° : II� : i\n'JY: : Y..·CJ!.1-- : ;,,1f'l'E : f(tro• �-l· = t1Pirfl.}- = +(l1':tA i ..lf\o = 00 ht.hc = :,..hhA = Jti\oolf)•'J : 1t'J1'itf'li\'J

fw• = ODi\h = f. , ,1,11'1� = f(Jw• '1T = ooirfl:,.. : f+(t11J1"ro• : ..�-c� .. t;: t\.e h : ,r--1· U·fr •. ti�. TLD• :.u·•i\:t- = ,n'l�1': ;JC: ll'i'il,,.1--ff:f-w• = f,71 •0l-l· : flf'i: rf,m• : 0 f : D&,:,. � : 1/UflC'·Y· : lh1·f'l'I! : f(tro-',-l· : OD•fi -l· : f!a,rm· : 7'Ci1 {I f ,:cy_:1--l· ·: it f,f..l\-9°-- :: 9°h'J..J.'rf:'J° = flcf?'PC: rfj?; , P'C: n--1--i\f,: hrf--mcf>(t-1·: : h�f\o,f : n :k'rC : rfjj; : P'C : hrl•ODt\hrf:,)-- : 01/.til"I: foi:1"lr'"r : --TW• 00 : h C : h : f,.,,1,,fl : nllrf--,V.J?.C: h�i\�:f : Wf,9° : CPJ. 1\ :J ri11: (!'-:;.. : cf?'P (IP/fll,.f : 0>1..1· : it'JP,-. : t,f,J!./\•9°�' ::

!:�•-�

1'tt.u = �,e, = 1' '1 n.u = n �i\�T = f;,,11-0 = ''1:ci:,r-:r.. ='' = (>t.il:J---Oi\.7i

{/P1':,-0il) : '.:t·ro•"} ? fCPJ.A : 'r f 4:: i\. '1 '1 : J?.,:f·I\A :: f,U : �A: O&.l'J ltf,: ,11 '? : 273 0 ·,Jt-il'I' : h'Jl).'J : 4>'P "'l. : flf '1 : :1·C7·9° : t,A+·11·i\·1·9° :: (ltC��lD.. : ill\ 274 -r tLtJ :. :}>/,\ ' f f·•m. .:,.. : tTC/ll;J ro7f : ffl9°) :: f,u•'Jt:; : 'J° "}'J° : l\'J\1.1 : hC'?m £m· = f:J> tr = TC1·9° = ,,.,.. llJc,f = 'l f,;:t--ro:,,9° = ''Y..·c;e.:,.. f°1.. 'lA : t,*9° : tr/\• : fln1;'11\t\OJ• : '�•fll: 0•01' : T:,,9° : f°"'l.OT: lt1A '?f\o-l-- : fOl/.fOlhT : 275 ° (1PIJ'1' = h'J�t\01.. : il9 9°'1T : nt\ ::

=''

f1�-0.l-r : ftr'i : f7,C7f : oo&,:,.. : ft\rW'" : Ol/10�:.f--: f°1.f0lhi:-l-- 1 h.1ft\'/° :: f,f•**oo•n-l-- : 'Pt:;lD• : '}t\OI/ : ffOD'iCJ! ,: ��9° : flh1111 : n1A '?i\ filf'i : HYo : (i:�'J° : f"JA : fll'� : 'J•Ol·f--1--"} : 00/\m : fltll/ACP/1--: 'h'J�;rA : fi'11//\•r: '1lD·:: h�l-f..U: ll'/--rnc>1·: f+**{JDcn:,..: OAOl/f..': ''f{1,,.f-- (t-fi:'' ''f1°'1:'� h'i: ''foo"}J.'...C:'' u-n:, .. : f'10laJ•: f'?A: oo&,:,..: 'li\U-0-l--�T: tlOD'i'f!: oo/;\n: h1Jtf,'H : l\ 01J .,e;l '? : � ro· :: 0

:,--

f1-0lT : flf� : f1'C7f: OD&,1· : f t\TW-: Ol/10�'f : Ock'PC: i:£1% : ODV" 1.:,-. : ''1:c;e.,f1--:'' '.TW· i f01f.i\W•"}: itll+J.'f-l--: ,fi"}cf>Oi\W- , }t"}l). : n;,,'? r f(lar�:,-- : OD,n:,.. : O'?Ag' : ilt\Ai-(tllJ:fw- : flh11•0 : ..(!--C�·f,'f : t\.flft« : h� 1"fr'J° :: O�H..U : trfr : 9°h'Jy,y..:f.. : f1-0lT : flf� : fhC?f : 00&,,r-.:1� 1 f!l:fro• ' h�tr,1-- : fth11-09° : ti'� : f'?A : ..(!--C'J!-"r : c;:,:w- : t\.'lfr : hf,-:ftr9° ili\tL UV° : . t-'1:fro•"} : f:J!lt... : ht\,i\ :f:..e:c;e,,f1..: ftfl/ f,1,roo• = 1't1Y.·: f,f--i\f: h�A: fft:flD• : Y:C�1'T : {lODlf"} : n n1f..": f�Td1 : -Odb'r: ch'? : h�A : P'C r f°t+-V.J.'...'r : foo&,:,- : 'lf\{1,f--1' : i\ODtf"}t:; : Oil9°9°�:,..9° = ti'� = nn il = t\f, 1 fih'J�t-fl.9'1-- : fouronA : {IIJ,{1,r : fl\:faJ• : (llJtJ''.TlD'" = '?AT: �(Ir ::

=�

- 129 -

r : = Ol l,C7f = 001a-r-1- .r� : --1· )· Vlf f'�' lf'1 o(Jl) .. .r , 'l t\:1:0 : = m ,e: -- = Of, 11m = · .. U•ft · (ti) '1 = J-' � 'h1'Y-.. C;J : onfu;J: ttt :f0r: «710C'1�-: Otf?'PC: li'i1:li 216 r--1--t\r

:fro·'} : ft.', mcf? : tt,e:f,.t\•'I°

> : m·ll' ,. : 1 } " : :J {1!°11":t : 'lf,;F (1}',01/Cii:m· �7 , t � f..?":� ... � .. r ? (llLU : f 'PC: -- = t\ e = 2 --,:f?'PC = t>. 'if.t.�.f.*;!; = (li) rui11n , A9D : 'i!C:f..� = n.--r--1-- = n- 011· = 1 P,� 1 n t\cu,. :i tt1'f: rn.,,,. = HUD.,<.';.· = tt'lA 01,11 :J...m.. = PC = f<PJ:1"f(n•, : rn, ..1:, tft/Df..": flf',m·1': {ID/o--1": ,hl1.1: (11J1l1C: Ati&.A I f<PJ.A : (t_ oo rq: n.ec;, : 1,,.v,.r "l y_..m--: ,, m..: }\,-�: = i', 1y_,: ,,..mt\ ;e- : .rAIf'I ftm· = n ,e1 • ;J--m•: r uz1 •r OJ«"}: ft\, /\�1··: n.,t· : ,-,OD,£;: UD/o:,-..: n.e c;J : tt{lcl,�t\U·: fl"1.A01--: 1.,L- : tt,ef./\'J° 1 ,eu: -·l•mf\:�: ,.<1Alf',: (tOJ•: f /b/\.�•1·, : ffL,f" : 1l 00Y:: OD/a1--: n.e c;,: t\.J.'ilcf'C = ,e:f--1\A 1 n°1t\-l· mil'lm· = ,e19ft• ,eu i',{l,f•J.'f;I. = r--t·titi,1·= 'ilD· : ,flt\'}: },C:'J°t;ft'} .: flcJ!'J'C: /ifi../iftt : (li) f,f,. m(l<f> OJ•: U�·�;J--: --l· CDl\1.-: -: : OD/o.-1· '1/\CL.-1 (J)t\�rf•1 '1'1': n,ec;, : t\.,.<11�: },,e..uci. .. :f1;,.. : r,, .. f;\lf', (lro : : f · rf•F.C?v: t1,,....,.. l1°{11J: «71'1a>·'J°: (tro•: f11ll;I, 1 flf�-: f},Cq": UD/o,f-.":f.: rn:,,,. = ,1,JDf..• = UD/o1•:f.. ,: tiJ!''l° C = n,e c;,: 1,1-�.e1-1: f<JJJ.httnt\m-1 = ,f?'l'C: {ifi.Qfj[: (ji) ,: ficf,,r:J·: fai:J'l1': f.,lf'i/,\:: 1,1\f, =. f,f·(t'!l1lm«: f,J?'l'C: /ia.{if(�X: = (l!) :1-c1-?'° : f"'1 1ll:,.: flf'l: f1,c71·: oot,,f..:1..."} f',.J.o0t\hrf--m"'} : rc,�:,-.,,, ,fi,IL'r"t 1,..,,"l: 'J°ot-'i! = m�'"" = OD1 &.ll'i = l¼t\"'1 = f"1•r"t,Afl .,w. • ,eu: 'J°ol,-� : fl, -J.'..l·f.U: q,e',,f ·1:1- : lfD/o,f..:f,: '1ilfL1•1j1•: "11-t· 'i�: OlD•.,1· : fl/\l fllD": t.cl!:,,: f;,,oi : �m-c : nonil,n--1": lfDt,..y,:r:: n '10�-- 9°: lJ'',: n.-1-- rof\�: 278 l <1 : 1, ht\ f,fft f n_ec;1 : OD h. : i',.<?."C1°l\:J,A:: 1'P,f,f 1•1◄ n :,. : I I -• : : f,f : .-1·titit\�:m,: :,,c:1--9° r I : : ,nO<f-' l D ilC u--i-,:J {ia.{if�t (li) fl<l!'PC ... (lcf!'rC: jiO.Qfjr.: (ti) r,,,.ODtth--f•OJ c" }: Y-..1'-0 : fUCJ.J.'O:l.l\'i: rari.,e.."l<f.: �(D• i f0'll\ (D◄ : ,eou{lft'i A:: f,U'J° : f ,f• 'lfl n:,--: r(1--f•: (t,{l: tt '1/.\ 9° : lf',: '16.�' : fll''I : ffL,f": 1100�--1: Cil,,1·: Of,C;J : t\..J.'fl,:PC: i',f,-:f-.A?°: 001/ /\•·f:'i": J1ft I °: "' · ti ,f:9° = O'llJ�"�": n--1•mf\�� = ootthA: Af.'1:1. ,et..'l �- nr.t..c. m· : Ou•f\.rf;9 f\f,: ,f·&.7t°t'IT : f/\<D•: f.,,fl: flUDf..1'1;,:i�aJ•: ',ro•:: lf°'i/.\'l:,..: �IJ: 04? 'PC = l!7Llifit (l!) ilc = r--t-mOcf'lD' = v-�;:J--: rn,,t-1·1ov..e..·, : 0°1o:1- = nai.,ti: ) "1-Pif,: f\f, ' hcf?'PC: {irr.9.fjc: (ji) m�-'t\t\: f..1-0: fUCJ...flf, : ,.<',.1'0·19° fatJ,el1 ,f,. A: 'Im· 1 ilftJ-1.• �'J° : <l!'PC: {ia..{i!tt: (ti) tt1.e..": '16 ..e..·: (l0r: f{l,--f': H(/11 �... ,: C{l:'f•: '11\lLi· 'IT: n,ec;1 : ll..filcJ> C: 1,1'Y-..CPJ.&.:1, f.--: .,f--Y..C1°: o..,t·l'Ja9°: htf!'PC lin..2x1E = (l!) ;,c: = i',_e4,ftil9° 1 r<PJ.A ncnc : 0,,�'l"O = ,e:F C\ ,er! l 'iA : : I

- 130 -

_e,rJc"} : 1'1:{ : 1,U : hchc : ThtJt\ : i't1,f.a{\'J° ::. ''ilfllll�'"" : 1,P,,e : r� 01(l�lD•"} : ,"11°1 : ilfl+t\f : 7·�1, : roiz..roil',ro.."} : ,"1,°l: f.1•1'PA:'' ro1.ttm•1; f,l,'? = u:--,��?:.:iy � 00.1.JJt.,J:« = uti..n = ..,-. h:t-i\1 = h<k'Pc = li'if.. 2r.1r = (l!) .eA�'= 4?'1'C = /!fl.!!£�� = ( �) f�".e,-,:,... = i'ti\(JJc = tt01i\:,,. = o-i\,,.,�"° = 4,.,rc.?1.. = n,,.,..ODti l)J!, : rJ•),:J,. : i\f. : ,,., ...&.1ioiz.. : n..tr�'J° : fit"}-� : <l!'f'C : i'1&.?.?t'J° : mF.a : i\11..' : tJrm.:t· : O..J'F.Cil :· f l\i\<D• : cf!'PC : i',&..�?t'J° : F..°l'l° : mF.--1--i\f : m•m:i·• : 1,"},,e.. lfl/.,,ff.Cil : 01/illP,:,- : 1,'iC,,O'i"A :: 1 °1 , lJ : 1 : l .f.' f °I f ' 2..;::A : i',f.00 il fl19', :: 'J° h1f ,f: 'J° : 1,I\ ,e : 1,"}P, taf-,ro•: O·� : {lcf?'f'C : /iil.:/if.:E� : (/i) f,f"lll(l<l'llJ" : U•),:J" : i',��'i" : f!l.'1!1.' : i',1'1,fl I . <k'I'(: : {iif./ittt: (l!) f°2..hflhl\ro•: 1·roi\:C!- : ,,n:F : frf•OJl\�1·1 : Ol1{o:,- : n.e 0 1 : ',ro• l\ 1,1.v,.e,·1 1 'll\a1- = i'til--1--,,rr:,. = ..r.·;1� ll.lf1 = ill\01,e·fA. = r,,o-== c;, "' .�A : 0.4'A :'' (l.. 'ln•n : fl,J:'P{: : {in.fir.ti:: (/i) FC : f,t-mo,1,m• : v-�:J,.: ° : f,f•rol\7!:.f.. 1 : oo1o:,... : o.e£:;J : 1'1-P,f.t·f' : f,hflhl\t\ :: .. ,f'OJl\�9° : flo�9 (lt\tt.lJ : Otk'f'C : /i��f:ii: : (?;) },'i": fl<l?'PC: lin.{if:E't : (ii) P'C : O,,.t-mflcl'OJ·: u . •t:J' : oauA : }'t"}.�,f'J° : f:J>A : i'tf\ODil.°1°1:1, : ffl'J° ::

219

{lcf!'rC: li'a.!ixtt : (/i) il.C: n..,.. ,nncl'ro•: ,1..�:J,: W•il.'P: ''n,1--ml\l:: ,n,:: :'' 1 11 f' /...t\w•1 : ,ht..°l: 11 / ll1'1T'-. = 'lof..' : flf ', : om• : f,1--ml\J::f1 : OD/o:,... : n,e c,:,: 'h1-'t�ll: 01/J!:l°l: f,t•f\o0 C'..lD·"}: '',7,1-- : t.()• : Af,.�,}: 0°1f,&.'PC . n1--C . : t\.f,.�:1,: ooc;:mc: i',f.1'19°:'' f{11/. fl£D·1: f;h°l n:,-: "Ltt: --( 7"9° :) 9° }9° :PI\:,.. OD•t c1o OIJ.f = OD IPt.rf-- = ,11ti-o = l]lJ llJ il 1, trc.;A 280 ,'h,.. ; a, fl:1--9° = n,,,. 'PC : li'it!i!�t : (ji) FC : f+mfl'l'ro« : U•�;r: f,f--rol\;e.:.1:1 : oot,:,W: flf,C;J : .. n,1--wl\�:.1-: ODUt\: i't1P.1'9°: t\f,.�:,.. : i'tf.tt'PC9°:: llfltL il/\OD.r11: fl'lo�'i: u� : 'lo..f.'9° : rf'lDl\�'J° : {l<k'PC : {ia.{i!:E't : (ii) ODLPl1" : f,t•ml\;e.:.1·-1 : OD 1o :,-. = n.ec;J = "uof11 = it 1,:.1--tt.•9° mF-°1..A = OI)..e..'l°,,e.ai,,.r l\f, = {1IJ-�·t. ll = '?�' : f,tf1..fic.'A :: ,,

10--il =

n�A

=''

>,c; = n''"lA'' = flOTJAD?,1-- , = 2 i uu1o1--1 = ''n,1--t.J?:J' il.{\ .,-.. ,,e..., 1..,.....,... . : OD LP l+ : ,l, ti (1:.1" ::

httv 4'Tfl1 = r�,11t.:,-. = flf'I· = rcif = 001o1-:.1-.. = ilflainou-n:t- = r1tcif Hf.a : Ocf!'l'C : {!fi.Qfitfi : t?fl.Qfj{i: (no) : ,ifl.§fjj : l,'-. : {itt.§fji : ODUht\ = !/\ : OD il {\-o : ilfl"'l:J" fID" : f_4,A : i', flOD(lOT/ OT/:,.. : 'h1 ODt.00t. fl1 :: t,il<J,.,�·oo"}: OD/o")--"} : ''01,,fl l1' : °1At11J:,--: (uopt.:1--') ' : °1 l\1' : 9°1 : 1'"}J!.. tr�: �\ "}OD(\ h:J'll"} :: rou"f_ODl,,,f(D•"} : fth1--1 : l<f!:,,c; : 'hl\,,e : nn�A: !! : f.rfODt\h:,-Ct;:fw•"} : f --•,,,nt. : (lirfi�"} : ti�fto':.f : t\.07 s: : nou 00AhT : f"17" : :,--c1--9° : ll.lf1 : 0611,i'"A : i't11\flg« : ou"f_ ooc : mj'°1.. : OD(l{\o : .e:J --rc,_·A:: ''01-0t."1-- : a, At11 . / :,..:'' (1hhil'T!l,.f.:J'ft. f•"}: fli\tJ,t,'fi:) f°1..f\W": f&.. l1Vf

•

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: ) l -0 •'} <JJ : f : . f"'l : J �O { , f : �1 lt } 1" iJ· (19' �� t) cJ> : .. ftJD,nf:,,:· {/D•o:,.. : fl\:J!(D•: c :: OJc f ; q ,fl & "i' � : l' • ft . Ol/ DOJ tJ f.. 1•0lT: /\Ol/llhOC : (L&..A1--: itll+ O'/:,'l O {l< --: fl : liif. C • hT : (l : : :J Li Jt( f 7t {\P-, : '1'1° ,, f..' u lif . : 2t1iJ: Y'll t•'t1a, : � �m f C l\ : ' : : · .. f �:, l : fl on 7i �� f l : rl J ')1 :,• lJJl,. 1 : · l-fllD·: {ID 'he;: bfi.l:-f,.. : 0--l"fJl { fl f • :: ro• : : -: ) Cl, 'hT : i' m, 'i : �. C 'l''l' ', If� 1 fcf! : lD· flJ/\ .. ·l --; �:y. � f � l\f, : 01/"10 _ 00 �fm·,: <f?TC : "l''r ontr f = oPf.. lf1 O. ?1' ' ' :. J: 1· '11� i: OI/..D : D/\h '' fl 'l';J·1 : f � --: _ 0 >(1: : )•' 10 rfi � f"� rf: : ': I • ;,1oi l l\ :1 {/DlJJ , : i! §lj f'iI. � ,rC : n,f! ',ro ::• '?f.\?i': rf--()�,,.. : ll7 nc>: , . -- : O :: 1 A °1,, 1 r: ,f··cfiC*t: 'h1f.V'', : •t-f.C1o: 'h1Jt1�") i"f<'hc;m •).. : ft. OD flhT: fUl/..1·/\m• : t l�: "lD·1 (L. ' •l"'? : T fo/\ · 1 1-: 1 " {)tJD hffi1 0: : , = C = f,f-?fift\ = <kTTC: A = :, f.. = i: it '?JJ:t OIJ:1.. c h'11 = L 1.1: o:J>fl.: ,7,"l f n'1u,.� ft 07f: l '?: {ID:F It·: '?f.\ 'I': '1 OJ•::

300

ftll/10? -: }',(}f.\: f(f', : O'/'i:flD•9°: (l<D•: 0"1"10?-: 1,P-,f,: frt\ fDTtf1 -- : 00 .. f : ·0:t- : fioumcf,9°: Jt(L,f:;J f)ro· : nao(f�-: n;,,•,. : ODlPl;I :: O·f--(lmw« 30 1 0 :: 0�1'C : f'if.�! : (D•fllf' : (l"](.\g": ll.e�1 cf?'l''l'C : l\. '1 f."l'?'I°: J!.::f•l\f.\ 303 302 07 '1"1/\ �TlD" : OJ•i\19':f.. : l\f ,: /\ODq, ro f,'J°:: ro h,.t\ :f. = C'I° : 10?- : l "O: raiz.:f../\ro·: i','1rf:;J--: Of.\01/�: lDf,'J°:: fi"�•fil ,f::: oo,f..P-,f.. tJ : f.'},fl: 1�.-0 : t\.S!l°lfi:,•: f,:}:l\f.\ :: fD'/"10?-: roh,.ll :.1:: f(lm. :,..: llJ--i\�: ''hP'f.\flJ'}: (li\f,: flf','': WJ!,9° 2 ''rP''l: P1c1 :1,1t;: f�:,..,�,: '11C: {l0Drf"l\t\�: frrflm:'' tJIJfl:,..: 9°1: J\'Jf.lf1: {lit'h'I°�: /\{ID100:t- : itll:t:,."Jb: 'h,f.oolf� : V·/\� :304 1f.•0: t\ .S!l°l/\:,..: fOl/..frf.\: roJ!,'J° : fD'/f,:f-A: t,f1,f::J-- : 1,1fo:,,: q,e�:,..: h1 f.tr'l = fl0D100,1, = i',P.:i-:f· = 'l<D• '1,'11·1.u: 'l',,<'<k9'1--: n'1'1';:,n,. = u-�:J--: /\.OD fl(l• = roiz."ftt�:,-- Ci:Cf." = r11,:.1.. it'JP.'J.<!.' = 1--P.r·l·, = o�c�-- = {JDf.\n = noim =: (Llf1 : hChC : n+t.nnrl·9"°: (D•i\1: llJ!,: �c�: h(]Dllm;J· il�-n,1·: 1.lt: :fro· : hilcf'�''f' : w•ti1m·1: -0:F : tif,lf"} : f'l1?-1'9"° : i't1f°'IOIJ...f'i : V·�:r I 001/.."Jf) : {JDODf.\h:,-: hft'lra>-:: n�:,",11 : rfi.-lLC : ,)11--: (D•{ltp: hirf-Hllf� .:,.: fov,�tJJmtf: 11Yo?'1-- : ho-� : f.OA' I' : Otto•).: 1.tl. : �C:1--9° : f/l(lr�·-, ,nn:P: ffl: tJD{lflu: fOl/.;J--fOJ •'J°: {lcJ?'l'C: f7L§Jjil: ilC: f1"tn'1'0(JJ•: Orf·/l,e9°: 0 1c;:r.w•9° : 1--P.f, : fOl/..{JDt\h+ro• : (lro• : fl .fcf'C {l(l}• : roiz."f/\(JJ• : Jt{1.-f:;J·: 'Im·== '1,,,r 1P.1J;..: '1'1A = 0110?- = .rll,f"l\fl&.llJ--1 = ro·ti1 : ,,...4',o-'l° = JtO,•f::r' lt01/ :,,l.-n = (L-:f•f.\ = '10:."f;;J··m ·"}: fl\<l'lll: 'h"}1.lf'l : 0..4>{1: ;,,1--: Jt(1, f:;:rar 1 = Jcl>C 1J/l;J--l,\: .-flt\u: O'JOD"}: fP,"];J--f;\:: J!,f;\<J?19"° : f0.,4>{1,: ;,,1•1: 1,tf.: f01/. 6.7'; = fl,fto"f : h(l.1: roiz.ouf\h•t: : .-Ott·: 1 --.9,r--:f..: oo'i�:J! ro-1: llt\'J°'ilD-1' : 'h1f..',J·f.U: .. rtt-:,--·} : i',0.-f:;J--9':r..: fl"'l:,,l·O: '1,9"°•{llf'J°: raaz..rll-OOT : {IP{l{t": 1tf,:J--f1'1°:: 0.,4>(1: ,l,1--: frf-()/\m•"} : t,(1•f:;J·· : 1,,� fcf'C ,,fl : t"lt'r : 11'/l\1·9°' <f!Tc = iO:!.'.!JjJi = f01J.ril1f."f.ro• = ouu,�- 1'i' = rt,,1",1:;t·z.; "1:,'l0·9° = 1-�f, = fO j"O»: ,l,1--: f'?A: 9°CtwJ.: 1,1f.lf'l: 001 ,, . 111 n: J!, 1'1'i'A:: 1

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cJ?tpC : !i7l§ jft : : n 01/"lnc nil/;\ }t f: : ! : ODlPl:,.. : 01/1{1�: fl(lmm• : f 1 ·lt�: l\f,: nfti::J': (Lfcf'C•fl t lD•l});{D« : ho..·rr-kf : ,n1: OD'}"JJ"':,.. : aJf,'J° m -• h 111 :fro : °t 't1.tt9° : t\.b n � : .IL:J i\4-« : h01/f.,'fit- : f ·fl,h»C : ,h : f' "l : :Pl\:,• : mf,'J° : ht\i\ ::f : f h.•)·r-k f : ,l11°'f= . ;JC : fDI/f,flOl/ (IDc : ODlf /h : flD'1 = {llJ°li\'I''i= 01/fl l�= i\Ol/�l•nva = 110J1f..= 00rr1 = Y,'icn:J--A ,n1 = 'i (JJ11"//'"'1: : t\{llJil){l• : 01/ill� : Ol/�l,(l : cJ,i\/;\ : f fl : f.,DDfll\/;\ :: lf'i'J° : i\.h . , , �= ,n"J = :Pl\:,.. = f\oollJti:fm- 01/fll�· 01/:,, = :,. = 11 n,11. f' � 01J..1flTlD' f : � 0 f;,t : -,(De ; 'l°h1 f··l:'l° : 1t11:,.. : qr,. : i--llJ(l• : fOIJ./\:t!m• : r,l1"J : ttfl: : l0 ,411\:,• : 9°11.tt'J° : oonnc : f {\Q;flD• : ODlf'i;flD-'} : J-,flcf,f.''1° : 01/ lJ.f ,} : iti\Ot :: nit2fitt1-7tt!= llfl·:,..= cJ?Tc:l·= FC= r,�111.:,..= rrr.,= ri,ct1·= oot»T= t\i\lD·: ti�A: h'li\0l': f+(lm.,)•"}: OD{l,f•:1-:: r ffi�'/\f, : 11...w: .,,r:,.. : �CY.' : (1T t o.e."J Q� : ll f., : nm/ lDfl..,.. : P'/\fb : 1•0l. : auf..'11'i : flODt\fl : (16}.b : 305 ODUht\ : (lcl't.(lm• : 7-�f., : /\f, : {l(lmro· : I Ollt\9°/1·fll : h..J;'} : h•flC'/ : tj:Cf:: lD-fl'I': '16J»b�.. : 1A3...:f'PA :: i',1Y.': i'1'1A : 1101/.,.,0�: l\f,: nil: flOI/:,, n (l : •"}: flf.,'?fl•f. f..•"};J?,: °1fl:,•9 fi..&.A"l: h : (lcf?'PC: fi.Qfjji: l\f,: 0000 l 0: ,-,1.:,.. = ,e.'icn:J'A 1 lLA = �CY:= n,--1:= ro•ti); : n'r;tA== 111-1.u = 7-�_e= /\f.,= f4'l0tD-: f,°111:� : (l<J?'PC : a.§fjfi : /\f,: fAi•ODlPl•,..: {lODlf�.: �CY.·: (1,f:: 306 h,n:,,/\f,: 1-1,,P : 'l1r:,.. : �CY.': {1:,.. : �CY.' : (loo tt,e4'0t\lD-: cl'C;l:t\ l�t: f°t:J! i\ro- : cf?'l'C.: a.§fitf : f'?Y..·: oonnc : till11:rm,: f�·r,h: 11,h»?- : d1'1 : �'r�T : ootihA : h'1P1 ': OD(f't-"} : ',(De j f,U : cl!'rC : l\.11Jil: Ocf?'PC : fi.Qf"lfil : (ti) : P'C: r+00llb·l·lD•'} : ff,"J'l�: OlJ,fiT : .rtillJA:: fltLU'l°: ODlP l·1· : tt1�: °110C : h'1lli\0:ii : rocfl,p : 'l'cf!.Y..T« : r+il r : '/f,OIJ'i,)-- : Y,hi"l\it-: 001/flt: foot»:,.. : h� f : n.hfln/\:f(Dc: lD'lJ.);m• : t\°1Y: : mf.,'l° : fl/D•f"P,f,. tf = .e.1(1'f= n'IY,01/'i:,-= van1-f:,-= 0'111�1..= oouhA= Ai-,:,..= 1'1�1..e..c-i,, (LA : f°11.'l"J1{1}«1 : cf?'PC a.oriri!T1 : f OI/..,Pl'} : ,elf'iA :: 1,1-1. : m:, 1\f, : .,.. ........ ,... 11'lP : '11P',} : �CY: : '1-r : ct:CY:-9° : f,U1 : (DclJ.); : {loo:J>m'l° : fl<k'PC 1 fi.2!itil : (ti) ODLPl..-r : �°111� : i\01/:,,l,n: f.,;F/\/;\ :: 'h'PC : a.orire"} : ntLU : h��"} : oo,f'c1°'l° : ,)--tint\ : itJ!,UDil&\'l° :I 9°h1f�9° : ck'PC ;· a,§fjfi : (l!)1 : il orz.ooflh•l: : 1,P,f -':.f : <f:'PC : fi.Qfif� :

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c : : O·I· C r; > fj Q : fi,. k'P � : l '1� 01• • ° \. ·' :J'm : ,f 'i l(D4 : · ot r i't°l'l-0 : : 1 .r = .c;..e. foo -,, .. m = ai 'l .Y.. t noiz 11 f.. 'J° · .. f, l 'l ni1 = .e 1 lP {llJ , 1 . = n:J..v-:r: = cf?rre"f = = n .

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l : : :,:m., : r,., J ' cc; 1 D lao : DD tp A •{l Y.. it : lj: (l)l tJTJ '¼l\ },f,DDilt\9°:: « : f"l•fll : (l,fli'1-"} : U· ftT : h'i�ft111': f ') : :OJ ; !\. <' ,, .. 1 .. f . -Ol:,..: fll')·: f1,C7i: OD/o• 1: 1 .. q_tf c = = fl(D n,, 'l° i',* : = �u = D· = , 'll nll 9° = Df.. flO 1 f"'l'�flt•<P. = )-e = i',!l:9° P = 9t.c ruri · · nf 1 utt UDI w·f · t.,:J = = 'i.'f 11{/IJ :1·1 n,f {IDl\ f,f-rr m·il . : {TD1o1,,.,:, : 'I (l}• :: {TD lf )· : °l IA 1..' : 0 -- : A m Ol/Y..' = �'J = A Ul/ Y:1 : t,c/'c; f h1°1�.u : Ocf?'rC = n.2fiti = {llJIJ't.,1 -0�: fftl: f{llJ,f.. P,f..tf: f..1·fl: 'P11'9°: {llJ,fi,)": fA��t--:i�m-1: (}?J':f,: rOTJ -- '' 'l'rflo = fl./\f:f .,l UDf f : 1· ''11+ 'l° ro� m: 1n� -: t,'lA : hlf)-1• = ''n?J1--'' = 307 (l,f--a.t"'/t'J° : ,,.,f·LU : J't(}{\o':-f- : Ol/"lfl?i'} : h"'iil,f·.�..e.cc; : flOT/ ,1� • i',f A'J° :: f �(1?,,.'J°: mn.. A : h{llJ( "} : f Ol/.,.<''?P,;fm· : i',�'iC'l° I (u../\•-I;'J°: +aiflc-:r,: O'h ( c =f:�'21A :: ) hu-�s,u rGrJ I O'P f\ : : :t;f(D : . ,f• : 1 cf! : {llJf,\) P'C lf 'PC: (ifi.Qf1li (,1,) Ot\mm·: u0hl\,11:1:,0.. : '?1 : ft11J"IO?o : f1,C7i : UD/o..f--..-1-- : ,t·h'J..'j!/\(Dc : flP/.f. i l\ J!.. ft·:,. n ,., c : nYf,OTJ'r:,- = mf,'F' = nOl/,,, n &·'I! = )·r.1 = f..t.. �- = n {/lJ {1lJt-:,-« : ttfl ., {JIJ(f�.: ',(Dc :: 308 0 · : : : } : fOl/h4,&.A: ''ttl,1. l\f.,: l\.,ncf> i l UD/o1 f t1'lro« i\1·1.u ?.1'': f0'lt\a>·: i',',;J•JC: (lit"}�"}�' : o,..., .. : tlODf..",fc; : nou;,e.�:r,: 111.e:: 1' (JlJfu:,' : hun:J·.'-1..t\� : (l&,:,.. : fOT/..f..l1lD·"} : f()ll} : Ol/l D""1:,.. : lJ•�;J•'}9° : I liJ!'�'C : OIJ(TD/,\h•-f:"} : ',OJ· :: � hl\.e = 'l<JDt\11:,-c;•:,:ro, = 'l°n1f..-f--1' = u•tt· = 4?'1\C : n.or1i·e = 11{/D�·tc; = t nn�A = 1'11�' = ro·ilrr = n,f'•ouflh1..c;·:fro• = AOl/Pa'l! = f'�"Ol... n-Oit, n�tr i :,.. ?°: �-ll'f: hll.U: cJ,J!..'J° : fllJA"'f ..�' : ...,.. 4,�oi : Olf'llD'": l,1.';.ffflc9°: 9°1•}1: 001/f ,1"�/\1" : {ID..-,-- �J!.tf:t!m- : "" : ODIPl:J''l! : flf�- : uo..n..-r--'i:1 : ,f -��"lOr = t ll'ln�:,-- : m1'r1· : fhh·A',;f.. : 00,n:1 . : ftPJ.fl;J'?'P : tf!'rC : �m•. ,: ' , ''fl11..IP : '11P':,.. : UD"}'?F;J·",f"} : 011c; :,:ro•9°: OlD· : "�-em· : t,ll&.l\"l. = l �.:,..,. : OD ,fl,f• �"}c;: '?�;r?J:f:"} : U•lt· : fl\1'°1C: l,"}.c;,·1ll<D· : (\OT/f:t.°l: h4' l J!..1 : ntr.u : ,11'? : ro·il'1" : fOIL1"f.:,- : :J'f\,f•:f·: 01Ar.· : V'',(J)c : 1,1-��t,.,x:: llf: c,c; A = "1-:!J-F = 00 10.1 = rt1.,.1•r•*"f = 11-IP = '11,,.,:,. = � 1°1,v,:,• = l 1 ��:,-, .,, : ·fl,l1>C : ,),°1 1

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O cf!'l'C = l!a.§J�U = 1,c;· = n+tt;:1-- r-:1: = <l?T�l· : ffl1lPl•1 .. 1 r...�11 : .. ( l 1 = r.e.. ·6): flf)-: "h1�1nVf : {L•f-(l•fl : ro 9u : fOD1f.C·: flf� .. : oot,.f•l- : 'lt\U•{l;l'',:,.0: � {l1i1f: : ''f1·0 l ·r : ftr� : f1,C7i: oot,,y..:y.. : y�:,.. : h�A '' : t\•f..'lt\ : 01/ {1 1 'I! : Jt'1A : ,,..nT;tA == .eur : ''"'110C'' : n>•f.. (l• i O oo1f.. c � 01,,e9o : 'ln"f = b" {l.l1'1 = Y,-:fl\A == f;,1 °' = (lar�:,.. = i'll\t\OJ•?° = t\il'lf\a:t1 = h,f,fl m•1 ' : r,,.."i -.. b"{l• : fl]') -: f°IA : OD•f11·'i : '?.Yo;J•-91:.1: : ilt\- :- ,.. :: f

{lt\H.IJ : T1T: ft lC : ro,,e9n : foo"}J!.. C1',' : f1n"/"} ; fCil·1·· : {l�:,.0 : t\OD'? l\'I' : h1'm<l'9° 0-l-: f'IOl OJ· : ''f1· ·0l:I..: llt\fl.•1"'1•)·'': fOl/.t\lD·: {lfOIJ, : 0,1 ,7" : -!"' C : 1.. tLlD· : fl\&1l{l·1 : ,,eon{ll\f.\ :: f"�•Ol·)-- : ftr�- : f1,C7f : oot,,y..-:,: : f trt : f11ll =. .n 1li't-- : tJ�A : f°IA : ffl, ...,,1c : i',f,1..t\9°:: 9°ti1f,f:9°: f'?.A : . .: lf f � : 0'/1(lt' r = -- ,, ..l\• = fOl/4 fti�1- ·} : m'lf, : 01/t\1• : Oi','ltt�":i· : oo&.mC'i" : oo,fl�9°: OD()n11 1 : 'l!\0'ltif,f: : ',ro· :: (lll,i\ : OJ1 1 : 1..'?.'l° : 9°1' 9° : 1,11;1.1 : 1,'},�.U: J'l\•1' : 011"�0{!1:,.. : 0,11'?.: •1 --&.TllD.. : flil'lf\a:F:f m« : i\,,e: f,,.f,61>],',..: ltl1'�9°: f;,,1f·O: �'C�·f,1·· : t\,,e.e..h.-9° 1 9'•h1frf:9° : i'\ 1�:f-·9° : t\a11-J•fl: f°t If� : i't1A'?t\-a,), : llt\"'lffllti·f:'i" : ,,e"fi119° : frJD(lt\ : ''f,11'? : 1101·'1:1-'' : Oth'r : 0'? A�· : .4> IA : lll\lA rf• illlJ:ra,- : 'Im·::

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AGRICULTURAL COMMUNITIES AND THE CIVIL CODE A

COMMENTARY

by Bililligr1 .Marzdefro* Introduction

Th� �urpose of _this a1·ticle is to con1ment 011 tl1e provisions of the Civil Code of Eth1o pfa �11 Ag_r1ct1ltt1ral Co1n111t111ities, Articles 1489-1500, u1 the ligI1 t of tl1e social m1l1eu 1n wl11ch they were drafted. I11deed those provisions make little sense in the absence of son1e k11owledge of tl1e co1nn111nities concer11ed and the problems tl1ese provisions were inte11ded to resolve. As is evide11t fron1 a .first readi11g of the introductory article Article 1489 1 that chapter 01· tl1e Code pt1r_ports to preserve custom and traditi�n. The cbap[er is, therefore, 11ot i11novation i11 the strict se11se, bt1t rather is cleclaratory of existing custom \Vhich conseque11tly beca1ne legally bindi11g. The original dra.ft on Agrict1ltural Commu11ities2 had envisaged two types of communities. This division vvas based on the twin factors of religio11 and wl1at may loosely be described as tl1e ''n1ode of life'' of a com111unity. 3 The first type of com111unities envisaged were those of the Christia11 highlar1ders of Eritrea, notably tl1ose i11 Akkele Gt1zai , Serae and Hamasien, and those of Tigre� In these commt1nities, people lead a sedentary 1node of life based on agriculture,. and most conceive of land as belonging to ''a family'' (in a very loose sense), or ''a village''. The second type of communities e11visaged \Vere those of the no1z-Cl1ristian pas ti1ralists, notably those of Adal and Somali, 4 who live scattered througl1out the· lowlands of Eritrea and other parts of the Empire. These conceive of land as. belonging to ''a tribe''. Despite vari atjons of custon1 and tradition eve11 within each type of community,, it was the belief of the drafter that sufficient similarities existed between the sed-

2· 3· 4.

LL.B. I-Ia� Sellassie I University, 1969. Th.is article was written originally as a senior paper for Prof. Harrison Dtmning. "Land owned by an agricultural commtinity such as a vilJage or . !ribe shall . be exploited coll ectively whenever such mo de of exploitation confor1ns to the trad1t1on and custom of tbe· comn1unity concerned." • , R. David, De l'exploitatio11 collective des l111n1eubles: Chapitre I. Des Co,nJ'l'iu,7 autes Agrazres,. C.Civ. 51, (1957, t1npt1blished) (not available). . . aw at rel 51· rv et C.C 5 iv. C.C 1ts 11e1 cu1 ? c/o des !f re tai R. Davie/, Expose , des n1otifs• et co111111e11 .l'e c/es b1e11s, Docu111e11t C.Czi. 63,. ctz /le co n doma1•,.1e pubt·tc , a l' e,rproprza11011, • e1 u,\ l'ex:ploitatio (1957, unpublisl1ed) (not available), p. 3. Interview witl1 H.B. Afe Negus Kitaw Yitatelcu, President of the Stipreme In1perial Court,. . member of tl1e Codification Con1mission, Nov. 13, 1967.

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. to gover11 feasible them by the sam it make to -1· s 1e 1 un m n1 co t e e11tary ,111d past11ral1s cl1 a_pter of the Code. 5 na 6s nu ut n1 l o1 ires), despite ra Ag es C '' ( es iti �n m m C l ra ltu icu gr '. ''.A ? _ Thus tlie ternl )arlance, 1_5._ used b� the Code 1 o1 m n1 co in l on ati ot nn co g i11 n1 far _ e11tary ·and sed its _ 111t1es describe d above nu • 1111 of Co es typ o tw the er cov to n li,·o [as · • _ y 1oose , 1n a ver e. · I t1c h' is ar t 1n ed us be ll wi rm te e th at th It is in tl1is sense n tio r1a mi ? exa aile det a to d ote dev is �f t�e kind of icle art s tlii Part r of s ly tl10 lar ticu 1ch par \vh an� 1n 1 ff. 89, 14 icle Art � by ed ern go\ �pired tbe con1mt111ities to be _ _ drafter. 6 The choice to exaini1 1e i11 detail tl1e agr1c11ltural co111n111n I ties of Eritrea was thtts IJrin,arily dictated by tl1e fact that tl.1e drafter ��rro7wecl _ tl1e 11e�e�sary back ground inaterial from works devoted to tl1ose_ co1 11111u111t1es. Althou�? 1t 1s lamenta ble tliat t11ere is sucl1 a deartl1 of information on tl1ose con1111un1t1 es, the present autl1or bas bee11 fortunate in disco\1ering COJJies o. f their ]eading c11sto111ary la,vs. A11 exa 1 11ir1ation of t11e major featt1res of traditio11al agrict1lt11ral communities is tl1er1 followed by a section de\1oted to tl1e origi1 1al dr,tft. Althougl1 it does not l1,Lve the force of la,v, tl1e draft, like tl1e expose cles n1otif:S, is crucial to a11 u11derst and i11g of the fi11al version. Th,1t r11ay be said of a.11y draft a11d a11y fin,tl \1ersio11 of any piece of legislation. I-fowever, wl1e11 011e co1 1siders tl1at tl1e fi11al draft 011 agricultural con1111t111ities represe1 1ts rot1gl1ly 011e-te11th of tl1e origi11al draft and that it is a n1utilated precis, 011e realizes tl1e val11e of tl1e original draft. -

l-Iavi1 1g examined tl1e original draft, tb.e reader will J1ave understood most of tl1e skeleton J)rovisions of Article 1489-1500. The last chapter of tl1is article - tbe co1nn1e11 t.ary - is, tl1erefore, simply Jin1ited to the ana]ysis of s01 ne 1 11ajor questions that m . ay be ra.ised abot1t the Code articles i11 an atte111pt, a1 no11g otl1er tbi1 1gs, to har1no11ize t11eir see1ningly contradictory provisions.

As .Progress was 111ade 011 a preli111inary exan1ination of tl1e code provisions on agricultt1ral co111n1unities. the a11thors felt tl1at s0111etl1 i11g was perhaps wrong. It �,as feared tl1at tl1e Code ass11111ed the existence of ''collective exploitatio11'' of Jand In s0111e parts of tl1 e .En11)ire. In an atten1pt to collect i11forn1atio11 abot1t tl1e 1node of exploitation of some of the in1portant co1 n111u11ities i1 1tended t o be go\1erne d by �l1e Code, tl1 e a11tl1or discoverecl a good deal of 1 n.aterial alJo·ut tlie111: 1niterial vthich is g�11erally rare, a11d ,�bich ougl1 t to be gi·ven 311 importa11t place j 11 a ''con1inen _ _ 1 tary on tl1e con1111u111t1es co1 1cen1ed. T11is material is extren,el)' useful i11 v1ev of a11 amen.d111ent tJ1at, the present author submits, Article 1489 11·. req11ires . �e ol c.aon icl1 M oreov_er, as �as been stated, Article 1489 governs n1atters w]1 c fabn .full _ whole the � appr �c1ated ¥l1t�o1 �t an exan1i1 1ation of tI1eir social backgrouiJd _ of life, u11.1 q11e and l1m1ted only to certain parts of tlJe Etllpire. s

David, cited above at note 3 , p. 3 . 6. lbicl.

7. 8.

I!:,�:,:,.�; Jei1•1,�}):�� ii{�).

consuetuc/i11ario de//'1:.-ritrea (1957) and C. Rossini, Diritto con sue-

"The traditional Janel te,1ure [of and . . . ·s] E 1.· t._iea_] 15_ t . . interv.•oven \1/tth l11stor1cal, socia custon1s of the inhabitants U 1 . l [f�c ?:.d (he \ 1 e 01 1e ar ts e �ubjec (ed rl e tl1ese 1: in.t of ��s o ient a s f � · l cl be not picture ,viii ear. ... ·m b aye 2 k.ar 1as, Lane/ Tenure �1t1 Erltrea (J 966), P· · e

.if. '

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AGRICULTURAL COMMUNITIES AND THE CIVIL. CODE

Part I: Major Features of Traditional .Agricultural Communities •

vinces the seemingly innocent ques r·ion o.f ,.0 e parts of t11e nortl1er.11 pro ,,10 som · o you possess ' , , y ·1 eas a en 1 ,1s k . · t a11 e , b 111su I t. ma) If the proud perso11 to wl10111 t·f1e ques t·ion 1s addressecl · any land? . l·t J �, he inaY grn1 a11d rep IY , I inay be poor but 1 po e b to es am a Ju1n s I , an b e1ng ( .1ese v 1v 1·. tJ)' ' choo . a11y 111n1 t an ,a · b I t ·I · e1 .. . ng JS n1ea . 11s . . possesses lat1d simply by virtu he . e 0f l 115 Wha t . l11. yese1v eing · b. . a bIr Lh-ri()'ht for 'tny yeseH l1'}·· o . ' . · · • 1t 15 ?f land as1s �oc 1al ow11ersh1p i11 Eth iopia. Land ownership is sought not merely for � This. is. the _ al ina) that follo ut w, gain s for 11 tl e soci non stat�1s of the individual and the fan1ily. The � � the eco_ � . _ . _ syn, the 1 IS of d res ecta lan. blltt y, of hun ,an n d1gn 1ty and tJrid e. The division, therefore, ?.� poss essio � . between_ th?se. �ho have the 1 10ht (to l�tld) · • · and those \VJ10 clo 11ot J1ave it, has 1nore than just econon11c s1gn1hcance . To be la11clless, 1s to be s11b-I,unian. "9 1

In this Part� .we s!1all _ exa 1 11i11e tl1e 111ajor fe:1tt1res of the most in1portant agri cultu ral co111 111u.otttes of Eritrea, the Chrjstia11 sede11tary co1111 nt111ities in Serae Han1 a sien a11d Akkele Gt.1zai, 011 tl1e 011e ha11d, a11cl tl1e 1 1011 Cl1ristia11, p,lstur�li�t co111111unities i11 tl1e easter 11 a11d wester 1 1 plai11s. Y,lri,ttio11.s of local ct1sto111 aside, certain outsta11di11g fe,ltures will be described. It n1ay be remarked tl1a t tl1e pl1ysical a11d cli1natic structt1re of Eritrea has, in the past, played a. n1ajor role i11 :pro\1idi11g a bou11dary line betwee11 t\.vo grot1ps of conltntrnities - the sedentary a11d the pastt1ralist. Tht1s, ''(t)l1e physically uoifor1n and. relatively fertile ce 1 1tral plateat1 is inl1a.b.ited by tl1e solid block of a sedent,lry agricultural popt1latio 1 1 possessed of com1non language (Tigrig11a), a Jargely co111mon religion (coptic-Cl1ristia11ity) a 1 1d a commo11 civilzatio11. Tl1e aricl plai11s i 11 the east a.nd west are tl1e l1abitat of .11t11nerot1s scattered tribes of varyi1 1g size a11d origi11s and yet u11ited by tl1e co 1nmo11 li\1elil1ood of 1101n,1dic l1erdsmen a11d the com1no11 religio11 of Islan1''. 10 One co11sequently fi 1 1ds tl1at ''... t11e three platea.u divjsio11s of Ha' n1asie11, Akkle Guzai and Serae are differe11t 'cou11tries' i1 1 tl1e true se11se of the \.Vord, \Vith diff erent history, different cl1aracter, eve1 1 differe11t customs ,111d tl1e people of those divisions are consciot1s of tl1ese differe11ces." 11 Chapter I. Social . Organizatio11 and Land Tenure Principles Among the Christian Highlanders of Eritrea A. Social organizatio11 It is cliflicult a1 1d q1 1ite risk y to d.iscuss tl1e social orga11i�,1t�or1 of the Christian commttnities divorced fro n1 a co11sideratio11 of tl1eir te11t1re pr111c1ples . Tl1ese are over , .in . t�1ese co1n see lapping subjecls ·w}1ich ot1gl1t to be treated together. As we wiIl _ munities society is 01-g,111ized arot111d land: tl1e rigl1ts a11d dt1ties of 1 11d1v 1 duals are defined io ter�1s of the ''relatio11sbip'' tl1ey bectr to la11d: However, .for tl1e Selke of clariLy, ge11eral 1Jri11ciples \.Vilt be me1 1tioned in tl1is sect 1 011. As l1as been correctly JJoi 1 1tecl out, ''(t)I1e f\byssi11ian fa�1 ning co1n111L1nities of th� tl1ree higl1land provi,,ces of Eritrea (I-Ia,nasien, Akkele G11za1 a11d Serae) 1 �ay. be said always to J,ave llad two agencies of governme11t: 0 11 tl1e 011e ha11d, tl1e 1 1 1st1tu9. :Mesf'in Waide Mariam, Son1e ilspects of Lar,cl 01- v11ersl1ip iii Ethi�pia (A paper prepared in advance for the semi 1 1ar on EthioJJian stuclt. es, 196)) (u11pubhshed, Archives, Library, Faculty of Law, 1:-Iaile Selassie I .U11iversity), P • I. lO. British pp . .l-Z. 43), (19 trea Eri of bes Tri and es y Rac itar Mil Administration, I l. Id , . p. 30.

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l go ve rnment of Ethio ra nt ce e tl1 , 11d ha r l1e ot e th on pia tioil of .villa.ge. society, and i2 . ' ' t1· s ge en M kno\vn 1n E... r1trea as e th e village (the sniall ar s 1it u1 l ica lit po 1 aiI m e th '', ty cie so . er For the ''peasant 13 Th e for�er IS he ad ed b y a C/1ik ka who u11it), a11d the district (the larger 1111it). es, lag are 1111de r a Mislene vil us rio va of d os mp c , cts tri dis � e Th s. air aff � e lag runs vil s. air aff eir th r fo le sib on sp ) re jef cl1 ict str (a di In n1ost villages (for the details of custom vary frorn village . to village), the Chi/( lcat4 acts as a link betwee11 tl1e central government and the village. 15 rs. orde ent ernm Sometimes, he acts gov He collects taxes a.nd co1nmunicates 16 although ther e are re ular judges ces, offen or min � \Vhose in certa e for a judg as _ busi11. ess it is to adjudicate disputes. In Serae, villagers are required17 to accept the orders of a C/1iklca, acting witl1in l1is traditional c11sto1nary rights.

In tl1e so-called ''fa111ily laud'' areas, the commu1.1ities are organized 01.1 the basis of kinship. 18 The basic unit is the e11da (ki11dred) a11d it is composed of tJ1e descendants of a11 i11dividual. ''l-Iistorically then, tl1e enda has grown out of tl1e i11divid11al fan1ily: f11lly crystallized it e111braces a greatly varying nu.mber of individ11al fan1ilies. The latter are 1nai11ly eco110111ic and living units, i.e. co11sist of tl1e fe,v fan1i1y men1bers (parents and children) wl10 live togetl1er in t11e same house) 1j worlc togetl1er a1.1cl sl1are tl1e fruits of their labour." l9 Althougl1 Nadel states that a11 enda, u11like a village, does 11ot h.ave a 11ead or a chief, 20 there are Chikkas in Serae, a ''fa111ily-la11d'' area.

Now the C/1ilclca in Serae must belong to a ''La11d-o\vning'' (Balabat) group wl1ose forefathers \Vere once C/1iklcas.21 If no person wl1ose forefathers were once Cl1ilclcas ca11 be f01111d, tl1e11 next i11 line of eligibility for tl1e office is any owner of inl1erited la11d. Bt1t it is essential to own inherited la11d to become a Chikko becat1se ''Chieftai11sl1ip is like inherited la11d. ''22 The reader will 110\v sense the landow11i11g/non-landowning division of society in the family land areas. This division of society is found e,,e,1 in tl1e so-called "village land areas."

12. D. Duncanson, "Serat 'Adken1e Milga' - A Native Co de Law of Eritrea," Africa. 13 S. Nadel, Land Tenure on the Eritrea11 Plateau · (1944, Pl1otocopv, La\\1 School Archives), PP· . 2 ff. Th.1s art·1c . le appeared 1n A/ricer, Vol. XVI, No. 122, 1946. 14. Compare Gebre Welde Ingida Work "Etlii·op and re Tenu . d'1t·100a i· a • ' Land T of e1n ys 1a s , t 1 S · Taxat.10n," E'j,11 '' ·op1a · Observer, Vol. V (1962) pp . 302 ff 15. An1baye Zekarias, cited above at no te 8 p.' 15 . ' 16. Ibid. 17. 1Jar o i u e (En¥lisl1 tra.n�Iatio11 b y Tesfa , h o unp M ubJj �i ;;�; }a}i1� J f Sera sh_ e d Tsi Arch on ed a e, v;�. Y Law, Halle Sellasste I U111vers ity) under ''Dt1ties of the resident s of v1·11age�� . 18. · Nadel, cited aboev at note 13, p. 3. 19. Ibid. 20. Ibid. 21. Custo111ary Lau, of Sera� cited ' · above at 11ote 17, tln.der "tvl iscellaneous." 22. lbicl.

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d rig hts ·. . . round whi"ch • • • (an) enda revo1ves In family lan d areas, ''(t)be lan • . . . r 11 dat·. 1�� of a social d1v1s1on vaguely reminiscent of cla io th e � . .. e _ ss or 'caste ar i s ? 1 vi sion groups on one side tl1e people '!'h s. tion inc who are regarded as the dist inh ab of ita tlts the country, and on the otl1er, the new-comers to the ina l ori g old 23 The forme� 0�11 land: !he latter do not. That, a." l1owever, is not the end of are . 1t the 1s er rath beg1nn1ng. ; story the To belo11g t? t�e. land?w11.i11g class_ en!itles one t? a bundle of rigl1ts and pri vileges (called r1�1), 1 ncltld1i1g leadersb1p 1n comn1t1n1ty affairs. In all three areas of Akkele Guzai, �erae and �lamasie11, 011ly landowners may take part in s/1. in1gele11et (·li9°:"/.\��-) ''(tl11s) embra��(s) all the admi11istrative concerns of the village coro1nu111t�. Tl1us, the superv1s1on _and organizatio11 of communal labour; the care of the village chtirch; . the appointment of ... guardians of the village fields and pastures; and the ri ght to act as arbiters in land disputes ... Wbe11 the rights and duties represent a regt1lar office, it changes hands periodically, often a11nually, being taken. in turn by each of the families."25 The in1portant point to be observed is that to belong to the la11downi 11 g group entitles one to in1portant privileges which are '' . .. permanent and inalienable, more so tban are the possessio11s (i.e. tl1e plots of land) themselves. The owner of (family land) C<'ll1 sell it or let it; but tbe fact tl1at he once ow11ed (family land) ... will rarely be obscured. It invests l1jm almost forever with the status of a member of the hereditary family, almost of la11ded aristocracy which looks down upon 'new comers' who have come later ...''.26 Thus, i11 some cases, the fact of belongi11g to a hereditary family is more important than the possession of land itself. To the class considered 'inferior,' or n1ore accurately new-comer, belong the Mt1slims27 who may live in the Christian communities. In Serae, ''slaves'', blacksmjths and A1eleket players (players of a musical instrument) are also considered 'aliens', not entitled to a share of land and the privileges consequential thereto. Tl1is fact is expressed by the law most politely: blacksmiths and Melelcet players are ''exe1npted'' from payn1ent of taxes.28 .

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Now, payment of taxes symbolizes ownersl1.ip of land.. T11is sentin:ient _is very well reflected in the. customary law of Logo Chewa.29 Article 15 prov1des 111 rele vant part: ''In the territorial regime of Logo Chewa, be who while cultivating land, does not pay trib11te to the neg11s, does not have the right to c� ll l1 ims�lf .. . ba!emeret (lando,vner). If forty years pass and he _does not pay tr1bu� e, (h.1s) .. . land shall be given to another who can pay the tri bute ... The man 1s free, but the land subject to tribute.'' 23 · British Military Administration, cite d above at note 10, .P: . 35. The effec�s of this division are being minimized by tile passage of tin1e and tl1e poss1b1J1ty of purcl1as1ng land. 24. Nadel, cited above at note 13, p. 3. 25. Ibid. 26- Nadel, cited above at note 13, p. 7. . • 27. In the Mekka ra Yesus community of Begen1edir, Felashas (or Bete-Israel1tes) �n } M� 1slt�1s do tem ys 1u1 e e1 r1c. La e th 1, kt or W e eb eb D d. not, on the basis of race an d religion own lan bhsl1ed, pu t1n 5, 96 (1 11r bo La l ra ltu ci1 ri Ag 1 t/ e on in Mekkara y;'esi1s s trect · c _ommun1•ty and its 'E')J' • ersi·t·y), pp.. I 3-4 Archjves ' Library' Fa' culty of Law' llaile SelJassie I Vniv ,, · 15 t n11 28 · Custan1ary "BJacks . Laiv of Serae, cited above at note 17, tinder 29. Cust�mary La1v of Logo C/1elva' (E11gli�l1 transl 8;tion by. yo�1annes I-I. Sellassie, unpt1blished, Archives, Library, Faculty of Law, Haile SeUass1e I University).

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L. ·v1 - No. 1 O V W A L N IA P IO H T JOURNAL OF E 1 1. �I1a t is th e �o!e of tl1e tio es qu 11g sti re 1te 1 i 1 a.1 . . central This inatter of tax raises . as is at 1s it th 11 d 111 te 1n es l gg 11a su e11 be ' as 1 } It , rs?· sup. . e affai <1over11111 e11t 1• 11 v1-11ag · · r d it,o IIY, these co,nmun ''T aw . 1 ry 111� sto ct1 us rio va s itie �f � ; �orted. by a readi11 g or tl1e � ,e v1. t age l1eads. 1'he repre b e er st 11 1 1 11 1 ad 1 s, t1 a st s u 1o . n e 11joyed ,1 r,1ther aL1tono al ten to tl1e cou1 1try und t I y os n1 re \Ve 10 wl t, en 1 111 r1 ve go er se11tatives of tl)e central 30 . '' rs to ec ll co xta 1e tl as er 1 tl ra d tl1eir ad111i 1 1istratio11, acte 1 1ne t was re p�esented in the villag r1 ve go �l rtr c�1 tl1e , ed 11 es tio ei, � 1 1 As I,as bee,, 1 ii1g to tl1e landowning l?g be .'i l�a 7zlc C/ _by ) 011 at1 n1z ga or l ci so of (tl1e s111 aller units _ � . 1d a 1 e la1 s .ea la� v1J 11 tl1e 1 \1/l1e.re descent . 11 eve t tha sed ast pJ, e,11 class. It u,ust be _ wa s esse11t1al to belo1 1g to a on e-time plays a Ii,,,jted role irl riglits O\'er land, 311t . !(c1 1i/( C/ a e n1 co be to ," iJy m fa ry ita red e . ''b , a ily .1n la 1 1downing fa Tl,e stiperiority of the privileged men1 be�s in cl1arge of co111n1unity affairs is reflected in tl1e special �1d, 1a11tages tlJey e 1 1Joy. It1 Logo CI1e\v,1 (presently in the 1ho slaugl1ters a cow or an ox is oblig \,\ son per ry eve ae) Ser of t administrative 1111i 32 1_ 1 1 a). a11!( 11111 ssa Serae, "anyon e ecl to prese11t the Cl1ikka ,vitl1 tl1e tongue (Le \vl10 L1as a tes/car (a feast to co1ru11e111or,1te the dea.d) or 111arriage sl1all give the 1 1llage, l:l sarn1c1 (pot) of s111a, \ of tl1e ble 1ot,1 1 the or er <eep lawl tl1e f, cl1ie ict ciistr 33 a tzec/1c1/i of 1zeb/1i (H·c,t) ancl five i11jeras." Fail11re to ft1lfil these obligatio11s sub ects one to pe11 alty. 111 Serae, again, tl1e Cl1il<l<a 11 ,1s tl1e privilege of blessi1 1g ·first every bridal band i11 1he ,,iJlage, Vi1l1 icl1 J )ri\1iJege i111J)Oses on the C/1il<l<a tl1 e duty to be al\vays present in tl1e village, especi,1lly d.uri1 1g 111 ,1rriages. 34 The n1 ost in1porla 11t pri,1ilege of C/1il<l<c1s, l1owever, is tl1at of a s1)ecial shar e of la11d over a 11cl above th,1t to wl1 icl1 they are e 1 1titled as n1e 111 bers of the com-· ffilllli{)I. JS

Fro 111 our refere 11ces to various ct1stoma.ry laws, it \,vi)l l1ave bee11 clear that tl1 e 1raditio11al con 1 111 t111ities 11nder exan1it1atio11 I1 ad, a11cl still ha,,e, laws of th eir "' 1 O\J. 11. 1 11 e 111ajor il )' of tl1e people i11 Akele G11zai fo]low the ''La Vi' of Meen Jvlehaz a'' a 1Jcl tl1ose in Serae, tl1e ''Adkerne-Melga'' (referred to i1 1 tl1 is article as tl1e Custo1nary L,t,v of Serae). J11 additio 11 variot1s clistricts of I-Ian1,1sie 11 a11d Akkele Guzai have la\vs of tl1 eir o,v11. 36 Logo Cl1 ewa is �L district i11 Serae and I I- a111asien Vi1itl1 its O\Vll la\VS. Tliese custo 1 11 ary laws p11rport to regulate ever)' as1)ect of co111n1unity li_ !e and appear supre1nely adaptecl to a s1nall closel )'-l<11 it f,1111 ily or ,,iJlage gro11 ping.J' They Br itish Mil i tary Adn1ini slration, cited above at. tlote 10, . 37. p 3 l Id., J). 36. . rt 32. Cus�on1ar� Law or Logo Chev.a, cited above A h, ug en ly g in st o re te at Jlote "9 In - ' Art. .15. 15 1s cnt,tled "Land Tax." 33 · CuSloniary La\.v of Logo Chewa, c i ted above at 11ote 29 Ar t. 51. 34. • Custo,nary Law of Serae, c, ·ted " · above at 11ote 17 u11der ''Miscellaneous 35. C l�pare -�Jade!, ci ted above at note 13 PlJ, 20-i' 1 . � . , J 36 .Br1t1sh rvf,lttary Adn1inistration, cited abov at th t t e 10 ' p · 31 · Tl1e BMA refers · o ese aws e 11o · · as codes. . e size of 37. The prese11t: author bas 110t b,een_ ,d ble th on Lon �o find. any. cl?cunlentary. inforn1at de appear these group ings. I-fo,vev _ er he ? :- con1pa1able v1JJage? 111 T1gre, also envisaged by t s,o l , r J)!\V to be made u of er �ons. I11lerv1ew with ,ts\ to Yoseph Gebre Egz 1ab '.;a, (SUP· )00 p School Nov 1967-0J�)� !(es H�o�le Selfassi� v. Graz111atcl, Gebre Egzia�her D: cuJtural . i ln1p. Cr 1959,' C iv. A I N_o. 8 an A Lbat � -/�9) of JSS _(u1JJJt1blished ), the court states Con1n1un.i ty of the · tv.· pel un dei up niade exanir natio ,vas n (and \Vl1i ch i s i n Tigrc) _ d ,, b y persons and "a' d n,in.1Slc:"'ie "tl1ree elders."

f \ (

30.

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pl sa ac m e e cr im tl1 inal, civil as well as admi1 1istrative e in at rre m at te rs a 1 1d contai11 u d�tailed rt1les on proced re. An intereSting aspect of these la w s is that they also regulate the cl1tirc an l1 d ad th va e nt ag to es th ey as e1Jjoy i11 society. Unlike the Fetha Negest, wh clergy _. jc] 1 sp iri ai tti id al bo s t� . ecular 1natte:s, these ct1stomary laws co11ta gov erns in -no provi . _ tu 111 a] 1 at ters to which priests or laymen are require sions on sp1r d to conform. _ Jt 1n11st be noted tl1at tl1ese la ws \Vere reduced to writing only recently.JS J11 . cu sto na ry ''(t l )l1e ws . . pa st . b ! � . the 1 wl11cl1 the l1umbler agencies of tl1e govern ment regula!ecl • • • village life 1n Er1tre,1 (were) for tl1e most part expressed in however, .l1ave fo1· long bee11 regarded al1nost a.s unwritten codes 1na.xi1ns, wl11ch bec,111se traditio11 ascribes n1a11y of tl1e111 to s1Jeci-6.o at1 thorship."39 It is not difficult to spect1late 011 s0 1 11e of the reaso11s for the codificatio11 of the vario11s customary laws. Dt1 11oa 11so11 l1as stated tl1ese succi11ctly in l1is considera tion of the Serat Adken1e Milga (co1upiled i11 1942): ''Rising popl1 latio11, the develop ment of u r. ban .life sj11ce tl1e Ethio1Jia 1 1 war of 1935-1936, and the 1 11evitable associa tion of Eritrea11 econon1y vvitl1 the Italia 11 military defeat in 1941 bad to some extent dislocated village society everywhere in ·higl1Ia11d Eritrea. Traditional rules for the inl1erita 11ce or allocatio11 of village office a11d of agricultl1ral land, i1 1timately connected \\1ith Abyssinia1 1 custom, were particularly i11 qt1estion; d.isputes were grow ing more and more nt1111erous ru1d more i 1 1soluble because tl1e custo1nary law was not prescribed by ge11erally accessible or acceptable at1tbority. A secondary considera tio11 no dot1bt lay in tl1e self-consciousness of Abyssi11ian ct1lture, vagt1ely anxious to assert against the encroacl1111ent of European ideas before its trad.itions were 01odified or lost. '' 40 The codifiers of Adgi11a Tege/eba (Akkele G· uzai) state tl1eir reasons i11 a. beau tiful introduction to the code, 41 which for fear of 1nisrepresentation is reproduced below. ''God, the creator, tl1e Law Maker is inherently systematic and created the earth and skies systematically, assigning creatures to their respective places ,111d order ing that they live i 1 1 accorda 1 1ce with the rule set up for each of tl1em. !

'' So the creatures of God are living. ''The inherent law-abidingness has been give11 to Ma1 1, the possessor of intellect ... (The story of Adam and Eve follows) .... ''From Adam's doom up to the time of Moses people lived in accordance witl1 the Jaw of the conscience becal1se tl1ey had no written law. ''Man cot1ld not live \Vitho11t a written law because the law of the conscience was not sufficie 11t to administer hiin, and, therefore, written ]aw was started by Moses. (The story of Moses follo\vs)... 38· F. Russel, these laws of St Mo . lOZ P• , 59) (19 3 l. Vo L., . Afr J. w," La ry --:'Eritreao Customa \Vere reduced to writing after tl1e Second \,Vor ld War. 39 · Dunca nson, c ited above at note 12, p. 141. 40. Id., p. 142. . • gna ttnptt bl"JSl1ed ' Arcl1ives Library, f.I a1·1e Se11ass.te 41. custo,nary Lau• of Aclgi11c1 Tegeleba (T1gr1 � University). Tl1e at1tl1or is indebted to Ato Ale1nseged Tesfa)'e, r'or t1le tr ans1at·1on of the . la\V. intr oduc tion and selected }Jrovisions of tl1e thi s code of cu5lomary

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' LAW - VOL. VI - No. 1 N IA l' lO I-i T E F O JOURNAL st. i r h C l ti n u d te a r e p o ''Moses' law s law s to suit the time was 11g avi . of b ity ss e c ne the rJsect rea '' Ever �ince Christ · . · Con stantine ..· . 1.1a· d 'a · 1.·ve1 t/1a Negest codified by tl1 e 3 I 8 scl1olars . · . n 1y b etwee armo1 h and G od ' Autllo cord c a g n tt,i1ni c:w. a of n s r1. ..11es L a\V 1s a mea (mekz1a11i11t) and n1 an. e , cer ed sin ert v e 011 o ur· part 11c co mo a of. ult s re the s i law d e i dif co ''This 10 e c tor s . r a11 s ... and apply them to ou by up set n) e itt wr un ( ll a s law e th te a d con s oli spect for the Holy Books and the e re our 011 sed a b s i It ds. nee F th a t se,i pre our Negest. . . . ''The lack of a codified ] a\v has p�t our legal _ system into a sad �nd deplorable state .. . . W e have fo111Jd it esse ntial to c�d1fy our .la\v to suit our present needs. Its 1nain pu r po se i s to elin1inate personal 1nte�pr�tat1on s ,?f the law especially (Emphasis added.) j 11 the field of eviden ce, a1·1d to malce the code b1nd1n.g. . ..

A re adin g of tl1 e introductory remark s above would imn1ediately reveal the tre111endous influe11ce of tl1e church and the clergy, to wl1icl1 we shall now briefly turn .

111 all tl1e three are as under exa1ninatio11, prie s ts, like village or district officials, e11jO)' an elevated positio11 in life and d erive material benefits by virtue of the office tl1ey occupy.

111 the fa1nily-la11d areas of Serae, '' . .. the village c11urch a 11d its conlffiunities of priests own speci al la11d, tribute-free.''42 In c ertain village-la11d areas of Akkele Guzai, '' ... the land alloted to the village priests is divided off fron1 the c om mun al l a11d and is not subject to tl1e periodic redistribution."43

Priests e11j oy these advantages beca11se of their role in society as the link be- ( tween God a11d Man. Bapti sn1, marriage, f11n eral cerrn.onies and commemoration of the dead are their areas of expertise.44

The concern to force priests to conce11trate tl1eir energy on other-worldly affairs . 1s such that und�r the law of Logo Che\.va, they are prohibited fron1 acti�g as advoc ates (except 111 m atters concerning tl1e1n or their cl1ildren), beco1ne Clukkas or represe11tat�ves . ''(T)l1ey ... ca11 only cl o ... their services _as priest� · · · aod sh all not 1.nvolve th�mselves ... in a11y worldly affairs because there .1� _no . profess�on a s l1rgh �s tl1e1rs''.45 The pra ctical con sideration behind tl1e pro11ibttion ,s obvious: �be priests represe11t tl1 e literate learn 1en1.· n te artic ula ed and n1ost , bers of society. t ie p r ' adv a ntages Tlle .enjoyed by. priest s are of a perso11al nature. '.A . �ngor i� j d�acon who l oses l11s status (either by committing adultery or by di,,orc1 h te I wife) sl1ould not exl?ect to be s11pported. by the village bec ause he ca· n11ot c elebrabe m�ss · · · · But the 1ll�ge sh all give support to one who c an celebr ate . mass.r 1. e : priests who lose the ir stat11s sl1all, however, receive their 'compe11sat1on fo h 42. 43. 44. 45 •

Nadel, cited above at .note 13 , pp. 21_22_ Ibid.

Cus10111ary Laiv of Serae, " t . cited above at note 17, e an d Pri s s. under ''Cl1urcl1es Custo111c1ry La•v O r Logo 'J Crte ''- 1va, ci. ted

above at note 29, Art. 49.

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(althougl1 they �a11not celebrate mass), they ca11 still sing, pray and e, at1s bec _ _ the commen1orat1011 of tl1e dead wrtll lip' 46 _ other the priests' ' 1n take part Las tly, 1nention must be_ n1ade of the Shimmctgle Addy (counsel of elde�s) to village to earlier. el hese • alluded e s, whose from vary 11umbers d ? h ! ! we � who m _ a11 assem ly , . . . dec1d111g tl1e welfare of the conunu11ity. They t1tt1te � on � � ge, . villa . through _arb1tr�t1on and conciliation, and catlnot be sununoned in at1on 1it1g le sett to give _e �ide11c � • • • They decide and mark bou11daries inter courts a regul � the � 7 These elders ee litigants. bet d 11 a must be desce11ded from a one :w ? villages (s1c) _ 48 They play a dominant role i11 tl1e 11 fatll!ly sot e wn111g com 1 111nities. Iando ? 1:1time villag e-la11d areas which we will exa1n1ne below. B. Tenure Princi1>les

Thre � type _s of ''ow11�rship'' are said to exist on the Eritrean plateau: indi vid•ual,49 1nclud1n� ownership _ by the heads of i11divid.ual :fan1ilies, fan1ily (''. . . more precisely ownership by the k111dred (enda) ...'') and village ownersl1ip. 50 However, these categories are not water-tight. For insta11ce, through inheritance and progressive sub-division, ''fa1nily'' ow11ersl1ip n1ay evolve i11to individual ow11ership. 51 Since the scope of this paper is limited to ''land owned by an agricultt1ral community,'' we shall exclt1de a co1.1sideration of individual ownership. It has been stated that '' . .. com1nu11al land tenure is practically the only form of land te11ure fo1111d i11 the north-western region of Ethiopia, comprising the divisions of Hamasien, Seraye and Akkele Guzai in Eritrea, the provinces of Tigre, Begemedir and Gojjam, and the s11b-province (Awradja) of Lasta and Wag in Wollo''. 52 The term ''comn1unal tenure'' is intended to sig11ify the non-individual nature of the existing rights and, therefore, includes both family ancl village ''owner ship'', despite racial differences between the two. Because the nature of the rights involved is different, we shall examine '"family'' and ''village'' land separately. Two factors must, however, be pointed out. Serae is a pr�dominantly ''family'' land area, although one also finds there the village land system. In Akkale Guzai and Han1asien, village land predominates, although there also one finds ''family'' land. 53 Secondly, this factor of the unity of both famiJy and village land must be u11derlined: bot h must be viewed in the ligl1t of the natu 54 The latter ''. ger hun 1d ral endowments of Eritrea, and especially the prevalent �'la1 : holds the key to an appreciation of the tenure systems in Eritrea.

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-----46. 47. 48.

49. 5o. 51. 52. 53 · 54.

Customary Law of Serae, cited above at note 17, under ''Churches and Priests.'' Ambaye Zekarias cited above at note 8, p. 16. which the 94 88ges pa of on ati nsl tra sh gli En e Th . i, -94 Ostin cited abo�e at note 7, pp . 88 present author quotes is by Tesfa Tsion Medhane. . . . . I� Eth1op1a. ip rsh ne ow of rm fo nt ale ev pr st Individual ownership is reputed to be the mo _ ic Developom on Ec to e z,t r1b 11t co to al os op pr A m: See Demissie Gebre Michael Agrarian Refor ment in Ethiopia (1964, unpt1blished, University Library), p. 47. Nadel, cited above at note 13, p . 45. Ibid. Vol. IX , er rv se Ob ia op hi Et ,'' ia op hi Et in Lawrance and Mann ''Commt1nal Land Tenure CN o. 4), pp. 314-31 s'. Nadel, cited above at note 13, p. 8. 'd .LI •1 p. 1,

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I . Family land (a) Origins n l tio al e es th qu er est that •an id gg 11s su co to 11 sio ca oc d ha "· illy 1e • "' v ha Scholarc who I·dua.I owner ship or rn IV k' d f · d' in e so m nl fro d ve igin�Uy Ja11d i11 Eritrea has evol acquired by occupatio11 . fa.mily l�nd can be u11�e�stood orzly li ThlLS, ,, . . . tlie conceptioi1 of istori cally, as arl evolution adn1itting o[ several var1a11ts from a11. or1g1naII� sharply defin . founcl on the that first ownersl11p of concept occupatio sinole ed aiid n of land b an individu�l or ii1dividual family. With tl1 e 11atural _gr��th of the fan1ily of originJ _ an from 111d1v1dual cl1anged to land e title to the occupa11ts tl1 collective title."ss r of a certain tribe e11ito prog e ''Th ws: follo as 1 utio1 evol this ibes descr sti11i O occupies a piece of ... land for one reason or another; his sons then share tl1e la11d by tl1eir rights of st1ccession or beca11se divisio11 i11 it is necessita ted. The land tl1a.t was origi11ally 011e becomes divided between tl1e various branches that desce11cled from tl1e pro ge11itor.... S11ccessively, tl1e la11d that is divided amonP the first desce11da11ts of tl1e head of stock (ancestor) is furtl1 er sub-divided accord� " 56 111 sucl1 �1 way, Ostini concludes, a ing to tl1e 11 eeds of the desce11dants .... piece of l,111d origi11ally ow11ed by a11 inclivid11al co111es to be sub-divided bet\veen l1is desce11da11 ts. 111 describi11 g tl1e social strt1ct11re of the CJ1ristia11 higl1la11de rs, the endai the large kinsl1ip gro11p ('' ... composed of large i11di.vid11aI fa1nilies clain1 i11g to desc end fro111 a co1mnon a11cestor '\\1hose 11a111e the e11da bears ...''), has bee11 defined as a territorial t1.nit: ''tl1e enda is i11 a se11se a territorial 1111it, for the n1.ost in1porta.nt form of la11 d ten11re i11 Eritrea .. ., the l1ereditary �1bsolt1te land. right of fan1ily J,L11d ..., is bound U]J ,vitl1 tl1 e e11da group. La11d of tl1 e family la11d ... type can also be O\v11ed by t.l1e individual \Vithin the e11da; but these individual land rigl1ts are conceived of as being derivecl from the Ian.d rigl 1t vested in the enda itself, in virtue of a11 a11 cient first occ11patio11 of the land. Tl1is corporate concept of Ia11d o,vnership is revived in every di.spute over Ia11d, a11d indeed constitutes the stro11gest bond of cohesion in the e11da''. 51 The . ''�uid, non-stati c 11at11re of tl1 e enda'' 1nust be e111pl1,1sized. ''Tho u�h. rhe enda u111t 1� • .. clearly defi11ed, it is also a composite strt1ctt1re, a11d transr t1?!131 forms occas 1o 11ally blt1r the disti11ctio11 between the enda a11d its component fan1 1Ites'. �?r soine . of these are very large; three or fo11r ge11eratio11s of descendant s �a y st111. be ui�ited by t�e narrower solidity of tl1e fa1nily a11d still constit11te ru 1 effecti ve social Uiltt, st1bord 111 ted to tl1 e e111a, yet itself an i11 cipie11t erzda." 58 Once an en�� becon1es very large, it� breaks up into several sections eacl1 kno,v11 by a· separa ' na111e.59

°·

55. lei., p. 5. 56. · Ost ni i, cited above at note 7, pp . SB[. 57. �1 ·ti si b Mil ti ary Adrnn i istra.tio11, cited ab ove at note 10 p 35 Con11,are A11Jbaye Zeka,ant�d , · · c1ted ab ove at 11ote 8 p ... It trans ly e t • ropria .J. ( must be e111ph�siz�� tl1at a,1 e11da i..J1a 1,1, 1asi�n) as , ,fam ily") maY be ' ad up o (Jlan a e in) ; f l1 u1 1dreds of 1nd1v1dt1als Cf. E11da Be]a\vay 13 eJ z d in ,v11 1ch v. Enda Gu 111er (Serae ( t�p. Imp.. Ct., 1960, C v. ( unpu�l si he ). e g e 6-60) i App. No. 5 eu ra· · . . a claim for a sh are of fam e ily la,1d is b ase d on descent · fron1 a n1an who Jiv d nin tioos·or 4 50 years ago. 58. Nadel, cited above al 11 ote 13 p. 3. ' 59. Ibid.

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(b.) Tern1inology

At this juncture, it is instr�ctive to acquaint the reader with the terms used rights over cultivable family land in the family lan d rib e esc d to land areas under examination. The roost com�on �erm is resti. ''Tl1is wo:d· is derived from Geez resete ·c ) . . It 1s a 1 O?,�� term enot!ng occupai1cy, possession, ownership ... in connection with (land). . . . . Th e t�r� �s very general and covers ''land titles'' varying from '' .. . land owned by an 1nd�v�dual t? l�nd ow_ned by tl1e large kinship group." 6 1 Although Nadel seems to associat� restz w1tl1 f a1ruly land, Ato Ambaye states that it should not be so. ''(The) term �s a gen�ric name for all property in land.. In distinguish in g different property, this word 1s placed as a prefix''.62 Thus is resti desa (village land) distinguished from resti tse/my (individual land) and resti �/ti (chartered la11d). According to Ato Ambaye, therefore, resti denotes -whatever rights one l1as over any type of land.63 It is of interest to note tl1at i n Serae, ''(r)esti is a land inherited from parents or a land given as blood mo11ey or la11d bought . .. , or land acquired by clearing a forest.''64 (Emphasis added). Finally, the privileged group we examined in Section A is called restegna (cil.l·�), . or resteg11atat ( Cil ..,.'-1;:1-:,- ), plural. In family land areas, a restegna is one who is entitled to a share of family land and the attendant privileges. In the village land areas, a resteg11a is a descendant of a one-time land owning family. '

(c.) Individual rights over cultivable land

Family land is known to have taken one of two forms in the course of its evolution. ''(E)ither the collective title was maintained and certain mechainisms were evolved to ensure that tl1e individual members of the group could exercise their rights of usufruct; or the individual nature of the resti would be re-established through inheritance and the division of the family estate between the various des cendants''.65 Th .e former is described simply as resti and the latter, as tselmi (�AoY..). In some resti (used in contradiction to tsel1ni) areas, an individual family (i. e. husban. d, wife and their unmarried children) farms a plot of land66 the size of which depends on the needs of the family. 67 The plot is simply referred to as grat, i.e. farm on field. 68 Shares of deceased members ''fall back'' to the commu nity ''store'' out of which allocations are made · to the newly married members. It

60. Ambaye Zek.arias, cited above at note 8, p. 5. C�. ''The_ ter� .resti_ defies simple t.r�nslation because of the many and divergent customs assoc�ated _with 1t. 1n ?ifferent com�un1t1es. Per haps the nearest English equivalent is a/lod, especially m the 1n1plied contrast with land oc cupied by tenure." Duncanson, cited above at note 12, p. 144, note 1. 61- Nadel, cited above at note 13. p . 5. 62- Ambaye Zekarias, cited above at note 8, p. 5. 6 3. Not_e that Ato nt as the eme stat ted quo the in rty" ope ''pr d wor the use to s e ear bay app Am equivalent of the word ''rights''. 64· Cust omary Law of Serae, cited above at note 17, under ''Regulation of resti" · 65 · Nadel, cit ed above at note 13, p. 5. 66 N? t� t hat the term family land covers more than simply cultivabl � laod· "'.fhe territory con1· Pns1ng the resti of a certain fam ily is determined on the basis of cttlt1vable fields, grass, Wood, water and building areas (under it) .... " Ostini, cited above at note 7, p. 88· ::: Nadel, cited above at note 13, p. 5. Id., p. 6.

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JOURNAL OF ETIIIOPIAN LAW - VOL.· 'VI - No. 1 .

t no ss pa :: do nd la by of � plo eritance, inh a gh ho alt at th d ve ser ob � the must be . . es o d d n la y 1t n 1u n m co 1e tl f o e ar i·ig/1t to ·claim a sh , ly al er e en . th G nd . la of al s m ot fe pl e es iv ce re es al m d an d rie ar in th e th · eir 0 11 1y · 10 · e bar� o f th Pat�r�a1 rest1 . . A pe r s I a 11g n a11 c n1 fro d e d clu ex _ e ! ar son · descendants rm 1t fa a �y n1 11d l1e la e bl in va th. lti cu of ks fit, sell e ar sh � s hi d ive ce re s ha o wh a or e11d his age of vill ers mb n1e r efuse to buy ed vid IJro 1 r, the ano to it it,1 or give it or take it . 1 1is a specific plot of land . Again as a ily 0» fam a s, area general 1i tse/n the · · 111 the of re paternal resti. Land is sha a n1 clai to d title 1 e1 are · e issu e mal rule, only 73 or where they are many; by elders , her fat the by les n1a divided between n1arried j s. lot of g tin cas the (se lecte d by the father) by 12

In Serae, a male receives a share of family land when,. ''emanicipated" by n1arriage, l1e acquires ''economic auton.on1y. " 74 I11deed, the br1degroo1n is entitled not only to a plot of land, but to a l1ouse built by his father, farm i1nplements, inclu ding a l1atcl1et, a ·certain a111ount of cereal in the cultivation of \vbich he had take11 part before bis 1narriage, living beasts, and 01�e-third or one-fourth of the hot1sel1old ''utensils'' of his father.75 Wh>', it n1ay be asked, are wome11 and their dece11da11ts (d escribed as gual, a d aughter, a 1 1d cle!(i-gual, chil dren of the daughter, respectively) excluded, from claim i11g a sl1are of tl1e paternal land, whether resti or tsel,ni? Duncanso11 bas offered an i11teresting explanation. ''In tl1e formal marriage pact (kal kidan) celebrated in cl1urcl1, the pay1ne11t · of dowry by the bride's father to the bridegroom's father discharges tl1e former's family from any further obligations towards tl1e girl's chil )- the young dren, wl1etl1e r or not by the agree1ne11t of tl1e t\vo fathers ( cot1ple are e111ancipated and given a 11ew house and possession of the do,vry during tl1e Jjfetin1 e of the bridegroom's father. '' 76 Duncanson states further that under �J1e Sirat, ''emanicipation of the kindred by tl1e payment of dowry'' is tl1e real 111ean1ng of marriage.

[ f

. This exclusion in son1e areas of daughters a11d their descendants fron1 claiming a :1 gl !t to_ land fro111 the pater11 al li11e is expres�ed in the maxim ''to the. sons their 1nher1tance; to tl1e d at1ghters tl1eir dowry."77 au<l In the ters areas where at1gh this d exclt1s ion of does not operate, tl1e rigl1ts . their de�ce�1dents ar e subject to restrictions: tl1ey can neitl1er sell fa111ily Ia11<l . n�r _ convert 1t 111to v111a .ge la11d, restrjctio11s not i 1nposed 011 the 111ale iss11 e of a fa111Jly. !

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69.

70. ;�. : -. 73. 74. 75. 76. 77. 78 ·

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lbicl. Cf..AnJbaye Zekarias, cited above at 11ot e 8, p. 15. �baye Zekarias, �ited above at note 8, p. 6. On tl1is, more \vill be said later. . d cite s, to Ambaye describes resti tselmi as ria ye Zeka An1ba "abso lttte" prOJ)e privat rty. e above at note 8, p. 7. Ostini, cited above at note 7, Pl), 88ff. C1 �sto111ary La1v of Serae, cited above at note 17, under "Econonlic Autonomy". Ib,cl. Duncanso11, cited above at note 12, p. 144. Nadel, cited above at note 13, lJ, 7. Custon1ary L aiv of Logo C11'' eiva, cited above a t note 29, Art. 12.

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ye th e ar 1943 no one in Log Cbewa bas been of as ver \ve permitted to sell flo ? ;, Land ca: 1not be sold because even 1 f a man is in poverty, it is not the � Ja nd.79 him o sel l the land and deny his descendents a restl• • • •· . A for Go d � of Will nyone · thir tY or hungry shot1ld be fed and no one shall s ew a Ch o L�g .. . . buy land in in such a state a person can forget bis children and e bec au s m hi m his wit fro .. ie, 80 and do a lot o( wrong'' . This question of the sale of family land (resti or tselmi) raises a related ques tion: tl1e acquisition of individual ow11ersbip througl1 long possession and payment of taxes (i.e. 11sucaption of family land). Now,_ t �e ''foreigner'' i11 a fan1ily land area can farm a plot of land only with the perm1ss �o11 of t �e land�wners. The reason, according to the law of Serae ''... is because if_ there is . a11ytl11 �g _to be paid for a homicide, pillage or rapine that takes place 1n the village, 1t 1s the (land owners) ..., and not the aliens who 81 Should the necessary permission be o " · btained, then the alie11 is allowed to . a y p work three years on ''fertile soil'' and then two years on ''mediocre soil''. At the end of the fifth year pres11mably (for the law is silent) fresh permission must be obtained. The aliens do not acquire any right to tl1e plot they farm '' ... even if they live there for many years." 82 The position of the aliens is even insecure where, with the permission of the landow.ners, they receive plots at the outskirts of a village (bereca), plots ne,,er farmed by the landowners. They are expected to transfer these anytime the owners decide to cultivate them.83 Of co11rse, an alien co11ld buy a piece of family land (which is then called medri worki, literally land bought with gold) and acquire ownership, provided the seller has fulfiled tl1e customary formalities: formalities cumbersome in nature and clearly aimed at discouragi11g the sale of family land. These formalities are very well reflected in the Law of Serae the requirements of which are summarised in Ostini: ''In order that a . .. sale of an immovable (belonging to a family) be valid, it is required ... that the following co11ditions be satisfied: 1. that the sale take place before a dagna (a village judge) nominated by the common agreement of the parties; 2. that the seller present a guarantor (usually a relative) who stands surety that: (a) the seller is really th e owner of what he sells; ed ec pr of ht rig e th s ba o wh n rso pe e th to in va in e (b) an offer wa s mad ence to bu y (i. e. the right of preemption); and ct ra 11t co e th of ty lli nu of se ca in d te tu sti re be (o) the purchase price will of sale; ::7----9 · Id., Art. 20 and 22. 80. Id., Art. 20 and 21. · a81. c;ustomary Law of Serae, cited above at note 17, under ''Aliens'', ''Residence ar1d Imm1gr tion".

82. Ibid.

83 · Ibid.

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. VI - No. I L O V W A L N lA P IO I-I T E JOURNAL OF

s tuff d-s or co f of icultural pro agr nt ou am the ted ula stip be ducts 3 th t th e r; a ry e e y v e er ll se e th to e iv g to ed ir u q re f; er ' tliat the b�y to be paid to the guara in gra of nt ou am . the teµ ula stip nto . 4. that there be r s e e h ve te . gi an .. ar , gu e d; th an r fo n io at ns pe m co as e m ti from time to e be not Jess tha n fi er le tl1 sa of ct ra nt . co e th of ion lus nc co ve 5 . th at at the . ,, s4 Ch 'Id 1 e r n � ma act as witnesse tor · ran gua tlie and 11a dag e th_ ides bes s witnesses, 85 _ 11 s e · . ow up .. . m gr co be _ In ey th n_ e h . w some area s, . . '' ly on ify st te 11 ca ey a.Ithough th ertaken by a priest, � Moslem d un 1s ns tio ac ns tra d lan in and th e role of a witness res the ��u � lab ... ssai '' two una le testimony �ast the of n usio iricl The ith. a blacksm s. ' al de nd la 1n d e st re e t sin di ity ss ce ne of s of person , ore ref no the ry ina is, ord d lan ily fam a matter. The of e c pie a of e sal e Th effect of the annual obligation which the b11yer owes the seller must be noted. It perpetuates the fact that the seller once owned land. One 1nust mention the special protection accorded to the family members of l was ly are que11t unaw conse of and the away sale was who rother b · A may a seller. 87 On the other time''. hand, ."a brother ''any buyer e th from land ''his'' recover or a near. est relative who sees but does not protest when the land is being ploughed . 1 and cultivated (by the buyer) does 11ot have the right to take it back after three I years.''88 I If usucaption of family land89 by a ''stranger'' is thus conceivable, as where original possession is acquired through purchase, usucaption of family land against an absent family n1en1ber is i11conceivable. Tl1is is in the nature of things. As has been mentioned, a family 1nen1ber who possesses family la11d does so by virtue of a right vesting in ''the fanlily'' and as a m ember of that family. A possessor is, tl1erefore, in no better position, in terms of his rights to the land he possesses, than a non-possessor wl10 is also a m.ember of the family - the ''corporate owner" (' of the land.

Local variations must, however, be mentioned. In Logo Chewa, absence from a village results in forfeiture of land rigl1ts.90 We shall examine tl1is in detail in the next section.

Finally, in some tsel111i91 and resti 92 areas, there is a11 interesting proces s cal�ed assal7aba one of whose objectives is social justice. It is tl1e process by which ------

84. 85. 86. 87.

Ostini, cited above at

Ibid.

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7, pp. 88ff.

Nadel, cited above at note 13, p. 9. verf is Customary La,v of Serae, cited above a t n ote 17 u nder is Th ." Rest i ''Regulatio11 of a after well reflected i_ ? tl1e An1ha ra proverb: ''La11d �oes n eve r owne true its back to , th� usand years · The thousand years is inte ded to represent infi11ity. n lb1cl.

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88. 89 h p L�:d.r ll�� · ��:;0);a,: 1�� 9 , aunotbi�- a�er. Giri:11a Sell as s ie Araya, Usucaption of [an1il{iasst npu , ts e ' Arcl11ves, Se Haile l Law, Library, F a of culty versity). - ;I 90. Custon1ary Lalv of Logo Chewa ' cite d ab ove at note 29 , Art. 12. i 91. Ibid.· ., 92. Cusro,nary La11• of Serae , ' cite d above at 11ote 17, under ''Regulation of Re5li., •

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tioned after the la.pse o·f a certain .Period of time either b cause re-JJarti are lots �ome perso11s are fot �nd . to possess ri1ore plots tl1al1 otl1ers . (i 11 Logo Ch�w: s e a �hare has to be made out of exjsti ,1g sl1ares for a ,,�·e�'� becat1 r nce) � insta 11 a r st ce ). , fo 1n e ra e S n (1 t n a 1 clajo 2. Village land (a) Origins Scl1olars are ag�1i11 t111a11i�1ot1s i11 th_eir v ie w tl1at t)1e so-called ''village o\vnership'' io Eritrea evolved fro111 rest, ow 11ersl11p. 93 Tl1is view finds 50111e support in tlle 94 95 Lo of go vs la Ch e wa 1na c: 1 ry nd e S ra e custo wl1ioh recog11ise the co11,,ersion of : . fainily land 111to v illage la11d. The motive s bel1i11d · po11. Osti11i stigg _ tl1.is co11versio11 ca11 011ly be spectilated u ests that tl1e preser � atlo11 of. t_I1e ''f,11nily spirit'' ut1derlies the village la11d syst ein. 96 This seems to expla111. tl1� pr.1v1leges accorded to the re.i;tegnatat in the village I,1nd areas, \vhose 11a 1 ne, 111c1de11tally, st1pports t1Je vie \v tl1at village land must have evolved fron1 fam ily la11d. 1

. The difficL1lty in acceptir1g Osti11i's view as a general expla11ation lies i11 tl1is: that tl1e st1pposed raiso11 cl'etre of village la11d seems to disappear w]1e11 011e co11sid ers the fact tl1at a stra.11ge.r, i.e. 011e 11ot relatecl by blood to \1illages, may receive a share i 1 1 th e v illage la11d. Ad111ittedly, Osti11i had in 1ni 11d the rece11t co11versions of family i 11to vil]age la11d, the vill age consisting of tl1e n1embers of a fan1ily. One must, in fl1is co11nection, 111e11tion the recent co11versio11s of tl1e Italian Govern111e11t during its rt1le of Eritrea. 97 Whatev er tl1e 1notives of tl1e origi 1 1al settlers in co11verti11g fan1ily into village land, the village la11d syste111 is an i1nporta11t feature of the te11t1r e patter11 of the co·mmunities u 11der exami11atio11. (b) Division of cultivable land and indi,,idual rights over it Perhaps notbi11g is as i11teresti11g as tl1e proces s of division of c11ltivable Iao,d among villagers e11titled to sl1ar es. Perl1aps nothi11g is more reflective a11d syn1bolic of the ''co 1n1nt1nity'' feeli11g tl1a 1 1 this perjodic re-distribu tio11 o·f la 11d. We shall base our descrjptio11 of t)1e process on t11e Ct1stomary La·w of Logo Cl1ewa.

93.

94. 95.

96. 97.

Ostioi, cited above at note 7, pp. 88ff. Cf. Amba)1e Zekarias, �ited above at 11_ote 8, p. l�. This evolution, or n1ore accurately "conversion" i11to son,e kind of con1mL1n1ty o: v11ersl11p has also been rioted in Tigre. See Zegeye As[a\v and Tearoe Beyene, Report 011 T,gre pro vince (1967, unpublisl1ed) (11ot available), pp. 3-4. Customary Lau, of Logo C/1eiva, Cited above at 11ote 29, Art. 12. Custo111ar;, Laiv of Serae, cited above at note 17, under "Regulation _of Resti". Thi� village "own ersl,ip" is know11 as c/esa (ii1 J-Iarnasien and Serae) a11d shel1�11a 10 Al<ele. Guza1.. Tl,ose who are entitlecl to shares by virtue of descent from a one-t11ne la?do�1n111g famtly are called restegnatcit and are coi,trasted to the new-comers, tl1e 111ache/a1 al1 et (translated as aliens, foreigners or slraogers). O stini, cited above at 11ote 7, J)p. 88ff. 0:s had earlier t111dertaken. a As we will see, this \vas do,,e for political re as�ns. T�e Italia _ acquire settlement project in Eritrea for the Ull[)len1 e11tatron of wll1�l1 1t was necessar� to _ l�nd. AD atten,pt to acquire la11cl \Vas based on f�tlse assun1�t,ons 3; to the ��tttr� of Ian� St, !tali. an 5 ttl rtghJs in Eritrea a11d indeed in Ethiopia. See s0111e of these in R. I ai,khu � _ rs1IJ' Papers, Vo�..� Lve U11 ment Policy in 'Eritrea and its Repurcussions, 1889-1896'', .Bosto11 (l9 64), pp. 13lff.

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r is de rs un ge ken by six Shini lla ta vi g on am i1d Ia � g in ut rib st di ag The task of re) .no1n1nated and electe d ld l1 s ou (l1 t be ar 1r1 ? y er � ev m fro by geles (elders), the wise d 111to two groups. de vi di e ar rs de el se he T 8 .9 e) dg ju tbe dag, 1a (tlle village e tl1e cid ons in the village de ers s), 11er ree (sc o a Gil P, led � cal f_ , up gro The first , ls . from further alloca pe o ex als d a11 d lan e lag vil the of res . sl1a e eiv entitled to rec 1t ers at sid wh con der u11 an u·nrecognize d ds lan h s11c g ssin sse po s son per tion of plots , right. ly ful ·e mo o o Meriet (kee kar er) Ak eep ( ro ka AJ, led � cal � � is up gro d 11 The. seco . s put the village per · of Jand).99 Before re-distribution, t �11s ad�11n1s�rat1ve group . plots under its control and does two th1n�s. First, it sets aside ''reserve'' cultivable la11d and buildi11g sites, the for1ner for village members who n1ay con1e after re distribt1tio11 (and who would, therefore, l1ave been forced to stay landless until cultivable land into plots in another re-distribution). Second, it divides the village 100 and assig1 ts. 1s them to members plo h suc to d itle ent s view of tl1e number of person after the casti11g of lots. 101

)

This re-distribution of plots is called warieda (literally assessment) and takes place every eighth year. '' Warieda shall take place every eight years because that (period) allows tl1e farn1ers to take good care of their farins." 102 On the other band, a shorter period is undesirable because plots prepared by the hardworking might be alloted to the lazy. Warieda takes place between tl1e I 6tl1 and 21st of Nehassie in order to allow a far1ner to prepare his land for cultivation ''...before the rainy season . passes .'' 103

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t [

The cardinal rule on re-distribution is that only the persons who have "esta blisl1ed'' themselves in Logo Chewa can receive plots of land . This applies, sensu stricto, only to alie11s. Now, w�e11 an alien \Vishes to settle in a village, he n1ust first build l1imself a ho�se, wl11ch he could do on/;, with the permission of the three s/1irr1ageles of . the village 111 charge of the allocation of building sites.

98. Custon,ary Law of Logo Cl1ewa, cited above at no te 29, Art. 14. 99. Ibid. ·100. ''The a�lotinent of Ian� to be distributed corresponds to tl1e nun1ber of tl1ose who ac�u ire g vJIJa e on n_iic autonomy, widows who _have legitin1ate cl1ildr e t1 1 l�ft J1ad : \Von1e11 vvl10 en, � � ar 0 t_t�1� faib�rs but w�o re-establ ish (·, tl1e111selves tl1ere, the 111achelai aliet (aheos) ,vho . d u to take part in tl1e lots of lan d clistr ibution . '' Ostini cited above at note 7 • �p ;8 g:· ote that a s liare received 111ay be subject to Iease or oti1er similar arran ge me nt. ie sliares of deceased n1embers "fall back'' to .ti1e co1nn1un.1ty. . the 101. This process of casting Jot s �ppears . r Afte t . eas to be a d process, in T1gre at 1 sacre cast· the village or fa1n·11 Y 1a.J? d. (\.vl11.cl,, as e 1 tl ned b�' . s tbe assi we have i t1, place s 0111e see g i n s s ing of lots) has b t d 1v1 d � nto pl�t s corre 1 re the of sponding to tl1e nun1ber �;�� J ders � � village elders asse��fe sn1a�f sticks J o e. n o wh n I ihe raises as inan sticks s e co �d 1cl1 are nan1ecl after tl1e JJlots. Th.e ove b I _ l1ol d between the palms of l1is l1ands high n the .( head saying, "�11 the lo• : 0r 1l � od aa uts sho from tl1e bu ndle Ile 1 ve onele . isciples I Con1e for tl1e true owner" be plot r resented ep ) Slick to each 111en1ber. Each n1e111·ber takes the by l1is stick • JntervieJ WI�th y os epl1 Gebre· Egz,a · bher, Oct. 5, 1967 . 102. Custo111ary Law of Logo. C . I' helva, cited above at note 29, Art. 12. 103. Ibid. .

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An alien is,, thus_ deemed ''established'' in a village ' not as has been freg ue11tly mpIY_ b u1·1ding · s ... · a hut for (himself) ... ".104 .In addition to y b ed � os upp . obt ain s nt of_ the v111ag� _elders 1n c�arge of allocating building sites, who ass e the ing wi th. and t1m e r1s1 of ng population have become less warm 1·n weI coming e ssag pa e th . ,os . b e a s t one mu v1 -11 ag er in th e tru . e sen se of the .strangers, word. ''Establ ishing . . . . not bY simp . . 1Y . build1ng a _small l1ouse and l1v1ng there _ for a few days. 1s f esel on and the re do everrth1ng �xpected of }1im as a villager. The wife of a stay _ to as b One clrums l1e has esta�l1shecl h1mself and receives land, shall not move wh n ? erso p _ . ss e le sh ?1?ta1ns the pern11ss1on of the dagna or her relatives''_ 10 6 from the v1]]ages un _ 1t1ons will cause one to loose the rights on the plot Faillire to fulfil thes� cond 101 . a d 1e ar tv l1 g t1 ro th acquired As Ostini re1narks : ''[t]l1e position of the 111achelai Ha/et (sic) is very interest ing .... They are :for�1gners who have resided in a village for many generations, and for many generat1011s have possessed and cultivated land. They l1ave, however, not identified tl1emselves with the resteg11atat (i. e. those whose families once owned land) . . .. ; and after centuries they still have conserved a situation apart from the 8 10 " . e g Ostini is thinking of the exclusion of the aliens from lead Ja i] v e th life of ership in village affairs. It n1ust be noted that even a son of an alien who had been in the village for get1arations n1ust first ''establish'' himself in the village i11 order to receive plots of cultivable land. This reqt1irement does not, however, apply to the second group of candidates, the ne,vly ma.rried sons of the village resteg,zatat. 109 The ''establishment'' of their fathers appears su:fficient. 110 They can tl1us receive plots of village land, provided they are married, a proviso, which is applicable to aliens as well. It must be mentioned that the male descendents of a daughter are equally 111 ' son. the of those are as e villag a 1 i1 ' ment blish eligible for ''esta The motto of the 1,varieda is equity, rather than economic productivity. ''To ensure an almost mathematically exact division ( of land), the available village land is graded according to its fertility. In the most common system of grading we meet with three categories: (the fertile, mediocre and the poor soil) .... T_h � dra� ing of lots is repeated for each category of land, every (farmer) . . . rece1v1ng his sh.ares of each." 112 104. Seifu Tekle Mariam, Coriso/iclatio,1 of Fragm�nted Ho_lding� in _Commun!1/ T_enure Areas (l 967, y). unpublished, A.rcbives, Library, Fact1lty of Law, Haile Sellass1e I Un1vers1t 105. Compare Nadel, cited above at note 13, p. 10. 106. Customary La•v of Logo Chew,a, cited above at note 29, Art. 12. 107, Ibid. 108. Ostini cited above at note 7, pp. 88 ff. . . . 109. Compare. ''A son shall be given land upon the esta�lish_m�nt of his own family, ou�1de ce of the Cl11kka en es pr e th 1n 1t ish bl ta es m hi lp he s hall that f h · e t ts Hi 2. 24 rt. A 1, te no at e ov ab ed cit i, za Gu � le and ttee J�l de��e Custo��:; 1:w of Akl,e 110. But see. ''In the clesa or shehe11a system a rig ht to a share of l�d 18 solely ?ased �Jn11 lza Ts10 ) Am d. de ad is as ph m (E ' · rt' pa no ay ,,escen1 pl res·d 1 ence, and ot her 1acto e: rs li.ke ,, rc A ed '· ish · bl h . pu tin 67 ' (19 h I a . un m Co or l ua m I11divid inlpo ow Domenico Allocc1tio11 of Co11solidated Units: n see e av e W 5. · , ty) rsi iv� Un hives, Library, Faculty of Law, I-lai1e SelJassie I J? rtant it is to be descended from a one-time landowning family. I J 1 Comp are Ambaye Zekarias, cited above at note 8, p. 15. 112. Nadel, cited above at note 13, p. 13.

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d istributio11 of land exclu redic rio pe s thi at 1 tl d sai y te] tira des . . as beei1 acc It h _ t e t�1e sa! tl1a o ,f village land s,1y to e rat acc 1 re n1o ps l1a per � is it t is Bu sale. tJ _ 11 t� state �ategoric tha t) pa the S 111 sen ar1 ing l1av t . 11o ally u.nk11ow11, (tl1e 11eed _ . . t 11ed tl1a t10 e11 n se .1 be lea 11 , ver 1 s allo \ved we ]1o st, mu It 4 d. sol ot 1 , be can it that 115 . le r he se y sl e ma 1ar 1d lai to one wh� e g la. ,,il to � cl itle ent le 11a fe1 , a 1ce ta1 For ins 116 as she oa n1 1ot fa rm 1t herself. '', en ox e has ''tile· strengtI1 and th C. Individual rights over. other family and village land

1 Roads buildino sites and reserves TI1e Customary Law of Serae goes to tl1e exte11t of layi11g down the width of 7 11 as does the Custo.11:1ary La� of Logo Chewa.11s a) the major roads (Me11 ged Arb 1 or villager, altl1oug h only Roads are o·f course at tl1e disposal of everyo11e, al1e1 119_ I 11 �.0 �� Ch . ce a ewa, it is an tain 1ain 1 1 ir tl1e for 11: the viJlag;rs are res;o11sible 1 1 I oi t. 1 e1 t1n1b or . s rock e leav to or offe11ce to plo 1gh a road, •

i:,

Since buildi11g a l1ouse a11d ow11 i11g it is one of the reqL1ire111ents for obtaining a JJlot of tl1e village la11d, tl1e regl1]atio11 of b11ildings and b11ilding sites is of im.111. e11se i111porta11ce i11 tl1e village Ia11d areas. Thus, the Ct1sto1nary La,1/ of Logo Cbe\va co11tai11s detailed rL1les 011 the a]locatio11 of building sites, tl1e le11gth and breadth of a site for an i11divid11al, party walls, i11]1erita11ce of a b11ilding a11d even the ge11eral JJla11 of b11ilcli11gs: ''Houses to a row sl1all nu1nber six a11d a road shall tl1e11 follow." 121

A stra11ger wl10 constrt1cts a buildi11g i11 a village \Vitho11t the necessary permis sion is req11ired to vacate it, i11 additio11 to payi11g a fine. If l1aving received per mission a stra11ger co11str1 1cts a house �tnd is subseq11ently asked to vacate it by the resteg11atat, b.e is e11titled to tl1e buildi11g materials, wl1ich i11 tl1e case where no per111 issio11 l1as been obtai11ed or tl1e stra11ger of his o,v11 will decides to n1ove to a11otl1er village, revert to tl1e ''la11downers." 122 The s011 by tl1e first wife is tl1e one e 1 1titled to inl1erit l1is father's house beca1 1 se ''. . . tl1e first \vife l1as contributed to the buildi 1100 of tl1e · 11011se a11d it would be 11njust for the son of the second wife to i 11herit wl1at his n1otl1er (did not \Vork for) .... "12J The 11e\vly 111 arr.ied ones receive builcli11g sites froin tl1 e reserve la11d \1/l1ich is co111posed of c11Itivable land, building sites 11ot allocated to villagers a11d hunting I I3. 114. 115. 1 J 6.

.La\vrance and Ivlan1J, ci ted above at note 52, p. 315. gy?" Con1pare K. Benti-Encl1ill, "Does African Lai,d Teiltire Require n lo rn1i Te o si,e cial a J. Afr. L., vol. 9 (1965), pp. 137-139. Custornary La1v of Logo Clie�Pa, cited above at 110t.e 29, A 1•t • l'J-· 10 I"d., �rt. 19· Not� that i1!1Plicit in the ''establish en " r quir i ibi io t r p oh en1ent s tl1e n·. e own two plots m tw o villages, thus, n1inin1iz g n1 t eoi n tl 1 e ter11ptatio11s to sell one of th i Cu ton7ar_y Lau, of Serae, cited above at note 17, under ''Regulatio11 of Roads." � Custo1nary Law of Logo C'1e1va, cited ab ove at note -:,9 - ' A·r·t · 26 · Jbiel.

117. J18. 119. 120. lei., Art. 16. 121. lei., Art. 16. 122. Ibid. 123. lei., Art. 17.

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vil lag s are entitled to th e rent tl·1 at er Th e s. un d m ay be due .from reserve Iand gro . . . 1 e d tO 1-1 rent it w1tl1 tl1e per1u 1 s, no t en t'tl 1e a � is er sion of tl1e Iandow11ers. In wh : . wh rs o 1ay con vill 1e age a· f ter war ieda are entitled to a share of cultivable � addition, 1 -4 . e v r e s e e h r t }and fro1n (b) Grass and wood 111 Ser�e : the '' · · _- �se and d ��}��ation of _gras� is decided by t11e villages (or their be 1alf). on f 11 certa111 g village land areas, vast territories ki � wo1 r:i ple peo are set aside as pastL1re grou11ds a11cl are 11s11ally divided into vtllage the side out "restricted'' a.nd ''accessible'' 011es. 126 Obviously, only village cattle are allowed to graze on. tl1ese pastures. Both .i11 family and vill£Lge la.11d areas, two kinds of trees are distinguished and separately regulate�. Trees are eitl1er private or public. A person may pla11t trees 011 bis plot of cultivable land or arou11d l1i s l10L1se at1d over these he l1as absolute rights. He n1ay, tl1erefore, CLtt them a11d pL1t them to any use l1e dee111s proper , · and exclude otl1ers from i11terfere11ce wi tl1 tl1e111. On tl1e otl1er l1a11d, e,,eryo11e i s e11titled to the t1se of the public trees. These are trees gro,vi11g ''i11 the open cou11try'', the gifts of nat11re. In Logo Chewa, a person \Vho l1ad begu11 c11tti11g a tree ''i11 the ope11 cot1ntry'' l1as rights over it for tl1irty days, after whicl1 otl1ers could freely cut it a11d take it. 127 In certain fan1ily lan.d areas, pern1ission mt1st be s ot1gl1t to Cltt public trees (whicl1 is really a mere forn1ality). 128 For the building of -a Church, trees may be cut fro111 any where \\1tl1011t obtairting per111ission from anyone. 129 (c) Threshing · fields The Customary Laws of Serae 130 and Logo Chewa 131 ,tre al111ost identicai regulatio11 of _threshing fields and far111 i1nplements.

their

Farm ''implen1e11ts'', including livi11g beasts, are tl1e absolute property of the individua.l. I11 Logo Che\:va., a :person who, witho11t tl1e permissio11 of the owner, uses ''agricultural tools'' is s11bject to fme as is one wl10 is late i·n returning a yoke he l1as borrowed. Both the C11stori1ary Laws of Serae and Logo Cl1evva treat a tl1reshi11g field as the ''individ11al'' prOJ)erty of tl1e perso11 \Vho had prepared it.. �11yone \Vho ,vishes to avail hin1self of a tl1resl1ing field must first obtai11 the pern11ss1on of tl1e owner. To use the field vvitl1out the pern1ission of its O'v\'11er is an offence. Under the Customary Law of Serae, there is what is called a ''common tl1resh ing field'' which i s an exception rather tl1an the rule. A person who, for one rea-

124. Ambaye Zekarjas, cited above at note 8, p. 26. 125. Custo,nary Laiv of Serae, cited above at note 17, under ''Regt1lation of Grass." 126, Ambaye Zekarias, cited above at note 8, pp. 22-23. 127. Custo1nary Laiv of Logo C/1e1va, cited above at note 29, Art. 31 and 3Z. 128, Nadel, cited above at 11ote 13, p. 22. 129. lbicl. 130. Customary La1v of Serc1e, cited above at note 17, tl □.der "Regulation of TlrreSlling Field." 3o. d aii 24 131. Custon1ary t. Ar , 29 te no at e o·.,r ab ed La,v of Logo C/1e1va, cit

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y use the community ma d fiel g shin thre a n'' ''ow · fi 1d 1e son or another, doeS not 132 rs. ge la vil prepared by the In the sedentary communities , we just exami.1� ed, thus, a person cultivates his plot of family or village land with his o�n farn1. 1mpleme11ts, except for. occassional farmi1 1g, harvest or tl1reshing when, as in all 0ther_ parts ?f the E1n� 1re, the per. son may seek the aid of his fellow-farmers 011 a strictly reciprocal bas1s. 1 J3 We have examined the rights indjviduals have over other community land , road s to fair conclude that tb.ese ''othe building sites, wood a11d pasture, and it is r'; resources are also ''exploited'' individually. As has been stated, people who are under tl1e _mis,�ppreJ1en�ion that laud is ''exploited collectively'' use terms. �ike ''� ommunal re�1 me to des1gna� e the tenure patterns of the Christian co1nmun1t1es wl11cb ':" e examined. ,, . . . [L]and 1s 11ot 'rvorked con1munally. Every member or house-bold has its ow11 fields, and works on (tben1)...."11J4 The 11earest that one comes to some kind of ''collective farmi11g'' in these commu• nities is in tl1e cultivation of land by a nuclear family, co11sisting of a father mother and. tl1eir unmarried children (generally), under the direction of the father. 11s D. Advantages and disadvantages of family and village land tenure 136 Si11ce a good deal of the literature 011 the so-called ''communal land." ·appears to J1ave concentrated or1 its disadva11tages, we shall examine these frrst. I

The reader, 1 nt1st, at the outset, be warned that the f ollowi11g ''evils'' are deriv ed from limited e1npirical data, 137 and to a great extent, tl1erefore, reflect individual bias. Give11 lin1ited reliable information, tl1e following description is simply a reflec tion of what individt1als think tl1ey see in the commt1nities we examined.

Foremost i1 1 the catalogue of dangers ''. . . likely to be encountered ... " in 1 a con1n1unal ten·ure systen1 is the .insecurity of the bolder. 138 The likelihood that 1 a possessor of family land n1ay one day be forced to sl1are l1is land with another men1ber is such that ''. . . the present occupant . . . has no incentive to in1pr�ve his holding.'' 139 Excessive frag111e11tatio11 140 rest1lting in t111econon1ic use of land is anotl1er alleged .. dtsadva11tage. One may add the t111econornic nature of the division of yj}lage land

132. ld., A.rt. 24. 133. In °rder to be positive 0? this, the author carried out deta interviews with Alo. Ale,�n· 1 iled � seg!d Tesfaye (who has lived in Serae), Ato Y0l1aru1e s Habte Sellassie (wJ10 has h_ved amasien . In additi_on, �to Yoseph Gebre an _a Ad, v in live Egz · d Enderta, T1g re) was interviewed. Nov. 7-10, 1967. iabl1er (who has cal in their v1e,vs. Th ey were unequivo _ . 134. Ambaye Zekar1as, cited above at note 8, p. 14. 135. Compare Nadel, cited above at LlOte 13 , pp. 5_6_ 136. See, generally, Amha Tsion Domenico, cited above at note 110 pp 36-45. • . 137. "The extent to wl1ich these [e 1·1s] . · ' • x1st in tl1e con1n1unal tenure reg1o s of Eth "opi a can � ? , J at note • admittedly only be guessecl" �mpasis e abo\ added. Lawra.nce and Mann, cited 52, p. 315. I 138. lbicl. \ 139. 140. Demissie Gebre Michael, ci·ted above at 11ote 49 , pp. 61 -62.

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which is based on equity, rather t?an economic productivity, and tl1e fact that it benefits tl1e _ la �y on the s�me bas !� as the diligent.141 In this con11ection, the ,, ... Jack of continuity of far �tng · • • 142 of village lands and the allegedly resulting non-improvement of holdings m11st not be overlooked. Another dis �strous problem observed in the family la11d areas is the flood of Jand cases coming befor� the courts. This problem, of co11rse, is equally serious 143 be estin: i ated that has 75% of all land. t Etl1iopia involve civil disputes in �n . � everywhere 1n family land areas are, however, of a different order. These disp11te � land he . T to family la11d, a11d tl1e '·.. . most acrimonious ... '' of all clrums ly general are 144 Tl1ese '' • • • bit �er, ii1cessant fe11ds over res ti ...'' 145 so alarmed the tes. djspu . Italian Government dur111g_ its co11trol of Eritrea, tl1at it decided (arou11d 1935) to introduce the desa syster11 111to resti areas. Tl1is prov.ided a simple a11swer, on paper at least! Comn1u.nal tenure has also been seen as an obstacle to the introduction of any system of land registratio.n because of tl1e resistence shown to land measure ment by the people co11cer11ed.146 It l1as also bee11 attacked as keeping ''. .. agri culture in its prin1itive stages ...'' 147 a11d ''in a ... less advanced ... level of money 148 economy.'' Finally, the comn1unal te11ure system's class division has been frowned upon and the more egalitarian, individualistic system of individual ownership preferred.149 Those in favour of individualising communal holdings fi11d comfort in the inevitable evolution of the system into i11dividual ownership.150 There appear to be only a few supporters of the communal tenure system, on. e of whom, (Nadel), states in his consideration of the advantages of this system, that resti and desa correspond ''. .. to tl1at between individual enterprise and communal tenure, and between privilege and socialis1n (or communism) in our own English society''.151 Nadel emphasizes the equitable nat11re of the desa in an en vironment where land is ''... of very unequal value ...'', and the ''communal spirit'' which '' ... makes the_ temporary land-owner work in the interest of h.is successors as well, since they all belong to a closely-knit social unit." 152 Thus, 141. Compare Ambaye Zekarias, cited above at note 8, pp. 14-15. 142. Demissie Gebre Michael, cited above at note 49, pp. 61-62. 143. S. Buff, A Key to Land Refor,n in Ethiopia: An I11troduc!ion to C,adastra/. Sur�ey anc/ La11cl 144.

145. 146. 147. 148 • 149.

150. 15 1. 152 •

Registratio n <1960, Archives, Library, Faculty of Law, Haile Sellass1e I Un1vers1ty), p. 10. Duncanson cited above at note 20, p. 143. Duncanson estimates that the greater number of civil ca;es in Eritrea, and tl1e graver ones_, involved family Iand d Two more recent local stiudies by the Ministry of Land Reform est1n1ated the total at 30%. Nadel, cited above at note 13, p. 14. Interview with I-I.E. Afenegtis Kitaw Yitateku, Nov. 13, 1967. Com�are Menges�a Wo�kneh, Agrarian Structz,re a11d Agrariarz Reforn1 i11 Et/1iopia (1961, unpublished, Archives, Library, Faculty of Law, Haile Sellassie I University), p. 18. Id., p. 37. lbicl. Nadel, cited above at note 13, pp. 14ff. . . lut1on Lawrance and Mann, cited above at note 52, pp. 31 5-�16 Buff states tl1at th1s evo p. 3· , te no at e ov ab ed cit 5 ff, Bu . ed ern 1 nc 1 co le op y ma be facilitated by edL1cating th e pe Nadel, cited above at note 13, p. 15. Ibid

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f th e opin.ion el is ad N . n, an M d a ce an ,,? that the wr La � . contrary to tl1e. views of · the 1ty cur 1t1se ws ado rsh ove '' Lt ·1ty sp1r1't'' ,·s so strono0 tlJat bl pro em and , un n1 m ' co . . . . · . the 111terest o f others. . makes the i 11divid1 1 a l vvork 1n r de 1.s u11 t exa1nination sys e 1ur te1 tl1e of �� an.d the s ge nta va ad dis the . WIJatever _ _ de ,,1I Co C1 f p1 e 11o tl1 Etl !11, a has mad e tl1e i11g li u ? i\'i ind for ed ? im _ advantages cla � � _ ll exam111e later wJ 1at exactl y l1a s e W 11. t10 za al1 d11 1v1 11d 1 of se en exp 1 e tl _ a choice at _ be st it 1 e mu re, He l1as n_p 1. zed that we the code L1as acco 111pl.isl1ed in this respect. al tenure system simpl y un nm co1 tl1e of ges nta va ad dis d an ges ,,ta ,,a ad tile exanliIJed to 11ote curre11 t disatisfactior1 \Vith tl1en1. Chapter II. Social Organization and Land Tenure Principles in the ·seni Amer and Dankalia Communities A. Social organisation Because of tl1e extremely limited i11 forn1.atio 1 1 abot1 t the no11-christian communi ties of Eritrea., a11d indeed of Etl1io_pia, tl1e inqtliry of tl1 is section a11d the follo\\' I i 11g wil! be lin1ited. to a co11sideratio11 of two in1porta 1 1t con1n1u1 1ities wl1ich, in' the a.utl1or's opi1 1ion, (1deq11ately represe1 1t tl1e type of com 1 111111ities conten. 1plated by Articles J 489- I 500 of tl1e Civil Code.

D11ri11g tl1e Britisl1 1\1 ilitary Admi11istratio11 of .Eritr_ea (1943), the Be11i Amer ,vas ''. . . tl1e largest tribe in tl1e \\'est and s011tl1 \\1est, a11d i11deed the wb_ ole of Eritrea. (Tl1e>') . . . occupy tl1e 11ortl1, \Vest a11d s01 1 th west of Agordat, spreading in tl1e ,vest, deep i11to the S11da11 and overflowi11 g · i11 the east into (Keren a.nd Serae) ...'' 153 Tl1e Da.nkalia, on tl1e otl1er .l1ar1d, are a ''typ· ical plainsmen" occupying the Eastern Plains of Eritrea.154 ·

l I

0 11 tl1e basis of ratl1er ''fl11id criterit:1'', the Beni Amer tribe is said to be n1ade 11p of se,1e11tee11 ''sections'' or ''branches,'' 155 each \Vith its owr1 11ame, but ackno,vl edgi11g 1 11e111bersl1ip i11 the tribe. ''Tl1 e affi11 ities ]i11king tl1e . Beni An1er section s are several: religio 11 , la 11 g11age, co11m1on ct1sto1ns, l1abits and tl1e li11k of co1nmon descent. Bt1 t 11either is tl1e ra11ge of these affi11 ities coexte11sive, nor are they solidly integra_te?· They do 11ot coincide for the wl1 ole of tl1e tribe, bt1 t r,1tl1er overlap irregula rly, different affinities exte11 di11g over difterent sections.'' 1 56 1�11 e Be11i A111er are all Moslen1s, 1 57 a 1 1d eitl1er speak · Tigre or Beja. 158 Oo ly the ''rtilers'' clai1n desce11t from a 1na11 of tl1e ''M'idclle Nile'' -vvl10 111arried from aniong tl1� aboriginal i11l1abitants of tl1e B e11 i 1\ 1 11.er ''co11 ntry'' a.11d ,vl1ose descen: act.:�da11 ts SllbJ�lgated cont all tl1e ir1t� grOUJJ S \vitl1 ,vl1 can1e . ic] 1 bseqL 1e11tlj' tl1ey st1 r The n1a11 is k11own as A1ner, tl1e perso11 to wl10111 the tribe also o,,,es its 118111e.

1 I

153. 154. 155.

British MiJitary Adn1inistration, cited above at 11ote 10, p. 6. lei., p. 23. f Pari . 1 S. Nadel "Notes on ti 1e. . ·Ben1· A I• XXV ?Jff., · ., . , n1er vo Recor Soc1e� ds )'�>> and fi!otes s,. 1 dan _ . 7 (1945) '. P•.3 But. see Br1t1sh Mili tary Adn11111slral1on cited abo ve at i1o te · 1 1 · 0, PP ' � . . accorchng to v.,h,ch the Ben,· Arner d1v1s1ons. • tribe 1s co1nposed ' of· tv,enty-011e . . · · ' . . 156. Mt� •. \ l 157. lei., pi 4. I 158. Brilisl1 Military Administration , cited ,abo ve at 110t·e 1 O, p. 6. . !. J.59 _N (Ie1, ci• ted above at note 15 5, JJ. 5_ �. 160. Br1t1sh Military Adn1inistratio f o, cited above at note 10, p. 9.

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, Am Be ni er the sec tio ns of is a ''p oli h tic al un it, , wi·th ch Eac · . 1e · f:s and subb e tr1 e ts un 1 o h der a paramount chief called dig/al, whose office · w Th e fs. is chie heredita ry• The political system ?f both t� e Beni Amer and the Dankalia is based on the social order into a ''ruling aristocracy'' and a serf class. In the of ion divis twin r, the rulers are called the Nabtab, and the serfs tlie arabs of the Am e ni Be the re ��; ;�red to as the ndess11a_ (those ''who belong'') of this or they or . . '': � rs; rule sectio n. Ai11o m er ng the Dankal1a, the rulers are called Assimara A. u Ber t tha serfs, the Adoimara and (''white 111en''). en'') m d ("re Obvi?usly, community leadersl1ir in both _societies is in the hands of the ruling class, w�1ch, as we have �een, cla,�1s :xclus1ve descent from Amer, in the case of precise The Amer. relatio11sh1p of ruler and ruled in the Beni Amer Ben1 the deserve s d etailed treatment. The serfs in the :13eni Amer are not, as has been me11tioned, considered children ofJAmer, but the pr1vat � property of t�e 1naster. They may thus be inherited as part of ''. . . the hereditary estate . . . of a deceased, 162 or presented as birth _ gifts to a daughter on l1er b1rtl1 of a grandson. 163 The male children of tl1e serfs remain serfs, wl1ile the daughters pass 011 marriage to the masters of their husbands. Ho wever, serfs are 11ot slaves, a11d, unlike slaves, cannot be sold. 164 The serf owes the master a certain fixed, annual tribute, 165 and is expected to give presents when a child is born to the master. The master, in turn, is expect 166 Thus, " ''the various cultural differences er. a fath e ''lik serf the ect prot to ed or distinctions of status erect no social barrier separating the lives of master and serfs. On the contrary, the dependence of the serf on his master's protection (now dying), and the dependence of the latter 011 the services of his serf, imply common living." 167

B. Individual rights over land

Like every other pasturalist community, the majority of the Beni Amer and Dankalia, whose members own camels, goats, sheep and cattle, move within the 168 . grass of h searc traditional limits of their tribal land in Master and serf are equally entitled to grazing grounds in the Beni Am er society. ''The serf's grazing rights are full and absolute rights, derived from the tacit corporate title which the tribe or clan exercises over an area, and not from 169 " . rds r-lo ove the in ted some primary property rights ves On the contrary, only the rt1lers or serfs who have attained ''autonomy'' are entitled to a grazing ground among the Dankalia. ''The serf may own herds, but 161. l62. 163. 164. 165. 166. 167. 168· 169 ·

ld., p. 7. Nadel, cited above at note 155, p. 18.

Ibid. Ibid. Id., p. 24. Id., p. 25.

11 JC,.,

31.

Som e of the Beni Amer lead a sedentary life. Id., p. 4. ld., p. 32.

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d e, an s fre les un nd La the m. the f . ser s ze gra to ich mov e .1th wh n o e ur t as p h not t m W ds fro lan g the zin gra to mi sub ims cla ir ssio the n t o the � sters and derive. .· the1r_ ma . area, the serf must, tl1erefore b . ne a \V into ,,170 O moving n 0 ta 1n , ru1.1ng groups. . e th t f or erm f , o m1t b • . su de . resi ''. and nce, to their . rs rule the of sion mis tl1e per 1 17 " . ity or th au political h to whic es �D:iti comm w_e have two the just referred in that us obvio is It . y bl_ 1ota s-1 ut1e �uest1ons related to cult mur com y ntar sede for iate questions appropr iv� t arise. no do rfe ns tra · or le sa , 1ce a1 rit he in e lik , nd ·1a able It must be mentioned that in the Beni Am�r, the concept of ''collective grazing" appears not to be the mode or grazing. ''\':'tdely . scattere� and each intent upon its own varying needs of securmg and holding vital graz1�g lands, the cla ns are not amenable to unitary comma11d. Indeed not eve12 the Bent Amer grazes its herd collectively; clan-sections and kinship groups may choose widely scattered pastures· 112 " tl Y_ den pe1: ve_ i1zde mo en dsm her and (Empasis added )'. ilies fam ual ivid even ind Nadel mentions that, aside from war or marriage which brings the various clans togetl1er, the Beni Amer clans do not even know where others are. Chapter m. Summary

Both tl1e sedentary christian and past11ralist non-christian communities are organized on a class basis, based oµ race (as in the case of the pasturalists), reHgion (for i11stance, in the sedentary group), occupation (as in the case of the blacksmith and n1eleket players of the sedentary group) or descent (as in the case of the village land areas of tl1e sedentary group). Land rights exclusively belong to the privileged gro11ps which by virtue of these rights also monopolise tl1e administration of co1nmunity affairs. The nonprivileged group is at the mercy of the privileged group for whatever land rights the latter may ge11erously extend to it. In both types of comm11nity, land, the basic source of livelihood, is not a comn1odity considered freely disposable at the will of an individual who may hap� pen to possess it. J.,a11d is treated as belonging to a tribe (an1ong the Beni Amer, !or instance), a _family (an1011g rnany of the community members of Serae, for_ in.stance), or a village (among many of the co1nm11nity me111bers of Akkele GuzaJ, for instance). , I11 !·es�i. areas (11sed in contradiction to tse/111i), a plot of cultivable Ia11d o\vned by . an 1 �dividual may be sold or transferred, provided that f an1ily men1be rs refu to buy it or that they asse11t to its transfer. Shares of deceasecl n1embers reve�r to the community and serve as a source for fut11re allotments to ''ne w"· ma�e n1e�bers who have ''inl1erited'' th e right to a sl1are of fa111ily land. In tseln1 i areas, plots of c11ltivable land are inheritable b)' tl1e 1n,1le aiid the;:. orl nlale desceo<l�nts generally. The ntle regardi1 la able cult iv of disp 1g osa tl1e l · the same as 1n tl1e case of the disposal of resti.

l ! •

l 1 �

j j'

j 1 1 ' ! l'

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j• 170. British Military Administration, ci te d above at note 10, p. 23. 171. Ibid. ase of 1' 172. NacIe,1 ci. ted above at note . the . c . . · t. in t 15 5 8 , p. ext� 10. No 111 s1n1J.lar state111ent hts explicit i t1,, 1e Dan • k•alia. It is f�ir, ho\.vever, to conclt1de fron1 tl1e 11ature of the i s . d r g r Ian exp1o1tat1on" of grazing gro l• unds is individual. f

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AGRICULTURAL:COMMUNITIES AND THE CIVIL ·CODE

In desa areas, ''establis?ment'' and marriage entitle o11e to a plot of th 1 ·11 fro th e m vi lla nc ge e Fesults in forfeiture of rights. The sale 0; ; �� lan d. Abse P tl1e natu re from of the uded land rights. is excl 1:0 fa1:11ily an d village land are�s, n1embers of a community are entitled to building sites, the free llse of p�blic wo od and com1nuoity grazi 11g lands - the ''other'' property of tl1e commuruty. A right to . a grazi�1g groli11d i� heritable i11 the pasturalist communities 173 where problems �ssoc1ated with settled life do not arise. Part Il: The Civil Code on · Agricultural Communities "�o _Ia,v wl1icl1 �s desi�11ed to define _the riglrts and duties of the people and to set out the prmc1ples gove:n�ng_ their mt1tual relations can ever be ef:ective if it fails to reach the heart of those to whon1 it JS intended to apply and does not respond to their needs and customs and to natural justice. In preparing the Civil Code, the Codification Commission convened by us and ,vhose work "'e have directed llas constantly borne in mind the special requirements of our Empire and of our beloved subjects. . .. ''

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H. I. M. Haile Sellassie I, Preface, The Civil Code of the Empire of Etl1iopia

In this Part, we shall first examine the original draft on agricultural communities in order to set the stage for the following analysis of some of tl1e difficult questions raised by the fu1al draft. Chapter I. The Original Draft I

The original draft on agricultural communities174 contained 1li11ety-three pro visions divided into five sectio11s. It is useful to examine it under the following three headings. A. Considerations underlying the draft

According to the drafter, a section of the Civil Code devoted to agricultura l communities was a ''11ecessity." ''Si La propriete individuelle de la terre est regle dans Jes parties les plus riches de l'Ethiopie, u1 1e part tres importante du territoire est en revanche exploite selon la formule d'une propriete collective: et ne peut sa°:s doute (sic) etant donnees !es circonstances, etre exploite autrement."t75 (Emphasis added.) As bas been stated in the introdl1ctio11 to this article, two types of agricultural communities were envisaged by the draft. ''Les unes existe-?-t entre des tribt1s -?-oma des, �on christianises, qui vivent de I'elevage; Jes autres n 1_sase�1t , e�tre les l1ab1tants, , chret1ns de village qu.i vivent !'agriculture�. Malgre leur d!vers1�e, 11 �ous est appa ru que ces deux types de comn1u11autes agraires pouva1ent etre, re �lees d�_ns un " meme chapitre, etant doilne les dispositions que nous nous prepos10 1 1s d 1nserer dans ce chapitre." 176 173 · 174· 175. 17 6 ·

The author cannot tell wl1etl1er sucl1 rigl1t ma y be transferred. Davi"d, cited above at note 2. David, citecl above at note 2, p. 3.

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e de respecte r /'auto norni· celJ . . ''. ft: dra the of ives ect -i Ob . . J des I , These were the , · e te a ou e en e s un e re: aut 1 d1. te cet J � le . A s. nte d ste exi sir de e communaute agrair r�s de nib me la , d�s munaute. Ajo s com u oq . 1pr rec ns tio liga ob � et its dro Jes er rifi cla u. ,, 1ns rta c a s, r bu 1ne en el1m d le organisant u � tons encore un e troisieme idee: eel et air� de le�r fonction nemen; agr te na mu com des � if trat inis adm certain controle n at1o ent lem proposee aux articles 1 a reg la_ de clef la s, idee s troi On a, par ces 177 (Emphasis added.) ''. 51 . iv .C C 93 du document n ai m e th at th d ise aim . of the draft was to preserve ' as ph em be , us th t, us m It custom 17s wi th modifications in the interests of public order, and particularly the I · principles ensl1rined in the constitution. I

A. Content of the draft

The first section of the draft, entitled ''The charter of agricultural communities" (Articles 1-17), la.id down the basic principles of ''. . . exploitation selon un mode · ! I collectif," 179. of land owned by an agricultural community. I charter which Tl1e draft envisaged two ki11ds of charters. The first was a must be drawn up by an assen1bly of the community upon the request of any member who has attai11ed majority. 180 This request must be met within six. months: The ! second kind of charter v.1as that to be prepared by the Bureau of Agricultural I of Communities and supplied to an agricultural community on the decision the governor of the province in which tl1e community was found. 181 This was to be done where a community failed to draw up its own charter within six months after a n1ember l1ad. requested the drawing up of one. The charter supplied by r the B11reau could be an1ended by the community, but must enter into force one , year after receipt. The charter of each community was to specify the items listed under Article l/ 1491 of the final draft. 182 Of particular interest here is Article 12 of. th e draft !

177. Ibid. 178. This is n?t 1n conforn1ity with the general view adopted by the drafter, as evid enced .by

the followtng statement. "While safeguarding certain traditional values to which she remains prof?unctly attached, Etl1iopia wisl1es to n1odify her structure completely, even to the way of Life of. he� people. Consequently, Ethiopia doe s not expect the new code to be a w�rk ?f consohdation, tl1e metl1odical a11d clear staten1ent of actual customary rules. They \V ish it to be a program�e envisaging a total transformation of so ciety and they de n1a nd th �! for the . mo �� par�, . It set out new rules appropriate they wish to crear�.il soci the for ety R. �avid, . A Civil Code for Ethiopia.: Considerations on the Codi.fiat ion of the Civ Law 1n � fr1can countries," Tulane Law Revie w, Vol. XXXVII (1963), p. 193. . _ next 179. cited above at note 2, Art. 1. We shall the in examine tl1e phrase in detail �:;i�r.

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I 1

180. David, cited above at note 2, Art. 3. 181 . Id., Art. 4. 182. "Article 1491. Contents of cllarter: I The. charter shall specify in particul ar: . (a) the persons o r families conJp . t I (b) the land to which the r·Ights osing th e commun.1·ty '. and and I (c) the manner in wl1ic . 1 co of t_lle _community extend; and e ti\l : 1muruty ts administered and its authorise d _represen� d and (d) the manner i n wll�1 c: �he � and l 1 ote · 8 are or other resources of tl1e commuruty exploited; and JI . l (e) the conditions on wh'ich ' the charter may b e amended , I . ., 1

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... AGRICULTURAL COMMUNITIES AND THE CIVIL CODE

, Ex plo n ita tio an d of M ea od s11 e re of , Co lle · M c tiv iza '' ti·o·n · The draft required d . ·· t ie _ nt1 · e ec1·ry the 1!1ann er in wl1 1ch _la nd, ''accordin sp to g to its nature," was ter a cha r 1 w h 11c o t ot l1er comm11n1 ty property was left for con1m egree d the ted, o1 1 use eXP loi 183 tl1e n1embers of shared. work the · d an e11titled ''common enJ· oyment of lan d'', require Ano . ther i11tere sting pro . _ visio11, • d . . . . _. _ cominu111�y to specify tl1e n1anner 1n wl1ioh property a of r arte left for comthe cl1 wa s exploited, and l1ow a.ncl wl1e11 prod·ucts of and reveilues from ent o)'1l l enj .moo sl1 are cl by tl1e n1embers of tl1e con11nu11ity. 1s4 e b to e it wer Two ite1�1s of tl1is sectio1� . on1itted !n t11e fi11al draft of Article 1491 relate to tl1e cond1t1ons relative to the ad1nission of 11ew inembers and of 1011s cifica t spe the 1 85 a11d tl e 11es old 0 1. setti11g up of reser ve Iand. 1s6 xp e u lsion of , .In the abse11ce of eitl1er type of cl1arter, or wl1ere it was silent uncertain or cootai11ed prov!sio11s contrary to law on certain questions, the11 the draft provi;ions of Article 18ft. were to gover11. It must be noted, thus, tl1at a cl1a rter was c11osen as ·a device for clarifying the rights and dt1ties of tl1e members of a11 agricultural community, one of the objectives of . tl1e draft. 187

Section fI of the draft, entitled ''Organs of the Communty'' (Articles .l 8-36), constituted the assembly of tl1e he ads of families of a commu11ity, or their represen. tat.ives (wl10 must be of age and living witl1 tl1e heads concerned), as tl1e ''Supre1ne Organ'' of the oom1nu11ity. 188 On matters coming before the assembly, each 1nember \Vas to have one vote, irrespective of the n11mber ·of persons living \Vith hin1. That, ho\vever, was 11ot 111andatory. Thus, a cha rter might provide for the ad1nission of all members above tl1 e a.ge of fifteen and taki11g part in the ''collective e·xploitation'' into the assembly of the com111u11ity. A charter or custom might, on tl1e other hand, confer on a head of a fa.mily in the asse1nbly of family· heads, a vote cor r esponding to the number of perso11s livi11g with him. In this connectio11, ''. . . certaines principes, d'ordre emperatif, qui se rattachent aux principes form11lee par la constitution ethiopienne'' 189 \Ve�e imposed. _Thus, n? . one was to be discrinlinated against on the basis of r ace, religion or social cond1tion ;_ 190 no family was to be denied representation in the assembl� of the com munity nor was its rigl1t to freely choose representatives to be restri cted. 191

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183· · The actual text is as follows. "La cl1arte de la commt1naute precisee, la maoi�r e dont les le terre s selon leur nature, seront expoiltees, et la 11:1esure dans la��•elle d autres bi ens, et travatl! des membres de la comn1u11at1te, seront rots en commun. 184· David, cited above at note 2, Art. 14 . In tl1e light of th e draft? ''Other resotl� �es of tile land e bl va lt1 ct1 t1n or d te va lt1 ct1 un t bu g in tll �ommunity'' in Art. 1491(d) appears to mean no (i.e. forests and pastures). 185 · David, cited above at note 2, Art. 11. 186. ·Id , A rt. 15. · 187· D av d, cited above at note 3, p. 3 . � 188 D avi d, cited above at 11ote 2, Art. 18-19. 47 a n d , 0 4 , 37 189· Dav·1 . rt A in ed in ta n co e • 1es ar d, cit • c1p · ed above at note 3, p. 3. Tl1ese prtn · 48 of the Revised Constitution of Etl1iopia. 190 Dav ·ct , cited above at note 2 ' Art. 21(2). i · · 191· · lei., Art. 22(2).

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meet eac h year, at a sp · t� s w� an Org e rem 2 Sup the 19 , rule As a general e ecfi d of on e at1 th c i d1f te ar mo ch rs: r; tte 194 adm; . . . . · d ate or dates,1 93 to consider these n1a 1on ,,uss .· 6 ,1 9 , on at1 gn d _es1 tion -and con oca , rev b ers 1n 111e 1 old of 9 ion uls exp 5 . . ers mb nle ew t ' ro 1 · of 11· 1 secession · · ct· umon 97 d a d an issolu tion of .' . . � of the managers of the community , 99 ple 1ty s11n r Jo. by ma en tak be to and could be re we 9 s ion comnlunities.1 s Decis y trar e con wer to law t?ey re whe ber mem · or the cha rter y ever by t cour in cked atta 00 t had ul ;1 ann bee1 e1: r tl1e1 requested, a cou rt m ere Wh n.2 stio que in iity mui com the of .201 sion ir of the pen sus the er cu ord exe nt side tion pre its . or in the ul ann ld cou Section III of the draft (Articles 37-48) governs the rigl1ts and dutie s of the · community vis-a-vis third parties. The n1ost interesting provision, and the one which l1olds the key to the nature of an agricultural community, is Arti�le 37. Over the �a�d _ and .other property belo11ging to it, an agricultural commuruty was to have, v1s-a-v1s th.1rd parties, the . sai11e rights and obligations as a private owner. However, it could not alienate I 1nortgage or enter a contract of antichresis on land belonging to it except with the · authorisation of the Minister of Agriculture,202 whose authorisation was also I necessary where the community decided to put its land to a non-agricultural use.203 I The most significant protection given to a.n agricultural community was against !I the acqu.isition of the ownership of its land by usucaption by a member or a .. stranger.204

As a ''sujet de droit'', a co111munity was allowed to conclude · contracts, sue or be sued through an intermediary.205 It was to incur vicarious liability where its f employees or managers incurred liability in the execution of functions incumbent i upo11 them.206 Liability was to be incurred for an act or omission. A community wa.s also to be held liable for unjust enrichment resuting from the acts of its em p loyees or managers.207 Primarily, t?us, S�ction III of the draft was aimed at defending''....le patrimonie •

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foreign experience was usefully considered. ''Le Section III est la seule section dans

192. 193. 194. 195. 196. 197. 198. 199 . 200. 201. 202. 203. 204. 205. 206. 207. 208.

• Id., Art. 22(2). These are exceptions 1n case of urgency. Id., Art. 22(1). Id., Art. 23. Id., Art. 25. ld., Art. 27. Id., Art. 28. Id., A.rt. 31-33. Id., Art. 34. Id., Art. 35. Id., Art. 36. Id., Art. 38 . Id., Art. 39. Id., Art. 40. Id., Art. 44. Cf. Art. 1494(1) of tl1e Civil Code. Id., A.rt. 47(1). Id., Art. 47(2) and (3). Cfs . A.rt. 1494(3). . . David, cited above at note 3 , p. 4_

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po,ssi?le de tenir compte du code agraire de la Russie jug e ete a il le Sovie )a quel (lequel est a I het1re actuelle du reste, partiquement tombe en desuetud 922 I de ue e . tiq 9 2 ment des kolkhols)." ° lop deve c la ave Sec tion IV of the draft (Articles 49-82) dealt with the rigL1ts and obligations of of an agricultural cdmmunity. bers mem he t Every member of an agricultural community was entitled to a building site 21 attainm ent t�e or legal riage maj rity. 0 This right was to last as mar � upon _ 211 A men he comm 1n roen1bers t1�1ty was � �•P retained. 1 ber was not to be as long . s1te except bt11ld11 1g in the cases and u11der the procedure laid dow 11 a of d prive de ' ' 212 . n . 10 at r1 op pr on ex by the law Cultivable land belonging to a community 1night be broken into private allot ments for the benefit of every member. It might, on tl1e other hand, be co111mo11ly cultivated. Or, one ''mode of exploitation'' nlight be adopted for certain Ia11d, and anotl1er for other land. A 1ne111ber might be given a private allotment for a period or for such longer period as may be fixed by of nine years (but not for less) 213 . ity 1un e mn th co of y the asse111bl

''Equality of treatn1ent'' of members was guaranteed by Article 56 and must 214 In determining the la11d. allotment cultivable of periodic every on observed be equivalen ce of lots, one was to take into account the quality, situation, importance of the lots and the nature and risk of the work which an exploitation or cultiva tion of the land might involve.215 Depending on circumstances, a member m.igbt be given one or multiple lots. 216 A member to whom '' .... a private right of use and enjoyment..." had bee11 property all the given over community property might '' .. . accomplish on (that) .... 17 material acts of use a11d enjoyment which are permitted to owners."2 The member might, thus, incur liabilities which fall on owners. A member was to be the absolute owner of whatever he had, through his own efforts, sown and harvested, except where he had agreed to contribute part of it_ (not to exceed. one-third of the harvest) to the community gratuitously or for constdera tion.218

When the assembly of a community had decided to c�ltivate land .in COffi!UOO ("cultu re en com.mun''), which it was free to do, it was obliged to specify the rights ' 209. 210. 211 212. 213. 214. 215. 216. 217. 218 •

Ibid.

David, cited above at note 2, Art. 51.

Id. , ArL 53(1). Id., Art. 53 (2) . T11e right to a building site, gover11ed by. Ar t: 51-53 of to as a "droit d'l1abitat ion." in the commentary. Davi�, cJted above

the draft, 1s re a_t note 3, P· . 4• ferred premises of n t1o pa ct1 oc of l1t r1g e tl1 th wi al Cf. Art. 1353 ff. of the Civil Code which de (le droit d'habitation). Id., Art. 55. Id., Art. 56(2). Id., Art. 57. Id., Art. 59 . /(/, , Art. 60. Id., Art. 62 and 63 .

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219 Tl1e assen1bly of tl1e . �01_nmu11i!Y · niust '' .. er: iub nle ch ea . as far arid duties of a�1�n with respect of o1t pl o11 ex mm co of sts ere int . e th te ilia 11c as possible, co the tl1at as1zed It 0 mpl w�s the �ssembly _22 It must be � '' � ) er lb en (in cli ea � of ty . _ lilJer of f of e the mod ar11ung of its cultivab ide dec to \Vas cl1 whi nity uuu con uJ·al cult agri an le . land. · 11 1mo the con 1g ari1 h s or cultiv� tion harve t ure f ced pro t11e was ng owi foll The . s f) was to be attributed to the First, an am.aunt of the harvest .(not to exce�d hal co111n1unity for purposes of covering expe11ses_ 11:curred by tl�e 1J1ode. of cultivation . (eg., expe11ses. for bt1ying tools) and_ �ccompl1sh1ng tasks falling on 1t (eg., paying salaries of 1nanagers). 221 The rema1111ng . a1l:lount was to . be sl1ared among the 1on on the ba�1s oz � �c�le (baremes), n1embers who l1ad taken part i n the .cult1vat _ whicl1 evaluated individual work, or In its-absence, the duration of 1nd1,,1duaJ wor k.222 Where the co1mnu11jty decided to sell part or the whole of t11e harvest, each member was entitled to his sl1are of the proceeds. Tl1e drafter states that i11 drafting the provisions on ''co11uno11 cultivation," he \.\'as inspired by the R·ussian kolkhoz rules. 223 · Tlie last part of Section IV dealt with two questions. First, t11e rights a11d duties of members of an ·agricultt1ral community on land 11ot alloted to any one. The I general rule was that everyone was e11titled to the free 11se and enjoyment of such t la11d. 224 Thus, s·ubject to restrictio11s of custom, public regt1latio11s and those of the I c:on1n1u11ity, each n1e111ber migl1t graze ms cattle on land destined for pasturage, and l gatl1er wood fron1 forests or wooded areas. 225 The commu11ity mjght, on· the other J1a11d, cla.i111 a certain proportio11 (not to exceed a qu.arter) of the hide (cuir) of the a11jmals grazing on its grounds.

The second question dealt witl1 was tl1e nature of tl1e rights of members of c:ln agricult1.1ral co1run11nity over all co1ru1111nity property. These were personal: they \,rere co11ferred i11 tl1e interest of tl1e individ11al and the perso11s living with him,226 and were inalienable and unattachable.227 Tl1e rigl1ts of t11e deceased men1bers devolved UJ)On those \.\'ho lived with them before their death.22s Sho11ld no11e be found, tl1ese rigl1ts reverted to the community.22 9 Section V (Articles 85-93), the last sectio11 dealt \Vith tl1e co11trol of agricultural ?on11nu11iti�s. It foresaw the establish1nent of' a b·urea11 of agricultural con1n1uni tr �es in the capital of every province. The b11reau was to be 001111ected witl1 the pro, lll : 01 try MiniS cial administartio11. A Departme11t of A.gricultural Commu11ities i11 tl1e 219. 220. 221. 222. 223. 224. 225. 226. 227. 228. 229.

Id., Art. 64 (1). Id., Art. 64 (3).

/ j ! ) / I

Id.,

Art. 65. Id., Art. 67. David, cited above at note 3, p. 3-5. J?avid, cited above at note 2, Art. 69. lei., Art. 70 and 71. Id., Art. 73. Id., Art. 74. Id., A.rt. 75 and 76. Id., Art. 77.

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to �ct as a central organ in the directio11 a11d coordi1 1atio11 wa s tur e cul Agri o. f h t e 0 23 s a t1 o re r1 u e u a b th v f o s ie c t vi a ti of eac h bur eau was to ascertain tl1e existing agri·cultur,al commu111n The functio · · · . and assist then1 1n tl1e better exploitation of their resources 231 prov 1nc e n t � � i ties seeing that they were providecl with charters.232 If i tl the pe;iod to 1on ddit a in _ _ draf t, the assembly of an agricultural coTI1111u11ity failed to draw provided by the a charter on the request of f:t n1ember, or wl1ere the con11i1u11ity requested a charter s11pply one, to preferrably a n1odel charter prepared by the Ministry was at1 bure the 33 2 . cultttre of Agri The b11rea11x were to exercise control over agricultural con11nunities through the assen1blies of tl1e latter. To be able to sencl observers, every bureau was to be 234 Witl1in the of any asse1nbly 1ce 1 ad,,a 111eetin . i11 three montl1s following 110tifie?. � _ . 1111111uty was to com.municate this decision to a dec1s1on by 1ts assen1bly, every co n the bureau if sucl1 con1n111nioation was req11ired by law.235 The bureau was entit led to challenge in co11rt any sucl1 ciecision wl1ich was contrary to law or regula tions.236 Lastly; the Mi11istry of Agriculture \Vas e1npowered to prescribe measures withjn the framevvork of existing law wl1icl1 it thought fit with a view to permitting the bureau x to exercise effective control over agric11lt11ral commtinities. 237 B. Why \'.Vas the draft rejected ?2 38

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The Codificatio11 ComJ11ission rejected the draft primarily because it felt that the draft gave the appearance of a sudden, complete break with the past, a11 appearance partly created by its detailed nature. It was felt that in particular the con1n1uuities co11cerned 1nigl1t not ·be able to grasp tl1e objectives of the draft and. appreciate some of its in.11ovative aspects. I n this connection, one 1nay point to the "assembly'' and ''equality'' provisions of the draft ,.vl1ich mark a drastic change in the decisio11-1naking tecl1niq.ues of tl1e traditional commu11ities. The idea of a11 assembly of oomm11nity n1embers deciding community affairs on a ''one-man-one vote'' and ''majority basis," or son1ething si111�lar, appeared alie1 1 to the custo111s and tradi tions of the comn1unities concerned wl1ere importa11t decisions are taken by a handeared ful of elders on an informal, consensus basis. In short, thus, the draft app239 too sophisticated .for the tastes of the con1mu11ities to whom it was directed. 230. 231. 232. 233. 234. 235. 236. 237 • 238 •

239 •

Id., Id., Id., lei., Id., Id., Id., Id.,

Art. Art.

83.

Art.

87 and 88. 89. 90. 91.

84 (2).

Art. 86.

Art.

Art. Art.

o c omm11nicate matt s l t fai 10 wl rs to rec Di . ion vis o pr 1f Art . 92. Art. 93 is a penalty Y na pe o be t re we aft dr e th r de tin x at1 re bu which ought to ha ve been commu nicated to the liable. ontain th e c ch 'vvh ts n e m cu do y an ce tra t � o The author of this article l1as not been able tile reas ons of the Codification Commissio n's rejec· tion of th e draft. The final draft ha s onraly l1 ap gr · pa st fir e Th · . '' 51 c· iv. · C s ace J rep · t 10 r IIowi·ng 111tr oduc t ory se11tence: "The f ollowing tex . ?f this section is, tl1erefo re, based on information gatl1ered tl,rough interview. . cat.! on Co�1 d1fi Co e th f o r b = Int_ e�view with H.E. A.fenegus Kitaw Yitatekt1. I-le was a mem � . ougl, its parlia r th de Co . vil Ci e th o f ng ssi yi mi on and the official resJJo nsible for the carr mentary stages. Nov. 13, 1967.

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s. n so a re er th o e th f o e m So n 011e· 1nay speculate o e draft in each of th by d ge a _ vis en x. au re bu e th g in sh bli ta the Tile idea of es t en m . rn e ve Th Go y ma . 1ve ns pe t e� no red ide ns co . have been e11 be ve ha provinces may e. 1c a1 11 fi d n a l il sk ry sa es ec n e prepared in tern1s of th

y all eci se , esp tho ion vis in pro ft dra Sections II-V the of n tio lica app 1 T.lie suddei ny t ma tl1e �f tl1a � fac communities con� the of \V vie in red fea n bee may also have is s. r _ _Th r rte fea cha 1r tl1e may have arise n up w dra to e 1 tin en tak e hav ceri1ed would ant ort 111_ tom t1np cus m respects without fro ed art dep ft dra tl e 1 t tha from tlie fact 11 of the commun.ities conat10 orm 1sf tra1 the for ice not and e · tim t cien providing suffi cerned. It must be noted that the draft had been designed to accomplish two purposes .. F.irst, it was to st1ppleme11t custom on cert�in _questions and in this, the draft, as had bee11 stated, was inspired by tl1e Constitution. These supplementary rules were i11derogable, and the charter of every coilllnunity was to confor1n to them. Second, the draft was to serve as a ten1porary charter-a charter in tra11sition-for communi- . ties whicl1 might not 1nanage to draw up their own charters. The present at1tl1or subn1its that none of the above co11siderations warranta rejectio11 of the draft, and that in rejecting the draft, the Commission had not· taken a wise course. Given the nature of the problems to be resolved, the draft could have been accepted with slight modifications. This conclusion is reacl1ed for two mai11 reasons. The first is based on the 11ature of the draft proposed. The draft was . meant to be-and i11deed \Vas-a codification of certain leading customary laws. To a large ex_te11t, tl1e customary lavls of the communities wl1ich \Ve exan1ined in Part One of this paper provided the necessary background n1aterial. What the drafter did mai11Iy was, therefore, to reduce those customary la\vs into proper, modern legal for�. As has beet1 stated, the draft had introduced changes in order to put custom 1.n line with the _Constitution. In this respect, the draft was not in11ovative. It s01ply purported to 1mpleme11t certain principles enshrined in the Constitution pr ocla.1med approximately t\vo years earlier.

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It follows tha! as the draft \vas, to a large extent, an en1bodiment of certain . a�y rules, custom 1t would l1ave bee11 readily accepted i11 1nost of the seden_ tary c?1:Ilmunit_1 es concerned. It wo11ld . also l1ave been accepted i 11 tl1e pasturalist comrnu- . nitJes, ,vhich would have been affected. by it 01 1ly i 11 a. very lin1ited 11umber of cas es. As the dr�ft 11ad a sede11ta�y ins iration, n1ost of its pro visioJJS \vould 11ot ha�'� p . been appl!c�ble for res�l�1ng disputes particularly con11ectecl with a p astu�� mode of livin� . Tlie prov1s1ons \Vl1ich appear releva11t for such a. n1ode of li (eg., tlie prov1s1.011s on tl1e regulation of grass) are 11ot so repugna11t as to VJ�! unacceptable by any pasturalist conuntlnity . •, . ties . . uni . Se co 11d ly . :1• ni th e dr couu af t ,.... ' · co11 ta111e · d. d ev1ce the , ng · s prec . . prep ari isely at aime d f o . . e m in od , te . . nd . ed ,, to b e goveri·ied bY -11 f·or their transformation into . ne,1/ . . the · 11v1ng. ,

six There is Art·.icle 6, 1.or of . . od · .r. JJer i one, . which i!lv a uty es com n1u eve r ry bu .., s months to prepare its charter h 1s · . s ouId a member request one, wl1ich reqt1 est, .it . : 1a]i·sts-''· nutted, wotild not have come forth for many years from ''faitbfu1 traditio t '

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y managed to dra � up . its own charter, this charter was to communit a ng Assum! the lapse of a period ''Judged sufficient''24o by it. after force into enter 4 Article which allows commu�ties a period of one year another, for is, re The contents of a charter supplied by the Bureau of Agricultural Com the y stud to munities. If these ''briefing'' periods were considered insufficient, the draft could have been amended to provide for longer periods. 1 It is f�rther_ subn1itted that_ the question of resources should not have been a majo r c?1 ! s1derat1on. After all, 1t was �ot essential for the workings of agricultural conunun1t1es to se� tip the bt1rea11x e11v1saged. Tl1e draft provisions were to govern s.bould a co1nm11ntty no� have_ a charter eitl1er because it l1ad not drawn one up or l1ad not bee·n s��pl1ed w1tl1 011e by the Bureau of Agricultural Communities. Thus, the draft prov1s1011s on the bureat1x could have been eliminated and the draft accepted withot1t fear, .for tl1e moment, of destroying a source of cl1arters.24 1 That the draft was perhaps t1ot fully appreciated by the Codification Commission a ppears from tl1e extremely loose fasl1ion in wl1ich the drafter uses his terms and their apparent co11flict. For i11stance, Article 1 (corresponding to Article 1489 of tl1e Code) wot 1ld lead one to believe tl1at Kolkoz-type farming on directives emanating from a central authorit)·, is being introduced.242 Then Article 54 provides for either ''common c11Jtivation'' (''cultures en comn1un'') or ''individual cultivation'' "(allotiseme11ts privatifs)'' thus appearing to contradict the principle of Article 1. Perhaps, it is this uncertainty about the objectives of the draft brought about by the appa.rent conflict of its provisions that is really the reason for the Commission's rejection of the draft. Whatever the reasons of the Com1nission in rejecting the draft, the consequen ces of accepting the final draft appear seriot1s: without the original draft, it is very difficult to conceive of the situations governed by Articles 1489-1500. With the passage of time and a better understanding of Article 1489 ff. by the communities concerned, however, it may one day be useful to resor t to the _ by draft, particularly as the draft can serve as a mod� I o[ the . oh�rter envisaged Articles 1490.ff. It is, therefore, instructive to sum1nar1ze its obJect1ves. _ ral commu?ity Stripped of its ''sopliistication'', the draft allows every _ agricultu to reduce its c11stomary rules concerning the rights and duties of it� _memb�rs into a. charter. In doing this, it mu st observe certain mandatory _ prov1s1ons �1m ed . at e !uninating abusive and unjust rules-rules not in harmony with the progressive prrnciples of the Constitution. Should a cominunity manage to draw up its _ charter (which, it is st1bmitted, the sedentary communities we examined oould easily do), then the rather bizarre

240 ,

David, cited above at note 3, p. 4. a ation fo � pli its a d en sp su t bu , aft dr e th 241. Another altern ati ve could have been to accept l Code suspendi ng tl1e app f-ications Of f1tle Period of time. Compare Art. 3363 of tl1e Civi X of the Code on registration. . , in the fina.1 · , t· a ion ·t i plo ex 242· As we e tiv lec ol ''c m will se e, this is not th e meaning of tl1e ter any more than in the origina l draft.

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es bli sem �o as ed lat 11d re e m os co tl1 m0 1 1 cu/tiva� ly lar cu rti pa . , aft _ dr � _p. rovisions of the 1 1s II-IV of the d.raft w 0 ct1 Se t. van ele irr be t en ' ext ould b e ' o at . • t 1011 w• ouId, to a ore · d prov1s1ons con t or co nta 1 ne s1 -1 er1 • n, ·a1 t r ce un s wa ter �r cb a trary rele\1ant o11/;, whe11 to la\v on certain questions. 1 up its ow n cl1arter, the draft is v. dra to to serve ed fail y rut mu 1 \V1lere a con as a temporary charter. n i11 1no ? la11 is corn its free to do 50_243 �e tiva cul to s ide dec ich 1 wl 11 uty 1 A co111m 1 nmo11. 0 1 1 t�e contrary, co 1n � Ian its ate ltiv ct1. to ed uir req is a y r1it No comn1u 11d 1nto plots .for exclt1s1ve, indivi dual Ia le ivab cu.lt its up k brea 111ay coffiJllUtlity cultivation. Lastly, in tl1e better exploitation of its resources a comm�nity is to be assisted by a guardian of ''the J?ublic i�terest''-. the Bureau of Agr1cu!tural Com1�unities. Tli.is bureau is cl1arged, 1n particular, w1tl1 tl1e duty of ensur111g that agricultural con1munities are provided witl1 charters.. .,

Chapter II. 1 he Final Draft A. Tlte setting

The provisio11s of tl1e Civil Code 011 agricultt1ral co111munities, Articles 1489-1500; appear in Book III, Title XI, on Collective Exploitation of Property. The chapter 011 agricultural con1mu11ities is preceeded by a. cl1apter 011 public doinaio and expro priation, and fo]Jowed by two other variatio1 1s of ''collective exploitation": official association of la11downers, and town-planning areas, entitled chapters 3 -ancl 4 res� · pectively. These are tl1e four cl1apters of Title XI of the Code.

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B. The juridical nature of ''communal ownership'' under the Code

The little that has been written on the nature of ''co1nmunal O\Vnership': of 1a11d u1 1der the Code is· 1narked by co1 1fusio11 and i 1 nprecision. Technical terms used j by tl1e Code in a precise man11er to describe a precise legal situation l1ave been_ indiscri1runately used to describe ''conununal'' o\vnersl1ip. . We sl1all first briefly examine the nature of i 11dividual and joint ow11ership under the cod�, 244 a11? tl1e11 turn to the question o:f tl1e juridical .11ature of ''com�unal" ownersh1p. Article 1204 of the code, entitled ''definitio11 '' defines ownerships as .the wid�st right t�at may be had on a corporeal thi t 1�. AJtJ1ougl1 Article 12�4, �1111.s, fails to provide u� with a measure of o\vnersl1ip, Article 1205 does · descri _ be_ I a 1 t in . te.rms of the powers inhere 11t i n an ow11er: rt prop 11 to se e y n? tl1e power exploit it as the �,v1 1er . thinks. fit, and· tl1e JJO\ver to dis1Jose of tl1e propert. y.grat�!; to11sl y or for co?s1 derat1on, wl11cl1 powers are subseq11ei1tly subjected to restr1ct1?�15· G_ei1er� l.l y speaking, t11erefore, the code confers on i 1 1dividual owners the tr aditional · i .tripartite powers which property ow11ers e11joy, i. e. itsi1s, fr1,1cti1s and abiisus. . Now, tlte· code also recognises another forn1 of ow1 1ership' J·oint ownersh�P, · · · · ,46 J01nt w.here the pr1nc1pI e 1s ons . tl1e Joint ownership of a tlling by several pers I I I ·· I a· per coo 243. Th. · 15 is of · clearJy aimed at creating an environ111ent I conducive to tl1e developinerit

ti�e farn1ing. 244. Ci v. �·, Bool<: III, Titles VII an d VIII respectively. _ 245. C� . Ctv. C., Art. 1205, 1225 an d 1410ff. in particular. 246. C,v. C., Art. 1257(1).

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(

. The fortner fi11ds a11d of a tempora�y perpetl1al natt1re are envisaged a of . ip . ownsersh 247which n1ay be abse11t i11 tl1e latter.248 of parties ree the f -., v z/1 u in rce jts o A temporary or a perpetual joint owner is e11titled to the· free use of t11e t11111g . · t o w.hIC w1· tl1 .t he use · h it. anc e • h as d been. desti11ed. A joint ow11er inay clain1 or acc i11 . the frt11�s of �he th111g.249 In the disposal, inortgaging or cha11ging of of . re . sha a of the tb 1 3:g, the _ten1por�ry joint ow-ner has a veto power ,2so inatio n_ dest e th 1 cas of e d1sp osal ts den1ecl the perpeh1al joi11t owners because in which pow er . e11t the gem of a11 arr ure nat tl1e of An iroporta11t charac�erstic of . joi11t ownersl1ip of wl1icl1 ever type is tl1at tl1e o\v�ers own t!1,e, whole tl7 zng: tl1e sl1ar�,s ?f each 011 tL1e thi11g are i 11visible '' ... (Le) dro1t de propr1ete de chacun (des propr1eta1res) .... est remene a u11e fraction arthime thique,, a tine . qtlote-part, ½ 1 /3 ¼, etc. Mais cette quote-part 11e saurait etre tl tel segment de la cl1ose: elle porte sur Ia totalite Jocalisee 111ater1el/e1nent sur _tel ,�-st 5 2 speaks of 2 b1e?· ato1:1e. �u (Empl1asis added). Tht1s, u the Code chaque r . et s the shares of the 111d1v1dual Jo1nt-ow11ers co11ceived of as abstract concepts permeat ing through eacl1 and every ''aton1'' of the tl1i11g jointly owned. It is necessary to stress the fact that under the Code, the tripartite powers granted to i11dividual O\Vners over a thi11g are sl1ared by joint owners over the sar1-ze t/1.ing, the object of their ow11ership. The Code even requires joint owners to ''administer'' their thing jointly, ''acti11g togetl1er. ''253 That the Code does not i11clude witl1in tl1e purview of joint ownership the situation of 1ribal, familial or village land of the type exa1nined in Part One must be obvious as the Code does not reflect the kind of rights which exist there. We have seen that in the tribal, fa111ilial or village land areas, an inclividual occupies a specific, geographic unit of land over which tl1e individual exercises an exclusive right of use and enjoyment. Tl1e individ11 al 1nay cultivate his land, or use his unit of grazing grot1nd as he tl1inks fit; no other i11divid11al of the same fa,mily may use that unit of land without the permissio11 of the holder of rights over it. . The principles of joint ownership envisaged by the Code are, t� erefo:e� _absent 1n the village and family land areas notably because of tl1e phy_s1cal d1v1s10� of the object of ownership among members and the subsequent exclt1s1ve use of rights accorded them over their plots.

! j

lly ca ?i ra is '' ily m fa ''a by d lan of al os sp di of _ . . Ev en the exercise of the power rlifef rent from that of the teinporary joint owners. We have_ seen !hat a:1 1nd1v1d11al rs be e1n m 1ly fa s hi d de ov pr it, of e os sp ss po essing a piece of family land may di � � . so agree. This proviso, Jiowever, amounts to simply vesting 1n family members a 247. I mplicit •1n Civ. c., Art. 1258. 248, Civ. c., Art. 1276-1277. 249. Civ. C., Art. 1263. 250. Civ. c., Art. 1266. 88-89. ), 6 5 9 (J s 11 pp. o ti a g 251. J. Carbo li b O nnier, Droit Civil To111 11 - Les Bie11s et /es 252 • Civ. c. Art. 1259, 1260. , 2 53 • Civ. C., Art. 1265

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ng or unable (as is gener l lli wi un be ey th . ld ou sh us Th l y h right 0f first r f sal· · e t t a r ( ds a an of e th g an str o int b er t n plo . a fo of �e i � ; ssa s a nce, pa e ) n ve e pr to se ca ot s is pl hi ll ee se fr to to ng l1i is w do ·. al so du vi di in · T h us e th ) ot pl _ , th e g . 1n . . y b u by sa 1 po e ct· is f th er o ov r e _ w any part of po � ite l1m a l� on ve ha rs be th� family mem y· 1l D1 fa r er th to g in g n o el b ts lo p sum total of t of in se j? ca e r th n� ow m _ . f�o ip sh _nt ere diff d un ly ar cle er is n tio the This situa ,i� s oi1 �111 d an re s ne un rre ow 9u ly nt oi ing th J a ns co of l e nt . Code in that the clisposa ed pos be dis not of if one joitl t owner y ma ned ow tly join g thin a , rds wo er oth In . . . al os does not assent to its disp l i�a � t, �f n �n� r sso ily sse fa� po d an d lan s. ner ow nt joi iay be of ity The similar �, reduced to this: the power of disposal of a thing 1s liIDited 1n both ca ses. lt is subn1itted that there is no other similarity between the two. The question of· tl1e juridical nature of ''communa 1 O\Vnership'' under the Code . f risions of the Code governing joint pro, the by ered o,vner- I ans\v e, efor ther is 11ot, · ship. It is ans\vered by the provisions of the Code specifically devoted to "village" i and ''tribal land'', A1iicles 1489-1500. These provisi_ons treat fanuly,. tribal or village 1 land as the inclividual property of a corporate entity called an agricultural commu-· nity. Tl1is entity is ''a family'' in the case of family land, a ''village'' in the case 1 of village land, and a ''tribe'' in the case of tribal land. It is, therefore, n o longer acct1rate to describe the ownership of fan1ily, village or tribal land as ''communal"255 or ''joint'' ownership.256 Any doubt is dispelled by Articles 1287 (2) the purpose of which is to distingt1isb between and eliminate conft1sion of ownership by an agri cultural co1nn1u11ity (a11d by an official association of O\\'Ilers) and joint ownership. ! It n1ust be n1entioned though that the list of agricultural communities underf j' Article 1489 is not exhaustive, but rather is illustrative of the communities envisagedTl1e term ''village'' refers to the village system, also as is st1pported by the: corr�s- Ii ponding An1baric term, desa. The term ''tribe'' refers to tl1e tribal land a reas of the pasturalists we examined in Part One. ''Tribe'' does 11ot, therefore, include the family 1 , Jand system. The family land system is covered by Articles 1489-1500 for two reasons. Land owned by a f�mily, wl1i�h may consist of hundreds of persons, is analogo us• _to land o\vned by a village or tribe becat1se it exhibits the essential feature of an agricultural 254. Civ. Code Art. 1266. of 255. l.t ·h �s �een said of the "c�n1munal land tenttre" that it is '' . . . co.n1m�nal o\1/nc rs.t11·Pae." · a_ 1ru:1 d which me�ns th�t a given plot of la.11d is owned b)' a far11ily, tribe or a Vill Seifu Tekle Mariam, cited above at note 104 p. 33. Tl1is dcfioitio.n appears vague. ' 1 11s 1for1 · R 256. Neb'iy_eI I K'fl th 1 e and othe:s, La11cl Te11ur e Systerns ir1 Etl iopia ancl Analys is 0/ e 8 e said 1 V11d e,� en <1966,. �i npublisl1ed, not available), p. y menl_be�s fa111 il \Yor at k, tl1is In 9. w � s b e pe,�petual Join_t _owners" of tl1eir land. bvious defect of this desc ription �� ·Cf. One o L 1e ter,n p erpetual JOJ�t ownership" is givet1 a 01eaning quite unit1tended ? Y the co e. piis, el!s, Art 127 The d rafter I1lustrates perpetual f o hip joint ownership by tl1e o,vners join! � 1 d � �� ul ��:Ir \V��r� it �s i;n acc�rdance \Vitl1 _tl1e nature of_ tl1ese to_ b� h!I 10 ncopro· ��n:r��P d . � 1 sion is unposs 1ble. R. Da vid, Co1n111erzta1re du T1tr� d� ubHshedl p priete De l'usufi·1111 e ",b es autres 6 il Y 19 Droi R ts eels ( C. Civ. 43), C. Civ. 45 ( . • . fa111 (not 'av aiiab le . 1. Other co mn1entators I1 a,,e stated tl1at i11 those sit uat10!15ted above 1) ), ,,, . members h av c1 . e on1Y use ri ghts o ver their l\1ann d an . nce I? e 1 ctuar) �f o� Lawr land. ru at note 52, p. · 31• 5_• It mus_t be suf not e d that It Is 1nacct1rate to use the term ,lu miJY Jaod, to describe tile . ts o illa fa ve o c1daf• . ers r rs f i o n1be n1 m g er village la11d a11d fa ily e v arti f ! �l v p r Note the ch 'aract 0 · e rs ic eatures of usufruct it1 Art. 130 (1) and 1322 of t11e Code 1 9

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AGRICULTURAL COMMUNITIES AND THE CIVIL CODE 11 ership of Ian� by a co�munity. Secondly, ow � ty un i the drafter states that the n . conu . • 1cult1:1ral commun1t1es wa s intended to apply to the ''vi agr 00 llage'' commun1t1es dra ft , , 251 , where th e , vi.11 age and ''family'' la11d systems exist 1d Eri trea a1 re Tig side by of side. Family la11 d is, therefore, covered by Articles 1489-1500 �?e last P ��-t needs to , ,be 1n�11tio11 ed. _TL1 e text of Article 1168 (1), making , Jointly _ow�ied fain1ly for la11d, 1s appare11tly in conflict with Articles , . prov1s1ons 1489-150?· Howev�r, tliis_ IS s1111ply dt1e to a .mistranslation of the text origi11 ally draft ed 1n An1l1ar1c, whic� text does not co11 tain the words ''joi11tly ow11ed'' as unde rstood u11der the sec�1on of _ the Code on joint ownership. 258 Article I 168 must, tl1erefore, be re�d In tl1e light of tl1e specfiic provisions of Articles l 489ff which also govern famtly land and wl1 ich do not recog1 1ize tl1e joint ownership of family land. '

C. Corporate nature of agricultural communities

What then is the corporate nature of agricultural communities, families, tribes anct villa.ges, tl1e new owners of land. under Articles 1489-1500? Are they ''private'' or "public perso11 s''? As M. David points out, ''. . . [en] parlant de 'personnes' dans ce cas, on veut seulement dire que !'aptitude a etre sujet de droit ou d'obligations est recon nue dans d'autres cas que celui des personnes physique. . .. ''259 One must bear in mind that these ''artificial'' persons do not possess all tl1e rights a11d obligations of physical persons. Tl1ey have only those ''bundle'' of rights• and duties necessary for their nature and the purposes they are intended to fulfil. 260

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This question of the corporate nature of an agrict1ltural community calJs for an examination of tl1e rights accorded to and obligations imposed on agricultural communities, and a brief disct1ssion of th� nature of ''private'' and ''public'' bodies corporate under the Code. 261 Foremost among the rights of an agricultural community is that against usu caption, 262 which we will examine later i11 so me detail. The creditors of an agricultural community may not attach its immovable pro perty without the permission of the Minister of Interior. 263 Such permissio11 m� st also be obtained where the creditors wish to attach a movable property belonging to the community which is necessary for the exploitation of land or the main257. David, cited above at note 3, p. 3. 258. The original draft contained no proviso comparable to that of Art. 1168(1). See Girrna Sellasie Araya, cited above at note 89, p. 24. 259. R. David, Expose cles motifs et co n1n1entaire du titre: Personnes Morales et des Patri1nones cl'Affe ctation. ( Document c. Civ. 36), (Document C. Civ. 37) (1956, unpublished) (not available), p. 4. 260. Ibid. 261, Civ. C., Art. 394-403, and 404ff., respectively. 262 • Civ. C., Art. 1495(1). 263 ' Civ. C., Art. 1495(2) read in conjunction with Art. 1495(1).

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L. VI - 'No. l O V AW L N A PI JO H ET F O L JOUl�NA 264 Creditors of the me1nbers . . y it 11. u m m co e th f , on t· h , 11a11ce of the n1en1bers o . . t,11 . e v t mo bl e y per 26s pro or ty 1111 a 1nu com . r va ru ove mo ble. otl1er ha11d, have no rigl1t a1 1 agric�ltural . community is of. ers pow the on t limi nt ifica sign t Tbe mos that y_ to 1�l v,1I 1ty t111 1111 a�1enate or mortga UJlder Article 1493(2). !n ord�r fo: a_ con e tl1e e s1� 1111s h�v st pe1 �1u n 1t of tlie Mi,tist!r its laild or charge it with antichr�s1s, . r seve c 1 wh1 �Ir restrict� �l 1e power s o v1s1 pro � tl11s 01 of nce ifica sign Tlle of Interior. f on v1s1 s pro Tl11 ed. not h1b1 be pro ts agricultu a1 disposal of the owners of la11d 111ust co111111unities fro111 alienating their la11d ( gratuitous!� or for consideration) even rt tlleir oi,vr, rnen1bers t111less permissio11 l1as been obta111ed from t?� Ministry of Inte� rior. In as much as no limits appear on the powe�s of the . M1n1stry to deny such perIJlission, tlie wishes of an agric�lt�ral con1_n1u111ty. may, 1!1 son1e cases, be made subservie11t to the 'wishes of the 1\11n1stry. It 1s :1ot 1n�once1vable t_ha_ t the applic a tion of Article 1493(2) 1nay in son1e cases rest1lt 1n forc111g conm1u1ut1es to continue to own. land wl1ic]1 tl1ey n1ay .11ot ,vant. A111011g the dt1ties of tl1e Mirustry of I11terior, tl1ose in con11ection with the charters of agrict1ltural co1nmunities appear sig11ificant. The Ministry is to ende avour to er1sure t11at every agricultural community dra\VS t1p a charter detailing its custom, a11d w]1ere 11.ecessary, provisio11s to st1pplement its custo111. 266 Once sucl1 a charter is drawn tlJJ, tl1e Ministry is to e11deavot1r to obtain tl1e revision of tbe charter in order to enst1re, a111ong otl1er tl1i11gs, tl1e eco11on1ic progress of tl1e con11nunity co11c er11ed. 267 Ir1 sl1ort, tl1erefore, tl1e Code l1as created a corporate entity called an agri cultural conunu11ity, co11ferred rigl1ts and i1nposed obligatio11s 011 it, and cbarged a11 a.r111 of tl1e exect1tive brancl1 of tl1e Etl1iopian Govern1nent witlJ .its ''protecti o n,,. Fro111 wl1at ,ve have seen, agricultt1ral co111munities appear to lack the essential characteristic of associations - the free will to for1n a grot1pi11g betwee11 persons and by tl1e san1e perso11s. 268 Agric11Itt1ral commt1nities, as we have seen, have been creat ed a11d i1nposed 011 tl1eir .me111bers by law. . Unlike an association, 269 therefore, an agricultural commu11ity may 11ot be de prived of its ''perso11ality'' and the rights consequential thereto by a decision of 1ts 111embers, a �ecision_ which is clearly beyo11d tl1e po\.vers of tbe latter, becau�e they cannot deprive tl1e1r community of rig]1ts whicl1 tl1ey }1ad 11ot conferred on it. Does it follow then tl1at agricultural co1nn1t111ities ,1re pt1blic bodies corporate?

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One objection to the view tl1a� agricultura] comn1t111ities are public bodies c�� po�ate iuay be based 011 the sect1011 of the Code on public bodies corpor at�, wl11�l1 does i1ot_ rnention agrict1ltural con1m11 11ities. I-lo\vever, as the dr after points i 1 l ou t,-_1 tl1at . section of tl1e cocle was not j 1 1tended be a11 exl1aus tive list of a l I to pt1bl1c bodies corporate.

264. )1 contrario fron1 C. Civ., Art. 1495( 1). 265. C. Civ., Art. 1495(3). 266. Civ. c ., Art. 1490. 267. Civ. c., Art. 1498(1). 268. Civ. c., Art. 404. 269. Civ. c., Art. 459 and 460. 270. Civ. c ., Art. 394ff. 271. David, cited above at note 256 ' p. 4.

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AGRICULTURAL· COMMUNITIES AND TfIE CIVIL CODE

The wording of Articles 394ff., and particularly Article 397, c 1ear1 y conv ey s ha sou d gh dra t to fte r accomplish in tl1at respect. what the A body corporate 11 ot e�pressly gra11ted J?Ublic perso11ality under Articles 394. be considered as a ·pt1bl1c ''persoii'', provided it is a public re, therefo . roay, 396 . o�c� or . establish111ent a,1d such personality has beetl ex l1or1ty, aut t1veJ tr . injs � adm 212 1t by to ad1111111strat1ve J ress iven aws. g ly p An e_xa1ninatio.n of Articles 394-397 (leavi11g aside tl1e Church to whicl1 public pers onality l1as been _ gra11ted tltlder A_rticle 398) reveals two i111portant characteristics co11templated bodies by the 1 naker. of Iaw type the of First, �he�e b�dies are stibdivisions of tl1e State or arms of the executive bra11cl1 of tl1e Eth1op1a n Go,,er11me11 � or bodies whicl1 carry out a public functio11 - bodies, in other words, oon11ected w1tl1 tl1e State or Govern1nent.

Second, pt1blic personality is expressly conferred on a corporate entity. The whole thrt1st of Articles 394ff., a11d particularly Article 397, would not warrant the conclt1sion that pt1blic personality may be impliedly conferred on an entity. Measured agai11st the two characterstics of public bodies corporate we jt1st noted, agrictiltural con1mu11ities are 11ot public ·bodies corporate. They are neither one of tl1e territorial sub-divisions of the state specifically mentio11ed 1111der Article 395, 11or 111i11istries under Article 396. They are 11ot public administrative authorities or offices under Article 397. It might be asked whether agrict1ltural com1nunities are public ''establish1nents'', a term which is in a state of flux even i11 French law273 to which one is obliged to turn in tl1e abse11ce of the 11ecessary legislative material. 274 flowever, in France it is agreed that whatever the precise conte11ts of tl1e term ''public establislJments,'� they carry out some kind of a public fun.ction in tl1e general interest of the com munity. 21s

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Agricultu.ral · commuruties do not carry out any pt1blic fu1Jction. They l1ave simply been created as a more progressive arra11gement for the exploitation of purely private resources. Tl1ey have been created as a modern version of ownership of private land traditio11ally owned by ''families'' ''tribes'' and ''villages''. Even if \Ve assume that agrict1ltural co1nmunities are ''public establishments'' within tl1e meani11g of Article 397, tl1ey are not public bodies corporate because no such personality has been expressly granted to them by administrative laws. It appears, therefore, tl1at agricultural commt111ities are neither pri� ate nor public bodies corporate. TI1ey are groupings si1i generis governed by spectfic pro27?- . Civ. C., Art. 397. 273. Compare A. Martin-Pannetier, Eleme,1ts d'Analyse Co111parat ive des Et abliss�me,! ts P11blics en clroit Francais et e,z droit Anglais (1966), pp. 2-23, devoted to an e �amin�tion �f the 1e11ta1re de meaning of tlle term ''pttblic establisJ1ments,'' a nd A. de Laubadere, Tra,te Ele11 Droit Administrat if (1963), pp. 159-167. 274. TI1e drafter has not coinnlen ted ttpo n tlle meanin g of the tern1 ''public establishments'' in his commentary. David, cited above at note 256. 275. Mar tin-Pannetier, ci ed above at note 273, p. 23. t

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. VI - No. I L O V W A L N IA P IO H T E JOURNAL OF

r g he on ot am , s em l1t th rig 011 . . , ers nf co the righ•t to ich wh de Co •i . 1 c· 1v e h t o f s . on v1s1 en ts a nd 1 awsu1ts. em g n a 1 rr a a tu ac tr n co in d te n se re p own land and to be re . e,zeris, agricultur al commu11ities are protected against usu . .. cap. As bod.1es si11 g of t·he ownersl11p of an n t1o 1s1 qu ac e th as (1) 68 11 le tic Ar _ n imtion276, defined in r fiftee years Although the s fo x ta of t en . ym pa d � an 1 o1 ssi sse po : re movable through the of s1011 Code, 1t has bee n hel ver ric ha Am the in n eve rt po sup l tua . tex is no d . ) onlr prevents !he usuc a ptio 8(1 116 icle Art of viso pro the t tha s case of ber in a num u n of fanuly land by t1o ap uc us the t d 11o a11 er, mb me ily fam a by d lan ily of fam a 277 le. ssib n1i per is ich wh stranger It is subnlitted that this view is i11accurate. If . the proviso .of Article 1 l68(I) is interpreted as allowing a stranger to usucape_ fam.Ily I_a�1d, Article I 168(1) \Vould clearly contradict Article 1493(1) whos : sweep1�g proy1s1011s ex�lude both family n1embers a11d strangers from usucap1ng frun1ly, tribal or village land. This interpretation of Article 1168(1) is in conflic! . with the spirit and I_JUrpose of the cl1apter of the Code 011 agricultural comm11n1t1�s wher� the ownership of the land in q11estio11 has bee11 vested i11 a11 abstract entity spec1fically protected against usu captio11 by botl1 stra11gers and family members. 278 It is furtl1er sub1nittecl that the correct view in the light of Article 1493(1) is tl1at the proviso of Article 1168(1) con1plements Article 1493(1) by excluding tl1 e usucaption of fan1ily land by members or stra11gers, as its l1 1ords do not dra\v a distinctio11 beti.veen members a11d strangers.

It nligl1t be argued that tl1e proviso of Article 1168(1) derogates fron1 the general rule of Article 1493 where family land is i11volved, and that, therefore, the two provisions do 11ot contradict if the former is interpreted as allowing the usu caption of family la11d by a stra11ger. This argun1e11t, however, is not a valid argument. In order to arg·ue that there is a ''ge11eral rule-specific rule'' relationship between Articles 1493(1) and l 168(1) r�spe�tively, on � l1as to show that although the two provisions govern the same . s1tu�t1on, there 1s a conflict between their application - the application of the . o� e lead111g to 011e result, and the application of tl1e other to a11otber result. This 15 not pos�ible because, as l1as been stated, there is no textual s11pport for t11e view tl1at Article 1168(1) 011/y presents the usucaption of family lai1d by a family n1ember. Read ''literally," t1 1e proviso in Article I I 68(1) prevents tl1e usucaption of fan1!1Y 1and by both strangers ancl family members. Tl1erefore, there is 110 textual conflict between Articles 1168( I) a11d I493(1). 219 Readi�g into the proviso of Article 1 I68(1) tl1e ''family 111embers'' lim.itation '1nd allowing a stranger to t1st1cape family lan rule l iona trad it d wot1ld contradict a Civ. C., Art. 1493(1). ��e, f�;7)instan :e , Tefera Sebbat and Eskia Sebhat V. Bahata Tesfaye et. al., (Sup. IrnP• ., , J . E t ,z. L., vol. 2, p. 202. 278. Tl1e reader m ay be reminded t100 J1ere tI1 at t }1e original draf t specifically excluded . the ·usudcap above of the land of an a i ct11t r 1 _co te u � d mmu nity a r by strat 1gers D . vi mem , s c1 be and at note 2 Art 40 ft i s not e m ssi n of st1cb 11 expr ss xclusio in the fin al dr�oviso for e e .� n significant 'in vi�w �f � e � � � tl1e excl11sion of the usuca1) �c t lat tl1� or1g111al d.raft of Art. l 168 had no P t10n of family lancl. . in 279. The conflict r eally is bet pla the we by I h ad b e eyec co11v en is a11d o v,;l1at ded i11ten w rds of the p roviso of A:t� �6 i�l��

276. 277.

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law Ub i lex non distingz,it nee no s distinguinus s: g ret in . . terp in of ('' . 110 d" ist 1n ct 1o n where the law 2 roust be drawn draws none . ' '). 80 Th 1aw oe � not draw a str a. bet n ger we s en and family member�· �s far as :he usucap . distinction tion of fam1ly ) 1 · c�ncerne d· ·We must, therefore, conc ]and under Art'cle 1168(1. IS lu de th at bo th usu cap fro 1ng m fam ily land under Article l l 68( l ). are excluded

D. The principles of ''collective'' and ''individual'' exploitation of land W� shall no w examine the 111eaning of the apparently contradictory provisions of Articles 1489, 149I(d), 1496 and 1497, concerning the ''mode of exploitatio11'' of land. It is . useful to s�a�t out with a definition of the term ''exploitation collective'' which, given the original draft a11d the practices of the traditional communities we examined, could not have been the meaning i11tended by the Code.

The French term ''exploitation collective'' has the following meaning in a recent 281 : report UN ''Collective farming (exploitation collective) : ''The farming of a single holding by a group drawn from several domestic units, no individual family having any permanent rights to, or responsibility for, the farminal (sic) unit of a,iy particular parcel of land making up the jointly farmed surface, and where the relationship between those with management and those with ma11z1al functions is not one of supply of employment but where indi vidz,al rewards depend solely on the quality or quantity of labour contributed." (Em phasis added). That this could not have been the meaning of the French term ''exploitation collective'' under the Code appears from the simple fact that the Code treats public domain, expropriation, association of owners (where collective or individual owner ship may exist over land cultivated by the associates) and . town-planning areas as "modes'' of ''exploitation collective'' of property282 (of immovable property, in the Amharic version). These ''modes'' by no stretch of imagination fit the definition of the term ''exploitation collective'' reproduced above. That the Englisl1 term ''collective exploitation'' under Article 1489 does �ot mean collective farming, or eve n the more realistic farming by an extended family ''... under the direction of its hea d . .. ''283, found in tropical Africa, appears from the apparent contradiction of Article 1489 with Articles 149l(d) 1496 and 1497. . In the original draft, the key terms in this connection are ''exploited in a collec tive f ashion'' (exploite selon un mode collectif), 284 ''common use and enjoyment''

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280. Planiol et Ripert, cited above. 281. FAO, ILO and UN , Progress i11 Land Reform: Fourth Report (19�6), p. 166. . 282 • Civ. c., Art. 1447ff. Note, in particular, the title "collective Explo1tat1on of property," Title IX, under wl1ich Art. 1444ft'. are found. e nc va Ad s of ne Li r ajo 283. FAQ and M the on s on cti fle Re UN, Africa,, Agricultural Developme,it: anc/ the Barriers to Progress (1966), p. 49. 284, David, cited above at note 2, Art. 1.

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I - No . . 1 V . L O V W A L N lA P O II l� JOURNAL OF- ET 2ss private allotn1ent for tl1e members (all . . ) n u 1 n m otis e (usage et Jou1ssance e' 11 f' ico � ''com n n1011 2B6 cultiv and ), ation'' (cul bres e1 des ce tures e 1 1 be n1e11ts privatifs a-ti en . comn111n). 287 ' �ver rigl1ts and duties ind at wh s te na ig s _ de , ely os lo ry ve iThe first terJll, used e bl , va lti 11d la cu er ov sts 1.e re fo .. ., nd la st ures pa ity un m m co l al er ov ve ha ls a vidu s er 1b en of e m a tl� s l1t n1 �1g m co ��v 1�t ity vvl un , ly ise v ec ha pr e e or M . es sit g in ild bu ai ld ed e by e th rib os sc lo de 1s 1n "collecfer 1ty t1v lec ol ''c a of rs be em in as 011 its land tive exploitation." The second tern1, ''comn1011 use a11d e11joyment," designates the rights indi vid11als have over non-cultivable land.

''Private allot.Jne11t'' and ''co1111non cultivation'' are used exclusi,,ely to describe tlie n1ode of far111ing. ''Commo11 cultivatio11'' thus· refers to farming under the cent raJ di rectioi1 of tl1e asse1nbly of the co11111111nity, t]1e opposite of which is the culti vatio11 of a priv·a.te allotn1ent by a11 individual (110 sl1orter tern1 being used by the drafter). .,.-

Thus, tl1e term ''collective exploitatio11'' 1111der · Article 1489 does 11ot refer to tl1e 111an 11er of far111i11g, but is used as a short-l1a11d for describing tl1e rights in dividuals l1ave over· all co11un111 1ity la11d. the other ha11d, tl1e alter11atives of the ''111an11er'' of exploitatio11 of the land co11ten1plated under Article 149l(d) are partly spe'Iled out in A_rticles 1496 a11cl 1497. _I�1 coru1ection with cultivable la1 1d, these alter11atives app�ar to be none otl,er tl1a 11 ''con101011'' or ''individual'', as is· evident fro111 Article I 497(1). 011

Tl1 11s, \Vhere tl1e ''mode of exploitatio11'' is comn1011 cultivation, tl1e. custon1 or tl1e cl1arter of tl1e oonm111nity must specify that fact and the rights of · the mem 288 forests. and bers 0 11 all tl1e land of tl1e con1mu11ity, i11cluding grazi11g gro·u1 1ds Where, on the other hand, ''individual culti,,ation'' is adopted, tl1e custon1. or the c?arter of the co1n1n1 1nity must specify that fact, 289 i 11 ,tddition to specifying tl1e �-1�l1ts of th� members on a11 · tl1e la11d of tl1e con1m1111ity a11d the t1�e a�� conditions on wl11cl1 decisions allotin0° JJarcels of la11d to 111e1nbers may be revised.·.15 Tlus last speci.ficatio11 is, tl1erefore, not 11ecessary wl1ere tl1e mode of faru1ing collective. . It n1�st be noted that, . given the history 01· Articles I489-1500 a11d pa rti�ula �� . the pra �\1_ce of not �llocat1ng parcels of grazi 11g ground or· \vooded I_and 111 td coi�m11111ties we ex�lll.lned,_ tl1e ''111 a11ner'' of exploitatio1 1 of land 1111der A_rticle 1491(_j; p ar_tl)' spelled out 1n Art1�les . 149? a11d 1497, is the 111an11er of farn1111g - n ot, !ar app e, efor 10stailce, the m a1111er of using .graz111g land Article tl1er ) would 1491 (d · er latt . . · ' e 1 · to · cover bO tl1 cuItiva · ble and no11-cult1va ble l and, ,111 cl i 1 1 con11ec t1on w,tl1 - tl

I 'I

285.

lei., Art. 286. lei., Art. 287. Id., Art. 288. Civ. C., 289. Civ. c., 290. Civ. c.,

69 (for instance). 54 (for instance). 64 (bearing this title). Art. 1497(1),. (2). Art. 1497(1). Art. 1497(3).

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. . su lin ch 1it , at io pl 11s at e as 111ay be in1 posed 011 the � contem m b e r s gr az1ng r1�l1t s 1 land 9 m: ty les un . Artic 7 6 14 29 i 149 a11d would the11 ' ppear to be spec11fi cd O�er · con1m · · · • 14 e r A t· I 9l(d) primarily regard111g tl1e 1node of cu ic f O s n o t1 app· l1cf1 ltivation. E. Organization and control of agricultural communities

�n this sec�o11, w e sl1all exa:n�11e what th� Code lias doiie regardirlg the orga 1ral commu111t1es, an d tl1e1r control once they have niza tion of agr1cult1 drawii tlp _ their own charters. For �be 1noment, tl1e orga1�i�ation o! tl1ese communities is at the 1nercy of the vagaries of c11ston1 ,111d . trad1t1011. Agr1�11l�ural com111 unities are ,iot required by the Co?e to dravv. _ 11� tl1e_1r . �l1a�ter� SJ?ec1fy1ng, . among otl1er thi11gs, the persons adn11111strat1011 (111 the vv1dest sense of the term).292 The responsible for tl1e11 . �1inistry o :f Inte�1or, as \\'e l1ave seen, is to e11cleavo11r293 to get these comn111nities to draw up tl1e1r cl1arter, a11d 011ce tl1is is done, to ensure its revision in view of the econo�lic . progress of !l1e co1n111u11ity and ''. . . the i1npleme11tatio11 of the pri11ciples of Justice a11d 111oral1ty e11sl1rined in the Ethiopian Co11stitution." 294 Regarding the ''represe11tatives'' of agricult11ral communities295 to whom \\'e have alluded earlier, 011e must admit their lin1itecl role and sig11ificance i11 the fore seeable futtire in the commt111ities we exami11ed. Tl1is is true eve11 if one assu111es that many of tl1e111 will 1na11age to draw up their own charter. The reason is that the ''represe11tative'' provisions were pri1narily i11tended to govern cases of ''com1uo11 cultivation'' where rigl1ts accrt1e to, or obligatioi1s are i .ncurred for a community - a d.isti11ct e11tity respo11sible for a11d ovvner of far1ns. Unless communities, there fore, adopt collective fa. r mi11g, the provisions of the Code 011 tl1e representatives of such comm11n_ities 1n,ty serve 110 useful p11rpose where tl1e occasion for i11curri11g obligations or acquiri11g rights for a corporate entity does 11ot exist . Where a comm11nity has decided to farm its land collectively and bas appointed representatives for the purpose of achieving its objectives, the11 it is 11eld vicariol1sly liable for its representatives when two co11ditio11s are satisfied : that the representa tives have acted or failed to act in tl1e execution of f11nctio11s i11cumbent on them and have incurred liability. 296 The co1n11111nity is likewise liable for unj t1st e11rich ment, also resulti11g fro1n the acts of its agents, although it does not 1nake any difference whether the com111u11ity was enriched as a result of an act of an agent outside the scope o·f his po\vers. If the orga1uzation of agricultural communities is, for the present, left for tl1e v�garies of c11stom, their control is not. The Code provides for vario11s devices aimed at controlli11g tl1ese con1m11nities. 291. Such was the "niode'' of exploiting non-ctlltivable land envisaged by tl1e draft. David, cited above at note 2, Art. 70 and 71 (for i11stance). . 292. We have seen the kind of "aclministrators'' contemplated by Art. 149l(c) in Part I of this paper. . or eri Int of y 293 • Ato Haile str i11i tl1e in ls cia offi of � ed uir inq r, yea . Michael Kebede ha d, last to see wl1at has been done. Notl1ing has been done so far. Hai�e Michael _Kebed �, The rary, Lib , ves chi Ar d, she bli pu tin 66, (19 pia lzio E i11 e ag Us t Impact of La11d Te11t1re on Larzcl Faculty of Law, Haile Sellassie I University), p. 107, Note 111. . . licy. 294 • Civ. C., po of ion rat cla de a y rel me ar pe ap ses ra pl1 Art. 1498(1). The high-soundi11g 295 • Civ. C., Art. 1491(c) and 1494. 296 • Civ. C., Art. 457, by reference fron1 Art. 1494(3).

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t to ge m � m ou co av de en iti un n .a es . to dra 1 i 1 , or ri 1te 1 I of y tr s i in M p·i st the w u 1 on 1 c 1 1st 1 re s fo be rm fo 1 r re it e l1s is ea '' ''r cl an ed t es gg su ce ' ay m � d b , er t ar • . 1 1 c r up t e1 s ?u t ''[l· a ch ar te de Ia �01�1 nu11 nt i po ter f a dr · 1e t! As aute ' . r, le s to wr. iting in the charter. ise rm al fo re re et es , er er gg s11 Jugees utI·les ur po i s s au e od m nl co t s e . . . agr. a1re ] 97 It 11111st b e 11o te d' th-�� t hat tl1� influ 2 " ]. ence of ur ' pi r [le Ministere de l'I11terie . 1 ov pr s1?11 s to g1�� efe ry en em pl up ''s �. ct f th on . y tl .,, �� the Ministry will be felt mo s e 1 1tary pro,,1sions" 1n le �p su se he . _T g. 1� r1t w to are a d ce du re to the custon1 to be 11 of e\1/ le1 v� ob 111 pr s arisin g froin e bl 1ta ev 1� s p ga n1 to s cu in . ps ga l l fi to necessity 1 1at 1ve adJu�t111ent s origin ating er alt le ab sir de d a11 ion lat pu in po . a rapidly increasi11g '' supplement�ry pr ov1 s10 11s '' 1 nany not only 1e Tl . s ea id of on ati in m sse di the rapid 1 nn1u111 ty structure, to tl1 e running of co y ver the to t bu , hts rig d lan relate to 1 1ds a11d philo sophies of the a dem the h wit 1e 1 tu in is s ba d rise ula reg a on aff::tirs tin1 e. The influence of the Ministry of I11terior could, tl1us, be tremendo11s in virtue of tl1e position it occupies as the ''legal advisor'' of agricultural commu11ities in the drawing up and a1nend1nent of tl1eir charters . A11otl1er control provided for by the Code is in the nature of a limit ot1 the powers of agric11Itural co1runu11ities. Ministerial permission is 11 ecessary · in order 298 it resis. with charge anti-ch or land, s it age mortg or of e dis1Jos to unity for a conllll Such permissio11 must also be obtained wl1ere the creditors of a community wish 299 1lar. partic1 in ty, proper able im1nov its 1 to attacl A tl1ird type of co1 1trol is exercised over agricultural con1munities thr ough the appeal provisio11s of Articles 1499 and 1500. The latter, altl1ough entitled ''public order'' appea,rs to simply be a continuatio1 1 of Article 1499. Under Article 1499, the public prosecutor is made a kind of overseer of ''comn1unity interest." Being near agricultt1ral co11unu11 ities in the rt1nning of their day-to-day affairs, the public pr�secutor i s �or the 111oment in a 1 nuch better position tl1an the Ministry of In teri or to exercise co11trol over tl1em. It mtist be noted tl1at a member of an agricultural co1111nu11ity, an obviou sly int erested party, may exercise ''private control'' over l1i s con1ID1111 ity tbro11gh his right 0� appeal u1 1�er the law.300 As is implicit in Article 1500, this individual right _ot 301 or ,ts '' appeal against community community decisio11s . ''the wl1etl1er made by ' . · represe11 tatives,302 n1ay be restricted by the c11stom or tl1e cl1 arter of the com m? 111• ty. Ho\vev�r , _\\'hat is or is not a pern1issible restriction of the individual right of appeal _1s difficult to conceive of in t11e abstract, as is a decisio11 taken by the represent�tiv�s ,� tl1e con111111nity ''.. . i 1 1 violatio11 of ft111dame11tal r11les of procedu: ; [ an.d] ··· Justice. 03 Tl�ese are best a11sVi,ered 011 a case-by-case basi s in the Cour wbrch. must pay part icular atte11 tion, not 011ly to a decision i11 dis1Jute, but also the c1rcun1stances s11rrou11di 11 g it. 297. David, cited above at note 3 p. 3. , 298. Civ. c., 1493(2). 299. Civ. c., Art., Art. 1495. 300. Civ. c., Art. 1499. 301. Civ. c., Art. 1499(1). 302. Civ. C., Art. 1499(2). 303. lbicl.

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Of all the contro· ls pr•ova·ide• d for by the Code , the appeal c011tro I and part i pr iva a te m 1v1d11al tinder Article 1499 (1), is the co y b tha t . y lar l . n 't . . 1 ou · ro h t at is an o f y pr ac en t1c t, a . 1 s1gn1ficance. It is doubtful whether, 1n £0 r the mom · ·w o r' vie ca th ses e� t s o r1c 1 · t f o y w _ it h' • in um the e j urisdiction of the offices of public vol e th u blic prosecu tor wi ll lodge an appeal aga p the s, uto r iilst decisions of sec pro n1e m�ers the�eof, wl10_ n1ay exercise the same right, have the e w? er rounity ab�t;i�� _ a gai nst the ste ir ps execution. It must be noted that the Code doe g tak in m . fro s du ty on prosect1tors to exercise t]1 eir right of appeal not impose a pos1t1ve under Article 1499. Where a 111en1ber lodges an appeal against a community decision under Artiole l499 (1), he 111t�st _allege and be prepared to prove that the decision violates the Ethiopian Const1tu �1on. or the mand�t_ory_ provisio11s of the Code or other Ethiopian laws. Pr_oof _of a v1olat1on of a cons1t1tu_t1_011al provisio11 is relatively easier than proof of a v1olat1on of a 111a11datory prov1s1011 of the Code or other laws since the appella nt has to first of all sl1ow tl1at the law involved is a mandatory law. In the case of Woizero �Vellete Selassie Gebre Med/1i1z v. Balambaras Gebre Kidan Abraha, 304 the Supreme Court briefly described the rights accorded to members of an agricultural community u11der Article 1489-1500. It stated that a st1it against an agricul tural comn1unity instituted by its men1ber must be based 011 the appeal provisio11 of Article 1499. The appeal was rejected on the grqund that the appellant did not rely on Article 1499. 305 Implicit in the court's j udgment is that Article 1492 is one of the mandatory provisions of the Civil Code the violation of which gives rise to a right of appeal u11der Article 1499 (1). Thus, where a community decides to deny shares of land to some of its members on the grounds that they are adherents of a different religious faith, this decision is contrary to Article 1492 which forbids custom or the charter of the community from creating discrimination between members based on religion. This, according to the Supreme Court, gives (1). rise to a right of appeal under Article 1499 I This reading of Article 1492 is a rather strained reading, because in cases falling u.nder Article 1499 (1), Article 1492 can be relevant only where the decision in q·uestion has been included as a provision of the charter drawn up or to be drawn up under Articles 1490.ff. ;

The significance of the sweeping provisions of Article 1492 cannot be overesti of the two_ groups mated. It is clearly aimed at destroying the social set-up _ of communities we examined in Part One - a social set-up 1n complete disharmony with the progressive principles of the Revised Constitution. Woizero We/lete Sellasie Gebre Mecl}1i11 V. Balambaras Gebre Kida,, Abraha (Sup. Imp. Ct., 1959, Civ. App. No. 1031-59) (unpublished). 305. The same result was reached in Aregalvie Naizgie V.. Are;a 1"!enkir (Sup. Impci · Ct., 195�, 1959, Civ. App. No. ll l -59) (unpublislJed). The reasorung ill this and the prece mg case 1s · J. · Ient1ca almast ic . . reme Court ' HE . · · Afenegus Through the generous permission of the President of t 11e S�p · v � H Cati.rt fil� em pr Su ine am ex to ved o\ all en ita be d ha ;ree cases ill wh ic h K. w Yitateku the present au tl1 or t ce tra to le ab s wa ing gone thro�gh the Jiles of 1958 and 1959, l1e bee c Art.. 1489-1500 are mentioned. 1:'he reas�ning _of tl1e Court i-':1 �te�� :� r t e r t e marised abo ve. The tl1ird case 1s not cited simply because in 1 a the reasoning contained in tl1e two oth�r cases.

304.

t�f

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L. VI - No. l O V W A _L N IA P IO il T E F JOURNAL O

. 1n or :1 c11arter dra\vu up deta to cus 2, 149 icle Art jJin Tl1us, by v 1rt1 1e �f � gro fro up m being consider:d �� bch -pr ivi leg ed 1 1 no the clu de e r ng 0 t • • . custo1n. may 11o l e . . : · al community · u · It 1 1 in c r1 g a n 9 a u e st1011. JOG 1ng s r1 p 1n co ' . s' e li 1i 11 fa '' r o , ;, n This· Perso '' t er111g 1111111s d commun ''a ro1n ity f excluded affairs 0r a be e g 1 o may group s ed laris ( regu 149 both Ar er u11d 1ity, mu1 com tl1e .: ticle 1 1 110 of _ I ). acting as representa, t1 es c . ng cati allo of le ivab r'' cult 1111e ''ma com the . m : ever how · y 1and , unit tarlt or . More 1n1p • • . 307 1. t it101 d 1 co1 I 1a 1 . m soc t us_ or. be mentioned, ion relig , race be er long no 1ay 1 i con t so l I a emp ted' Is tl1e n1anner d a an l ating alloc . of '' 11ner ''ma the t a th b ' g thou ' I d 1n . o f c· dra\V1· D 00 lots tllat precedes tl1e d1str1but1. on of a11 . some 1am11 y, and all village la.nd areas. Article 1492 is, tht1s, progressive and gu�ra11tees �quality of treatment to a group . heretofore de11ied basio rights over the �aJor,. a11d 111deed the sole means of liveli J1ood i 11 tl1e traditional con11nu11ities examined 1n Part 011e. •

Part m: Conclusion and Recommendations "It is esse11tial that the law be clear and intelligible to each a11d every citizen of Our En1 pire, so that he may without difficulty ascertain what are his rights and duties in the ordinarv course of life .... " H.I.M. Haile Sellassie I, Preface, Tlze Civil Code of the E,npire of Etl1iopia. p. vii.

Conclusion

T.he provisions of Articles 1489ff. vest tl1e ownersh.ip of land traditionally o,vned by comn1unities sucl1 as a family, village or tribe a11d described notably as "com111unal'' i11 a corporate entity called an agricultural con1 1nunity. Tl1is community is eitl1er a fanlily, village or a tribe and is given rigl1ts a11d duties of its own-rights and duties independe11t of those of its 1nembers. Tl1e ter111 ''commu11al ownership'' as a descriptio11 of the o\vnersl1ip of family, t village a11d tribal land is, therefore, out-of-date u11der the Code. I Agrict1ltural co1nmt1nities are not private associatio11s because they have ·not \ been created and given certain rights of personality by their own 1nembers,. an essential characteristic feature of private associatio11s. On tl1e otl1er extreme, agric ul tural_ comm11nities, although created and imposed on their n1e111bers by la\v, are . 0�� public ''perso11s'' because they carry out 110 public ft1nction, a11d 110 sucL1 ''personality has bee11 expressly conferred on them by law. Agricultural comm11nities are therefore bodies suis ge11eris In as mucl1 as tbe): 01 are_ cr�ations of the law, tl1ey �ay not b; ''di d ive dep r tly 1 co.nseque1 sso lved and '' their r1gL1ts of perso11ality by tl1eir membe rs. . ill 0rder �o mi11 i111ize unce1-tainties t e ulat reg �; wh icl� j11 ct1sto1n and tradition rigllts and duties of n1embers of the d lan l b tr f tra n dit a11 io1 d i 1al vil lage a1 ily a : � t s ' Code al_lows these members to 1 r1� r the i dra w up the ir 11 w J1ich o; i . cl�a n rte rs , e l and obl1gatio11s are t O be spe ·fi . . rtie . . A r e d c11ed. 111 particular certa111 1ten1s, listed un

306. 307.

Art. 1491(a) in conjuncti on with Art. 1492. Art. 149I(d) iI1 conjun ction with A.rt. 1492.

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ified in the cl1arters an d the provisions sp e be us t ro � 1, of Article 1492 observed 149 . drawing up. during their Ho wever, in view �f the fa ct_ tl1 at many of the commtinities concerned may riot tl1e1r charter in the foreseeable futt1re, particu up dr aw to e na g larly in the absence ina go he ad m , to tl1 e Code, throu�h the provisions of Article 11 or � _ � �� of 1492, aims . uses 111 ct1sto ab n1 a1? at rotlllDJJ Zing \1ses particularly coru1ected \vith the manageineiit . of tbe everyday affairs of commun1t1es. Although in the abse11ce of a charter :¥hi?h an agricultural community may draw up we do no t kn ow wh at tl1e organ1zat1on of such communities may look like, the C?de ens11 res tl1a� at least the race, religion or social condition of an in dividual _w_1ll 11?t be cons1dere� as a �actor disqt1al�fying hllll from taking part in the ad1;111rustrat1011 of tl1e affa1rs of 111s co111111unity. In this respect, the Code is innovative. Two n1odes of f,1rn1ing are e11v.isaged by tl1e Code, collective and individual. An agrict1ltural con1mt111ity 111ay adopt whichever 111ode it thinks fit, but 1uust 1 n its charter specify a111011g otl1er thi11gs, tl1e mode it l1as adopted. Most of the rights accorded to agricultural com.1n1111ities, for i11sta11ce, under Articles 1494-1495 (1), appear phrased pa.rtic11larly to facilitate collective farming. Basically tv\'O types of controls are imposed on agric11ltural communities. The first is in the nature of a limitation on the powers of agrict1ltural conununities (Articles 1493 (2), 1495 (1), 1498 (2) a11d 1500). The second type is exerted througl1 the appeal provisions of Article 1499. Of these controls, tl1e individual rigl1t of appeal is the most effective at tl1is poi11t in ti111e. . .. It n1u.st be 11oted that t111til st1ch a time as charters will be dra,vn up by agricultural communitjes and they start ''norn1al'' operations 11nder the Code, one cannot say \Vhether the Code arrangeme11t is, i11 economic ter1ns, the best, given what appear to be two contradictory concerns of the legislator: economic progress of agricultural communities and preservatio11 of their custon1s and traditions. The significance of A.rticles 1489-1500 for present purposes lies in their re1noving of vast stretches of land in the Empire from the_ ordinary application of the Civil Code. Although in this article we examined 011ly the con11nunities of Eritrea in order to illustrate the ki.J.1d of co111munities conten1plated by the legislator, it n1ust be emph asized that the so-called fa1nily land system which exists in Beg�1uedir, Gojjam,. Shewa (Shoa) and Welle is also governed by Artic�es 1489:1500._ In tl1ose a:� as. also, Articles 1489ff. vest tl1e ownership of the land 1n. question 10 abstract ent1t1es. called agricultural comn1u11ities. Recommendations The provisions of the Civil Code on agricult11ral communities in their present �orm make }jttle sense to a good ma 11y people, particularly to people called . �pon. 10 their day-to -day application. Iiideed this guess may be hazarded: the M1n1s�ry of _Interior may not hav e so far endeavoured to _get even the . more P: 0 gressxve agr1 c11Itural communities of the sedentary group whicl1 have. detailed codified cus tomary rules to red11 ce these into a charter si1nply because it may not have fully appreciated the meaning and purposes of Articles 1489-1500. 308 · 308 · o r, it n1ay simply lack the necessary ·finance an d personnel ·

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. VI - No. 1 L O V W A L N IA P IO II T E JOURNAL OF 1 t tl1e reader se1 pre to y ert lib the . en tak with o bas The p resent . �uth . �n atten1pt to clarify what t l1e Code sought to accom��e b . . p JS b ' . extra-legal ma.ter1a in h weve no o r, , t b may e 1 . r1a rea mat dily availabl s Thi . � d ishe mpl acco l1as a11d what it e , u read be sto nder ld u co od 1t that and n1ed . assu one profi ·r l t en ev e, on a ery ev bl to .· Y . • 1 e th ti on e ry A ve !t · d l1e re mhar1 he c at \'ers1on of . used The author n1 ust admit th d h a11 gl1s es E11 giv the 011e as tl s ou 1 e impressi big am as . ctly exa � is ich wh de, Co the on . ed uc od tr in g in be is g in rm fa e ty e iv at er op co that p w hor aut the s, ltie u c diffi ��ld recommend an amend nt ere inh the In view of ment of tlle Code pro,,isions on agric�lt11ral commun1t1es. The specific measu res for the attainme11t of this objective are listed below.

1. The Ministry of Interior mu st take the initiative to l1 ave tl1e Code amended a11 d to transfer its duties to the Ministry best fit to carry them out under present governn1eutal arrangement. 2. 111 view of the fact that the Ethiopian Government has chosen the Minis try of Land Reform and Adm.inistratio11 to carry out a land reform programme, 309 agricultural communities are best entrusted to it. The Code in its an1ended form should tl1erefore, substitute this 1ni11istry for tl1e Mi11istry of Interior for the carry ing out of the duties now contai11ed i11 Articles 1490 and 1498. The Ministry of Land Reform is the appropriate Ministry to carry out the duties now imposed on tl1e Ministry of Interior because agricultural co1nmunities have bee 11 created by the legislator as a meas ure of a land reform, a purely transi tio11al measure to facilitate the evolution of some kind of individual ownership. 3.

4. Although, as we have seen in Part One, great disandvantages are said to exist in the traditional ''communal tenure'' systems, the Code's choice must carefully be understood by tl1e Ministry of Land Ref orn1, the recommended ''care-taker" of agricultural communities. In this respect, particu lar attentio11 should be paid to the expose des motifs of the drafter to avoid 11ot only a duplication, but also a con tradiction of policies regarding other more desirable arrangeme11ts. 1munitie s 5 . Tl1ere is one i11novation of the Code concernino con agricultural O upon which the Ministry of La11d Reform could capitalize i11 order to ft1lfil its dut! _es0 of ensuring the establishme11t and 1nai11tenance of registers of in1 111 ovable propert y. J'. We ba �e see11 that tl �e. ownersl1ip of traditional fan1ily, village and tribal laud is u . h s o, s vested _ 1� abstract �11t1 t1es, �Iuch could now be easily registered a vn�r T d tl1e M1 n1stry may simply register tl1 e 11a111 es of the fa11uly, vi.ll,1ge and tribal Ian n to Ia e11titled nd leave the problen1 of who is a me111 ber of st1c]1 co111n1 u11ities a_ ? 111unt· com such right to the conimunities then1 selves. Tl1e nan1es of tl1 e n1en1bers of _ ? ties is, therefore, irreleva11t for the purpose of registering tl1eir laud. 311 n .. 6· It is the avowed aim of tl1e Go,1er11111e11t i 11 its Second Fi,,e Year Pla ds var to, "' is ct to _' make land tei1ure uniform in tl1e En1pire. 1 11e directio11 in this respe

l '

I Min.isters (Definition of Pov.,er N . o 46 er rd o s) , (A 18 n1 en d . n1 e11t No. 2) Order, 1966, Art }leg. Gaz., year 25, no. 23 . 310. le!., A.rt. 18(f). 311. Imperial Ethiopian Govern . 55-1 959) EC.) J963· 111ent, Seco11cl Five ),,.ear Develo_p1ne11t Plan (19 52, P· 1967 G· c) noJt · , 1962, PIJ, 326-329. Con11Jare Lawre • e nce and Mann, cited above at 315.

309.

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wh ich we ten hav ure e , see . n is al the mo st idu pre val ent for di· m v of t J·n . ure. Given en ,, t mu _ com na1 enure'' w1·11 be transformed into individual tenure tha t , hen t an d th� firs ste as a t p e to ves. t tl1e ownership of the lan d 1·n quest·1011 1n choic Code's an . ·dua I'' abs trac t en1·1 1 Y, th M • e . 1n1stry of La nd Reform, the organ in charge ''ind1v1 of _ tak e the following steps concerning agricultural communities. land reform, must 7. It must e� de_avor to induce agricultural com.mu11ities to draw up their own cha rter. Unless . this 1s . done, tl1e steps taken by the Code will remain itleffective for a long period of t11ne. • 8. The Mi11istry cot1ld profitably use M. David's invaluable draft as a model charter wliich it cot1ld easily reproduce and distribute in the areas governed by Articles 1489ff. 9 . The distribttt��o of this ''model charter'' is mainly for the purpose of in forming the co!-11mt1n1t1es concerned as to their ''new'' mode of living, and parti cularly to proVIde a concrete example of a kind of charter whicl1 they may draw up. 10. Once this distribution is carried out and the communities concerned suffi ciently ''briefed," they could either be asked to draw up a similar charter, a diffi cult undertaking, or to select persons wl10 cot1ld represent them in the drawing up of their charters in cooperation with the Ministry of Land Reform, perhaps an expensive process. 11 . The amendment of the Code must, in other respects, be governed by two major consideration: tl1e classification of the concepts used and a re-introduction of some provisions of the earlier draft. 12. Among other thi11gs, the one offending word in Article 1489 likely to be, and to have been, a sot1rce of confusion and uncertainty, ''collectively'', may be elnninated without fear of destroying anything. Article 1489 may, thus, read. ''Land . . . shall be exploited in accordance with custom and tradition.'' That, indeed, was the intention of the legislator. 13. In view of the fact that the purpose of Article 1490 may not be realised in the foreseeable futt1re, even under the dedicated guidance of the Ministry of La.nd Reform, some of the provisions of the earlier draft may be re-introduced to supply flesh to the skeleton provisions of the Code. 14. In this respect, the provisions on the assembly of family heads, a�n_ong other things, may be re-introdt1ced leaving the quoru� an� the f�rmal dec1s1on adopting techniques to tl1e commtmities concerned_ which, g1v�n the1r bac��ro11nd, wou ld certainly wish to operate on a much more informal basis_. The prov1s1on on "colle ctive farming'' may fruitfully be introduced to offe_r alternatives as to �ow land �ay be cultivated, thus perhaps laying the founda�1ons for the evolution of _a kind of cooperative farming, the techniqt1e most likely to promote econoIDic produ ctivity in view of the relatively less ge11erot1s natural endowments of the northern communities, at least. 15. Th· e Code, under its amended version, may require agricultural ommunities � to draw up their charters. Tllis, it is suggested, mar be used only 1f no other measure can be used because it is likely to breed disrespect for !�e law as tbe :ode will definitely remain a dead letter for many of the communities concern · ed. ··-It is submitted that the above measures must and can be U11dertaken right away.

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APPENDIX A. In . 1. 11a1 or1g section present

ft ra D l a in g ri O e th m o fr ts rp Exce :1 les -89 tic 14 0 Ar 50 see in. tJ1e light of the to r de rea e 1 t1 le ab en to _ order ons together with t v1s1 n pro va. rele tl1e \V belo t sen pre ' ll sha e , ,-.. v• · , thei·r dr,af· t • · n igi al h e or ch t ren of ion lat p ns text is by the tra sh gli En e Th headings. author.

''Section I. The charter of Agricultural Communities Art. 1. Existence of an agricultural Community [Tl1e text is identical with Article 1489 of the final draft] The charter of the agricultural con1n1unity shall contain i11dication s proper to identify the con1munity to wbicl1 it applies.

Art. 7. Members of the Community (I) All persons, ,vithout distinction of sex or age, who have their habitual reside11ce on land belonging to a community and ,vho live principally by tl1e ex ploitatio11 of sucl1 la 11d shat[ be considered as the men1bers of tl1e agricultural COIllffi Uill ty. (2) A person does not lose this quality of me1nbership in a comm11nity \·vhere being instructed or for the service of the Etl1iopian state provisionally fixes his reside11ce iI1 another place. (3) All agreen1ents contrary to the provisions of tl1is Article shall be nuIJ. Art. 8. Identification of land The charter of the commu11ity s11all specify tl1e orga11s of tl1e community, and in particular, the manner of composition of the assembly of tl1e con1munity, the date and conditions under w11ich it is convoked.

Art. 12 Mode of exploitation and measure of collectivisation ing The charter of tl1e commu 1 1ity s11all specify t·h e manner in wbicl1 la11d accord . to its nature [Ies terres selon let1r natt1re], will be exploited, a11d the degree to . wh1cl1 property, and the work of tl1e men1bers will be sl1ared. Art. 13. Private allotment of land The charter sl1all fix the basis and duration of allotn1e11ts of la11d for the private enjoyme11t of members. Art. 14. Common enjoyment of land on lDl con . The charter sl1all eq11ally fix tl1e man 11er .i1 1 wl1icl1 propert)' left for m· co of enJoymerit shall be exploited, a11d the tin1e a11d man11er for the divisio11 mon products (produits] or revenues. Section Il. The Organs of the Com n1unity Art. 21. Prohibited derogations o]]}· (1) All rules \Vhich create a . c . . the of ers d" b men1 1scr1:1111nat10 11 tt1e be betwee11 mu ·ty based 011 race, religion all 5b rs nb e or 1ne 1 so cia l condition [sociale] of nul��

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AGRI�ULTURAL COMMUNITIES AND THE CIVIL CODE

?) Similarly, all rules wl1ich lead to the deprivation of a fa m1·1y of a11 repre( ass em bly or , wh ich the res tric t in its rights to freely' choo se _t on · tati · s. representa1 . s en ers o mem b e f the com1nuruty shall be 11ull. h t ng amo s tive (3) All rul�s which permit n1embers of the community to be represented by a allow strangers to take part in the votes of the assembly wh 1ch or r, nge stra of the . ll e 11 b n ll 1a sl ty ni nu nu co Art. 35. Recourse against a decision of the assembly

(1) All men:bers of a commun�t� n1ay, not withsta11ding agreements to the contrary, atta_ck 1n C?l1rt all tl1e dec1s1ons of the assembly where they are not j 11 confor1nity with or violate the law or tl1e cl1arter. Art. 38. Alienation and mortgage

(1) The con1munity 111ay 11ot alienate, mortgage or give antichresis on land belonging to it except ,vith the authorisatio 1 1 of the Minister of Agriculture.. Art. 40. Usucaption

(1) A men1ber of tl1e comml1nity or a stranger may not usucape land. belonging to an agricultural community. Art. 44. Contracts and lawsuits (I) An agricultural commu11ity may conclude contracts [contrats] through the intermediary of its representatives. (2) It may, through the intermediary of its representatives, sue or be sued. Art. 47.. Responsibility of the Community

(1) An agricultural comm11nity is responsible for the aots and omissions of its

administrators [gerants] and employees whe11 these acts or omissions were comniitted in the execution of ft1nctions incun1bent upo11 tl1e admi11istrators or employees, and they have incurred liability.

(2) The community is similarly held liable where it is unjustly enriched. (3) The provisions of the title Other Sources of Obligation shall apply to s11ch cases. Art. 48. Creditors of a Community or of its members

(I) The creditors of an agric11ltural community n1ay seize [saisir] . tl1� mova�ls property of the community wlucl1 is not indispensable for tl1e explo1tat1on of 1te land or the maintenance of its members. the of ion isat hor a11t the _(2) h wit ept exc y ty The per pro y �r ma e oth not seiz . Minister of A g ric11lture. (3) Creditors of the members of the co111IDunity have no rigl1t over· the pro perty of the community. Section IV. Rights and obligations of the members of the Com.munity Art. 49. Role of the assembly (I� The assembly of the community shall fix the mode of exploitation of land belongrng to the community.

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d n la le b a iv lt cu f o n o ti a it Art. 54. Right of explo nt me r ot fo all te iva the benefit of pr o i11t d ide div be y ma d 1 lai mem(l) Arable bers of the community. on m in ed m at co . iv lt cu be , nd ha r he ot e th on , ay m (2) It n io at iv lt cu ng ni er nc co s on ti ec ir D Art. 61. (1) The assembly of an agricult11ral commu1 1ity may .. . decide the mode of c ultivation to be followed. (2) A beneficiary of a lot s� all be held to cultivate it conformably to the clirectives wl1 ich he has thus received. Art. 64. Common Cultivation. 1 Principle (I) Wl1 en land is to be c11Itivated i n .common, �he assembly of a community sl1all fix tl1 e obligations of each member 1n that which concerns the cultivation.

I I

Section V. Control of an agricultural Community [No provisio11s appear to l1ave been taken from this section]

B. Discrepancies between the various versions of the Code.

! I I

1489. The Amharic version contains a term which is absent in both the English and Frencl1 versions. Tl1e term is given in parenthesis, and is ''desh'', Amharic for desa or sl1e/1ena, the village land system. Tl1us, Article 1489 in Amharic starts out

Art.

land'' is also used. ' Note tl1e sense of both the Amharic and French versions: land shall be ex- I plaited collectively if it appears to conform to the c11stom and tradition of the comn1unity concerned. Art. 1490 The Amharic and Fre11ch versions are not as strongly worded as the Englist.; / '' · · · shall take steps to ensure'' is an erroneo11s translation of ,, • • • s'efforcer t d'obte11ir ... '', ''... shall endeavour to obtai 11 ...." Art. 1490 , , t . (c) ''Authorised representative'' must read ''tl1e organs qualified to rep� esen: Note fuat altholtgh the wordi11 g of S11barticle(d) in all versions gives the impresst00 fllat ·· ''other reso� rces'' mea11s reso11rces other than land wl1a is really 111eaiit, as ,ve t , have seen, 18 reso11rces otl1er tl1a11 c11ltiv able Ia11d. Art. 1492 ,, per· The Amharic for ''social ' us conclitio 1 1'' may be tra11slated as ''social stat haps better co11veying what tl1e drafter had in mind. Art. 14,93 er oth . (2) Tl1e requirement o tw the n · l of a ''writte11 pern1ission'' is abse11t versions of tlie Code. - 196 --

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Art. 1494 (l) ''authorised representative'' is a mis-translation of ''intermed1ar · .y of 1·ts organs." Art. 1495 Note that this article ha s a Subarticle (3) contained in the corrigenda, p. 583 of · . . ,, . the Code. . (2) The ''wr1ttet1 perm1ss1on requirement is absent in . the other versions. Art. 1496 The Amharic version for the first time uses a term which gives correct indica tions of the ''la11d'' contemplated under this provision. The term is ''development,, of land, always used in connection with cultivable land. Art. 1497 (I) Tl1e French for ''exploited collectively'' is ''framed in common''. The Amha • vague. ric is (2) Note the French ''diverse lands'' (diverses terres) indicating that what is contemplated is all community land. Art. 1498 (I) The two otl1er versions do not impose a positive duty 011 the Ministry of Agriculture. The words used are ''to endeavour to obtain'' (s'efforcer d'obtenir). (2) Note that ''some usages'' is a translation of ''some of these [customs]''. The first ''custom'' must be in the plural. Art. 1499

In the French original, u11like the Amharic and English versions, the relation ship of Articles 1499 and 1500 is one of principle and specific application, and are entitled '' 1. Principle'' and ''2. Public Order'' respectively. Article 1500 must be entitled ''Recourse to the courts''. (2) The requirements of the latter part. of this Sub-article are cumulative. ''Or justice'' should read ''and justice''. Art. 1500 Note that this article appears to i11dicate who the ''interested party'' i� under Article 14 99. This party seems to be non e otl1er than a member of an agricultural commu n.ity.

BIBLIOGRAPHY TABLE OF LAWS Civil Code of the Empire of Ethiopia, 1960, Proc. No.. 165, Neg. Gaz. year 19, No. 2. Ministers (Definition of Powers) (Amendment No. 2) Order, 1966, Order No. 46, Neg. Gaz., year 25, No. 23. Revised Constitution of Ethiopia, 1955, Proc. No. 149, Neg. Gaz., year 15, No. 2· TABLE O F CASES Aregawie N aizgie v. Arega Menkir (Sup. Imp. Ct., 1959, Civ. App. No. 111/59) (unpublished). - 197 -

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e l1 ab re zi r Des ta (S·up. g eb E G ch at zm ra G v al · · et • · . Imp. · Ct Kes We Ide S ellass1e d e ) . sh li b u p 11 (u ) 9 /5 2 8 . o N . p p A . iv C , 9 5 9 1 e y . fa l. et a es T ta (Sup. a l1 a B v. t Imp. a h eb S s ia sk Ct., 1957) , E d n a t a h eb S Teferra J . Etfz. L., Vol. 2, p. 202. an id re K eb ha (Sup. Imp. G ra � ra Ab ba lam Ba v. n hi ed l\1 e br Ge sie lla Welete Se , Ct. ). ed l1 1s bl u np (u 9) /5 31 10 o. N . pp A . iv C 1959,

OTHER BIBLIOGRAPIDC MATERIAL l

. 1

Amha Tsion Domenico, Alloca tiori of Consolidated units: !11dividua l or Co,1ununa f (1967, unpublisl1ed, Arcl1ives, Library, Faculty of Law, Haile Sellassie I Unive rsity). Be11ti-Enchill, K., ''Do Africa11 Systems of Land Te11ure Require a Sp ecial Terminology," J. Afri. L., Vol. 9, 1965, p. 137. British Military Adn1inistratior1, Races and Tribes of Eritrea (Asmara, 1943). Buff, S., A Ke;, to La11d Refor 1n i11 Ethiopi a: An lntrocli,ction to Ca dastra/ Sur,,ey a1·1cl Lc111cl Registr ation (1962, u11published, Arcl1ives, Library, Faculty of Law, Haile Sellassie I University). Carbonnier, J., Droit Civil. Tom II - Les Bie11s et /es Obligations (Paris, Presses Universitaires de France, 1957).

Ci1sto111arJ' Latt, of Al(kele Guzai (English translation in p,trt by Alemseged Tesfaye, unpublisl1ed, Archives, Library, Faculty of Law, Haile Sellassie I University). Ci1sto1nar;1 La1,v of Logo C/1ewa (English translation by Yohannes Habte SeUasie, unp11 bljshed, Arcl1ives, Library, Fac11lty of Law, riaile Sellassie I University). Ci1sto111ary Lalv of Serae (English translation by Tesfa Tsion Medbane, unpublished, Arcl1ives, Library, Faculty of Law, Haile Sellassie I University). David, R., ''A Civil Code for Ethiopia: Considerations on tl1e Codification of the , Civil Law i11 African Countries,' Tul a ne La »' Revie»', Vol. XXXVII, 1963, No. 2, p. I 93. Co1111tze11taire clu titre: De la Corporiete, De /' Us1,ift·i,iit, et des Auire s Droits Reels (C. Cil'. 43) Document C. Civ. 45 (1965, unpublished). Expose des Motifs et Con1menta ire des doci1me11ts C. Civ. 59 et C. Gil'. 1 R�latifs au Don1c1i11e Public, a l'ExJJropriatio,1, et a /'Exploitatio11 Collec tive e s B1e11s, Docume11ts C. Civ. 63 (1957, 1111 )ublished). 1 e, ar ''Les Sotirces du Code Civil Etl1iopien'', Revi ,e J11ter11atio11ale de droit Conip , 1962, p. 497. des et Expose cles Motifs et Co111111e11taire di, s titre: Des Persor111es M·�ral (t957, Patri,n� ines d'Affectation. (Doci1111e11t C. Civ. 36), Docu111e1zt C. Civ. e37 unpublished). • 115 and Debebe Worku' T.'h e L a11d 1,.,.,e11ure · 11;, 11111 n . Con1 Syste111 i11 A1e/c/(a ra Yesi1s · , L'b 1 rar) " '' E�'JJ(fiects 01z th e A grzcu · ltura/ Con1n1u,1ity (1965' unpublished' Archives Facuity of Law, Hai·1e s e11as . s 1e I University). . . • 01111c o11 De1n1ss1e Gebre Michae1' A u . c E to e ibi1t o rar r a z n Co11t Reform: A Proposa l to . . . De'le Iopm . ent in Ethzopza (1954, unpubl ished, U1 1iversity Library).

( / )

l 1

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AGRICLTURAL COMMUNITIES AND Tl-IE CIVIL CODE

''Sirat 'Adkeme Milga' - A Native Law Code D. , 11, 11so 1ca 0u1 of Eritrea," Africa, . No. Vol. ' Progress i11 La11 d Refor,n: Fourth Report U N , a11 d O !L , (New York, 1966). fAO African Africitlti,ral Develop,nent: Rejlectio,1s in the UN , an d O A Major Lines of f Aclva nce and the Barriers t o Progress (New York, 1966). Gebre '\Vold I11gid � � ork, ''Ethiopia's Traditio11al System of Land Tenure atld Taxation'' , Etl11op1a Observer, Vol. V, No. 4, p. 302. Girma Sellasie Araya, Usz,1caption of .Fan1ily Land i111cler Etlziopian Law (1968 ' u11_ pttblished). Haile Micl1ael � ebede, Th� I,np� ct of La11d Terzi1re on Lane/ Usage in Ethiopia (I 966, 1111published, Arcl11ves, Library, Faculty of Law, l-Iaile Sellassie I University.) Hoben, A., ''Land Ten�1re �11d So�ial Mobility amo11g the Damot A1nhara,'' Paper delivered to the t �1:fd 1nter11atto11al confere11ce of Ethiopian stt1dies (1966). Tl1e Role of Amb1l111eal Descent Groups i11 Gojjam Amhara Social Organization (Miol1jgan U11iversity Miciofil1ns, I11c, A1111 Arbor, 1963). ' Krezeczl1nowicz, G., Extra - Co11tractual .Liability: Draft Commentary 011 Title XIII, CJ1apter l , Etl1iopia11. Civil Code (1965, unpubljshed). ''Statutory Interpretatio11 in Ethiopia'', J. Eth. L., Vol. 1 (1964), p. 315. de Laubadere, A., Traite Ele111entaire de Droit Ad1ni11istratif (3rd. ed., Paris, Libraire Generale de droit et de Jurisprudence, 1963). Martin - Pannetier, A., Ele1ne11ts D' Analyse Comparative cles E tablisseme11ts Publics (Paris, Libraire Generale de droit et de Jurisprudence, 1966). Mazeaud, H., L. a11d J., Leco1 1 s de Droit Civil: Tome Pren1iere (211d ed., Editions Montchrestien, 1959). Mengesha W orkneh, Agrarian Stri1cture and Agrarian Refor,n iri Ethiopia (1961, unpublished, Archives, Library, Faculty of Law, Haile Sellassie I University). t Mesfin Wolde Mariam, S0111e Aspec ts of La11d Ow11 ersl1ip in Ethiopia. (1965, unpublished, Archives, Library, Faculty of Law, Haile Sellassie I University). Nadel, S., Land Tenure 011 t/1e Eritrean Plateai, (Asmara, 1944). "Notes on the Berri Amer Society," Sudan No tes and Recorcls Vol. XXVI, Part I, 1945. Nebiyelul Kifle and others, Land Tenz1re Syste111 s in . Ethiopia a11cl Analysis of the Refor,ns undertaken (1966, unpublished). Ostini, F., Diritto consuetudenario cle/l'Eritrea (Asmara, 1957, English Translation in part by Tesfa Tsion Medhane). Pankhurst, R., ''Italian Settlement Policy in Eritrea and its Repurcussions, 1 8 891896," Bosto12 University Papers in African History, Vol. I, 1964. State and Lc111 d i11 Et/1 iopian 1-Iistory (Addis Abeba, 1966). J J Planiol, M. and Ripert, G., Treatise on the Civil Law (11th. ed., 1938) (translation, Loujsiana State Law Institute, 1959), Vol. 1, pt. 1. Seifu Tekle Mariam , Consolidatio11 of Fragme11 ted Holcli11gs i11 C?mmunal La, �d Tenure _ Areas (1967, unpublished, Archives, Library, Haile Sellass1e I University). Yohanne Heroui un65, (19 s tem SyS l ega 1 a1 i Afr irz 1: p sl1i ner o�v � , Tl1e Co11cept of � • . ptibl1sbed, Arcllives, Library, Haile Sellass1e I U111verSity). . Zegeye Asfaw a11d Team Beye11e, Report 011 Tigre Province (1967, unpublished). �

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'J° .' ilil.OWJ'PA • nI.uf�u = 1111111 = (ti1::rA1 ) oh.:,-r-�,: m-il'I' OAOWJ'1-, P'� f."1 ! �i� I qoo-1· : cJv-'l'C s !t 11 : ;Jl :1: rm11J h'P� ! .,,..'l'C : if�i/Iiif:lil : q- ']°- 'l.?6 2 h.1--l·Ct;7i'i'A : :f'J°OC : b•O : flOI/.Cil 1 :}·h(l.1i1 : }'1.:;i : h.1'19° ' }'1.6:(�--1:1"1 2 i't.1 : "'fC'(l.il 1 i-0 = �.oil--rOJJ.1:r- , <xux:1u> =1 3 1 11.1 ' 01/.hfLfl 1 (Iiif!lfi) :1 -:i•t h. 1-�il , c::.c , il h (1. 1--t:fi 1 �1-1 = �1.e. : cil t-1 fl1 x :rhil : h. (hi',u-1 : n;-,.1\ : c-11, 1.,1J.1. , hCilT'1 fl1 1 ,f•-fltr- : f"'l.m+il) 11 4 --L•f,ftc 1 1,.1�il·1·6 : :rhil : h»h1l9°'T1i1 • h.1 1 --cr-t•f 1 6fl 1 (Iilf9%) 11 (hi',IJ-1 ' O�I\ 1 i:f,ftc • Tilflo = r"'l.m��il) =1 5 h : r 'l'l'l-1· • 1'il+ 11 f,11 s § : .,, 'l'C .. ! a:,• qo • � fii f.'fl ;Jl ! • · t:i 'l;J ! : 'P� .,,..'l'C if.2!i /I'iif:l; C-f·:J-A u 1

- 201 -

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{ , qon : ' l l '>{\; : : fl,f ) i',9 it'} <#>"} .. .. Dl j!O • h : · .-f : /rlJr jP : · 1 1C9l ''i�� }t);,{l : }: Y:lfl : h'r:,,9° : °l•flC : '1'1 : ,,eirc;tr :: htl.. U?° : (11\,,e, : tl'J{l;J--mct,rm· : lt4'.-f1t\-ttD• : Fir : 00 *!1:9° : ''hll&.�1.: -- • . : : : h1C ' oon.'."?1:.f :'' h<D·61,b (Dj! tt.:, v A"! : n.1fl· : h1--9°�-h : f°tlf I' :, : <f>l'r .,, : 1,1-'tlf� = a.mfl1�' 1 Oar6lh Jt1c = 1-1.1':f = n•t- 00LPl1::1 . r11.l!·: .�·c:e;,r::;.. : (D•{l'I': t,..:,•r-kfm•f"} : ,-,,q?,-.,,e: ODlf"} : i',t\'1:rw•: fOl/.ftlD''}: I :11 °1 f'l1?-'} = t,t-i'la. (lODooAn,)·· f°tlPtrn:i• = 0Dlf�1 = ·1Ai ¾ n,1·1·1,0- = .-)•c� = flht{.A mf... m•61,b = i',1c ool\h = f°t:rA oorr�1 f.,f.'1'?.:JA:: 'fl/fl:J--mcl!.flD·: r 01.. f11l°llllD·: ''ft'/1t,1� : m:J> OIJ. : OD{lt\n: (l:J-- r.,), : 'I'C'1t:. 1 r ,, 'I· , " 11 r, , 11;: , ., o c " r, 1 } , h{I •I·, r :J· 'C , m· ti� , "11 , "'11 , .,, .., .e.<PJ.J'Y.c"J, : 1,A ..t-·11t?t9° :: 7 \110. : °l·flC : 'l'I : h'JP"lf�. : f:J--(1{1••)· : i',,'tfl : 1-- c:119':f : I ,(l:1= : ', fl �-- :: f., U : (l&, : i', ',,;J1C : f°tm(l"} o :,, : oo"}1,e_-- : {1 ti'/ {l: rlD ''! .f(D• : m·� '1\ : i'l.f.,1°71j9° :.: '11C : "}"}' : (1(11/(1:J--OJcf!.f'OJ• : lD·il'I' : h1-- 9°?-h: 01•flC : �� : ht\= Uo(f '} : f01l'-i"ll0J· : h�A : h1a. : °1 l1C fOI/.ff..C1a>•"} : h�A: flllf..r 7i ·liA 'llIJ• ,nfto t1--l·'IOO· = i','l,;11�- .em'lA = /\°'ll\:,-- ,e:;1:1\A .... h1 ;9°'r•h : °l·flC : '1'1 : ilftaol f"} : 'fOIJ..'11llD· : h'i:A I h-? 0(: : ovh&.A: �'I: ff.l'JOJ•: ll''t,.."fitlim· :'' fiPJ.. lll:,,oo ....),"} : ou}1.t;9l':.}"-- : ',ro· 1 f,U¥°: h'l(l: ( 0 1·flC: .,, : {l(\OD(f"}: f°2.'t1l(IJc: i'," }cf>7'' : ''"f�1t:?J':.f :'' fl.A: 4-•0tli9'1'i: · 1 'fl/fl rl: : 'lro• : t\•.f'o'1 : f.,1-,.l\A:: Oil.I\ : Oh·t\ : ,_°1'1° -, fJ-t'P:�: : Ok : il�;J1C: ' 'l,"}f.tt.U : O,n'lO· : frf, ro(l', : i'l_f_,f...1\9° : {l<PJ..A : ou"}1J?;.•: (ltJ1/i'1:.rlD'�.C'lD·: {10'1/ a..r: W-il'I' : r 01..1·rro-1: ''tt.U1t--l:: m:1'°1.. : OD{l/\(D• : (1;:r�,1, : .. r�·tt:9'1" :'' f0'1./\�•: : h.�,;J'lC : UDlPl �• : {1"1JJ?;.•lOJ : O'J{l:J•l1Jcf: ('(D- : ?,.. ,(ltt}?J:,f,"} : ;fl:f : . f u --o t}f.,l 1 • fl,ft ,} 19 : TC':1t:$P•l- - : f ,n:i'Al\A : f 07.A : hChC: t\.4'C•f1: f,':f/\A ... : r 1 J{l mcf f OI ; ! a • : f°2..f7i(l11 : :1·c�oit : f.fl'l{l-1· : 9''h'Jf·r : ''fP'/,· : ll,� ODt1Jfl6bJ. 1,1:{ = ,),"1 : lf'r : ill\t\lD" 1 : 'lm· :: o'lil:J"lD<l!flD· : , o;J!m·1 : ,11� 'I! : l�•ffl»"I'· : f'llllID· : }'1 f.,ooflA9', :: f 'l{ll ro• : � ;J'I' : J-t{l1,v,�:',:,• : f1'}1i·O ' .: . : · fl ; .:; P 1:-,; li c; fl,fl-019° : ' {'OD'}"J I· : 'll\P't\ ll]i . : ..(lll,t\o':.f ; ,'h1:i · : r�-,-�"1 · . ':_ =: e ·l·m·1: P'A"11 : fCll/.n1 cf> oo-(1:f•: ''fP-'lr ' II�: OD" ft6Ii'' J, : (I DlJ'�·: 11:1 , 1JJJ� ! J

= ,,..

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11 I\&\. :: {lfl!LU : i,_cf> t,.l(l• : f'?J?;.• : i\•}f,. : ,),o} : °lt\�'C,,• : fO'J f7i' /

il. t\'Ill ln .:1•9 :: °

...,..., 202 -

(JlJ[J''}'

f,IJ ¥° : 11�,nc: : .,, : UOlf"} : P't- : h+J! 00 l0T : 1..1·1, : it'JP'.f', : hi't9°ilT '¼ ODT : itf,OA '1'9° :: �1;J1,0J• : f,U"} : iJY:A : f1,.:1,1 : P't-9'7£- : hOD"l(\1.,9° : fi/\f, : iJ�• t\' 1 1Lf11- = fOIJ..l-1\•:i·• = n .f'Jll = O.f'}il = ngin. = ft1.:1,f,nc = roi'.J:'k� = JP&-'l11' : oolJ''i:f OJ•'} : f\uoj!oot.r : "l,IL : .J.1,'J"l�A :: P't-91:f. : "11 : ''it-'til : nl\ : flP/.(;\ : f.. "},fl : fl�'"},:J1,lD·: lD·il'r: itA,..1'1'�9° u !f:!J:oo• : , q;f�ro OD(f"} :'' f f lll\1t1J nY:1;,1.ro· 00 tPl:,.. = OFt- l\f, f,f,f �-c�:,- = n"l,nc f\oo lf1 : f;:,:A : 'lfiC : OI/l\•l·· : 'lllr :: f..''J;J1,lD• : fiilt�§ : q. 9°- 01/ll;J-- w CD·ll'I': fOI/..1'1: 0.lf19°: 0.f1il : fii't"}f..': l'l�': "lA ?; tf: f,OA 'r: ..tlC:1fC: ,. }tt!\'1fil9'1 :: OIJ{l:f"lD'l!fW• : fn9°ll,..1: : quo:,- : 1.tL : oo,f,mC : fD?.-,:.9°lro· : f\.A ¾ Y..--1,:,1,lD' = "11 : P't-ar : ''w·mT : 0'/"lf•l" = hj!oolfi"1' : 1.1·1, 'llD' ''P't.CJr : hrt- :e:uolO,.l· : 1..tf. : ',(De: f,/\A'' :: iil\tLU : fi',9°il:,.. : '}ODirf: : 1.ft: P't-CJr : T(:� : IP/�,:,- : hluoln:,.. : 1..1·L : fik,.l ' : f°t)!ODC : ll.V''J : J!,1� '\t!\ :: J!,U : hlf', : h�-OC : .,, : ODlf"} : f°lflmlD' : 'r:,,9° : noom',- : fl.'f'',{l : f,-:fl\A : OIJ{\T : ',ID• ::

= .,, =

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9 � h 1,:,1,lD' O/\f. 00011'1 froll)ro•. m"l = Oiflijr ill\ 1n. "1,nc : faJIIJW'": Jt<p� : ',W• :: On<f'Jf.: '114'?.' : Iil (u) : ODIPl:,- : Ft-: noo:e=oo?- = Ok:,.: hgfit : fi't...:,.. : -OC : fOT/f'Jil : '1"C:J'A : fiA O'JT : Ft- : l\f, : f'Pl\--T : tt�il : fh.1�- ilTt t fTlr1il;rc:,-- c; : fO'JlJY:1 : P't-?11.. : Ft- : n)!oo?-n:,- : 1.lt : it1il·f-- : 1,llh : n9°ilT : quo:,, : Y:lll : h10. : �11C : 'l'I : J!,V''ii\.• :: ill\ tlU: "11' : f°lUOl\ti,f'lD• : ''itJtil:'' P'lr'J : OD(f',-'}'i : fi,f'tJ;tO'Jt9°: 111f(lc : Ot!\OI/T : Fir : UO'PA : fl\OT : Fir : tioo:e:oo?- : nk:,.. : ODIJ'',-"} : h1Jl tr 9°: fit9°ilT: quo:,- : 1..1·L : f°t.cf,mlro- : P't- : h.-f,:e:ooln:,• : 1..ft : h'J{l,f--: ODlf',- : "ll\?; : lf'i : «pC!l.A :: 9°"}9° : 1,"}\!."} : 1, ', J·LU : rr l\-- : r:i,c, --9° : 1'"1C= f°ttt'P?- : 0.lf'1-9° : hf:"},:J1,lD• : .e,nA 'I' : it'Pjf. : frf'11t-t- : ODIJ'',- : hf.'1! f:9° :=

n+�O'Jt = n'J'I'?; Ill (u) = l\1111 11 = oitri,r?- = ta1::J-- l\-- ro'1J,. 00f..L 1-- '} = f°tfitf, : IP/lll1f'i : P't-lD· : ooloo?-"} : fO'/..fhl� : O'J{l:J'lD'l!f = Fir m- : n+toolflT: {lrPl\"l : +1 : ro·ll'P : h1Jt"1C-0 : flfA :: fitLU : l1..f: : 01/..t l):,..?- = 9°CtwJ. : '1A+(lmlD'9° :: cf!'l'C : ID = fO'/..l\lD· = Ft-lD' = ''••• .,, = f.lY 10 'if.\ �m• : (it'Jnc>ro· : ff./r(LlD' : ',lD•):: .cf?'l'C: Ill : fO'/..fHlD' : O•lt- :; "''DJ,./.\,Y.. : h+11 : �"} : P't rro· : h�-OC : 'l'I : f,lf'iA ::

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8 9

�;,&T : .�tt."I s ,t;:.;: : '-}oo..-,.. ! .,,._"l'C : ti ! 11, : ii : (1il.f�ii) ,: flilf!lr : '¼- '/°- her� : lf>'-"l'C : jif{;>j: ! �.,?&:,• I .,?IL"I I {i?; I

htt..r (I)«

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-(Jilf9:'haa .. : : f1 'JH"fl t+ ti ,ij(t\) : 1"l 'l t OIJ.til:, -;.. fl ° O ' g: w : ll oY.1:, = w 1 1 P' t = t. = •*«1?'1° •'J = Ofll/tii� l\.e, i +c-06'.'1· i�-0 {llJlP ''1' 1: � = :,• = no = foY.1� f'J"lf: = P't. = P't-m·'J = �ortil4-4-:,• = h1't9 °il:,. = ou..y.. = n..u = rti.:,.. 1lc� 11 fi\'lo: 11li•O: OJIJJ. : 1tf:C1 : ··· '' P't-OJ•"} : o,4>1'A: f"}'} : P't-: ''h.(}h'' �? °il..1·· : a, ou:,. ·: f:lil : h1fl.. : CSJ-OC : '17 : ,. hiP/f:t.'? = f.,-:f-1'.A : (l't'lhC!'� : fJ!t.(L(I)• : 'Im·) ,t-6b1tJJJt01• = P't. ''ll-O:r01• = t-(tc'J f:Fh : Y,:·c�,)=r tr'i r1-hr 9° = f'lti-O = {/IJ1'f1•n = f.,11 = '' 00P't -:,. = 1th fl:,. == h"l•nc aiz.,e. -(u) : frl 1.. '111(J}c : rOTJo;J� t.1m·: )t,�.o- : ''-fbQ,01/t: P't . ='' ,,{l:_f!: 'llD" :: m:,, : "l�;J-- : flH.U : 1.. f·f.9° : Ul16«7''1° : 1th0T:: n1.,1 (h) : DDt.J.Jl:,- : '? '}: °2.� ll7-�. f"l-OC : .,,., :,.. = roiz.omm· nt..:P�- = 'Inc == oY..til:,•-;.. = 6«�,;.; f°!� mm·: i','}�-: fl°2.rt': fl°2.f4'C,,flhT: }tq,,{1 = ODt.J.Jt.,1-- : '/{I}«:: f"J,(1,;,'}9'1:�9 ,.,:,.. : hi't?°ilT: o,{/D:,.. : lDf,'I° : hf·f.U : i\'1(1 1..1·1. : 6',0D{lm7• : Y.,:f-A : �flc:: r1ttJ>)1,. = t,c;:,,g•:,.. = Ifi(u) �,c; = Ill("-)= 1-.'?'1° = Oiilt.2i = a, 9°"1l:,· ti-c . -• : } · ;J t\1 : OAOl/:r : Fir : i\f,: f{Jll'PA: f.. " ,;J1, J'-tt;:,:1i :,, : l;(/i) : },'i: t. (g): ,f·,f· ti 1· q>A :: 12. rf..''J;J"LID· : 1-'Jfl 1� : fl rf• Q;l.OJ/ t : fl1'C7fi,· : . t\ ,f:t'ii 9° : FIr !P:.1: y_,u"}1 = .,,.,,1.. (l'}',f•'PA r,n.OJc = "l"flc i','PJ!: = 1t1(,,� I� (t\) ,f•ovt).l)f, : flf'llD• : ff·LU : .,e,.,1,:;1, : h14:1g- : l; (h) : Of..--c,:,f: : ,f,m,OT/t : F&. = i\y_, t.1.orz.. = 1\1 ,�.rr1 r..,- y_-,-,-, = ., ro· Oi't14' g- : l;(f) : DDLPl:,� : ,,.. t.i\"1.01" : ou{lt;..�,.(' : ti"C:t-A : m.� : �11: : ri't..:,.. 11(: = 1-,:,, ,,n��A 1\'JJ;.u--9° 'l'l'l:i-- = r0tn'l'n:,, = 1.1·1, = wf.. Y'ilT qDD:,.• 1-1:, •·1--.e.c:�A D"l.til;l·?. : ..e�n : 1..r·L = aou{lm:,-- � f°2.fll14..l\ro•1 = nD"l.l\m· = :PA = i',t\ou'ic = r--r'l&.1 = Y.,ovflf\t\ r. FA"l'J "l'J ''hllh flJ'-t..,)--f·k.. h1 fl. : °l"OC : '1'1 : f01/.ff..C1--:,..1 : ..e..1 {l:7.. : n.-rm01/t : f7f 'lj"nm• = i',tr'J = llP't. l\f.. fflm• = flriJriJiJ : q 9°;,,t..--1--: 1'Jtt.:fl'J : ('1-C:r 13 A1 =) OA01J:,,: Fir: i\,e: ilt\tfl/'Pt\ : : 'r:,, : q>� ',lD• : :f, u J\q>J� : . : }t : °Jr 9 }• = i·t = 4'1C: = htLf9° = n�.i\ = P't..:fm,1 = 0°1..l'1°'r'1- = .. � ..c�,·r•:f,. l\t ..,..t.1.ui 'llD•:: cpc,·ro· : t\lD•'P: {IJ'-t..:1,v-A"f : (l)•il'r : f°lA : ii"C;rA = (l AtJl/1•: Ft. ' lly_, : h1Jt(l)cA : rOl/..f 'I:1 :Pi,· : r01/.YO l:J--;J-- : J'-t "} 5.1: : av .e,.fl i1 : l1CJ!"l: :

= =

= ..,..

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= �,

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= =

OD9?*{10• : ',lD' ::

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- 204-

·1

= .,,

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n�'}: fi'1.:i•r-kC' .. 1: rrut2JJ : 1111,01: (tiT.;:J "'Ai) : OAUl/;I..: Ft•: 1'_f,:. {lft."1/'PA: f(l)ll}(IJ•1 : i','P:e; : 1,'i : {llllJ�"I: 1'.f , : flt·:,..,: f"1ll�l- : h1�1'"}: "111' : 01/.,7.�(:: ,n ..�'UCJ.: f,lf'iA:: i'tit�,,f..'00 1 : 0'I ll.U : m◄ O'P: roi 17'T1 = q.e,',,f·•�: �"}{l:f ?,100 t\h;:J.. t\1:: hl·f...('9° : rof.-: i't. .:,..f•A·,r: ;,1'11': h1{1Dt\ltll1:: f f : : ','/ ool ',. : 1�1·L 'i : r.,�,., ...,: : Ul>m1:: ncJJ,flC

,..,,,,:.r-.. :

11°1-0C : 'l'l'lT : \1'11l(l�fi"1• : 1.11, : nrt,1?. : r,f"fl,,('f : ',Or :: O"r◄'CC,f• : t\1: fiilf�(i : ,"11"1: 1.lL<D•1: fiit{l/r: U·t\;l.. : qou:1.: roll.if;J..A:: fiilf�% : 5 ih'?: ,,e.°1'1°: f,tJ"}: 1..tf, : rof._: itilC: o,(/IJ:,..: 11:r : i',f."C'J ;J"'A::' fl«itJ(l.p: flii!f�i : (t. h�- i't-): {laJll]{I}•: ,1,"1: ODlPl:,.. : 1.1'l,aJ•: t,ilC , (lq:,, , lDf,'I°= 1tr>i1:,.C = °.,OD:,- . = l\..lf, = f,1.....1'.A 1.1·Lw- = r 0tll..rrm· = 1,,J;.fl,l"t ''nt,,F..�= F..l�· : ,f,6..1'.1. :'' ''aut}nt\'1 :'' rof,9° : ''Oo•l\'I.. �: F..l.�· : ,f"&.ft1.:'' fl°tlf1 n:,.. : avn11: ',W-:: '11C : '?1: f,tJ : 1.f·L ¾ ''A� : }'tfl,f,,,rf :,.. : fT(lmm·: trfl'}f:'' fl°tt\W•: ,._,,n : UoO'l:,.. : hlf'I : h1·1.u: OllJ9° : /l..f 'PC: ,::f-1'.A:: ftl.U: q f,',,f: : Y.,,fl: 001/.TI o..ti : "/,'i : O"r◄'RC,f--: tit : ,11'1:y.. : m·ll'P: f,1 16 >t/A:: ,.eu : y_7,n: ,,..(111titi,e, : t,:J�9'7f.., = fOI/.lP?oT1 = fl.'11,.r?>:-i: = u•tt- = 0 1 1t\(D•: °11: (lODY:ODt,r : r,f" (lmm•: :: : f01/.,,('1t\ : f 'PA : °l-OC .,, Y.c;,:f h Q f'?11C: .,,.,:,.. : 1,ilhOIJ..&.1'9°0"1.. : 1.1·L : �'l.il : ,n;.: : ',aJ• :: t1.e..tr.. u : ft\: = r,1--F..l:1m· �..c�:,-- ,e,u .,,.,:,.. tiA,f'(l .e.111 = '1,e,'fc = if� = h'?-flC "lrar : ,f--ro��t9':f. : 011J9° : fOt\m: ,p:,,'I°: ,e,'fl.m· : 'I flC:: \1.°l,fl?-: 'l'l'l:,..: oo,n19° : 1,1f.- : i',1"r: l\..fl.ff,: ,e,-:f-1'.A :: ;,i1, : OhkA= ◄ m .r,1..1\A ll'l°tilh= ll.fF..c1 . "J,nc = .,, n1n. = mf.,'? noo«t\; = n-'l1fw·1 = roin(Lti : th'? : ODO'l.:,.. l f11f'f,{l'i : r,n�c : orltfl;l'"r: lli'bP'i 11 = ;,c ti,1,roff n:\1'. = f'?,fl?.1 = .,,.,:,.. = OD�1 = Of.:1>-�- r = = o:r-c oiw• oit f m'r1'.1'.a = = .. , .,,.,, = ?roi,n "11 � = J!.9°( riie = hru t\ 00wn, ,e,l-A '1 nc .,...,...,..,_,.. 18 h/0\._ >,,, «1J,flc: (onti&.A : fOIJ.1'lW- :) itC'l : {JD,f,� : ,n;: : 1'1>'i.lf1 : Tm,,, ni-\.. :: .. : ,"l,'J'f : m•:, OlD it-) i'b(1': ,�§ 019 'RC,f rvi : "/,'i OYB : , : tti : Y.'?'l° : O"F

= nrux�t : =

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ll�OT/1- 1 }'i.1-'119° 1 ;J'hil : �hfl9°T7i1- 1 �1-f.. : 1'bP'iD7.h : .e.n.t\1""1.1':1- =. (Iiif!lil) ! 1� : ?!'% 1 (hhtr'} : O�I\ : P'i!"'11' : ..f•,fifto : r arLm«ril) 11 htlJ'm• ::

1 Jr : :,1 1 "lit\. J\� ! l 6i {l:,• P, h.1: . (l6 t(l a .. '}f � 1 1 tlD4 : J.."fi ftoar I G:C : JI : �.iit\TOl/..1-;I P I ,n<YJ l rf••(lf\1' I fO?.m . tJ(l fOIJ. : 9°'¼2?; Uf f1 : 1\ (1� : V-1 : b (h1t : · «J•� }t'} llb .. ! fHf 'Pt I § ! �:-c .-� ...

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-m A : :: 0� .. f"l fl } .. ' fl) ,t 9° : J;. P h ' · '11 : �,�:,, : '1'1 : •ttoo : C -O : h°l lT lP OO .. = : fl : • � 1_h , fl° l,;J ft,} "'lt .t\ h& : .9t\ fi "l• C:,i-: . llOIJ ': I\J!, 0 l1 Ol/ 1•fl -tat : t : �tr fl . • '?-O�'f : .l\f, : rf•t.?t"'l '1:,.. : 1,'}��'i llD· : ,,-F.. C:}A ·· ..

-- :: 1 ?1 ;J ), u ! cl = O f r rL o : '} (f O O (\ : 'l 'l · :. : 1 1 fr · : flF-&.'.<D• fl"7c;:f(JJc ° ° 1 : : h"lfl. : °1-0C : ','/ : ftPJ.f!! C1, ,11 :.1 °, ..';. o 9 : «9 n 'i' e, = rr�, . -t,{1 J1 h fllfl tar,:0J = :tllc ,, IJY:IA 1 .. f,u1 ·:, 1 .. = f:CJ! 1Ao r 1:, « -: fl t fl : l\ • t ?'i' : ,111f· : ID•flT : fl'?Ai·: -Olf•OJ•"} : "Lit : 1--�� : ftPJ.hi ro« lt'i' 00 tr� = = = .-n h1 oY...·IA : 01,c .,, c = tt y,u f h.. oof\ : " h'}f.. � roi'l1lm· . ,,: ..: lD : · f t fl : m t : F-°l'l° : flit1t..l: : 4-• '1 f!m.: °llf' : l\tPJ.fllt.lA;J;rlD· : P'lr?'"f•c; 20 • 1l: 'I lP : m :: ''1',�.il'' : (Llf'} : .-a;: : ',ID- : fl"'l.l\lD• : >tq.-{l : OD ° : : f : fl)OJ f : 1 h1n.: '?·OC: �9: ,11 "ihfl.11 l\9°(}{\, : (11firvj,: : q : '}° tD • .. 4-•ntti?J1.. (,,,J;.{}:,. LIDlf'}'} = rorz.t.:ii�m:= l\ ''hJ;.o'' mf,'J° ll'',t-t.1\1'' 21 !ro· : ''Oh"}f-'1' i ''Oon f .. .. ; : 'ht--lt o:f 1\:1 nr,:n : u: ,.,.U 'I i, ',lD• : :: -Of ' ) .. t?J:f : 22 '1hl\'1 OJJ!,9° : n''o•l\'1''1 : !!l � = ,,..,./\1.. :'' {l01f..(}fr : 'JO·fl : h�f\o1' : ,f--7i'J7iS:IA :: ftLU9° : oon�..t.lA : cpcpoi : 9°h1f1-- : h"l (t : °1-0C : �, : fuo If� : /Jf:·IA : l\M : fUIA : 1.1·L : ODcf,f,l-- : h1�t\flrr : t\OOOJ(l"} : h1Jtl� : « : 10--i'l : nr,:A : P'C : '"n."}f.Olf.ootTJ : ft111/ ',OJ• :: it'Jf..• : t'4 "}>;.. {l:,-.t : flf .. t'1m ro:,, = f, u = r..-,-. 'l l\m- '"n.'JP,,. i'l :,. t = fl oihfl.ta = it�11'rDI/.. 9°1 .ruIA = h1.e.aim :,,9° oul�:,- = rifA == n,uvv,:t '"n.'i = n1uri10 .................. q = 9° = rm m..-), = f'F'l?C·f= ....... .......... ..-. ,..... tti = ;,.1°:f.. = t11n. °l"Oc: ,,, = fOIJ...ff.C"r;t- = ''1',J.til'' = it.1.';.l'l:i--t?1'f1c;: nt 'lfrT : ,)11°:f.. : (�i'l'r : 'lfC1fC : l\.l'l:J--:fro• : (\lDll) : "'lfll.:r:J--:t--"} : l\urt�A•r: 23 ,.. ":.. . 'h1J; (l:,•t?J1 : 'Im•:: 'h }f.f·LO•'J°: ,;J'i : (11iJ\ii]i? : '} : 9° : f10.: '?·flC::: >t'P l..'P : '1'1: ff.l11'W•: ,,...,..cp�OfJ..: 1,"}.';.. i'lTt91�1:'' (;rftC: h.'}�{l:,--tfl:) �(Jr=� 'h 'l"fU?° h. "}J:..fl:t--t?J7f-- : ''hf·Lf : nL:,.. : fl,;J'i' : "ltf1' : r l\,l\--c; : flif�- : DJ'}: ft1DflAi;1:,:m- : /)f..•(A : ftll/l : OD(l(\o : f°'l.:J""f, :'' C:rlD· · == 24 (llj:fA1:1 : ,11'1: ODLPl:,• : f.°l'l° -:- ll°l"flC : 'l'l : ro0m•fl),f: : Of..'A : fi·(lmro· : l\ ''it,'til: ir;: ..-f•&.l\'1.. : h.1J:.(l:,-Ct : (Llf"} I f..-f•'lt\lD• : 'h"}. '}..(l,l•6:'' fP'/rlD•: t1DLP/..1' : '}'? �'C 'h'J�lf1'i llit1t,J-:9° h.ta'iOIJ.. = r01.. m:P¥°'i' = ''n1,m01Jt9° P'?lD·1- = l\°1'1i� h°1.fil&.1A10r : mGtl. : cn•i'l'I' : hm•611> : h1C : IJIJ' : l\{11/{1(11JllJ1' 1 fOl/.fOJ"Jro· = it·fl 11'1m-1: 1.. lL: ht: flon,f..: (hP'Alt: (100,f, :) .r�(l (IDlJ''}: ., 5 r .. e'icn:�. ::� f'l1·1..u = i',t..:t- = t,1r:1-- = ;,110-:,: : ,-,..,. .. r.. ... : '¼l\01 fl\:t:m· = f,(flJ fll\A :: ,efi ro-9n : 1'i : fA_..-f,!f:!f:oo• : lDJ!,9° : .e..aiqo : ,f--9:�f?ODOJ• : "I'} : h1tj:=

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9°:,-�A1lD' = ODm"} ..,,.�l\f:l\w• : rtnJf,17' : h1J;.. (l:'f,t911:•} o : o7�nc,; = : OJ• :: :,.. ', ;r :r l. O "'I h,I\OJ• : .-f•aotitif,'1 ;t-rro: 1 �°1'1° : h1 {l : °111C : '1'1 : f«'/f:l.1'-, : IJY:A : -- = il:F = (IDOJ(tc;:f'?·: -.= s:c� f 1 � ' J;. ',(D•c :: fl?°ltt\, : fI!i!�t : � : 'l°: (lTt . } ft f?..C,f· : tit, : i','P� : �l\1°·)· : 1\0:l..n:J..l\,,I• : i't,f: : (fP't.) : .r:c :�:,.. : i't,Y.... : ''f,t-11Jt- : lD-'m:i-'' = IPC.-f- = tnJro-ai.:,.. 'IOl.n:,.. :! ''r+ai.t. UJcm:,'9°='' h'Pta = _ if+11Jif<J'tnf : rof.. : 1°1f: : lJ:P : O(tro• : },"f:'J° : 11'1 : fl01/llJ.tf : (JIJh_c; : n+ ttmm-:t- = m•m.-r--:f = "o:r = tif,ro(t; nt,{lt.�OI/..UJc = ?°he = n�,,l· = i't{l,,,..yr..1-- : 26 c l't.l.O•'J° : : If', : fi'Pt.,,f:: OOIJ.1'1.: (t.1� : ',(D•:: fl1J4(11"f: : cp;J fiitlPt,.?, ·t OJ-,

fifif��,,f: :

roiz.n (I.fl

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: ;,,°1 : h;Y-°7.f\OJ• : F.°1'1° 1 t,; f: = rh.;>;..(l•rt r .f:c]>:,1·: h1{ l : °l·OC : .,�, : {\0Dlf7 = O,.f'}{l : 0.f,{l : hO&,,,f: : {D•lf1+. : ,n 27 00 .. f 0 ,, --) ,,., �"?t : «'/OJ•ll]:,.. : f{l&.A1'PA :: f,U : fi•f.l.10:1� : (llJ,f : (itP'C : 21 ,, c 1: "f:+. f\it1t = it.fl'f"'l. n�,il roiz.l.� = (JIJ"�·1'' f\lP/l.:J r1n1f:t- ''S: r :: fi.-f-tJJ,"1t9" : \1h;>;.{l:,•tOJ• : f..."C"f:;l.. : f\orl.fOJll]lJ.!• : '11C : \1°7.. '1' ',O : 1 r ro61b = t = flOD,f• = (FAit = flOD•f) noih(t.•fl = ro·{l'P i1Jtrr1. r.e..c10 . . :J . . rll&..fACJ J : 'I O C :: f,, u : '11 .. e : ''hro·61b: t,1�1·: noiz..11-,. o : 'Pio: 7i'cl'l1Jll cp . 29 (Of = (c.10r «'l·l:tf A{l) l\f.. roiz.f�c1m·1 ro61b 1,,�.ct,.,{l'' : ff..c 1'PA ::

f,U"}"} : fao(t{r : ;,,1°1· : h1n. : °111C : .,, : OD(f77 : f\i',.,J;.. (1:,-t : .'-':C �·f•i' : ,n:J! : naoro(t; t OJf,9° : �°l'l° : .r:c:�i: : hfl�rf; : lD"(O.+. : 01\f,, : 1t1f: : r+ro(t', : aom'} : h1Jt.rhA : noomr� t noo•tt· : 1,,t-. : 'lf_.lf1 : nn /uA : i't1t-i: : A;l"hT/\lD• : roiz.1'1.ro•; : fhf:1T : 1°�c; : .ro0 f\h;J-- fl· :: '1'1 tLu 1n 1,.__ = .-,..t.?i 01/. = n o0 11c;:fro• = oom; 1111,n; n; °If...' 1 n�c ?fc; nll> tr,"f : q,c; :. it1C : OOl/.f &.t.-:fm· : (T��h:,.. : f\9°ltib : n-c; : 1,'P0-1•): rAOT/:,.. Ft. : l\f, = h0'1'PA roY- h1);..{l'1•t AOl/-1· i,.. ttr•?- ,,rf... c:;1fl•=�

= ;,,

.,.,�1' : = =

fh.:i-- Y-*f :

,n"l

r1-�:,..v•*..rm- = 111·1-0; (ti"C:J...A1) = OA"'I;,. = Ft. = l\,e, ={lfl OIJ'PA rmn1ar lt'P� 1,1\,e, : hODl.oocc;:1•:ro. = O•fllr : 00;1p.:1: = f\\1:t- ff\ = 'Im· nm:,,1\1\= 1t�;11c : h'l�u; = A�'l--Y..-,1· r&.m�....1 -- : \11','P� = Oitm:Pt\fODmcf' 'f°fj : ittitin.'i· : "(ltfc : 1.f·L : forz..r;J'PtJOc : {\If',- : :1-,,,�l- : P'�t. : }\{\ou{lm,f::s

�(& ::

t, 'Pi. : ''A� = i'tfl,,.rf r-1-- = r..,..(tmro· = h•'l.1.r

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='' {lf\OIJ.'lf\OJ• = 1•?.f, = t,,e,.

Cj1C9° :: Oi', cp� : ,, ;c,,7'.. : ?; : UDlPl.:,.. : f\.F. l.°1 : roi:rf\(J}• : i't ;� : '11C : fA Ol/1: : �c�:,- : h10. : oi,nc : .,, : oorr; : OJf,'J° : }\{\OD(f'} : -O:r : ',ro« :: Jt,'l . : fl r -1--!l:!f:ouro• : fAD'l:1-- : �·c"f::i·· : h10. : °1-0{: : ','/ : hODlf',- : n�:,.. :

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26 •l:J?,l\c : ..,� : 'lii :: 27 c»11 : 1't.'}J'.: : h-�� ..t·i (I''} I 1 �- : tu = 28 l11·L.rar :: 29 Ott.rm• : i',c,,ll:1, ! 1 K" : (: :1

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¾ f : l : m l.,'1 9° 1h+ " � f.°2. 1 : 1' 1':P · · 'r nA _e, ' : • i:i ii1:;1- 4!'1° ·: h'ICllllr : f..•c -• : f, · 2,--L J 11° • : : oi:m : *!l: (lt.. .. :J fllP/ A :,. ... J D ,�.l · · 1'1: , l\f : ft.1 A"}.: ClA"'i-l- ' : P'lr : . " ) o , ,: ro v,o = r -1vt = = .,, OD h nc "J, 0. t11 <j-:cp_r, 'i = 'lt\lD· = i't,'tll : Y:ci::,. : -. " = :1' tt • :: Dro hU = A *' f .. . , .:i ot. ... :J = cn ,e,'f ' l1 9° .. oo = � � �4' me'/° = tit\oo C� OI fl · = , ,,y.'f = ''A�= hll-t- ·fr:i· = r--f•(lmro· = h·'11-f ::.'0 � L lD-- i' ti,n ·= DD1Pl307• h1 _ I · : t.. m 'lA : ' t-a{ : IC : ,;l J!,IJ OC � : 'f :: ' f1 0.l : a. : 0111c: 'l'l : flP/..lf�· , V•),:J"'5PJ: : Oh·t\9° : >,'P'f;.: h10. : OJ,flc: 'l'I : l\{ll1lf1' : (ltllJ. ffi'k'1· : 1'1 1:,, = 1-t..tP.Alf'l = 1,:1--.rA 01111· = rro•ti/!' = �1c = ,l,"Jo7/· = ODwt..:,.. = ''h1 n.= °111C : "' :· f oo(]'"} : lJf:A : flPJ.{lmlD· : P't-.:1--lD·1' : (1h-'1 1-,,C' : OD(lh : r oiz.111 'l,P,.c; : -Otf•m·19° : 1.. 1·1, : .flttfar : h"lC : lD•il'r : f,,.t-ouwt.. --1: : ftlf1 : 'lIDc ::''31 32 -. flh,:,--r,kf: °11- ¾ fl?"C .Y : tP: 1-t'i : (l"ftP't-.i'hA : 'h1'f. Ull.F.t:1m· t h1Q: "111 c: : 'l'I : foulf)• : lJf..'A : fJ.'.'C�-t: : ,'h;J'l! : ttouwt-.t..--l.,. : m f.,9° : H.'?'11-- : l\,e 33 -(JlJt..ouc = t\"'l'i:fm·'I° = (Y:c:�:, ) : r--t-0,11 = J!,oullf\A :,

= =

rt1c :,-.r--k.f : ,-,,°l = ht\t\P:15 = tt1c = ,'h7n1' : fOl/.ll!!,01-- = t\l\m· = u-�:r 1 l = t\ODlfi = rOIJ.t..A"l--1"' = �c�,f--'f = ''h�. il ot-t.:1-r-kf = ,"h"l h1 n. = °l•nc = ''I 1,1-J;.lf)·: ht\lP/ll&..fl"l...: 'lw· :: f..U'I°: {lUDlf).: '',f·•t.1\.1. mJ!,'I°: ''+'1 P.U'/. -t\oucJ:<J:'l° = tt1n. °l-OC 'l'l = (JlJIJ'1 = flPJ!il&.A;,:fm· = Y. c1,;,y..'f : u•tr: �9 t\ .rf)· = f,"fl\t\• i,,.ctu'l° = O.lf1 = UD1-°IP':,.. = fl/bi\ : f},J!'-1:,.. = P't - : fl.fro• llm«: f07.."ft\lD· = "10.. = +4'',(l{l,r: Ul/fl'1"' = ',(De :: h"l,,OC : ,,, : fUDlf)· : UD,(11•: t\f..'C�,,y,."f-- = v•i\:• = nh.:,-- v•A·f = aril'P = fTnmo1-- = 9°h1-f:,-C i 'l°'iA'l:r 1t1 tj: : h•Otr9>:f : ;t-P.1.. : h"l�i" : OA01/:,.. : f', 01' : ll fllf'l i" t .rt\..:,. : U•ft• : �c:e..r-"f = 1'1� ''hJtll ''--t--Ll\"l. mf,9° = ,,..,..,,,�urz. ll.tf>m?- J!,1:/\A 1 nOJJ.A = hlt11 = ODlPl:,. : f,lf'iA n--t-�01/t9° = ntt<rn. = 1t1+?t"' = � = {11JIP l.:,.. : f"l•{lC: '19'1'1-- : f01/.&.�1 F.m·: ''l-t--C;rA"}: O A(Il/,1" : P'lr : i\f,: 1,"t�,lD•/;\ 1 t\OTJOl.:r :J-- :,.. = n--,--**oum• = tiOJJ.--t- w•ti), o0 wl.:,-- 34 r,,,.,,,,n oitil.1·� = 'Im« == 'l°�AllT f,U = m·ti� = h"l•Oc: 'l'I = UDlf"} = rari 1'1:fm·: �c�,r..·1· 1 ntio i,, t-� = hll.1--,r:,-- = t\t..:i-- v-A·f = f ihtic:- 0i = 1-tY.--,:,.. rarifll&.A1 --1·

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tioi .-1:m• >,'} ..�.u = ft\ P'AfJJ"} tit\ro• = a1•ti�9J: f: = t\h'P:�: hi{.��9° O"l'l°_= m�<PJ... f,U'�/\· '11c = °1 i ttouAti:Y::1:.. = t110. = 01 ..nc = '17 =l\oPtr1= ,,f 4'l. ( r,,), "} : 'PfcJ: : /\ OD� #> f..• : lD f!_,'Ju : i\flOD lj: 4' ..\!• : fl fl oiz. ,,.f: lD• : f.-J•(l(0 �• : ;>1 A"l1 : 0�"!'1 : lll\A,,.1·1t\?. : f,U : fl}',01>/;\l-}1: : i',1,'Jue : m·ll.1' : 'l'CITlt>1 1 l\.t.'PC : .e --l•i\t\ :: Otl..U : l1f.:· : rt,'l'�: : i'1 1-,,,7i· : l: : ll/\tf.U : '11C : 111;:J" ••

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f : : I\J!, : 1llt-9° : '11C : hl,'l°llr:flJJc9° :: 'l'}'? : (IJ<ai\.• (191:f OIJ� !llTll OA : 1 1,\ , tJ : t,."}f: : itDDA'1J· : h1(l : °l 11C: .= 'l'I : footr-,.'} : IJY:A : f\oo1auT : ,�1 .: �. .: OD ]l'}A.&.�tJDc : ��1 : • °:),�--9;1.-f : {\oot.?t'J° : i1n01J.,i;ro• : f01J..m+?°'l:1: r'} : 1fClfC · Y.1 fl1 ·· _'JrocJ>C. O.-f,'lili°'/ t?° : 0"11· : ro•il'r : h01J.,1�:,.. : tri', o irf : /\ :,.. f• 9° C /\ } : I\ : fi. A• $111" t\, :: f; 'J!: : ., f i' I {\, bhn ifOIJ. : /Jf..'1T : f/\ (D• : : � � 35 it 9°C: = = = l1J '11c:1 f:�/\h h1Y.tr'l f;i,9 ) � ·1 .. = Ol/w:,-, �lfcn;J-= :: A hn01J.. ' °= -- = O :f •1 : 1 .. cl'9° 'l cv i'lq>:V,.. = 1t1,1,� : II : n.. ,.. (l,nro• : P'AflJ'}: .e.. n 1 ..1;m· : .fOIJ.m (ll11Pl1.' : l\,.,fCDll} : J!,1·1\A. :: '11C : "11 : h•>01J..irf:a>• : _e.1,,n : /\OI/CD•flJ1' : ff·f 01 hi', : f 9° : l , {IIJ t; )\ il i 1 cf> , ! {l :y.. :,: ro• If 't-1 ;J--ro U· 9° : 'l f : .e. 1 1 J : �,1.e. t\, It- : f : 1 8thklD· : 1�':l:A :: h 0IJ,,l:OJ• : CD •l}i',?J:f:1 : 'l Airf·•tf'lt. : o,i',;J-- : /\<P/tJ.1/.Y:c; : ° -- = /\ "?'i--m1 · f = = /JK. 1·) h,p�•oiz. . tf"k f19 : /\OJ•lti',91� : ODLPt.:l" : f°ttr fh -,.:,.1 mq,l\f\ f,.'}{l:-/·"} 00 J!,.11"1'i = /\,),11,,0 : 0'/il:J--w�,: !!,lfCO;J--A :: .. ..Ot--?:fw• : t1 01l"1 q:1:01·• : 7-�r-:}� : m•il'r : h10. : °l•flC : hoOIJ.·-f :lD· : l\.f K.·c�...f-":f- i',1.';.. rtr'1a1• ''rt,..1,;.{l:,•t P'tr'' = �, = /\(1Dlf1 = hurz.:f·/\·1· 9°"} i1.e..1r'l = 00 "1/\?.' = 'lw- i',1f..• Y..-- cf::,.. = nk:,-- hOJJ.f&.trm• = n",e : T17i : filOf\m : h1.e.tr'l ! t\'J°ltt\, i �.tr· : m!!,'J° : i',m-..-f-(t(l:f-1 : haJc 61!' : h.1C : n00 m- : iJ,,cJ.,9'1-- : 0.,.f1l1J'r'J° : m�,'J° : fn«c; : Ol/flJtf : 0.··1--tJA: ''h.1);.fl:r t J?,'ll\A.1? t1uurz..,,1:w• = nJi1,,,7... = r(i) = ODlPlT = tt.1Y: = P'tr 1'.1.e..= h1)tc�mc : flf�m· : OlJVll,f : 'P;J : ro{J;l : i',1Y: : fi--ID ''h.."});.flTt : P'? fl� : ti�A : ht1 .:i--f-k..<' : W·il'r : 001-r:,.. : it/\n:,-- : WJ!, ? h'l�U1 : rooti(lh-T : 'l'fck?J1.. : 1110. : '?-OC : 'If/ : f01J..tr'/•:,..1 : �Cji:,,f--1.. : O"'l.Ht.11�..:,.. : f;r..Y..tti'i's roin(Lhu : ,'h?o1· : OJ·il'r : noum . :,.. : OD/Ail : n'?:it;,1--'PA :: . El h1n.. : °l"nc : �'1'1..l•"} : ou{lm:,.. : '1"C;J...A1 : OA<P/:'f· : P'lr : I\J!, : h1-'ttD·A : t\ODl}•fl : f/\lD· : 'r:,,9° :: f 1'.irfil-f�?J:,i : h10. : °l"nc: : .,,�:,-1 : f'"l.(lm-1· : i'h"l l- : 'P'i" : qf\ 01/ : ti"C ;J..A1 : Ot\°1:,.. : P'? : I\J!, : flJI/q>A'J : -:,_"..oic : 001/:P/\A : fi'bh tfa2. : J'-f: 1�- tt01/'i-.m1 = ',(IJ<a == Oi'1..:1.. r·A·f J,1f..,,l --f..t.1m· = ,l11-- fit1c = m·il'r'i" rm.....,,. 36 61,b : h.1C : 'lf\'1"C:t"ho1--1 : 1'.1.';.fm� AA : +.e.c1° : l\..WflJ : !!,•1'1\t\ :: '11C : "11 : h"fil-f�lD•'} : 1.1·1, : ;:J--�1. : 1t1c:l- : /\h,hntj"'J. : hf....1,"f- : fOJJ.0:P : fn1c: Oril'r : 'ct"C;J--A : ill\fl.l\:t�(IJ<a 1 ,l1 7o:f. : ooo,=ootf : f..t.jf : f01/. 0D/\h,f:T : 11H 'lfar"} : OA<P/"r : Fir : I\J!, : f"'J... <'a>·i\--: fa>•61h : it1C : 'l/\'ct"C;J·/\�l-1 : �m•:i 1 } 'J°C ODt. {l" : 9° : 'r:,, 1 °1' ,'h1 : c.1f.e.. f"'l. : 1'1'?J;.tJ : h1n. : °l-OC : �'I . : f01/!!,0Dl1JCD•"} ·: tiT.;J--A = ,l17- = {loot;>�: tu ;,.°1 : (}f,tjC : tjC: : w.e. : it1 t .l: W� : h.1tirf: : Oouti-O : I\,, : ',CD•'}? f"'l./\W-1 : 'rfcf: : oomf:,, : filt.A;JA : � tl,°1 ro• C1 ff.. f"'l. : �'I : C '?-O 1 : fl. h1 : 1 lf-: J!:,,, O f:C tJDc mcJ, : "1 i'h7- : ftPJ.. : r >t.' : rcJ :, .. P' '}"J UD : f� hl : 4'C 1/!!, f0 · : :fa> : 01/ !f:!f: ou 9° fl'rcs,u '11,'iC. : 1(lm•'} : nflJ : 1,1�,·.. : 9°19° : itl\..l'lt.9° : 01/t\:,.. : �ro- :: -Off• : it1C:l- : ft,.trJ

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a. =

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9°t;l,\(};l·9°: h1 {l: "l•OC: .,, : f"'lff...C1lD·1: ,'h°l: h..}f..'1�°1�: f°l. .<'f..c1m·1 'P'"i' = 9°n1.r:,-- ''f,u = (,71'?) = f'}Y:-1 = P:J-- = 9°:f.'1:i-. 'h1f..°1h:J · -. 'lllti : . t\ 1� : 01-1.u--: ,O:J!: ..,..�/;\{\(Jr: ?, c;J m,t.. :<' lf'i: flOD'?t\K': i't1�1f..' 52 ll'l;t�,o -·} : flli.U: {l;:J-- : 1,1�.flD·ll--: ff..C,:J;l:'P/;\:'' fOI/./;\: f,lflil:\:: �1C =· ai1 t\1-1.u = '¼J!.,'1•1: = D'/{l;J--m4!.r f°2..f..l1m· = roiif,b = hC(l◄ = h°1..1"fm· '11:,,9":. J!.,{l/,\,P : J!.,(ft;/;\::

h!>ft.. : fD'/.C'{lh:,-A : hlf'I : '111..' : f°l- OC : 7/t.{l . : IJJ!.,IJti: ll"1C9" : .,... �.. 1- ft\m•?0 1 \11 n. '?,OC 'i'l'IT1 ODflm:i-. '?1: ht;; ft\ h."tt- = h.Y {lh,)•A: .e1·1\A :: .-01·1•?11..: ;J--�1. : '11�1" =·; f10.: 9°161iJ,:fm◄ : flt1J9° : r•l·m (I', = ',m◄ 1 f'11�: O•}'.;:J-- : J,1 JtU: lf'i : '1/\ : h.1J;..(l..)--t?11·1: h'?•flC: �, l °1f..'l1-- fOD1'?P':,..,. 1n. = Of,OAT = ,_,,c,,1(l'PA == l\i'1. 1-�..{l:,•t?1"f = r10. = °1.-0C 'l'l'l:i-1 = uur,,m:,.. ''flODLPl:J... 'l! : /;\Ol/:,--c; : l\tl.U : ADI/,)-- : flf'}(J1J•f:: !l 01/.f..l1m·: 0J6/!' : ?°1611' : 0 If',m� : n i't 1J;...: n '11/.! il""'119°1: 9°161!': av'1 llA: ,ft\(D•1: A�',:,-: .<'{l;j,1-.'PA::'' 53 1110. : °l•OC: ','/ : ,17f._--l7·: f°i.�Y.C (Im• : h.. I� : h;J--m,cp : J!..U 1: 0'/ illP,rf: : f7"{L(l ,ro• : f._,;it,?1:.r.. : '/It/,,�;} : fl.If'} : 00 Ai-i9°: •,w•:: h1n.: 0 1•hc : .,, : lT'/f:l1--: (lhC°l'I�: ti'C:J'/,\1: {JDQ

l , / :

f 1 t

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n.: ti.A �l;J1ffi : f,IJ1: "fltfc : W611' : fOIJ..filh:,.. A : Ti\ "" . ,II. • II ,

.54

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1..rn,. 00 ,,1-1.11 \,,. ,- S ODl\•1'/° I

: '17 : fl"'l.('l."J : 4 -1;t- : it_..-f•h- : fOIJ.1--i\.-- : f·lfo91:f I "l-flC · t1 (l : 1 §

= .,,

hJtll = ti-i::rA 1 = it 00 ti-n = h1 n. = °l"nc = "'1 �--l°l : 'r4J, : i,cr� = tf'I: (l{I•: ti,1;1- : fOJJ..+h·: 9°1 : fbi\.a--:£,: on'J1p.:f: i',lt·? it"}.V,"}_e- : i,h tiA t?'°f· : ntf'�r:J" � UI/U:,....f = (ti-no.-� .) = oo{lm:,... = h1� = tlYo = i\..111 = i,1�oi s -} : <'IJA : '11::J--A : f.lJ"} : fU/;\ : :,..c : '?P'T :: OD" f,IJ1 flOl/.. 'i tft 1 f, ,. : 'fA lj: : "-tro(l'I = 1.tL h1..t,,ni:fa>• = .rf..c:'? = .e,u : >,1,.e.. : :Pni:,- : Ul/0:,..f: (fl.-n 56 (L,'¾.) : {IIJ{tlJl1' : ,,e c�mt�A :: i\.9°ltll> : 'Pil1·C.· : f,t-(lmro· : CP/UJ..<' . : {l�--ll;l..: (i = noo..Y..) = (l. 11 1 = u•it:,--- oo,r.. = 11c ti1::J--A (ttn.) = nP' tr= : (!tit) : r1 .. «1/;\ : °1 i\. :,..: ', (D• :: flf, : f'Pft: flv--t\T : qoo:,.. : h P' t.. : U--t\:,..: I p1&-0r : fll¼DD"h : t»◄ilT : fOIJ...<' 1"fro• : :,---c� : htl.U : h'}(I : (l.1� : A i',,J;'}: I 11'/u:lftT : fOD'}"JJ"T : '/1\k'J:,, : ODlf�• : ',OJ• :: fltf..lJ : Hfo : ODffitf'OD• : i't}t{l :

o{/IJ,,r• =

a..

a. = = a.

{\lf�:

: U•ft« : T:,,9° : f,(lfl}t\ :: 57

h•fl'} fro- : hOD'J"JP';I.. : f°7..f11W· : OT/o:J..f : q ..t-l&.lD• : Ah : ftf.lf'} : r1-mo'I = 01/IIJ..f = ((l,,flil-t) = illllf 'l'i' = f1 n .. = "l11C9° = lli\. tPf.h&.A = oo'}"JP'T= 'lfLlD·'} : itfflJ9° :: '11C: "11 : fit1J;. : hell'}.,(' : h..0lt..: flflJ'I° : h�: fi\.: lf'f: {111: {llJ'}d/P'T : ootiil : itt\n:,..:: P't..llr19° : flh..l>ft-- : 9°h1f1-- : ftPf•.,<''k c'I' n•fl1.. r= foo'J"lr:,-- = lPIIIJ..f = hilh...r1�n:,, = 1.11, = .e-1cll = P't--ro-1 = 'hr \1nl : f,cf>'rA : f,lf'i'A :: "11 : i\.h«ll1ft»· : hh.. 0tt..ro·: frf-CD(l', : 11H-0 : ,n:J! : °1 °J..f : (o.-flil�.): fl"'l .('l."l : f,IJ11 : 1'"°lC : ft"'1ilro1�-- : f.:J:I\A :: i\.9° l}t\,: nAOl/T : l\f, : h'J>/l(I)• : 11ff"fl : flfl¼ODrf: : ?.! : noo ..y..: ('If: noo ..f): 11:F= h{JDi{IDt f91:f.: it 9°il:,.. : qon:r:,.. : ro«il'r : ftY'il :,.. : ,f--h:J-- :rf. : '¼au:J...,),: 11;F 111/«JY : OD{tffiT : .e,:,:'lA :: rf:f,ftC : f,"fi"}� : fOJJ..OD{l/;\ : itll--t-ff:,... : ft(lT I h1-'tU : ,fi!lA: ''..)--c� : f'l:i!ro.. : it.1,<;,{l:,•t?J'f"} : '/'J°ta : n00.:f--: (jflf) 1 h..•>f t- = llD'}dJFT = h1�..:fil:t:ro.. = fOJJ..f�C°l = m°l = n.'ic = ooAti'l° = 'lro• == f...U = n.F.l"l 'i� = i'1v..., = i\.r.'f!c.-r-- = tti f1n. = :J--nil f01L�l1m· = UIJ":Lf (0110Jt),

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54 •f;f.,/\C : \1oY,.hrf-(\lD•'} : 1,ilrf•J'\1•1· : f,(lll)l,\ :- ''f1fi. I "111C I ','l'l:'f·'} I o 00ilm-r I fD'/.OD")lD-I m:Ptil\ : h."lt. : hct:+if : ',(De :: 1• P.--f: : J'l1l•lif1D41' : 1.tt. : (l,f•ff'P'P& : ou'}1f..• = fOI/.Y..Cil : ?t'i"• C = .,,.,:,. = \'OIJ.filh:i•I\ OD/!\h- 1 : ft\mm : f(t7fA : h."lt.1' : foY..J'ilh;f•t.\ : f,IJ''i"t.\ f ---f""J,f} . . = r>,1c 1 a, ilt1:i•t\ rOIJ.f = 1 .. .,,., ,oc = =r-1 ii) 'i"-rlD4 . --t-t'\•:, rori.h ( = f(I)c = 'P'i" = 'P'i" = ,,,...v,r-:f = 1n. : ODcp',i) : hct:+if : fl.tr'} : h•fl•J'10>4'} : 1.tf. : r+.e.Ocf''i" : (\OD'JOD:,- 1 \'OIJ.fil:f°IC : ',(l)c :I ·, (i) = r°111c = .,,.,:,. = J-,o1TJ66/. , r'J°c61>}. = ,, � = OITJ'l° , .e·1•Y:t\'Pt.\ = (r) r°l•nc = .,,.,.1. • t\1111 1 : 1.H.: fao.y.r:,.. : ITJO.f : J-tt\(Dc :: 1,'}J;.U·'l° : "l•OC : t\.h&.t.\ll:fm• : f"1.1fl .:J:m•'} ' J't'}P,'}f: fh. 1 : f "111C (9.) :: 1\t.\ fll'l-0 : : :J•t\t'\• "'lm. m.e.: : '} · 0:1· n<;:f\ : ti t ?"t\-1-. 1a,1r-: : : :f f li'iorz. h<;:f\a : ?t'i" : 'l'l -,-,.,:,. : Oltil--t-P..e.c : O h·t.\ : OITJ'l° : J',il:f,;J6 : flJ'', : u•>,,:r'} : filh,-,·I\A :: (?;) : f°l,flC 1 "rl.:i• 1 f.e.hOl/t.\ =1 '' £D4'} r01J .e.l.1 • • -J.t.\ f "'lh'i J· ; > u : '1 OOl/.. , : t\ i1" = 'J°'} = °111C h -,:,. 1 , "l;f..ftC ! 1.K.. : lif:ll :1 55 f'?C1. 1 °7il;J-- 7f : 4>---rc : llie : l\f, • f•l•mcJ,(l fl m 56 ,.,t.?':f•'} I 'P? I OITJ'l° I , I D'/:, fl,\ ·1· "11 I t\Ol/ 1 P.;r 1,C : I h °1P':,. : fOI/.OmlD•'} : i,;1,,,n h't:•I·� : f01J.f{lou{l(\•:I•'} : fl?'l· : (\OD <�ITJlllC I rf•10.<D4 1 1'C9">f : oum(lf: ' )',t\O•l· 11 57 1 m,' 1 1:-S • ' " I° :, .1. .,,., = c -1•t1 = • m h1n tr'l -� l\f, . 0:1 ilt\ l· , • -cr.: t\m c = ht. ;I r n. = -111 = rOIJ.. . Ft.'} . foY.. 1 :,-cc;: ' f"7.fil'J:-S :, o" ! 'J{\c h : m 1.IL , = J · ,1. mo 1 : r--1·o .,,., f-1 ?: /\ : , ":i fUfJ. 11 fh'iw- 1 : x- c�: ,- : -0;1: : 'itu• ,1 1

- 213 -

it.ctn=

fl,f"«i''i o = ., nc J,'}?z..e':':'l°lJ = �·:c;;�w•cr : (lon.y,., (I?;l1£), �� q 'tf9'"f , (lOU"ltf , 1\1, , h"'l.f(D<�:,. , _hl'-'t- . lt'l : 1 f O : . IJ f l/..�(.. (llD· _ <ID '?:'I �· . �;;f : i'l't_1 hay_,r: O ,OD/\ili\;far = (lf,.l'? ,.O i . fl f1 ) : ( • .. /\OT/1�ru.9u � ·01. . .. ll>; '! l o t: tJIJ":Lf : 0C 1fi.. .. 1lD' : °1" : f C w : /\ 11cJ!·l--: lt {l,f 1 1 i' 1, 9'1" : ..e-c��•r--:.f : h,f •**OD•(l )·· : : 1..li, : -�l ·r.6' t. i "' : 0 /\ .. /\lD tJIJfll 1110.. : .01,�l: : 'lf:J : ,,'l.r:t.1• : h?°•fl•i;; ht;1 �/\1: ,-0 : ll -- "} : · i �c�-f.. ,J.. : h"l (l: °1·flc: �?: hay itf,(lOl/:flD·'J°:: h"}�.. u : foitf l(l r) Y.·cai: r -f,A1' : fiAD'/1" : P't• : i\f, : t}tpt\"1" : '11:; A : f"f lD(J', : ODm'}: },1.e.cnz.aon I -- f A:: iii\:f Or: OI/ l,:J 1tiliJ,: av ll ffi-f: : f {lf,.ll ,:J : tp '/9° '1 = oav,r- ' (201) :

�'!".

l\,i\ar : tf� : f..°1'1° : h10. : °1"flC : '1'1 foulf� : IJY.:A h1f.-tmO'/>: V''i : ,,.,,: fODIJ') ·: (Jf.."l,\ : foi�_e.n:,. : 1..1·1,: ti.eroo1 : ID"(ll,,f: : °11: Ot\Dl/·)· ,,e llA n1·LU?° 1.1x.· : h,q1 f\f, : O'P /\w ·: ti-c:J--A: ,o,.,:,.. = f,ro(lt;A 1 -r f 'P = : l �,ii fa : (lODiaotf: 1.lL: OA Ol/1 P't. i\ , ..<1 l\W•1 i"i ::J-A: UDt\.(: ttf•J� : -�· lil : r10. : "l•flt:: : 1'.1�..h�A : i',f,,mfq,9° :: ,,1-Jtu : 01�--t. J'f': Jttp,f... = r'lnlaJ•"} f..--c)!:-1· = .et.�A 1 :1•c4: = l\U!J 0011**0i1 = t101J,;:,. f --"11--1· = f°1f,:.f--A = Y.. c�:,.. = t.1. qu h1n.. °1"0c : 'l'I .el c;A. i\ti 1':,'9° : -° : f V' : 01/ U,7.•r : (�,n DD flm:,.. 9 : it fl � I\ 1,: i'tf, "} 'I° 1 '?1 : ''f ,-,.tJ 0,f., 'I r :: .,e,. c fl�..) , f0?.. n'rn:,.. 9°1'1° 'l°n1fr = t.r.,:J--.e'l° ::''

= :,-(:� =

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} 1 I 1 j

S •

- 214--'-

� '

INCOME TAX EXEMPTION AS AN INCENTIVE TO INVESTMENT IN ETlllOPIA by Timothy P. Bocl,nan Introduction

J11 order . to �ncourage devel ?p .ment,. Etl1iopia offers exemption f ro1n i 1 1come tax for certain ki11ds of e11terpr1ses which invest 1nore than a stated amount of c apital. 1 Ethiopia is .not unusual i11 tl1is respect; 111any developing countries have 2 The purpose of tl1is paper is to discuss the use of i11come tax provisions. similar exemption as a tech�iq �e. to encourage eco11on1ic development at1d, more particularly, to consider the des1rab1l1ty of the use of that technique i11 Ethiopia. This paper will dra\V l1eavily on the extensive research tl1at l1as been done on the i11come tax exemption la\VS of Mexico3 and Puerto Rico.4 Very little material is available on most developi11g countries, including Ethiopia. Tl1e focus of this discussion of Ethi opia's income tax exemption law, therefore, is of necessity on its strl1cture, and not on its actual impleme11tation, except to the extent that conversatio11s and corres pondence with people who have had legal experience in Ethiopia permits.

I. History of Business Income Tax Exemption in Ethiopia

There was no exemption provision designed to promote foreign i11vestment in either of Etbjopia's first two inco1ne tax laws, Proclamation No. 60 of 1944 and Proclamation No. 107 of 1949. lnco1ne from agricultural activities was exempted under these laws, a11d it continued to be until 19675 ; but the reasons for its exemption presumably were unrelated to any attempt to attract foreign capital. Altl1ol1gh some enterprises may have l1ad exemptions on an ad l1oc , basis to encourage i11vest1nent, tl1e first official mention of a general policy of using income tax exemption to encou.rage investment was in a notice published by the Minister of Finance in 1950. It reads in part, as follows:

I I !

The Imperial Ethiopian Government has decided upon a general working policy for the encouragement of foreign capital investment in Ethiopia of enterprises deemed to be beneficial to the country. For the achievement of this policy, the Government is prepared to grant special facilities to 11 ew _ enterprises started with foreign capital. The following are the benefits \Vh1c� are calculated to stimulate confidence on (sic) foreign investors of their status in Ethiopia : 6 1 · Invest ment Proclamation of 1966, Proc. No. 242 of .1966, Negarit Gazeta, Year 26 No. 2· 2- International ess Proc i11 s ntrie Cou in ng inati Orig e 11com f of n atio Tax ce, n,er r Com of n,be Cba 01 Developm e,1t (1959). . d as . 3 · Ross & Christe11sen, Tax /11ce11tives for l11dustry in Mexico (1959), (hereinafter ctte Ross & C11ristensen). 4 · Taylor, Industry Tax-Exemption i,1 P11erto Rico (1957), (hereinafter cited as Taylor). 5 · The exem . 67) (19 4 . No 27, r Yea zeta Ga it gar Ne 7, 196 of 255 ption was ended in Proclamation 6· Notice No. 10 of 1950, Negarit Gazeta Year 9, No.· 6, P· 15 (19SO). ·

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- VOL. VI - No. 1 W A L N IA P IO I-I T E F O JOURNAL

TAX .•.

of t t en ofi pr iym p, tax for five n1 fro e fr� e b_ ll wi s ise pr ter en Years New . d te ar st IS n io ct u d ro p e at d e fron1 th s dl1ties on ''11ec essary ina tom cus m_ n ,r�o tio mp exe an ed llow a o l s a The notice chi _ t. tl1e gove1:·11ment ,vould ed tha 1 _ 111d �a� �y; �to a f the . of n tio ll a st,l ''in be nery'' for the 1n 1on pat t1c1 par e11ter�)r�ses initiated by 1a11 1op Eth for s ent em tiir flexible ii1 its req foreigi1ers; and stated t11at arrangements could be made for rern1tt111g a percentage of profits abroad. The notice applied only to ''enterprises dee?1ed to b_e b�11e.ficial to the country" altliougl1 it is not clear \-Vho was to make this de_terminat1�n. � ?nly ''ne,v enter prises'' were to be granted the income ta� �xe1:11pt1on. No l1_1111tat1on . to this broad category was stated in the 11otice, but .a lim.1tat1on m�y _be 1nfer�ed 1f the customs dt1ty exe111ptio11 section of the 11otice 1s re,1d as mod1fy111 g the 111come tax exen1p. tio11. Tl1e for111er granted exemption fron1 custon1s duty on 11 1acl1 i11ery for "the factory," whicl1 perhaps i11dic,1ted that ''e11terpris es'' in tl1e income tax exeo1ption provisio11 1nea11t 111a 11ufacturing enterprises. Tl1e absence of any limitation n1ay be inferred witl1 eq11al jl1stice, from the refere11ce of the introductory pa ragraph of the notice to ''e11terprises dee1ned to be beneficial to the co11ntry." Tl1is category pres umably would include enterprises otl1er than manufacturing e11 terprises. The a111biguity of th e notice may be explained by tl1 e fact that it \vas only a ''state1ne11 t of JJolicy. '' The notice seems to have had 11 0 legal force of itself. Ratl1er, it see1ns to l1a \1 e been in legal effect merely a s an annou11 ceme11t of tl1e polic ies tl1 at the Minister of Finance and other governmer1t offi.cers intended to foIIo,v in exercising the discretion given to t]1en1 by other l a \VS. Tl1e phrasir1g of the notice, therefore, 11eed not l1a ve been as precise as that of a11 e11 act1nent havi11g tl1e force of Jaw. The next step in the evolution of EthioJ)ia's use ot· ir1co111 e tax exen1ption ro e11courage investn1ent was tl1e Income Tax Decree of 1956. 8 Article 19 of the Decree, althougl1 it did not expressly withdraw the 1950 Legal Notice, provided that:

(

Industrial, tra11 sport or 111i11 ing enterprises investi11g a capital of not I_ess tl1an Eth. $ 200,000 ... may be exemptecl from i11come rax. St1cl1 exeroptton �hall not exceed a period of five years from the begin11ing of tl1eir activit ies. mini a d 1 a� T�e decree tlius _ defined tl1e enterprises eligible for tl1e exen1ptio11, : ,v II o Tllttm investment reqt11rernent, E $ 200,000, w as established for tl1e first time. app ;" vv ''ne ever, there ':a� no requirement i11 tl1e Decree thrtt tl1e enterprise be :� · r Dee ently, an ex1st111 g enterprise COltld l1ave qua lified for exen1ption l1nder the on t Ieas � Altbo�gh the Decree \Vas n1 ore detailed tl1an tl1e Notice of 1950 i11 at �ay, it was less clear in its terminology. Wl1ereas the Notice provid�d tl1at tJ1e exe�:d t e ecre tJon �as to be five years ''from the date prodt1ctio11 is st arted," the D _viti � -�s" · acti that it was to be for five years ''fro111 the beginnjng of (the enterprise's)

l l

}

of ' lo r ste in.i P�esumab]y tl1e detern1ination was M the of m ad e by advice tl1e En1peror the with Fmance. ,, 8. Negarit Gazeta Year 16, No. Ii l, p. 1 (1956).

7·

- 216 - ·

INCOME TAX EXEMPTION FOR INVESTORS

e did not .define ''acti�ities," the five year period migl1t be in to Decre the Since engage enterprise he any In profitable activity, and the val�e of t fore � b _ well � r1111 n Illight have been considerably diminished. ptio exem tbe The I�come . Ta x D �cree wa s _superceded by the Income Tax Proclamation of e � refin�d the income tax �x�mption provision. Article 19(a) t fur wl1 1ch 9 61 � 19 � provided that 11eVi 1ndustr1al, transport and n11n1ng enterprises which invested not 00,000 before c m1nencement o� operatioiis would be exem 2 $ E than pted from less _ � inc ome tax for five . years .f1 om tl1e beg11111111g of operatio11s. It was thus made clea r that t11e enterprise l1ad to l1e ''11ew," that i11vestment had to be made before oper atio11s were begl111, and tl1at the exe1npt!o11 period began to rtin when opera tions were begt1n. Althou¥h all of tl1e�e req111re1neuts create definitional problems of their ow11, the Proclamat1011 was co11s1d.erably n1ore clear in its terms than was the Decree. Article 19(a) of the Proclamatio11 also req11ired that proof of the amou11t of capital invested be sub1nitted to tl1e Minister of Finance, and that notification of tbe date of commencement of operations be 1nade within thirty days tl1ereof. These procedt1ral reqt1ireme .nts d o not qppear to have bee11 intended to co11fer any discre tion on the Minister, however. · Article 19 provided that the e11terprise ''shall be exempted ...''10 (Emphasis added). As long as all of the requireme11ts of Article 19 ,vere met, the enterprise appears to have been assured of the exemption.

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1-\rticle 19(b) of the Proclan1ation empowered tl1e Mi11ister of Fina11ce, upon recommendation of a special co1n1nittee to be established by him, to gra11t exemp tion from i11come tax for a period ''up to'' five years to ''existing ind11strial, transport and n1ining enterprises wliicl1 invest additional capital of not less than five h11ndred thousand Ethiopian dollars .. . in tl1e extension of the enterprise ... '' 11 (E1npl1asis added). The extension l1ad to be operated as ''a separate tech11ical unit 'rvith separate accounts," and the exemption 011ly applied to ''income derived from the operation of the new extension." The same reporti11g co11ditions of Article 19(a) were also to be met. Unlike the exemptio11 11nder Article 19(a), however, the Article 19(b) exemp tion apparently was discretionary. Tl1e Minister of Finance made his decisio11 011 the recon11r1endation of a co1nmittee, and the exemption could be granted for a period of time of five years or less. Articles 19(a) and (b) of the Proclamation of 1961 were in turn replaced by Arti�les 5(1) and (2) of the Invest1nent Decree of 1963. Tl1e struc�ur� of �he de its 1n a1ls. Pr?v1sion remained basically the san1e, but a number of changes were m_ ade � _ Ehg_ibiJity for the exemption was exte11ded to agricultural and to11r1st1c enterpr1 �es . Article 5(2), the counterpart of Article 19(b) of the Income Tax Proclamation� appliecl to an extension or expansion of the enterprise . to 0, 00�. The 4 $ E reduced was 5(2) Article 11nder investment minim11m The P . e�i.?d of the exemption under Article 5(2) was educed to tl1ree years, h1 I e the V.: _ ! M1 n 1 ster's discretion to provide for a shorter period seems to have been el 1 m1nated by deletion of the ''up to'' language. 9 · Proclamation No. 173 of 1961, Negarit Gazeta Year 20 No. 13 (1961).

IO. Ibid. l I. Ibid. 12. Investment Decree of 1963.

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JOURNAL OF ETHIOPIAN LAW - VOL. VI - No. l

n. tio m� ta� ex� provisi?11s was ina e om inc 's pia hio Et of n isio rev de. by A further 13 , ect 1cl1 n e wl1 1n tly sen )li pre ap1 es to all e te ff 6, 196 of tion ma . cla Pro t en the Invest_m rp�,s �s 6. 196 7, s er l1ap emb Per Nov r afte the or n1ost s commenc1ng o perations on . ign, t 11en mm ma per m a est of Inv , e C ticl ent Ar 4 in nt o me 1 l blis _ '. . ittee: . cant cl1ange is the esta : fi . . . stt1 d y d �e � 1 a11 ose purp det�rm111atio11 of l c1pa pr1n its as l1ave . which sl1all es, 1l1t1 fac t�� exemptions provided to t pec res h wit en tak be meastires to in this proclamation, a11d relative . benefits a11d privileges to . be accorde d to potential ii1,,estors in order to stimulate and encot1rage capital investment i11 Etl1iopia. 14

The structure of Article 5 of the Investment Proclamation of 1966 is basicaU the same as that of the Investment Decree of 1963. However, the Mir1ister of Financy is to grant exemptions 11pon the deter'!�i11atioJ-2 of. t_he I11�estment C omn1ittee rathe; t han 11pon its recom111e11_datio11. In a_ddit!o11, tl1e m1111m11m 1nvestn1ent for an extension or expansio11 of an exist111g enterprise 1s loV:ered. t� E $ 200,00_0, the same invest. n1ent as n1t1st be n1ade by a new enterprise w1sb1ng to qualify.

II. The Investment Proclamation and Foreign Laws

It will no,v be l1elpful to compare tl1e provisio11s of tl1e lnvestme11t :Procla1nation witl1 the provisions of similar laws in effect in otl1er developing co1111tries. First ,ve \vi1l survey the type of provisions typical of sucl1 laws, tl1en returr1 to the provisions of tl1e Ethiopian law.

The period of the exemption and the extent of the relief

Inco1ne tax exemptions are granted for varying periods of time. Puerto Rico's 1948 act l1ad a t\velve year exemptio11 period; the 1945 act reduced this to ten years. 15 In Mexico, u11der the 1955 la,v, the period of exe111ption is te11, seven or five years depending on whether the indt1stry involved is co11sidered ''basic," "senu basic'' or ''seco11dary." But an exen1ptior1 period can be 111uch sl1orter if it is granted unde� a ''n1ost fa,,oured compa11y'' provision. Such a provision is found in b o th the Me�1ca11 �nd Pt1erto Rica11 laws. 16 It operates to grant 1111 exen1ption to. all con1pa11_1es wh1cl� p�oduce the same product bt1t 011ly dt1ri11g the period of ttn1e for :V_htch the 1n1. t1al tax exe111J)tion gra11tecl con ti11ues i11 force. ¥litho ut such a provi�ion the comJ)any receiving tl1e exemptior1 might enjoy a substantial advantage over its non-exen1pt con1petitors. 1p _any con a Tbe extent of tax relief can also vary. The exen1ption n1ay relieve tion n e p of all or only a part of its income tax liability for tl1e period of the xe l d a nce Fina Und�r the .19?5 Mexica11 law, for example, tl1e Mi11istry of Public td ran � e P blic Credi t_ 18 �mpowered to fix the tax exemptions or reductions to . b g nda Fter consulting with the Ministry of Econo1ny ;17 as of I 959, the exempt1011 exte

!!:

n No. 242 of a mati o I 1966, Negarit Gazeta, Year 26 No 2 (1966). :: �� . i cited . 15. Kaufman, Inco111e Tax r e ft Exe1nptio11 and Economic Deve/opme11t (1959) p. 27 (bere1na a s Kaufman). 16. Ibid. 5, 195 17. Law for th Deve 4 Jan. ' lopment of New and N � tte, Gaze ecessary l11dustries, Official Art. I (hereinafter cited as 1955 Mex.1can La w).

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INCOME :TAX EXEMP T , lON FOR INVESTORS 18 On the the tax dt1e. of otl1er h,lild,: % coinplete income tax relief 40 to . y onl _ ed. d for 1n the 1948 a11d 1�54 Puerto Rican· acts, which also exte11d the vide pro is l _ to property taxes a11d var1ol1s municipal levies.19 exe n ptio 11

Eligibility for exemption

Incom e tax exe111ptio 1 1 laws ust1ally · clo 11ot give tax relief to all e11terprises: Acco rding to Heller an d Kauf1na1 1: The. �1ost com1nonly e11countered criterio11 (a11d i11_ many statutes the only expl1c1tly stated one) e �1ploye9 to e_11sure that. ... income tax exemption (is) gra11ted only to e11terpr1ses actually 111 11eed of a tax preference is that the product the e11terprise 111a11ufactt1res be ''11ew'' to the country.20 The Mexican law o.f 1955, for exan1ple, grants exen1ptio11 only to ''11 ew'' or tl1ese classifications are subdivided into ''basic'' "necess�1 ry'' industries.21 Both ' ''semi. 22 1n order to determi11e the le11gth of ''secondary'' time for whicl1 tl1e basic" ,tnd exemptio11 is to be granted. Wl1icl1 of tl1e latter categories a given indt1stry falls into depends 011 its i 1 11porta1 1ce to the developn1e11t of the Mexican eco11omy. Tl1e 1948 and 1954 Puerto Rica11 laws gra11t i11come tax exemption to ''11ew'' industries and to a list of existi1 1g i11dustries, the encourage1nent of which is considered desir able.23 Similarly, tl1e 1952 Ghana Inco1 11e Tax Ordinance gives exemption to ''pio11eer industries," defu1ed as i11clustries wl1icl1 are ''not bei11g carried on i11 Ghana and ... (for ,:vl1icl1) there is ... favot1rable prospect for ft1rther development."24 The Philip pine Ia,v exte11ds exe111ptio11 to ''11.ew a11d 11ecessary'' i11dustries; the firm must also "operate on a com111ercial basis, contribute to a stable a. n d well-balanced national 25 The Iaw _s of these four costs." of 60% than 1 less i nport cases y, most in econom and countries appear to l1ave a com111011 objective: to encourage the developmeJ1t of industries which either have not been established at all or which are established but not on a scale adequate to the need of the country. A common additional criterio1 1 limits exen1ptio11s to industrial e11terprises. For instance, to qualify under tl1e 1948 Puerto Rican act, an e11terprise had to prodt1ce a "man11factured product," defined as ''11ot only all products transformed from raw material into articles of con1111erce finisl1 ed by ha11d or macl1inery, b11t also any product the value of wliich, in the judgment of the Executive Co1111cil, is substanti ally increased by processi11g, assembling or extracti11g."26 The I 955 Mexican act required that an e11terprise seeki1 1g tax exemption add at least 10 % to tbe value _of the produ ct it manufact11red.27 Tl1is reqt1ireme11t was 1neant to insure that ''tl1e enterprise

18- Kaulfn1an, p. 27. 19 · Id. at, p. 28 • io. Heller and Kauffma11 Tax Incentives for Industry i11 Less Developed Countries (1959) p. 42: (hereinafter cited as Heller & Kauffma11). 21. Ross & Christense11, p. 55. 22. lbicl. 23, Kauffman, op. cit. (1958)� 24. A.H. Smith 362 l rila Jou x Ta nal tio Na 11 , , Tax Relief for New Jndttstrles i,1 Gl1ana 25. Kauffn1an, p. 27. 26. Taylor, p 51. . 27. Ross & CJ1ristense11, p. 69.

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. '' 28 T . y m o ere n h o c e a I n was o t1 a n e also th to a requIre y ll a · ti n a • st · b su . te u •b · . · . r1 t n . . co ) Id ou w 1n ( th ed w1 rr cu ic ex be 11 M sts o. This require co _ � g rrn tti ac uf an m · . all of % 60 ment .that O s t · wl cos 11c 1 e ct· ir d 1 may b e repr f o e a g t n e rc e p e th n esen ted o p u t ,, ment imposed ''a 11·ID1· . 29 s ources . n ig re fo m o fr s l a ri by ra,v mate rin to io tu pt ac em 11f ex an m g e th enterprises or ng iti lim � rt, so is th of s ion _ Provis a cert� 111 pe rce11tage to �he value of th prod uct, d ad e s pri ter en e th t � requiring tlla _ l e u1s gen era the co the to as ent gm Jud _ a �ot1ntry s develop. ct e l ref at least in part at such pr ov1s1on s ar e effective tl1ey tend to th t ten ex the To e. tak � _ _ inent should and the relativ ely sim ple processing of agricul de tra m fro y wa a 1 t 1 rne est iiiv e er st a mple) to industry. ex for ee, coff ng ani (cle cts du pro ry ma pri er oth d 11 a tural

The Ethiopian law

Tl1e I11vestment Proclamation differs i11 a number of respects fro1n these laws. 111 general, these differences consist in the proclan1ation's more general tern1s, and concomitant lack of attention to a number of comn1011 and in1portant problems. Tl1e proclan1ation does not have a ''111ost favoured company'' clause. Under Article 5, an exemption can only be granted or disallowed. If a 1 1 ewly established enterprise \Vould have a con 1 petitive advantage over an exising enterpris e because of its tax exemption, the11 the Committee must choose betwee11 granting tl1e exemption together v.1ith the advantage and denying the exemption ot1trigbt. If an existing enterprise couJd also be granted the exemption under a ''most favoured company" cla. use, tl1is proble1n would not arise.30 Tl1e proclama.tio11 also te11ds to be less strict in its requirements for eligibility for exe1nption. Under 1nost s tatutes, ''the conferral of benefits i s confined to tax payers who conduct their activitie s in corporate form ... (and benefits) are also typically confined to corporations that are domes tically organised. ''31 But in Ethio pia, as in Israel and PL1erto Rico, 32 exe1nption may be granted to enterprise s_ of almost all types, 33 withot1t regard to the legal form or nation111ity of the enterprise. A 111ore important differe11ce of this kind is tha t t1nlike other natio11s, Eihio pia does 11ot require that tl1e exemption-seeki11g e11te1:1Jrise be i 11 a ''11ew," ''nece s s ary'' ?r ''pioneer'' industry. The a bs e11ce of sL1cb a require111ent may mean th �t _ e11terprises wl11ch do not require tax preference in order to beco111e establisl1ed \VJll 11evertl1eless receive it, depriving tl1 e 11ation of tax revent1es \Vl1icl1 \Vot1ld be �sed to fi11ance ft1rther development. To justify the absence of s uch a reqt1ireme11t, it n1igbt be arg·ued tl1 at Etl1iopia is at a lower level of e co110111ic develop111e11t tl1a11 nian)'. developii1g countries, and l1ence al1nos t all enter1Jrises n1ay be co11sidered "i�e_,v,' ''ne�essary'' or as co11trib�ting to Ethio1Jia's econon1ic develop1nent . In ad <litio;; . t by Article 5 of the proclamat1011 provides 1ted gra1 that the exemJJtion shall be 28. Ibid. 29. Id. at p. 70. ment op 30 • This problem may not b � �cut l deve · i e at ,vii t�e present st.age of Etl1iopia's econo mic It since there are 80 fiew existing t ffiec · a sly seriou enterpr 1ses could wl1icl1 con1pet ition becom · e more acute, llO\:Vever, as economic de velopment progresses. 31 . Heller & Kauffman, p. 24_ 32 · Id. at , P. 34, note 68. 33. The only major oniission is commerc1·a enterprises.

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• INCOME TAX EXEMPTION FOR INVESTORS

.Minist�r o:· Finance ''upon the determi?a �ion of t�e Investment Committee."34 This determ1nat10 � can perhaps be used to l1rrut ex�mpt1on to enterprises that the Invest roent Comnuttee feels would advance economic development in Ethiopia. If the_ committee does have _ d�scret� on of this kind, its determinations obviously are very t?1port �nt to the ad1rurust�·at1on of the proclamation. The precise role of the Co1ll1!11tte� 1n the grant or denial of an application for exemption under the ,. however, a�d tltis ambiguity could cause uncertainty in pro cla1!1at1on 1s not clear _ the nund of a potential 111vestor. Article 5 of the proclamation tells the investor relatively little i11 tl1is respect. For him to esti1nate his chances of receiving an ex emption, he should also �110\v the mo re detailed sta11dards used by the Committee in applying the statutory reqt11rements and also wl1ether tl1e Committee considers factors in addition to those enun1erated i11 the statute, sucl1 as the value of the enterprise 35 An outli1 econo devel 111ic opme nt. ia's Ethiop 1e of the standard applied by the to committee could be published under Article 12 of the proclamation, which empow ers the comittee to issue regulations; tl1e writer understands, however, that the Com mittee l1as been slow to artict1late and make generally known the standards it uses in making its decisions in tl1e past. If the Con1mittee is to make consistent deter minations in a way wl1icl1 will further Ethiopia's economic development, it will have to develop general policies to facilitate its decision-making process and, equally important, make those policies known to the public. 011e frt1itful area for elaboration by the Committee is the defi11itio11 of ''i11dustria.I enterprise," 011e of the categories of enterprise specified in the proclamation as eligible for exemption. The lack of a definition of this term in the proclama tion leaves open several important questions. Is an enterprise ''industrial'' if it adds only a small percentage of value to what it produces - for example a plant for assembling radios or buses fron1 imported parts or a coffee cleaning plant? Should a certain perce11tage of the direct cost of the product be derived from Ethiopia before the Investment Comnuttee determi11es, under Article 3 (2), that an enterprise is a n ''industrial'' 011e? Questions such as these are answered to some extent by the Mexican and Puerto Rican laws, which include more complete de-f111itions of the enterprises to be exempted. ID. The Value of Income Tax Exemptions in Attracting Investment

The fundame11tal p11rpose of mos t income tax e�emption laws is t? promot.e economic development by mak ing the investment climate more attractive than rt would otherwise be. The law may be framed in terms that would cov�r both do1:11estic and foreign investors, as is the Ethiopian law. 36 However,. developing _ cou11tr1es usuall y do not have enough do111estic capital to promote rapid econo�c develo.I? �ent, and so it is primarily to tl1e foreign investor that a tax exemption law 1s directed. 34. Investment Proclamation of 1966, Art. 5. 35 · Of cot1rs e, how pa 5 l \.Vill also be the in ted trea n bee e hav n itio pos applicants in a similar helpful in esti1nati11P-: one's own cl1ances of success. l _opment 36. See, e.g., eve d the is law en p res tl1e of � se rpo pt1 l1e "T 1955 Me;ican Law, Art. I: , _ of natio nal inclt1stry t11rough tl1e granting of tax concessions _wl_11ch st 1 n1�!late the establtshnlent of new industrial activities and tl1e better development of exist ing ones.

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e om i11c ta.x exe1n1Jtio11 law is a11 g tin lua eva · it1 ion est qu l cia cru e th Thus, h w el �. \V� Id . I w t h uc . · 11o · l · I 1ta 1 · e ca 1 � 1av co me, abs · ther it is effective u1 attract1�1g fore1g1 en t .111pt1on wot1ld . exe the receive t e tl1a hav ses rpri ei1te bee the If n estabt"on • 1. 1np . , exe . e th . . . s 1 1t1e tax ve1 e 1 fi cec an d r�ceived nothi r11 sac l1as 11t 111e er11 gov the nt, eve any in ied lisl ng in retllfll. MflilY cour1tries cite Pt1erto Rico' � �pparent_ly success�ul i11con1e tax exeinptio n of t y ow 11. Ta lor poiil o e11 p u 11lar a : s11! l 1g �� ti ado J for reason ts a � ; as icy o � po . p t, . 1 llo\vever, that Puerto Rico 1s 111 a u111qt1e_ p os1t1011 v1s-ct-v1s de\ elop111g areas, and 111a.t tliis s}1011Jd. be kept in n1i11d i11 appra1s111g tl1e cot111try's tax exe111p tion policy: Puerto Rico is tl1e only area i11 tl1e world tl1at l1as tl1e si11gt1lar adva11tage of being withi11 tl1e tariff area of the n1ai11la11d Unitecl States bt1t not st1bject 37 to federal taxes. .

Pt1erto Rico ... is a t1niqt1e tax exe111ptio11 case; it is tl1e only area . \vithin tl1e U11ited States ecot1omic a11d JJolitic,11 co1111Jlex i11 wl1ich it is possible for n1ai 11la11d enterpre11et1rs to obtai1.1 a virttially co111plete tax l1olicic:1)1 for a li111ited period of time. 38 Tl1e special relatio11shjp of the isla11d to tl1e U11ited States is probably not give11 sufficie11t \Veigl1 t i11 detern1ining whether i11co111e tax exemption \Viii be as successft1l in other develo1Ji11g eco11omies as it is tl10L1gl1t by some to l1ave been in Puerto Rico. On the otl1er l1a11d, ,1 survey by Taylor of co1npanies \Vl1icl1 bad rece11tly located i11 Pt1erto Rico does give so111e st1pport to tl1e view that i11come tax exe1nptions have co11tributed to Pt1erto Rico's develo1Jment. Forty-011e ot1t of forty-tl1ree com pa11ies cited the availability of the exen1ptio11 a.s a1 1 ad\1a11tage of Pt1erto Rico as an indt1strial locatio11.39 111 a11swer to tl1e gt1estio11, ''Wot1ld yot1 l1ave started your ne\v b11si11ess i11 tl1e absence of tax exen1ption ?, " tl1irty-seve11 ot1t of forty-four firn1s qt1estioned (84 per cent) ''a11s1v11ered tl1at tl1ey \Vould 11ot l1ave i11itiated operations in the absence of tl1is s11bsid.y."40 Ho\vever, Taylor discou11ts son1ewl1at tl1e i111pression these responses create, because of the ''post-mortem 11at11re of tl1e ir1quiry." 41 He reasons that establisl1ed fir111s l1a,,e an i11terest i 1 1 preservi11g tax exen1pt statt1s, and so m�y tencl to over-emphasize it as a 1notivating fc:1ctor to e11courage tl1e gover11n1ent ro retain th.e st1bsidy. Ross clil d Christenser : n1ade a sirr,ilar st1rvey of Mexica11 fir1ns. Tl1eir co1:clusion _ t re inte � arly �s to . tl1e effect1ve11ess of income tax exen1ption as a sti 111t1lt1s is particul ing s �11ce Mexco's position is 1nore akin to that of otl1er developing countries than 1s Puerto Rico's. Ross a11d Christense11 fo1111d tl1at: Tbere aJJpears to be_ 110 i11stance i11 tl1e rece11t JJast \Vl1e11 tax exe111ption \V�S tl7e clecisi,,e factor 111 a11 i11vest1ne11t decisio11 i 1 1 i\1exico; in fact, there 15 probably 110 situatio11 i11 which it was eve11 a decisi\1e factor .... (It) appears 37. Taylor, p. 5. 38. Ibid. 39. Taylor, l'• .124. 40. Id. at p. 129. 41. Ibid.

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• lN . COl'vtE TAX EXEMPTION FOR JNVESTO R ' S

1p tion possibility is 110t even taker1 into se tllal _iL1 rri?st cases the· ta� exen _ rious . constderatron when cons1der1ng a11 111v estment j11 Mexico.42 . . come ta x exe111p 111 or s pu rp o 1 e tio11 is to attract foreigi1 investment whicll � Tf tl 1 erw1s� have come, these fi 1 1dings indicate tl otl ot n ld 1 at such measures have "voii . x1co an d they raise serio11s doubts as to t}1e contrib not beer1 successful 111 M�43 tltio.1i they 1nay 1nake else,vhere. Otl1�r co111Jne11tators l1ave also expressed doubts as to the effectiveness of a tax exem_pt1011 n1east1re.44 One 111ajor reason for dot1bti11g the effective11ess of i11come tax exe.1nption pro visions is that it a_ppe�1rs tl1at i11co111e taxes are not a11 i1n: porta11t factor i 11 flue11 ci 11g pote11 tial investors. I-leller a11cl Kauf111a11 comn1ent tl1at: �

and

i11 evaltiating tl1e t1tility of tax i11centives, 011e c1·t1cial factor to be co11sidered is tl1at for n1any eco11 0111ically less developed countries the tax system is relati,1ely t1nimportai1t, co1upared to other factors impeding development. si11ce tax incentives are bt1t one, and, especially in economically backward countries, only a 1nargi11al factor (in a11 invest1nent decision), it is probably illusory to attribute an·y b11t 111arginal significance to tl1eir impact on tl1e prospective investor's esti111ate of tl1e conge11iality of the ''investment climate."45

The force of tl1ese observations is even greater if the i11come tax rates i11 the exempting country are low. The basic rate on business income in Ethiopia is 20%. 46 A surtax of I 0% is i1nposed 011 income in excess of E $ 30,00047 and a11 addi tional surtax of 10% is imposed o.n i11come in excess of E $ 150,000. 48 These levels are raised in the case of corporatio11s l1avi11g paid-up capital of E $ 5,000,00049 or more. Only i1 1 a few cases wot1ld the effective rate 50 of tax on all i11come exceed 25%; which is a very n1odest tax rate by world standards. Similarly, Taylor poi11ts out that tax exe1nption by state and local gover 11ments within the United States as an incentive for relocation of firms bas not worked, because this factor alone is 11ot enougl1 to overcome other obstacles to investment in the 1ocaljty such as ''the cost of labor ... tl1 e dista11ce from markets and the

42. Ross & Cl1ristensen, 101. 43. Kauff1nan also doubts t11 at tl1e Puerto Rican inco111e tax exemption provisions ''were necessary elements in the investment decision." Kat1ffn1an p. 37. 44. See Heller & Kauffman, op. cit. • 45. Heller & Kauffman, 60. 46- A Proclamation to Provide for Payn1ent of I11come Tax, Proclamation No. 173, Negarit Gazeta Year 20, No. 13, Art. 12(b) (i) (1961), as amended by Pro c. No. 255 of 1967, Negarit Gazeta Ye ar 27 , No. 4. 47 . Proclan1ation No. 173, op. cit. supra p. 61, Art. 13(a). 48· Proclamation No. 173, op. cit. supra p. 62, Art. 13(b). 49 · Proclamation No. 173, op.cit. sttpra p. 62, Art. 14. . . . . ine. SO. The effective inco l t�ta his by ed ivid d _ r aye taxp the by d pai tax rate of tax is tl1e total The marginal rate of tax, on tl1e other hand, is tl1e rate at wl1 1cl1 tl1e taxpa.yer is taxed 01� each aclditionc1! dolJar of i11con1e. A taxpayer st1bject to botl1 10 per cent surtaxes tinder Schedule C is taxecl at a marginal rat e of 40 pe �cent - tl1e govern�1ent takes 40 cents ou� of each add'It•1ona I d O 11,,tr Of .IOCOIne • Bt1t l1is effective rate of tax ,:viii be lower because the . . . ta.x, ed at 200/o/ or 30%0· 40 percent rate a1Jplies to only tl1e top part of 111s me; tl1e rest' 18 inco

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ually been of prop erty us s ha n io pt em ex e Th tax . e of raw . materials es, so t�rc e tl1 o in rld v:1 11 o c i sit u po on u a n in ni is t a y . so1ne \vha pi o hi Et w • lo . b y l. v e a l 1 . t re . w 1ch ar e . grants. a property tax exen t "' 1p1.10n 1 n the u111te d St ates . . . s1m . .11 ar 1o tha, t of a· state \vhich . � h e . e ere h ex t ':' se pt 1 c on e t? is take11 int� in n e , tax low � a m fro � �� . Ex emption III __ pr ob ably not be e oug h \V t, es 1n to on c1s de � 1 a to per � coilsid eration in makii1g . p11 1nary reason for 111s I1 esit ation the If d var for, go o t r esto v in t suade a hesitan is oth er cost factors. Perhaps the strongest argument in favo11r of incon� e tax exemption is that it t po the ential om f gra response 11t ,,111ay e11gender a nonrational � . _ �� becaus e it serves as a11 adv ertisi11g lur e whi ch stimulates In�e:est In the pote11t1al1t1es of an area."s2 How ever, the c ost of this form of advert1s1ng may b e more than the advertisi ng is worth. ,,51

II j I

Tl1er e is 110 gr e at l1arm in an unsuccessful tax policy if .it costs notlung. In the case of inco1ne tax exemption, J1owever, the cos�s c�11 be substa11tial. !v1ost develop ing cou11tries have few reve1111e sources to begin \V1tl1, a11d to forgo taxation of a part of tl1e i11dustrial sector n1ay s eriously reduce governme 11t reveet1u es. The grani ing of income tax exemptions to in.dustrial enterprises ''i11creases the gap between basic develop1nent a.11d tl1e 011Iy reliable sourc e o f fu1a.11ci11g th e a11n11al costs of the developn1ent. '' 53 In view of tl1e conside r able cost o f granti11g exen1ptions, it may seen, fair to pla ce tl1e bu1·den of p roof on tl1eir propo11e11ts. If it cannot be demonstrat ed clearly tl1at a11 i11come tax exemption policy is fulfilli11g its purpose in attra c ting capital ,vhic]1 \\1ould not otl1erwise hav e come, tl1 e11 p erl1aps the policy sho11Id be abando11ed si11 ce tl1e costs are so higb.54

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IV. A.lternatives to Income Tax Exemptions

Ass11ming tl1at i11come tax exen1ption is not an effecti,1e measure for attracting 11ew capital, wl1at are some alternatives? Direct subsidies l1ave bee11 suggested by som e :Vrit ers.55 One form of direct subsidy n1ight be a go,,er11 m ent guara11tee of a certa1 11 percent,Lge ret11rn on i11,1 ested capital for a period of tin1e. 56 If six perce nt w e r e guarante e d, for exan1ple, someo11e i 1 1vesting E$ 200 , 000 \vo11ld be assure? of an annual ret11rn of E$ 12,000. If profits fell sl1ort of tl1is duri11g the period of t1n1e, the �overr1D1ent wo11ld make up the difference. This would }1ave tl1e ad,1a11tage of grant� ing a beiiefit to all new investors and 11ot just tl1ose wl10 1nake a profit as is the

51. l'aylor, p. 5. 52. Kauffn1an, p. 24. 53. A.I-I. Smith, op.cit. Supra no te 8 at p 367 . , , , • ·t 54. I:ylor comn1ents t l1a� '�the aggregate c t f l t i os o ex en1ptio11 . . . l1as b een inord uu e y h i,� · ?c� �f J�e bu r�en is i n the natu re of i11di rect efl·ects and disguised social c oS ts · · · ption fsr1�f:�: 1t�d v�nta ges of tax exen1ptio11 _a re: (1). Tl1e direct reventte l_oss of, t ax ex1�l y to l t s l argel y concealed b le t t ec se cks and 1ncletern11nat e (?) Tax exemption la ot her a n1 a.rked degree. (3) Tax exemptjon tends t era�e o .10 n. of JJrol , ·p; � if d ec to t o b an on1e ent 11a r t ta, xa b le areas of tl1e econon1y a s tr min1s f a a d l e 1 e l as to otl1er political . areas. ( 4) Tl w o tax exen,ption is dif:lic It and, b u . veme nt · e 11 1 ac e 1 t es enso t <l t tra n,e. (5) Tax 1 exen1pt1on frus a fair distribu tio·n of ·le ta,'< btlr den .'' Tayl or ' p . 152 · 55 • Supra, note 32. . ' e-55 . n t° the bus1n_ 56 . Son1e sort o f linlitation a tO ti ac t ivity wou ld llave to ie ina1 e reasonableness of tl1e invest111e11t in rel atiopurpo se 0f iak1ng de to prevent inflated invest1nents for the advantage of the stibsidy.

- 224 -

• INCOME TAX EXEMPTION FOR INVESTO RS

inc om e tax exem.J?tion. s1 The subsidy a company receiv e t r nd � e u es would be cas e per centage return instead of extending to the total amount s thi to d u· t e . Of pro ·fits . lin e t ax W?u Id be reta1n m o c in e h t · ed' the government would not lose reven ue e n si and, � e. 1:7nder . this schem�, h�wever, the government would also have sou rc this m fro to mig whi ht ch be quite high, and a company which should go out loss es e diz ubsi . s be kep t t nee dles s Y Illlg !n existence for the period of the subsidy. es � } usi b � � of . This obJect1on m1gl1t be met by subsid1z1ng only a percentage of a company's losses . u p to 20% of invested capital each year for no more tha11 ple, exam thre� for years in a �ow, for _fi,:e years from tl1e date of commencement of the e 11terprise. Taylor ment1011s a s1nular proposal which would tax ''profitable firins and (under \Vrite) 50 percei 1t of the losses of unprofitable units. (This) would have cost only about one-half of _ the amount expei1ded o� the present (Puerto Rican income tax) subsidy. In fact, 1t wou ld have been possible to guarantee all new firms either a 15 percent return on intended i11vestme i1t in machinery and equipment, at a lower 58 Si11ce tax income st1bsidy." the many enterprises do not plan to make than cost much of a profit in the first few years of operation anyway, income tax exemption is not a very great inducement to then1. This kind of enterprise would fi11d a gua ranteed percentage returi1 on invested capital more attractive than exemption from income tax. Another proposal would retain the income tax exemption, but argues that ''the relief should be tied to the amount of the capital investment witho·ut any limitation of the period of time (during which an exemption is allowed) at all." A comp any• would not be taxed on income until an amount equal to its initial investment had been recouped. This would help the enterprise which has no profits in its early years. An enterprise which never makes a profit would not be taxed at all; neither ,vould it receive a benefit, b u t ''possibly tl1ere is no reason why such a business should be subsidized.'' Conclusion

It is doubtft1l that the income tax exemption provision o f the Investment Proc lamation of 1966 will be very effective in attracting foreign investn1ent to Ethiopia. The exemptio n provision may even have an adverse effect if governme?t o!ficials conside r it to be an important eleme11t i n a program to e11coura�e foreign invest ment, because it co u ld divert attention from other efforts which may be less s�ectac·ula r but more productive. l11 addition, the cost of the exemption may be h1gher than the benefits derived, ai1d yet costs are very easy to overlook because they involve no direct expenditure by the government. m est inv eig for to t en em t1c �nt ind an � as e Th on pti appeal of income tax exem . 10 �eveloping countries, however, is strong. As long as ot!1er developing co u ntri�s _ . continue to grant such an exemption, the pressure on Eth1op1a to <lo so will remain great.

�t a profit te era op 57 · Since the to s gin be t tha income tax is levied on profits, only a firm before the end of the exemption period would receive any benefits from an income tax exemption. 58. Taylor, p. 118.

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