Journal of Ethiopian Law Vol. 7 No. 2 (1970) by jahrastafari89

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Vol. VII No. 2

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December 1970

IN THIS ISSUE

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CASE REPORTS ARTICLES ia p io th E in ty a e r T f o y c a m e r p u S d Treaty Making Power an re Jembe Aberra H. E. Ato Decision Trees g in p p o T . R l e a h Peter L. Strauss and Mic Book Revie w R. M. Cumrolngs

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PATRONS OF THE JOURNAL OF ETHIOPIAN LAW The Jour11al of Ethiopia11 Law was inau�urated by His !m.perial Majesty Haile Sellassie I i11 tl1e summer of 1964 as a11 1mporta11t step 111 the development of _ Ethiopia's legal systen1.. St1bseqt1e1:tly, the B�ard of Editors of : the Journal has _ . invited those who are interested 111 the cont1nl1at100 a11d expa11s1011 of the Law _ Journal's activities to express their support by becom111g Patrons of the Jotirnal of Ethiopia11 Law. H.E. H.E. Hon. Hon. Hon. Hoo. Ho·n. Hon. Hon.

Afeoegus Teshome Haile Ma.riam Afenegus K.itaw Yitatel<u Blata Matias Hiletework Ato Hagos Tewolde Medhi'h Blata Haile Wolde Kida11 Ato Tibebu Beyene Ato Kebede Kelil Ato Negussie Fitawake Ato Kassa Beyene

H.E. H.E. H.E. H.E. H.E. I-I.E. I-I.E. H.E. I-I.E. H.E. H.E. H.B. I-I.E. I-I.E.

H.E. I-I.E. H.E. Hon. Hon. I-Ion. I-Ion.

Dr. Aklilu I-Iabte Ato Abdul Aziz Moha1nmed Ato Abebe Gi1·e Ato Adera Francois Ato Admassie Gessesse Dr. Maurice J.Aeljon Col. AJ1med Amint1 Ato Aklilu At1abacl1ew Ato Al<lilu Bete Maria1u Ato Alene A.liga.z Ato Amare Degefe Kegnaz1natch An1ede Lemma Dr. Aradom Tedla Fitawrari Assegabegn Araya Sgt. Asmare Wolde Selassie Ato Assefa Bekele Ato Assefa Gereme,v

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Tsehafi Taezaz Aklilu Habte Wold Ato Abebe Reta Ato Ma.n1mo Tadesse Dr. Seyot1m Haregot Dr. Haile Giorgis Work.neh Bitwoded Asfel1a Wolde Michael Ato· Goyto1n Petros Dejazmatcl1 Berhane Meskel .Wolde Selassie Dejazmatch Kassa Wolde Mariam Dejazmatch Fikre Selassie Habte Mariam Ato Bt1ltcha Demeksa Ato Aberra Jembere Ato Belatche\v Asrat Ato Yol1a1111es Tsige Ato Teshome Gebre Mariam Ato Muhamn1ed Abdurahman Col. Legesse W olde Ha11na Ato Ammant1el An1demicl1ael Fitawrari Bayissa Jemmo Ato Seife Taddesse Ato Tafesse Beke]e

Ato Assefa Liben Ato Assefa Tsegaye Kegnazi11atcl1 Assefa Nadew Ato Asefa Metaferia Ato Asfl1a Kal1sai Ato Atsbeha Fanta Mr. Frank Balla11ce Mr. Jol1n H. Beckstrom Ato Bekele Den1issie Ato Belcele Gebre A1nlak Ato Bekele I-Iabte Michael Ato Bekele Nedi Ato Bekele Tesfaye Col. Belatchew Jemaoeh Ato Belatcl1ew Nigeru Ato Belay Meketa Ato Belay Mengesha •

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11 Alem elete tA o B e Sellassi Wolde te Ato_ Bele k G e· br e M es ke l or -w u liy Be 12 Gebre I\1:edbin t ke re Be • G ? W . en Brig . . y ia. b e _ h G r , pr. Berhane le M a r ia m if K e n a rb e B Ato es y e ld o e W 11 1a rl e B l. o Lt. C Beyene e Berl1 Dr. n _ 1a n r e B ll e s s u R . Mr 1e s s a 1 11 d . A 11 tr e B Ato s e ,1l v o B k n a r F . Dr Dr. E. Bevilag11a Ato Beyene Abdi Ato Binega-Tsebay I-Iail11 11r. Brian T. Bowyer Dr. Willian1 Bt1l1agiar Grazmatch Cbalie Yadeta Dr. Cbristop]1er Claphan1 Mr. Ricl1ard Ct1mmings Lt. Col. Dama Zeng-Egzier tA o Demisse�' Assaye Blata Demissie Workagegneht1 tA o Desta Gebru Mr. Harrison Dt1nning ,A,.to Eden. Fassil Ato Endale Mengesha Ato Endale Wolde Michael Mr. William Ewing Capt. Eyassu Gebre Hawariat Dr. Eyob Gebre Cl1ristos A t o Fanta),e Tamre Mr. Sta11ley Z. Fisl1er Ato Fisseha Gebre Yostatios A t o Gebre Gebre Giorgis Kegn-Geta Gebrehanna Kitaw Kegnazmatcb Gebrehiwot Mebrahtu A t o Gebrehiwot Woldebawariat Ato Gebre Leot1l Gebre Ato Gebreyesus I-Iailernariam Balmbaras Gemrneda Urgessa Ato Getachew Adrnass11 Ato Getachew Asfaw Ato Getachev,1 Kibret 0 Getahun H unegnaw O Getachew Tessema Dr. Pollera Gianca rlo Ato GillaMicha el Bahta Ato G' rma I Abebe L r�a Wolde Giorgis A�o � oito m Beye11e M n:· Ev�r�tt Goldberg . Pb1II1p pe Dr 8 a a . Graven � Babacl1y tA � 11 a1Ie Aman

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Ato Haile-leot1l Habte a· iorg1s . . Capt. Haile Mariam Abay Ato HaiIe Wolde Mariam _ . Ato Ha1�11 Alernayebti Capt. I-Ia1lt1 Arsede Capt. 1-Iailu She11qute Ato I-Iailti Tesfaye M r. G . Hamawi Mr. N. l-Iamawi · I1111)erii1l Etl1iopia11 Tobacco Monopo ly Mrs. Mechtild Immenkotter Dr. Qt1inti11 Jol1nstone Mr. Jt1lia11 C. J11erge11smeyer Capt. Kan11a Gurna Ato I(assa Beyene Dr. Fiammeta Prota Kaypaghian Ato Kebdo11ad Wassie Ato Kebede Atnafseged Ato Kebede Cbekol Ato Kebede Gebre Mariam Ato Kebede I-Iabte Mariam Ato Kebede ,vaga Mr. Michael Kindred Ato Kirl<os 1'Tegatt1 Mr. Lawrence Kno,vels Dr. Gaeta110 Lati]la Maj. Legesse \Volde Mariam Ato Lernma Rebi Ato Lemma Wolde Semaiat Ato Leoti! Menberu Dr. Marcello Lombardi lvfr. Steven Lowenstein Mr. Meritt C. L11d,vig Ato Mal1rnt1d Nur Ht1ssien Dr. Makonnen Kibret Ato Makon11en Wolde Mariru;n Mr. Pa11l McCarthy Mr. Robert C. Means Brig. Gen. Mebral1tu Fisseha Lt. Co]. Mel1ret Gebre Selam Ato Mekuria Worku Dr. Robert Artl1t1r Melin Ato Mesfin Fanta Mr. John Messing Ato Michael Fassil Mr. Micl1ael G . Pag11latos Ato Million Wolde Meskel her b ia gz E re eb G a n gi is M ch at m az n Keg Ato Mul11geta Beribun Ato Mulugeta Wolde Gior¥1s I-I.E. Ato Nebiye - Leoul Ki.fie Ato Negga Tessema ' Ato Omar Yassin n a v o 11 o 'D O e n ri 1e tl a K s is M ••

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Dr. ,P. Felice Dr. Anne-Marie Jacomy Millette Mr. Donald E. Paradis Mr. James C. N. Paul Mr. Zygmunt B. Plater Mr. G. Prota Dr. Maria. Grazia Prota Mr. Kenneth Redden Dr. William Reed Dr. Kenneth J. RothVirell Mr. Ezio Rusmit1i Ato Saleh A. Kabire Mr. Peter H. Sand Mr. Olin B. Scott Mr. Robert D. Scott Mr. Robert D. Sedler Ato Seiftt Walde Kidan Ato Seife M. Yeteshawork Ato Seyoum Tessema Ato Shiferraw Worku Mr. D.G. Sgolombis Mr. Norman J. Singer M:aj. Shimelis fl.,1etaferia Ato Solomo11 Abebe Ato Solomon Habte Giorgis Ato Solomon Kal1sai Mr. Ronald J. Stanger Mr. Ilona.Id B. Sklar Mr. Peter L. Stral1ss Dr. G.O. Zacharias Sundstro1n Ato Tadesse Abebe Ato Tadesse Asfaw Ato Tadesse Tekle Giorgis Ato Taffara Deguefe Ato Taffara Sertse-Dingle Dr. Salvatori Tedeschi

Teferi Berhane Tegegn. Bitew B. J. Tennery Temesgen Worku Terefe Gessesse Tesfa-Alem Worku Tesfa Mariam Sebhat Tesfaye Kebede Teshome Bahru Tessema Din.sa Tibeb11 Abral1a1n Tibebu Tegegn Mr. Cliff F. Thompson Ato Tilahun Fetene Mr. l\1ichael Topping Ato Tsegaye Wolde Mariam Dr. Jacq11es P.M. Vanderlinden Mr. Vittorio Vercellino Iv1r. Thierry Verhelst Mr. Nicl1olas Chr. Vosikis Mr. Peter Wnishi p Mr. Frank D. Winston Ato Wolcle Berhe Ato Wolde Leoul Seyoum Ato W orkt1 Taffara Ato Woube Gebre Yohannes Ato Woube Woldeyes Ato Yeshewa Work Hail11 Ato Yilma Gebre Ato Yilma Ha.ilt1 Dr. Yohannes Berhane Ato Zeleke Desta Capt. Zerai Habte Sellassie Ato Zewde Engida Ato Zewde Mekuanent Ato Zewde Kassa Ato Zewdu Asfaw Ato Ato Mr. Ato Ato Ato Ato Ato Ato Ato Ato A.to

i ff i d. some caused PATRONS' ADDRESSES: The lack of accurate addresses has culty in delivery of our Journal: All Patrons are asked to advise the Journal of address changes, and to c�eck ou.r current addressing informatio·n with the Business Office if delivery is inter rupted.

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TABLE OF CONTENTS Page '

Patrons of the Journal of Ethiopian Law Table of Cases Reported

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Seventh Annual Report of the Dean by Cli'JJr.r F• ,.,, 1 nso11 .............. : .......... •.. • · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · .l ,�,,1omr

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Case Repo rts

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rreat y-Making Power and Supremacy of Treaty in Ethiopia . . . . . . . · · · · · · · · · · · · · · Y li.E. Ato Aberra Jembere ......... • · · · · · · · · · ·

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Deci sion Trees by Peter L. Strauss and Michael R. Topping

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TABLE OF CASES REPORTED

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SUPREME

IMPERIAL

COURT

Habib Kebir v. Daniel Egu ................ · · · · · · · · .... .... .... .... .... 0) 533-6 No. a l Appe ivi l C ( (Criminal Appeal No. 171-6 I) ............................ • • • • • · · · · · · · · SYI vi·a Zev1 v. Renato Zevi ···· · · .. · · · · · · · · .. ... · ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ) l 9-56 110 .No. eal App ivi (C Tirunesh Yigletu v. Kidane Degefu .. · · · · · · · · · · · · · ... · · · ... ... · · (Civil Appea l No. 923-60) ............... Subsibe osman V. Akber1Je Camorudane & Co. . re·zvz/ Ap'Pea/ Np. 537-59) • • • • • • • • •· • • • • • • • • .... • • · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · ·

HIGH COURT

Page 325 333 349 361 367

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rih'? = "1-9°uc:,-- = n.:,- = +"7t9'9:i· =

OD'itf = tL:,.. i

{l'}OD,f: , ID·il'I' : hi·lP�T : 'P'i" = 'P'i = �.,�:1. : t."}J:_ = J!,U flDDl�)f : r�:i--r-kr = 11cc; = 0"19" = 111·1• : n11t111 fA•l--mfl� oo'f1'6'- = lir�n:u ,. ,.. .... f(lar: 1-'A{l:,-: f.ttC('\: f,t-v.•t,.(J)•: f If.Uc: OD'ftf : f1T: 0T�9°: I\J!, : DD'PA: �w· :: r;,,'? : :,..9°UCT : (1:,- : +"'lt9':f1c; : i\ili·"'lt9l1•"} : ftJIJ.fil.,rll11C : :,-.A:,, = fool�Jf : Ft. :: hODlf�9° = OI\J!, i 1,u = ra1°1 = +"7t9'1· = {JD'itf 0,:,. : 1ttr:i-- : T"'I t9'1" ;: +ooc+m- : t\OJm-:,,c; : t\i\il1·"'1t91T?° : 6£b9°C. : (lk : flf�'i : l\"}�1p,.:f. : +"'I t9'-:f·9° : t\1''i:,.. : 9°:i: : flf � : P'�lr = t\ODlf't : t n:,,:tA :: f; •(l{lar : '?11 : r+11·m- : flltU : '}ou:,. : ,tlP/t9'1..'i' : Jtil,J-tl'/tJP:f : llil1,-.:,-.: ro•m:,.. = ilt\lf�: h�.: fil: ;.,:c;�:,..�= f."1'1:f'PA :: {llf"}9° : fl\il+ti:fm- : Y'il:,• : �1C:1' : ltt\• :: fiL:i(U : 11C : +t : b� : ll�il, = OD6tl.lil = 1tt\•01 i oo'itf = t1...,: = h�tncil-tUJc ,;,c = n.+.r1, = ll.C: l(Dc : f°7.."lt1ID-"} : ,1,;J'l! : "*9° : ODOJ(l'} : i\t\11"} ¾ 1'1)ttr9" : {lhft•fl_.,,ftD-: OOI/..11"m·•: '?Y: '?�m-'i = hP,� = cf>C�r«> : tr'i : Oi·w�.. ro- = uu'it f : {l,,r : m·{l'I' = �t : fllf ).:,.. : +"'It$P:f. : antillA : {lt\;,1'? : ,J·"'1 t9'1· : aoc:·tf :: {l,,r : ,,f/lOr"t = ��;t- : "'lilOJ'lf:: hi\11"} :, J!, tJ: f:it'?: T"'lt9':l"·: OD'it.f: (),,)·: f,f·V't•tD-: r 0 . h 11111"':,.. �0r = mf,9° = na11, = ti1t,'"e:: = :,,11c = 10 = ro·il T : n.r 1 = 'i'r: hf' "}9° : 1'.e�mC9'1 : �OC :: f.U •1 : },' }i : OH 1J : 0;1"1*ifif : oat;tf : w&..C : oou.•t,,J:9° : 'l':,,9" : til\m• : f(t�A i h'1°1 : .. fl.'lA: r�tiiCil1:lD-: Jt{)rf•�Y.C � lt>til = OrollJm• = n:,, Y: = llJcfl'P : f,t-"'lt9':1·•1 : ooljtf : t\077i?fA = :,, f:"'L! 1'1�.fl'I' = '1f..l1':'f, = rn,1.f:f.. = tt1.i;. : .eu = ilfllf� = �mn+tJJ.OIJtr = Jtu.., = nm'? = T9°uc:,-. = a,:,.. = ft\•:,-. = ..,."'lt9'":f· = 1t11.o· : OD'iCf = (1:,. = f"'lff..C1•:i--1 : hC�:J.. : floo (} :,, : 1\1, : �1 :: 00 ,,f :: OJ4ll 'f:,• O m floo'fc = "'h1\I. = ot:A = fl\1"f. ft9'l· = ntt.e..l1...:,. = �ti9" = o.enA'I' = r,,..m.,,aoA�(l- ' 'i:fm• :: ho,"} = Ott..<' = f"'l.. cr�:,-il : t\•t-h·:1--v-,:,:ro, 9°1 ' tinch·l·tV·. f /,\4.ft.-?

= = I

- 292 -

r ,,,...

'l, ' .... °' {/fJ :,. ll : {D• l: J?... l1 : fA,.,.. I\ or>Y.. : �1C": ..'ioC .• ,., ".)" : h {l Ila tJ: .i ffi l l I /o� . 'I' : !J! t ?1·1- : h 1 Y: : ht--,,..�m•c; : h..,.. Ol) J m'>4.. il lffJ tflJ A� : (t.. '1 A : +"'I • Y'11 h"l:... : IC,T 'I' " ft---,-,,..., . • • --� • � ,. •• 00 D , ,i fl '1 otlf l -,.•l· 1 & • · f P' •1· rw : °1 : -" "l: . t-.:fm· t : A'Jf."f· : .e� : : ':° h& � ... .. ·1 · fl {l ? C "'f f\,1 " t : ° fw :J .. : f\.cf,aJ• : f�n?-:,..,- : ( ' °1�r . rl ' D & :l : V. · 1 • : � A h" l ;J:, : {/1Jtih A9°: t,"}�"}�: /tt\•llT) : ,,,,O•Jt? J•1• : '11..J-l,lD• l\.11'/{tODl�: r -1}(\o t : 0,f, ° -lD': A� : :,-9 uc::r : l\f., : +o"'lc ,,,a,.. : OZJhl011:1: w.. : �(De :: {l (J11t

ni'-t

,,f,tJ'/°: fA�: :,-C9°tJC-r : 1.. J-1� : flllJ9" : i',i\•l�'i" : i'1�li°7� : hlf�ro• f-1 : .. ?11 { 0 vc-r : ti�{\ : '}OD:,- ·t-h:J•rf"t\ : lO D9"ll],f! : ?,.._e�: h'r•f, : (L�11c : f;:;../;\ : == �1c '?1 = i,"}�... lf'f = t,A«l'l 9" ?° n11,1:?11 ..°1t9' "l 1 1 '" :rl·1: ! ilt\lJ.'tr �m· f.,A<l 'J9° = ftlm f.; :,..9°uc:,.. nil r11:i- = i>t9°1:,• (r,,,n.OD�ro- = = nt.J;_:,.. v1?°"}:,.. n.lf1 = OI Jfl:1.. 0 : ftlPJ{l,,-. o•Jc.9" lD·) t\{liJ {;f,},l {l: ,t-rfl l\. : il"'l'r'.1'9°: fi·ti.. ,n�: fP'/r: 1..l'L: � : ;1,A ilt\ � 1r tr 1.. "· (l)c1 = 1,1 .e..oi1flw• = w ?°11: ;,, 9'° (l,1.. 4'1 oo•tr hf'}�'JJ;. = + 111t = ftf1P.'JJ;. :,-- 9°uc:,.. i','1 .. ..e. o.'¼:i-- ,,,.. n-A n'i!t!\: hf1'1 : Y'i1:t- : :,-9"tJC1--'f1 : +h;J--,).. l\ : Q;tC!lA �� (l}i"}.c;._,; : Ottl\m•: h�t\ : 'LtL : ro•il 'f' : oot-t,.� : t,A �fll9° I t\f"}P,"}J;.. : ti�A9'1 : :,,ruc, f::" } : hl1J'l'f': l\(l(J�,:J1C : 04! : flf', : "l., lt : ,,-.(l,p,y..:1, : ',OC ::

�nc

■

n:,..;,:,.. =

oc =

�=

= ri1 = rr1 = , =tit,�_:,.. : = = nri = = = c-r• n == n r.,., = = = = = = =

rrt

Oen'?: :,-C?'°tJC-r: fb,r: ro·i1T : nqoo,,: : oo:e._oot.r : t,� : 1.:r!!J% : ,,.. U'/t f..°1'1° : h.';:'lt : ftil1<? : "�,<?/, : fLlf"} : 9'1': �0?-:: h�l-f..U--9°: rPCt�nl:,.. : ft0 ttJ;.i'l : i'1 n() :;: }'tpoot:·i· ·�:'J1/C,' : ,l1lC : hrf•{JII 9'°f = f° tf ,n)• : �fl'r:: e�m- : f-r?°tJ C1· : tJ<j:{\ : °tOD•) -- = a.j):ovc = (!)!{ : ..,.. at "'It : fh'}f..;;:' : qOD:,• : ·:,.. 111/t?Jl· : ODffic :: 1\�lttJ?° : 01u:t-: :1,?11uc:1 .. :1:w,1 : .. = t:J>�,. ar I\+ (IJc = ·w m-:r·· = ro·i1 'r = :, o, I\ [llJ °1'1:,. h-t- {ID 9'° c:,. l1] t\(\c: 0?.t\ : 1'9'°l.CD• : �9tD• : ti�/\ : qoo:,, : O.�:ooc : f\"}f..� : qOD:,• :. ,fl,f? : lf}m•: 'i:fa}c : f,tJ9°: fkrf..'1 (JJ• : :,.. 9°uc:i• : OD•f.. llr : tillh•t-ti:fm· = ➔·"lt:"f: h'JJ; . : 1,'11Ltr1 : rf..111/t ?11· : OJ,,e. : ,l1 °1 : :,•?°tJC1' : o,:,.. : t\OI/ll1(}:,..: foY.f. l1 m•: A�: 'r.r cf: li': 9'1C 6liJ. : 'h"},,e. .r: �OJ•: ftU· l\.:,. : m C:7i'·: ftJ I,\: {JD tii�..: :: ' : : : • 'l ll "lf: $<'A;l1' 7'"}.� :p,f, ,nc. , : l' lD·i'l 1.,tL . f} (l .. , ' : 4'C-f.. hu--tt:,-: l>/9°"}:t -: � : : _ : . OfLU9° : 9'1C� : Ott{l,r"'/t?>:i5 : i\f, : .�119": fl..fltf 9° : 1' 1\\: it 1 Y..· : :,- A' 1' �1 : : m· C ·;f ° : n'1·9 ;J .. t?J":f U ;r: tt-t(t 1-0I/ : C ill\/\fDc: oux■c;i1:. lfS:A:: f., "fi ro·� : ' m )1lr.'"f = ODlJ'c;:,;m- = ,,e'11cl\:f-q,A ,< : t : 1 : : tt9 1Pl\ f r °ll' ; }19 0,f• 110 l\f., . : u:,: f- 9°tJc:, .. : n�ft : qo : 9° .. U .;f J ?-'i fll frf• •4 r fl{l " • 'C: 9'q f tPJ{, °ll, } .. � ,. r • : O'J;J D '}U �: f f i} : : -:,..: :,-. f '1m · : f .. , c C:rfm-1 : f,f•w-:,, : ,fc"'lt?J:f.. : cf!'PC : 0fl}9" : ,7 .. 1 1i : ',(lC :: l\°'}:J �:i.:: f'J _ : : : �� '}on:,._ : ,,.l.. "1t9'":f·9°: n ..lf1 : nr-r.tr : .. ...e l1, : h'lfl�... : hfl/.., ..y.. ,: ;J� ·. �� J :, 1 h;.c ' 111 ' ' J',A�l1l.?" " f,IJ?" ' (IJJ'1 ' ('"'l: 'CD·1 ' T?"uc:i·' ht:t: �� ' 11� ' 'l 00:,. • ' 11 • " t\ l "· • "'1 w• � , A 4 · 11:{I " ?" . 1 11 "'1t- t1 , P't-w- , ' anl )f . °7'?7,), : Yi'l&.A,:J A ::

c!re:c :

n:1,:f· :

or:i:':i: :

7'?1'-�.. :

n,n

r,,-.,�:,.. :

nu-n+�CD-:

= :,..

"' \,

- 293 -

-�, 0J t : T T(Dc f )t t\C = , 1 : fl °1 "1 t • ':f l,¥ : iP/ f )f: h' : 'J.f 1: : :P \ 'J°l l't (l,h9 : . "}ilt\C: f, : "l� f {t.f P, oit i : :]! : ,oc y,, : d, h�'i': �il r il' t&: '' (l•9 h'i 1\'P :: ++11 A :1 ,tp 4 A 1c 111 ,f· : � .. 1.. 1 1 : •� : ij h q{\tJD« : c:h.f - : fl er@ : 1--D?t9'1': 01'};.il : t,O'l 1 Oi),:IP/'i. : {11til00 &· : t'ICtLtl»:,- : +4>1ltt 'PA: ;·roih,f--�--l·: +O'Jt¥'1': OAf. : t,..OC : rf• 0°C4''PA:: "iUl\,: m/;\� · c., : 00 m·-O 7f:,.. = lDl..� x hll�.. il ttO 'l i ttct,,.<' = nl\f. h ttF t- :1

JtP'01J t,'i : l�OT/ : fnri.1"'i·..-,. : ,,..a-, t ?11.",. : h };. il : it {1 l} : Y..·t..il: on'l'+m•: (lC,f:ktb:J--:faJ·"} : {\ooro•(tf:: O.&.A"l--9° : f..).iiC(t.,f:lD": {lf fr{l,}w 1'1Jt onl+. : : t-.il : itP't-.•t-- : '1°11 :{'11J : f 4'f..a>· : l\..'1-'i : 7i�--!t.t\ :: JtFo0 &- : lD·il'r : A�A i ro"il1' = ti n-c = tt.Y· = t\"? = (j:� = at1,ro:,-- = n+1 :n:,, = 9° l :l'lD• = noi,.ril_e..1� = lll\-th'i"lD'i : llh+Ol/sP:t: : Y:9°+T'i : h•t.:,• : h00 tr�-9°: fl4'C: ,t•oo �\1 t--4!91:f.: {l,f--f.lf...1/t:flD·: Af.: ti-OC: f,f--f..(l,f: : oPlf'i:far"} : "lA'ltc&/A','fA 1�"}

FCll+ : ,n 'lf, : -: = OLP� : +"1t?>l 'i' : OttO'/tit?J;J!:fro•: fP'C'¼+ : n1flf.. fflC};, : t,flA OD9 °l}t,."} : :,._,:,.. : 'lti,IIJ� : lj::,--ih'} : f"11 : it"}Y: : 1-Pif, : flH.U: qou:,-.: t\11 c� = +cfl = a;oc

"11 = fP'C'¼i-- , m'lf.. = 1..111 = :i--c1-9°'i = itiPt-c = fA:rf:fro◄ =•flit: + "'I ° q 9 : : {ltJ u: hChil+ : : t�1· : OD'jt,.:('ar : frf--f..l(l{l:,. : {lOD(f�- : {liurxf .....- .... ...-- .,... 1--J;f, : l\f, : O+"'ltsP-:ft; : (lo09°Ut-."} : ootih/.\ : arf.f,:,W : f,1_9°& -A :1

009°tJt-."} = �).ii'Clli;lD': hoPf..():fro◄ : '?!!!: fOD9°Ut-."} : t,,.::,.: P:r.91-:f: OJ•ll'r: Xti:= fl'¼OD,J: : 001:001, ,,r: (l.flf- : r+�..:,-- : ¥'iii: : '?"} I it"}f.' : 0D9°UC. : fltft{11J9°: fDti"},,f:,.: lll\Ai'oPt\(l: n1�: P' t-lD·"}: hAt.A"l'I° : ili\l\'i': l\oPaJ,l7ilD"9°: h"}�If� : 'iTllr st (lm· : lll\A+11· /\T l hil'1U•"} :

n,.::,. :

f.,fl?-T : 009°Ut-"} : 04! : -:f�:J-- : f i\:far : 'i'TlD' :: h.,tl.V-9" = ro·il'I' = '1° ?7t-: 11-'tll : 00m•: ll0Dlf'i":t:ro•9° : Oili--cl'c : h4'«t•T: t,9°ll•I:: : f.CIJ'l°: 1'i: h1P.1'f: = '¼ 00 :r•: it( l:f-: hl·f.U: ODlf'i":t:ro•"} : 001"}H"fl: f,'iC-O'i"A:: (lV•l\1' �w.. : r:,-- 9"uc,), : qon:,.. : '?"} : hu•l\·1· : qo,>--l• : Oi\f,: hrP�•,1·: ht-:,•: 009°Ut,."} : lD•lllf' : Y,{lrf: : lDf..OD m n:,, : rf'"ODl!\(l 'PA :: f,tJ9° : il/\lf.,: f4'�•"t: = f,fllll Ili 00�0� = 00 9°tJt-"} 11:1: = a;n?- i O.tr19° = f;,.'? = --l--9°u£::,.. = :1:ar = h'lo?-:," = 'l.e = h9°il:,-. = r,}·9°uc:,. = q_e,-, ..y.."f .. = 11:1: = l\{IP1.00 1,f = 1 .n = frf-(lm, : 'i":fro• :: f,/;\cl?"}9° : hI§i: : OF�- : 011 9°1Jt�·} : ll!§ I r-l·9°1JC,,.,. : f : f : f,'1-f•1" f'fllf.1/\"lt\• : i',.t;..il : f+lf;Jj.f.. : (Df_,9° : f.,{l?,:,•"} : fOIJ.. 'if7ii\- � � 1tf : �,h-G:�· : hH:Jf."TlD' : n:PCO'PA :1 (ll}:'f-- : OD9°Ut-.'}'J° : ffl'f'"',9° • 1 -0 fl r • r.t1'"'1, = n� . = 11:J = i O'Jt?J"·1·1 = nilrf--9'1t..'PA httu = u-ll· /\f, "1 • = Af.-. = 9°C 1ti:9° = OD9°11t--1 = r11.:i,r•kf"} = ,"hai = noioot\hi: = 1..�r--:f = 9° C : hO'/f:l"l : hAflll�9":: : • �"}"l.\.U : fU : v,ft- : f"tfltf"} : "11l1l�9':,; : ov'J°tJt-."} : ott.-l tkf = f : tf1"1 : O}l.A : flt:fw• : A'l"'rY:: fi"l9'1 : f,f,,ro(la; : lf'i : it/\: m:l'ot tf�

!...

n�t\ :

n,:,..

- 294-

"-f,

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f l

i I

I l

r{IIJ9'°u t-�1 = :,..."J:i-• = n,enA"' = 11oi.e ilDDn.01�:r 9°n1,..f1.. = 1"1P,.. = r-rruct = n�t\ = '¼OD:,• = l\f, 9°nrA >t� = 111\ttcf'�'i' rA:r nn = J»t-'l° llflrf'Q;l,OV/. : f.toC(L.-tro·" }'i" : fdt°l : :,•?°uc:,sc : o,..t�·} : f lP/�C : "� : nf..111 : ° . l 1 OD9"Ut-1 n�Jt •lltt r:fro• :,-. tt1-fll1'/U l = ,� = n:,•c� = 1..1i f il,,1--J; �·11' D . f f,tr: P't- : rl"lll ,,c�(\ ,,'JJ;.m'i"�:J, : 0°'lll"1· : ,.f,,(?,l1.. : :,•Aq' : 'l'l:,• : �nc ::

= ..

{JIJ'/°u t-'f:f«1 = i'tc:,..r-A"..rarf1�= flUT/ ,.f..--t.'?

= ilI\ t\ aJ•l= iJ 1 f: 1 >

h(JIJS'° lJt-'f:J:�1:•t : Y,{l.-J.: : l}•fl:,--: '}U11;J·•:,• : (}-i.tJArf;OJ•: lD "il'r: (14,,ril--,.. • : 9°'r'i' ! &\ f. t\ V- : 'l"'i'T : (t,.fq'i,�.. : hcf,f. : fl�/\ : O'}OD.-J: : ODJiliL/. ,) : l\f, � i\ h 'i!T�: fih°l : T9°UC·r : m� : OJ•uf}» : it1C: 1£,,f..'P/A :1 Otl.U• : ODtPl:'f· : 4.(1.f.\: '1lJ•'/ ° : r�A : V-toC(l,rf: :;: (l{IDli,•n : lfl/.l-th.A : ..(lt,.{lA{l : ��7fC(l• .-f: 1 mr.cf! : +&.t- r 'iC1J : 'Ril+C"} : V-t 'iiC(l.,f; : '/,,,e.. 'PA :: 1,.r'J�"}J',:f�(J}• : t1f00t.,n··)· : f•t --- t l : l :, : : f : " : ()�I .. : oY:A : f·f--(t \1�'1 r1•9"uc "} iltn;J ,o-•9'° :'f ti J/\�:� : n'Cft. lJ:fro· : r+1fl --: �{l}c :: :,·9°uc,J:'J : fl''tll�,f'"/\:•n:,..: w:,,:,-. = J,f1Pi1,�:1:,v·•: ,1>!·:'1° f'�ti �tf1 't : it'lA : ha;n-r'i : itlJ•"} : a,·} : fii·mcf>fl•rl" : f-toC(l, ..l:?'if' : m◄il'r : ll°t fil T?Dt,,,:," : OD9°Ut-"} : ;,c : n:J>c•fl : (f',lD• : J!,o•t-t\-- :: 0 1lf.. : 1/\;r 1 f,h+c: �CY', : 11J t.. f,'i : r-�11 '1ll : ;,1 -rf, : f{JD•{\◄ : (l'}•l-- : OD9°Ut•1 : fi{JIJ(J'"} : fouf..llDCf = qO D:,.. : n'IA'?t\�;J--:fro,1 : &.. 1'.. 0D'Pf,\ :2 -i--t1A--1:ro· •Otl" 9'°C'r = = it�f�A·f {l}cf"} : ou�ut-'1 : /\.{IDlf"} = f"t :f ll.. n:,•·} : 001•1 Y:: = 11ml1Jt; = . : , : nh� : h ,. 'i' lD' : n.1./t ftY'fl:,-C 1°n11 : (19>':-f : 'Py cf: : it:J"Cfl : 'I flC :: 'IC.0·9° t : � 'i!/CL:,..: f t\i'1·f· : '1 (l/4-.. : il.fl"} :;: {1°1/"�flt•'l! : �-C' : ,,,....,:,- : OILtil- -C : {J}•{l']' : '" tJJt : h f\"'/,. ,{l}c t\OD•(lt-,f: : \"'th "}{lc; : n,nc : �.e,t\ 1" = {ltn1'1't/!, .;l 01/,,rC · ?i'/CL:,. . : ID-fl'f' : t\ lJI/.IPt- W• : (l 7f9°(lf,\ : >liOD/,\{) : oo;1--1..t ,,f : 'I (lC :: f : • D?� �(l (lOD �tlJ Jt : : °tJ{ <; ) }P, ,, : hf ' " . : OD9 Oan?°I .1- fD?.l-t't� : rt- : . il'r = f ro· :m· /.\" ti P't n'i-= ,011 t\ .a;a o· 'tY. , . ,, f"l : '11 t = n �e f, r t""c :}l\�'11: = =f . °t'1i.e..m-"}: fFt - : 011{1)1 : {)�.., )· : .,f'{JIJl\tJ:J--A :: -:, 1 1 h iJ "':; f:� "l ,' f = t1•> rttr,:t = 1\1' c. 001:{I 1: =nqoa, /\:r °11\?. D r = = 00 I n.:,-.: t1ooc..-.,,.., 9 JC :, 1 "'1 "t f ' ,1,'1 .") " '}·f f -r-A" 1\1, : A ll = n m-a f ,h� " :, t\ "t, "I" ,,_P 7 : ,., • f uv'?Q c> 1 .. -c(l ·l·OJ• : n l = } • • n t\f..,.. ft,/\ 0 • .u?° 1 1 f°7.. f" = 01'·,1.r,: : 1t11· ;,�:1'"'PA i h · ..

I ) t I, I,

,·

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r h1A : : f, 0 : "1 '?fi'PA I Oh {loPiln1, : illt l1 (11-�f.C a 'F'/1"�tLf'tT : 1t·/n,:,-. , 'PA = : C+ 1P �,r tJC 9° fltJP = :,-. : uc 9° :,-. '9° lD m f-(l o, = :i-l9°1:: wt-r --- = :, r = 1'l1! ou (l,;: "' i C'¼ f llt\1ll ,1 ... 9°vc::, t; 1 r �uct. n , � -1 = = w 1.'lq. = fL4' {ID1nc = h{IDtr'i:f�r = nt\f., = ''•1;,n.. f'i" "'= r9° Ft.� = 1'tli:t'1 OT/10C''t;: ''ftth (L.f-1-: "'i10c.?1': l1'1.:,•r--k.,f : .. {1,f...( l f.: lJ-- l\:,.. : h.C'hit+: 1-Pif"'i•: t\fs : f9°C9°C : 1''iT: l1"'i f.'ldJ : t\f., : c,·:,;m-:: hH. IJ9°: ll,I\: ilfl,n'?'i: tJY:1T : "'lll"t-Ol/t.r: f°tf1fl'?A : it,<;.. il = f07ll"l--0'1t,,r : X-d,--� : 'hfll:J'P;.: 'i:fO J• :: .,1cY� ·1•nt--.e =-fi,tl1 v-1y.,�: ''fn.:,-.r--k f. rro·i1'11 = tth+�Y..c:'' = r+(li": avK",h� = hD'i tii,OlJ:fID'9° = ofl,f-4'c: � ilt\'?-OC = c11'? = OD�·t1,<i: = lttll/H;J�T : ,1,,;:,- Otll/tii�-- l\f., = 'i:Fw· hv•tt+�ro· = r,)·9°uc:·,- = n."J "'/7i 1.'rr:<r = -r 9°uc:, 1 roi.rtiif..ro :,n = f {IIJt\ft,f-'1 : ,n'? ,1, ; (�>;:1·t\<atJl/'i" f (lc: 4-hA1 · ,f:k�:,-- : -l·?°IJ C:1') : h�A : �--�h+C : lf',CD� : 001/1A1A : _l\f., : 'i:f m·:: "tf�h : {LC' :- fhOI/Ci:1: f7'1 °lt\.1l'1'i' : ft..l1ltf.,f: *1!1:: ao� Tch.: .9>1\:,... : fto01:0DC : h;Jll : 1'l'T : ;JC : {1�/t��·r : hODP't.:J-« :fUJ•9° : n+r. : nnl�.rf= wt-:,. o«'Jh.rf--«7c = ,,.,c,.l"'PA

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l"+'PA:: h�tl.. U9°: ID'{t'r: Oi',.. :,-.r-A·f: OJ•il1': llfl·•Jmt.ro-: h'i:t'1: f,f'f.l1 r-: f;h.'11 : 9°C9°C : :,.•};rt : f,,1�(1;:t,A:: hlttJ9° : {11\f- : Ot..(-1:,•'i 1 OOl/'1"k.f : 'l•fl<},: (l)<l\'r: Oil.+ : OD"}(lC'i:,•; OP'(:q,,.. : :,-9'11JCT : ti01L1: : Orl\'P9'1 {11,H, f'I!: fl.4>0D10C'iT: n+m:J>lllt·: fi't.:,.. "11l-1: t,:,,Y:: tD4il'P: OX-�ti,.l'C�-r: fTOl/t?'-:i_·. : £JD,f,��C.C1 : �111 : flOJil}tD• : }lOIJ.,f: : tiIJ,'J°CC,. : ll�toCft•ta>·: lD•il'I' : 'lit-:, .. : 1ltl· : tiOIJ.i:9-1:f-. : (l)«{l'r : Oh'lA�:,-. : V-'C+'PA:: :

4-(l..A : 'i'U·9° :- illlh..·},r·A·.r: ,11·1 : {ID'}'? p-'r}• : lJ •ll ,.,. : h1+1-l : '/:/,.. m·'i' : itq ·{i fl ar : It"'I ti,.,.. 'J'1 : \1 °'11'1,,? ;e.;t•=J! OJ· : fl,'\ : Y' fl,,,'1CD·1 : 1.lj: : l'!I. 'PA :: fl+bLl.01/t9'° : l•Iil!:i-�� : q. 'J°. n�:,-. f• k.,(J : {lt\OJm•:r : ,l,17f. ' 1,C : 00 '?fl6liJ. : hH;Jl�1-'PA :: lllf.U9° : l bl\ : (l�,tiA.rf•ro· : tD·ll'I' : flOIJ.1.f-: h.61 r f1 01ltf-c POIJ.1:9-1:Y· : CD·il1' h'lA : t1oulf'i:fro·9° : 0 4>C : ff.�'fiCO..rf:O = ' loll : h'i;A : nc�� : h 'lA : t;:fm· :: ,:c;� : :f::f:'io.:f :- ''hcn•A : CD•6£b : illl"'l.f-..Cll : �l\t.'i,l· Oh.�� A·f : if1'? : DDlPlT'' : frf,(l"fro •1 : oo�,11� ',- : l\c:,•t, : nt,.,"1·f"kf: {ll\t\014 . P'U. .'i' n4>�qoar = �tiicat+. = tit\,.� = 1.1-L = hll �nlw· r;,,'11 �9° t JC� : ?t'd1-�1""}: hll:J;e:+ w•: (J;bC( lm•:; llt\c:,..lJ'i: (lh_,.,.,··r--kf: {l{\ : ,n'?: -1--?"IJC�: v-c;..-i•: -i•(J;l.tJ?t =·v•I\T= '114>?.:f: 1'f�4-: ,;:,!ro.:: {1�,tiA+.m•c,·: fl�tiiCil·tOJ : . a, {11\ = noi.,,,._ 1lt� = floiz.. .1:?>l. w•ll1r = t, q·A = t1{11Jlf'i:fm·9" ll,I\ = i,o·'> : f�"hai = h:'rtt!P:f,r, P,7:y, : lf�w.. : {loop-16':,.. : llf., : h"'l.1�:,- = f4'1'"'1° ' 1- 0'lt?'7:t--w- : ;JC : or1.1tm• : ir,t-1'."f.. : fOl/.ff...C,,_..:,... 1 : m•f,f,:,• : 'lt't!-4' mfr ' 'i:fro• ,, .O-i·m"'lt9" , ilfl.{l,T(I O , <h"l , a7{1 "'ltf : fl!'/.l� , ftl"bt+ htf : "1lt(l� : htf..?�+'Pt\ ::

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00 '1 ht\ : fl'(\ °2.�lOJ · : n 1 • : .,;n. OSL(L 1'1 u � 1 p.,,,-.. • h" : "-'.a) �I : II �, •1111:�6�1• •� . ,f :• ft."1ll+Ol/tf : f"1.lP,-: ?t,11-t::•1..: OOl/ t·f;Jl:,- �I\�: hm1v''i:fro « J> : • � 9 °: n IJ iti'fO'/. = 6Y:1:t-1 = n oiz.(IDt\ hi: = n�, = f tt.· = nC'hfl+ = 1.��1.. I\�.= 1, 'i;; fta, l'l -O : l, � : I\� : 'i:fm• :: (lqon. : : lt,f\ : i ,11 l� OI/t I" ;J : · tJJ ,t.?f ff. f OD "n : r 'f': f�toc�,f:tD• : ftj..t)l,\ f: : 1·'1�,: i','l l,\ : lf�m-: hODP'?;r:f • m 9° : t\,t\: ltf, l' 911 · : i', f ,,{}lf: U•t ;J-- : : rf:lD o ' t +t1'/ t1'/l tf f uv-t � : l 0:1:,,c,n: flonn;J--,f·A'i': f�hA u P ° : (ll1• 'l' : ! l .c; : h(l & .. •l"t; l i', f r J : : 119 I (:o, :,.. : },r•t-«1'llJm� : m-4''1t = ic ..r, fl} f19 A:r: h n -- A , :r f-C : 004:J·tti :- (l'}oa,1: : rU•t\,,1•70J• : r:t·?°UC7• : i't."Jll'J7i : �f, : h;J· '}tf')f : �ioCfl:•l: : (l•f' �lIJ:fm · : t�:J>f: : onv ,t,.:,, : f11nn� , OD9°1JC'1:,•. : IP(: . •l·'Pt\ =' 0{11).e. n� : P't-.·t·ro.. : l\f, : i'tht\ffl•9°: 7A'i =hi\&.?°: illl,7,·1 : an1°1 /PT: ;i'a'? : ff..l{}i;f•'} : UDg",l1� : U·fl·I· � : 'rt--11 : (1°'7(),f--til1A: t.s.--1 ,q>A :: tirf• t'} : itP, 'f'ij''} :- h1'•9"(l'} : ;JC : (lon,J--•lnc : fl/l;1,'1 : :,,"};:J. .t : l\UI/ {l• l·tP/Cf : fOIJ.l?i �•Lf 'P. 00�..t11li,: = t10I/ ll:Jl;J--:fm•9° : /\,Ii : flll : "11\'l! : -- 0 ,.} : '1tf: ui>v1tf?J"f,: i ,<111;1�:: 'i:fm· :: Ot1...�·\1·*·f: ,71°1 fQl/{l,f 1t •l' C ';(l,f-'7A: f P,7/'1· : il"i\TlD" : pr,:t, : r�C9"C : ")'',":,.. : hODj!_OD6':('m•9° : fli\f, : Oi'1.,1,r· A·f: f;,.,'? : {ll)?i",lt.:,..: m·ll'I' � n009°Ut-1 : nh"A : f9°C9°C : s.·co:,,: hlf ;J:�: . • c;:fm·:: 1,1-'tV-9°: n:rA'i: tii\ti-9°: {lrf•�t..(l.m : r;,•.., : OD"}OJf'"'1•· : OD?..d1�: ...nA·t : 9°hC : n,:,--c," : l)•ft'I'� : 'f't-11 : i't ll;J�-- : c;:,:ro� :: ff..t7icn..,1:m- f" �ti t\--l: (D• : ro�fl 'I' : fl01/:1"'r-:,.. : f 11 ,. ,. 9}:r·: : tiOI/.·l: $P':.}"· : i', '1A : 'i':f OJ• :: (1 U• il ,,,.. �m·: f-r9°uc:,, : '}oo-r : i',:, 07.'li'i : Otit..9°,f: : m:,,:,.. : (1,f,(l mro· : r:l·9 °UC7·: ° 1.1L9 nt.�:,.. = J;I ,.,:,. = hODP't--:J.. :f,n9 · ° ll,I\ = vt,.,:,--v-A•f"} r,'hai 01J?.•,,h:,.. ffi9°lar: r•·t--01/t?J:f.: f9°C9°C: 'l''i':,•: 6:t>.e:: J;..t,n•l-- c : V'',UJ•: h'lf.\.'11/l'Pt\:: .. ,1 .. "11 n ·1.?r. ;rtll =- il"itll ,, �� c ,1 1°1 r "1 fl1--t1'/tf i",,,.r,.: °: ni't.r}\1·*·f: r,n °1: {JJJ'/i" , f:,9 : r fi'}OD• ftf, : hUDlf'i"T0Jc9°: (l<f c: f : ODj!_OJJ{:,, : l\ d1,�• : t&{\'f' : (10 D9°1J�-1 : nh•t\ : f9°C9°C : �-c(l.:,.. i',11.,"J� : (loD[f'}'i' : 04-hA tt&'i" : f1+01/t9l:f-- : uvtiht\ : flt\OIJ.<: t.m· : °11i--'1:,.. : •f•.-flil� 01'** aoar POl/..--1: : m•fl'r : fli','l.A -,:,.. : rPC•t -'PA :: •l:= �4'=oP"}flC= H.'? = Tf\,· t·c: =- r1,.,:,-r•A-f = r, 1,°1= (IIJ,,...,,b:,.. = ri'tt'l;JJE= fl'JIL J -m •: (LlD : . PtD• "rro : · -:f h.•f• 001. : : v, ro� :: O , ',;J-:t-: : (1C <#' :,: il OD"} ° : O.lf�. 9 · t\ m :, . 01' : f --l•H.."J : Y'llT= /l i't -: m r 'l f »tm,"?t Y'ft:1,: f11t°1;e_::,,: l\f:,: c;:,!a :: O'i--hA•f: 00 • n = "1 f1 , ,l, r '? �, I\ l\, 1 : ..v, OD ;1-m· . 9° ti.,,. f °•1 .. 7." ... ;1, i't t1 g " (i: , ro : n : 9° = h c f . : r lC f: • : h lJ!'C, ° i\f:,9 : if ' om : l wt.�· l1f.:'J° : 1lt l· : l.Y:•l •'P/;\ :: ()oo,J : : o fl,{l rf•��cr.· : f"'J{l,J·tiht\ : Pt• : /\01J.mf:,«J,0r : f9°C9°C : 'rc;:,.c,· : f?...,h.fi: : 1 h � i 'ilf f1 : A ° 19 : ·= ,f.• • P m v i',U A • V ',(D c } � I' ' ' : C fl.< fl : ! � T fl<f : OD" n : �'i� . otJJJ . .. ,,.(i ?i", c 9° °c r9 : t.• ' v. = {JlJ . = l\f:, .. 1 1 , .. O --, ... f,, eJIJ 1·1 ;,. = D1'?P',,..,. = n ll , :, H;J1.:,..: "f, = c,·:,�m� :: : h , : il : ] l\f, 7i "1 i't;J ... I D; TA: T11fc:1, :-- OU·t\'l--t1m· : r:,--9°uc:,.. : '}O a: _ P : ' ' ' ' n {IPp'i'. /J� J IT l: �,l, 'i:tti : .,.: > nt �,,:, 0 ;a. : fit.P. : (J,�h , . t\cf, : :,.. 1H : : . �c.11 ri .. 1 , .,·a· . '1· 1{ • . . f ;ic• r : l,f 1 ""' 6'.. ,e.{: 1 • hii :: A il'P A"l m •l k' i't X 'i :9 n.:,.. : (l·T : fi'P : .,l1 1 " : 1 lCD• ° : ilfln.--1--(a-0 : , 11 °1 : K--,1r� : 1,f ll;J-P:. : c;:1:m· :: • 0 . iJJ J " • (b f-•1.. = {l/l 'L ,,., • C : P, f rf ODlhrfi: {Tl l it ,/;\ OJ.. OOr {.,,.... • �,._ : illl ,:1-r· Af : fJ-,{l :h 1. !f. ,. ,C=lfm.. : m•fta:1•· : "1.1f.... : i-- J,.� : },ll, :J;e:•l·tD• : haoGIJ,ll\:J·OJ•9° . �

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tJ = q01J:,.. = P't--:flD·"}: &.. �--ouw, = fltt�>; ,)• = :J--tt i:fm«: {)ft� (). :· .. (lt..f (l{ltl'f.flDlt : °:�'IC �!�9" :,,��ti•h,') � h_il·f•(f'·: : 11;,;. : A'IAX- : ro >i . 0 :: OlP.:, • P,. " }IT ,, I" . f� fl� I t\ . ;J"""}�CT : ,;. "} : l1il-t't :i,. : : l\ti:P4'lD4 -• . 1'� T : l ODflJV fl • 1 .. JL • f t.il ..O:Frm•"}: f4-ht\,f:m• "} : 1'lh : .c; f,1-rt : , l ,,. .: (l{1Dflh9°: ZPC �' PA. :: fl fl.C- itrw•: (D«ilT: :}l\k �:,. f <PL fA&.m•: rP't ,: : C Y. ,r {)f'?f...CD• : fl"{l?,U: 1 : f, : f' '1�,r o· 'I " .l ;J..._eq:,:m, : f'"/f*CT : &.1°1;1... : : J f ,fl f,llA'I' : 111Jt:r m()d : ff.c;J,f•cp f.\ :: flti-hAtm •: m•ilrr : flTIJ."l-Vm•: f i',<t:tli : O ih"I: O.f: 1:i•: q>c,·: OD/"'tf: �:,-- : UUJ»lr1·'i: fooj!'onc,.fm•: ..e.,1on,1-c : f & ()C: '11f...Cll.1f...1: T01"l }: 0111/(lt,.btt:I.. : l."1.(!:: -i 'l'lt m·: TC: o · : � f O'r•�· ,,•i'itf! : h{lJJl/''i:f lD ·?" ° = lt,t\ : t\mf...t.- ,1: : Tl:J...1 --"}9° : i',T..n+m• : filn«: �flC:= ,n 4'0I/.�,1:c; = tt fl�),f: = fO? .. n1t.Tt.ro-1 = f,,..m:J>flf\-- : f ;-.. :, .. A'.,r : ,"h-'J-:f = ft.P,,f: : TC1 �oflC = ilf!1°1 : Ai : p;/r : (l<pc;: hH;J ]i:',1 • : ,,OD?, . = f� : !' : A,f: : f',{lt,.;f a>• : TA;� : �:,,er, : il"'l.;I.. : �m- :: 9°Ati:'f': f...'1J'P' : fttlU 1-h .. 'l'A:J> : iti'l ..l•ft.fl.'l.:f-m·t; : itll..l-- ff 7:,:m. : hl'I.U: m:1,:,.. : l],f.. t.1·1--: • 9"C: : ?°ht.:fro• t" : m0."fl : ilt\Y.t.1m· : nr+�· : fil�. rP'Ir : A'l° f..': ;JC : ,fJ1 t\1� : �(lC :: flrl\�9°: OD'/,f." : •(llf" : h•}P,1n"ft"}: f,{)IPJ'it\ :: r-1•f.(i: : 1.tL : OD9°Ut-�-: hm:i-- c:w• : (l<l?'PC : .f'',()• : n.tr�-9° : f. t.�:fm· : 'h'}f.: rf•ftOD�W- : h�,, ..� : ',(lC :: fllt}t{l: 11 0'1 : ro•ilT : J?..flm:• fl',n,;._:,.. : nrrtt•f: : f(C l tktbT : :,-- 9°uc:8· : TC:'?t. '1°:f : ID4/lT : ffl,f--9°'r : f',{l�..,l-- 1 iftt:11 1tnn �11"A = nm - t.:J-- 1---'ltt r,7,'? i', 01Jtit 1 f-.n,1--c = hoti, ;..,11..,.. J � f.-.1-hfl'r : 1'_...y,.: h(l4': 'P/C.,f 9° : fi'}'?.�''i: i',.1.P'"'{l:,.. l: °7.t{l ,f:C : f ,7 1'?: i', 01l-t I : '?•1:,- : UIJ.�ll ,tO'} : rh�..,.. ;;: : �/n,:,-. : P,� !hofl�};A: n1t.:fm· : l 01/',U: ni','C rf:C: f m1f,fi: B'r;J"": h�A: if.9° 1 i',_,f.. : fl.AA�: OI/"}f.<j:� : fmq,/t.f, : J,.�.,,..c. : ODP't.f n,:,.. r,71°1 = t, IP/tit :; ,,,.y.. = -,,:1 = ,1--( )011 = rt,J;.il = t,nq 0'/H;J'ir = .- : n, } 9"°/h1t'l ! i'11--: 'l°,f,aof.•: i'trflJ:.. t.UOI/1': Om·t.;J-- : 1•'1'}. : 9°/0JJ.'1..ll.. l:C ! tt •f· = ti oo• <1>" : , ,1,ai = m fl:J>,; = :,.. 9"() tr = qo c;r A = ii, ai i', 01/ tit 1 h,y.= fi.,fi�.. : {If,�: fil1'? : mfl.�''i: fi't.,l--r·A·f: itfC: OD} " 1f.': f,l1°1: l,"'1'1t:: OhP'ODt,. : fiJ.,f--9°?- : f',(}�. : 'if?°flA : •tlCY� : 'lf,U : fg'1 : l,°ll.'1 : h't:tt: fOC : {JlJljl'tf: i', ilODt.:; 9°/'t-.&. : '1"1P • ': t-Ju1 : Of',: m:Pl\f,: 1/',/r;:/n.:,-: , o tth u? J l1 f--= nv.,,, .. = ,:,,,efi, = ritlloPt. = v1°11: = '11 n rift'?= hOIJtit = c;:,:m.. 1 . -:,. � 1:IPJ= rarz.11·(0«= f(lc,1:&.t · t:, iJJ,t.if = ·r�'? = ro '¼OD =..,:f'9°UC·l· 9°: fOD . -.. = h1A°I : frf(l .. frf"°7t9l1 ,t fioo•� k · ,i)'tf.. i't_, m m· 'i : it7iC.(l --rf fr ) : : (l . : f ro , u . fl :, : Tc>°lt-.9° : ODlP{.:,-- : b,'h'?: :,..9°uc:i-- : fT 1 : (l ,f•l\hOJ•: (lro"}_(!;{JD•: '1"'/ : 11:J! : }Or. ::

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r..

n�:,-

ncr,in:,-. :

- 299 -

:i-f"vc,1--: f,{IT: {l"'il\T: fcf,l{l·: ... ,.,..: Tf1:9'-:,... : �(l?,:: �1C : °11 � f�H.u1 "i�"lt-'l°l-: f..l:q° : "'17i7iA : (1' 1-'t q7f Ir : f1'i-'i-. ·:: �1C : 'l1,'iC9°) : f "t:F A : 00 1 = �1c = tr'i = {lOD11.-i: = t\�nAtm· i ft<j:./orJ.'1.lltrf:cc; � ...Pr� l\orJ. 1\h:f":fw-9° = ibflo� : J?.:C�.Y.l-: itltlt{l : �1C : lf'f : �f :: ° 1J -9 c,1• :- .f l\&.W•"} : lr'irf; : ill\lf�9° : {lh_,rV"A--f : ODO' l:J"'P. : f,11"1 : -1{\ODODH �: 1''11.t\ f1"f..l1l& : 'l'li:,•: 00&.. ?-t'l° : {l'}OD,f;: : lD•ilT : h+J.?,oow.: P't- : 'P� �LD4 : tJ<j:.A : �l& :: ,f,tJl/il : ·,:1t--,t;'i· : '11.<1: : f,f.."'lt?Jif: f9°C9°C : �.e: : lll:P°t : ODl-f'?11;f':f"} : pODl�?,t; :: 0D9°1Jt-- "} : ,f.."'1t9ll-1'i : hlPl,Y, :f"} : ti�,:J1?.: {l:\I\: f .,..H;,1. lD': t 7c-1--: Tl.?°I t--tJDc: •{l ,.,.. :: onif if t\: f ni.r if(De: (IDIJ'�"} : f� Ol1'1 : 1,9°�:,.. : roi.el,:J°lT : hoolf )•9° : /bl\ : 9'1"} : IP/f:l°I : itn. oi:F A :,.. = o--t;-.. = ",h ti = aoi\'Pm twJ. = m :t> '"l. = OD� if = i r 'i = lf:;t:A 0 :

•n

(l'¼OD,f: : ODbt1l'li' : 1f..01/ : l\f, : f.h"i'C : -OCY� : 1-0t--f., : fODftil+i1m-: T�"lt-9° : h�A : :}I\&, : t r� :: l\"7:J"m· : 1'"7t9l�l: : frf•11;,:e.ro•: h�+�(Dc : t,:,,f:: fihlJ•�- : 1.tL: {J--t;J·•LD4 : i1At\ft\T: fit(l,f,P,Y..C : rcq:,-. : ;JC: .,,..ml}fl(l: f,i�A :: f,lJ9° : 1--P,f, : fOIJ.0Dl\t1,f -LD4 : �t iiC{l,f:(l)c"}t; :: f"'i;J--m•"} : :,..9°UCT: 1--Prf,: h�t\ : �CD•:: fi°tODilJlD•: qoo:,.. : {litil+PrY..C9° : lf� : OT&-T: f,t-if fl: ��°lt--'r· : 1''i4 Cfll\"} : 111\i : h�'f.t;f.\ ::

j I

(14..nAtlD•: P'C'¼rf•: :,-.9°lJC T : 11°1,:T: 1nArf : f,;J--J!, : f�(llm· : lD'I' TLD4 : f,f-0Df\(l•T1 : +OIJt9>l-: f°tODl\h:,-- : 1,P,f_. : �{lC :: frr9°UC-t."} : }'t(l llJT = n,t-mlt(IO = 00,11.· = O"?H;,)!:,-C = o--it-,9° = +"1t!P1" = nu--1\rf:9° = fbOIJ.il +c = (r:,•9°uc:i- = 1.rt) = +4''11.l\liA == 1,v119° 1,C9°1f fi\ = '?19° = r'l,::, .. tifl'IP/t : {\ODa>•(t f: : f:J!l\w· : f'1 : 4-n Arf : : ·fl.r : �(O« ::

f,U1'19° : (101/f:l;,1--1 : r:i•9°lJC-f: : q_e.�:,-- : {l�f..9° : 1--t1,.·f'f.\'i : nfY-l j{ro• : fl{\ oo(l,n"h : frf--'Jl> f : nm:,,1\1\(D« : : f..ljf : /tf, : '1-•�T : lL! ODIi) : '"h1f...0'J.-:f-A : T'J11f0'."A :: htLtJ9° : {\,I\ : 0"7il'1'°7C'i : (l"'if.C1:-l· : 4 A : frf--&..mlW• : ,f•bt10l/t : P'l" : OD9°1Jt ..�t; : ,1--IP/tlD· : h�'c.1 : _ef,\:P : f\"IA : 1--�f..: 1,U•1 : h.'lil : fl\ : 1.1·1. : 1' 1f..°tlf t--:i!w . : 1''itD4.4'/\1 lf'i9° :

n-1--9°vc.:,..

=�

TOIJt?J:iE9° : lf). : OD9°Ut,.'} : a>f...<J>f:'l°W• : V•�:J-- : {l,f•t\" : {\ODOD{\{l : fl{]D

'-.1\,:J:fm• : fi.U1 : fltA+,nn+ : v->:.:1-- : h'i: : flt\ : Tl:'f·'i : :,..;,:,.. : i'tltft;. :,. :: "' « · : a>'l'+m f'l{l?.,) 1 : +01Jt!Jl1". : 1\1f..1t; : a>f... : ·1•9°1JC1· : 10:J : 'h1Jt(ll1 l\(tc = tt�flo:f = ti-n-A,1:?J1, = v·•lt· = f:°7..f = 'h:,> ,., = itf.·c:1 : f� OllD" = fih'?_ T9°Uc:'f:: fL-1-- : �lI}c :: a>Jtfw•: h�9� : h/l,ltlD· : 4-h·Arf: : lDTi•(I)• : f'l(l�"r : : ,f- "?t?'-:f: a>f. : ��oC(l.tm•: 1,1�.0D{\(I,: l\il:J:i\lD•: Tlat1,P,"},f: : il**(IPlJJ' fl°t..,,. = fl.4' : OD"}nc : 'In c h·:: + "7t!P:1: : {l.-f-1\� : n T9°v c:,. : 1n:J" :f lD4 : "f: : : · : 'h1Jt 17·: 'l'l:,•c; : ODP''J>IJ.-), : °7 �"'l°l: 1,1-Prl\•0"} : 'h'i'J°'il\1:: 11'':'9° 1 '?�:f. 'h'}f.'ln? . = I\OD"Jfl?i.. 'hm>:l\u• nllJ9° A:,,= 1....,c = rtr�,o· = r1111-0 a>f_.9° : r:,"9°lJCi: : i',(tllJT : 1·�f, : lt,f,tr1 : f_.1J 1 : fA'1--,nn+ : l}•t:J--: tt"'lil"1: lihA : !m4-'ILD4 : 1.ft'i' : 1--Afi,)" : -,m. f,U9° : 1.f·I,',· : 1--A{lT: f"'lfl,t -"'ltf: ODl>ft!!P-:f-"} ;: (11-f : f {\� : f9°C9°C'i : mi\�.,. s·tr g·,,•. c:.::i�-, = f9°'i11?1'1:,.. : : f,11'? = :i..�uc:i•: CL:,.. "} : frf·'lil\'i' = mj''"l. =.l\01/f:l"l-= f9°t;m4-lD " = '/OC :1

n�)I

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- '300 -

=:,..

= l,

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• }" 9° : h1 t-.: t11\_f,: r,,..,n,f'(l,:,-- : l--ol(C:1-: O.'i�9°: h'¼l\"1/l1: W•il' -'1 :P1J.f : ,,,,: f:1'1: f�OllD·: "!1�·� f".�·f: f'P:/.fatTCJ(JD•:_f"1Jflri""1/t,f: �,h.c;::f: �f �oc =· oo9°1J6''t-9° • 0!2 • f� 9'1uc:,- = q_e,�..r--1-- = "�•'tile;= r•t--?f7fll" •. -- > :: 7'" ,ft C: :f '} : ·f i', H.? )!q /.\ . . ;1o,il,�"'16.f : u = · J' om m•-1" : nt,..n,,;; ;� .. � m-c:::1: : 1 /,\f, : fD?.;J--.,eq:fm• : nr"?.t{l it� z.il : ,t;{• = o:J•I\I\:,, f(JIJ"}"/�:,- = f..·Cl··f�..1,'i = n°1 A : ooFt,f: n.,f",f.. : r+&.m�--·l-1' ° '" 1 : "flC : f.-f'H.'11f. : nntr_r,:1:m . : a;ro,:: ��f"•l 0 'i ; '1"1= lf�· ��'1'� f : 1' llft4•:t·: 1.,i.e :,-. : l\it.-1-- r·A·.r : ,11'? : Ol/•O�t.f : fit1Dlf1' : 1-- h·A•tm•: f,1 r: f1P/fl•l"t11/t,f: �,1,.c;: : hi'1.-l�f"A-.r 'lt\0 1· la � : ;,c: ·-l·��?it,: flf't--1--1': f O t\ · : f�6ll' tt1c rc11."lr = x-t1t.,ll-:.1· �nc Jto•19'1 = n.ir, = flD461h = Jt1?«1 = t\01J�1i "'"': h11l\'ll,\O; l\1 1 lf'f9'1 : ffl/\m : f9'111/\1A'l:flD4 : nt.mt- : f·l "H,;J'p,: :,.1 s l)f�IJ'1: hC"lm� 'i": hlD·�•l".;: : flf.,.T1 : it.:,-r-A"f1: f"t01J1th,J: : 1'�

n:it�· =

r:f

: �� :,

fl7'��lJ : ll"'lil·t--"'lt,f : O.'lA : Oil·l:'}(l"A : Oi•Ji;,�:,. : ?i"dt-�·..1·• : hU• 1r 11'} wf.&,:,- = noiz..1'1 = /\.DD1A1A = 'h.1Jt:J!A = t,11: = !l:oi rtr} = fOD(l,{l(l{l.f : OIJ11f: : 'f_9°l'i"/,\ :: htLlJ : {l&,,}, : ilT9°1JC:," : f°tf1l\°llt- : {l,f;1M 1" : Jiil+"'l69'� : fi,f'�f� : cJ?'l'C : f,ou (l:J>(l7/t-: lDf,'J°: f,m� : 1'1 .�.�r = h,�, � n1: .?"7. = .. �tt.?'lf..= �nc

OY'il+�'i' : 0h6'i'=;: : "}oo:,, : fP'C'¼i-- : :,..9°UC-r : t\W•'P : 0DDf.l1� : f'i'Ol/t?'f: :,..;;:,•'i : l-fr>:J-- : aoaon� = flouQJ,�'q : fOIJ.(lmm·: &.i·'i: -O;fw ODlf� ' cf>C;tA:: htl.U : n&.:,- : f,f"tiiJ;..,}, : fOO•h� : 'l''i"f"i': hlJ•1: 001/. 1'1: OP'&- = "f,: W•ft'PA:: t\9'1ltl\, : f+t..'l'c>1: V11T : fl"tODt\h:,S: f:,S'J°uc:,-: '¼,e,�f i·'14-f, = r�n� ":,.. hP'� = iJ.9° 1:,.. = +Ol/t?'�..._ = tt-0 11'1m·1 = r:'f·'l°UC •1:1 1.n ftil\�:,-- = nn-1:1 = no-.(·1 = rr�ro· = 'h.ro•�,.,-� = r01J1J1:1 = tt1rL7i1 (w•A) : il9°9°�T: Ooot.t-l.9° : �nc ::

= =

- 301 -

00.. = 00 K,'hli::,., . . f = = ,.. ... :1' Ir :,-.1 ;,n. ,.,1 f .. = · tro A.. tt , nti = --reta(Jc. = r-'1!'1'? li » ° ,'ih 1 nw 1'1 11'9 L = = 1' ,1 c •1' • hrf R'd OD = ;,,"1 = : ! f k � hFt. : v--1\T : fh.T -- : f h',{Rir f ?u',lt•C:.1'1: Oil�(}:,.. : f!ir: : " nch:, f;J• +(JOc:,-,: ,r,f!,}•: 001t;,,<j::,-«'i·: . : : r l t l'J° f,OD : &"A h'i {loo : �1· tJ�t\ ou l)f, : , ti +

r-1;,

�/ foo'?n., = 11'?�:,- = (/\9°'1/b = n'if1.e..ct\.. 1.e..1 = ilt\t'-,:,.. = r+ 11,:JllD•: oox-,h�: ) g'c;/ : {l�tn 1 f,n'? : <j:t\{l<j:t;: T'iT'. : ha,.61}-: '11c : ,:1c = nD?'l1tKc = au An = fir1•11,:1;r.:,.1 = (/\'l°tilb = .r 1JA = f'l1P';1--:,. : = -f<j::,Sth : 'l'IP':,..: f1''1'?t\..1J;;: = :t-c.1,'J°: f,11n:-J A) i f:'c;/ A� : A�: ,1,11.. : f"t1�n•l· = (/\9°'1/b ,rvA = f+m:J>/\A-,,.l· = fl'tJ;.il nO'I = ,1111· i f\O?il - f: fct:T,11 : -Odi.C. : P''I : P'C'} :t•) I '(;�/ +D?tf : f°tf'lt\'?t\•: fh,:t-fk ntt ..�,r-A·f = ooJPtf = fL.Y..'f = 9°1 = "h'Jf...01/..lP&. = f°1..1Ag. = nr1.ua,. = r+� l1'T 1 : 'l'''i'{,1-- : fOIJ..fODl\'fl:,-- : (/\9°'1/b : {lh...rrf"kf : ra1'? : OD?.'tfL:,■ : l\f, : from-:,-- "} : ll'iC1f : 'l!il+C1: �toC{\,t : nlll/iif,'IT : f+H,'1�:,.. : ill\: h...:t■f-kf: �C.(' : fL-t'·'f : l'til,,.1--�f.C'i': fct:T,h : 11,li. C : ,l,'?: hmllJ : hit P'C: qoo:,-«: {1:\1\: ft\lir1: rct:'f: v--�;J··t; : h1J;.. V•9°: ilt\LPt-·l--'Z1: 7-Pif,) 1 j'?// ,l11lli·: (I {1·"}: f0l/..00 t\t1,.f: : A�: t\� : T'.,f,1•: (t\9° '1/b : fl (l,.11C : f+u,:1,:01• = fA 07.(' : a1'?: llh1C : /J.('-1:, l\f, = 9°1 : '¼J?,'I:,.. : m·n1:i-- = 1'1 �t\lD•: flPJ.ODl'J"lOJ•: K',h- �): ,;:,:(De ::

■

'Q�/

m°I

,.,..'f,�O'J.',:,, : f I\TlD•'} : '1,.P,f-1' : o7 ODIf ff 1 : i't ii&_1\-J. : iit\OD l.f).:: ilt\9°C9°C: x·,1•. c;::f: 'r�f,: fD'/f,'PYJ;.7•"}: A�: A�: d1 '1fl:f-'i·: itil+f f,f.':�f-: hODCOD?,: {l:\I\: 'fl!' �(IC: �'1!1'?: lDf.t..T : +tJ,PiOIJ...= OD(f'}: ilt\i'tt\Q :fm· : &',h-C::f : n..,+:f.: "h.1 J;.tJ: f.,I\ it- 12 ''t\OJf,.&.,,f: : h�,,,'?f: TlT: ODf..l'?: ft\{l:,-: hlt.V: ll''?..h,f-lrT: 1-�r-'f: l\f,: lj(l)c:'" li�I 'Pc.' = 'P'i = (t,il&.1\1.) = frr�.:,--1 = f;,,'? = t1'J+i1· = n+:1="- = ovm1 = ntt"7C� : !l:1*: fl'?AX- 'i': (l'l>t\t\ : v--�;J-- : 111/,flt- tf : +n;,]:f: 1'1J;.LP�611> : OJ/f:l'? 1

g�/ "111· : ,n:J>IPJ.',;J--:fm•t; : 1°jf_',:J· •:fm• : 1''}J;.. ;J--a>� : 9'"''} : flJ/A :

(Dem:,• = 1,1Pi 00 m•'i' = �·} : fUA: 1'1P.1t\1lt- : 'r'i' :,.. = "'1 .. e:l."l1 r 4 -h6f:1:, = '?•n = ll 00�'lilt; = ct::t-,l, 1 = i\D?i111 :i- = 9°1 = q1,�,l1;1'l! = ic:�:tr = 00 w•flt: = 1'1F..0in�: = f\ouw(t1 = ntt1tv = /Af. = IA�: h�A: flr:t-'J: f'l'Pt,9''",f: ,hlt.,O 'i: A"7.(': 1r'i'T � 071:l."l;. 9.�/ 1'1\f, : hn1+il'i'TOJ« : '? : t\ODf::lil : /bi\lD" : tt,c : r•t-1fl'l/l'1 :fm·: lf.eo9'1--: t\lt.:,-- r■ A·.r : m:J>OI/..: t\.tr)•: fO?..'fll--(l:,•"}: iJD")' lf:: '" "'IT'r T :: htlV : llL:,. : i',•{llf�:,i : fd1.'? : Tt; :,. : ,l t,:J'f : 1,C9°>f9'1" : �,f• h•llD• : f,ODt\h,f: : f',{l?,:,■ T<f!rf: : f Tf-k., : ;,1 ·11-0 : fU'J.'iCO:,•t ' nh+°7 OJ«ilT = f°7. ·:J--fm- 1 = '?c = �nc = '?1 = fmf...&.:,-■ = "'�1•1 •

r"f/

n:.r.

:r.. :

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n-r ::''

: J•fil ll.tD :, "'J° : ...,.. h,f"A : fro.e..&,:,.. : f9°C9°C · , t f g-, 11.,�;::1•·} : ftf. h : • ) : , : t\ J = ODOD • • , OJ • tt:PllJ66J . l,' t1 'l .V. i aJ : t\?° ar 1,y, 1 � : 'i�c1 .. • � ro: :, � : J!,m:,» f(llJ : ,,. «A�tD' : l'l·fl•l�tD- } : 1..1·1, = _h. ,:,'f-kf'} : ll"'l.. 4h ODt\h:,- : 1•-'{f, : i\f,: . 'i/,\: 0 ·,J,.(::•1·9'1: •n•J;.ri!ro.. : flllJ9° h',{l,ri1 ' 1�-�t;:: l'if:C�l,\ :: f�C� i : 1 ilt\ 1 �n1. = :,,f.9° = ,f•h-- 1·A = Ol/ 11,:,.�.. :,... = t, i\ilttll1?11 :: >

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oc.�:t-

ft�tiiC�"tm· hfw./\1..f\(Dc : w« il'I' ff.l(l"}"} : ,n.!1101/. : X'Cif : t\.flm«lm« : ltf,'1'19° :: 4--hArf:UJc : ft'lftU : oCP,;J-- : ,,.. "1'1�1 : A.fti�� : 'ttf,1--A'J° :: hit U9°: 01\f, : f.'?'l° : hlD·6ih : f'J"''i1·rw- : /JCP,;J--9'1· : onm"}: f°7..0DlPlTOr: t .U : 'h1?.C: lll ',m• : :: X';J<i: hn1C:: tD•il'I' : 09°'i'11roc : 04! : fU'� : f11H11 : h�tiiCil"f:tJ>c : f'l°'i'"li(Jr : 'lj!:,, : 04! : nf.f..f\9° : f\Ol/1\:,.. : 'hf,;rA'J° :=

, 1

f,U?°: ll;e::,,: m:1>"7.. �+. : 0°1l.C"1'1': f"7..;J--fm•: f"'lilTOl/tf: f'J°C9°C: n,f! = ?.ch-t:.1·: l1Th;J--;J-- f1 h1Jtmffic = fl"tfil1·1\•:,.. = i\ll.r.1: ?t,ht..9'1· 0 00tr).: �ID•:: 0/t,I\ : t,1�C: n,;J'f.: "11 : f"'i.11m-: q,::,.. : h�: °11\:, ..: i',I\ 0 r : . 2.•r1fl"l : Y.I.� ,,--� 0-r:: n+/\f.9'° : f,f.."'lt9':f·1 : r9°C9°C: �.Jt..�:r;: Oh� tr-r1 = foo9'1u�1 roat. f.1--A = r�nlw-1 = ttv-1 iroo',OD', f''?.'lf,01·1 = fm-61!': 6C�;J-- : oorf,11:,.. : nflOT ::

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h01·61b : l\;J(a-:f = 11·,;r,m• : 6CP.:J· = tt":,•f-kf = ·m·il.T = f"'l.fil�Ar:, .. 11 JtP,�.. il: l,:,,p.:f,: 1'1P.illODl: °IIA?.' = �w· :: lf'f'J° = 1tU•"}: f6C:P.:t-m•: oom 1 1 , iPl�:,- = ,,1�1c,· = hoolouc 1 = O:\ti 1 11:,, 1 i.rll = �l\"'l.'tf: = ro:PP-:f-1'11 = m.P 'rl:1':f-11 : h il+ll ..Ol"} : fOJ1'&,,f:"} : l,:P Y: : "'IH,:J]!:,-W : it/t"fi"} : f-,U"}"}9'° , A."'lf:l°l: �t;.�Y>:F1•"}: 1'�:J·'i: h<i:: flt: 'J°7fT_= fl\T(D• .= 'lt_"}�lf�: 07+,: I ht\111 :: il/tll,U: 00D9°Ut-'i:J!1'1'i: o1 tsPY:1-- "}: H"}.f: : f �f (l)c"} : r;J--:J-t� lPt.,,..�.,:,..: {101/,.T'i': n"JJ.!.·"} : 1--P,�: h'?-0 : flP/Y:l.il : OD"}t. il: 1'1>;.m�hc 1 'h1jf. : h1J;, I\ I\ : "'If..'l"I : fll111'J° ::

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- 306 -

• H

•

( SEVENTI-1 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE DEAN 1962 E. C. (1969-70 G. C.)

\ '

Cliff F. Thompson, Professor and Dean, Faculty of Law Haile Sellassie I U11iversity I. A New Transitional Phase

In the seventh year of its history, the Law Faculty clearly entered a transitio11al p eriod of imme11se importance. Tl1e Fact1lty began the change from being a new law school \Vith a11 expatriate staff, to beco111i11g an ·established law school. ·with a predominantly Ethiopia11 staff. The signs of tl1is transitio11 are dramatic. For ex;:11nple, 011ly a few years ago there were less than 10 Ethiopia11 lawyers with the traini11g to e11able then1 to make a high-calibre a11alysis of the ne,v Ethiopian la\vs, and there was no forum for tl1e systematic consideration o f Ethiopia's developing legal system. Today the Faculty has pµblished more tha11 fourteen issltes of the Jo11r11al of Ethiopian Law, and Ethiopians increasiI1gly _ are the concerned scl1olars who write it.

. A fe\v years ago there were no U11iversity degree level law sttidents i11 Etl1io p1a; today, tl1ere are more· Etl1.iopian ft111-time University la,v teacl1ers tl1an the nu1;11ber of expatriates who began tl1e law scl1ool in 1956 E. C. (I 96�-64 G. C.)'. This year the Facl1lty added three full-time Etl1iopians to the tl1ree prev1011 sly- selec ted a n d made offers to three more for 11ext year. Accordi11g to tl1e plan ?egtin 1961 E. C. (1968-69 G.C.) to recruit three Ethiopians yearly, tl1e Faculty will be substantia lly Ethiopiauized by 1967 E. C. (1·974-75 G. C.) . Less dramatic than tl1e increase in Ethiopian staff members� tl1e increase in . the age of the Fac11lty is a11 eqt1ally sig11ificant part of the trans1.t1onal phase.

_\Ve are not yet a mature Faculty: we are growing, and I believe �ve are in evita bly going law this of n uratio inaug to have The . ·pains a number of 0orowing . school generated co11s1c1erable of days • • arly • • e th e · 1n 1nnovat1on of excitement. The JOY th· 1 tha1 k mly lty war be c was uld sho we not so a t, tee of star aran 1 rect g1. a cor u Fa fu � for pro e�ed compl the brilliant becrin11ing. In the or ued contin we past �>7ear • · 0 • grams beg·011 ear1. r fo ed n ti es d s . m a progr 1er, 111novat1ng and we also progressed by I future omp c letion. � \ to Q_uite obviously the transitio11a l period we are entering ha s a dott_ble chall�:ge: a nt ain wha 1 new with ealt ard forw t e 1nov . w to have � ti111e e whil at i the san1e 1n: j . laws of · a11 . th . . n1ov111g t obiec . J scien ce 111f orm t1s that 1t 1s harder to start an I is to k • tlier l ano .. • · eep it movr�g 1s there now . 11 k. a we . 111s!t1tt�t101;1s, But for hun1an ·1 t is to con. I r�Ie: it 18 o ten . easier for t1s to start a11 1nst1t11t1on or proJect tha11 f \• tinue 1•t , new nd a ' or to 1d O the finish it \Veil. To mee t the dot1ble challenge of

- 307 -

JOURNAL OF ETI-IIOPIAN LAW - VOi.,. VII - No. 2

tile Faculty must hav·e a highly motivated staff wl1ose energy will. match their men tal ability.

n. Four Com1no11 Threads in 1962 E. C. (1969-70 G. C.) I believe that four comn1on threads dominated the patter11 of our diverse acti vities last year. These threads touched nearly all we did, �o I will briefly describe them (b11t not a ttempt to order their importa11ce) before discussing specific Faculty programs. One con1mon threa d is the result of the rapid t11r11-over of staff comb,ined with tl1e increasing ca rry-over of 1111finished projects. This placed tremendous pressures on the uew staff. Ma11y of tl1e staff \vl10 bega11 projects are no longer with the Fac11lty _ in 1961 E. C. (1968-69 G. C.) alone, 11i11e key men1bers left Etl1iopia. Bt1t tl1e projects still req11ired completio11: projects st1cb as La\v I-l011se; publication of the Co11solidatecl LaH'S of Etl1ioJJia; and the collection of Africa11 statutes by our Ce11ter for African Legal Developn1ent all req11ired new staff mern bers to 1111dertake them, and thus to delay progress 011 their ow11 i11novatio11s. Another typical examp]e was tl1e oe\V sl a ff n1ember who used time l1e 1night have spent on l1is ow11 research and writing in order to transforn1 a typ\vritte11 ma1111script . by a fornJer member of staff into a professio11a]]y printed \1olume. The t11r11-over of our staff has alwa.ys been a diffic11lty, bt1t the proble.m bas becorne more acute now that the roster of Faculty obligations l1as ]engthened. 'Until the staff is SLibstantially Ethiopianized, anti therefore has a more pern1an ent 1nem bership, these carry-over projects will exist. Fortunately, a sufficient nun1ber of staff respo11ded well to this work, both beca11se it had to be done, and because there m11st be an established pattern of responsibi]jty which wilJ ir1s11re the conclu sion of a ll projects despite the t11r11-over of staff. A seco11d thread whicl1 ran through ma11y of OL lr activities wt-ts tl1e �ffort to 01ove n1ore closely togetl1er the life of tl1e U11iversit)1's Ce11tral Ad1ni11istrat100 aod y Facult w a . L the the life of t}1e _L a w Fac11lty. The U11iversity Administratio11 a11d were born virtually si111ulta11eously, a 11cl altl1011gl1 their gro1vvtl1 wa s tl1eoreti cally as one body, i11 fact they de, 1eloped in 111a11y wa)'S as sepa rate _perso11alities. Tl1� L�\V y ersit Umv tl1e School made decisio11s and began programs before it ,vas possible for �be now Ever1 to develop general admi11istrative policies st1ita ble for all Facltlties. s. ulue fac its u·nivers.ity Ado1inistration seeks to encot1rage a 11ealthy atito1101ny for thes : a ;i B 11t t�e Un_iversity _is est_ablishi11g patterns applicable to all Fa.ct1lties, and _ d ask being som�times ill conflic_t w1th the practices of tl1e Faculties. We are it n . ofte coi1forrn. We are �1ll111g, a nd we are cha11ging, b11t it is not easy, aod . cannot be done rapidly w1tho11t grave dangers. of · a rogr Jll t For e�amp 1e, the challe11ge_ is to coordinate 011r exte11sive extens1011 P with ou nt, law te�chmg mor� closely with the University's Extension Departme puring ram_ destroying the basis of the Faculty's ability to run a successful prog 'dered be pas_t year the Uni�ersit_y Adn1inistration and the Law Fact�ty �lso c��!�ures; � pr on trat1 reg1s anomalies betwee11 U111vers 1ty policy and Faculty practice j11 - 308 -

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SEVENTI-I ANNUt\L REPO.RT OF TI-IE DEAN

regt1latio�1 s,_. st1cl1 as _ tl1ose a _�lyi1�g to _Ethiopi_a11 Ui er: t stt td liversity Service; aild in ? t to acl11eve coo1d111at1011 will COJltIIIue. effo 1 The c1ng . 11 fina itl A . third. co1111u. o11 .tl1read which pervasively to1·1ched ,all 011r. ei,orts \Vas shared by the e11t1re U111 vers1_ty - the rett1r11 �f tl1e withclraw11 sttlcletlts. Tlle 196 1 E. C. C,-) . a;adem1c �ea_r vvas do1n111ated by tl1 e ,vitl1dravval of nlore than ?O (}968-69 % stt1 den the 111 s ts sec 1 s1t� o11 d se1uester, a11d tliis past )'ear vvas slla ed of the U111ve P 1 tl1e se1 first er. 111 1 1est by their ret11r1 T11 is 11nus11al sit11,ltio11 requirecl tl1e Fac11lties to be m.agicia118 _ to juggle class schedules, to a.dcl cot1rses a11d staff --b11rcle11s so tl1at every se111ester vvotild coi1tain both 1st a11d 211d se1nester cotlrses. 1 11e i11cide11tal side-effects of tl1.e situatio11 added greatly to tl1e admi11istrati,1 e b11rde11s of tl1e Fac11lty. There were, for insta11ce, an abnormally large 1111n1ber_ of stL1dent JJe_titio11s to clarify rt1les in a11 t111 precedented situtation, a11d extra pla1111111g efforts by t11e Lctw Faculty staff on IJroposals suc]1 as the in1agi11ati,,e b11t ill-fa.ted Trin1ester Pla11 to mal(e-l1p lost tin1e for tl1 e stt1de11ts. The 111ajor ql1estio11 was wl1etl1 er stall� a.11d stl1dents cot1ld manage the abnor111al sched111ing \J,·itho11t din1i11isl1ii1g tl1e sta11dard of acaden1ic JJerforma11ce. I a111 pleased to report that t!1e rest1lts were lctrgely re,tsst1ri11g, a11d tl1at all stude11ts a11d staff e for tl1 eir efforts. deserve prais , .(:'C'

The fragilit)' of t11is 1111iq_t1e acacle111ic c11rr.icul111n v1as se\rerely threate11ecI, l1ovv ever, by tl1e most overwl1elrni11g of tl1e threads i11 tl1e patter11 of eve11ts: a brol<e11 thread - tl1e tragic eve11ts of Ta!1sas, 1962 (Dece111ber, ] 969 G·. C.). A clash betwee11 students anci gover11111e11t forces rest1ltec1 in tl1e death of stt1cle11ts 011 ca1npt1s, and the closure of the U11 iversity for t\vo 111011tl1s. Tl1e eraotio11 al den1ancls 011 e2.cl1 of us dt1ri11g those 1111fort1111 ate days \ivere 11ot co111.1Jatible \.Vith tl1 e .i11tellectt1ctl as1Jiratio11s of the University. Tl1e re-ope11ing of tl1e U11iversity proceeclecl 11or111ally e11011gl1 to e to 11ave co11ti11t1ed al Jo\V completio11. of the acade1nic year, a11d we were fortt111at . educatio11. vvitI1 a slow rett1r11 to tl1 e researcl1 a11 cl JJL1 blicatio11 so neeclecl by tl1e ., nation. ID. Program of the Faculty of Law

Students Law House

One of the 111ost i 1nporta11t e,1e11ts tl1is year vvas the openi11g of L_a,v flot1se, a self-help project req11iri1 1g a l(11 ovv11 cos� of over Etl1: 120 000, and 111c �ctilable :' : d. I11 l"io d an l1 cas 11 1 o lab r by ma11y stt1de11ts an d staff wl10 raised the donations addition to being a self-I1elp e11deavo11r for law st11dents and staff, Law I-Iotise .was t? provide a con11nodio11s place for st11d�nts, al11n1ni, an_d st_aff t� meet, ai1 d t give to some of tl1 e Jaw st11de11ts a11 e11v1ro11me11t condl1c1ve to serious Sltidy. �b� goals '¥Vere realizecl tlus year, a11d tl1e staff a11? stude11ts - ma11Y no longer \.V1th thiz Faculty - deser,,e 011r ctdn1iration for their acl11even1e11t. · . re than Three m atters rem ain t1nsettled. We 1n11st eI1n11nat e a' debt of. 1no . . y Adm.1Sit er v 11_ 1 • U E�h. $15,000· vve m11st defi11 e tl1e statl1s of Law I-lol1se vis-a-vts the ouse w · a . . fI L t 11 o b � . s n1st_rati· on; a11d a io · ::, rt d · an t • ers d . · ' we. m11st worl< to el11n111.ate tl1e nustin . bY· r ea n s 1 e st o h n a Which seem to -c 1 1 t1 il · ft d a · ie d • ..t11e se ar1 1 011 gst st11cle11ts l1v1. 11g 111 an it s ld tli ·o g e e� 11 If Law 0 . · C ilg di iil 011 tl1e Bt or lS Bot1se were camJJl ilo K at · ' · Ar at er th o r � · . 1o 1g 11 s u o Wou Id not l1 y b b a 1 be note-wortl1y. Bl1t perl1 aps 1 ts closeness to s1 - 309 -

JOURNAL OF ETHIOPIAN LAW - VOL. VII - No. :2

students has been useful, since Law House was 011e influence on t� e �niversity Adnl.inistratio11 whe11 it decided to gaive l1igh priority to st11dent dorm1tor1es in its new capital invest1nent progran1. We also await to see wl1at tl1e stude11ts 110w in the Law School contribute to Law Ho11se. They are largely tl1e be11eficiaries ? f perso11s who_ worked \1/ithout even the reward of living in Law House. What will those who live there contribute to thE'ir successors? Summer Session

The extraordinary event of the year, arising fro1n tl1e desire to make-up lost time for the witl1drawn stude11ts, \,,as an unprecede11ted s11mmer session, in which one-q11arter of the reg11lar teaching staff ta11gl1t three-q11arters of the st11dent body (both witl1draw11 and son1e 'regt1lar' students) one-third of tl1e reg11lar law courses, for 11i.i1e ho11rs of credit. This session, following hard on an emotionally charged and exhausting semester, could l1ave been a disaster. But it was not. Why? 011r Law st11dents worked dili gently. Also, we found that 11i11e hol1rs of credit in eigl1t weeks (instead of approxi mately 18 l1ours of credit in 16 weeks) required tighter planni11g of teaching a11d studyi11g, and in tl1e e11d we bad a n1ore efficient use of time. Five days a week, a st11dent n1et in tl1ree co11rses for one a11d 011e-half ho11rs daily for each course. There was no loss of continuity betwee11 lect11res, and each class was long enough to allow meaningf\11 discussion. Statistical Survey

At the beginning of the academic year, tl1e Law Fac11lty had 746 students: 278 in the Bachelor of Laws degree program; a11d 468 in the s11b-degree certificate prog·rams in Addis Ababa, Ji1nma, and Harrar. At the start of the seco11d semester, an additional 32 students were admitted to Law I - st11dents who had withdrawn a11d who after their return became eligible for tbe Law Fac11lty in tl1e seco11d semester of the academic year. It is sympton1atic of the complexities arising from the withdrawn student sitt1ation tl1at the screeni11g, interviewi11g, a11d admission of Law I stt1dents wllich nor.1nally is done over tl1e two mo11th vacation had to be completed in less than two weel<s. The extra strain on staff seems to have been justified in at lea.st one in,portant way - tl1e class is repor ted as partic11larly strong. class, TI1e droJJ011ts LL.B. or disn:is sals were eve11i1 1g low excep t 1 11ew i 1 the . wh1c� lost a ?o11t 30 of its 105 members by the start of tl1e seco11d se.mester. _ Judging b� prior even111 g LL.B. groups, tl1is loss was low for the first year. Whether the extension of the program from four to five years bas reduced tl1e b�1rde n ° 0 . students sufficiently to reduce the drop-outs will, however, have to a\'\'ait Judgm ent. 0· uati Twen ty-on e grad ? stude nts recei ved the Bache1or of La"'S degree at the July . F1sseha Yimer received the Chancellor's Medal and both he and Alerou Fok ion ' . graduated with Distinction. the progran1s in There were 230 grad11ates of sub-degree Certificate Ababa, Addis . Jim�a, atld Asmara. The following students graduated with honors- Sahle Wolde, Wubishet Werede in Addis Ababa; and Araya Belay in Asmara. - 310 -

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SEVENTH ANNUAL REPORT O F TI-IE DEAN ,

The sub-degree st11de11ts in As·mara a11 d Jimma wanted t o trave1 to Addis A · baba cate ert1 s, · tit fi c e1r . b It h t appe ared ve t l1 at the Uni·vers1•ty,s p o1icy of seel to .recei . . . (111g " . a ,vas uat1 ons suc cess d . gra Tl1e al 1111p ressive ceremon1·es, pres'd re(Ti o on 1 ed over in . sra A a. s te . HE R K ass . a and In Jin1 n1a by H E Ato Lema F' Asmara by · · . uel1ewot ' · · to eve t 1 nts c1ti I 1e es · 1a w h 1c l 1 were causes of civi·c broue,oht spec prJ·de, and 011r grad.uates · p1eased b y t I1 e1r· local recogi1ition. ad.roitted to be1i1g

Honour System

�l1e�e was 011e I-Ionour Bo�rd case this year ":7l1ich was haiidl ed with s peed and JUSt1ce by the Facul ty Ad,,1sor and st11clent members.

But it also b�came clear tl 1at the meaning and operation of the Honol1r Code are l ess than obvious to n1 a.ny stude11ts, so tl1 at stt1de11t-staff disc11ssions will open· on this topic i11 1963 E. C. (1970-71). 2. Staff

Of the 21 posts budgeted by the l.Tniversity for tl1e Law Facul ty, 18 were filled at the begi11ni11g of the )'ear - one mem.ber was 11nabl e to ret11r11 for medical reasons; one recruit declined at the last moment; a11d one IJost was 11nfilled.

The staff was l1ighly qt1alified. It is eqt1ally important to 11 ote that f11lly l1alf of the staff was new to tl1e Faculty, a11d five other l1ad served only one year. By early in the second sen1ester three of the fot1r me1nbers of staff who l1ad served more than two years ,vent 011 fin,Ll l eave. We tl1e11 l1ad 15 f11lltime staff 1ne1n·bers, aI1d 15 of the 25 cot1rses offered by the Law School were ta11gl1t by tl1e instr11ctor for tl1e first tin1e. Yet 10 of 1 5 teachers provided their st11de11ts \Vith new or revis ed teachi1 1g 1naterials in 14 cot1rses. Seven of 011r teachers offered eve11i11g classes at no extra compe11sation, a11d all 15 teacl1ers were engaged in research in Etlliopia11 law.

The typical staff member was tht1s a perso11 with very limited experie11ce witl1 Ethiopian legal problems, but a person wl10 was energetically attempting to master the sit u ation in order to 1nake a 11seful contrib11tion. Tl1is is not a new pattern, t1ssed disc ady but a repeat alre h,Lve I . staff of r -ove 1 tur1 the ing ed by ern caus patt . the way in which tl1e carry-over of u11fi11isl 1ed Faculty projects makes 1 11?re act1te the old problem of a rapid tt1r11-over of staff. Fort11nately, all of the prev1011s sta� re_mains on the Faculty for the 1963 E. C. academic year,_ (1970-71 G. C.). And it wtll be of great help t o tl1 e Law School tl1at two experienced scl1ol�rs agreed to extend beyond their origi11al commitments:- Zygmt1nt Plater _and Associat� Pr�fess?r Sklar , who sacrificed a te11t1red academic position at Ohio State UniverSity in order to stay in EthiOJ)ia. The staff's efforts were particularly admirable because the departure of tl,e Assistant Dean i 11 the second semester added another 11nusual burden - many of tlle iiew staff, t1nfamiliar with Faculty an d University procedures, had to maSter them as an interi1 n administrative solt1tion.

Ethiop ianization Three of 011� Ethiopian staff completed two years of teacl1ir1g arr<l research t the ac "ab roF ulty at the end of the ear and left for two years of advanced l eg�l s�u � ad: Pasil Naht1m (Yale tJni�ersity); Semereab Micl1ael (Brussels Uni,,ersity)'

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JOURNAL OF ETHIOPIAN LAW - VOL. VII - No. 2

1:eceiv�d a. scbola1�sh.ip from the ch Ea .. ) ity ers 1iv U1 ern est hw ort (N a far Te and Worku i 1g 111s rsh 1r11 ola D1 sch 1t. p ed erv des ly leave, each ftll d an , ice cho 11.is of y Universit o are !�ow teaching at y wh 11lt Fac · 0111 of ers mb me 1· n1e for h wit sely clo rk will wo , y a. c:tnd ebr Gh 1e ha1 Yol1a11nes Heroui Ber Dr. , . eta Gel iy11 i\b es. siti iver Uti the oan,ed y e 11lt Tl1 . Fac ers 111b me considered man y staff n1e l-ti ft1l as r yea t firs ir tl1e conlpleted ee to tl1r rs 11di offe ts�a . 1 1g persotls: de 011 1na a11d f, staf for s litje sibi pos as s ia11 iop Eth fille tl1e of nes 1a11 Yol IV1111istry of Com tu bra Me 1rt; Co1 l1 I-I:ig tl1e of en Ljb efa Ass Judae niu;ity Develop111e11t and Social Welfare; a11d Captai11 Sl1i1nelis Metaferia of tl1e office of tl1e Cl1ief of· Staff of tl1e Armed Forces. Staff r\ctivities. I11 addition to reg11lar teacl1ing respo11sibilities, s01ne of the i111portar1t activities of i11di,1id11al staff 1ne111bers reflect the scope of tl1e L�LW Fact11ty's ft111ctio.11s: Abiyn Geleta. Assiste d tl1e Center for Africa11 Legal Develop111ent early in the year; prepari11g textbook 011 i11trodt1ctio11 to Etl1io1Jia11 Property Law; wrote legal advice for tl1e Office of t11e U11jversity B11si11ess Vice Presider1t. St1m111er Session Teacl1er. Frank Ballance. Cl1airman of tl1e Ct1rrict1lt11n a1.1cl A.cademic StaI1dards Commit tee; research a11d writi11g 011 t,vo articles, ''Za111bia ancl the East African Co111mL1nity" a11d ''Sl1are Companies i11 Etl1io_pia."; prepari11g 11ev1 teacbi11g 111aterials for law and De,,elop1ne11t co11rse.

Bcrhane Ghebray. Pt1b]isl1ed, 111 Fre11cl1, Ethiopia11 Local Gover11111e1zt; research for book 011 taxatio11; Di1·ector, beginning i11 the seco11d se1�nester, of the Sub Degree Extension Progran1 for th.e Fa.c11lty. Jacques Bureau. St1pervised a re11ewed effort to begi11 the An1l1aric-E11g]isl1-French Lexico11. S11t11111er Session Teac11er.

Bil� Ewing. P11blished, Cor1solidated .Legislatior1 of AcldiJ· AbcLbcc (.Editor), and an article 011 labot11· la\.'✓ ; co111pleted the more tl1,111 I 000 pages of manuscript for Co11�olidc1ted Lc111)s. of .Et/1iopia (Editor); preparecl for p11blicatio11 several ar�icles , in clud111g a11 a11alys 1s of legaJ researi::11 i11 Etl1iopia for R21rc1! .,1fric·a11a; Cl1a1r111a11_ of tl1e Developn1e11t a11d Pro1n.otio1 1s CoIDJnittee; transitio11al Chair1na11 of the Curr1c u lurn. Corn 1nitt�e; director ot� the Co11solidated Laws Project; Jne1nber of several Uni ,,ers1ty committees, i11cl11ding tl1e 011e .for tl1e 11ew Stucle11t Legislation. F�si]_ Nahun1. Completed or modified for pt1blication t�'O articles 011 · Ethiop�an Const1t11t1011al Law ancl lJegan anotl1er; co 1n1Jleteci a s111111 n,1ry of Etl1jopi�i11 legislatlon for 1968; men1ber of several F,Lculty co1un1ittees a11d the · u 1 1iversit)1 's Press Boarcl. 18 1� La . George Krzec.zarrowicz.. Con1pleted for ·p11blicatio11 the rr1a11t1"1l, Etl1iopiaf1 of f!x�ra-Co.17tractz,al Libic1bility, a11d completed articles 011 the role of Equ 1!Y 10 d 11ue co11t1 Etl!.1.opia at1 �l tl1e Unive�sity College Era of Etbio1Ji,111 Leg,11 Ed1lcat�o11_; writttlg 00 t\VO other art1 c!es, ?n Eq11ity and Legal. Ecl 11catio11 i11 Etl11op1a;. n1ero�er of several Faculty and Un1vers1ty comn1ittees; conti1 1t1ed ]1is worksl1op meetiiigs wi�h forn1_er students, now legal advisers and jt1dges . pre1Jared teachi11g proble1ns in Family Law. John Messing. Preparing new teacll.ing materials for Tra 1 1snational 1"'�·ansaction� o a�d Nattiral Resources;_ research and writing on th w g dea lin several articles �c i n:d l m ic d�velopll ?ent; late in the year, member of t l1e ·university Fac11lty Counci a d an res Supervi�ed filing of Fac11Ity teaching materials edti examination proc and fina l · process111g. - 312 -

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---------SEVENT}I ANNU;.\L REPORT 0.F TI-IE DEAN

Visiti11g LectL1rer i11 seco11d sen1ester . . . Peter Mutharika. o1� 1e� _ ve fro m y rs1t 1ve U11 t 1 l t e 11g 1J 1l ed Pa1 1elp of & j l i c h Cla · 1am's Co1 stLtit.1011al L wit J ia. zan Tan f. ' ' o a1-v, Vol. II.

. ry . ed .. J{ailierine O'DonoY,111. Pre_1Jared (\vith Thompsoii) tempora t1 011 of L ": lysis. Teac/1ir1g Materials a11ci prepari11g teacl1.i110- �1ater-1 ·'-'ls � at_ e L aw ega l ,. 0 _ for ._ p• 1 1v 1111a·• an d . ega11 1 esearcl1 on role of J. ltdge 1·a \-v , at10 . .1 L . . 11a b . 1ter 11 1 J . lic n E Pub , t h· •a E110011sh 1op1 · · 11op t l Coi?s.. ·t ll.10 ' a1v, v01 . lani . ' t, Editor for Jo11r11a 1. o.f E · 1a11 L[l\�' and Pat1l & CJ,t:)l t· 11a l L ·� act ·c l ·t 1 .1_ p �1 ty � 111v C er _ 0 L111 ·1 . c1 an d o f U · ber s�v er_ a l Fact1lty co111111ittees; i 1 1 second fl: n1e1 11 . 1!1 Sl1111111er Sessto11, D� 11 As t a11, s�st � defac t Assistai1t Dean and director sen1ester, � . of stude1 1t research p10_1ects, 111clL 1d111g Co11sol1clated Laws Project aiid the Journal of Ethiopia11 I�aw. Don Parris. vVorkecl on teacl1i11g 1naterials for Ad1niL1istrative Lavv; early jn the year, Englisl1 _Editor of t_l1e J011rnal of Etl1iopia11 Law a11cl member of the Fa.cttlty Student Relatto11s Con1111 t ttee. Zyg Plater. Ger1eral Editor, J011rnal of Etl1iopia.11 La\�1 - 2 jot1r11als pL1bli sl1ed at1d 3 in preparatio11; st1perv.isio11 of pri11ting of tI1ree books by FrLc11lty 111embers; assis tance i11 gettir1g Lavv Elo11se ope11ecl; late in the year, Acting Cl1airn1a11 of Research and Publications Comn1ittee, witl1 11u111ero11s ad111i11istr1:1tive and editi11g clt1ties; prepar ing article 011 co111parative Co11stitL1tio11al Law.

Paul Ponjaert. Until his depart11re i11 tl 1e seco11d se111ester, Assista11t :Dean; a11cl

Secretary of Center for Africa11 Legal :Develo1J111e11t; prepari11g (vvitl1 "i/anclerljncle11) a 111antLal on Fan1ily La\.v.

Semereab Michael. Cornpleted for l)Ltblicatio11 an article 011 adn1inistrative con tracts in Ethiopia11 La\:v; revised s0111e teachi11g materials i11 Oblig,1tio11s ; Cl1air111a11 of Stude11t Relations Co111n1itee a11 d 1nen1 ber of the Ethiopia.11 University Service Con1r11jtlee . Ron Sklar. Prepari110o- article 011 the Penal Code and teacl1i11g maleric1ls for Penal Law; Cl1air111,t11 of tl1e I-Io11011r BoarcI, a11d of tl1e Libra.ry Co111mittee; and member of nearly all Facltlty con1111ittees.

Jacques Van(! er Jinden. Co.mpleted for IJL1blicatio11, in .Frencl1, of i11troductory ?00 1( ?n Etl1iopia's legal syste111; final editing of book on la,v_ of persons; preJJar Jng (with .Ponjaert) 111a11ual 011 Family La\-V; early in tl1 e year; Cha1r111a11 of tl1e Researcl1 an<l Pub1icatio11s Co111mittee; Director, Center for Africa11 Legal Developinent. re nu Te nd La ary o1n u� ''� , icle art an 1 io1 cat bli p1t 1npleted for Co � ist. rhe ye y err rfbi _ _ - Con stra111t 011 as � 0� i arcl rese a� beg ; 1on_ lt1�t Eva Rea t: 111en elop Agricl1lt11ral Dev _ s ex1 sting lane! or� Ref te11t1re i 11 Ethiopia; _prepari1 1g teaching n1at�r1als 111 Agrarian demJc aoct several related -aca no� d ai 1 ,it pla ical hys p _ ttlty Fac for articles; responsibility al Leg icai rson nel; ate i 11 tl1e Afr , for 1ter 1 Ce or, ect l yea r, 1:1ppointed A.ssociate :Dir b evelop me11t. sel''; tin Co to l1t ig ''R 1 01 le tic _ar 1 it 1 g fo r p11blicatio11 a1 i.fy od M a. far Te ku or. W 1ty . 11 c a . . F l h ra e v researc se t o r e b n1 1ne on c1v1l procedure problems 10 · 1a; . 1op Et h. . . i s1 aand _U i ersi g • L t e,i tld Sl 011 e tte 11i 1 m Co n v ty rsi ty ive . 11 0 · t· i n1 e m tl1 i Co 1g 1d 1 es clt tte in tion Secr ci un Co lty cLi Fa ty · rsi ive 1ry un et: to tl1e Exe� L1tive Committee of tl1e ' Amharic some . . . Yoh e rvjsed translat · ann s Herou1. Research on article abo11t tl1e O. A · U , Sltpe Case_ Editor· early tons for the Journal of Etlliopian Law ancl served as in tbe Session Teac'her. . .Faculty Cot1nc·11 , Stin,· . . • year, member of mer the Untvers1ty - 313, -

JOURNAL OF ETHIOPIAN LAW - VOL. VII - No. 2

ain obt to tl1e services of tw te t111a fort e wer we , sion Ses mer Sum For tlie 0 , i, : t of ss tha cce gra pro t11e to SLt m atly gre d ute trib Jol i WJ fi con o 1 wl ers 1 l teac visiting 11d ; an Irela ast, Belf ity, vers Uni en's Que , ulty Fac La\V of tile _ � Pro,.fessor Zal,i Mu;: tafa, formerly the Dea11 of tl1e Law Fact1lt)' at tl1e 1/ntv�rs1tr of Kahrtouin, and presently La\v Fact1lty Dean at Ahmadu Bello U111vers1ty 1n Nortl1ern Nigeria. Both \Vere model teacl1ers an d colleagues.

Tlie records of tl1ose who left us this year speak for them, but I wo11 Id add a fe\v perso11al \Vords. Pa11l Ponjaert, tl1e Assistant Dea11, carried alone tl1e Faculty's adn1inistrativ e resp onsibilities in the time betwee11 Dean Johnsto11e's _depart�re and my arrival; he will be remembered best for the constant charm w1tl1 wl11cl1 he confroi1ted the problems surrot1nding l1is office. Associate Professor Vanderli11den, fot1nder and Director of tl1e Ce1 1ter for African Legal Developn1ent at the Faculty, was a ,vhirl wind of intellectual enlighten1nent and he cared greatly for the fut11re of our efforts. The characteristic of con1mitment and co11cern f or this Faculty also distinguished Assistant Professor Ewi11g, wl10 was the Ge 1 1eral Editor of t11e Co 11s0Iidated La,vs Project, a vital a11d mamn1oth undertakjng. His perception a11d judgnle11t, as well as his experience here, n1ade his counsel wise, and I sot1ght it daily. \Ve miss tl1em all greatly.

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The part-time teachers ,vere fewer tl1an in recent years, b1.1t they were of the usual l1igh standard. the t\vo Certificate programs whicl1 were rt1nning in Addis, tl1e teacl1ers ,vere: },{a_jor ,,..1bebe Gz1a11goi,l, Legal Advisor, Pension Con1n1ission; Dr. Assefa llabte111aria111 Legal Advisor, Ministry of Commerce and Indt1stry; Ji1dge Asse,fa Libe11, Judge of the Higl1 CourL; Colonel Belac/1ew Je111a11el1, Cl1ief of Public Sect1rjty, Ministry of Interior; Bilillig11 Mandefro, Legal Adviser, Auditor General's Office; Negga Tesse111a, Vice l\1ayor, Addis Ababa; Mohamed Abdi1ral1n1a11, Vice Minister, Pe11sio11 Commis· sion; Sela111z1 Bekele, advocate a11d Legal Advisor, Tobacco Mo11opoly; Sl1iber11 Seifr1, Advocate , and Legal Advisor, Ethiopian Airlines. 111

In Asmara the teachers were: Captai,i Berl1a11t1 BaJ,i/1, 211d Infantry Division Headq11arters, Asn1ara; V/Afe Negi1s Kassa Beye11e, Supre1ne I111perial Court of Asn1ara; a11d A to Kesete l!aile, Legal Advisor, Con1111ercial Ba11k of Asn1ara. !1� Jimma, the final year of the Certificate program \Vas e11tirely taugl1t and adn11n1stered by Woi1dimu J(assa., ,vho ,vas on Etl1 iopia11 U1 1iversity Service front the Law Faculty. 3. Curriculum and Academic Standards Sub-Degree Certificate and Diplon1a Programs ea rs y As e tw of our tl1re Certific ate . programs ca111e to a11 e11d after 11early ? of instruction, the Faculty paused in its i1 1take of sub-degree students in order to . evaluate the effectiv eness of the Certificate a11d Diploma progran1s. The qua11tity of stude11ts in these programs operating in fo ttr provi11ces, hhas ' · · t e But · y� bee� 1m al wa pre ss1v ses e, . a1 1� tl1ere were n1a11y reqt1ests for more cour . ame bee oss ib1 •ty if not tl1e ams ! p necessity - of in1proving the quality of these progr r the o increas111�ly . a major concern of the Faculty and e, Jus tic of Mi nis the try _ ' relevant 1nst1tut1o ns.

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SEVENTH ANNUAL REPORT OF T HE DEAN

. P. The coropletio.u of the report Basic Legal Editcatio,1 z•n Etl110 1a - A,z Evc1li1at1on sig11ificant clevelopme the 11t of t lle year re, refo ' · Thomas eraghty and a studthe ,vas, team stL1 d'1e d ·the re 1evant records aiid i llterv·i · e h earc res wed t eacbers studen·ts ent tl 1e b as1· s :for t h e fi11al report as ' ers plo y · · It . con em · fi rnl e d ou d r . be11er' that sub� an 11 I b . . n1s, and oven1 ents s 1011 c · e n1c1de 1n the siib-clegre e pi·og1a inipr l ntia pr ov s·ta 1d ecl · d' 1sc11 stant1ve ss1011s a bout wl1at could be dotle. b s11 · for is bas a ay becam Near tl1 e e11d of .the J'ear, Dr., Ber.· l1ane Ghcbr '· e pri·m,r1 a ·1y respo11s1'ble . progra.111s. S 11bsta11 1 g for tlle exte1151·0n programs · • .t 1ve pla111111 · t·or the s11b-degree 1s . presently n11x· ed 111 a co_mpI�� \Vay ":'1�11 ui�settled adn1inistrative arrangements which n1 1111s trat 1on ancl tl,e University's Exteiis . i·on Departconcern the . central Un1vers1ty. Acl . . l content a11d ad111inistration next year. roent. vVe run1 ·for a better program 111 b ot1 0

LL.B Program \vithdrawn st t1der�t. s don1i11ated the Fac 11Ity's ctirricu1tim The return of tl1e 1 ted all student s 1n both sen1esters by a co111 plicated re-sche n noda . W accoID g e lanni p duling of courses , and we v.;ere the only Fact1lty able to do this \Vitho11t an increase in budget. We were aware of tl1e possible risks to 011r acadamic sta11dards, caused by the need to offer courses 011t of tl1eir proper sequence, and · by tl1e added teaching and adnli11istrati,1e burdens wl1ich meant less time co11lcl be given to individL1al students. Stt1dents and staff responded well to tl1e abnormal sitt1ation, and altl1ot1gh all wished a11 early retur11 to normality, tl1ey 111a11agecl the interin1 \vith gratifying tenacity. The La.w School was tl1 e first Fac11lty to plan for tl1e early readmittance of the vvitl1drawn stude11ts, a11d st1bseqt1ently I was chairn1an of the Preside11t's Com mittee ,vhich opened tl1e way for the return of withdrawn stude11ts from other Faculties of tl1e University. We believe tl1e sacrifices required by all i11 order to achieve the early readmittance of tl1 e stt1dents were worth,:vhile. Bt1t I believe the record also allows me to emphasize tl1e proble111s as well. Tbe greatest problem was neit11er financial .nor acade1 nic, but si1nply that handling the abnormal sitt1atio11 absorbed much of 011r ti1ne and e11ergy whicl1 nor1nally \vould have been spent on new teaching materials, more research and scholarly writing, a11 d on plans ancl programs to malce tl1e Fac11lty a better and n1ore effective i11stit11tion. ds of spi De te the problems, tl1e creatio11 of teaching 1naterials st1ited t� the nee _ . als teri ma ised rev or �th 1 opia new ed par pre ers ach Te remained a par an1 ount goal. . in 14 cottrses. A significa11 t aspect o· f ma ny of tl1e new teaching materia�s is their. reliance �pon actual case-problen1s arising in the n1i11istries and the pub!1c corporati o_ns? ao d t ri5 ric lly ra ch 10 t?e priva ls r1a ate ' n1 in ch � tea � s � te sector. 111 tl 1e pa st, th e Fact1lty �es. �. applied foreig n comparative legal n1aterials to the prov1s1ons of Etb_iopia s co A compara tive ap Jroacl1 remains i1nportant, but we are increas�ngly USIDg real rather tha n h ypothetica l1 problems of Etl1iopia in our t eachi11 g inaterials. To provide fo r the full 1t tilization of teacl1i11g m aterials in tl1e f□tltr � as well a ep ils ilc P! ste e th of the n as pres ent ' th ugt1rated a centra.lized collectio e Fact1lty i11 a· ' · 11 staff e l1 \v t red ior co 1 or 'd I · ai . s mi ere s. rse 11 ber of ste1� c!ls ':" 1 nu a y, erl rm Fo u _ stetlCI 1�� c banged, . and there \Vas s01ne 11n11ecessary repet1 t10n. 111 prepar111g 1r r t1 c f o t 11 u o m a le b ' In . tlle tb' s a conSI'dera wa e er tl1 d .1r es 1rs t co d an ar th ye 11r fo t en n, • tl do cul.urn inn e 1 . so 0 e J til as ion ti va o1 1 ' and less reliance t1po11 a fi11al examinat o d pe lo e ev d Of a stu . e · er w s . ar ye dent's performance. Te11tative ex1Jer1ments of ear 1·ier - 315 -

JOURNAL OF ETHIOPIAN LAW - VOL. VII - No. 2

ces otir rse Res cou al tL1r Na spe11t a consi tl1e in s e11t stt1d 18 le, 111p exa for itl force _ derable part of tl1e se111ester i11 a realisti_c simt1latio11 of tl1e 11egotiatio11 sessions required to l1a111mer out a 111i11ing co11cess1011s agree1ne11t.

\Ve becan1e co11vi11ced tl1is year tl1at _tl1e writ!11g progra111 should be 1nore sys ten1atic a11d val11able to tl1e stt1dc11t, part1ct1larJy 111 tl1e develo1�111ent of legal draft� i11g skills \Vl1ich are co11st,111tly req11ired i11 gover!1111e11t a11d private practice. Tile Se11ior Researcl1 reqt1iren1e11t l1as vlorked exceptionally \\'ell, b11t tl1e remainder of tl1e ,vriting program is largely 1111satisfactory. The Ct1rrict1l_t1n1 Co1nmittee ,viii be consideri11g revisio11s i11 tl1e writi11g progra111 a11d otl1er }JOrt1011s of the c11rrict1Ium.

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4. Research and Publication T11e researcl1 a11d p11blication progra1n is a11 i11tegral part of the Fact1lty's aim to serve tl1e legal clevelop111e11t of Ethiopia. Professor E\vi11g's researcl1 s11r\1e)' prep,lr•�d for tl1e s1,ri11g, I 970 iss11e of Ri.tral Africa11a is tl1e n1ost con1prel1e11sive s11rvey a11d anal);sis of Etl1io1Jia11 legal research' a11d I rccon1111e11d it to you. I--Ie a11alyses tl1e Fac11Jty·s 13 pt1blisl1ed bool<s and 1 2 isst1es of tl1e Jo11rnal of Etl1iopia11 Law a11d tl1e n1a11y articles aj1d tl1e fe\v books JJtlblisI1ed abroad, i11to six overla1Jpi11g categories: l) i11trodt1ctor)' \.Yorks (e.g. Vanderli11de11's ne,v l,ook 011 Etl1iopia11 La\v); 2) I1istorical, j11riSJ)r11de11tial and corn paraiiv·c Vi'orl(s (e.g. the E11glisl1 tra11slatio11 of the Fetl1ct Nega:;t: T/1e Lalv of· Ki11gs) 3) sottrce 111aterials (e.g. Tire Co1iso/idatecl Lctlt· 'S o.f Ade/is .,-1baba); 4) i11structional \\'or ks CXJJJai11i11g tl1e la\'✓ 011 the bool<s (e.g. Sedler's Et/;iojJic111 Civil Proced,1re); 5) en1 1)irical \Vorks discril1ii1g wl1at act11ally l1appens i11 Etl1io1:,i,111 i11stit11tio11s (e.g. the Jot1r11a I arlicles by tl1e Nortl1wester11 U11iversity research JJrcject 011 local courts adn1inistratio11, cli,1orce proceclt1res 10 years after tl1e Code, a11d labot1r relatio11s); 6) en1pirical \vorks \\iitl1 a soci,:11 scie11ce orientatio11 (e.g. Si1 1ger's article 011 tl1e effect of CLtstomary la\v i11 developn1e11t).

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Need to Assess Priorities After exan1i11ing tl1e co11flicti11g views regardi11g fL1tt1re -researcl1 priorities, Profes� sor E�1i11g states: ''Tl1at t11e 111ajor effort i11 tl1e fllltire sl1ot1ld b e directecl alo11g the follo\vi11g lines: (I) Preparation ai1d dissemi11atio11 i11 An1haric of exJJl,11ltio11s of tl1e major provisio11s of tl1e la\v i11 as sin1plc a11d cle�1r [t for111 as 1,ossible; (2) Stttdies of the effects a11cl effective11ess of tl1e Ia\VS to deter111i11e ,vI1etlier t11ey are act11ally l1aving be11eficial or detri111e11tal res11lts;' (3) Stt1dies of tl1e attitt1des a11d practices of tJ1e peoi,Ie i11 the vnriot is J)a_rts of tl1e C?t111try to determine wl1,1t legal 111etI1oc1s are best ado1,ted to br111g about policy goals of clevelop111e11t a11d social jtistice; ,111d (4) _Sttidies of tl1e J?ossibility of aJ)plyi11g s11ccessft1lly to Etl1iopia measures adopted 1n other cot111tr1es to bring abo11t tl1ese go,11s. een b 11ave B_eca11se too 1na11y policies a11d stttdies of tl,e law in tlle past il o 1 1tai co a11necl at pro� �Ie1ns \Vl1icl1 occt1r �11ai11I y i i, tirbatl areas, wI1ic11 n iruy r;� _ small prop?rt !011 of tl1e popt1lat1011, ft1t11re work sl1ot1ld deal w1tJ1 �l1e. of 1tY or 1naJ vast areas and their people and probleins i,1 order to bei,efit the tl1e people.''

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SEVENTH ANNUAL REPORT OF T HE D�AN

pri orities is a useft1l aid to the dis of g list in is · cussi·o11 w111• ch n1ust begi n Th· · · · direction ot1r research sl 1ot1ld take. The Fa'culty the nin g Cer has a1ways emphas.1zed con c ne eds o f Et1 11• 01) 1a, e h . t to d a . 1d rel ate a be ca 1 us e h r th ere wa ' s . so . l rese ttl 1 e t:o b eg1n . . d'd o t h ave t b e 110 ass1gned. with, prior1t1es 1 · ooks a11d articles l1ave beco1ue a1 1 i�1porta11t eleme11t j 1 1 the foundatioiJ of The b sys em .leg t . al B� mo tt .tl1ere 1s 110w a neecl to foctis sharply de �n p_ i a's bio t E oti r _ . t1n nec ess dt1 a1 pl1 y avo cat id 1on of efforts, and to base our research and priorities_ to publica tio11 ttpo� a clear-l�eade� assess1�1ent_ of 11eeds. Otherwise, I be]j eve there is a da.nger of eq11at1ng q11a11t1ty \Vttl1 q11al1ty 1n ot1r research and ptiblication program.

Publications of 1962 E. C. (1969-70 G. C.) Io tl1e pa�t year, the Fac�1lty p11blished four issues of the Journal of Etl1 iopian Law (in English and An1.l1ar1c) tinder the Ge11eral Editorship of Zygmunt Plater. from the ma11y 0L1tsta11di11g articles i11 the 1>ublished issues, I note Bilillign Mantle..: fro's ''Agricultural ConID11111ities and the Civil Code'' (Vol. VI, No. 1) as typical of t.he Journal's ain1s - to l1ave more writing by Ethiopian lawyers and to be botl1 scholarly and 11seful in content. His ex_position brings sense to t h e Code provisions dealing with traditional a.gric11ltt1 ral co1nm1111ities, a11d provides practical recomme 11da tions to make tl1e Code 1no.re effective i11 order to implement tl1e development policies regarding agricult11ral co1nmu11ities. The Faculty also p11b]isl1ed fo11r hooks, bega11 printing a fiftl1, and readied three more for delivery to the printers. Two of the books will assist an t1nderstanding of existing Ethiopian law: Professor Krzecz11nowicz's book on extra-co11tractual liabi · erba11e Gl1ebray's lity and Professor Vanderli11den's book 011 the Law of Persons. Dr. B book provides an i11troductio11 to the organization of local administratio11 i11 Etl1io -pia, and the Consolidatecl Lal•VS of Ade/is Ababa (in E11glish and An1l1aric - E�1i11g, Editor) is a basic law so11rce for the capital. We bega11 to pr.i11t portions of the second volu1ne of the n111ch admired work by Patil a11d Clapl1am on the develop m . eat of Ethiopia11 Constitt1tio11al Law. Of the books be.i11g prepared for printj11g, tl1e 111ost importa11t is the . Conso/icla ted Laivs of Ethiopia (Ew.ing, Editor), wl1ich wil l be over 1000 pages ID eacl1 of the Amharic a11d English editio11s. Tl1is project will undot1bted�y be_ one of the FacuJty's major contribt1tio11s to Ethiopian lega l literature, (or it . br�ngs l?gether ne�rly a qt1arter of a ce11tt1ry o.f Ethiopia's non-Code law s,_ with �ditorial g�ides to leg· i�Iation repealed, obsolete, or impliedly repealed, and with finding tables, io<lexes, and analytical notes.

Library and Legal Docume11tation . After a gap of 11early six months th e Faculty obtai11ed the services of � _head · · ' I� brarian · , Mrs. ry 's adm1n1strara l'b 1 e h t take11 under . . d to ously Ben-Nathan ' who bas vigor . •1 n some years· W 1 nt1e t1on, _ inc t n · Iud.1ng the o c e . co11d11ct of ot1r first inventory . . broughout t add items to our ed tinu con ect Pro J ent Analysis gm es Jl1d hiv Arc the , a11d the year. Center for African Legal Development . 1 the W'th . final depart11re from Adclts o f the the Fac . ty was fortu11ate to l1ave .Dr. Verhelst, � of Ass oc 1 ate Director. The Ce11ter co11ti1111es to - 317 -

nden, , Vanderli Dr. tor ' Cen . . D'irec . ters d ti es h u another Bel�f;;�; : �: \ e:isl;�ion e 1 a mass 00

L. I VO VI W LA No. 2 AN PI IO H ET F O . AL RN U JO

ch ar un se ue re e iq ut tit er. Dr. V an ns nt co ce a ll wi ich wh es tri un co an • ti . . . d ' . o.f a11 A r1c ert h p o ap t e ' h h ogr 1ng ise erv . sup of to or ect Dir ro Dllc as ain rem fich es 1tnden wi'll in h ap · f B"bl" th gr 1 · o y e 1o Af · h on es uc to an · r1c hing is fin e th t Law , .ac.rom pu to d an 1 s, se rt1s B t. n se re p to II r a W d rl o W post

Visitors to the Faculty n1 by its vis fro d the ure no ho fol�o:wing persons) re 'Ye we r yea t pas tJ1e g Durin some of whon1 were able to give lectures t o staff a11d students: W1Il1am Capstick 1 e College for Adult Educ Ho1 Evelyn , tn1ent Depar Law the of Head atio� Esq., zan1bia; Mr. Lutapimw� Kato and Mr. Rud� James �o�h of_ the L�w Faculty, Uni versity College, Tan zania; The Hon. Mr: Justice A. Sa1d1,. Cl11ef Jt1st1ce of Zanzibar, and Mr. L. Makame, High Court Reg1starar of Tanza111a; Professor J. Gilissen of Brussels Univesity; Mr. John Bainbridge, Director of the African Progran1 of the International Legal Center; Miss Won uola Odessanya, Lecturer in the La\v School University of Zambia; Mrs. C. Spurgin, President of I11ternational Association of Juvenile Courts and President of the Lay Magistrates Association; and Professor S. J. Thurman, Dean of the Law School, University of Utah.

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Financing

In regard to the lo11g�term planni11g of tl1e Faculty, the most important event of the year was the Faculty's negotiation with the University Ad1ni11istration and the Ford Fou11dation wl1icl1 resulted in the strong possibility of contintied financial support fron1 the Ford Foundation.

Tl1e amo unt of assistance is likely t o be more n1odest than i n the past, but considerably more than even tl1e most optimistic perso1 1s ]1ad predicted. The fund ing is vital for two 1najor areas. In staffiing it wot1ld allow the Fac11lty to seek the best available expatriales in the period wl1 e11 tl1e number of expatriates ,viii be steadily declining as tl1e Faculty is Etl1 iopianized. In researcl1 and pt1blications tl1e �acuity would be able to mai11tain the same level of qt1ality i n its program, incltid Ing the use of student researchers, a11d to innovate in selected areas. The Faculty also negotiated \Vith the University Administration for a portio n of tile AID_ loan for eqttipment and library, a11d received tl1e promise of useful amounts. We received assuran_ce of help in staffing from tl1e Can adian Governn1ent and fro� the _German Ed11cat1011al Exchange Service. The Fitc11lty ,11s0 11egotiated for a 11 e� tenston of the ge11erous support by the Belgia 1 1 governn1e11t to tl1e Ce11ter for �fri c�n Legal Development which bega1 1 three years ago a 1 1d tl1ere \vas a strong like' lihood of an other three year grar1t. The success in the past year in securi11 g st1pport from foreign donors siioul<l In Ilot_ obscu�e �he ce11tral importa11ce of tlie m fro received �; the Fac bt1d ulty get 's n per1 al Eth1_ op1an Governn1e11t's allocatio d cou l 1lty Fa ct 11 to the U 11ive1·sity. The . a oper ate without it, and more importa s nor do de oti tsi nt by t)1e pro gra mi nts sed ' thr: · t•I 1s t based t1pon the assurance Of ad . e c resp In 1 · eqt1ate . , support. local financial . r·stic a� u 1ty s U111vers1ty bttdg F rea et is not unsatisfactory a 1 1d it has become roore . I te' in 1 ts s11pport of the seeretaria ma g . · I staff 11eeded to prepare the flow of teacI1in h t e . rials and e fill c t e n grow r othe i ,vork, �h re to s pect e l1av e th_ � get will bud I rs. ::rri � ::t 1: declinin g ign s�pport., particularly 1n sucl1 areas as stude11t rese ar and in . th . e fund"ing of senior staff positions. - 318 -

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Looking Ahead . continlted st1pport fron1 tl1e Ford Foundat· of pect . io pros n m ·ade. 1t poss1ble · . · · • • The plan se11ot1s · e a11d Lexicon Proiect f · y 1 01· a Law Inst1tut • J • we revived the for u 5 to . ct 111 . 1 order to ju · . 1 6? E (19 . 69 C · 70 G · C) 11 9 , dge its possibilities - . · Lexicon ProJe be a11 1n1porta11t aspect of the Law· Inst"t cot1ld 1t tl1at . tided cl : · con 1 t1te. Th'e . . . and We . Ll 1 a1y b • voca · 1 1 1s ega procee 1n l1ar1c g at a rapicl pace_ but with An ? a11 of ? n _ _ _ atio _ . cre w1tl1 �11 t111des1rable 111ult1pl1c1ty of pllrases for individttal and s1011 confu tts tremendo legal aclv1sors, a11d la�ye�� all stipport our efforts to guide !t1dges, epts. · conc legal the legal la11guage as a11 effective tool of con1mlinication of p1nent develo . the red of a . gra.11t fro1u tl1e Council on Legal Education for We were also ass_t1: _ . for tl1e in I11c. New York o11s1b1l1ty, SUJ)port of a progran1 in Profes sional Resl? providi ng legal aid to t]1e poor. Tl1e appro�al of a. grant . to ot1r Law Factilty was f the Un.1ted States. We believe it scl1ool 011ts1de o a la\v to . made gra11t only the can serve an i111portant pedagogical purpose in 011r Fac11lty, and in cooperation with judges and legal officials we bega11 preparation for the start of a modest legal aid program. But jt1st as the prospect of contint1ed s11pport by foreign do11ors 111ade it possible to c ontint1e ·planning for innovations needed in Etluopia, t11e likely decline in tl1e level of sucl1 support made it necessary to reconsider the value of 011r programs, to consolidate 011r efforts, and plan for a future wl1ich is manageable. In any eve11t, we m11st continue t o aim for 011r gradt1ates to be men of ability and aspiration. We 11111st therefore i11te11sify, 11ot relax, the tradition of l1ard work and achievement carried by ot1r staff and students.

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REPORTS

Tl1e following reports are cases decided by the Sttpreme Imperial and tl1e High �ourts of Ethiopia. The Amharic judgment is official and always precedes tl1e Eng l1sl1.

Tl1c Journrtl of Ethiopian Law is a scholarly publication, addressing itself to all me�bers of �he �rofessi?n. Its. purpose ir1 publisl1ii1g jt1clgn1ents is to 1nake kn_own to_ tne_profess1011. 1nterest1ng dec1sjons whicl1 in the opinioi1 of the Board and _Edit ors raise importa11� 1ss11es of law. In selecting a particular j11 dgn1ent for ptiblic�ition, t�e Bo�r�. a11d Editors do not wish to convey tl1e i1npressio 11 tl1at tl1e judgn1 ent 15 definitt:e. on _a11y proposition for w11ich it ma y sta11d altl1ougl1 tl1e qtt:ilitr of tlte tile _decision _1 s always an in1portai1t consideration i11 determi1 1i 1 1g \V11ctl1er it sh� ul1 be incltided in the Jour11al. \Vl1en ' i11 the opinion of a' Bo·ic. rd Me111ber or an Edito ' • · · on as a J· dg_n1ent 1s of interest and rais�s. a11 imtJOrt,11,t issu r 1s tl1cre e ed e of la\V b11t � to uelteve tha� aspects of the dec1s1011 are conl estal)le or that tl1e result r eac!se ?Y the c?urt IS not clearly the on ly supportable conclusio11, a note 0 tlie � t ed re IS �fte� i�cluded. Tl1 ab_sen e of s11cl1 a note nte r b to 110 1 ho is we ,,er � ! pec ed a�� 111dicating complet�e finali:ty on th e issues e is t se ca raised in tl1e , tlS i xp �he t that_ members of tJie profession on ,ill on g opinions lev el£ dif fer 111a in y I1o ld mer1ts of a,1y judgment pttblisl1ed J1 crein. 110 d fd Boa The Members of the Tl1c Editors. -320-

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hlt7i t rhv.'i:ii : ooAil : (ltif.b?'il" � h ii : f+lfl•:,. : "7�0?a : O'l'?� : �°I . : f,tj:lilA 1 : 11111/ 1\-1.. : �fDc :: oowl:, : ifi:t : O+.'J'C l:vuir. : «; : h 04?1'C : -- : n 9°h'lf-l : � -�11c11c : h�CO'PA :: �ex,, "76\0� : ·i'it.ilA'l f"'l.�n:,--i e11;:r = aaooAh-1·'i· = oom(l1 = fl\n:,.. = r+tnro·9° = rn,,,.,. = nt = htr� = 0 710� : >i·1�.t.Cil : 1,1.l�A I '1Alf� : °11 = f,tj:lilt\ 1 : 11"71\-1.. : f-l'lO(Dc '1'f4: : f,1JJ/..tfA :: ODAil : 06£b!P1' : O'i(t•'i : 111,°IQ� : Qf. : ootahA : h1too1 qq:,--'i· : ,oc,1: : �:,,61!':,, : ou&.m�,:} : ltillJ.':-i•'PA :: J.1,'?Q:-S : 'If.� : Oouh ta Ail : (t6f!'911· = 4-fltl-t hf = hi\t.l(la>·9° :: y,-,q� : {}J : l\hlP. = f°t(\OJ• : a>·1 : >i, ..ii 'P : "'lfl:J•:fw··J I b/1 ,i\ : .?C : fl(llJ P't-..-1• = iP/4'�:f!m-1'i = it1t..l1 >i"} ,h.t: : "7fl;J·:f a>•"} : � {D : h. 1 j{ : oa Ail : (I6f791:f· : .,f"'ln· ·l- : rh 1f:,.. : }tm-�:,-- : t,/\ODlf� -'} : /\ill� : O"'lll:,- : h.J.1,f..ll9° :: ilfll·LU : /\:,,c..n : f°tlta>-1 : "?ill� : fhtj:,f·�a>· : fi:CJ!- : ft:,• : .,fl\..1'"4 01\w• : OOl/.1'1 : il/\tr� : h� 9°: hA,f•+OA �lD•9° ::

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= = ,,,,.,

lifI f.°l'l � = 'If- = f"'l.fil�A,w•1 : a>6C, : v•I\· : hh.fl· : 1tm·1'"f" = l"t• ID·"} = I\.. f'J:4'-'r'i ODA(l : {16J!'9'i''J° : fth9°l l,l· : �ou:,- : fl.,l1.oPlD11 : iLf1fa °lit- : hh. 'J°il-1.. : qoo:,.. : O�i\ : 'l/ttlh· A : tri;w - : ·l..C4·1 : hb· A : l\)1Lt\•: f,dJ l]� : 'lt!-'i : 00 Ail : {16J.b9l=J: : C:'J° : "" : 'lS!.l1..:,- : il9°9"'1:,.. : (IDJP l:t- : f,"l q� : QJ : "'l'i:t:a>•'}9° : OJlf[.b : hfi:fr> : f.f- •fl{\tD• : "'l�tlC : ,,,..!l:!l:00 : (lftlfi • = . h : ODt\il fl6Lh1P-:f : /\"7UO?a = "'l'kW"'l.f : °l"'lo-1 : ti,:;J·A : 1'11,. l h 'i Qfa · O f . : h ,) -A = "1.earr� = fl"'I ilouflA = "710?- = f.'t:lil�1 = f"7ll:, = '1'14: 4'l :t ' ni\"l'l-O = �w- 1: - 322 ____,;

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SUPREME IlVIPERIAL COUR T Addis Ababa, Div. No. 1

Justices:

Afenegus Tesl1on1 e l:laile Maria111 Ato Tade sse Tekle Giorglus Kegnazmatch

Mt1lat

Beyene

HABIB KEBIR v. DANIEL EGU Civil Appeal No. 533-60 Com,nercial Law-Dissolution of a private limited co,npany-additional evidence on appeal-serious disagreen1e11t as a goocl cause for dissoiL1tio11-0bligations preceding the ,nemorandum and articles of association- Civ. Code Arts. 1731, 1828, Civ. Proc. Code Arts. 327. 345(1) (a) (b) ,· Comm. Code Arts. 5421 218, 510, 512, 516-518, 314, 520, 219-223, 524 (1). On appe.aI from the decision of the fligl1 Court holding that disagreement that existed between the appellant and t11e responde11ts justified the dissolution of the Company they had jointly established. Held: Decision affirmed.

I. Additional evidence on appeal is permitted only wl1ere the provisions of Arts. 345(1) (a) & (b), Civ. Proc. Code are satisfied. 2. The existence of a serious disagreeme11t among the partners of an enterprise is a good cause for the dissolution of the enterprise. 3. Private agreements entered into by men1bers of a Company prior to or after the formation of the Company may not affect or derogate legal provisions or the provisjons contained in the memorandum or Articles of Association.

JUDGMENT

The Appellant, pt1rsuant to Art icl e 327 of the Civil :�oc edure. Code, applied for permission to call additional witnesses. On appeal additional evidenc e may be adduced pu.rsuant to Article 345 (1) (a) and (b) only where I. the Court from whose d ecree or order th e appeal is preferred has r efused to admit evidence which ou ght to have been admitted; 2· the calling of ermination of tlle t de r fo ry ssa ce ne d e m e de additional evide11ce is matter in dispute or in t he intere sts of j u stice. Appellant had prayed in the HigI1 c011rt for permission to call w itnesses. He ueSte? . t_he q r� soug ht to prove ly ed at pe e r d ba s nt e s that t l1 e Respond se es tn by wi es iti tiv ac � cta er m m s�Ie of the fact co t ou y rr ca to y, or a t th e R e sp on de nt s intended th tr u the 1r w th ��other to n ur et r to ed t es � � � person and that they repeate dly requ f e orig in. he Higl1 Co11rt d e nied tl1e application for lack_ of good cause � f e �he 0rd T th or e s t w lo e b in here er of the l1 u rt su st ainable and sl1all ig Co H reasons. - 325 •

JOURNAL OF ETHIOPIAN LAW - VOL. vrr - No. 2

fo: tl1e ion act u an sol dis 1t ugl bro tion of , nts nde spo Re t sen pre , s iff int Pla The ial erc mm de Co Co the .. They have f o 218 _ a11d 542 e ticl Ar to nt sua pur the con1pany to determine wheth er has urt Co e Tl1 n. utio sol dis for ses cau the ail det in th for set n, and utio sol dis tl1e sl1ould it so for nt ficie st1f a11d d goo is ged alle se cat1 the y; pan the com of if otherwise ion olut diss the nce nou pro l shal it determine it shall reject the application. The Respondents l1aye sl1ow� tl1at the_re . exists serious disaoreen1e11t between tl1em a11d the Appellant did 11ot disprove this 1n his defence. Tl1; Appellant seeks to prove that Respondents expressed their i11tention to sell the factory, tl1at tl1ey planned to carry out con1n1ercial activities with another person and tl1at they had expressed their desir� to return to their country. The Appella 11t did not seek to dispro,,e tl1e reasons given by tl1e Respo11dents. There fore, we find tl1at the Higl1 Cot1rt properly rejected· the Appellant's application to introduce additional evide11ce. We shall now revert to the main issue. From a1 1 exan1i11atio11 of the High Court record, it appears tl1at Plai11tiffs, present Respondents, applied to the High Court for tl1e dissolt1tio11 of a private limited co111 pany carryi11g out con1n1ercial activities under the designatio11 ''Black Pearl'' and for the appointn1ent of liqt1idators. Tl1e Higl1 Court, after hearing tl1e Appella11t pro11ounced tl1e dissolt1tion of tl1e con1pany and tl1e appoint1nent of liquidators. The Appeal is preferred from this decision . The Responde11ts applied for tl1e dissol11tio11 of tl1e compa11y alleging that I. Seriot1s disagreeme11t exists between tl1e Responde11ts and the Appellant; 2. Appellant reft1 sed the Respondents access to the company's books a11d did not consent to the appointment of an at1ditor to audit the compa11y's book and was not willing to distrib11te tl1eir share in tl1e profits. The Appellant contends that tl1e con1pa11y sl1011ld 11ot be dissolved 011 the ground that: 1. Tl1e co111pany ,vas forn1ed purs11a11t to the agreement entered into between Appellant a11d Respo11dents i11 Rome whereby Appellant undertook to establisl1 tl1e compa 11y at l1is own expenses and the Respondents t1ndertook to render l1im services at fixed salaries for a period of five years and at tl1e expiration of which it ,vas provided tl1at tl1e)' wot1ld share eq11ally witl1 tl1e Appella11t i11 the profit; tl1at the tl�e for request the establisl1ed ppella!1t company tl1e with tl1at expense; own his � d1ssolut:1on of the compa.ny n1ade by tl1e Res1)011dents pt1rporting to l1ave contr i buted l1alf of the capital for the form,1tion of tl1e con1pany and i1t1rporti11g to be joint owners of the compa11y is not proper. 2. Tl1e Respo11 de11ts' 1·equest for tl1e dissolutio11 of tl1e co1npa11y is not n1ade i11 good. faitl1 but to discredit tl1e Ap1)ellant's bt1siness acu111e11 ,111d ,vitl1 i11te11t to carry ot1t commercial activities with a certai11 Italian ,tild therefore tl1e Responden ts are bot111d b)1 the . Rome contract, and may not reqtiest tI1e dissolt 1tio11 of the cont pa11�. The c�11tent1011s rendered by tl1e Appelli:111 t a11d Respot1de11ts have been su� in tions ar1zed herein above 1 and we sl1all conte1 now proceed to consider tI1ese � light of the relevant legal provisions. We sl1all at tile otitset co11sider tl1e argument advanced with respect to the Rome contract. It has not been contested that the Appellant and Responden�s agreed to form a partnership for tJ1e mant1fact11re �nd s�le of a�rosol and cosmot1cs. However, it is to be 11oted that t 11e bt1si 11ess organiza t1011 designated ''Black Pearl'' was not formed by virtue of the Rom e co11tra ct bt1t purstiant to t�e 1nemo�andt1m _and articles of association sigi1ed b the Ap pella n� and Respond�nts 1n compl1�11ce �1th tl1e Commercial Code. '"flle card�xi1al rule 1s _th!s where a business orga111zat1011 IS formed purst1ant to a men1orandum and art1cl

- 326 -

j •

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, .: .

HABIB KEBIR v. DANIEL EGU . , ..

d_ uly dra�n i11. accordance wi(h the · tio n oc ia ass of Co mmercial Code _said business acq l11r e sha ll leg al · perso11aJity, . aild shall · . oraanizations be mana ed 111 accordance m en th 1o e ra 11dt1m a 11d articles of associa . j \Vith the law, ti o 11 . r1vate a_ greements mem ber s of b)' t l 1e into co111pa11y prior to or aft er the red ente f .· ormat1on of. . tlle . · . · . may . at1o n n ot orga n1z affe ct or dero gate business legal prov1s1ons or the prov1s1ons . . . d in ·the memorand t11n o r articl es of association a1 1d we slla11 h . conta1ne ere111 below 1s ef o1 er as tl1 e. re or e th set forth . ivate limited co111pa11y is forn1ed after tl1e ·111emora' nd u1n .,111d ar A• pr t1c : 1 es · of are raw 1er 1 f d n eo t �1rs t1a 11t at1o to tl1e proviso11s of Articles· 5lO, 51 2, 516 assoc! n � ·• · •' · a11 d aft er 517 :,18 a11d 31 4 of. tl1e Co-·m111e1c1a· l Code th e sa i d ' bti si · ne ss O rga n1zat10n 1s • ' made known to th11•d })art1es �nd 1s registered pursua11t to Articles 520 219 2 20 221 222 & 223 of tl1 e Con1n1erc;1al Code. A priv,�te limited company fornled .in' such manner sh_aJl ?e 1�1anaged and . sl1all op_erate 111 accordance witli tl1e ·1aw and its by•la ws. �1kew1se 1t may . be d!ssolved 111 accordance witl1 Article 524 (I) of the Commerc1al Code. Any otl1er private agr�eme�t shall n ot affect the con1pany. Althougt1 the Appellant and Responde11ts . l1ad earlier s1g11ed a11 agree111 ent i 1 1 Rome. the said company was forn1ed a11d acquired legal perso11ality by virtue of the me�ora11 dum and articles of association signed by both parties and by :virt11e of the registratio1 1 thereof. Therefore, tl1e Ro.1ne contract is 11ot material in considering tl1e req1 1 est · for the dissolution of the company. . . . contended that the Rome co11tract is relevant to th�· .matter in The Appellant dispute and involsed Art�cl_e s, 17_3 l and 1 828 of the Civil Code i 11 s11pport thereof. Article 1731 (I) provides that tl1e provisions of a contract lawft1lly formed sl1all be binding on the parties as tl1ougl1 they were Ia,v. Even if we hold that by virt11e of these provisions the Rome contract is law between the Ap1Jell,111 t a11 d the Responde11ts, this contract may not affect tl1e co1npany becal1se it was for1ned pt1rsua11 t to the memorandun1 and articles of association. Ft1rthermore, alt11 ougl1 both parties agreed to and signed the Rome contract, tl1ey had thereafter drawn a11d signed tl1e 1nen10randum and articles of association wherei11 the business pt1rpose of the compan)', . the amount of st1bscriptio11 and the rights and obligations of each member were set fortl1 in detail. Therefore, tl1e Rome contract is deemed to have been su.bstit11ted by the memorandum a11d articles of association and it does not have any b earing on the applicatio11 seeking the dissol11tion of the company. �rticle 1828 relates to novation. Nova tion sha ll be deemed to occ11r when the parties express the unequivocal i ntention to st1bstitute the original obligation by anotl1er. The memo randum and articles of tl1e association manifest the Appellant's and Respondents' intentions to extinguish the Ron1e co11tract. Therefore, the legal provisions invoke� by the Appellatlt do n ot support his argument and Vi'e do not therefore find this argument tenabl e. The Appellant stated that he had subscribed th e whole amount of the capital for the formation of th e company and tl1at as the R�spon�ents had not made any contribution they ha ve no rigl1t to request th e dissolution of tile companf· As we have alr�ady �bserved, tl1e la w clearly provides that when a comp�n y is 10 _tile n ow h s_ b� l al sl1 for med the amou11t of r be em m ch ea by ntrib utio n m ad e co 1 sl1l b ta es n o 1 at c1 . so as f me o es m cl · ti ar . ora ndum of assoc1a110n. Tl1e memora' nd um and , · a1 is · 0 00 80 $ E · pit ca ing the com s y an mp co e th . of ' $ pany sh ow tl1at th e amou11t d t ntrib c ts en D<l po e es R e tl1 f o � ch ea � � 1 ih A ppellant contributed E $ 40' 00 0 and 0 and that said cap.ital was f ully pa id up. Wl1ereas the amou_nt o ca&� a :::: _ the t1 fo f c�,00 d at be n ow and f 1 IIy paid up by eacl1 member was �n :t� di� not pay f� :e t 0 and : registration of th e company, the contention that Respon

_; 321-

JOURNAL OF ETHIO'PIAN LAW - VOL. VII - No. 2

their contribution and may not therefore request the _ dissolution . of the company . is not sustainable. If the Appellan� as allege� has patd the co_ntr1but1on due from the Respondents then he n1ay br111g an action. to recover said sum b�t he may not on this ground cause the compa11y to be divested of legal personality and the members to be deprived of their legal rights. Where one becomes a member of a company eitl1er by paying hi� co11tribution fro?1 his . own pocket _or b� having it paid by someone else, on his behalf then he acquires all the rights inherent in membersl1ip. Another member may not divest l1im of his rights on the ground that he had paid his contribution on his behalf. As tl1e Respondents are the founders of the company, they have requested the dissoluton of the company pursuant to Articles 542 and 218. One of the grounds they raised in favour of dissolution is the existence of serious disagreement between tl1e Appellant and the Respondents. The evidences introduced by the Respondents tends to show that disagreement exists between them and that this disagreement engendered recrimination against one an other which resulted in the cessatio11 of the compa11y's operation. Whereas the existence of serious disagreement among the members is one of the good causes for dissolution of a private limited company, the order of the High Court for the dissolution of tl1e company is valid. Tl1erefore we hereby affirm the decision of the High Court and dismiss the appeal. The High Court shall be so notified.. We have lifted the injunction ordered on January 11, 1969.

' I

I I

- 328-

--------.... m:,-1\,e. : f11•1P : '11p:,W : lj:CX.· : n.:,-- : Ji.�.. il : it n'l::

it&.'}1•P' :

+iOD : ;!,f,t\ : (11/Cf'I° 1

it1- :rF--n = ,1--n"

= 't.r-c1.. il 1

i'tT : .:jf,fb : fl8t\0 T ::

ff,"1'1'1 :

00 1 1111 :

<k'l'C :

iiXilii/;f;{i:

n.:,• :AllJ1 i.hil1 mf.. �I\ P''i!�- "?•Im�! fm1)!ft'1 o:::t-"J. ,n°l <f?1'�if• :t;f�{i•:,;f�i(ft) ! r.firc V/Uo ! %f21c } fm'}i/t� oo:,,"). /l,°l P''I p•cq:,. •kT�1· 1V. ! {if-l!Y.§ ! lifiliI ! !ifil ! lifii ! o:J>O. ih1· 1-�\!. mf.. '1-'¾.il '10'1 hr,:,,.�a,. r,:/n.:,. rf•lfm,,� h1J;.;J•f, ft.A Y4-lfla>-1 rr,ref: 'i!/0.:,• ill\Arf-4-0/tlD4 f+�O Y.°l'l� 1 m-ta� ! ro-l}�ro- ,f·7i�A � �- hilff�m-1 1.H. rm1iA hil ou:,,�rn Yftfi:,· m'})!ft· O+L1.ooo:,- pr,:&. 0°2.11·m- <i!/0.·1· ff. 1-�f. Om1i/t� ou:,.ffl. ch°I P''I P-' cq:,. h<f?TC {if hilh jif§ m-ilrr h,f·'i1c;.:1. h't� ftlf1 11 DD:J,l-fl J'/tOT O�fl. ,n1• {loo�mm- r,:Jo.:,. 'im- :1 f'i!C�

'ia>-si

(D«.,,1 !

tu : f.'?'l� = f+lfl(D« = fl11j:+�(D« = 'i:c�· = fL-l-- ·= T:,,'I°:,.. = .-.r• 1e = +1 !Hf:sli: q = 'I° : fl(lm(D« : TlJlf11 : l\.e, : ',(D« == OD1f10•'} = onc'l°l'iA hf\'i't, i r>io-� = f.'?'l� = q_e, : o:i,n, = ,n°l : flODAil = {l6£b(D« = l\f. = rro1,:A = nil = tt:,, cP = hft.r = J\Jtil = ttn'l = Jrtil:f-t\m• = b'i!+�ro- = c;:c.e- = rt--r = 'h1Jt:rf ,1t,1• = ' mf,*A,:: +hlt7i: fho-�: ODA{l: (l6£b: nmfl�(IJ•: J\"'l'rif..,:,..: h'l°'IT: nu..e..:i•: honltm-i:: fl'-T: }l(t.: oo;J.. f:t• ·: f"2.1'lW-: ttJtil: JiO'l: ltf,lf1 = ro1,=tt- : O+wt.o:,.. : P''i!t.. : fl.ll:J!t\w• : tic;:,t-'1m· : tj:C.� : n,:,.. : 'Im- : fl"7fl,)• : ,,.t-:J> fir"J.l\ :: fh�rf-� UJ• : 'j:C.e- : 0.T9° : (JD:J'aJOIJ.faJ•'} : T �(Deep> : h {]� : (IJ'} lt\ : +IP&. : foY.fl.t\llr : fld1 lC : m:,-1\.e, : "llf"'l' : ilt\lf', J hn·1 : '.hH..U : /lli �{l ( t;;:m-: ODi)C,f- : b� : ft\: lD11.A: brt-&.�ooo:,, : {l;)' : 9°llhc.11''i" : --l'hlt7i : h,hlC: 1'\Jtil : h.Ofl. : OD'f',t-<D" : _e,;1,1,: "'It\..-)·: rf-1lL: nf.f..1\9°: ,flt\�: ,,.,-::;-.,y.. I h{}« : fID11.t\«i: : OD�tili}, : P''I : P'(:'¼-l-- : ,'h'? : 04!'1'C : l!l 1 �f t ODIP/.T : '}tt.c = l\il:F/\m- = b�+'1{1)c = �c�· = rtT : +en = 'h1,"z.:rf. = OD1f1n« = o&»�il . : Tt."r Ott A: ,hlC : l\il;rflOJ• : h'i!"'t-�w-: c;:c�· : n,:,.. : 1'1�.. l\h : li1ftl: Ji(l fi1l;tfq> A:: .e'?'l):9° : f «f'tOm-: n1·1.1J : :,--/Jtf1f : l\.e, : 'Im -:: 0 f 1 _ :1111 =:ii"': n�t.(D« = f f,"lfl.� : OI/OD/Ab:J! = .e,'?'l� = 11tn-l--1 = srun1f:'f- = AtR A 14>lnm-s,u = 9°h1 f:t· 1 --1··h il'fr. = r,,o-� = 00/Ail = nti£b = r+b(lf'ltD- = · nttt... 1.e�:,- = w )!t\ 1 = n.rr1 = ro11.h.«9° = r+&.1,. 0001- = n1t-til = liO'l'i =

= r=

- 329 -

-n..e:�,;,p = ilt\tr� , nu.11• = 1.·1..e: = r+t.fltJ>c tilt f"7..:J ,e.n:,-, -- = rr;:t-- = nm, lt\f : ODfAJ. : ,,.,., : P'C'¼:,.. : 1l1"1 : 04?'PC : /if:»; = oov,1.,1 = f"?..tnil�w- � ,,4,11: "1 °1 : (L If1 1 111 I. C : I\ il;J: t\ OJ• : h ct: ...,..� lD" : 'i:C..l!· : f1,).. : _e.,t-1\ /t�: r1• 'llllD" : fl"'# J!,1'1 : 'ltD· : f°t/A : ',ID' :i .-J·l1ll1i : f}tO.i'). : UOAil : (lliJ!' : {lflh·/\• : tJ(l• : J-,-�.il : AO'l : hr,: ..,--� (l)c: 'i!c..e: = lL ·l· = oo;J--f,1-- = tt.e, 1flro·r = roi An:,.., = 'l°h1.f :,. = 00., o. •l-- = r; +1: "itifxi> : q: 'I° : flrf--?.t.. : (t'l..l· : 1�--: "7ouAt1;f-: IIC1f e : J',:,'C!lA :: Ii:& : �1 }t, (lt·ffOJ· : CD11:A : •l·,.. ?.- ·"J.. &\: f"tQ/llD•?°: If',: W•m.,J:9°: f:J--m+a,..: f"IA : h'17i'i : ,J·hlt1i : 0011. t;>�o:,-- : P't;:� : houtr)-9° : Ot\,f, : fa>1)!ft•S'0 fl7.. hct'l· : f.-J--OD/.ODl.W•'i' : /\htj:t\- : O:J'f1 : 1l1"1 : fcf'l.OW• : cl1 l.C : m•l> l\f., : "1•1:i• : lll\lf�'r· : {lo 0ht\hf'J°: tt+t.l.11 : Oh·A : ll•'til : t,O'l : OD;J--r,1:: (1,f·hlt7t'".. : l\f., : ",..f·"IC : ilft"tL'PC : flP''I : P'C'¼+. : dt°I : tl4?1'C : j I jjj J{l ..-f' Kt.ID" = oow1.:,.. = ,l,t.C : ,n:,'",, = .,,,:,.. : llil:f-llm· = h(i:,f•�ro- : 'i:c�.. : '1·)·: "" ),_"}�.;J,.e,: r;J... ,1,1ro·: f,'r.', IA"1 ! 'i!C�: (L.-J:: f.,U'}: f"'l,f,+Ot\"1: 0.,lf'}: 1-'?f{P: flckTC: l!fii(t): 001111.:,--: hfl· ,...�Tho: 'h'lJl:J"',f, t,;J... H1IA.�: fOI/.A = �m •:: "-,.,�.u = nv-lli:9° = h·A = lnro•1 = ,li"l = hchc = 0"?0011111 : rh �i--�(J)c : �C.(": n,:,..: f(l m (I)• : :,.. 1, 111·1 : fl"t 1'l : ODrf'} : J-,t\ODl.f 't-''t : }\ "}ODl r�l\'l == o ..<J,n, = .-l1"1 : f'l'ltla>·1 = fhil = "'/OD&\h:F : 'h'},.qf�m- 1 OD/Ail : o61b m· : '-.?t'O:,.f.\ : frl•'lflOJc : m11:A : (li'tt,.:,.. : rf•hi,t;:,..A :: h �l·l.tJ9° : ro•il'P : 1'1�-1: m1:(A = flP�W• = hJth : ltfl'l : itt, : 'lw·: t'i.'lA 1 V•it"t--�m.., : m'} ��T : h ..,.. ,,.,.: ',OJ• : 1---n�A :: ?'il•t-�ID"1'i: 1,t,.,,..� lA : 1'"1'1" : f "" 0 i 1,A ftOD: : 1illll9°:: l,1�.,fW•9°: f�ll.tJ'}: .. 'h1f.& P''i:t.. : .. f:, :f.: ro1;e:tt a>·1 : fY'il1-- �ID•1'i : fltt-1·'1w-1 : m1,:t\-o'f : hil: A"'Jr:,..: P'A"l'l: fl\:f(Dc: ffl ". -;1 ·:;..: �CJ!- : (L,y..:1 ,.: t;:fm·: ..,....O�A :: {lctr19° : 0..Pft : .-l,'? : OOJ"}lft� : ODf 66t : P''I : P'C'¼:I.. : ,l1'? : 04?1'C: �fll (r.) OD1Pl1-- : h1,1J?..�m-: hit : ;JC = '1"19°�: /tbt;:-f•�OJc: 'i!CJ!- : f1-l-- : h:,,C!].&\ :: ), '}"JJ;.V : T,�1:wc : (le : roY.(l "'l a>·'i : f07.;t-fa>· : f1• : P''t:&-: O"t.,fil1·/la>•: l1'i:+fm·: �C�.. : {L:,.. : �t.l>": f"? cA : tr'r : f..;J•fA :: fm"})!ft�: : oo:,,tiliJ. : P''I : P'C'¼-1-: :ti'? : Om11: A : '11C : l1.(• : 'i:Cf: : tL..-f--1� : lll\l\:fm• : P'A."11 : flch1'C : i : h'i : Oh1.e..�m· : rP1 m1.1r : n.,1·KLw· = au.,.,1.:,- = f..1- �"Ij/,\ 01,1f..�m• : IJ.11 m1.1r = f+l'-lD' ftv11:lt•1 : '¼f_.�,1--'i : OJ11:ll·19° : lt"'lf:,.. : P'/;\l1J•t : f t\W•1 : 'i!C�· : 11�•: f.,'i1t..A:: flch'l'C : j : f,f--KLW• : f-'?'1° : h cf?1'C : 1u : 1'ilh : bfi : {l.,..oot\11 :7.: 1'1P,,.fil1•ft.c: O·l•UJ{)��=r-m c: l'"l•J:j:-;·tJA A : lD'll i•OJ•: ODIPl:,- = �c..e- = (L .. ..y : 1t-Ar 'i f_. 1' 1 f•f·wttD �,c: : ftD"llA : : J'l\:flt"'lr:,.: "} A"I'} �-' ODlf�"} w·: · : t,1ito-9° : fi't1t; : m1,:A : till : fD?c +COm•: f,l· : �c�- : lL-l-: �to-: f"'l/l:,:Tfct : 0+1.n = 1.1·L = nt,11..�w- = w1m1.�·r = r,1·lt.ro•1 : 4''1't\ r : o+.,rC = I = "'lll1· = h+.Tc = :iii = i\ilh = lt'f.i = r,,,..,_ �11w·1 : ooooA.tJ,l· : .rttLA:JA: 1\1"lP1clJ = OlllJ : n+t.Ot!\'} : �"JC : )1().. : f"7.;J·.en:i-, : t;:Cf:: "'Ill:,-- = n.:,.. : tt 00wt'l1 = hr·Lu = fll\f.. = fl/\w• = ;}f,/\ = .<J•f.\ = rm+il'i:fm·'l : .(·1;:,1,9'-:f � h1oot!\h:,C:-. : ?;f,l : (v) illti't"lf.� m· : tJ il 1 1\9°�:,- : "'/"J..f..A. : {lcl�1'C : if -- iiiI : 1\'i" ! ,,. fh'i : 'IIt Afll ( ): ODIPl:,.. = f+l.fl : hil : il/\lf� { 01P1tnl1F : ODIPl�: ;P' � -l -. il = l\ f t �m-: �c� : {1:,. : �m-:: ,t-wt.. : fi 'l/\w• : f.'?'I° : h-�.. 11 : hfl'l : ltf, rai;J•f..n:,- = r1�&- = n+.1'c = in = 00wl:,-- = J.Jth = Jtn'l = �a,c

�r� ... nil :

= ..

V.Jt-,(1)• ·:

= / l

�OJ·=�

- 330-

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- 332-

Justices :

SUPRE:NIE IMPERIAL COU RT Addis Ababa, Div. No. I Afenegus Teshome I-laile Mariam Ato Taddesse Tekle Giorgl1is Ato Haile Betselot

Criminal Appeal No. 171/61

Jurisdiction-venue. - Crim. Pro.' Co1e Arts. 99, 107,6,116,109,100-10:\.; Penal Code Arts. 641. 642 (b), 383(a) (d), 656. Appeal preferred against the order passed by the High Court rejecting the motion of the public prosecutor to transfer the case to a I-Iigh Court in Addis Ababa. Held: Reversed.

1. The general rule is that offences should be tried in the Court of the locality where the act was committed. 2. Where, however, the cas� falls under Arts. 100-104 of the Criminal Procedure Code the suit may be filed in a Court selected by the public prosecutor.

JUDGMENT

This appeal is preferred against the order passed by t h e High Court on Oct. 22, 1968. We have studied the file. The Public Prosecutor (present Appellant) preferred ch arges against the Respondent and moved that the offences be tried by the High Court sitting in Addis Ababa. The Defendant (present Respondent), represented by counsel, prior to entering his plea objected tl1at the offence sho11ld be tried by the court within the local limits of wh ose jurisdiction said offence was alleged to have been committed. The High Co11rt sustained the objection and held that as the more serious offence was allegedly committed in Harar Governorate General, it is not pr oper to file charges on tl1e less serious offences in Addis Ababa and apply for the appearance in Addis Ababa of witnesses and the Defendant, residing in Harar. It dismissed the case· ordered tl1e registrar to forward the record to the Harar High Court in order tl1at 'the Court may try the offence purs11ant to Articles 99-100 of the Criminal Proced1 1re Code. Wl1erefor this appeal is taken.

• I

In_ hi� memorand·um of appeal, t he Public Prosecutor has �et �orth the grounds of o Je t on to the order appealed agai11st. Grounds of obJ ect1on are: th at the De b c 1 c0 fen? ant (present Respondent) wa s c h arged on four counts; that t�e offences were of tbe tte 1�7 icle Ar� es cas l1 in suc t in tha wa; dis eda Ad Dir and aba Ab cr�°;11 al d h court c whi de deci to n tor secu Pro d roce lic P11b iz the ure es or e auth P Cod s h tilll ll have juris herefore !he 0rder t that _a11d rged cl1a s 11ce offe ion dict the try to a : e by the h Court g Hi rar Ha the by d trie be e d Court to the effect that the offenc h serr oneous. Tbe Defendant resent Respondent), on hi s part, h as state� in detail, in his (p seVen-pag e application, dated Marcl1 17, 1969; l1is arguments 10 support of the - 333 -

JOURNAL OF ETHIOPIAN LAW - VOL. VII - No. 2

contention that the case should 11ot be tried in tl1e Addis Ababa High Court. The substance of the application is: that most of the offences were al]egedly committed and the consequences _ allegedly �nsue� it� th� area within which the injure d party and the Defendant reside; tl1at 1nvest1gat1on into the offenc� was conducted by the police and the result there� f was forwarded to th e Publ1� Pro� ecu_tor at Harar; _ that trying tl1e case in Addis Ababa wot1ld create 1nconven1e� ce 1n introducing de� fence witnesses and tl1at therefore the order passed by tl1e H1gl1 Court should be affirmed pursuant to Article 6, 99 and 100 of the Crin1inal Procedure Code. Should tl1e application be rejected he requested the Cqurt to order separate trials pursuant to Article 116(2). Tl1erefore, having considered the legal arguments presented by both parties, we shall examine whether the order passed by the Higl1 Court is appropriate. The Public Prosecutor's charge alleges that the Respondent committed four offences. 011e of these offences was allegedly committed in Addis Ababa, while the second was allegedly committed in Diredawa. It I1as 11ot been disclosed where the third and fourtl1 offences were committed. Indeed it has · been averred that it is the lower courts tl1at may exercise jurisdictio11 with respect to tl1e third and fourth charges. However, pursuant to Article 109(3) of the Criminal Procedure Code, the Public Prosecutor joined these cl1arges witl1 the first cl1arge and filed the1n in the High Court. Therefore, tl1e question is wl1ich Higl1 Court may try the offences charged. Article 6 and the first scl1edule of tl1e Criminal Procedttre Code define the jurisdiction of courts regarding criminal cases. Tl1e first · schedule specifies the dif ferent kinds of offences and the court having jt1risdiction to try said offences. Article 6 provides that in accorda11ce witl1 Articles 99-107 cot1rts shall have the power to try offences committed within the local limits of their jurisdictio11. There fore, where a qtiestion arises regarding tl1e court where a charge sl1ould be filed, it is necessary to refer to tl1e First Scl1edule first and then to Article 6 which cross-refers to Article 99-107. Hence, in the case at bar, we shall consider the provisio11s cited hereinabove to determine wl1ich court may exercise j11risdiction. a) First charge - Breach of trust and aggravated breach of trust contrary to Articles 641 and 642 (b) Penal Code; in accordance with the first schedule this falls within the jurisdiction of the Higl1 Co11rt. Since it was allegedly committed in Addis Ababa it is to be tried in Addis Ababa in accordance with Article 99. b) Second charge - Frattdulent misrepresentation contrary to Article 656 Pe11nl C?de. This . falls within the jurisdiction of the . High Cot1rt in accord an�e �1th the �1rst . Sch�dule. Si�ce it was allegedly comn1itted in Diredawa it 1s to be tried 1n D1redawa 1n accordance with Article 99. · c) Third and Fou�th charges - since tl1ese de,11 with creating a fa]se instr t1n1e nt contrary to Article 383(a) (d) Penal Code it is within the jurisdiction of t�e High Court.. Si?ce the place where the offences were allegedly committ _ed _ is not known it 1s to be tried i11 any Awraja court witli material jurisdiction purst1ant to Article 102(a). h Hig the As noted above, although tl1e first two charges nlust be tried by the ugh Court at Harar pursuant to Article 99 and the First Schedule and altho o� cut se Pro third_ �nd fourth cl1arges may be . tried by any Awraja court, th; Public . fu Iaw a s _has Joined and filed the -charges 1n tl1e Addis Ababa High- Court. This 1 act and the reasons therefor are set forth· hereinbelow.

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I I I

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CRIMINAL APPEAL

The cardinal . rule is !hat w h en a l aw is promulgated it m ust cover the differ are . whi 'likely ch t? a rise s in tion the a future. The Cr1m inal Procedu . e t situ re Co?e ace e s 1br 1on v1s to pro ed ce con fi n ng rni ign n des the ling 0f ch arges, places of tr was · ial • ons • · 0 t s. 1r f . T h � es e n o pr ic ov d !s1 1s · m11s t 11ot be considered in isolatio and jur w _� � I? ;erre . n y l at r g e o l o n _w e it h th e other. A rule of law is never con but as � . . � m t t1st e r_ elat ed to _and s11pplen1ent atr � on , l iso in_ ere d sid other rules of law. If · terpreted w1tl1out l1av1ng regard and in s1dered con is to otl1er prov1s1 · ons t 11e 1aw · 1•t · . . .to be 1n co 1 et n1 e p an d on e prov1s1on will appear to be contradi will appea � . cto rY e r. tl1 tl1 l1e \.V1 ot t and inconsisten Thus, when we co11_sider as a w�o�e �· h: provisions governing the framing of a charge, the place of tri al and the Jt1r1sd1ct_1on of courts, •we find that the charg e against tl1e Respondent was properly filed 1n tl1e Addis_ Ababa High Court.· . Th� general_ principle is that a �rim�na! �ff�nce �s · tr1ed at· the place where the crime 1s con1Illltted by a co11rt with Jt1r1sd1ct1011 10. accordance .. with Article 99. Ho\vever , in cases falli11g 11nder Articles I 00, IO I, I 02, 103, I 04 tl1e Public Prosecu tor need 11ot comply witl1 Article 99. W11ere JJUrs11ant to Article 116 several charges are joined agaiqs t the same defendant, the. Public Prosec11tor is not bound to act in accordance ,vith Article 99, although tl1e said provisio11 may provide that each charge be tried in a different place. Consequently, by virtue of Article 107 tJ1e Public Prose cutor shall decide tl1e cour t in which the charge shall be filed regarding cases tl1at fall under Articles 101-104 and in charges filed pursuant to Article 116 . As we have stated above, tl1e Respondent is cl1arged \.Vitl1 having con1mitted four differe11t offences. Pt1rsua11t to tl1e scl1edule the two charges fall within the jurisdiction of the Higl1 Court and p11rs11,1nt to Ar ticle 99 tl1eir places of trial are Addis Ababa and Diredawa. The third and fo11rtl1 charges fall within the jurisdiction of the Awraja Co11rt and i t appears that they may be tried by any Awraja Court. Notwithstanding the fact tl1at tl1e Defendant is charged with l1avi11g committed four 1 d� erent kinds of offe11ces tha t tl1e places \.vherein the offences were alleg�dly com m1ted are different and tl1at tl1e co·urts exercisi11g jurisdiction are the High Court with respect to some offences and tl1e Awraja Court with respect to the rest, the third and the four th charges may be joined witl1 the first purst1ant_ to Article I 09, the seco11d c11arge may be joined with tl1e first purst1a11t to Article I I 6 and all · t t_o cba�ges ought to be filed with the court which the Public Prosecutor . pursuan , Article 107 decides to l1ave j11risdiction. He decided to file the charge 1n �he Addis Ababa H.igh Cot1rt. Th11s, i11stead of trying the charges filed by tl1e Publ_ic Prose cuto r in conformity with the procedure, tl1e High Court erroneot1sly decided that the t tha d un the. case be gro the on l era 1 1. Ge ate traosf erred to Ha ra r Governor senous offence ,vas committed there. Ii1 his applic ation, tl1e Responde11t requested purs11ant !0 Article 116(2) that dly ege all re· the 0_ffences we y the n _ i ere wh ce pla charged be tried separ ately at the c�mrnitted. Article 116(2) provides that all cl1arges mus t be tried together ; ut ;liere arge� c t at th r de -� e accused is to be or l al sh t ur co e th �e . 0�: embarassed in his defence, to ·� e ad in be e tri ld ou sh d l ria t a te sep ra a ; rately A m o tio n for sep e ie 0 �st en ve ha we e or ef er in s tance and no t to tl1e Appellate court a11d th Illot1o n. ed ss a p r e rd o e th sh a ti q y b ; b Therefore, for the reasons stated hereinabov e, we here r fo rt t1 o C h ig H a b a b A he H igh Co t is e Add th to se ca e tl1 d a11 m d re l1r an r:rt� er Proce eding. . .. March 20, 1969 I

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f10J.(- if1°1 : -t·10.. f/:\IF., f'}oi.(· a,.1,.,,:c i f1°1�· 9°Ab:,• llllO?"-hC ! ffi!;l·.th -fldi.C ih°I �1'C'°f h'itif�-'it!If2i 1 f1oi1..· ,11oi +-#fc-":i· -Ii ! � i �i 1 !l� ! fen� i f�!i • f!li I f:lil 1 111 ! tf� ss ..,.h"-7i fl1ta7i1 f1°11: 9°/.\h:,• t!m+ 007"-hC J?.m cl•9°l1;:f·/.\ 002/ll:,. f-tl.O J1ll • a,.l}:t ! .. ,.hll1i-i·.LC�O;J·A ! hi\ A¥- f1'1.(" 9°Ah.:i• f•I·1'i'"J1 ih°I 'IJ!.'fC9° ,i•hi\1i fJ.&ODOJ- 01-C'J.(- #fi°l ODIP/.T -t1fl fAIT'I f1°1�· a,.s,_-�-c ',a,. ::

fhlt'7i : mO:J> : nllcll� : f"th,,,l·l\tD-1 : h:PC!lA J hlt7i: ·JocP.1 : :('t: +-Oflo : f°7..mt-CD• : /JCD-:,, : 00111'1' : (}{\{L:,.. : �(D- :: ,f•hi\if. : nh.·l-V-k.f : .- fhltif.'l: r·1°c�, : :{1 : f'l°l!:: 9°Ah·l·: fi:K-9°: -f•OPi\'11,: f"}"l"': 9°AtJ } s '1 OJ-'l'•f· = r1oc� 'l = :{ 'l = �w· = n °' ll:,.. = f °7..7l" 1' : ou rr )-"} = 11 lt.li = ,,.lf:, ,. . 'PA = ofll/tt,1 .. = �� = 1'1 : rf = .-,..,ot\ro• = r.,.OD, 110•:, ..., = rhti7i = "'lhl�,,-:;. = lt�C!LA :: 'h'l1'1lV·?° : h'17i : fh'17i : mcoo•{l : "'II\:,.. : r�: : rh'17i: "7l llif : f-tb it1i : a,coo-il ! §f : fllit7i : "'lll l)f : ..,.,,nttro• : U•n.·�.. : tnCQl)c(t:f.: +cfl'l'A (. llCtl«;.."} : nou+mA I hlt1i : roi:Pm'J° : o,ncoo•(t:f: : l\.,e. : f"'l,;J'ftP- I f'l"l-'" : 'J°Ah:,. : flm�l\l\tD• : ,f•oo ltt tf. : ilt\lf� : ,1. .·110· : fl..l.. h'171: : ,J'l>'Cf; fOIJ..ifmll>"'l: :{'l: "JuCP...'l: :{1: �ll>": •Ot\ (loo;J--llA.: A.1•1: illtO'J.1•/A: �61"� flT'llt-:,.. : mCou-(ll-: f"7.;l"f(l)c: f9°AtJ"1· : +001tf\.,e.�:,.. : }tm•4> : f..,.f.l1: f"" 1Afl'I': +°l'lC: �t& l fli·ll.e9°: fl+'lllm•: mcao•ll: 9"'Atl:,•: 'l�: f"'l.� flfltP-' ,,.,,,cf• 1: : frf•bltif.: f1:t\.£:"}: P-.'l' C: nc-lbil.h>il-t.>}.. b(Lif;f'ii ?oCJ!.'l :( "' : fl1-"1."'lt : ;,Cl-1ll' fDJIIJflT'l: 4 1 'J°: f"t1AK": f'JoCP..'l: 0:

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f : "}'?� • 'l°Ah:,,. .,,-. . qq ;J i 1° CP...1il: h°1..t\lD• : O'/,.{lOJ4 ,J : oo : C �', 0 t\ : f ti'f.r:'l" ' f "'lf.'i''l C ' iit\ 11'� ' aum'I' ' ?fi;m,"f- ' mL£l.w-1 ' t\"7Y.'i'l.C ,'";::� : r : n l "} 1hC 00 ' !1:� .e�t\T : \10JJ.fill�: f;JCJ.1.." } : :(1: '/°A __ ? t\"1 t]l ! ,.. ,, 'PA:: _ ; rhlt � li : ill n rilm •: i"1t\-(l(ll: h1�1'i: • (lro•ilm-: • ,, · Q'! r l 1 i �O-O , "'i. .: f t 00 · il : ', m• = -ntt<rA:: n"{;/f/ ij'j; (14,.�t\_ ° C 1: CP...1: ... , 1 lll ,r'l"/\ c !' : f : : f 1l: (l{l)fiJ{D•: fit.,rf·k'f"}: 't�A -�: ;JlL"l: hti7i : r1uci 1il : Y.--&.� -- : f ?A : :, (]j\(Lrf•'i" : 'li\1-nt..,)· : ODlf)."} : 0'11.ur: f"2.11l1A : ' 9°Ah f1"1Y: : 7i()«: ,o;F : uuir�1 = ri,c,,rm • = t"" itc; = 1nCf..1il = roitim• : ric o- : oolf�. , : -atJ{l;J ro4!f : hlD..T;tA : "fifl'PA 'IA,n : ,,,..hti� : ODA(tl-. : nomro•S,U : oo:J>OJ°2.,f : .,.. ..hti?i : : ' i1,. t\1t1�1, r lt7f. : h -- m- = --c = f h DD : "'l f\ ;J·· i n,01� = ,11°1 = r,,1..m+o•1--"t : ,1?'1" : 'Im-= f'}'?f: = m·Y:Y.. ,,fl\lD·1 : rfc:}>OJ•'I° : 4!TC : ?!£©!! : 01/"}?;m..,9"" : (lm- : f02,ootih:,.. : ',ro· : ..nA• 1 . ( l : cp&\ :: }i{ {]Dt, ,, (\ : 'J;JY., : fi1°Cf."} : ffi C{ID•{l: OD',7};.."} : h/tO : hflD-q>9° ! f1°lf: : 9°All,r1 : ilh"7ilOD'fl1.-0 : \'lDll} : ,"h°l : ill\/\.,{\ : /\1--�� : tt"l'l-0 ffl w·'l°: (LA 1'ht.ht!1 i illl1°1X· = m-��c = nm:,.,I\� 11--1.P 'l1P':,- : <i:CY.--: n,:,. : f,f-t..l..� : 4!TC: ji7l:ir.i!i/9.?!. fl j::,.. ,1, : "0"1.C: ou111-fl : ,,,-m:,.,(l : '?All QJ;'} : i'tff;H'PA :: 'h1f..f·LV· 'l° : (l"f' 00 '1ti ,,e, : hc hc : tthtiif◄• Y'il1" : /\,/l "f : h1e1· r,1--om• fY'il :,-- = �C.. i1,.- °l&\'161}' ttf�tl'PA +h'17i = nnh•� = n(lmro· DDA il hti·li nn1c1,o,D• r,"lY: ,71"1 = c/!,rc 61.@� (l!)= u = 'he; = lir.@2 = (g)= u = t\.,n4'9° = tt�:f--A'J° J f1'?Y.' = m-�....r....c = f°t hflnt\ro•: fl�,:J �<D· : mh.A : rPt -rf'�'i: i\lbl\.�::;.9°: �m· : -01\o : f'J°l y_--: ;,,"I : 'R'l'C : iii -� vi t iiii I i/t: I bfiiio I t>'ri/:f: t bV'iu i r.ro : l,'i : irl: : mq (l: lblt. :f : -;r�ht\h·A� ,1;ai;�rtt�;·-0tt 'PA �=·r:1--,ncl'(lro•: <J:,rc: �;J�91"f: '?1 ('(Lm�i'r�f@§ ll9° = G?JT?,..:,.. ,'i" n,11n"1.. = m1o OD,,,:,., = foufln:J--A = hn•,7i = Ol/ilt.'A·9l"f : �IJ1 : fOIJ.fill•� : ft\·9° : ,,flA'PA :: ,f•h'17i: ODhi\ttfro«"}: noucl1mA: flhti7ic;: n--l'hti"li: ,r,c(ID•fl·;r:. l\,e: fIt·= 9°Ati..Y.."f : \'1'/\f� : i;:1:m.. : rfll\'> : A��;J--:fm◄ 'J : i,1f,.'JJJ..h--l--i\m· : 1A?.''P A :: "7 {ll�: r1°cP..1: ODffiT: il9°: r,,,: �(D• :: g;;: 1 rhti7i : �� rh'17i: Ol/ilt.� = 1'.e.. ,,ri\m• = ODi\f ..,..tt-i\ = �m -:;: rhti "li = 2f 0IJ{)l'lf = r,t·hti7i = (101\f: U•il:,.. 1t1n(t'f : 'iTlD· � f'1 ¾ fh'17i : r.?;: O'/ill1;: fn1COD•(l, I h. P,"} J fCfC': n.tr1: frf•hti7i : 0'1 : D?ilt..'lf : f,rtJltfr': mc00·il = h�, : O•"li 2 �m· ! 1 1 • : :f h(lm J{l{l .. }'t : ;I (J•/\. --: 1 n-ftlD ' .. 9°A Ul/ 'J try : • 9.� 01\ "lt\.11?; :: 'l°i\ : ?- : h a : /\� : J;.il:,- 6 1 l tJOc( mC 17i 9 ?; h' fl A. ;JC : o..'fen:,-. : rhti7i : /bi\ : �(D• I : : t .A : foY : t\,e, : ,f, 'i,tJ J oCil /l..h : i\f, ' l C. fl,,. : htin : , 'i .. (L .. .A : f°1. : C t\t ft f -- ,e: : }ltJ,f;A : 1 : � : }',tj: : • ff,Cr) ,f hl\ i 1� ¾ flmCOD•fi • : O DtXl.lq : fh'17i : : " .A fOIJ. : 'f..T C:J : : tt f.C : }'.� :,• : •t\1' :OD {lrf l (L tJ•(l oo : :, mc { n: QA. n -1,hti : : �ar i� = noit.c; nL,,� = ,�:,-- J-,nn:r... rhtt"li ,h9°�'1! = 4'/\?° = n..ir, = i ti7 : ' � �"l ll : U') · h (L f: 1,1 : ,; _ :, .. y,(l : 7i (: ?J: : lt7i ij:/o fh 4 : f+ ti itl'}�e �ro 1 r : �,11c9..A ...• '1, Af. : : .. -1 o' l h1Y: 'l'fl:t-'.": 1,t-,r: 'i":t:m« : Cl'P/t\;l' : rJ--hlt7i ..: th'17i : h h A ' 9° fl ti l 1 � 1l'i : : " ffi{fl OD i lt"l 'h f,f : ic; ti? fh : e �, : 0 004,,nA = .u 1 11,1 ""T tao .OD roiz -: ;: �m · = aw = ll'l° 0 1l n.n.r� = Y..--t-� = noi : ro = f . : � }'t� f ll O'/ J't-� jf) ill � = i't ilont..lD4: fDDm1:r: ti--Otti : (I� : f"t-hlt7i "" /,\ I -OA'I1A .. n � Chn� : (t:,--t : f� : frf--h"17i : tll/ ill� = �m4'(1Dcfi:J .. 'J°:. 9° »thta7i : rh'17i1' = il'l °: ht\ m1t-'l° i f1''?f..• = 9°Ah..-J:, = tt A ro oe.. ©.a,t

�h =·;.,:

=�

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: : ,

r'1 : = =

= °I,

0 :

f '

r;;: =

,,,.c;..

= �-,.

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,:1r1, : :("} : foo1n'I': il9°: �w· : 711)( : fhll1i : f'l"lf: : 9°AtJ,}-: hf..1.h'JD: . -OA'PA:=,.,'1'l>LO·S'1': ,, hllit:: illl: ou,n'I' = ll'/..111.f : 'f;/!11:= fl��·V"A-f: l:'ri,: ;Jlf.tlJ : +.'PC : lif'!it : ht1J«'l'•f· : qou:,- : 00•/t- : OD:J»tD"'lf : hA+lO? ° d n-,.. CP.'l : :ct,> : oum'f : mcoo•il : /blk = Ql\h�� : J...'l�l,11l1A : "'lil:J--m+.1 : AA OJ"l9° ! illllllJ : tD·O : a..+�o:,- : hl4: : Q.f'ico:i• : 'J°'l'I° : A��T : ft\9°: ,{lACf>A :: fhl\"li'r : fThl\1i : bCtJC : 'l�4r : htlll : 01\.f. = f'1•11\Kw• : �t& :: fhc b'i• : (i:t!. : �1C : fhll1i'r : f+h'17i : f"}'?t.· : 9°Atl;f.1· : .f.outi(ll\t\· : mt? oooo{)(lft.:fOJ·ll : 11rp,-:;-.-,. : f ltlt;twA : m_e = �(De :: 1-d/'l'''I° : f1'?X--= 'r/:\ tJ..f-.:(: : .e,oultolt.t\• : }tf,ooltofl·'J° I J ltil:Jwh- : h fltil,f:'I°: (L'lA: mcoo•(l:f.1: 1°1 S fl'Jo"} : i', ll'P9°(11: O"'lilT'PA: '1fOD/..0DG: l\"7.,,filrl-ffrOJ·: (Im• : /ti, If"} = o,n:,,lt.l\t& = t\,11·1111 = t\"'11?/ m•'J° = ODm1' = 11r = �m•::

fh/t"li : "'lill']f9'-:;. : O�·,h-�9°: f t\•,,,l· : mcoo•(t1--: Olh'?llfl.,l·: +com-: or,:c..(!• = fL,J: = ;1..,_,,,,.'PIA :: f'ltJJI: = S'°Ah.f:1: = .,•ODltl\J?,'l,l·�= "'llthc= hfm&. 1'C� :: b'17i· : flthlrt\- : -Ol\ Oi·t\l, : r,11+'1:f!m· : rl-OD/al)J?,�•r•l· : ll'i:C�: {Lrl:9° = 'JolAi·m· : f;J•J:i• : ;JCf."} : ht\°tl\OJ• : f--l·h'11i = 9°AlJir1• = n--t-llf,9° • ,,, ° }\"}°lfl.11fm· : 1 CJ.!."}il : hOl/.1\W• : fh'17i : ?°At,:,-- : ;,c : 01.e ,r : (L:J·f, 1 f,OD/t{lft.A (L �,er : n�rb : t\)!C: : f,ODhl\lA :: rf•hltif. : 1-oATID" : fOIJ.;t-J: '1':l':,,1 : Af,.i;,r.:f..: S'°AtJ,f-.:(:: OH.U : OH.lJ : .ellfll-- : -01\o: hfC!).A:: t�H.tJ: 'I'.,4,:,,1 : A �i;,f•i._ : flt'17i·1 : 9°Ah.Y.1.._ : OD??f�· A : A f.�:,-- : fl\!J:,v. : /l"7il{/IJ oo(lfA: fi''l°hl : t\OOlf� : '?9°.,l· : booilm;t-:fm• : Ol\.e = A. ��·f•:'f: : mCtJJ>cf\ . . : "nl\ I\OIJ.ODl'J°C : (ttD• : nt : ,.,.,.,. 1 :(:"} 1 1°"} : l\1°"} : hllcf>S'°(ll : P''6-f }\"}f..lJ''l 'lm• s h'l:( llm:Pl\l\m• = ,l,11•n = /lDDmT = 11-rm· : u-tr: 04! A�� .Y·l· : i;:,:m. = ll"'lll·l· = 1'1,:rA'J°:: hqi>I\ : lt'J°'i : h'l°I\ : 9°Ah:'f· 1 +bltifc: fh ttn-1 • 'J°Ati:i-- = hhtt11.v = 1:1.h = 1ti10Dhtt... = ODJP'6- ,1: : l\"'ltihci; = nhtJ'if.. 11'i : f\oum+r : i\1)( : ll.l\ = 11\"'l : ltllm· : +•n1t 1t_e1oo•l·r :: 11

f.rl•h"l7i : mll:J:, : f"}tJJf." : ,l1'? : ck'J'C : iif«iio: f�;,.e.,w-"} : mb.A'i" : /l,/r' 1... : h�,:J1.,a>·: ,:JC: OP't..: f:Pc11 : °11-i"•�:,.. --;·j,v,:m..,. : (191:f- : �tD•: f"'l{IOfl h•f'tD· film· : (IV,t•:,- = �ro-:: cf?'l'C : if�!! : "71� w-; 9° : 'I ,;11-.. : f"?.ou/lb� ' �m·:: hC°lT: f"}"J,.e.•: m-�-- �- c: 0,1,°l : f.-1--L' l'f.. : �tD• :: t\?°ltl\,: ,t·hllii•: l1l1 l\7i· : fOllm'i" : 11�;;= : f(f� : :-.t'l : IPC•f· : fhtin:1 : mY,9° : flbl\ : 'l,:J1o : '/°A hT: l)f{loo{ltA : t..(I« : nt.mlw· : OP/lf : n. 7i'r� : 0DP(lllll• : ...,..(DP,��·l·: fll ila-1 : OJf,'}° : ft\,t\ : ',:Jfo : 9°Ah:i• : /tf{lODi)/.\ : t-(l• : OJ.111laJ• : {ID{\f ' CLif1''i" = o00 mtn· = .,.. mPi�:�:,-= rhtin:1 = my,"° = f t\,fl••:1·•1 = -,;,1'1-.. • 1 ?fl· : n..mil.(!•: f,U : ,,-10. : f"}OJf.." c m-1.--1:. c: ',m• := �-,c 1 °11: ill'f:'l° ,.,OD"} = f'ilm•'} = ri','jp"1= 'I:, 1-r. : f;J--m .,. : 'J°Ati ..1- : h itooit,\ 4'1:�r• = 1''/,CO-., :,Y-o = f"?.ifmm•"} = 11''1:i• = /J:J� = ODif� : O+.'PC : iiVuio: 1•1{l = fAlf� ' f"}"}.(· ' W•f:1:C 2 ',(D• :: ..,.. htt7i : Ohtin". : ,1,coo•{I : h,h�f..9° : ',;J�fl1": "'""' "'I/\• I 1'19° : hAhithAr : ·OA-PA:: hlt7i: OtnCDD'O·: fi•h/rhltD•: n,-01.:J-1 ',,f: 1 hf,1-1\9° i t.9°/tt\, I .,..hl\ii-: 0,1.u : mcoo•ll : OJrf•,l· : 0,11·�0:,• 1 hlt7i 1 fOJJ..:Pwr = 1,f,ooh/\19° :, fh'l1i = '1'1+.;J-- : Thlaif. : Ot-f'L : 111c00·il ' 1'� f9°7iffl{l)cj I qy_,-,:,... : 00 m1' i ft"} : 9°Ah,}• I f°tODll/A : 9°/Ail"l- 'Jif:C'I I

�,a

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-------· -ti : 1 , n� A : flP/.A : a,ro• :: fh'l7i : n·f1,f:;J-- : noi1q : .,e,. :i: 1 h ·fl'1 ll. f I' : if' o(ll> --hltif· : Oblt �OJ •:: : ir f C if◄. ffi tJDcfl : oo'if fll• : ,f"ooti'l.e,a, .-1:1 : Of,OA'I' : : l O f,t, .

:: A ;J"tt1-A·f·

h'11i : f1"lf: 9"Ah;t- 'li\.(l,,"f• = j\ODlf�: "7C1.. : t;/2�: OlDllJ(D•: O<k'J'C: . V-kf1 : 'llrt\f..' : ;,11."1 : nil ;t-ro•!J:A :: ..,..nti7i : hti"ii : ?°A h,f:1 : :, : m:t "1/.tll,,l:C: i','\il00 tl109°: ·O A'PA :: 9°Ah,,f:1: 'it\Ol/fl0D1·11n·: tf'Jllt.�: hti"li : h'l'"},"f•: l9°c?: flit..1,1,cc;·lic;Ac;: n'1..:t-r·*f9°: : 1 4' l19° a,1c: "1 :: l }tl\ t. : : : f1"l ;t-ro,J> 9°An,l· : 'li\.{1:,• : flootr•,. : O'\f, : f1'?.<!· : t 1. f.." f 9° . : l'f: tl O : f{Dtl} : "1'? : lli\t\.i\ : hti'il: : f;J--m,J , : OD•fl,f:1-: I\.., Ant lli\.01/ilODlf"l• : 1 r lfl:,, : nt:fA'J° :: hH. U ' O'\,e. : n..,...1/\.ma>· : DDlPl:,- : ,,..hti7i : +1n.. : f /;\ ti'�: f 1'?f: : (Irf,.'.,f:C : llf/f,."t,.� : ili\i'l,:J1m : ..,..hti7i : f,U : �c� : h+(lm n:'f' : 4'1 : "f..'J°r: : fh'17i1 : f'JoCP-1 : 1(1 : 9°An:i-- : hP't.. : l\f, : h"'l'Pt\ : 1'1-'tJ!l:C'l''i" : fl'J°Ah--1: : ,�1�,e.1/\.'?A : lDf.tl:,--9° : n,1.u : q.e,.,:,.. : 001/..fti 1 hC: 9°Ah:,.. : i\'}�f-m+'J° : 11/\.1 : &..Cf.'i"/.\ :: Ol·LU : hchc : hlt7i : flt\CDll)W-: � -: .. : flth.C : P'.,P'C'¼T : 'l?'l'C : Qf�E : h'i : d, OA n�:, : � : h rmn h.vtt..'i · §lt� = {IPfPl:,.. = uc11r: = n.f<J>c..n = f,:J--f A

n.. �: 1 01

1,u = �cf: = If� = 1�c = § = <J>1 = Iilf� = '¼ = 'I° = n>tfl = 1tn'l = h�+�ro- = �c� = f1T = ..,,(lm

I I

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- 339 -

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HIGH COURT Addis Ababa Judges:

Ato Assef�i Liben Ato Abebe Awgichew Ato Mol1amed Berhan Nurhussen

Distiller's Co. Ltcl. v. Ato Mola Marti. Civil Case No. 919�59

U11fair trade competetion-irnitation of trade marlc-Civ. Code Arts. 1240-56; Comm. Code Arts• 30,40,47,55,134,144,158, 159,204-5. Deiendant was charged witl1 deliberate copying of Plaintiff's trade marks which the former allegedly used on bottles in wl1ich drinks of tl1e same class as tl1at of Plaintiff were sold. Helf/: Defendant liable. Althougl1 tl;ere is 110 legislation covering questions of trade mark the act of defendant constitutes unfair competetion as governed by tJ1e Commercial Code.

JUDGMENT Cot1nsel for Plai11tiff has argtted as follows: Tl1at Plai11tiff is the proprietor of Gordon's Dry Gin wl1icl1 is known throughout tl1e world, and tl1at it l1as come to tl1e knowledge of Plaintiff that sale s are taking place in Ethiopia of Dry Gin by Defendant l111der a get-up substantially similar to tl1at of Gordon's Dry Gin. In order to st1stain tl1is argun1ent Counsel for Plaintift. has sub1nitted i11 Cot1rt Exh. P.1 a11d P.2. Besides. tl1e Plai11tift' also produced in Court Plai11tiff's bottle as Exh. P.3 and tl1e bottle · 11sed by Defe ndaitt as Exh. P. 4. Cot111sel for Plaintiff has argtied that tl1e in1itation of the get-t1p �1s a ,vh ?le, that is to say, the general appearance of tl1e labelled bottleJ is particularl y obJec� tionable a11d tends to deceive purcl1asers as to the origi11 of tl1e Dry Gi11 produced e erat delib is tl1ere to 110 tl1at doubt Defenda11t; tl1at tl1e reseinblance is d11e by d l u o c labels 1nany the similarities that copying, and of rni11t1te details i11 tl1e two e tli is not l1ave occurred by coincidence; tl1at the most obvious exa1111,1e of this 1e t en stat t1se by Defe11dant of his telepho11e nt1mber to correspond with the � e d pro uc d· ''ESST'D 1769'' wl1icl1 refers to the date wl1en Gordon's Dry Gin was first In addition t? the �bo�e !h�. n�me Garde11's is c?nfusi11gly similar to t�e t� s� e o dis h a h name Gordon s. That this 1m1tat1on of get-up JJrovides a weapon for o f orders to e11abl to d is pass-?ff Garde11's Dry Gin in respo11se _ r a� l; bartender wl�o � , n uest1o t111q s Gordo11 Dry Gin. A clear evidence tl1at proves more expensive o o the G r� ( ff5 an attempt to confuse and deceive the public is that the bottle bearing label (Exh. P.4) is in fact � r�filled <?ordo11's Dry Gin bottle. Co�nsel for Pl�;t;d went on to state that Plru.nt1ff published a notice in the Ethiopian Herald - 340 -

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DISTILLER'S CO. LTD. V. A TO MOLA MARU

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file 12� claiming ownersl1ip triter alia of 37 N o . _ _ ( 55 Gordon's Dry Gin label, 53 , e of the Boar s Head and t l 1e word 'Gorclons c devi the . 111 ·reply to t he defence p11t-up. by .Defendant wJ10 a. ' rgued t·hat unfac ir competI· ' w. 10 1 are s pe �° rso :ly n 1ne nt 1 on ers ed in tl1e Comn1ercial Code tion cov Counsel for . 1 l e t Prov t hat 1s1on s ed t of ' st,t Article 134 of til e Commerc1a1 ·' intiff pla C o de d·uly e d · 11 1 engag tra d rson e e p ice. pract cover any Cou1 1se l for Plaintiff st ated that Plai,1 1tiff does. 11ot k110 w tliat ca trader 1n A · s 111ara · · l11s · ot t t f es o e b h · Gordo11 s Dry G111 · that I tra de .o11 of . no uses ' · 111 law fo r re g1 s · ra t • t1 ' . . 1 ee11 yet 1 b . as e11a c t ed arks l1as no co1111ection wi·t11 tlJ e preseot case. trad ' e m · .1·tr l.1as presen ted to tl1e Co11rt a copy of a J· ti do-me11t • for Pla111t c01111sel give o n . • ' • · N · I ?40 o. - -.56 . �n co11�1ect1 on w�tl1 a . case of unfair competition. In in �1_v1l Case addiuon, Counse_l �or _Pla1_nt1_ff l1as 111troduced 111 evidence copies of jti dgnle iits given in favour of Pla1nt1ff 111 s11 1ular c,1ses by Co11 rts of three differe nt cot1.ntries. In his reply Defenda11t l1as argued tl1at Plaintiff cannot st1stain its claim under the P rovisio�s of Artic_les 134 ( l ) (a) and 134 (2) (a) of the Conm1 ercial Code. That according to Art icles 30, 40, 47, 55, 144, 158, 159, 204 a11d 205 of tile Commercial Code the qt1estion of u11fair trade practice covers only tl1ose wlio are employees, agents and otl1ers wl10 l1ave s11ch re lations with . the mercl1a11t. He said that tl1ere _is no law which restrains mercha11ts other tha11 the above fro1n carrying on such tr,:1de compe tition. Tl1at Article 134 of tl1e Commercial Code cited by PlaiJ1tiff i11 the prese11t case deals witl1 false state men t a11d defamation, wl1ereas none of tl1e evidence addt1ced by Plai11tiff proves that a11y st1cl1 act is con1n1itted by Defendant. Defenda11t went on t o state tl1at the labels appearing 0 11 tl1e bottles of Plaintiff and Defenda11t are e11tire ly different. Defe11da11t arg11ed (1) tl1at Plaintiff's bottle (Exh. P.3) be ars t l1 e na1ne G·ordon's; (2) tl1 at tl1e t rade mark beari11g 0 11 Plai11tiff's bottle (Exl1. P.3) is a Boar's Head whereas Defe11da11t's bottle (Exl1. P.4) bears tl1e trade mark of two lions; (3) tl1at Plai11tiff's bot tle l1as a n1etalic seal vvl1 ereas Defendant's (Exl1. P.4) l1as a cork seal; (4) Defenda11t's bottle bears tl1.e 11a1 11e of Molla Maru witl1 tl1e trade n1ark . of two lions a11d ,1 :pict11re of a 11 1an, wl1ereas Plaintiff 's bottle bears a different 11a1ne a11 d t rade mark; (5) tl1 at Plaintiff's bottle bears the words Distillery Lo11don, \vhereas Defe11dant's bottles bear the words Liquors Factory Li11 e; (6) the words depicted at tl1e bottom of Plai11tiff's bottle are "The Heart of a Good Cock-tail'' wl1ereas at tl1e botton1 of Defendan t's bottle are written the words ''The best Stimt1la11t of Yot1r Apetite''; (7) the flowers at tl1e right and left sides of · Plai11tiff's bo tt le are pt1rple in colour wl1ereas Defendant's are green. Tl1at tl1e fr11its appearing at Plaintiff's bottle are t hree and· one, wher:�s Defe ndant's are one, tl1ree a11 d fot1r. 111 all Defendant has quot ed SUCh seve n dJff ferent items between his bottle and tl1at of Plaintiff's. tt s 0 b? e t� t h, �o in ar pe ap ks ar m Defendant stated th at altl1011gl1 tl1e trade �ou_11 1� Plaintiff and Defe ndant ]1ave se ve 11 differe11t items. The only thing which to be similar i 11 both bottles are th e words Dry Gin. Defendant stated. tllat the Asmara Liqt1or Fact ory (Ex. D .2 ) a11d the Me-rkeb�gnia InduStrY of Addis Ababa (Exh. D.�) are ts. tic od pr eir th g 1 1 lli se n i s me na 1 s e using tl e e � 11!s 0� at y or at n1 fa e d e .� ad In addition Defendant argued th at he l1as not m � b n i y r t ha t d rt; se ever ex ercised ' s a e . unfair co1npetition agai11s t Plaintiff. H , nna e h tl · ' tha e d t a t s t n a d · n e ie rne Of a liq11or an d 1 1ot tl1e trade 1nark· 0 f Platil 1·1 ff• D 8 13 . o N 4 6 9 1 . th h as publis 13 ii r • h Ap ted da tta e z Ga n ne Ze 1 ed dis Ad a notice i 11 th e so said l H r. a e a nd no y e on one has ob jected to such 11otice for a period of ,b y ot �e � of �·lie that ther 1e use l t g n · t1 1·c tr s e r d e h e has ·not be en an y notice s 1 l· b pu ·

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Gordon's Dry Gin Bottles. He said that if one uses said bottle for water or any other drink it is all the same. The above is tl1e argument exchanged between Plaintiff and Defendant. The important questions to be answered are the foilowing:Are there similarities between the labels used by Plaintiff a11d Defendant? And if so to what extent do sucl1 sin1ilarities confuse and deceive the public? These questio11s are not directed to persons who can place said bot�les sid� by side and con1pare tl1e sin1ilarities existing between the two bottles. Tl11s question, as far as the Court is concerned, l1as reference to the general consun1er at large. The bottles Plaintiff has produced in Court as exl1ibits were closely watched and observed by tl1e Court while in session. There is 110 doubt that the labels used in both bottles are of similar type and confusing. I11 particular the Court has been able to observe that tl1e words Garde11's a11d Gordon's appearing especially in .English on tl1e two bottles are quite sim.ilar a11d confusing when eve11 closely seen. Even wl1en these two names are pronounced 011e ca11not tell the differe11ce u nless he l1ears tl1em spoke11 clearly a11d precisely. However, Defendant l1as pointed out other n1inor differences betwee11 tl1e two labels. Fron1 what tl1e Court saw tl1e said minor differe11ces are made tip in such a way as to create confusion betwee11 the two get-ups. As a matter of fact such minor differences can only be traced by persons who put a11d compare the two set-ups side by side and this requires a special treatment. In view of the fact that there exists a great number of other labels the reason why Defendant l1as done his best to create sucl1 similarities between his get-up and that of Plai11tiff's is nothing but an act intended to benefit from tl1e get-up and reputation enjoyed by Plaintiff. Counsel for Defe11dant has argued that the question of unfair competition has refere11ce only to commercial agents and employees as for Article 134 of the Con1mercial Code and as st1ch this cannot apply in the present case. In the Court's opinion the said argument is wrong since the provisions of Article 134 cover any and all merchants engaged in such business. It is true that con1petition in comn1ercial business is allowed by law. That is to say if a merchant produces the best quality of drink a11d attracts tl1e consumi ng public witl1out using the labels of another, sucl1 is a fair competition. Ho,vever, the purpose of imitating the labels used by anothe1· for a 1011g tin1e is an ,1ct of unfair competition which fa]ls under the provisio11s of Article 134 of the Cornn1 er cial Code. Defendant has argued also that since other merchants ,tre using the bottles belonging to Plaintiff there is no reason why I1e cannot use tl1em. Tl1is argun1ent has no relevance to the present case since Plaintiff J1as 11ot raised tl1e questio n of ownership of such bottles. We are convinced tl1at Plaintiff will have 110 objectio n if Defendant uses Plaintiff's bottles for sale of n1ilk. What Plaintiff contend s in the present case is that Defendant is using Plai11tiff's bottles ror the sale of the sam e kind of liquor Plaintiff produces and in doing so Defendant has confused ao d deceived the public. y b e I ur opi nio n a11d mad as far as the law is concerned the petition _ g . � � Pla1nt1� 1s pro� er. The fact t ?at Defe11dant admits using Plaintiff's bottles fo� sellin _ such liquor� gives more weight to the similarities which Defendant has 1nutated _ from Pla1nt1.ff. - 342-

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DISTILLER'S CO. LTD. V. ATO MOLA MARU

the proof adduced it is evident that Plaintiff is the owner of to g ordin Acc label (Ethiopian Herald �at�� March 5th � 955 No 37). At the Gin Dry n 's o Gord : tl1at contended Plaintiff has not has registered his labels with 1t efendat D e tim e :�: Ministry of _Commerce & I ndustry. Nevertl1eless, tl1is allegation 11 as not been e vide nce. y b d te r o P sup Wher eas Plaintiff's products sold u11der the said labels are k11own all over the b e taken away from them 11nder the pretext tl1 at there cannot get-ups such .. rid not exist laws which cover tl1e registratio11 of trade marks. In vie'YV of all the reasons stated above t11e Co11rt found that Defenda11t l1 as mmitted an act of 11nfair con1petition and we hereby restrain Defendant from ��ing the said similar la �els. for the sale of his products of this from the date _ . _ judgement a11d to stop using 111 futt1re any such labels Silllllar to that of Plaintiff.

November 4, 1968

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c.nll:J!(Jr. : (lJ!..-O'i' : m·c::,.. : '?°ti'J,.fl,).. : fiODt\{l : Otif!' m• .. : . � : • l ' • : D •• ' h i:'C ' fll'/1,"flt- D IJ i•fro r ' 1Al'.ro•: U•1 : fHoo� -'l �� . � OJ. : tft1 : h 9° 0� . � . "1 -'71' ' � (TOJ',. 0 . : �, h...J • ,(IA.a.): rn,n-:i--: (D /t�: (D• .,r._..:,,: lf'i: Oi't� 1 •-• . • � 7 f l '"1 ,,n m-. '""\--,, 1 : m• ti); : . , . �..: 0D : � ]l. rm 1f7' : • f.' --1: :i ti 1 t\tJ�l ·'PA:: }l. 1-�.u-9n : UDf,\{l : 06/! :: • ! _� C fnmn:r:fm· 'm • : P : i',t11J'rtf.,',:,.. : n' �.. � 1: : cf,"}: IV.!11 : q 9°: n,,..�&.: fODhl\h r : ° -lflJ {l: n..f{/IJ" tJ,f:: r i'1 ODAti f · < : m n .. p · : n -�' J?.; 9 i : 11fi A66), : r,,..(lmm•: (Ir�);,: A O)'f': t\ : lf', • UJf_,'}° : nnc� : ?°'fJ'J,.(' ;f• ; f,f...<'.1J. : t\UIJlf : ',• : (101/0Df;\\1:J: � {h1J ° ° = t\ 1 f f :m· = 9 1 " ?1,'11 '" /\7' . :, .. l'' r J� i • .u-9 fi't00Ati1�-'P mn:J, : ;1,n :1= m •: � nr',: 9°'n?:::,-. : £.ID (j:l{l: 1,1f.01.'l'llD•: i',I\Ol•�-9° x l',<IDf,\q':.}"..q>: ncni:fw-.: -- ,1 : cf , l{l : lf{ll} f..' -�� ,'f , O : n .= 1.,1· 1 �:i : · 1 · 0,11.C: ,)1''1 : {l<l?IJ'C: 1.rx1. : ODIP ft 1.:1--: ;,, n;F ro·: t\. &.(:ll = f'll/..1 -- An:i,1 : ?°h 1.. 1',l\lll};.9'1 :: j��ti·:,:cp : O'P.: 9°t i ..>YT : ti,er,Q,,flm• ;J•O:f-m • 'h.1�..&.. Cll: "fit\m•: f«l'lfi•:1..: i",O,,,.l:;:J..: u ,)1 ;J'f!: {llJ{ltJlJ(: : i'tt\.C'J-J9 ! 9',h'Jf--1:9'> : 0,71 ' 1-.: ODIPl_;I' : ;J1l;r"} : fl OI J'f:l{l : f01.":t�ll":,.. : rf1,,-. : JfODJ!,.": .�;i;�;:.1�-: -0;1.:: ,;:rm-:: }',UDf.\'q":j',cp: _;J.-n,! ro-: 111,'t &.Cfll\:l�lD- : "Ol\lD·: f£f,lfl ·"1" : 'P..<1cf: : l',l\l,°lll·O: lll\tf', : i'toot\\17f-cp : fcl'l n·:,.: 'l'.(''I:: h1-�.ll-'l1f: 0 °'11\:l· = ncn�:fro•'}: ;-,:1,c:(l'PA:: f},UD/;\i-}:f-.: ,nn.�>: n9"{)·1--: {1 0:,-f• : fflJlJ.r..• : 7itrycX]tt,9l':.f, : f(lm.:1--1 : (D•l)� : ,-,:1,cn'PA :: m·l)�ro•: f·l·(lmlD• : 0.�'9°7'': -OA66J,'i.: Oi',�il--·f--�:: f.... 9',/J: ',m· :: 0.�.. 9°/J: ..(1/,\661,: f,f--r),11lD·: (D•l)�: h.1.. ..e: i',m·C:,,7.: '1.,f,ll}ffiC: fl,l1 ?0 l\,: ·-;e: ,,,,: 7fJrxe :· f f q: 'l° : I c:' : "li t11J cXJ lb 91:(: : u-. nrf; 1 : ro1' :;�- : tt ooAti 1 c; : {ID Afl : O"Lh · (D•'} : n_;l>C(llD· : i', 1 � - : '11 ..�· : :Jllti:i.:w,1 : ht)m· : fl:'1.f\ : }',on(,\t}:} --'P : f,n f<k·1·: �:f: fl{lcf! :_ t11J lll�· : f,f..f..1&. : {tllAlf', : ffi::f·<D• '} : 'l',.(',J: � i",A·-1--4' flf,\�w•9u c;: 1'10Dt\ti.1"•tp : hllA'P : ;,c: h9° 1--'icn1· : n.:,.. : "f•UDt\lt : ll'l!\..: .,r.: t1-0lm·•: 7'-"}.�.'i�: --llt\m•: Of..'?°?t.. : "fiA61iJ,: OJ{l','P A :: fli',',fl,f--� : 1fJ... : 4 1: ,....,·,;:;ri1t? Y:'l°'lt': f,f--(lmro· : m-ti� : �"} : n,l,?°t\, : ......... ..---··•: q: 'J° : r,1--0,11: lf't = nt·Lu--: Oi',�il,,.1--'1m· ,n..ti� ODIPl:,• = IL'i---1: = f.,•1llA ·flt\m· mfl'l'Pt\ == \1 �--c� n,..-,.: nR.--9°t) = -nA61iJ.,; = nit ., ii,,.,.-;: --r..-,-.(l ,n- �-- 1 (l}4.. ti�?J:-;.. o, {JD" :J fw• t,{Jl)Ati:.1:<r: t\�:1:m. = 9°'n1.r:,.: i',.� c1m· f4'lfl :,- fUD7t"A 2 .e,n ° e n1A ; 'k°1C1: f.,iiliJ,lD;J... A : (l .. lf'J : f.,·tim·9'1 : ;,•O;J:m·'J : l\"1',':lll : (l � : ? h ,,.I ·: (1�· f r 9°ti1 : W• lltll (1,f-t 1. :,.. : t\.tr1 : }',f.,i-..A'J° ;: llt\fI· ..U : hl'l,U : Ot\,e, : .. f : rf A • : 6liJ. '9° ·fl : 7' t\ � J? 0 lf ii : : m· A .. ti); m : : ,f· f : (l l : 1 '1-0 °1 i', �� ,f 61iJ, CT ,n --: i',O'i"·O·f··Cj"f,\ : ,f:;:J i'lfL : ◄:,--; n <Pl C' ,, " (Imm•"} : �C.(!." : 11 ?t' }rf•C;A ;: t,oo/;\.q1�·'P: lJJ /,\ :: n,,.,n :n : ,,,c D• t\{ f.,'?'l�i : ..(l 1](\o : fl{\ : &.lJ!.. : '11/.n .. ll : (l,Ao.f : 1t:O. : 4'(1w-: 'lt..,,t-.4: : 11 1�°1..h-"l't\W" : l fC'lll'PA -� f.,°l'l:�: llf., : UDf;\{l : (1_6JJ'1 : r ii --1• : (latJh ''J : JPC JP', ·1 : ·f·h.h : '/f_,t17lj:,. : O<PJ,.t.. :1, .. e..,n:• lJlJIPl:1·- : r;,-n,=,D nc = ,, 1b i' 1 'b•i/<1/9.� t, 1n, •••• "'I' tJlJ h • • q>fA ->..O ·· ,� m,, Al{ .. :, il Y' lf) . :,. f · 1J.e.. 011,_r:,�,1r: r: ·• ,,: i, i qlJlJ --,1, : ,n 1hc ,71.7, ::, r<; e : 'l = � ! .. Ao : (lm.m- 2 ;,c � 'l�-{JD �-t11Jt11J;J--:f,o• ,eai'l • ' , : ' l/\ ?J 11'' li'1 1= °{1 }',9 1 : n.lf : 'I? r : r, cXJ ° f "lit11J ,n : -7 ::f -t\ IP -: w 1 UD : 111 . 'l.f O ) l : O , -,,. 1 UD • t\ C' c.°? .. ., 'n1 9° f!: {lc : ; {\C,: . : l 61,J, ,, /;\. ', · 1.f : O J- 1 :n:,.: �fl ..1· : t\U·t\:1-: 0 : {l 6.t.>;.. ::

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r:,.. :

:r--cr

.,.. ,... r• r• -

,,,.,._

= = =

- 345 -

r, :

l--tt-'J° :

fOI/./,\ : .,� d 7i"'l"llb9'l· : fl..("9°6 : ,fl/,\61iJ. : f(lm..:,- = llJcflk'i = 1+1. fl•+ : "'lhl�9'l- : llih°I : 1--:J•t.t : flODlf'iTfD- : 7i"'l"llb?Jl· : .f.lJ'J : 111,') : fl(llflcfl:,• : 1.1·1 : f'i!Td1 : ,fl,h.C : 1:1,:J1.9'l· : li/,\,f•OD/lh --1:9° ::

1-->;� = l\tJO·c = fh'i!i·� = fj:C..(• = ri:,- = +cP = w·lli = fl.f.(ITO:,- = 00Art = (l"'.llJc = l'rt1:1 = A}!:1:1- = .e,11 = hJ-lc:,..v-A·.r = r'tf.. = n. rr 1 = F,°l'l� = '1'61 = l\m : l\"'lh=f'1c = hmO:J•a>- : ".e, : fa>·tJA'i : P'AffJ1 = fl 00m•(l..(" : "lit::J""A::

ntt.11J1Lf = ,l,"l = ua1P1.:,. = n--•·**00 = ttt:"'i = Pc:.e- = n ..,. flll = �-c,::,. = "'- = h.e"lfl� = q.e, = i•llf.e.Y.. = l\ 00'.c = till = ,,1,1..n = (l.lf'> : n,;::,; : r.l- --ll : f"7.. wt..n:,- : ill\lf'I : ntt...f·ILh : '/F,"7'i:,- : f,l·hlth/\ : �m- :: ou/,\il = (l"l =

rtt..·1·r-k.<' = 11-w = .,,,,,,1.. = rh�+�llJc = ,;:c.e: = ri:i-- r = ooilhc 1 <htr?c = ou65J. w:,.. :;: "'I;J• : "'I;J· : 1t9°7i...f• : UD"l flT9° : /\ fi::C : flit = 9°h 1f-l· : 1tf,lf19° : oa,":,.. = Jio0 /,\'1:J: = 1+1..a•:i.•1 = hfti:;J-- = nilu..-,.:,.. = "",:� = i,1�.111 = 1t1:c 1n:J--/,\ :: �"lfl� : 'lf,'i : OD/,\(l : (l'i}> : i•/\.f1, +w· : hY'ilT : (r) qou,}• : {l",e. : 'i t.'PA hr·LtJ : nl\.e, = n+111.114r:,- 'i!� '11�1· = ODlPl.T = Oou:f.ODtf : OPfflcf>il : f°t1'1a>· : :t.,:J'I! : 1-�.e, : OV•l\1: : fl/,\'i : °til:,- : out)h/,\ : .<'lllD''} : ..,,��:,- : 06'1 : ,"11'1 : I\OD/..ft'J° : f°t'ff/,\ : ootr�1 : lltll/a>� : f'?A : flt.1+ C'i7i'iA : if,d/1 : fououcouc : 1•�.e : ',ro- :: ilt\l·LIJ : ...,.�f,: '1"'/hOC: ll"'lill �:,.. : f9°1 /..IA 1(Dc : 9°19° : 1,. 1\\ : fl/,\fa>· : fJ't."lt\.f : It,,? : "7.il:,•f-'P9°: fL l.1-,,.e, = ,.,;, = a.rr�r = flA'i = "7.il:,.. = ou'i &f:flD' = ntt.-l·V-kf = m·ilT: flOD If)- : hf·f.U : + 1'9° : ill\ : h1f.tltJ : fit.- : ..,..�f-'f : O�C�" : IL.,,,: : ,{lf-f• : m-4� ?'1· : {lou(lm;l""TlD· : f (\ : 'PC'J'C : f"'l. h1C : ih"l : fQA'i : "2.il1'· l :r:1 = 1-�f. = f\oum(l't = "' h:l:tt.-1 : 'la>· == n;,-0:1=w• = ..,..�,, = "f. = r1i.:i--r -1.1 =

'i�n:,-- :

tft"l : f�'i : {\ootr)- : �°1 (}� : flf,'i : ODt\{l : {l6£b : f"'"4'flt\... : (l.lf1 : i'-alJ•1 :

Oll,I\ = 9°h11:,- : .e,-,q� : O.+C-OO·l·9° : hfl·C : fhti:+� : ti:C�" : lt:,-09° : fl(lmw· = w•/t). : A?i1:4':JclA ::

OJi..:i•r-k f : ;,.-, : ODlPl.-1-- : Oh'i:1·� : 9°111f-f·l·'i : (l{\,{\P:1.. : 9°h1f ...y::;.. = f,f•� It = t;::f : "'l"l1·:,.. : f,:f-1\A :: :!'it.- : OIJJ9° : mfl\l\ : ooutr� : Ot;::i•t11= ,flth.C : ,l,"l : lD'ilT : htt1«1»x· : lf.�i:'i : hi·h;f·;J"'V-!fi : n1"1"1-·:;. : ;JC = f"'lil "'100c = v•).:Jw?'l-'i = "Lit = 11;.1: = tit\• = "'l'i:i=m··Jr = '11c. : f07.�9"C : �OJ' :: tthil:J"' t..tw· = 1•ll1'b = n+l.ow· = f(i::,: = "'looAh:1: = w·hT'i = hil:J--t.+.9'1..9°= 1'1Jt(loo•-1· : ll�:f : f+ln·,l· : 9° h11...Y:f .. .. : f'"l.hi•fl··l· : 'i:1:a,.. i v/ fmQ.f. = flt;:i..r = ttl\ooh"'l"'I:,- 1

t\/

Of.l(lfl:fa>· : il1:-0c; : (Dcf.1'T : 9°h'lf:,- : 1t00Ati1: : h{lm· : ooh f:J"TlD• ! oa/,\{I = (161b = OtJJ9° = •h"'lc : ..,..65J.'P-:,·.. : noorr'i:f-w· 1

: hllU9° : f,fc',•-'f : ff1,f• : {l(l• : 1111,0 : (lOD'lh�• : ht;:...,-� : f11ff,fl : ,.,c;:,000 1:l.ftc : a.;J...:fw• : ilt\i-L;t- :: h'll·LU : 9°t11f·f-1· : l\f1P.1P.T lD' : tj::f � I\"'I h11:,.. : fl "I! : l\tr)· : 7i "'Id//l.9':ii : ,01, ,- : h(lm• : o:\" : f "7.h •l"h•:'f- ' ll'i!:f = f"'l. fo+. = ...,.. ""°'& = rn1,..,..:y.. = = �c{lq,/,\ i

"""°

- 346-

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Y'ili:1 Al!:J!:f(Dc'J Y,t1ro• ODAil = f'l6J.b ,._ . . . = hc�1.·1�·r-,a f • o o A_ «p ,+ :ftD- J ,..(-«. = Pc�- = n+'lt\ro• = f:c�:,-. = l\f., 0 ODt\il. . f'l6J.b hil O"'l"r ,.,,; _ il q:fm- 1 () A,. : ° til:,..: hY'il:,.. : q O D.. -,..: 0l\f.,: rf-t\f .e..,..(De : f.,U : 9°ti"}f:,..: l.I 11:J! : !.t\ 'l'C'l'C : hl·f.lJ : 01\f., : Orf•m«f>(I. :,.. : 9° ti "} f f , :l : '1 rf: � f .. : · "l � «. 'l f" = ronAil = f'l6£b = o>:,.. 09°19° OD1- s.., ff, 'l O 1 "'lf1-lP r lrlr : v ,).; = .. fi"t.?.UD = \1UDtr�- : Ol\f., : {]"} f: : i\J!, : floolfc.. : {j:�9° : ftT'Jf.,rft\.. : OD(f�'} : f{ll�t\ :: IJ•flrf: : ,f•ht-tit : m1c:-:f = ti,ff\..h : UDlf'i:fm• : f,11•,-..1 : u-).:J... : 09 -: °'J 9° rsn1.r:i-- : t\.ttm·mm· : tit\UD;J:t..\ 'J° : 01\f, : OD'f tf:fm• : h•.."f,r·kl' : (D«(lT : ':fl}'� : (l?J f : ti..Y..l\..h : 00D(f'i·rro• : nti..f·i\..h : '/f.,"'/'i:,- : ODlP.lT : �:,; : �.e:J!A 9° 01/tt.."f.. = O"IA?t... = r,1,oi = i·:J,t..t = �m• 1 °1'1� = q_e: o,1,°l = ODlP " 1.,l·: (t,14'K·: %Y.©l) : (j":C.�·: (1:,.. : 7itTCJ°llb9':t:: ffti',"1'111 : ronr:,..1: m·ltt«;: fh�rf•c1CD· : �c.� : o>:,..s,u : iltic ¾ cl?IP/C: ODlw},(Dr),«;: h9°.li·Y--: OD°l'lT: fl�:Z:: nil! : 9°h'Jf,r : itf,lf'}'J° : -Ono : f( lmm•"} : �Cf..' : floo:J,m9° : f.,1--l\fl· :: hlf.lJ : nl\,e ri-- 'lt\•:,.. = 'J°h'} ,.r-r-. 1·«. = 7it71/°l /b9'1: : hOf )· O�l\ : r..e.lo-:i-- : rin1y,r-.f '11f: ".e n... e..OD� 0,1.oi ODIP l.."f· �:t: = t\OJJll11:,. = nih°l kT: <p;, : J'l\:fm«'i : Oct : 'J°h'Jf-f•1' : «.:fro, :: 0,,1../\f.,9° : ,eu : f,f--mf+ro· : �:f : n,1,;,0.,91:,: : ou tihA : f t\a>·'} : fhllW·"} : f ;J11:l: : U•).:J"" : ,l1;J'C : 0"'1 Y:l"l : htll/:J'/\t\·9° : 01\f,, : 1--�� : f°tODt\h;J...:fm,"} 9° : (l?J1·.. : :}ff"}'. : :-r--oic. : J':J>AAl\f'PA :: ilt\l·LIJ : f.,°l'l� : 'lf., : t\h 0'C: �Cf..': f1.-f:: fht;:,f--�m· : t;:Cf..·: n.:,. r,,maJ• = m« ll). = n...,-."y_,s,u = n�" = n.e.. l(l, :,.. v-).:J""?1:1: = f..,-.�ti m· ,,r::,, h1Jt U''}I\T(l)c : fl it�il--1-- � : f Y:'1°iJ : -0A twJ, : 7i 171/dJ lb?1:f. : oo4..:1--:1- : f,1'l:,: -- l\o• 0"'1fl:,•: :J 1toof\h -:,, Oc 0"'1h = :,1'1�.K= = .. -0.e1 rf'lm 'Pt\ = ntll/t\:,-� hllDt\h-i: :: 61!' fl lt UD&\ lll\f\« f·A'I° t,A: m:,-ttouil r�c;..f.: 1t:ii'. : mn:P ouAfl &,fj,f, : 11:[ : 01'1� : ODt;>C : lDf.,'J° : Jt{\oulj�'}: t\01/l ,:J"IT : 00IJ. f1lf : ?!f: 4'1 : Itt!=ti : q : 'J° : t\i',1C : l1J1-1:,.. : °ttil1:C: ('1.ctP/."I�7i'J : tJ<j:A) : --I"?.&::.. 1t1c "1•1:i• = OIJ.. ).il.--1;c = n.e...-nP.'1 = 'l?'l'c 1:/irr:t;t�/1:/ittlt/�·u -, 'PJ. f : &\ : f: · �-OJ : m.e. : /9.'{; /I� OI'f; : 1t:iL : ,f-t,«; ?If Iufyj : '¼ : 'J° : Ol/�ili--C : cliliJ, : &_.,<J> f: : (l) 1 fUD : } ' . h 'r : t1.flJft.f : OD��". } : itl,;JdJ(l)..t!\ :: '/°"}'/° : h'}t, 11 : l\"'11: · : .4'C : h'JJ; � f-lf h1 4' rf l'l'l'f,) ,: n.tr'J : 'J° '.A'l;I.. : 1 «. : it1C : ,f l\4' : 2 it : tlH ' OU ltT f 'JJ; : 1'_ . l.°I ft,e,°1 (}� : 'lf.,'P : Odbt..A� : .;J f·LilJ : OD'l'tf m«'} : r , . UDIJ-l l! : fl : t1,. ..:,1-�� : fli•u ai1p:,- = 'ii = ...,.. 4'ml f.,°lll� = 'lf,'P --t -C : t,«;,Y· : 1£'0. : il 01... lJ r : Li ;Jt Y: : t.. ,h '. : t;b : OtnflJ O : f , A : "" °l'}n:,.. It ftt.Q: °l1n:,-.: h'JP:icn· : on:J-- 1l•J:flD·'J : itil:J lD•cf''PA :: � : (:;: f� ,f: (1 : " (:..( � : LU l\l il ' �1C : °I"} : llDt!\{\ : (lGL1.. : l}f.cl'C--fl: 4 l :: . �C -· : f: {\ J ' "'im f•(l I f lf'i :,,, {': : : : -r :.. : . f,.f r 1 ?i", : ODC'J° on11 11,.· 'l>lfl' : m,, :-,e,1��&\:: . �• (lOO 'f ;l lD : : • h fl :, 9 '1 °{1�: r,1 001,:: ,.litTC/°li\,911.:: V·l\--1:1: OJ1'f,,•: h ,c � . I h'Jt\'J 01 : '}° 'J l 'l° · 4' iltt = ··" � tt/Jc:P f,1--.e..l1m· = (JD•ht.. = tif,tf11\:fm,

II . t i

� I

= =

=�h

- 347 -·

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ooaz.llll = fl.Aiif = 1r.ii'. = r+lnm· = ,., .,0:1: =

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- 348 -

•

Justices:

I ' \

SUPREME IMPERIAL C OURT Addis .Ababa, Div. No. 6 Mr. Justice Debbas Mr. Justice Tessen1a Negede M r. Justice Tseggai Teferi

SYLVIA ZEVI v. RENATO ZEVI Civil Appeal No. 1109-56

Farnily La�v-�i �orce-Fan·1ily c.rbitrcitors-Right of Appeal to Court Jro111 Arbitrators' awarcl-Nat io110/ity and Relrg1011 as ca1.1ses for divorce-Civil Code Art. 736.

On appeal f�on:i tl1e decision �f tbe I-Iigh Cot1rt rejecting an application to revise arbitral _ award by the maJor1ty of fam1Jy arbitrators refusing divorce to plaintiff. Held: Decision reversed. 1. Manifestly unreasonable decisons by family arbitrators are appea]able to a court. 2. Arbitrat ?rs are emp?�ered t'? consider neither the nationality nor tl1e religion of the _ spouses. In making their dec1s101Js arbitrators J1avc to follo,v strictly provisions of the Civil Code. 3. A life of dissination b y a spouse, disrupting the stability of the fanJily and humiliating the other spouse. is a sufficient ground for di'vorce under the Civil Code.

DECISION

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J i [

This is an appeal agai11st the decision of tl1e High Court (2nd commercial division) dated 6tl1 Marcl1, 1963, in Civil Case No. 112-55, whereby the I-Iigl1 Col1rt rejected the petition of the Appellant to revise the decision of tl1e majority of the arbitrators, denying her di,,orce fro1n her h11sband, the p resent Respondent. Whereas. tl1e Responde11t seemed to be away from Etliiopia, and altho11gh the memorandum of appeal is 1nore tl1an clear, we 11evertheless deemed it proper to enqt1ire fro1n the Sect1rity Department about the Respondent. In its letter dated 7-5-63 No. 7-7502-Z-88, tl1e Sec11rity Departlnent notified 11s tl1at the Respondent had definitely left Ethiopia on 22.9.62 i.e. about ten months ago. He h�d no re-entry visa. Althot1gh the letter of the Sec11rity Depa rtment was enough �v1de�ce of the Respo ndent's absence fron1 Ethiopia, we nevertheless wanted to give him �ore cha·nce to defend himself, if he has any defence at all, and. we summoned him through the ''Ethiopian Herald'' i11 t\vo different 11?tices P bli�l1e� 011 26.5.6� � , �nd 29.5.63, respectively. The co11seqt1ence of our-st1mmons 1n the Etl11op1an Herald 18 that Mr. Vosikis appeared on the 6th of J1111e, 1?63_ and allege_d that he re prese nt�d Rena to Zevi; l1e produced us a two-page letter 1n Frencl1, whic� �e WOltld _have liked to e Judg tding P!es the told ly open ikis Vos keep and study; but Mr. lhat there was aper p that like 1101 ld ,vou he t tha and cret matter'' in the lettter ''se . to remain in we s, nce Sta ctlm r ci the der Un er. pap his e\V •cannot con the Court file. I-le withdr s wa he e dat 0 the � e anc ear app per pro er sid that Renato Zevi entered a a summoned to tis d sen not did d 11 a , son pe in ear r app t no ear did app he as k ' ' ' n 11n r t no o is s · er I'' cou 1 d � � te ' ega p p Y delega ted co11nsel. Th e se11se of ' prope rly �el . own client ·O n to a lawy H1 s. 8 . s1 Vo la . Mr e ·lik e e11c er1 xp e of rs er yea of ny so ma -Rwenato Zevi f rom Eth y a aw ran he r fte a having resci1 1ded I1is po we r of attorney - 349 -

JOURNAL OF ETHIOPIAN LA\V - VOL. VII - No. 2

not did we even see as it ich wh er lett le imp h a oug thr 1 hin ask not � iopla, can . contained secrets - to reappear for him; he ca11not reval!date tl1e power of attoritey try oun t mt1s ign fore a necessaril y from g 1 i1 inat orig � rney atto of er pow A ply. chea so . d lise lega l1c, L1 P tary ?Y No the com � a of ce sen pre tl1e i i11 Zev ato Ren by ed be sign _ petent authorities of Italy, and finally legalised by our M1n1stry of Foreign Affairs. This has not been done in the case of Zevi and we conseque11tly rule that l1e did not enter an appearance either in person or tl1rougl1 a properly delegated coun sel, as called upon in the newspaper. Under tl1e ·circumsta11ces, whereas_ we cannot leave this l1elpless woman neither married nor divorced, we l1ave decided to give our final opinio11 fortl1with, as to whether tl1e majority or minority arbitral award should be considered as valid and exect1ted. It is established and undisputed that botI1 Appellant and Respondent were n1arried 011 26.4.52 according to the rites of the Catholic Cl1t1rch. As a result of tllis marriage, they had tl1ree children who are at present 10, 7 and 5 years res� pectively. Tl1e marriage was solemnized in the Catholic Cl1urch of Addis Ababa. Both Appellant and Respondent were living in Etl1iopia for very long years, and they hold Foreig11ers' Identity Cards as foreign residents in Etltlopia. As residents, they are entitled to the protectio11 of our Civil Code. This very same divisio11 of the Supre1ne Imperial Court l1as, in two previous appeals, i.e. 633-55 and 724-56, held that if either of tl1e two spouses was domiciled in Etl1iopia at the relevant time, the family arbitrators shall be entitled to entertain a petition for divorce, as is the present case. Bearing in mind that she was domiciled in Ethiopia, and on grounds of matri monial differences with her husband, tl1e Appellant applied for divorce through arbitration, in accordance with the relevant provisions of the Civil Code. Five arbitrators heard both spouses, a11d it was held by a majority of 3 to 2 that tl1ere existed 110 good ground for divorce. The majority arbitral award dated 17th July, 1962 states, among others, that both spot1ses bei11g of Italian nationality, and hav ing solemnized their marriage according to tl1e Catholic Dogma, are at1tl1on1atically not entitled to divorce, as the Roman Catholic Church does not allow divorce. The minority arbitral award, on the other hand, dated 19th July, 1962, did not go into questions of religion or natio11ality. It openly mentioned at tl1e beginning tl1ereof, among other things, that the husband Renato Zevi ''reserves his rio-l1t to bring a petition for divorce because of alleged faults of his wife.'' But the husband, at that time, asked the arbitrators to dismiss l1is wife's petition for divorce. In brief, where �s w_e shall_ go at a later stage le11gthily into the arguments of tl1e arbitrat�r�, the m1nor1ty arb1tral award held that the petitioner Sylvia Zevi I1ad advanced sufl1c1ently reasonable grounds to entitle l1er to divorce f ro1n her l1t1sband; and tbe minority thereupon declared the dissolution of the marriage bet,veen tl1e two spouses. Basin� l1erself o? Article 736 of the Civil Code, wl1icl1 autl1orizes an appeal !0 Co�rt against a man1fest!y unreasonable decision of arbitrators, the Appellant Sylvia Zev1 appeale� to the High . Co�rt for reversal of tl1e majority arbitral award �nd l1 H1g Tl1e the ID1nor1t of the con�r�at1on � arbitral award, grantitlg ll er divorce. e hom going al, Cour! d1sm1ssed _her app� �ons1dering that drunkenness, gambling and late 111 the evenings, wl11ch 1s tantamount to social isolation of tJ1e wife' are not sufficient grounds to grant a divorce. he s wh is � _ The aboye is a brief resume of. Sylvia Zevi's case, so far that 1tY maJ0� the ap �ealed again to the Supreme !n1per1al Court, asking for reversal of ng h a qu � � the arb1tral aw��d and tl1e co i:1firmat1on of the minority award, or iii brief, n n1o op1 of tl1e dec,1s1on of the High Court, and the confirmation of the minority of the arbitrators. - 350-

SYLVIA ZEVI v. RENATO ZEVI '

I •

Bef ore coming to tl1e merits of the appeal i t is int e t· ng to emphasi. ze. t?at t e husband absc o nded fr om Ethio pia about th r�e or fotir �� t . t h � p r1 o r t o the de c_is1on Wh so abs Court. . en l1e c onded he took wI·th . Hig h the f . hIm the thr ee IDinors o . I-' Ie c ompletely disregarded of th e m ,a: r1ag e WI th S Ivia Z v1. t u o rn o � b � th e f ac t that they are n ot onl y his· ow n ch.1'ldere11 but those of Sylvi·La too• Fur th· ermore, bY so · �ase was still w p1a hil · · l e 11s om E t111 o · pending befo re the High fr g ap1 n e.sc Co urt ded t uce ha t t he o ced 111te nded t o rt1n a ' ay from the JU w We are for · d'1ct•1on or' · r1s · . i ec t to o ur law s and dec1s . Our Col1rts, as h e ·\Vas d01111c1·1ed here and was sub . 1o ns. � . c · h'1s C?lin!ry of or1g1n Italy, he would thus ch By gorng to a 1or e1gn 1aud � 1.e. ang e t1s and avoid tl1e appl1cat1on of Eth . iopian law agai·ost him, 1n case his personal stat . t p ro11o t1nces � clec1· s10 . And by · · 11 0�1 C a_ d v� r se t o Hig him l1 leaving Ethiopia befor e the . the final decisio n of . tl1e I-I1gl1 Cot� r !, 1t 1s mor e tl1an clear that he was a fraid of the resul t of tl1e High Court dec1s1on , pa r ticularly that l1e to ok with him tllr ee minor childre11, who are no� s�1bject o!' t�is. fi. nal decision of the Supreme Impe rial Court, but who are 11ot ,v1th1n our JUr 1sd1ct1on . Last but not l east, Re 11ato Zevi cancelled, from Italy, tl1e power of att orney that he had given to Mr. Vosik.is in Ethiopia; the High Cou rt reco rds clearly show us that his advocate prod11ced the letter of cancell a tiot1 of his m andate, and walked out from the Cot1 rt-room. By so cancelling tl1e po,ver of attorney, the i nte ntion of Renato Zevi is clea r to us: l1e urges us to deduce tl1at l1e ,:vanted l1is l1el pless wife to co11 ti nu e l iving alo11e, on pu re uncer tainty of tl1e future, and ho pelessness as to her child ren. Such a shamef ul attitude on the part of a m a11 f orces us to fi11d as a fact tha t l1e is a pe rson of bad faith, ,vith whom a lady canno t continue existi11g and killing lier ft1t11re.

There ar e o ther facts of which we a re, officially unaware, nan1ely (1) i11stitt1t ing in Italy proceedi11gs a gainst llis wife, seeking separ ation fr om bed a nd board; those are proceedi11gs allo wable i n Italy in lieu of divorce as divorc e is not allow ed unde r tl1e Catholic dogma. (2) B otl1 spo uses have been living separately in Eth iopia for more than 3 years. The l att er two grot1nds will not affect us mltch, as tl1e shamef11l a ttitud e of this man forc es us to make ot1r ded11ctions. To star t with it is clear beyond the least shadow of doub t that all five arbitrators, and ihe Higl1 Cot1rt, fo t1nd as a fact that the husband is a .gambl er, a dr unkard, an9 a ma 11 wl10 was abusing llis wife all day thro11gh, coming la�e �t nigl1t, and l1avi11g n o respect wha tsoever to his l1elpless wife. As a result of his in veterate gamblin g, the fina ncial stability of the family has bee n shattered. _As a l1e que�tion. of t result of his c ose ar re e th e, wif his f o 1se abt onti nued inst1lts a11d absolute in compa tibility of character, coupled with th� social isolation �f his wife. In . 0 �r opinion, those gro 11nds are n1ore than sufficient to allow a divo rce. Tlie maJonty of the arbit rators should l1a ve realized that more l1arm can bef all a hu��and ao<l wife who are f o rced t o liv e t ogetl1er out of social necessity, wh�n the . spi:ittial comm union and mt1tual respect between them ha ve ceased to extSt· This is _an argument that all arbitrat o rs sl1ot1ld, in tl1e ft1tu r e, co�sider �ef ore pronoutlCI ��g ec o� c e r to t be r the mselves on a i he t _ _ d e tri ly n i a l rY � estion of di vorce. Th ey l1ave cert qu ta ec p es them btit in v l i ve tog etlie�, t o 1n he t g in rc o of f t1se ain · So wha c: t is the · that they hav e lost t he m11t11al respect tl1ey owe _t� eac I1 0ther Tl1e ar b itr ators may e r· th'' fo ia p io th ha e ery E . 111 · . y _ tel a . were living separ . es spous well know n tl1cat botl1 . Iastv v ie d r1 a m 11 y • a c 1 ffi o '' p e e k to thr e years; so wl1at is the tise a gain to io � rc� tliem . r1 e l r lc 1i l c r o n 1i 11 �g 1r · bu t;·atin f th eacl1 ot he r a11d disrespecting tl1ems elves 111 th� p reseiJce 0�. et dow11 in s ly ar If e11ato c � t 1 as e, c r i ev Z f f orc111g t11em to live t to p etitioi1 for divo gh ed ri is rv h se re tlie min o r ity arbitr al aw ard,. so again vvl1at is tl1e us e o. - 351 -

JOURNAL OF ETHIOPIAN LAW - VOL. VTI - No. 2

ess a� enn lnk drt ount to social d an ng 1bli _ gan e rat ete inv e, ,vif the of together? Abuse � wI1at 1s the use of S e. �11c st exi y ver her of ard reg dis and isolation of the wife 1s ble It fera ? pre r1ed n1ar to divorce ly cial offi p kee to gs an bein l1um two se tho forcing � io1 . One _can see t he ruct dest very r tl1ei plan them let to than ons pers two such � ! � hree n11��r. ch_1Idre�, com e t y awa al<:es who man of · type irresponsibility of this pletely disregarding the existence of their mother; 111s 1r�espons1��l1ty 1s still more striking when, through gambling, lie shattered tl1e financx�l stab1l1ty of the whole family. Consequently, for such a man, no openi11g is available but tl1row him out of the family tl1rough divorce. The woman is not his slave to continue living in hopeless uncertainty. In addition, it is of extreme importance to underli11e in the present appeal and for the future, that the question of religion and nationality which the majority arbitral award seems to have based itself thereon, should .not affect the arbitrators. In this case, the learned majority of tl1e arbitrators mentioned in its award that both parties being Italia11s, married according to the Catholic dogma, cannot obtain divorce, as divorce is 11ot allowed according to tl1e rites of the Catholic Church. This argument may very well be strong before an Ecclesiastical Court but not before a Civil Court. We are 11ot concerned with religious n1atters. If the Civil Code allows divorce to be 1Jronou11ced by arbitartors, it is irrespective of religion and nationality. Wl1at is conclusive is tl1e law of domicile; and we l1ave established this princip]e in two previous appeals, as well as in tl1e present one. Sylvia Ze,1i, as a foreign resident domiciled i11 Ethiopia, is entitled to tl1e protection of our Civil Code. Tl1e Ethiopian Civil Code mentions no religion and no 11ationality. It simply authorizes family arbitrators to pronounce a divorce, if all conditions of the Civil Code are complied with. In this particular case, the fan1ily arbitrators were entitled to entertain the petition for divorce; and despite what tl1ey heard , they tl1e tl1e petition by three The_ upholding to two. refused opinion of the Higl1 Court • • • • • • maJor1ty 1s, 1n our op1n1on, wrong. In view af all the above reasons, and whereas tl1e Appellant is entitled to impugn any manifestly unreasonable decision of family arbitrators under Article 736 of the Civil Code; and whereas the Appellant did so before tl1e High Court but unsuccessft1lly; and wl1ereas more harm can befall a ht1sba11d and wife wl10 are forced to live together out of social necessity, because tl1ey are so ordered by the family arbitrators, although tl1e spiritual con1munion between tl1en1 J1as ceased to exist; and wl1ereas it has resulted before tl1e family arbitrators and tl1e Higl1 Court that the ht1sband is a11 inveterate gamb]er, drunkard, socially isolating l1is ,vife; and whereas the question of religion and nationality can11ot be co11sidered i11 t11is case and all other similar cases; and whereas it is literally detri1 nental to botl1 spouses to continue living together in pure unhappiness, ,vhen tl1e marital bo11d l1as been fina�ly severed; a�1d wh�reas we con_sider tl1at all t11e above argt1n1ents logical]y justify a divorce and d1ssolut1on of n1arr1age according to tl1 e Civil Code; we tl1erefore allow this appeal, and a_s alre�dy pro11ou11ced by tl1e minority of the arbitrator_s, we l_ 1ereby declare the d1ssolut1on ?f t!1e n1arriage betwee11 Renato Zevi and Sylv ia Zev1 as from the date of the m1nor1ty arbitral award. This is tanta1nount to a reversal of tl1e decision of the High Cot1rt and a co11firmatio,1 of all tl1e minority arbitral award. A copy of this decision shall be served on tile High Court for executi on. ce Given and de�vered in open Court tl1is 11th day of Jutle 1963 in the presen of ult defa in 1n person and of her attoney Mr. Hamawi. Given of the Appella11t Respondent for reasons explained i11 this decision.

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- 352 "

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HIGH COURT Addis Ababa, Commercial Division Judges: Ato Negussie Fitawake Ato Mohamed Berhan Nurhussien Ato Zelleke Desta Civil Appeal No. 1220-60 Suretyship-counter guarantee-proof of guaranty-Civ. Code Arts. 1922, 2472, 2002, 2003, 1725(a) Appeal from the ruling of the Awraja Court admitting oral evidence to prove the existence of a contract of counter-guarantee. Held: Decision q11ashed and remanded. For an oral proof to be admitttcd one has to establish that the document bearing the contract was lost. Mere allegation is not enough.

JUDGMENT Initially this suit had been instituted in the Menaghesha Awraja Court. The Plaintiff, present Respondent, stated that as the second Defendant had misapproÂ priated a certain sum from the government revenue he (the Respondent) was ordered to pay in his capacity as a guarantor, and that he was compelled to institute a suit against the counter-guarantor. The Defendant-appellant, in l1is reply contended that he did not sign as a counter-guarantor; and that if it is alleged that the document that evidences the counter-guarantee has been lost then it is not possible to introduce witnesses to show the existence thereof and invoked Article 2472 of the Civil code in support of his contention. The Menaghesha Awraja Court directed the witnesses who had attested to the making of the contract to give their testimony; four ,vitnesses testified that a docuÂ ment of counter-guarantee was executed and that they had signed it. The Appellant, who objects to the judgment of the lower court, contends that: 1) he did not bind himself as a counter-guarantor; 2) pursuant to Article 2472, since the amount of money involved exceeds E $ 500, the clai 1n cannot be proved by witnesses; and according to Article 1922 a guarantee 1nt1st be proved expressly and not by witnesses; 3) the witnesses introduced are the Respondent's relatives and as such not trustworthy. The Respondent submits that: 1) wl1en the Appellant's son Ato Assefa Demissie, was employed by thďż˝ Ministry of Finance Appellant request;d Respo11dent to act as a guarantor for his son; that when tl1e Respondent bound liimself as guara ntor, the Appellant undertook . to act as a cot1nter-guarantor in favour of ltis son ; 2) as the document embodying the counter-guarantee was lost h e called witnesses pursuant to Articles 2002-2003; that these witnesses who testified' at tile Awraja Court had attested to the making of the contract and were as closely related to Appellant as

- 356-

CIVIL APPEAL '

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A ppel_la�t, who asserts tl1at lie is th e 3) sel f; him not related t O th e w1�. nesses, to s to a crim1�al charge which does .not at ren ce refe ade all Dl h ve ny bearing o_n tha Ar t tic le 4) 2472 of the Civil Code cited � the civil cas�; not relevant Ill the case of a debt owed · to the state but to Y th: Appellant 15 a co nt ra ct o f loan · · rol1 b was g I 1t . n to com pel acti o That the . y . el1ant to effect payment In com1". orm1t • under•taki ng an d that t l1e compApp laint does not allege that A ell ant ,vith his owes PP of a result contract of loan. money as a Jn hi s_ reply, the Appellant stated_ that Article 2472 (3) of the Civil Code supp orts his argument and that the witnesses were related only to the Respondent. The main issue in tl1e case �t bar _is whether witnesses who signed the docu ment of counter-guaran_te_e may give te_st1mony when said document is allegedly lost. Article 2003 . of the_ Civi l Code, relating to modes of proof, provides that where the la\V requires wr1t�en for1n for the completion of a contract such contract may not be proved by witnesses or presumed unless it is established that the docu ment evidencing the contract has been destroyed, stolen or lost. Article 1725 (a) requires that contracts of guarantee s11all be in writing. Article 2472 (3) of the Civil Code which relates to a contract of loan is not relevant to a cause of action founded on the liability of a guarantee. What conditions must be fulfilled prior to allowing the Plaintiff to introduce oral evidence pursuant to Article 2003 of the Civil Code where Plaintiff alleges that the doct1n1ent embodying the counter-guar antee has been lost and applies to call the witnesses who have attested to the existence thereof? Article 2003 states that where the law reqt1ires written form for the completion of a contract, s11ch contract may not be proved by witnesses unless it is established that the document evidencing the contract has been destroyed, stolen or lost. One who seeks to avail himself of this provision must primarily establish that the said document has been destroyed, stolen or lost. The term ''unless it is established'' shows that the mere allegation that a certain document l1as bee11 lost does not suffice but tl1e loss thereof m11st be proved by evidence. If it be allowed to call \Vitnesses merely by alleging tl1at a document has been lost, stolen or des troyed, it would render ineffective the legal req11irement of doc11mentary proof. The purpose of the law is to enable a person to prove by witnesses the. existence of a contract where h e succeeds in establishing that in actual fact a written con tract existed and that s11ch contract bas been lost, stolen or destroyed due to s?me fortuitous event. Tl1e object of the law is to prevent the exti11ction of a r1gbt created by a contract merely by reason of the los s of a written �oc�1ment due to some fort11itous event. However, the Awraja Co11rt, witho11t est�blish1ng the loss of tbe document evidenci11 0 the counter-011arantee, admitted oral evidence merely on the basis of the allegation; contained in° the plaintiff's statement o� claim. We do not fiad the ruling of the Awraja Court to be consistent witl1_ Art1_cl_e 2003. We there fore quash the judgment passed by th e said lower C�urt in �ivil _file ��- 661-60 aud remand the case for further proceeding not inconsistent with this opinion. Each party shall bear hi s ow n cost incurred during the proceedings in this Co urt. October 8, 1968.

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•

SUPREME IMPERIAL CO URT Addis Ababa, Div. No. 1 Justices:

Afenegus Teshome Haile Mariam Ato Tadesse Tekle Giorghis Kegnazmat ch Mulat B e yene TIRUNESH YIGLETU v. KIDANE DEGEFA Civil Appeal No. 923-60

Withdrawal from Suit-refund of Court fees, Civ. Pro. Code Arts. 231,232, Legal Notice No. 177 of 1953 Arts. 11, 21. An appeal against the judgment of the High Court denying the request of appellant to be refunded the Court fees he had paid on the ground that he withdrew from the suit before trial was commenced. Held: Reversed. When a party withdraws from a suit, before tl1e other party is summoned, the court fees lie had paid shall be refunded after a portion prescribed by law is deducted •

. The Appellant, who had withdrawn from suit pei1ding in the High Court before the Defendant was summoned and b efore trial was commenced, applied to be refunded the Court fees she had paid. The Court d �nied the application and this appeal is preferred against the s·aid denial. Cases similar to the subj e ct case do not require prese nce of the opposite party a�d so we do not c onsider that the appe aranc e of Defendant is necessary for deter ming the instant appeal. It appears from an examination of the memorandum of appeal and the re cord of the High Court that the Appellant contends that as she had withdrawn from the suit she l1ad institute d before the Defendant was summon ed, and since subseque ntly, the file was c losed sl1e should b e refu_nded the court fees pursuant to the Civil Proced ure Code, Article 232 an d Article 11 of the Court Fees Rules, Legal Notice No . 177 of 1953, Negarit Gazetta year 12 No. 15. Howe ver, the High Court denied the Appe llant's a_ p plica�ion holding that. Civil Procedu re Code Article 232 applies to statements of claim whi?h have b een reJected and not to the case whe re the Plaintiff withdraws from a suit. In order to determ ine whether tl1e de cision r en dered by the High Court is valid as a matter of ellant. App the by d cite ision prov the e law, it is necessary to examin rity ho aut to rti le 1 ant rsu pu ed sh bli pu 3, 195 77 of of 1 . Legal Notice No 1 c ves!eA d_ by the Administration of Jt1stice Proclamatio11, provides that where t_he !;t•ntiff withdraws his claim b efore trial, l1e will b e reftinded the c � r� � es a ert_ain portion the reof is ded t1 c ted . Arti�le �32 (_I) (b) of � � ��l r��1 Co�: c � ; A cle e th un ro ected id es that wher e a statem ei1t of claim 1� reJ i v P . · on P aIntiff shall aid fi p s e cotirt e th po rtion of b e d ribe s c pr e refun th e d e d with ; fillng the not d an O ry nta e m e l pp su statement of claim. These two provisions are

P�1;

-.361 -

JOURNAL OF ETHIOPIAN LAW - VOL. Vil - No. 2

contradictory with each other, nor may they be interpreted in such manne r as would render them contradictory. When the Court �ees Rules are read in conjunction with Article 232 of the Civil Procedure Code it . becomes clear that whe re the Plaintiff withdraws his suit before the case goes to trial and where the fi]e is closed as a consequence thereof, the Plaintiff shall be refun�ed the prescribed portion of the Court Fees. The High Court erred in its interpretat10�. of the terl:l 'rejected'. The Civil Proceduce Code in Article 231 lays down tl1e cond1t1011s for reJection and in Article 232 the effect thereof. Article 232 (I) (b) states tl1at if a claim is rejected. the Plaintiff shall be refunded the prescribed portion of the court fees and th� High Court was of the opinion that this provision is applica?le . only in the case where statements of claim have been dismissed by reason of reJect1on of t11e claim.

A suit is dismissed not only when it is rejected but also when the Plaintiff withdraws from the suit. Since the law provides that tl1e Plaintiff shot1ld be refunded with the prescribed portion of the Court fees, where a suit is dismissed because the state ment of clain1 is rejected, it is not proper to hold that tl1e Plaintiff shall not be refunded the court fees ,vhen the suit is dismissed as a result of l1is ,vithdrawal I fron1 the suit. We deem jt necessary at this point to expoun<;l on the rationale for ·, requiri11g the payn1ent of court fees. The fundamental principle is that a person pays court fees in consideration of the services which the court renders to him. The constitutive elements of the said service are the summoning of the parties to appear in court, the l1earing of the arguments tendered by both parties and finally the adjudication of the rigl1ts of the parties. However, the Cot1rt wo11ld not render sucl1 services where the Plaintiff witl1draws his claim before the Defendant appears and the case proceeds to trial. Therefore, if by reason of his withdrawal the Plain tiff does not obtain the services he is otherwise entitled to by law and if he does not make a demand upon the Court's time there is no reason why l1e should be required to pay the court fees in full. That is why the la,v provides that where '' the Plaintiff withdraws his claim he should be refunded the court fees he had paid after a certain portion thereof is deducted in consideration of the filing of the suit I ! and the use of son1e of the Court's time. '

Whereas, as we have already observed, the Plaintiff had withdrawn her suit before the Defendant was summoned, and whereas Article 11 of the Court Fees Rules provides that the plaintiff shall in such cases be refunded the court fees and whereas this provision is consistent with article 232 (I) (b) of the Civil Procedure Code, we hereby direct that the Plaintiff be refunded the court fees she had paid after the prescribed portion tl1ereof is deducted pursuant to the Court Fees Rules.

June 20, 1969

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SUPREME · IMPERIAL COURT Addis Ababa, Div. No. 1 'I

Justices:,

. . Afenegt1s Teshome Haile Mariam At o Tadesse Tekle Giorghis

•

Keg11azn1 atch Mulat Be ye n e

•,

•

SUBSIBE OStvfAN v. AKBERILE CAMORUDANE & Co. Civil Appeal No. 537-59

•

Commercial Lal11-Promisso1y Notes-Transfer · of Promissory Notes Comn1. Code Arts. 744, 823 825(2): Civ. Code Arts. 1696, 1704.

•'

On appeal from the decision of the High Court bo]dirig that the Defendant pay debts he o\ved to . the plaintiff wl)o possessed promissory . notes validly transferred to him. Held: Decision affrrn1ed. I. As promissory notes are deen1ed to be equivalent to cash, 011e can transfer them to a creditor to pay off debts, and may be cl1allenged only by showing tl1e invalidity of the notes. 2. Even an undated pron1issory note may be valid unless it is proved that it was acqujred fraudulently or in bad faith. . 3. Unless other wise provided in writing, a promissory note may not be burdened with any kLnd of condition to be used against t11e interest of a bearer in good faith.

JUDGMENT llan t Appe the d In n a t ff i n ai P the l nal i orig the Case is 11t onde at Resp the bar . is the original Defe11dant. Plai ntiff, tl1e present Responden t, in stituted st1it agai nst the Defend_a11t on two promissor notes drawn b y the same on _February 12, _19?6 y an� maturing on March 22, 1966 and April 15, 1966 respectivel y. The Plaintiff �laimed relief in the sum of E $ 40 000 tooether wi th in terest thereon. He has offered 10 evid _ en ce photocopies · of the docume�ts, the subject matter <?f the dispute and hot o y of tl1e Jetter addressed to hi m fro m a _trader, ?ne Ratt�lal Shanemel., b oc p efeo<lant, after receivi11g a cop of the staten1ent of cl aim st1bm.Itted and the y ments introduced by the Pl a intiff replied that: docu · . ! I I I . The prom issory notes do not bear th e date of tl1e maki11g there of. •• 2· No b 11siness relati ons existed. between him. an d the Defendant. or the �lain3 f t n e �� r�c en st ju n u e tiff au· tl Rattelal Sh an m el , witl1 a view to pr�cur ssory_ � m o pr i cl ea 10. g in ar pe for himself, added one· zero to tl1e E $ ·2,000 ap note, ther y o missory pr o tw e th at tl1 eb making it E ,$ 20' 000. Th.e Defen dant argued notes are, theref · · o re, of no effect. · · . onsider ing c r te af A ft er admitt d ao es i rt p� i ng th e evidence submitted b y both .. the e] gal n da nt fe e D · t a th ld e 1 J • t r argl1men ts tendered b y th e part'1es, the Hi·gi1 cou

- 36 7· -

◄

JOURNAL OF ETHIOPIAN LAW - VOL. VII - No. 2

shall pay Plai11tiff the amount claimed together with interest and Court fees in the sum of E $ 1,500 and E $ 500 costs. The Defendant, aggrieved by the judgment, I�dged . this a:ppeal.. The Respondent was sun1D1oned to appear and both parties submitted 1n detail their argument with regards to both facts and the law. We shall primarily consider the Appellant's contentions. The_ Appellant did not deny that he had endorsed the promissory notes but �as raised the fallow ing contentions in support of his position that he is not liable theron. He argues that: Since the document produced by the Respondent allegedly written by 1. Rattelal Shanmel contains the conditional clause, �'in the event that he (Rattelal Shanemel) dies from an airplane accident," Respondent may not maintain an action unless said condition is fulfilled. 2.

The promissory notes do not bear the date of isst1e.

Tl1ere were no busi11ess relations between tl1e Appellant and the Respon 3. dent; the Appel]a11t has purchased no n1ercl1andise from the Respondent; and that the Respondent may not therefore be11efit l1in1self by the promissory notes. ·

4. Even if it had bee11 established that the Appellant had issued the promissory notes i11 R[j_ttelal Sl1anmel's nan1e, Shanmel, with a view to obtai11jng unjust enrichment for the Respondent and for himself, had fraudulently added one zero oo the E $ 2,000 indicated in the 11ot�s, tl1ereby making it E $ 20,000 and that the notes are tl1erefore, nt1II and vojd by virtue of Articles 1696 and 1704 (I) of the Civil Code.

! I

Tl1e Responde11t acquired the promissory notes from Rattelal Shanmel wl10, before he left Etl1iopia, dispatched these notes together with a letter to the Res ponde11t. Shann1el ,vrote, ''I am leaving for Djibot1ti alone, and sl1011ld anything i happen to n1e, I leave these promissory notes in satisfaction of my debts'' I Shanmel did 11ot return to Etlliopia. Tl1e Appellant argued that the letter Shanmel wrote reads, ·'should I meet with an accident rest1lting in n1y deatl1''. and_ therefore the Respondent may 11ot 1nake use of the pron1issory notes unless 1t 1s established tl1at Sl1anmel died as a result of an accident. But tl1e Court overruled this contention. Since �attelal Shanmel did not deny that he was indebted tow a�ds the Respondent and since he departed from Ethiopia after transferri11g to him (the Respondent) tl1e promissory notes in satisfaction of his debt the debt is con· sidered to have been paid, for the promissory notes are deem�d to be equivalen t to cash. Therefore when the Respondent requires t11e Appellant, tl1e drawer of the notes, to pay, tl1e Appellant may argue that the promissory notes are 11ot valid, b�t he may not refuse payn1e11t on tl1e ground that SI1a11emel had not met with an acc1dent. We do not, as a matter of law or equity, think t11at it is fair to order the Respond�nt to wait u11til after Shann1el's death in order to recover the debts owed to hiJU• sorY rois pro 1 e tl With respect to the argument that no date was indicated on notes, we ordered the production of ·the originals and we have ascertained a av not ; j may contain documents dates. t�e original _ Furthermore, the Appellant ) ( 825 es himself of this argume11t unless he can establish in accordance with Articl · nt nie tru ins Comme the cial of 744 the Code that the Respondent acquired and , � _ fraudulently or 1n bad faith.

th�:

- 368 -

I I '

SUBSIBE OSMAN v. AKBERILE CAMORUDANE & Co.

We shall examine the Commercial Code with re ard to he ar me nt that as gu � t ! ess rela 1sin b i ons no bet:" 1 � een were t le Appella and th Resp on there d en t_ and a s d no t received delivery of ha nd ent esp o commerci'al goods, he 1s n ot liable the R · on A es. r t· 1c no e t . 1 8?3 sso ry f 1 o t 1e Comn1ercia' l Code sets out t 1 1e cond . th e prom.I · 1t 1o n ng m a O a e th ki f 0 P: · 111; 1s in so ry d note. Where a promissory n ote co req uire . ntains a su c pa m er y ta to 1n 111 us e m o ne y �t siglit or on a fixed date to a p�on a t o h e or t b ear er per so1 1 a11 d where 1t bea' rs the drawer,s s1gna specified • ture, sueh . . • · · s a. h 11 b 1 d no s �a te � 1 . a11 � b111d1ng. Tl1e drawer pronusso ry may not set up any . defence other than <l1sc1 ru111111g the signature appearing thereon. _The Appellan_ t l1as admitted th at the signatl1re appearjng on the promissory note is his. He �ubilllts tl1at l1e . sl1all no t effect payment on the ground that no business relations ex1st:d bet\vee1;1 l11m and �l1e Respondent and tl1at Rattelal Shanmel 1lad agreed to deliver to h�m con1mer�1al goods in consideration of tl1ese pr omissory notes. However, a�cord1ng t?. Article 823 of the Comn1ercial Code a pr omissory note cannot contain a cond1t1on and as these pr omissory notes co ntain no sucli condition, the Appellant may 11ot set up the d efence tl1at l1e had n o business rela tions with the Respondent and that he had not received delivery of anything from the Respondent. A promissory note is equivalent to cash and it may therefore be transferred from one person to anotl1er; that is why tl1e law requires a promissory n ote not to be subject to any cond ition. A cond ition of whicl1 he was not aware may not be set up aga.inst the holder of tl1e instrument which is equivalent to cash. If at the time of issue, tl1e drawer has entered into a written agreement witl1 the l1older then he may set up tl1e agreen1ent aga.inst said person; but he n1ay not do so against a third party who l1as acq11ired tl1e notes in good faith. The defence of the Responde11t wo11ld l1ave been tenable if Sha11mel had. in writing undertaken an obligation to deliver commercial goods to the Appella11t. However the Appellant merely applied to prod11ce witnesses to prove Sl1ch agree ment and did not succeed in establisl1i11g the existence of a written agreement. Even if Shanmel had entered into an obligation· to deliver commercial goods to the Appellant in consideration of the pronlissory notes, s11ch obligation may n o t be set up against the Respondent, because altho11gh the fact that the Resp?ndent's name appears on tl1e promissory notes makes b.im the first bearer,.�e acquired the notes from Shanmel in goo d faitli. Therefore, the agreement existing between Shanmel and the Appellant may not be set tip against the Respondent. With· respect to th e argt1me11t tl1at tl1e s11m appeari�g on the notes has �een fraudulently altered, the sum E$ 20,000 is expressed both 1 n words and figures. Since there is no discrepancy bet'vveen the two, we could n ot find fraud. . As we have al re ad y observed the Appellant had issued these promissory n otes in favour of Rattelal Shanmel an d Sl1anmel had in turn transferred tbe notes to t h e • at th n w o sh t o n the Respondent in satisfaction of h1s as h t an ll debt. The A ppe �espon dent acquired th es e no te s in bad faith. Therefore, we herebY ar·irm the Judgment o·f the High Co urt a11d dismiss the appeal. May 15, 1967

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''0rA'' : fl°J.llW" : fl}i"'JC�m• : :J'A : ;rC1'9° : ftr�ro- : '':i--tt'' f°t /l(J}« : f1'1"1t\.1f;;:(l)« : :J., A : f,f,.ro(l'-"lD· : ''fll9°9°�:,-- Y:Cf...'C'' fiP/..A : :i--c 11"7.tlro·: f &..l1ltlf!'1 : :J.,A : fl.tri r fiP/..,,l'ODflh �D'l : htJl/.(1,nro- = ''Tt ,,·l: ,f-(J}« : ''fJ'tfl1��:, .. : tn'lf, :'' 'h"},c;,'i t.TlD" I ;J--{l{1l0" : fi''-"l.1..:,•"} : ,fJ-1.'Ji' 1 . , (D• :: C'i(LV-'i A : {19°9°�,f-1.. = � ''0r A'' : '(01/.fl(lr : P'ltD : .:J.,A : 0l·LU : 7'',11-� : W-il'P : f1'ltD• : ''ro-A'' '' TC!'..f--PA '' 1 '' f h.6J,f"Cc.'o..f·'iA : il9'19°�:,- '' I m011 : 'Ill : ,)--C�Dll9'1 2 2 '''?�:J"'' : fl °t'lft-,} : f il9°9°�:,.. : '¼f,'),,f,'f : itm:J.,l\f, : oomt.r : U•'f : �m- :: tU'l°: flf�n:,-- : 9°'n1f:,.. : ,,�f·LU : (l�f-1".. : fl\:J!ro· f'}.ea,:,.. (fC::C9°) Ai �,} = roJ!oY..filn:,.. tt.:,.. = ,.,,;J'I! = ro·mT = illl07.e7i;,1c:'i = ri'1..1,t-c:'ifl.r·'iA = m'?'l° nu1�:f ootihA = ro.e9° = n1t1� = u1c'i = Oi'i.1,t-c'i(l.f--'iA �,c;�: ·Y.."f : (JD'1hA : 9'119'1 : A��:,.. : tif�C--J : U•fl�19° : illl°tf6A'i : �m· ::

=''

ltTi'/f,'J" : ''OJ'/\.�l- : ,t-tp'PV-:f: : ro1'i1"· : l,i'-" : ,'h°l : .hf...'C1W- : ll,.fh•n �'P:fro-- : f°t10•T'J : P'C'¼·f..'f : illl"7.0Jil)· : {10DV-'l."f: : ro-flo-:f- : U·ft- : ,'h°l : oopt,.:f.'f : t;:fOJ• :''3 'h1�t\":," : V•ft- 1 ,"11°1 : ODp-'t,.:(."rf : ,f..•{1/ltD' : {1;:f"tD<f: :,..c; : n"'t\�'f : OJ•tl�-:f : ootihA : h� : .,rtl : A��T : 'lflOD'i� J U•fl,f:9° : �_e,�:,. : {t9°9°�,y..:f : ''ro·A'' : 001/..fllD• : flf°7, : +m:PllW- : OtLU : 7''"1-t;: : tlr{ltp : 1·0 ,,..(I)« : ,e,i'1ft- ::

- 371 -

OtLIJ : f9°C9°C: K"tft.lj: : tD4il'I': ill\"'l.hi"l\-:1' : 'I'f <l:9':f--: 'l\"}00&-00�/\"} u rf"(\f : P't\"J : f f : : (f', '11/""f: ,rfi:r f1'1•1P OD'J''J'/A : : OJ•/A : 1: �/ ',OJ-1' ? f,tJ11'il : P'A"l'} : f\t\l\ : '1/lP'AllJ1' : fitD4hA'i : ll"'lil+l\l\� : f,,-1\IA1- ? J't'}f: : (D-/A : ftn1 = OD'J"JP'rf:1' : h'i�K:,""9° : (f', � OP'&. : I\Y,: 11r:,-1- : tn"l;JT : t\.{\(D•'J' : lDf,'J° : ll.f'1.7iA = 1,:fl\A'} ? §/ fT7i7i l\OJ• = tn1 = 001-"lF:,.. = hODlD411Jrf: = nt.:,"'i = htt..19° = n:\tt : frf"f,l..1--T : (D•t\ -:f : fihh•A : �l..1, : f fil\f, : "1"1 : 'iTW•"} ? -r;/ OJ-fr'-:f-1 = +�K"'l = n Y:l.."l = nu1c = OJ-il'I' = illltL� = "'" = tl'/m• "1 :,.. : 1ilt.lA;JA'} ? 4 rl.:,, : 'fC: DDKl..C"} ootihA : fOI/.. '?'i' : {lart\o'f: nu1trf: : ,1 1 ll°'lil; ii : f<PJ.:J!il.lD· : h1'�T : ',(l)c? �'ltLU'l : 'l'�(l<J:9l1" : l\.ODODt\il : fll.. tJ = X'm-{j: : 1-t.(L : h,...v,i = h°IQ� O : ,,fl\:fW-1': IJcl\:,": ft111: OD'}"IP'rf:1: }ic;:,,1i:,.: t\.T'IT'} = f,'l°ht.A:: 1''1C()•9°:u/ il9°9°-,:," : foo'P'PA : P'A"l11 f"'lflmro· t,14>?.' = @ = h'i : ll/ (D•/l 1'"} : f"fidb&-.'l! : ,n'? : iltiA : f"'l.ff.C"ltD·'i : 011-=IP : '11P'1: : OD'}"lP'T : "llf :i•9" : f (lt\f, : lfh"l : O• ',(D• : rf"dt?.OI/. : Uolf'} : 1,1J!.°t 1'1:flD· : f"'l.�'111tD-: ffil\f, : ,n"I : i\14-?." : flf',lD•: Ji"}+�: ................. liV�f!:

«I

°'

'i:far ::

/!,,V•'} : 1,1;.f., : OtltJ : 1--P.f, : l\f, : frf"�'i- : "fii·f• : f9°C9°C : ?.'J,.c:.-:f : '11\ oo 'ft-.:fw- = ,n;: = ti..e111 1 r.,,..7i?f" ro.. = t1t1 = 001"l P' :,..9° = OP' t-. = i\,e, = h'PI\ : �ftlD• : i\"IhC : {lODlf� : f ll"11lD• : ;,,;,'I! = Tl\9° P. : (l'-9 : \-tt\ODlf� , fT'llt : ..eu : 9°C9°C : O°IY:: rm:11 1\I\ : i\<l't•l"fi : m()f, : ,,e'f l..'PA

=�

nhc:i•r--kf : OJ-il'I' : ilt\ : llrt\ -:f : f�CY: : ro·tit'i' : foolt()ft-T : X"th•l::-:;.. 'h(O:'f- -'i' r"11 = OD'l"IP':,.. = t.t�r = 11� r1-1°l�"l' = �,,..fi: = mJ!,'r = illl"11 : OD"}"IP'irf: : f,f--Kt. = OD'}'?P';1,'e : (i,k a.It 'C) : "7,r{l t-.tf: J't t\ OD': c :t b1--�� : i\il:f!;Jt'IT : ;JC : rf"�'J°� : fi,.,1Lro·1 : P'&· : ll'lf: : i\f.'C1;1-A ==

r..-1-- nm :

ro• A = rUD'P'P A = P' Ani1 ;

''ro•A = OD'f'PA'' = f°t/l(Dc : i't."11\I\?.- = (Def,\ : ouf.t-.f.C"} ;: Ol4!ch : Ill, = 9°/AtJ-1-- : (;rt-.tj:) : OI/f:l..°111 00�.t.l.9° '} 1 OJ•l\--1' : 0D<f 0A1' � (D..t\.. : f�f..4' 0 :,.1 : {l',f: : OD{\tp(D'I''} i ru1«';- : 9°hC : {1,}· : (l9° �'J,,.f:"} : .r?.F..+O-l-1 :

•

- 372-

• l):,..,.,. : TIOD"}.OJJ»;J,.1,90 : tr', . '11 • : itlt:'f-'11' : Ol/lDl

m· f.1 � t. OfJ : lf� -;r; : ; t tt 1 ai ' /\F "} : artt�"} : t\OD'P�A : ,1, 1Q:; \llJ :3 ,ff f'AOJ 1 : f,f.. (lmm _ ·. 0Dlf�1 · Ol/l,;J 1T"}?D : fffi:f'AI\A :: ,.,, 'f 9'° J!,u = 7" ,h-� 1tu-1 'l h -:i• ,71°11 ,,-, '} .... ••• J �.. • " .. ,.. 7, h-. " 'I •• {llJ u�,.... " 11 Ile'1...0 ,> : lD• A: "} = _fnm: =_ OIJ_'J = h'Je.i� ' {IO'f' 'P P llJ A .. 'lt; mf,?B f°'l.filh.')--ttro•1 m-m:1 -= � f 5 9'1 01 J 1tf • J!,'P' A : nt : • .. h'J i �. 7t 1 0 7iou A_{ : t OD;J --&.tf : O?t1 .:,. : �,h-� : � {\ •{l'I' : •f•mj> A(\� • 11,t-1 1\�m- rm-A : onq>cpA P'C'¼:1m·il'r : 1 •fl--f, 11c t» ' 9" C :: : h l° ' Y, f i'l. � l fl : tt . 1 11r 1 {llf'}9°:; r,,.,...-i'7i t\W• ;,,,1 : ou"}OJ _,,.,:,. : hODm•flJ--1; nfu:,•i; h mni m ,tu {D-t,\ : 001/'P'PA : l"lf: : ODLPl;l" 'l! : A�',.')• : l/D�?-1 : °10Dt\h.')• : f7fA ::

en,·A : I\. oo'P 'PA : "} ·1 -- 1P = 'I1F,1: : .. r-n ro• : A� : _,,.,Al1J 1 I

r,,..'ij'7fttro· ,"h1 = OD1°1P·1· = hronin:,- n,r:,,'r:1-- = ft·o = c1,1 111rvi5: q: 'f' : n&a:,-- : {19'1'}°',:,.. : roucpq> /;\ : J»AflJ1 : f', flllD· : '11 (l,lf'}; ,e tJ9'1: P'AllJ�: 1�•fl: 1'-tA'IOllD•'/°;: mJ!,'J° = llJ-LU: P't\flJ-,.: 1f..-O: ltA-tnitt:,.. '/° : 'I{1 C :: f,U1�-9° : ''11--lP : '11P'rl::: }\1�: ,l11,: CP/t;:fro•'}'J°: °iJ!,',:,,: (D•t\: /\OD'P qOD,,.. 'J°,l1t.--1: ,l1 1 = OD1"J ruv�·f 'PA'i l\OD&.l'r = J!,1...,. 1\A'' h°tt\m · h___ ,..... __ P',1· : i't i cf>:,. · : I2 : J!,l,�A :: n1n. c : h1�°t;l"fm·: °11 : 11.. V-' : 'l'lP'"I: : (lriJVuil: ......... ,............ : � : 'I° : :,,'h•11·1 : rh'rC : b : m·n�:f1,; : il9°9'11--r-:1:1 : ,,..,,,;J'?� : f\OD'P'PA : ft\:1:m-1: P't\"11 : hCtiTm•"}: mnll�: m·IA : 1,1,<;.'l''PA : i\a>·61!,: 1--P,,e,: (]Tltil1•1...: FA"1"}: nrrrf• ar;J--A :: 6 frf•7\'7illtD•: ,)1 1: OD"}°l.P':,.. : hmtlJ : ro,tU9°: n.tr11 ,e,u: m•nt\'i..: (l.wt,fi-r: ,f,,,e,,y.. : 'IOC :: lf'f9'1: ro�&,:,,: 1,1f..OI/.1t\?.a>·: V·h· J f,U: ro«hA'i': " .. ,f if : vti lit\ i',A :: : 'l?TC .. 11 1 : 1,1· : :, ,11t.,f : ?° x : : q flitirif ...... ----,.... ° , : (D•t\ : ODq>q>A : 10•{) : U9 ro,t : r r7f7f t\ro- : ,)1 1 : OD1d/P'...,.. : hm llJ -- 1: : P'A : ?° : f{JD 1, t'1 °111: TI�h-: {'l]'',ro• : hlD•tiJ.b : U1C : ;,� : raiz.�t.1ro·1 -- A 1 a.tr1?11 -- ,n nJ1 n;,.1 OD1°1P'•l: 1t1,1,:,. = .... t\11•lP '11F,t: 1•f1'r..f..:J

It,

11"1.P : F:,;;·:n:r-:

�

•

- 373 -

htltJ s n;t-l- : '1'.1f..i•1/\KllJ - : n 1�1P-:t:1 = (D•/r-1· : ;rcl\"'t1,f: : h 1-'t+nti TlD4 : ftP/..,,filLA"I : ODlf.,. : fl,f•m+(lro• : h1+� : llJ-il'r : --t- 00Ah:tt!\ •=

fa.1 = OD1"1P'➔: = fn1+� = ill = :,-.1:J--� == (u) nn"'lc�a,. 'i = n1,1«1J1L�ro- = �th-ii= = ODf-JhA = fl\llJ- = Ait�'t 1 f+7iif1tro- ! a1 1 = OD1dJP'T = n1+;,; = ill = 1'1--LP = 'l1r1: = hllJ-6lb = v-, c.'1- 1 ,:Jt- : f°tff..C'1--T1: dJ1�'11'--'f : fl0D9° t-T'i : lD-l\.,1""19° : {lODlf>'PA 1 1..1Y:: fl\ro-1: AV-� P'Alll1'i: f+11Jll0T19°: fP'&\1111 = 11'11: 'l"P.-� =f lt l�A :: fH.tJ: tt1+1.· : :'f--"}�). : f°th+tr:'f·1 : tj:� : '11f!l- : fODflh;r&l i:

ll/

)

nu--/\•= 1'il4'1:'l° = f+7i7i'llllJ- = ;,,1 = OD1dJP':,.. = n 1+1. = @ 7cfm?.•Ji.tj: : 1'11.. : 1i"}dJ/L'tl�W- : 1t_e..tr1 : 0�1\:,-. � 10--'11 : tJtj:fl.,1' +htj:�A :.: fOD-,.ODl,fllJ- : tJtj:/A: ftP/..'i1lCD• : hro-61}- -� t\"lC : OD'}"IF;1•:,-- : ,:Jlr : il/l°tf.. -: : dJ1 f°t'i1le& : h�A V·ll+�tD4 l1W-: dJ'}�',:,-- = llm�I\I\: O..lf1 1 lJ1C : ;Jt- � f8?.f..l1 il9°9°'1:,.. : {lflOD'P'P IA: 11--�_e.. : ',ro-:: 0.lf19° : 6>'1: "1"}7-',:,--: fOl\.e: lf'i: f,OD/r/A:'' ftP/..1\llJ- : fOD1_0Dl,flD-: ,hl"l: (Del!\: fOD'P'P A19°: P'Al1J1: ftP/..tJ;t9°C : ODlf.,. 1 : 001'}tf•fl � f'liA:: (i't"}h(!1m- : f.e..tro.ro· � �ro-) :: = fi'l. 0

''n.ro-61J- :

1•

n.-, t\,e..:

U--l\.•f--�9 ° : ftlV•: it14'?i: ft,"'lc'1ro· : K',ft.lj: : ''hCi'I· : 11:J!'' : f°t� :,-.1: _!1 1\:,-. 1 fOIJ.tJ;t9°llD·: OV•ll"l'�W• : tJtj:/A : llJ-il'P : 11:J! : �(I)• :: ilflllU : 111--IP : ',1P'irf: : 0DD1"1P';1--:,-- : ootihA : f ll·T1 : hCnc.'l- : {lODUJ(l"}'j : h(I)• 6J.b : lJ 1C : OD'}01 P' ;:J· :,,: ,:JC : + (} 11 c.' : ODP'Ir:,.., : nDI/.OD{\ hrrf:: 1-� r-:f : CD·IA: foucpcpfA: P'Al1J',.1: (t,1iCD·9°: "'11�W•19°: '¼f,'I:,.. : il9° 9°'1T: {JlJf 'PA' t : fOl/.ffi9°C : O..lf1) : f\lbl\ : 'll\P'&\l1J1: iLfil,f·• I\ALro-: 0.1'/A I 8rlr' 1-1: O"'l?if..� : l1Y.."': fl\W•1: P'A"1� -1: dJ'} : l\lbl\ : 'll\P'Al1J1 : Ot &ti A'i : il.fll+I\ALCD· : 1tf,-:f·A9° : l\"'ll\T : f,:J! I\A :: OtLV· : OOIJ..i--�+�w-: 1114'�·: Ot,9°ll+'1 w·: Oltj:.-f-: �1C: l\f.,: 1'1�-f'OD -llh+ro- ; fT'lf:J: : <D-1\vl- : oui 1,.� : 1'1f...°t 1'1TCD• 1 f:,..7r:(: : ODg-j!:J, : 'h'}f.. "'lf.,1'1:f0r = foom(l',. : ou11:,.. = r11--1P : ',1P'.-f: : ·O:J! : ',ro-:: O.lf19° : ;rel\ OJt'}rf: : 1�1Jt4'01\TlD' : f°tfilt..lA7-:,..: (D•l\ol- : : h1f..lf� : n{ID(l)(l'} : l"lf: : 1"1--IP : �1P'rf: : f/\ID•: Af.. : P'/A")'} : ODffi'} : fOILflt)Ort; : fl.l\'19" r fOl/.1�ro- : 01t14'K" : @ : <D-ll'P : ''f,v--1 : i,1��,, : OtP/..1\lD' : 10--ll: hl�i' �1C : lD·ll'P: {lr�OD/\hrf'(Dc : 1tmj'l\f., : OD'/°l,,,f : ODWlT : �ll}- :: -fll.tJ : i ,,•• �: f..t--(l. = Olt14 ?.' : @ : lD• il'P : '' f,V•1 : '1'."}�:'' : 092.t\lD' 11..11 : }lCD·•� : fi't�;J1C: : llAT :. W-ll'P : lll\+lllll�:,•• : ID·l\ 1""'i: ll9°��f1·= 1

r:i·-?t:,;

- 374 .-

\ =

:j : : ,

I ,

' "0 A : 7i{]IJt\il : - 'lf...l1,. :,-. : ..-,,,. ;:J·�t; : 00m•·r9° : ODf,..9°f...Ul/...f : ,, • ftf9 l\.l\.lD· ' (L {l "'l"'I • Oh.T \"'k f ' ILff ' 11.,e. ' O"JA : ("71\ f T ' nrl'tm• ,ttlt � : 0 111 -t\"11.filhTt\� = cn•t..\ :-f = noi 1A:1.ro• '¼l�"" 1 '?lv:1 : � 1c nt,Ol/c�:�� : A "1t\ : A�,,:,... : OD'J�.., . : t\fll/ODf,\n : , 1� 0J• ;,,·, 1 n-� .: ti 1 � Oh _ ,),: f,qA:: hv.. f\� � · 01l1"fw f:'l° � , nh 1"1 , �m ,, · m·i � l .. 'P f\ = ";� • : ''nroro• = l\.e.>> �il4' •P•,ro• : .7d,A \. o �.:: A11(JJ": :J'l,\ : nt,01/Cti"OJ• : ?t",f,.. � : lD•{ltp : rf--UDflJllJqi : f<Pf..u .t,\ •• 1,,,..,1 lll :i l)•t\1"�•9° = '' OCf... 1-'' : (b llfd en) roii\(D•: ril.1°1/L1 1· 9Cir: :J>A: '' 7-P."r'': �9" .. ott\tD·: r1ttJ1/C'1 : :J>A : """''C7-'l°,nt\ :: nt,"'lc�: : ''1--P.:,..,, : f°tt\W• : ..<J>A: n · f\�• = '-¼.e'l:r = 1t1'l 1l = i',llro· f. "firo•9'1 ( u) nJ-,tiA = I\J!, f°tf...co ' v ,,{llr)" : OD'J'ti--:,-0 : �� J r1 ( ) OJJ!,'l° : 01·0�:, .. : l\.e : rnrz.f...C{l : 1..,v,:,.. : .. /\ � (Jlln'P l1'/flt :, r .. 9° c,, .. = 0.111 � ''nt1:i . •r·A·.r 1·1.1·:,� = I\J!, a,�;1, 1 = r,111t..?CJ f ..�.-- ', '.'I " t\ . fll9 °9°'1 r : ' 1' OJ•fto ,, : fOl/.t\aJ• : r],1"1/L11f O)• : Ol�--,.. : '11C : : ilh • (Df,. : htJ1 /C'1 : 0.Tl19° : ''(11•}.. I.JJ : '11.1.,._,"f! : OD10JP';f.. : ft')"f : I\J!, : 7..� t'} : fOTJ..fODm• : ---<D·fto:f..'' : rf•·O!lA :: 8

= ., =

ilt\tLll ru1t,1·: = 00f...n� = !l:1!1: ntr'lm· = ni'-ttJ1/c�ro- 1t"d1-� ODwl:t· 1 U,fi�'�"P : f tt..:i..r·A-f : f·L 1:f : Olf'l : 1"nl:,.. : I\J!, : 1..P.,)--1 : WJ!,'J° : 'P4,T'} ! ht\H.f9° : Oh.·rV'A-.J' : lt11"' : I\� : f}',ht\ : 1...�:,.. 1 : flP/.ff,Cll : (/Lf.�Cil : fOl/.'f A) : 01/lir<D·?° : rro·A : ll9°9°'1:,.. : (1"}1--IP : '11;»rf; : h{JD;;t"�cf? : nk:,-- : -- ilt\li.U : (U) f\},1Y...": rro·611': i',1c:: {JD1"1P':,•: t\;J'CI\CPt1rf:: oo:,,l•O : t\1t.'J°'l(Lro«: 01/LPtf = fOTJ.fllt.A1ro•1: OD/oT= h'lf\1,nl,f:: ;,c: {lt\<J> ;,: Otf''P;J": n{JD'P'PA = &.1:r = 'lt\cll-'f;1- = n"?lll\4-':,, = (tbnhTl.!'"rtrn..1) Fcq:,.. {JDIJJ . ro·ll'r : fitPl'f?i:i• : f�,Tf\oOI/ l·l·: fouro•(lf...'1 : uu.. 'h'i : (/\) : OU1t"f.:: th 7f�":. CJJ.J'r'rlD·?° = n.ir1 = ntt.:i•r·A-..r = 1·L1:f I\J!, = ri'-t\iA 1--Pi ,,l·1= {tfJ?.Cil : n,t : l-J"t : 1,1P,f.h�A : (ID,n:,.. : �(l«JA : 1'•0/\ t\, rf'/.19° : fClll 7f· A : il'J°'J°�:,.. : n,11 1 : OD1°1P':,.. : t,1,f-'?t"": Ji: --- OJ-, Ol/c41ro·: ?t",lt• C,: : t1•f'OD/\h 1�1·: ll:rCI\CTC/ : il.4-'Cfl « : t\ 0t1n•:,.. : fro·A : '¼�'l· f--:f.. : 1,1f..'J°/t/\,: l\..nl'f-'(l: t:J!I\A :: 01\,I\ : ntt-A : f..."1'1°: f},1"Jt\.11<1lD·: 7i--,,•. � : rnt\m : :1--htJA : lf'f: foY.fmc : \1lf'l : h1'f...lf'l : (l7f 9°0A : "liODA{l : J,1.�r,..,{l�t,.OJ• : V·t\• I t\},1 f;: tPJ. &. :,,f: = ll'I° r(D«61!- 1t 1c = oo"t °1P':,.. ro ;1,�t.. 'l! = ,,,...t....�..;,, 1 (D«/A'J° : lf� I t\i'-t"}f: : rro-6Lb : }',1C : OD'}"JP'T : 'P;f,9° : (l,'lt\ : frf--fl}/\ : °1-0C : Oit.. Tf•A·f : 1-1,1:f : l\f. � "lfu:J""1 : l\...fllt1:,..A · : J!,:f--1\A ::

ltnn:1 ::

= lP�--,..

n:,-- :

r r� :,.

(/\) lD•t\ : r(ID'P'PA : P't\"111 : nro·nA'i : {lt\01/ll"l·l\l\{j: I

- 375 -

;J°lm"'i' : fU1t"f:1 : OJ•h. -:f : il'J°'J°',r1fl-'i : 9 -(l.P'� : itf, : 1'1-'tfllrl\" : .-J f..C1nA ::

fit.1TC'i(Lf--'iA: °1fo:t-91l :

ill\tt.. u = .P'AtrJ.,. = OTl\f, = l\t\tt = OIJ.'l.il:,.c = wf,'J° = r001a,,,.,:,.. 'lf\JJ.J AflJ"} : ti�...,-(lm : O«f'C I fTlD(l�- : qy,r,:,- : llrl\0T1 : ...,.. .,;,°1� : l\00'-.l'l° : : ("l1) : .P'AflJ"}: +()T,Y..;rA:: l\llrlif!': 1'P.f,: °t'l.il:i•c: n:i·•htf If« : 04?'1'C : ibfr>l-: D'l.'l.ilTC:l- : lDf,'J°: fOD"}°l.P'T: 'll\P'AffJ'il-: i·'l,;J°lllD•: ftUD'P'PA• ff..c1ar r..n�·ct; = f°t1"it-T = far A q,e.,:,- I r11H-O = °t'l.ll:,--c �.:,. = il9°9°'1T = (}.If"} 1 f4> Y:'l°ro· = f /;\.lP/:,...c; = "fit"} = OIJ..'l.il:,•..c = ·fl:J!ar 1 : ff.C1iD· : f ', {lllD·'i: 1,u, "} : °11: OI!if.ti : qODrf- : 'J°thli: : i--}, 1f1f : ch'rC: 10 J,1f.T1t\?tlD· : rm:Pitf,: °'i,'l.ilT"r: ,:f: 01-t"}q,g : l:: 01-lrfl: it"}4>K": f: --- = r1:,-" rn 7i1 "1,&.:,-- = CL·1-1. .. tioi = 1t;11&.:i ti A flf 'lw· rtiu� = f ftt1 itf, : o:'J° : 1--P,� : hOI/..ODl\hi--(D·•: OIJ..'l.ilTC : ;JC : lf'r : fOIJ..f f.C1ro•: f1'bll'i °t'i : f"th'l.ti : +�Y:1� : il?°'J°'I� : ',(De::

= roiz..

=i =

(

rn�

fbl\ 1' : °t'l.il:,-c::f,; : fOD"}'?.P':,.. : OD.P't.r : 0:1-f1· : f fiitf, : 'lllP't\ll) 'i':f· : fililt!..�DY.ro· : h�A: ro h.n°'f : 'h"}f.ODlJ't;rro· : 0Dm1' I 1'-1\,e : n+mcl> (l,;f,: OIJ..'l...il:,•�1."•: (}"}f_�(l)•: (l)f,'J°: 017-lP: '11.P'"f: : lD"/t:""}: (l)f_,'J°: {19°9° 'l"f:1 : 'h1�.'P'PA : ''oo•f\-- : P't\llJ"}'' : fli"Omro· : nro"lifb : 1,1c : fllPf.1� : fh.Tf'°kf '19° '1'1f...C rof,'J° 02.'l.il:'f ·c n ...l"ttlOD = ro•A P'C = roim�l\�= (D• {\o-;j,"} : OJf., 'J° : il'J°'J° ', ,,y... 1'1: /\OD 'P q> A : (/\OD&.Ir l 9°) : J!,i•ftft-:: {lfl{} lJ t\ : "J"}"f,.r,:,..: f«tf..l'? : il9°9'°',:,•: rof.,'J° : 1-t"}f:"} : 'h:PY: : ilOl/fl&..'h'I° : (/\9° ltfb: h1.<7 = :,,'J°uc:,, = r1:,.. ho•/\T = ...,-.<pcp,, m1'fl- = o...,..ro•trJIIJ = f.:J� 11 H11 : fl Ul/ 1P� T) : f°2.� l "1 : il9'19°'I:,, : fllb flo:f : DI/. 'I. il..)-- �· ·:;..'i : fOD"}'? p:,. : ODP'tf : (16f :f : f f)l\� : 'l/\P'AflJ'i1-.. : fl ait.l{JD• : il9"°9°',..f,:f, : ],1i : 9°'1fb :: OD'J'«f>il : f,;FttA:: 0

r,111

("h)

= OD"}'?

p-1 ...,:

= Jt14'K" = @ = 'J°c'J°c = 01J"1:J'/\f =

}t ti�n

fltlU: flnC:oil.-f:: fl...,.m+oro-: }t"}4'fi' : OJ•il'I' : ''.eu-"} : 'h"}:{'' OO'f...fltD•= 1f..11 : }t(D•{J;\. : f}t',;J1C : ilA-l· :: W·il'r : fTl'llH'rT : tt"}�"}.f: : q_e�,r : il'J°'J°',-f:fc; : Or /\�l- 1 n;:rc.t\oi"}:,-- : ODft'f..� : n/t'l:fm· : fOT/../\lD· : tif,�.e.A1 n.-,-.71·q(\(D• : ,n1 : OD"}OJp-1:,,. : .h " }c/> 1-.-- : @ : UDlPl11)' (D•/A : oo<pq> t\ : r·t•�IJ' : ., .., P'rf: : f "l· /\ f : Ft\llJ"} : ', (I}• fJ r ti r,; ;t : £}OD+ : 9°"..,' l"I·: : ·l·}\ •11f : ti! 'fC : �} : ODIP l T : "}'}--lJ.' : 'I "IF1: : (JJ•/t;; 'i�: {l 9°9°',-f•1'"} : ,,.,,. ',;J0] (� : (\ {llJ 'P 'PA : r ft\Tw·1 P'AllJ1 = /\{I)"� = 1-�� = °2.til:i•c I "111,,,n = oiz.til:i,£:'i' = /\ 4, ,:qo0 = f(;\Ul/:,.. c,•: f'1•ft"}: orl'l...ilTC: (lli',U·',-: fTit1: poa/.7i"}: 'P'i: OD.P'tf: 0, ..1,: r o ",, = 'if.'J° =) n"' +'PA r...,--+ ?-...), = ULJ.'I.il:,-- �:1-..'i = rau"t(J1,.,:,. = {IDrtf = fL·f--�-..: ffJ/\�: '1/\.P'AllJ'i'f: fl. 'P'P/\• : f'I?..�-..lt-T: f'lU A: 'lh: il9°9°'1+:f 1'i"= 4>f..'J°: n.A: OD"}"JP'"f:"}: mt,(\o : m•A : /\OD'f>cpA : P'AflJ"}: r+nmlD' : ()ft

�=

l-1

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. . U•t;J,1 ({JD) f ,n1: (11Ji"JP''1::]t"} cf,i..:/;: ll'i: hicl'?:@: f°7.. h"'lno .n:,-: {l?f9"0t\ : 7i0Dl,\{l : 7...,h.lj": = 11 OJ·il'P: flOl/...1'1: bif,,f'1t\ft(I}« 1 r,1,?f7i fl(D': ;,,7:lflJi"];»:,.. : i','}cl,?t' 2 �: ?1i�fl: (L',fl,n 1 rt1..:1,r-A--.r:11.. lP: '11 P' UV'}"Jp-1:,_. : "Jtf:,_,. : f lf � : tJ lj":t\ : U1C::}"..."} 'i : f 11( ', :,_. : OD •fl,f1�i : {\ {} of::lL!llrl•i\l,\f• : roi.1.. i\.· : OJ·il 1· : hi�.ef.l1· : r(llLht\tJA : ,eOD{lt\A :: (lt\it : Oh·•/,\ : f.''1'1° : {19°9°'7,f:: fi'J1..lP : '1·1P',f: : hou?... l'..<h:h{l,J,S,.•qo:;re 6'oi1i: : h1-�..'1'0t\m· : l\;TCt\07.i..l: : f (ll/.'l'C•O: lJ''i ; f11,rP : '11P',f:1 : dJt•f:,• mf,9° :h'?tf,f:: tP/'i:fro•"}�: t)lj":A: rof,'J°: 11C�--f::"}:fOIJ,.P7i7it\ .. : ro·l\ :f,1 : . fl{lfJ'P'PA: f<PL.rll:f·A : (11J"}•1f:: f,"11 1: lflJ"}"lP'--1:: i',icl'?i':@ :,eh�;J.. t\ : : (}fltf.U:OU•t\'l::: th1: OD"}'?P':J.. 'I!: i'l'i:1,7.,,l• : ootihA: f/\(1}«1: ODV.'l;r'C: Ol/ll:J,.l;I;, : ,e1'1A :: {llJ�lC : 1'-1f.9°'J9° : 1lft

•r :

CPJ'i:flD·9°: U1C : O.tr1: (lt..(l«:,"h 1 : ODi"JP':,..:t\t-(l•: 'P;l,9°: f°7.. lf� �-'} :W•f\u"rf : hlbt\: {IIJi°IJ.P:,.. : ;JC : i,1�,e'P'PA : t-o•1 : ht\0'1,ehl\tJA 1 f ItU:�"1-<t: : f.. t.(l. : h '1 1·1. U1: o-t\ :,.. : h '•·�, 7.·r : t\0'1 {lt1'/0'1 :1 •: f Oil.',)" m·: llt\ Tl\f: 1--�,e: f°1.'i1llD·: r,"11 "1: i',1cf'?i': ilt\m:,,t\t\a>•: OOl/..'i1l a>-: f,11"1: lt1"17'' = l\f, : f Ot\.e'l :,.. : }tt\ro · : noi.t\ro• : o;J·rocf'<D· = f ,1, = ,., ,,,..l�19° = I!Fu : �(I}« :: flt\1·1 u:it1 cf;, 7,: : b : m :,;, t\ t\: /1 .,,;J 1C: h{IDlf�- 9° : lbt\ : f UC/.. 1·7OJ« : Omq>l\t\ro•: h�A: lD"ll'P: {l'� ,.r ., i (llJ.-,..c19° : fOl/..1flOJ•:Oi'1..r),r·A·f:ro«ll'r: --1 -- = c l (/DlJ..' : @ : J:rfi" Oh1 0Tl\,e :il9°9°',:, ..: {lt\Uo'f''Pf,\ : P'A"J"} : 0°1.'i1llD· l\. lf1 :.e1 '1/,\ :: 01

�

f;TCt\"ii--1: : {IIJcf,(lA : itil&..l\"L : flt\{IDlf� 1 : f• h ro· {IDt\ 1 f_rf-: h il'P m" .' @ : }t : 14' :,-? . 0+7i7i/\ ro, : ,n 1 : {IIJ"}'?p-1 : 0-:f: V• fr : it OJ• .,.I : '"l. : : {IIJ f.. t\ y--: : f h 1f <f>'I'tr, ,,,..H ll'I�. :,-.1 : -� �I r n" 9° = OJ«1t 2 : 'i 1 t\ : a> .. fr> · • f : 7i7i f OIJ. C I/ f "} 1--IP : '11P'irl:1 : {IIJ1"1 P':,..: °I If:,..: u1 rit.11--cc; (l.r--'i A = ll'J°9°.,,,y..l• =

:r..

- 377-

h"llfi: : O"'l'i'"TW-9°: h�A : l\f, : fOl\f, : 11C'1T19°: lf'I : fJ;�',:,..: P'A"J"}"} : f°tf7i7ii\c : lD·i\ 1..'i'" : fh.1+C'ii'l. f-'i'"A : il9°9°'11--'f 1 0

§I

Oh..Tf-A-,,<' = tL1l- : l\f, : "l�:J-- "} = f°tf 00m• = (!111'9° 1'1f.. i't°7c �{I)- : K9,fa.(i: I 0"}'1-LP : '111'"'1: : OD"}"IP':,-: f·L1T : I\� : fntit\: mi 0 : : ftJl/..fODffic) (D•l\ 1•«; : fh."} rt-C'i'(t.\J''jl\ : 9° : f"}.filT : '1-�T"} il9°9°',-f,:f ;

l;I

K1.Y. = foY.LPt.n:,.-1 = "'"' = roi17i7ii\c = lD4/_r'l-'i' = fit... 1,t-c'i'i'l.f''i'A = il9°9° '1.. y..:f ;

fUD"}"JP'T : 11H-0: (Dl,tl,.: h1�.tr1'1T0r: fOl/..m�� : (D•i\v 1, i

?:I ti

ili\-O�C-1•.

f,f'f.l..,.. :

(D•/\

-: :f'i'" f"4"}rf C'i'"i'l.f-'.'A : {l9°9°',,f.:f f

•

fl"}"}--LP : '11J>'rf: : OD"}"JJP:,-. : "Jlf:,•'i' : O','J>t?J;f: : l\f, : rf-'-.?.OJ/. : "J�:J,r : t}OD tr'i'TlD- : OkT l «'Ji\T : nu1trf: : lD·il1': Or't?a : l\f, : h o0'Pl\:flD-'i' : hoo.<_ 1."'1:fmi nil+�"° = ;rcl\"'L11: 1t1P1c+nl\:fm- = filt.A:JA ==

ftLU : q_e,',:f. : m'l,e, : fl\:fm-: m-flol-'i' : fi't.11-- C'i'i'l.V·'i'"A : il9°9°'1T1': fl,f'qqi\OJ• : t"ft1 : OD"}"JP'T : hJt "}4'�' : TX : hilh : r, : flrf-OD(\hrf-c(D- : f£h"J : hlD"11'=P'cq:,..: DDLPlT: v-i\,f:9°: 9°tiC� CL.Y.:f: (f�ro(tc1m·«;: fau9°tf ll)c): 12 -f t ro·: n�\I\ oo� -�:,, : +O!l : 0�9°h : -OAl>l»J» : h, hi\'l:flD·:: : 011•LP : '11P'1: : r..,.. tf'7i" (D• = ,n1 = 001"IP':,. = h (ID w·"' 1: = nt.:i-- = I\...,..f.l1--:i-- = ro•ttol-c.- = rtt.1 1--c«;(l.\J'«;A : l19°9°'1-f--l- : ,e,u : "fnLP&.C : II� : TL?."1.'1:,-- : {'t\(0«9° : ',{lC :: fiiif�f ,....,....,..,,...... : qoo--,.. : 9° ;,,lrf: : "11 : OD"}"JP'T : '11+� : 10 ..... : it"} f..'"} : il9°9°'1T : ;rcl\D?.11: i1�+nttro- ilt\"'1f11 "'1c.-:rw•9° = m•A = mf,9° = fn.1-tc'i'fL V--C.-A : il9°9°'1-r : · ;rCI\D'L"}-f: : 00+nA : ltfilLA1lD• : flit.,rV--kf: l\,e, : (La<. r . t\llr : f ; K9° : "I ., : ,e,tr"} : '1 nc :: ili\f·LU :; il9°9° '1.Y.:I: : f,tf-l1--T : f .1--?i'if f -= hw"I = = n = m1 0010JP'T fl�/\ .ir1 = c;c- i ;rcl\oi1-t: = -1 +-0flon: m· = 111'1-LP : '11P'"I: : OD�f..:P : f"11'1TlD· : flD•&\ : t,1+i:.1.. = {l':'?-'lTiD4� : h1i). : h1':,,9°:,.. : t2 : +1 : Iv.t�t : q: 'J° : Ilk:,.. : f,f--f..l1' : lD·flo:f-.,; : fh,"} ° : «;A : il9°9° �.Y. -9 CC.-(l.V-1-1- ,e,u"}"} : 'lf"J.f\ : hU--1'1° : {ltr"}: flU1t"' f: : 1\1, : °11o:J'" : tr� lD• : -f• &.?t"1., :,.. : h I\TlD· ::

�

fh(i:+i1 (J}- = �c� = '1f = r-1-- 7i7ii\ro• = ,-,,, = oo"}OJ JP:,.. = 1+1t' = lifti :i-1 = t : {lOIJ..ODi\h:,.. : 'ih-01' {l, ',ltlD• : hcnc : I\� ! frf''lt\lD- : it14'X' : ;,,1 : (IO"}d/ P'-t: = {ltD")(l:,-C = 1.lt = flP't?a = l\,e, = 11'111?-T = ,"ft-)i'i-- : (h'P}!1.. ) i :,..'ll•fJ:ll- 1 •

- 378 -

h1Jtv-9° : 'I°':';rtA : fi\'lTW- : m-flor'i'" : fh.1TC'i'i'l.f-'i'A : ilV°sru '1-f--le :;:

l J

f I'

•

= l\f, =

r K r .. 13 , ,.. � ai 'l° = a ,,:, = A tt = fl. n.e 'in A = =. tJJtf ilt\11· • v •. r ,,. I· ""' "" ro« I 11•1{\ . . '114>?." ,, olJ":,... Krf;e n01A -.1 ..-. ,. • • • lr>\K-'/ ° : {lf,(f"}: 0(l}c{lffi: :J--CJ>,f!',:i•: h ifa'J: {10} I • e :, " f. k_ �l· : = ti 4f'l _e. ' ° :, �l f1 m m • ll;F : fii.1 '1 ..C'i"Qf-'iA: m-tto:f.. :;: il 9'1 � .. tkf : 9'1 '1 r?J-:,.. · hih1 ." OD"}OJJ» ,f : ;J '11 � : C : ftTl/.e{ltTf/noc : (I.If� : q>;, : /bl\:f : ,f':f'i: f r e : •' l\· i : lf'i ,, ft· f °1..t\U : ,l1l"I � frf,?f?fl\m• : m1 : OD} OJ : fl1'/f1/l'? "J ' .. P' :, : t : 1.ft: f."}f, "ffl• : f,IJ-'6'fl;f(D• : llJ (} ' f',O?,:,-."} : ffl•t\v:f..'i: {l9'°9'°',,f,1"... 1 {ltJJ h�ai.9°C9° :: }i' },f1 : : roe/;\ : ;I'Cf\OIJ,'}f, : : f°t<f> fit\m•: ''ll=ftow•:oih.1"1=Tf?(l{l:ii. '} :h,:,.. r-tf'' 14 (Ott..:i«r-A·.. e: f 1, 1"1: nWllJ 'r : rcq:1--) : fl,f .. 'll\m• : oog, 11,� : m•il'r . 00 r-t1flftlD•"}: fUIJ.. ilA: ..e..lj:f : O..e..lij : flf '1 : FC.'}T1 : ,,-.h:,.. t\v : 'Im• :2 n;r ftOIJ, } ' ,f:: OD<f>OA: l1f..": 0 t, ,"1: n"l·O'i: Ow•/,\: ootihA: film· : A�'l:, .. I C r,n"l = .itlt•n = flf'l = h1e.tr'1 = ;rf::l\oi1,1: 111J'li7 i'f = J',"111 ll...rnAn:,.. (l.:f·Ai .. {l(l)•t\ : l\f, "11 l\.f ..e..c.ai = ftPJ.·1·llm• nt,il&.�oiz.m ◄ = m11 rc1>l nro◄1 , fft0'/7i7f.r = h'J� l\ = ODf> « flA= mf,'/° : nm:,'l\ l\ = nf\ou<J,nA= ·Ofr : 'Im· ,1 ;re tiai 1,f : : it1 ..f.."'1 : m•A= m ,,e 9° : il'l°'/°', :,-. : (t.<f>OA: O rf--CJ>Cf>f•:15 : out-thAI f,,-. l,,l.{JD (Jr : (IrA: mf,'l° : it'I° 9° '1 :,.. : ,, .. 4' '1f, '.,:,.. : tTI/"11" ,f:"}: roiz.1Ag, : b � • ;JC.: f 4'l0t\:,..,. : fi'1'P:� : l'l!:,''l° : }t1)(!> : f ltA�/,\:: m·� : bOl/g,f..,e,,rm• I 1tcr:e- = ;,c. fl'l;Jt:,.. = ;Jf-LllJ = l\f, ;J-- :i«'l° = hmt1Jm· = hlt�tt-i = J-,1f:'1:i-- f:C -- arA= n,1,c. :;: ttm1 -- c rniz.. ..e..l1m· rar�1 : ro.e,'l° il9°9°'1rf::1 : :l'A ltf,If1 : r "? ?t"f,'I!f m · 'J : J,.'P:e, : ,fl:J: : fl � ;Jt:,.. : ;,f·L"1 : ;-, :,..'I° : 01/ (Ir t1J:,.. : '1m◄ ,, ?f,:,.. : hK',h-ti,:,:m. : n1t1..e..�m- : ''r "1, 1°1 : h.lD"611'lD· : h�A?'° : 0�1� +lJ4-t: h1�.lf'J : Ul/il&.l\1, : rro•nv14..'J : 0P'6' : l\f, : ODtpt\_ : itAC:: : t,AG:. I . 0 ° 1 A :, 114 11 ,,.. fi'l n· , ,.., 1 r t-c. oo it r n«.r 11 . :fro• = n.1··A9 :;: n m•fif.b 1---v. .e, = .. ?J1.._1�'£ rt,.1,,..c'io. r·'iA= "l, ,°I'. = m ·A= rniz.f ilt1:,•�1--1 = f+l\9'1 Jl.. : 1�:J 15 (l(JD&.'lt'r : h1f:"}: U1C : fl {ll\m : lt 'J ..e..oi.fil1� l\--1": i'tf,mlmC.9'1'' ·flfllD· : 7.· &.'PA :: fi,f .. q?f{\OJ• : "1, 11 : OD'}OJJ.>J,)-- : },'}�?.• : @ : a>•il'P : ''f,Un'} : �"}:{" : fl°t 0'l.OJll)(D• : rm·A: l:,• l P : OD f hr •m· .. {JIJ{\ n,, : f '1 nm•: 10·il: '¼l � ,,-- : 1C : m·il'P: --&. 1ioiz. -,1 ' r = · m il f = A" r· :, . h °117tf.4!.f ;-, CJ>JE : m ·t\--'} : mf, 9" : il'I° 'I° '1 ,,:"} = n lf'i OPt.. : 1t ,,e = h1-tm·A·: y..e..c1'PA : l .... l'l� t,i : 'i lf : "I if, : f.. : 'h1 t\ (D• : f..' J ' ''it : '4fl.K : f1f lllltl,U: 1 -�f, : Tt --1· I OP't= l\f, Ot\ +<f' ill\ : · �m lf UIJ. .. "1.. : :;: f fOl/.lf�m• : rtt\rf--'P'l'il• :1-- ,,..6 K 16 •fit\'PA:: ' �m·' f"'lm•flm • : i',1 ..0DlD• : ill\lDln«'T :

-t

�:, =

(JJ• =

= = =

- 379 -

•

ill\tt.tJ = l\OJ•1t�l- = 1'.11..,1.0 = ,,rl\ = lD'llL"r = ill\"7..oaJ:f(Dc = :rc1toi 1+. h'lf:1: (Del,\: noo«f>OA: l1f:: flllD': ,f•"JflC: OllJ9°: h�: fll: ',(De:: fl.lf "}9°: fh. 'li"C'i'(Lf-'i'A: IPt,..i--?fl-: ,:c;�:,.- : fi\/l&. lD''l : il9° 9°�T : °71'"�:,,: h1f:: flt\OO•t\-: P'·t\llJ1: ]l"}f,.t,..(t: i-- '1,:,"l�: f1•,.t--l{IIJ0r "}: arA: h07i· 11 y,u9 ° = flf�n:,.-- = 9°n11:i• t1� .e,.:,, = f°tflf, = {11Jrr�1 ou11u-0 = f7iA rtu : fll--T: a,.�1-- : n1t1: t--ti:fro·: OP't--: l\f, = fll\67 f,OJ•i\•'i' = h 'l>tw•fl·9°: fA:r+� : noolf'i":fro· : 'I� :: f"}f: : CD•/,\ : 007i•f...;� : OJ•m,:,... : lDf...�.I\ : irf-- {IIJI,\(\ : (J)«{\--"}: fT'P'Pf.,?J�: Al1 'ti'l : ht..l(IDcn:,.--: «f>"}: }t"}{l,f : Tt..?t°t : ff,.C1(Dc : lDf, 9° : nf f...C1e& : h'lf...lf',: {\ODtD(l"}: 0/L:PlD'"}rf: : ootint\ : •Olr : fU'1•0: l,\f,.',,).. : t,/\ :: ro-1tv :1--1 = "'1 fi •f..:,, = m..e..:\" = +ooAo ar = 1,1 >t IP? - = 1.e...c ,:1 :f <r A :;: r oi l\lll': ftt.'l+C«.(Lf-'i'A: ,n"l : flll,l : Ui\·fl : ill\ : ii.."},f--C'i'(Lf-t;A : ,l,'? : Ono ?t� : n;:J--w+.:,.-- : 9°,rt,.."}: H'lY.' : ++flf,',:,--1 : h"l1;l:t\ : 0111/l\:,.-- : °tllTC: ,:'lil : ?iL'PA :: h�U : 9°rrC : O?id��--:fa,• : lD·il1' : f°t.f-Ot,..?-:,... : fl;Jil : U lt •0 : ''flI1' fl--"}: f111/ ?if... cf.!,,f' : ?i',h.� : ((l', Y.·) : OD{\ 'PlD ffic : (l)c fl--"}: OJf,.:\f\: TODl,\(l : fOIJ..1Pt,.. : 0111/f:l°l : hooj!outfCD- : 4>"} : it"}il,f· : ill\°tf'ltfi(Dc 1 '1A?i f lf '1 il9°9°'1:,.. = h/bl\ n+c "'lf: = ro·A = Oi-- 'P'Pf,9':f. = m1'i1· = 18 "}{lirf--: hil1�)!:',:,.--: f,'il'PA'' ootihA: h-tLlODO:,-■ : +'l : ftP/.A: ', OJ01\I\ : Oh-A: f..."l'l°: t,T"}'/f.,9°: ''h"}Y.·: lD'l,\ : ,J-t..?tlll/.: j\ODlf"}: fli{l = ,��,,:,.-- = �f.l\-- 1 = foi.r11ro- = ro-1t-- = o.if::,, = rttr19° r a,,r.e,.:,, = 19 00 w·1r1 = m.e,.�" = -1· Afl = 'h1J;.lPt,.. = nff..c1ro•9°'' Y,f\l\-ftLtJ : ?i',h.ij:: f...t--(L: "11: fnt..1tK9°: :f"JC"}: l\111/ilW'lf:: (LflA : 01'.. :,-. --kf = w· il1' = ..,--+ qy_, 'I •1-- = ,,.,.,, 1:,... = rai 1fl ro- = noulJilil 'lt. r,,.,.. m + fl mt,il..l'ff:,-0: 0.111: h1 .. e.OIJ.ifA : f9°'.A:: f.,U9°: 111/l\r: +:l't- -t : il9'°9'°'1-r: ilA+f...l1 : 04>C; ti.:t-V--kf : + ti4-f., : f9°Tlf10:,... : w,A : iLLf..9° : °lYo:r ODlf"}: fOl/..1'1CD·: hrf--&.lOD0:,-0: 4'1: i',"}{l,f--: ltf,lf"} 1111, ..e.4,n.. 1-: 4'1: OD 111 = hfl n:,.. = lT'J fl:,.. = ,,w·::

=�

n+nrf.

= =

irr::.

fi"}f::

(D• l,\ :

,l1,:J 'f! : 'P,:J : h"}fu T

fl. 'fllD'

7i•�,,.-,..,, :

19. 2Q.

21.

r.��_.,..,,

:e:. , h,t\. 11&.rcll.:;: 11 = tr-a,.= 1-�, ),.'i'('}{l = (Iuf!li l '¼ = '° = )1K· , lit:l!i == ooc•O).: }!1-il 1 ''�m•tr-":f: 00 1.•f..:1� : mf..�I\ : •f•ouA(a : OouP'&.:,· : f"7..filhTt\lD" 1 m-m.:,.'':· Jt"'t6'1'}: }!C'it\: b� I h..1•,..C'ii'i:..'it\: ,\oa,.. I pt\_f-'J°: ll"V. 1 (J.JifSt : '¼: 'J" 1) 1K" 1 96 }'.T'}'/1,,'J°! 'hl\1,, = O"'/il;J·m?f 1 4!1'C I E: frf•m<J-(t 1 ,f•&. 1 <h1'C r l;f !t 1 1� 1 jif!i :: frf•(}fi?,:,• l OD'}OJ/"';J•T ! 1,,C I fl"h I b'j! : ff : h.,'}rf•C'i7i'ii!\ : ,\oOJ- I }'l"'l.7i'} I (!JifJi I '¼ 1 'I° :) I� : ii�f.'I° 1 1� : f;'f u flHJW,. :1 - 380 -

r1n =

11. 18.

b 1f..,�,..:f A l

fh. "J,t -C'i'L).f-'i'A : ,l1'? : /L :PW•1T : 'lt'lf..°tll--:,... : h1'f: : arA : ao-tr- : f"/f-o:J.. : �f,l,\ : h'l}t'iltD• : fi\. "}+C'i'O.f-'.'l,\: OJYo:J' : (\ODlf"}: f,fi:J': ff' }!; ro-lt--: fi,f--f..l1n:,.. : 1. lt'. : htLf9° : 0:\1\ : fi'i' : hODlf'}: 01\f., � Orrf·•at"7& : 1t1s: = arA = il.'ilro- = r01J.1n-:i--1 = OD1Pl:J·ro•f1 = 'l1c:1-- = n"J..A.Y· = 20 ''f+f:'l° : ODlf"}: f,1flq> A 11 'i' : ''f:\ . f\ : : fOIJ..fr-irt :. �l\r: '11f...'11«; .: rrt;r: ftD•/l--1: OODf.ODtf: 0''7.."lfl: oot..?t9°: (oot .t-l":/: h'i' ·: htLf"}: 1.lf.9°: 1.9°r: : ltf,!l:l1': (D•{\--: f?t'a: ODlJ,)."}: fl/Pf\h;:1--t\• �

=�

I I

OD/

: l\l : f ·A f: 1 ii : ro '19 ° ll,11"1 : . ,t-&.. 1-0IJ. ,,:,.. : h"}� 'i il •le. lm• : if.'"/"} : h"}?, au · f .. ;J • 1 : . tJIJ I\ I p d"O u ), -?> : ,. � t\---r 1-r . f oi h • : f 00 ,,r... u -. = 1 f ,t- : ltt\O:'f-- :: (lb,,. .., 'P'P f,�:,;: ro·�-- 1: t\ DD'P'PA: ,l1,;Jf! f• , ' : 1'/r>;r:· 'l,1Jtc;»�:fm•: <'il t 6/ t /.\;JIA •" f,U9° 07j\ .. : • :, rl--'P'P�SJlT. : nu1�:fw•: ,) 1 : . [ 1 OD1"JP':; ,. .• 't'f-9° : ll.. A : ni--f..t.1 -:'f· : W•{\v:1-:. : m•il'r ID•t\•"} : houq>q>A .• roi : c ' 'l"lC : OD' l\n i\:f m iC. : ft\{1:,,9'1 :: h ,, .. q,cp_e,9':fi : (D•t\-- 1: t\DD'P'PA : {lflOD•t\• : P'A "} llJ : },"}1..�n.?J:f, : ii . lJ•�lD·: frf-- 'P'Pl\-:t·?° : n ,, ,-.{l llJ:t�m-: P'AllJ"} : h/.\A: ro•{l'f': oolf"}: ' "1/\fi-r :: (D•t\c 1: flOD'P'PA: {101J..',,;J1 lOJ•: (am• : t\f,: f'"l:rilA'I°: If� : ra7 _ r il'Jf..X.• : ?°A ti f-- : "�e. 'i(: : &.:f>f..'1 : fouf'im:, .. : i,9�:,.. : ODljC : 1tnnr If 'i"�:(&9'1 : Q/ (1J•/\.-c>1' : h h..,. ,,,..C'i"(Lf- 'i" A : ,11°l : ;,C : ,,,..{l°1 °t : hOD t\,i\ : fY'flrf'� =. U"lC'} :: ou-n:,.. : OD"}t}:,-- : fl\'1TW•9° ::22

h.. "} ,,.. c 'i"ll.. V--'i" A : f lf� : 'P;, : .rt\ :f(D• : {l /\ODl1' 'i" (D• 'i" -r noo'P'PA ll'J°?° �: = = l..11.. cr = flt\ttar = f P'Affl1 = i"f\-c>:J,.. r,,..",� u,)p:f : P r -- : f "ft'&a OC: 1lt 01{l: fl,.!J,m,,"},f:: �:fro·: u,.rs.:, l : l a ,:,-.: 9°�fl1": i'1lt- :: f ftJIJ.l\f�fl:fro• "} = trl\:t-- = utin:.1.. = hP'l = 9°1GlJ; = m�(IC1r = 1�1Y..0tJ.h ,,..t\.ro• = 'I.L'PA ::

tIr"},...:

(D•t\0"f :

'll"}� : UC'iiCf...' : 9°C9"C : llh. 1,1--c'i"o.f·'iA : ,-,1"1 : l\..:,,a,;1 -- :rro· : f ;J--lD cf'i\T(D◄ : f9'1lJ -�"} : }i{t1} : --- } 23 (D•ft' 1' : J'1., "}rf'C'iQ.'i"f,\: 'P,:J : 1,i�i\;f(Jr : f01J.ro(l�(l)c : (lh,."}rl•CC,"(l.f·'i/,\ : ,)1d/ : ODlP/.:1.. : (JDI}'.,."} : roiz....rou{\tJrf: : ..(ltl"" : '1,"hl: Ultfl1": }iftc:: h1f:: U1C: il9°9°'1,,1·: fouq>tpf,\"} : P'/.\"11•1': n;,,•1: OD'} t °IP'1! = (l)c{ltp = 1J1...n = iinl:.y.. = o.roil'lm•c; = u,.�: ·9° = n. tn;�":,. 1 i11..1·Lu = fft·T: mti1 : "•}<f>i:.f : h.i"l·C'in,f·'ii!\ : flf'i : ;J--q>cf!',:,.. : rl\:,�m-9° :: ,71·1: 00 1°1P'rh: il9°9"'1:,..: f OD'P'PA"} : P'i!\llJi : {lOIJ...(lllJ;fm·: ti�fto:f..: f rl'1..l1· : il?°9'1�,,f-'f : o-tr : n,f•(lmro· : P'AllJ'} : tiAA : m·� : fi,&.�CJD•9° : 1' ..}i.l. : h1.e. : i'1."},,-.C'ill.V--'i"A: °l�;J--9'":f- : lf'llD·: i'til.1?.�}:� : i',t\:fm· :: 0tLU9'1 : iti'IC ! f'ltLO•)-. : .f!Jt\ : ;J--'Pcf!'i:r : !�Tm· : lbfl0:1: : 9°U•�1: h1.e.a-z.tr:r : ___ :24 J OJ•t\�i:: i'1... 1,,.t-C'i'n.i'-'r"l\'I!: 'P;, : 1,i,V.lt:fm·'i': ,f·•q>q>� : 'lll P'l\llJ'i1"'9° : f\OD 'P'PA : {lcf! : 1"...ho;J-- : (P'AllJ't) : f1'.:J!m·: oolf'I·: Oh&.. A9° = fllf'} : foY..m()�OJc : (lrf•4P!J> f,9l:fi : 01�1.. : ;,,1 : OD'}"lP':I.. = ODV'lT = ilf\tr}; ftt. 1TC'iftf''iA: ,11 °19° : �IJ : i,°1'111 : ffleD4: tf'i : oP�mC : hi� °t1'lm- : ,,.1'1 1llfl:J--A:: i',1Y: : U1C : ttanl!J>'PA: fl0?J.',;J1C0•1': m:,J> .-l• I {lt\ fbttc;:ar: u1c: ,,..<pq>e. : fOD'P'PA: -:j,(ao� : (P'AIIJ"} : oom"}'." : 1�11) : m:t>a-z. : on l'l¾"9'1"· '} ; n OD(l,{) (J..{l : iJIJ l;.; "l 'P = {JlJ·!1,f:<; = "I�:!' (J)• : � {D• :: ill\ t·f. U : dl 1 : OD"}cf/ P-'r f: "} : Ci 00 j' l ; : w.e 'J° : h i"'Pcp.e?1•f: = '1l\P' AllJ 0

•

22. 23. I 24.

- 381 -

'iT: -:flr':r:: (P'A"11): "'IIIJT = f1''1lt: '1A1'(lm•+ = P'A"l1 = Wf,'/°:: P' b,. "l'i'T(l)c : bOI/..L:,,1:1\TlD'" : (D«6£b : f1'�l1 :: il9°9°'1:,-. : 'P� : f il,i\(J}c'j : f°'J f 11\°ll,\ : lf'i : ih1 : OD"}'?P'i: : {l1'11J{l{lT :: v,c : l\f, : 1til1.';�.,,.,.. : h�'i l 25 �'}8 11 •

f,lj(l)c : P'CW : 9°16lb : {lA\?- : Af- : V1C:-:f- : fi\OJ·"} : 'ltl,t. : d1'11I : = rvc7ic1: = 9°C9°C = fOl/..h.-,../\(1)«'}; A9°1:'i' : f "1"1 :: ltf.1il = hoolool = "7m�i\f : hlt-0 : f,(lllJl,\ :: '''16£b'r : h-f>l{l(l)c: '1'1tl: Olt-0. I t\'l°f:'i: ltf,1il : {l'?/;\g- :: ODlP.T : 'h.1�"7.:Fi\tD- :: fn-0.tf�:{: : iL,�m-1:,-. : Ult11 : h11 "1"'1.f = f"th1'/\-T1 = nil1'ff..f--l-. = w� = 00�14• = .<'tl 'IOt\ = J!,ooftl\A :=

n�I\

g/ •

ra.,:

fn11:: U1C : f(l)cl,\: 1''P'Pf, : h<i:i\01': P'AllJ1 : (9.fito:J'): f°tm (l',(Dc : OtLf (Dc : U1C : th'? : ODlPlT : ',a>• ::

= ;,,-,

= ODlPlT = P'A"11 = ltJ!,ollJ:f(l)c 111 = u,c, ott11: = u1c WiJi\., : 1''P'Pf, : Ooolf"} : f1'�l1-- : (Dci\.,-:f I {ltLf : U1C : I\� : +l �"t : for>lf'} : f�11'C'i'O..f-'i"A :: nil1J;;e.'IT � fl\:flD·9°'' :: 26

fli.lJ : �..th..<;: : �t,.(l.. : _,..} : fVC'ICf: :: 9°C9°C :: O(tmro• : "?m:l'/\! : nlt•n : ()f\ODl\Ol/"7:,- ;: Olt():flD· : (looj!ootf : f•l'm+(l(Dc"} : f,L�(l)c"}�- : s,n1:,o = t.l\'? = nooh1'A;: l\rf..'P'P.e.9':i: = n�fto'f = ru1� = m"l = net = P'AllJ1= ta,e.(tnir(Dc = t,11:1 = 01c = nourohA = roi,�c1-:i- = w•A. = (.e.o9° = 11'/nt = "11 : OD"}'?P';:1"'1!1 : 1�•0 : 0"7l\<;: : f+�l1 :: (Del,\) ; 'J°"}'J° : 1',"}\)."} : ;,., : = q_e.'i t..(J)c x flit.,..,..c'i"n.r 001-,Fi: = o+nion:,-. = u1c (l)cil'I' c;/;\ = (J)cl\.,r'i = 1t9°9°'1..Y..:-f = 1tc;:,,c; = oohoc = (l_'IA = "1.i;11: = 1.n = rtt.1-tc c.·o.. V--'iA : ni11>;;e,'1:,.. : 1'.1-'t'illD· : f,1 QA : f,l\l,\ : :

= ,,..,.�"'L -,:,-. =

= ,., =

1t. ro• 1 n�A = lir�iz }.ct: ill\ttu-9° = 1-Pi.e. = nt1t--1::,-�,:,.. ,.-...... .,... .... lD•tiJl" : U"lC : ,"h'? :: frf"�L(J)c :: "7,(lt,.tf : Oh&.A : h1-'ltJ : f,/\A :: 0

= ill\

''r�1+C'io..r·'iA : '?'11-'1"1' : +'?'lt-'f! : U•).:J-9'l- : On11: : V'IC : ii 9° : fn. 1,f•C'i0.V--'iA : ii 9°9°'IT :: f"7. 'P 'PA : q/\P'/;\"J"} : ,"h 1 : OD"}'? P'1!1: lDf,'J° : fV1? -1 : P'AllJ1 : {loo--t-ftl\t;: : ff..l.1(J)c : fh.11'C'i(Lf-'iA : ll9°'1°�1': ot1.u• = u1c = 1t_e. , tt1,1tc."'J° = f°!.i\(J)c = nil+..rr:,- = 1-+q,e..,:,. : �,�1,'i t.014 = 27 f�C,:JA'' :: hJ-LIJ'J° : f,,...,,.. 1 :lt"l : 001-'?P',f: : lJJcA : foo<p<p(,\ :: P'Af1J'1 : oot(t r-A·f = il.9° = r,t-�t..1ro• = ro·A : r1'&..&0Dro• = h,f-{ltJJTlD'' llJ:flJJc = n�ttol- = P'AllJ1 : ar61!' : htr'I : fi'til1P.�'1:,, : ;}f,A. : 'i�:,, = 0"4TV--kf : t,:C� : (b•f--l- : H"} f: :: •l-L�°t : nf,lf19° ::: .e.v-1 : h1-:{ I /t,t\� (De : ,,, <pep f, : l)'IC : nh..:i,r-A·f = ii?° = r+'P'Pl\lJJc = 00 Ain1-� = ,�l1ro• = il'l°?°'IT = hP' AIIJ� = w«tiJ!> = ootr)-1 = tit\ro+ = n+c :;: nJ-i.:,·r--A-f : t\f, = +t.f...OI/. : ,e.lf1 : 111�

n�:,...

25. 26. 27.

�enc:,- 1 .e..•OlL� = -O&°lil in • ttoar- = hltfOr-

1K' :

tf�i

;,.�: �7i1'il = (!I.;: = "1.:,-r

J'tOIJ.6'11 I ftoW,.. I i'l..1ilt:'f•�:'f• I 6{lrf::'f•D-J."}.:,• J }'.� I ff I (I iif!i?i = q. = "° 1) +&- • +-4-c I if?i•i = '1K' = §f�I • ff

- 382 -

..,

IDf�?;. q. • "°,) 1fi •:tf�

I A<>}!!:;. ll {Lif 1 flo{JJ« j If : G:6 1 I &

,,.c'ifLf-'i.. A = rt r'I • liil1P.�'I:,.. .e'il'P/.\ .e. v 9° o11l:,-. = Oh1.e..1tu •• 1 "11' 4 �.. ,::��J!,: l\f, : hchc : {l', q: 0U1ti:: i\,e: itfl1.v.�.,..,..: h1-'t'i &..J: ij:C..('-: '1...f-:f• = itf11t,.9° '11c = 1 I fo1 °1 _ hchc;.. r+lOm• = lllt.1��; ! tc;lA : if11 : hll''I : f -i•'l f\ro•: 7i1 1 : Oit..1+C'if'l.r·'i"A (L tPl�� : ;, 11:f,;: IA 'J° p.. 1.. 2 "ir s Ot :i,r·kf : 1t.e : ,1·&..1-.o ia;:,-. : lD : f {\ (D go c : '?,.,;r I h1-'ttr1 : � . fttP'tD(l 1 : J!,l-1\A : .Oi't..1"l "C'i"a.r■'i"A ' ,11'? : {\_q>',;J--:,! mc : f;J'CD<l>t\ TW• : Tc>&ooc: 0..PT : nthtlil9'C:1ffl = P.J!,lllrl· = 11<t: = >t., .-1,c'i"TI:.'i"A = /t�(Dc h'J.�m.rf>(l. .. '' u :, o 1t,,.1: f.C�: n,{--f: lD J!,9°: OJtfl ...l•P.f...c;.. : 'lllP'/.\IIJ'i:}"...: ,1--&.?t°t : h'}.P,.tr'}: .."f --1'.•-J1i: t\.tl'1'11T: {)f,1"A 9°: h !�>. � h11:: lD• A: rh.. 1+C'if'l.r·'i"A : (l1.P,�',:, .. : h1 Jt 28 Pit\lD' lf'f IL ere = ,e�•t\A == ill\ tLlJ: '11Y: : lD·A : O U1t,f:: ro«flT : t\.&.?t'J° : '?,.,;r: q_e.tr1'J°: 1'.'Jl). ! n;rC.l\01J.1-t-9° : ll''l : lDf,9° : OJtll&..?tOl/.m· : h�A : fa>llJ : ,11'? : f h...."f,f·k ,..,, : OD'}"JJ"'rl• : Ott..r : m·A : r ,,..., ... : h°tf...C()•O.."f-- : rt\« 1rf•C'i"O.f''i/A ' °l!!n :r?J"f : iL..f.�',(Jr : tt.e:1·,/;\9°:: .eu9° : f"'llf10.."f· : 'J°h1.r,1:: hfi.U 2 <f>T{\� : ffl OJ- : � (J)ct\ : f{IIJ'P'PA : P'/.\llJ1 : foY..1•·,;m- : h;,1 1 : {IIJ"}'?P',,.l:: : fllltr'l I f}',"} Y:1: V1C: ,711 : OD'}'?P'T : roiz. Tll: (D•/A: Otlf: it1C: m·(lT : ...,- t.?.."'l .,....,.. : fL'il.(J)c: ll.J!,1•A'J° :: lllllLlJ'J° : 'tt1f..' : ro•/A : ;,, 1: OD"}'?P',,.f:'} : f"'l�l1 : h14'� : f Yt l : ,etr'} : tl1.f: : 0,1,°l : itf,&..+ .f.'9° ::

{I}« ::

■

1'1�11: ro·fto1--·} = t\lTl/fl&.?t'J° 001�- = ,7,1:1"...: {IIJfPt...."f-- : aof...t..°l : llt\ ''1.. 1'llD· : '11C 1

,t•Q;t,"'f t: f..'C1..rl..: ltfll&.. A,:JTlD·: 04.. T;J": OP'&-= t\f.: /l{IIJ'P/A= 0°'1..l-tr:i•c;: fl°7f."ftr:i--: W-/toi": aollttA: f llar1: /.\�',:,..: o:t,Y:"'l.f: Ol/{IIJ/Ahrf:: {l\j>OI/.: 0 tlf1 r = = .. 0tJ 1.. t. .. , •1 &-()• 1 = 0· ... tlf'iA 111,c,_.. = ooiz..1'l = A1Pi0Dt\h--1::,.. 1 a,.(.\ : ni<f>f..1" : i'61ilitTl/t: f ;,1ai : f..';J'f. : tifllt.A;,:fm· : OP'&-: t\.e. : {\OD 'Pf.\: rari1·1t- : ciTW•:: (l<l'T;J"' : - -1·&..?tOJ/.. : {l{\ODlf'I--: (D•fr : 'J°"}'/° : O"'lf. 1A 1 : /bl\ 0.1� lf'r: 1: f"'l.1 'I°: ?t . : &,.() ' {\OD& .."f• '}f, :;: · L f •: flirt\•: �fl,} 1. ', : 01•1 : rf•Q;}.OtJt: ft11'?: f:;.J�: tififm·: (D•t\•: OP'&-: t\J!,: 1'1�.CD·IA : 11.'Jf...°'lflf: 0 :J': f/b /llD ":ro•A= 1•/\ : 'PA ' f{IIJ : : t\J!, .. = &C1 ;J lf'f T ·9° s J!,(lm'PA ;: O<l'T : OP r: ffi a ,f'O : tifA ;r hC� : °11 TlJ;1"'/ t, : r ,h °l : f..',:J if. : lDf,'J° : l\,t\: rf--{IIJtitif,: 2 nc11c = -t&.�oi = tr'i s OFt- 1\1' = t\OD'PA = -... A'I° � 9 1 -1 t o " .e-0 .. iro i.r = no ·fi 1f... = @ · t\- tftfl\m- ,1,1 : OD"}'?P'rl" : 1t 1 4'1'" : :i • . Oh : lD : 1' "fto :i· ff?Hl r+ ' {l'I : 1 (l)• : 1 n h �'' oil\m• : 10--ll: '}l�+ : ' 1C : :, : , o . = <f>J;. .. t , . r.. "'l cl\ = n;r :t: tt.o 0r = 1: , 'i 111 lf f-k! �c� = n ...y..:f = +&..?t°'l. = f, · = f1'q>�: �;,�: 'h1.t;.. 'ft..T� :: f7i/.\

t-tf, r

- 383 -

■

n+7i7it\OJc: lh"I , oo"}'?P':,-. ·, 1t1+g- = «E = ntt9°il+�ro· = '¼.lli!+ = �,c = 01

oot\hi"lD' = ODIPl•-,. = r;rc1toi1+. , 004,oA = tifilt..A;,:fm· = ,,,,..IP = ,,,,,.,1:, 11.r: ilt\"'lf?tf:*:flD': (IJ•ftol• : flf'I: h1f.l.f'I I 1''1tLU1: OJ•(to:f: f°7..oon tt:,-.: hChC: n�c.f:: (1..f--1": 0..'1'1 : OJ'"/r-:f"t: Jt1f.: ,"h;J'e : i',f:C"l(J}a : ftoo r r : A h : lD "'lil; wtf: ill\� � O f,f:: 'h1Jt1"/r: �lP.:fm· : Jf"}f:: fliil&.. �"t ' H.v- = 0rt1.�1, = n...rro11J = rain� = f,lf'ilA it.:,•f-A-.<': hootoutf91:i:: Lt-°t: lJ"l��: h1�..: (loolf'}: fi·+0/\1-m•: r+11n?a:'f- = ou"}'?F;r:,. = 1:c;e.:,.. = :t-c+c ; 1,1+1.'. = !il; = 7'.'i = 2t = n1,, = �" :f0r: OP' t..: l\f, : I\.OD'PA: t\"'1 f,-:[-tr:,, : it 'i:,,1.:,- = 9°/tt\911' = If',(J}a: /Lm +ftc: J!,l-1\tt-:: 1,'11-f.lJ: f.rc+?-: 1-t'i:t,1.:,-.: l\11�1�- = (lOJ- = 00"'1T'i: '11�:J- : 30 t\.&,T?a : f"'ll-tr,)· : tlP't-: I\?, : {\OD'P/A: f°tfil1'1\T0Jc : flJ"l?a: f..,:J&,: 31 (lt\,I\ : (l h•A : f. '?'I° : (Ji"}.';"}�) : ih°l : fWllJl\:flD• : 1'1f.lf� : ,n:]!: 'llD':: f£1t1 = oo"}OJP'T = 1-t'i:,,1.:,- ; Oh.,.1,t- c'i(Lf-'iA = il9°9°'1:,-- = tiA+.e.'I,,,,. . = 011 ++c = tt1�11: = 1:c1....Y.-:f- = oof.t.'? = ft\'1:fro·9° = f.,l\fl-- == t\9°ltlb = r+ifift\m-: th"l: OD'}'?P'T : 1t1+?i : r•q : ''t\,l\a,«1' : (IOJ• : fit."}•l·C'iftf"'i/A: il9°9°�-r : tl"'lt..:t,,,e.a,« = oowl:,- = 1-ti,1-�1 = tiAlf'I = n+c = i\ro• 0f!' = 1t1c = 1tti1Ac: = 0011 m:,..: itf,,r/A'J°'': fie/A: f,f..'I'?;, IA :: O"llf: t-tt:fro•: OP't--: l\f,: {\OO'PA.:. roil·tr·)·: (D•t\ 1· : °11: (I}«tfLT: l\"'1il11:,-. = rof,'/° = OP'&. = l\f, = f\oo'PA = 9°19° = q.e'I:,.. : ,,.,,�IP/t = f,h'? 1 f:;Jtj: : 1tfilt.A;,:fro·9° :: J

l I

fro•f\o:f : f lll\f,: ih'?'l:,W'i = f"'lfilh:,..1r:,-.: 0rm:,.. ;

'P;, = ll.•rnm•T = f"'lfill-1r:,.·} = iti1&.i\1. = .,,,,�-:;. = tta:LAT = rfH'i = r+if7i I\OJc = ,"h1 = 001-'?P':,-. = nOIJ.f 11w• = ODlPl:,1 = r,,-&,.�OD x tt..:,•r-k.f.' = �ti t;.._e. = rir.,:,,:n:,. = >i11: = (JJc/A = n1t1<1,.g- = lif?i•i = nowl.:,• = rnti_e. = ,1,'? = v•'i OU"ltrf: : a,«flrp : +t.?."'l'IT : f,'il'PA:: 01 .ltlD" : ?t"}irf•ar : f'I0?--1'1: fit.."},f•C'i(l.i'·'iA : lD•l\ T , i19°'J°�•f1•'i : I °!J!o:Jc?J:f : fii!f�� : '¼00+ : 9°,nl·I: : :,..,11fll : <l!TC: i : f"}1--IP : '11/JJ,f: : 00 1'?,,.,:,-- = rnl\.e = m'? = tttiA = ili\"'lfF..c;,:f(IJc : 32 r+if?ft\ro· = m1 = (IP,. °IP':,.. : hooa,«ll)rf: : o&.:,- : fi--Y..l.1--T9°: lD'flo"f : +&.?.iPf.'1:,-C: itl\TCD- tllL tJ9°: :,-C'l,lf1f: W(l"}: (l:;\I\: ill\ = ,l11f'l'P.: oo.n:,.: Orotl}ro•: f1B\i01i: qoo,t- :· 9°iflt,.,J: : it'Pji:: 4!TC � �fijji! : h'}J;,.(tt;.: ,f--f,.C�A:: h'P�i,�-�hV·" t I f0'/.1

- 384 -

u/ t

f"1.1 : (11J"}OJP':,.. : il_"}cf>?;' :

?if?i'i : :1--1:J--},;

frf-i1'7ft\tD· : ,n1 : �"}'?/-"':,• : i',"}�7" : lit�·g : f�\1°lt\..11'1m• : g•J-i.lj: : (]Ji : '1.0'/Cc;: : (L 1·�19"° : h'},tU : J!,'lA :: ''r'1.o-� r,t·7i7il\w· = ;,,1 {TIJ"}'?J»,1 -- h.:1--v·*..r ,,,.ti-i•.e, = n�•l·tr1'l :far : fh.1,1--cc.,·(Lf-'i'A : W•/r'"f i {t9"°9" °',,,f·1--c; : '?Yo:J--9'":f... : ;JC : .f11·1P : '11 p1,f:: uP1°1P'"1' : "]tf•1-- : rnl\J?, : ,"h'? : lll\Ol/..tf�.. : rof._&,:}•'J° : fOI/.Wm•: ,l1 1"f : (hcp�"f) I f.'"} .,"J 1, 9->",,f.. I T J,1 f fl "f I �CJl.1-- :;: CD" lti9'rC," : �,.C1.,f,:f : · U.. I\.• : hlt.lJ : ,'h1 : {JD" }'?FT'i : i'1..:i--v-A·..f : ,t,q"'J?,·:·:· n9°:,"lf"}{l:fro• : rit.'Jj,l•C'i'o..\1· 'i/A: Orf\o1' I {lS,U'J°',,,f,":,"-.c;: '?1o:J'SJ>":f":.: .,"JC: fOIJ,,e{tlJr/(ID•: lf',ro•: (L'IJ' : 'P,;J : ft\,l\ftD•'i" = f°1.,f1l\"1ft· : ,,e.trC.,.. h.• :: (h'JtiC!'tD• : ff..6'(Lro· : ',ro·) :: fluPlUDtf : (litOIJC'1 : frf--�&..OJ• : r1·1.u : }t"}cf,7'' : g•,11«',: : h},"}'?t\..11 �m• rarin,,e = {TIJt.r) •'J = OI/llrf--'PA = 1·7iA r,)11 = {TIJ"}'?P':1.. i',14>?i lir.t;·�= fltOl/Cf : ?ith-� : },1�"ihrf--{\CD• : J!,�(lflA :: ''tu : f 1--if i'f{\(D• : ,)11 : OD"}"]P'"1· : J-1.:1--v·kf : rf"l)',.._e : ,.�:,--lf"} q:(-m:. : -- --1 hti. rf·C'r(Lf·'i·A: CD•ftv1--: h'¼t\9°: ll9"°'1°'11--":f--c;: "1�:J 9'1... : ;J/r: q 1� ',;l. lJ''i : f11--IP : '11J-"'rf: : {TIJ"}d/P'T : r (11\,,e . : ,)1 "] : J!,tf '1/;\ :: m �&,:1--?11 : f '' L w� m'I� : f:1.:J?,?'..,,f-- : m·ti�?11-- s u-� = h,-1.u ,1,1 : UD"}a,r:,-- ;JC f"'I f.{ll11/{1D•: (l. lf�. : 'J>.,"J :' f{\,l\:i!(D•'i': fff'/f1t\°lfr: f,tft;{\� :: '' O'¼ltj:rf- : 'l"lC : i't(liiti =· l11: : f],"}"lt\;1·1;;:ro• : K",J,.. r,: : 1,"}f..: 1,"'lc,;:ro- : OV•ft-r : fttiliJ,fiJ!•C : '¼l�+ : '11C!':f.. : ltJ!,tr1 : nt,"}�· : l"f.....'1° : '}lfi:"l' : '11� : .. : : 1r,, f hA UD\-t : G:f ,l1 K" ,f: : (ll}•{\ ;_ ll,I\ \!'IT : non:,,ln- : l1f: : \it\W- : A A i�,f·'f : roicf>'Pl\.. :,- : c;:fm· =. · 1,c, -'' 1:'f"1• = .. :, P' 1"1 OD = ,t: .. F 'l1 = P 'l 11 �/ r�\1"1t\..11'i:ro = ?i'",h-� = ''f : f l� tl, : .U-1 JO'I : ' �W 1C ° i't : A (}. : ' 1'' ,f-c °', °'J (l9 f ' i't.."},f-C'tO..f-'i'A: --'': -·1 ,f °� °'J 1 :.ht; : ''r l¼t\� : .. ll.'l '' 'T '? P "} . : OD 'rf : p'11 --lP P<t--t,. : ''f"}1 :

•

f.,ftt\ ::

- 385 -

'',l-1'. lf J11--''='h.'i='' 1:c1•..-r::;..,, = f"'lit':,• =ril10J = :Pl\:,. = Oh"7 cf(Dc, g-th,.tj: : (Dcil'I' : Q;l.C(a : f /t•'J° :: ''b'h.t;tLU'I°: ,;,c'': (therewith) f°tfllD': f}tt;;,1c : ilAT : 0h'J'7 t\.1f�(Dc : g-,h-'i! : tD•il'I' : f'lfllD' : ih'I 2 OO"}OJP'i:"}'i : (Dcfr-1'1 : t\OI/OOi!\hT : f\.lf"} J OtLrJc : i'l"}�C : fh"'IC'i1(Dc : 1l11..°I : ''hH.U: if111 OO"}OJP'T : .,?Ir : f"7f,il"7tJOc : ll.lf)..'' : f°ti!\ : lj(Dc :: f-.U'J°: "1l.7fro-: A�a;:,,: CDf...&,:,--: 'h,"}f...°2.'lt\�lD': OrJcfli:: g-J1-�f: ODI] hA : :,-A:,, : A�a;:'f-"} : f,L'l'lrA ::

J:/

roo

t\/ Oil'J+K":

lif'l!'ft:

(J)cil'I': ill\t\•T: A�: A�=:l'I\T: :,.c,..'J° I

lif noo:e=ootf : ''h."}i--C'if\.f-'iA'' : f°tfl(Dc : :J>A : fOIJ..fODt\tJ+,u. : h.Tf-k,f : ltl\,I\ : u,c : lDf,'J° : lJ'l�T : tDf-.'I°: fh.1+C'if\.V-'i'A: 1:C�.,.l:

,:,t-- : ff...l..1T(l)c"} : ro•A I il9°'J°a;:,-: CDf,'J° : '?Y-o:J- = f\.tr"} ;: rJct\+�'I° : 1'.1 Y.a;ttu = ftt-:,- = a1•1to14:. =Ft--= i\f, = roi(Dcl\':,. = n1t.1,1--c,;n.r-'iA = ih"I , OOIP/..:,• : ODlf.,. "} : a;(l)c :,

''tJJclA'' : OrJct\,}• : lDf,,'J° : btJct\T : 001\tnc : i't'l�T : lDf,'r : fii.1+ C'ilt.f-'iA. : 1:c�..y..:,«, : ootibA. • OD•/t- : P'A"I"} : '11\:flD· : 'h."}f.lrl\91:F:fw- :

•

i·LC'l° : nootibl\:fCD- : OJ"},-.a;:,.'i : °IYv:r'J : flootj:,nC : r+'P'Pf,91:ii : ih1 : OD'J°IP'T : O"'lflllD' : ODIP/..T : Oh'i!+�91:ii : qt\P'A"l'i'f : �..(--cJ. = O�th-t;: fflLl : il'J°9°a;:,. : a;m• :: 'h.H..U : i\f,, : f\io'}(b(Lf-'} : (J)cA : Ott1-..(' : U'IC'i : Ot\,t\ : U'IC : mf,'J° : fh..'J+C'ilt.f-'i/A : ..(--C�:'f· : ODt)bA : 'ltll/.f...l..°l : W-/A : ilf,lf'} l Oi\'J..e- : 01 C'i : i\11: : 1'JH0·'} : llP'&,, : l\f,, : /l""/'PA : 0"7..4'.A°I : (lw- : lDf,'J° : b-1111: ootillA : fOl/.. f...l'? : lD•A : flODlf).. : fi't."},f-C'ilt.f"'i"A : il9°9°a;T : Jrit\oPlf�·}: 35 OD11-H•O : f?fA :: hH..U9° : fi..a;/t : 4?'1'&.:ftD• : OIIJ9° : h �ii,,,.. ;;: : htr�: fTt\� : 1-�r-:f = 04'C : it'J..(--: fh 'lft.f\.r·1- : CD-t!\ : Omfl\l\m•: 01\.'lTC'ill r ·'i"/A : ih.°19° : rra; : tDf,'J° : ht·L.l1 : UJcilT : OtD•A : 1'h'1 : ltf,lf'l : OT'P'P� : u,c : OO'}'?P':," : J1°1 : ODlPlT : f"tlD{l'} : f,lf'ii!\ :: 0

t/ ''il9°9°'1:,..,, :

(lt1-iL'Jn.'J) : f°t/tlD· : :PIA : }t,Oij;;:CD- 1 : "Lit : (1,flff.4: +'P'Pf-:f : rof,'/° : Oo•t\:,.. : +'P'Pf-l- : o0tibA : f°1.f..l'1 : mQ\?. : ,f:nt'1A ' flfa; = il9°9'°�:,.., : lDf.,'J° : l}"}.<;"}f..' : f,f,t\ � : fP'&- : oo{l}llc : OU1t!1T : ovl] h/A : f l\ar1' : '111·'1:1. : f01J..roil�w· : fro•A : q_e.a;:,.. : ',(De :: f,,U'l�- : nao�1'i!2 ""/fCil : 1\1-JlU : (Lfr : ?i"L'PA :, ''il9°'l°'I:,• : (li'li11-n.1-) : 011H· : ..(--C�..f--14:.. : outihA : fh.'J�·: (I&. = h.C ),ilT : i\tiA : ill\lfi : r--t-t\f : 1-P,f, : fOIJ.ODt\hT : (l',J.!;- : oof..fl� : ll?° ' 36 lfS:A.'' :� ilnl·LU : J?,U : :J>/A :- P-/ O•OJ-f• : i''P'i'\'-:l: : aoqbi!\ : f+J!..l.1·: fih"l: fll¼l\9° : OD'J°IP';J":,, : ,,,..�nc : lDf,'J° : flirf•{lfi?-:,-C = ODJ"/r.r : (D•fto1"--1 I

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35. 36.

�� : "7C":i• 1 ,f,t1dJ{l ! 1't.1.-f-C'i'7i'i/.\: flua,. I J\.1 l �

�;f,.i(/.\: (!Uf.:J� I '¼ I 'J° :) 1;t° ; !jj Sl .e..�ll, T. • O'/fCll : ''rm•h.0":f· s ll9'°'i I m(l1'' : 1',oi"'ti1 1 ,f.C'i/.\: lttj:: n.1,f•C'17i'iA ' fr'014; !lii� : fl/.\�9'° 1 (!ftfj I q. 1 'I° 1) 1 R' : 7.:1/fri :, ,....... ..... .,.• - 386 -

lfl'1"11": r:,_. : ·�':�:,.. : ��l]_e� :,, : frl•�l1, : w•/r,-f1 : ., ,, / O t.}+'-;'i rl i : c • : !. Oi' fl ]!-..:1,i; '},f,C'.' Y: 1 ''lf';f• fl.Pt... . A : «f>,, • (Lt'i/,\ : . . -1 l h1 Jlt �1,;.. • rJ-ll;J, : fw&-• ·?f-1:;, +1 , fl•� :, ,,.-l � ' f. � f. l t '.· f IA h'1"9°�.f·°f1 : fm:PAt\A ::

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--'' : O « : .,A '' dJ v f f ;J (D : u-o.:,, : ,)·C1·9° : it.'ilW• y_;:f•I\. :J !� §/ : ti,. A : (l : --= = 1'l t = n. t O l .:, f"A · .. r i't. 1-' c'i(l.V·'i'A ,7,ai = onv,t.,"f·· = "7hnc = 1 on . : Ol/. / 1 ' -l-1 : ( .. <1 t\ q:, 1 ,) f i'1.1:_"l" C'r" ,,. A. : °1fo :.1'911.·· : f ,OD(\ ti:.J' t.\ ,:37 {lf\H.. f r · -- : OD'}OJ ° f ,f•l n� .. :, P' ; l 1 : ri'l';J .. ro• : 9°hC : : Ort'll : OD1Pt.,1-- : tJ 9 : l OJt.e.r:1·1 : : b t!_c.· : h 1'1° : ODt\h I fi't.11-- c�n.f·'i"A: ;i, 11: "7h0C'i= 00 1·�...-J: : l\l·f.U : q_e,�,,f:: {llJlt }N: 1·1 °1,, : (?,. ) 9', ( m· J� : �l«f, <1f ;J-- : V°'lft., : f : 1; _ ◄ =· «: m n �nltf'l){\ 'l : i\ ro J','l'lA: 0,1'1 : f,°1'1° I i't..:,"�?if : f'l'11' : � l]'�OJ• ; fl:f(J)•1: rw◄t\ : IJ-�.;J-- ?J rf' : ro,.e 'J° : rro•t\ : °!Yo;J--91:f.. : fODt\h;J--IA:: /\H u,9'1: . '¼f,�,f: : }',1Cl1l : ·O,lht•'e : 1lJ.!'C1 : oro:,-,,,J: : oun&.IA: 9'1/tfl., : t\.lf1 : �:fl\lA :: 39

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: :PA : f0 71·ql\lD• : ;,,1 : (1D1<1/P':,..: }',"}«J,g:: bV�c I �il'I' : r1'lro· : (ttf... : lDJ!,9° : m'l-0 : (]t\{l}• : :,, c=1ortw• : OVlf�•-} : :J>il.. : r1'1ro• : mfl1l : Ql\ro• : TC fil:f"ll�IA :i fl.tr,9° : ft·l.tJ : ?."th«<;: : .. �ortw·: �ar : 'lf, : �CD• :: O�?t--1•'} : t\_e I ''"lfa;r'' : fOI/..t\W· : :PIA : fit..1 +C 40 ( 'i l.fw'iA : lirfi"l-'i : il9°9°�1''1" : V•I\.. : }1 {i«l1 f:OD(D• : (JlJf;y,.:,, : 1,"}f.°'l1'l f{I}« : OOl/..f1f 11m· : 0"11 OD'J'°IP''l: : Oh"}«f'� a;!} : (IJcflT: itA-t·m«f>(l9° ::

''"lfo:r '' :

o,,..

ll�ci1c:

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''fh. 'J ,f--C'ifl.f·t;A : '?�;J--'' : fOIJ./\a,."} : tl1ld/ : O(l&..w- : :,-C'l'-flD• : /\OT/ lll�-r: n+�:,- : f(ll\m�--1· : 01�1· : f illD· : A01JP.'P.: fit.,,,,..c'in.f-'it,\: ,l,"l Olt.-rf-A-f9"° : (J}c(lT : ,J-ct..?.O'f. : ill\ODtr.,.. : ft&..'i : r()C,f: : 'J''j",)• : 0"/f:l."l : f°'l 1,11.,.f.' : ro•il'f' : !"liar I t-fl·1 : f:J!ll : ,)•/;\� : J',C1"/l.:,.. : oourf)• { '1-0..Y.. : t\"7-0t-t--,1· : i',J!,:1>"19° ::: ili\li.lJ : ''"l!o;r'' : flPlfl(I}« = :J>A : hll.U 1 � ,h.fi: : ro-{)T : f1'Im- : Otn '10· : 1·C=1oi(l}c :: ,n:f- : �m· ::

,eu : .r:co:,.. :

fOl/.1\(D• : ,l1l°1 : fOIJ.fODl\ti"l"aJ• : f,f..'li7i'/\m• = ,1,1= 00 1'?P'T'i 01t1<t1i-- = tir�e = h1f..'i.. ODl\hi-- w· = (JJ•I\�::;.. "° = lif!•'J°c. = n1t..:,..f• 1tch1 = m·il'P = r,1,1:f = u•I\.. rnl\.,,e, oPlfc.· ty = ftb1l- = aritJt..1 T(1Jc1'i: l1t�C(l•?" : ,:JC : fOI/J!,illP/{JD• : ,'h1:f : o,fr : 'P,:J : flbl\.:l:OJcc; : i· f'i : tJPl ff• 11 J: flP/.. : ·1· '1-f : ,,A·,.f : •r : h..:, &.Cfl : f 1>;.. h · f'lh°llt lf�cIJc : lD•"} : }(De ::41

�, ''rnt\,e : ,"1 '?'' :

= Y:c1�; =

r,:cY:

I•

- 387 -

•

r�

h., ILlJ': U·I\- : :J>I\ :,. : fl'}..("'IT : +m:J>l\lD· :- (L;J--� : .n+7f7il\W•: a., ·: rr1 rt :f m-- = h.1 "'P':,... = ODw1.:,.. , +"-1'.. ODm- = "4:,. v-k,.e = ,fwti 4-,.e, = -+C'i(Lf-'a'A : m-flol- 1 il9°9°',,f--l-: lDf,9°: "l�;J--91l- : hih1: 001°1P'rj: : ;Jlr: '11 .("'IT : OJ\.+f-kf: ;,,1:y..: "7 iJt.1: 1.·c.1:,..: nCh'J = m-il,r : tt+ 42 -. 1rsi>:i: = ai11.. = rnt\. e = ODtrt;:i:m-1 = O"IAK' = f0Dttt,:J 1t- ==

"°'

r?°:,..

ml · flD·A: fOl\f..: ,"h°l'IT: 9°C9°C: m-m:i• 1

n,oriii:t = qOD+ = I

9°;,,1.-1: = r+?f7fttm- = ih1 = OD'}'?r:i-- = ODIP 1.,l· = r+ t..Roo-- ;(Dc/l�r-: f11-- IP: '11P'"F: OD'}"JP'T : fOl\f,: ,l1"1: 1'.1-'tlf�: ,l11: OD"} 0 1 P'irf: : fll tfA ::

b1tur = n«1>c = n1'.1"llL 11�ro· = K"th-lj: = ro·ilrr = f ilm- = ilt\Ot\f..'1:,.. fCll/. 'i1t.m- = ,l1l"l 1 h:tt1 = OD'}'?r-1: = :11r = r"7 f..ilO'/OD• = m1.k:,.. = r"'l.mm« ai1:f = (tt'P�:f) I 1:1;J1.S11 -:f i +itt1•-:f 1 lj:Cf..-:f 1 ro•tii;9>l-'i = ..("c1..Y·"f: 43 V·/\- � 'P,:J : f t\,t\rlD·'i"': f"'lf11\'?I\�: ODlft;:fro• '}: O'?A,r: fl. .f1f I hii.'J+c c; fl. f" 'iA : (D•tto1" : ;1 tr'I°: fO'/.,e,ii OI/ OD•"f: : .,e,1i m· : 1' '}..e..OI/. � 1'9° ():f(I}c : n°l Aft 'l..e.'i·1c9° = '?'I°+ = I\ODCD•(lf: ..e.:Ft\A == .e.ur = U?il+ non1'-JF,1; f,'h'?: t,ro•ai. r: lf'I: ro.e'J°: ni'til&.�Ol/..tD-: h�A : fro"1: O'/'i:fro·9°: t11'?= (tt'P�): n��'l-r 9°:_ lf'I = rof.>9°: nttit,f--�f..�: h<,:A : fi•(lm : fll/'i:fllJc9°: tD-ti). = rof:19° = f:c1.+ = hrtu rnl\.,e, = i11'? ;JC = roaz.:1>t.1 = rr'i = ;,.-, = OD'JOJ ,,.,...,:, = hllJ(l = n,l,1 = OD1'?P'T = = ODIPt.:,-- = q>.� = f t\ilm-'i = rfll/.r1ll'?A .,e,11'iA == ;,,1 = DD1°lr...,:, = .,e,rrtiA = h+'lt\9° = r,,,'? = ,:,1,A = 'ic::,.. = flP't. = .i\f.,: 1'1�.lD-A : ntt.:,--f"kf: �Cf:: n>,r..-:;.: :,-i•111: i',f,(lTn:,--'}°:: Ot\,t\: Oh·A: f.'?'l° l ntt1+x-: bf�(? ,,. _,,... .....: rtt"'IC�lD ..: K',h-'i:: rnt\,e: hlf �(D- : ;,,'? : ,:Jt• : ffll/J!,{lOTJOD•: lf ', (JJ• : fl.1"f.: 'P ;J : f fbt\:f W-�: fOT/ f1il0Jfr : ·itI\OIJ. tr.,, .:,.. = f,'h 1:.f 'i = (>-i'P�-:;...) = rOD'} °I,,.,:,.. = Y:c1.,y.::;:. = ·ttc:11 c = (I}cil 'I' ,,:,..i,.,11'' = 1\,... = ''Y:c1.. :,..'' fA 1n.. ht\tr'I 1 nit"'lc� (De ,r ,h-fi: ODlPl.T _(Df,.k:,• : f°t{Dffic: '':,•},lffl-:f..'i'': f:'C1.,•f..i• : 'P;J: ft\,a\TCD-',: ffJl/f1il°lfr' : +11 ilro· = lL?f � = tt.,e,:.1._ h-9° n v •i\ 1: = K' "'· c::-:f- = ao tihA = "I\onittJIJ fll/:,. = ft&. me = tt"'lc� = n-,..tftfi\w· = ;,., oo'}OJP':,-- = >i14'?.." Evr;r: = UDLP/..1." = fo1 6-i: aoJ.1.n� = = hfltr'I = r1t"'lc�w· x-,h.fi: = h1t1'?1t.11�w- = _e,A:,, ...,..+'lf.'IT. = fl\w- = aoir.,, . = ioo--1 = lllf19° = 7i1ti. 1 .,e,u = ttil,1,ti(l1l :i•nh ..>;11,?1-:f 1 ct:cP..-:fc; lD'ti fl 'i1 = 'ltD- lL'lA = nf..rA'r == ,1.1-:;.. = (it'P �l--) 1911·· = h11'1P .,,,,.,--1: on10JF+ 2 rnt\.e = ,)1°1 = :11r = f"'l 1'il"'loo« = (Llf � 'P,;J : ft\,t\TlD·t;: flT'/f"lildJ/\- = J!,lf'il\--: h+'lil � ''·1--1'tff-li--'': h'i: ''f:C'l, ...y."'f'' = rn"�' , ,'h'? = hfllJ(l • = t..tr7i = flT'/.err}-n:,-- = 9°n1r:,, = f/\9° ,, fl.1'1°lfl..11.;:w-t;: Oit"'IC�:w- s X'd1•'i:: ODithA: ffltD-: A��:,- : "1 1 : , OD'}'?P'irf: : hh1°ll\..11'i1 ' (Df,.: h"'IC";: (t_,f,l.19°: fi•flt\l\: {)flCPJ.OD (t/,\'i: =

"'°'

�

*'*

= ,_..

I I

= =

(

·42. � • h1i�·'iii.�!·''oh.:,•r-k.r • fih1�· •"'Ii>�,= Y:c1:,., heh, , 1.�"/f'', rh.:,•r-kf, fih"l � ":1_1i�·:,. r li� • {lAJ9° r !Df!li 1 '¼ 1 9° 1 1K" 1 liff 1 ·43, ''Y:c1.:i•'', fOJJ./lOJ- = :J-A • Oih1 : 001-,r:,., h"}+Yi , li.ftil f1'"}°lt\.1f;;:OJ-: Yith-,;: • tD-il1'' • f1'llD- 1 Oh"}.f: 1 (lt& 1 "" • °llo:t- • f°t,J1l'lhTtr-�·"} , for>"}dJJ"T1 1 hY:�1,fl- • flll'/ttt'IA h:,- I �OJ- ri -. 388 -

f�1�;>1Cfl ,,.1-- : l1'J c1>�-- : Oll:9"°«_· : ro·il.,flil.,n : �l�,f• : �1C : fT ?t& : . n{IDlf�- : f rf.. fll\ro• : OD'J..t\() : lL�Cll. : f:F/\m·: fiODIJlG: : :,.. c1,9° : 'J°h'} (',} : '" �01· n,t,tf!l l\ro• = ,"111 OD'JOJF:,,. = i'1"}cJ>i.. = lift;·� nu-t\,�9° i CJIJ/l:,.C = n t.. "1 -Ct;m•c; : 0h1°1hc11i;ro·?° = ?t ,11.� = lD"il lJl 1· ,"111 : OD1'?P'rf:'i' : fh.1',f•C.'i"fl.\' · lj(A: 0Jc(l 7f-: (}'}��:, .. : f11--lJ.' : '11Frl: : OD1"JP'T : ftll\ e , : ,11'? : 1,1,,;.t.r�-: ..... , (]lJ;J•tflt i f ,71·),f': V·i\• : f(ll\.f,: fiODl f1'i': OJ ,,'<.&..-1·9°: n°2.mm-: ,fi,lht-.'C : ch?i': (tt'P;e.:f): q,e: 1f.,{l : O"?fl l,)- -: l..1Y.:: n,7,1: {ID10/P'1:'i' : nro«l\ {]lJtihA : f,f..&.m�ro•: A f..'1:1.. : 0,"1 1'? : 11CD•QJ..ro•· : ti� A : ,:.f--{l(l : f,f..LPt.. : ,),e, lf'} ;, ''h�tlU?° : ;Jlr'' : fntn.m· : :J>A : i\1"11l.11�ro- : m� : t,OT/c:i1 : n.'i'l19'1 = hrf..l1lD' = il.u,,..:,.. = r,,. .," = �OJ• = ,of\�• = flUD ,,�'J°f..'1° = ,,fil.1�1).A fft (lt\J·f.f : m f..&..;I.. : \1°2.,lD ffi• : tl11 ":f� : (i't 'P )!":ic) : ,f..'"i ,;J'l,!}J:f.. $ ;f•}l 1-111:f• J � cJ!::,: x ro •ti).SJ>:,,,,: 'i . Y;.· c1.,y.::;:. h � lLu ;J1r = ( ro·no-:,: ,:,t.) fU£J ,e, ll UCJoo. = .,.. O.U'�- : 'P;J : f lbl\rlD·'i' : 't"1,,P"lll°l i\-- : f,ff'i/\.. : t-iA,f.. flt\ J lD•il"O"l'" : fOl\f, : ,n°l : J'ttiA : fOl/..lf).(l:,.. : ?°h'Jf:,.. : fft.'J° ::

0 ��:

''ll�tlU: ,,?&--'' fOIJ.,.l\ro•: Af..: fit'l;J�1c : ilA:,-: t,1110.. : i'11J•1: 09°1'1,;J 1cn:r: n14'7'.. : f1'1'?t\..1·l�lD- : �J,..� : lD·il'P : 1,1J.1..rl'UDflh--l·W·: lf 'f : U•fl'" 0:f1,: Ol/£J1Jt\TI"} 9 ' /l : ll 'J'i': JP',f: OD'J" r ," .. Ol/1\:, "l : �:,-: 1 : h ,f: } ° q� : rnl\.e ,"h : >,nn1• :: rt1+ �.. = "� = :,.. c1.. ?°'i = llt\ = n"y_,.,:,.. = roi'i'1lm· = n�A = 'lttil = uti,n : m,e...t1.. u = (llJf..'J°f,07..,,f = itti•n = f{JlJt--i\--

:,..nn

'i ft''' : ,: f.,l f :,:m /l,l\ : ;J 'P --'i': '?il f11l ''fOl/ :, tL .. "l r : .. : 1Cn : 1'1;J n9° l\ iltla --f: : ro•il.lJl • t nu1 : OJ•lt 1n--1:, ' t. {IDf lPJ.. : :, : rori.f\c:1, t'}t"}cf>� : .ij'fj;•(i : :J�i\ .. : f f ° ', 19°: ,:,� A'i : m-m:i:�"m,e9°: Jtil.1,v,�:',:,- : ffbt\OJ•: l/Dlf'r1: (J)c hl'LU9 : 9° 0:f : fOIJ.!hh:,.. .:,..: /t. OJ• = l : tLt 1,'l :, � 'Pf:.?D ltt\ : n1,nmm· : 9°'n1f1' : {/D�l .. : il i\ : lf 1 A : "1 °I f-'i c n. cc;· ..-, . 1 .. fl it ', lD• <JI/ : : ;r y � ·: � (l OJ .. A V--c; f . : '? rit 1 c;(L f C J f t; 'i'(L : T i'1. ' • m·1 • /\h--f ,f•{ID il.'I' • t\ : £D . in I . • 7i f : 'f/r i' lD m m'l'(l 1 • • ' 1l I. • fl • ' · . °I () ,I,, i',f ◄1 • 0{ID fl) (le : n u rf: ' P « " � , 1 llcf>l W·9 ° :: il i\.f·LtJ : }, }f.." : OJ &\ : ,..,,,, : (1JJ I i1-o � -: • {lt i· A f c · 1t+c Uril.T = 'P ;J = nil = n lf19'° I ,eu = n,f! = tr'f = nt1.."),1.. 'i(L 'i" . � ;, 0 1 • /\. : 'a f..(l1 : m : •A OJ : f ,'J : l\f : :,• ft· .. ? �" i\· } 'P;J 1iJ!till)m•9° :: h• ;J'J : f

=�

- 389 -

•

t.tt:i•: f01'/.1lllD': (lh."}ai•C'i'"(Lf-'i'"A : ,11°1 : (101/. tDil�CD• « ih"l : f..l� : oPlf"} : ft\O-r9° ::

rol\f, :

1,1:{ I 011"1.t.'f!

'11el·1 r-,�..

= '1611-?- : f(l)ct!\ : ,1,'?'IT = ft.flt\ = o-il:i• : = f"'lm :i»il : ODIJ'"} : f,'.°C{l:rt\ :: {l(l)•t\-- : lD·il 'P : f 1r:,. : f{l9°9"',.}• : &1:t-9>1· : = 'i:fw· (++�"7. hih1 tJD"}'?.P'-i: = fl<l-'r:, . ;,,1 l· = ,1 00·1\--. = �T : 1\1\:fllr) :: h1LIJ9°: fro -A : U•).;J-- 91-:f : �l>f..9° : (LA : fro�:,.'} : t -0,h»t.'l!: .,"f11'f"}: {lonifc:: .. ltf,�alf : lDf..k:,_": 001/.. lDm«:,'9°: -0,11.�'f!: ih1T: l\f.: "lf..•fl: f,'l'I\�: (,,rn:q tr) :: (h1g-: rr.1§ : 1, ilh: rt11 : fi\lD•"}: f.,oo ° r : 9 f : 1 /\.h:tA):: hli.U : l\.f,: rit..:i,v-t·f: : 001 1r:i• "h � 11 °/a a : fi't�tq'}: ih 1 : OD"}'?.P':,.: () f, l1' "} ; f,t ?f qii lD" : ,7, 1 : OD"}'?P':,. : hoa (D•flJ i: : ( "'I fl:,.. : h'P:,,9°:,.. = i2 : 4>1 : Iilt�t) : r+f.l7-T1 : lIJcll0:f: ru1t,t:: fOI\F.,: ,n'? , titiA = "�-- c·) = rUI/J?,cf'l't--:f(I}c = ooir�1 = 00·11t1-n = flt.t.A:JA ==

= n+c

n+c :

rnl\.e,

n,-: m·, n&,:,.. :

'6U : hil"f'i\(l.-fi : (•1•C1--9°): f"f'ODLPlai-tD• : fi"l•ifq" (\aJ• : ,'h1: OD"}°I P'1-: it "}if>?t;-: iir�fi : {l)c{l"r : {}{\CD• : (10111: o0tf lD· : ''J!,lf'i'"A'' : O"?./\W• : :J>A : I\f, : 'i a,« :: -01-ifift\fD« ,n1 = tTD1"lP'+ = tt1+i = fi!li"l = (D«ilT = rari1·'illr : ''f,rr 'i'"A'': rat{\ro•: :J'A: f"lfl�: n:i,1£L:r'e: f1t�.�1c: P'A:,-: ilt\tr�: f'}"rlP : t .,1,,.,,1: = oo,'?F: - = fn'l.e, : = JrttiA = raiir'i--:,. = hT:,,s,n..} = t§ = c1>1 Ifit?it = q 'I° = roP�u = tt..:i--r-ti,.f = ff..t.1:1::fro· m.e,9° = httf = m�..u , r++ O/\:F:f-m· = 0r 1tL·T -0,- = ODlf'J = Jill q:,:w. : 1'2.A = :,-.c�oi : t\.nmtJJc = t1 'lA :: ''.e..rc;A'' : flT'l,(\(J}« : .cJ>/,\ : hli.tJ : r1'1ro• : -Ott· : 1..tL : il1'? : (Lt.+:P : "1, "}f..OTJ.f..l"I {D« : 0Th ff If'£ : h1 +?: : >-. f, f.. ft. 9" :: (1 ti, ft9° : it "l&\ t\ g, : cf>'I' h.o = 01-n,n•:i-- = 9-un1, ..r,.:1.. = f:J>l\• = i',1'l•O = t,T:,,s,n:,-. = �o 1Bfi,;,: ,.. .... = +'t = ...., .......- ·- = q ='I°: fai-f..l.1--·1--�} : 0r�1- : itf.tn.?°C?° :2 $

,..,.. .... .,.

,noi

o�:,.. :

01-?fif /llD• = ;,,-, = 001oi1":,.. = lD•ilT = TC"1/o1 = ltOl/ilro1.e..· = at'lA l\ttt. : �1C : OJf..t.. :,.. : tD•m:,C : fl"'lll11·:,.. : 'lllLi\1 : 'i!TC : 11 ''f.U''i'"A'' = 4."} :r : O"'lh:J.. .,l"A = ''�ro-'' = f"tft<D• i :J>A : 1-0;tA== n'l°tilb = n;,11 = a01"l.P':,• � i',c.·:,»1.:,- = itf!'l'C = it1�f 1 ir�o 1 hf�?; 'he;' = liti"J. = llril'P : fnro• : Ol\.ft 1t�·:,,1. •.,_:-;·a_i:ilrr.�htl�:i=�: f"l flllr : '' f,lf'iA'' : f°tllro• : :J>A : /tf,lf"} ! ''�ro·'' : f°tfl(D' : T'htf•f<f! = i't"}+x-- = �w- ni"te.1·LtJ .. fl\ = u-).:r Jr..1 .. f:= om· = "� tLf : itt;:,> 1i:,-- : f"'i.f00 1ln+.:,C : f/\l• : U·�:rsPl-"t : �(D•: /\tll/ll:,- 1 1,1.�w· = 1,rrc.·A i't1<1>1.-- = iirj;e = nT:,,9":1-- = �o = +1 Yti\i�t r q = r = nt.:i• = "� = = ro,c;.u = t\ 1,J?.1.-,... :,. = o.H\-if. ' 1-00 /tllf. : f-lJf = �'}J;,(ll1J:1,:ro. : +11tt f:f•+ .. e...: 0.lf"} : 'ie : 1 ''�IJ't;A'' : O°!lllD•: '?P': 4-1:J" : 1\i\.,e : h"l"lll'l'0•1' : itli;,,9.:,ro«il'I' : i,1-f..;J"f(Ir : ''�w-'' : V0 tlllD• : 01P' : (11ft : �{lC • fH..u- = '114"?.' : fitOl/c,;:m. : X'th-lj:: 0:,-10.;J--'f! : .P' AT: 011101·: ''f,trt;A'' = fi''?./\(l)c = :i>A = .em+"'IA :: n+ifif/\ro· = ,n1 = {IP"tci/ 0

��..

n'r-:,..c; Iutf9'U

il/ •

- 390 -

..Iii

,1·P' = Jt,+� = lif.t{.; = ODlPl:,-: h"'IC� . f 1 0J : . ., 1,P',j:: 1 IP .. OD '} �• !r • •P• fi }* : : 9:" ;;: f,(l {IIJ J>':," : ODu -,.. !. fin"'IC-. ar ·. n . q-..'h•·� f' : , o..,.. ODl\h ""(1}4 : fOD:e:OD6 rro•·: ''f,lft;A'' . f m• = O 'h : T • 1 ' . ta_e : cf'K' ; 1t C rr � � . Q : :i« : CD• L t ' 1 :, : O r}: l1'1 1.i 11 ,,., 1 C •. J»fA,,· = �m::• lf'i9° : ,vr ,, : f°7.i\(D >...i. l.r11' 1· � I (D••• cco /JU ""I/,\ • : :}>(A : f1{}UJ• : tj:a h- ..• n;._ •1-'h •1 1'1! = • . = n.1�;,;.,:,, lll\w· = :,. c,--9° = 'Im· th/ n,'h,,,.. =( ��'" ) n .rf> 'r:J- = ti IA ,f'1l\:,. n .rf> c: : it;.r: = i'tP,.il rro''1 -�· ,, � m�:,\i\: + ooA(t /\OD P'&, = , .:, : , h i\ DDfrfr-: f,f..l;J 'h.'11 . 1fll • f,'h'? • .K 1.•0 .. 'Im::• Otl .U: ouwl:t-: frf--.tfq nm• : ,n"l: 00, "IP':,..: 1\1-cf»?i': fi(D«i)m: ;J--q>.rf!',:,-: ,'h1: OD1"1P',rf:: hou llrllJT-: fitu:i•: f,f,1'l..1•:,•'}: W•(lo":f: W.�:\f\: rf'OD/A{l: f(11\_e,: th"l: ittiA: tr'lar: h'J>',.�m?a: f�C;J:f'PIA: ..,..,nno : ft.rf'l.19°: n.f,1'19° :: aof (l(llJabl..if?°: ftLIJ: �""1-'i:: f.&.f\.: fi,)1'11: >-,ro•mro-: h�IA: If�: i-111\ fi-rP�: .,1!:: i,.,?ifl : {\OI/m:P: fY..l1m:· fOD,11.rr�: 'f''i:,_": {l}•(JLT : ff11Jc):• 1n"1: OD'}d]p-';f..: fiODU)•ll].-f:: flt.:,_..: (\rf" f./.1.. :,": Oril l.. : Oi-7i?f (\W•: ,1,1 : on"}ctJ P'T: l, 1�1,?t": lif?;g: n.lP/'rif,'1:,..: f 01\f,: ,'h"l'I:,•: f.t.']f: fouilm-r: 'h;f,f..': 'hi•��-hf.." C1: f°t�'rt.W•i: itili-lt(l•fi: flfl/f.,f.'?�: lf$:A:: • ill\tl.lJ = f.-J--if7ittm·: ,l11 = oP1dJP':,• = 1,14,1,,-- iir-X•f! -.--•-- rJ-tu•�· ,7,1 OD"} "IP'T: h(]DlD•ll]rf:: fikT: ft ,f--f.t.1,:,--: ro·1t -:f·: ri, n,A1:i·: f..ljf"}: J'-if,(111) fw-9°� Ot\i\ = J--t'l;,1c i hrf•?f7ittw· = ;,,1 = (11J1°1P':,.. = 1,il4'f:."'I° = r�ni;.. :,( ) -arfto"f:---no-1'=f1J1&,f1: r11,LP: '11P'1-:: (ID7"J�:, : fOl\f, = ;,,,,: J,f,Y..t\11 9°:2 ,e,u9°= n.tr,: r,,,.1iciI\w· ,"11 1 UD1"lF:,• = ntJDm•n1,1: = n&.:,- = r� n?-:,.. : W4ftol- = htlf = m,tu = hrf,.e..t:1--�·· = m•trD:.1... = ;,c = r1, h·A .,:,.. .e. t.)l"= rll:rro•r1 --: ii;J"h·OC9° : 1�:J : ,. •:,, 111/ftT: h.:,·•r *.f: h'lf·L.f: m-l\�•l·: roiz...filh-rt\ IJl/fl,r: hf,f.ll9° :: l,1Jtf0r9°: · 'P;,: {L,..<1(1"]:fro:- rori..:l�t\lD- 1: �"IC: 'tt":LA ° +m-: hJ'H·: h,n"l: OD'}"Jp-'rf:: ,:JC: fhh..A'I:,..: f..l'A:" l)f,'f t.TW•9 : 1,11;1. ! r.. ,-.;rfr: o-�;J-9'"f: 'l�..:far: ro•ft ':.f : hilh"l'•f"h:· f..'lil :: Ot,..,1··f·A"f: i\f,e: = r = t OP' = i\. ,, A• ·ri'1.1 == r .r1 _e(r, = � f.t1' 1'1 e, = 1�: ttr. ° '/°9 : fOl/.w�'i i\.OD/._,."1 -h " :J f9° ' = 9'1 '?�;J A · rm l). 1 1,; 19° cttr = 1'/ : tP/1 f;h fO'l ;,c : lift -- 11il,'i" = 0,:i = 'Ii •nc novlfs: = = ,1·(111'/ = <»AJ!!... v·,h"}il'i = 45 : : cf'fl t\.m lf'i : 'A" {lt. "IPJ ]t'} C n C : ti co• 'lfl : dh1f'LA: outiflA: f t. · · ti-1\A :: r ti�9'l·= a . = n+m«f'(lro-: ,,,..Pif.: l\f, = fJ'-tlJJ«�>{m· = �c.e- = n,:, = hnl11:f?1" C : 'f tJ� : tJ ·1 1 · t.n f+ : 'f' •{l (l} �= tl1 ?i' : C 9° n+t\,,e.: +T� : fi-1'1«:,..: 1,fL· IJ: f9°C ntnAT = .r11t.�1r : 'l · ih W : • l\ if rf if f ! I fl' h : .Y. A ":t }1 �/ q>;,: fDtf (lm•T·;: -,-,e"f : h'? • t • f, f\ (l f t : f: Jt J' f : " ' "J l Pf. o fi OD"}"JJPT: hODO)•iJJrrf: : 0&, 1':

lir?.i"� :

•

= "'�q> : rin'17i =

n,1·n1J11•:f =

�n :

- 391 -

JitiA: fAlf'I: Ji11:: OJ•A: 0"7.1 fl : 1t il11A+if I. : OJf,'J° • 0/t,ft: tJJcA: h.iltiArf•+ti: 1:lil: oohOC : J't/\0-r =1

'h1Y..tLlJ : flt.-T1: ,,.�r-:1- : I\ODil"'/-r : I\J'ttJJct.jf : �CJ.':: fl.1'':f: f�CJ.': : P'A"l11: f,(11': O'IOt.m- : O!i1f@§ : o,oo+ = 9°lhl1:: f��.,:, ..: P't. = Jilt 21:: it'P� : l\f,: f,lJ : m-A: :,, 1:0I/..11: OOI/'? 1,J:: 1't, f.': arA: 01"t--ar: ,11°1 : l\f, = f 01\f,'l."'f": t,ftar:: 019fvi� : a,oo,,-. : 9°:itt.,f: : :,,Jttf1f : 4?1'C : j : 1'1+? .: ,: : "tt'i : fl!f!J�i: o,oo+ : 9°ml1: = Ji'P:e, = 4?1'C = lil@fl = Jti+i· = 6 = ODlP . : OD1'? : ,,,:,- : hODW•flJrJ: : /.T : lj:CJ.': : f1TT : f,f-qq/\(Jr dl1 flkT: l\rfcf..l.1":,': artt 1'-- : ..,.. -,n.m·i = :,-ci,.9° : fiOD{l(llT: flP't.: l\f, : h1�.W•l\-: "7 f:l°l : Jill 'l:flD·:: r""

,,... ·- ,,,.... � ,...

oof ou·1ti: : t11'?'i : {lll)cl\�'f: ootihA : ill\l\OJ-: '?1 f.'I:,� ! fh."}rfcC'i(I..f·c; A: ,11'?. ! lD•A'J°: �'J°C ! hli 11.: : U1C : 1ld1,,�'f!: rt1'?= ;JC : f"t'Pdt �.:,.. : Oll"l\ "l' : ou11f.•: ',a>•:: f.1ilD·9°: -

= =

f(ll\m�. :,... v1�1-- ft1. 1rf-- C'i(I. f"'iA: lD1lA = �m- = ,fil\lD· : f+ 10. ..... f.,, u = o,au ..,.. = 9°;,. t..-,: l't "'1 (JDc 11;,:(l)•"} = Y:c1.....y...-:;... "I:,-. = ,...-. ..- -ftt.. :,-SV-A-f flD"}ll\i1 = ODq'tifiJ. = ,l,°l h�titli 'ltilh 1£1� f:l ii : 'lfrT: 4!1'�1-: (lrfc0Df1h,1--(l)• : ODIPlT: {l,fi,lh&.'f!lD• : dl'?: a>cil'I' : {loo�� :

il/

frf-7i7il\lD•: th."1: DD1'?P'T: it"t«l'K': bf�(?: }\1f.."'i.l\UJ•: o,,e�:,.: {llf � : itm:l'l\f,: h'l;J1C : Cirft. 1'1: h1J;,i:t,.'£(1)•: ,l1'?: ;JC: 4>1\4'A : 'llD· ::

= :,,

n{IIJ

ililH.tJ : r+?f7i'illD· : "11: DD1'?.P'rl-- : '114'?. : ..... bf�{! .....� : �,........ : h'f'q,'J°:,.. : �o .,,, = Ittf.�t = a, = 9° = frf--Y..t.1':,•'t = lD•l\o-:;.. = hv1t,1: = •fl,h.�'I! itt'? = ;JC : f'PU�:f!'PA: lDf,9°: flLU• : ltilA: ff..c;,:f'PA

ro>tu =

=�

frf-?f?f/llD• : ,"t,1: OD"} 0JP':,-: hDDlD•ll)rf: : {l&,:,... : f+J?.t.• J·T: ID4fr>1:'I" : OifiI�� : O,or>rf•: 9°,nt.,,-1:: :1-"1.•·111: cf!'l'C: i: h�: n·1ul-1iii: 0,0D•f-: 9°,l,t.-i:= �'P:e,: </!TC: P.f'flP. : hV1trf:: ti,'?: ;JC: ;�q•tJf..'PA....;;·-�--

ro·ll�:r-

n..

0,+:f=

fl\flflttf = n�tLu = = l\f. = ncnc = -;ti = fi',.. ...,,.r-A·.f = �c..(" = 0'11?< : 11l+{Dc : {Dcfl l\"'I il&.. ?.'I° : rOl/..f il:f...l\:f!lD• : ,1 1,;J'l! : Y:;J{j:: ht'i' �T(Dc'J°:: f,lJ"}�•: {lODY,,1�: t} rfl\"}'i: iiTf·L "}Q"}tJ :•

r1 :

rtt.

''rfl,�t--'£: �CY: : (Lrf•T : 1rf--C'i(l.f-'iA "} : tl1 "l : -t-L?.°t: roiff..C 1�n:,� _: 'l°h1fT: f,U: "1'?: '11¥:9°: Orfld1.t•'l!: ;,,'?: a>cillf': (lDP '?'1"'1 ; hiltLf'I° = hr{ltfht.'l!: th'? = ;,c = (looq> ,1,�: rfi:F : �ar''46 : (I.it.- : 'Ii/..'l'A ::

---

·46.

tt. = lt'Tl\1''1 • .e..11 = 11:,,n1-'lh • ,, • ?'Arf:tiA • 4.m-'>�'i'l:1- , 1'.fi: • tt.1',t,C'i7i'iA I Ir'�• (1.ilf!lii' I '¼ I 'J° I) 1 fi I ff=Et I tt-9°. •

- 392 -

h�A : .,f -:

�(Dc{\o�

outi n A : ill\OIJ.'ic : OD �lC ::

fJ/ flV·t\� : CD-f\9"rf : {JIJtihA: ill\01J.'iC : OD�lC I

•

hti..1rt·cc; (L� c; A ,..,,'? l\..:J� '0 ·1:,.. i', "},i;. = n. A(I 1 r nOJ·fto1�- on11hA = ,,l · : lfll if /JJ� : l (. C : (1 7' � ( �..th�<;:: : OJ·()IJ' : h1.';.U : ft..t\• : f...'J°f;OD'f'A 2: {lti : ''1rf\:t• : ..,.�� = ciJ-/\.�71, (..-f.. 'P'Pr· :fi = u1c:71.__ .rm.. u•-,OJ•): nu•l\-1•:

=,,.,,-,.

�t.r«t : r,f"f)(\{D•: it,n�f>l\f,: fi'i..1-rf'C'i(l.V-'iA: f.. '}11 : OF�: I\� : �OJ-I\/,\:: ,e,v?° : ,e. 1-0: ''Oi', (JlJtlJ'}': f:\t\ '1 : flf .,m•: (De/A: f&,,f·fOJ• "}: �·lil'PA''=�l\A== ,e,1r"t: 1'1Pr:: t\llf,'1 m-: ..e...?;O = ,f�.,!f,�t: flf-, : ODlPl:J..,'l!: 'li't·O : ft\OJ·•: ('OJ·/.\= ll9°9°�,,l-- = t\.{IDIJ' l:,.. : f,,,1 --1\A :: �•fi m·9'1 : t\,h il : T�V-t : ,eor:;11:,--: r{l:,-1, \1-t 1 fcP/.flUJ• : ,,e,.'},fi : ft.tr'} : ,,,C(l•9°: ''c,,f.9° : (LA : 1\..1\ : OJ·A : fl,f·'P'P t\•: anc:'1- : {JlJl-}h/,\ : �"JOD-1 : frf·f.l"l(D• : O}c/,\ : hODlODt,,fm· : (D•/,\ : ;JC : fOIJ 47 f., 1 : lf jt\'' OJaf.,':,:, f)ODll} : f(f�(J}• lf f�/lf : '}' : .f·L : : f,{10'/CJf/ : filJl/. '}fl:," '

rnrt.tA

= -,w. =

flH. U : 7''J1-<t: : f.�(L ?° : Ji (l,f..l)(l,fl : ,f·?.t..t : flf)· : V·t\:,.. : m· i\ :1· · : Oh.;f•V•*f'j: f)'}�' : fl/l>I\ : ,,,,pq>�: OJ"J" } : ODt}hA: rf,f..C"JOJ• : fl.."J� : f:-\/l far: art\: fk,f''i:CD..1- : '1'1f.OIJ..1it..ro-: fl.c�ffiC: �"JflA :: �1C : "J"} : U•/l"f; : ,f•K�t : fh.'},f--C'i(LV·'i·A: lD·fto:f.. : f,f,f...l"J--")' : 1,.r1 �'}�fro•: hA�: A�: u1c::1: : ;JC: OU'., : �1-L: w-m,f:: (hl\Y-,fro·) : f"1•/\f: f,(ft;&\ :: ..,..K�t: hlf)·: fro·A: "1�;--91:1�: CD·il'r: :,,f....'11..f: OD{lm:,..: r(]Il"J'l;J! ro•: r-rqi:,: = 1,1il1'� = "fi6"lil = (L�--4. ''no-fl.:,.. : "l''P'Pf,: u1c:-:f, : out-ihA: fCJl/.f..l"l : CD·A : h-,ILV·: "1--'P'Pf.,: U1�1": }i"}��ro· : ht\,I\ : y,{l,f--«'; : U1C : ;JC : hCPJ.f..e..C"lCD" : <»-A: ;JC : fOI/ 01 f,fl 1"'1 htr·, = ni'-touOJ'r = f:\t\� = ftra,CO" = ro·A at�7i = f.,U''iA = roitr illt: �?{l..f 1 : fi..'i�9'1 : h'}� i fVC7iCY: : 9'°C9°C : ..�co:,• : cf�'l'C : t�: (th) = {}ft:.\/\. f lD" : m-y_--:,, : oulf'} : ltf,'i1C : llf.&.. 'ilD" : :,,Y:01/••f' f°2.ftmro· 48 00 'l "l'P : f&,rl'� : {\lf.,(D" : lD"A : -,ro, : f.,fll,\)) ,,Ot\'PA :: rtt..u i--,h..� = ,,e,.t,.(L = fOIJ..f4'cn,n· = uti.-n = '?1 = flODllJ'l' v-l\"1-- � fl1' �(De: m• /;\ : ?1119° : ii� : t1out{IIJ6,,rro· : ;JC: fOIJ�ilOI/OI/ = 0..0'19° ro·Y::P � 0Dlf1 '1f.,'ico:,.. I fkrf--�:m.. ; ro·A = flt..K?t9° = l"lf-' = :,,,:ai,r � ..,.. o'l',f..:,.. : f:\ft�Or'}: (D•I,\ : "]'}: t\ODt._'/..9 '°: f)(\OD7fr : (\_e,.(.(l(l}": "J•J',�' : ti vl : (JJJt)t._/;\ : f.1'1 A: fOI/.A: ,.,CD" :: f){IIJll}'f' : fk"f•<';OJ• : fl[J'a,ro·: co•/,\ : fl&.�'1..9° : l"lY: • :,,f.'°7.f: fOJJ.(l,p(l:,..: 9°h1-f,r: t\iPJ.&.mt..m·: :f"lC : 11/.\fl:,•: t\(JJJiltn"l· : ;t-ilfl

... &;

- 393 -

= =

(Llf1 l f,A.4!19°: ''; h;t-: 0-1:,..: f\Cti'},<;'': "'Ill:,.. : il9°9°�,f,,:f: 9°1: 1..H,9°: n.111 : {IDffifi� : Jtt\fl:ftD4 : h01/.t\tD4 : 1'1 :J-'I! : f,l1'? : Hf,11 : ,;JC: f,f-- ll07"'1 : c& lu1• (ID<j::,..dh : O(IDlf},9° : ',W• :: f,Ui�· : noo_e.1<j: : 'fr.»taflC : 'l!OC°l : f : . ltATlllfi+.'i' : (IDiPl;r'l! : Ultfl:fa,.9° : T10. : foo;J-OJ� : .e.l,l : '1A+(lmw.: . °1'}9f.r,:,n+c : nu1�':f : OD\-thl,\ : ..,.., fl. : c; : "'l'a:fOJ-9° : fit. '}rt-C'i"f\.V-'i"A : 49 itt"I : t\.(l9°C : ttf.7f-A'J° : -Ot\ 'PA :: t\) fi{l)'i\_o:f'i" : 0-0dht--'I! : ;,,a, : ootihA: {lt\01/. 'iC = OD�lC ! 01'.Tf-k.(' : nro·;\o1''i: {l,fich.t--'I! : ,"h"I s ODt}bA: OA¥-: A.¥-: 00 111: : OD�lC : /L&..lllC : f,1'1\1,\ :: {\9°i\ll, :(li) fi(l)cl,\'j" : +Y-9° : -n� : OCD"l : ootinA : f°t'iC : OD�lC I

on.1, : ,lt"I : (it'P� : lDf,9° : f:1;,i):

(t) On1 �, : (J}ct\'i" : htto--: m·A : O�I\ : OOJIIJ : O{lf, : ,"h°l : ontihA: fOI/.'iC : ODKlC l (j:) (l(l)ct\'j" : fl,l1 "J : OD'}"IF:r'l! : i','i"�K:,.. : ootibA: fD?.'iC: ODKlCt fl.'iC : 1-1-1\IA :1 (ti) nm-A'i" = +F..9° = -Of\':' : nro"l =

on,. _e. = :h'? = ODtiti A • ill\ OIJ.'ic = ODKlci

fT'l'll\(J)c : ,711 : OD"}"IP':,.. : noo;J--ro);.. : 0.{.T : ftDllJ : n'JY: : o(l,e,: :,,,, = (n 'P�-:. = ro1,r = �..., ,:,ri) "h'i = nT:,,svu:,.. = t2 +1 : IHl�t = o, '1° = nk�·= f..,..F-l1 = n1 f: (JJci!\. = i\c:fl = ncta:flD4 = tJ;tC{l = f'P/.Kl"z,.'i iLiltT'/(IO«'J° = f"7 ° chlrl: :,..hli1f i cJ?'f' : .. f,"ft\• : lf'7a,. : (L1)"!. ! fl1iJfPJb: 0,0D•· f C: ,! 9 : : : ..,.... : -�- .,...._... ..... : he; flI!!£�i : £}0Drf' : 9° ;,,t,.1: : hcp:e- : k£@Jl : cJ!1'C : � : <JDLP/.1• : ffll\ ,,,,:,.. : fCJI/.'illD· : CD-it- = ',(D• :: i\,�,l.1•9° : frf•7i7inar : "1 1 a OD'J"Jp-':,- : h:r ro,=: {l�.I\ : ftDll} : n"}f: : i'J,f·: fOl/,IPt--n:,... : ;,,'?'i: hC(lc : n�I\ : f,t-f,l'I : = met\ : 1'Cil: flCl}:f(l)c : Q;l.C(t : f"'lf.{ttP/(IDc: IJ,'llD• : (L11-: ffl•t\· : 4 F.'l°: (LA r ftDllJ(l)c'} : dl'? : }.,1�qq'{\(l)c : ,,..�T(!' : f(ll\f, : ;,l"J : h'Jf..OO(f�• I tJD{ll } : Oh"}«f' K" : ?ifti : OOIP t..T : T&.1-0'1. '1:,... : f,'i l'P I!\ :=

fT?'f'l{\(JJc : ,"h1 : OD1'?F:r· : }t"}cf,?; : lli9° : i"},t-W- = fD7..v-•t.-'1:ftD·1 ;,,-)1• : f°tf7i7ih- : lDf,9°: ffl7.7i?-: W•f\ol- ; lDf,'J° : fh.1,f•C'i"fLV-'it!\ : ll'f' 9°',,f,?f- : fl"}1'1P: '11Frf: : OD"}'?P'T: : Om1ffl•9° : l\.e : TLKD'l : h{ID = ,,. , ,,.. n, = rr'i":f(De n t.:i- = t\:rcI\oi11: = + c n (I}« ;rcI\ = (t.+ OI\ '1"1F1: : 00 K".e.� : i',t\fl:flD· : f"'lt\(I}« : f,U'}"} : fOD{lt\CD•"} : OOf.lC : {l"'lll"' "I 1: : ., (De :: 1

.,.,:,-.c;

-- • ....,,:,. c'LC l1�'' , '10?.�ti, 1 ;f. 'i 'ROCclJ I ''.rh;J U1il • • ' 49. C A 'ii'Ai?° • !le • (!uf!lll 1 {lT) • 1Yi." • ifiri ::

- 394 -

=rm·

oi,..,:

}'.t;: 1

h.1..,..C'i7i'i'A' fr''!:.'

(1'1 : 1' f: h ' OJ •&\ 'i l·LO· : lD -A: n:\" : nm11J .• O(l 1> . ... ) («• I-' • {I\ °I : OB '1 h A : ill\.°'l'fc = ou��c -= 5o f.. it '-'i = , t ti 1 "l� = ai r ti.e.. r1 ;: nh.:,·r-A·f r,11'? pcq:,. ouw 'h1 = 1 Y: oo• .e. = ,"11'? = f roll}(o• = 1'1 ">.r,., = ro•A = h1· �l1 fl� \·" : a..ir1?11 = n t..� . . 1t, tJOll' l.TOJ-1 ' tJD•fl•} ' OJf,'}" ' "lfo:J·: fl 7iC , rof, f'}" , f ( . L.(' if , 7i A _ _, r 1t1·1.0·9° UIJ'i:f0 'J° · ro•A = n :-:i." = llm11J = on._e ,7,ai n.7fc = ro_ecr = lL7f 1' if A: "ttf,1•A'J°:: r t\ 'i: hC0·9"°: O m : : O .. on.._e "I : O ;, 1 cJJ: onl 1hA: n.'}.'; .. : lb/\ : � � } Oh' � l : . l : m• f ,7,1: OD'}'?P' ;J, !£: ,nai: fL:J> Or'}:,,: i I\ D?. if f-°IC : 0 ft • () ,,, m-1: (lll'i ll (Lf:,Wrf:: ''ro·A : hC:fl·: 0?.I\ : OWIIJ : ,)1'?: _e»7f7fltA: a.'1A9'1: 1,1� 1 ,111•: 0 iltr'J°1T = llf lih.'l.. A= OP'� = i\J!, 0 = tL.ro·A fOIJ..'fAn:,..: {llJ( V l\•"J tti\ l f, 1: t\f\: cf''i: ti� : 1,iltit\: �l.fl: ftt."},..l•C'in.V--�'t\.1: ,"h°l: (ro·fto·;;.. 1?11: 61!-?°C): tL'l'il n""l.:-;.. A = '¼.e �:,-- = OD�1,c1'l° rn. n-l-?11 51 f,1t/\.◄ riflf�?! : '} : 'l°: n.'PJ?,.-.: •ck'PC: ?JI@% : fiODQJ..l7iro·: cJ!T'r : bl\J!,'1ro- : hil,..1'•)1)•0: ;, C: f"f't-f (ID.. e..: ,ncf,i\ I\: �1"0 = n.o'P :''t lJ : 1'l.14' 7. = 0>",.1' ...,.. C'i(L\'·'iA : ,l1�: rof,'J°: T'1ti-.J!,: fl 1.1'1 fl:f ar: Oii.1,f·C'r"fl,f·'i'A: ll'J°9°'1:,.. : OJJ!,1/°: \l"}'iL1(Lf·1: (IlJu,l:l.. : tiil•:,": °IY--o;J' 52 -l° 1 : : : : f'f ;JC "I\ f..°1J!,i 1"'1 'lflf 1',�i t..'19°9°'' : f,I\A :: n-t Q;l,D'f t 9°= w·il�-:,: = r nI\J?, = ;gi"I = n lj: A 'h;�ODlfc;•:fm· = OD,n 1= n '-"I 'i'Tlir9°: dl°l : {Lq?-: h!!,:f,tt-9°:: J?,U?° : U'/n:,_,: n,,.,.. 7i,rilro·: ,111: (ID'} 0l l1.1'Y..i.. UDt\h,,1·m- = v•tt· = ro·il�·,1- f"}1--w 'l1P'"I: 1 nt,1-c11g- ir�e 1 °l11 �- f n"1, : ;,, '? ;·ti� A= n ODr r'.":t:ro.= m f..&, :,..= r orz..mm·= ,1,·> :1.. = ( i','P,:-,1:) 1 1:1.,i?11... i :,..,\t11•:.r.. r lj:cf--:.y. i (D•ti�?>l·'i· = ,:c1. -r-:-i: v•tt.-= ntPJ.1•1 n�1.. "1t&: ro-A ;,c: f°7J!,il°7oo-: fl.tr)·= 'P;, = fi\.l\:fm·'i= fD'ff1il"li\◄ : .elf'itt.- == . "" (r) OOJcA'i. n,-.,1 = UD1'"1P':t- = t,14'?-1 = {/Dtihf.\, illl''?. '-fc = (IDf\lr �

1 t

,,,.,:,. =

1,_f;:;.::;;.

=''

f-tif7fl\.(D«: ,) 11: UD1'??'•1· : tlOl/.flltD•: {JIJtPl:,.. : f"f•f..l1: i','}f,.': " A: fU } : '"I: "JP (ID"} : ;J11 f : An :r : '?� (D• ;l•t\ : f f f"'l �t; ilh -: f..l i\<D : : tlrf;\ • s '•r }"JP OO' : ,l,·1 : (\(D •qq n,J : '111 t-1. li\" tD• : llJ} : · l ,n° : i l\,e.. : rn ,f:� : �Ur: V•ft c = �1 9° lD4 ,n i·o hA 6liJ. "OA �m " . ht\ 1 m : �� >t '1>7t 6 rr.e: h� ?1c t,"i' 1 -4,1 : t� ·: °"1 :,'9 hT ·: 1lD f..l °l'}: ,,.�,;�"na7e,{IOIJOD•{1:,.. : 1.J·L: ro·A : fi : ' llD : if rorz.. .. ;, J?,� 01\ : f :,, A f, -: •it � hOJ h "}};\ ° '}9 : Iflt�i: �: 'J°: 'n?.t\ : fl.lf,

- 395 •

'.....' . -- . -.) .. �.-

..... .f+?fqt\fllc: ,l1 1: OD"}'1P'T: �(JJc :: f,IJ9°: ffJ1/..lf"}{l:,- : 9°h"}f:,-- I 1'11.': l&:A, r . : : '/..9° l\ODt : illf'} : f.,9:f•A : °lf-o: : (l)•flT : ;}f,A : 'rl!'T ,n;J'f! flh.Tf"k! : -H11:: hil�Y:'l°: h,n1: OD"}OJP'i:: ;,c: 00il"767:, c.·: f "11: OD"}'1F:,-: 1't14>?t: -= 'lf,c� {ll\t\O:'f, = i1Y.. +,;1�+ = m = f"'lfJ-tro-19° = lt'7...A1· = DP11:i· = �m· 11: : fil9°9°�:,.C : ro-A : K"��:,- = (lit\'P;J : DPlf"}) : fOl/.t\1-)(Dc : Oi'f1•1: 0010Jr.-J: fttr'l { 1,v1 = f"'lTil rr'r = (l,1� ro·lt- OJc,::,, = ODlf"} = ttnn 53 n:,-.---'' :: flt\H.IJ : flP'� : P'C'¼T: l11: 1 ,n1 : OO"}OJP'rf: : {l OllfllaJ• : ODtp l:,.. r,1-&.1.00 a.rr1r = i 1l). lbfl�-:f-, r,n1 00'1°1P'1:1 i', ,;�,1i:,.. = roi r : f f/bt\ti 'P;J: ffl/f1ft.'?A: f,flf\t\:: t; fih.Tf"A-f: t;:CY: : n,,r-.-:{-: Tfl: w·A: ° 9°t)"}f,f:9 : f}i."},t-Ct;(Lf"t;A : OJ•A : {lOO'P'PA : P' l,\flJ"} : oow1..:,..: f"'lf-l°l= .,1c = v--t\• = 11,"h1 = 0010Jr,,1: = 1t,;:,,i:,.. = 1Y-..11= r+oit\:,-: n00 tr� = ri, .,,·LIJ: 1Rfll-: ooll)fl: OJc/\-1: 'P;, : fibt\OJ«'i: fOl/f1t\ A = flt\°2.ff...C1ar: �e&: ''H: tfl,,f;TIPL'1T : Jiij: : H: t::t"} : t/b7i1il : /r>lD'fl : '' o+n"fro• : OD�dt(j: : OJcilT : 1\1f...1..m4'{).0Jc : tr/\- 1 O,l1 1 = oo"}°IP'T : f+(lm 1 lD·A : fOD'P 'PA: P'/;\IIJ"} : P.Ct; : f:"}{l?i : {LOJ(l"} : f°t1'1lD· : f,U1)· : P'AIIJ"}: O°tflme&: ·rm1 = 0010JF1: = 11,+K" = 1tr,;J1c = 11;: = tt.e111 { 11,tto1· = r,l11 = 001aiFr1: = 54 noiz.. Tt\--:,-.: 1F-•O= 6lh9°C= -,ro.. :: fi.tJ1)·?° = t\ODl�:,-: f°th+ttm-1-: 9°itlb : h,'}ODAhT ::

"---1'

= =

Jic.·:,,�:,-.r:

.. = q_e�:,.. = '1'11: = 'o' = r,,..Ql\ = oo"}°lr:,-- = hi'1...c"1,r-A·.r = 11+·11\?.l\:,-- = '11 f:' l& /A : fOD'P'PA : lj:t\-)T : i't?.ti. . : h1f: : OJcA. : ll671:l'1 : �:Pf...� : 11.tr1-'i"= ftLIJ9° : l&A: '¼l\"1 : flil,"1·r-A--.r: 0/lf:,-: f"'l'i?-: f'U' : OD1°IP'-1': ft1T : "'l'i:fro·9° : h.."1 lr'i : T4- T = f<PtfoollJ : flF.A = 0.f...Cll q:('lD' : fli'1.. "1- f'k,.f: OD"}OJP':,..: Ill!, : till : "1:,, l•ll :: 'itf.,-:f-/t-9° : f"tA. : fl.If"} I �tJ") : (De/;\ : it.:t-f -= kf 'h1Y::J ..e.c a, = ,n1 = 0010JP'+. = 1,�:,,1:1\:t-A.1 ? lltPJ.fl(Dc = T.,fcf: = ouAn• = flt: TCTC: ltf,&.«f>f:t\-1'9°: f°tA: -,ro.. :: 9°ti1f+.9°: �IJ: q�',,J: : m-A � 111,?fifflu,. = ;,11 = 0010Jr+ = 9°otrlj": r = (DcilT h1--oollh,f!:,.. = t\{IDhot-:r ro•'J° = "1t.;1166J. = 11,, .. fl"l:fw· = OD-O,fl-- = 111..e.i1c&1 = roi'ltt = 11,1--" .. e9° 01t 1-cf>1r : ti{ : (l\) = r,,..ODilh+c&"}:: hil:: fOl/:Plirfl: ov11:,.. :: f°thlltJA. : ill\01/..lf1=

n�Tf'kf :: (D•{ltp : /\.Ol/.'i?-:: f}i"}-�:: +'P'Pf, : U1C: 1t-)1• : nn.14'�: ti: (ll) ODlPl-1-- : till :: : l-t'>f :: "oomr:,, :: f",..fl"lTl&1 : oo,n:,--: a,.IA = "1,_.. 1.°I = ntt 1+ ?.' = i� = 11 ,,..on ll h +. :,.. = r(l ro-1:: ooirfl :,, = fl {ID"'., l\ = 11 oaz. ffltf!-1, = 9°n1.r,r-..-:;.. = 'h'J� = i',1>: . = v-'f = ilfl"'lf.,�mc = n;,,., = f°t�1� = titi ll9° ::

roi�ti=

11:,,cn

n1t"t�K" t� = 001Pl"1· m«:i-- : "1c.• :fro·9° = 0Dir{l,f•1::

= nm1 = 001a,r,1: = 9°lJtrlj: :

roiz.+-,o-:'f·· :-

�/ flbfr>T"} : (l9'1' :: .,,.,:,,,; : OD•0-1· : 1\01/tiOC ! i/ n.il&.1\1.0Jc"} :: f"11f•{l: OT;r: il 07il"l"f-1-.,; !

- 396 -

...r =

ro·il'P = f, fl

(Lf1t!\ :

�•

�!, ,

,: I

� I 1

r 1 1

r \ :

m�'\'" = 1..u1a;:,,1 = i\�«in:,, i

-Ofr : a;� : :

{l{\lf.lJ : ,eu : '},ea; ,r: : (D« I,\ : ,)1 1 : Olt"}'?,P'rf:"} : flll/. 'ril : OODlf�- : ;ref\ lfl/.1''1 : ,f'tf',{lft.�:t-9'1 : 0..lf'J : '11 \l. : il. f...l'? : }1 f-1'llD·9'1 :: htl.U9'1 : frf''ilt : f '1.�·t*.r : {llJ"}'?P':," : ili\i't1�1� : 'J,,�f·'f : fi'1..'J,f·C'.fl.f-'i'A : m«A: OOI/�.. l."l: l1f... : ff\lD• = P' A."11- : l\,flo,f : r,"111: DP'J'?P'rf:: tt«; :,,1.:,,: {101J.tp{\•:,•9'1: . 'Jf.-0 : frf'CD(lj : 'j(D• ::

tr'i9° I (',.,..7i' if fl (D• :

;h 1 : OD"}"1P' :,.. : hon(D«tlJ rf: : {1 &.:,• : frf'f.. l1.. : m· flo :f: OP'� : P'C°iT l..1.�' = i','J,J>�• : @ = fOIJ.fHllJ«'J = OD"}1f:': ht\OIJh,,..f\:fm· : -(JJ•f-":,, : 1t.r.e..c;1:fOJ•9° h1-f: : OD'J"JP':, .. : ,)11 : OD"}°7,P',f:'} : noufla>'P .: ,n:J! : l1ro·/,\ : '?Yo:rlD· : ll.fODI,\ 'r : fl.ft.OI/ f-1•/,\ � }\', 11.V9'1 : (JJ•fln"f : "}rf•C c;o.r-c.;A : th,.? = l.1f: : i',il1?.;�1:J":fro• : l,1-�l\ : ,e,f,fA :: l11·LU9'1 : 01\f, ii frf• ?iqt\(J}•_: ,111: OD"}'?P':,.. : t1ouro•ll}rf:: n&.,)·: f.l1·: (D•/l l-: {lJ.P.f.�?.i': q2 'I°= {l(JJITJ(D- : 1"h 1 11f : 'l!TC : % : "/,Cj : 01.flf �j; : '} : 'I° : OOJllJ(D• : h'P� 1 cl!'PC: kf@il : ODlPl:,.. : hU"l&"i:: •Oth.t..tf! : ,11"1 : .?C: {lflrf•'P'/,�..: nu1t,f:: : ID•ll1r9" : ·,11&.1.oi: fODlf"} : ,"f,;Jtf! : ';}f,/;\ : }',f\:flD· :: ilfll·f.lJ : fliiJ.f.tr : qOD,f•: 9°,7,lrf:: 1,'} rll1 = {ID1 °1F1· 1,1-4'7" = ,o = ODV-•l:,.. rof,'I° h,ur�;; q = 'I° i1.rtlD- : fro·A : ODq>q>/;\ : A.Ot/1.." ·= f,f--f..l"I : Ol/'i':f<D·'l° : m·A tau-)- ,7,·1 (ID1rTJP':,• : 'tll"i:1,1i:,-- : ;JC : f'"IJ!,ilOT/°1 : O,lf"}'/° : 1,1-\\ : lD·f\• : 1,illl <l'l : mt'/° : htLfro· : ,,..cpq>� : lD1'1 : ;JC : 1, 1f...'l'i' : fm·A : -�'C.�C : irf"J.'..C-'1 : lll\l\ : m•A : 7\{lh,f--,f•ti : J.:"lll : ,,-.&.?t°t'I:,.. : J!,'il'PA :: J!,tJ9° s f0'1. lf101" rin1.r:r r f,f--tf7i'1tro· = ,"11 1 = ou"}°lP':,.. = i',;,p7·i litti•� ;,,1 OD1°lP',f: 0;1· -- i1·q nr1 'la>·:: •: /lh:, f,OD ·mlfl,r : 1.tL : OP't.. : ltf, : f'lll�-l--1 : ro,"-°":f-: il/\Ol/ = 1'1\\ = ,,, f... tr fl· l\m• = :tt1 OD'J"J p:,- = r,1·&.,J,J;..:,-1 = OD,o ..r-1· = 9° =QA: n.-1--mcp(l(D• : i't,r}cpfi• : ODLPl:, .. : cp,:J : f l\,l\TlD•Cj: fOl/f'J/l'?lt-' fl.If�;.t":f· ft�'I° ::

nit.

r,,..

..- ••

.,...,.. r• ... ,.,..

= n&.:,. =

roi., = n. �-'l°

= =-

h1f.. tt.u : q1, .,,1: : ar,rt:,.. : OD"}"l p,1:1- = hv,fl,1• = itil:f;J t v.. 1;1·?1:1'f°C65J,9':f:9" 1t·}f..�ar1 : h1-J;.ODC'I' : (lOT/f:l"l : 1:aic: I\J!, : f,'Pil'PA

: frf--&.cpP,.. 'P •il OJ : rf: P' "}'? OD : 11 (1;J � : 1\i\ Di"(l f u/ ro•�"} : i',t;:,,1i:r : O r }•; : OD,(1,f--1-- : 1\ 1 �,,.. m 4! : "'I� :r 1 rof,'/° = = {llJIP__� . 1 = � 1 � .. " ,. . � >;. = 'I' fl .. m = 1t.I ?f ?fi\ m· = ,"h.1 = {ID 1- '? : 1 ,1, h : 'r 14' 1it : •/t CD 1'> f : :t-ce : 00-0,r-.1: : ;h11 (1•1- : ',� I • If /l � "} • b, s •/t(D : t,. "} 7' : ° 9 >tc.,·:,,1i:,.. : ,:JC : f"?J?,il "'I� : fl.tf� h1-'t� f, : 67 ,._.. l°l � 'i:fm· :: C : '1° � tf : oP fi h � 'l : 0(1-ct\,f:9° ; (1h ·A : f"'l..hi""i\CD· : ro-m.:,.. : (1"19° 61iJ. ar = Jr,. il rf;1 6 : 'I (I)«

n r,-,..

n..,-.

- 397 -

r,,..t."'

{ID,.:P'! :

001'"1P',f: h+ l\ hf, : :: 1'J" :f"IC : ft,l\tD f : ,h. .. {IIJ�:, I : f,U 1':( .1' 1'. : f,V : ftD {\•1 : :J>A : noo11.m'I'� : 1 hY."C : C : .f:'C1: fa>·A : il .. : : h� ;,c ,pcpf- : OJ11 b+ifif/\lJJc : c1t1 = ao"}"IP':,.. = tit;:t,1-:,- = ,;,c = fl"'lil"7"7:,• = f,U1 = 'f"lc = ILm t1J lD' : f, 1'1\A ::

dt/

fitD-{r,1''i :

(l•f•fl fl�.. :,, : OD"}"JP';r :,• : J.':C:€-'T : :J!CTC : ODlttil\ lll\°7..'iC : {IIJf.lC I

ft°CY: : "'lhtC : flOl/..1 ct : 1,1 f..1ftK-T : V.l\• I -Olt-511:f: : f+ct n?-:,- : OD"}"J P';r:,. : f:C�:,.. : :(!C+ C : h c;:,, 1t:,.. : 'h,, J?.."7 'iT lD" 9° : (1JcIr'-:;.. : l}•/\... : OD{I:,..'i" : "11o:J': f°tL'l'?-'i: ,111 = OD'}"JP';}-'f!: OJf,'/°: Oh&.A = c11;,<f! = ,11ct.e, = fl\far: fioPlf'i:flD· : hflA : 01�1-- : h'IO· : OJ<'�'/° : 1.1''1 : a>f,'/° : 'h�ft-1 : f'-'7.1iC: lJJc/A : ILq>q> Ir : 111,-:f-lr'I° :: f,U11'1° : fOl/.f J?..C'? = 01/'i:fc&'I° : art\ : 'P;J : 55 flbl\CD•'i : f°1f1l\"IIA : f,lf'ilA :: hv.1 = f A'lar1 = 1--P,.e, = fOIJ.ODl\h+."1· = f:J!c,t-'i- = ht;:tr>:f 1 of nnllA. = OD"}"IP';r:,.. : ootillA'i ; l\/ (lf:C�+.'i : Oi't'l� : OD"}"IP';rT : ODithA : OD1] :,.,c; "1Yo:J"1 f(ll'l..LT�:,. = r!J!c,t-? - = r1t1cf'K" = R = 10-il = h'i!A = «f?Tc = 56 f : 'h'i = ,..o : c;:far == bH.U'I° : 01\f, : f.rC+t;.. : t,1+g- : ifr : ill\H..V. : 1--P,f, : (L1Ag- I ''r+ctn?--1· : oP"}"IP':J"T : hctA : 01�-:f- : n:t-cirf•?- : tD•ilT : fll\'ITID'": "11o:r'i = h'lfto:ii = 'hell = nc1t:fro-- = noi,�c,-..:,- = fit. ,,,-.cc;n.r-'iA • (D•/;\ : ootit1A : OD�lC : (Lt.me I n:Fc+� : (IJ•ilT : f{\ar : fi't'lt'lo=ti : "I f.o:J-· : f"tf,,e,A : f,lf'iA'' : f,I\IA : :

b.rC+?- : Ol.-r : 0 1fi"r : fh.1+C'i(Lf-'i/A : il9°9°�..Y..'f : 1\1,'i : lDf./., T'I° : (l02.f..l1· : fh.'Ji•C'i(Lf-'iA : il9°9°�+'f : 1\1, : 1,IJ : }i'}cf,�: ill\ftlD": �'Jf,,A: ir'C�': 01/h�C: f°tb+l\ar"): g-L'PA:: 1

00 '1t1A: htLtJ : n&."1' : rl..�C1llJc : flP' t-- : l\f, : 1 Ir:,.: flit fl A : 01�-:,-.. : / � il9°9°�..Y.:f: btLf: fl�I\ : f,f•f..l"lW-'J = il9°9°'1T: (01/ftT: :J!c,f• ?r1) : (lOIJ..ilOl/01/ : n 9-�'} : Y:c+� : (lOIJ."l'l : /t.Ji17il\Tffl" : .e,·:{..I\A :: {l}'tllA s 0-1�:f-: outthA :: f°t�l1· : fCDF.t,:,, : il9°9°�T:f : f.."l'l° : fl+'lO�:,. r OD'}"IP';r :1,t; : ni',flA : 01�1" : oorihA : 'lt\tD- s il9°9°�T : (IPIJ' l:,.. : Jrt flfr1'f : b;f.C,f•t;. : ,:JC : 0°7.�lC : i',�';.\"} : lD·A : {l'P'Pt\• r �1o;rar : K"��:,.. : hf,'i lOJ·9° :: , �/ fli','lA'i : JrtflA : ClAlJ'). : V1�:f : outthA: ilftiP/.f..l'1·:,... : il9°9°�-Y.'f: "11 : fJrt1��: i'i!f:9°: f,tJ"} : fUA: "IA�: hf,J?..ft'I° :: 0�: Jrtilirf'ff1' r ,

55. k'CY: 1 "'lll�C ! II : k'CD4 1 1,<t: 1 :,-t;rf;il : (IDf!lf:) I "JK" 1 lf!l r2 56,. f:fC+'r I ll"}�K" : � : Oh�A • h1P,.tJ I f,1\/,\ ,: ''f. 1 i',flA 1 1)1�":i· 1 frlr : f".1..1-C'i"c'lf-'i"A : hCh&-=Fa>•"} ; f�l\9°11 (111\9° 1 �,r;J·'i 1 ."f•)ltl' ' {l"?/ r �cs..· : O"'lf..e..&.Cil : f(l,1\9° : OD"}"Jf: I ODtJ;tt;{l .• hl\f1TW4 :1 � : 1'f1A = u,�-:;- 1 1rll� 1 Oh.1•1-C'i"(l.r•r.A • .,,,�.,;1--: f!a,.. , iryr,:,:a141s,o , fll,I\ 1 001"11":,- ', f?"fl..l:'1 : .,.,.,:,.,. 1 f"IIJ:,- = llAA : h"'lil�& -&�•1· : WY,'/° : fl {llC : :}f,A : hor>tn�9°'i I a,f,;,i'Jt' "'l'i"=Fm•19° : frf •fl(l.;.:,- : CTD1"1P';1--:,., : �11\"'1 r 1101/.KlC 1 1-"lflC I ou�m1l '· nt\'1:f-lD° - 398 -

•

I f

t1:f-C,.l"-r: flL1": rf--f..c1ro • : flP't-- : t\.e, : 'lfrT {\ : 9°9'1',.-y..1...· h--A = ,. h'lt\ : v1�7f- : h:J!c,, ?,. : :>C: fl°t�lC: ill).:\"}: f,f'f_. _,, ? 11 00 t.K9" • r.:f-1>: 11• " llth"l , m-61!- , n 11'� , 00 il 11f: , 'J" r, , 'J"m 4'9""} : farz.&..:,_ ,y__, : ro•A : fltLU-- : 9°/tt\ : (Ltr "} ! htLU9'1: ht\ w · :'° , /t°1!: h;J!c,l"-r : ;JC: ..,.. �t--t: ftr�-: w--1t 1,: f01J.f{ln .. r :, f :,..: °1�:J.. 9'�� h °1 '1·fl : 'lt\ lD" : ;,,,;J Cf! : tiJ!o : flau m4,9'1: t-.'1 :f Or"}: fl"'It\,.,,�, : °1--�;, : . fft '1:f lD'": .e OD ll� A:: m .. e.. k:,. : n °1.f..l,.. : UJ«fto1": l1f: : f..°1 qo : "'1'i T lD4'1°: i\fl A : h:FC-"I"�.. ;JC: h"'/f,ll"'1"'1: o:,�:J ..: m•{lrp: n.1 fl: m·tr : 7'.. .,_.,:,..: i',.e'illD"9° :: fl.-1"�0'1t9'1 : i\ 'lA : fAlf 'Im•: ,,-.cpcpf,, : ro1"} : h'lA : flf1itD • : V1C : fll.U1- : °if.',,f:"} : ro·/;\ : fL1'1 : 'h1f.."'IJ!,i•/;\: f lD·:Pt\: fOl/./;\ : °19°:,.. : hl\. :: 9°n"} f.-J:9° : ;Fc.-J-� : nt1°1/L11 = f,'hCIJ : flfl{JD•Y9'1" : h 'l,;J1C : '''i,f,.tfil : h..1�1"?-art"}:,,,, "'1/lT : ''olD-�: (l',.�'': ODflt\: {\t\(\(1:,-..,;: flH.U?°: frl"i'1: "'1"}9'1: (l(l)c: fl.U'1: (l 'I�1': '1'/m�, : fOI/..1flro·: ilfllf',: ',w«:: f..°1'1°9° � �U : h'lA : f Alfi OD1°1P':,.. : ll..'P'f'l\(D« : f{l(l(D« : ro11 : frf'(}{l?-1-- : OD"}"J F:J··,1.. Y:c�:,-. .i',flA ODlf.} = J\flooir-,.1 = flf. ..f-- : 'h'Jf..OJJ.fm·� : J!,100:t-A tr'i?° =.eu1 = il1A = r--t- 'l n�:,.. oo'JaiP':J.. :,.. = n:.J!c,1,tr n."'1'rtJ!,',:,.. : hflA : flAlf�..: OD"}O:,F:J--1·: l\f,,: tl1,;J'f!: ��/;\ : fl\lD" : "lFu;, : f OD�ffiC : JPA fll'} : h It:f (1}• : DI/ fl;r 1'1 : l)J!,If"} I h '1 A 2 u1�1-- : t,J;..il : OD,fl:1--li' : °lY.o:J'• : f"tt.'l'l(l)c"} : ()��: OI/l\1' : ;:c +?.1 = flOD�fll\:f-m .. = m·A = flOtJ�--lcJJ = l1� = n�nt.:fro.. = P'A"11 l\f. = 1f.-O = i'tY..--c1w..fl:J"A : Gl/il:r:1-1 : .,ro.. ::''57 ilfllt.U: fl.rf•flfl?-:'f--: OD"}"1P':r:i--: :J!c,,..c: it14'K'°: life: {IDIJ'l.1': i't.1' Y.kf : O:J!c ,�?- : ilC : flt\f(:,..,; : Ot\,/t : fh.. "}i•C'i(Lf·'iA : ro·A : .-,..'r),,..f,, : {llf �1-'lfw.. : °l�:J..!P-:f, : OD\-thA : OD�lC = Q.t.mc: f°tff,flm• = n:1:c,f•?. {IDIJ' --ff,)-- : :J:C.,f"•?. : 0 f Jri{lr f,U'J° : : : �m· 'r." :, : .. "?fl J?, A : lf l�-- : ft\'11.. : 1�:J.. : u•r1•• : fl01J f{l (1}"(\ " 1 : /..1� ,f•f.. h/;\ .. oPi] : f .. fl°t�'P&.TCD"'r." : flJ'1 flb\ : OD"}dJP';:J :,• : r : OD�lC : ''01',m�ltf,: fit.1 la t.an flfll/.. hA {JIJ\-t : il h1·!l,.fro.. : oi,,e.,;J--9'1· : = . c.-f''r : OP'&..: ; : .. 10J f.l frl: (D•/;\ : 1 �-: q_e, +C�(L\>'"'i/;\ : ;,,ai : ODI.Pl:,. : f,U : /t,e, : houq> fl.. : fl&.-1-- : hlf� I rfc,f"?- : i1DlD" l'IJ"1' : ro·h-1 : Y,"lil'PA :: tn•ft.. · : °:f: : f;f-C,f"?-: h 'i1'1.;l : fl/l n I '?1 a; : , 1\ r (1:\ : htr f-l·J.>..t.1a : :.J!C-i--�- : hrollJ : 11 : fOI/ "'i {\OJ fll, : <p ,;J : /\ lD" : lf� " fltJD 0? itcP : ffl/f, · C ; / r ODJPlrr : h:J!C l"t� : J : f ': �1 U1 : 'lA , }' : .. :t· \ 'Pt •'f> fl.-J : f.\. lD" ..: �,f : !if, : �U �,-u 1 : : ,,r h1J : 9° ttolt\ f,lf 'iA : •h (ID 'r flUJ f(JD 'J° 00 = mf., ifc rou = 'J° kA = Oh w� A • «n oo : 1-th = :.J!c,r'i-1 : O 58 : \ll :Pl m : :r ai� f.. t h01/. : } fl" 1A : :,.. t\ 1 0 : ° t. f UA : ll/\ Ol/.,f>mC : ',ro·'':

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.. I : C 't;J' 1 "l lf l : (L f f•7 f, : tr rf• !C {l;J : •A (D (ll f� -} : 'l6Ln�- : l1;:c.-,,4r : (l/.,. : f hmll) : fl�).� : r,J--�l1lD·: Y..t.SJ!fl : h;J:c..,..� : ,;JC : ftJTJf,llOI/dl/: t 'f : n+11 . <p;, : f{l,fl(D•�-- : 'tCIT /,,f1ftdJ(,\ : �OJ• :: '" li : h t\0:fv "}'J° : (ID1"JP-':J":," : {t lP/ 'IY... aJ , h1f..t·LU : {1j\(J}•1 : lJlJ�lC : fltPJ[a (IIJ"}'? : ' 1 ?o q .. ,, o : • •/\. (11) 0 f.. rr ,: ', : i6J° 'F f ll } A , '1 ?O <i' : .. " "1 1' : /t., C f fl . i\ , � llmr ,.,

57. 58, - 399 A:a

-,.,

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;r(:+C : h'>+K ': P';rT: 1:C�T: i·a,t.:i-: l1T :.1'.1-'l�lf10- = ffl : f"7.f1f : outr�'} ou1'}H1l = f?iA u .1:c,:1: : � :£?;�� = mTI\I\ : tt-o . (l'ltD- : h1+1t· : 1,yf'} : OP'&- : ilf, =. l\"7'PA : ro·lt� " hltAG:hA :: e&ftof f tD-l\0:f.1 : Ill\ 'P;, 'IT.:,.ltf,'l ti = 0"7'i:fro«9° : f+'ln��,: ;.s,o : fftOIJ flou.1f ou1oiP';r:,.. = n-11?>:f = ni,.. 1+c'i(l..t -'iA = t;:Cf: = o.:i-9° = �9°c = ro-1t-1 = 59 m:,,(t ; houht--hC : .rtioiPrA ::

1•fi·--=

oo/ ·

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OtD-flol-'i: Oit<i:tti: '1.'11:'IT: 1:C�T: :J!C+C : outihA: ilt\oY..'iC : OD�lC ::

1 = fit'i!t � r> r+t.louro• 1 = t.·) 1:'IT = :Fe noi1P-r = 1:i = +1 = 1uv.;2: = = = ro : t1floo- : h1J.'..9°1lPrw: ;�..� : O,OH• : 1J1�1- : outihA : r+Y..l1 : llJ<al\:

n:i:c1--�.. :

fl�Q;;:l& : it'}cf'g- : 'hlf..+outttl+tD- : ff'}P,'}�: &..�oi: OD'} '-!IP':,- : m.1 : OD'}OJ}'-':,-: fl°tfHOJ• : ODIPlT : h+LloP'i : hKJ.'..+ : O�I\ : = oi�:J· = J!,tr'iA :Fe+?- = n1·&..t--oi?1:f. � 001oiP';r:,- : I\/!, = l\ODL?t9° c 60 -' f '}rf i·V--kf9° : tD-ilT. : :J!C..l ?- : fl"t111 : rKJ.'..4' il. C'i(I.f-'iA : W•A : flt\ = . tr'l -: fl+qq{\OJc : ,)1 1 : OD"}OJP':,' : h'}«J,g- : ,.....-. bf�{! ........ : -it'l;J1C : f'}7'-1P : '11P',f: f fll\1, : ,n°I : ii tiA : 'll& ::

== nn

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:i--rskf= 001,T = · · ill\tLu = flitlj:�ti = ·ti11:'1-r = 1:c�:,.. = :Fc+c'i = · ..,: = :J!c+c = ai1-:f-- = DDtihA = ooKlC = ll&..mc = f$.':c� -rf-k.r = rn1t1, = : ittiA'lT: J.'..ljf : ilt\+(lmw· : fr-,1\A : 01/l\:,-« � 'llD·:: '11C: OJ'}: fit�til: h11:'I:,.. : J.':c�:,.. : fou�?J-:f· : wf.'f° : f"7.til:i--�:f : 1--fll'b : ll'1t\�l1Jc : l&ti�i; = fl-Odht.tf! = ;,,a, = DDtih· A = ttAODilOl/01/:,- = n.&.mc = roi,J!,/\w« = 11th. t--tf tD- = ihoi = 'lw· == J!,U9° = roiir1 n:,... = 9°h"t .r:,.. ;: 1,u = qy,� ..,.: = w·ti� = nit 1�= ODlPl:J•(f! � U/}-{l : I\J!, : hl}/A : OD'}dJp:J·•:,.. : f.,J'ClJ(}fr'i• : flrf"ODl)/tJ!, : OD1/lfl : OP'&- : I\J!, : h1-'tW•/,\ : f,f'{ltJl/00- : ODtr'/-"} : f°tfi\f, : h1:{ : l\OD�'/i'J° : dl;Jtf! : :}f,/,\ : f f\(D• : OJ«/,\ : (}flOD(f� : ',(l)c :: ft"} f: : OJ•/;\ : {lit_."f--f-kf : . llJcilT : ,l1;J'P. : :}J!,/,\ = IL�l(D« : f"tTl\OJ• : •,..10. : ftr'l : f(D•/,\ : Y:Cf:C: .,,_e..c1n:,,,; : OI!i!�t : 0,0Drf' : 9°,)1li: : ,l,"J : OD'}dJp : '11+� : @ : ODO' l-r : KJ.':� : f+11 : h'JJ.'..tr'} : 11:J! : )l& ::

m.°I

lP /

(l)•'}

{l(l}«flol- = DDtihA = DD�lC : (I.LmC :

ill\l\ :

:,..

DD<,::,..,,.. ;:

h.A(l·} = {lW•lt-11" = 00tihA = OD�lC : (l.tt,nc : 1'. 1J.'..OD(j::r•,h. : rn th,J-t\ : U I)s{l : '

f'i--'P'Pf-1•:· w1�:f.: (h'P'I\: 1°1!..A: 'h.'lt·l.fllr: Olf�): flO•il-r: ..,-cpcpJ?,: m1 'il- : ODt}t)/,\ : /li•f..l7--: +�t..t : llrA9·1·: nm.Pl\ r..: fi'tc 1-rC'ift.\'-'iA: "'1 :-

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t./ 1ldbt.'I! : ;,,°I'} ' hcn-t\o1": ;JC : ililCP/il:J--lq, I

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artr-1': f"}'I-- LP: 'l1J»,J: = UD1--JF:,-: ffl'\.e: ,)1--J: i',tiA = {lODlJ''i:rm.. ,fi,h.�'£: ,n1;J:1: h1'1:f'1:fro..: arflo:f: ;,c : f,f--lllP/{10•: ·},'J.�.tr•,.: tT?f.'l.."l : ftt. ,.,. = ri',.,,,..c'ifLf·'iA = :J· 'P = rfl;,: = ti.etr1 1 ,l,1 = OD'}.,,P,,:"° = f0'/..mf,4'(1)c = 1---�.e = }ro· v«>h1frf:'J° = on.e,:,--c; = 10--ti'J ,"h1·:;.. : nm1 1ti\ =

r-�,

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hn"i: I lT'Jn:,..: h,.,�1: OD'}'?F...,:'i: hCD·l\ ;JC: r<PJ.ll0'J(1D• : 0Dl]'7 : "T r : : ttt\'1 fro· tT'J.t,\: ,1..4, {}f,',,'}--1: f1 i = ,111: {JD'}"/P';J"'l!: �111: lli\t\: �ro·:: 1'1)tf(l}c9° : n+'li?f/\OJ•: ;,,1: UD"}d},P':,--: t,1+1.-- : -·· bf?;(!: - ..... ODlPl•1--: ,1,1: {101°1P'rr. : il;J.,.rol' : (1:\1) : from •: ,fl,l1, t--�: ,'h11.__ : h"l\1'9°;1..: y;·o : �1,1: '¼ '1° = n:\tt = 'h.1f.. i't"lflll• = ,1·t.�1"oum• 'l';, t\.fo.flJ:1:m. rni 7i·t\ �1: �1C : u�lt-: hDJ.A-l·m.. : ff1·1..:,--1: llr�1.__: n."li��: 1'.f,1·il�'J0 :: ' ·· f,u-- 1 = 1' 1:{ = f,U = 1','1'lA : t,.:i.,feA•f = hro·i\0:I: = ;JC = I\. D'/ll°1"'1:,• : il�'A : f;,,,, : au·}"} P';l:1 : h. t;:,,1.,1-: ODt\OJ�: ht\q:,..: 1---0t\0 {ID;f'"C:'19° : fl\0�·9'1:: '}°"}� h"}\l.: hlJ':,,r :,--: t!! : 1:f•"}: Iii!�t: q: 'J°: fl?.'\: r,t:,.e_l1· = artr,":f,: : h,),1: ov'}"J P.'rf:: ;,c:: fl,h·A�:,..: �t..� = f,f,(t"l:,�ro. · fi..lJ''J'J°; 'P,;J: YI\TOJ4; forz.f11\ 1il"': h1-'ttf�·'i': {lU1t,f-:'J°: lD·ll�: ,l1,;J�:, :)f,/;\: Jt'J -'t'it.fro•: fl,f--&./\1 : 11,1,.ififl\t:04: ,l1 "l : (IIJ"}"JP':,..: '1.'l,;J1C: ;JC: f,f·{l<P/{10..:

Iux,i =

ti '

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..,... .,...._

u--tr

00 lf1

= Yfl�A;,rcrA

rm•nc :

llflH..U: OD'Pq't\: n,71 1 : uP'}°IP''l: : n1--�r,11ro·: ODlPl'l·: f,,.. �Kou: lf'r: tJ,1--11 · J 1,'JY-.l'LU: i\t\lD·: aJ•t\: 't,fl(IIJt..'/,.9°: � 1.--�k! : h•fltlh t,'P.: ;,1 °1'P: ., C: h. {\ OlJ{lO'/ cry,)--'}: ODh"-ll .r : i',..f.--c,;J : A·1·m 'i {l: h ,,.."fA'J°:: 62 -a -- c'i"o v•c;t\ = cJ: i = �c� = a,:, : 1 1, i. rt · m 1n .. = . e = ni°l = iu1 = nOD(lt\ = 1..v,. --P,f,: fl{ln,w·: f9°hC : 1 1 : f1 i'if .. -:f 1 'l]t. : 0� H.1"1 : lll\1\.. :, : 71\1J.!': ,f--CD :,

itil,1,.rr:,--

- 401 -

''On."},f•C'i(L f"'iA : il,"19° = · If�: mf,9°: ·nm·A: ·111 '1n,}· :r °I�:t-: l\"'l'JP "'I'·=· (LIA:: t.1.r: = uo"}"IP'T = rt.-0-1 = ,'h., = OD"}"IP'T = h1f-°7ill� =· fl,,..,:,,�-0 : tt.e":f.,.A9°''63 "{lf\oh.A:= . ., ' . I

•

riJciitf.•= r9°c9°c = f..•co:i�9° =· iltt1·1.� = ��,, = nii1+� = fi"i: = ti.e= l

•

''n(I}•� = · (l)cil'I' = nilJAK' = tiA1-,..+,-· = n(t,1-+c =

t.1f..•= '00 "}"JP':,�= = r1qo . . . 0r1A = roit\ro• =nn,h.t--'I! .. = ,1,"l = ro·il'I'= f lA+L+,e.. =· mf,9° = .r A+ooflt11-- = OJf,9° : flOD"}'?p-',f:9°·:· tr� : ·ttdl1 :·· OD"}�P';r'I!·=· h*9° ·= ,:JC: f°7f,il°7°1 : 64 �0r ::. n-avh:,.. , ro•t\--1= 1tt\OD&.1too•=·�1111:i-= 't\..ftJ>c-0=.. >t.ei'A9°'' .et\A .

f�..(l.,f : f;,,.., : QflOD•f?J:f· : htLtJ9° : t,t\L(l)c : ''fii.."}+C'i(Lf· 'iA = -= dl"l'i : •Od�t.-cero· = ;,,.., ;. n+P'PV-?I: u,�� = - OD."}"JF;J <e = f:c�:,..= 1&.fl 'l''i= nu1:,::r-(Dc= 1t.e = t.il1�� = ir'i '= flOD&.1.9°= ,f-OD/tti.e= dl;J'f! = · :}f,A = 'll "}.'t 'it-a:f.m.· ·= f 7f A � · h "}�,.: f OD"}"JF.T : 'lt\P't:\ll)"} : lJ1?a"} : mnflo·: fit."} +C'ifl..Y.'iA ;_ ilsP'9°�:,-: "'lf:l."l : ltil6.il\"L : lf'i.: f\. 1� flJ1�"} : 1ld1> t-'l!: 65 'I' J.1l-: hll'/°9°�1: : ,:JC: 0"7.iltfl/670:,- : · t,\\:\"}:, {\OD{\QJ : L��A.'' f°7 t\T = f'1"'1 : lt-PCO'PA � . ' tht1"lil: f'l-'1�-r :_ r;,1"1=· IL:,,'/° : •Oth»&..�m·: ·,'h'1 : 0'1.'}1--C'i(Lf"'iA : "'"' : (l)c _il'I': ill\t\a>• : P'�t-a :- (L'i.1'1-: 'P'i : 'P'i'�:f."}: �lPl.;1''1! : h'1fl'f ; : 11'},-0IJ..h+t\ro• : tlC1fl.'PA. :=

�=

•

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•

1'1Y:= OD"}"JF:,-= ri't.. 11·c'io..f"'iA= «1Yo;t-(Dc"} , fllJ00r= mf,'J° = laf,L?;'l° : r+t.m· : ficl11 : OD1°lP'T : flP/f,L4'f:l\T : fiODlf)-j a>f,'/° : ?'ilwf: : fOD"}'?F+. : lltj:t\'71'f : a>f,9° : h�tLlJ : fTfl� 2 . A,ft 'f : n�itn:f- : 'l"l.1,.:,.. = IDf,9° = '11\,_l,,.:, . 2 '1°111f T : �� I :. .' -Oflo = flODht-ahC : Jtf,-:fA'l° :, o

fl/

h.1$?:.: OD'J'?P':,•: fllbl\: OD"}OJJP,}• = fllD4/A: f+(lmm�"} • OD-0-t • : "1'? ::.. /lJ(l)llJ I ltf,i-A'I°.. � f°tf:>,f:A. .

fl/

oo/

r1t.1+cc;a.f"'iA= '?1u:J.., = r1q = u1c = '?.e.,;1..,m-1 1 nPt-a : f"tfill-A: 11,ILt-a'I! : th'? 1 ll.f(l)llJ I .e1t1'PA � · ·fllPJ'PA .

1 ,._,, ,

•

r�,1,tc'ifLf"�A= '?Fu:J--1 = hODLK9°=nOZJ.f�"l� : roy,r = oot.f &cell=n•fidLt--'f! = if1'? = oowt.,l· = f°tf...lDJ = �Ifie = irfl--= 'P;1 2 ftt, /\(l)c I f,lf'jA.''66 . .' . . '16f.b?a= .eu =· u-fl--= f"?.f00t\n+m« 1 nm·A= r+1'l= 011o:1--1 2 'lfl01/nnc = O+lfl,: till: 'lf,: O•Odi.6-a'l!: "1'?: OJ•il'I': fOl/.1�: IP/'a:fa>·'J° 1 �1C 1 'h. 1J!... 1 « :: Olt"!b�- '1.' }Y-• : .-f--'P'P f,: (10"}"1 �hl\hJ' : lf'i : l\.,<f'C1l = ltt\ ou:f-�1: �m : . . .

•

t '

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63. 17'/htc i hlt.e, 1 OOl/il;J--m'if 1. •l!TC = �?i • fi"m,,.(lm-, ! h1xc , {if-6fli 1 .e,00Al1:t:A ai 64. httfm• x h1K" , <:t-(:u = 65. "1ti�°7.. , "'� = 4.e,1-ilil = 1att:. = u • r.. = n,il • '1»il . • J<.c • '1.1-il,t:,--r..:,- • 1-c,: = �(D- 1,_ 1't. 1,t•c� . . · . . .. . klr,. i;,1: I c;/;\ • N- m- ·• 1K" I -...17: :, , . . ' ' • . . . --------, · . �6� .. dtt'}"'la) , , hlt,e. ll OD?il:r�if. •. 1?TC a @fi I -r+m4'(a_� _i 1�-. . � I ,.e.ouAh:t:A 11 '

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I I

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h'l':,,9"°:,.. = t§ = +1 = Ifil�t = 'l = 9"° = · "1fl:, ... : f,+ifif /\ro• =.. ,"111 = :081'? r:, h00:rro�: n&.:,.. : lD·A: fDD'P'PA: P'Al1J,: fl\'J°i'l°: 11-..�o: {l7ijf�i�: qou,f•: r;,,l+. = ,n1 = OD1d/F:,.. = 1t1+;r = 10 'lOc ....... = 1t11. --,.,., = '11JP --1: = fJ.uf�t-: o,oo+ : 9° ,"11 t..�f: I ,"111 : : OD'}'?P':,.. : OlDIIJ : lD,t;.IJ9°: '/°,'I° : ?,'}'1). : fl}', . f+(lm: fl.l1'1'1° i On, 14'�: '!}-:Ort\: fOD'P'P/\--: P'AllJ,: (\'}1,LP: '11P',I:: .1;1f: = <&tr- 1· = l\f, = r;rcl\oi,,1: � tt-:J'f: = {lA01J..e t1t.A'? = t,'}q,g. l\11•LP = -1..e.. , o ro·{l1' = nn&.A it•n �'lP.'rf: = , : .. f·fl;J A� 'llt · t. r ro· P'AllJ, = = = . '. : . . . r,iir'i:i: : qov+ : 9°dlt.,f: : ,1·1,•111 : «h'l'C : v,i s i{ln : ro11Jn:,. : 1.f·f; : f:lil. ➔•'1:J'?� = · r�LJ>'Pt\- = = {19'19°'11•:1:; = n,1--LP = ,,,,,,.,,,: = (t. = FAa,; n,erm2: = qOD,J• = ·9°,"l,t.i: :,--'hl. f11· <f?'l'C. = � n,tf,g, ; ·/\.OJ •611' : 1..P,f, : .OIJ..i{l:,..?- =. ,1·0'1'.Y.. = 'lflC s: h-11..r • ro,;.u = 'h.'i (l) qon+ : 9° ,l1t.,f: : :,..'hlf11 : cl?'l'C : '!1% : "h'i = fl!fllt� qoo,f• = '?1 ?°:Jit.,,;;·;j..i_',,11 : 4?'PC : :tf : ODLP(.:,.. : ,f--',,;J'?� : {)'}"�',:,- : 00 'P'PA : FA ,...,.. : : } ' t : A: • 'i" f�l\_ : fi)'} :· ftW 'iJ> : 1-.4f, : ori�ii,1--c I /\1111-0 : D?. f):i"c'i" k:,.. 01/.�ilirc : (i'tu--; : ·ai ; : f'T�, : tit71J."li1 : 'P'i" : · {IP,P'tf : fLT = f{ll\f, = 'i1·9°)= T(l'r:tA :1 I\W·611' : 1--�f, : oY..til:, --?- · : f,f,(lm�· : ro·A : faotpq>A : P' AflJ1 : 00 �tf n":, .. fn 'P 1 = � 7i_ lt"t "t rri\ 'i :,•c It -,.{l .. ari m:,»· f\� n.tr, I 1t 1111•n --n : 11 l\'11 : : (.:,• : ODLP tJS'° r .. 011 :: ',(J}• �1 : f,f--(lm«, : i\;l--1\ i : 1--J; f\f, = = IIJ"} 'PA FA f = rau :,• 'l°'l il'l° " = 11-0 r1, �1 'i" O.e= il1t« · lm(l) · ir?f+( ttil .. .: ' '

,f:ii��r:=

roiomro·,·

�w«fl:l,.,'i

= = ·= ��[:,:-: =

·=

ll9° •=

·=

n,ovr,5: :

67-

ti,)•H,'}'l"'J

•

-liTl\1r;

�r = =

n•r :

-·c 11i·u I .,e.oP/lh�,!\rJ 11 i ()� " -1 •m f,f I % !5 t J'C cf!I J if J•OJ il: 00'/ I hlt.,e.: I

- 403 -

(Llf1 ;: /l�·l\1 : l1"'J.7i1 : fOt\f, :: if-9° : f+{lmlD· : .e..dJ<r' : ilt,.. li'i"7.'i : f,f:hth : J,C�;r?11-- : f'"l..f.t.°l : il9"9°'1T·t : for>'P'PA = P'A"l1 : ',(l)c 1:

- /btr"-1-- ·: "'i.til·l--�-:f-c,· : f{IIJ1°lP':,- ·= {/IJP'tf : (1-f,:f: rnit_e,: 'lt\P'AllJ'il: F..oi'I° = 110A = 'In = nir� = 1--�v-1· = Tl!',fti6\ = r{/Dt..t-1..'I° = m,.e,'J° : +1-9° = -0/\CD• : (JDc/r : W•ht\ 'i' : f,f· •(lflJ:f(Dc : Qt\P'Al1J'i1" : IJJ!..l7· T : (De&\_: tlr{ltp: ni"{IIJt\h•t::,- i n-J·'P'PV--;f: : f,:J/r : 111·1-o : OD'PUW : '11J;..IP/r: f+il"'loo•n:,-: /J� f: : fOIJ,.L?.9'10·:,.., : 001•,.� : llOIJ..oot\hT : �� = 00 'P'P A : ,,el•'ltt- ::

(Dc�i•1 = f"'IX-J!..4!'• · : Oi't.Tf--kf : t\,.e, : ll.L?.(JDc : °l�;r : h 00tr'i":fm-: nil+S:'I° : r:,..�:r: : (Dcftol•c; : fh.. 1·t-C'i'O. f-'i'A : il9°9°'1..Y..l· : {IIJ?;J!._� : }i"}� "'l 1'1TfDc : foom(l� : 00-0:,-. : n+ff?i"t\(J)• : "1"1 : DD1°lP'T : h1LPK" : «Jj : ODIJJ 1..:,.. t\"}1--tP = 'l'iP'-1:: : -n:F r,t-ftm : P'Al1J1 : 'Im· fi..lf"}9° : .eu = P'A"l1= Otl.� : n1+x· : (D•{l tp : 11.1f .. ..•t-oPt\hi"(Dc : 1.e.11: f-J·n;i!t\T'i' : ft/bt\9°: 'lt\P' At1J1 : nar hA'i'" : fOl/f.+t\t\� : ',ro• ::

rm· 1 = oo"}OJP',t: = J-,1+1i• = h = J,c; = m = ill\°7.il"'loo•n:,-- = fH..u = ¥°ere. :,

f..lr(L : l't14'K" : b . .. . : OtlJ'I° : (l&, : hoou �'I° � /bt\: f"t 1·,;(Dc: nm�t\t\(Dc : h'i:A: n oo tr.,. oo,t-c:.., (Deil'P f"t1'l(De nit.:,..v-kf = m·il '1' = .(DeA il . "tJJJ 'P'PA = P'At1J1 n-1,flf, n"tc;-11..w- tt1"11; = m ...... = 001Pt.:,.. ='Im- = q,.e, = 'lw-: = n+ 1ni OT/1,'J° : 0"11 : OD10JP',f: : nt,1+x- : brt;·'i: ..,..,... __ ""' : ]1.1J!..+oonh+w• : htPJc-;: : fl} 1/,•f:: oof..n'1 : no0lf'l• : {1,111 : OD10JP'irf: : nn1+?i9 : m .... : 0h°1C..;:(Dc : ?i'tf...lj; : ODLPt,.:,- :: nh.·1·r-k..r : lt11" : t\f, = f1-fll.T: m,.e.9° : fhtiA: 7-�T: fl.f DDm• = f"'l.1'/r :: ar�l- : U•lr : hDDK"f.:P:fm- : n&."1· : t\.TCt\oi1,1:: oo:,, t.•n = ht\11:fw• == .,

"° ,

*'* :

httu = nt\.e = illl,n.1 = 001oip:,- = h1+K"" = ...... j;r,,;·--- e.,. = r•1·J!..t.1w• = 'l''i':,.. = i1t "'l.f oot\h--1-ar = ,.,,1 = 001oiF-1:: = n"'l.f t1m- = 001P1..:,... = il9°9°'1T = +1.c1 1 i't.Tf·kf : ,t-ti4-,.e, = rtr'l:f'l:fw- : ro•1to1· = Oit.TV-kf = ro•il'l': f1"�1P: '11P'1: 1 DD1°lP':,- : f(lt\.e, : dl°l : (f',ro• : oot.K'I° : hi\'1:fw·:: f,IJ9°: f0?.tr1n:,..: 9"11 f = Ol 'I = 1t'l,:,1c = i1.e.1tu = .r1r:,..1 = (D«/r'1" 1 ·11:,.. : ai1 = 001°1P'i: = °lA?i · h,t-tftf t\w· = m1 = 001oip:,-- = ,:,c = r11--1P = 'l1P'+. = aa1oip:,• = rnt\.e = ih"l : ilt\°7.fF-c,:,:fcn• = 'llD" == lll\:,t\ = h'l;,1c = ;,,1 = 0010JP'+. = n"'l.fHw• = oowt..:t- 1 .f,t- f..1..7-:,.1 = m-tto-:f- = t\u1t-1: = 1tt11,,t•'l! = ,n.oi = ntiA = n"'lff..c,:,:fw- • 01t1 +x- = lir.tt = ODLPt.:,.. = h,n.1 = 001oiF1: = ;,c·= f>t ti•A '1·1· = F-t.� = 1•(l'1'.f•1t:f� h1f- = "11 : 001°lP'rf: = U•lr : f,t-&.�Dll.'1:'f-: :}.e,A : 'h1J;..'it.:fro•: •t-1.C11't A s1 (Dct\o-:f- = f11--1P = 'l1P'-J:: = 0010JF:i-- = rnt\,.e. = ,-,.oi = '11.r..oulfc;:fw - 1 tJll{ll 1 0 : 1 : nu1t,f: --t-t. : ,-,,.-,-:{-,; : (lOJ·t\ ':.)".. : ootihA : OD&l.C : ().�me : OJ•/r'1'4 1.9°lt7i'l"1' = .e'it.-:f'PA ll''i'I° = J',t\00il"70J J,f: = r1-�mt..w· = hm"l = 001"1/>'"1 ;,c = (l.lf"}'r' = m-tr = r+F-1..1w• ,l,1 = 001oiF.-1: hw11J = n:-\t\ = hlf'I = '?1 = fnl\,.e.',:,- : ..e..1..;r : fOIJ.(lmw-: ll:ti1: DD10JP'rf: : ',(De 'f°n"}f-1::9° : (D•{r, Oh. TV--kf'i" : n1t1;f : t\f, : ll00t.?.'I°: 011-o;J-- : t\ODlf1 : ,"f1"1 : OD1°lP'-f:: : {107..! ff(Dc : ODIP/..:,.. : f,f-LKOD : V·'i :;. n-1·m."'7t,9° : «p,:, : l\.,.fl(lm-:,- : fO?.-:ftr•r1' hl\Lt\'L: '11�1- : U•/r : l't6J..A,f• : ODf1f : ilt\t\OT : ',to-::

=�

m-0� = f,t-f-t..1 : n"}f:: CD•/.\: 'P;,: fLf{lm•T: ftPLfitt..A-11 !' "11 .. = t\ = h. 6:l.A·f-. = hf11c; : f+..e..t."l(Dc9° : f,,..q'qt\(Dc : ao1 :, •} = �>.�91l· - U• P'Cq-1:1

- 404 -

n.-J-- 'ln�..:,.. : OD1°IF:J--:,.. : :J!Crf"C : 't1..1'f·A... flt\():,-- : "lio:J''i': {l{b /r'1' : nit,.1,1-- c:'i"n.r·'i"A : lD·it. '":f"-.: n1f1;::,:a,..: 1Fa:J--!P-:f-.: OD}Jhl:,\ OD�lC: (Lt.me: f!rCrf--<;..: ii.'JcJ,7,.",f.. : fllt'\f,�:,-..: f,'f �:fcp I,\ :: 9°ti1f ,f:9°: ;1:c,1--�.. : ,'h"l: (ID/fl�:)-..: (I}•&\. : (lODlf�·'i": h.TV·!'i.r9°: ,-c,,.. �.."}: ,f..cl)•flt\: fl{11J�l9°'P 1 hf.O·: CD•fi/l' : Olfi : ao'}t..,(t : OJ·&\ : i\/\.67.�l'? : '?Yo;J--: f1'11·: fl0DU1 �·'P: � ro-:: flit�tti : it1..e..·'I:,.. : .. f:C :e_::,. : :r C ,f·Cc,·: tt.;t-\>"A",f = ,f·i-1 /4,.f.,: fl l1''11".. '1 fro-: fLfto1.. : fJ-i..1-i.. C'ic\.f·',·A: ro·tt. 1--: {Jlll-}111,\: OD7'lC: (Lt.me:'?'}: fl1.IL: hODllJ�: cf,f!..9°: l\{\(D• :: rni\_e,�:,.. : .eo,n'PA:: · ·

(IJ•

,"11 1: .OD1'? P'--l·: h (1lJ;J--lD 1f,.: fl&, :,-.: {t t\ ., n ',•:,. : ftv·:f.. : rtr ,,: 1'1iU'} : '?1 : {lf·I.U :: f..t--(l�: it(l,1--yv,1,: t1Iu!?i?; : q{JD,f• : 9°,"f1li:: 1"h t111 : cf?'f'C : 1, : "/,'i" : n·;urui1. :: qov,f• :: 9°;l1lrf: : l,'P:<':: cf!'PC: lif©ft h1lth.t.'f!ro•: :i171" : ,:JC {)(\If� : 'P;, : t\.f tan1:fcD·: rtlPJ.Y{t:1·-1\:1: W•'} : �1C: i'1 o:J.f.\.rf"lD· : 1,hh.<'11,. : �-- 1..fl : •l't.7'°t'11.. : (L'ft..:fm· =. J!,1111,\:: lf'i9'° = 11,1·7fiftlm·: ,1,1 = (1D1t1JP':,.. = n&..1· = f,1--f.l1..:,. = ro·t\0:1.. l,�J?, = flrf,m'f1(l.:,. : ,11 1-:f : ODO'�:,.. : rn t\..e a1'1 tfDlf1'-i' htL.C19°: m.�. tJ = {19:19° ��-: ,f·f.C:1'1:rm◄ : (1,71 1: DD1aiP',,I:: n"}qi7'': l!f.?!"�: ODlPl'l.. � fOt)f,',:I·: °: ,.:1": · , 9 t\f..'1 : ,:,J?,t\ )1,;J'l!:: f : ff..l.:�c; : OD\-thA fro· tt� O+(JnJ: : OJ</r-'1": it/\ ::

r,,..?f 'q"" U)• :

;·r�;:·;.,;y_v" :

�:t? .. � h,f·il"?ft\CD-: ,)11: OD'}'1P''1': fl?nl'a: f,f,f.l1--:,..: (D•{\�:r.: fOt\,e_: ,"l.' -lfi : · : f.t� : f,f-n"J:r=m•: f(li\.e: ,"11 '1: lllf�OJ•: O,'h1: DD_1"P'"I (t: �,. �&,1 .: f ,t·f.t.1-:1.: m ·fto":f· : r Ot\.e, : ,7,d/'l•l.. : �t.jf =. r,t·n'::r<D·: fl,f:/r. �11 I : 'lllr ·: : 1 J!, · · . i'1 . /.\ : h .. � 1, �l. l" � '�: : ,)1"l'i t\.{', r 0J• fln1 ' : : il,.I � . · il/\1 1.u� i\U· :: f,f" : O » f . , B : 'c · . '(llD mcl o,1· :: l,t\J!, ;I : J!,', ffl/\ , (lm ;l rUDLJ.J : f: , m· oip : 001 t· l .: .. • "J � • ' "I v • ; "JI." .,_. al } . D "L 1 • O ,,tp"h�: '\ ,,.,,o ...1 ... ,-,. ,o • ,.,. 0 ,v .. ;i � 01,-'01•"} tirf••· '• (\OJ• : {ll ◄ : J-,-. i� ,n _..,u , .• II • I Ohh•&,�:,. : i1illf£/.,,<'ll�?°nJ:fm·: ,flt\lw}. : J-,ti,D· == u•l\'r�7-:'l° • ;, ., : ov"}"IP'':: :W�,.-,90 : ftlf' }: . foo•-,°IP',f:: °if,'J ,,·l--'i: ro.. = fOti.,e : ,71 "1 : l1(1iJlf�-9": 01\,e Oft

t\r.: :t,.

).-.

•

••

- 405 -

O:\I\ : ftD"l : oootr� = fOl\m = +(1"7..'IT = fL{lmtD-'i 19'1 : ,}-'JttfJIT'i : J-,'P1:-:f : {Lfq7iA II .f-1'1A �

t1C(t• =

n&..:i- = fm,n.:,.

+f-9'1 = (t. A: fi-f.l10Jc: ':,•1;J--), = 1'11-0I/.fDPl\h+m• = U•lr = f,lt1 : 001, -- = r+1' -. :, -n�:, 11J•·1:= boom• •r= ao"}'?F l1 ,la1= rrt-?ftf = r,1: = h1+1a = li'\i�e = ,,,,. ........... OJctt�l- : ill\l\TlD' : f-l� : h�'i1C9° fJLIJ : '¼.f,',,f: : 1f9°;r',· : flt1+?i: lif7,t: mf. : �.a\ : ,t-ooA(l : hl\ODP'l�:,.. : f+?f?fl\lD" : ih1 : OD"}'?P':,.. : hoo;t-m� : 0&."1-- : f}fl?<T : m«l\ -:f : fl\:far : f 01\f, : ,l1'?'IT : btLf = m)ttJ : fltb1 : OD"} OJP',f: : OD lP /..T : {\i--J!..l ?--T : Or(lo1• : {l,f--(1 t1J T (D• : f {lI\ f, : ,)1 '?',T : T7i e:h.A : l\"'lll:,-- : .flll-1\A :: h1LIJ9° : frt-�lt : hC(l• II ntt:,- : f',{l?<:,--, : 0Jc/t!'1· : flll\f, : ,l1'? : h°7..l\:t·=tD-: 9°�-0 : m·il1' : flP/f,tXL9°C : '114>�' : fl\m- : f·t-if ifl\lD'" : ih.1 : oo"}a,p:,- : OD:J--w;e.: : fiiif?i� : '¼oo+ = 9°,"hl"i:1 : Thlf1f : iilmiJ 4?1'C : 'I.... . : i't'l4>?i : ,: .- ...... : ................ ,.. : qoo+: 9°ih.l-f:"}: it'Pj}.._: ck'PC: ....... .... : J,c; : f1filiiii "11+?. = ..b = ,t-'?'lC'i = ro-m:,.. = ,l11 : ao"}OJJP'.-f: = hODm•tJJ.-J: = {l&,:,.. = f+1'l1· T1 : W• f\o1--- , h11,lht•tJ! : ih 'J -:f• : ,:JC : IP/ 'P'If.: : 1l :f. : f1-C1'PA :: W•f\o1·1 : f 01\f, : ,la°l : flP/ f:l1, : T°l 'lC : 0+7i?f (\ID• : ih1 : OD"}'?P'T : 1',"}if>?i : ......bf�i ,,... ...... .... iltt+rolfl i nttu- = oowl:,.. = r11--rP = '11P'1: = oo'J°IP':,.. = fOl\1' = ,n'? = roi tr�:,-. = n+?f?fttw- = ,l11 = 001-,F:,.. = ODwl:,.. = f+f.l1-- = (JJcflo:f'i = .e,1i w- = "11 : OD"}'?P':,.. : .?-(l•"} : (J;l.9°(!' : fOl\,,e, : ,la'? : f°tff.C,:JT(lr : h.Tf-k1: WJ!..&."1-- : '1·1-t�f, = f9°:,--tr"}'l:fro· = ID"l\oT x il'J°9°'1,,F--l-'i' = °1��91-:f- 1 11:F 'i:fOJc " OILU• : h14>?. : ID·il1' : '',t-ti�_e, = f'J°TU'"} fl-rtD•'' . . . f"'l.�T : :J>I\T i f"'l.fODl\h-f:-r : f+?iif l\OJc : tf11 : OO"}°IP'T :: h;J--min:,.. :: h1'f9°T : 71'§ I if>"} : !fff�t : '¼ :i 9° : 0:\1\ 1 f,f•J!..l.1':,•"}: tD•ir'T ! il'J°'J°'l-f•T'i : '?fo ;l--911•"} r ',ID- :: 'h'lf.lLU-'J° : ''f,tr'i�'': f01Li\W•: �A: f1'1aJ•: OT'llt;I-- � • i't'l;J1C r tr'i : ill\OJf..&."1-- : "Lit : i\OD'?i\?i : h.1:( : O(t'Pllm« 1 h1fl0- : {){\tD- : T"lf If� : J-i 'l+?i I Jttf,1-l\'J° :I ill\tLIJ : ID-l\ T 2 fU1&•f: : f {11\,,e I tf t'? I f''7.lf )-T : flI!i!�t = q = 'I° = ow11Jw• = r+?f?fi\w· = ,n·1 = OD1"1P'-r = oowl-r = r,t-f..t.1- = 1'11-lf'I = 11� = 'lro- == r+i'iifttro- = a11 = 001aiP':,.. = ·f,n1:f, h'l°f:'i, Oth 1 l- = 1:c,:,.. • 1tcn1 = ID"il1'9° = on._e = ,n'? = lli\tr'l'i = hJLtJ'I° = iiAC! , oti o011J1' = 1,.11:9° = �tt,;: = OODlf� = lhc"1--t--1 1 hn.:i:-r-A"-.r , ;,c = noi1<ruf.m- = 2 = 400 1· = 'l°ih.l,f: = :,-1''111 = +-1'c , � , nt,1+1a· = i ! 'Ac; = quo+ : 'J°ifal,f:: fm1f"O : 0011:,, : i't'P}!-: 4?1'C: �f,]jfi: 0"11+�: (is b+ool\h i-lD' : f,A� : fOl\f,',,}- : itttro- .,

nro·=

=�

oxu1�1

oxur��

hJLtJ9° : 01\f,: n,n1 : UD"}OJp,,f:: ODlPlirl-: f,f• f..t.,1.. :i m•1t -:f I CD..<;.fOJ-). : nu1t.-f: = w«il1' = +t..�"'l.'1"1- = 'h1J.;.lft--:f lD': Jtt1+1.= li'ffi•e = 11·1•·1A :, f+?fiffllD'• ih1: OD"}'?P'T9° : hODCD•flJi: : n,..,:,.. : frf•f-l1'" : (D:h,;��9° : nu1&1: : tD-il'I' : ih;,� = ;!Jf,IA = f"'l.'it..:fw- : OI.f1f�� = '¼00+: 9°,"t,l--l: : :,..i,111 : cf!1'C s i: h"t +�· = t = h'i : Oiilf�i = '¼00+ = 'J°d1l--l:: h'P� : �h1'C: jjJmii : h.14'7i9 : b f1--f..l1":t- : oowt..:r· : ',(l)• :: frf-qif t\lD-: ,"t,"1 : OD"}'?P'"1· : hoow-tJJ--1: w-fto-:f- : f1ld"ht-'e : ,n'? : l\00 ll'1 = fO+.:'f· : f,n11' : u-� : J-,'I°S..· : Olf�lD': Od11 = 00 1'?P'T = tif,lf"} = flt\,I\ = on,.e, = ,l1cYJ , 1'.IP1ti.e'l"1· = nootr� = 1, �rttJ1' ro•1t.,1, = OP'� = 1\1' = l\"'l'PA = 0°7..&..t\'?n:,. = 1.tt = l-°lc : ll.&..mc = 1,-:fllA i\9°i\t\, : ri•?fq{\OJ• : ,111 : OD"}OJpjl:,. : boo;t-w� : fl"-"1-- I f-f- •1'l1..:,..1 I OJ-Ir'*

;oz�- :

- 406 •

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TREATY-MAKING PO\VER AND SUPREMACY OF TREAT Y IN ETHIOPIA By

Aberra Jen1bere* '

►

'' ... Inter11ational treaties. .. to wl1ich Ethiopia shall be party, shall be \l1e supreme la,N of the Empire ... " Art. 122 Revised Co11stitution of Ethiopia. Introd11ction

The word ''treaty'' is derived from ''traiter'' French for ''to negotiate," and denotes those internatio11al agreeme11ts which are intended to l1ave an ''obligatory character." 1 The ge11eric term ''treaty'' is 11sed i11 this study in its general se11se, so as to cover "treaty'', ''protocol'' ''inter11atio11al agreen1e11t'', ''convention'' and ''obligation'' (in the latter case in its 11arrow sense). 2 Tl1e difference i11 form of s11ch instrt1n1e11ts does not exte11d to tl1eir juridical effect, a11d the rules of internatio11al law are equally applicable to all contractual e11gage1nents between States or a State a11d I 11ter national Organizations. Botl1 the so-called la\v-1naking treaties and other treaties are treated in this stt1dy u11der tl1is ge11eral term, as there is not m11ch difference bet\-veen them as pointed 011t by Oppenl1eim, wl10 stated that:

"In principle, all treaties are law-making in as mucl1 as tl1ey lay down r11les of

conduct which the parties are bo11nd to observe as law.''3

In this study we are concert1ed with the follo\ving questions: 1. Is treaty-making tl1e prerogative of the Emperor alone?

I. 2.

Could this power be delegated?

Can a treaty amend or inodify tl1e provisions of the Constitution or any other legislation in existe11ce?

Are treaties concluded prior to, and after the promulgation of the Revised Constitution s11preme law equally?

ies at re "T ed tl ti en s . er ap P B L L B-A.,LL.B. This dy \.vas origi11ally submitted as one of thtsi·u· 1967.'Now it has been stu as the Supreme Law of the Empire," to Fac�ilty 0( L_av,, lication io b u p r fo d ge a� � -a �� d tl a expanded to include the treaty-making power in Etlliopia, the Journal of Ethiopian Laiv. Ernest Satow, A Gt1ide to Diplornatic Practice (4tl1 ed., 1962), § 553' p. 325. See p . 4,0 - '. in ..1r r. a. p. 879. 492, § I, Vol. L· Oppenhe1rn 1955), , /11ternational La:v, (Treaties) (8tl1 ed.,

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Is municipal action required to implen1ent treaties?

How can conflicts of treaties witl1 municipal law4 be reconciled? In order to ans. wer these q11estions this article attempts to analyse two relevant provisions of tl1e Revised Constitution, namely, (a) Art. 30, which is t�e source of treaty-making po·wer; and (b) Art. I 22, which is the S\lprem_acy clause, incorporating treaties into the municipal legal fra.mework, and st1pulat1ng the enforcement of treaties as tl1e supreme law of the En1pire. 6.

The anal)rsis however, must necessarily be of a preli1ninary nature, not only because of the scantiness of material on tl1e subject, but also because of the brevity of the legal experience under the Revised Constitution of Ethiopia. The fact tl1at the subject is complex, coupled with the lack of material such as decided cases on treaties in Ethiopia, and the non-availability of any preparatory work on tl1e draft of the Constitution, or any official commentary 011 the Revised Coni.titution, makes the task of the writer a difficult one.

PART I. TREATY .. rvIAKING POWER The technical term ''treaty-making'' 11sually includes · the whole process of nego tiating, initialing, signing, ratifying, exchanging of instrume11t of ratification, publishing the legislation of parliamentary approval, and authenticating the legality of the treaty so concluded by one nation with another natio11 or international organization. This st11dy, however, attempts to show only where the treaty-making power lies in Ethiopia according to tl1e existing laws a11d the effect of tl1e treaty. It does not go into the details of treaty-making process, which have been amply covered in the paper of Captain Slumelis Metaferia.5 It sho11ld be noted l1owever, that there is a basic difference in treaty-making process in EtlJiopia, since tl1e promulgation of the Revised Constitution and in the period prior to it. A. Prerogative of the Emperor to make-treaty.

Prior to November 4, 1955 (the date of prornt1lgatio11 of the Revised Consti tution) the treaty-making power was vested in tl1e Emperor alone ,�itl1011t any limitation. This is shown by Art. 14 of the 1931 Co11stit11tion whicl1 states: ''The Emperor has legally the right to 11egotiate and sign all kinds of treaties.'' For practical purposes, however, tl1e En1peror by Order No. I ot· 1943 delegated the Foreign Mi11ister to negotiate treaties a11d agree1 11e11 ts on His bel1alf.6 This delegation was enforced, even after the promulgatio11 of tl1e Revised Constitution. It was amended however, by Order No. 46 of 1966, as will be demonstrated later. .

4. The term ''n1unicipal law'' means national or domestic law of any country. 5. Shin1elis Metaferia, Treaty-Maki11g Power in Etlziopia (LL.B. Paper, unpublisI1 ed, Faculty of Law, H.S.I.U., 1967). 6. Ministers (Definition of Powers) 1943, Art. 43 (f and g), Order No. 1. Neg. Gaz., year 2, no, 5•

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Since the pr?mulgation of �he Revised Constitution the wh O1e power of foreign wh ich tre aty -n1 ak1 of ng is ons on e is also r eIati ' fi erred o n _ the Emperor b y r t 30 of the 1955 Con�tit�tio11.1 Howeve�, the re t1i r�:ent of parliam .c _ entary approval of s · treatie kinds ! 1s embocl n Af ied ertai in the sa e Ar t1 cle, as pointed o o ut below. B, Analysis of Art. 30.

(a) Discrepancy between the Amharic and English Version. Art. 30 of tl�e Revise� Constitution outlin_es the prerogati ve of the Emperor , in fo re re la 1g tio of 1?ns a11d_ trea�y-mak1ng, and the the fi:ld limitations therein. The A rti cl un th e e de of r cons1derat1on reveals the following analyst� facts: First of al_l, �nlik� th� �nglis_h version, the Amharic version of A rt. 30 of the �o t1o ns n tit 1s di u vi de d in to �wo parts. The fir st one deals with Revi�ed fo reign ge ne ra an l, d th e 10 se on co s nd relati with treaty-making in particular. It should be noted howe,1er, tha� th e W?rds contained in t_he very first sentence, i.e. supreme direction of the forezg,z relations of the Empire implies the treaty-makinu power as 0 . ed) well. (Emphasis add Secondly, the Amharic text of the same Article employs the words· ''I-le, alone'' only in the second part. Hence, one may rightly conclude that the Emperor can delegate his power of treaty-making concerning setlement of disputes and n1easures of co-operation, (which includes all kinds of treaties), but not those concerning ratification of treaties. Thus as stipulated i n the third sentence of the Article under review, the determination of the kind of treaties that do or do not require ratifica tion, is the sole power of the Emperor. However, the Emperor's prerogative to decide which treaties n. e ed parliamentary approval is and should be governed by the general criteria laid down in the ''however clause'' of Art. 30. While concuring generally with the analysis made and the conclusions pr�sented by Captain Shimelis8 concerning the treaties and agreements enumerated 1n the "however clause' ' of · Art. 30, the writer would like to point out a discrepancy between the Amharic and English version, as to the treaties laying a h?rden on Ethiopian subjects personally. In the first place, the equivalent for the English w �rd "personally'' does not exist in the Amharic version at all. Se�on�ly, for the English term ''burden' ' an Amharic \Vord ''gudat'' is employed. This single word has two connotations in the Amharic lang11age: (a) physical injury and (b) damage or loss 7· Art. 30 of the Revised Constitution reads: The E mp�ror exercis�s th�t��:J �ir �;�� te or ' th e foreign relations of the Empir e. The Empe ro� accred1t_s and r e�e1ves Pow ers by a ct judication and Missions ; He, alone, l1as the rigl1t t_o settle disputes with {ire :;:asures of co-operation with and other peaceful means , and provides for and agre�s d common defence l-Ie alone, foreign P_owers for . the realization of t� e _end s 0 �. security has th e rJ�ht to. ratify , o_ n behal� of Etl1�opta, treaties and otfi�r international agr�eme�ts, and to det�r m1n� �htch treaties and 1!1terntat10 11al agreemen�s shall be subj ect to ratification b_efore bec?m1ng btndmg upon the Empire: H�\vever, all tre�t ies O f eace and all treaties a�d 1nter y or �at_io�aJ_ agreements involving a mod1�cat1on of t�e terr or 0f ihe Empire, or of sovereignt Ethiopian subjects personally, Jurisdicti on over any part of such territory, o_r _laying a ��r�en or modif ying leg islation in existence or requ 1�111g expead tur 0 state funds, or involving loans or m?nopolies, shall, befor e becoming bi nding upon t� � ire and the inhabitants thereof, �fam :�i shall approve the s ame in ac he laid befo re Parliament, and if b_oth I-louses_ 01f r en th l al sh n, io ut it st on C nt se e r p cordance with the provisions of A r ticles 88-90 inc USJ\ ��e 0f tile be submitted to ratificatio n. for the Emperor 196-198. 8 · See 191-19 3; 175_17 8; 171_17 2; note 5, supra, pp. 132-134; 152-154; 158-l60;

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of property. Th_ t1s,' the literal translation of the Amb�ric_ version. for ,the English , Eth1op1 subjects, 11 wou]d be phrase which reads: ''treaties laying a bt1rden on _ � ''treaties bringi11g about damage or i11jt1ry on EthioJ)Ian subJ�cts. '' � ence, _according to the Aml1aric which is the official version, any treaty which m1gl1t br1ng about any damage or ioss to a property belonging to an Etl1iopian or a physical injury to an Ethiopian subject must be laid before Parlian1ent for approv�l before ratification by the Emperor. Tl1t1s, a treaty wl1ich migl1t be interpreted_ to give: (a) � �rivileg e to a foreign Government to take a piece of land, belong111 g to an � tb1op1an, by expropriation proceeding for the use of its Embassy. ratl1 e� tba11 ?Y a_ direct negotia tion with the owner as to the price; and (b) an immu111ty to its d1plomat residing in Ethiopia from payi11g an adequate compensation, if a11y of tl1em inflict a physical injury 011 an Ethiopian might be cited as a11 example of tl1e kind of treaty envisag ed in tl1 e Amharic version of Art. 30. On the other hand, if the English version is considered to be more logical, a treaty calling for military assistance to a foreign power or payment of a special tax for the benefit of a foreign power may involve a burd.en on Ethiopian subjects as illustrated by Captain Shimelis. (b) Delegation of Treaty-Making Power.

Since tl1e promulgation of Order No. 46 of 1966, the Ministers of Foreign Affairs, Finance, and Pla11 ni11g a11d Development are en1powered to negotiate and conclude international treaties, agreen1ents, and arra11gernents; whereas the Ministers of Natio11 al Defence and Foreign Affairs are req11ired to ensure that obligatjoos under treaties a11d agreeme11ts are carried 011t; and enforce all treaties, conventions a.nd international obligations ot' tl1e 11 ation. 9; In other words, the Minister of F oreigi1 Affairs has been delegated, by Art. 2& (c) of Order No. 46 of 1966, to concl11de certain types of agreeme11ts, except in so far as specific power has �een delegated to anotl1er Ministry or Public Authority. The kind of agreements tl1a.t other Ministri_es or Public At1thorities are empowered to negotiate and concl11de are agreements deali11 g \yith loans and credits by the Minister of Finance; economic a11d tecl1nical assistances for111erly by the Mi11ister of Plannjng a11d Development, presently by the co11cerned Mi11ister together with the Head of the Pla1111ing Commission Office which is part of the Prin1e Minister's Office, (as pro,1ided �n Order No. 63 of 197 0). 10 The other Mi11isters or Heads of P11blic A11thorities, as exect1ti11 g age11ts, i:11ay conclt1de protocols or otl1er agreemenls, wl1ich come t111der (or based 011) a11 un1brella agreen1ent signed by one of tl1e above 11arned Mi11isters or by a11 Etl1iopian ambas s�dor or. m�_r:ii�ter abroad after h�vi_ng �een give11 ''ft1ll power'' by tl1 e E111peror to· sign such treaties or agreements. An example of s11ch agreen,ent would be a ct1ltt1raL �elation agreement �r. an agreement _dealing V11itl1 a11 executio 11 of a project; e.g. build-· 1ng a scl1ool by a Joint fund, contr1bt1ted _ by tl1e two contracting parties. .

By virtt1e of ·Art. 30 of the Revised Co11stitution, treaty-n,akii1 g power is t�e for certa in, approval prerogative of the Emperor, s11bject of cot1rse, to parliamentar)' ' '

9. 10.

n Ministers (Definition of Powers) (Amendment No. 2), 1966, Arts. 25 (g and b); 28 ( c a di d); 29 (h) ancl 33 (h) Order No. 46 Neg. Gaz., year 25, no. 23. Planning Commission Order, 1970, Art. 5(3) Order No. 63 Neg. Gaz., year 29, no. 19.

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TREATY - MAKING POWER A N D SuPREMACY OF TR EATY IN ETHIOPIA ties and agreements, ent1merated in trea of s the ''however clause'' of 'the sam kind e Order by 46 of t , . Bu 1966 the ' icle. Empe ro r has del egated the power of Art . • · · · 1 neg otiating and co�_c uding treaties and agreements to the Mini. t. of _Fore1.�n A!Ia.�rs, ance and Planning _a�d Developme11t (presently the I-lead 0} �far1n1ng Comn1 fin issio n office) T he other M1n1sters or Heads of Ptib . . lic Auth r1ties are_ entitl ed o�y to cul tural agreements a11d protocols dealing wi th �he exe c e conclud ution or carrying of . . pro�rammes proJe · c ts)' prov1c1ed for in an umbrella ag certr un .( · ne d bY a reement, :sig , duly authorized official of the Government.

Ho\ve ver, notwithstand· ing the proviso of Art. 30, th e .power to rat1'fy on behaIf 0f . · · · erm.t ne w 111ch tre�tie� and international agreements sha be Et�opia, and. t0 . de t ll . . 1fic bef ore becom111g bin�i11g t1pon E�hiopia is the sole prerogative subJe ct to rat at1on . Em per or. Because bot� th.e Amh�r1c and Eng l ish version of Art. 30, states of the . alon Em has peror e this right. This 1s not a power which can ·be delegated that the to any official. (d) Reconcilation of Art. 1 and Art. 30. As rightly poi.nted out by C aptain Shime lis in his paper, 11 Art, I of the Revised Consti tution on the face of it seems to forbid the making of a treaty which tries to alienate sovereignty rights and territories of the Empire of Ethiopi�. On the other band, Art. 30 opens the possibi lity of concluding treaty which involves a modification of the territory of the Empire or sovereignty rights over any part of such territory, provided parl iamentary approval is obt ained before ratification. These basic conflict of the two constitu tional provisions must be reconciled somehow.

Since, no country by its o,vn Constituti on incapacitates itself from making treaties wi th o ther c ountries which are for its own good, the wri ter attempts to reconcile the two provisions by the well-established rule of interpre tation of law tha t a specific provision prevails over a general one. Hence, Art. I being too general , and placed in the general part, shoul d be interpreted in the light of Art. 3�, which is a specific provision for treaty-making power in E tl1iopia. C. Requirement of Parliamentary Approval.

As stipulated in Artic l e 30 of th e Revised Constitution al l treat1e� dea�in� with _the follo wing matters require the approval of Pa ��ament, be�ore becoming. bi�d•�g upon the Empire and inhabitants, i.e. before mun1c1pal execution and application .1. Treaties of peace;

3• 4.

odification of the m a ng vi l vo in nts me ree Treaties and internatio11al ag territory of the Empire; . y nt ig re ve so of n io at c i if d o m a g n vi l Treaties and international agreements invo or jurisdictio n over an y part of such territory; . .. n . thiop�a E · n o en . rd u b a . 1 g 1 Treaties and 1nternat1onal �greements . version bringing about : c r1 a m e th to g in rd subjects personally (or acco physical in ju ry o r damage to property); ce; ; n te is ex in n o ti a · l is g le ing .y dif o m ts en em re ag l a n io at Tre ies and internat

--· 11 · See n-o -et

-5 supra, pp. 120-122.

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6. Treaties requiring expenditures of State funds; ' 7. Treaties and i�ternational agreements involving loans; and 8. Treaties and international agreements involving monopolies. Treaties and international agreements of this nature · should go throug h the law-making process .as laid down in Articles 88-90 inclusive of the Revised Consti tt1tion, and ,be ratified by the Emperor 12 after th� approval of the Parliament _ -Cha.mber of Deputies and the Senate- by a maJor1ty vote of both Chambers. This requirement was not applicable to � reaties a�d �nternational _ agree ments : _ c6ncluded prior to the promulgation of the Revised Co11st1t�t1on or Eth1op1a. Art. 14 of the 1931 Constitution did not require the approval of Parliament, and con.se . quently, a.ny t.reaty or international agreement. was binding upon Ethiopia without such approval. Thus, treaties and international agreements concluded ·before November 4, 1955 are still binding upon Ethiopia, even though their provisions may be· subject to ratification with the approval of Parliament had they been concluded after the promulgation of the Revised Constitution. The High Court of Ethiopia, on a constitutional issue raised as to the appli cability of Art. 122 of the Revised Co _ nstitution . has given a ruling to the effect that Art. 122 does not affect any legislation, order etc., that was in force at the time the Constitution was promulgated. 13 Thus, what Art. 122 of the ;Revised • Constitution impliedly pc,ovides,' i.e., that- any international treaties conventions and obligations to whicl1 Ethiopia shall be party· ip. the future, if inconsistent with the provisions of the Constitution,. are null and void, does not affect any t�eaty or · was promulgated . that was in force at the time 'the Revised Constitution agreement ' . The approval of a treaty ?Y Parli�ment follows a similar 'si�p-by-step procedur� ,described in ''The Law Making Process jn Ethiopia." 14 The only exception being, in case of treaties, t�at the text which is submitted· to Parliament ·by the Executive branch of the Government has to be accepted as submitted or . rejected into with ·out any amendment, unlikt? pr�posals ·of Ia:ws whic;h are subject to amend.ment. When approving a· treaty or agreement the Parliament approves a ·draft Proclamation submitted along with it, which states that the treaty or agreement signed on a given date between the contracting parties is dt1ly· approved. The publication of the said .-P!oclama_ tion in th: Negarit Gazeta without the text .of the tre�ty. or agreement is the pract1ce except 1n the case of the 0.A.U. Charter, when the full text of tl1e treaty · was p�blished. I

•

I .

As Wright states : ''Though require�ents f�r legisl�tive p�rticipation may some t�me� del_ay execution of treati �s requi �ing positive action, undoubtedly popular parti· -Clpat!on 1n the conduct of f9re1gn affairs frequently renders a State more likely to fulfill ordinary obligations of customary international law �nd treaty."1 5

.• . . . '.

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•

. .

•.

·13. 14.

IS.

Ratifica·tion of a· treaty· is an act by wl1ich the provisions of a treaty are formally confi�ed _w1JI· app rova of l of the �d approved by the Em.peror after . tbe expr essio Parl n iame with nt, _ 1ngness to be b�und by the prov1s1on s of • the iQstrt1ments of ratification upon. deposit or . me�� unless otherw1_. s . in the treaty itself. exchang� of t. he 1nstr� e stated. H.B. Lij Araya Abebe v. The ·Imperial Bo·ard· of Telecommunication of Ethiopia (High Court,_ 1956 (E.C.), J. Eth. L., Vol. 2, (1965) p. 305. Kenneth Robert Redden, The Law-Making Process in Ethiopia (1966) pp. 29-30. Quincy Wright, ''International Law in Its Relation to Constitutional Law,, America n J. Int.'/. L. ' ;. . . . Vol. 17 (1923), No. 2, p. 236. · '

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TRE ATY-MAKINq- POWER AN� �V �1:IBMA CY 0�; TRE ATX IN ETHIOPIA _ . . . ••

•

The prom1I:1gatio1;1 of the Procl amation approvin ..a .tr: e t� or �gr�em ent, .whi. cp. e ''however cl at1se'' of Art. 30 of th r e und the \evts ·· e falls 0n st 1 t ut1011, mak es 1t b e l i�a in pl Ethiopia . execu tory and ap · this point Preuse ,vrites: ''A s i n th e :case of a law, a· treatY was obl.1gator On · · · y 1 e gu I · ar con s r e . us1 ·t on, . 1 f o executory' by virtue of by virtue 1·ts promu1 gation, and virtue of its publ ication . "l6 applicab le, by • y approval is very significant, as it gives such Therefore:_ the r<?l� o � oarliame_nt�r . d be not�d' h?wever, u . t o s. s_ e tt e a tr o that ratific_ ation of . a11 ILO conven-' effect � . 1·.th�··· o_r d1�ary fro m t1ficat1on of a treaty whicI1 has been negotiated rs e d!.ff tion �� . ple n1p ote nt1 by ar1 es e d Because, they are not self-executing or intended· sign and to ·be so. .. , . Non-un animity exists among the authorities whether the effect of ratification is retroactiv e, so as �o make a treaty binding from the date wheri it was duly signed .. es. tiv ta en by the repres . Mr. Jones writes, that the international law doctrine which sta t es that the ratification of treaties gives the retroactive effect )las been accepted by well-known writers on international l aw. The doctrine he discuss es in his paper reads: "A treaty is binding on the contracting parties, 1111 less otherwise provided, froIIl the date of its. signattire, the exchange of ratifications having, in such case, a retro active effect, confirming the treaty from that date�''18 On the other hand Oppenheim states: "The fact tl1at ratification imports the binding force to a treaty seems to indica te that ratification has norma lly no retroactive effect. '' 19

The present writer submits that due to practical necessity the latter view should be maintained in Ethiopia. In other words, a tre aty to which Etl1iopia is a par�y� unless the tre aty oth�rwise provides, . shou ld become binding from the date of its ratification rather than the date of signature. D. Validity of a Treaty . .

In order to have full obligatory force and give rise to internati?nal obligation a treaty must possess intrinsic or inherent validity, in addition to its forma l. �n� temp oral validity, as asserted by the international jurists. 2� The term '[or�al v�ltdit y. and 'temporal validi t y' denote th e r egularity of conclusion and continuing exist�nce and non-termination of a treaty respectively.21 ert ai n c it, ts p� an m hu Sc as Thus, in orde r that a treaty be l ega lly binding, conditions are e ss entia l : (I) The parties must be l egally competent; i.e. they UJUSl

16· 17 · 18 · 19 • 20• 21 ·

ional ut it st on C h nc re F Is e t in Lawrence Preuse, ''Relation of International Law to Internal Law System," American J. Int'/. L. Vol. 44 (1950), P• 650. J. L. Brierly, The Law of Nations (1963) p. 154. L. • •. / t' In . J an ic er m A " es �x ti a e_ Tr t 'I ivtervny Jones, "T/1e Retroactive Eff14ct • of the · Rati1;1;.cat,on 0 Vol. 29 (1935) p. 51. . _ Op �enheim , cited above at note 3, § 518, P· 917· · . · .on (l958 _ . ) Vol. n, p. 23. , s, m�s Com United Nations, Yearbook of the Internat1�nal Law • Ibid.

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t es trea ier to contract th� earl d � an tion · stitu Con r thei of s term the er free und be engagement. (2) The plenipotentiaries must have been fully accredited and must have acted within tl1e scope of their authority. (3) There must be fr� ed?m of consent, with no sign of fraud, or coercion applied against the per�on negoti�ting. (4) Treaties must conform to internation.al law, and n1ust not 1nfr1nge the right of a third State.22 Apparently, there are two main schools of thou?ht concerning the i� ternational validity of treaties, and competence of _the treaty-making po�er. Tl1e theories advoca ted by the two schools of thought are given below, as cited by Professor Briggs from the original source: According to the Harvard Research, a summary of the opinions of a distin guished group of international lawyers23 . • • shows that there is a large body of doctrine to the efl·ect that the international validity of treaties is a matter which is determined by international law, that while a State may by constitutional provisions limit and regulate the exercise of the treaty-making power, such provisions have no international significance, and that treaties made by · the organs designated by the Constitution to exercise the treaty-making power are binding as international engagements even though the treaty-making organ or organs exceed their constitu tional competence. An equally distinguished group of writers, 24. • . . maintain that the international validity of treaties a.nd the competence of the treaty-making authorities are determined in part at least, by the constitutional law of the States which enter into them and that international law recognizes that this must be taken into account; ... that it is both the right and duty of a State when negotiating with another State . to verify by incqt1iring the facts relative to tl1e competence of the treaty making organs of the latter State ... ·and therefore a treaty which is unconstitional oi: i1/tra vires for want of' competence ·on the part of the treaty-making authorities or in excess of competence� is null and void and consequently not binding on th e State whose Constitution has been violated.25 According to the same source, the Harvard Research, after examining the doctrine, the practice and jurisprudence of different States conclud· es: ''It seems c]ear from this sum.mary of the· doctrine, the practice, and the jurisprudence, the prepon �erance of authority is in favour of the view: (1) tl1at the competence of the treaty-making organs of a State is determined by tl1e law of tl1at State; and (2) that treaties made on its behalf by organs which are not competent ltnder that law to conclude them are not binding internationally upon such State."26 The wr1ter of this study, however, disagrees with the co11clusion reached by tbe Harvard Research, a11d following tl1e thinking of the first school of though, submits that a treaty made on behalf of a State by organs which are not competent under the law i.e. w_ho exc�eded their constitutional competence to conclt1de it, is n� t _enforceable nationally 10 the State whose Constitution I1as been violated, although 1t 22. Frederik' L. Schuman, International Politics, (6th ed., 1958), p. 126. 23. The names of the authorities omitted. 24. The na.mes of the writers omitted. 25. Herbert W. Briggs, The Law of Natio�ns (2nd ed. 1952), p. '846. 26.

Id. 847.

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in some cases be binding internationally for reasons f tl tabi. l. ty i and security :t;be process of ma king internati onal treaties and agr;erne��s� To. this effect, the con1me11t to section 126 of the Restateme11t of Fore.ig n Law . t· par in reads "The· practicaliti es of i nternational relations therefore, m1'l'1tate against accept an . e c • . ' I \VO d . ll ec d at ar . 1 e h t an I view 111 ter nat1onal agreement not b1nd1ng upon 0f the. . a .· . c f �� x e o I . 1 n ti e e C d · on 1 st1 tut1onal or domestic authority of tl1e of State if n � ' -; ficial a . l f h b e its acting on

I: I

Conseqt1e!1tl�, a tre aty �011 cl11ded on beha�f of Ethiopia by organs designated . .eaty-mak to exe tt1t 10� rci se th� Co n _ st1 t1 111 g power shal l not be exectited by by the courts nat1_ on�lly, if fo1111d_ t� b� 10 ex_cess of the powers vested on them. Btit it may be b1nd1ng 11pon Etl11op1a 111ternat1?11 �lly. 1111less tl1e other party to tl1e treaty is in fact a\\1are tl1 at tl1e agent of Eth1op1a 1 s exeedi11 g l1is authority. That is to say, such treaty . can 11 ot be enforced by the m11nicipal courts of Etl1iopia ; bttt international bodies may hold tl1at such treaty is binding tipon Ethiopia in accord ance \Vith the r11le s and practices of i11 ter11ational law, if a dispute arjses. As quoted by Professor Bisl1 op, the celebrated authority on I11ter11ational la\,, from Hackworth's Digest of Internatio11al Law: '�The treaty still s11bsists as an inter� nation al obligati on althougl1 it may not be e11forceable by tl1e cot1rts or administ rative authorities.'� 28 Thus, legislation e11acted eitl1er by tl1e Parlian1 ent or the Exect1tive branch does not relieve internatio11 ally tl1e Gover11me11 t of Etl1 iopia of tl1e obligations established by a treaty, ,vhile s11cl1 treaty is not enforceable natio11 ally for tl1 e followi11g reaso11 s. A treaty cannot be valid i11 a cou11 try if it infri11 ges its Constitutio11, because the power to make a treaty is derived from tl1e Constitt1tioi1. Hence, a treaty ca11 not legally provide tl1e opposite of what t he Co11stitution provides.

I I

E. Need of Municipal Action to Implement Certain Treaties. It might be advi sabl e t o poi11t out at the 011tset tl1e distinction between a self-executi11g treaty, and a 11on-self-exect1ting treaty. As rightly stated bx Byrd_: a self-executing treaty provides, or in case of silence is later legally I1eld to p�o.v1de, that its provisions sJ1 aII or inay be implemented without the 11eed of any add1t1o?al autho ritative i11 strume11t or legislation; wl1 ereas the provisions of a no�-self-execut1�1 g tre�ty ma y not be in1 ple111e11 ted until further authority ha s been provided by legis lative or other action. 29 ' _ f the The ki11d of treaties enumerated i11 the ''hov1ever cla11se '. of Art. 30 o Revised Constit ution sl1ould be ba cked by legislative acti�n, . i.e. Proclarr�ation of app roval, so tl1at their exect1tion m ay be e11forced by -Ethiopian Courts, if so re quir ed. e !'arli � tl! of al ov pr ap e th 1t ot 1 itl w As to tl1e treati es ratified by tl1 e Emperor � I , on 1t1 1t1 st m ent, pursuant to th e th ir d sent e11ce of Art. 30 of tl1 e Revised Con (1962), , iv a L ns io at el R n 27. The g ei or F . he 1n Law • T Amer1ca . n Law Inst1tute, Resrarement o·'Jr r''·.., J 26, p. 462. 5. 14 . p ), 62 19 . d e d n (2 28. \Vi111·a , ls ria , m W. B ishop Jr., /11terna110 202. . 11a I LaH', Cases ancl Ma.te p. (1960) States d e r1,e U111.1 '" 29. Elbert M. 11rs n1e ree Ag tive ecu Ex Byrd, Jr., Treaties and

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would be expedient to issue ''Executive Notice'' so that the Courts may take a judicial notice of the treaty if any d.ispute arises. One migl1t cite Articles 55 and 56 of the Charter of the United Nations to which Ethiopia is one of the first signatory States, as an example of non-executing provisions. Those provisio11s of tl1e Charter do not create rights and duties for individuals, 30 until implemented by legislation. 31 On tl1e otl1er l1a11d, some constitu tional provisions reqt1.ire that certain acts should not . be . take11 u11l�ss . prov�ded by international agreement. For insta11ce, Art. 50 of tl1e Revised Const1tut1on stipula tes that: ''No other person shall be extradited except as provided by internationa l agreement.''

The self-exect1ting treaties, however, do not require any legislation to make them operative and effective.

PART II. '

SUPREMACY

AND

EFFECT

TREATIES.

Provided. it possesses esential validity, a treaty to which Ethiopia is a party and which has bee11 conclt1d.ed in conformity with the Revised Constitution must be enforced i11 Ethiopia as supreme law by virt11e of Art. 122. Treaties conclud.ed prior to the promulgation of the Revised Constitution are enforced because Order No. 6 of 1952 makes all internatio11al treaties, conventions a .nd obligatio11s then in force, part of the supreme law of the Empire. 32 The scope of this Order was extended later by the Public Rights Proclamation No. 139 of 1953, which stipulates: in additio11 to existing treaties, international conventions a.nd obligations in force in 1952; all treaties, international conventions and obligations and executive agreements33 henceforth concluded and/or ratified shall be the supreme law of the Empire, and shall be self-executory.3 4 However, the supremacy of treaties concluded and/or ratified prior· to the promulgation of the Revised Constitution is not of the same standing with the supremacy of treaties concluded since then, as shall be explained later. A.

Analysis of Art. 122.

The English text of Art. 122 of the Revised Constitt1tion reads: ''The present Revised Constitution, together with those international treati es, conventions and obligations to which Ethiopia shall be a party, shall be tl1e supreme •

Brierly, cited above at o.ote 17, p. 117. Treaty implementing legislation is legislation enacted to enforce or otherwise effectuate a non self-executing treaty. 32. Federal Incorporation and Inclusion of the Territory of Eritrea within the Empire of Ethiopia Order, 1952, Art. 8, Order No. 6, 1Veg. Gaz., year 12, no. 1. 33. It should be noted th�t, �nlike the English version of Art. 1 of t11e Proclamation No. 1_39 of 1� 53, the _ enumeration 1n Art. 122 ?f tl1e Revised Constitution, of the types of treat!� and _ 1,nternat1onal 8:greements that are given tl1e status of supreme law of the Empi_ re does not include ''executive agreements''. 34. Public Rigl1ts Proclamation, 1953, Art. 1. Proclamation No. 139, Neg. Gaz. year 13, no, 3· 30. 31.

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oy I

B. Definition of The Technical Terms Used in Art. 122.

(i) Tl1e \Vord ''i11ter11ational '', i11 the fi rst place, qualifies tl1e ter ms treaty, conve11tjon a11d obligatio11 tl1at l 1ad been co11 clt1ded by Etl1iopia witl 1 otl1er St ate, or States or I11terna tio11a l Org11izatio11; a11d s eco11dly, it denotes tl1at s11cl1 treaties operate witbi11 the spl 1ere of internatio11al law.

,,,

a11d all futt1re le gislatio11 decree mp ire , . E 1 e t/ of s v ? rders, Ju�gn1e11ts , de /ai , ' c is io ns, r tl1 ew e ist it l en 1, t s sh all n inc be o 11u 11 cts c: an d a ' vo 1·c1 • ( "'n E 1phas1s added). aod . Note, first, tl1at tl1e Am haric version of the same Ar ti• c1e diff ers fr o m the 1· t er t 1 r 1e 1 a. l an s T I s10 · · 11. at 1on of the Ai nharic versioi1 Engl·ish ,,er is:tit n, to ge th er witl1 tl1 os e 1· 11ter ''Th. is Revised Co11s . t1t.io nat·1011a 1 treaties wo·rld . . . . ' t1011s to w 111ch Etl 1io1) 1a slial l be pa' rty anc1 o bl1ga ' . s on ven u con • (w' t 1 l1 co11notat1on of .· . . . . 1 e fut11r1ty) s·11a11 be tl e �t�pre111 1 aw o f the In11Jer1al Gover11me11t. All Ieg· I .· ti decrees , udgments, dec1s1011s to �e !nad e i11 the futtire, if inconsistent ��t� ��f; , _ J Coost1tt1t1on, sl1all be 11t1ll ancl void. Besides . the dif.fere i.1ce jn const r uction of the sentence, (1·. e . one compl ex sente11ce in fhe �ngl �sh vers1011 111 co11tras t to two �11ort sentences ii1 tl ie Amliaric ver sion). the ma1n _d1ffere11ces ar�: ( 1) �l1 at . ''Impe rial Gover nment'' ancl ''world conventions'; are used 1n the :'-ml 1a r1c version instead of ''the Empire'' and ''inter11ational con ventions'' respect1�1ely; (2) tha t tl1e lega l ter1n ''orders'' a11d ''acts'' do not exist ii1 the Aml 1ar ic vers1011 at all and (3) tl1e tecl 111ical term ''therevvitl1'' is us ed in the English version to me an the Cons titution and treaties, while in the An1l1aric tl1e Iangt1age 11sed is ''i11consis te11t witl1 this Co11stit11tion." Tl1 e latter variances in the t,vo texts makes a considerable difference as will be demons trated l ater .

(ii) A ''treaty'' is a written agreement (compact) bet\veen t,vo or 1nore States or International Orga11izations, s igned b)' their d11ly a 11tl1orized represe11 tatives, creating a rel atio11 and obligatio11 betwee11 tl 1en1selves, and r atified by tl1e s11preme organ(s) i 11 accorda11ce witl1 the co11 s tit11tio11 al reqt1irem ents of tl1 e co11 tracti11g paru•• es. It should be noted l1ere tha t a co11cession co11tract is 11ot a11 international a11d an i11 dividual te Sta en a e betw reaty ct a tr con a � y s i s it au ni bec 35 defi tio 1, 1 . b ! investor or a firn1 , a iid not a11 a greeme 11t co11clt1de d betwee11 a State a11d_ a11other State or Internatio11al Or ga11izatio11 . Co11 seqt1e 11tl y, except i11 a very f�\v special ca_ses, a concessio11 contract is governed by tl1e pt1blic l aw of tl1 e . co11:tractin� State rather than by international law in general , and the law of treaties 1n particular.

_ a rtite ins_tr u (iii) Tl1e te rm ''convention'' is 11s11ally u sed to describe a multip ment, or a bilateral arranoeme11t of a technical natt1re, or a co11tract \Vllich de_termines the rel atio11 bet\veei1 States i 11 som e special field. To this effect Myers writes: l tt Dl by d e tic od pr s 11t ne t11 tr s �"Convention l1as becon1e th e stand ar d na111e of in su ateral b odies wl1i�h in partictilar i11 stance s tudy SJ)ecific pl1as�s of a geile �al ' !ec "36 atie s cone tr ) (2 · s e ti a e r t g ' Jil k t a J · Tl 1t1s, th is t er m covers(!) mt1ltilateral la\v-m ' 35. N. March I-Iunnings, ]111er11· atio11al LalV ill a Nuts!zell < 1959) p. 4. 6· (1957) 1 b. '5 I Vo. L. Int'! J. n 36 • Denys . �,eati es•'' A111er1ca 0. r Aj 'I e cop S an d s 111e p Myers' "T/ze Na . p. 587.

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d ite ti Un Na the ; ns o or s tio and (3) Na of _ ue ag Le the of s � ice r sp the au eluded unde tio e rna t nte by nal Labour ! d � ate oti neg s, ion ent nv Co oss tl1e Labour an d Red Cr ns tio iza tiv gan pec Or res oss Cr ely. d Re al on ati ern Int the n O) tio and (IL iza Organ (iv) The term ''obligation'' may have two in�er�ret� tions. _In the broader sense, it denotes the internatio11al obligations that Ethiopia 1s required to respect under international law, 37 like sending troops to Korea and_ �ongo, pursuai1t to the Re solution of the Sect1rity Council of U.N., and ab1d1ng by the general rules of international law. 38 In the narrower sense, it denotes merely the contractual engage ments or treaty obligatio11s of Ethiopia, i.e. paying its national debts in due time.39 It is not clear whether the term ''obligation'' is used in Art. 122 of the Revis ed Constitutio11 in its wider or narrower sense. But the prese11t writer, however reads it in a 11arrower sense. Incidentally, the term ''obligation'' is not mentioned i� Art. 30 of the Constitutio11, which requires ratification of all international treaties and agreements.4o TL1is study does not attempt to treat ''international obligation'' in its broader interpretation, since tl1at is a major topic by itself which requires further and thorough study of the applicability in Ethiopia of customary international law rules recognized in otl1er civilized States. Thus, the te.rm ''obligation'' is treated in this study in its narrow sense only. (v) The term ''supreme law'' denotes that the Revised Constitution and treaties conclt1ded in accordance with Art. 122 are superior to all laws in the hierarchy of laws in Ethiopia, under which if found to be inconsistent, all other laws shall be declared null and void by Ethiopian courts.41 Taken together, tl1ose tecl1nical terms clearly stipulate that international treaties, agreements, conventions or obligations to which Etl1iopia is a party, and made pursuant to the Revised Constitution are (along with the Revised Constitution) superior to ordinary laws in the hierarchy of laws in Ethiopia.42 C. Finding as to the Supremacy of Treaty.

the of law the by declared Revised are reaties st1preme Co11stit11tion to the be _ : _ Empire, when concluded 111 accordance with the provisions of the Revised Constitu tion of 1955.

••

Moreover, according to the English version of the supren1acy clause of Ethiopia, 3 11 ation legis fut 11 ns), acts and decisions ts, (procla1n re ti jtidgn1e orders, decrees, ! � � � � � 1ncons1stent with the Const1tut1on and inter11ational treaties, are null and void, Charles G. Fen\vick, International Law (4tl1 ed. 1 965), p. 110. Maritime Proclamation, 1953, Art. 101. Proclamation, No. 137, Neg. Gaz., year 13, No, 1. See note 9 supra, Art. 25 (l1), Order No. 46, Neg. Gaz., year 25, No . 23. The_ term ''int�rn�tiona1 agreen1ent'' is not used in Art. 122, a s i n Art · 30 and 50 of the Revised Const1tut1on. 41. R.C. Means, ''Tlze Constit:,tional R ight to Jud,·c,· at Rev•zew .r • • 1rat z·ve ProceedingJ: 1 Admznzs o · ,, J. E1,1. , L ., Vol. 3, (1966) p. 181. T.'hresho Id . Qucst1on, 42. G. K.reczun wic , ' 'Hierarc/1 of Laws in Etl1iopia,'' J. Eth. L., Vol. 1. (1964), p. 111. ! � :, _ on . acti 43. !he �ord act 1s �se<;I_ 1n Art. 12 2 of the Cons al ment . .. titut1on to d enote. Govern . imposing duty or obl1gat1on on individuals.

37. 38. 39. 40.

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the case _of �he former, and inferentiall . in ally c fi eci s Y 10 th case of_ th e latte r. . leg any isla tio say n enacted by the legisl t , ihat is to :e_ executive branc � ! h ; act or n by tbe dec isio adm inis trat iv y e an bod � y or 0; ��1: J diciary, mad� co nt rary la,v me sha , ll be sup re dec lar ed e nu ll tb and · to vo·id u nder the pt1bl1c law as . '. · 1. If decIa red u n co n st ·1tut1·onal , it is unefilorce unc onsti· tutiona able by tb e Ethiopian cour ts. tl1 e Amharic version of Art · 122 does On the otl1e,,r hand, si11ce , no t emp 1oy . ,, an d ,, er ac t d · s or , in h t e enun:3era�ion of future legislation and gove the term rn" be d e cla to re nu d act ll s a 1 1cl void, 1 f found to be inconsistent w·1 th tl1e mental ,,orde rs ,, or f t an t1 u� y aw e ,_ 1 goyernrne!1tal ''acts'' inay i1ot be sl1bject to supreme such decla�at1on _according _ to the Am]1ar1 c_ vers10�. E�en though, strictly speaking, the Amharic version pr�v�1_ ls over tl1_e E11 gl1sh version 1n case of co11tradictioii, due to the fact _ that Am�ar1 <? 1s tl1e official language of Ethiopia by virtue of Art. 125 _ evised �onst 1tl1t�on, the lat_er conclt1sion could not be maintained as logical. of the R There 1s no rational basis for hold1�g ''orders'' an_d ''acts'' valid when contradicting the supreme law, whereas proclamat ions, decrees, Judgments and decisions are to be declared null and void, if found to be inconsistent with the supreme Ia\v of the Empire.

Since the variance 'between the English and the Amharic version of the Article under review seems to be an over sigl1t in translation fron1 the English text i11to the Amharic; and the logical reading of the Article requires that the omitted tech1u cal terms be read into the Amharic version as well, the writer suggests that the Amharic version should be co1 1sidered to mean what the English version stipulates.

Moreover, as pointed Olit earlier there is a difference betwee1 1 the English. and the Amharic version of Art. 122 of the Revised Constit11tion arising fron1 the fact that "inconsistent therewitl1'' is used i n the English version, while ''inconsistent vvith this Constitution'' in the Amharic version. The term ''therewith'' in tl1e English version see ms to mean the Constitution and treaties. On the otl1er hand, the Amharic excludes treaties, as the la11guage used is "inconsistent with this Constitutio11.'' This is a discrepancy created by a bad translation of the _co�plex a11? in volved Article under consideration. The fact tl1at both the Const1tut1on and inter national treaties are made the s11preme law of the Empire, a� stipulate? �otl1 . in . the Amharic and the English version of Art. 122 of the �ev1sed Constitution �ust1fies a conclusion that the difference arises from bad translation of the legal terminology "!herew ith'' from English into Amharic, ratl1er than a legisl_ative_ intent to make _a dtstinction between the Co11stit11tion and international treaties, in _ respect �o t?eir taking precedence over all legislation, and limitin� subsequent national legislation. Otherwis e there is 110 J·ustification in placing treaties as part of �he s�1:,reme law, · e nt tl1eret • . 1s ns co 1n t s ac d if . fu ture 1'eg1s an · ns · sio ec1 · · dgments, d lat 1 on, decress, orders, JU with shall not be declared null and void. e em pr s� 0� s o<l ki th bo e ud cl in The technical te rm ''therewith'' s1.1ou1d th· erefore d se u 1s it se n se e th in la s e t· 1 a w e _ r . - th e Revised Constitution and 1nternationa1 t th e, of g n di · re • 1 ca · gi lo e n the E 11glish Th w. e version of th e Article under revi ; c one1 usion. I rti 1c st o t s ad le A cle as well as t he doctrine o f th e supremacy clause 2 12 . rt A in ' id o v d n a JI 11 0 A8 far a� a treaty is concerne d, the wo rd_ s , , sI1a11 be s � r fa so in t c e ff e r o e c of the Const 1 . e of. no fo r b ll wi y t a tre the tut1on, means that e rnational t in e h T d · ne er the municip nc co e ar ty ea tr e th of s ct al or domestic aspe - 421 -

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obligation of the treaty are not affected by this language for the external force and effect of such treaties are governed by international law _ due_ to th� contentions advanced earlier. In other words, a treaty would not lose its 1nternat1onal validity because in substance it violated tl1e Constitution, and tl1ereby lacked domestic vali dity. In the words of Kuhn, international, not municipal standards of law should determine a treaty's scope and the limitation of its use.:,4, In short, the supremacy of a treaty means essentially two t�in�s: its provisio ns takes preced.ence over all legislation, except the Revised Const1tutio!1;. and further, treaty provisions not only invalidate previous national law, but also l1nut subsequent national legislation. (See Pages 415-417). Incidentally, the Constitution of Ethiopia, unlike its counterpart the Constitution of United States of America, does not consider as part of the supreme law, treaties made prior to the promulgation of the Revised Constitution, i.e. November 4th, 19 55. This contention is based on the usage of the first ''shall'' employed in Art. 122 of the Revised Constitution . • The world ''shall'' is employed in Art. 122 of the Revised Constitution with the connotation of futurity, and should be read to mean that only treaties conclud ed or adhered to by Ethiopia st1bsequent to November 4, 1955 are to be considered as part of the supreme law of the Empire. The word ''shall'' is not used here in the imperative sense as it is usually used in legal drafting. In other words, the context does not include treaties concluded prior to November 4, 1955 for the following reasons:-

•

a) In order to avoid ambiguity, the Revised Constitution consistently used the word ''is'' instead of ''shall'', whenever it was desired to give effect in the future to past happenings. For instance Articles 123, 124, 125 and 126 of tL1e Constitution used the word ''is'' in the imperative sense rather than the ·usual word ''shall'', which was used in other Articles of the Constitution. Under such circumstance one may contend that those Articles embrace past happenings. If Art. 122 was intended to give the same status to treaties concluded prior to, and subsequent to November 4, 1955 the verb ''is" should have been used instead of ''shall'', as in the case of subsequent Articles cited above. b) The Amharic version of the same Article uses the word ''shall'' with the conn�tation of futurity. Since Amharic is the official language of the Empire by v1r !ue of . Art. 125 of the _ Revised Constitution, the reading of the Amhar1c version should be given more weight. Consequently. the first ''shall be'' in the English version of the Article under consid�ration has been employed not in the imperative sense but with connotation of futurity. d. wor the of ''shall be'' is used, however, in second the sense imperative The a e hav not ell-established rule o law, that should new is a legislation It � c) � . �etroact1ve _effect, unl�ss .specifically provided therein. Accordingly, Art. 122 of the Rey1sed Const1tut1on sh?uld not be read to imply that treaties con be to are the to promulgation prior of the Revised Constitution clud�d considered as part of the supreme law retroactively.

44. Artl1er K. Kuhn, ''TJ,e Treaty-Making Power a.nd the Res rved Sovereig nty of the Stott," e_ Columbia Law Review, Vol. 7 (1907). p. 185.

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TREATY - MAKING POWER AND SUPREMACY OF TREATY IN ETHIO PIA

d) Last but no t least, an inquiry as to th 1e • s1a . e 1 writer of this study, does not support the vi: w tt 1:r rte�t made by . the t w n tit as intended to give the status � t. 22 of the Rev1se4 Cons utio 0 suprem _ e. law, to treaties pr io r to the enactxnent of the p,re se conclude d nt C onst1tut1on. 2 of th e Revised Constitution does no Ther efore, Art. 12 · t ·ve equa1 status to gi . au • d d 1 t u o e th_ e I?romulgat_ 1on of the present P!IOJ tre es cone Constitution. In other ev C R on 1s re e st p 1tut1on treaties ... are not now the words, the _ supreme law of the land (Emp.1re ) .

Neverthless, the fact · of · 11ot putting treaties concluded pr·i·or to the promuIgat·10n · ed con st1tu�1on 011 a? �qual level with treaties negotia of the R�v1s ted after the prom ulgation o!' t�e Revised Const1tut10? does not mean that Ethiopia will not respe c_t her ?�ligat�ons un�er these tr�at1es. On the contrary, provided they po ssess essent ial :al1d1ty, 1rresp�ct1�e of t�e . fact that they are not placed on an equal footin� v.:1th the . Const1tu�1011, Eth1op1a has _to re s pect them and they are operative and b1nd1ng until such t1n1e as she substitutes them with treaties negotiated on better terms. The Tesen1ma Wolde Yolzaness Vs. Van Bet/1vson and Jack He,isel's case,45 may be· cited as an example, of the fact that Ethiopia respects her treaty obligation, inspite of the fact that this is inconsistent with her law in force. The holdi11g of the Awraja Court in the cited case, substantiates the contentions advanced els e\vbere in this study, inter alia:

(i) that provided it posse ssed essential validity, irrespective of the fact that it is not made part of the supreme law, a treaty concl11ded prior to the promulgation of the Revised Co11stit11tion should be respected until formally terminated or replaced by another treaty; . . . '

(ii) that a treaty prevails over a primary law, as the treaty in point s uperseded the Administration of Justice Proclamation of 1942, which gave jurisdiction to the Awraja Courts to hear such cases; and (iii) that Courts have to interpret and enforce treaties made prior to the pro mulgatioµ of the Revised Constitution, due to Art. 8 of Order No. 6 of 1952 and Art. 1 of Proclamation No. 139 of 1953. •

D. The Relationship Between Municipal Law And Treaties. International la\V · including treaty is usually received into the national law in two ways: · · ed · · · · · re ag s ce en off e th r "o s e 1' t1· al pen th e , a) by prescr1b1ng 1n the nat1ona1 1aw . • • . s pr ovtd d in a .g. e _ �, 1m cr l na tio na ter in _ � upon by the civilized States as an , 57 19 of 1a op h1 Et of de Co l na Pe Articles 281-295 inclusive, of the s, rm te al . er . n . ge in k or ew !!m fr � l a eg 1 1 b) by incorporating treaties into the na t·_1ona _ . . · as provided in Art. 122 of the Revised Constitution. · . . . •integrates or incorporates treaties Thus, Art. 122 of the Revised Const1tut1on concluded since November 4, 1955 into the internal legal syStem of Ethiopia · . ' •

wraja A Ababa (Addis Hensel Jack 45. Tcsemm a and n o vs h ct B Van J. Woldc Yohaness Vs. V. . .. Court, Civil Case No. 330� of 1956 E.C.)

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Treaties concluded prior to the promulgation of the Revised Con.stitution are and of 1952 Proclamatio n 6 No. Order by system legal incorporated into the No. 139 of 1953. Otherwise, in case of any dispute arising out of such treaties, the Ethiopian _ courts may not have a legal basis to enforce those treaties. To this effect, Kaplan and Katzenbach write: ''National courts ... apply international law only because the latter has been received into, or incorporated within, the national law. "46

PART ID CONFLICTS OF TREA'l'IES. A. Conflicts Between Two Treaties. One of the authorities in internnational law, Kelsen concluded his writing on conflicts between treaties by saying: ''If the conflicting treaties are concluded by the same contracting parties, according to general international law the rule lex posterior deroga11t priori applies. The latter treaty abrogates the earlier treaty. It is, however, possible that a treaty establishes the contrary principle: lex prior derogant posteriori, that is to say, that a latter treaty (concluded by the same parties) shall be null and void if incompatible with the first treaty.":11 The write·r of this study submits that, in case of conflicts between two treaties concluded by Ethiopia with tl1e same contracting party the treaty latter in point of tim.e shall abrogate the provious treaty. But, in case of conflict between two treaties, each with a different other State, the result will be different. As to priority of conflicting treaty obligations Briggs writes: ''Although many writers assert that a latter treaty is null and void if in conflict with a prior treaty between one of the parties and a third State, the Harvard . Research in Art. 22 (c) merely stipulated that the earlier treaty takes priority''.48 ! he wri�er of the present study su.ggests that the second treaty, although in consistent with the first, should not be held to be invalid but the earlier treaty be given priority in execution, while maki11g reparation for' tlie d.an1age caused by th� �on-performance of the l�tter treaty. The rational for an earlier treaty receiving p �1or1ty over a latte� treaty 10 terms of execution is to find a way out of such dilemma, and to satisfy � he old legal 1naxim: Pac ta Su,zt Servanda, i.e. agreement s must be observed. To this end, Prof. Wehberg states: Without the recognition of the principle of and adl1erence to treaties there can be no intercourse between nations or any international law.49 46. 47. 48. 49.

M. A. Kaplan and DeB. Katzenbach, The Political Foundation of Internatio nal Law, (1961), p. 268. Hans Kelsen, The Law of the United Nations. (1964) p. 112. Briggs, cited above at note 25, p. 908. Hans Wehber g, ''Pacta Sunt Servanda,'' American J. lnt'l L. Vo l. 53 (l959 supp.) p. 786.

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B. Conflicts between Treaties and Municipal Law. . . Th e conflicts between treaties an d municipal law can ari·se 10 . . • (a) conflic t of treaty with prio E th 1o p 1a 10 . va rious r• primary law (Pro e 1 ama ways: t1 o n or Decree)•' {b) · · pr1 n1a att I er ry a\\ I , wi f t o . h pri ict or treaty·' and (c) confl ict b confl et ween treaty and s n o si vi . l ro p na tio tu consti (i) Conflict of Treaty with Prior Primary Law. P pr im la w ary , i.e., r?clan1ation or Decree enacted pr When a e-Revised Constitu co tre nc at lu y a ded prior to November 4, 1955 are wh ti?n, a11d ol ly inconsistent . ot an he d th r, e t\vo ca111 1ot be reconciled, the la tte r must v.:ith each pr evail by of Or Ar de 8 t. � �f 6 of 1952, and Art. 1 of Proclamation No. virtue . 139 of 1953.. S1� 11larly, wh en a prior law, enacted since tl1e promulgation of the Revised Const1t 11tio11 an d a treaty con_cluded afterwards are wholly inconsistent with each o ther, the treaty. shall be consi?ered �o have ame11ded tl1e prior legislation, and as the supreme la\v it should prevail by virtue of Art. 122. It is to avoid s11ch conflicts that Art. 30 of the Re,,ised Constitution makes it imperative that all treaties and internat ional agreements modi�ying legislation in existence be ratified by the Emperor after the approval of the Parliament, before becoming binding upon the Empire and inhabit ants thereof. (ii) Conflicts of Treaty with latter Primary Law.

Unlike in the U.S.A.,50 no primary law, even if later in point of time, may be enforced in Ethiopia contrary to treaty rights or obligations, and no treaty may be abrogated or modified by latter primary law. As to contradiction between a treaty and latter primary law, authorities on constitutional Ia,�1 state tl1at: ''even if a treaty may be modified by a latter law, such law 011ght never to be construed to violate the law of nations (which of course includes treaties) if any otl1er possible constructio11 is possible." 51 The final provisions of Proclamation No. 137 of 1953, lays down a general rule which is in line with this opinion. The provision in point reads in part: '' ... This Article is not to be construed as being inconsistent with the continuance of existing obligatio11s under international treaty or convention to which We are a party.''52 In addition, treaties being part of the supreme law may not be superseded by any st1bsequent legislation. Tl1at is to say, since treaties �re part of th� .supreme law ?f the_ Empire, all fut11re legislation, decrees, orders, Judg?1ents, d�c1s1ons a�� . acts 1ncon s1stent \vith d11ly ratifie d treaty shall be null and void, as laid down Art. 122 of tl1e Revised Constit11tion. (iii) Conflicts of Treaties ,vith the Provisions of the Constitution. · ut · · · t eaty r a 10 0st1 0 C � � ed vis Re the h . Provided it is concluded in accordance wit f t o 0 10 11 t 1 s on e h t th wi is place d on equal level and made of like obligation --ke o sp · rt ou C . e m re up S e th s) te ta S 50 · In the case of the d Cheroke� Tobai:o (Bou_ ndinot v. funit � V. Nelson) n le E d an er st o (F ss re O g C as follows·· "A treaty may supersede a prior· Act O ten · · · )" or M y . r lo ay (T t trea Y and an Act of Congress may supersede a prior , ed sh li ub np u ) 67 19 696 (l w L ' a / . na 51 • R oland J. t,o na ter ln li ub on ls � ria � ate M d an Stanger, Cases _ Library, Faculty of Law Haile Selassie I Uruversity. P• 123· 52• See note 38 supra.

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r rio cy pe ca su effi no i� g�ven , law e em pr su be to . red cla Ethiopia. Since both are de ed vis e R_ he t f 1t o _ nst _ �o 122 t. Ar ut1on. of ge gua lan the in er r oth the ove e to on l l wil vai pre n tio itu nst Co over th e ed vis Re the e, ibl pat om inc But if the two are treaty, even if the treaty was concluded after Novembe1·. 4, 195�, b�cause, a . tre�ty h_ the wit ent sist con Cons!1ttI!1on be st mu lly ipa nic mu ia iop g Eth on din be up bin to in the first place, and meet the requirements of Art. 30 of the Re�ise� Constitution. As Byr d puts it: '' ... a treaty is to be measured by the _Cons!1tution, an? if in violation of it, must fall."53 Therefore, a treaty entered into 1n confornuty with the Constitution so far as procedure goes, but which, in substa°:ce, violates some other provision of the Constitution shall be declared null and void by the Courts of Ethiopia. Because, an action to be taken under the power to make international treaty is checked by other provisions of the Constitution, and any violation of such limitations makes the treaty null and void. Thus the power to make treaty, grounded in the Constitution must be determined not only by the constitutional language granting it but also by the restrictions placed upon it by other constitu tional limitations. Tl1e samet is pointed out in the Restatement of the Foreign Relations Law.54 Illustrations:If State A, in reciprocity of an offer, is v,1illing to conclude a treaty with Ethiopia, under which the nationals of that State who are residents of the Empire are prohibited to bring suit, against the Government of Ethiopia or instrumentality thereof, for the wrongful act resulting in substantial damage, would Ethiopia consti tutionally enter into such treaty? The answer is obviously no. Because, su.ch treaty curtails one of the rights guaranteed in Chapter III of the Revised Constitution of Ethiopia, notably the right of redress under Art. 62 (b) of the Constitution. •

The conclt1sion of a treaty which prohibits the nationals of the other contracting State, who are residents of Ethiopia, from exercising tl1eir right of redress under Art. 62 (b) of the Constitution is unjustifiable, as it does not fall under any of the criteria laid down in Art. 65 of the Revised Constitt1tion. Art. 65 of the Constitution stipulates that: (1) respect for the rights and freedoms of others; (2) the requirements of public order, and (3) the general welfare, alone justify any limitation upon the rights guaranteed in -the Bill of Rights of Ethiopia i.e. rights enumerated in Chapter III of the Revised Constitution.

Such treaty is unjustifiable under Art. 65 of the Revised Constitt1tion due to the fact that it does not meet any of the criteria laid down therein. trea a ty such coul Hen _ d not ce, be constitutionally concluded by Ethiopia even . w�th the approval.of the . Parl1ament. _The power of Ethiopian Government to deal with a matter by 1nternat1onal treaty 1s, therefore, limited by the restrictions placed upon it by other constitutional limitation . •

t o were pre-Revised Cons�itution the of � treaties, the fact that they In t �e case entered into procedurally as now reqt11red by Art. 30 of the Revised Constitution st j on validit_ y n_ o w. Since their obligati one aff e �t u O l can't get t t of treaty does not . _b y changing 1ts own Const1tut1on, they �till remain. binding internationally. Due to

53. Byrd, cited above at note 29, p. 84. ,4. The Ameriran Law Institute, cited above at note 27, p. 437.

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. . the fact that th ey ha ve been incorporated into municipal law ?f _Eth1o p1 a bJ 195 and of 2 6 Pro clam No. atio n No. er 139 Ord of 1953 , they are b 1nd1ng domestI. call y too. Co�se que . n tly' a tre�ty coneIuded either under Art. 14 of the 1931 Const1._ . tution of Eth1op1a, or according to the treaty ma.king t· e 9 v in at co ib be m le wi to th un p t d e � p rovisi?ns of the p��:�d� C��t��0 ��alf �� if fo d unless term 1na ted or un· til such time that it 1·s re 1aced bY enforce a · tre aty rep o e th th e r h co · nt \Vl ra t ct d ing tia pa te rty. Because Art. 122 of the Revised Constinego tuti. on does not affe ct an y treaty that was in force at the time the Rev1se · c d ons1-1om • ulg pr_ ate d Th e pre- Revise . d Constitution treaties, even if tl;iey deny tut1on was .0 some substantive flo�ts no w guaranteed by the Revised Constitution shall not be declared null and void under the same Article .

Such a result places the Goyernment in a dilemma. Because, the Gov ernment had . t_o choose be tween t�o ev�ls. _It_ had to choose between (a) breaching the prov1s1ons . of . the treaty while . ma!n�a1n1ng the substantive rights now guaranteed by the �?nstitt1t1on; an� (b ) ma1�ta1?1ng t�e treaties even if incompatible with tl1e provisions of the Revis ed Const1t11t1on while denying the people some of the substan tive rights gu.aranteed by the Revised Constitution. This is a difficult choice as the consequence of both is so great. Howe ver, this is not at all, a proble m without any solution. The Government may overcom e such a problem by re-negotiating the terms of the treaty with the other contracting party, or parties, so that its provisions shall conform with the provisions of the Revis ed Constitution. C. Conflicts of Treaties with the Charter of the United Nations Orgnization

As rightly pointed out by Lord McNair, many of the provisions of t.l1e Charter

of the United Nations , a treaty purporting to create legal rights and duties possess jog a constitutional or semi-legislative character, with the result that member States ,cannot contract out of them or derogate from them by treaties made between them5 , .and· that any tre aty wl1ereby they attem pt to_ prod�ce this effect wo�ld be v �id. � The provisions in point are paragraphs 3 and 4 of Article 2 of the United Nations Charter, ,vhich cre at es rights and dutie s (a) as between members of the U.N.O. and 56 rs. e mb e m its b { ) as between the United Nations and Besides , Article I 03 of the Charter provides: "In the ev en t of a conflict between the obligations of the members of the �nited Nations unde r the p resent Charter and their obligation s under any other 1nternation al ag reement, their obligations under t he present Charter shall prevail." vision Lord McNair . o pr is th of n · tio ra e op e iv ct As to retrospect1ve and prospe writes:

55- Lord McNair, The Laiv of Treaties (1961), P• 2l?. j6 · Article 2 of the Charter reads in part:anner a m ch su 1n ns ea m l fu ce ea p by s pute "3. A ll members shall settle their inter�a t·ional dis .JUStic ed. er g n · a d c� t o n re a e, that international peace and security, and . e of us or t a re th e th m o fr s n o ti la re l . te.rnat· a . thc�.r. in "4. All members shall r�fra:i. n �n y State, or m any an f o ce en d en e d in !��al force against the territorial !ntergrity or polit } the· uiited Nations." O e os rp other manner inconsistent with the pu

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(i) So far as concerns existi11g ·agreements between members, it m�rely dec�ares the existing rule of law to the effect that s11ch agreeme11 ts can be validly modified by a latter agreement, in this case the Charter; so far as_ future ag�eements . are concerned, they thereby agree with all the members a1:d WI!h the Uruted _Nations that they can not contract valid obligations which conflict with tb.ose conta1ned in the Charter. (ii) So far as concerns agreements between members and non-�11.�mbers th.e position is not quite so clear. Our submission is tha� as regards eX1s�1ng trea�ies members are precluded by the Charter from perform1ng a treaty which conflicts with the Charter, for in.stance, one which involves tl1e t1nlawful use of force, and further, they are probably under a duty to use all lawful me�ns to liberate them selves from obligations which conflict with the Charter; while as regards future treaties no member can create any valid obligation inconsistent with the Charter; moreover, a co-contracting non-member is aware of the fact, because the Charter must be regarded as what an English lawyer would call a 'notorious' instrument; and a non-member state must be deemed to know wl1ether a State with \Vhich it is about to contract is a member or not. This view does not imply that the United Nations by their Charter have power to make rules binding 11pon a non-member; it means that members by acceptance of the Charter, a constitutive instrument, have accepted a limitation of their treaty-making capacity.57 Accordingly, by virtue of Article 103 of the United Nations' Charter in case of conflicts between Etl1iopia's obligations under the Charter and under other internation al treaties the former shall prevail over the latter. This conclusion is substantiated by the general principle advocated by Kelsen on conflicts between obligation under the Charter and obligations established by treaties conclt1ded bet\veen U.N. members, viz.; ''For according to general international law, such treaty, if concluded before the Cha.rt.er has come into force, is abrogated by the Charter; and if concluded after the Charter has come into force, the treaty inconsistent with the Charter is null and void under other provisions of the Cl1 arter. For such a treaty is a n attempt to amend or abolish the Charter or parts of it in the relation of the members, parties to this treaty."58 In short, a treaty concluded prior to the Charter is abrogated by tl1 e Cl1arter. And a treaty concluded subsequent to the Charter of U.N. is null and void by virtue of the Charter, if found to be inconsistent witl1 tl1e provisions of the said Charter t th also that the_ not:d Charter of J 02 stipulates be a ld the U.N. It sho in Article � . all 1nternat1onal treaties must be regtstered with tl1e Secretariat of U.N. in order to avoid such conflict, and for purpose of constrt1ctive 11 otice to other States. At its 65th meeting the General Assembly of tl1e U.N. adopted Regtilations to give effect to Art. 102 of the Charter. Effect of non-registration of treaties is that it may not be invoked b_efore any organ of tl1e United Nations (itlcluding the International Court of Justice) and not to take away the validity of the treaty.s9

57. McNair, cited above at note 55, pp. 216-218. 58. Kelsen, cited above at note 47, p. 113. 59. Brierly, cited above at note .17, p. 324.

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D. Conflicts of Treaties with the Charter of 0.A.U. of th e Or ganization of African uIl r e The Chart lty (O.A.U.) signed on 25th of . May 1963, IS a mt 1I t1· 1ateral treaty by definition. The Charter signed a11 d ratified by the si n t or. t te . n accordance with their respective co nstitutio11al processes as reqtiire� � � r� fe �IV of the �harter, is binding on all tl1e signatory State;. As far as ithio {� . is. concerned, si nce the Charter, a11 i11ter natio· 11al tre�1ty, has been duly ratified,60 P_I t IS part of the supreme • · · , In tI 1e I angt1age of Article 122 of th e R ev1se la\V of tl1e Emp1re · d Const1tut1on. Tl1�refore, i� ca� e of con flict bet\veen the provisions of the Ch arter Of o •A • u· ary leg1slat1on of Etl1iopia, tl1e provisions of the O •A • U . c h arter contro1 an d prim · treat · d to be part of the supr y procI a1me as ·1t 1s · 1 • B ut 1· n case . eme law of Ethi'op·a • n _passed either by tI1e Assembly of Heads of · t between an y reso1 L1t1o of confl1c S tate an?. Government or tl1� Cou11c1l of Mi11isters of O.A. U. and any legislation , the II?un1c1pal la� shall p�e\1�11, due to tl1e fact that a resolution is just an under stand1ng_ o� a point of pr1nc1ple to be followed in common by member States, and not a b1nd111g treaty. O nly a treaty dL1ly n egotiated and ratified i n accordance with its constitutional processes binds Ethiopia, as laid down i n Article 30 of the Revised Constitution of 1955. E. Solution of Treaty Conflicts.

Kelesn suggests the following solution of treaty conflicts: ''In order to solve the conflict betwee11 t\vo i nconsistent treaties concluded partly by the same parties in a more adequate way tha11 that provided for by general international law, it has been suggested tl1at tl1e State whicl1 l1as concluded two inconsistent treaties sl1ould be bou11d to perform only the first concludecl treaty and to make reparation for tl1e dam age cat1sed by the illegal nonperformance of tl1e a priority of execution subsequently concl11ded treaty. Both treaties remain valid, bt1t 61 . '' one ded clu con y is established wit h respect to tl1e previousl pia hio Et er, o�h an � on ith w _ es ati tre of ity bil ati mp co n Accordingly, in ca se of i nt treaties. te s1s on 1nc o tw i ts n ee tw be ict 11:fl co lve so re may employ su ch solution to

F. Reconcilation of Municipal La,v with Treaties. nte� i nto a tre�ty e ho � s_ ie rt pa e, tic ac pr d n . Accordi ng to international law, a ity m or nf co to in w la al 1p 1c un m r ei th e�gagement are expected ipso facto to br in g wi th their intern atio nal treaties. ibl e ? th a pi io th E r o f _ , re pi m E e ip· reme la\v,. of th st e th e f o t nc Si ar p e ty ar ea tr 1s .a e sh h ic h w . to . es · : ti ea tr l1 't I \V Y ·t i · gat,on to brin · 1pal la,:v into conrorm · g he r n1un1c tit it_ is b ty s1 es ec n al n i? at n er 1t i1 f o party and to mai ntain it is not o11ly a matter 1 f st c? O l� ru d 1e sl i l b la eS l:�e a constitutio na l req11irem�nt too. Because it is a wel � 1 w t n e t s s1 n o _c ?e ld u o sh . s w la te a n i rd o tion al law th a t all p ri m a ry a11d sub � ct by v1rtue l n 1a ia p io th E . f o se a c . s In t he suprem e law, i.e. tl1e Constittttion an d treatie mation la c ro P , 3 6 19 , n o ti a m la c ro 60, Charter of the Organization of African Unity Approval P No. 202 Neg. Gaz., year 22, no. 16. 61 · Kelsen, cited above at note 47, p. 117.

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n s of m � nicipal laws enacted o i vis ro . p e th of Art. 122 of the Revised nn ot prevrul over those of _ the ca o11 uti tit ns Co ed vis Re tl1e after the prorn.ulgation of _ ber 4, vem 1955, provided treaties to which Ethiopia had become a party after No they possess essential validity. n tl1at. Ethiopi_a ha s to change a me to d ue str on c be t no uld s , sho thi ver Howe .the provisions of her Constitution so tl1at tl1ey conforn1 with treaties to which she 4, 1955 are pla�ed on i s a party. Even tl1ough treaties concluded after Novemb�r equ.al level with the Constitution they are, l1owever, require? to conform with the provisions of the Revised Constitution, in order to have essential and formal validity, as well as municipal effect. • Thus Ethiopia may not invoke a provis ion of her mun icipal law to justify nonperformance, provided that the conclusio n of the treaty satisfies the requirements of her Constitution. ' On the same point, the Permanent Court of Internation al Justice at The Hague62 in its advisory opinion on the treatme11t of Polish Nati onals in Da.nzing said: ''A State cannot adduce as against a11otl1er State i ts ow11 Constitution with a view to evading obligations incumbent t1pon it under international Jaw or treaties in force.''63 The Harvard Research also in Article 23 states: ''Unless otherwise provided in the treaty itself a State cannot jt1stify its failure . to perform its obligatio11s under a treaty because of any provisio11s or omission in its mt1nici_pal law, or because of any special features of its governmental organization or its co11stitt1tional system." 64

Constitution,

Tl1e Russian lawyers go further and suggest that:'' ... botl1 the 1·11les of Inter11ational Law and those of domestic origin sl1ould have the same binding force for all organs and nationals of the cot111tries concer·ned. But b)' conclt1di_ng �n i11terna�ional . ag�eement a governing at1thority 1111dertakes, if necessary, to bring its domestic legislation into line with the i nternational commit men ts it has assumed. "65 H11nnings also spells 011t the main princi1)les of municipal Jaw i 1 1 inter11atio nal law as follows: ''(a) A �tate m_ay not p_Iea� tha! tl1e violation of treaty or its non-fulfilJnent of _1n�ernat1011a_l obl1gat1ons 1s d11e to its Constitutio11 or to tlie acts or om1ss1ons of either of the three branches or other orga11 s of its govern ment. (b ) A State may not pass legislation whicl1 eildangers the treaty rights of otl1er States. (c) A State which has contracted i11ternational obljgations _ is bound to give effect to them in its mu11icipal legislation. Ethiopia ratified tl1e S,tatute International Court) in July, 63. Mc.Nair, cited above at note 64. Id., pp. 78-79. 65. Academy of Sciences of the 62.

of the Permanent court of International 1926.

Justice (Now the

55, pp. 100-101. U.S.S.R. Institute of Law, l nternatio11a/ Lau,, p. 15.

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TREATY-MAKING POWER AND SuPREMACY OF TREATY IN ETIDOPIA

(d) The evasive form of a measur Utlder municipal law is irrelevant if in fact it an1ounts to a violati�n �r nonfulfilment of a n internation al obli66 " gation.

.. In simp le t erms all tl1is mea11s: cleficieiJcy 1· :° munic ipal law does no t afford a . defe nce to an actio11 for breach of tr eaty ob lt gation ; _and a St�te party to a treaty itself for nou-perform;11ce' b y P lead111g tl1at can not· exct1se 1ts mun icipal law or · t· . ron1 perfor 111ing the ·O bl.igat1o organ1za 1011 preve1 1te d 1·t f n under treaty or did not enable it to do so. Therefore, Etl1iopia l1as to n1al<e its primar a d s� b rd1 at laws to confor m .� � i party is she. to, if es at1y of treati tliein co� h fli�ts wit ,vit its tr eaty engagements. Moreover , since t h e provisio11 of the Co nst·t t· c or s aii �qual status _to � : �� u 1 : � i e s, a tr 1d on e tie a1 tl a 1ti t pi it iio s tl E n Cour s s l PP Y and tnt�r pret treaties the Con 1 e tllein· As Kap1an and Katzenb ach r ightly stated of all kind which may come befor · • ' • · ( · s s as Et h 10 1op1a) tl. 1e Constitution spec ·1i::ii1 call · d tate · U n1te ' Y descr1·b es treaties as 1n '' .• a11y assign s courts the "supre1ne 1a·\v a nd 101ere11t1 · 67 · r.: · · tas·k of tl1e1r · 1nterp r et at1on. · · la1·ive, executive Tl1us, all b ra nches of the Gove rnment thiop·1 a - leg1s E of and · . . ect to treaties to \Vh1·ch Eti..= · I - sl1ot1Id giv · e eff JU p· · 1,a ·1s a par ty. Treat1es 1u 0. · d'1c1a . . . �onclu?ed pr1?r to the �r?mulga t1on of the Revi sed Constittition and whi ch are 1ncons1stent with _the pr�vis1ons of t�e. Revised Constitution should b e re-negotiated, so that they conform with tl1e p r ov1s1ons of the Revised Constitution.

CONCLUSION . Prior to Noven1ber 4, 1955 (the date of promulgation of the Revised Constitu tion), the treaty-making power w as co11 ferred by Art. 14 of 193 l Constit11t ion on the Emperor , without any limitation. After the pron1ulgation of 1955 Constitt1tion, even though the treaty-maki11g po wer is vested on the Emperor by Art. 30, it is of treaties, ent1merated s d kin 11 tai r ce for al ov r p ap ry nta e bat a m ew rli �om limited, as pa In the ''however clause'' of the sa me Article, is made imperative. d ele s wa er in M ist n g i re Fo e th , 66 19 of Up to the prom11lgatio n of Or der 46 e treaties an d t tia go ne to , 43 19 of I o. N gated by Art. 43 (f and g) of Order rs of Foreign e ist in M e th e r, ev w ho , en tl1 e 11c Si agre�ments on behalf of the E 1npeor . e nt (presently m op el ev D d an ng ni an Pl Affairs, Fi nance an d fo rmerly tl1e Mi nist er of e� No. 46 of d r O b � d te ga le e d re ) a e the Head of the Planning Con1missio11 Offic hile the tr eaty W s. tie ea tr de lu nc co nd a 1966 and Order No. 63 of I 970, to negotiate on�, !h e l ra ne e g_ a is rs ai ff A n mak.ing pow er delegate d to the Mi11ister of For eig 1ss1on m om C 1g 11 nn l� P f_ o d ea H e power delegated to the Ministers of Financ e and th ase of the c e th 10 ts i ed cr d an s Office are limited to agreement dealing w it h loan e ot?er h T r. e l a tt e th f o e s fo rmer, econo m ic aid and tec hnical assistance in the ca d eal1n_g ts en em re g a r o ls o c to ro �inisters and Heads of Public A u t horities conclude p a fuod c?ntri m o r f d ce an n (:fi Wtlb cultural r elations a n d execu ti o n of joint projects ed n g si t en em re g a a ll re b m r u o ri p a in r fo d e id v ed ro ut p by the contractinli parties) � Y a duly authorize d official of tl1e Government. 66· Hun nings , cited above at note 35, p. 8. '67 · Kaplan and Katzenbach cited above at note 46, P· 269· '

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JOURNAL OF ETHIOPIAN LAW - VOL. VII - No. 2

The prerogative to ratify treaties and to· determine which tr�aties a�d inter . national agreements shall be subject to ratification before becom1 ng b1nd1n� upon _ Ethiopia, is reserved to the Emperor alone, by Art. 30 of the Rev1�ed Constitution. However, this prerogative is subject to the proviso of the same Article, and cannot be delegated. As to reconciling of Arts. 1 and 30 of the Revised Constitution, the writer submits that Art. 1 being too general and placed in the general part of the Cons titution, should be interpreted in the light of Art. 30 of the same Co11stitution, which is specific provision for treaty-maki11g power in Etl1iopia. Moreover, according to the Amharic version, which is tl1e official one (by virtue of Art. I 25 of the Revised Constitution) treaties which might bring about a11y damage or loss of pro perty or physical injury on Ethiopian subjects must be laid before Parliament for approval before ratification. It is submitted also, on the basis of the foregoing examination of Art. 122 of the Revised Constitution, that treaties to which Ethiopia is a party, and concluded in accordance with tl1e Revised Constitution of 1955, must be enforced in Ethiopia as the supreme law of the Empire. Beca11se, by the express words of the Constitu tion sucl1 treaties are proclaimed as the supreme law of the Empire alo11g with the Revised Constit11tion. In other words, treaties concl11ded in accordance with the Revised Constitution are placed on eq11al level, and made of like obligation with the Constitution by virtue of Art. 122 of the Constit11tion, which integrates or incorporates treaties directly into internal legal system of Ethiopia. As part of tl1e supreme law of the Empire, treaties, tl1erefore s11persede all ordinary laws of Ethiopia, in case of conflicts. In case of co11flict between a treaty and the provisions of the Revised Constitution, howev�r, the provisions of the Constit11tion shall prevail over the treaty, ever if the treaty is later in point of time. Because, a treaty to be binding on Ethiopia and the inhabitants thereof, must be consistent with the Constitution, and possess intrinsic or inherent validity, in addi tion to its formal and temporal validity. Granted that a treaty is forma.I and validly concluded, it becomes a supreme la\v in the hierarchy of laws in Ethiopia, if exec11ted after the prom11lgation of tl1e Revised Constitution. Thus, all primary laws, shall be declared n1111 and void, if found to be inconsistent with a treaty. In otl1er words, a11y legislation enacted by the legislative, or the exec11tive branch, or any decisio11 or act n1ade by the adminis trative body or the judiciary, contrary to the supreme law, i.e. tl1e Constit11tion a11d inte·rnational treaties shall be null and void, as provided i 11 tl1e s11pren1acy clauser of tl1e Revised Co�sti�l1tion of Ethiopia. Bt1t a treaty whicl1 provides i.e. Art. 122 _ _ 1 the opposite of what the Const1t11t1on pro, 1des sho11ld not sta 11 d. Here tl1e words, ''shall be null and void'' mean that a treaty wbicl1 violates the provisio11 of the· decisions. legislation, decrees, Revised Constit11ti?n, or_ any ft1ture judgmer1ts, order, _ and acts tl1at are inconsistent with tl1e treaties made p11rst1ant to t11 e Revised Con stitution, will be of no force or effe�t insof �r as tl1e n111nicipal or don,estic aspects of the treaty are concerned. The 1nternat1onal obligation of the treaty are not, however, affected by this lang11age for tl1e external force and effect of sucl1 treaties are governed by international law. d an r between C11arte Ethiopia's conflicts obligation of under tlie U.N. In case the se, u Beca. s 1 io1 of the prevail. Charter the othe� internatio �al treaties, the provi � _ d t iga an ob treaty Eth1op1a _ d l e by signing and ratifying it ha,s Charter 1s law-making n, wee bet 1t of or out derogate from it. In case of conflicts herself not to contract

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TP�ATY-MAKING POWER· AND SUPilEMACY OF TREATY.IN ETI-IIOPI A

ob lig un ati de on r O:A.U. Charte.r ail . s op ia' . thi . . E . . d ' · o th e r · . in te f r n 1· . a . ti o n a l tr e t1 s, h owever, the one ear 1er Ill po1nt o time takes priority. .. . .�-' · �. .. . . · As to treati�s concl11ded prior to tl1e promul atio1 . . . . ·· . th � l{ ev 1s ed C o · ns t1 t11t 1on, the writer of tl11s st11dy vent11res to propose thaf' suc treati�s sli�u ld be .�nforced po sse the ss y ess e11 tia l ded val idi ty as the y have b en pro,ii in corp?rate d into !he by Ia,v of 1-\rt . 8 ipal Order No. 6 of 1952' and ; munic Y Art. I of Proclamat1 on . 53 19 f o No. 139

°�

The s11pre1naC)' tl1 at th e })re -R evised Co11stittit1· 011 treat· 1es acq111re 11.nder the .Jost cit· ed Ieg1·sI at· 1· ons and tb· e s11p re111 acy tl 1 at th e 11:eati'es · . tl1 . e · made pursuant to � 1· t11t1· on der · ed c on:;t . 1v .e fron.1 Art. 122 of tl1e Revised Cons Revis tit tit 1· 011 d'1 Eers b oth in stat11s and e:ffe ct. !he_ latter cl_ass of treaties are ma de s11preme law by the stlJJreme law of t]1e Empire 1 tself, while tbe forn1er ::1re n1a?e s11pre11 1e law just by a primary law. Tlltls, the stat11s of s11pr�n1�1cy to be acqu_1r e� by _ the two is 110t the same. Natti rally, the s11premacy der1 ,,ed by the Co11st1 tution 1s lligl1er, d11e to tl1e fact tl1at tre aties are given rnore or less the sam e standing and effec t as tl1e Revised c011stitution unlike the_ s11J?re macy. ,1cquir�d by tl1e Order, SUJJIJlemented by Proclan1atioi1 . Seco11dly: the Const1tubon, besides being tl1e supre111e law of the Empire in the tr11e sei1se of the word 1 is late r in point of tijJJe, hence, what is provided i 11 the Co11stitt1tion should l1 ave more v\1eigl1t, and conseq11e11tly modifies the effect of tl1e provisions of the Order and the p rior Proclamation. As the anal)1sis made earlier shows, Art. 122 of tl1e Revised Co11stit11tio11 does not rnal<e any referenc e to the stat11s of the treaties co·ucludecl JJrior to the e11act ment of fhe Revised Constit11tio11. !11 tl1e abse11ce of s11cl1 refere11ce a11 d tl1e 11on retroactivity of Art. 122 of tl1e Co11stit11tio11 in its apJJlicatio11, tl1e logic al conclt1sio11 would be tl1at the s11pre111 acy of tl1e treaties concl11ded JJrior to tl1e proml1Jgatio11 of the Revised Constitution l1as been s11presede d by tl1e s11premac y of tl1e treaties made i11 accorda11ce v,,itl1 tl1e provjsior1s of tl1e Revised Co11stjtt1tio11. J11 other words, by the enac tme11t of the Revised Constit11tion, with a s11premacy c la11se not embrac ing the treaties made J)rior t9 it, tl1 e role and effect . of A,rt. 8 of Order l� o. 6 of 1952 a11d Art. ] of Proc]an1 ation No. 139 of 1953, 1 s reauced n1erely to incor poratin g t]1e p re-Revised Constit11tion treatjes into the rou11icipal lav, of Ethiopia. Its functio11 of 1nalcing treaties the s11prem e lavv of the EnlJJire l1 a.s b�en taken over by Art. ] 22 of tlle }�evise d Co11stitution; as the res11lt only the treaties n1ade 11nder the a11thorities of tl1e Revised Co11stit11tion, become the s111Jre me ]a\v of ll 1 e En1pire together ,vitl1 the Revised Co1 1stit11tio11 i;vl1icl1 considers �s part ?f t_be SLipreme law of the EmJ)ire treaties, conve11tio1 1s, and obligations to which Ethiopia shall be party it1 the fut11re. ns io at lig 1d ob 1 a �s tio 1 1 1·v1e o1 c s, ie at e tr to The 'Vo ' lle re refer • rds ''sha .. ' ll be party' · · 1 · e. November 4t h n tio cone Iuded after t l1 e ]Jro1n11lgat1 011s of tl1e Revised C0�1stit11 ' . . y a� d 1.1ot. . 1 r1t 1955. The word ''shall'' is employed in tlie context wl11cl1 1nd1 cates f11t1 in imperative sense of gr am atjcal i11terpretation of the wof<l .. TlJtis, -�·eatJes �;f 1 �11ce w,1 1 c? ac in d e d_ l11 c n co 1 1 11e cla de red to be tl1e s11pre1ne lavv of th e Empire w . c t 1on be1ng 11 1t st • . . n . o . , ed is ev R e the prov1s1ons of the I{ev.1secl li T . 5 5 C.onst1ttition f 19 Etl1iopia in s vv la of 1 c a the organic Jer h' e h t in law 1 1d the pri11cipal supre111e law a � · th of 8 rt A i� d e 1 J� 1c v · • ro p • s and Iater 111 po11 1t of trme, sup rse d es also wl1�at w�1 1 tl1e Empire i1 l1 it vv 7 l et tr ri E f o F d era_l I?co T.� rr to y t}Je of n s1o 1 l1 Inc d 1 io11 a1 r:1t , rpo n o ti a m a ; cl � ro P ; ts li ig R c li b ti 0 E t11 1op1 a Oreler (Order No. 6 of 1952) and ru 1· 0 the P (Proclan1 ation No. 139 o f 1 953).

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JOU'RNAL OF ETHIOPIAN LAW - VOL. VII - N·o. 2

Moreover, treaties concluded in accordance with the Revised Constitution auto matically acquire municipal effect by virtt1e of Art. 122 of . the Revise� <;onstitution . Treaties concluded prior to the enactment of the Revised Const1tut1on acquire municipal effect due to Art. 8 of Order No. 6 of 1952 and Art. 1 of Proclam.ation No. 139 of 1953. Since treaties co11cluded prior to the promulgation of the Revised Constitution derived their municipal effect from primary legislation and not from the organic la\\' -the Constitution- a p·roblem may arise in their implementation. For instance, if a governmental act is taken now to imple1nent an obligation under a treaty concluded prior to the promulgation of the Revised Constitution, and such implementation is inconsistent with the provisions of the Revised Constitution, the act may be declared nt1ll and void u.nder the latter part of Art. 122 of th.e Constitutjon. \ To avoid such conseq11e11ce, if any treaty concluded prior to the promulgation of the Revised. Con.stitution is inconsistent with the present Constitution, Ethiopia should re-11egotiate with the other co11tracting pa.rty, so that it may conform with the provisions of the Revised Constitution. Since treaties are ·proclaimed. to be part of the supreme law of the Empire by the Revised Constitution, Ethiopia is constitutionally required also to bri11g its muni cipal law into conformity with treaties to which she is party to and to maintain so, in order to avoid any conflict or i11consistency between its treaty obligations and the provisions of the present Constitution .

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•f'h'1if• , O•f-m,f•aon-:,. : �;,"lt,f 7(1\9° "11\. s fA?ulfl : n10011,) , mf,'J° ,j•"} l} cj..'} 90 I f,f,oP{JJ• J flt,. (r 2 J..:J•f: I ..- = 111. 1 po,n:,. • }1c • ,,-,.1,.t1Ci! 1 dJ1.1 'h<i : Om-al. , '1\-illO. • u•�;J· r rof,.'P' �1C : (loi>l.f� 1 9°)1'}.(';'J• : IJ'4-•I: : (11.9° ll llP'f.\'IJ'} ta.f*Cm•T 1 } o_c_? __-:-_ ()fb s faoOJ�A • m,iA) 1 9°1-9°=0.lf'}: J\?11 I 1 fl.t.'l.'J° 1 't°1f.,:f-A: }(lC fll'J" -----�--I f•fI P't,.W-1 f.\ ,l rm 1'9', I f11.9° I mw: • Odt'f�}:'f· • m/h� I �TC I ti'il I ft.L'l.9° : h'l'kUJ• : O,f•l1fl(l{l,rl ? I ril,/L'i I ll"'L:,• I �m• '1/l _ _ _ f"'/f,;rA s w1lA 1 ro,:<!A : ll."1ll4' tlJ;'J• = r tt'l°__,_I _ 1 �c,: 1 O.·f: 1 hL/1.1 : t f° :r· 1'11 00 = \ m·m.-i: I fl chTC : !if'if7: 1 on I.P I'll\ -1:'l'C ii (i) ? __ fllt. /;\1 lD- 1 _:}:...,. a>-__ 11.•t: 1.:,- I q>IT)rf:'} J M:J> OU,f•11>- J �Cf: I >" lltt•"l , n·t-L4'>1-ro- • • /;\fA ' f.;1·/iA :: f /1.'I° "S Cfl'LJI{..•)- I (Df,9° I ),j � O •� ll11. oo..,. ar , u-1.;I·• ,.,.,..... I .. ,. (li ) • o,r- O<J>•• ,re• ?!'� (I/Ill>' .pllj•j:"}, rro'},:� I JP/,. J m,ift·'1 : tJD•lr m tJ>(l tI)« I (IP IP t OOIPt...."J· f·jj·l! 'J'C m-m.:t·=h "l�i:tA? fl tJD•ft• : 0 ODJ._f G�· I :,,tl):,. I }\j?, /\J:>- A Al'l·l- F,':fl\ A' I f,,1 ll fl .h ll : f,J.)i' 'J° 1i!P1 I IP'1'9° :: ---,r-'l'C !ir� f ft'J° 11 A ---'I --�i\;rtl. " --arm:,· ' 11,· ar 'I° ' 0 }',Ttl. We : _'l"hrf•l· : �Ile? .. ,f-hl\i'f• : fllrfl· : t..:J• � . : <:m,:ttr- • Ooo}l\l\;I h91'} I fl\9° •l·"l'lC , m-m:i· 1,' '7?. CIDcft, I O,;•ft· I f.,$!.Cll : lJCPa:J' : t, ..C:C fi1•t,1,oow,. 1 j �/;\'} ? aJ'}:(t\ I ll.h I ----'1il : f.;°f'l/;\u i• -

- �� I I

I I

-----1.

ili\DD'l°hC=tf!--rC: '1.i = �c�· =

'1--t:=

:,,l1J ••-= 1 = n ..,?,..c • l!f.·ff•§ : ft.f :J>A f.\ : f.,".fI\A :t I

I '),... .

� r•

1 '11� A = + mtt th� = = lD4 (t r foY.. ..(' "'I A flH il m1' htlt"I I o'Pcf!c& = +-?Ile = f == C� ,,_ : A l1-th lt;: hf, : 'I° 9° . t.? floo = ' A r hil+ii{l1l = roim,,+ co- 'l • tJtj: "71 1 = 4:9' 1·9'° 'TC ' 1'! = : • TOJ "l'l oY. itll : /lil =;: m:,,ouw-: f1+'1A;J\?.: DPDP = c �T = 11, °'1 t\¥ • = 'ltD h Jfn:F tr'I = . f. 'h'l , .,. : +., fA I tic tic ar9° = q,,.,:,. = f, m'l : :: l\.e, : illt°7.,(l�: ',1D4 fllf : ti'I° ooA : rf:T ollb +o F ilfl if:i:: 'hit h: ifY : FilA :: flA\?. I /;\ � : f"1l1-- : h�fto 1,: : f.ij: OD") I °I fl dtl roi)!flo'f : 1-9° = +-?fl�-: ''flj:C� = �1c'' 'ltv· = tvf,il = ''f'l'f111 = r�•c(l:,.. : r mt- = m'lt'' flltD• : P'Ir : .,co- : f°tft« : 'I'f4:9'1' : f,',"ift«:: "'l'l't'1lD·'I° : ft;:C�· : ml"l : I -r htLIJ: """: f,t-oo C : P' '¼ P''I : l r+H;J w.e,'/° : OHA"'I�: 'h")�IPt-0-r: --: 1 --l f1:, .lt: '1Atr�: l\hrf:-r"): 'I'f4:9'1' I {111)'/°: °IA�: ftr'i- : 1 >;r-1 : f14> f1« = o+c = f\.ooAit tt1,1•A'J°:: +1A.,� = h'l� = O"lAi· = f(ll&' = ntiA r+ooflhi:0-r: fihn'l°'i: :,-'/°tJC-r: 0061/l,f: OD,rch(i:: f�(i:l:,.. : '11C : hft ooi,-.,..1,;: h'l�: f°l-Ol: P';J1: 1--�f,: h?.f�: '1\\�'l: f°t1A�: K-th-� : f'1�l-r : .,1C : oo(J'-.,. .'}: I\.Wit'} : f,1·1'1,\ :: illl : fl,� : ;r,f•C/t. : f+f.l.(I lD•'} : A--0-Wi\.Y.· : OD�dtlj: : roiooflA: ,,..�,, : hh,:Jm"'ITl&' : lj:C�: (l,f l-- : '1°11111 : flhl\:flD4: fco-QJ.. : 1-'lfll-'i: 71\.fL.'l: 067.001\h:,-- : fih'?: h + 'i+'l : HF.. : 'hf+oo� : ih;J'l! : nCtiC : "'l<t:i\:P : hilll:flD• :: f<t:C� : m l"l : f°trPt-tD• : f/Ji\;J--'f!CO-'l'i: )t{lf,\:t;co-'} : f"1°l: O'P� : +°l'lC : 11:F : ',ro- :: 1

r�cia :

= n�tra'f

lJ''f9°: h'I';,n. : f,l1"1 : )tfl,f,�f. C: _e,u : }t{l/,\:f : f(J'',(Dc : f ih'? : O'P'f!: +"lflC : ti<t:A: Of.'}11: 'h'l�h'iro ...}: f,mf,:J>A :: 6Ib1l{ll:,: : f1Ti1hA'i: flt;: 'P'IT = ,f--1\f,+co- : 00;1-w:,, '11\'l:fro• f,U'J°: m:1>"7..: ool;f9'1·'l'i: tJchc "f-1: lf.lof"'I : Ft-: l\f,: l\"'l'PA: f,m:,,"'ll,\ :: rf--1(1.9':(:"} : f "1"1 : ct'P�1' : LA?-> : "'1°11:,..,; : h"l'l'l:fto·'}� : "l'l,-.'l;J--:f(Dc"} : "'Im:,, : fi"l'J° : Jrtil&./\1. : flf'I: fao1._o0t.,r: 1'C9°j'.f: 'lw•:: h1'f.: h.Tf'A-f: flll: flT'l°IJC,r: rt-r: fOI/. (l tp : f,'h°l : :,--9°uc,)-- : '1A+il4-4-n:,--: h"lC ; f,IJ : f001,.oot,ftDc : hC9°i : h'l�...} : f111J9°: hh:f;,t'i: h�tioi: P't- : 'J(D« hf-LIJ : O'\f, : 'h'lla+1tt Kco- 1 i\tLtJ = 1tao1._oot,fllr = tc9°;r = ttroti(l� = +'\A = 11� = n"'l:,,l-0 = fij: C�: thl1.. : ltf,lJ; : hf,4'C9°::

=�

:.icT = h,.f {t&..A°19° ll1t1·Lu = OT?- = 0-1;1-- = r+H;,'A. : ODIPl;J--w·f'l = flj: c� : dtl?a1--: h+(lm-1,:fllr: flhllrt-jf lD4: f01/.1·i:,--: r,l1'?: :,-9"°tJC-r : fi\, '1:fCD- • r,n"I = 1til,,..�f.c = roiz.001\h;J--:fco- : 'lt\P'A"J'fl- = P't-:fro·'l : oti 'P,:J{l : 1J-.),;J--: ll"'lh'iro'} : f.-1'1\lt.- :: O+t;L1"'1t'I° : fch°l : :,--'/°UC-r : fhl\ :fll)c (191:f hiJi\+ = wf.t,fl:," = nttA"'l� = hOl/,IPt--CD- = ..,.. °Ille 'I� lf'lo>- , hii-0 : "'llf.i\:,,'}: f"'l.mf,,J,(IJc'}: 'h'i: o.enAT: hh&..1\1.: flf'IW•'} : +"l'lC: i\"'lh'iOJ'} : f,if.'\lt.- �

-446•

(

{

''DECISION TREES'' b;, Peter L. Strai,ss a1icl Jvfichael R. Toppi,zg* The· object of. this pa pe r is to inforn1 those co11cerned w.1·th the ad · ffiln1s . · tr at io n · · 1op h 1a Jt E 111 · 1Ja rt1c u ce I arl y, · just i cri mi na l J ustice _ about a new an d s1m of • p1e . , · . . · as _ m I sis ay hi t c in w pr oc ed uring u1;1-1forn1 _interpretation and applicatio proc ure �. n of reg s. ula 7'h t10 e 11 J?r ob le� an d ?f uniform 1nterpretatio11 and application is laws_ _ , as 1n Eth1op wh sev ere ere cul arl y 1a, new law� must be interpreted and applied parti by persons \¥110 l1a_ve no t yet bad the opportunity· of formal legal ed11catio11. For the�e _perso11s :the �1scovery of �he . relevant code articles and the understanding of their 1nterr�l ationsh1ps and appl1cat1on_ m�st be very difficult indeed. One possible result of this �111fortunate _state of affairs 1s that the codes will not be fltlly, effec tively, or co11s1stently appl ied througho11t the Empire. If, on the other hand, admini strators try to avoid this problem by assigning tl1e E111pire's comparatively few legally trained persons to such jobs as public prosecutor, woreda co11rt judge, etc., then the result may be Vt'aste of l egal resources. No one of these jobs is, i11 natio nal perspective, of the very greatest importance; overall inefficiency of performance in them, on the other hand, can markedly reduce the quality of Ethiopian justice.

Tl1e most efficie11t use of Ethiopia's li1nited legal resot1rces might be promoted by a scheme which e11abled the central admi11istration in Addis Ababa to send provincial centers of law enforcement programmed instr11ction, which would enable even persons who have not had formal legal training to proceed, step by step, through the solution of a legal problem to its proper concl usion. This paper is concerned \Vith one such forn1 of progran1med instruction, \vhich involves the cons truction of what have been desifYnated variol1sly as ''algorith1ns," ''flow charts," "logical trees," or ''decision trees.-;,** The last term, ''decision tr�e," will .be 1:1s �d here, since it best expresses the purpose of the procedure: t? assist local adminis trators to reach uniforn1 and correct decisions in applying national law. F? r reasons of convenience, this article will discuss ''decision trees'' only as they migh� app l y in penal law. It \Vill b e apparent, however, that the procedure could as easily fio<l application in any area of codi-fied Ia,1/. r fo a th e rv se ob ll ha we , de Co l na Pe e If we take almost an y article of th �e a 7 it to be applicable a n111nber of co11ditions have to be satisfied. Let ; s ta � � a th e or e . an example, Articl� 589(1), which defines th e principal offence of rape offence is constituted, there m11st be: (a) an accused wh o l1a s (b) compelled (c) a woman •*t FormerJy members of the Faculty of Lavv, Ha·1, e S cllassie I Universi ty. found to be is trees ·on · Of dectSI uses and re LonA u t zms, na 1 l 1e · gorit l A ancl . clear and comprehensive account of· t al Trees og1c · L , Charts in B ·N • Lew·1s, I. S. Horog1n Flo>v . & C• p· Gane• . d on I-IMSO, 1967, to 1ich tl1e present writers are ·indebted wl

- 447 -

2 o. N II V . L O V W A L N A PI IO H T E JOURNAL OF

( d) to submit to sexual intercourse (e) outside wedlock by either (f) violence or (g) grave intimidation . or (h) after having rendered her unco11sc1ous or (i) incapable of resistance. Unless each of copditions (a), (b) (c) (d) and (e), and, at least, one of condi tions (f'), (g), (h) or (i) are satisfied in any give11 case, the offence of rape has not · been committed. A cl1.eck list such as this indicati11g the necessary pre"conditions fo1· application, could be prepared for almost a.ny code provision. In thi_s form, however, it might not seem to serve any useful purpose. It appea.rs to be little more than a cumber some way of 1·estating the article itself. One of tl1e co11tributions of tl1e decision tree beco1nes apparent if the check list is put in question for111: 1. (a) Did the suspect use violence on a person? (b) Did the suspect t1se grave jntimidatio11 on a person? (c) Did the suspect 1·ender a person u11conscious? (d) Did the suspect render a perso11 incapable of resistance? 2. Was that person a woman? 3. Did l1e thus compel tl1at woman to subnlit to sexl1al intercourse? 4. Was tl1at act of sexual intercol1rse between persons wl10 were not then husband and wife? a,nd if a mandatory instruction is added: The suspect may be convicted of rape only if the ans,,ver to each of questions 2, 3 and 4 and to ai least 011e of questio11s l(a), l(b), l(c) or l(d) is ''ye-s." The form serves to empl1asize the separate elen1ents \\1bich must be present to constitute the offe11ce, by req11iring the local adn1inistrator to answer relevant ques• tions and instructing him to proceed only if certajn answers to t1J ose qt1estions are obtained. He is tl1us forced. to a11alyze tl1e evidence in the appropriate way, and taken, step by step, through a decision process which he ...n1ight not l1ave correctly 11nderstood by himself. The decision tree itself emborues the same tecl1uique of breaking legal pro· visions down into their constit11e 11t elen1e11ts, and tl1en J)rese11ti1 1cr each elen1ent in the form of � simple �1uestion. It �oes furtl1er, a11cl pt1ts tl1 ese q�estions in logic� order and d1 agra.mn1 at1c for1n. This has tl1e adva11tage, as "'e sl1aII see later in dealing with more con1plex ''decisio11 t1·ees," of sin1plif. yi11.g tl1 e 111andatory i 11strt1c· tion. For the user, it bas the great advantage of being a visual as Vi1ell as a verbal process, and of 11e\1er req11iri 11g hi1n to do 1nore tI1 a 1; answer ''yes'' or '' r10'' to a sin1p]e q11estio11.. Tl1e 011ly constrai 11t is tl1at ha\rin o a11swere d one q11estion, he must proceed to the que?tion diagrammatically indica�ed by tl1at answer, a11d s? on t� a stat�d result, wl11ch l1e . n1ust acc�pt as correct. TJ1e procdeure automa t1 cally directs him to tl1e appropriate quest1011s a11cl tlie correct ot1tco1ne. I n the words of Messrs. Lewis, Horogin and Gane tl1e user ''is like a computer working through a pro_g:an1. I� botl1. cases the process is automatic, and provided there are no an1b1gu1t1 es of 1nstruct1on, a successful outcoine is guaranteed.'' The simplest \Vay of explaining tl1e nature a11d use of decis trees is bJ ion elamples. Let us therefore, first of all try to put the req 1 o tl1e tiir for en ,en ts c mJl J• _ ss1on of tl1e· offence of rape, as defi ned by Article Pe.nal Code 589, in ''decision tree ''forlll'" - 448 -

DECISION TREE S Fig. I START

Did the suspect use violence ttpon, a woman?

Yes

Did he compel the woman to submit to sexual inter course under such influe11ce?

Yes

---- --Did suspect use grave intin1idation upon a \voman? --

Yes

-------

No Yes I ----I l

Did suspect render a \VOman unconscious? -- --- -- ---

No Yes

\\'as that act of intercourse outside of wedlock?

Yes r

[

-I

----------

589 inapplicable

589 applicable

Did suspect render a \Voman incapable of resistance?

589 inapplicable

I l

589 inapplicable

m� the 9 58 le tic Ar of s rd wo e th e Lik . ry ato lan xp f-e sel d, s Thi_ diagram is, it is I1ope Ives, It serves t o ?efine the offence . ?f rape by setti11g f?rth tl1e_ pre-requis�tes of � pe It , rm :� o nce f? 1on est qu . In d an y, t�l ra a _ sep s e ffe .. B� stating these pre-�equ1s1te .forms the s1gn1:fica11t added ft111ct1011 of pred1gest1ng the article -stressing what 1s lu nc co e th to r, de or l ca gi lo in n, I�po rtant a11d forcing the administrator's attentio . er ng lo no is r to ra ist in m ad he T n sions he must re ac h in order to justify co11victio ts en em el nt ue tit ns co e th of e on nd completely free to overlook or to n1isundersta 0f the offence . , ed id ec ¢ y ad re al . �s l1 or at !r is in the adm . A_n at th , er ev w o he h , es 1 m an su gr ia as d 1 i1 s�ed b T re te 111 1s e _ b :e 1n cr e th ct fa i11 is ' s e' p ra '' e t 1a s, tl er n th ea o m is th f o ng i _ �k m a� _ ?m e th 1n st si as is t? � ee tr 11 io is d ec d n tio f o se a u , r, te a ea re gr d o ? ef b s 1 _ n o s1 v1 ro ki i p al er v se .nd of dec1s1 on: to help the administrator decide which of c n fu g in d n fi is th rm fo er p �Im is relevant to a ca se at hand. Decision trees which .a cb SU f o le p am ex le p m si tion have been called ''homing decision trees." A very h i! w �d ct ru st n co e b n ca tree, one step more complex than o u r tree for Article 589(1), in d te 1t m m c� e b 11 c� l1 �fere nce to the crime of bigamy. Th.is is a crime w�ic the y � d te it m in o c is y ;1the m a r one of tw o fact situations. Under Article 616(1), big lu so is d re fo e b e g ia rr already married p e r s o n who intentionally contracts another ma

-449-

JOURNAL OF ETHIOPIAN LAW- VOL VII - No. 2

r ,in ma by un ed itt ie� mm co is : person 1y an big ) 6(2 61 le tic r Ar de un st; the , fir of tion _ · of a11 nd i bo ist ex e th ng mar bv d tie be to s J ow kn he h om w . er who marries anoth r1age. The following decision tree would enable us to determine whether in an.y given case Article 616 is applicable, and, if it is, whetl1er a charge should be preferred und.e·r Article 616(1) or Art. 616(2). 2 START Fig.

Was tl1e suspect validly married immediat� ly before the occurrence of any events which · . 1 c. · 1na h arge.? rriigl1t have given rise to a cr1m

Yes

Did l1e intentionally con. ? tract an.ath .er marriage.

Yes

616 inapplicable

.I 616 inapplicable

----·------Charge un.der 616(1)

Was l1is partner tied by the bond of an existing marriage? Yes

Yes

Was such otl1er marri a.ge contracted before the dissmlution of the first?

Did be thereafter marry?

Did be know of t11is fact at the time of the marriage?

Yes Charge tmder 616(2)

616 inapplicable

616 inapplicabJe No 616 inap]Jlicable

----------

This, again, is a very simple mod.el, bt1t it does l1elp us to see how a pro perly constructed decision tree can be 11tilized to select the appropriate code pro•

•

VlSIOn.

In the two simple decision trees produced above, no effort 11 as been made to show the relationships which every Special Part article has to articles of the Gene ral Part. In consequence, the mere 11se of these decisio11 trees wo11ld 11ot (any more than simple reference to Article 589 or Article 616) enable the user to d.ecide upon the di�position o[ the case. For exam1Jle, the accused might plead a mis�ake of fact, (Article 76) -1n a rape case, that he thought the woman was his wife; 1n a bigamy case, t�at he bel!eved a pre �i ?�s marriage was no longer valid. Q _u.estio:os of . attempt , guilt, causality, res J?ons1b1lity, and the like may often arise m ways which would not always be obvious to the untrained person faced with the neoes__,. 450 _,

Fig. 3

\Vas there an effort to have sexual 1n . tercourse . with a \Voman without h e r consent?

Yes

. I - "Vas a man's sexual organ introd uced· into' the woman's?

Art. 589 inapplicable.

Yes

I ----·-----�------: I Was the man having such interco1 urse with the won1an l1er husband? Yes Was it believed husband?

was

Art. 589 inapplicable

See decisio11 tree on atten1pt.

Yes

No I

Yes

589 in�pplicabJe

589 applicable

Was violence used on her ? · --y es-- ---------=--------

I ----,------------�---Was her submission the product

589 applicable

Was the act tl1e product of tl1e above intent?

Yes

:----1---

Art. 589 inapplicable

I Yes

I I Was grave intimidation first used on her?

Did the won1an seem to agree to the act of intercourse ? . \

Yes

Was there intent* to compel her to have intercourse .with a person not her l1usband? *(See decision tree on criminal guilt)

of this influence?

----

,-------------

lJer

I Yes I

---- No

See decision tree on attempt for possible incomplete offence.

-___!___ Punisl1able only as attempt, Arts. I 27/589.

-Yes

___

_ - Y es___ -� .

�J'

No I

I s? Was sl1e rendered unconsciou -----=

j -------;-, --!-.. Nol

Was she rendered i11capable of I �-res _ _ c e_ ?_ _ _-. _______ 1 _ is _ _ tan

No I

Was the agreement otherwise compelled? I

I ·----�---:-:�:-, rt 589 inapp i_ca_b _le_ ---'

]�--�A_ _ ._ _ _ _ _. _ _ _I

- 451 -

JOURNAL OF ETHIOPIAN LAW - VOL. VII - No. 2 •

e ffic t to iiie be al de � uld wo � It s. de co with the ter nis mi ad d or an rst de un sity to 1on vis y of pro n a the ost alm r Spe · de un se ari _ uld co ich s, wh ion est l these genera qu . t pec res to a h t wit par ed uct str icular con s wa t tha e tre n isio h dec in eac . rt, Pa l cia . of 1 r own. But e tre t?� ze l1 era gen te, � ara � sep e erv des y s ma ion se est offence; the qu _ it 1nay promote efficiency in applying the Code to md1cate In dec1s10� trees . for gh l era t1o gen ues s se the t mi of n mo q com ? st mo the st, lea , at s how _ nce specific offe . arise. Thus, our decision tree on rape might be revised to accomplish this 1n the manner shown by Fig. 3 above. We are now in a position to take more complex examples, . � hich go farther toward.s showing the interrelationships of a group of leg�l prov1s1ons. T� o much con1plexity in a single tree, however, might threaten to depriv_e the tree o� _ Its value as a simplifier of the law. Moreover, enough has been said ab?ut dec1s1on trees to realize that they may have several uses. The prosecutor w.111 wa.nt to know how to coordinate provisions of the Special part to which he might refer in formula ing his charge. He may also find it valuable to have reference to General Part provisions which could modify the charge or affect proof requirements at trial. He may not, on the other hand, be overly interested in possible defences, or in learning of the circumstances which could authorize a judge to increase or decrease a sentence. Thus, for bis purposes, only some of the many interrelationships need be shown. Similarly, for the judge, less emphasis on possibilities for charge and more emphasis on possibilities for disposition may be appropriate. A separate, educational fri.nction may be served by decision trees which reveal the interrelationships of commonly used sections of the General Part. The three decision trees which follow are intended as examples of each of these types. The first emphasizes the ''homing tree'' approacl1 which may help pro secutors to find the appropriate cl1arge among several interrelated provisions. It is principally based on the nine articles of Book V, Title I, Chapter I, Section II of the Special Part, dealing with abortion. The second is derived from thi& tree, but stresses sentencing information. The third, dealing with General Part problems, might help answer the question whether an incomplete offence has been perpetrated. The reader will by now have been led to an obvious question: how does one draft a decision-tree? There is - at any rate for the lawyer - no answer. To quote Messrs. Lewis, Horogin, and Gane once more, constructing a decision tree ''is a valuable exercise in clear thinking. This is so because the compiler must penetrate an often dense and tortuous style in order to deter1nine tl1at wl1ich will exactly embody the rules governing the decision making process.'' A logical basis for a decision tree is of course essential, b11t it is not (for the lawyer) enot1gh: a certain intuitive element is involved. In compiling ot1r decision tree relating to abortion, we might h�ve felt �t necessary_ to cover tl1e �ituation of an abortion p 1·ocured dtiring_ an election meeting: we might have felt 1t necessary to deal 'v\,ith tl1e hypothesis that the abortion was performed i11 Khartoun1 . . . and so fort·h. The situation seeme� too remote fr�m the normal and t�er �fore a selective process was applied. ! he size of any particular_ tree must �e l1m1ted. The drafti 11 g of decisio11 trees 1s an art as well � s a science. There 1s no reason, i11 theory, why we could not construct � tree which covered tl1e whole area of pei1al law, i tlcluding procedure, a tree which would tell us whether a11y, and if so, which offence or offence s had b<:en com1ni� ed, wl1�t charge or charges sl1ol1ld be preferred, how the subseque nt trial �roceedmgs should be . c?nducted., \Vhat modes of disposition were open to·the court 1n the event of a conv1ct1011, and by what considerations tlle court should be guided in jts ultimate dispositio11·. There are, however, no office ,valls large enough to - 452 -

DECISION TREES Fig. 4 ABORTI ON

--=---;=-:� --------Was tl1erean :IB l? to tem1inate of a w o m an

__________ _____ Was the effort deliberate? j Yes

the e 1eved to b e pregnant?pregnancy rt

..:.._

•--------, . ---------I -- No Yes

_ or t_ _su_ c_c_�_ d ? �j ___D_id_ _th_e_eIB _ . _ ___/ 1� I Yes Was the effort made by the woman?

�

Yes

Charge all participants under A.rt. 529.

- --------No

I I

Charge her under Art. 529_

Was it made with her apparent consent?

_ _____:,

I -- I

Was there a grave and imminent danger to her life and healtl1 ,vl1ich could only be averted in this v.;ay?

------1 I Was the intervention done by a registered medical practitioner?

I Were the formalities I Art. 534 observed? I

Was there a grave and imminent danger to l1er life or health which could only be averted by immediate intervention?

I Yes

Was the intervention done by a registered medical practitio11er?

z 0

CJ1arge all actors under Art. 530(1) 1, 2

or I

'---- - ----

Yes

___

____

;__

Charge him under I Art. 536(2), 1903, I

INo

Yes

·--------

Were the formalities of Art. 535 observecl? No

I Charge under I Art. 535(2) 3

z 0

I_No

__;

all actor.5 I I Charge under Art. 530 (2), ) I

Was there a grave and imn1inent danger to her life and health wl1ich could only be averted by \ immediate intervention? I No Yes I Charge all actors un ly nt ue eq bs su n io at Was notific 1, 2, der Art. 530(1) . ? . . es 1t1 t or gi ve n to the proper auh

I I

!_--=------::------ -- --

No charge 1 ---Yes ---

No I ------!..

Was it n1ade, while she was incapable of consenting, with the I consent of her legal representative or next ---- -- - I of_ c-k_in?_ ----�_ � ______� Ye5 No

Yesj

Yes

Was this consent ex torted by threats, co ercion or deceit?

Charge all under 530(2).

Yes j

Answer remaining questions. If a charge is justified, cite Arts. 27, 29, and 532 in addition.

-I

/ No

----------

Was the woman pregnant?

Answer remaining questions. If a charge is justified cite Art. 27 in addition .

\Vas she assisted? (See "principals''). I I

relating to advertising, see Art. 802(b)

Yes

ept those

------ -------�I_Yes

--·---

No ..!_ --:� = :--;= = � 1 - - Abo�tion laws do not apply (exc

1 No 0.J 79 ) 2 6( 53 s. rt A . er d n u r o Charge doct

l. See next page for poss.ibilities of aggravation and mitignLion of penalty. offence. 2• It is uncertain whether the woman is guilty of an 3· ln cas e of cited. repeated offences, Art. 122 01ay also be

- 453 -

JOURNAL OF ETHIOPIAN LAW·- VOL VII- No. 2

ge �ls wa lar o en ce offi no u.gh te r, ve we ho re, a . ere Th . ion sit po ate dis its tim ul ed in l1 to wis use ne yo an such a uld wo re, we e · r the if r No , carry the necessary tree. n isio dec the tree's effe cits lim e siz fy pli sim dly har com.plex instrume·nt which would . . 1ve u1t mt as well as a an is re the t tha son rea this r fo. tiveness for the law. It is trees. n logical element involved in the construction of legal decisio .. ' '

�

, . ..

•

. .

•

. Fig. 5

•

Il. Sentencing persons found to have violated abortion provisions

lA. MITIGATION I,

Was tl1e abortion performed (or attempted) on account of an exception.ally · grave state of P�lysical distress? For exaoiple, · ·. after · rape or incest, or as a result of extreme poverty).

, • •

.• .

-------------

No ' I Was there · nonetheless great material or moral distress,, apprehension of a grave threat, or j¥stifi�d fear?

Free mitigation un.der Art. 185 is p_ossible. (Art. 533). • •

•

Yes

- ---

Limited mingation under Art. 184 is possible (Art. 79).

1 _ __ ____: .I

Yes

-Yes ·

was ·· tl1e, offender

acting

under the

obedience or on wl1om he depended? I No I

Did the offender act out of an honorable --Yes-- ·and disinterested motive, or because of a high religious, moral or civil conviction? --

No ---------!.I -------, Was the offender previously of good --Yes- character? Yes • l

.•

Yes I I !)id _he act _without thougl1t or because of lack of 1ntell1gence, ignorance, or simplicity of mind? ,' '

, No I

:----- --�--__!____________;.-

Mitigation w·ill not ord.inarily be possible.

It should now be clear what. th..e dec · ·ision t·•ree can do. An un ·· portant caveat must be entered at th.1s stage to 1nd1cate what a decision tree cannot do. It �annot perform the truly creative part of the 1a· er,s tas , bu� only t� e mechan1cal, k · ? l part. A decision tree is helpfu where an · d on Y where no d.1spute arises as t o the ,

� ·454 -

. '.·

'' ·

DECISION TREES 1e questio1 1s w h ich th e user tl o f n in g has to answer. We coul e d for example astruct a decision tree fo r Penal Code Artic les 608-613 relating to offe� ro. con . ces tending t� t1bl1.c m o raIs, a 11d at var1o t1s poin p . up t ts o u r tree wot1ld aslc the use corr ,, ,, r w h et her a11 en o r e c p s t1 · b r e 1 Y '' o ar t· 1s w t1 as c . , literary or scientific i11 charac t ter." No deci- · a� tree, no mech a11ical p roces s, ca 11 answer such a question, save in s1 n tl 1e clearest 7 cases. The user of tl1e tree can properly decide that an at1thoritative and lavi �bly illus trated medical text �ook on anato111y is no t_ obsc�ne, and that some \Vork f ''hard-core'' pornograpl1y 1 s. But he can do nothing with D.R. Lawre11ce' s con �oversial novel, Lady Chatterley's Lo�er. That is a matter fo_r the courts, for gen� -. ar ga gu le 1 e t l 111 e1 cre 1n ati the light of exter11al authority and policy analy v ly sis . ��e decision tre e, in fact, does the b oring part of the lawyer's job.

Aggravation

Has tl1e offender made a professi on of abortion, that is, does he try to acquire a gain whenever tl1e opportun ity presents itself?

•

D id the offender in this case act • principally in order to acqutre financial gain? No

�

I�

Yes

---!...._--------;----1

Yes

Fiscal penalties unjust ified

I I I

No -----------; - C-- o-ur_t_m_a_y-i mpose a fir�e. of up to E $ 10,000 in add1t100 t? imprisonn1ent to th e degree provi ded and confiscat i on of any profit, Arts. 531(1) and _ 90_ _. ----

Yes I

•

I I

Is the offender a doctor, pharn1acist, midwife, nurse, or similar professio11al?

Court may prohibit practice, e i ther temporarily or (for repeated offences) permanently, Art. 53(2). It m�y als? impose a fine of tip to .E $10,000 111 addi tion to imprisonn1ent to the degree pro vided and the confiscation of any profit, Arts. 531(2) an d 9 0.

. rt A of s ce an st f o um c rc i = in a av T·he general aggr i o n of a t si po m i . fy ti S JU d . an y pl ' ap ' 81 may a Iso m'Lts li e th of e ng ra er p p u e th in punish1nent with give

I I

the f o rt a p cr n ri o b ' 18 h 0 t t es tlia ir u q e r r, e o\ve h t a th Efficient legal admi11istrat1011, so =-d � ·t · 1dent11 . rately. lawyer's jo b b e well done. Issues must �e swiftl y and acc11 re ve � is d e l1 'T r at n be marshalled for c_ t , �s° a� essenti al appropriate evide nce a n d a r¥11me1 1 l 1c �� p p f: a n d p o n sl 1i re a la ti covery of relevant ?o de articles,. t. e �1e ��:�'ation is 11 ot yet gal fo r1 n a l e re ]� 1 w i l e b first step. In a natt? n such a s t iop a o v ed st a t , A s d E � of ten b e difficult. t n<le� i a m portant fi rst st Widespread, even thi s firs_t ste p i h is · O the taking What tl1e decision tre e might do � 15 to facilitate .

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JOURNAL OF ETHIOPIAN LAW - VOL VII - No. 2 E (Am. 26-31) NC FE OF AN OF N IO SS MMI CO E Fig. 6 DEGREES IN TH

offence? l na tio en int an th wi d ge ar ch be t to ec sp su Is

\ Yes ---------

Yes

j No

Did tl1e suspect intend to commit the offence?

I -------I

Petty offences may be prosecuted only if complete, i.e., only if all elements of a vi.olation are present, Art. 696.

I----- -------

-----

Negligent offences are prosecuted only if tl1e offence is complete, i.e., if the forbidden result was caused by accused's negligent bel1avior, Ar t. 27.

ls the offence one under the Code of Petty Offences?

I---

No I Suspect cannot be found guilty of the offence.

Yesj

I -1\JoI- - -----------·---Yes I _________________ _____ __________________ _ I Did thi1o act unequivocably point, by way of direct consequence, to the commjssion of the Did tbe suspect act or intentionally omit to act in some way l1elpful to the commission of tl1e offence? _:.

I Yes

------·- -----------

-------·----------

Yes

Accused is not punishable, Art. 29, second paragraph.

Acts whlch merely prepare or make possible a11 offence are ptmishable oulv if a Special Part of Petty Offence provision expressly n,akes the111 punishable. e.g. Arts. 269, 472, 763. Art. 26.

Wa5 the accusecl, because of simplicity of n1ind or superstition, t1si11g complete/J harmless means or processes? (E.g., spells, ''magic'' water).

offence?

-No-

Wbe11 accused ceased acting, had he pursued his criminal activity to its end, so that there remained no n1ore for l1im to do?

_I ---------------Was accused ttsing means (e.g., unloaded Yes

rifle) or acting against an object (e.g., tree stump) sucl1 tl1at tl1e offence (e.g., homicide) could not conceivably be con,pleted?

I No ----------

Yes

Was it caused by tbe accused's act? The complet ed offe·nce sh ould be cl1arg ed.

I I

- ---

! No .-------Did he cease acting of l1is own free will, without interference from external circumstances or the authorities?

- ----

Does tl,e offence witl1 Art. 29. Impossibility, Was be wbjch acct1sed is charged applies. Court may, but honesty or require achievement of n.eed not reduce punisha particular result? ment under Art. 185 from Yes I that for full offence. --- Yes No I Renunciation. No ptmishment possDid the result The completed \ I ible, Art. 28(1). \ occur? offense should be charged. No Yes

I --•A-• --I

Yes

prompted by l1igh n1otives 7

Art. 28(1), Renu nciation, requires reduction of pen alty for full offe nce under 184; permits it under Art. 185.

Did accused prevent or Did acctISed use means or act against I help to prevent the result an object such tl1at the offence could by acting of his own n.ot conceivably have been completed? No free will? Yes I _ Y. I No _ I N o ______ l es ___ . I 27 Art. Art. 29, Attempt, Attempt, Art. 27. ImpossiActive repenta.n j bility applies. CoCourt may reduce Court may redu• ce, Art. 28(2). Co urt n-1ay reduce full offense pena cc full offence I urt may reduce full offence pena- j penalty, Art. J84 . _ lty. Art. 185. ful.I offence pena lty, Art. 185. lty Art. 185.

DECISION TREES

not need a high-level legal education to know that one does it y, r oabl u �tep. p�es with aborti on rather than with an electoral offence. Given, then, an 1s dealinO' drafted set of basic decision trees the efficiency of local law enforce y ri;tel r op p a p t o fficers not possessing a legal education would be greatly enhanced, and at 01e n me tiin e thos·e who did possess a formal legal educatio11 would be released the srut law of to finding tl1e more creative and more important o mechanics ere r e h · · · frolll s h g . e fi. t t d h t a n u em 1r a 1r tr e th h ic h w r tasks fo

- 457 -

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- 459 -

t\t1.u = oufi,11 � = o,t-DDlm,:,- = 1i •,fl.t:.l-'i = ?tthksPl· = t1 :J>cf!c = "'lw•"I:,. , '11'!/!A. 9° s: r�t-l\.lD' = l-it.,:J• = ti�,,.�: hoPl1'�9° = O/\f. = ff..l..,.l.. .. = �c� = t\"11\'P. : fit1'9°t!' : "l9°7TID' : f,t-,f·m: �(De :: ll1''i:,.. : hilL/\'L: lf'i: hi• 1"f : -71"1ro· 9° : fAi·m+(l: �"IC : ou,t-h.! : IL�l"ll\:,• : f.:f.l\A :: '1hC"l'1'9°: Tt!'&o(IC: �f.,,Y:: 'h11-'1t\?.-T: 0oP1:oPtflD': 1,:,..9°: l\f,: h1�1�: �1c-l-, ll'� : ,Ot\Gr : ltf.,,m:,.(t- : ft\j::flD· : ill\� : h�H.tJ1 : hCiJit,t--:,..�uc,r..l- s ttoo h;J--,t-A: flOI/.LA'? : o-l\--: fOl/.�O(l• : DDKthtj:T : 1fC11C: (IT+'PA::

9°19° : 1'1\\1 : f(tiff\.il:,•1 : fih"l : i)1it-Vlt-O : h0wl\,f--�(D« : 'h:,.C9° : OJ-il1' : Tl!'&o(lC : fl.,f.,,f..' : f il+c;.n:,- : 9°ti"}f:,- : i't1'.?fl : fllf mf.. = ti�;r& 19° : +:ftIJc : 1,u : �1c : {l-Ot-t- : 1,mY: = �nc i::ff s ih"l'i : ff\ii.fT: :,.1�:,.. : '11\K: il11'1 : (_e.u : l-"IC ' fi't"'Lt'11: tftt. 1f9°1'i : fll'11Fo�,of"}: t.il i ·lt(l-0 : f...?"9'l-1 : il'i"'m'i : OD9°llJ,f: : nf,rf>C 9°) 1 fll'jCtJil1'i: flb1'?Ail1: t.il+lt(l-0 ! _e.1iro·9° = :it°l1 = h�61J-t.ifa: illt "'11'4-:,.. = niJ.,,..,r:,. = fL(lTO-r = 'it!' : oufith4- = 01,nAT = f,f•�/\ = 1,11, , �nc == ti»Ai111 = nouT+il'i = r:,.11J:,-1 = t.ilt.1\1.�:,. = n 00"ltt?i = rru;;:m- = h�l\ : ffOD"} : Ll\ ilci-9'1· : ill\ : 1-0l+-(l-O : t.*9° : /lOM' : .,+l!l.TlD-'l : :: ,f·:fm-: t.<;:t:J> : ro•il1' : Qil,f--Ol/t�:,.., 1'"lf!'1• : {lOIJ.'1'1 : ou*!f:9°: i',f,;J!A.9° . ll1i4ID' 1 t,ro-+:,. = n;,,"l = rf\?i ll.11r1 = nht--'1t = ,,. �r -l- = 01-.1-0 = on"Jfl?i , 'h 11-°ifil&...A"l'i : 11:i. : ,f•1-C11D' : oo;.t-f:,•9°: f t\,/l'l:fD>4 : ODlf�1: l\ODl�T 'f!l.A ::

f ,n'?: f01\f.,,�:,-: nil+lt(l-0: bo 0:f:ro•9°=f,A:,,: OIIJ9°: nm�llJt: (i'til1.) : o-�;J--: I\!!,: ill\t\: fdl°l: �Ail�'i" : (lito-�: 1.tL: b�,,..�: '??°T : fOIJ..{lmro-: 'I (De :: 'Tt!'to o C: ftof.,1:: 0...,...&...1' C-1: ;,. '? 'i: OD 1 "J p:,- : 0Ol/.f.. 'I'?'1 lD' : th "I: ODti hA: ft\lD·'}: "I�:,- : {l}t'}t){!' : {lODODA,b:,.: i't"}J;. : fith+lt(l,O: tJtj:A : h� l\(D• : 9°1: f UA: 1':,'9°: llGIJ"l"f:,-- : "h1f.0tL-:fA.: flODl.P,:,- : OOl/.. f il1--A : � ,h-fj: = tt:,,cnro•A'i"A:: 01'C"l'1'9° = flf!:,--"11il.-t:1: OD'?O..f: f'?6f,b,f :1: onwl1· = f!f:"}* : :f"l{!l· : I\ODl.P,:,- : 0"19° : f,m :,,oo'i A :: A� : A� : r,)1"1 : tj:A il�'i"9l1--1 = oo;,lilil.:,-- = ni't1nt!' = rooouAh:,. = 1--�� = ;,,,.,1 = i'tw-4' = ODtp(l A1-: ill\67.mf.:,, : ,11°11: t\ 00:Pw9° : 9°h1f.."f--: itf,'1'19°:: IP/C'nil: ?.l-"1"1 : ill\�nc = ilt\ff� = +t\f-rf-- = 00mc;:,- = tt/\n:,-- = "'ll\:t-- = t:e = ''il-hcil-f,il h?,e."1/'i'r : �Ailtj:'i" : ro- � : 00 m,;:,-. : i't t\0:1.. : 'h1f.."'lt\:,- : flJA: �m..:=

=''

f"?C hil: f11''i"4:: i',il,f-- lt01l: F..;,t., : flJ').:,• : f 01/c h,il: ?."" th,c;:::,�.: {ltf&,: 1.lt : n+tJIJ t?11-- : tl 1,_... : llll J9°: ,,..�,;4!�:,,. : ill\l\:i·: ro,c; : f"}:t,'i'<f:9° : (t7iA � .7i1) : itil&...1\1.'l:t-: i�rm� hl. : ilt\'lf.. : O,"t1°l : �t\il�'i· : m,il1' : f?.l·,n"l: ·iJ1il-ultn:f = OF..111 = ODmt;:,.: fil&.A;,:1!'PA:: .. "Jfrl p "•: 11--�ml\: "11: '' O?f,°1':':,.. : Oh·A: h"lll..i't1ld1.C : CfO;tA.:'' flT'/.../\ro, : 'P'i. : itltltO.. : 'l•�f, s 1'1-1-V''I : V-it-: Of! 1 '? : ij:A_il�'i9°: '';,,01: 'P';tA:'' f"tt\lD•: 'P'ilD': itlt'1{l .: 1'-P.1,, : illf1 : f,1•1\A ::

r,,... )..:

f, U: t\9°1: ff� ? t\f·l,U : 1'-AU: 9°h1,:,. : flOD '}"lP'..-,..: f,f•f. �'1'1lD': "1"1 -- ,111: 1--�f, : 1 7i: ill\1-l."lllr: ftj::, 'lro«:: {l,J, t\f, 9° : i',h"t-4--f,: �:, •,h1 J if 1''iT: CDJ!,'}9°: {l"'I •fl l.,f---(l•(l : (D«iJ.'I' : 'I':,,9°1 'i : "Ifo;J-'} : (}t\,f•,lf {) : ,f-ODll) l1J'1�:,.s = f,1' t\"1/P,l.il : f"?.m:,,ooro, = ou9°t,f = 0-1�1\t\- : hi·'-Tt!' : ,11"1 : .?C: iL 0 = , A = it1Y: 1p1•1, t.1'F..tt · 9° 1 o-t\,f: 'P'iro1t,Pi,..e-: ,,. :>.eA "11 = , : .� = l\ 1

- 460-

ari:r

urJ{ltL'/.ortf = "-� = �lf�"} = h,,e1b : (lf1: : hon:P�--n,}• : OD(.�:J·:ft0- = 'lro.. = 0 0 : : : : f1'7r :f: Ult(l,f, ;11°1 <f''JJ 2_ OJJ!,'}'1 , f'i'T 'P , 1'hht\;;: OJ•i'f : � ODl :'f : : : • ti. ff -° "} OJ'' } : t\av tD(l"} : fl 9 � ..e;J <e : hil,,.,.. ti(l11 : fl..m cf>9° ¾ 9°"} 9° : 1,,. l)."} : n OD(J;L -- : t\ ° DO : "} : 'lJ!,,:t\9 Dlr,J DllT I (&.ftilti,OJ• : ,l1�9° : <t::'f--,n : O "7ilW1f: lif : Oil {lO'f»:,• : {JDlf�"} : fil+?°t.'i"A) : 1..lLf'P.m•"} : f�,fit.,1-- :(l,{1 : i',*9° : ftPJ.fl,:J '?'P : fit1,9°C1 : 9°C9°C : Wf.,9° : lloi:J--'P. : II.� : ilt\t\,t\ : ;)f.,A : O'/l,:J165J, : ° . : : . :: A fl},? I� l1Cti;JCS..· ',:, 1).'lA : foutp>,)--1 : &.�,.e..-;,;.,:,.. : t\llf : J!,lfC : I -. -Jt.r. c:1° = _e,«1>ntt'PA Y..OJ'l °sro = ,l,f.,m:,..1 , hf1'1:,. = :i nnt\'i:.,:,. = "7il1.�· -0 : : :J> � � {1 'l f; t. ,,.,..,:JP, :f•"} : f.,&. 'rIrA :: (} 611"� : Of/ C ti il I ti C ,:J : t\� fD17 ti C!:Ci : 01/Ch·ll : l)"} f:'l;I.. : t\,)1°1 : f{ll\f.,'11-- : ,nc,1: : , f--:J> q>tPJ.9>:y.. : tr'l'PA = 9°CiA.'1:,.. : 'T£!1&o{lC : ir'?,.r... : ti'):+'1 : /JlIJccf>;r:fm• 'J : 1,'lf·LU : ?.l-,'hOJ : Y..t. (tf'J 1 f;}f,A : ,f--,:Jf;;l\� : fffro:,..c : ,,..°l'lC : {llf',{l:,..� : ,l1°1 : Om:Pftftt& : t\1 -Ol+-,,,n = fUDif'ifA = hC9'1� h1-:,,,,..:,.. lf'i OOIJ.:J--f.,O:'f-- qns,o = r&..m� :fOJ''J : "fai�1-- : t\UD,f•"} rf--"} : h1f..Ul/.m<f>lJD<t{l,r : ,fw{lti.. : f.,f...l,:JA :: i',m·ilt'J: il,n'? : OD;r l11f : AIP/f: : 'llIJc : 001/t\:'f.. : f°7.f«f>C{lro• : Ult-0: 1'ro•',,)• : hlf'l : f,U'J"}: AOl/f:: (lou,,.f•a,.: ltf.,: ',"} : l\OIJ/\.,)--: f.,Y:I\A :: f,n'? : ACJT/f..'1: t\CJT/ ilcf>l:'f- : ffl1/..lJ;.."}"} : fl?Ji· : Jtil,f--'1(},fl : nououcouc : f.,OA'r : t\,l,°1 : �Ail �c; , "'" 1 9°1 = on..e = ,,,..�_e, n. 'ic 1 .el--1\A ?

- 461 -

BOOK

REVIEW

ENNIS LL0\.1), IN1'l{ODUCTION T O JURISPRUDENCE (Second Edition, Stevens, Londo n 1965) Reviewed by R. Jvf. Cum,nings* yd, w �� is Quain Professor of Jurisprudence in the ssor Ll Thi boolc by Prof � � ? . Un1vers1�y of_�ondon is a revised ed1t1on of the book that first apeared i n 1959. _ Botl1 this ed1t.10 � and its predecess ?r set out, as the author states, ''to provi _ de the stude ?t \:\11th a te �tbo�k _enabling him to make the acquaintance of the the ories and id eas of leading JUr1sts on the basis of texts selected from their actual writings, together "':ith a re�sonably full commentary in the form of introductory chapters to tl1e var1011s sections of the book and full annotation of the texts."

Any reader f amiliar with the subject of Jurisprt1dence (as the w ord is used in the English or American sense) will be impressed by the degree of success of this book in achieving what it sets 011t to do. The student is exposed to ten basic topics, which are not intended to be all-inclusive. The areas s elected for examination are marke d by a high degree of relev ance (the nature of jurisprudence, the meaning of law, natural law, sovereig11ty a11d the imperative theory and anal ytical positivism, the p11re theory of la\v, the sociological schoo1, A1nerican realism, the Scandinav ian realists, custo1n and the historical school, and the judicial process) and the writers by their importance and lucidity, ranging from the great Greeks to contemporary theorists. The incl11sion of actt1al cases to illustrate philosophical points is most welcomed and h appily not overdone (there is a danger i11 tl1e 11se of cases in Jurisprudence books that tl1e basic tl1eoretical proble1ns may be overwhelmed by practical illustratio11s). The notes contai11ing the autl1or's point of view are extre mely helpful, and are t he least 011t of place, co11sidering the importance of Prof�ssor Llyod as a Jurisprudential thinl<er in his own right . In short, the book can be highly recommended, particularly for 11se in a course on Jurisprt1dence wl1ere tl1e teacher prefers to 11se a single book on the subject. Tl1ere can be 110 arguing with tl1e �elect io11 of . subjects and write rs in_ Suc� a book since the aut]1or, ,vl1ose scope 1s really quite enormous, �as_ exercised degree of judgment which is cle,:1rly ,vitl1in his discretion. Any oiursSions for th� purpose of a course of study can b e readily st1ppleme11ted. Indeed, Professor L 1�Y poin ts out som e intentio11al omissions fro1u the firs t edition, an . d SUggeSls rea ing matter on these topics sl1ould one wish to pursue them. .. · . ,.,.. 1·h1s reviewer's personal pred1·1 �ct1o · i� . to wish that Professor Lloyd 11 catises h .· of la. w even. though migh t have chosen to examine certain aspects of soc1al1st theo11e �. • q111·te sound • 1s n 1o 1t his exp1 anati 11 for eliminating this ed d n o c e s e · t from th . ub1ec � ? , em st sy et vi o S _ e l tl d an \V itho ut having gone into a d1scuss1on of comp�ratlve la' . (one must wonder if thi s problern does not exist any way 10 the examination of

w·-

,;.. Formerl y membe r of the FacLilty of. Law, H at·1 e

se!la' ssie

- 463 -

I Un·iversity.

2 . o N II V . L O V W A L N JOURN.AL OF ETHIOPIA

x ar of M d an s ew vi g e En th ) ol els on ho sc n via na di an Sc d n eal A e e or m �k p m bo co � th l ete. The e ad m ve ha d ul wo law tl1: ��:at: �t�litfon of t no 1s y all re ns tio nc o sa en r fo ed ugh to e n · e tl1 · · d an n lse Ke . s1mp1 e 1nvocat·ion of t _ th c en ury t een hil N P i�e the oso by e � s rai pl1ers ms ble pro e th . l1 wit y vel cti deal effe . a ric Af ill er ch s tea rce fo a as es nc rie him to e p ex r's e iew rev is Th of social revolution. ad t he me on e b d an st mu law should in 1 isn ial soc of s ue iss the t e . d tha conclu not be underestimate d. T11 e value of Jurisprudence at this time in l1istory is extre mely great, simply because the idea of the rule of law has never bee11 _s? under _fire. Professor Lloyd has emphasised the 0011 :flict between nat_ural a�1d . pos1t1ve law (1.e., tl1e search for ultimate values and the notion of relative principles enforced by the State) and he bas created a work from which one sees how each school can benefi t from tl1e other. Indeed, the introduction of Wittgenstein is particularly helpf ul in understa,nding the linguistic difficulties at tl1e heart of the oon�ict. This emphasis on the conflict between schools of Jurisprudence, ho\vever, r equires the acceptance of law and leaves little room for the argume11ts against law. To suggest that Marx is the a11ti-lawyer personified and therefore must be the subject of separate study is the same as saying that Nietzsche, the ''anti-Christ'', should be excluded from the study of the philosopl1y of religion. .

The importance of the works of the revolutionary Marxist, Marcuse, amongst today's students and the emphasis on revolution necessitates a· n examination of anti-law theories in Jurisprudence. If prese11t practice continues, just as ''God is dead'' has become the basic issue of theology, ''law is dead'' will become the basic issue of Jurisprudence.

Wby is this the case? Th e most obvious reason is that the study of positive law has oft en neglected the notion of justice, particularly in the distributive sense,· i.e., the application of a principle of proportion in the allocation of benefits and burdens in society, which can be easily confused with natural law, but is not the sa.me thing. What is involved is the sudden realization by numerous peopl e that violence is a mea.ns of accomplishing certain ends. Whereas natural law relies on reason in determining which values are true and false, even if ultimate en1otional reactions are involved (H.�me teaches us that justice is a sense), it is much easie·r to say tha� when_ . a11 1:1-te�lectual_ or �v en emotional method of proving the validity of social pos1t101!s . 1s 1mposs1�le violence . b ecomes th e 111ethod of proof. Ki erkegaard acce�ts the w1ll1ngne_ss to d1e for a belief as proof of its trut} 1 , and the willingness to die creates forillld�ble fighters.. _In short, Marx, Kierkegaard and Marcuse to• gether create a fo:Illidable oppos1t1on to the rule of law. One would liope that Professor Lloyd nught choo�e to e�ploy l1is genius and scholarship in a11alyzing the problems that these anti-law writers have created in a world wl1 ere violence· has be_come all too comm�n �nd _ where law is all too often r egarded as an obstacle !o social progress. If A�stin 1s right, an� obedience to law is a habit, "'e cot1ld �e s Juri for ov e r the getting habit: �hat more inlportant coi1cern 1n the process of l wo u b e than th who e e th e r e d. k xamination could those of the wor s of prudence help us overcome the law habit?

- 464 -

"7W4Ai ::

INDEX

fh_.:,-.V,,A9 f

I if1'? : ODfim.:,-. :

JOURNAL OF ETHIOPIAN LAW

ii'A �9° : i ::

VOLUME VII

f9°C9°C : f.'C(l,,f,1· : D7W· 66l :: TABLE OF ARTICLES BY AUTHORS

Oi',C7'il:,• : D7lD·61iJ. :: SUBJECT INDEX

: : : C 1f C 1f f, ti .f · oiz r 1 f,f•tn�(l-,1-•"} : ;1,"I : <1?1'� : TABLE OF LAWS CTI'ED

•

rrcrc = -'9C(lf.:f = aya,.AJ. s: • • •

• •

• • • • •

• • • • • • •• ••

• •

•

0h.-rf·kf: m•A: fon<f>'PA: P'Al1J1t;: rarA = r n" � = irl,"I'I:,. 1 . . . . . . . ·. . . .

311

t1"7.1'?ll ! hC : h»� :;:

fODK-"111� : hftUf ;: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

459

"7iC l tLf: : hil:t-1-lL ;,

flh.;'J·f-kf : fa>1lt\ �: : OD�6l»J,. : P''I = P'C'¼:i• : OlD"lT 1 'r4---t-7/ 1• : ,.,, :;

fi'1..;'J•f·A·f : fi',rPt.'i : frPt. ..l•'lf-;r. : ��,, ;_ 111'1/b : t,&.��9°'i : ,"111· ; . .

175

'l°CUllr11 f � : lL1- I ilTt.arh = rc+c i 'hr. ·f1:1'11 :; "'lf,hA I

•

• •

• • • • • • •

• • • • •

•

435

TABLE OF ARTICLES BY AUTHORS Aberra Jembere

Treaty-Making Power � nd . . Supremacy of Treaty 1n Eth1op1a ......

409

Cumm1ngs, R.M.,

Book Review .............. • • • • • • • • • · • •

463

Fisher, Z. Stanley,

Criminal Procedure for Juvenile Offenders in Ethiopia • • • · · · · · · · · · · · · · · ·

115

�orehous, G. Lynn,

Etlliopian Labour Relations: Attitt1des, Practices and I...aw · · · · · · · · · · ·

241

Strauss, Peter L., and Topping, Michael R.,

Decision Trees

....

447

... Dean the of rt Seventh Annual Repo

307

Thompson, Cliff F.,

- 467 -

• • • • •

•

fl'til+J;J!C -� ;ti°l f)tlPl,.'i :: IP&-+� :: 7-P,1,: flC1:: P'�"I"} 1 ••••••••••••••••••••••• •••••••••••• 226 07iort°lll,9'1': ilfl+f..l1 : fllJ«Cil : 1:IA1:IA I "'l"'l1: :: OP.� ! .f-°1'1� :: '11, I ·OO-/\-"t;J.. :: 4?Cm'i : �flA : 1.A.&;. • ODA ii:: (l61}> :, .. •••••• •••••••••••••••••• ••••• ... ••••••• ••••••• ••••• ••• •••••••••••

222 rnrP&'r = 1P&-+7 = t1cht!'l--'l = ilt\oomll'l i . ffL+(l1J :: 7i"'l°l lh9'1· : Oi'lmcsl· : OJ•Uf� :: 1\1, :: t\'i!C..("' : ft-r ' '6"1'1� 2 ii{\ "'It\ l· 1 (t./;\:fif : 1£'0. I f,°l'l�: {11, ! /o'i.f•: 1£'R. J 001!\_(l: (161}>:::•••••••••••• 345 11

f�,}··,h :: -fldbC:: ,n°I - : F'l : FC'¼T:: ·I' Q;t."'J & : "'Iill�'} : 111,°1 '1 � : i'l "7. : t;:C1::: f1T :: llt\"'1 �l-0 ; mftrfl = hn.c , n.e°l'l� = flu-11i 1 �'}tt»IA = n...'Jo • n.e,01q� = +hti7i:: 321 197 m«,\Gl•1 = �&: t\"'11:l°l = ililoY.{lmtD•: "'lllm1+4!! I hi11 = ilfloo+m- r t\Pi�'l-1· = r--l'bLt\ = 1111-0 = ilf\aoaot\il i T?a'l7i : .e°ll\m· t flf,°1'1�:: t1'11i I h.P,�:: f..14- i 0.(!.0J{)� :: rl'hti7i:i 358

f"}°l Y: : ih°l:: f°IA : 07"iflC'}:: ill\0?�lil ; th{lrfl : b{lC t flf,°l'l� : bv-t7i ! P,'}J-.»A :: i'1..'Jo ·I 01-°1'1� :: ,t,b'17i 11 321 -0c1: = mrfl'i' = nt\00 °1'1'1T = l\"'l�nc = out;:t..il = n+. = 9°h.Jf-r:: ilt\ootr�1 t1tn.11 = hn.c I n.e°l'l� = flu-11i I Pi'Jti»A = it.,,,.. , n.e°l'l� = +hti7i == f+ll-i-:: i'l'IY: : ill\Oiji)+l\l\� I 1 .e,.,q� = q_e. i nh ll11ill1 = O&A. , ta9°?--'t,,. = t1•'l'lfm- • OD&\il: (l� :: 363

"'it""' ·

+1n. = fIAlf'I = r10J1: =

w•..¥:.e:c • f1°1Y: = 9°Ah-l· = il/\"'llthc 1 ;f..1hC :: ,;JC01 : h-'l'}f : �ilt<.'11: : f1•W(l', I hPf7i ! CJP I\ ,l'h'17i ='

"'I�

fih.1: OO'}°IP'T : ,l1°1:: ilA.°111C: cf1,;J'f!'IT : �CY:: {L,f'f: 11\:fw• = FIAllJ.1 ;: n-'til:: l'tflfl :: "'l11,:J�: a.:,- 1 .,e,°IQ� :: q_e, I h10Pf:: 4-C"'it\.:: iL"'L :,.,: I

OD/Ail.

{161]- :::

- 468-

336

oi\,:,,.r-kf :

(D•/;\ :

f CJJ'/;\ : '? fo;J•?J7f ::

fOD'f'«f>A : P'l\llJ"}'i : fro•/,\ : fO i\f. : ,"11°1'1").. = .

371 1

•

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�

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f CD'}�:/\ ti: : 0Dq756}.

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h(Dct\. : m•6f!' : flll'�/..e..cil : ;'Ji\&,�:,.. :: rPt.---1·'1 = l\f. = n,.,.,.J.>..clln:,- = .,,..,v.:,. = i'11Pt

,nff/ ::

f{l,rr(l--{l :

= f t\n:,.. = :}i\k'I:,. i

1·ro1i�:'l:,. 1 '/f.0'/lf �..c; r�:1: = 9°ti1 .r--r•"·l·· 1 "' : " If. 7i. ;J t, if ; fl f. ., (LA11,.f : 'tC a. -J f � 'l � :

·t

{JIJ

t\ fl : (l 6c, ::

189 389 186 321 18 353 329

37 27 27 27

213

344

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175

f,h°l : ;J--t ti :: n�:,•·f-A·.. = fi'1 1Pt'i = 1Ptr-•·1--t1 = ,7,dJ = 1,,:1:,.. 1

175

�·* =

f m1f:n.,;: : ou:l 6liJ. : t11ai :: ilitt, 'lt �:,, I . f. i '¼�n, ,7,'?... ooAil . (l� ., 27 'l = �i, · 'l '? . 435 .e � :f: 100 fl .c = t t, c; (i = � c t\ O<f> ilft�C� : ,hl.'? 1 nil : 0'/(1:,.. : 1)1\°1:t'l.•O :: 18 .. • '11-h. : ..I·hlt"li :: n . • � ,«TJ ! •k ·f ."J · t't f 7i lt : ;: � h CY 40 1,;J ... fro• : •O ftmtq:,. : 'l''f.rf-7i..":f· : A f.. : f.."}f11• ! • 7

-469 -

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+.cm'i

= �OA =

lA�-' 9

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: (l 61!' ::

l I I

- 470-

SUBJECT INDEX ADMINISTRATIVE LAW , Jurisdiction of tl1 e Labot1r Relatio11s Board ... • • • • • • ARBITRATION Arr,1ngements of i11testate succession by arbitrators Man1ite Becla.ne v. Mult1geta K11rte and Debel Jeldu Conflict Solving n1acl1inery ... • • • • • • • • • • • • Right of appeal to court fro.111 fan1ily arbitrators' award Sylvia Zevi v. Re11ato Zevi ... • • • • • • • • • • • •

CIVIL PROCEDURE Additional evidence on appeal Habib Kebir v. Daniel Egu • • • • • • Notice for termination of contracts .. • Withdrawal from suit Re.funcl of court fees Tir11nesb Yigletu v. Kidane Degefa

•

• •

•

277

• • •

•

• •

•

• • •

•

• • •

• •

• • •

•

• • •

•

14 274

•

349

325 257

• • •

•

• •

• • •

•

• •

• • •

361

• • •

...

325

• • •

325

COMMERCIAL LAW Dissolutio11 of private limited con1pa11y Habib Kebir v. Daniel Egu . . . ... • • • • • • • • • • • • Serious disagreeme11t as a good cause for dissolt1tion I.:rabib l(ebir v. Da11icl EgLI . . . . .. • • • • • • • • • • Transfer of promissory 11otes Subsibe Osn1an v. Akberile Ca1norudane & Co. ... • • • . . . U11fair Cornpeti tio11 - deliberate copying of trade marJcs ... • • • • • • • • • Distiller's Co. Ltd. v. Mola M,tr11 • •

• • •

CONSTITUTIONAL LA\V Powers of cot1rts regarding complaints relating to tl1e legality of fees Mt111icipality of Addis Ababa v. Lion Pharmacy Co. Ltd. • • · ··· Treat>'-maki11g power ancl the supremacy of tre,Lty i11 Ethio1)ia CONTRACTUAL OBLIGATIONS Compensatio11 for \vro11gft1l dismissal ... • • • · · · · · · • • • • • • .. • · · · · · · · · · • • • • • • Conditions for ter1ni11 ati11g co11tracts • • • • • • · · · sa ver e vic ObJjgations of en1ployer to en1ployee and Obligatio 11s preceding tl1 e memorandum and articles of association · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · Habib Kebir v. ·oaniel Egu .. . • • · Reinst ate1nent to \Vorl< • • • C. S. ia op hi Et of c Getacl1 e\v Berhane v. Co1n1nercial Banl • • • • · · · · · · · · · Suretysl1 ip - proof of guarantee .. • · · · · - 471 -

...

367

• • •

340

• •

•

• • •

.6 4-09

• • •

252 251 249

• • •

325

• • • • • •

• •

•

• • •

23 356

CRThllNAL PROCEDURE Change of venue ... ... . • • • · · · · · · · · · · · Criminal procedure for jt1venile offenders in Ethiopia • • · Confessio11 of gt1ilt Belcele J -arso a11d Ararso Gemecl1u v. P . ublic Prosecutpr Consideration o·f previous criminal records Bekele Jarso and Ararso Gemecht1 v. Public ·Prosec1.1tor

• • •

•

FAMILY LA\V Nation.ality a11d religion as ca11ses for divorce Sylvia Zevi V. Renato Zevi •

• • •

•

• • •

Rights of an appellant Bekele Jarso and Ararso Gemecbu v. Public Prosecutor EXTRA-CONTRACTU'AL. OBI,IGATIONS Employer's. liability to employee for l1arn1 caused

• •

•

• •

•

• •

•

• •

333 115

• • •

•

• •

•

• • •

•

267

•

I .

349

• • •

LABOU.R LA\\r Ethiopian labour relations: attitudes, practices and law ...

. . ..

...

241

LEGAL 1-IISTORY I-Iistorical development of Ethiopia11 labour law

• • •

•

• • •

241

• • •

•

• •

•

• •

•

• • •

• •

•

PENAL LAW Accon1plice Bekele Jarso and Ararso Gemecl1u v. Public Prosect1tor Decision Trees • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • False Accusation Getachew Berhane v. Commercial Bank of Ethiopia Special provisions for you.ng offenders • • • • • • • •

• •

•

• •

SUCC'ESSIONS Rights in intestate s·uc. cession Mamite Bedane v. Mulugeta Kurte and Debel Jeldu

•

• •

• • •

• •

•

• • •

• •

•

32 447

• • •

• •

•

• •

•

• •

•

23 l 17

•

• • •

•

TAXATION Licence fee on store rooms Municipality of Addis Abeba v. Lion Pharmacy Co. Ltd.

-- 472 -

• •

•

• • •

I I

• • 1 , :, . (l f,i, m �

f"1'?

••

t--- Ti:'f-

f.it.TV--A·f = ,111 •• OP10J P' '4?'J'C 1

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··--...1._ .vr - ....1:i:-

••

3,4

123-4

384

125 126

60 78.80-82,83 ,

° I U ,ri•f q. • f____ 9 • .. .... :

fj�:f-f-"?;,,f : ,)1'1 : oP"}dJ P'1.. ::

�TC

1�

373,378,397,403 0

f<t:1·,11 : 11,lbC : ;,, 1 : tf!'I'C 667 673 736 842-856 842 1240-1256 l678(U)(l\)

1696 1704 1725 1728(3 ) 1731 1808 18 I 0(1) 1828 1922 2002 2003 2I09(u) 2116( 3) 2120 2149 2472(3)

tf?'PC

30 40 47

•

'}°•

1g396 396,397 378 371-72,378-79,384-92, 394-5,397,400-1,404-7 390 388,390-91:404 390

62(�) 65 88-90 122

37-38 43 50 51 52

'¼.

«J!TC

377,404 372-77,379,383,387, 394,396�397, 400,403,404

•• ••

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11. 344-45 344,346,348 344,347 9,11 12 336-337 9,11 363-4 363-4 353-4 9,12 321,323 9,11 9,12 321-4 353-4 353-4 35 3-5 18,19 18,19,21 18,19,21 213 3 5 3 -4

2574 2575 2578 25·79 2580 2582 2583 2597 2598 3307-3346 3312(1 )(2)

-e,-,21 f1'? f: : ih'? : }.,_.. 1� · 336-7 336-7 336-7 - 473 -

�'PC 55 134

144

1x·

192

200 211,213,214 215 211-12 213

205 I 8,20,21� 189 18,22 J 8,20,22,184-185, 189-91,194-6 I 8,22,190 191,195 189,194,195,196 191,195 191-2,195 191,195 189 ' 192,194,195,196 185 199 9,11 10

11t· 336-7 336-7,338 336-a7

ck'l'C 158 159 204-5 218 219-23 314 510 512 516

cf?TC 2,31 232(1)( ll) 327 345

-,...'l'C

"I Yi

"I K'"

336-7 336-7 336-7 321,322,323,324 321,323 321 321,323 323 323

517 518 520 524(1) 542 744 823 825(2)

323 323 32I,32l 321 321-3,324 363,365 363,365 363,365

"If; 358-59 358-60 321 321

�TC 348 463 464

1?i 12 13,22,339 22,339·

I •

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(

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"I K'"

4' TC

73 445 440,442,445 445 442' 445. 55 444 89 55 439 443 444 444 50 99 99 47,49, 99 51.52 99 47,48,74,79 50 443,445 28 4.45 392 329,331

438(U)(ll) 441. 472

•

529 530(2) 531(2) 532 533 534 535 536 589 608-613 616(1)(2) 630 635 641-2 656 696 698 702(2) 703 706(2) 708 763 790

802(ll)

- 474-

1?i 18,19,20 18,20 445 442 442 444 442 443 442 442 442 436,438,439,440 444 438,439 27,29' 2g 334 331 99,445 '

JOCr

99' 99 99, ·445 442. 442

I ) •

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11 13 15

16(1) 27

31-33 39

40 42(U)({JJJ) 46

80-(3)

100 101-104 107 108 109(3) I16

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cJ!irc 134 135 149 155(1)(0) 171 171 174 175 176 177 180 181 185 187 195 (2) 216 217 218 219

1?.· 392,394,406 225 225

cf!'rC 1 2(,J•)"-.) 12(0)(1)

'h'PC 1 5(3)

<J?rrc

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c#?TC 2 55 58

1?." 27,30,78 78 27,30,89,91 96 54 58-64,66-68,71-72, 74, 75,76,77,87.,102 79,80,87 83 74,76-8,81-4,87 89 94 92 27,29,78�92 27,29 27,28 94 93 94 94-5,158

,J!rrC

1g373,406 376 384,392

8 28(U) 43(l)((l)

1K ' 18,19,20 358-9 358 3, 5

1i· 398 384 384 - 475 -

403

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17.'

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102 103

1?t" 392,394,406 376

3.5 , 3,5 4-5

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1?.

cf?lf'C 22("1) 23

393

402

-Â· 476 -

TABLE OF LAWS CITED

Article 1 30 37-8 ,43 50

51 52

The Revised constitu tion Page 413,432 410-13,415,417-18, 420-21 425-26,429,431-32 116 7 418 132 146-49

or Ethiopia Article 62(b) 65 88-90 122 123-4 125 126

Page 426 426

414 409-10,414,418-23, 425,427,429-30,432-34 422 421-22,432 422

The 1931 Constitution Article 14

Page 373,378,397,403,410, 414,427,431

Civil Code of 1960 Article 736 842 843-56 1240-56 1678 1696 1725(a ) 1728(3) 1731 1808 1810(1 ) 1828 1922 2002 2003 2109( a) ·2116(3 ) 2120 2472 2522 2525

Page 349,350,352 14,16�17 14,16 340 14,16 367-68 356-57 14,17 325,327 14 14,17 325,327 356 356 356-57 23 22-25 23,24 356-57 256.263 253

Article 2539(1 ) 2549 2552 2558(1) 2559(1 ) 2564 2570 2571(2 ) 2573 2574 2575 2578 2579 2580 2582 25 83 2597 2598 3307-46 3312(1 )(2)

Commercial Code

Article 30

of 1961

Article 134 144 158

Page

340-1 340-1 340-1 340-1

]59

-477 -

Page 259 266-86 269 266-67 267 262 23-24,26,251 23,26 23-24,26,248,25 l-52, 255-56 23,26,252 252-53,255 251,255 253,255 253 253,255 251,253,255-56 248 258 14,16 15

Page 340-2 340-1 340-1 340-1

Article 204-5 218 219-23 314 510 512 516-8

Article 520 524(1) 542 744 823 825(2)

Page 340-1 325-6,328 325,327 325,327 325,327 325,327 325,327

Civil

Procedure

Code

325,327 327 325-6,328 367 -8 367,369 367- 8

1965

Article 348 463 4-64

Page 361-2 361-2 325 325

Article 231 232(l)(b) 327 345

Page

17,26 26

Penal Code of 1957 Article 23 26-31 27 28 29 52 53(2) 55(1) 56 76 79 81 90 159 161 1.6 5 166 167(2) 169 171 173 174 179 184 185 193(1) 269 281-95 Article 6

Article 383(a)(d) 438(I)(a) 44l(b) 472 529 530(2) 531(2) 532 533 534--6 589 608-13 616(1)(2) 630 635(l)(b) 641(b) 642(b) 656 696 698 669 702(1)(2) 703 706(2) 763 780 790 802(b)

Page 333-4 24-5 23,25 456 453 453 455 453 454 453 447-51 455 449-50 32,34 33 333-4 334 333-4 I61,456 16 162 161 161 161 456· 161 45 3, 453

Criminal Procedure Code of 1965 Page Article 127 11 333-4 13

page 23-5,133 133

Page 141 456 451,453,456 456 453,456 128 455 154 128 450-1 454 455 495 124 161 161 122-3 161 125-6 161 122-3,142,143 146,147 124 456 454,456 33 456 423 �

- 478 -

Article

.Page

Article

Page

15 16(1) 27 28 31 32-3 39 40

23-5 133 135 138 135 135

134 135 149 155{1)(a) 171 172

80(3)

140 141 23-4 132 141

174 175 176 177 180 181 185 186(2) 187 195(2) 216-8

32,34,145 145 32,35,153,155 158 127 130-18,l 40,1 42-5, 152,163 146-7,152 149 142,144-S,148-50,152 154 157 156 33,145,156 32 32-4 32-3 157

Page

141

42 46 49

99-104

333-5 334 333-5 142 333-5 333-5

105 107 108 109 l 16

Proclam,itions Article

Page

1 2U)(k)

Article

423,425,433-4 276,433-4

12(a)(i)

276,423,425

Article

Page 412 431

Order Article 1 g

Page

423 423,425,433-4

28(c) 43(1)(2 ) Legal Notice

Article

Page

5(l)(b) 11 21 35

24 361-2 361

Article

51(1) 85 22(c) 23

Page 6

7 424 430

U.N. Charter Article

Article

Page

2 55-6

102 103

427 418 OAU Charter

Page

Article

429

- 479 -

Page

428 427-8

I •

• •

l '

•

I •

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�:,..,,, 'l1r:,. fh_,rf-A-J' : :ti1n:.f 1 'P'i : 9°161!- : nt,'l : AOJsft.o{l : ��'P : /\ODlODt,f : 'LU : lDf.. : 'h')<I]IL11� : f ,,..,,,,.l1»DD :: f,f"m:J>{\ft-: flt-'til : 1tn'l : ,l11°l- : flh..,.',.OD. m/6i'J.{l,f;C: ,f"fl'lt,�:,.. : n,n."1 : 4-hAt : f+1·1;,J!_ :: f h. :, .. � *..e r ;,, .,, oo:,; ,�:,. ill\ = 11.:t-r·A·f= ,l,<'J : hoY.rom--r = m:J>oY.. = 'h:,--qo7j-. = 1,,� i hif!Y.:li = '¼ = 'I° = J!.�f!' : from- = I§ : 'h:,.qo-:j.. = hu-1 = 00Di1· rr = ilJ!, = J!,•1'1tt- = ti{l&.f\19',r'I° : h,n<IJ : ti,h·A'I: : ;JC : f l\9':,•1 : ,l11ll:,•t; : f"'l.Otn·:,,1 : 1:;J� : {1111/ tir-r : rnti.e : m flcl! : .flDDlf1 : 'h:,..qo:f. : 'h1-'tt\ h·A9' : /\'17 H11 : f, 1,.I\ it- :: ,. -= = hOD?. di. 1: = n1·tusio 1.1t = {l'J°9' = nfOD?.",h.1: = 'hT'I° tif. h,f"hn?f..;Jk9' � : il9° : ;JC : f,iti-.A ·:: -----------� fl,f"tX1,07t =-'h{lt-iu-1 : flDD?...d,� = DDAti = fAmlfrT't = fh.:t-r-A-J''t : a.1»1· : 1,m..4> Alto= ffnm· = fi•m :J>tttt-:t- : fh.tr«A-f. : :t."Jo "f = l\'i = -fJt,,) f·A-J': r�:,"dt : 11"1.C: P''I : P'C'¼T : "1°1= C P' : 't OT � 1P f0?., " : .. f•1 fly : : Cf : � J' Af .T flh " f!'&a(lC.• 1 : C.i1 "'I Oh : tf 'J° OD : 'G 1/A q:,. : ftP/.. (l.�"l\C : hif..i4':,. I :s . fr l1J m (ID : m Y, : ;1--:,. • {1 C � fl

--- - - --- ·

FACULTY OF LAW - HAILE SELLASSIE I UNIVERSffY

NEW LAW PUBLICATIONS •

Consolidated Laws of Addis Ababa, ed. W. Ewing Fetha Negast, ''The Law of the Kings'' English transilation by Aha Paulos Tsadi,a Fislzer, Ethiopian Criminal Procedure

Graven, An Introduction to Ethiopian Penal Law

Krzeczi,nowicz, Law of Extra Contractual Obligations Paul and Claplw,n, Ethiopian Constitutional Development Vol. I ,,

Vol. II

Redden, Ethiopian Legal Formbook Redden, Law Making Process in Ethio pia Sedler, Ethiopian Civil Procedure

••

•

Vanderlinden, Introduction to the Law of Persons

Berhane Ghebrtty, L'Organisation de I'Administration Local en Etbiopie

BOOKS TO APPEAR IN '1117'1 The Consolidated Laws of Ethiopia For LAW PUBLICATIONS ORDER FORM and PRICE LIST Please see opposi te page.

NEW ..IRIMl.,.,IL JOURNAL EDITION JOURNAL OF

ETHIOPIAN

LAW

W e have inaugurated a new �irn1ail edition of the Journal of Ethiopian Law. S�a . . shipment often takes as long as six mo11tl1s, so many subscribers may prefer this edit!�n which will reach Y?U wit�in one mo11th of publicatipn. you simply pay the . add1t1onal postage by sending twice the. re gular price per issue. •

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