SUPERNOVA - Climate adaptive strategy for Kanaleneiland, Utrecht NL by Jakob Pesendorfer

SUPER NOVA Climate adaptive strategy for Kanaleneiland Utrecht - NL

Report R&D Studio (2023/24 Q2) Designing Urban Environments

LIVE

CREATE

FUN

Jakob Pesendorfer | 5724562

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CONTENT

1 2 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 26 28 32 36 38 40

INTRO SUMMARY AND PROJECT GOALS URBAN ANALYSES FIELD TRIP URBAN ENVIRONMENT SUET ANALYSES ENVI MET URBAN DESIGN SOFTWARE CONCEPT HARDWARE PUBLIC SPACE DESIGN CONCEPT STAGING EVALUATION REFLECTION REFERENCE

IN TRO 1

SUPERNOVA A supernova is the colossal explosion of a star. Scientists have identified several types of supernova. One type, called a “core-collapse” supernova, occurs in the last stage in the life of massive stars that are at least eight times larger than our Sun. As these stars burn the fuel in their cores, they produce heat. This heat produces pressure that pushes outward against the forces of gravity that pull inward on the star (energy.gov, 2023). What does all this have to do with Utrecht and this proposal? Supernova is intended to serve as a playful derivation, assigning a certain expiration date to an outdated giant within the urban framework. Through the metaphor of a particular explosion, the modernist shopping center from the 1960s is dismantled, propelling uses of the center into the neighborhood. Conversely, public uses and non-consumptive areas also find a place within the now open structure. To connect the adjacent neighborhoods, the Milky Way, initially functioning as a temporary pedestrian bridge, can introduce a new dimension in the public space. Supernovas goal is to create a new era to confront the challenges of the climate crisis and thereby generate a high-quality and livable neighborhood. These objectives are extensively discussed in Chapter 3 and permeate throughout the entire project.

summery and project goals

UR BAN AN ALYS ES 2

research by design

In an iterative process between research and design, new insights were consistently gained. In conjunction with field trips and spatial analysis, a significant emphasis was also placed on urban infrastructure and its engineering, quite literally aiming to address urban climatic challenges ‘at the root,’ as the German proverb goes.

3 km

Urban Analyses

The project area is located in Utrecht, not far from the significant European transportation hub, Utrecht Centraal. The area is connected with a bus system and a tram line, which, according to the Municipality of Utrecht, is slated for expansion and optimization in the coming years. The distinctive features of the area include modernist urban design and architecture. Noteworthy is the city’s bold approach to vertical development, evident in the skyline and upcoming projects in close proximity to the study area.

field trip 21.11.2023

A´

Context

Park Parking public Parking Private

Paved public space Private space Walking connections

100m

Open Space A substantial portion of the entire area is allocated for park usage, which is implemented in a very conventional and space-intensive manner through traditional surface parking. These areas are paved, leading to climate-related issues. Section AA´ (±)13.40 (+1.70)

(-)0.10 (+1.70)

(±)0.10 (+1.70)

(±)0.00 (+1.70)

(-)1.30 (+1.70)

(-)6.0 (+1.70) (-)8.0 (+1.70) (-)10.0 (+1.70) (-)11.5 (+1.70)

(-)30.0 (+1.70)

(-)37.0 (+1.70)

(-)12.0 (+1.70)

Urban Analyses

Retail Residential Education

Office Religious comuntites Mix use

100m

Landuse Adhering to the principles of land use segregation characteristic of this era, the shopping center primarily houses retail activities. The neighborhood, with a few exceptions, is predominantly dedicated to residential use.

Rooftop potentials 15.600 m2 Rooftop underused

Public Space = Parking Space 4.700 m2 + 6.200m2 = 10.900m2 Parking on the surface around the shopping centre

Entrance Situation Nova In fact, as Jan gehl mentions in his book “Cities for people” the link between the street level and tall buildings is practically obscured beyond the fifth floor, approximately at a height of 13.5 meters. Besides the drawbacks of placing waste on the sidewalk and the under supply of trees, it’s worth noting the positive aspect of residential units facing the street with balconies (Gehl, 2010).

Siluette

urban environment

Trees Sewage System Electricity System

Areas with average highest Groundwater level Risk areas due to collection of run-off water after heavy rainfall Green Spaces

Section BB´

Urban Analyses

Area of intervention

Technical profile 50 m

Technical Infrastructure As part of the concurrent SUET course (Sustainable Urban Engineering of Infrastructure), a focused attention was placed on the technical aspects of the underground. Here, as urban designers, our aim is to gain a comprehensive understanding of the complexity of various disciplines such as civil engineering, water management, and ecology. To ensure sustainable transformation processes, we, as urban designers, must act as curators to harmonize the different fields optimally. Only through such coordination from the outset can an integrated design emerge, facilitating optimized solutions and environmentally friendly interventions.

① ②

③

①

⑤ ④

B´

⑥

First design ideas from SUET

25 m

① ② ③ ④ ⑤ ⑥

Planting new trees Keeping exisiting trees Implementing retention areas Implementing wadis Impelemnting green roofs Forcing solar energy

sustainable urban engineering of territory

Figure 1: Area3 12.00.01 22.06.2022

Simulation PET Exisiting Sitation

570.00

x/y Cut at k=2 (z=1.5000 m)

540.00 510.00 480.00 450.00 420.00 390.00

PET* < 25.52 °C

360.00

27.43 °C

Y (m)

330.00

29.33 °C 31.24 °C

300.00

33.14 °C

270.00

35.05 °C 36.95 °C

240.00

38.86 °C

210.00

40.76 °C > 42.67 °C

180.00

Min: 26.90 °C Max: 58.97 °C

150.00 120.00 90.00 60.00 30.00 0.00 0.0030.0060.0090.00 120.00 150.00 180.00 210.00 240.00 270.00 300.00 330.00 360.00 390.00 420.00 450.00 480.00 510.00 540.00 570.00 600.00 630.00 660.00 X (m)

ENVI-met

Urban Heat Island Runoff water challenge High groundwater level

Results - Focusarea Design After conducting a simulation using the ENVI met program, dedicated to urban climatic challenges, it is evident that an area south of the shopping center’s parking lot exhibits a high Physiologically experienced temperature (PET). This result aligns with findings from the SUET analysis, indicat-

Urban Analyses

ing challenges in this area during intense rainfall events. The high degree of surface sealing and an elevated groundwater level contribute to these issues. Consequently, this area has been selected as a focal point to address and develop solutions for these challenges.

Figure 1: New Simulation 12.00.01 01.07.2021

Simulation PET x/y Cut at k=2 (z=1.5000 m) after intervention

210.00

180.00

PET* < 25.52 °C 27.43 °C

150.00

29.33 °C 31.24 °C

Y (m)

33.14 °C 35.05 °C

120.00

36.95 °C 38.86 °C 40.76 °C 42.67 °C

90.00

44.57 °C 46.48 °C 48.38 °C 50.29 °C

60.00

> 52.20 °C Min: 24.50 °C Max: 58.49 °C

30.00

0.00 0.00

30.00

60.00

90.00

120.00

150.00

180.00

210.00

240.00

X (m)

ENVI-met

Figure 1: New Simulation 06.00.01 01.07.2021

Simulation Windspeed x/y Cut at k=2 (z=1.5000 m) after intervention

210.00

180.00

Wind Speed

150.00

below 0.25 m/s

Y (m)

0.25 to 0.50 m/s 0.50 to 0.75 m/s

120.00

0.75 to 1.00 m/s 1.00 to 1.25 m/s 1.25 to 1.50 m/s 1.50 to 1.75 m/s

90.00

1.75 to 2.00 m/s 2.00 to 2.25 m/s above 2.25 m/s

60.00

Min: 0.03 m/s Max: 4.46 m/s

30.00

0.00 0.00

30.00

60.00

90.00

120.00

150.00

180.00

210.00

240.00

X (m)

ENVI-met

envi method

UR BAN DE SIGN 3

The urban design aligns closely with the outcomes of the analysis. Furthermore, at the urban design level, the public space layer is derived, thereby functioning as an integral component of the overall concept. Particularly emphasizing people as a crucial indicator, a software program is developed at the outset. This software identifies all stakeholders with potential influence on the project and connects them with the guiding themes developed in the SUET course. To transition from the general perspective back to the project, six sustainability criteria have been formulated, threading through detailed subtopics across the entire project and supporting the hardware.

Residents of Kanaleneiland Assotiations Religious Communities Youth Centre

b jo

tiv

r po op

llec

rni

a e le

ti ni tu es

City of Utrecht Schools City Planning Department U-OV Utrecht Public Transport Water Department Energy Department

IE OC

S aw s es en ar

alth

Housing Assotiations / Landlords Housing Cooperation

ate

er at w

lim ty c

an m

ag en

em t

GY LO O EC

c ufa

d bio

Planning Team Urban Designers Landscpae Architects Architects Civil Engineers Ecologists Sociologists

tic nc

co t

a loc

O ON

a ce en r i r e to exp ttrac a

Stakeholders

Guiding themes

Strategies against urban heatwaves

Affordable housing innovations

Urban Design

Unlocking hidden potential in private spaces

ess

n usi

al b

loc

Guiding themes

Stakeholder

ing

tur

Governmental Organisations NAS - Nationale klimaatadaptatiestrategie Delta Comission EU (HORIZON Fundings) New European Bauhaus

rsit

ive

ar y ul m rc o ci on ec

Landlord NOVA + Retailers Albert Heijn Jumbo Lidl Action Hema Small Retailers

Cool Neighbourhood Strategies Against Urban Heatwaves

Inclusive Living in Kanaleneiland Affordable Housing Innovations

Private Space + Unlocking Hidden Potential in Private Spaces

Beyond the Surface Unveiling the Critical Role of Urban Infrastructure

Ecocentre Kanaleneiland Nature's Return to the Urban Structure

Heart of the Hood Public Spaces as Social Magnets

Sustainability goals Goals

Unveiling the critical role of urban infrastructure

Nature’s return to the urban structure

software

Public spaces as social magnets

Strategies against urban heatwaves To induce a cooling effect in the neighborhood, 100 new trees will be planted. Besides providing shade, these trees can contribute to lowering the ambient temperature through evaporative cooling.

① ② ③

Planting Trees Light pavement (albedo effect) Implementing shadow elements

Affordable housing innovations To achieve increased density in the neighbourhood, there is a plan for infill development and renovation of existing structures. Additionally, six new buildings are proposed to create new residential space. A primary focus from the Municipality of Utrecht should be on ensuring the affordability of the new housing.

④ ⑤ ⑥

Retrofitting existing buildings Redensification trough new typologies Forcing a social mix

Unlocking hidden potential in private spaces An urban restructuring and a mix of uses aim to foster diversification within the neighbourhood. Consequently, there is a proposal for surrounding clubs and organizations to utilize spaces within the shopping center. Conversely, commercial uses such as cafés are envisioned to enhance the neighbourhood, creating vibrant ground-floor areas.

⑦ ⑧ ⑨

Urban Design

Making private space available for public use Active groundfloorareas for common spaces Shared space for neighbourhood organisations

Unveiling the critical role of urban infrastructure During the extensive transformations of the public space, a new energy concept is intended to be integrated. Consequently, a low-energy network, known as an ‘anergy network,’ will be installed throughout the entire neighbourhood. Simultaneously, distributed hubs can contribute to an efficient energy system.

⑩ ①① ①②

Implementing a separate sewage system Implementing an anergy network Energyhubs in the quarters

Nature’s return to the urban structure The new park aims to bring nature into the city. Therefore, a variety of trees and plants will be planted on different levels to ensure high biodiversity. People and nature can coexist harmoniously through this new landscape element, allowing for mutual interaction.

①③ ①④ ①⑤

New park as an ecosystem in the neighbourhood Different altitudes for different species Unsealing challenging areas

Public spaces as social magnets An integral part of the concept is the creation of public spaces. With the infill development, it is also crucial to ensure high-quality and, above all, non-consumptive spaces for the neighbourhood and visitors of the shopping centre.

①⑥ ①⑦ ①⑧

New bridge system as connecting element Indoor and outdoor public space elements Non-consume areas

concept

C´

Masterplan

Tram

XXIV XXXI

XIII XIV

XIV VII

VII

XIII

XIV

Superpark

VI IX

Section CC´

Green Patio

Raingarden

Botanical square

Superpark

Backyard hideaway

① ①③

①⑧ ①④

Urban Design

⑨

Housing

Mix Use Housing

Parking

New development Exisiting structures

Existing Structures - New Possibilities

Over the Milkyway - Connecting Places Botanicle square

Private garden Raingarden

Green roof

Neighbourhood Park

Next level Park experience

50 m

Direct connection to the Tram network

①⑥

④

Public Use Commercial Use

Inside Out - Outside In

hardware

PUB LIC SPACE DE SIGN 4

PARK SUPER NOVA Next level park experience The public space design aims to create a new recreational area for the entire neighbourhood through a large park. This park is intended to extend throughout the entire district and into the Nova shopping centre itself. Thus, a new landscape can emerge on different levels. The Milkyway, a temporary wooden bridge structure, is designed to facilitate accessibility across various levels. Initially temporary and accessible only via stairs, a permanent solution will be developed later in the planning process, making it wheelchair accessible through elevators. The boundaries between private and public spaces are softened in certain areas, allowing for an exciting spatial sequence.

③ Implementing shadow elements

Runoffwater from Roofs Infiltration soil

② Light pavement (albedo effect) Heat and drought resistant plants Permeabele Pavement

10° Slope Maximal waterheight: 20-30 cm (empty within 24h) Overflow siphon Geotextil

Public Space Design

10 m

5m 15 m

concept

Public Space Design

Penter Aquata Lotis - Wienerberger Strangpress Pflasterklinker Made in Heteren - NL With its 60 mm thick spacers, the extruded paving tile in timeless light gray enables increased infiltration of rainwater. Made in The Netherlands. Pavers like Klinker perform best in terms of CO2 emissions and resource consumption - mainly because they can easily last a hundred years and only a fifth of all bricks need to be replaced during this period.

Clinker brick ①⑥ ①⑦ ①⑧

50mm bedding stone Compacted base stone Native Soil (silty sand)

Geotextile

*Interlocking Concrete Pavement Institute

Selection of Trees In the tree selection process, great emphasis was placed on ensuring that the performance and habitat of the plants harmonize optimally with the environment. For instance, the Asian weeping willow is considered for semi-indoor areas as it requires less light than conventional varieties, and it reaches a height of only 25 meters. In other areas, native trees that have proven successful in the Netherlands and can handle high humidity are being considered.

*Biodivercity - a matter of vital soil! - City of Amsterdam Salix Babylonica Weeping Willow 15-25m

Fraxinus Excelsior European Ash 25-30m

(l ow-med) (moderate)

(moderate)

(high) (moderate)

CO2 capture CO2 capture (moderate) CO2 capture Pollinating (moderate) Salinity Pollinating (moderate) Salinity Salinity species tolerance species Moisture tolerance tolerance Moisture Light needs bees, moths bees, moths (moderate) Light needs (moderate) (some (some (some (land ow-med) and butterflies sensitivity) butterflies (lsensitivity) ow-med) sensitivity)

Insect species 226 Bryophyte species 72

INDOOR

CO capture capture FraximusCOExcelsior Ulmus Laevis CO capture CO capture Fraximus (moderate) Excelsior Ulmus (moderate) (moderate) (moderate) Fraximus Excelsior European Ash European White Elm Moisture Light needs Light needs European Ash European Europe Moisture (high) Moisture Light needs Moisture(medium) LightAsh needs Light needs (moderate) (moderate) (moderate) (high) (moderate) (medium) (medium)

CO2 capture (moderate)

Pollinating Light needs species (high) bees, moths Moisture and butterflies (moderate)

CO2 capture CO2 capture (moderate) (moderate) Pollinating Salinity Salinity species Moisture tolerance tolerance Light needs bees, moths (moderate) Light needs (tolerant) (tolerant) (high) and butterflies (high)

Insect species Salinity Insect species PollinatingInsect species Fungal species Fungal species Fungal 69 Pollinating species tolerance 69 119 69 119 Pollinating Salinity 160 species Salinity bees, moths (tolerant) Bryophyte species tolerance bees, moths Bryophyte Bryophyte tolerance and butterflies species bees, moths (some and butterflies species species (some 58 and butterflies sensitivity) 58 58 sensitivity)

Fungal species Fungal species 160 Insect species 160 226 Bryophyte Bryophyte species species 72 72

INDOOR

Ulmus Laevis European White Elm 25-35m

Fraximus Excelsior Fraximus Excelsior Fraximus Excelsior Ulmus Laevis Ulmus LaevisU European Ash Eu European AshEuropean Ash European Elm White (outdoor) (outdoor) European White

(semi indoor)

Insect species Salinity ecies Fungal species Fungal species 226 Pollinating tolerance 160 160 Pollinating species (some Bryophyte species bees, moths Bryophyte sensitivity) species bees, moths and butterflies species 72 and butterflies 72

Cast in place concrete edge

New bridge system as connecting element Indoor and outdoor public space elements Non-consume areas

alix Babylonica CO capture Salix Babylonica CO capture Salix Babylonica (moderate) eeping Willow (moderate) Weeping WillowWeeping Light needs Willow Moisture Light needs Moisture Moisture needs

s s

80mm thick permable Penter Aquata Lotis

Orange painted Oak

Salix Babylonica onica Salix Babylonica Weeping Willow llow Weeping Willow

med)

Soil with vegetative cover

Insect species 69 Fungal species 160

OUT

Insect species 69 Bryophyte species 58

CO2 capture Salinity (moderate) Pollinating tolerance species Moisture (tolerant) bees, moths (moderate) and butterflies

OUT

Pollinating Light needs species (medium) Moisture bees, moths (moderate) and butterflies

CO2 capture CO (moderate) (m Pollinating Salinity species Moi tolerance Light needs bees, moths (mod (tolerant) (medium) and butterflies

Fungal species Insect species Insect species PollinatingInsect species Fungal species 82 Salinity 119 Pollinating to species 82 189 Salinity 82 P tolerance species bees, moths (t tolerance (tolerant) bees, moths Bryophyte Bryophyte and butterflies (tolerant) b and butterflies species species an 29 29

Fungal species Fungal species 119 Insect species 119 69 Bryophyte Bryophyte species species 58 58

concept

OUT

Insect species Fungal82 species 119

OUT

Insect species 82 Bryophyte species 29

OUT

Funga

Br s

EVALUATION I

Project Kick-Off

Timeframe Re-Design

Partizipational Action

Worksho

Transforamtion of the Rooftop + Park S1 Milkyway Part 1 2025

2026

2027

2028

2029

Production + pre-cultivation Pixels

Production + pre

Horizon Europe - NEB Project Period Transforming Public Space and Streetscapes S1

Transform

Neigbourhood

Tramstop

P Park

Stage 1 (S1)

In the first phase, the currently most vulnerable area, namely the large parking lot, is slated for transformation. Simultaneously, initial construction measures will commence at the shopping center. During this process, the first segment of Milkyways will also be constructed, providing visitors and neighbors with a view of the construction site. This approach ensures that interested parties are involved from the outset, allowing them to follow the progress of the project.

Stage 2 (S2)

In the second phase, the park and the southern part of the shopping center are largely completed. The construction elements of the temporary bridge structure Milkyway, previously used, will be assembled in the southern completed section. This creates an opportunity to open developments to the public to the extent that safety permits. During this phase, the towers in the northern area will be erected. In addition, the upper western part of the transformation of the former parking lots happens.

Public Space Design

EVALUATION II Timeframe Re-Design

ops Stakeholder

Permanent Temporarity The connecting Infrastructure gets permanent and a crucial part of the neighbourhoods identity

Transforamtion of the Rooftop + Park S2 Milkyway Part 2 2030

2031

Milkyway Forever 2032

2033

2034

e-cultivation Pixels

ming Public Space and Streetscapes S2

Transforming Public Space and Streetscapes S3

Neigbourhood

Tramstop T1

P Park

Stage 3 (S3)

In the third phase, the park surrounding the shopping center is completed. Additionally, the opening of the structural elements at the center allows the spread of vegetation, extending around the building and onto the roofs of the new Novas. The construction of the second segment of Milkyways is now underway, facilitating a complete traversal of the rooftop landscape. Public rooftops, private gardens, and the entire public space on level 0 are now accessible to all neighbors and visitors of the center.

Future

It is especially important to stay engaged even after the completion of the process and consistently evaluate the quality of the public space. Is the Milkyway truly being utilized, or is it merely a fun idea to attract attention? If the former proves to be true, the temporary installation can potentially evolve into a permanent fixture of the public space. Regular assessments and feedback will be crucial in making informed decisions about the future of the Milkyway and other elements within the public realm.

staging

EVA LU ATION 5

Figure 1: New Simulation 12.00.01 01.07.2021

Figure 1: New Simulation 06.00.01 01.07.2021

x/y Cut at k=2 (z=1.5000 m)

210.00

180.00

PET* < 25.52 °C 27.43 °C

150.00

Wind Speed

150.00

29.33 °C

below 0.25 m/s

31.24 °C

0.25 to 0.50 m/s

35.05 °C

120.00

36.95 °C

Y (m)

33.14 °C

38.86 °C

0.50 to 0.75 m/s

120.00

0.75 to 1.00 m/s 1.00 to 1.25 m/s

40.76 °C

1.25 to 1.50 m/s

42.67 °C

90.00

1.50 to 1.75 m/s

90.00

44.57 °C

1.75 to 2.00 m/s

46.48 °C

2.00 to 2.25 m/s

48.38 °C

above 2.25 m/s

50.29 °C

60.00

> 52.20 °C

Min: 0.03 m/s Max: 4.46 m/s

Min: 24.50 °C Max: 58.49 °C 30.00

30.00

0.00 0.00

30.00

60.00

90.00

120.00 X (m)

ENVI-met

150.00

180.00

210.00

0.00

240.00

0.00

30.00

60.00

90.00

120.00

150.00

X (m)

180.00

210.00

240.00 N

ENVI-met

Status Quo The overarching strategy as well as the entire urban and public space design can be explained through a comprehensive spatial analysis with a focus on the infrastructural conditions and technical equipment of the study area. In the first step, within the framework of a group project, the challenges and the current status of the location were assessed. The results indicate that there is an increased risk of flooding during heavy rainfall events in the immediate vicinity of the “Nova” shopping center under investigation. This can be demonstrated with data on the drainage performance of rainwater and data on an elevated groundwater level. Another important insight can be derived from the Envi met analysis of the status quo (see chapter 2). Examining the PET on the sealed parking areas around the shopping centre reveals a significantly high value. This can be explained by the lack of shading and the use of conventional asphalt as surface material. Another finding from the Envi met analysis was that elevated wind speeds can be observed around the existing tower (60 meters high). This can, under certain weather conditions, lead to an increased risk of wind gusts around the building, exposing pedestrians to a potential risk. Possible solutions As a possible solution approach, a multi scale design has been developed that addresses challenges at both the strategic level (software) and the physical level (hardware). The strategy can operate at the neighbourhood level in response to the 6 overarching sustainability criteria related to Nature and Environment, Urban Infrastructure, Public Space, Affordable Housing, Urban Climate, and Space Utilization. In detail, 18 additional specific measures are derived, which are reflected in the public space design and thus serve as potential problem solvers in the project. These strategic highlights are applied 1:1 in the transformation process of the existing urban fabric and communicated to a broad au-

dience through visual communication techniques. Additionally, they are presented in detailed technical drawings for a professional audience. Optimisation and iteration Based on the results of a subsequent climate analysis following the implemented interventions at the urban and public space design levels, however, additional potential issues and challenges can be deduced. Although an intensively green park in the area of the current southern parking lot of the shopping centre is envisaged, the cooling effect of the public space is not adequately generated in some locations. However, significant climate changes can be observed immediately in the vicinity. Nevertheless, a further survey and analysis are required to find an optimal solution in this area as well. Furthermore, due to the planned new high-rise constructions in the Northwest of the area, stronger wind speeds emerge. In order to avoid an increased risk of high wind speeds in this area, further elevation studies must be conducted to achieve an optimized solution for wind flow. Resume In conclusion and as a summary, this design can provide an initial glimpse into a transformative and climate-adapted future. However, for a more serious and meaningful exploration of possible solution approaches, especially for a broader perspective, a more thorough examination of the area is necessary. If this project were to be further developed in a professional context, a more in-depth exploration of various scenarios would be undertaken, rather than adhering solely to a detailed vision. Furthermore, it is indispensable to engage in a participatory process to understand the needs of the community, fostering acceptance for the relatively extensive interventions in the immediate neighbourhood. In the end, it is a place for people, and without their inclusion, the entire project ultimately lacks meaning.

approach + iteration

REF LEC TION Sustainable development as a complex multidimensional-multiscale process The concept “Supernova - Climate Adaptive Strategy for Kanaleneiland” unfolds as a pioneering strategy paper, centered around the modernist shopping centre Nova in Utrecht. The concept takes a multiscale approach, not only engaging with the immediate neighbourhood but also focusing on the sustainable design of a climate-resilient public space. But how can sustainability be addressed in the complex context of Urbanism? In Western countries, the primary focus has been on sustainability concerns related to the “Planet,” with a particular emphasis on energy consumption. This focus gained momentum in 1989 when the Dutch government released its initial National Environmental Policy Plan (VROM, 1989). This plan was promptly revised in 1990 to tackle challenges such as climate change, acidification, and eutrophication resulting from fertilizers and waste (Pijpers-van Esch 2015). With reference to the case study in Kanaleneiland, it can be deduced that the development of the shopping center and, consequently, the neighborhood occurred 30 years prior to

this legislative amendment. Due to the strong (financial) influence of the national government on urban administration in the 1950s and 1960s, new centres were developed during this period. These centers were equipped with a program for intra-urban functions, positioned in terms of both type and size between the city center and neighbourhood centers. This influence is expected to lead to the development of a new center that fits into the hierarchy of centers based on Christaller’s central place theory (van der Heijde, 2014). Urban development, influenced by factors such as suburbanization, telecommuting, just-in-time production, delivery services, and changing consumer habits, significantly diverges from Christaller’s idealized concepts. As a result, the relevance and significance of the central place system in spatial planning is questionable. But how can we address today’s challenges of the climate crisis within our discipline and make a positive contribution to it? In various lectures, we were introduced to the broad field of sustainable urban and environmental design. The foundational framework applied here is the Delft Approach to urbanism, which encompasses nine core content areas. One of these can be identified as the most thematically specific focus, namely Socio-ecological Inclusiveness. By combining scientific insights, traditional knowledge, and local input, the approach aims to create urban landscapes that are not only tailored to the specific site but also contribute to fairness, health, and resilience (Department of Urbanism, 2021).

In addition to the fact that practically all topics of the Delft Approach have been covered in the lecture contents, it can be critically noted that certain themes, such as inclusion and socioeconomic issues, tend to take a back seat. Rather, the emphasis seems to be more on achieving a design-oriented outcome, with a greater focus on the design itself than on societal content. However, I am aware that within the scope of a fictional study project, it’s not feasible to cover all aspects of a real planning process. Nevertheless, in my opinion, a much stronger emphasis should be placed on conveying the importance of participatory formats. This could include on-site exhibitions of the studio projects to inform and prepare the community for upcoming transformations. A critical discourse could emerge here, not limited solely to professionals but inclusive of the broader public.

criticizes in her lecture that Jan Gehl and his counterparts primarily focus on “feel-good urbanism,” bluntly stating that placing a parasol here and a bicycle there would magically make the public space vibrant. However, I align with Crawford’s viewpoint that one must scrutinize public space transformations carefully. She mentions the example of New York under Mayor Bloomberg, who in 2007 advocated for an extensive transformation to enhance public space. While bike lanes and pedestrian zones were established in certain affluent city neighbourhoods, the “stop-and-frisk” program was also introduced. Implemented by the New York City Police Department, it involves the temporary detention, questioning, and sometimes searching of civilians and suspects on the streets. This practice is carried out with the aim of identifying and confiscating weapons and other contraband.

Characteristics of natural and human systems. A theoretical approach has been developed in the course of comparing three lectures by influential and well-known scholars who focus on people-oriented urban design. First, a lecture of Jan Gehl can be mentioned, where he talks about previous planning paradigms like the modernist movement of urban design, including Le Corbusier who designed more free stand buildings than cities, as Gehl mentions. A second paradigm is the car invasion, where cities focused back in the days more on traffic and parking statistics than on the behaviours and needs of pedestrians until Jane Jacobs breakthrough with “Death and Life of great American cities”. Furthermore, Jan Gehl mentioned his approach to observation methods to gain knowledge about people and places, where no data is available and called it eye ball studies. The second lecture of Richard Sennett, dealt with experiences and projects during his time at the United Nations Human Settlements Programme (UN-Habitat) and the influence of the 90s open system theory at the MIT Media Lab in Cambridge on his work. The lecture touched on Sennett’s observations of urban conditions, including the influence of open system theory from the 90s and the contrast between Boolean logic (closed) and Bayesian logic (open). He stressed the importance of embracing failure in the process and prioritizing dialogical approaches over rigid plans. The third lecture of Margaret Crawford revolves around the transition from the concept of the “Feel Good” city to the idea of the Just City. She critiques the notion of public spaces that primarily serve the well-being of those who are present, emphasizing the historical context of urban planning and design. The lecture also touches on Jane Jacobs, particularly her influential work “Death and Life of great American cities.” While praising Jacobs for her contributions, Crawford notes Jacobs’ lack of discussion on race, focusing predominantly on white workers in the 1950s, which was not representative of the diverse urban population due the time of big migration waves. In my view, it is important to delve into various theories to understand the dimensions and influences of human behaviour in public space. In my opinion, as Jan Gehl mentioned in his lecture, it can be helpful to consider each individual equally, regardless of their cultural background. However, I believe that paying special attention to the socio-economic conditions of the prevailing population, especially in vulnerable neighbourhoods, can be beneficial to gain knowledge about the specific needs of the citizens. Margaret Crawford

Clashing points Translated into the proposed proposal, it can be inferred that at some points, it would indeed collide with the ideas of the authors of these lectures. Following Jan Gehl’s principles, one could delve much more intensely into the observation of the location and its conditions to generate a more concrete and sharper image of the initial situation. While we did engage with the people on-site during the field trip, in my opinion, a more detailed and systemic approach is needed here. Furthermore, the proposal could face criticism under similar circumstances, much like how Crawford criticizes existing ‘feel-good spaces.’ Consequently, the proposal would need to undergo a more detailed exploration concerning sustainability criteria 18: ‘Non-consume areas,’ demonstrating how these spaces can be made accessible to the general public. Creating a hand-drawn graphic with many people is comparatively easier than engaging in an intensive examination of the prevailing socio-economic requirements. As I have repeatedly emphasized in my evaluation and reflection, the primary focus of such a process must be even more on the stakeholders. The leading principle of my inclusive planning approach is explained in Chapter 3, Urban Design (Software), where I connect the actors with the guiding themes from the analysis and ultimately link them with the sustainability criteria. This is meant to convey that it is the stakeholders who give meaningful purpose to the entire process. However, there is still significant potential to engage with real influences or a more in-depth exploration of tangible influences, particularly the socio-economic dynamics inherent to the neighbourhood. In conclusion, I hope for Kanaleneiland that the municipality of Utrecht engages with the community on an equal footing, aiming to create a beautiful place for everyone and, if possible, satisfying all involved parties to the greatest extent possible.

Rooftop Park Toniareal Zurich, Switzerland Transformation of a former milkfactory into the a building for the ZHDK University of applied arts in Zurich. On the rooftop a public biodiverse accessible Park was implemented. Landscape: Studio Vulkan Architecture: EM2N Architects

Gellerup City Park Aarhus, Denmark Transformation socially challenged neighbourhood from the modernist 60s into a liveble and climate adabtive park landscape. Landscape: SLA Architecture: EFFEKT Partizipation: Social Action

Reference

The Podium Rotterdam, The Netherlands The Podium temporarily makes the roof of Het Nieuwe Instituut accessible via a 143-step external staircase. Painted a striking pink to increase visibility, MVRDV’s design creates a 600 m2 temporary meeting place. Urban Design: MVRDV

Luchtisingel Rotterdam, The Netherlands The luchtisngel is the world‘s first piece of public infrastructure to be accomplished mostly through crowdfunding and connects three separated parts of Rotterdam. Urban Design: ZUS Architects

Sources: Aquata Lotis. Germany. (2023, November 9). https://www.wienerberger. de/produkte/pflaster/pflasterklinker/aquata-lotis.html City of Amsterdam (2021). Biodivercity - a matter of vital soil! nai010 publishers. Doe explains...supernovae. Energy.gov. (n.d.). https://www.energy.gov/ science/doe-explainssupernovae Gehl, J. (2010). Cities for people. Island Press. Interlocking Concrete Pavement Institute , https://icpi.org/interlocking-concrete-drawings Marjolein, P. E. (2015). Designing the urban microclimate. a framework for a design-decision support tool for the dissemination of knowledge on the urban microclimate to the urban design process. A+be: Architecture and the Built Environment, 6, 1–308. https://doi.org/10.7480/abe.2015.

Van der Heijde, P. C. M. (2014). Nieuwe centra in Nederland: Het krachtenspel in de arena van de stedelijke ontwikkeling. [, Universiteit van Amsterdam]. YouTube. (2019, February 8). Breakfast lecture with Jan Gehl - full length | roca london gallery. YouTube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=y4PnaJBaq_A&t=2s&ab_channel=RocaGallery YouTube. (2017, October 23). GSD talks: Richard Sennett, “The open city.” YouTube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7PoRrVqJ-FQ&ab_ channel=HarvardGSD YouTube. (2015, October 14). From the “feel good” city to the just city. YouTube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lEGliu4P-Mk&ab_channel=USCPrice The Delft Approach to Urbanism was written by Rients Dijkstra, Maarten van Ham, Steffen Nijhuis, and Machiel van Dorst, with input from many others.

Report R&D Studio: Designing Urban Environments 2024