THE WORKING PEOPLE’S CLUB ESTD. 1989
James Paul
PREFACE
1989
2020 Enviro nmen Constru tal conc ct e Social Is ion detai rns ling sues Building Issues
Materiality Construction technology Contracts Precedents Surrounding buildings
Precedents sues Political Is g Issues nin City Plan s Event Historical
With the project set in 1989, what knowledge is actually used from the time, and what is knowledge today that the author has taken back to inform the project?
II
THE WORKING PEOPLE’S CLUB
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
The Working People’s Club (WPC) is a reaction to the gendered and exclusive nature of the Working Men’s Clubs that are seen across the nation, by creating an ungendered and inclusive space that ties into a wider regeneration of the 1960s Bull Ring Centre in Birmingham. With widespread industrial decline and job loss in Birmingham through the 1970s and 80s, a trial government initiative is launched in the city to reskill the unemployed and attract new investment and interest. Whilst the project is set in 1989, it is not a product of that era. Instead, the WPC acts as an architectural response to a broader critique of the mismanagement of social and political themes that are still prevalent in Birmingham, and throughout the UK, some 30 years later. With that, the WPC is designed to answer the question of what would have happened if we had addressed those themes at the time, using knowledge from today? This Combined Thesis Report explains how the Working People’s Club initiative and building is formed through three separate documents*: Design Manifesto: Acts as the basis for the WPC, noting the key themes and context behind the setting of the project, and where it’s located. Environment and Technology Report: Goes into detail about the author’s personal approach to sustainability, and how these will affect the building’s form. Management, Practice, and Law Report: How Birmingham City Council and Bull Ring Ltd. should procure the winning bid for the WPC, the risks surrounding the scheme, and how to mitigate these issues.
*As these documents have been created at different times, minor inconsistencies may be found throughout.
III
PREFACE
CONTENTS EXECUTIVE SUMMARY LIST OF FIGURES
III VIII
DESIGN MANIFESTO INTRODUCTION / CONTEXT
1
Studio Invisible Cities ‘Care’ Previous Context Location Project Context ‘Life on Brum’
THEMES
17
1: ‘The Concrete Collar’ 2: ‘Workshop of the World’ 3: ‘Last Orders’ Thesis Question Programme
THE BULL RING
57
Wider Context: The Bull Ring Alternative Narrative Why The Bull Ring? Site History Site Analysis Building Elevations Key Issues
INITIAL MOVES
77
How to Deal With a Megastructure Site Strategy Site Stakeholders Next Steps
ENDNOTES 95 IV
THE WORKING PEOPLE’S CLUB
ENVIRONMENT & TECHNOLOGY PERSONAL APPROACHES
SITE
107
Site Technology Issues
PROJECT
101
Specific Technology Approach Sustainability Precepts
111
Project Energy Strategy Climate Change Adaptation
ENDNOTES
115
MANAGEMENT, PRACTICE, AND LAW COMPANY PROFILE LETTER TO THE CLIENT PROCUREMENT / CONTRACTS
121 122 123
Accommodation Schedule Client Profiles Partnering Techniques Procurement Strategies Benchmarking Plan of Work Life Cycle Assessment
CDM RISKS
145
Site Constraints Working With Existing Buildings Archaeology Phasing Options Design For Disassembly Landscaping V
PREFACE
Inclusive Design Construction Timeline
ENDNOTES
163
CONCLUSION
167
APPENDIX
171
Bibliography List of Figures
VI
THE WORKING PEOPLE’S CLUB
VII
PREFACE
LIST OF FIGURES DESIGN MANIFESTO INTRODUCTION / CONTEXT Ethics of justice / Ethics of care What makes a studio feminist? Invisible Cities group review Group review wall layout Personal studio themes Previous context Great Britain West Midlands county Birmingham’s growth as a city Birmingham city centre Political cycles Birmingham’s struggles ‘Life on Brum’ Critiques Groat and Wang’s methodology strategies Methods of ‘The Man out of Time’
3 3 4 4 6 7/8 9 9 9 10 11 12 13 13/14 15 15/16
THEMES VIII
‘The Concrete Collar’ A4400 location Inner Ring Rd Herbert Manzoni Tabula Rasa vs Bottom Up Paradise development Arena Central development Development location map Birmingham library timeline Levelled City Layered City Theme 1 Response ‘Workshop of the World’ GDP per capita (1961-1971) Location of firms moving from the West Midlands (1960-1975) Car production in the West Midlands (1970-1992) Employment in the manufacturing sector, Birmingham (1981-1992) Average unemployment (1984)
20 21 21 22 23 24 24 24 25 25 26 27 30 31 31 32 32 32
THE WORKING PEOPLE’S CLUB
City of 1000 trades City of 1 trade Unemployment by ward, West Midlands county (1984) Industry mapping (1967 / 1986) Regional industry loss British Leyland mergers Theme 2 response ‘Last Orders’ Loss of industry to loss of the pub Pub loss mapping, Digbeth Pub themes mapping Key features of the pub Personal experience, Fagan’s Pub as... Miners’ Institute creation Miners’ Institute layout Blackwood Miners’ Institute Theme 3 Response Programme Spatial relationships diagram
33 34 35 36 37 38 39 42 43 44 45/46 47 48 49 50 50 50 51 55/56 56
THE BULL RING
The Bull Ring location BullRing aerial view Bull Ring Centre aerial view Selfridge’s storefront Bull Ring Centre Bull sculptures BullRing logo Bull Ring Centre logo BullRing images Bull Ring Centre images Bull Ring Centre demolished Bull Ring Centre saved Why the Bull Ring Centre? Bull Ring, 1890 - 2020 Site analysis - Routes Subway city Site analysis - Market / pub locations Bull Ring Centre indoor market
59 60 60 60 60 60 60 61 62 63 64 65/66 67/68 69 69 70 70 IX
PREFACE
Site analysis - Transport links / car parks New Street station, 1967 Site elevations Bull Ring Centre key issues BullRing solutions Remaining context Context model Context model diagram
70 70 71/72 73 74 75 76 76
INITIAL MOVES
The Bull Ring Centre: Megastructure Balfron Tower Park Hill Ruhr Museum Landschaftspark Duisburg Nord Neues Museum - Destroyed Neues Museum - New Santa Caterina Market Birmingham Central Library Re-imagine competition entries Tackling a megastructure Site strategy aerial view Site strategy diagrams Site location, 1:2000 Manzoni Gardens location, 1963 / 1969 Manzoni Gardens photos Current site issues Stakeholder diagram Next steps images
79 80 80 81 81 82 82 82 83 83 84 85/86 87/88 89/90 91 92 92 93 94
ENVIRONMENT & TECHNOLOGY PERSONAL APPROACHES X
SSOA, studio, and personal approaches to Technology Montessori school, Delft Maggie’s centre, Manchester Boston city hall, Boston Empowering local communities Piazza San Pietro, Rome Apollo school, Amsterdam Cohousing Futures allotment space Cohousing Futures co-design
101 102 102 102 103 103 103 103 103
THE WORKING PEOPLE’S CLUB
Design for Disassembly Herman Miller Factory, 1970s Herman Miller Factory, 2020s Richard Rogers’ Zip-Up’ House WPC disassembly sketch Improve biodiversity / ecosystems Science park Rheinelbe water cooling Dreamhouse, Rotterdam Provide access to green space The Goods Line, Sydney Provide personal climate control Queens Building, Leicester
104 104 104 104 104 105 105 105 106 106 106 106
Bull Ring Centre and Manzoni Gardens Bull Ring Centre, 1963 Birmingham min / max temperatures, 1989 Birmingham average precipitation Birmingham average days overcast Bull Ring Centre aerial view Site overshadowing studies Site solar analysis Wind rose diagram Wind analysis Bull Ring Centre neighbouring material palette
107 107 107 107 107 108 109 109 110 110 110
SITE
PROJECT
WPC local energy strategy Birmingham district heating and energy system Margaret Thatcher, UN climate talk, 1988 WPC climate change adaptation
111 111 112 112/113
MANAGEMENT, PRACTICE,AND LAW PROCUREMENT / CONTRACTS Accommodation schedule Client’s aims / priorities Special Purpose Vehicle setup Client map Contract mapping Birmingham City Council’s aims / priorities Bull Ring Ltd. aims / priorities
125/126 127 129 130 131 132 132 XI
PREFACE
BCC alignment to traditional procurement Bull Ring Ltd. alignment to design and build procurement Traditional contract links Design and build contract links Alex Monroe Studio, London Edinburgh Printmakers, Edinburgh Storey’s Field Centre, Cambridge White Collar Factory, London Fà brica Moritz, Barcelona Queens building, Leicester Meadowhall, Sheffield Green Heart, Birmingham WPC design location to plan of work Cumulative building expenditure Cradle-to-cradle approach Operation emissions vs product emissions
132 132 133 134 137 137 137 137 138 138 138 138 141/142 143 143 144
CDM RISKS
XII
Site constraints Decision Support System Main steps of managing asbestos Manzoni gardens trench locations Phasing option 1 Phasing option 2 Sketches of Design for Disassembly changes Schlumberger Research Centre Landscaping options Inclusive skills courtyard Construction timeline
149/150 151 152 154 155 156 158 158 159 160 161/162
THE WORKING PEOPLE’S CLUB
XIII
THE WORKING PEOPLE’S CLUB
Design Manifesto
INTRO / CONTEXT
INTRODUCTION / CONTEXT
STUDIO INVISIBLE CITIES Invisible Cities’ (IC) working methods are based around the feminist methodology of care, and how that can be applied to forgotten and marginalised communities. These ‘Ethics of Care’ were theorised by Carol Gilligan in the late 80s to highlight the deficiencies in judging female morality against a male defined structure.1
Reconfiguring the hierarchy between students and tutors
‘Include the Excluded’ and promoting empathy for others
This methodology also underpins how IC is run as a ‘Feminist Studio’. However, this doesn’t mean the studio is solely focused on issues facing women, but can also tackle broader issues of equality, inclusion, social hierarchies, and current approaches to architectural design.
Encouraging honest and open dialogue in studio
Creating a collaborative (rather than competitive) environment Introducing others into the design process
Kohlberg’s ‘Ethics of Justice’ - an individual legislating absolute laws for everyone, without exception.
Dispelling the myth of the ‘Starchitect’
Gilligan’s ‘Ethics of Care’ - an individual working with others to find mutually agreeable solutions.
3
Valuing and sharing prior knowledge
What makes a studio ‘Feminist’?
THE WORKING PEOPLE’S CLUB Wall Setup
1. Protest montage 2. Grating 3. ‘Ingredients of Care’ / Reading synopsis 4. Symbols of repression / liberation
For the cross-studio review, IC looked at the ideas of inequality and how often care involving women is interpreted as being centred around the home. With this, the studio created an ironic version of the home, hanging ‘recipes’ for forms of caring alongside symbols of liberation / oppression, with both being overlaid on famous protest movements of the 20th and 21st centuries, showing how marginalised groups have, and still, struggle for equality. 4
INTRODUCTION / CONTEXT
WHAT IS ‘CARE’? ‘Care’ as a word is multi-faceted, with a broad range of meanings. From these meanings, and initial reading, studio themes have begun to emerge, encompassing everything from social prescription to the justice system. The meaning of care that has begun to inform the thesis project is how care can be used as a political tool, both to help and hinder different social groups.
5
...providing help for vulnerable people. ...looking after others. ...a building’s function. ...giving people the respect they deserve. ...a ‘feminine’ trait. ...undervalued and under appreciated. ...giving your time and energy to others. ...sometimes ‘uncaring’. ...protecting the natural world. ...caring for the city. ...making buildings easier to maintain. ...a form of resilience. ...an approach to site. ...political. ...not spread equally across the world. ...about establishing ownership. ...unfair. ...ultimately reflecting structures of power. ...about being present. ...sharing food. ...different between scales. ...a verb and a noun. ...a core human value. ...for some and may hinder others.
K&C JP KJ HM AV MN FJ CP JW LW
Social Reproduction
Capitalism / Industry
Family
Social
Justice
Uncommunity
Commons
Inclusivity
Disenfranchised Populations
Social Prescription
Alternative Approaches
Accessibility
Heritage
Sustainability
Race
Equality
City Planning
Hospitality
THE WORKING PEOPLE’S CLUB
CARE
FEMINISM
DFF
Personal Studio Themes INVISIBLE CITIES
6
INTRODUCTION / CONTEXT
PREVIOUS CONTEXT
INDUSTRY
3rd Year UG Rowing boat workshop in York
20 17
Associated Architects Engineering faculty building for University of Birmingham
Y5 Studio Steel recycling and 3D printing plant in Sheffield
20 19
MArch Dissertation Barriers to modular housing in the UK
Y6 Live Project Cohousing guidelines for Sheffield group
7
Sports / Activity
SUSTAINABILITY
Y5 Live Project Activity route / interventions for Wincobank in Sheffield
COMMUNITY
20 18
Housing
EDUCATION
Engineering Dissertation Improvements to temporary shelters used during refugee crises
Revitalising traditional industries
‘Non-traditional’ learning sp
Effects of Climate Change
Bringing together disparate groups
THE WORKING PEOPLE’S CLUB
Reskilling
paces
Temporality
Reuse / Renovation of existing buildings
Helping marginalised people
Movable / transient architecture
A reflection on previous work begins to see if there are any recurring themes throughout the author’s architectural projects. Some of these themes will continue through to the thesis project, whilst others may be modified to cover new areas. 8
INTRODUCTION / CONTEXT
BIRMINGHAM
Studio IC is situated in Birmingham, England’s ‘2nd City’. From the turn of the last century through to the 1950s, the city was incredibly prosperous due to its role in the industrial revolution, and being a centre for industry in the UK. However governmental policies and a series of recessions left it in decline, and struggling to readjust to a region-wide loss of industry. In recent years, a shift to a service-focused economy, coupled with an influx of money has resulted in Birmingham experiencing a city-wide spread of regeneration, combating negative perceptions of the city. However, this regeneration has been met with worries around gentrification in regions of the city, and an abandonment of local residents to cater to newer demographics. 9
West Midlands County
1700
1830
1909
1945
Today
Birmingham’s growth as a city
THE WORKING PEOPLE’S CLUB
Birmingham city centre
10
INTRODUCTION / CONTEXT
PROJECT CONTEXT ‘The danger of global warming is as yet unseen, but real enough for us to make changes and sacrifices, so that we do not live at the expense of future generations’2 Margaret Thatcher in a speech to the UN, 1989
Recession, Conservatives in power, a war in the Middle East, worries about climate change, and widespread civic unrest. After 30 odd years, has much really changed? The Working People’s Club (WPC) forms part of an alternative historical context. 1989 was chosen due to similar thematic events happening within the decade as are happening now. It was also a time of widespread social and economic change, with a large number of women entering the workplace, and traditional industries being wiped out by privatisation and globalisation. The project positions itself as a divergent point. If a suitable approach was taken then, how might it affect what has happened today?
30 years difference, but how much has actually changed?
11
2010s
THE WORKING PEOPLE’S CLUB
19 Bull Ring ideas for redeveloping the 89 First 25 year old Bull Ring Centre are 19 Margaret Thatcher elected economic polices sought to 79 Thatcher’s privatise previously failing nationalised
19 Austin Allegro production ends between 1973 and 1982, Austin (part of British 82 Built Leyland since the late 1960s) sold over 640,000 Allegros, despite British Leyland’s declining reputation during the 70s
industries, such as vehicles and steel
proposed, due to declining footfall, and poor public image
‘Zulus’ 19 Birmingham rise in hooligansm within 82 ABirmingham City FC led to an - increase in violence across matches in the 80s
‘Winter of Discontent’
19 79
Widespread strikes across the UK by public sector workers due to a cap on pay rises to try and curb inflation
Handsworth Riots
19 81
Three days of rioting in the area, classed as ‘copycat riots’ due to similar happening in London
19 70 Robbo’ - ‘Redunionist who worked at British Leyland, 19 Trade and led over 500 walkouts in a 30 month 80 period at Birmingham’s Longbridge plant
Handsworth Riots
Sparked by an arrest of a man in Lovells, a police raid on the Villa Cross pub, 19 and these riots were more agressive than those 85 4 years previous, and led to 2 deaths
British Leyland Collapse Nationalised in 1975, British Leyland
19 was defunct by 1986 due to financal 86 struggles, and became Rover Group Birmingham’s struggles during the 80s, and where the project ties in
For Birmingham, the end of the 80s also signalled the end of the modernist ideas that had dominated city planning throughout the 50s and 60s. These ambitious plans for the city had been largely unsuccessful, and had partially contributed to Birmingham’s perception changing from being lauded as a ‘Transatlantic City’3 to derided as a ‘Concrete Jungle’ of motorways and brutalist monuments. After this turbulent era, Birmingham begins to embark on a new wave of redevelopment that leads to the creation of the modern city. 12
INTRODUCTION / CONTEXT
‘LIFE ON BRUM’ - A MAN OUT OF TIME Whilst being set in the 80s, the project itself will not be rooted in the ideas of the time, and instead is a reaction to a series of critiques of various social and spatial issues that were affecting the city and the country, using hindsight and knowledge from today. With this, the author becomes a ‘Man Out of Time’; stuck in a ‘Life on Mars’4 style scenario.
Bull Rin Cons
1
1920
1930 ‘Masterplanning’ / Modernist Principles 1920s-1930s
1940
1950
1960
Herbert Manzoni’s Vision for Birmingham 1935-1963
Inner City
1950s-
FACTORS
‘Life on Mars Brum’ / Ashes-to-Ashes’ scenario today’s knowledge, but in a different time
13
THE WORKING PEOPLE’S CLUB
Project Location
MINGHAM CITY PL ANNING UE 1 - BIR CRITIQ
Bull Ring Centre Demolished
ng Centre structed
2000
1964
Highbury Initiative 1988
British Leyland Formation 1968
Big City Plan
Handsworth Riots
2010
1981 / 1985
1970
1980
1990
Industrial Decline 1980s
y Ring Rd
-1971
2000
2010
2020
CRIT ITIES IQUE 3 DISJOINTED COMMUN SS / LO S E HANG CRITIQUE 2 - INDUSTRY C
Central Library Demolished
S WHICH LED TO...
2016
Central Library Constructed 1989
1974
How past decisions / events affect others, and which critiques guide the Studio Project Themes
14
INTRODUCTION / CONTEXT
METHODS OF A MAN OUT OF TIME As well as using the studio’s feminist methodology of care, the ‘Man Out of Time’ has to use a combination of other methodologies to create a feasible thesis project, rooted in the given context, but also relevant to today.
HISTORICAL Desktop study
NOW (2020)
QUALITATIVE Precedent studies
Collages
L
/C ies om
es tegi
L
SIMULATION
Case Stud
QUALITATIVE Personal experience
LOG ICA
ned Stra bib
EXPERIMENTAL
NAL ATIO REL R CO
ATIVE ALIT QU
HIST OR ICA
How the author’s ‘Man Out of Time’ strategy relates to Groat and Wang’s seven methodology strategies
15
HISTORICAL Creation of historical narrative
SIM Mo
MULATION odelling
THE WORKING PEOPLE’S CLUB
THEN (1989)
HISTORICAL Study of time-relavant documents
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
Mapping
07/01/20
20
HISTORICAL Archive visits Site Visits
QUALITATIVE Location Studies
Working methods of the author
16
THEMES
1
‘THE CONCRETE COLLAR’ ‘Progress’, but at what cost to the city?
“...a city in a tearing hurry, addicted to instant success, biggest, first, pragmatic, profitable, confusing, incoherent and monotone. A concept of natural development seemed to have been swept away. There was neither time for people to participate in city development, nor time for the city landscape and its people to absorb that development.”5
Highbury Initiative
1. THE CONCRETE COLLAR
A4400: INNER CITY RING ROAD The brainchild of Birmingham’s City Surveyor and Chief Engineer, Herbert Manzoni, the A4400 was the new Inner Ring Road for Birmingham’s city centre. Constructed between the 50s and 70s, it gave commuters the option to bypass the congested city centre. It also led to severe urban planning issues for Birmingham, creating ‘... a ring road network which stifled the city centre’s regeneration’.6 This ‘strangling’ of the city gave birth to the ring road’s nickname: The Concrete Collar.
A4400 location
Birmingham Inner City Ring Rd - ‘The Concrete Collar’
21
THE WORKING PEOPLE’S CLUB
Herbert Manzoni 1899-1972 Birmingham’s City Surveyor and Chief Engineer 1935-1963 ‘I have never been very certain as to the value of tangible links with the past. They are often more sentimental than valuable... As to Birmingham’s buildings, there is little of real worth in our architecture. Its replacement should be an improvement... As for future generations, I think they will be better occupied in applying their thoughts and energies to forging ahead, rather than looking backward.’7 22
1. THE CONCRETE COLLAR
TABULA RASA VS BOTTOM UP
Differences between the traditional modernist approach of Tabula Rasa, vs the feminist approach of Bottom-Up planning
Tabula Rasa - Modernist
1
2
Starting area - back-to-back slums were prolific in Birmingham in the 1950s
Site is cleared - the ‘Tabula Rasa’, or ‘Blank Slate’
3 New builds can be built in their place - in Birmingham these were the ring roads and new modernist council housing
‘to bring back an obsolete district to a high standard... can only be achieved if the whole layout is changed...the whole area must be new and it must look completely different.’8
Bottom Up - Feminist £ £££
1 £
2
3
££ Starting area - residents are consulted and value is found in the site
Some properties are demolished, others are renovated / extended, and new builds can be constructed to create a more nuanced and considered area
‘There is no such thing as tabula rasa...’9 ‘Consultation can be a means of developing the brief, to affirm or question intuitive responses to a site...the search for the intimacy of meeting a representative of the eventual user’10 23
THE WORKING PEOPLE’S CLUB
Manzoni, like many architects of the time, applied the modernist approach of Tabula Rasa to all aspects of city planning, resulting in a disregard for current city grain and vernacular. This approach doesn’t value people already living in these areas, and shows how care can be misplaced. It was obvious that Manzoni cared for the city, as the largescale slum clearances to create the new districts and roads improved Birmingham resident’s health, but also showed a lack of care towards key communities, as neighbourhoods were split by the new developments.
Paradise
‘It seems that, in 21st century Birmingham, the planning mistakes of the post-war years continue to be replicated.’11 Since its incorporation into a city in 1889, Birmingham’s Coat of Arms has always had the word ‘Forward’ as it’s motto, a value embodied by the council; usually resulting in ‘...growth and development with enormous energy and ambition… but in the past it has not paid adequate attention to the quality of the transformations it has made…’12. This issue of progress at any cost seem to have come to the forefront again, with new buildings going for ‘iconic’, without a care for surrounding context, and Birmingham City Council resorting to demolition and new builds over refurbishment and renovation of current stock.
Arena Central
Two developments in Birmingham today, separated by less than 100m, and lacking coherence with their surroundings, and one another
24
1. THE CONCRETE COLLAR
LAYERED VS LEVELED Looking at the timeline of key buildings in the city, and their lifespans, the rate of building over previous structures is similar to Rem Koolhaas speaking in ‘The Generic City’, with Birmingham becoming a ‘...city without history… if it gets old it just self-destructs and renews...’13. From these ideas, and the previous Bottom Up methodology, two extreme approaches can be found for the city. For the WPC to realistically counter these approaches, it needs to find a middle ground.
3?? -203 2013 Years) (20
013 1974-2 s) (39 Year
1882-1968 (86 Years)
Birmingham Library - How long before the modern one is demolished in the pursuit of the new?
25
Leveled City The ideas of Tabula Rasa, and Birmingham City Council’s need to begin again have resulted in the city becoming a wasteland of construction, as buildings are constantly demolished and rebuilt
THE WORKING PEOPLE’S CLUB
Layered City A continuous Bottom Up approach has resulted in nothing being demolished, just built over, creating a city of stacked history, as parts have become obsolete / outdated
26
1. THE CONCRETE COLLAR
THEME 1 RESPONSE To react against Birmingham’s ‘... commitment to waves of creative destruction…’14, the WPC seeks to redevelop a key part of the city through more sustainable techniques, with a combination of reusing existing buildings and new insertions, to create a new space.
27
THE WORKING PEOPLE’S CLUB
THE CONCRETE COLLAR
How Can a City Progress Holistically?
28
2
‘WORKSHOP OF THE WORLD’ Coping with a region-wide loss of industry
‘The industrial heartland of the UK is slowly becoming an industrial wasteland’15
Spencer et al.
AUSTIN ROVER CARS DRIVINGIS BELIEVING
2. WORKSHOP OF THE WORLD
FROM HEARTLAND TO WASTELAND Post WW2 Birmingham was an incredibly prosperous city, with unemployment around 1% between 1948-6616, and trailing behind only London in terms of new jobs created. Due to the city’s industries being incredibly diverse, Birmingham had often been resilient to downturns and recessions that had plagued other regions of the country. This success was seen as an issue by the Labour government, who sought to limit Birmingham’s growth, in an attempt to divert industry to struggling cities in the North. Whilst these policies were unsuccessful in limiting the growth of existing industries, they did stop new industries forming. Because of this, Birmingham - once the ‘City of 1000 Trades’ - 20.5 was now overly % reliant on the motor industry, and due 11.4 % to an amalgamation of failing firms, one company in particular: British Leyland. UK
Scotland (33) North (21) Northern Ireland (4)
Yorkshire & Humber (6) North West (45) East Midlands (22)
East Anglia (5)
Wales (87)
Birmingham
120 South West (32)
115
South East (30)
GDP Per Head
110 105 100 95 90 85
GDP Per Head (West Midlands region) (1971-1981)
31
19 81
19 80
19 79
19 78
19 77
19 76
19 75
19 74
19 73
19 72
19 71
80
Destination and number of firms that moved from the West Midlands (1960-1975)
THE WORKING PEOPLE’S CLUB
This industry specialisation meant that the area was susceptible to a widespread downturn, as was the case when the 1973-75 and 1980-81 recessions hit.
1.5 1.5
1.18 million peak
1 1
.5
1 92 992 19
19
1 88 988
19
19
19
19
19
1 86 986
1 84 984
1 82 982
1 80 980
1 78 978
Car production in the West Midlands (1970-1992)
19
19
1 76 976
1 74 974
1 72 972
19
19
1 70 970
0 0
1 90 990
625,000, almost halved 625,000, almost halved
.5
19
Number Number of Units of Units Produced Produced (Millions) (Millions)
1.18 million peak
100
90 80 80 70 70 60
20.5 %
73% of 1981 level 73% of 1981 level
60 50
11.4 %
Employment in the manufacturing sector, Birmingham (1981-1992)
1 92 992 19
1 91 991 19
1 90 990 19
1 89 989 19
1 88 988 19
1 87 987
1 86 986 19
19
1 85 985 19
1 84 984 19
1 83 983 19
19
1 81 981
40
1 82 982
50 40
19
% Employed % Employed in Manufacturing in Manufacturing (1981(1981 = 100%) = 100%)
100 90
UK
Birmingham
Average unemployment (1984)17
32
120
2. WORKSHOP OF THE WORLD
BIRMINGHAM: CITY OF ? TRADES
City of 1000 Trades (1900-1965)
33
THE WORKING PEOPLE’S CLUB
City of 1 Trade (1965-1989)
34
2. WORKSHOP OF THE WORLD
25% + 20-24.9% 15-19.9% 10-14.9% 0-9.9%
Unemployment by ward in the West Midlands County (1984)
35
THE WORKING PEOPLE’S CLUB
Ansell’s Brewery 1858-1981
Typhoo Tea Factory 1926-1978
Davenport’s Brewery 1852-1987
BSA (Birmingham Small Arms) Factory 1861-1973
1967
1986
Whilst the two maps don’t show a massive change in the amount of industrial works between 1967 and 1986, the industrial crisis the city faced was massive, and shaped it’s perception for years to come. 36
2. WORKSHOP OF THE WORLD West Midlands key industry losses
Round Oak Steelworks (1857-1982)
Smethwick Foundry (1915-1981)
Longbridge East Plant (1917-1986)
37
Standard Triumph Factory (1857-1982)
THE WORKING PEOPLE’S CLUB The way British Leyland was combined into 1 company of struggling car firms , that ultimately struggled more, was similar to Birmingham’s trades being combined, and showed a lack of care by the Labour government to keep the area resilient to recession.
1968-1986
19 70 British Motor Holdings
Leyland Motors
19 60
19 50 Standard Triumph
Nuffield Organisation
19 40
19 30 1890
1924
1919
1901
1905
1922
1910
1878
1919
1903 1920 38
2. WORKSHOP OF THE WORLD
THEME 2 RESPONSE After the recession, most of the jobs in heavy industry never returned, with globalisation and negative perceptions of British Leyland resulting in industry going elsewhere. So, with a large, mostly male populace now out of work, how can the WPC create a suitable environment where these people can learn new skills to be able to work again?
39
THE WORKING PEOPLE’S CLUB
WORKSHOP OF THE WORLD
How Can Industrial Crisis Kickstart Social Change?
40
3
‘LAST ORDERS’ Reconnecting disjointed social fabrics
“ They were a voice to what was happening in the neighbourhood, where contacts were made and broadened with the hope and promise of opportunities that would improve the life of your family... Above all, it was a comfort to know that the local was always there for you. Until one day it wasn’t’.”18
Bob Roberts
3. LAST ORDERS
THE LOSS OF THE PUB
The local pubs were often connected with nearby industries, giving factory workers a place to relax and socialise with one another outside of work.
Once the industry within the area closes or relocates, the pub loses the majority of its clientele. Because of this the pub is forced to close, and the community is lost.
The loss of industry in Birmingham’s southern quarters also had the knock-on effect of shuttering local pubs. As these pubs were often only visited by local industry workers due to the lack of other clientele in the area, once the industry began to close or move on then these pubs were forced to close. With that, local communities also suffered, as industry people, who often went to the pub with their coworkers after working shifts, disbanded and went their separate ways. 43
THE WORKING PEOPLE’S CLUB
Pub loss mapping around Digbeth and the Bull Ring (1960s-1980s)
44
3. LAST ORDERS
MAPPING PUBS
PAINTED FRAME
PAINTED BRICKWORK
45
THE WORKING PEOPLE’S CLUB Diagram showing common design themes around Digbeth pubs, both abandoned and remaining
TILED
BRICKWORK 2 STOREYS
3 STOREYS
>3 STOREYS
46
3. LAST ORDERS
KEY FEATURES For the WPC to be a more inclusive version of the ‘traditional’ pub / Working Men’s Club, studies of pub spaces help the author get a better feel for what themes the WPC should carry through, and which should be discarded.
2
1
4
3
1. Designed by James & Lister Lea, Victorian pub builders who also built The Anchor in Digbeth (on pg47)
2. Different use between ground and upper floors - can be seen in the change of building facade between floors
3. Usually constructed from brick / terracotta due to period they were created / stand out from surrounding industrial sheds 4. Frosted glass, or darkened windows to restrict overlooking from the general public
10
8 9
11
7 6
5. Situated either centrally on a street, or on a corner - increases visibility of entrance and footfall 6. Bar either in the centre of the main pub space, or against a wall - compromise between visibility and storage
7. Bench or stool seating - allows for impromptu arrangements / flexibility 8. Social recreation isn’t always a given in pubs 9. Secondary entrances provide access to ancillary
spaces
5
10. Often a ‘public’ and ‘private’ bar - the private bars usually had table service - and for many ears women were banned from entering these areas 11. Smoking in pubs was commonplace before the smoking ban of 2007
47
The Market Tavern, Digbeth
THE WORKING PEOPLE’S CLUB
PERSONAL EXPERIENCE: FAGAN’S
Site research to Fagan’s in Sheffield allowed the author to draw the most parallels to a pub setting in the 80s, being one of the more traditional ones in the city.
4. Expensive too! Not ‘normal’ Sheffield 1. Busy - probably because it’s a Saturday,
prices, and with the bar being cash only it makes it a struggle
Tiled
Carpet
but was hard to find a seat
2. Tiled flooring around the bar, creates a weird
divide to the carpet - but also probably sensible for spills.
5. Irish memorabilia on all the walls begins to explain the need for two Guinness taps caters to specific community
Which kind of features should the WPC utilise? Sense of community Human scale building Flexibility of space Ornate, but local materials
3. Two Guinness taps - more than usual
Also: Space itself didn’t feel hostile, even though I was definitely an outsider. No darts / pool table either - a pub just for drinking. 48
3. LAST ORDERS
WORKING MEN’S CLUB
Pub As... ...Escape
‘In truth, neither tobacco nor alcohol was new to me, but the male-only atmosphere of the bar struck me as irrefutably adult. This was the grown-up world and it was segregated.’19 Founded in 19th century, Working Men’s clubs were private social clubs, designed to cater to men working in the newly industrialised cities in the UK, and provide them with education and areas for social recreation. However, in recent years most of these clubs have lost their original educational intentions, and become solely about recreation, usually containing a bar, with occasionally a bigger room for hosting events. These Working Men’s clubs and pubs weren’t always just a location to socialise and drink. Some were much more social engaged, and acted as a community anchor, or as a tool for marginalised workmen to be able to unionise to enact social change. Even today, some are affiliated with the two major political parties in the UK, to try and spread agendas.
Seen as a way to get away from the monotony of working life.
Pub As... ...Forum
Pub As... ...Community
Like the ancient forums, the pub creates a space to chat about day-today issues that might not otherwise be discussed.
Visiting the same pub with the same people built up a camaraderie which extended outside of work, to form new social groups.
Why the pub? Whilst Working Men’s Clubs were often gendered spaces, the pub does also create secondary roles for itself, outside of drinking. These benefits are the areas which the WPC can utilise, and improve on.
49
THE WORKING PEOPLE’S CLUB
MINERS’ INSTITUTES
Reading Room
Library - As well as fiction, Institute books were often of a political nature. Once communities were buying their own books, instead of local ministers, the library stock ’moved from Palestine to Russia.’21
‘....the ultimate self-help, independent, working-class institution that gave its members some power and control over at least one part of their lives.’20 Miners’ Institutes were another variant on the Working Men’s Club, and helped to educate the working class man, whilst also providing an area for social recreation outside of work. Prevalent throughout the coalfield areas of Southern Wales, these institutes were set up by the mineowners, and their upkeep was paid for by a proportion of the coal miner’s wages. The formation of Miners’ Institutes
Miners’ Institute
Typical Miners’ Institute
Meeting Room
Large , quite overbearing civic looking structure - more ‘human’ scale for WPC?
Now running as a theatre and arts centre, Blackwood Miners’ Institute in Wales is one notable example. Originally opening in 1925 as a snooker hall, the addition of another two storeys to the building in 1936 added a stage, auditorium, dance floor, reading room, library, ladies’ room and rehearsal spaces
50
3. LAST ORDERS
THEME 3 RESPONSE Apart from simply being a place to drink, the pub can be about much more. For the WPC to be successful, and more readily accessible to the general public, it needs to make the often secondary themes of a pub be the primary design drivers. With this, a more political and altruistic version of the Working Men’s Club can be created.
51
THE WORKING PEOPLE’S CLUB
LAST ORDERS
How Can Architecture Reconnect / Promote Lost Communities?
52
THEMES
THESIS QUESTION All these themes come together to create the Working People’s Club, a more inclusive variant of the traditional Working Men’s Club. The WPC becomes a social space which allows people from multiple demographics and trades to come together; to meet, socialise, and further themselves through learning new skills and other activities. The WPC is a more civic space than the original, and forms the beginning of a new government initiative to enact overarching social change within cities - starting with Birmingham.
How Can a City Progress Holistically?
How
SUSTAINABLE REDEVELOPMENT OF A LOCAL AREA / BUILDING
HOW CAN ARCHITECTURE 53
THE WORKING PEOPLE’S CLUB
w Can Industrial Crisis Kickstart Social Change?
SKILLSHARE
How Can Architecture Reconnect / Promote Lost Communities?
A PUB FOR A FRAGMENTED COMMUNITY
HELP OPEN UP TRADITIONALLY GENDERED SPACES? 54
THEMES
PROGRAMME
Offices People working at the Working People Club. However, with the amount of offices around the site, and difficulty they were experiencing getting clients in 1989, this might not be necessary.
Meeting Rooms More formal spaces for meetings/ presentations, in a range of sizes.
Nu
Community / Gathering Space
Lecture Theatres
For the more academic or theoretical skills, lecture spaces will be needed.
Like the ancient forums, this space becomes an area for people to group together - however this might be a task that should be done by the ‘pub’ space.
Brewery
With other breweries closing in the area, having a small-scale brewery on site can help provide outreach by selling to other pubs.
Skill Share
The specifics of this space are uncertain, and might be usurped by the learning spaces, however this could be an area to show off skills that the WPC can provide teaching in.
Learning Spaces & ‘Street’
The Pub Plaza / Park
Connecting the WPC to green space creates an environment reminiscent of the village green, with space for pub activities to spill out during Summer.
55
The anchor to the scheme, the pub creates an informal meeting area, and a starting point for users who may be curious about using the other spaces.
A range of stripped back areas to host practical skills. These spaces could open up and spill out onto a ‘Skill Street’.
Ma by ch
THE WORKING PEOPLE’S CLUB Programmatic drawing
Offices? Nursery/ Daycare
Workshop
Learning Spaces
ursery / Daycare Lecture Theatres Meeting Rooms
Workshop
Community Space Skill Share
A practical space for learning and testing skills.
Pub
Brewery?
PUBLIC THOROUGHFARE
akes the WPC more inclusive y giving working people with hildren a viable option.
Plaza / Park
Public Thoroughfare
Various learning spaces might connect to a public route, to entice in other members of the public, and open the WPC up to more.
Spatial relationships
Using the theme responses from the previous section, a programme for the building begins to develop. Whilst these diagrams are non-site specific, they begin to show how spaces may interact with each other spatially. 56
THE BULL RING ‘...there can be nothing wrong with the virility of civic government if it can bring about a development like this... there cannot be much wrong with architectural imagination either’22
HRH The Duke of Edinburgh
THE BULL RING
WIDER CONTEXT: THE BULL RING The Bull Ring
59
THE WORKING PEOPLE’S CLUB
2020
1989
BullRing
Bull Ring Centre
(Where & when the WPC is set)
Birmingham Selfridge’s
Bull Ring Centre bull sculptures
The current BullRing (built in 2003) sits on the site of the former Bull Ring Centre (constructed in 1964), with both being in the area of the original Bull Ring markets. To avoid confusion, icons have been chosen for both versions of the Bull Ring, denoting which the author is talking about. 60
THE BULL RING
WIDER CONTEXT: THE BULL RING The WPC is situated in the wider context of the Bull Ring shopping centre. With some form of market on the site since 1166, the Bull Ring has always had a focus on trading and retail. Containing 110,000m² of retail across 26 acres of floor space23, the current BullRing was designed to replace the previous Bull Ring Centre, constructed by J. Laing and Sons in the 1960s.
61
2020
THE WORKING PEOPLE’S CLUB
1989
62
THE BULL RING
ALTERNATIVE NARRATIVE The 1960s Bull Ring Centre experienced a litany of problems over its lifetime, and was demolished in 2000 to make way for the current shopping centre.
NOW July, 2000
But what if it wasn’t? The author proposes an alternative timeline where the Bull Ring Centre was saved, with the WPC becoming part of a wider regeneration strategy for the site.
The modernist dreams of Birmingham are finally dead, as demolition work begins on the Bull Ring Centre
63
THE WORKING PEOPLE’S CLUB
THEN?
e 4
20 ,1 98 9
ay ,J uly
sd
ur
Th
W ‘W ha PC t is ’? th e
No
.4 10 5
Th
9p
B
ir m
in
6
a. m .E
dit
io
n
Ce Bu gha m nt ll Po re Ri st n Sa g ve d!
July, 1989
The Bull Ring Centre is spared from redevelopment by a new scheme to rejuvenate the site, with the WPC as a key stakeholder
64
THE BULL RING
WHY THE BULL RING CENTRE? 2?
‘The concrete eyesore at the heart of Birmingham is set to get a makeover. But will good design succumb to commercial pressures?‘24 Why the Bull Ring? The broader context surrounding the building begins to answer some of the questions introduced by the earlier themes, whilst also being a landmark that the WPC can work with. When the 1960s shopping centre was built, the market traders - the original stakeholders of the Bull Ring, were marginalised. This, and the issues that the 1960s centre faced about Tabula Rasa and marginalisation weren’t alleviated by the construction of the new BullRing either, which again cleared the site, and became a centre solely for commercial retail - finally removing market traders from the site that they had used for 800 years.
1?
3?
Large site - WPC becomes part of a wider redevelopment , whilst also using existing Bull Ring Centre as context)
Short lifespan (less
Typifies Birmingham’s misguided modernist approach (Inner Ring Rd & widespread demolition)
Lessons from moder
The WPC creates a space for those traders to meet and socialise, and gives them the ability to enact greater agency over the centre itself.
‘The Concrete Collar’ - A critique of city planning 65
THE WORKING PEOPLE’S CLUB
64
74
51
16
75
70
72
66
65
29
33 42
52
56A 43
87
56
83 80 36 54
9
53
2
6
1A 82
10 60
12
58
3
45 45C
22 62 22 61
than 40 years), and up for redevelopment at the time - surely there’s a better solution to simply demolishing it?
rnist ideals weren’t learnt on creation of 2003 BullRing - instead another case of the Tabula Rasa approach
63
21
29
49B
41 50
49A
1
37
44 44A
62C
Central & visible location - easy for residents in surrounding areas to get to, and the visibility of the scheme within the city is good for the project’s outreach
‘Workshop of the World’ - Industrial crisis and social change
Original stakeholders of old Bull Ring, market traders, were marginalised by preference to corporate retail - how can they have some more autonomy / power over the centre?
‘Last Orders’ - Rejoining fragmented communities 66
THE BULL RING
BULL RING: SITE HISTORY
Moor St. Station
New St. Stat
ion
l
t Hal
Bull
Ring
Marke
t
Fish
Marke
St Martin’s
Smithfield Market
1890s
1950s
Due to new markets creating congestion throughout the city, all market activity was decided to be concentrated into the Bull Ring area, with the original Bull Ring market hall being constructed between 1833 and 1835, housing 600 stalls.25
Bombing by the Luftwaffe during WW2 devastated areas of Birmingham, with the roof of the market hall being destroyed. The building itself wasn’t repaired after the war, with the former hall’s shell still being used for open markets.
67
THE WORKING PEOPLE’S CLUB
Rotunda
BullRing
BullRing
BULL RING CENTRE
Outdoor Market
St. Martin’s Market
1980s
2020
The construction of the Inner Ring Rd cut off the original market hall from the rest of the city, and the decision was made to create a new, more Americanised shopping centre. This became the Bull Ring Centre, which was completed in 1964.
By the late 80’s the failings of the modernist Bull Ring Centre were becoming apparent, with calls to redevelop it starting in 1989. In 2000 it was finally demolished, and the BullRing was constructed in its place, alongside an updated New Street. 68
THE BULL RING
SITE ANALYSIS
The North
To Birmingham Central Library / City Centre
City Centre To New Street / Pallasades Shopping Centre 1
’s artin St. M
roo allb Sm
/ ay nsw ue e Q k
er Inn
d gR R in
u Circ
s
Smithfield Market
Digbeth High St.
Vehicles People Subways
Routes - Pedestrian / Vehicles The South
1 Subway City
Due to modernist principles about separating vehicles and pedestrians, with priority given to the car, subways were often the only way for Birmingham residents to get from one area to another.
69
THE WORKING PEOPLE’S CLUB Quite a few pubs around Bull Ring - how can the other stages of the programme make the WPC stand out?
2 Fish / Poultry / Meat Market in the Bull Ring Centre
St. Martin’s Market
2 Markets
Public Houses Markets
After being removed from their home of almost 800 years in the centre of the Bull Ring, the market traders were split between the fish, meat and poultry markets inside the Bull Ring Centre, and other traders outside.
Smithfield Market
Market / Pub Locations
To Snow Hill Station
To Sheffield / The North
New St. Station To The Black Country / Liverpool Moor St. Station 3 To Solihull / London Marylebone Midland Bus Station
3 Birmingham New Street
Before its renovation in the mid 2010s, the 1967 New St. station had sold its air rights, resulting in a car park and shopping centre being built over the train platforms.
Car Parks Bus / Stops Rail
Transport Links / Car Parks 70
THE BULL RING
SITE ELEVATIONS North Elevations
1
1
2 6
3
4 5 7 East Elevations
3 West Elevation
5
South Elevations
6
71
7
THE WORKING PEOPLE’S CLUB Elevations of the Bull Ring Centre Archive visit 7/1/20
2
4
72
THE BULL RING
BUILDING ISSUES
£££ High unit rents on shops drove away traditional traders, limiting the diversity of the building stakeholders. These rents were eventually lowered due to a lack of uptake on the retail units.
Prioritising connections to the ring road over the city centre showed a preference towards more affluent commuters, and made local residents view the centre poorly.
The combination of serving too wide a range of people, and the stratification of programmes within the building resulted in little mixing between clienteles, posing problems for non-retail stakeholders.
15 entrances across 5 levels26 resulted in a complicated and confusing layout, compounding other problems and limiting overall footfall.
The creation of the new centre resulted in the marginalisation of previous site tenants and stakeholders, such as the original market traders, with a preference towards retail shopping.
Areas for market sellers ended up being both inside and outside the main building, splitting clients, and reducing engagement with the public for both sets.
With the centre closing at 20:3028 (changed from 23:30) a large section of the city was shut off in the evenings, again limiting footfall through the building.
65’ With a level change of 65 feet across the site27, the Bull Ring Centre was far more complicated than its American precedents, which were often built flat, out-of-town sites.
73
THE WORKING PEOPLE’S CLUB
A rationalised, more open floor plan has resulted in fewer entrances, and easier wayfinding.
When the Bull Ring Centre finally closed in 2000, it had endured a protracted battle to try and increase footfall over its entire lifespan, due to a wide range of issues. Here, some of the key issues of the modernist centre are shown, and whether or not the new BullRing fixed them.
A now singular clientele, and a favouring towards corporate retail, results in a much easier programme compared to the old building, but no longer favours traders.
The market traders were marginalised even further by the construction of the new BullRing, ending up on the periphery of the site.
Restaurants and other building uses mean that the BullRing now shuts later (23:00), and is more vibrant around the clock. 74
THE BULL RING
WHAT REMAINS IN 2020? ‘Permanence is a rare quality in Birmingham. The city’s restlessness creates discontent with what it has and encourages its replacement by something else.’29
1
Due to Birmingham’s constant pursuit of progress, very little of the modernist Bull Ring remains on the site today. This lack of surrounding context means that the old Bull Ring Centre becomes the primary contextual anchor for any designs for the WPC.
2
4
3
5
6
View from th Whilst all the shops have remained the same, frontages have changed considerably
6
Photos showing surrounding site context, and which parts remain from the 1980s.
2
4
5
1
3
4
View towards the High St. / New St. Old Pavilions shopping centre, now Europe’s biggest Primark Centre city tower Constructed 1975
Radisson Blu hotel Built in 2005 New Street Station Redeveloped in 2010 Ladywood House Built with the previous New street station (1970s)
New St. Station Part of Bull Ring Centre, but extensively reclad / redeveloped
Image locations
Modern BullRing
Surviving piece of the Bull Ring Centre The old bus station - now part of ‘Link Street’ (more retail)
No bus stop, due to lack of pedestrian access to inner ring rd
No pedestrian route either, because of the ring rd
5
View towards New St. Station
75
6
View from near Moor St. Station towards the BullRing
THE WORKING PEOPLE’S CLUB Rotunda The rotunda - constructed alongside the Bull Ring Centre in 1963, recently converted into apartments
St Martin’s church - built 1873 (Good point about the new Bullring was reinstating this view to the church from the high st / new st)
Bu ll
Bull Ring
Waterstone’s store
ing
Su rv
ivin
(20
Bu ll Rin
gC en
03
gc
Extensive remodelling of ground floor
Bu ll
Bu llR
on
tex
t fr om
tre
g(
Rin
(19
g(
19
18
50
90
s)
s)
80
De
velo
pm
19
Rin
s)
en
t)
80
New BullRing shopping centre
1
he centre of the BullRing, to St. Martin’s church
2
View from the High St. towards the BullRing
3
View from New St. Station, looking towards the BullRing underpass
Model diagram - each layer is the bull ring at a different moment in time, with the top layer showing the remaining context from the 1980s
76
INITIAL MOVES
INITIAL MOVES
HOW TO DEAL WITH A MEGASTRUCTURE?
9 floors of offices
1,600 buses a day
1,000,000 sq ft of concrete on a 4 acre site
20,000,000 passengers a year
40,000 shopper capacity
350,000 sq ft of retail space over 6 floors
With the monumental scale of the Bull Ring Centre encompassing everything in the area, it can seem like a challenging task to regenerate the area, and choose a suitable location for the WPC. The following pages look at other precedents, with design ideas to best tackle a megastructure. 79
N
Bull Ring Centre compared to Y5 MArch project
THE WORKING PEOPLE’S CLUB
RESIDENTIAL
Balfron Tower
Park Hill
Dealt with by Studio Egret West
Phase 1 Dealt with by Hawkins Brown
Whilst derided by The Twentieth Century Society as ‘a tragic missed opportunity’30, the light touch refurbishment of Erno Goldfinger’s Balfron Tower in London shows how a similar Brutalist landmark can be upgraded with very minor changes to the exterior facade, with most of the changes happening to internal layouts.
Originally consisting of 995 units set over 400 acres31 Park Hill’s decline in the late 1980s had left it as a neglected landmark in the city. Hawkins Brown’s renovation involved entirely stripping the building back to its frame, and has also made attempts to reinvigorate the original community spirit.
80
INITIAL MOVES
INDUSTRIAL
81
Ruhr Museum, Zollverein
Landschaftspark Duisburg Nord
Dealt with by OMA, Bรถll, and Krabel
Dealt with by Latz + Partner
Formerly a coal washing plant, OMA decided to leave 80% of the original machinery in place for conservation purposes32, resulting in a museum plan that has to accommodate and inhabit these often massive objects. Externally, the only changes made to the building fabric are the bright orange escalators that bring the public into the museum.
Another project dealing with German industrial heritage, Landschaftspark weaves new parkland through remaining fragments of industry, and repurposes existing objects for new uses (e.g. a former sewage canal became part of the site remediation strategy). Memory was considered as an important part of the site strategy, hence leaving the machinery to rust.
THE WORKING PEOPLE’S CLUB
CULTURAL
Neues Museum
Santa Caterina Market
Friedrich August Stüler (1859) Dealt with by David Chipperfield Architects
Dealt with by EMBT
After being bombed in the war, the ruins of the Neues Museum were left to decay, until David Chipperfield Architects won a competition to rebuild it in 1997. The new parts of the building don’t compete with the old, but instead emphasise the original structure, with obvious changes between the two.
Originally a convent before it became a market in 1848, EMBT’s updates maintained 3 of the original market walls, whilst opening one façade up to a new plaza. The new roof form has been made to ‘hover’ over the old façades. This results in an obvious separation between the different parts of the building, but in a way that is considerate of one another. 82
INITIAL MOVES
RE-IMAGINE CENTRAL LIBRARY Whilst not on the same scale as the Bull Ring Centre, attempts to deal with another Birmingham landmark, the Central Library, show how light touch interventions can redefine a building, as the mass of the concrete frame meant that very little could be done structurally to the overall building form.
Birmingham Central Library. Designed by John Madin, and constructed in 1974, and demolished in 2013 to make way for the Paradise development (pg24), and the new Library of Birmingham
83
THE WORKING PEOPLE’S CLUB Tactics for tackling a megastructure from the precedents
Cover
Maintain Frame
Doesn’t disturb the existing fabric, but provides a link between existing structure, and new interventions. See: Santa Caterina Market
Due to significance of its structure, the best method might be little interference with the existing build. See: Central Library
External Additions
Use of Existing Community
Adding canopies / etc. to an existing build can change its feel. Simple but effective option for dealing with the Bull Ring. See: Ruhr Museum
Often a vital part of a project, catering to an existing stakeholder, such as market traders, will ensure its longevity. See: Park Hill
Strip and Replace
Inhabit
Take the whole building back to its structural grid - might be too big a task on the Bull Ring. See: Park Hill
Not interfering much with the external or internal fabric, but simply building within what’s there. See: Landschaftspark
Combine, not Compete
Light-Touch
Not interfering too heavily with the existing building fabric, but making sure the new is complimentary. See: Neues Museum
Small interventions that don’t change the overall fabric much; however the Bull Ring likely need more severe works. See: Balfron Tower 84
INITIAL MOVES
SITE STRATEGY 4
Whilst also having issues of its own, the new BullRing did make several improvements on the previous centre - this initial site strategy begins to look at how these key ideas, and some new ones, could be applied to the Bull Ring Centre as part of its redevelopment.
7
6
1 New primary entrance from New St. / High St. improves access 2 Minimise market segregation with landscaping links across park 3 Improved pedestrian linkage to New St. station 4 24h model / extended times 85
THE WORKING PEOPLE’S CLUB
8
3 5 7
9 2 1
86
INITIAL MOVES 6
9
7
8
East Entrance
5
7 6 3 9
1
5
The current East entrance is under an overhang and not very prominent.
Breaking the Concrete Collar Recessing the wall and creating a double height space signifies where the primary entrance is.
When the BullRing was built in 2003, the Concrete Collar was finally broken. Rerouting or removing this section of inner ring rd helps alleviate a number of the Bull Ring’s problems. It stops it being cut off from the city, and allows pedestrian access without having to use subways. It also creates areas for new parkland something that Birmingham is still missing in 2020.
87
THE WORKING PEOPLE’S CLUB 7
Car Parking
With the mechanised car parks closed after 30 days33 a large percentage of the site is simply empty space. Having these spaces on the uppermost floors also cause additional problems, such as poor lighting of lower spaces.
Decanting cars to upgraded car parks around the site, and creating better pedestrian links to the Bull Ring Centre would improve walkability around the site, and free up space for other opportunities.
8
Centre Court
Centre Court currently has a solid roof, and doesn’t extend through to the lower floors resulting in little mixing of building users, and darker spaces that have to be artificially lit.
A new roof, coupled with cutting through the floor slab to the retail market below brings more natural light into the Bull Ring Centre, and to all retail floors.
9
Consolidate Entrances
A disproportionate amount of entrances split across all 6 levels helps contribute to a confusing and labyrinthine layout.
Much like the rationalised plan of the current BullRing, the consolidation of entrances, and highlighting primary ones through structural interventions, improve wayfinding.
88
INITIAL MOVES
SITE: MANZONI GARDENS
89
THE WORKING PEOPLE’S CLUB
N Site Plan 1:2000
90
INITIAL MOVES
MANZONI GARDENS With the Bull Ring Centre providing a wider context to the site, the WPC is located within Manzoni Gardens. In the centre of the inner ring rd, these gardens were the former site of the Victorian Bull Ring market hall, before it was demolished. Due to design moves undertaken through the wider site strategy, having a building encroach on these gardens would not reduce the amount of green space. Bull Ring Centre, 1963 - before the gardens had been constructed
Manzoni Gardens
Bull Ring Centre, 1969
91
THE WORKING PEOPLE’S CLUB Current site issues - some of these will be alleviated by the wider site strategy for the Bull Ring Centre
Isolation With the ring road surrounding the gardens on all sides, the site is currently cut off from the rest of the city.
Hidden The combination of both the ring road and Bull Ring Centre itself means that the site is often hidden from view, making the visibility of any proposal a challenge.
Through Route Due to a lack of social amenities, and the general appearance of the gardens, the site is predominantly used as a through route to other areas, with no one stopping.
Poor Access With the ring road cutting off most viable entry points, access is either via subways, or through the Bull Ring Centre itself. 92
INITIAL MOVES
STAKEHOLDERS
Bull Ring Ltd.
Who are the key stakeholders / clients for the WPC?
UK Government Birmingham City Council
93
Pub
Skillshare
Meeting Spaces
Bull Ring Market Traders
Blue Collar Workers
General Public
THE WORKING PEOPLE’S CLUB
NEXT STEPS Now that the initial work is done for the manifesto, where can the author go next with the project?
Modelling
Scrutinise Skill Share
80s Aesthetic
Create a physical model of the site at a wide scale (1:500 / 1:1000) to get a better appreciation of the size of the Bull Ring Centre, and begin massing studies.
Further research into how the skill share area might work, i.e. is it a sign up area, a testing space for a variety of skills, or a series of classes? Also what type of skills can the WPC offer?
Now that early work has been done to research the era, start to make architectural designs that begin to emulate, and improve on those of the time. (E.g. Rogers / Foster)
94
ENDNOTES
ENDNOTES 1
Tong, R., 1989. Feminist Thought: A Comprehensive Introduction. London: Routledge, pg162-165.
Thatcher, M., 1989. UN General Assembly Climate Change Speech. [Online] 8 November, United Nations General Assembly, New York. Available at: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VnAzoDtwCBg 2
3
Sutcliffe, A. & Smith, R., 1974. The History of Birmingham Volume 3, 1939-1970. London: Oxford University Press, pg479.
Life on Mars was set in the 70s, whilst its sequel Ashes to Ashes was set in the 80s, however the former is more culturally visible. 4
5
URBED & DEGW, 1988. Highbury Initiative. Birmingham.
Campbell, K., 2009. Erasing the Concrete Collar Around Birmingham. [Online] Available at: https://www.business-live.co.uk/commercial-property/erasing-concrete-collar-aroundbirmingham-3951582 6
7
Foster, A., 2005. Birmingham. London: Yale University Press, pg197.
8
Manzoni, H., 1955. Redevelopment of Blighted Areas in Birmingham. Journal of the Town Planning Institute, pg90-102.
9
Shonfield, K., Ainley, R. & Dannatt, A., 2001. THIS IS WHAT WE DO: A Muf Manual. London; Batsford Ltd., pg9.
10
Ibid. pg11.
Young, G., 2020. It’s Tears For Beers as Doomed Historic Eagle and Tun Pub Serves Last Orders. [Online] Available at: https://www.birminghammail.co.uk/whats-on/whats-on-news/its-tears-beers-doomed-historic-17510978 11
12 Holyoak, J., 2019. In focus: Ten years On, How is Birmingham’s Big City Plan Doing? [Online] Available at: https://www.architectsjournal.co.uk/buildings/in-focus-ten-years-on-how-is-birminghams-big-city-plandoing/10045535.article 13
Koolhaas, R., 1998. The Generic City. in: Koolhaas, R. & Mau, B., S,M,L,XL. 2nd ed. New York: Monacelli Press, pg1250
14
Kennedy, L., 2004. Remaking Birmingham: The Visual Culture of Urban Regeneration. Oxon: Routledge, pg1.
Spencer, K. et al., 1986. Crisis in the Industrial Heartland: A Study of The West Midlands. London: Oxford University Press, pg71. 15
Cherry, G. E., 1994. Birmingham: A Study in Geography, History, and Planning, Belhaven World Cities Series. Chichester: Wiley, pg159. 16
Wikipedia, 2020. Unemployment in the United Kingdom. [Online] Available at: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unemployment_in_the_United_Kingdom#The_UK_unemployment_rate 17
Spencer, K. et al., 1986. Crisis in the Industrial Heartland: A Study of The West Midlands. pg71. The Lost Pubs Project, 2020. Welcome to the Lost Pubs Project. [Online] Available at: https://www.closedpubs.co.uk/ 18
19
Keenan, J., 2008. ‘Do Not Mourn Working Men’s Clubs’. The Guardian. 7 March 2008.
Baggs, C., 2004. The Whole Tragedy of Leisure in Penury: The South Wales Miners’ Institute Libraries During the Great Depression. Libraries & Culture Volume 39, No. 2, pg115-136, pg119. 20
97
21
Ibid. pg122.
22
Adams, T., 1995. ‘Elegy to The Bull Ring’. The Observer (Life). 5 March 1995, pg27.
THE WORKING PEOPLE’S CLUB
23 Benoy, 2020. BullRing [Online] Available at: https://www.benoy.com/projects/bullring/ 24
Arnot, C., 1999. ‘Lets Not Charge Into the Bull Ring’. The Independent. 10 May 1999.
Wikipedia, 2019. Bull Ring, Birmingham. [Online] Available at: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bull_Ring,_Birmingham 25
26 Young, G., 2015. Bull Ring Shopping Centre Seen as a Place of Retail Dreams in Glorious 1960s Film. [Online] Available at: https://www.birminghammail.co.uk/whats-on/film-news/bfi-film-bull-ring-birmingham-10233316 27
Ibid.
Lintonbon, J., 2017. The Drive to Modernize: Remodelling Birmingham City Centre 1945-1965 in Gosseye, J., & Avermate, T., Shopping Towns Europe: Commercial Collectivity and the Architecture of the Shopping Centre 1945-1975. London: Bloomsbury. pg236. 28
29
Holyoak, J., 2019. In focus: Ten years On, How is Birmingham’s Big City Plan Doing? [Online]
Williams, F., 2019. Studio Egret West’s Balfron Tower Overhaul Slammed as ‘Tragic’ Missed Opportunity [Online] Available at: https://www.architectsjournal.co.uk/news/studio-egret-wests-balfron-tower-overhaul-slammed-as-tragic-missedopportunity/10040878.article 30
31 Wikipedia, 2020. Park Hill, Sheffield. [Online] Available at: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Park_Hill,_Sheffield
Detail, 2010. Ruhr Museum. [Online] Available at: https://www.detail-online.com/article/ruhr-museum-14210/ 32
33
Adams, T., 1995. ‘Elegy to The Bull Ring’. The Observer (Life). 5 March 1995, pg28.
98
THE WORKING PEOPLE’S CLUB
Environment & Tech Report
SPECIFIC TECHNOLOGY APPROACH
HOW CAN ARCHITECTURE HELP OPEN UP TRADITIONALLY GENDERED SPACES? SSOA APPROACH Sustainable Communities
Low Carbon Design/ Positive Carbon Capture
Use Resources Sustainably
Design Healthy Buildings
Improve Biodiversity/ Ecosystems
INVISIBLE CITIES’ APPROACH (METHODOLOGY OF CARE)
URBAN
PEOPLE
PROCESS
Consider Existing Relationships Around Site
Adding Social Value to Neighbourhoods
Reuse and Reappropriation of Exisitng Stock
Faculty of Biological Sciences University of Leeds
PRACTICE APPROACH
ASSOCIATED ARCHITECTS
New Engineering Building University of Birmingham
PRACTICE APPROACH
ASSOCIATED ARCHITECTS
URBAN
PERSONAL INTERESTS PEOPLE
Enabling Stakeholders to Have Greater Agency Over Their Surroundings
Creation of Inclusive Space That Focuses on Multiple Clients
PROCESS Retrofit of Existing Buildings
SSOA, studio, and personal approaches to sustainability and technology
101
THE WORKING PEOPLE’S CLUB
ENABLING STAKEHOLDERS TO HAVE GREATER AGENCY OVER THEIR SURROUNDINGS
CREATION OF INCLUSIVE SPACE THAT FOCUSES ON MULTIPLE CLIENTS
RETROFIT OF EXISTING BUILDINGS
How can architecture passively facilitate social and / or political change?
How can space be as accommodating and equal as possible for all who use it?
How can today’s knowledge help successfully repurpose a modernist megastructure?
Users and stakeholders in larger buildings can often feel that they have limited control over their surroundings, and are seemingly isolated from one another. Because of this, architecture should be able to facilitate secondary uses of space, which may arise at random, but can be used by stakeholders to regain some control over the building.
To create truly inclusive and democratic space, it needs to be able to accommodate a wide range of clientele equally and fairly, something crucial for the WPC due to its varied building programme, and differing stakeholders.34
Modernist and Brutalist buildings from the 1950s and 60s were often about purity of form and structure. With the renovations of Boston City Hall by Utile, only minor changes were made to either its structure or form, instead focusing on the rationalisation of internal layouts, and improving user experience.
For instance, Herman Hertzberger’s Montessori School in Delft created passive spaces within larger rooms, such as adding a brick plinth to the centre of the school hall. This allowed for a range of impromptu uses.
Maggie’s Centres, due to their project brief and building users, have to provide for multiple clientele, with wildly different needs. Equal space is created in these centres through both architecture and form, ideas that are relevant due to the studio’s feminist methodology of care, which looks at how decisions will affect others.
The author intends to adopt a similar approach with the WPC, exploring how seemingly minor improvements and changes to the Bull Ring Centre’s internal and external layout can have a profound effect on how the building is utilised and perceived. 102
SUSTAINABILITY PRECEPTS
SUSTAINABLE COMMUNITIES
1. Empower local communities to fulfill their shared aspirations through design How can new interventions to an existing building improve local communities‘ agency over their surroundings? Before the construction of the 1960s Bull Ring Centre, there had been a form of market in the surrounding Bull Ring area since the mid 12th century, with the primary stakeholders being the market traders themselves. However, with the creation of the shopping centre, these traders were marginalised to favour corporate retail. A key aim of the WPC is to provide these marginalised people, both from the Bull Ring Centre and further afield, a place to convene and coalesce into a larger group - one that can begin to resist any further changes to their environment. As discussed previously, passively giving building users the tools by which to enact this change, by providing a series of formal and informal meeting and gathering spaces, allow conversations and groups to occur naturally. This idea of ‘Making Space, Leaving Space’35 results in spaces that are open to interpretation as to their use. Providing greater agency to users also directly builds on the author’s experience from Live Projects, where the group gave a co-housing team the ability to better react to developers and councillors through a series of tools that helped them drive their project forward. The WPC will aim for these kind of interstitial spaces around key areas, with the study and development of these moments and spaces occurring through detailed design and models, potentially at 1:10 or 1:20.
103
Hertzberger sought to emulate the secondary uses from historic precedents. For instance, columns with large bases also creating impromptu seating areas for waiting users. Seen on the colonnades of Bernini’s Piazza San Pietro in St. Peter’s Square, Rome, and used in his Apollo schools project in Amsterdam.
Work during Live Projects gave the client the tools they needed to accurately describe what they wanted from any future designs.
THE WORKING PEOPLE’S CLUB
USE RESOURCES SUSTAINABLY 2. Design for lean construction, repair, re-use, flexibility and disassembly How can transient architecture be best utilised to compliment and react to a megastructure? As a modernist megastructure, concrete and glass were the two main material components of the Bull Ring Centre. With 1,000,000 sq ft of concrete poured over 29 months, the ‘embodied energy’ (‘the carbon dioxide emissions that are generated from the formation of buildings, their refurbishment, and subsequent maintenance’36) within this structure is massive. Using the embodied carbon value of 33.6kg per 1m2 for cast concrete37, at least 3,100 tonnes of CO2 was ‘stored’ within the 1960s Bull Ring Centre. With this much embodied energy, it seems incredibly inappropriate to knock down the entire structure, as Hammerson did in 2003. Due to the WPC’s forming part of a narrative around a government backed pilot scheme, incorporating elements that are deployable or designed for disassembly would be the best option, as when the trial period is over, components of the main hub may need to be dismantled and relocated. Transient architecture is something the author has studied before, looking at humanitarian shelters in the Middle East during undergraduate studies38. Scaling these ideas up to a larger building would also tie into the original intentions of the high-tech architecture movement of the late 1960s to the 1980s, as ‘...such flexibility and indeterminacy… were important principles of high tech’39. However, due to its use throughout factories and offices, an interesting avenue to take would be how to humanise this form of architecture, that often relied on mechanical means to create a comfortable internal space.
Herman Miller Factory by Grimshaw/Farrell - designed to be adaptable as machinery changed, the building interior and exterior were modified 5 times over a 15 year period40. It has now been repurposed again; as a new campus for Bath Spa university.
Diagrammatic sketches showing how parts of the WPC might interact with the Bull Ring, then be removed or retained once the structure’s use has finished.
Richard Rogers’ idea for the ‘Zip-up’ house. This home was supposed to be movable and autonomous from the grid, relocating to wherever the owner decided.
104
SUSTAINABILITY PRECEPTS
IMPROVE BIODIVERSITY / ECOSYSTEMS 3. Sustainable micro-climates especially in urban areas How can architecture drive sustainable remediation of Birmingham’s postindustrial landscape? From a sustainability viewpoint, Birmingham’s ‘very high’ population density41 can be a help and a hindrance. Whilst helping to reduce travel distances and mitigate urban sprawl, it also has severe negative impacts on elements of the city’s microclimate, such as its air quality. Whilst the move away from leaded fuels in the late 1980s will have begun to improve the air quality by the time of the WPC’s creation, what methods can be used to improve it further? With the heat island effect already resulting in urban areas being 4-5°c warmer than standard42, the combination of this, and the heat given off by a large concrete building such as the Bull Ring could exacerbate any heating effects on the site. One of the most effective solutions to combating both the urban heat island effect, and poor air quality is to increase green space43, which the WPC will achieve through two separate strategies. Firstly, rerouteing the inner ring Rd, and replacing it with parkland44 will reduce the level of harmful airborne pollutants that are exhausted from vehicles - such as SO2, NO2, O3, whilst also making the area more pedestrian friendly. Secondly, the incorporation of green roofs onto the Bull Ring Centre will improve biodiversity across the site, whilst also helping to reduce surface temperatures by about 30%45. These green roofs, and other mitigation techniques around the WPC will also make the area less susceptible to flash floods, which will become more prevalent as climate change begins to alter the intensity and duration of rainfall. 105
Science Park Rheinelbe uses a reflective pool and thermal lift to passively cool the building, and reduce the overheating that a three storey glass facade would otherwise create.
Claus en Kaan Architect’s Dreamhouse project was a retrofit of an existing 1950’s building in Rotterdam, which also incorporated the addition of a green roof.
THE WORKING PEOPLE’S CLUB
DESIGN HEALTHY BUILDINGS
4. Provide access to green space / greenery and water views How can Birmingham begin to prioritise green space over space for the car? As well as benefiting Birmingham by improving the city’s biodiversity, additional green space would start to help create urban green corridors, maximising urban residents’ access to open space46. As of 2014, Birmingham has some 571 parks, creating more than 3,500ha of public accessible space47. However, most of this space isn’t in large scale parks as seen in London, which the city centre severely lacks, both in 1989 and 2020. With the Bull Ring Centre’s regeneration also creating parkland around the WPC site, new green space in central Birmingham would not only improve its urban landscape, but also provide health benefits for people, such as improving mental health.48
ASPECT Studios converted a disused railway line in Sydney into The Goods Line, a green corridor through the city, similar to The High Line in New York, and to the proposed ring rd park around the Bull Ring Centre and WPC.
5. Provide personal control of heating, lighting, ventilation for users of buildings How can architecture champion passive climate control methods over mechanical? With Birmingham’s climate set to become similar to Bilbao’s by 208049, and the UK experiencing one of its hottest summers on record in 1983, climate control systems are already needed in buildings in the late 1980s. However, the WPC should prioritise passive systems, as mechanical systems in the 80s were much more inefficient than they are now, and the addition of air conditioning to buildings could increase a typical dwelling’s operational energy by 20-37% by 208050. People are also more likely to sustain a wider temperature range if they have control over their surroundings.51 Systems such as openable windows, motorised solar shading, or using cross-ventilation, are methods the WPC can utilise.
Short and Associates‘ Queens Building at De Montfort university is all passively cooled, and naturally lit, using strategies such as include stack ventilation.
106
SITE TECHNOLOGY ISSUES
SITE TECHNOLOGY ISSUES Like most of the UK, Birmingham has a temperate maritime climate. However, its location also means that it experiences a considerable amount of rainfall, resulting in cold, rainy winters, and mild, relatively rainy summers. Being one of the highest cities in the UK, Birmingham is also much snowier city than others in the UK. With rainfall likely to increase in both amount and intensity due to climate change, designing suitable building forms, such as having pitched roofs52, will be crucial in designing how a building can react suitably to both rain and snow.
Manzoni Gardens - Primary site for the WPC
1960s Bull Ring Centre - Wider site context, and also houses ancillary sections of the WPC as part of its redevelopment.
Manzoni gardens sits on the site of the former Victorian Bull Ring market hall, which was demolished in the mid 1960s with the creation of the new centre. Because of this, and due to the site historically having a market on it from as early as the mid 12th century, ground investigations will have to be undertaken to see whether or not any debris from its demolition were simply buried under the site, or if there are areas of archaeological interest.
Working within the existing urban grain of central Birmingham, the WPC will be spread out across the wider Bull Ring Centre. However, this section will focus on the site of the primary hub building, which commandeers Manzoni Gardens next to the 1960s built Bull Ring Centre. The site is relatively open, with the reverse ‘L’ shape of the Bull Ring Centre tightly bordering the site on two sides, as the rerouteing of the ring rd in the site strategy removes barriers to pedestrian access from the other directions.
350c 300c 250c
The Bull Ring Centre in 1963, with the as-yet-to-bedemolished Bull Ring Market Hall highlighted 30 days
30 days
25 days
25 days
20 days
20 days
200c 15 days
15 days
150c 10 days
10 days
100c 5 days
5 days
50c 0 days
00c
Jan
Feb
Mar
Apr
May
Jun
Jul
Aug
Sep
Oct
Nov
Dec
0 days Jan
20-50mm
-50c Jan
107
Feb
Mar
Apr
May
Jun
Jul
Aug
Sep
Oct
Birmingham Min / Max temperatures 01/01/1989 - 31/12/198953
Nov
Dec
10-20mm Dry days
5-10mm
2-5mm Snow days
Average precipitation amount per month
< 2mm
Feb
Mar
Sunny <20% Cloud Cover
Apr
May
Jun
Partly cloudy 20-80% Cloud Cover
Jul
Aug
Overcast
Sep
Oct
Nov
Precipitation days
>80% Cloud Cover
Average days overcast per month
Dec
THE WORKING PEOPLE’S CLUB An existing building survey shows the relatively poor conditions of buildings and spaces around the site, and the overbearing use of concrete as a building material.
Bull Ring Centre
Rotunda Underutilised office space before its conversion into apartments between 20042008. Due to being on the northern edge of the site, overshadowing isn’t an issue.
Beginning to already show signs of concrete weathering by 1989, and it’s 1,000,000 sq ft54 of concrete means it has a thermal mass of roughly 8x106 kJ/K. 55
New Street Station Another concrete landmark, New Street helps mitigate prevailing wind speeds from the South West.
Inner Ring Rd ‘The Concrete Collar’ causes high levels of air and noise pollution around the site. However its rerouting by the site strategy will mitigate these, and debris from its demolition can be used as aggregate in other areas.
108
SITE TECHNOLOGY ISSUES
Spring / Autumn Equinox
Summer Solstice
N
Winter Solstice
10:00
13:00
16:00 (Winter 15:00)
Solar Analysis (June Peak)
Solar Analysis (Year Cumulative)
However, to combat Winter overshadowing, the WPC could use vertical elements to draw light in, and improve natural lighting. Another option will be to locate the majority of the massing to the Northern edge of the site. During Summer, shading will be required, with either vegetation or building additions. 109
N
The solar studies conducted show that the site is reasonably safe from overshadowing issues from neighbouring buildings, due to its openness on the west facade, and the topography change to the South resulting in minor overshadowing from the Bull Ring Centre.
With the amount of solar energy being collected by the concrete structure of the Bull Ring Centre, utilising its thermal mass will be suitable option to stabilising temperatures throughout the year.
THE WORKING PEOPLE’S CLUB
N NNW
NW
NNE
1000
NE
750
500 WNW
ENE 250
0
W
E
ESE
N
WSW
SW
SSW
SSE S
>0mph >17mph
N
Low Level
High Level
SE
>3mph >24mph
>7mph >31mph
>12mph >38 mph
Due to the site being open to the prevailing SW winds, analysis was carried out to see if this would be an issue. At lower levels wind won’t be an issue across the site, as the bus station creates a wind barrier. However, this instead channels wind down Edgbaston Street on the Southern edge of the Bull Ring Centre. Increasing vegetation, or adding vertical fins to this side of the centre would dampen the effects of this, with the fins having the added benefit of providingNsolar shading. Whilst wind might be an issue at higher levels, the WPC’s relatively low building height will mitigate this.
Note: The brickwork on St. Martin’s church was black due to air pollution during the 1980s, and was only cleaned as part of the 2003 redevelopment, so this brick colour wouldn’t have been as prominent.
With most of Birmingham’s building stock in the 1980s living up to the city’s reputation as a ‘concrete jungle’, trying to find a material palette around the site that doesn’t feature concrete is challenging (with Moor St. Station being a notable exception). However, utilising materials that are complementary to this concrete, such as brick or steel, and work to highlight new interventions, is key to the WPC’s success as an icon for the city. 110
PROJECT ENERGY STRATEGY
PROJECT ENERGY STRATEGY Even with the Bull Ring Centre and WPC being connected to a district heating and power system, methods are still required to minimise the need for heating and electricity as much as possible. As the energy efficiency of the fabric is always the ‘first renewable’ to consider56, repairing and insulating the Bull Ring Centre to reduce heat loss will be a crucial priority to lower energy demands.
1 Roof overhangs to shade from harsh summer sun, whilst still allowing winter sun to penetrate spaces. 2 Large openable doors onto the park improves air circulation. 3 Green roofs - new and retrofitted help reduce surface temperature and mitigate the urban heat island effect. 4 Openable vents at the top of rooms to improve cross-ventilation, and aid with night cooling. 5 Large atrium space encourages stack ventilation, drawing hot air from the rest of the building. 6 Controllable brise soleil to adjust daylight levels. 7 Floor-ceiling heights greater than 3m to aid air circulation. 8 Sufficient daylighting in making spaces will be important - use of northern skylights to minimise solar overheating. 9 Harness thermal mass of Bull Ring Centre to regulate microclimate temperatures. 10 Vegetation to provide passive solar shading throughout Summer and Winter. 11 Artwork/ structures and vegetation to act as wind breaks to prevailing SW winds.
Due to the lack of modern technologies in 1989, such as efficient solar panels, the WPC will have to rely on passive means of ventilation and lighting to minimise energy demand.
Summer sun azimuth: 610
Winter
sun az
3
imuth
: 14⁰
9
3 8
6 1 5 Prevailing SW wind
13
1
11
7
5
4
12 2
10
Note: Drawing is not indicative of building form
111
DISTRICT HEATING & ENERGY SUPPLY
THE WORKING PEOPLE’S CLUB For the wider Birmingham conurbation in 1989, a suitable energy strategy would be to install a district heating system, partially following the 1988 Sheffield model. This system would utilise a new combined heat and energy plant in the South East of the city, mitigating air pollution being blown over the city centre from prevailing wind directions, and due to a lack of residential in the area. It would also be able to produce electricity for key buildings in the city. Newtown Estate
Aston University Birmingham General Hospital
Magistrate’s Court/ Crown Court Birmingham College of Food, Tourism & Creative Studies REP Theatre
Central Library
Bull Ring Centre ICC (Opening 1991)
The benefits of district heating include: greater electrical efficiency due to reduced transmission losses from traditional energy systems, reduced heating costs for buildings, and utilising a low carbon system (in Sheffield, carbon emissions from district heating is calculated as 0.077kg of CO2/kWh,57 whereas gas from the grid creates 0.184kg of CO2/kWh.)58 This system focuses on mostly civic buildings in the city centre, as well as the high density tower block housing estates on the periphery of the city. The distance from the Newton estate to the energy plant is ~2 miles, which are similar distances to Sheffield’s system.
Energy Plant
Ladywood Estate
Where a Birmingham district heating and energy system might connect to
112
PROJECT CLIMATE CHANGE STRATEGY
CLIMATE CHANGE ADAPTATION
‘The danger of global warming is as yet unseen, but real enough for us to make changes and sacrifices, so that we do not live at the expense of future generations’59 Margaret Thatcher in a speech to the UN, 1989
How could buildings have been designed better in the 1980s if we had heeded this warning? Even in the late 1980s, governments and energy companies knew climate change was going to be a key issue of the future. As mentioned earlier, with the estimated temperature in the UK to rise by 4°c by 2080, Birmingham will begin to have a summer climate similar to Bilbao. Due to it also being situated in region 4 of the UK, Birmingham will have increased rainfall in the autumn and winter months, and less in the Summer. These two key factors lead to issues around overheating, and inconsistent water supply. Whilst environmentally aware building design can help mitigate these effects on the building users, the WPC will also need to be able to adapt as the climate does change.
113
5 7
8
THE WORKING PEOPLEâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;S CLUB 1 Sloped roofs with pitches >250 allow for quick water runoff, and direct it towards drainage systems. 2 Rainwater collection to reduce water use from plumbed fittings, and stabilise supply. 3 Space on Brise Soleil fixing rails for additional solar shading to be installed if greater overheating occurs. 4 Built-in fixings to building facades if more solar shading is required on the East / West sides of the building. 5 Areas designed for disassembly - more lightweight parts that can be removed if the building is adapted or its programme changes. These would have to be structurally and thermally separate from the rest of the building. 6 District heating system will take the load of changes to heating requirements in the future. 7 Green roofs - reduce urban runoff, helping to prevent flash flooding. 8 Leaving majority of the site open will leave room for further expansion / change of building use / infrastructure changes around the Bull Ring. 7
1
7
4 3
2
DISTRICT HEATING & ENERGY SUPPLY 6
114
ENDNOTES
ENDNOTES 34
Paul, J., 2020. Design Manifesto. pg55-56.
35
Hertzberger, H., 2009. Lessons For Students in Architecture. 6th ed. Rotterdam: 010 Publishers. pg152.
Sturgis, S. & Roberts, G., 2010. Redefining Zero: Carbon Profiling As A Solution To Whole Life Carbon Emission Measurement In Buildings. London: RCIS. 36
37
Pelsmakers, S., 2012. The Environmental Design Pocketbook. London: RIBA Publishing. pg150.
Paul, J., 2017. How Can Temporary Relief Structures Be Improved For World Crises? M.Eng Dissertation, University of Sheffield. 38
39
Davies, C., 2018. A New History of Modern Architecture. London: Laurence King Publishing. pg346.
Han, S., 2019. Herman Miller Factory was a Flexible, Non-monumental High-tech Factory. [Online] Available at: https://www.dezeen.com/2019/12/04/herman-miller-factory-grimshaw-farrell-high-tech-architecture/ 40
European Environment Agency, 1998. Assessment and Management of Urban Air Quality in Europe. Copenhagen: European Environment Agency. 41
42
Pelsmakers, S., 2012. The Environmental Design Pocketbook. pg74.
43
Ibid. pg60.
44
Paul, J., 2020. Design Manifesto. pg85-86.
45
Pelsmakers, S., 2012. The Environmental Design Pocketbook. pg75.
46
Ibid. pg59.
Morris, S., 2014. Birmingham Joins San Francisco and Oslo in Global Green Cities Club. [Online] Available at: https://www.theguardian.com/cities/2014/apr/03/birmingham-san-francisco-oslo-global-green-biophilic-citiesclub 47
48 Cohen-Cline, H., Turkheimer, E., Duncan, G. E., 2015. Access to Green Space, Physical Activity and Mental Health: A Twin Study. J Epidemiol Community Health, 69, pg523-529. 49
Pelsmakers, S., 2012. The Environmental Design Pocketbook. pg40
50
Ibid. pg138.
.
Wikipedia, 2020. Thermal Comfort. [Online] Available at: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermal_comfort 51
52
Pelsmakers, S., 2012. The Environmental Design Pocketbook. pg137.
Data taken from Birmingham Airport, so temperatures around the site likely to be marginally higher due to the urban heat island effect. 54 Young, G., 2015. Bull Ring Shopping Centre Seen as a Place of Retail Dreams in Glorious 1960s Film. [Online] Available at: https://www.birminghammail.co.uk/whats-on/film-news/bfi-film-bull-ring-birmingham-10233316 53
55 1sq ft concrete weighs roughly 18lbs. Specific heat capacity data from: Pelsmakers, S., 2012. The Environmental Design Pocketbook. pg150 for cast concrete. 56
Pelsmakers, S., 2012. The Environmental Design Pocketbook. pg273.
Veolia, 2009. Sheffield District Energy Network. [Online] Available at: https://www.theade.co.uk/assets/docs/case-studies/Sheffield.pdf 57
117
THE WORKING PEOPLEâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;S CLUB
58 ERDA, 2018. Carbon Content of Heat. [Online] Available at: https://www.erdaenergy.com/carbon-content-of-heat/
Thatcher, M., 1989. UN General Assembly Climate Change Speech. [Online] 8 November, United Nations General Assembly, New York. Available at: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VnAzoDtwCBg 59
118
THE WORKING PEOPLEâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;S CLUB
Management, Practice, & Law Report
ARCHITECTS
30 St. Paul’s Sq, Birmingham, B3 1QZ
HISTORY
COMPANY STRUCTURE
ETHOS Personal Approach - Social value of what’s
Formed as a partnership in the early 1970s by three graduates from the University of Sheffield, PAC architects is a practice with an ambition to champion retrofit and sustainable architecture across the UK.
existing most important
Dependency - Where possible will lead a project from start to finish, or act as consultants if this is unrealistic
With an original focus on housing and other community-led work, the practice has become a specialist in novel approaches to established industries, and has expanded in recent years to have 40 members.
Expect the Unexpected - Figure out how to modify / reinvent established systems
Include
the Excluded - Work with disenfranchised populations to improve their authority and autonomy
INSIGHT
Sustainability - A new topic in the world of
‘As each director runs their own team, with collaboration between these teams on larger scale projects, we keep the studio teams small, which allows us to consistently offer high quality and high value designs for our clients, with a personal approach that is beginning to get lost in with the onset of larger practices. This personal approach inspires everything we do, with the practice utilising a ‘bottomup’ methodology, that focuses on people and existing social value first, instead of the topdown approach seen in so many masterplans.’ James Paul, Director
121
architecture, having buildings and projects that are environmentally considerate to ensure they stand the test of time
Collaborative - Working together, whether
D I R E C T O R S
A S S O C I A T E S
A R C H I T E C T S
A S S I S T A N T S
A S S I S T A N T S
that’s internally, or with external consultants is the only way to make truly exciting and meaningful buildings
THE WORKING PEOPLE’S CLUB
ARCHITECTS
30 St. Paul’s Sq, Birmingham, B3 1QZ
1st July 1985
Mr. Richard Knowles Birmingham City Council Leader Council House Victoria Square Birmingham, B1 1BB Dear Mr. Knowles, As I’m sure you’re aware, the government has recently announced plans for their new ‘Working People’s Club (WPC)’ learning initiative, and are currently fielding competition entries on where to locate its trial centre. As one of the practices on the council’s development framework, we feel that it is imperative this trial centre is built in Birmingham. Hosting this initiative during its trial period from the end of this decade through to the mid-1990s is a viable route for kickstarting investment in the city, negating recent industrial decline, and allow Birmingham to learn from the mistakes of its predecessors. As well as this, using the Bull Ring Centre as the location of this WPC also resolves your previous inquiries into alternatives for that site. The following report outlines the viability of bringing the WPC initiative to Birmingham, with the likelihood being that the project would be split into three key phases: A. The construction of the new WPC B. The renovation of the existing Bull Ring Centre C. A landscape masterplan for the Bull Ring area Whilst our practice serves to be impartial advisors on the procurement of this project, the supplementary information within this report suggests methods that Birmingham City Council may use to accomplish all three phases of the design. Thank you for your time, and we hope to hear back from you in due course. Yours Sincerely, James Paul Director, PAC Architects
122
PROCUREMENT / CONTRACTS
PROCUREMENT / CONTRACTS
ACCOMMODATION SCHEDULE Following on from the programmatic drawings shown in the design manifesto60, this accommodation schedule highlights the desired space required within the new build section of the WPC, as well as the rough areas for the other two phases of the project.
Reception Space 50m2
Brewery 200m2
Nursery 200m2 Pub 350m2
6p Meeting Rooms 10 * 12m2 Forum / Gathering Space 400m2
Offices? Nursery/ Daycare
Workshop
Learning Spaces
10p Meeting Rooms 8 * 20m2
Lecture Theatres Community Space Skill Share Pub
Brewery?
PUBLIC THOROUGHFARE
Meeting Rooms
125
1p 20
4p 5*
30p 1
Plaza / Park
Spatial relationships diagram
Wo 2*
June 1985
THE WORKING PEOPLE’S CLUB
* Number of skill spaces that are integrated into Bull Ring Centre renovation currently unknown, so area of new build may be lower
Small Skill Spaces 20 * 14m2
orkshop 200m2
Medium Skill Spaces 8 * 40m2
*
Large Skill Spaces 4 * 80m2
(81,000m2)
Bull Ring Centre Renovation
Offices 0 * 5m2 25p Classrooms 6 * 60m2
50p Classrooms 2 * 115m2
50p Lecture Theatre 4 * 70m2
Offices * 20m2
p Office 150m2 (~ 4,020m2 *)
Working People’s Club (New Build)
(40,000m2)
Landscape Masterplan
Working People’s Club Bull Ring Centre, Birmingham 126
PROCUREMENT / CONTRACTS
CLIENT PROFILES Building upon earlier ideas to host the WPC in and around the Bull Ring Centre61, Birmingham City Council will have to work in conjunction with Bull Ring Ltd. (the current owners of the site) to successfully carry out all three phases of this project. To be able to accurately advise on suitable procurement options, the requirements of both clients have been assessed. These criteria have been adjusted from relevant comparison headings62 to determine an appropriate procurement route.
Client 1: Birmingham City Council (BCC)
Synopsis: Birmingham City Council is working under the oversight of the UK government on the WPC pilot scheme. The new building is to act as a hub for activities and skills in the city, with BCC hoping to use the scheme as a springboard to attract outside interest and investment after industrial decline in the past decade.
Time / Speed:
The criteria for this are: 1. Time / Speed 2. Cost Certainty 3. Complexity 4. Risk (to the client) 5. Quality
As the WPC initiative has only just been announced by the government, there isn’t a definite time frame to the project. However, it would seem that time constraints are less of a priority for the client when compared to other aims, such as quality. Even though the time frame isn’t as stringent as on other projects, the potential disruption to surrounding infrastructure, such as New Street station and the Inner Ring Road, must be minimised.
Cost Certainty: With the WPC forming part of a government-backed pilot scheme, the majority of the new build will be publicly funded through taxpayers’ money and relevant grants. Because of this, the project must be shown to be good value for money, and if any additional funds are required these will be heavily scrutinised.
Complexity: Being situated on a site in the centre of the ring road increases the complexity of the project, as it makes site access a challenge. The site choice will also result in the need for consultation with other civic entities, such as the Department of Transport and British Rail, due to the proximity of transport links.
Time / Speed
Bull
Risk
Rin
g Lt
d.
Complx.
Risk: There is inherent risk within the project due to its innovative nature, which will have to be embraced somewhat. As a public project, the known risks will need to be minimised and managed as much as possible.
Quality: City Council
Cert.
Mapping each client’s aims / priorities
127
Qual.
The project is classed as a flagship scheme, designed to show both the government and the general public that the project is viable if introduced nationwide once the trial period is over. Quality is therefore imperative, and needs to be the driving priority.
THE WORKING PEOPLE’S CLUB
Client 2: Bull Ring Ltd.
Synopsis: Bull Ring Ltd. currently own the Bull Ring Centre, a building that has been in decline for several years. Lower than expected footfall, and other issues63, means that the Bull Ring Centre is in need of wholesale regeneration to improve its image, and stimulate investment. Most of the below headings are focused around the secondary phases of the WPC, Phases B and C.
Time / Speed: Whilst the Bull Ring Centre has been in decline for a couple of decades, there is no great rush for the refurbishment. Phasing the renovation, and running it in parallel with the new building construction means that the timeframe can be greatly reduced. Disruption to other transport links, such as the rail and road links, are also alleviated due to the Bull Ring’s location.
Cost Certainty: The government will be providing some funding to the Bull Ring Centre through acquiring the WPC site, however the majority of the renovation will be from private investment. Whilst value for money is needed, it is less of a deciding factor when compared to other aims.
Complexity: Complexity for the client will arise from phasing the renovation of an active building, with the Bull Ring Centre remaining open throughout, with minor disruption.
Risk: The client is willing to take on more risk due to investing private funds into the subsequent phases of the scheme, and the expected financial benefits from other improvement projects around the site.
Quality: Quality should obviously be important to the renovation, and be finished to a high level, but it isn’t as much of a priority for the client compared to the new build section of the WPC. This is mostly due to the increased wear surfaces and finishes will face, and cost being a greater priority. Secondly, retail centres often have a greater than usual number of refurbishments, which results in materials having short-use lifespans.
128
PROCUREMENT / CONTRACTS
PARTNERING TECHNIQUES To be able to successfully manage this project with two separate clients, we suggest that BCC and Bull Ring Ltd. engage in a Joint Business Venture. This allows both clients to pool their resources to complete a specific task, and take advantage of their relevant expertise and resources.64 With this joint venture, the creation of a Special Purpose Vehicle (SPV) to carry out the works would be most suitable. This SPV is an independent company to both clients, with separate finances. Set up to construct and manage the WPC, the SPV is good for a risky venture such as this trial scheme, as it reduces any negative financial impacts to either client, and isolates the risk within a separate entity.65 This SPV can then be used to pool both public and private sector assets, as well as raise further capital if necessary. Also, if the project is successful, this company can be maintained to run the building.
Birmingham City Council
Expertise Public Funding
Bull Ring Ltd.
Special Purpose Vehicle
Land Assets Private Investment
LTD.
Raise private capital Singular task Expertise & land
SPV setup and benefits
129
THE WORKING PEOPLEâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;S CLUB
CLIENT MAPPING
John Laing Group
Transport and General Workerâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Union
T B RIT
A
GR
IN
Union of Shop, Distributive, and Allied Workers EA
Other Organisations
National Market Traders Federation
Trade Unions
British Rail Birmingham City Council
CLIENTS Aston University
Department of Transport Government/ Industry
Civic Institutions
Department for Trade & Industry
Bull Ring Ltd.
HM GOVERNMENT Birmingham Central Library
Birmingham College of Food, Tourism, and Creative Studies
Department of Employment
Local Users
MSC
Cofederation of British Industry Manpower Services Commission
Private Investment Blue collar workers & the unemployed
Public Funding General public
Bull Ring market traders
Whilst Birmingham City Council and the Bull Ring Ltd. are the primary clients for the WPC, there are a number of other organisations and funding opportunities that will be involved with the WPC scheme.
130
PROCUREMENT / CONTRACTS
PROCUREMENT STRATEGIES Traditional
Although BCC has likely procured projects numerous times, and are therefore a client that is comfortable choosing procurement strategies, this section is for us to offer our advice on which contract might be best for each phase of the WPC scheme.
Speed Complx.
Risk
Resp.
As outlined in BCC’s client profile, quality is incredibly important for Phase A of this project, something that is echoed by the government’s brief for the project to be ‘...a centre for excellence, in terms of both design and ideals.’ To also be able to remove and modify parts of the building once the trial period is over66 will require bespoke and careful detailing. Another procurement criteria that wasn’t discussed is flexibility. As this initiative has only just been announced by the government, there is the possibility they will change the project’s brief. Because of the potential for widespread changes later on in the building programme, we need to have flexibility within the contract to be able to modify the design.
+ Better assurance of design quality compared to others + Design obligations on the consultants (i.e. architects / quantity surveyors) instead of the contractor67.
Qual.
Comp.
- More risk passed onto client - Procurement usually less cost effective - Longer programme
Flex. Cert.
Design & Build Speed Complx.
Risk
Flex.
- Pricing is often limited to the construction cost, and not the life-cycle cost of the building69. - Not as popular as traditional contracts in the late 1980s (making up less than 3% of contracts in 198470).
Complx.
+ Used for complex builds with short programme + Greater flexibility than D&B
Resp.
Qual.
Comp.
+ Useful on large-scale projects, as the contractor becomes the sole point of responsibility68. + Guaranteed pricing to project
Cert.
Considering the vastly different aims of both clients for the separate phases of the WPC, we are suggesting that multiple contracts are used, with the reasoning for choosing both explained on the following page. Splitting the scheme into separate contracts also allows for different specialist contractors to cover specific phases.
Management Speed Risk
Resp.
Diagrams created from 8 key headings72: Speed Complexity Quality Flexibility Certainty Competition Responsibility Risk
131
Qual.
Comp.
Flex. Cert.
- Additional employment of management contractor that employs and manages the work contractors, but is not directly involved in carrying out the works71. - Short programme increase time constraints on design
THE WORKING PEOPLE’S CLUB
PHASE A: NEW BUILD
PHASES B-C: RENOVATION/ MASTERPLAN
Time / Speed
Time / Speed
Risk
Risk
Complx.
Complx.
Time / Speed
Cert.
Cert.
Qual.
Birmingham City Council aims / priorities
As this project will be publicly funded, the Government Common Minimum Standards state that: ‘Procurement routes should be limited to those which support integrated team working.’73 This would suggest that either a D&B or management contract are the only viable procurement routes. However, it also states that a traditional contract can be used if ‘...it can be clearly shown that they offer best value for money...’74 With the government’s desire for the WPC to be a flagship project, we are confident that we can argue for the use of a traditional contract on this phase of the WPC. Although a management contract would maintain the desired flexibility, the time constraints it also imposes on the project would be an issue, considering the need for design time on more complex sections of the building, such as the removable segments. Management contracts are also most suited to large scale projects, whereas this phase of the WPC is medium sized, with a rough area of 4000m2.
Risk
Complx.
Qual.
Bull Ring Ltd. aims / priorities
For the other phases of the scheme, a D&B contract is likely to be the best procurement route, due to its ease, and that these phases are less stringent on quality. Cert.
Qual.
How Birmingham City Council’s aims / priorities align to the traditional procurement model
Time / Speed
Risk
Complx.
Cert.
Qual.
How Bull Ring Ltd.’s aims/ priorities align to the Design & Build procurement model
Whilst management contracts could also be used, the need for cost certainty on these phases makes D&B better suited.75 Also, with the contractor taking on more design responsibility, construction work can begin on site earlier76 with phases B and C being able to run in parallel to the new build, as it will require less oversight from ourselves. A method of keeping this contract competitive is via two-stage tendering. This brings the contractor in at an earlier stage of the design, with the project being tendered once at an early stage, and again once developed design has been carried out. The benefits of this is that its more cost competitive, and improves the collaboration between yourselves and the contractor. However, costs during the second stage may be higher due to negotiation premiums.77 If these phases start later than the new build, then the contractor brought in for that phase could be used to initially tender this contract. 132
PROCUREMENT / CONTRACTS
CONTRACTS PHASE A For this phase of the building, a SBC Without Quantities will be most suitable. Whilst this contract requires a full set of construction drawings, and a specification or work schedule for tender stage, it doesn’t require a full bill of quantities, which allows for greater flexibility on material choice for the client.78
Birmingham City Council
With parts of the building likely to be disassembled once the WPC trial period is over, there will be a need to retain contractors over the building’s life cycle, and after construction completion. If the contractor is already on the Council’s framework, then creating a new contract when the need for disassembly arises will be most suitable. If they aren’t a framework contractor, then some form of retainer agreement will have to incorporated into the initial contract that the SPV and contractor agree to, that results in the contractor being kept on for the life-cycle of the building.
WPC Ltd. (SPV) Design Team
Other directly employed contractors
PAC Architects Structural Engineer Quantity Surveyor
Whilst some contractors may be uncomfortable being involved over a building’s whole lifecycle, they will also be in a position to carry out maintenance works as necessary.
Consultants Clerk of Works
Contractual Links Functional Links
Traditional contract
133
Bull Ring Ltd.
Contractor Domestic sub-contractors
Domestic suppliers
THE WORKING PEOPLE’S CLUB
PHASE B/ C For the other two phases of the scheme, a conventional Design and Build Contract would be viable. With the creation of the SPV, a team within this company would take over as the Employer’s Agent for the project,79 and be the direct contact to the contractor.
Birmingham City Council
Due to the specialist nature of the landscape phase we feel that our practice does not have the sufficient expertise to be chosen for later stages. However, with the scope of BCC’s framework, we would suggest nominating architectural practices from there, and hiring us as lead consultants to advise the delivery architects. This will allow for a continuation in design ideas and quality through the latter stages of construction, and also negates a conflict of interest, as we will not be working for the contractor.80 These terms will need to be included in the original contract as an agreement between the SPV and contractor.
Bull Ring Ltd.
WPC Ltd. (SPV) Client Design Team
Other directly employed contractors
PAC Architects Structural Engineer Contractor Consultants
Architect
*
Domestic sub-contractors Consultants Contractor Design Team
Domestic suppliers
Contractual Links Functional Links *Other members of the design team might carry over to become the contractor’s consultants
Design and Build contract
134
PROCUREMENT / CONTRACTS
135
THE WORKING PEOPLE’S CLUB
ARCHITECTS
30 St. Paul’s Sq, Birmingham, B3 1QZ
16th March 1987
Mr. Richard Knowles Birmingham City Council Leader Council House Victoria Square Birmingham, B1 1BB Dear Mr. Knowles, Thank you for your continued support on the WPC proposal. After finding out last year that our bid to bring the WPC initiative to Birmingham was successful, we have been working through developing the design and brief with WPC Ltd. and the government to deliver a trial scheme that will revolutionise the UK job market. We decided it would be wise to check in with the council as well as WPC Ltd., just to fill you in on the progress we have made on the project. Please find attached three separate documents relating to the project’s current position. The first looks at where all phases of the WPC scheme are against the RIBA Plan of Work. The second goes into depth about the estimated costings for sections of the building, so we are ready to compare against any tender bids from contractors (this also provides a base that the Quantity Surveyor may want to check against, which will give a more accurate set of costings for the project). Our final document looks at how to assess the building over its lifespan. In the coming months we will be having further design meetings to discuss some of the issues raised by other members of the design team about site access during construction works. Again, thank you for the support from yourself and the rest of Birmingham City Council, and we look forward to seeing the project start on site soon! All the best, Yours sincerely, James Paul Director, PAC Architects
136
PROCUREMENT / CONTRACTS
BENCHMARKING To be able to provide a rough estimate of the project cost of the WPC scheme, a benchmarking exercise was carried out. (Due to the lack of cost data from suitable precedents from the 1980s, modern examples were used, with the construction costs adjusted to match inflation rates.)
137
1. Workshop Alex Monroe Studio, London
2. Skill Spaces Edinburgh Printmakers, Edinburgh
5. Nursery Storeyâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Field Centre, Cambridge
6. Offices White Collar Factory, London
THE WORKING PEOPLE’S CLUB
3. Pub / Brewery Fàbrica Moritz, Barcelona
7. Shopping Centre Renovation Meadowhall, Sheffield
4. Teaching Spaces Queens Building, Leicester
8. Landscape Masterplan Green Heart, Birmingham 138
PROCUREMENT / CONTRACTS
PHASE A: NEW BUILD # USE
PROJECT
ARCHITECT
YEAR
PROJECT COST
01
Workshop
Alex Monroe Studio81
DSDHA
2012
£439,000
02
Skill Spaces
Edinburgh Printmakers82
Page\Park
2019
£6,500,000
03
Pub / Brewery
Fàbrica Moritz83
Jean Nouvel
2011
£26,100,000
04
Teaching Spaces
Queen’s Building84
Short & Associates
1993
£9,700,000
05
Nursery
Storey’s Field Centre85
MUMA
2018
£8,300,000
06
Offices
White Collar Factory86
AHMM
2017
£98,000,000
BDP
2017
£60,000,000
Associated Architects
2019
£11,500,000
PHASE B: BULL RING RENOVATION 07
Refurb
Meadowhall87
PHASE C: LANDSCAPE MASTERPLAN -
Demolition work
08
Landscaping
Green Heart88
As the pub space is the central anchor to the scheme, and also the main project driver, the considerably higher cost per m2 is acceptable, as the space needs to be of outstanding quality to set it apart from typical pubs. These costs are liable to change, and are simply to gauge the desired quality of a space. Hiring a cost specialist to accurately price the project for the client is necessary. 139
THE WORKING PEOPLE’S CLUB
ADJUSTED COST (1989)89
AREA (m²)
WPC AREA (m²)
PER m² (£/m²)
COST
£208,360
115
1,812
400
£724,800
£2,659,570
2,650
1,004
920
£923,680
£12, 785,568
4,088
3,128
550
£1,720,400
£7,942,083
10,048
790
870
£687,300
£3,396,066
2,248
1,511
200
£302,141
£41,437,343
39,285
1,055
1,130
£1,192,150
PHASE A TOTAL
£25,369,802
£4,705,393
160,000
48,562
£5,550,471
159
81,000
£12,879,000
1990
8,162
£152,711
97
40,000
£3,875,782
PHASE C TOTAL
£4,028,493
Contingency (10%)91
£2,245,796
TOTAL PROJECT COST (1989)
£24,703,760* *Project cost 2020: £61,925,179
140
PROCUREMENT / CONTRACTS
PLAN OF WORK / DESIGN LOCATION
Where design development of project is currently
When con be a
*
0
PHASE A: New Build (Traditional Contract)
0
STRATEGIC DEFINITON
1
PAC Architects designing project
PREPARATION AND BRIEF
2
3
CONCEPT DESIGN
4
DEVELOPED DESIGN
PREPARATION
TECHNICAL DESIGN
DESIGN
A
B
C
D
E
F
Appraisal
Design Brief
Concept
Design Development
Technical Design
Produc
Phase B/ C: Renovation/ Landscaping (Design & Build Contract, Single stage tender)
PAC Architects designing project
Phase B/ C: Renovation/ Landscaping (Design & Build Contract, Two stage tender)
PAC Architects designing project
*
Contractor appo Contractor retende
Contractor appointed, and makes first tender (Two Stage)
Architect Contractor
August 1986 141
Having the project at this point means the brief is completed, and design has started, however there is still scope to change aspects of the design as the project evolves
THE WORKING PEOPLE’S CLUB
ntractor should appointed
***
*
Contractor working with architect
5 PRECONSTRUCTION
ction Information
6
CONSTRUCTION
7
HANDOVER AND CLOSE OUT
CONSTRUCTION
IN USE
USE
G
H
J
K
L
Tender: Documentation
Tender: Action
Mobilisation
Construction to Practical Completion
Post Practical Completion
PAC Architects kept on as client consultant, contractor appoints new architect
* PAC Architects kept on as client consultant, contractor appoints new architect
*
***
ointed (Single Stage) ers project (Two Stage)
*As discussed earlier, the contractor will have to be utilised again to remove parts designed for disassembly ** Combines past RIBA plan of work (A-K) with 2013 Plan of Work (0-7) *** On pre-2013 Plan of Work contractor comes in between stages E-H, and post-2013 in and around stage 4 (trad and single stage tender)
Working People’s Club Bull Ring Centre, Birmingham 142
PROCUREMENT / CONTRACTS
LIFE CYCLE ASSESSMENT PHASE A Whilst often considered to be the only important part of a new building, the construction cost only makes up 1/3rd of the total building cost.92 Because of this, accurate cost planning needs to be carried out for the WPC’s life cycle. Whilst also giving the council a definite figure for the project, it helps stabilise running costs for the building93, and avoid unforeseen fees. As the WPC is a trial scheme, the lifespan of the new-build section of the project will be considerably shorter than usual. Because of this, the spaces contained within need to be designed to accommodate any change in use at the end of this trial, to minimise construction waste, and avoid additional costs to the council from major fitout changes.
Fixtures/ fittings replaced every 5-7 years Fixtures/ Fittings
Services replaced every 15-20 years
Building construction lifespan ~50 years 1969
1989 1999
2009
2019
2029
Cumulative total over 50 years
Cost
Traditional view of building costs (as built)
To achieve this, elements of the WPC are designed for disassembly, so they can be deconstructed at the end of the trial period, and reused on other projects. This ‘cradle-to-cradle‘ approach is also a more sustainable option for BCC.
Services
Construction
2039
Time
Cumulative expenditure on construction, services, and fixtures/ fittings
143
Cradle-to-Cradle Deconstruction/ Disassembly
Cradle-to-Grave Cradle-to-Gate Material Extraction
Manufacturing/ Production
Construction
Use
End-of-Life
Landfill
Refurbish Re-use Recycle
The ‘Cradle-to-Cradle’ approach to buildings results in less waste going to landfill once a building has reached the end of its life. Once deconstructed/ disassembled, building parts could be reused by the council for new projects.
THE WORKING PEOPLE’S CLUB
PHASE B Whilst we recognise that there have been plans put forward to demolish the Bull Ring Centre and build anew94, we believe that the decision to renovate the centre is much more responsible. With evidence now coming forward that humans are having an effect on our climate, the council needs to scrutinise its decisions on whether or not to demolish buildings around the city, or renovate existing stock. Shopping centres have a unique life cycle to typical buildings, with an exceptionally high refurbishment frequency as consumer requirements change.95 This often results in high levels of construction waste, and increasing energy use to manufacture replacement material. This increase in ‘embodied energy’ can mean much higher costs over the Bull Ring’s lifespan if not managed correctly. Utilising hard wearing materials, such as terrazzo or concrete flooring over carpets, and designing fittings and fixtures so they can be easily disassembled and reused elsewhere is crucial. Whilst this may result in higher capital costs to source these items, the saving on maintenance costs will outweigh this negative.
100%
80%
Products 68%
Operations 54%
60%
40% 46% Products 32% 20%
Operations
0% 1987
2020
2005
2047
Over a building’s lifespan the CO2 emissions from the day-to-day operation of the building become greater than the CO2 emissions from construction, showing the importance of buildings having a long lifespan. If the Bull Ring Centre was demolished just 25 years after its construction (as others have suggested), then the amount of wasted emissions and money used to construct it, demolish it, then rebuild again would be massive.
ROUGH COST OF A NEW BULL RING CENTRE AREA PER m² WORK (m²) (£/m²) 96
COST
Demolition of existing
81,000
45
£3,645,000
Site Clearance
16,000
20
£323,740
-
-
£160,000,00097
New Shopping Centre
TOTAL
~£164,000,000 144
CDM RISKS
CDM RISKS
147
THE WORKING PEOPLE’S CLUB
ARCHITECTS
30 St. Paul’s Sq, Birmingham, B3 1QZ
FOR INTERNAL USE ONLY
21st September 1987
Morning all, Just a few things that have come up that we need to look at. 1. The Department of Transport and BCC have concerns about site access during the Phase A construction period, and if road closures will be necessary for the scheme, depending on the project’s phasing. 2. With Skanska now on board as the contractor, they need further information on the Design for Disassembly (DfD) parts, as they’re unsure if our current designs allow them to remove these sections from the site at a later date. Could we get these looked at as soon as possible please? Thanks, James
148
CDM RISKS
SITE CONSTRAINTS TRANSPORT 1. Rail infrastructure With the West Coast Main Line running under the site, direct contact with British Rail will be required to make sure building work doesn’t affect the tunnels, as any railway closure would increase the construction cost by some margin.
2. Inner Ring Rd The Inner Ring Rd currently envelopes the site of the WPC’s Phase A. Due to the high traffic capacity of this road, any necessary closures need to be coordinated with BCC and the Department of Transport to minimise disruption to users. Safety netting needs to be used under the bridges of the Bull Ring Centre to prevent falling debris.
5
3. Bus Station
2
As the Bull Ring Centre houses a major bus station for the city, the day-to-day running of this can’t be affected. Staggering phasing around it, or creating a temporary stop for the station nearby may have to be done. Again, this needs to be coordinated through conversations with BCC and Midland Red bus company.
3
STRUCTURE 4. Existing building As the Bull Ring Centre was completed only 25 years before the WPC begins on site, the building isn’t listed. However, due to being built in the 60s, the building fabric will probably contain asbestos. With the health issues that asbestos inhalation causes, we’ll need to employ a specialist asbestos advisor to survey the whole building, and advise on the best way to proceed with the renovation work. 149
5 5
THE WORKING PEOPLEâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;S CLUB As the Centre will still be in use during building works, hoarding and other safety measures will have to be erected to reduce risk to users.
5
5. Surrounding buildings The lack of residential around the site means noise pollution is less of an issue. However, office space means that noise from construction works will need to be mitigated, which can be achieved through the use of noise barriers. With the church so close to the site, any other disruptions should also be minimised.
5 1 6
LOCATION
8
6. Site access The WPC Phase A site is isolated due to the ring road. We will have to consult with the Department of Transport and BCC to see if we can close a section of it to improve site access.
5
7
The site itself is used as a pedestrian route, so users will have to be diverted around works areas, or the subways will have to be closed. This central location also means that the site needs to be adequately secured.
7. Urban location
5
4
Due to the tight urban setting of the WPC, there is a lack of space for a contractors compound. Our options are: using the car parks off Edgbaston St; swapping Phases A and B, freeing up the Phase A site for temporary facilities; or using the disused car parks on the upper levels of the Bull Ring Centre.
7
7
8. Archaeology
5 5 7
N
There has been some form of market on the Bull Ring site since the medieval era, and the Phase A site was the location of the Victorian market hall. Ground investigations will need to be undertaken, and English Heritage contacted to assess if thereâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s anything of archaeological importance on the site. 150
CDM RISKS
WORKING WITH EXISTING BUILDINGS As discussed on the previous page, there are a number of dangers associated with working with existing buildings, and a number of specialists that need to be hired to mitigate any risks to building users and construction workers. Listed below are some of these dangers, and how best to mitigate their associated risks.
User Issue
Demolition Works
User Interface
Demolition of any part of the building for new interventions could cause structural weakening, and additional refurbishment loads can lead to collapse of an underdesigned building98. Bringing in a structural engineer to assess if any changes to the building structure will affect its structural integrity will be necessary, and ensure the integrity of that structure through all the stages. The implementation of a Decision Support System (DSS) can also help. The DSS draws on current knowledge about a specific problem to provide useful information and advice.99 This, coupled with a competent contracting team will reduce the risk of structural collapse or injury.
Surveys Another process that will help with the previous issue is carrying out a detailed survey of the Bull Ring Centre. Although the architectâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s original structural drawings and plans are still available to use, these may not be accurate when compared to the as-built building, with hidden issues that arenâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;t picked up by these drawings. Because of this, a detailed survey should be carried out for all of the Bull Ring Centre, to be able to accurately design areas of the building. 151
Refurbishment Process Model
Context Memory
Knowledge Base
External Information
Decision Analysis Output Guidance
Decision Support System
THE WORKING PEOPLE’S CLUB This helps avoid additional costs further into the construction stage when distances on the drawings are found to be different to as-built, and design changes are needed. Appoint person to ‘manage’ asbestos
RECORD
Asbestos As discussed previously, asbestos is likely to be a major risk on this building. Whilst detail drawings might be able to suggest what type of asbestos was used within the Bull Ring Centre, the survey will have to also cover wall and floor buildups, to assess whether or not there is asbestos within the building. If there is, specialist removal teams will need to be employed to safely dispose of the asbestos. Any other asbestos containing materials that aren’t removed from the building will need to be recorded, with the records kept up to date by a competent person(s) employed by the client.100
Find out if Asbestos Containing Materials (ACMs) are present: - Check plans / drawings - Carry out survey
No
Yes
RECORD Prepare asbestos register
No further action
Refurbishment or demolition survey
Management survey
Maintenance
RECORD Asbestos register plan/ drawing Are ACMs liable to be disturbed? Carry out Risk Assessment
Who can be exposed? Prioritise
Monitor
ACMs in good condition
Prepare management plan
Damaged ACMs
Train staff
Maintenance work
Manage contractors Repair / Remove
Manage
Checked all work against plan / register Control of work itself
Main steps of managing asbestos
Due to the age of the building, weathering and damage to the concrete structure may have occurred over its lifetime. This could exacerbate risks from demolition works, as damage to the concrete will affect its structural integrity. Whilst surveying the building will pick up on these issues, the hiring of concrete repair specialists to carry out maintenance works will also be necessary.
Design & Build Contract The procurement of the refurbishment through a D&B contract might speed up the building programme, but it can also result in a drop in quality, and adverse effects on the visual look of the Bull Ring Centre. Because of this, quality control systems need to be implemented at an early stage. These can be agreements in the procurement contract, where any changes to quality proposed by the contractor must be approved by the chosen architect. This should also be caveated on drawings; that contractors proposals must be approved by the architect. 152
CDM RISKS
Department of Classics, Ancient History and Archaeology
Birmingham University Archaeological Field Unit 15th July 1987
Mr. James Paul PAC Architects 30 St. Peterâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Sq. Birmingham, B3 1QZ Dear Mr. Paul, Here is the requested data to your previous query. After digging several trenches on the Manzoni Gardens site, classified by yourselves as WPC Phase A (see attached page for trench locations), we found nothing of archaeological significance. Reported below are our findings. Trench 1A and 1B (Trench 1 was divided into two parts (Trench 1A and Trench 1B) to avoid an area of tree root activity.) 1A - Brick and concrete building foundations associated with an adjacent toilet block, no artefacts recovered. 1B - Brick built cellar, partly overlaid by a concrete slab, no artefacts recovered. Trench 2 Brick well excavated to a depth of 1.3m, artefacts found include samples of pottery and animal bone fragments. Trench 3 Four post-medieval features; a pit, two wells and a drain in the eastern half of the trench, artefacts include samples of pottery and bottle fragments. Trench 4 No features unearthed, and no artefacts recovered. If you do find anything further, please feel free to contact us on 0121 414 5513. Kind Regards, R. Burrows and C. Mould
153
THE WORKING PEOPLEâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;S CLUB
Manzoni Gardens trench locations
154
CDM RISKS
PHASING OPTIONS OPTION 1 1
4
PHASE A: New Build 1a: Installation of site office - area will need to be secured at all times, and hoardings erected. 1b: WPC construction site closed - divert pedestrians to other subways to access city centre. Southern section of ring road closed to traffic, and diverted to the northern lanes. 1c: Site clearance - skip removal will possibly lead to short road closures, so will have to be removed at off-peak times. 2: WPC constructed.
2
5
PHASE B: Bull Ring Centre Refurb 3a: Redevelopment of the Bull Ring Centre (W) construction work can move directly from WPC, so minimal disruption. 3b: Redevelopment of the Bull Ring Centre (E) safety of shoppers crucial.
PHASE C: Landscape Masterplan
3
6
4a: Ring Rd tunnel completed - contracted by Department of Transport, separate to Phase C. 4b: Ring Rd closes. 5a: Demolition of road beds - dust suppression systems needed to minimise air pollution. 5b: Creation of new parkland. 6: WPC disassembled - parkland has to be designed with suitable hard surfaces to allow vehicle access to remove disassembled sections. + Quicker programme, as Phase A and B can occur at the same time. - Difficulty of transporting materials from temporary facilities to sites. - Greater disruption to road users with diversion of ring Rd in place for several years.
155
THE WORKING PEOPLEâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;S CLUB
OPTION 2 1
PHASE B: Bull Ring Centre Refurb 1a: WPC construction site closed - divert
2
pedestrians to other subways to access centre of Birmingham. Southern section of ring road closed to traffic, and diverted to the northern lanes. 1b: Site clearance - skip removal will possibly lead to short road closures, so will have to be removed at off-peak times. 1c: Installation of site office on WPC Phase A site - area will need to be secured at all times, and hoardings erected. 2a: Redevelopment of the Bull Ring Centre (W) construction work can move directly from WPC, so minimal disruption. 2b: Redevelopment of the Bull Ring Centre (E) safety of shoppers crucial.
PHASE A: New Build 3: WPC constructed.
PHASE C: Landscape Masterplan Same as Option 1
3
+ Easier to transport materials between site compound and Bull Ring Centre. - Slower programme, as site office may have to be moved to accommodate new build. (Size of the Phase A site likely means we can have both in the same area). - Thereâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s still disruption to road users Stacking the site offices to the West of the site means that we can still have Phases A and B happening concurrently, and hopefully minimise any disruption to the programme, as the client has set the completion date as before the start of the new decade. 156
CDM RISKS
ARCHITECTS
30 St. Paul’s Sq, Birmingham, B3 1QZ
6th October 1987
Theodore Gallagher Senior Structural Engineer Skanska London 51 Moorgate London, EC2R 6BH Hi Theo, Thanks for coming up for the DTM the other week, it was great to have you here, and your comments about the design issues you had were helpful for us to hear in person. After our previous phone conversations we’ve had a look at the queries you and the rest of the Skanska team had with the removable parts of the WPC; I’ve attached some quick sketches of our changes with comments. We’ve decided to replace the modular plate structure with a fabric one instead, which should save on the amount of vehicles trying to access the site, and also allow for parts to be delivered in smaller vehicles, hopefully negating issues about turning circles and how to get the pieces to and from the construction site. The client should also prefer it as it’s more cost effective than the panels. I’ve also included some images of a similar building, Schlumberger Research Centre in Cambridge, which was finished a couple of years ago. However, we may have to figure out how to make the fabric more insulated, so it can be used in some of the office areas too. If you’re happy with the changes, we’ll get it drawn up properly, then have to submit a minor material amendment to planning101. We’ve also discussed options for the hard landscaping around the Phase A portion of the site to allow easier access for machinery to access the site and remove these parts once the trial period is over. This also means that a crane could be delivered to site if necessary when dismantling other parts of the building. See over for those drawings. If there’s any further issues, please contact the office on: 0121 236 5444 Kind Regards, James Paul Director, PAC Architects
157
THE WORKING PEOPLEâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;S CLUB Sketch of existing design
Sketch of potential proposed design (Fabric form not just decided)
Schlumberger Research Centre by Hopkins Architects, Cambridge
158
CDM RISKS
LANDSCAPING The current design proposes transporting the removable sections of the WPC building via a route from the northern edge of the site, next to New St. and the High St. However, current designs for the parkland make this difficult when considering the size of the trailers needed to transport these sections away.
Current vehicle access route for DfD part collection
Below are other potential options for the site.
Option A Hard landscaping a section of the new Ring Rd parkland to maintain hard surfaces for vehicles to access WPC phase A. Much longer route than others proposed, and creates a large area of hard landscaping which could less be visually pleasing.
Option B Straight route past New St. station onto site. Incorporating this slip road into a linear plaza at the front of the building would minimise the amount of additional hard landscaping needed, as well as provide the most direct route to access the site. Some form of barrier / blockage would be necessary at the New St. end of the route to prevent unauthorised access.
Option C Creation of a hard landscaping route from New St. and High St. intersection. This still has the issues with turning room needed to access the site, and with the councilâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s plan to pedestrianise New St. in the next 5 years, this is unlikely to be viable. As the parkland hasnâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;t yet started on site, or been tendered, we can add this change in at no financial cost to the client. 159
Option A Option B Option C
THE WORKING PEOPLE’S CLUB
INCLUSIVE DESIGN With a key part of the company’s ethos being ‘Include the Excluded’, inclusive design is crucial to what we do as a practice. This is coupled with the fact that as a government funded project, the WPC is a public space for the people.
Current Proposal
1st Flr
Due to the skill spaces being used to reskill unemployed industry workers, engaging them and the government in joint consultations would be useful to best figure out what types of reskilling to provide within the WPC. This, coupled with allowing the users to decide what skill spaces replace others over the building’s lifetime gives them more authority over the space, and makes them more likely to engage with it. The driving idea behind the meeting spaces within the WPC are that they’re for the Bull Ring’s market traders to convene and wrestle back some control of the Bull Ring Centre from retail businesses. Because of this, these traders need to be consulted in the early design stages to make sure these spaces are fit for purpose. In terms of accessibility, this form of design has to go further than simply providing access for all, providing a more equal building, no matter how able the user is. With this, a proposed change to the original idea for the skill area would be to create a ramp around the space to reach the upper level, with skill spaces coming off this. Whilst this may lower the density of the scheme, it creates a more equitable space, and also creates some architectural intrigue to the scheme.
G Flr
Ramped Proposal Increased width to accommodate ramp and access More detailed co-ordination necessary
Small access paths create spill-out zones for skill spaces
What to do with left-over space underneath?
Diagrammatic drawings of proposed design changes to skill spaces courtyard to be more inclusive
160
CDM RISKS
CONSTRUCTION TIMELINE
PHASE A: New Build
Planning application Developed design Designs tendered for contracts Technical design Dfd companies consulted Site closed St. Martin’s Circus Queensway (S) closed Site clearance Contractor’s compound set up Demolition work Dfd parts constructed off-site Construction Handover and snagging In use Dfd parts removed New building use
PHASE B: Bull Ring
Government announce WPC Competition bid opens Brief formed Correspondence w/ Bull Ring Centre on site Site surveyed Asbestos survey carried out BCC approached w/ proposal BCC and Bull Ring Ltd. forms SPV Design consultants appointed Concept design Competition bid closes Birmingham announced as winner
Contractors bid on initial concept Developed design Design retendered for contracts Architect kept on Technical design Bus routes diverted W Wing Renovation E Wing Renovation Handover and snagging In use
PHASE C: Landscaping
PREPARATION
1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 J F M A M J J A S O N D J F M A M J J A S O N D J F M A M J J A S O N D J F M A M J J A S O N D J F M A M J J A S O N D J F M A M J J A S O N
Council tenders road / tunnel contract Dig work begins Road construction Road opened St. Martin’s Circus Queensway closed St. Martin’s Circus Queensway demolished Developed design for urban parks Designs tendered for contracts Architects kept on as client consultants Technical design Parkland construction Handover and snagging
161
Planning application submitted Planning granted Contractor chosen
Contractor chosen Contractor chosen
THE WORKING PEOPLE’S CLUB
1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 N D J F M A M J J A S O N D J F M A M J J A S O N D J F M A M J J A S O N D J F M A M J J A S O N D J F M A M J J A S O N D J F M A M J J A S O N D
A
Appraisal
B
Design Brief
C
Concept
D
Design Development
E
Technical Design
F
Production Information
G
Official Opening of WPC
Tender: Documentation
H
Tender: Action
J Mobilisation
K
Official Opening of WPC
Construction to Practical Completion
L
Post Practical Completion
Working People’s Club Bull Ring Centre, Birmingham August 1987
162
ENDNOTES
ENDNOTES 60
Paul, J., 2020. Design Manifesto. pg55-56.
61
Ibid. pg65-66.
Clamp, H., Cox, S., Lupton, S., Udom, K., 2012. Which Contract? Choosing the Appropriate Building Contract. 5th Ed. London: RIBA Publishing. pg46. 62
63
Paul, J., 2020. Design Manifesto. pg73-74.
Investopedia, 2020. Joint Venture. [Online] Available at: https://www.investopedia.com/terms/j/jointventure.asp 64
65 Investopedia, 2020. Special Purpose Vehicle (SPV). [Online] Available at: https://www.investopedia.com/terms/s/spv.asp 66
Paul, J., 2020. Environment and Technology Report. pg14-15.
67
Clamp, H., Cox, S., Lupton, S., Udom, K., 2012. Which Contract? Choosing the Appropriate Building Contract. pg33.
68
Ibid. pg36.
69
Masterman, J. W. E., 2006. Introduction to Procurement Systems. 2nd Ed. London: Taylor and Francis. pg79.
Hibberd, P., 2005. Is Single Point Design Responsibility Under JCT 2005 Illusory? 24 November, King’s College Construction Law Association, London. 70
71
Masterman, J. W. E., 2006. Introduction to Procurement Systems. 2nd Ed. pg92.
72
Clamp, H., Cox, S., Lupton, S., Udom, K., 2012. Which Contract? Choosing the Appropriate Building Contract. pg46-47.
Cabinet Office, 2012. Common Minimum Standards For Procurement of the Built Environments in the Public Sector. London: Cabinet Office. pg4. 73
74
Ibid. pg5.
75
Clamp, H., Cox, S., Lupton, S., Udom, K., 2012. Which Contract? Choosing the Appropriate Building Contract. pg36.
76
Ibid.
77
Rawlinson, S., 2006. Procurement: Two Stage Tendering. Building Magazine, 12 May. pg65.
78
JCT, 2017. Deciding on the Appropriate JCT Contract 2016. London: Thomson Reuters. pg10.
79
Ibid. pg17.
80
Chappell, D., Dunn, M., 2016. The Architect in Practice. 11th Ed. Sussex: Wiley Blackwell. pg313.
AJ Buildings Library, 2020. Alex Monroe Studio. [Online] Available at: https://www.ajbuildingslibrary.co.uk/projects/display/id/6932 81
Williams, F., 2019. Page\Park Turns Former Welly Factory Into Printmakers. [Online] Available at: https://www.architectsjournal.co.uk/buildings/pagepark-turns-former-welly-factory-into-printmakers/10042628. article 82
ACN, 2011. Jean Nouvel Designs a Gastronomy and Cultural Centre for Barcelona’s Beer Company Mortiz. [Online] Available at: https://www.catalannews.com/life-style/item/jean-nouvel-designs-a-gastronomy-and-cultural-centre-forbarcelonas-beer-company-moritz 83
Jean Nouvel, 2020. Fàbrica Mortiz Barcelona. [Online] Available at: http://www.jeannouvel.com/en/projects/fabrica-moritz-barcelona/
165
THE WORKING PEOPLE’S CLUB
84 CIBSE, Date Unknown. The Queens Building De Montfort University. [Online] Available at: https://www.cibse.org/getmedia/67d9026e-b6c6-41a0-9f26-c1e459e53668/NPCS-102-The-Queens-Buildingde-Montfort.pdf.aspx
Short and Associates, 2004. The Queens Building, De Montfort University, Leicester. [Online] Available at: http://www.shortandassociates.co.uk/page.asp?pi=28 AJ Buildings Library, 2020. Storey’s Field Centre & Eddington Nursery. [Online] Available at: https://www.ajbuildingslibrary.co.uk/projects/display/id/8012 85
86 Willmann, 2015. White Collar Factory Serves up Flat-white Office Vision. [Online] Available at: https://www.constructionnews.co.uk/buildings/project-reports/white-collar-factory-serves-up-flat-white-officevision-16-09-2015/ 87 BDP, 2020. Meadowhall Refurbishment. [Online] Available at: http://www.bdp.com/en/projects/m-o/meadowhall-refurbishment/
Stevens, B., 2017. £60m Meadowhall Refurbishment Completed After Two Years. [Online] Available at: https://www.retailgazette.co.uk/blog/2017/12/60m-meadowhall-refurbishment-completed-two-years/ Willmott Dixon, 2020. University of Birmingham - The Green Heart. [Online] Available at: https://www.willmottdixon.co.uk/projects/the-green-heart-university-of-birmingham 88
Inflation Rates calculated using: Bank of England, 2020. Inflation Calculator. [Online] Available at: https://www.bankofengland.co.uk/monetary-policy/inflation/inflation-calculator 89
90 Value given is inflation adjusted rate from AECOM, 2015. Spon’s Architects’ and Builders’ Price Book. 140th Ed. Boca Raton: CRC Press. pg214 for breaking up reinforced concrete bed, 300mm thick. 91 Designing Building Wiki, 2019. Contingencies in Construction. [Online] Available at: https://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Contingencies_in_construction 92
Duffy, F., 1990. Measuring Building Performance. Facilities. Volume 8, No. 5, pg17-20. pg17.
93
Cowan, A., 2010. Life Cycle Costing in Facilities Management. pg 3.
94
Kennedy, L., 2004. Remaking Birmingham: The Visual Culture of Urban Regeneration. London: Routledge. pg3.
Weththasinghe, K., 2017. The Significance of the Life Cycle Embodied Energy in Shopping Centres in Australia. Melbourne, Proceedings of 22nd International Conference on Advancement of Construction Management and Real Estate, Melbourne, Australia, 2017. 95
Modified inflation rates from: Homes & Communities Agency, 2015. Guidance on Dereliction, Demolition, and Remediation Costs. London: Homes & Communities Agency. pg18. 96
Modified inflation cost of current (2003) BullRing from: Chapman Taylor, 2020. BullRing. [Online] Available at: https://www.chapmantaylor.com/projects/bullring 97
98 Anumba, C., Egbu, C., Kashyap, M., 2006. Avoiding Structural Collapses in Refurbishment: A Decision Support System. Sudbury: HSE Books. pg5. 99
Ibid. pg28.
100
HSE, 2012. Asbestos: The Survey Guide. 2nd Ed. Sudbury: HSE Books. pg9
Designing Building Wiki, 2018. Minor Material Amendment. [Online] Available at: https://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Minor_material_amendment 101
166
CONCLUSION
CONCLUSION
CONCLUSION Through writing this Combined Thesis Report, the Working People’s Club has developed from a series of disconnected ideas centred around a pub space, into a more complete and coherent project that is one solution for Birmingham’s social and economic crises in the 1980s. However, due to designing the WPC across multiple reports, aspects of it have changed as other design themes have become apparent. Whilst some of these changes have simply aided the narrative of the project, others have been more integral to the design of the WPC, and what the author wants the final project to become. One of the more narrative focused changes that also benefited the design came through writing the MPL report. In this report the WPC became a trial centre as part of a wider government initiative, with Birmingham winning the bid to host it. This narrative shift helped define suitable clients, and also provided an established route of funding for the building. The fact that the building is now defined as a trial centre means that it will have a lifespan that is a lot shorter than a typical building, possibly only being used in its current setup for five years. Because of this, flexibility in the building layout and Design for Disassembly have become integral parts of the project. Although this aspect was briefly explored in the Environment and Technology report, it is something that needs to be developed further, likely through massing and models. Another aspect of the design that has changed is the project’s integration with the Bull Ring Centre. During the manifesto this modernist landmark was ancillary to the project’s programme, with the two buildings being relatively separate, and Manzoni Gardens housing the entire WPC. In the subsequent reports it became apparent that this was inappropriate for the scheme due to themes discussed earlier, and wouldn’t be a suitable option with the short lifespan of the building. Because of this, the Bull Ring Centre now houses a large amount of the skill spaces and meeting areas, minimising the footprint of the new build, as well as integrating it with the renovation project - bringing new life to the Bull Ring Centre. As discussed at the end of the Design Manifesto, the author is looking at exploring their ideas for the WPC through models and drawings, which are the next steps for the project. From these models the general massing of the new building form, the relationships between spaces, and how different groups of stakeholders can be brought together, will be explored. Another question that has arisen through these reports is; how can a club be inclusive, when the very notion of the word ‘club’ denotes some form of exclusivity? For the WPC the inclusivity comes more from how wildly different groups of people are brought together, to a space that will still be theirs, as having authority over the surrounding environment begins to create a suitable space in itself. From further designs and thinking the author will answer this question in more depth, and connect it to the end layout for the WPC.
169
THE WORKING PEOPLEâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;S CLUB
Bull Ring Ltd.
UK Government Birmingham City Council
Pub
Skillshare
Meeting Spaces
Bull Ring Market Traders
Blue Collar Workers
General Public
STAKEHOLDERS: DESIGN MANIFESTO
STAKEHOLDERS: MPL REPORT
How the reports helped better develop who the stakeholders were for the WPC
170
APPENDIX
APPENDIX
BIBLIOGRAPHY DESIGN MANIFESTO BOOKS / JOURNALS
Baggs, C., 2004. The Whole Tragedy of Leisure in Penury: The South Wales Minersâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; Institute Libraries During the Great Depression. Libraries & Culture. Volume 39, No. 2, pg115-136. Cherry, G. E., 1994. Birmingham: A Study in Geography, History, and Planning, Belhaven World Cities Series. Chichester: Wiley. Donnelly, T., et al., 2016. The West Midlands Automotive Industry: The Road Downhill. Business History. Volume 59, pg56-74. Foster, A., 2005. Birmingham. London: Yale University Press, pg197. Kennedy, L., 2004. Remaking Birmingham: The Visual Culture of Urban Regeneration. London: Routledge. Koolhaas, R., 1998. The Generic City. in: Koolhaas, R. & Mau, B., S,M,L,XL. 2nd ed. New York: Monacelli Press. Lintonbon, J., 2017. The Drive to Modernize: Remodelling Birmingham City Centre 1945-1965 in Gosseye, J., & Avermate, T., Shopping Towns Europe: Commercial Collectivity and the Architecture of the Shopping Centre 1945-1975. London: Bloomsbury. Manzoni, H., 1955. Redevelopment of Blighted Areas in Birmingham. Journal of the Town Planning Institute, pg90-102. Radford, A., Morkoc, S., Srivastava, A., 2014. The Elements of Modern Architecture: Understanding Contemporary Buildings. London: Thames & Hudson. Shonfield, K., Ainley, R. & Dannatt, A., 2001. THIS IS WHAT WE DO: A Muf Manual. London: Batsford Ltd. Spencer, K. et al., 1986. Crisis in the Industrial Heartland: A Study of The West Midlands. London: Oxford University Press. Sutcliffe, A. & Smith, R., 1974. The History of Birmingham Volume 3, 1939-1970. London: Oxford University Press. Tong, R., 1989. Feminist Thought: A Comprehensive Introduction. London: Routledge. URBED & DEGW, 1988. Highbury Initiative. Birmingham.
WEB RESOURCES
Benoy, 2020. BullRing [Online] Available at: https://www.benoy.com/projects/bullring/ [Accessed 20 Jan 2020] Campbell, K., 2009. Erasing the Concrete Collar Around Birmingham. [Online] Available at: https://www.business-live.co.uk/commercial-property/erasing-concrete-collar-around-birmingham-3951582 [Accessed 29 December 2019]. Chinn, C., 2013. Carl Chinn: Change Came Fast with Herbert Manzoni. [Online] Available at: https://www.birminghammail.co.uk/news/nostalgia/carl-chinn-change-came-fast-3904203 [Accessed 27 November 2019]. Collins, R., 2017. Red Robbo: The Man Behind 523 Car Factory Strikes. [Online] Available at: https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-birmingham-41834559 [Accessed 8 December 2019]. David Chipperfield Architects, 2020. Neues Museum, Museum Island Berlin, 1993-2009. [Online] https://davidchipperfield.com/project/neues_museum [Accessed 25 January 2020]. Detail, 2010. Ruhr Museum. [Online] Available at: https://www.detail-online.com/article/ruhr-museum-14210/ [Accessed 26 January 2020].
173
THE WORKING PEOPLE’S CLUB
Dewey, P., 2017. The Story of the Miners’ Institute and the Role it Played in Valleys Communities. [Online] Available at: https://www.walesonline.co.uk/news/wales-news/story-miners-institute-role-played-12452796 [Accessed 20 January 2020]. The Economist, 1998. Birmingham - From Workshop to Melting Pot. [Online] Available at: https://www.economist.com/britain/1998/08/06/from-workshop-to-melting-pot [Accessed 15 December 2019]. Holyoak, J., 2019. In Focus: Ten years On, How is Birmingham’s Big City Plan Doing? [Online] Available at: https://www.architectsjournal.co.uk/buildings/in-focus-ten-years-on-how-is-birminghams-big-city-plandoing/10045535.article [Accessed 4 December 2019]. The Lost Pubs Project, 2020. Welcome to the Lost Pubs Project. [Online] Available at: https://www.closedpubs.co.uk/ [Accessed 14 January 2020]. OMA, 2020. Zollverein Kohlenwäsche. [Online] Available at: https://oma.eu/projects/zollverein-kohlenwaesche [Accessed 25 January 2020]. Sabre, 2019. A4400. [Online] Available at: https://www.sabre-roads.org.uk/wiki/index.php?title=A4400 [Accessed 27 November 2019]. Twitter, 2020. Brumpic. [Online] Available at: https://twitter.com/Brumpic/media [Accessed 18 January 2020]. Unknown, 2012. Bull Ring Area – 1959-1966. [Online] Available at: https://www.jlb2011.co.uk/iob/slides02/index.htm [Accessed 12 December 2019]. Wikipedia, 2020. British Leyland. [Online] Available at: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Leyland [Accessed 4 January 2020]. Wikipedia, 2019. Bull Ring, Birmingham. [Online] Available at: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bull_Ring,_Birmingham [Accessed 4 December 2019]. Wikipedia, 2019. Ethics of Care. [Online] Available at: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethics_of_care [Accessed 8 December 2019]. Wikipedia, 2019. Herbert Manzoni. [Online] Available at: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herbert_Manzoni [Accessed 27 November 2019]. Wikipedia, 2019. History of Birmingham. [Online] Available at: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Birmingham [Accessed 26 November 2019].
174
APPENDIX
Wikipedia, 2020. James & Lister Lea. [Online] Available at: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_%26_Lister_Lea Accessed 23 January 2020]. Wikipedia, 2020. Landschaftspark Duisburg-Nord. [Online] Available at: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Landschaftspark_Duisburg-Nord [Accessed 25 January 2020]. Wikipedia, 2020. Park Hill, Sheffield. [Online] Available at: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Park_Hill,_Sheffield [Accessed 25 January 2020]. Williams, F., 2019. Studio Egret West’s Balfron Tower Overhaul Slammed as ‘Tragic’ Missed Opportunity [Online] Available at: https://www.architectsjournal.co.uk/news/studio-egret-wests-balfron-tower-overhaul-slammed-as-tragic-missedopportunity/10040878.article [Accessed 25 January 2020]. Young, G., 2015. Bull Ring Shopping Centre Seen as a Place of Retail Dreams in Glorious 1960s Film. [Online] Available at: https://www.birminghammail.co.uk/whats-on/film-news/bfi-film-bull-ring-birmingham-10233316 [Accessed 20 January 2020]. Young, G., 2020. It’s Tears For Beers as Doomed Historic Eagle and Tun Pub Serves Last Orders. [Online] Available at: https://www.birminghammail.co.uk/whats-on/whats-on-news/its-tears-beers-doomed-historic-17510978 [Accessed 19 January 2020]. Young, G., 2018. There’s a Hidden Underground World Beneath Birmingham. [Online] Available at: https://www.birminghammail.co.uk/news/midlands-news/theres-hidden-underground-world-beneath-14519620 [Accessed 22 January 2020].
MISC RESOURCES
Adams, T., 1995. ‘Elegy to The Bull Ring’. The Observer (Life). 5 March 1995. Arnot, C., 1999. ‘Lets Not Charge Into the Bull Ring’. The Independent. 10 May 1999. Davies, R. & Partington, R., 2018. ‘More Than 25% of UK pubs Have Closed Since 2001’. The Guardian. 26 November 2018. Keenan, J., 2008. ‘Do Not Mourn Working Men’s Clubs’. The Guardian. 7 March 2008. Thatcher, M., 1989. UN General Assembly Climate Change Speech. [Online] 8 November, United Nations General Assembly, New York. Available at: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VnAzoDtwCBg [Accessed 24 January 2020].
175
THE WORKING PEOPLEâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;S CLUB
ENVIRONMENT AND TECHNOLOGY BOOKS / JOURNALS
Cohen-Cline, H., Turkheimer, E., Duncan, G. E., 2015. Access to Green Space, Physical Activity and Mental Health: A Twin Study. J Epidemiol Community Health, 69, pg523-529. Davies, C., 2018. A New History of Modern Architecture. London: Laurence King Publishing. European Environment Agency, 1998. Assessment and Management of Urban Air Quality in Europe. Copenhagen: European Environment Agency. Hertzberger, H., 2009. Lessons For Students in Architecture. 6th ed. Rotterdam: 010 Publishers. Paul, J., 2017. How Can Temporary Relief Structures Be Improved For World Crises? M.Eng Dissertation, University of Sheffield. Pelsmakers, S., 2012. The Environmental Design Pocketbook. London: RIBA Publishing. Sturgis, S. & Roberts, G., 2010. Redefining Zero: Carbon Profiling As A Solution To Whole Life Carbon Emission Measurement In Buildings. London: RCIS.
WEB RESOURCES
ERDA, 2018. Carbon Content of Heat. [Online] Available at: https://www.erdaenergy.com/carbon-content-of-heat/ [Accessed 5 February 2020]. Han, S., 2019. Herman Miller Factory was a Flexible, Non-monumental High-tech Factory. [Online] Available at: https://www.dezeen.com/2019/12/04/herman-miller-factory-grimshaw-farrell-high-tech-architecture/ [Accessed 31 January 2020]. Morris, S., 2014. Birmingham Joins San Francisco and Oslo in Global Green Cities Club. [Online] Available at: https://www.theguardian.com/cities/2014/apr/03/birmingham-san-francisco-oslo-global-green-biophilic-citiesclub [Accessed 31 January 2020]. Thatcher, M., 1989. UN General Assembly Climate Change Speech. [Online] 8 November, United Nations General Assembly, New York. Available at: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VnAzoDtwCBg [Accessed 24 January 2020]. Veolia, 2009. Sheffield District Energy Network. [Online] Available at: https://www.theade.co.uk/assets/docs/case-studies/Sheffield.pdf [Accessed 5 February 2020]. Wikipedia, 2020. Thermal Comfort. [Online] Available at: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermal_comfort [Accessed 31 January 2020]. Young, G., 2015. Bull Ring Shopping Centre Seen as a Place of Retail Dreams in Glorious 1960s Film. [Online] Available at: https://www.birminghammail.co.uk/whats-on/film-news/bfi-film-bull-ring-birmingham-10233316 [Accessed 4 February 2020].
176
APPENDIX
MANAGEMENT, PRACTICE, AND LAW BOOKS / JOURNALS
AECOM, 2015. Spon’s Architects’ and Builders’ Price Book. 140th Ed. Boca Raton: CRC Press. Anumba, C., Egbu, C., Kashyap, M., 2006. Avoiding Structural Collapses in Refurbishment: A Decision Support System. Sudbury: HSE Books. Cabinet Office, 2012. Common Minimum Standards For Procurement of the Built Environments in the Public Sector. London: Cabinet Office. Chappell, D., Dunn, M., 2016. The Architect in Practice. 11th Ed. Sussex: Wiley Blackwell. Clamp, H., Cox, S., Lupton, S., Udom, K., 2012. Which Contract? Choosing the Appropriate Building Contract. 5th Ed. London: RIBA Publishing. Cowan, A., 2010. Life Cycle Costing in Facilities Management. Duffy, F., 1990. Measuring Building Performance. Facilities. Volume 8, No. 5, pg17-20. Hibberd, P., 2005. Is Single Point Design Responsibility Under JCT 2005 Illusory? 24 November, King’s College Construction Law Association, London. Homes & Communities Agency, 2015. Guidance on Dereliction, Demolition, and Remediation Costs. London: Homes & Communities Agency. HSE, 2012. Asbestos: The Survey Guide. 2nd Ed. Sudbury: HSE Books. JCT, 2017. Deciding on the Appropriate JCT Contract 2016. London: Thomson Reuters. Kennedy, L., 2004. Remaking Birmingham: The Visual Culture of Urban Regeneration. London: Routledge. Masterman, J. W. E., 2006. Introduction to Procurement Systems. 2nd Ed. London: Taylor and Francis. Rawlinson, S., 2006. Procurement: Two Stage Tendering. Building Magazine, 12 May. pg65. Weththasinghe, K., 2017. The Significance of the Life Cycle Embodied Energy in Shopping Centres in Australia. Melbourne, Proceedings of 22nd International Conference on Advancement of Construction Management and Real Estate, Melbourne, Australia, 2017.
WEB RESOURCES
ACN, 2011. Jean Nouvel Designs a Gastronomy and Cultural Centre for Barcelona’s Beer Company Mortiz. [Online]Available at: https://www.catalannews.com/life-style/item/jean-nouvel-designs-a-gastronomy-and-cultural-centre-for-barcelonas-beercompany-moritz [Accessed 21 February 2020]. AJ Buildings Library, 2020. Alex Monroe Studio. [Online] Available at: https://www.ajbuildingslibrary.co.uk/projects/display/id/6932 [Accessed 21 February 2020]. AJ Buildings Library, 2020. Storey’s Field Centre & Eddington Nursery. [Online] Available at: https://www.ajbuildingslibrary.co.uk/projects/display/id/8012 [Accessed 21 February 2020]. BDP, 2020. Meadowhall Refurbishment. [Online] Available at: http://www.bdp.com/en/projects/m-o/meadowhall-refurbishment/ [Accessed 21 February 2020].
177
THE WORKING PEOPLE’S CLUB
Chapman Taylor, 2020. BullRing. [Online] Available at: https://www.chapmantaylor.com/projects/bullring [Accessed 22 February 2020]. CIBSE, Date Unknown. The Queens Building De Montfort University. [Online] Available at: https://www.cibse.org/getmedia/67d9026e-b6c6-41a0-9f26-c1e459e53668/NPCS-102-The-Queens-Buildingde-Montfort.pdf.aspx [Accessed 21 February 2020]. Designing Building Wiki, 2019. Contingencies in Construction. [Online] Available at: https://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Contingencies_in_construction [Accessed 21 February 2020]. Designing Building Wiki, 2018. Minor Material Amendment. [Online] Available at: https://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Minor_material_amendment [Accessed 26 February 2020]. Investopedia, 2020. Special Purpose Vehicle (SPV). [Online] Available at: https://www.investopedia.com/terms/s/spv.asp [Accessed 18 February 2020]. Investopedia, 2020. Special Purpose Vehicle (SPV). [Online] Available at: https://www.investopedia.com/terms/s/spv.asp [Accessed 18 February 2020]. Jean Nouvel, 2020. Fàbrica Mortiz Barcelona. [Online] Available at: http://www.jeannouvel.com/en/projects/fabrica-moritz-barcelona/ [Accessed 21 February 2020]. Stevens, B., 2017. £60m Meadowhall Refurbishment Completed After Two Years. [Online] Available at: https://www.retailgazette.co.uk/blog/2017/12/60m-meadowhall-refurbishment-completed-two-years/ [Accessed 21 February 2020]. Willmann, 2015. White Collar Factory Serves up Flat-white Office Vision. [Online] Available at: https://www.constructionnews.co.uk/buildings/project-reports/white-collar-factory-serves-up-flat-white-officevision-16-09-2015/ [Accessed 21 February 2020]. Williams, F., 2019. Page\Park Turns Former Welly Factory Into Printmakers. [Online] Available at: https://www.architectsjournal.co.uk/buildings/pagepark-turns-former-welly-factory-into-printmakers/10042628. article [Accessed 21 February 2020]. Willmott Dixon, 2020. University of Birmingham - The Green Heart. [Online] Available at: https://www.willmottdixon.co.uk/projects/the-green-heart-university-of-birmingham [Accessed 21 February 2020].
178
APPENDIX
LIST OF FIGURES All figures are author’s own, unless referenced below
DESIGN MANIFESTO INTRODUCTION / CONTEXT Pg3 Studio Invisible Cities.
Pg4 Studio Invisible Cities.
THEMES Pg24 Paradise, 2020. Paradise Birmingham. [Online]. Available at: https://www.paradisebirmingham.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2018/09/vision-image-2-1.jpg [Accessed 5 January 2020]. Arena Central, 2020. Arena Central Birmingham. [Online]. Available at: https://arena-central.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/02/arena-central-overview.jpg [Accessed 5 January 2020].
Pg31 Recreated from data in: Spencer, K. et al., 1986. Crisis in the Industrial Heartland: A Study of The West Midlands. pgs67, 41, 125.
Pg32 Recreated from data in: Donnelly, T., et al., 2016. The West Midlands Automotive Industry: The Road Downhill. Recreated from data in: The Economist, 1998. Birmingham - From Workshop to Melting Pot. [Online] Available at: https://www.economist.com/britain/1998/08/06/from-workshop-to-melting-pot
Pg35 Recreated from data in: Crisis in the Industrial Heartland. pg40.
Pg48 Sheffield Real Ale Pubs, 2020. Fagan’s. [Online] Available at: http://sheffieldalepubs.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2015/01/fagans-mural-s.jpg [Accessed 20 January 2020].
Pg50 BBC, 2012. Blackwood Miners Institute Marks 20 Years as Arts Venue. [Online] Available at: https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-wales-south-east-wales-17074982 [Accessed 20 January 2020].
179
THE WORKING PEOPLEâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;S CLUB
BULL RING Pg60 Image taken from Google Earth. Google, 2020. Google Earth. [Online] Available at: https://www.google.co.uk/intl/en_uk/earth/ [Accessed 5 Jan 2020]. Bentley, D., 2019. 50 Amazing Nostalgic Images of The Bull Ring. [Online] Available at: https://www.birminghammail.co.uk/news/nostalgia/gallery/50-amazing-nostalgic-images-bull-7719182 [Accessed 16 December 2019]. Wikipedia, 2020. Selfridges Building, Birmingham. [Online] Available at: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Selfridges_Building,_Birmingham [Accessed 17 January 2020]. Hurst, B., 2015. Bull Ring Sculptures. [Online] Available at: https://www.birminghammail.co.uk/news/midlands-news/gallery/bull-ring-sculptures-10614722 [Accessed 17 January 2020].
Pg61 Chapman Taylor, 2020. Bullring. [Online] Available at: https://www.chapmantaylor.com/projects/bullring [Accessed 8 January 2020]. Wikipedia, 2020. Bull Ring, Birmingham. [Online] Available at: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bull_Ring,_Birmingham [Accessed 8 January 2020].
Pg62 Bentley, D., 2019. 50 Amazing Nostalgic Images of The Bull Ring. [Online]
Pg65/66 Norton, D. J., 2020. The New Birmingham c. 1964, Project 15. [Online] Available at:http://www.photobydjnorton.com/NewBham/NewBham15.html [Accessed 16 December 2019]. Kennedy, L., 2004. Remaking Birmingham: The Visual Culture of Urban Regeneration.
Pg67/68. Twitter, 2019. [Online] Available at: https://twitter.com/jennifdixon/status/493393886740750336 [Accessed 18 December 2019]. Bentley, D., 2019. 50 Amazing Nostalgic Images of The Bull Ring.
Pg69 Young, G., 2018. Thereâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s a Hidden Underground World Beneath Birmingham. [Online]
180
APPENDIX Pg70 Bentley, D., 2019. 50 Amazing Nostalgic Images of The Bull Ring. [Online] Wikipedia, 2020. Birmingham New Street Railway Station. [Online] Available at: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birmingham_New_Street_railway_station [Accessed 21 January 2020].
Pg71/72 Reproduced with permission from Birmingham City Archives.
INITIAL MOVES Pg80 Williams, F., 2019. Studio Egret West’s Balfron Tower Overhaul Slammed as ‘Tragic’ Missed Opportunity. [Online] Hawkins Brown, 2020. Park Hill Sheffield. [Online] Available at: https://www.hawkinsbrown.com/projects/park-hill-sheffield [Accessed 25 January 2020].
Pg81 OMA, 2020. Zollverein Kohlenwäsche. [Online] Latz und Partner, 2020. Duisburg Nord Landscape Park, DE. [Online] Available at: https://www.latzundpartner.de/en/projekte/postindustrielle-landschaften/landschaftspark-duisburg-nord-de/ [Accessed 25 January 2020].
Pg82 Rattenbury, K., 2010. Neues Museum by David Chipperfield Architects in Collaboration with Julian Harrap Architects. [Online] Available at: https://www.architectsjournal.co.uk/home/neues-museum-by-david-chipperfield-architects-in-collaboration-withjulian-harrap-architects/8606438.article [Accessed 25 January 2020]. Divisare, 2017. David Chipperfield Architects Neues Museum. [Online] Available at:https://divisare.com/projects/338168-david-chipperfield-architects-rory-gardiner-neues-museum [Accessed 25 January 2020]. Miralles Tagliabue EMBT, 2020. Santa Caterina Market. [Online] Available at: http://www.mirallestagliabue.com/project/santa-caterina-market-renovation/ [Accessed 25 January 2020].
Pg83 Wikipedia, 2020. Birmingham Central Library. [Online] Available at: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birmingham_Central_Library [Accessed 22 January 2020]. Jones, T., 2015. Pictures: Birmingham Civic Society Re-imagine Competition. [Online] Available at: https://www.business-live.co.uk/incoming/gallery/pictures-birmingham-civic-society-re-imagine-7328943 [Accessed 22 January 2020].
Pg91 Bentley, D., 2019. 50 Amazing Nostalgic Images of The Bull Ring. [Online] Hicks, D., 2014. England’s Motoring Heritage. [Online] Available at: https://www.business-live.co.uk/retail-consumer/gallery/englands-motoring-heritage-6695291 [Accessed 15 December 2019].
181
THE WORKING PEOPLE’S CLUB Pg92 Bentley, D., 2019. 50 Amazing Nostalgic Images of The Bull Ring. [Online] Unknown, 2012. Bull Ring Area – 1959-1966. [Online]
Pg 94 The Telegraph, 2019. London as it Might Have Looked: 19 Rejected Designs for Skyscrapers and Landmarks. [Online] Available at: https://www.telegraph.co.uk/travel/destinations/europe/united-kingdom/england/london/galleries/london-rejecteddesigns/rejected-london-landmarks-15/ [Accessed 27 January 2020].
ENVIRONMENT AND TECHNOLOGY PERSONAL APPROACHES Pg102 Cogley, B., 2019. Boston City Hall Renovation Preserves “Straightforward Honesty” of Brutalist Building. [Online] Available at: https://www.dezeen.com/2019/10/22/boston-city-hall-renovation-utile/ [Accessed 30 January 2020]. Foster + Partners, 2020. Maggie’s Manchester. [Online] Available at: https://www.fosterandpartners.com/projects/maggie-s-manchester/#gallery [Accessed 30 January 2020]. AHH, 2020. Apollo Schools - Montessori School and Willemspark School, Amsterdam. [Online] Available at: https://www.ahh.nl/index.php/en/projects2/9-onderwijs/114-montessori-school-delft [Accessed 30 January 2020].
Pg103 Cohousing Futures, 2019. Cohousing Futures Live Project. University of Sheffield. Hertzberger, H., 2009. Lessons For Students in Architecture. pg184-185.
Pg104 Grimshaw, 2020. Herman Miller Factory. [Online] Available at: https://grimshaw.global/projects/herman-miller-factory/ [Accessed 31 January 2020]. Taylor-Foster, J., 2013. Review: ‘Richard Rogers: Inside Out’ at the Royal Academy. [Online] Available at: https://www.archdaily.com/429850/review-richard-rogers-inside-out-at-the-royal-academy/ [Accessed 31 January 2020]. Crook, L., 2019. Grimshaw Transforming Herman Miller Factory into Bath Spa University. [Online] Available at: https://www.dezeen.com/2019/07/04/grimshaw-herman-miller-factory-bath-spa-locksbrook-campus/ [Accessed 31 January 2020].
Pg105 Archdaily, 2013. Dreamhouse / KAAN Architecten. [Online] Available at: https://www.archdaily.com/447420/dreamhouse-claus-en-kaan-architecten [Accessed 31 January 2020]. Wikipedia, 2020. Wissenschaftspark Gelsenkirchen. [Online] Available at: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/5a/Gelsenkirchen_-_Rheinelbestra%C3%9Fe_-_ Wissenschaftspark_02_ies.jpg [Accessed 31 January 2020].
182
APPENDIX Pg106 Holmes, D., 2015. The Goods Line | Sydney, Australia | ASPECT Studios with CHROFI for the Sydney Harbour Foreshore Authority. [Online] Available at: https://worldlandscapearchitect.com/thegoodsline-aspectstudios/#.XjR0LWj7SPo [Accessed 31 January 2020]. Flickr, 2020. [Online] Available at: https://www.flickr.com/photos/stevecadman/47963797 [Accessed 31 January 2020].
SITE Pg107 Weather Online, 2020. [Online] Available at: https://www.weatheronline.co.uk/UK/Birmingham.htm [Accessed 1 February 2020]. Meteoblue, 2020. Climate Birmingham. [Online] Available at: https://www.meteoblue.com/en/weather/historyclimate/climatemodelled/birmingham_united-kingdom_2655603 [Accessed 1 February 2020].
Pg108 Hicks, D., 2014. Englandâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Motoring Heritage. [Online] Available at: https://www.business-live.co.uk/retail-consumer/gallery/englands-motoring-heritage-6695291 [Accessed 1 February 2020].
Pg110 Meteoblue, 2020. Climate Birmingham. [Online] Flickr, 2020. Birmingham 1983. [Online] Available at: https://www.flickr.com/photos/dartsmaster/albums/72157594227596604/with/209002025/ [Accessed 3 February 2020]. Bentley, D., 2019. 50 Amazing Nostalgic Images of The Bull Ring. [Online] [Accessed 3 February 2020]. Wikipedia, 2020. St. Martin in the Bull Ring. [Online] Available at: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_Martin_in_the_Bull_Ring [Accessed 3 February 2020]. Flashbak, 2020. Birmingham Moor Street Station, March 1987. [Online] Available at: https://flashbak.com/trendy-ok-pictures-of-birmingham-1976-1987-407462/birmingham-moor-street-stationmarch-1987/ [Accessed 3 February 2020].
PROJECT Pg113 Thatcher, M., 1989. UN General Assembly Climate Change Speech. [Online] 8 November, United Nations General Assembly, New York.
183
THE WORKING PEOPLE’S CLUB
MANAGEMENT, PRACTICE, AND LAW PROCUREMENT / CONTRACTS Pg133 Recreated from data in: Chappell, D., Dunn, M., 2016. The Architect in Practice. pg309.
Pg134 Recreated from data in: Chappell, D., Dunn, M., 2016. The Architect in Practice. pg314.
Pg137 DSDHA, 2020. Alex Monroe Workshop. [Online] Available at: http://www.dsdha.co.uk/projects/58ec9db8f64a250004000001/Alex-Monroe-Workshop [Accessed 21 February 2020]. Webb, E., 2019. Storey’s Field Centre and Eddington Nursery / MUMA. [Online] Available at: https://arcspace.com/feature/storey-field-centre/ [Accessed 21 February 2020]. Allford Hall Monaghan Morris, 2020. While Collar factory, Old Street. [Online] Available at: https://www.ahmm.co.uk/projectDetails/90/White-Collar-Factory-Old-Street [Accessed 21 February 2020]. Williams, F., 2019. Page\Park Turns Former Welly Factory Into Printmakers. [Online]
Pg138 Inhabitat, 2020. Jean Nouvel Jazzes Up Moritz’s 19th Century Subterranean Brewery in Barcelona. [Online] Available at: https://inhabitat.com/jean-nouvel-jazzes-up-moritzs-19th-century-subterranean-brewery-in-barcelona/ [Accessed 21 February 2020]. Flickr, 2020. [Online] Available at: https://www.flickr.com/photos/stevecadman/47963797 [Accessed 31 January 2020]. BDP, 2020. Meadowhall Refurbishment. [Online] Landezine, 2020.The University of Birmingham - The Green Heart. Available at: http://landezine.com/index.php/2019/06/the-university-of-birmingham-green-heart-by-churchman-thornhill-finch/ [Accessed 21 February 2020].
Pg139/140 Recreated from data in: RIBA Plan of Works, 2007 / 2013. Mark, L., 2013. RIBA’s New Plan of Work Under Fire As A-L Stages Are Scrapped. [Online] Available at: https://www.architectsjournal.co.uk/news/ribas-new-plan-of-work-under-fire-as-a-l-stages-are-scrapped/8647959. article [Accessed 20 February 2020].
Pg143 Recreated from data in: Life Cycle Assessment Recreated from data in: Duffy, F., 1990. Measuring Building Performance. Facilities. Volume 8, No. 5, pg17-20. pg18.
Pg144 Recreated from data in: Waugh Thistleton Architects, 2019. Nu Build Modular Design Guide. London: Swan Housing Association. pg15.
184
APPENDIX
CDM RISKS Pg151 Recreated from data in: Anumba, C., Egbu, C., Kashyap, M., 2006. Avoiding Structural Collapses in Refurbishment: A Decision Support System. pg54.
Pg152 Recreated from data in: HSE, 2012. Asbestos: The Survey Guide. 2nd Ed. Sudbury: HSE Books. pg8 and pg16
Pg154 Burrows, R., Mould, C., 2000. Historic Town-Plan Analysis and Archaeological Evaluation of Manzoni Gardens, Birmingham City Centre. Birmingham: Birmingham University Field Archaeology Unit. pg15.
Pg158 Braidwood, E., 2017. Hopkinsâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; Cambridge Research Centre Handed Grade II* Listing. [Online] Available at: https://www.architectsjournal.co.uk/news/hopkins-cambridge-research-centre-handed-grade-ii-listing/10017551. article [Accessed 26 February 2020]. Northern Architecture, 2019. Research Laboratories for Schlumberger. [Online] Available at: https://www.northernarchitecture.us/housing-project/research-laboratories-for-schlumberger.html [Accessed 26 February 2020].
185
THE WORKING PEOPLEâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;S CLUB
186