Urban Design - Illustrated Report

the shaping of urban design assignment two: illustrated report james connor: 727033 University of Melbourne: Melbourne School of Design

carlton. aerial photograph.

retrieved from www.rathdowneplace.com.au/docs/AUNT_12469.pdf

preface

“But a city is more than a place in space, it is a drama in time.�

Patrick Geddes Since colonisation, Melbourne has been subject to a number of ideologies and conditions that each manifested diverse transformations upon the city’s urban fabric. This illustrated report aims to dissect the influence of differing ideologies upon an area within the suburb of Carlton, Victoria. Looking at different scales, the report revisits the history of the region, illustrating the morphological and typological transformations that have occurred over time and discusses the relationship between these changes and prevailing urban design ideas. The results of this report could be transformed and used as a tool for design within architecture and urban design practices.

Above all this report, through the thorough analysis of a site, highlights the transcient and resilient nature of our cities.

contents

1. introduction 2.

site location

3. carlton in context:

a brief history. historical imagery.

4. morphogenesis carlton:

city as a work of art

city as a machine

city as text city as...

5.

Morphological analysis: street structure street heirachy block permeability 6. typological analysis:

residential terrace house commercial terrace public buildings

housing commission tower

low rise social housing 7.

exit + reference list.

01.

introduction.

introduction

“Like all Australian cities, Melbourne is a laboratory of modern planning ideas, successful, stillborn and disastrous. ...its fragments testify to a shifting ideology of planning visions from the city beautiful at the end of the 19th century through mid-century garden metropolis and modernist blueprints to the entrepreneurial city at the beginning of the 21st century.”

(Emelbourne.net.au) In the last 150 years, views on how the city should be designed have changed dramatically; each change a reflection of the era and response to the economy and social problems of the time. The city has thus been viewed as an aesthetic ‘a work of art,’ a functional ‘machine,’ and a readable ‘text’.

The history of Carlton will be explored first, to give a better understanding of the site we are aiming to decosntruct. A series of essays will then follow to highlight the prevailing theories and influential theorists and how they impacted each specific time period within the context of Carlton. We will then deconstruct the urban morphology, revealing how the built fabric has changed since the original hoddle grid plan was laid for melbourne. The report will end with a set of typological studies, illustrating the prevailant building types within the site and the consequent architectural and urban design theories that manifested each form.

notes.

1.

Emelbourne.net.au,. ‘Architecture & Planning - Theme - Emelbourne - The Encyclopedia Of Mel bourne Online’. N.p., 2015. Web. 1 Nov. 2015.

aerial photograph. carlton. 1960.

retrieved from collections.museumvictoria.com.au/

02.

site location: carlton, victoria

site location plan: carlton/victoria

03.

carlton in context.

carlton in context: a brief history

According to the Bureau of Stats 2015. ‘Carlton is the second most populous small area in the City of Melbourne with only the Melbourne CBD area housing more residents.

The 14,109 residents in Carlton represent 15% of the municipality’s overall population.’

1895

1945

As an extension of the city grid, Carlton was planned in 1852 when Robert Hoddle surveyed the area north of Victoria Street to Grattan Street and east of Elizabeth Street and to Rathdowne Street. Looking at historical maps, the area north of Grattan Street was predominantly undeveloped land until around 1870 and the First World War. In fact, most of the historical maps I had found often exclude the northern parts to Carlton all together. In 1985 as shown in the Metropolitan Board of Works cartography records, Carlton had significantly developed, Princes Street (formerly Reilly St) demarcated the Southern and Northern parts of Carlton.

Unlike many other suburbs, North Carlton was developed as a grid by the government survey and this left few options for further subdivision. This strict block subdivision planned by the government could explains why the main street grid has been respected since its conception. Over the years, private subdivision could be seen as responsible for the ‘slightly erratic system of laneways’ and the development of ‘slum’ districts. The architecture often reflects the respective topographical conditions as well as the block size. Looking at the maps, often the larger blocks were converted into modern flat developments and industrial uses.

According to the Bureau of Statistics, Carlton is ‘characterised by medium- to high-density housing, with a mix of apartments and student accommodation, attached and semidetached terraces mostly from the Victorian era and mix use buildings.’ 1

2000

2015

notes.

1.

“Carlton (SA2)”. Australian Bureau of Statistics. Australian Bureau of Statistics. Retrieved 25 Sep tember 2015. HousingEstatesHistory.pdf

PRINCES STREET

STATION ST

LYTTON ST

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KAY STREET

CANNING ST

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FARADAY ST

RATHDOWNE ST

ELGIN ST

UNIVERSITY OF MELBOURNE

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CARLTON ST

LEICESTER ST

DRUMMOND ST

SWANSTON ST

PELHAM ST

BOUVERIE ST

BARRY ST

BERKELEY ST

GRATTAN STREET

PELHAM ST

QUEENSBERRY ST

VICTORIA STREET

carlton: site location.

CARLTON GARDENS

carlton in context: historical imagery.

1. 288 Elgin Street. 1941. State Library of Victoria.

2. 25 Rathdowne Street. 1965. State Library of Victoria.

3. View down Drummond St. 1969. State Library of Victoria.

4. 450 Lygon St. 1966. State Library of Victoria.

5. 44 Carlton St. 1986. State Library of Victoria.

6. Cardigan St Terraces. 1956. State Library of Victoria.

7. Cardigan St Campbells Building. 1940. State Library of Victoria.

8. Aerial View. Corner of Lytton and Lygon. State Library of Victoria.

9. Little Barkly St. 1940. State Library of Victoria.

10. Ormond Place. 1940. State Library of Victoria.

11. Pelham St. 1941. State Library of Victoria.

12. 99a Palmerston St. 1935. State Library of Victoria.

13. Airdale Place. 1935. State Library of Victoria.

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carlton in context: before and after..

The following images show historical images in contrast with images taken in recent times. One can see the continual morphological evolution and how, since modernism, emphasis has now been put on the preservation and conservation of historical buildings.

Historical images retrieved from the State Library of Victoria 2015.

87 Kay St 1940

87 Kay St 2015

50 Palmerston Street 1940

50 Palmerston Street 2015

48 Palmerston Street 1935

48 Palmerston Street 2015

Church of All Nations 1935

Church of All Nations 2015

04.

morphogenesis carlton; essays

Zone 2: ‘City as Machine’ This zone is made up of the Housing Commission estate buildings as well as the College Square precinct.

Zone 3: ‘City as Text’ This zone consists of low-rise, medium to high density residential developments built between the 1980’s and 2012.

The following essays will refer to these zones in deconstructing the urban framework of carlton through prevailing urban design theories.

zone 2.

1960’s HCV Estates.

Zone 1: ‘City as Art’ This zone is defined as primarily residential terraces. Mostly built between 1850 and 1900 these make up the majority of the site ground area.

zone 3.

1980’s - 2000’s Low-Rise.

The site has been broken up into three sections for analysis. These are based on the types on built form on the site as well as the prevailing ideologies that lead to their manifestation. These are not ridgid zones and often will merge or blend with their surroundings environments and neighbouring zones.

zone 1.

1850’s residential.

morphogenesis carlton: deconstruction + analysis.

aerial view.

google earth 2015.

morphogenesis carlton: the city as a work of art.

Lead by theorists and practitioners such as Camillo Sitte, Raymond Unwin and Hegeman & Peets, the era between 1860’s - 1920’s could be defined as ‘the city as a work of art.’ This era emphasized the importance of aesthetics and visual perception on city design and was based upon an intuitive response derived from the observational analysis of pre-existing urban form.

Sitte’s book, ‘City Planning according to Artistic Principles’1 1889, was an influential critique of the technical way in which cities were being planned and called for a new approach to city planning that looked to the arrangement of buildings found in medieval times. Sitte proposed that urban planners consider design objectives based on the streets and buildings shaped in these historical cities. He was an advocate for irregular street alignments, informal layouts and picturesque compositions that were choreographed in an artistic manner. The Hoddle grid and its extension into the suburbs was very much the antithesis of Sitte’s proposition, however some elements such as emphasis on monuments, churches and vistas could be considered akin to his theories.

Unwin’s ‘Town Planning in Practice’ followed on from the work of Camillo Sitte and was influenced by the socialist ideas of Ebenezer Howard and William Morris. In seeing the ‘city as a work of art’, Unwin claimed that ‘beauty is one of the fundamental tasks of urban design and is supposed to give the community a voice.’ (Pendlebury et al., n.d.). Unwin considered himself part of the Garden City Movement which had great influence on civic design across Europe as well as Australia. In ‘Town Planning in Practice,’2 Unwin makes references to the ‘picturesque’ nature of medieval towns and recognised that for ‘town planning to be successful, it must be largely outgrowth of the circumstances of the site and the requirements of the inhabitants.’ (Unwin, 1971).

At the time Melbourne was colonised, these were very much prevalent planning ideologies. Unlike Sitte’s proposal of a more natural an organic street form, the Hoddle grid was very much an attempt to rationalise a vastly barren landscape, imposing a very strict, formal layout for the city. Hoddles plan was not conceived from any spatial or planning preference but links can be made to the later garden city movement lead by theorists Howard and Unwin. Carlton’s public spaces were planned in the Victorian era and notably are all garden squares. These rectilinear green spaces are often surrounded by buildings, based on a model fashionable in Europe. ‘There are five main garden squares within the suburb – Carlton Gardens, University Square, Lincoln Square, Argyle Place and MacArthur Place.’ (City of Melb, 2003). notes.

1.

Sitte, C. (1965). City planning according to artistic principles. New York: Random House.

2.

Unwin, R. (1971). Town planning in practice. New York: B. Blom.

3.

Righini, P. (2000). Thinking architecturally. Cape Town [South Africa]: University of Cape Town Press.

4.

City of Melbourne. 2003. Retrieved from https://www.melbourne.vic.gov.au/citygallery/Exhibitions/ Documents/Melb_1950s_Catalogue.pdf 5.

Carlton Residents Association. 2012. Retrieved from www.carltonresidents.org.au/.../Public HousingEstatesHistory.pdf

lygon street 1908 - carlton - postcard

retrieved from http://www.thecollectormm.com.au/gallery/postcards/Edwardian/index3.html

morphogenesis carlton: the city as a machine.

“Modernist architecture and town planning is inimical to human beings... based on the Darwinian concept that evolution is open ended, that there must always be something new and better.”

Leon Krier In the 1920’s a new attitude towards space emerged. Historical precedent no longer served as a basis for the further development of form. This section primarily refers to the ‘slum clearance’ scheme of the 1930’s and the consequential development of the Housing Commission blocks in Carlton. To understand how these Housing Commission towers came to be realized one must understand the prevailing views on architecture and planning of the time.

Beginning in the 1920’s Modernism offered a more functional and rational view of the city where the relationship between movement and urban place was reversed. ‘The movement would now be the movement of fast motor traffic; the urban places would become tranquil precincts’ (Marshall, 2005). Coined by architects such as Le Corbusier and Gropius, they imagined a new city, one that functioned as a ‘living machine.’ Le Corbusier postulated a concentric urban society and conceived of the city as a machine or complex of machines based on industrial civilisation. With his ‘Plan Voisin’ for Paris [Fig 01], Corbusier saw that the solution to the problem was to demolish all that was existing and to build upon a newly created tabula rasa.

Similarly with his conception of the Ville Radieuse or The Radiant City, an unrealized urban masterplan presented in 1924, Corbusier saw standardisation and mass production as the future of architecture. This proposal ‘saw a distinct separation of traffic and pedestrians and revolved around large buildings placed in green open landscaped areas.’

(Serenyi, 1974). In a way, and almost 30 years later, these modernist ideas were being transplanted and manifested upon the urban fabric of Melbourne.

housing commission - aerial photograph - 1969

Scanned from: Housing Is People. The policy and operations of the Housing Commission of Victoria. April 1970.

le corbusier’s plan voisin - axonometric - 1920

Retrieved from Serenyi, P. (1974). Le Corbusier in perspective. Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice-Hall.

The housing commission towers of Carlton and Inner Melbourne were built in this same modernist school of thought. It was ‘in 1956 slum clearance demolition orders increased dramatically, and for the rest of the 1950s inner-city Victorian terraces were steadily demolished and Housing Commission walk-up flats constructed in their place.’ (City of Melb, 2003). The first high-rise Commission flats began construction in South Melbourne in 1960. It was then in the early 1960s, to the disappointment of protestors and residents, the Housing Commission of Victoria acquired approximately 118ha of Carlton and demolished several thousand 19th century houses. (City of Melb, 2003).

Although the estates dealt with the immanent housing shortage; their form influenced by these modernist views of architecture and planning, did not fit contextually within the existing Melbourne Hoddle grid.

The towers themselves were very much a commodity driven architecture, whose form derived from economical rather than aesthetic demands. The public view of modern design began to disolve in the late 1960s and the tower block itself became a negative image. The planned utopia represented by the tower block eventually became viewed as ‘a dystopia of functionality and uniformity’ and was heavily critiqued by many significant planners and theorists such as Colin Rowe and Fred Koetter. In their book ‘Collage City’, the design of the city should embrace ‘a collage approach’ and that this view is ‘the only way of dealing with the ultimate problems of either or both utopia and tradition’.

(Rowe and Koetter, 1978).

notes.

1.

Righini, P. (2000). Thinking architecturally. Cape Town [South Africa]: University of Cape Town Press.

2.

City of Melbourne. 2003. Retrieved from https://www.melbourne.vic.gov.au/citygallery/Exhibitions/ Documents/Melb_1950s_Catalogue.pdf 3.

Carlton Residents Association. 2012. Retrieved from www.carltonresidents.org.au/.../Public 4.

(City of Melb, 2003) HousingEstatesHistory.pdf

morphogenesis carlton: the city as text.

“Cities have the capability of providing something for everybody, only because, and only when, they are created by everybody.”

Jane Jacobs, The Death and Life of Great American Cities The ‘City as Text’ era, roughly defined as the period between 1960 and 2000, was very much a response to the prevailing modernist school of thought. Lead by theorists and planners such as Kevin Lynch, Gorden Cullen and Jane Jacobs, this era emphasized the legibility of the city as a new kind of urban design language that could be both experienced and read.

Jacobs disagreed with the universally accepted Garden City and Modernism movements and encouraged an urban realm that promoted pedestrian activity and invigoration of the streetscape. As described in her book, ‘The Death and Life of Great American Cities’1, good city design should consider: mixed use, small blocks, aged buildings, and a sufficient concentration of buildings. Jacobs advocated for the physical environment to be organized in a way that ‘strengthens social networks of streets and communities to promote crime reduction and collective action.’ (Putnam and Quinn, 2006). Looking at Carlton, Modernism insisted on the development high rise urban form situated in space; this being the very antithesis of Jacobs depiction of a ‘healthy’ city.

Mixed use development was not considered important during the ‘city as machine’ era.

Jacobs recognized that the ‘intricate minglings of different uses in cities is not a form of chaos. On the contrary, they represent a complex and highly developed form of order.’

(Jacobs, 1961). The gentrification of Lygon St and Rathdowne St as a result of the cable tram lines has lead to an increase of mixed use buildings along these and neighbouring streets.

Carlton today seems to uphold many features Jacobs considered essential for maintaining desirable streets. As a result of the subdivision of land and introduction of laneways, blocks have been significantly reduced and have thus become more permeable. Half street closures, used to redirect traffic to major routes, such as on Neill Street and Kay Street also encourage the streets to be pedestrianized and encourage her notion of ‘eyes on the street’.

Jane Jacobs street scene. drawing by Kenneth Browne.

Retrieved from Attoe, W. and Logan, D. (1989). American urban architecture. Berkeley: University of California Press.

lygon street restaurants.

Retrieved from Attoe, W. and Logan, D. (1989). American urban architecture. Berkeley: University of California Press.

Jacobs stood in stark opposition to the slum clearance schemes of the 1950’s and her writings very much encourage the rehabilitation and restoration of neighbourhoods; a bottom-up approach to urban planning. As documented in The spirit of Melbourne: 1960s urban activism in inner-city Melbourne, Howe states that her work was particularly influential at the time as ‘an angry response to the demolition of urban neighbourhoods [in America] by planners and engineers through large renewal projects and consequently had a special resonance in Melbourne.’

The ‘city as text’ demonstrates the importance of incorporating existing buildings into new urban design ideas. Jacobs explains that ‘old ideas can sometimes use new buildings. New ideas must use old buildings.’ This is particularly relevant to Inner Melbourne today, where the reuse and adaptation of existing buildings is considered essential in retaining the character of the area. It is likely today that Carlton, as a result of this approach to planning, will continue to be built upon and gentrified rather than cleared for redevelopment as we saw in the ‘City as Machine’ era.

Another significant figure of this time was Gordon Cullen. His ideas of ‘Townscape’ defined in his book ‘Concise Townscape’2 is referred to as ‘the art of giving visual coherence and organization to the jumble of buildings, streets and space that make up the urban environment.’ His notions of deflection, closed vistas, punctuation and narrows are all ideas that can be seen within the fabric of Melbourne.

Kevin Lynch could also be considered as an integral member of the ‘City as Text’ in that he presented a view of the city based on how people use and perceive their physical environment. His book The Image of The City3, discusses ways in which the city could be perceived but primary objective being ‘the idea of the ‘legibility’ of the built environment. That is, how easy can the parts of the cityscape be organized into a recognizable pattern’ (Sjsu.edu, 2015) i.e Paths, edges, districts, nodes and landmarks.

The ‘City as Text’ era is still largely applicable today and has heavily influenced the planning policies of the City of Melbourne. The following page explains how some of the planning overlays for new developments relate to urban design ideas in history.

notes.

1.

Jacobs, J. (n.d.). The Death and Life of Great American Cities.

2.

Cullen, G. (1971). The concise townscape. New York: Van Nostrand Reinhold Co.

3.

Lynch, K. (1960). The image of the city. Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press.

melbourne planning scheme: breakdown of theories.

The following section will analyse a section of the current Melbourne Planning Scheme’s ‘Development Plan Overlay for Carlton’ and assign particular urban design theories along with each regulation for a new development proposal.

As shown below, most contemporary ideas towards urban planning can be related back to the ‘City as Text’ era, lead by Jacobs, Lynch, etc.

SCHEDULE 8 TO THE DEVELOPMENT PLAN OVERLAY Shown on the planning scheme map as DPO8 CARLTON HOUSING PRECINCTS. 29/03/2007.

New development should: • • • • • • •

• • • • • • • •

Replace the existing public housing walk-up blocks with new multiple dwelling housing. Jane Jacobs ‘City as Text.’

Maintain, as a minimum, the current number of public housing units;Jane Jacobs ‘City as Text.’

Provide an integrated mix of private and social housing; Jane Jacobs ‘City as Text.’

Create a composition of varied forms and heights across the precincts that respect the built form character of the surrounding neighbourhood and the heritage buildings and streetscapes; Jane Jacobs ‘City as Text.’

Express significant corners with higher buildings built to the boundary; Recreate a sense of the former local street network using public open space and tree planning; Kevin Lynch ‘City as Text’.

Create a strong sense of personal safety and property security in a both day and night environment by enhancing visibility and casual surveillance opportunities, creating pedestrian friendly streets and clearly identified public and private areas; Jane Jacobs ‘City as Text.’

Connect to the surrounding neighbourhoods using reinstated streets, view lines, open space and paths. Camillo Sitte ‘City as Art’ Provide an appropriate building height transition between towers and surrounding streets; Cullen ‘City as Art’ Clearly define the building entry from the street frontage and provide an individual street address. Kevin Lynch ‘City as Text’.

Clearly define public and private areas using techniques such as open style fencing and landscaping; Jane Jacobs ‘City as Text.’

Provide activated and pedestrian friendly street frontages with opportunities for casual surveillance; Jane Jacobs ‘City as Text.’

Maintain the pedestrian scale of residential streets; Cullen ‘City as Art’ Provide a range of public spaces and dwellings that meet the needs of all people including those with mobility impairment; Respect heritage places, heritage buildings and streetscapes. Cullen ‘City as Art’

http://planningschemes.dpcd.vic.gov.au/schemes/combined-ordinances/Melbourne_PS_Ordinance.pdf

05.

morphological analysis.

morphological analysis: street block & street structure

“Unlike situations in Europe, the process of subdivision in melbourne - predominantly something administrative - was always quite distinct from the process of building. In the colonial city, building and planning were radically separate acts.”

1. The street pattern of inner Melbourne developed from three major components: first,

the early town plan still visible as the skewed grid of the city centre; secondly, the highways radiating out from the town which were later formed into grand boulevards.

Ebenezer Howard’s Garden City boulevards seems reminescent of the relatively grand linear streets of Lygon and Rathdowne. In 1863 the street blocks were quite significant; some over 500 m long and 130 m wide. Visual access, symmetry and vistas, which were ideas presented by Howard appear as part of the Carlton street structure.

2. It was seeminly inevitable that the large blocks proposed in the early plans would be-

come divided with more covenient routes and lanes. In fact, the street pattern appears to have two distinct street types, the original formal gridded streets and the semi-informal grid and the ‘labyrinth of lanes within the blocks.’ (Marshal, 2011). These lanes would have occured out of convenience for the pedestrian and possibly due to the removal of the cable tram lines along rathdowne street.

3. As depicted in 1895 diagram [Fig 2], the main horizontal, vertical and diagonal streets

remained almost identical to how they were in 1863 and even earlier. As a result of the Modernist ideologies in 1960, a large section of Neill street was removed for the Housing Commission estate as part of the slum clearance program. In 2015 Reeves street (that was demolished in the 60’s) was re-introduced as part of the new low rise residential developments. This caused sgnificant disconnection between princes st and palmerston place and resulted in the more prevailant use of Rathdowne and Lygon St.

4. The site almost divided in half, now presents two very different street networks. The

housing commission estate (of open space and small paths) which is predominantly private property and the residential network (of streets and lanes).

Much is now done to retain the existing streetscapes and as Kevin Lynch would define as the ‘Image’ of the city. Lynch’s categories of paths, edges, districts, nodes and landmarks are all retained, developed and considered integral to the urban structure of carlton.

notes.

1.

2.

3.

Marshall, Stephen. Urban Coding And Planning. London: Routledge, 2011. Print.

Lynch, Kevin. The Image Of The City. Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press, 1960. Print.

Marshall, S. (2011). Urban coding and planning. London: Routledge.

REILLY STREET

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1895

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Melbourne Metropolitan Board of Works Map

CANNING G ST SWANSTON ST

Melbourne Metropolitan Board of Works Map

PALMERSTON ST

ELGIN ST

FARADAY ST

WNE E ST

1895 SWANSTON ST

PRINCES STREET

2.2

STATION ST

PRINCES STREET

LYTTON ST CARDIGAN ST

Melbourne : Dept. of Lands and Survey Map

RATHDOWNE ST

Melbourne : Dept. of Lands and Survey Map

2

PALMERSTON STREET

1863

NICHOLSON ST

1863

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1995

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2015

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Melbourne : Dept. of Lands and Survey Map ELGIN ST

FARADAY ST

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Melbourne : Dept. of Lands and Survey Map

SWANSTON ST

2015

STATION ST

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STREET

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Melbourne : Dept. of Lands and Survey Map

SWANSTON ST

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CARDIGAN ST

STREET

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RATHDOWNE OWNE ST WNE ERATHD ST

SWANSTON ST

Melbourne : Dept. of Lands and Survey Map

LYTTON ST

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CARDIGAN ST NICHOLSON ST

LYTTON ST

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CANNING ST

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street block & street structure urban design theories The following depicts the diagrams and ideologies of prominent urban design theorists, highlighting their relevance to Carlton during particular periods of time. city as art.

1850 - 1880

Camillo Sitte 1880.

Howard 1898.

Unwin 1912.

city as a machine.

1950 - 1960

Le Corbusier 1925.

Ludwig Hilberseimer 1950.

city as text.

1950 - 1960

Jacobs 1961.

Lynch 1960.

morphological analysis: street heirachy

ET

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STATION ST

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KAY STREET

PITT STREET

CAN NNING G ST

URNE

SWANSTON ST

PALMERSTON ST

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1863

RATHDOW OWNE OW E ST

Melbourne : Dept. of Lands and Survey Map ST

STATION ST

LYGON STREET

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NE

CANNING ST

RATHDOWNE ST

LYTTON ST CARDIGAN ST

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PRINCES STREET DRUMMOND ST

STREET

RDIGAN ST

FARADAY ST

KAY STREET

PP

KE

PITT STREET

EL ST

URNE

CAN NNING G ST

PALMERSTON ST

SWANSTON ST

ELGIN ST

1895

RATHDOWNE OWNE OW E ST

Melbourne : Dept. of Lands and Survey Map FARADAY ST

ST

STATION ST

KAY STREET

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NE

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PRINCES STREET DRUMMOND ST

STREET

RDIGAN ST

If Drummond Street were to remain connected, one could image, as a street with visual connection to the CBD, that this would have been now populated with commercial and retail outlets much like the parrallel Lygon and Rathdowne Street.

ILL

NE

NICHOLSON ST

RATHDOWNE ST

DRUMMOND ST

REILLY STREET

LYGON STREET

CARDIGAN ST

LYTTON ST

ST EL PP KE

The following diagrams explain the hierachy of the street structure. As shown, the original block plan of 1863 was altered in the 60’s when the housing commission estate removed a section of Drummond and Neill streets. This altered the heirachy of the street structure significantly and was in some way responsible for the gentrification and densification of Lygon and Rathdowne Streets.

PRINCES STREET

CANNING ST

“The internal structure of all urban areas is based on an interconnected series of hierachies. Uses, Buildings and open space all have a hierachy that develop over time and reflect the democratic organisation of the area.”

(Rudlin and Falk. 2009)

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PITT STREET

ST CAN NNING G ST

URNE

SWANSTON ST

PALMERSTON ST

ELGIN ST

1995

RATHDOWNE OWNE OW E ST

Melbourne : Dept. of Lands and Survey Map ST

ET

RE

KE

STATION ST

NICHOLSON ST

ST

CANNING ST

RATHDOWNE ST

ILL

NE LYGON STREET

CARDIGAN ST

LYTTON ST

KEY

Y KL

R

BA

PRINCES STREET DRUMMOND ST

STREET

RDIGAN ST

FARADAY ST

KAY STREET

PP EL

PITT STREET

ST

secondary roads (connector)

CAN NNING G ST

URNE

ELGIN ST

2015

RATHDOWNE OWNE OW E ST

primary roads (inter-suburb)

SWANSTON ST

PALMERSTON ST

ST

Melbourne : Dept. of Lands and Survey Map

laneways

STREET

tertiary roads (local)

RDIGAN ST

FARADAY ST

Y KL

R

BA

morphological analysis: block permeability McGlynn defines urban permeability as ‘the number of choices/ alternatives that environment offers to people, where people can go and where they can not.. the greater the number of alternative routes, the greater people’s freedom of movement and, therefore, the greater the responsiveness of that environment.

Permeability should not only be in physical properties but in visual appearance too, since paths which are not visually obvious may remain unused. Nature of spaces also influences the degree of permeability.’

Sue McGlynn, Responsive Environments 1985.

1863

1863

1895

1895

north - south routes.

east - west routes

In The Death and Life of Great American Cities, Jacobs advocates for permeability and states that that ‘a place with small blocks gives more choice of routes than one with large blocks.’

Even the low rise social housing blocks built in recent times have not respected the requirements for permeability and consequently create and ‘unhealthy’ urban fabric that reduces walkability.

KEY primary routes secondary routes

north - south routes.

T

ST

2015

PIT PITTTST ST

T PITT ST

ST

PITT ST ST ST

north - south routes.

RAT RATHD HD

T T

RATHD RATHD

ST ST

DR DRU U

RATHD

TT

DRU DRU

DRU DRU

RATHD

T TT

CARDIGA

NE

CARDIGA

T NE

CARDCA RDIGA IGA

NNEE

NE

ST ST

CAR CARDIG DIGA A

TT

RATHD RATHD

RATHD

DRU DRU

RATHD

T T

NE

ST

RAT RATHD HD

ST

ST

ST ST

ST ST

east - west routes

ST

DR DRU U

ST ST DRU DRU

Smaller blocks give more physical permeability and also increase visual permeability, improving people’s awareness of the choice available. It is apparent that although the Modernist Housing Commission towers may appear to create more open space, the permeability of this superblock is significantly less than that of the 1895 model of streets and laneways. Segregating pedestrains seemed to have detrimental effects on the permeability of this area.

T T TT

T

T

REE REETT

T

T

T

REET

PITT ST

REET

PITT ST

2015

east - west routes

T REET REET

REILLY STREET

STREET CANNING CANNING ST CANNING ST

LYGON STREET

T EE R KAY STREET ST L L EI STREET NKAY STREET PITT hoddle grid street block.

EL

Looking at the subdivision of land we can see a direct correlation between plot size and building size. Often what occurs is that larger plots are more STREET PALMERSTON inclined to become redeveloped into modern flats or STeast end of Neill PALMERSTON PALMERST townhouses as shown at the north St.

ST

With each era came new ideas for how people should live. In 1830 when hoddle laid out the grid he was unsure of what architecture would fill the PALMERSTON PALMERST plots. He knew however, that the ST blocks were to be large as to avoid ‘slum’ situations occuring in the UK at the time.

A typological study will explain these ST ELGIN building forms in more detail..

ELGIN ST

FARADAY ST

WNE E ST

ST

PP

KE

SWANSTON TON ST SWANSTON TON ST

“Any city is made up of subdivisions of land. On T this EE R essentially legal foundation, a built fabric comes LYTTON ST T L S territory into being whose relation to the division ILof E N is not of simple cause and effect. Subdivisions and buildings make a complex and interrelated whole.”

(Bertaram & Halik, 2002)

FARADAY ST

WNE E ST

EL

PP

KE

LYGON STREET LYGON STREET

CARDIGAN STREET

CARDIGAN STCARDIGAN ST

building form

ILL E N

T EE R ST

PITT STREET KAY STREET

same block after private subdivision in 1895

PITT STREET

same block with morphology overlayed in 2015.

CANNING G ST G ST CANNING

analysis ST LYTTONmorphological

DRUMMOND STREET

PRINCES STREET

RATHDOWN RATHD OWNE RATHDOWN E RATHD ST STREET OWNE RATHDOWNE E ST

DRUMMOND ST DRUMMOND ST

PRINCES STREET

KAY STREET

PP

PITT STREET

EL

PITT STREET

STATION ST

NE LYGON STREET

CARDIGAN ST

KAY STREET

T

EE

TR

S ILL

CANNING ST

DRUMMOND ST

CANNING STREET

RATHDOWNE STREET

DRUMMOND STREET

LYGON STREET

ET

RE

ST

LYTTON ST

KE

CARDIGAN STREET

ILL

NE

REILLY STREET

2

RATHDOWNE ST

REILLY STREET

1

ST

PALMERSTON STREET

PP EL

KAY STREET

PITT STREET

PALMERSTON ST PALMERST

2015

FARADAY ST

WNE E ST

ELGIN ST

VicMaps Data CANNING G ST

CANNING G ST SWANSTON TON ST

VicMaps Data.

ELGIN ST

FARADAY ST

WNE E ST

1995

STATION ST

CANNING G ST CANNING ST

RATHDOWNE RATHD WNE E ST OWNE ST

DRUMMOND ST

ET RE ST L L I NE

ST

ST PALMERSTON ST PALMERST

SWANSTON TON ST

LYGON STREET

KE

EL

PITT STREET

FARADAY ST

LYTTON ST CARDIGAN ST

STATION ST

CANNING ST

DRUMMOND ST

ET RE ST L L I NE

ELGIN ST PRINCES STREET

4

KAY STREET

PP

KE

LYGON STREET

CARDIGAN ST

RATHDOWNE RATHD OWNE ST

PRINCES STREET

LYTTON ST

Melbourne Metropolitan Board of Works.

SWANSTON ST

Melbourne : Dept. of Lands and Survey Map

3

PALMERSTON ST

1895

NICHOLSON ST

1863

morphological analysis: building heights

This diagram shows the morphological transformations in three dimensions. As shown, buildings tended to be one or two stories in 1895. Churches, such as the former Wesleyan Church (Now church of all nations) and St Judes Church on Lygon St, were originally the tallest buildings in the area.

A Character and Development Study of Carlton by the Yarra City Council revealed that ‘the choice of a diagonal layout for Keppel Street, Neill Street and Barkly Street ran against the traditional grid pattern found elsewhere in Carlton, and the resulting triangular blocks contain many significant buildings.’ These triangular blocks on the site house the churches mentioned above.

As time went on and urban planning ideas transformed so did the built forms. In the ‘City as Machine’ era, the modernist housing commission towers claimed the majority of the block bound by Rathdowne and Lygon Streets. In 1995 a section of the ‘walk up’ social housing was demolished for new low-rise high-density housing, an idea that can be related to the ‘City as Text’ era that called for an urban structure of ‘legibility’ and vitality.

Amongst these significant morphological changes were smaller typological transformations. These include the extention of properties, redevelopment of existing public buildings, the reconfiguration of residential terraces to commercial terraces and the demolition of buildings for public green space.

15

20

95

19

95

18

06.

typological analysis.

typological analysis: victorian terrace; residential

“The Melbourne nineteenth-century commercial terrace is, if not unique, emblematic of Melbourne and has many features not found elsewhere. It owes its development to a number of varied sources.”

Christine Graunas.

Translated to Australian cities, the terrace was more modest, but showed its British origins; the early architects had generally trained in Britain. In Melbourne, the Royal Terrace in Nicholson Street, Fitzroy (1854-56, attributed to John Gill 2) is one of the earliest, with simple classical design, but adding the Australian veranda.

Case Study: 87 Kay Street, Carlton.

This dwelling is typical of the mid 19th Century - early victorian terrace houses. Originally a single story semi detached terrace, in recent years a modern extension has been added. The diagrams shown right reveal how the first floor extension attaches to the existing terrace. These sorts of rear extensions are common throughout the site as recent planning regulations restrict extensions to be subserviant to the existing terrace:

“Clause 15.01-2- Urban Design principles which ‘seeks to achieve architectural and urban design principles that contribute positively to local urban character and enhance the public realm while minimising detrimental impact on neighbouring properties.”

The notion of retaining the character of a neighbourhood was emphasized by urban theorists of the ‘City as Text’ era such as Jane Jacobs, William H. Whyte and Kevin Lynch. Jacobs, as discussed earlier, ‘was among the first to highlight the social virtues of streets and other traditional urban forms over environments designed in accordance with modernist principles’ (Tiesdell, OC and Heath).

notes.

1.

2.

Christine Graunas. Provenance: The Journal of Public Record Office Victoria, September 2010, Number 9. ISSN 1832-2522. Copyright © Christine Graunas. URL://www.prov.vic.gov.au/prove nance/no9/stuccoshoppingPrint.asp Tiesdell, Steven, Taner OC, and Tim Heath. Revitalising Historic Urban Quarters. Architectural Press, 1966. Print.

STATION ST

elevation.

NICHOLSON ST

ILL

NE

CANNING ST

RATHDOWNE ST

T

EE

R ST

KAY STREET

CANNING G ST

PITT STREET

axonometric.

WNE E ST

87 Kay St. 1957.

87 Kay St. 2015.

exploded axonometric.

facade.

typological analysis: victorian terrace; residential... continued..

The following drawings depict the transformations of the terrace house typology. It is interesting to note that through the division of land subsequently results in the multiplication of dwellings.

Due to urban design ideas brought into light by theorists such as Jane Jacobs, the conservation of the victorian and edwardian terrace typology is prevalent throughout carlton and the inner suburbs. Typically, the original facades are maintained to preserve the character of the area. Extensions and renovations area however very common and, due to these planning regulations, remain subserviant to the original terrace typology. The drawings of shown right are of a row of houses on rathdowne st, depicting a side, street and rear elevation, they reveal the morphological transformations of the victorian terrace typolology.

The facades of the dwellings shown here are often made from ‘common elements sucn as chromatic brickwork, cast iron friezes, brackets and columns, highly ornamented parapets and cast iron palisade fences.’ (Yarra City Council, 2013). It is deemed important to keep the facades of the terraces similiar in order to retain teh streetscape and character of the area.

notes.

1.

Yarra City Council. 2013. CHARACTER AND DEVELOPMENT 2.1 HISTORY AND CHARACTER

OF THE STUDY AREA. 2013. Retrieved http://www.yarracity.vic.gov.au/DownloadDocument.ashx ?DocumentID=536

street elevation.

Rathdowne St, Carlton.

rear elevation.

Rathdowne St, Carlton.

original 1850’s house

extension one. extension two. extension three. shed. courtyard.

typical dwelling transformation 280 Rathdowne St, Carlton.

typological analysis: victorian terrace; commercial

“Together with other factors (i.e. visual and functional connections) ground floor use is an important issue to be considered in the relationship between buildings and public open spaces, since the existence of adequate type of use can contribute to the urban dynamics, making the urban experience safer and more aesthetically pleasing, this being the usual characteristic of the ‘traditional’ urban form.” (Gehl, 2010, 2011).

The following page analyses the victorian terrace commercial typology found in Carlton and throughout the Inner suburbs. This typology is common within the inner suburbs. Lygon St, Canning St and Rathdowne St all include a number of these commercial/residential building types. Originally built as two storey Victorian terrace houses in the late 19th century, gentrification of the area lead to the commercial and retail refit of the ground floor; hence the ground floor shopfronts have undergone several changes since their original construction.

Stylistically, the architecture was heavily influenced by english and european precedents. Although built before 1880, its important to note that the styles of these buildings vary quite dramatically. Christine Graunas explains that ‘historic styles [were] so widely and freely applied in the nineteenth century that it is very risky to try to date a building by its style, and also that trends in commercial building architecture changed with even more rapidity than those of domestic dwellings’. Most of the commercial terraces feature double hung georgian windows, varying mouldings, pilasters and extended parapets.

Case Study: 178 Rathdowne Street, Carlton.

A significant number of Melbourne’s nineteenth-century commercial terraces have been retained. The first floor of this commercial terrace has been mostly converted into individual flats with rear access due to the housing shortage and gentrification of the Carlton as an inner city suburb. This building typology is important in maintaing what Jacobs would call ‘eyes on the street’ and helps to maintain a vibrant and active street scene. Retaining these commercial terraces is crucial in maintating the character of Carlton. As Lynch discussed in the ‘Image of the City 1984’, traditional urban structures should be seen as positive aspects of the urban form and such ‘urban structures lend themselves to a compact and interesting walking environment for pedestrians, which functions well at a human scale and provides opportunities for social interaction and passing retail trade’ (Lynch, 1984).

notes.

1.

Gehl, J. (2011). Life between buildings. Washington, DC: Island Press.

2.

Christine Graunas. Provenance: The Journal of Public Record Office Victoria, September 2010,

Number 9. ISSN 1832-2522. Copyright © Christine Graunas. URL://www.prov.vic.gov.au/prove nance/no9/stuccoshoppingPrint.asp 3.

Lynch, Kevin. The Image Of The City. Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press, 1960. Print.

NICHOLSON ST

STATION ST

ILL

NE

CANNING ST

RATHDOWNE ST

T

EE

R ST

KAY STREET

PITT STREET

elevation.

CANNING G ST

178 Rathdowne St, Carlton.

WNE E ST

image. google street view.

178 Rathdowne St, Carlton.

axonometric.

178 Rathdowne St, Carlton.

facade.

typological analysis: public buildings

The following page analyses an example of a public building typology found in Carlton and throughout the Inner suburbs. The morphogenesis and physical transformations of this typology are revealed through drawings and images.

Case Study: Carlton Public Baths According to the Carlton Community History Group, the baths ‘opened on 11 February 1916, with the original entrance via Victoria Place, a laneway running off Princes St.’ Looking at the morphological analysis we can see that ‘five to six houses in Rathdowne Street (nos. 240-250) were demolished to build a new entrance and changing facitities for both sexes.1 More recent improvements in the 1970s and 1980s have seen the Carlton Baths transformed into a sporting and recreational facility. The carlton baths website states that the ‘latest redevelopment incorporates water and energy efficient design, improved security and access, and upgraded plant and equipment.’

The public buildings, including the Carlton Creche, San Marco Community Centre,Social Club and the Carlton Baths are all seemingly heritage listed and new developments often respect the existing forms. The way in which these buildings are preserved could stem from the philosphies of Jane Jacobs who was an advocate for retaining traditional forms in order to maintain urban character.

notes.

1.

Cchg.asn.au, (2015). Carlton Community History Group Inc. [online] Available at: http://www.cchg. asn.au/news2.html [Accessed 2 Nov. 2015].

carlton baths. street view 2015.

Rathdowne St, Carlton.

carlton baths new development. retrieved architectureau.com

carlton baths elevation.

Rathdowne St, Carlton.

original baths building.

street elevation.

Rathdowne St, Carlton.

new carlton baths development 2012.

typological analysis: housing commission tower block

“Modern Architecture died in St. Louis, Missouri, on July 15, 1972, at 3.32 p.m. (or thereabouts), when the infamous Pruitt Igoe scheme, or rather several of its slab blocks, were given the final coup de grace by dynamite.”

Charles Jencks.

As explained in Part 02, Modernism certainly introduced a new school of thought.

Urban Planning in Melbourne during the 50’s and 60’s seemingly adopted ideas from the UK and America, developing high rise housing estates across the country. Unfortunately the popularity and success of the housing commission estates dramatically declined as they did abroad. “The uniformity and rigidity of ‘modern’ housing estates all over the world has lead to drastic problems of negligence, lack of maintenance and even vandalism – as a form of helpless counter-reaction of its inhabitants.” (Greger and Steinberg, 1988, p.23).

Case Study: 480 Lygon St, Carlton.

Reminiscent of Le Corbusier’s modernist Unité d’habitation in Berlin and Marsielle, the Z-Shaped Housing Commission tower is just one of four towers on the site situated between Lygon and Rathdowne streets. These tower typologies are seen throughout almost all of the inner suburbs and are ‘configured as a mixture of 4 and 5-storey walkup flats and 22-storey high-rise towers which are in the process of being redeveloped as mixed-tenure housing.’ (Bureau of Stats, 2012). Although the slum reclaimation act in the 1960’s may have solved an immediate social problem, the towers are often seen to be detrimental to the character of the neighbourhood area. 480 Lygon St is currently undergoing some cosmetic renovations to the foyer of the building.

notes.

1.

2.

Greger, O. & Steinberg, F. 1988. Transformations of formal housing. Open House International, V ol.13, No. 3, 23-35.

Australian Bureau of Statistics (31 October 2012). “Carlton (State Suburb)”. 2011 Census Quick Stats. Retrieved 5 July 2012.

NICHOLSON ST

STATION ST

ET RE ST L IL NE

CANNING ST

LYGON STREET

LYTTON ST

RATHDOWNE RATHD OWNE ST

DRUMMOND ST

PRINCES STREET

KAY STREET

PITT STREET

PALMERSTON ST PALMERST

CANNING G ST

elevation.

FARADAY ST

WNE E ST

ELGIN ST

image. lygon Street. 1966.

image. lygon Street. 2015.

axonometric.

image from ‘star’ tower block. 1995.

typological analysis: low-rise high-density mixed public and private housing.

“This rush to density, this idea that density creates economic growth is wrong ...it’s the creation of real, walkable urban environments that stir the human spirit. Skyscraper communities are vertical suburbs, where it is lonely at the top. The kind of density we want is a ‘Jane Jacobs density’.”

(Richard Florida quoted by Steuteville, 2015.)

The ‘City as Text’ era of the 1970’s to 2000’s was very much against the ideas of high rise living and rather encouraged the ideas of low-rise, high density and mixed use developments. In the 1970s, in response to community opposition, the Housing Commission began phasing out high rise developments in favour of low and medium-density housing. These ideological changes are very apparent within Carlton as a number of new 5-6 storey developments have appeared around the Housing Commission estates.

Case Study 521 Reeves Street, Carlton.

As described on the vic.gov website, this development occured in 2011 and is described as ‘a new precinct of 84 public housing apartments and 90 privately-owned apartments replacing old walk-up units. This was a significant step in a project that will occur in stages across three sites in Carlton. Each site will include an integrated mix of public and private housing. The Carlton Housing Redevelopment is an urban renewal and community development project that provides housing and community facilities for the entire Carlton community. The redevelopment will result in: 246 new public housing apartments to replace 192 old units approximately 800 apartments for private sale a community wellbeing precinct.’2 The apartments, unlike the housing commission towers, have balconies which contribute positively to the safety of the areas as public surveillance is increased. Along Rathdowne St the development includes some commercial street frontage which engages with the carlton baths development opposite.

These sorts of ideaologies were coined by theorists of the ‘City as Text’ era and are attempts at resolving social and economical problems whilst maintaing the character and vitality of the area.

notes.

1.

2.

Steuteville, Robert. ‘Jane Jacobs-Style Density Is Best For Cities, Florida Says’. Bettercities.net.

N.p., 2015. Web. 2 Nov. 2015.

Dhs.vic.gov.au,. ‘Carlton Housing Redevelopment - Department Of Human Services, Victoria, Aus tralia’. N.p., 2015. Web. 2 Nov. 2015.

carlton wellbeing precinct.

retrieved from www.meinhardt.com.au

carlton wellbeing precinct.

retrieved from www.meinhardt.com.au

07.

exit + reference list.

exit

Studying urban morphogenesis can help us better understand the growing processes of a city. This report aimed to reveal not just the history and physical nature of Carlton today, but the way in which a city’s streets, blocks, plots and buildings can undergo significant transformations. I hope this analysis has explored the relationship between morphology and prevailing urban design ideas and has in some way helped us better understand the transient and ever-changing nature of our cities. james connor.

University of Melbourne.

727033.

carlton slum.

retrieved from SLV 2015.

carlton slum?

taken by james connor 2015.

references.

1.

Christine Graunas. Provenance: The Journal of Public Record Office Victoria, Septem

ber 2010, Number 9. ISSN 1832-2522. Copyright © Christine Graunas.

URL://www.prov.vic.gov.au/provenance/no9/stuccoshoppingPrint.asp 2.

Lynch, Kevin. The Image Of The City. Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press, 1960. Print.

3.

Emelbourne.net.au,. ‘Architecture & Planning - Theme - Emelbourne - The Encyclopedia Of Melbourne Online’. N.p., 2015. Web. 1 Nov. 2015.

4.

Tiesdell, Steven, Taner OC, and Tim Heath. Revitalising Historic Urban Quarters.

Architectural Press, 1966. Print.

5.

Greger, O. & Steinberg, F. 1988. Transformations of formal housing. Open House International, Vol.13, No. 3, 23-35.

6.

Australian Bureau of Statistics (31 October 2012). “Carlton (State Suburb)”. 2011 Census QuickStats. Retrieved 5 July 2012.

7.

Steuteville, Robert. ‘Jane Jacobs-Style Density Is Best For Cities, Florida Says’.

Bettercities.net. N.p., 2015. Web. 2 Nov. 2015.

8.

Dhs.vic.gov.au,. ‘Carlton Housing Redevelopment - Department Of Human Services, Victoria, Australia’. N.p., 2015. Web. 2 Nov. 2015.

9.

Rudlin, David, and Nicholas Falk. Sustainable Urban Neighbourhood. Oxford: Architectural Press, 2009. Print.

10.

McGlynn, S., Smith, G., Alcock, A., Murrain, P. and Bentley, I. (2012).

Responsive Environments. Hoboken: Taylor and Francis.

11.

Marshall, S. (2011). Urban coding and planning. London: Routledge.

12.

Righini, P. (2000). Thinking architecturally. Cape Town [South Africa]: University of Cape Town Press.

13.

City of Melbourne. 2003. Retrieved from https://www.melbourne.vic.gov.au/citygallery/ Exhibitions/Documents/Melb_1950s_Catalogue.pdf 14.

Carlton Residents Association. 2012. Retrieved from www.carltonresidents.org.au/.../ Public

15.

“Carlton (SA2)”. Australian Bureau of Statistics. Australian Bureau of Statistics.

Retrieved 25 September 2015. HousingEstatesHistory.pdf

16.

Jacobs, J. (n.d.). The Death and Life of Great American Cities.

17.

Cullen, G. (1971). The concise townscape. New York: Van Nostrand Reinhold Co.

18.

Le Corbusier, and Etchells, F. (1946). Towards a new architecture. London: Architectural Press.

19.

Unwin, R. (1971). Town planning in practice. New York: B. Blom.

james connor: 727033 University of Melbourne: Melbourne School of Design