Indonesia bandung fieldwork reduced by Patterns of Footscray

Knowing Place: Kampung Value Fieldwork James Connor Anna Rowe Tahj Rosmarin

Kampung Value Fieldwork

Edited and written by: Tahj Rosmarin James Connor Anna Rowe Indonesia Travelling Studio 2015 Sidh Sintusingha and Amanda Achmadi In colloboration with Institut of Teknologi Bandung & Melbourne School of Design Regular Spread Publishers ÂŠ 2015

Table of Contents 1 Introduction

i. Contributors ii. Preface iii. Introduction iv. Context: Cikapundung v. Cikapundung Kampung: A Brief History

Mapping: Morphology

i. Built Form ii. Building Heights iii. Land Use iv. Street Hierachies v. Ecological

Mapping: Informal Typologies

i. Urban Informality: A Typological Analysis ii. Informal Vendor Typologies 01 iii. Informal Vendor Typologies 02 iv. Informal Vendor Typologies 03 v. Water Tower vi. House vii. ShopHouse/Warung viii. Formal House ix. Communal Bath House x. Mosque/Masjid xi. Community Building xii. Student Dormitory

Observational Data

i. Governance Structure ii. Water System iii. Waste Collection iv. Kampung Entry Points v. 5

Interviews

i. ii.

Indroduction Interviews...

Analysis: Findings

i. ii. iii.

Analysis: Summary Negative Qualities of Kampung Positive Qualities of Kampung

Appendices i. Appendix A - Street Hierachies ii. Appendix B - Existing River Relations iii.

a rin

Contributors Anna Rowe Urban Planning

B.Arch, M.Plan Anna Rowe is a graduate of the Bachelor of Architectural Design from the University of Newcastle and a current student of the Master of Urban Planning at the University of Melbourne.

James Connor Architecture

B.Arch, M.Arch James Connor is a graduate of the Bachelor of Architectural Design from the University of Queensland and a current student of the Master of Architecture at the University of Melbourne. Since graduating in 2012, James has gained experience working on a variety of residential and urban projects in both Australia and the United Kingdom. James also hates talking about himself in third person.

Tahj Rosmarin Architecture

reet 066 ralia

B.Arch, M.Arch Tahj Rosmarin is a graduate of the Bachelor of Architectural Design from the University of Queensland and a current student of the Master of Architecture at the University of Melbourne. Since graduating in 2012, Tahj has gained experience working on a varied collection of design proposals; ranging from small- scale residential projects, to large scale urban design work. Through these experiences Tahj has gained skills and abilities ranging from presentation to working drawings.

0 52 .com

| 1

Introduction

| 1 | 2

ii)

Preface

Knowing Place: Kampung Value. Fieldwork.

NEED TO WRITE THIS. The triangulation of background research, interviews, observational studies and ground mappings is the main strategy used in conducting the site analysis. Explain the nature of the joint studio and how we worked together to conduct fieldwork Explain the purpose of documenting informality summarise our findings building upon research done by ITB Students

| 5

Introduction

| 6 1

| 9

Introduction

iii)

Introduction

Cikapundung Kampung: Indroduction Cikapundung Kampung is situated along the Cikapundung River to the west of the ITB University Campus. The Cikapundung Kampung is rich with positive qualities and spatial experiences. mixed programs, dynamic density, mixture of diverse income classes, community and capacity for changes. The Kampung includes elements which could qualify them as lively and successful neighbourhoods with positive urban design qualities.

| 10

iv)

Context: Cikapundung Cikapundung Kampung: A Brief History Overview history government plans

| 11

Introduction

| 12

Mapping: Morphology

| 15

Introduction

Built Form

Morphological Analysis: Built Form The Kampungâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s built form is the physical manifestation of social and economic conditions. Organically gown over time, its spatial form exists in between the formal dutch city structure. Whilst this map reveals the building footprints at ground level we found that these were often subdivided another two, three or even four times. The wide eaves of most houses and the connection of dwellings over pathways creates a condition where light does not always penetrate through to the ground. Due to this as well as the transient nature of the settlement, the white space shown on this nolli plan is not an accurate depiction of the open space that is available.

Formal meets Informal

| 16

| 17

Mapping

ii.

1STOREY

Building Heights

2 STOREY

Morphological Analysis: Building Heights

1STOREY

The analysis reveals that the majority of the houses within the settlement were two storeys . Often the dwellings were made up of a structurally established single or double storey with an additional ‘ad-hoc’ shack built on the roof level.

1STOREY

2 STOREY

3 STOREY

Well established and formal structures tended to be the tallest within the Kampung, with student accommodation dormitories being the tallest structures - some of up to 6 storeys.

Two Storey

3 STOREY 2 STOREY 1STOREY

1STOREY

2 STOREY 1STOREY

1STOREY

Single Storey

2 STOREY

3 STOREY

ROOF SHACK

Typical 3 storey dwelling

Four Storey/Three Storey with Roof Terrace

Three Storey

ROOF SHACK

OREY

| 18

| 19

Mapping

iii.

Land Use

Morphological Analysis: Land Use The Cikapundung kampung is a vibrant community, containing a large mix of uses. The following map shows the location of different uses within the Kampung. The data reveals that the majority of the Kampung is residential, with most of the commercial uses being both shop and dwelling. Most of the warungs/shops exist along the major roads and routes through the Kampung. Community buildings and Masjids are usually built along these major routes also. It is rare to see a mosque typology at the end of a narrow laneway in the middle of the Kampung.

Warung: â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;Shary Juiceâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;

Educational buildings exist in both north and south parts of the Kampung and are often adjacent to major roads and routes.

Masjid

Student Dorm

Warung/Shop

Shophouse

Residential

Education

Public Space

| 20

| 21

Mapping

iv.

Street Hierarchies

Morphological Analysis: Street Hierachies We have identified four typical street typologies across the Kampung: Primary Roads, Secondary Road, Local Roads and Alleys. Typically the larger more frequently used roads exist around the perimeter of the kampung. The further from the edges the more narrow the roads become. Primary roads Jalan Cihamplas and Jalan Taman Sari are linked with secondary road Jalan Pelerisan.

Site Two: Formalised street

Site Seven: Main road

Primary Road

Site Three: Government housing

Site Two: Formalised street Site One: Bridge

Secondary Road

Site One: Bridge

Site Four: Underneath Pasupati overpass

Site Three: Government housing

Secondary Road

Site Four: Two: Underneath Formalised street Site Pasupati overpass

Local Road

Site Three: Government housing Site Five: Narrow lane

Alley

| 22

| 23 Mapping

Ecological

Morphological Analysis: Ecology The Cikapundung kampung does severly lack public green space, however there are a number of mature trees and potted plants scattered throughout the Kampung. Mayor Ridwan Kamil has also designed a program of Kampung agriculture and greening which can be seen in the image shown below.

Kampung Upgrading

GIS - Topography Analysis

| 24

existing typologies of vegetation the river conditions

Mapping: Informal Typologies

Informal Typologies

Urban Informality: A Typological Analysis

Before arriving into Indonesia our initial perceptions of informality were largely based on development processes and the dichotomy between formal and informal building typologies. Witnessing the culture first hand, we have discovered that informality in Indonesia is in fact a complex relationship between an activity and the prevailing laws and regulations of the government. There is no single conceptualisation of informality, rather a phenomenon spanning a multitude of different social processes and sectors. During our two weeks of intensive fieldwork and study of the Cikapundung Kampung, we discovered the many levels and layers of urban informality. Ascending in scale, the following section explains a few of these typologies in detail.

| 29 Informal Typologies

| 30

ii.

Informal Typologies

Informal Typology: Street Hawker & SemiMobile Food Vendor

In Indonesia Street Vendors or Hawkers are termed Pedagang Kaki Lima (PKL). It is a term derived from an old Dutch rule on the provision of pavement/sidewalk in front of shops to ensure safe and convenient space for pedestrian traffic. Fully Mobile Street Hawker: hgfjfhkjguk Semi-Mobile Vendor: jfgjfgj

| 31

Informal Typologies

| 32

ii.

Informal Typologies

Informal Typology: Mobile Vendor & Vendor Push Cart

Fully Mobile â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;Tangguâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; Vendor: This typology is relatively common throughout the kampung and surrounding streets for its portability. Selling a variety of traditional Indonesian dishes (in this case Baso Cuanki), all of the ingredients, water and cooking utensils are stored within the metal compartments. These compartments are caried over the shoulder with a flexible bamboo balance pole. Vendor Push Cart: This typology is the most commonly found of the street vending vehicles throughout the Kampung and Bandung city. These carts are mobile but are often taken to the same location each day and are stored somewhere nearby overnight.

| 33 Informal Typologies

| 34

iii.

Informal Typologies

Informal Typology: Vendor Vehicles

Vendor Cart: This typology was used to sell non-edible goods and products such as trophies, stamps, books, etc. This typology is less common throughout the Kampung and more prominent around tourist attractions and public spaces. Vendor Car/Food Truck Typology: This vendor car/food truck typology was less common within the Kampung. The truck was self-built by the owner of the business and was managed by a group of young men. They were selling Tahu Goreng.

| 35 Informal Typologies

| 36

iv.

Informal Typologies

Informal Typology: Water Tower

These elevated structures are found scattered throughout the kampung. They are typically used for the collection and distribution of potable water. Water tanks are also found on the rooftops of dwellings, above communal facilities and within double storey dwellings. This water tower is marked with an RW 08 sign. Each RW will have their own selfmanaged water tower or water collection system that is available to the residents of that sector. This water tower serviced a number of houses along the main street through the Kampung via an underground pipe system.

| 37 Informal Typologies

| 38

Informal Typologies

Typology: House

This typology

| 39 Informal Typologies

| 40

vi.

Informal Typologies

Typology: Shop House

Commercial functions within the Cikapundung Kampung occur in the form of retail shops or Warungs, which are usually attached to a house. This ‘shop-house’ is a common typology within the Cikapundung Kampung and contributes to the thriving micro economy within the settlement. These shop houses or ‘Warungs’ are predominantly run by the residents of the houses above or behind, usually providing a secondary source of income for the residents.

| 41 Informal Typologies

| 42

vii.

Informal Typologies

Typology: Formal House

The â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;Formal Houseâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; also exists within the informal urban fabric of the Cikapundung Kampung. Dutch in its architectural style, these houses are typically owned by middle class citizens. This particular house shown right is part of a gated estate in the centre of the Kampung located on Jalan Taman Pelesiran.

| 43 Informal Typologies

| 44

ix.

Informal Typologies

Typology: Communal Bath House

The ‘shop-house’ is a common typology within the Cikapundung Kampung and contributes to the thriving micro economy within the settlement. These shop houses or ‘Warungs’ are predominantly run by the residents of the houses above or behind, usually providing a secondary source of income for the residents.

| 45 Informal Typologies

| 46

Informal Typologies

Building Typology: Mosque - Masjid

With most of the population of Cikapundung being of Islamic faith, the Mosque or Masjid is an integral building typology within the Kampung. Each RW has their own Masjid and could have up to four or five. Self managed and built by members of the community, these building typologies are often located next to existing public spaces and streets within the settlements. Buildings such as these are often built by the community as a team or produced by means of Gotong Royong or reciprocity. Gotong Royong refers to traditional activities in the village where people are voluntarily helping eachother for various occasions, such for festivals or for sport. These activities are part of the maintanence of kerukunan or social harmony. (Harjoko, 2010).

| 47 Informal Typologies

| 48

xi.

Informal Typologies

Building Typology: Community Building & Kindergarten

This typology is rare within the Cikapundung Kampung as land aquisition has lead to most public spaces and buildings being used for residential purposes only. This building is situated adjacent to a communal public space used for events such as weddings, independence day celebrations and cultural ceremonies. The ground floor of the building is used as a public meeting place, a place for religious ceremonies and community events. The first floor of the building is used as a kindergarten and day care centre. Although managed informally by residents of the Kampung the kindergarten seems to be fully functioning, equipped with childrens toys, tables and play equipment. The public space in front is often used as a place for motorcycles to park which prevents children from using the sports court as a play space. The surrounding residents seem to enjoy sitting around this part of the Kampung watching their children play in the square.

| 49 Informal Typologies

| 50

xii.

Informal Typologies

Building Typology: Student Dormitory

This typology is rapidly changing the physical and social nature of the Kampung. Due to land banking an

| 51

Informal Typologies

| 52

Observational Data: Informal Systems

Observational Data

Cikapundung Kampung: Governance Structure

This section looks at the neighbourhood governance system, the Rukun Tetangga (RT R Households Association) and Rukun)Warga (RW R Neighbourhood Association), and how these institutionalised yet informal governance systems have characterised the urban social system and shaped the built environment of the urban settlements. Briefly, each kampung is divided into............. There are signs of the governance systems all throughout the kampung, from decorative entrances to the RWâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s to stickers demarcating legal water and electricity use for each property.

| 9

Informal Typologies

| 10

ii.

Observational Data

Cikapundung Kampung: Water System

| 9

Informal Typologies

| 10

iii.

Observational Data

Cikapundung Kampung: Micro Economy

A vibrant micro economy exists within the Cikapundung Kampung with a huge range of different goods and services on offer. Dine in restaurants, convenience stores, hair salons, laundry services and motorbike repairs are to name a few.

| 9

Informal Typologies

| 10

iv.

Observational Data

Cikapundung Kampung: Waste Collection

The lack of concern for the disposal of waste and its final destination is high among all the different components of Indonesian society. (Unesco.org 2016). Waste pollution is one main areas of concern within the Cikapundung Kampung. It is very apparent that inadequate collection, transport and disposal of solid waste have had significant negative economic and ecological impacts on the Kampung. It seems that a large majority of the waste is disposed into nearby waste channels and the river (particularly during rainy weather when the river is flowing). The clogging of water channels consequently leads to flooding.

Despite this, the majority of the RWâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s have established an environmental committee at the community level or appointed people to collect and dispose of the rubbish during the week. RW06 member Pak Otong told us that their garbage is collected twice a week.

| 9

Informal Typologies

Observational Data

Cikapundung Kampung: Kampung Entry Points

The ‘gapura’ (gate) typically placed on the street that leads towards the kampung. Typically each RT & RW demarcate the entrance to their community/neighbourhood with signage. This is often elaborately decorated and begins with the words ‘Selamat Datang..’ meaning ‘Welcome’. This gesture also suggests a form of security or control imposed by the residents, or shows the existence of neighbourhood informal governance. Gates and security post often coexist as elements of an entrance into the kampung. Some of these thresholds have gates which are closed after 11pm in order to prevent motorcycles driving through the Kampung whilst residents are asleep. This system is usually managed by the RW leaders and members of the community and range from large concrete archways to a simple wall painting.

| 10

Interviews: Fieldwork

Interviews

Cikapundung Kampung: Interviews â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;Interviews with residents show that the experience and discourse of character encompasses a broad range of understandings of place identity and embodies important contradictionsâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; (Dovey, 2010) Alongside our empirical mapping and analysis of the Cikapundung Kampung and surrounding site we conducted a series of interviews to investigate how the residents perceived their environments and felt about issues confronting their communities. Many thanks goes out to the kind and generous people who were willing to participate in this interview process.

| 1

Introduction

Pak Okta

Q : Do you live here? How long have you lived here? A : Yes, I live here because my local government at hometown provide the dormitory. I live here about 1 year. There are 3 dormitory in this area that provided by government. Q : Is your house easily accessible? A : Yes. Q : How do you dispose of your waste? A : The garbage put into the abandon field in front of dormitory, and then the people from government will take it and I pay fees for the garbage. Q : What is your opinion about the river? A : The River is bad, full of garbage. Q : Have you heard about government program like cable car? A : No I donâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;t have any information about cable car. Q : What would you like to see happen in the future? Would you mind living elsewhere (high-rise, etc)? A : For future, the settlement has more good arrangement, habit of people is more good not put garbage to the river, agree to relocated, but must together with dorm-mate.

Bu Ida

Q : Do you live here? How long have you lived here? A : Yes. Since I get married, about 40 years. Q : Is your house easily accessible? A : Yes. For motorcycle and it is very close to local road. Q : How do you dispose of your waste? A : I don’t satisfy the garbage management that provided by local community so I hire a man that will pick up my garbage everyday. Q : What is your opinion about the river? A : The river is so dirty. I will love to see the river to be more clean and have more open space along the river. Q : Have you heard about government program like cable car? A : No. I don’t know about the cable car. I only know that there will be development in the river bank, the government want build more open space along the river. I’m so happy if that will be happened soon. Q : What would you like to see happen in the future? Would you mind living elsewhere (high-rise, etc)? A : I’m quite happy with the small changes that government do in this neighborhood, I’m so happy to be here and don’t want to move.

Pak Engkus

Q : Do you live here? How long have you lived here? A : Yes I live in RW 15, near the Flyover. Q : How do you dispose of your waste? A : The garbage is collected then picked up by the government everyday in the morning. Q : What is your opinion about the Cihampelas Street? A : I like Cihamepalas because it is close to my house and the heavy traffic is good for street vending. Q : What would you like to see happen in the future? Would you mind living elsewhere (high-rise, etc)? A : I would like to see the government create space for vendors along the road. Bus parking would allow for people to visit the area easily too.

MIE

COCHOCK

Bu Ida

Q : Do you live here? How long have you lived here? A : Yes. 36 years Q : Is your house easily accessible? A : No. The street to my house is very steep. It even can’t be access by motorcycle. When heavy rain, in front of my house is flooding, because the bad drainage. Q : How do you dispose of your waste? A : There is a bank for garbage that manage by staff of community. These days there is no temporary place for throwing a garbage. Actually there is schedule from cleanness officer from government but they didn’t take it so the garbage pile up. Although the community already pay fees, so community from RW 06 throw the garbage to the river. For the liquid waste like black water and grey water, we directly flow it to the river and no one in this area have septic tank. Q : What is your opinion about the river? A : Actually there is community of Cikapundung River called Budak Cikapundung Asli that have program to clean the river and rafting. But when Mr Ayi no longer become Vice Major of Bandung, the community is no longer active. Q : Have you heard about government program like cable car? A : Yes. I’m so happy about that because it will help to develop better transportation. Even though it just only issue. Q : What would you like to see happen in the future? Would you mind living elsewhere (high-rise, etc)? A : There is relocation issue and I thought it will be okay for the people if just there is any proper compensation. For the government, please don’t give my community a program that only can become rumor, because it make my community worry.

Pak Wawa Q : Do you live here? How long have you lived here? A : Yes. Since I was born, about 44 years. Q : Is your house easily accessible? A : Yes. For motorcycle and it flat streets. Q : How do you dispose of your waste? A : Collect the garbage and the garbage will picked up everyday with Triseda. Usually I will have the garbage well collected during the day, so when at night, Triseda will pick the garbage easily. In this area, every shop should manage their garbage well.For the liquid waste like black water and grey water, we directly flow it to the river and no one in this area have septic tank. Q : What is your opinion about the river? A : I know the river since I was kids, the river was so wide and clean. And its sad to know that river turns into dirty water and many of garbage. In the past, my house is the closest house from the river so the river bank is used to be so wide and it consist of many rocks and vegetation. The depth of the river was 1-2 meters, now it is only 60 cm. Q : Have you heard about government program like cable car? A : Yes. The cable car is so good to fix the transportation issue. I also know about Eco-District program and I’m so happy with Eco-District program. I agree with the relocation if there’s any proper compensation. Because I’m also worried about the community that live so close by the river, its not good for their health. Q : What would you like to see happen in the future? Would you mind living elsewhere (high-rise, etc)? A : It will be good if the government program to be realized. I want the river can be clean again like it used to be before.

??? Q : Do you live here? How long have you lived here? A : Yes. Since I was born, about 44 years. Q : Is your house easily accessible? A : Yes. For motorcycle and it flat streets. Q : How do you dispose of your waste? A : Collect the garbage and the garbage will picked up everyday with Triseda. Usually I will have the garbage well collected during the day, so when at night, Triseda will pick the garbage easily. In this area, every shop should manage their garbage well.For the liquid waste like black water and grey water, we directly flow it to the river and no one in this area have septic tank. Q : What is your opinion about the river? A : I know the river since I was kids, the river was so wide and clean. And its sad to know that river turns into dirty water and many of garbage. In the past, my house is the closest house from the river so the river bank is used to be so wide and it consist of many rocks and vegetation. The depth of the river was 1-2 meters, now it is only 60 cm. Q : Have you heard about government program like cable car? A : Yes. The cable car is so good to fix the transportation issue. I also know about Eco-District program and I’m so happy with Eco-District program. I agree with the relocation if there’s any proper compensation. Because I’m also worried about the community that live so close by the river, its not good for their health. Q : What would you like to see happen in the future? Would you mind living elsewhere (high-rise, etc)? A : It will be good if the government program to be realized. I want the river can be clean again like it used to be before.

Pak Irfan Q : Do you live here? How long have you lived here? A : Yes. Since I was born, about 44 years. Q : Is your house easily accessible? A : Yes. For motorcycle and it flat streets. Q : How do you dispose of your waste? A : Collect the garbage and the garbage will picked up everyday with Triseda. Usually I will have the garbage well collected during the day, so when at night, Triseda will pick the garbage easily. In this area, every shop should manage their garbage well.For the liquid waste like black water and grey water, we directly flow it to the river and no one in this area have septic tank. Q : What is your opinion about the river? A : I know the river since I was kids, the river was so wide and clean. And its sad to know that river turns into dirty water and many of garbage. In the past, my house is the closest house from the river so the river bank is used to be so wide and it consist of many rocks and vegetation. The depth of the river was 1-2 meters, now it is only 60 cm. Q : Have you heard about government program like cable car? A : Yes. The cable car is so good to fix the transportation issue. I also know about Eco-District program and I’m so happy with Eco-District program. I agree with the relocation if there’s any proper compensation. Because I’m also worried about the community that live so close by the river, its not good for their health. Q : What would you like to see happen in the future? Would you mind living elsewhere (high-rise, etc)? A : It will be good if the government program to be realized. I want the river can be clean again like it used to be before.

Pak Safeudin Jardin Apartment Guard

Q : Do you live here? How long have you lived here? A : Yes. I live in RW08 near the river. I was born there. We have legal permission certificate for living in the house. Q : Do you have a family? A : Yes. I now have three children. Five people live in my house. Q : How do you dispose of your waste? A : We have a private bathroom in our house and the water is taken from a private well. The waste water is put back into the river. Q : What is your opinion about the river? A : The river system needs to be fixed. In the rainy season at the start of every year my house floods. I am sad about the river as it is very different to how i remember it as a child. Q : Are you happy with your living arrangements? A : I am happy living in RW08 as the people are very connected and teamwork is an essential part to living in the Kampung.

Pak Otong Security Guard. Motorcycle enthusiast.

Q : Do you live here? How long have you lived here? A : Yes. My whole life. I am 35. I own two houses here, one is built legally on private land and one is built illegally. I usually hang out near the bridge. Q : What is the biggest risk to you/your community? A : Motorcycle theft is a big problem for me. Students do not care about the community, they just use the Kampungs for cheap accommodation. Q : How do you dispose of your waste? A : All waste water is put into the river. RW 08 do not put their rubbish in the water, other Rw’s do that... Q : What is your opinion about the river? A : We used to canoe in the river as a child. There was a public pool/natural spring that would be connected to the river but has now been replaced by the apartment buildings. Waste Water from Ci-Walk and Jardin Apartments also goes into the river which is a problem. Q : Have you heard about government program like cable car? A : I have heard a little about it. Q : What would you like to see happen in the future? Would you mind living elsewhere (high-rise, etc)? A : The river to be clean again. The new mayor Ridwan Kamil doe snot do anything to make the river clean. Other: • • •

The public space in the RW08 used to be a pond and was used to clean train carriages until 2010. Thursday NIghts are very loud as there are events on at CIWalk and Children cannot sleep. Before the apartments were built there was a view to the mountains from the Kampung.

Pak Iwan Boat Operator

Q : Do you live here? How long have you lived here? A : Yes. Since I was born. Q : Is your house easily accessible? A : Yes. Q : What is your Job? A : I am a boat operator for river research and also watersports further downstream. When scientists want to test the waters I take them out on the boats. Q : How do you dispose of your waste? A : My house has a sewerage system that goes directly into the river. We want to change this but we do not have the capacity. Q : What is your opinion about the river? A : There have been a number of revitalisation projects for the river but people still continue to use the river as a waste water system. A farm upstream deposits 20 kgâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s of cow faeces into the river each day. I am trying to raise awareness of the river conditions through watersports. There has been 3 major floods since i have lived here. 1 child died in one of the floods. Q : What would you like to see happen in the future? Would you mind living elsewhere (high-rise, etc)? A : The river must be addressed.

Pak Edi Head of RT01 in RW06

Q : Do you live here? How long have you lived here? A : Yes. But i was born in the West Java Province. Have lived here since 1972. Q : Do you work? A : Yes. I work at the train station but have no retired and have a pension. Q : How do you dispose of your waste? A : All black water in the RT goes into the river. very few have their own sceptic tanks. Most houses have their own toilets but there are also communal toilets and showers. Q : Do you own your property? A : There are 60 houses and 70 households, approx: 300 people. All of the land in RW06 is owned by landlords who dont live on site. These are then rented to students and people who need accommodation.

Ibu Eneng Shop Owner

Q : Do you live here? How long have you lived here? A : Yes. Lived here for 50 years. I moved to another kampung outside of Bandung but my son went missing one day and we found him back here at the Cikapundung Kampung. So we moved back. RW08 is a very connected community but RW07 is not and she lives on the border of both. Most of the shopowners live in RW07 and there is rivalry that doesnt exist in RW08. Q : Is your house easily accessible? A : Yes. Its on the main road. Q : How do you dispose of your waste? A : Most of the waste goes into the creek behind my house. That is what has always happened. Q : What is your opinion about the river? A : It is very dirty and needs to be cleaned. Q : Have you heard about government program like cable car? A : Yes. I heard about it through my friends. I heard they will have to demolish some houses to build it. Q : What would you like to see happen in the future? Would you mind living elsewhere (high-rise, etc)? A : It will be good if the government program to be realized. I want the river can be clean again like it used to be before.

Yuyum & Sumirah Resident and Visitor

Q : Do you live here? How long have you lived here? A : Yes. Originally lived where the C-Walk Shoppong mall was since 1975. When the mall was planned her house and community was demolished. She was given 1Million Rps/1m2. Her house was 33m2. Q : Do you have a steady Income? A : She used to sell cakes in the kampung but others began to bake them and she ran out of business. Q : How do you dispose of your waste? A : Garbage collection twice a week. Q : What is your opinion about the river? A : The river used to be clean but now it is very dirty. it should be made better. Q : Have you heard about government program like cable car? A : no.

Hendra Street Vendor

Q : Do you live here? How long have you lived here? A : Yes. I originally came from outside Bandung. I rent a property from a landlord that is separate from the government. My family lives outside Bandung. I have lived in Cikapundung Kampung for over 10 years. Q : How much do you work? A : I work from 10am to 6pm everyday. I spend about IDR 10000 per day for clean water for my business. I make about 15 million IDR per month net income with the business. Q : What are the major expenses for your business? A : I spend about 100 000 IDR per month to store the vending cart every night at the government office and 15000 IDR for garbage collection. Q : What is your opinion about the river? A : It should be cleaned. Q : Where do you dispose your waste? A : The government take my rubbish but i put the dirty water into the closest drain.. Q : What would you like to see happen in the future? Would you mind living elsewhere (high-rise, etc)? A : It will be good if the government program to be realized. I want the river can be clean again like it used to be before.

Ibu Ina Resident and Street Vendor

Q : Do you live here? How long have you lived here? A : Yes. I was born in the Cikapundung Settlement. Q : Do you have a steady Income? A : Yes but i only make 18 million IDR per month and have to pay for my 3 daughters to go to university. I work from 8am to 11pm and then 3pm to 8pm. Q : How do you dispose of your waste? A : Dirty water is put in the drain. Q : What is your opinion about the river? A : The river is dirty but i live closer to teh stream at the top of the kampung. It floods because there is too much waste in it. Q : Have you heard about government program like cable car? A : I have heard a few things about it from customers. Other:I tend to not have a very good social life as i am always working and worrying about money.

Analysis: Findings

Analysis

The Value of Kampung: Analysis To look back and compare the UNâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s definition and the Cikapundung Kampung it is difficult to label this well established, vibrant and dynamic community as a slum. Our findings reveal a thriving culture rich with social capital that the formal sector seems to lack. We have come to realise that the urban form and streetscapes within the site should be seen as a valuable part of Bandungâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s culture. Our point of view is that heritage is dynamic, what is valued constantly changes as a society and even though settlements such as Cikapundung Kampung are not valued currently we see that in the future these urban settlements will be an important part of Bandungâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s urban character. Social networks, which are difficult to identify without on site investigation, thrive within the Kampung and are intrinsically linked with the physical urban morphology. These networks are what we find the most valuable assets, not just to the Kampung residents but are something the entire city of Bandung could learn from. The following pages summarise the positive and negative qualities of the Kampung in order to create a proposal that addresses all of the major issues and whilst maintaining all of its positive attributes.

| 1

Introduction

Analysis

The Value of Kampung: Negative Qualities Our initial impressions of the Cikapundung Kampung were very positive and it was very quickly that we realised this was in fact not a â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;slumâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;. However there were admittedly problems that came with living in this Kampung. These were issues common to areas yet untouched by modernisation; poor sanitation, hygiene, and inadequate infrastructure. The following pages highlight a numbe rof these issues with photographs and diagrams.

| 1

Introduction

| 1

Introduction

| 1

Introduction

| 1

Negative Qualities of Kampung

Monsoons

Lack of Emergency Vehicle Access

Built form is at a human scale, and not overbearing. Most of the buildings are only a few storeys tall.

The existing built form of buildings have a variety of different heights which offer stimulating views.

Poverty The Kampung is made up of a variety of functions- such as shopfronts, mosques and houses.

Rising Flood Levels

Poor River Quality

Poor Building Construction

Construction practices in the Kampung allows for the user to further develop his/her houes as necessary.

The present road network allows for permeability of residents within the Kampung. There are a wide variety of different local roads and alleyways that allow residents to traverse the Kampung

The road network is not seen solely for transport but the rather as a network of shared public spaces for anyone to use.

| 1

Introduction

Lack of Open Space The limited public space present is already a focal point within the community. Many paths lead to these spaces making them accessible to nearby residents.

Unsanitary Conditions There is strong social capital and cohesion within the Kampung. Future development should understand the reasons behind this cohesion and use it as an asset. Future developments should encourage public participation in order to gauge what is desired by the residents

Overcrowding There are a number of small businesses spread within the kampung, in the form of warungs or other small enterprises. These should be preserved as they add vibrancy within the streets of the Kampung as well as provide commercial stimulus to the local economy.

10)

11)

Tragedy of the â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;Commonsâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;

Lack of Natural Lighting

Introduce different more sustainable materials which are cheap and sustainable Establish a material palette which can be in the future development of the site Establish planning controls with the use of the material palette

Existence of household vegetation is present Vertical gardens along walls and trees particularly abundant on east side of the river present opportunities to beautify the existing space as well as

| 1

Positive Qualities of Kampung

The Value of Kampung: Positive Qualities In response to the Negative qualities shown previously, the Cikapundung Kampung also encompasses many positive attributes that together make a liveable, vibrant and self-sustaining community. The physical morphology, social capital and economic opportunities shape the nature of the Kampung. It is due to the fine grain morphology of the kampung, including the narrow gangs and back alleys, that social ties tend to develop in a natural and organic manner. The fact that no physical boundaries and barriers divide individual houses means that individuals in the vicinity are able to make immediate face-to-face relations, this condition also allowing for an automated internal surveillance and security system. The Kampung could also be seen as a labaratory for creativity. Every wall is painted in vibrant colours, murals are painted all over and people make use of space and materials in creative ways. The Kampung is also rich in social capital and strong social bonds. The principle of ‘Gotong Royong’ is also prevailant even to visitors of the Kampung. Exclusive social ties, often based on religious activity, such as ‘pengajian’ (learning or citing the Qur’an) are often held in public mosques or communal buildings weekly. Additionally, if there is a tragedy within the kampung, this traditional ‘gotong royong’, or mutual help principle is generally accepted as to maintain the social harmony. More positive qualities and a justification for why the Kampung should be maintained will be explained later in diagrams and in Book 03.

| 1

Introduction

Colour & Materiality

Vegetation

Built Form

| 1

Introduction

| 1

Introduction

| 1

Positive Qualities of Kampung

Human Scale

Formal Articulation

Functional Variation

Built form is at a human scale, and not overbearing. Most of the buildings are only a few storeys tall.

The existing built form of buildings have a variety of different heights which offer stimulating views.

The Kampung is made up of a variety of functions- such as shopfronts, mosques and houses.

Flexible Growth

Permeable street network

Public Streetscape

Construction practices in the Kampung allows for the user to further develop his/her houes as necessary.

The present road network allows for permeability of residents within the Kampung. There are a wide variety of different local roads and alleyways that allow residents to traverse the Kampung

The road network is not seen solely for transport but the rather as a network of shared public spaces for anyone to use.

| 1

Introduction

Nature of Public Space The limited public space present is already a focal point within the community. Many paths lead to these spaces making them accessible to nearby residents.

Preserving microeconomies

Community There is strong social capital and cohesion within the Kampung. Future development should understand the reasons behind this cohesion and use it as an asset. Future developments should encourage public participation in order to gauge what is desired by the residents

There are a number of small businesses spread within the kampung, in the form of warungs or other small enterprises. These should be preserved as they add vibrancy within the streets of the Kampung as well as provide commercial stimulus to the local economy.

10)

11)

Building Material Variation

Street Greenery

Existence of household vegetation is present Vertical gardens along walls and trees particularly abundant on east side of the river present opportunities to beautify the existing space as well as

| 1

Appendices

Appendix A - Existing Street Relations

Formal Urban Fabric

Site One: Bridge

Site Two: Formalised street

Site Three: Government hou

The manifesto of the past- with its egotistical inflexibility and self-referential nature, is no longer a relevant tool in dictating the future directions of architecture.

Semi-formal Urban Fabric

Site Five: Narrow lane

Site Two: Formalised street Site Two: Formalised street

Site Six: Local road

Site Seven: Main road

Site Three:Site Government housing housing Three: Government

The manifesto of the past- with its egotistical inflexibility and self-referential nature, is no longer a relevant tool in dictating the future directions of architecture.

| 1

Introduction

Site Four: Underneath Pasupati overpass Site Four: Underneath Pasupati overpass

using

Semi-formal Urban Fabric

Site Four: Underneath Pasupati overpass

Site One: The Bridge manifesto of the past- with its egotistical inflexibility and self-referential nature, is no longer a relevant tool in dictating the future directions of architecture.

Site Two: Formalised street

Formal Urban Fabric The manifesto of the past- with its egotistical inflexibility and self-referential nature, is no longer a relevant tool in dictating the future directions of architecture.

Site Five: Narrow lane

Site Six: Local road

Site Seven: Main road

| 1

Formal Urban Fabric

Site Six: Local The manifesto of theroad past- with its egotistical

inflexibility and self-referential nature, is no longer a relevant tool in dictating the future Site Two: Formalised street directions of architecture. Site Three: Government housing

Site Seven: Main road Site Four: Underneath Pasupati overpass

Semi-formal Urban Fabric The manifesto of the past- with its egotistical inflexibility and selfreferential nature, is no longer a relevant tool in dictating the future directions of architecture.

Site Seven: Main road

| 1

Introduction

Appendix B - Existing River Relations Semi-formal Urban Fabric i)

The manifesto of the past- with its egotistical inflexibility and selfreferential nature, is no longer a relevant tool in dictating the future directions of architecture. Physically disconnected from riverbank Activity within households ignores the river

Physically disconnected from riverbank Activity within households ignores the river

Formal Urban Fabric Public threshold with riverside

Public threshold with riverside

The manifesto of the past- with its egotistical inflexibility and self-referential nature, is no longer a relevant tool in dictating the future directions of architecture. Formal houses ignore riverside. Gardens alongside public street.

| 1

Public threshold with riverside

Formal Urban Fabric

Formal houses ignore riverside.

The manifesto of the past- with its egotistical inflexibility and selfreferential nature, is no longer a relevant tool in dictating the future directions of architecture.

Gardens alongside public Formal houses street.

ignore riverside. Gardens alongside public street.

Semi-formal Urban Fabric Informal houses use riverside as waste disposal Public interaction with river-

The manifesto of the past- with its egotisticalside inflexibility and self-referential nature, is no longer a relevant tool in dictating the future directions of architecture.

Visual connection with river Commercial relationship with main street

Informal houses use riverside as waste disposal Public interaction with riverside

Visual co

Commerc with main

| 1