THE LEAF - Bachelor Thesis, Jan-Hendrik Höhnk

Converting AliCAnte “Stadt und Wasser” Bachelor Thesis Jan-Hendrik Höhnk, 124017 Sommersemester 2016

BAChelor theSiS

Converting Alicante - “Stadt und Wasser” Converting Alicante - ‘the City and the Water’ vorgelegt von Jan-Hendrik Höhnk Matrikelnummer: 124017 geboren am 15. Februar 1994 in Reinbek, Schleswig-Holstein 01 Prüfer: Prof. Dr.-Ing. Beate Niemann 02 Prüfer: Prof. Dipl.-Ing. Matthias Ludwig Hochschule Wismar: University of Applied Sciences: Technology, Business and Design Fakultät Gestaltung Faculty of Architecture and Design Studiengang Architektur - Architecture Wismar, Sommersemester 2016 THE LEAF | 3

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inception

ACkNoWLEDGEMENT AND PREFACE

ACknoWledgement

This project is the joint effort of many helping hands and I would like to acknowledge the technical, physical and mental support, I have received.

I would like to thank Prof. Dr. Beate Niemann for her expert advice and encouragement throughout the development of this project, as well as Prof. Matthias Ludwig for his critique and patience with me in matters of administration.

Likewise, I want to recognise the expertise and guidance given by Prof. Dr. Pablo Martí Ciriquián, Prof. Dr. Clara García-Mayor and Prof. Dr. Almudena Nolasco-Cirugeda in Alicante and Wismar.

I would also like to thank Theresa Werner for helping organise the exchange and being a motivator, building confidence, whenever needed.

A big thank you also to the members of studio 3.503 and the master students (and some externals) for support in design decisions, inspiration and technical issues.

I would like to give credit to my friends and family who helped with the layout and competent proofreading.

Thanks to the German Academic Exchange Service (DAAD) for financially supporting the project.

To conclude I would like to thank everyone involved in the process and acknowldge their contribution to this work.

PrefACe

This thesis is the final project for my bachelor‘s degree at Hochschule Wismar. About 6 months ago, I received an email asking if I wanted to partake in an exchange to Spain and write my thesis on an urban design project in Alicante.

I was studying at the University of Technology in Sydney at the time and was unsure about an urban design project, becoming the centrepiece and final design of my degree. Nevertheless, the incentive of travelling to Spain and working with one of my most admired professors, made the decision easy.

The workshop in Alicante and a detour through Barcelona on the way home were a striking and inspiring experiece, though I had previously visited both cities. Travelling with a new perspective on architecture opens up so many more layers of a city to explore.

Back at Hochschule Wismar all members of the exchange, especially those, writing their thesis, worked hard throughtout the semester, designing urban fabric along the coast of Costa Blanca.

At first, it proved difficult to find a defining element or vision for the design, but once it was found, more challenges emerged in how to realise the aims.

With guidance from professors and fellow students, a masterplan was developed, creating a new city quarter for Alicante.

I feel honoured having been part of this project and I am confident in the result I am presenting.

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01 table of contents

STRUCTURE oF THIS BACHELoR THESIS

introdUCtion 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 2.6 2.7 2.8

Alicante Project Alicante - elche - Santa Pola Urbanova - Arenales del Sol Site Images Problem | opportunity Aims | vision relevance Concept intermediate goals

PreCedent AnAlYSiS 3.1

3.2

3.3

3.4

Aarhus Waterfront, denmark Introduction Contemporary Development Analysis Summary darling harbour, Australia Introduction History Contemporary Development Analysis Important Aspects Summary Big U, United States of America Introduction Analysis Summary Compare and Contrast Recipe

09 09 09 09 09 10 13 15 15 17 19 20 20 21 21 23 25 26 27 27 27 29 29 31 32 33 35 37 39 41

derivAtion

42 43 43

deSign

42 46 46 49 50 53 55 57 58 60 62 64 66 68 71 71

Detailed Intermediate Goals Challenges

5.1 5.2 5.3

5.4 5.5

5.6

inspiration Reference Images I methodology masterplan Pictogrammes Infrastructure Pictogrammes Sections Typologies Relationships Allotment Gardens Existing Buildings focus individual Aspects How the Framework affects the Individual Perspectives Reference Images II energy Concept

72 74 76

ConClUSion

79 80 82

BiBliogrAPhY

79 84 86 92 95

Process Modelmaking Footnotes Register of Illustrations Bibliography Declaration of Academic Honesty

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02 introduction THE PRoJECT AND THE SITE

Fig. 1: MAPS oF PRoJECT AREA

ALICANTE

LEAF - SITE INDUSTRIAL PARK ELCHE URBANOVA

ELCHE 10 KILOMETERS

ARENALES DEL SOL

SANTA POLA REGION 500 KILOMETERS

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02 introduction THE PRoJECT AND THE SITE

For its large population, the city of Alicante is relatively small. The high density ignites the desire to expand and provide extra public space and housing.

Therefore a general concept for this design project was conceived in Alicante and will now be developed into a bachelor thesis. With the location and need in mind, examples from Denmark, Australia and the United States of America will help shape a new idea for this waterfront city.

2.2 ProJeCt

2.1 AliCAnte

Alicante, a city located in the coastal region of ‘Costa Blanca’, Spain, is the central location for this project. It is situated in the province of Alicante, around 170 kilometres south of Valencia and 400 kilometres South-East of the capitol Madrid.

Spain itself has a population of 46.4 million and is part of the European Union.1 Due to its pleasant mostly Mediterranean climate, rich cultural heritage and natural landscape, Spain attracts almost 60 million tourists a year.2 The city of Alicante has a population of 331,750 inhabitants and is known for its mild conditions and sunshine all year round. The local temperatures never fall below 16°C and there are as little as 20 days of rain per year.3

The project comprises a design of a new waterfront suburb near Alicante that will provide the necessary services and facilities for the southern coastal periphery. This new suburb has to be aesthetically appealing and have appropriate functionality.

The University of Alicante and Hochschule Wismar - University of Applied Sciences, Technology, Business and Design proposed this project to its students to form the base for an international exchange. Financial support was granted by the ‘German Academic Exchange Programme’ (DAAD) and groups of about 15 students from each university were chosen to partake in this collaboration.

At first a workshop was held in Alicante, where the German students got a chance to collaborate with Spanish students to explore the site and receive more information on the project area.

During the workshop, students were given an introduction regarding the local circumstances and hardships before a site-visit took place. After that, mixed teams of both German and Spanish students developed a design concept, which was then presented to the whole group of students and professors.

2.3 triAngle - AliCAnte - elChe - SAntA PolA

The project area is situated within an imaginary triangle spanning the cities of Alicante, Elche and Santa Pola. These cities have regional importance and different issues, such as lacking public facilities and -transportation, which are detrimental for the area within the triangle.

While some of the Spanish students focussed on developing large-scale concepts for the entire proposed region, the German students were asked to focus on the waterfront.

UrBAnovA - ArenAleS del Sol

While in Spain, our attention was drawn to two smaller towns south of Alicante. Urbanova (8 kilometers south of Alicante) and Arenales del Sol (12 kilometres South of Alicante) mainly consist of apartments, owned by inhabitants of Alicante.

Due to the large number of tourists in the city, locals like to move to their second homes during summer. Hence, it is difficult to find accurate data on the population of both towns, as it consists almost entirely of seasonal residents.

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02 introduction the project and the site

ArChiteCtUre

WAterfront

Fig. 3: RoUNDABoUT AT THE ExPLANADA

Fig. 4: CASTILLo DE SANTA BÁRBARA, ALICANTE

Fig. 5: CoMMoN ALLEy IN THE oLD ToW

Fig. 6: ExPLANADA, ALICANTE

Fig. 7: CASTILLo DE SANTA BÁRBARA, ALICANTE

Fig. 8: EUIPo, EU-AGENCy, ALICANTE

Fig. 9: BEACH, ALICANTE

Fig. 10: VIEW FRoM THE CASTLE oNTo ALICANTE

Fig. 2: PLAzA IN THE oLD ToWN, ALICANTE

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lAndmArk

02 introduction the project and the site

Fig. 11: URBANoVA AND AN AERoPLANE

Site viSit

Fig. 12: RING RoAD ARoUND INDUSTRIAL PARk

nAtionAl roAd n-332

ProBlemAtiC infrAStrUCtUre

Fig. 14: SITE VISIT: URBANoVA

Fig. 15: NATIoNAL RoAD N-332

Fig. 16: CARS AND TRAIN PoSING AN oBSTACLE

Fig. 17: SITE VISIT : INDUSTRIAL PARk

Fig. 18: RoCkS ALoNG NATIoNAL RoAD N-332

Fig. 19: THE MAIN PEDESTRIAN WALkWAy (N-332)

Fig. 13: N-332 ALoNG THE WATERFRoNT

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02 introduction THE PRoJECT AND THE SITE

Fig. 20: ExISTING RoAD NETWoRk

Fig. 21: PRoPoSED RoAD NETWoRk

A31

A70

N332

A79

AIRPORT - ALICANTE 18MIN 12.3 KM

AIRPORT - ALICANTE 18MIN 14.6 KM

A70

N340

A79

ELCHE

N338

ELCHE

N332

Fig. 22: ExISTING PUBLIC TRANSPoRTATIoN

Highway

Existing Roads unchanged

Main Road

Promenade

Secondary Circulation

Demolition

Tertiary Circulation

Additional Roads

EXISTING ROADNETWORK

SANTA POLA

NEW INFRASTRUCTURE

SANTA POLA

Ferry

Ferry

Air TrafямБc

Extended Bus Service

Train

Tram

Bus Service

Promenade

EXISTING PUBLIC TRANSPORT

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Fig. 23: PRoPoSED PUBLIC TRANSPoRTATIoN

NEW PUBLIC TRANSPORT

02 introduction the project and the site

The closest clinic is 12 kilometres away from Arenas del Sol, which is especially severe, because of considering the increased number of pensioners at ‘Costa Blanca’.6 Though the location might be picturesque, living in these remote towns can be regarded as difficult.

2.4 ProBlem

There are several problems with local residents migrating seasonally to these changing locations, however, these issues can be overcome by intelligent design and planning.

There is a severe lack of services in the area, starting with the absence of accessible infrastructure and public transportation. During our stay, we attempted to visit the towns for further analysis. However, it was virtually impossible to get to Arenales del Sol by public transportation. The only comfortable option was to take a car or taxi, because walking along the busy connection on the N-332 with four lanes and the railroads was a dangerous undertaking. There was no sidewalk or bike-lane of any kind and pedestrians were forced to walk on the road with cars racing pass at 100km/h.

According to local experience, there are very few grocery-stores, restaurants and bars that are only open during the summer. The next accessible school is a private school located 8 kilometres away from Arenales del Sol4 and costs more than 7,500â‚Ź per year.5

Furthermore, another problem is Alicante Airport located inland between Urbanova and Arenales del Sol. In summer there is increased air-traffic, but noise pollution is a concern throughout the year. A secondary problem derived from the location, is the circulation to and from the airport.

Even though there is a highway (A-70) close-by, most drivers use national-road (N332) running along the waterfront, causing more noise pollution and separating the inland from the waterfront.

The four-lane road runs along the coast just meters away from the beach, therefore representing a serious obstacle for pedestrians and bikers.

oPPortUnitieS

While the location of the airport can not be changed, the air-traffic can be intelligently managed.

Introducing and extending curfews as well as altering airplane take-off-routes may minimise impact on the population.

The coastline has been suppressed ever since road N332 was established. However, with the possibility to redirect traffic onto highway A70, the border between the land and the water may become more accessable.

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02 introduction THE PRoJECT AND THE SITE

Fig. 24: RELoCATING INDUSTRIES

Fig. 25: oPEN- AND GREEN SPACE

Promenade

New Industrial Park

Lower Density

Old Industrial Park

Fig. 26: CoNNECTIoN

RELOCATING INDUSTRY

High Density

Fig. 27: ACTIVITIES

GREEN / OPEN SPACE

ALICANTE

SITE - THE LEAF

URBANOVA

ARENALES DEL SOL

ACTIVITIES

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02 introduction THE PRoJECT AND THE SITE

This project is not about introducing new infrastructure or dropping seemingly random attractions along the way. It is rather about emphasising what is already there and rethinking existing structures.

2.6 relevAnCe

As Alicante is a flourishing city with a growing number of visitors, a new suburb outside the main city and away form tourists, could provide a more stable society and population.

2.5 AimS / viSion

By decentralising education, health-facilities and retail away from the city-centre, residents and owners could be encouraged to remain in Urbanova and Arenales del Sol for longer periods of time; thus reinvigorating the towns.

Redesigning the N332 to integrate a new bicycle and pedestrian path, could not only benefit the locals, but visitors alike. The new connection could become an attractive ‘promenade’, accompanied by attractions; areas such as the park of ‘El Palmeral’ and more.

Despite the slightly decreasing population in Spain seen for the past few years7, this project emerged to seek new ways of revitalising and invigorating the southern coast of Alicante. Globally, there are growing numbers of people with the world’s population soon to reach 7.5 billion, and with the migration of people around the globe, it could become necessary to expand Alicante in the future.8 A project like this is connected to large investments and this proposal is not meant to be a utopian vision to be realised by 2020. It is merely a master plan for a new kind of city quarter that could provide the basis for further development.

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02 introduction

DEVELoPING THE CoNCEPT

From businesses moving inland, the area, with its stunning views to the hillside and the water, could soon be free to be developed.

The 45 hectare site is surrounded by a ring road marking the 4 kilometre perimeter. It provides an ideal location for a new waterfront suburb with an urban-structure less dense than the city. The services needed in Urbanova and Arenales del Sol could be integrated in the framework and vast green-spaces could be formed. The building typologies could differ from those in the city, presenting ‘fertile soil’ for a green city with mixed communities and immediate access to the waterfront.

2.7 ConCePt

Around 3 kilometres south of Alicante and half way to Urbanova, there is an industrial park featuring light industry, assembly facilities and warehouses. It is located in a picturesque, natural location on a hillside in immediate proximity to the waterfront. Almost the entire area has views into the surrounding wetlands, sea or into the hills of ‘Sierra del Colmenar‘. originally, the industrial park was placed here because of the national road N332 being the main north-south access along the south-east coast. With the construction of highway A70 a few kilometres inland, many businesses have already moved to the new ‘Elche Industrial-Park’ along the highway.

A new city could be structured into zones of specific purpose and residential areas. In order to provide the necessary services, three possible centres could include ‘entertainment’, ‘market and village’, as well as ‘health and educational’ uses.

Facilities such as film-studios, the desalination plant and the EU Agency (EUIPo), combined with the new facilities could provide jobs for new residents.

The new promenade from Alicante to Arenales del Sol could run through the new urban development and connect it to Alicante and the southern towns. By creating some entertainment-based uses near the waterfront, tourists could be drawn south and Alicante would gain another incentive for visitors to come.

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02 introduction

DEVELoPING THE CoNCEPT

03 Providing Services One of the main justifications for this project is implementing necessary services like schools and clinics to invigorate the southern towns.

A larger section of the coast could liven up, resulting in the increased ability to host more visitors.

These again stimulate the thriving economy of tourism along Costa Blanca.

intermediAte goAlS

01 Public green Space A city is often measured by its public spaces. By creating green spaces, it could be possible to increase the population’s well-being. Having a green oasis at the waterfront south of Alicante could be an attractive location for new residents.

As research has shown, mankind can only prosper with clean and fresh air. It is essential for our well-being and mental health.9 02 Accessible Waterfront The proposed promenade, the waterfront and the pier not only allow residents to connect with the water outside their door, it also allows visitors to access the Mediterranean Sea.

04 mixed Community Working with flexible building-typologies and affordable housing, a mixed community could be integrated into the new city-quarter. A socio-economically mixed and culturally diverse community setting would become the framework for a sustainable ecosystem.

05 ecologically friendly With contemporary issues like global warming it is not suitable to build a whole city without thinking of sustainable solutions as well. The south of Spain is relatively dry, so a water conservation system could be integrated into the new city from the very beginning.

The abundance of sun could benefit solar panels and generate some of the energy needed in the new city. Setting specific guidelines could force investors to plan sustainable buildings to reduce their ecological footprint.

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03 precedent analysis

AARHUS WATERFRoNT - BJARkE INGELS GRoUP (BIG)

Fig. 28: ATMoSPHERIC RENDER oF THE PUBLIC SPACE

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03 precedent analysis

AARHUS WATERFRoNT - BJARkE INGELS GRoUP (BIG)

introdUCtion

Aarhus is Denmark’s second largest city after the capitol of Copenhagen. It is the main municipality in the region of Jutland and has 300,000 inhabitants. Aarhus’ history reaches back to the vikings and excavations allow experts to date the city’s origins to around 770 AD, thus making it one of Scandinavia’s oldest cities.10

The Danish firm BIG was founded in 2005 by Bjarke Ingels and his partners. The young architects derive from the firm PLOT and were previously part of Rem Koolhaas’ Office of Metropolitan Architecture (oMA) in Rotterdam. BIG has become an internationally renowned firm with 12 partners and offices in Copenhagen and New York City.16

Aarhus is home to internationally renowned theatres and museums.11 There is a variety of educational institutions, including the well-reputed Aarhus School of Architecture, attracting thousands of students from Denmark and all over the world.12 Through its history and modern developments in the fields of culture, architecture and the arts, Aarhus was named European Capitol of Culture for the year 2017. ‘The unique qualities of the Danish DNA’ 13 are to be examined and celebrated.14

Aarhus’ Waterfront was chosen as an example for the Alicante project for its modern aspects as well as the focus on residential use and public space.

Several architectural magazines wrote about the project and the coverage for research is adequate. The diagrams explaining the design-decisions are very clear and simple, which sets a high standard to be pursued in this work.

In 2015 architectural firm Bjarke Ingels Group (BIG), unveiled their plans to transform the waterfront in Aarhus. BIG will collaborate with Gehl Architects and Aarhus Council to convert the waterfront known as ‘Bassin 7’ into a new centre of attention for the city.15

ContemPorArY develoPment

The reworking of the waterfront, scheduled for completion in 2017, will include 20,000 squaremeters of housing and a combined 3,000 squaremeters for galleries, restaurants, cafes and a theatre.17 A diverse new quarter will be curated and the necessary services for daily-life will be situated within short reach.18

Aarhus waterfront of ‘Bassin 7’ will work on a human scale and ‘breathe life into the harbor front’.19 The proposal sets its focus on the public space and different recreational activities including a swimming area, a kayaking harbour20 and a public promenade.21 “By designing the public space as the first step, the masterplan carefully mixes public programs with private residences, creating a new dynamic urban area where public and private realms converge.” stated BIG 22

Each one of the seven residential buildings sitting in this dynamic space will vary in height and shape. Every building will have a private court-yard inside, while being shaped by public space outside.

The use of high-performance concrete and other environmentally conscious methods, such as recycling of soil, green roofs and seawater cooling, will allow the development to minimise the ecological footprint.

A light-rail will be integrated starting in 2017, allowing CO2-efficient public transportation.23

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03 precedent analysis

AARHUS WATERFRoNT - BJARkE INGELS GRoUP (BIG)

Fig. 29: PRIMARy CoNNECToR

Fig. 30: SECoNDARy CoNNECToR

Fig. 31: PUBLIC SPACE

Fig. 32: SEVEN RESIDENTIAL BUILDINGS

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03 precedent analysis

AARHUS WATERFRoNT - BJARkE INGELS GRoUP (BIG)

As seen in the figure 33-36, the proposal incorporates open space with different atmospheres. The spaces are limited inland and open up towards the water. In many cases, the spaces cascade down to the water in steps or terraces.

AnAlYSiS

There are numerous elements of the design for ‘Bassin 7’ that are important for a successful waterfront transformation. Some of these elements may be used for the project in Alicante, while others are emphasised for their uniqueness. overlapping promenades In their proposal BIG introduces a system of two promenades. The first one serves as a direct connection trough the site, connecting to the existing parts of the city, as represented by figure 29. The second one is like a ribbon connecting the water and the land by reaching out onto the water and thus expanding public space (Fig. 3031). Both promenades work at different paces and speeds to cater for a diverse audience.

Public space In Aarhus, the public space was designed first to create a vast, yet defined and curated public realm. By introducing activities such as the theatre and the swimming facilities, visitors and locals are drawn to the site to invigorate it.

Spaces of empowerment The public is encouraged not to use the site solely as a connector to the existing urban fabric but also for recreational purposes. The spaces provide different levels of accessibility and allow for people to use them for breaks as well as a destination to spend longer periods of time.

The planners use different scales to serve a wider audience and spaces are flexible enough to enhance the existing landscape. As an example, the steps descending down to the water are functional and aesthetic, because they serve as seating, as well as camouflaging the elevation.

Courtyard buildings BIG proposes seven different residential buildings, all of which have a courtyard. The focus of Bassin 7 was on public space for visitors, so it is important for residents to have their own secluded green space. These courtyards are not designed to keep residents away from the public; instead it gives the option of seclusion.

By choosing different heights for the residential buildings, BIG is able to shape the atmosphere of the spaces around them. While lower buildings serve as a soft edge and possibly allow views to the historical town centre, high-rising structures pose a harder edge and limit the pockets of space reaching out to the water.

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03 precedent analysis

AARHUS WATERFRoNT - BJARkE INGELS GRoUP (BIG)

Fig. 33: oVERLAPPING PRoMENADES

Fig. 35: DECkING AND STEPS FoR RECREATIoN

Fig. 34: PUBLIC SWIMMING FACILITIES

Fig. 36: CoMMUNITy GARDENING

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03 precedent analysis

AARHUS WATERFRoNT - BJARkE INGELS GRoUP (BIG)

SUmmArY

The most important aspects of the Aarhus waterfront regarding the project in Alicante are the qualities as a connector, the public space and the courtyard buildings.

The concept of introducing two promenades with different paces is interesting and allows for enhanced connections to the existing infrastructure and road network, and allows connections to the water. The secondary promenade reaches out onto the water, which creates a strong, interwoven relationship.

The public space is portrayed as the defining force of the project and the importance of high-quality, versatile spaces becomes apparent. At the waterfront there needs to be a close connection between land and water, which is supported by the secondary promenade.

The buildings sit comfortably within the public realm and create the defining edges of the spaces. The shape, size and scale of the buildings are flexible, and by introducing the courtyards a gradient is created between public and private space, giving residents the option to withdraw.

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03 precedent analysis

DARLING HARBoUR - HASSLE + PoPULoUS

Fig. 37: AERIAL RENDER oF DARLING QUARTER AND THE HABoUR

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03 precedent analysis

DARLING HARBoUR - HASSLE + PoPULoUS

ContemPorArY develoPment

This waterfront project also includes large public spaces with different scales and allows an extensive viewpoint across different concepts of creating spaces on a human scale. Moreover, the relationship between public space and architecture will be investigated.

introdUCtion

Darling Harbour is located in the heart of the Australian metropolis of Sydney, New South Wales. The city has a population of more than 4.6 million24 and hosts as many as 2.8 million international visitors every year.25 Lining the waterfront of ‘Cockle Bay’ just west of Sydney’s central business district, Darling Harbour has become an attractive destination for locals and visitors and is known for its restaurants, bars and night life.

The Darling Harbour development was chosen as a reference for the Alicante project, as a section of the site in Spain will have a zone for entertainment. The multitude of restaurants, bars and shopping opportunities can be used as a reference for the project in Alicante as it can provide examples of what could work in the space provided.

hiStorY

Aboriginal tribes started using the natural bay for transportation and food-supply over 7,000 years ago. After the European Settlement in 1788, the harbour gained in importance, and was in constant use by the 1820s. By 1891, Darling Harbour handled most of Australia’s export and had thus became a focal point in the industrial development of the country.26 After the vision emerged that Darling Harbour should be ‘returned to the people of Sydney’, HRH Queen Elisabeth II formally opened Darling Harbour in 1988. The first attraction was the ‘Sydney Aquarium’ and was soon followed by museums, shops, hotels, a cinema, restaurants, bars and a sport-music arena.

In the coming decades the public space was enhanced and updated, especially for the 2000 Sydney olympics.27

Today Darling Harbour and its parklands, activities and restaurants, host more than 26 million visitors a year.28 In 2013 a new vision for Darling Harbour was established for the future and the Australian architectural firms HASSELL and US based firm Populous joined forces. The former award-winning convention centre will be replaced by a 3.4 billion AUD29 (2.3 billion Euro)30 precinct with integrated facilities for convention, exhibition and entertainment.

Weaving through the new array of buildings, will be ‘extensive public parklands and open space with better connections, event areas and enhanced gathering and meeting places.’31 A boulevard will form a central spine for the precinct and connect the harbour through The Goods Line32 to Central Station.

While the new convention centre will maximise public space by featuring green roofs, terraces and elevated decks, the main public space will be an extended and revitalised Tumbalong Park (Fig. 39-41), providing space for outdoor events for up to 27,000 attendants.33 The designers’ aim is to ‘extend the urban fabric and reconnect the city and surrounds’ to bring ‘a new level of public amenity for visitors and citizens […] that is identifiably “Sydney” in character.’

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03 precedent analysis

DARLING HARBoUR - HASSLE + PoPULoUS

Fig. 38: PUBLIC PRoMENADE oUTSIDE THE CoNVENTIoN CENTRE

Fig. 40: DARLING QUARTER SITE PLAN - No SCALE

Fig. 39: CIRCULAR TUMBALoNG PARk IN DARLING QUARTER

Fig. 41: EVENT SPACE oF TUMBALoNG PARk

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03 precedent analysis

DARLING HARBoUR - HASSLE + PoPULoUS

imPortAnt ASPeCtS

There will be adjoining public spaces and a variety of uses that enhance public life along that route. In Spain it is more appropriate to transform the idea into an east-west spine or ‘central artery’ that allows circulation, integration and public interaction. other than the pedestrian connection in Sydney, the ‘central artery’ should be a wide open green space serving as a central park and linear connection within the new city quarter.

Attractive uses Darling Harbour might be so compelling because of the wide range of different restaurants and cinemas as well as attractions like the aquarium.

This concept could be transferred to the project in Spain, as the accumulation of entertainment-based leisure activities will draw attention to the new city quarter.

Permeable Architecture A successful entertainment precinct needs to be based on a symbiotic relationship between architecture and public realm. The interaction needs to occur on more than one level; the physical connection and the appealing facade arguably being the most important. It is also vital to maintain a homologous relationship between user and architecture.

industry to social infrastructure Similar to the site in Spain, Darling Harbour has an industrial heritage. The close proximity to the city centre of Sydney made Darling Harbour a favoured location. The conversion into social infrastructure allowed the former harbour to become an attraction for locals and tourists, thus increasing the value of the site.

AnAlYSiS

The Darling harbour transformation is a rare opportunity to redevelop an inner-city precinct at this scale. The former convention centre designed by Australian architect John Andrew,35 won awards for public architecture and it is highly controversial that the buildings were demolished after only 25 years.

It is very important to evaluate the existing buildings and make a justified decision in whether to retain or demolish them. If the architecture is of cultural value it can be almost impossible to justify a decision.

For the project in Spain, the existing industrial sheds and workshops are of questionable cultural value and do not meet residential living standards. They will thus be demolished in order to comply with the new concept.

the need for outdoor green space In every urban design project it is crucially important to integrate public open-space. It has become increasingly important for recreational purposes and it is necessary to integrate public green space into the urban concrete jungle.

In Darling Quarter, the vast green spaces counterweigh the gigantic convention centre. There are different playgrounds and ‘green rooms’, enclosed by vegetation that can be used for relaxation and play. The circular Tumbalong Park in the middle serves as a central meeting point and event space for thousands of people.

A central spine The central spine serves as a north-south connection from the harbour to central station.

For the design in Spain the entertainment precinct will need permeable architecture with attractive facades causing excitement within the visitors.

At best, the architecture will be imposing and have landmark character.

The public space outside needs to be flexible and serve as a main connector as well. Ideally, large amounts of people will roam around this precinct, so the space needs to provide shelter while also facilitating optimum circulation.

In the warm Spanish climate, the threshold between indoor and outdoor can be very open.

Transparent glass facades with grand foyers behind them could create an exciting experience for visitors.36 THE LEAF | 29

03 precedent analysis

DARLING HARBoUR - HASSLE + PoPULoUS

Fig. 42: THE THEATRE, DARLING QUARTER

Fig. 43: INTERNATIoNAL CoNVENTIoN CENTRE, SyDNEy

Fig. 44: INTERNATIoNAL CoNVENTIoN CENTRE - ExHIBITIoN CENTER

Fig. 45: VIEW To THE PUBLIC PRoMENADE

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03 precedent analysis

DARLING HARBoUR - HASSLE + PoPULoUS

SUmmArY

industry to social infrastructure Similarly to what is intended in Alicante, there is a transformation from industrial infrastructure to social infrastructure. The former industrial port at Darling Harbour utilises the waterfront location to create an entertainment based precinct in an inner-city location.

Attractive uses In an entertainment precinct, there need to be activities and uses that visitors find appealing. In particular these can include restaurants, bars and hotels to attractions like museum, aquariums or external uses like boat trips. When a basic flow of pedestrians and visitors in the area is established, residents are likely to follow, as the neighbourhood is lively and vivid. the need for outdoor green space Green space is vitally important in cities, as they are spaces of recreation. Spots of nature benefit the microclimate as well and allow people to rejuvenate. If scaled adequately, these spaces can serve as meeting points and event spaces where large numbers of people connect.

A central spine In the Darling Harbour development there are several promenades and walkways connecting the quarter to the surrounding city.

Having a predominant central spine creates a hierarchy and structures the circulation. A central connector makes it easier for visitors to orientate and facilitates movement through the space.

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03 precedent analysis BIG U - BJARkE INGELS GRoUP (BIG)

Fig. 46: TITLE IMAGE BIG U

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03 precedent analysis BIG U - BJARkE INGELS GRoUP (BIG)

introdUCtion

New york City is one of the most vibrant and exciting cities in the world. Nevertheless, changing climate poses a great threat to this iconic metropolis.

The Big U is yet another Bjarke Ingels project and comprises a continuous 10 mile long network of flood protection intended to protect lower Manhattan. The topography in this area makes it especially vulnerable to floods and the threats have become increasingly brutal. BIG won a federal competition and is now working with several developers and planners to fulfil this task given by the ‘US Department of Housing and Urban Development’.

In 2012, Hurricane Sandy hit New york City and caused unprecedented chaos with damage estimates reaching 20 billion US$. With global temperatures rising, it is likely that such natural disasters will occur more frequently in the future.

Combined with rising sea levels, the consequences could be catastrophic. 37 | 38 This project is particularly interesting as a precedent for the design in Alicante, as it was initiated by the necessity for protection and not only by the wish for more accessible waterfronts. It provides a different perspective on waterfront projects.

BIG came up with a variety of original ideas about working with elevation and height-differences that provides inspiration.

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03 precedent analysis BIG U - BJARkE INGELS GRoUP (BIG)

Fig. 47: NoRMAL STATE WATERFRoNT

Fig. 48: FLooD PRoTECTIoN

Fig. 49: NoRMAL STATE PARk

Fig. 50: FLooD PRoTECTIoN

Fig. 51: SWIMMING FACILITIES

Fig. 52: PROTECTIvE ‚HILLS‘

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03 precedent analysis BIG U - BJARkE INGELS GRoUP (BIG)

Interestingly, the tennis courts and waterfront park are not protected, which can have different motivations: 01 The Park still allows views to the water and

should not be shut off from the water.

02 Parks are resistant against flooding and can

easily regenerate.

03 Protection should be given to residences and

infrastructure, not necessarily parks.

It is essential to evaluate all elements before deciding which ones need to be prioritised in the subsequent stages of planning.

AnAlYSiS

The BIG U is neither about building a dike around lower Manhattan nor about closing the city off to the water. It is focussed on creating new concepts and ideas for an almost invisible line of flood-protection. disguised flood protection Looking at the figure 53, there are elevated pedestrian bridges connecting a waterfront park to the residences nearby. At second glance, it becomes apparent that the footpath along the main road is also elevated and the steps down to the tennis courts provide seating and a space for recreation. only at third sight one realises that the steps beside the footpath are actually a flood protection in disguise and and the elevated section is the protective line against future flooding.

Figure 47 and 48 show another example of invisible flood protection, as it is disguised as artworks in a normal state. only when protection is needed do the artworks fold down to form the necessary protection.

Interestingly, the existing infrastructure is utilised, rather than replaced, as seen in this example, where an elevated piece of infrastructure is enhanced to form the protective mechanism. terraces Circulation This is again one of the more fitting examples for the design in Alicante (Fig 49-50). While it is not paramount to look into flood protection, this typology of park is interesting as a precedent.

There is a promenade on the edge of the water and islands of greenery that line this waterfront

walkway. The greenery is used to overcome the height-difference in terraces and there is secondary walkway on an elevated level. In case of a storm this elevated promenade remains dry and maintains circulation even during a natural disaster. A tertiary walkway and bike path next to the highway is a more direct route for fast-paced traffic.

In Spain this method of hierarchical walkways could become interesting, yet it would focus more on overcoming height differences and alternating pace rather than protection. The extended stretches of vegetation to the sides of the walkways is also interesting. They could provide biodiversity and define the space along the promenade and the boulevard.

Linear Park The waterfront park below Williamsburg Bridge in New york City (Fig 55) creates an attractive green space along the East River. This rendered proposal is an extension to the existing East River Park and illustrates how even existing infrastructure can be enhanced to reach its full potential.

While the existing park is fragmented, the proposal seeks a dominant connection emphasised by the yellow network of lines and coherence between each segment of the park.

The flood protection is raised by ‘dikes’ that seamlessly integrate into the park, as they appear like natural hills. The height difference is overcome by stairs and ramps to maintain the free flow of circulation.

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03 precedent analysis BIG U - BJARkE INGELS GRoUP (BIG)

Fig. 53: ELEVATED WALkWAyS AND TENNIS CoURTS

Fig. 54: ATMoSPHERIC RENDER oF WALkWAyS

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Fig. 55: EAST RIVER PARk

03 precedent analysis BIG U - BJARkE INGELS GRoUP (BIG)

SUmmArY

The project gives an insight into creative ideas of how to integrate flood protection into the urban landscape. When properly utilised, the protective measures can almost disappear into the urban fabric and can be seamlessly integrated. terraces Circulation There is a network of promenades and walkways that run through a green landscape. The walkways are placed at various levels and address different travellers of different speeds. This separation of paces is an interesting method of creating a flexible space appealing to a wider audience.

The pockets of green space and the walkways running through them also allow the paths to overcome height differences by ramps and sometimes stairs. Through the terraced pockets of vegetation however, the ‘jumps’ are hidden and feel less daunting. linear Park The linear park works with the existing infrastructure and enhances it. New walkways are introduced so that the fragmented park becomes one combined green space. Close proximity to the water poses an opportunity for the views to open in order to enhance the quality and attractiveness of the space.

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03 precedent analysis RESUME

Some projects also have limitations, which in this case limit their value as references. The Darling Harbour development is limited, because it is focussed on entertainment and not on residential uses. It is interesting to emphasise that the waterfront can accommodate residential and commercial uses in very similar ways.

ComPAre And ContrASt

Stating the obvious, all three projects are located at a waterfront. Each of them are located in a vibrant city seeking to utilise their advantageous positions. All of the projects focus on the public space as a magnet for visitors and if applicable as an attribute for future residents.

In Aarhus the public space reaches out onto the water, while the two other projects are limited to their existing shoreline. In New york City, the proposal creates a 10 mile-long continuous open space on the waterfront, while the development in Darling Harbour connects to the central business district of Sydney to draw people to the waterline.

Public space The quality of public space in every project is high because they are all flexible and serve a wide audience. All three projects use the public space to create a vibrant atmosphere, yet the recreational aspect of the spaces are only convincingly incorporated into the proposals in Aarhus and New york City. By contrast, Darling Harbour sets its focus on attracting visitors for commercial reasons, given that most adjacent buildings are non-residential. motivation Having established the different motivations, it is intriguing to emphasise how public space can be used to serve different motivations. New york City is motivated by the threat of natural disaster to hide protective measures in the public space; Sydney is motivated by commercial aspirations and Aarhus seems to be motivated by the extension of public space and the creation of attractive waterfront areas for visitors.

While serving their own motivations and purposes aiming at creating different atmospheres, all three projects are remarkably similar in some aspects.

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03 precedent analysis RESUME

reCiPe

Having analysed the projects and established similarities and differences, there are a few dominating elements that can be found in the projects and could be transferred universally.

01 Connection to the water Every waterfront project needs a strong connection to the water. As seen in the BIG proposal for Aarhus, a promenade reaching out onto the water can create a stronger relationship between land and water and enhance space.

02 Circulation at the waterfront Especially in New york City and the East River Park, there is a promenade on the water’s edge.

It has also been established that the waterfront promenade does not have to be the only circulation, but that subordinate walkways help structure circulation on site.

03 Attractive uses Attractive uses can be viewed flexibly, as attractiveness is determined by the spectator. In Sydney those uses include various attractions, gastronomy and the new convention centre, while in Aarhus attractive uses include residences and outdoor activities such as the kayak harbour and swimming facilities.

04 open Space All projects analysed, include vast open spaces.

In many cases these spaces are green like Tumbalong Park in Sydney or East River Park in New york City. However, sometimes these spaces might be accompanied by promenades and waterfront decking as seen in the Aarhus development.

05 Connection to the City The connection to the city around the waterfront site is vital for the integration of the new suburb or quarter. In New York City the project is a thin ribbon at the waterfront, while in Sydney there is a large area of former industrial use that has been transformed.

In both cities there is an immediate connection to the inner-city and walkways in the new developments attach to existing circulation. In Aarhus, the site is also immediately located outside the city centre; however, in this case residential uses are integrated and the project feels more like an extension to the existing structures, than a whole new development.

06 Working with the context In most cases, it is important to work with the context and existing buildings in order to deeply root the development in the urban-fabric. If however, the existing buildings are not worth keeping, a controversial debate will start about the cultural values of what is being removed.

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04 deriVation

TRANSLATIoN FRoM ANALySIS To DESIGN

derivAtion

a boulevard perpendicular to the beach, which forms the ‘central artery’ or spine of the new city-quarter. This boulevard will transform into a lush open space with local vegetation, providing the heart and lungs of the new quarter.

01 Connection to the water Taking inspiration from the promenades in Aarhus, the proposed design in Alicante should include a promenade reinforcing the connection to the water. This promenade could take shape as a pier in order to release some pressure from the waterfront boulevard. Pedestrian traffic would be spread out onto the water, so the view to Alicante City would be available.

05 Connection to the City As the city will be newly planned, the waterfront and the relationship between the suburb and the water would be the focus from the very beginning.

The boulevard starting at the waterfront will run through the whole suburb and form the ‘central artery’, connecting ‘the suburb and the water’.

Learning from the precedent- and site analysis, it is possible to adapt the vision and create a more detailed concept. This section answers the sixstep recipe established earlier.

02 Circulation at the waterfront A central spine should follow the typology of Aarhus and New york City, where they are connectors for different paces. The slow-paced promenade could be a boulevard with adjacent pockets of green space like the ones in Darling Harbour and New york City. The main pedestrian connection from Alicante to Arenales del Sol should be equipped with activities like a swimming facility in Aarhus.

03 Attractive uses The waterfront is the most vibrant of spaces and could derive from the Darling Harbour development. Most visitors will accumulate along the waterfront, which makes this location ideal for the entertainment precinct.

04 open Space The new city will be defined by its open space.

From the waterfront promenade, there will be

06 Working with the context Most of the existing structures on site are former industrial sheds, which do not resemble a solid foundation for conversion. In order to create a vibrant new suburb, these structures will have to be replaced . As it is still necessary to connect the new development to the surrounding areas, the existing ring-road will be maintained to form the new boundary for the development. There are some valuable buildings along the ring road that can be preserved to house a museum, bookstorage and offices.

4.1 ChAllengeS

The terrain poses a great challenge on site. There are height differences within the boundaries of 37 meters east-west and up to 20 meters northsouth. It is difficult to choose typologies that can easily grow up the hillside and it is a challenge to adapt the road network to overcome the inclines.

There are some aspects in the New york City project that provide ideas on how to overcome these challenges.

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05 desiGn INSPIRATIoN

Fig. 56: DEVELoPMENT LEAF

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05 desiGn INSPIRATIoN

Given the abundance of alternate theories, it might not be too far fetched to investigate the topic further and experiment with an urban design perspective. idea The idea was to create a leaf shaped city growing out of the water and onto the land. The stem of the leaf, represented by a pier, would connect the city to the water. The structure of veins, in an abstract form, could help define the city blocks of the new development.

5.1 inSPirAtion

Inspiration was drawn from different reference projects. Yet what started as a mere idea, quickly became the driving force of this project. The idea to learn from the leaf.

Late German architect oswald Mathias Ungers wrote a publication on morphology, in particular: ‘City Metaphors‘.

He apposes maps of cities with similar images of flora and fauna; each of them with a title; illustrating similarities between them. nature When looking at leaves in nature, it almost seems like the network of veins on the leaf could be a miniature city. The veins could represent roads ensuring circulation and the accumulation of cells in-between could be seen as the buildings and communal spaces.

Geoffrey West, a theoretical physicist and one of New York Time’s most influential people, proclaimed that cities are ‘living organisms’.

vision In Alicante, the vision included retaining the ring road und using it as the outline of the leaf.

A ‘central artery’ would be the leaf’s spine and secondary connectors -branches- would help hold the suburb together.

The vision is to create a flourishing, vibrant city with visitors and locals mixing in the entertainment precinct and ‘central artery’; forming a healthy community. translastion and Creation With the method explained in the following section, an urban leaf was created within the given boundary. An abstraction in several steps proved necessary as suitable block-size and street widths are fundamental for a functioning suburb.

Having created this abstract structure of veins, the roads almost mimic the historial centres of medieval towns. The cris-crossed network of seemingly random alleys and streets already reselmble the natural appearance of leaves.

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05 Design InspIrATIon

BeaCHfront

leaf

Fig. 60: LEAF sTruCTurE 01

Fig. 63: TErrAIn, TIrAnA, ALBAnIA

Fig. 58: BEACHFronT AT THE pALm, duBAI

Fig. 61: LEAF sTruCTurE 02

Fig. 64: grEEn sTEps

Fig. 59: sT. kILdA BEACH, mELBournE

Fig. 62: LEAF sTruCTurE 03

Fig. 65: TErrACEd opEn spACE In JApAn

Fig. 57: CopACABAnA, rIo dE JAnEIro

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HeigHt differenCes

05 Design InspIrATIon

Boulevard

Central artery

Pier

Fig. 66: BouLEvArd, nInE ELms, London

Fig. 69: urBAn rIvEr mAsTErpLAn, TIrAnA

Fig. 72: BLuE pIEr , sT pETErsBurg, russIA

Fig. 67: mAnLy Corso, sydnEy

Fig. 70: InFormAL pArk, AL ZorAH, uAE

Fig. 73: BrIgHTon pIEr, gB

Fig. 68: doCk squArE, mELBournE

Fig. 71: InFormAL pArk, yEnIkApI, IsTAnBuL

Fig. 74: pIEr 15, EAsT rIvEr, nEw york CITy

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05 Design

mETHods oF urBAn dEsIgn

Fig. 75: sTAgE 1: IdEA

Fig. 76: sTAgE 2: vIsIon

Fig. 77: sTAgE 3: TrAnsLATIon

Fig. 78: sTAgE 4: rEsuLT

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05 Design

mETHods oF urBAn dEsIgn

This, however, cannot be the solution to the problem, as a leaf does not provide open space or a recognisable structure.

01 The ring road being retained serves as the

outline to the leaf suburb and the ‘central artery’ is left as open space.

5.2 metHodology

Throughout history there have been many methods used to structure the urban landscape. The romans had two predominant, perpendicular roads, ‘decumanus’ and ‘Cardo,’ with the market square at the intersection of these two important roads.39 Another example is the Haussmann’s plan for paris (1853-1870)40, forcing paris into geometric forms and cutting grand axes into the French capitol.

For the masterplan in Alicante these methods seem somewhat old-fashioned, so a new concept was conceived: the area is defined by the existing ring-road, with the waterfront being an extension. with a superior principle for zoning settled, there needed to be a principle to position roads and buildings in the context. The idea of the leaf brought the challenge of translating the organic network of the leaf into a functional city. many attempts were made, before one method was chosen. By copying the structure of an existing leaf, there is a direct connection to nature.

02

A scaled leaf structure is ‘stamped’ into the areas left for construction.

03

The leaf structure is used as a guide todevelop practical construction sites (Baufelder).

04 several stages of abstraction needed tooccur,

before a functional structure was developed.

05 selected construction sites along the ‘central

artery’ were eliminated to form open space

06

Typologies were developed to fit the leaf structure and local requirements.

07 Chosen buildings and selected parts of the

residences are elevated to create focal points and a superior connection between buildings.

There is no conventional method of urban design, so this should be seen as an experiment.

However, the outcome will convince communities with its quality of public space and relationships among the buildings. There are different densities derived from the original leaf structure and the desired zoning was also successfully integrated.41

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05 Design THE LEAF

Fig. 79: mAsTErpLAn 1:5,000

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05 Design THE LEAF

5.3 masterPlan

500 mETErs

Before choosing a focus-area it was vital to create a detailed masterplan for the whole site. The urban fabric is given three centres with a designated purpose and residential uses between them.

Following this concept, a diverse city with varying density is created. In addition, the open spaces gain importance, as a gradient is generated between the a centralised locations and a less dense residential location.

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05 Design THE LEAF

Fig. 80: dEvELopmEnT oF grEEn spACEs

Central artery

BranCHes

Courtyards

leaf

Greenspace Buildings Openspace

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05 Design THE LEAF

PiCtogrammes

green space It is almost needless to say how important the open space is for the realisation of the leaf. open spaces define the new suburb and were the driving force in the development.

The ‘central artery‘ represents the spine -midribof the leaf and forms a central park with native vegetation and wide open spaces.

From the central spine, branches -leaf veins- diverge, expanding open space and interconnecting the quarters.

Every residential building and some other buildings incorporate courtyards; providing a secluded open space for residents. Each building is representing a cell.

Combining these elements an abundant network of open green space is created, bringing the new suburb together.

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05 Design THE LEAF

Fig. 81: mAss modELL And AErIAL pErspECTIvE

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05 Design THE LEAF

infrastruCture

In order to make the concept work, the former national road has to be converted from a four lane to a two lane road. To counteract this change, there will be several new roads creating a system of bypasses, reducing traffic at the waterfront. These changes will result in a less crowded waterfront with pedestrian crossings and easier access to the water.

The network of roads in the new city is inspired by a leaf-structure, however, it is not a direct interpretation. The ring road serves as the main circulation around the site; secondary roads give access to individual quarters.

The differences in terrain are overcome by the road running north-south, while the smaller streets running east-west serve as a subordinate connector. The buildings are to be accessed from the smaller streets, as they are less busy and provide proficient parking.

In the more centralised locations, developers will be asked to include pedestrian throughways on ground level to maintain an organic network of circulation.

Pedestrians pedestrians and bikers will be presented with a network of walkways and bike lanes to make circulation within the city as easy as possible. people would then be encouraged to use the ‘central artery’ as their main connector.

site The sites for construction resemble the leaf’s cells and are surrounded by the new network of streets. some of the sites will remain open and house parks, playgrounds and recreational spaces. Depending on the specific quarter’s density, the dimensions of the sites will differ. spaces public space is a vital part of every urban design project. By creating large green spaces in the heart of the city, the public space receives a proportion of ca. 550,000 squaremeters, including beach and pier, compared to ca. 210,000 squaremeters of construction sites that do not include courtyards. The public space is maximised by the pier reaching out into the mediterranean sea and utilising the beachfront.

Along the boulevard and the ‘central artery’, the alternating walkway forms pockets of green foliage adjacent to it. These pockets may be used to disguise jumps in the terrain and serve as green rooms for relaxation and recreation. using local vegetation, each of those rooms could be set up differently and designed individually.

In addition to these rooms, there are larger plazas along the ‘central artery’ which are urban centres for the quarters around them. different uses such as markets and exhibitions could take place in these spaces.

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05 Design THE LEAF

Fig. 82: soFT And HArd EdgEs

Fig. 83: dIFFErEnT usEs

Market

Permeable Edges

Residential

Hard Edges

Entertainment

Buildings

Education / Health

Market

Fig. 84: dIsTrIBuTIon oF spACE

Permeable Edges Hard Edges

Fig. 85: dEnsITy

Residential Entertainment

Buildings

Education / Health

Greenspace Greenspace

Buildings

Buildings

Openspace

Openspace

Residential Origins in the Leaf Residential Origins in the Leaf Large

Scale

Large Scale

Medium Scale

Medium Scale

Small Scale

Small Scale

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05 Design THE LEAF

different uses The Leaf is partitioned into different zones; ‘entertainment’, ‘market and village’, as well as ‘health and educational’. The entertainment precinct is located close to the waterfront, because of increased tourism and the market is situated at the heart of the leaf. Education and Health-facilities are located at the western end of the suburb, creating a campus-like structure. The zones are separated by residential quarters.

PiCtogrammes

soft and Hard edges In urban design, soft and hard edges define spaces and guide through them. The leaf is closed-off with a hard edge towards the ring road; helping to reduce noise pollution and determining the boundary. The perimeter is characterised by three to five-storey buildings with sealed ground floor facades. Only the roads allow access to the suburb.

Towards the inside and adjacent parks, buildings have a more open architecture equipped with arcades and pedestrian gateways. An open design on ground level helps create a permeable threshold. The outside is drawn inside the buildings and a rich atmosphere of transition can be experienced.

distribution of space The ‘central artery‘ serves as the main open space and connector; the adjoining quarters develop alongside it. density s, m, l, Xl The leaf provides different densities within the given framework. The residential areas have wider streets and less storeys to enhance living conditions; light, air and sun. The courtyards help break up the size of the blocks and lowers the density within the area.

The zones of different function have varying density, depending on requirements. Educational and health facilities are giving larger sites than office-buildings in the ‘village‘ zone. The entertainment precinct again provides larger footprints for uses like theatres or department stores. open space serves as the least dense space and enables people to ‘breathe‘.

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05 Design

THE LEAF | sECTIons

Fig. 86: sECTIon A-A FoCus ArEA EAsT-wEsT 1:1,000

STREET

OFFICES

STREET

OFFICES

STREET

PARK

SHOPS | OFFICES

STREET

STREET

SHOPS

STREET

SHOPS

Fig. 87: sECTIon B-B FoCus ArEA norTH-souTH 1:1,000

STREET

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TOWNHOUSE

COURTYARD

APARTMENTS

STREET

TOWNHOUSE

COURTYARD

APARTMENTS

STREET

CENTRAL ARTERY

STREET

TOWNHOUSE

COURTYARD

APARTMENTS

05 Design

THE LEAF | sECTIons

STREET

STREET TRAM

TRAM PROMENADE

PROMENADE

TOWNHOUSE

PIER

COURTYARD

APARTMENTS

STREET

TOWNHOUSE

COURTYARD

APARTMENTS

CENTRAL ARTERY

STREET

STREET

TOWNHOUSE

COURTYARD

APARTMENTS

STREET

TOWNHOUSE

COURTYARD

APARTMENTS

STREET

PIER

Fig. 88: sECTIon C-C promEnAdE 1:1,000

Fig. 89: sECTIon CuTs, sITE pLAn 1:10,000

C

C

B A

STREET TOWNHOUSE

TOWNHOUSE

COURTYARD

COURTYARD APARTMENTS

APARTMENTS STREET

STREET

CLIFFS

STREET

PARKING

TRAM

GREENSPACE

PROMENADE

A

B

STREET

STREET TOWNHOUSE TOWNHOUSE

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COURTYARD

CO AP

05 Design THE LEAF

Fig. 90: gEnErAL sHApE

Fig. 91: dIvErsITy

Fig. 96: vErTICAL ZonIng In THE TypoLogy

ROOF HOUSING Fig. 92: HEIgHT dIFFErEnCE

Fig. 93: rEsuLTIng TypoLogy

HOUSING HOUSING SHOPS PARKING

Fig. 94: sECTIon sHowIng A gEnErAL BLoCk

COURTYARD

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APARTMENTS

Fig. 95: HousIng TypoLogy, IrELAnd

STREET

TOWNHOUSE

COURTYARD

APARTMENTS

STREET

05 Design THE LEAF

tyPologies

In the residential quarters, inspiration by wessendorf Architektur städtebau, Berlin (dE) entry for the ‘Bayerischer Bahnhof’ competition in Leipzig, germany, helped in creating a mixed typology.42 The typology presented in the competition includes affordable apartments, townhouses and lofts; all in one perimeter development. This composition creates a mixed community in every city block, or cell, and households of different socio-economic situations would be unified.

For the design in Alicante, the general idea was adapted and modified to suite local requirements. Each block is designed so that it can overcome a height difference of up to 4 meters. As seen in the section, each city block ‘grows’ with the terrain. gardens The townhouses are located in the northern wing of each residential block and thus enjoy southern gardens. A courtyard provides private gardens for each townhouse and shared gardens for the apartment buildings.

These gardens are limited in size, so a greater shared garden remains in the middle. Ideally this garden can be used for community farming or shared green space in general, for every resident to enjoy.

The lofts within the block are not placed in any specific location, but work with the urban surrounding to create relationships among the buildings, more importantly between buildings and the open space.

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05 Design

THE LEAF

Fig. 97: HIgH-poInT LoFTs And rELATIonsHIps

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05 Design THE LEAF

relationsHiPs

relationships between buldings, help create a complex urban structure, but also provide points of orientation for residents and visitors.

The chosen typlogies allow the intergration of ‘high points‘, creating gestures of communication and linking buildings to one another. such special points are articulated by lofts that rise up to three storeys above the rest of the block.

Each ‘high point‘ is situate in a chosen location; determined by views into landscape and parks or intersection of roads. In some cases, the presence of ‘high points‘ introduces tension, in spaces previously lacking excitement.

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05 Design THE LEAF

Fig. 98: ‚ALLoTmEnT gArdEns‘

tram

farming

gardens

farming

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100 mETErs

05 Design THE LEAF

allotment gardens

Allotment gardens are small parcels of land individual people and families can rent. In general, these types of garden are used for recreation on the weekends, but also for personal cultivation of vegetables and fruit. garden size is variable and depends on the number of people wanting to aquire a piece of land. south of the Leaf, there are plots of empty land previously used for farming. Invigorating those desolate places would benefit not only the residents of the Leaf, but would also increase quality of views.

Community Farming is a concept proving successful in places like new york City and Berlin. spaces are provided by an organisation and volunteers can grow vegetables for the community‘s benefit.

This concept could easily be included in the management of the allotment gardens, but could also flourish in the courtyards within the Leaf. tram A new tramline will replace the existing train connection from Alicante to Elche. A commute will take longer than before, but the Leaf and various activities on the promenade will be integrated. The route will be slightly changed and express trams could shorten the duration of trips.

The waterfront will be opened up by this slow-paced mode of transport, as the trainline with highspeed trains posed a dangerous obstacle.

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05 Design THE LEAF

Fig. 99: rETAInIng EXIsTIng sTruCTurEs

Bridge

museum

ruin garden

offiCes

100 mETErs

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05 Design THE LEAF

eXisting Buildings

As mentioned before the Leaf is shaped by the existing ring road around the industrial estate. due to the poor quality of the buildings, existing structures will be replaced by the new leaf structure. nevertheless, there are some buildings, such as the estate of offices, outside the ring-road that are worth keeping when renovated. museum in slaughter House The former slaughter house provides vast and light spaces with high ceilings and little distraction. If renovated and repaired, the spaces could be ideal for an art gallery or museum. Local artists could exhibit their work and a cultural hub for the Leaf could be established. ruin garden next to the former slaughter house there is a derilict building with collapsed roofs and an abudance of artistic graffities. Nature has already started reclaiming the ruin, as weeds and shrubs grow across the floor. when landscaped properly, a botanical garden with plants from around the world could be established to form a space for recreation, but also for exploration and learning.

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05 Design

THE LEAF | FoCus

Fig. 100: puBLIC spACE

THE LEAF | 68

05 Design

THE LEAF | FoCus

Fig. 101: FoCus ArEA 1:5,000

5.4 foCus

200 mETErs

The focus area was chosen, because of proximity to the waterfront. In this design proposal, the waterfront area is the entertainment precinct, which was deliberately placed there because of increased tourism.

THE LEAF | 69

05 Design

THE LEAF | FoCus

Fig. 102: FoCus ArEA usEs

Fig. 103: TErrACEs 4 mETErs

Fig. 104: TErrACEs 2 mETErs

Greenspace Shops Hotel | Congress Theater | Cinema

THE LEAF | 70

Greenspace Greenspace 20m 20m

20m 20m

Greenspace Greenspace

OfďŹ ces

Building Building

Building Building

Open Space

8m Terrace 8m 4 Meter 4 Meter Terrace

8m Semi Terrace 8m 2m 2m Semi Terrace

05 Design

THE LEAF| FoCus

Circulation There are different promenades for different paces as seen in the precedent analysis. A slow-paced, green walkway in the centre is accompanied by another promenade on each side of the park.

These secondary connectors allow direct access into the buildings and fast-paced traffic.

Especially on the boulevard, height differences are overcome by a series of stairs interrupted by terraces. In order to make the spaces acccessible, ramps are integrated into the stairs. Inspiration for this was taken from the ‚stramps‘ at robson square in vancouver, Canada (Fig 101).

5.5 individual asPeCts

Challenges in this area include the height difference of 12 meters from the existing road level (8 meters AmsL) at the waterfront and the western boundary of the focus area (20 meters AmsL).

These differences were overcome by a system of terraces that also integrate into the buildings. moments Along the boulevard, there is a sequence of ‘moments’ created by the terraces and provide dynamic views on the way down. The moments are supported by the ‘green rooms’ lining the boulevard.

HoW tHe frameWorK affeCts individuals

By creating multi-layered spaces, the individual is encouraged to take part in outdoor life. The climate in Alicante is mild and an active outdoor lifestyle is possible throughout the year. A mixed community life outside could result in a rich and beneficial atmosphere that new residents of all ages and ethnic background are drawn to.

The spectacular views combined with high-quality living space would be favoured. The intentional introduction of mixed typologies would provide a more balanced arrangement.

THE LEAF | 71

05 Design

THE LEAF | pErspECTIvEs

Fig. 105: pErspECTIvE From ABovE LookIng up THE BouLEvArd

THE LEAF | 72

05 Design

THE LEAF | pErspECTIvEs

Fig. 106: pErspECTIvE From ABovE LookIng down THE BouLEvArd

Fig. 107: pErspECTIvE LookIng up THE BouLEvArd

Fig. 108: pErspECTIvE LookIng down THE BouLEvArd To THE wATEr

Fig. 109: pErspECTIvE LookIng up THE BouLEvArd

THE LEAF | 73

05 Design THE LEAF

terraCes

Waterfront Promenade

Fig. 111: CAnAL HousEs AArHus, dk

Fig. 112: BAsIn pArk, BrookLyn, nEw york CITy

Fig. 113: TErrAssEn, HAFEnCITy HAmBurg

Fig. 114: wATErFronT, BEIruT, LEBAnon

Fig. 115: dECkIng on THE EdgE, sydnEy

Fig. 116: mAgELLAn TErrAssEn, HAmBurg

Fig. 117: punggoL mATILdA, sIngAporE

Fig. 118: promEnAdE, sTrAndEn, norwAy

Fig. 110: mArCo poLo TErrAssEn, HAmBurg

THE LEAF | 74

Waterfront detail

05 Design THE LEAF

Boulevard

tram

stairs | ramP

Fig. 119: promEnAdE, vEnICE BEACH, usA

Fig. 120: TrAm In mELBournE

Fig. 121: roBson squArE 01, vAnCouvEr

Fig. 122: BEACHFronT, vEnICE BEACH, usA

Fig. 123: BouLEvArd wITH TrAms, ToronTo

Fig. 124: roBson squArE 02, vAnCouvEr

Fig. 125: skATEpArk, vEnICE BEACH, usA

Fig. 126: TrAm In ALICAnTE, spAIn

Fig. 127: roBson squArE 03, vAnCouvEr

THE LEAF | 75

05 Design

THE LEAF | ENErgY

Fig. 128: rAINwATEr mANAgEmENT CoNCEPT 01

COURTYARD

APARTMENTS

STREET

Fig. 129: rAINwATEr mANAgEmENT CoNCEPT 02

THE LEAF | 76

CENTRAL ARTERY

STREET

TOWNHOUSE

05 Design

THE LEAF | ENErgY

5.6 enGery ConCePt

Water Southern Spain is known for its dry climate and little precipitation. In this design proposal an abundance of vegetation and greenery are included. Seeing those attributes together is a fairly controversial base for the concept, because vegetation always requires water. while visiting Alicante, professors from the University of Alicante introduced us to a phenomenon that occurs once a year: heavy rainfall. The city is struggling to keep up with rainwater treatment and large amounts of water are channeled into the sea.

If it was possible to store the water underground in cisterns and reservoirs, much of the demand for watering the plants could be dealt with using stored rainwater. The water could be collected not only from the streets, but from the roofs as well.

Furthermore, run-off from the ‘Sierra del Colmenar’ could be collected by small embankments that retain the water. keeping the water could create little oasis on the hillside. The water could then be stored in the cisterns to prevent it from evaporating.

In addition to irrigation of parks, filtered rainwater could be used for flushing toilets and other household uses. This concept is not based on scientific research and merely proposes an idea.

energy Alicante is known to have sunshine almost all year-round. The sun provides vast amounts of energy that solar panels, photovoltaic and solar thermal panels could capture.

Extensive application of these systems could provide a large portion of the energy required to run the city quarter.

As this is not based on scientific research or an expert survey, this is a hypothetical idea, but the concept of using solar panels to minimise the demand on grid-power is a proven concept.

The huge costs connected to seawater desalination could be dramatically decreased by power from solar panels, as famous British broadcaster David Attenborough claims in an interview at the ‘wellcome-Foundation’.43 The desalination plant in Alicante is located close to the project site and there is an extensive mountain range with south-facing terrain. A solar park could take advantage of this hillside and reduce the cost of providing freshwater. roofs The introduction of green roofs does not only help insulate the buildings beneath, but also minimises the impact each building has on the environment. If the building’s footprint is reclaimed with greenery on the roof, this could restore part of the ecosystem.

In southern Spain, this step is controversial and it is arguable that even using local plants and vegetation, these roofs would need to be irrigated.

THE LEAF | 77

THE LEAF | 78

06 conclusion

DrAwINg SomE CoNCLUSIoN

The newly acquired knowledge was translated into a recipe that was used to guide the design for Alicante.

Inspriation for the urban structure within the new suburb was drawn from the leaf and its organic network of veins.

It posed difficult to find an abstract version of the leaf, but in the end a functional city quarter with expansive open spaces and fine quality of space was established.

Public space was a major element of the design process and decisions were made for the benefit of spaces. The accessible waterfront and the entertainment precinct combine the excitement of the site with attractive uses.

ConClusion

The waterfront is an exciting location for urban design and architecture projects. Cities open up sites of former harbour uses to create new urban quarters and public spaces.

In Alicante the aim was to invigorate the southern beachfront to open it up for locals and visitors alike. Problems, as well as opportunities have been highlighted and a concept and masterplan for a suburb of Alicante was developed.

Precedent projects from Australia, the United States of America and Denmark were analysed to draw some conclusion and inspiration for the waterfront project.

Typologies were chosen to facilitate a mixed community and open space was designed for maximum exchange and interaction along the ‘central artery‘.

Services are provided for the towns of Urbanova and Arenales del Sol, thus counteracting seasonal migration and contributing to a more stable economy and society.

Activities along this route strengthen attractiveness and invite tourism.

Existing industrial structures were replaced by high-quality living and attractive work environments. Nevertheless, some buildings have been retained for renovation and uses like an art gallery.

In summary, it can be stated that a masterplan for the Leaf was created, based on detailed analysis of local circumstances and international precedents.

The Leaf comprises the design for a green ‘oasis‘ in southern Spain that utilises the challenges and advantages of its unique site. The masterplan illustrates once again that inspiration for urban design projects can be drawn from nature, just like previous projects, theories and publications suggested.

In the future, projects like the Leaf could become reality though they require huge investments and an immediate need for housing.

The aim for ecologically friendly and sustainable developments was compiled and a concept for water conservation and renewable energy supply was proposed.

“Without a comprehensive vision reality will appear as a mass of unrelated phenomenon and meaningless facts, in other words, totally chaotic. In such a world it would be like living in a vacuum; everything would be of equal importance; nothing could attract our attention; and there would be no possibility to utilize the mind.”

O.M. Ungers

A promenade was designed to connect Alicante to Arenaldes del Sol, thus emphasising the waterfront and creating an accessible connector for pedestrians and cyclists.

It will be higly interesting to investigate more deeply, how human kind can learn from nature and utilise the mechanisms matured through evolution.

THE LEAF | 79

Process

THE mAkINg-oF

Fig. 130: LEArNINg From THE LEAF

Fig. 131: moDELmAkINg

Fig. 132: mASS moDELS

THE LEAF | 80

Process

THE mAkINg-oF

Fig. 135:STUDIo IN ALICANTE

Fig. 133: PrESENTATIoN wITH SPANISH gUESTS IN wISmAr

Fig. 134: moDELmAkINg II

THE LEAF | 81

MoDelMaking THE mAkINg-oF

Fig. 136: SITE moDEL 1:1,000

Fig. 137: SITE moDEL 1:1,000 TErrAIN AND ExISTINg STrUCTUrES

Fig. 138: SITE moDEL 1:1,000 TErrAIN AND ExISTINg STrUCTUrES

Fig. 139: SITE moDEL 1:1,000 TErrAIN AND ExISTINg STrUCTUrES

THE LEAF | 82

MoDelMaking THE mAkINg-oF

Fig. 140: SITE moDEL 1:1,000 TErrAIN AND ExISTINg STrUCTUrES

Fig. 141: SITE moDEL 1:1,000 TErrAIN AND ExISTINg STrUCTUrES

Fig. 142: SITE moDEL 1:1,000

Fig. 143: SITE moDEL 1:1,000

THE LEAF | 83

bibliograPhy FooTNoTES

Footnotes 01 Footnote

10Footnote

19 Footnote

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27 Footnote

Source: Auswärtiges Amt | 2016 Title: ‚Spanien‘ Accessed: 30. April 2016 Source: müller, Ute | 2013 Title: ‚Spanien zieht [...] viele Touristen an, [...]‘ Accessed: 30. April 2016 Source: Alicante.com | 2016 Title: ‚Alicante geography‘ Accessed: 30. April 2016 Source: google maps | 2016 Title: ‚Advanced Search: Schools‘ Accessed: 30. April 2016 Source: king‘s College Alicante | 2015 Title: ‚Fee Schedule 2016-2017‘ Accessed: 30. April 2016 Source: google maps | 2016 Title: ‚Advanced Search: Clinic‘ Accessed: 30. April 2016 Source: Brinkhoff, Thomas | 2015 Title: ‚Spain: Valencian Community‘ Accessed: 01. June 2016 Source: worldometers | 2016 Title: ‚Current world Population‘ Accessed: 01. June 2016 Source: wolf, kathleen, Ph.D. & kathrina Flora | 2010 Title: ‚mental Health & Function‘ Accessed: 24. may 2016

THE LEAF | 84

Source: VisitAarhus | 2016 Title: ‚History of the City - Aarhus‘ origins‘ Accessed: 29. may 2016 Source: Aarhus.com | 2006 Title: ‚Aarhus - Culture‘ Accessed: 29. may 2016 Source: wammen, Nicolai & Flemming | 2008 Title: ‚New Central Urban waterfront [...] in Aarhus‘ Accessed: 29. may 2016 Source: Aarhus 2017 Foundation | 2016 Title: ‚Let‘s rethink‘ Accessed: 29. may 2016 Source: Aarhus 2017 Foundation | 2016 Title: ‚European Capital of Culture in 2017‘ Accessed: 29. may 2016 Source: The Local | 2014 Title: ‚Star architect reveals Aarhus waterfront plans‘ Accessed: 29. may 2016 Source: BIg.dk | 2016 Title: ‚Big - Bjarke Ingels group‘ Accessed: 29. may 2016 Source: The Local | 2014 Title: ‚Star architect reveals Aarhus waterfront plans‘ Accessed: 29. may 2016 Source: Friis, Helle | 2016 Title: ‚The Aarhus Docklands - [...] waterfront Projects‘ Accessed: 29. may 2016

Source: Rosenfield, Karissa | 2014 Title: ‚New BIg-Designed Neighborhood [...]‘ Accessed: 29. may 2016 Source: The Local | 2014 Title: ‚Star architect reveals Aarhus waterfront plans‘ Accessed: 29. may 2016 Source: Rosenfield, Karissa | 2014 Title: ‚New BIg-Designed Neighborhood [...]‘ Accessed: 29. may 2016 Source: Rosenfield, Karissa | 2014 Title: ‚New BIg-Designed Neighborhood [...]‘ Accessed: 29. may 2016 Source: Friis, Helle | 2016 Title: ‚The Aarhus Docklands - [...] waterfront Projects‘ Accessed: 29. may 2016 Source: City of Sydney | 2016 Title: ‚metropolitan Sydney‘ Accessed: 24. April 2016 Source: City of Sydney | 2016 Title: ‚our global City‘ Accessed: 24. April 2016 Source: Darling Harbour | 2016 Title: ‚History and Heritage‘ Accessed: 24. April 2016 Source: Darling Harbour | 2016 Title: ‚History and Heritage‘ Accessed: 24. April 2016

bibliograPhy

FooTNoTES | rEgISTEr oF ILLUSTrATIoNS

28 Footnote

Source: xE.com | 2016 Title: ‚xE währungsrechner - EUr - AUS‘ Accessed: 24. April 2016

29 Footnote

Source: SH Foreshore Authority | 2016 Title: ‚Darling Harbour‘ Accessed: 24. April 2016

30 Footnote

Source: SH Foreshore Authority | 2016 Title: ‚Darling Harbour‘ Accessed: 24. April 2016

31 Footnote

Source: HASSELL | 2016 Title: ‚International Convention Centre Sydney‘ Accessed: 24. April 2016

32 Footnote

Source: Anaxagorou, T. & Jan-Hendrik Höhnk | 2015 Title: ‚The goods Line‘ Accessed: 24. April 2016

33 Footnote

Source: HASSELL | 2016 Title: ‚International Convention Centre Sydney‘ Accessed: 24. April 2016

34 Footnote

Source: HASSELL | 2016 Title: ‚Transforming Darling Harbour‘ Accessed: 24. April 2016

35 Footnote

Source: Pickett, Charles | 2014 Title: ‚Demolishing Darling Harbour‘ Accessed: 24. April 2016

36 Footnote

Source: Darling Harbour | 2016 Title: ‚Darling Harbour Developments‘ Accessed: 24. April 2016

37 Footnote

Source: gutro, rob | 2013 Title: ‚Hurricane Sandy (Atlantic ocean)‘ Accessed: 29. may 2016

38 Footnote

Source: BIg.dk | 2016 Title: ‚HUD - The Big U‘ Accessed: 29. may 2016

39 Footnote

Source: Carroll, Sean | 2009 Title: ‚Are Cities Just Very Large organisms?‘ Accessed: 01. June 2016

40 Footnote

Source: Cartwright, mark | 2013 Title: ‚roman Architecture‘ Accessed: 31. may 2016

41 Footnote Source: kirkman, Emily | 2007 Title: ‚Haussmann‘s Paris‘ Accessed: 31. may 2016

42 Footnote

Source: Duarte, Jose P & Jose Beirao | 2011 Title: ‚Towards a methodology for flexible urban design: designingwith urban patterns and shape grammars‘ (p. 879-902)‘

43 Footnote

Source: wessendorf Architektur Städtebau | 2011 Title: ‚wettbewerb Bayerischer Bahnhof‘ Accessed: 01. June 2016

44 Footnote

Source: Attenborough, David, Sir | 2012 Title: ‚An Interview with the wellcome Trust‘ Accessed: 01. June 2016

45 Footnote

Source: FlatIcon.com Title: Icons from various authors

illustrations seCtion 02 01 illustration

Name: maps of Project Area Creator: Jan-Hendrik Höhnk Based on a map exported from google Earth Pro

02 illustration

Name: Plaza in the old Town, Alicante Creator: Jan-Hendrik Höhnk

03 illustration

Name: roundabout at the Explanada Creator: Jan-Hendrik Höhnk

04 illustration

Name: Castillo de Santa Bábara, Alicante Creator: Jan-Hendrik Höhnk

05 illustration

Name: Common Alley in the old Town Creator: Jan-Hendrik Höhnk

06 illustration

Name: Explanada, Alicante Creator: Jan-Hendrik Höhnk

07 illustration

Name: Castillo de Santa Bábara, Alicante Creator: Jan-Hendrik Höhnk

08 illustration

Name: EUIPo, EU-Agency, Alicante Creator: Jan-Hendrik Höhnk

09 illustration

Name: Beach, Alicante Creator: Jan-Hendrik Höhnk

10 illustration

Name: View from the Castle onto Alicante Creator: Jan-Hendrik Höhnk

11 illustration

Name: Urbanova and an Aeroplane Creator: Jan-Hendrik Höhnk THE LEAF | 85

bibliograPhy

rEgISTEr oF ILLUSTrATIoNS

12 illustration

Name: ring road Around the Industrial Park Creator: Jan-Hendrik Höhnk

13 illustration

Name: N-332 Along the waterfront Creator: Jan-Hendrik Höhnk

14 illustration

Name: Site Visit: Urbanova Creator: Jan-Hendrik Höhnk

15 illustration

Name: Natinal road N-332 Creator: Jan-Hendrik Höhnk

16 illustration

Name: Cars and Train posing an obstacle Creator: Jan-Hendrik Höhnk

17 illustration

Name: Site Visit: Industrial Area Creator: Jan-Hendrik Höhnk

18 illustration

Name: rocks along National road N-332 Creator: Jan-Hendrik Höhnk

19 illustration

Name: The main Pedestrian walkway along N-332 Creator: Jan-Hendrik Höhnk

20 illustration

Name: Existing road Network Creator: Jan-Hendrik Höhnk Based on CAD-files provided by University of Alicante Modified result from the workshop March 2016

21 illustration

Name: Proposed road Network Creator: Jan-Hendrik Höhnk Based on CAD-files provided by University of Alicante Modified result from the workshop March 2016

THE LEAF | 86

22 illustration

Name: Existing Public Transportation Creator: Jan-Hendrik Höhnk Based on CAD-files provided by University of Alicante Modified result from the workshop March 2016

23 illustration

Name: Proposed Public Transportation Creator: Jan-Hendrik Höhnk Based on CAD-files provided by University of Alicante Modified result from the workshop March 2016

24 illustration

Name: relocating Industries Creator: Jan-Hendrik Höhnk Based on CAD-files provided by University of Alicante Modified result from the workshop March 2016

25 illustration

Name: open- and green Space Creator: Jan-Hendrik Höhnk Based on CAD-files provided by University of Alicante

26 illustration

Name: Connection Creator: Jan-Hendrik Höhnk Based on CAD-files provided by University of Alicante Modified result from the workshop March 2016

27 illustration

Name: Activities Creator: Jan-Hendrik Höhnk Based on CAD-files provided by University of Alicante Modified result from the workshop March 2016

illustrations seCtion 03 28 illustration

Name: Atmospheric render of the Public Space Source: http://images.adsttc.com/media/images/5424/2d02/ c07a/809a/0e00/0066/large_jpg/025_original.jpg?1411656927

Accessed: 02. June 2016

29 illustration

Name: Primary Connector Source: http://www.archdaily.com/551290/big-designs-7-building-waterfront-development-in-aarhus

Accessed: 04. June 2016

30 illustration

Name: Secondary Connector Source: http://www.archdaily.com/551290/big-designs-7-building-waterfront-development-in-aarhus

Accessed: 04. June 2016

31 illustration

Name: Public Space Source: http://www.archdaily.com/551290/big-designs-7-building-waterfront-development-in-aarhus

Accessed: 04. June 2016

32 illustration

Name: Seven residential Buildings Source: http://www.archdaily.com/551290/big-designs-7-building-waterfront-development-in-aarhus

Accessed: 04. June 2016

33 illustration

Name: overlapping Promenades Source: http://www.archdaily.com/551290/ big-designs-7-building-waterfrontdevelopment-in-aarhus

Accessed: 04. June 2016

34 illustration

Name: Public Swimming Facilities Source: http://www.archdaily.com/551290/big-designs-7-building-waterfront-development-in-aarhus

Accessed: 04. June 2016

35 illustration

Name: Decking for recreation Source: http://www.archdaily.com/551290/ big-designs-7-building-waterfrontdevelopment-in-aarhus

Accessed: 04. June 2016

bibliograPhy FooTNoTES

36 illustration

Name: Decking for recreation Source: http://www.big.dk/#projects-aar Accessed: 04. June 2016

37 illustration

Name: Aerial render of Darling Quarter and the Harbour Source: http://www.darlingharbourlive.com.au/about-the-project/

master-plan.aspx

Accessed: 29. may 2016

38 illustration

Name: Public Promenade outside the Convention Centre Source: http://www.hassellstudio.com/en/cms-projects/detail/inter-

national-convention-centre-sydney/

Accessed: 04. June 2016

39 illustration

Name: Circular Tumbalong Park in Darling Quarter Source: http://www.architectureanddesign.com.au/getmedi-

a/15943700-a25f-403e-b917-0ea5ff217e3e/130327_public-domain-pier-street.aspx

Accessed: 04. June 2016

40 illustration

Name: Darling Quarter Site Plan - no scale Source: http://hassellstudio.com/en/cms-projects/detail/transfor-

ming-darling-harbour

Accessed: 04. June 2016

41 illustration

Name: Event Space of Tumbalong Park Source: http://hassellstudio.com/en/cms-projects/detail/transfor-

ming-darling-harbour

Accessed: 04. June 2016

42 illustration

Name: The Theatre, Darling Quarter Source: http://www.hassellstudio.com/en/cms-projects/detail/inter-

national-convention-centre-sydney/

Accessed: 04. June 2016

43 illustration

Name: International Concvention Centre, Sydney Source: http://www.hassellstudio.com/

en/cms-projects/detail/international-convention-centre-sydney/

Accessed: 04. June 2016

44 illustration

Name: International Convention Centre - Exhibition Source: http://www.hassellstudio.com/en/cms-projects/detail/inter-

national-convention-centre-sydney/

Accessed: 04. June 2016

45 illustration

Name: View to the Public Promenade Source: http://www.hassellstudio.com/en/cms-projects/detail/inter-

national-convention-centre-sydney/

Accessed: 04. June 2016

46 illustration

Name: Title Image BIg U Source: http://www.big.dk/#projects-hud Accessed: 04. June 2016

47 illustration

Name: Normal State waterfront Source: http://www.big.dk/#projects-hud Accessed: 04. June 2016

48 illustration

Name: Flood Protection Source: http://www.big.dk/#projects-hud Accessed: 04. June 2016

49 illustration

Name: Normal State Park Source: http://www.big.dk/#projects-hud Accessed: 04. June 2016

50 illustration

Name: Flood Protection Source: http://www.big.dk/#projects-hud Accessed: 04. June 2016

51 illustration

Name: Swimming Facilities Source: http://www.big.dk/#projects-hud Accessed: 04. June 2016

52 illustration

Name: Protective ‚Hills‘ Source: http://www.big.dk/#projects-hud Accessed: 04. June 2016

53 illustration

Name: Elevated walkways and Tennis Courts Source: http://www.big.dk/#projects-hud Accessed: 04. June 2016

54 illustration

Name: Atmospheric render of walkways Source: http://www.big.dk/#projects-hud Accessed: 04. June 2016

55 illustration

Name: East river Park Source: http://www.big.dk/#projects-hud Accessed: 04. June 2016

56 illustration

Name: Elevated walkways and Tennis Courts Source: http://www.big.dk/#projects-hud Accessed: 04. June 2016

illustrations seCtion 05 57 illustration

Name: Development Leaf Creator: Jan-Hendrik Höhnk

58 illustration

Name: Copacabana, rio de Janeiro Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copacabana,_Rio_de_Janeiro Accessed: 04. June 2016

59 illustration

Name: Beachfront at the Palm, Dubai Source: http://www.cracknell.com/media//1437550390image.jpg Accessed: 04. June 2016

THE LEAF | 87

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rEgISTEr oF ILLUSTrATIoNS

60 illustration

Name: St kilda Beach, melbourne Source: http://mel365.com/media/wp-content/uploads/2013/09/

Melbourne-Daily-Photo-Blog-StKilda_20130903_007.jpg

Accessed: 04. June 2016

61 illustration

Name: Leaf Structure 01 Source: https://www.flickr.com/photos/pasukaru76/3707970970 Accessed: 04. June 2016

62 illustration

Name: Leaf Structure 02 Source: http://www.vector-eps.com/flat-green-leafs-textures/ Accessed: 04. June 2016

63 illustration

Name: Leaf Structure 03 Source: http://bgfons.com/download/4984 Accessed: 04. June 2016

64 illustration

Name: overcoming Terrain, Tirana, Albania Source: http://s3-ap-southeast-1.amazonaws.com/storage.propsoci-

al.com/property/pictures/43118/Screen_Shot_2015-02-12_at_2.47.08_ PM_small.png

Accessed: 04. June 2016

65 illustration

Name: green Steps Source: http://s3.amazonaws.com/downtowngr.org/general/GRFor-

wardIoniaLinearFuture.jpg?mtime=20151106140528

Accessed: 04. June 2016

66 illustration

Name: Terraces at kyushu Sangyo University, Japan Source: http://cdn2.world-architects.com/files/projects/43365/

images/kyushu-sangyo-university-landscepe-design08.jpg

Accessed: 04. June 2016

67 illustration

Name: Boulevard, Nine Elms, London Source: http://www.movehut.co.uk/news/wp-content/

uploads/2015/03/Nine_Elms_01_Linear_Park_150226.jpg

Accessed: 04. June 2016

THE LEAF | 88

68 illustration

Name: manly Corso, Sydney Source: http://nomadsworld.com/articles/australia/sydney/manly-sydney-nsw

Accessed: 04. June 2016

69 illustration

Name: Dock Square, melbourne Source: https://s-media-cache-ak0.pinimg.com/736x/d1/f7/6e/ d1f76e32603b8fe8a9412775d7a70f71.jpg

Accessed: 04. June 2016

70 illustration

Name: Urban river masterplan, Tirana, Albania Source: http://www.e-architect.co.uk/images/jpgs/albania/flowing_ boulevard_urban_river_c300312_8.jpg

Accessed: 04. June 2016

71 illustration

Name: Informal Park, Al Zorah, UAE Source: https://www.google.com/url?sa=i&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=images&cd=&ved=0ahUKEwjNv4vc9o7NAhVGXhoKHV21D6sQjBwIBA&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.alzorah.ae%2

Accessed: 04. June 2016

72 illustration

Name: Informal Park, Yenikapi, Istanbul Source: http://www.zueccaprojectspace.com/wpzuecca/wp-content/uploads/2014/06/The-Yenikapi-Transfer-Point-and-Archaeological-Park-Rendering_1.jpg

Accessed: 04. June 2016

73 illustration

Name: Blue Pier, St Petersburg, russia Source: http://www.tbo.com/storyimage/TB/20150223/ARTICLE/150229741/EP/1/1/EP-150229741.jpg8

Accessed: 04. June 2016

74 illustration

Name: Brighton Pier, Uk Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ef/ Brighton_Pier,_England_-_Feb_2009.jpg

Accessed: 04. June 2016

75 illustration

Name: Pier 15, East river waterfront, New York City Source: http://www.esto.com/ media/files/e6676a9905a1444ed9f d570737181f13jpg?w=1280&h=84

Accessed: 04. June 2016

76 illustration

Name: Stage 1: The Idea Creator: Jan-Hendrik Höhnk

77stration

Name: Stage 2: The Vision Creator: Jan-Hendrik Höhnk

78 illustration

Name: Stage 3: Translation Creator: Jan-Hendrik Höhnk

79 illustration

Name: Stage 4: result Creator: Jan-Hendrik Höhnk

80 illustration

Name: masterplan 1:5,000 Creator: Jan-Hendrik Höhnk

81 illustration

Name: Development of green Spaces Creator: Jan-Hendrik Höhnk

82 illustration

Name: mass modell and Aerial Perspective Creator: Jan-Hendrik Höhnk

83 illustration

Name: Soft and Hard Edges Creator: Jan-Hendrik Höhnk

84 illustration

Name: Different Uses Creator: Jan-Hendrik Höhnk

bibliograPhy

rEgISTEr oF ILLUSTrATIoNS

85 illustration

Name: Distribution of Spaces Creator: Jan-Hendrik Höhnk

86 illustration

Name: Density Creator: Jan-Hendrik Höhnk

87 illustration

Name: Section A-A Focus Area Creator: Jan-Hendrik Höhnk

88 illustration

Name: Section B-B Focus Area Creator: Jan-Hendrik Höhnk

89 illustration

Name: Section C-C Promenade Creator: Jan-Hendrik Höhnk

90 illustration

Name: Position of Section Cuts Creator: Jan-Hendrik Höhnk

91 illustration

Name: general Shape Creator: Jan-Hendrik Höhnk

92 illustration

Name: Diversity Creator: Jan-Hendrik Höhnk

93 illustration

Name: Height Difference Creator: Jan-Hendrik Höhnk

94 illustration

Name: resulting Typology Creator: Jan-Hendrik Höhnk

95 illustration

Name: Section illustrating a general City Block within the typology Creator: Jan-Hendrik Höhnk

96 illustration

Name: Housing Typology, HP Architects, Ireland Source: http://www.hparc.com/images/works/wMSH02_01.jpg.

Accessed: 04. June 2016

107 illustration

Name: Perspective looking up the boulevard Creator: Jan-Hendrik Höhnk

97 illustration

108 illustration

98 illustration

109 illustration

99 illustration

110 illustration

Name: High-Point Lofts and relationships Creator: Jan-Hendrik Höhnk Name: Allotment gardens Creator: Jan-Hendrik Höhnk Name: retaining Existing Structures Creator: Jan-Hendrik Höhnk

100 illustration

Name: Public Space Creator: Jan-Hendrik Höhnk

101 illustration

Name: Focus Area 1:5,000 Creator: Jan-Hendrik Höhnk

102 illustration

Name: Focus Area Uses Creator: Jan-Hendrik Höhnk

103 illustration

Name: Terraces 4 meters Creator: Jan-Hendrik Höhnk

104 illustration

Name: Terraces 2 meters Creator: Jan-Hendrik Höhnk

105 illustration

Name: Perspective from above up the boulevard Creator: Jan-Hendrik Höhnk

106 illustration

Name: Perspective from above down the boulevard Creator: Jan-Hendrik Höhnk

Name: Perspective looking down the boulevard Creator: Jan-Hendrik Höhnk Name: Perspective looking up the boulevard Creator: Jan-Hendrik Höhnk Name: marco Polo Terrassen, HafenCity, Hamburg Source: http://www.hafencity.com/upload/images/artikel/z_artikel_de_17_6_THD5617_1200x800.jpg

Accessed: 04. June 2016

111 illustration

Name: Canal Houses, Aarhus, Dk Source: http://ad009cdnb.archdaily.net/wp-content/upload-

s/2013/06/51bf2ddbb3fc4b81180000df_-canal-houses-aarhus-harbour-housing-project-winning-proposal-adept-luplau-poulsen_ view_from_marina__copyright_adept_luplau___-528x298.jpg

Accessed: 04. June 2016

112 illustration

Name: Basin Park, Brooklyn, New York City Source: http://graincollective.com/wp-content/uploads/2011/10/ YF0I83761.jpg

Accessed: 04. June 2016

113 illustration

Name: Terrassen, HafenCity Hamburg Source: http://www.hafencity.com/upload/images/artikel/z_artikel_de_17_z_artikel_de_17_7_DSC1022_1200x800.jpg

Accessed: 04. June 2016

114 illustration

Name: waterfront, Beirut, Lebanon Source: http://www.mendelsonarchitecture.com/wp-content/

uploads/2014/12/BEIRUT3.jpg

Accessed: 04. June 2016 THE LEAF | 89

bibliograPhy

rEgISTEr oF ILLUSTrATIoNS

115 illustration

Name: Decking on the water‘s Edge, Sydney Source: http://aspect.net.au/wp-content/uploads/2013/11/Pro_AS_

Cadi-Park-Wharf_im9_750w_500h.jpg

Accessed: 04. June 2016

116 illustration

Name: magellan Terrassen, HafenCity, Hamburg Source: http://www.hafencity.com/upload/images/artikel/z_artikel_

de_18__DSC2412_1200x800.jpg

Accessed: 04. June 2016

117 illustration

Name: Promenade, Punggol matilda, Singapore Source: http://m.todayonline.com/sites/default/files/styles/home-sections-mobile/public/16122456.JPG?itok=BxvhF2wk

Accessed: 04. June 2016

118 illustration

Name: waterfront Promenade, Stranden, Norway Source: http://cdn.archinect.net/images/1200x/sb/sbaznb2g34wj-

d6y4.jpg

Accessed: 04. June 2016

119 illustration

Name: Beachfront Promenade Venice Beach, United States of America Source: http://westsidetoday.com/wp-contentu-

ploads/2014/07/458123115.jpg

Accessed: 04. June 2016

120 illustration

Name: Tram on Swanston Street in melbourne, Australia Source: http://images.theage.com.au/2010/01/27/1069817/Swan-

ston-State-Library-600x400.jpgg

Accessed: 04. June 2016

121 illustration

Name: robson Square 01, Vancouver, Canada Source: http://www.thinkinclusive.us/

wp-content/uploads/2014/02 /Robson-Square-pic-K.jpg

Accessed: 04. June 2016

THE LEAF | 90

122 illustration

Name: Beachfront Promenade Venice Beach, USA Source: http://www.hdwallpaper.nu/wp-content/uploads/2015/10/

venice-beach.jpg

Accessed: 04. June 2016

123 illustration

Name: Boulevard with Trams, Toronto, Canada Source: hhttp://www.melk-nyc.com/

wp-content/uploads/2015/07/ melk-landscape-architecture-urban-design-Toronto-Central-Waterfront-8.jpg

Accessed: 04. June 2016

124 illustration

Name: robson Square 02, Vancouver, Canada Source: http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-URiJ1yE06Zg/T2NRJ5g1NOI/

AAAAAAAAAOU/ G7lJkeINYz8/s1600/_DSC1738+copy.jpg

Accessed: 04. June 2016

125 illustration

Name: Skatepark, Venice Beach, USA Source: http://1.bp.

blogspot.com/-18Ah3VHqDmM/VT8VQOi1wbI/ AAAAAAAB41I/Vdg6yRfovlQ/s1600 /Venice_Beach_skate_park_www.1dayinLA.com_.jpg

Accessed: 04. June 2016

126 illustration

Name: Tram in Alicante, Spain Source: https://i.ytimg.com/vi/9nS1E0H0h_s/maxresdefault.jpg Accessed: 04. June 2016

127 illustration

Name: robson Square 03, Vancouver, Canada Source: http://cdn.c.photoshelter.com

/img-get/I0000sY.T3QUB9os/s/750/750/ swis00061.jpg

Accessed: 04. June 2016

128 illustration

Name: rainwater management Concept 01 Creator: Jan-Hendrik Höhnk

129 illustration

Name: rainwater management Concept 02 Creator: Jan-Hendrik Höhnk

130 illustration

Name: Learning from the Leaf Creator: Jan-Hendrik Höhnk

131 illustration

Name: modelmaking Creator: Christian grätsch

132 illustration

Name: mass models Creator: Jan-Hendrik Höhnk

133 illustration

Name: Presentation with Spanish guests in wismar Creator: Jan-Hendrik Höhnk

134 illustration

Name: modelmaking Creator: Jan-Hendrik Höhnk

135 illustration

Name: Studio in Alicante Creator: Jan-Hendrik Höhnk

136 illustration

Name: Site model 1:1,000 Creator: Jan-Hendrik Höhnk

137 illustration

Name: Site 1:1,000 Terrain and Existing Structures Creator: Jan-Hendrik Höhnk

138 illustration

Name: Site 1:1,000 Terrain and Existing Structures Creator: Jan-Hendrik Höhnk

139 illustration

Name: Site 1:1,000 Terrain and Existing Structures Creator: Christian grätsch

bibliograPhy

rEgISTEr oF ILLUSTrATIoNS | BIBLIogrAPHY

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the local | 2014

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veals-plans-for-aarhus-waterfront

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Müller, ute | 2013

Titel: ‚Spanien zieht so viele Touristen an, wie nie zuvor‘ Publisher: Die welt, Berlin Source: http://www.welt.de/wirtschaft/article119764100/Spanien-

zieht-so-viele-Touristen-an-wie-nie-zuvor.html

140 illustration

Name: Early Site Plans Creator: Jan-Hendrik Höhnk

141 illustration

Name: Early Site Plans Creator: Jan-Hendrik Höhnk

142 illustration

Name: Site model 1:1,000 Creator: Jan-Hendrik Höhnk

143 illustration

Name: Site model 1:1,000 Creator: Jan-Hendrik Höhnk

Icons shown in the Site Analysis originate from various authors on http://www.flaticon.com.

The photos were taken on 15th march 2016 in Urbanova and Alicante. The site photos from the industrial estate were taken on the 18th of march 2016.

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Rosenfield, Karissa | 2014

Titel: ‚New BIg-Designed Neighborhood to Activate Aarhus’ waterfront‘ Publisher: ArchDaily, Chile Source: http://www.archdaily.com/551290/big-designs-7-buil-

ding-waterfront-development-in-aarhus

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Quirk, Vanessa

Titel: ‚The BIg U: BIg‘s New York City Vision for „rebuild by Design“ Publisher: ArchDaily, Chile Source: http://www.archdaily.com/493406/the-big-u-big-s-new-york-

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Cartwright, Mark | 2013

Titel: ‚roman Architecture‘ Publisher: Ancient History Encyclopedia, Horsham gB Source: http://www.ancient.eu/Roman_Architecture/ Accessed: 31. may 2016

City of Sydney | 2016

Titel: ‚metropolitan Sydney‘ Publisher: City of Sydney, Australia Source: http://www.cityofsydney.nsw.gov.au/learn/research-and-stati-

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THE LEAF | 93

THE LEAF | 94

Declaration oF acaDeMic honesty EIDESSTATTLICHE ErkLärUNg

EIDESSTATTlICHE ERKläRUnG

Hiermit erkläre ich, Jan-Hendrik Höhnk, dass ich die vorliegende Bachelor Thesis selbstständig angefertigt und nur die angegeben Quellen und Hilfsmittel benutzt habe.

I hereby declare that the attached bachelor thesis is my own work, and that no part of it has been copied from any work produced by any other person, present or past. All information I got from other sources has been fully and properly acknowledged. wismar, 13. Juni 2016

Jan-Hendrik Höhnk

THE LEAF | 95

baCHelor tHesis

Jan-Hendrik Hรถhnk 2016