Guide to Cleaning Equipment

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Guide to

Equipment

Jangro Limited James House, Worsley Road, Farnworth, Bolton BL4 9NL

0845 458 5223

Intro to Equipment Guide 08

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Guide to Equipment

Introduction to Equipment use of more traditional items of equipment? Only by being aware of how each item can be applied in any given situation can the operative decide which to utilise.

Introduction Apart from the chemicals and solutions we use to perform the chemical cleaning task, it would be impossible to clean without the mechanical aid provided by cleaning equipment. The term mechanical refers to any piece of equipment that aids the cleaning process that is handled by the operative. In order for the operative to properly apply the various solutions and chemicals provided for cleaning, they will need to know the most effective and correct way of applying it to the surface to be cleaned. For instance, when cleaning large expanses of hard flooring, is it more appropriate to apply it with a machine or with the

In this Guide we will deal with the different categories and types of equipment used to aid the cleaning process. These will range from the electrical machinery used through to the cleaning cloths used and their application. This Guide will also deal comprehensively with the various types of Personal Protective Equipment supplied by Jangro, giving you an understanding of the appropriate equipment required for any given work situation.

Cleaning Machinery We also provide information on the attachments available to compliment the machines, making them more adaptable within the working environment. The first group of machines we will look at are Suction Machines.

The first items we will look at in the cleaning operative’s armoury are the different types of machine used throughout the industry. As you can appreciate, there is a huge range of machinery available. In this section we will look at the various categories of machine and the variations within each group. We will also take a look at the way in which they work and what makes them so effective for the job they are designed.

Suction or Vacuum Cleaners since and are available in a vast range of designs to meet the needs of the most demanding cleaning environments.

The first vacuum cleaner is said to have been manufactured in Chicago in 1865. It was called the Whirlwind. A janitor named Murray Spangler in Canton Ohio created an early design and had developed the idea after constructing a crude prototype from a desk fan and a pillow case.

He sold his idea to his cousin, who owned the Hoover Harness and Leather Goods, Co. Vacuum cleaners have certainly come a long way

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There are two major types of vacuum cleaners, the upright and the cylinder. The difference is not just in how they look but how they work. Both, of course, rely on suction. They do this by creating a vacuum.

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Guide to Equipment

The principles of suction cleaning These are: 1. Those machines where, as the dirt-filled air makes its way to the exhaust port, it passes through the vacuum-cleaner bag. These bags are made of porous woven material (typically cloth or paper), which acts as an air filter. The tiny holes in the bag are large enough to let air particles pass by, but too small for most dirt particles to fit through. Thus, when the air current streams into the bag, all the air moves on through the material, but the dirt and debris collect in the bag.

The creation of a vacuum within the machine, which draws dust through an inlet tube into a dust collection bag, is really all there is to it. Sounds easy? OK, it is slightly more complicated so let’s look at what needs to be done.

Today most commercial upright vacuum cleaners have two motors. One drives the brush roll whilst the other sucks air from an inlet creating a significant difference in pressure between the air inside the machine to that outside. Air drawn through the inlet passes through and out of the machine. The air drawn from the area surrounding the inlet contains soil, debris or water lifted from the surface by the force of the vacuum effect that is created.

2. Those machines where the air stream passes through a wider area, which is positioned over a bucket. When it reaches this larger area, the air stream slows down. This drop in speed effectively loosens the air's grip, so the liquid droplets and heavier dirt particles can fall out of the air stream and into the bucket.

The different types of machine collect the soil in different ways and fall into two main categories.

Types of machine available There are two types of machines - upright and cylinder vacuum cleaners. Uprights are recommended for wide spaces on one level, where as cylinders are easier if steps and stairs are present.

The walls of the dust bag are designed in such a way that will allow air to flow through it, yet trap fine dust particles within it. The exhaust air then passes through a series of filters, which trap finer particles, preventing them from being emitted into the atmosphere. These filters must be cleaned regularly in order to maintain their effectiveness.

1. Cylinder-type Machines Most variations of this type of machine employ the bag principle as explained above. They are suitable for everyday vacuum cleaning and are effective in collecting relatively light soil and debris deposits.

This soil and debris is trapped within a paper bag enclosed within a cloth bag and is situated in the main body of the machine between the inlet and the motor.

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Guide to Equipment Canister or Tub Machines

Wet Pick-up Machines

These can be designed to employ either the bag or bucket principle.Tubs employing the bag principle are suitable for most tasks requiring the removal of relatively light soil deposits. They are very similar to cylinder vacuum cleaners in that a cloth filter is situated between the bag and the motor housing.

A finer filter is usually placed between the filter and the motor housing to protect the motor.

Alternatively, secondary filters can be fitted at the outlet port. HEPA filtration or Absolute Filtration is available on most Jangro vacuums. This filters down to 0.3 micron at 99.98% efficiency.

Wet Pick-Up machines work in the same way as tub vacuum cleaners but are specifically designed for dealing with large amounts of water. In addition to the filtering systems available for all vacuum cleaners, these incorporate a cut-off mechanism for the vacuum to avoid water coming into contact with the motor.

This safety feature usually involves a “float-valve”.

This is a plastic float in the shape of a ball or upturned beaker which is housed in a plastic “cage” beneath the vacuum inlet inside the waste tank. As the water rises, so does the float and when the water reaches a set level, the float will cover the inlet, preventing further water being sucked in.

Tubs that are designed to incorporate a container are suitable for much the same tasks. The motor in these types of machines is situated in such a way that air flowing through the machines, by-passes it, with the exhaust outlets being positioned between the container and the motor. These machines are especially suited for use in picking up liquids, but can be used for dry soil. Soil collected in bags is far easier to dispose of and machines employing this principle are used extensively throughout the cleaning industry.

However, the presence of the bag, especially when containing debris can reduce the suction power achieved by the machine.

Uprights Upright vacuum cleaners are used in areas where a deeper clean of the carpet is required. Most incorporate the sack principle and soil is deposited within a dust filter bag, situated within the main body of the head, although some models can adopt the container principle.

Back-pack Vacuum Cleaners These are cylinder vacuum cleaners that are ergonomically designed to be mounted comfortably on the back of a cleaning operative and allow the operative to safely remove debris from otherwise inaccessible areas. They are particularly effective for cleaning stairs and removing high level dust and debris on ledges, furniture and fittings.

They contain a brush roll at the head of the machine, essentially a belt-driven roller containing stiff brushes that rotates at high speed and dislodges dirt from the carpet fibres in the process.

The motor that creates the vacuum is in the vacuum box on the handle and draws the air containing the dislodged soil particles through the machine into a paper sack. The exhaust air then passes through a series of filters, trapping finer particles preventing dust being emitted from the machine.

They are a more expensive alternative to tub-vacs but cost effective in large areas, reducing the time and effort required when using a floor wand.

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Guide to Equipment

Equipment and Accessories Vacuum cleaners are provided with a range of tools and accessories that increase their adaptability for tackling a wide range of cleaning tasks. Examples of these are:

Combination Floor Tools can be used on both hard and carpeted floor surfaces. A pedal on the tool changes the use from a gliding tool on carpets to a floor brush for hard floors.

Crevice Tools that are used for cleaning in hard to reach and awkward places.

Squeegee Tools are used on Wet & Dry machine only, and are used to collect water or fluids from a floor; these usually have rubber blades and can be either fitted to a floor wand or as a fixed outrigger on some of the bigger wet and dry machines.

Upholstery Tools which are T shaped and without bristles for cleaning delicate fabrics.

Dusting Brushes, traditionally round or oval in shape, incorporate soft-bristles to dislodge dust particles and resemble a traditional vacuum head.

Choosing the correct machine The parameters to consider are:

When selecting the correct type of machine you should carefully consider the following points:

Length of Cable

• • • • •

Type of waste to be removed whether the waste is bulky, dry or wet.

The working environment whether there are space constraints, the location of the waste (i.e. high level).

The needs of the user working posture adopted.

The nature and size of the task size of the area to be cleaned.

Health and Safety working at height etc.

This is measured from the base of the plug to where the cable enters appliance. The cable, for general use should be no less than 7.5 metres long.

Motor Power This is shown on the appliance in two designations: • Maximum wattage • Nominal Wattage Pmax, the maximum wattage is the theoretical maximum load capability of the motor.

Piec, the actual wattage utilised when the vacuum cleaner is in use under normal operating conditions.

There are also technical considerations which govern the operating characteristics and performance of commercial/industrial vacuum cleaners of the dry tub, wet and dry tub, battery operated tub vacs and upright vacs with brush heads.

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It is actual wattage that is the most useful measure of the power consumed by the motor.

The motor power should not exceed the capability of the available supply (eg from a 230v, 50Hz, electricity supply the motor power should NOT exceed 3kW).

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Guide to Equipment Air Flow

Wet and Dry Vacuum Machines

The measure of this is as significant to performance as motor power and vacuum.

When used as a dry vacuum cleaner the comments of the section ‘Dry Vacuum Machines’ above will apply.

Air Flow is dependant upon length and diameter of the vacuum hose and the nature of the accessory fitted to the end of the hose and the overall design of the product.

When used as a wet vacuum cleaner, the wet pick-up capacity is a measure of the volume of fluid the machine is capable of collecting before the safety-cut off device is actuated, with the machine standing on a flat surface. This is not the capacity of the container.

For comparative performance analysis, the air flow should be measured at the hose fitting connection at the body of the machine, ie without a hose fitted.

Weight The statement of weight is associated with the weight of the cable and machine only, ie excluding hose and accessories, as these can vary, dependant upon the application and affect the overall weight accordingly.

Air Wattage Machines will often have air wattage quoted in their performance details.It is generally recognised as being of use as a comparative measure of performance and efficiency of a particular vacuum cleaner.

Filtration Dry vacuums

Vacuum The vacuum measured at the end of the hose or at the mouth of an accessory on a hose,varies from one hose length/accessory fitment to another, and is not useful in comparative analysis.

The greater the quoted surface area of filtration, the longer the operating time without the need to clean the filter.

The vacuum performance of a machine is best measured at the machine hose inlet, with no hose fitted and the inlet closed.

This quoted surface area is not the dimensional size of the filter, but the surface area of filtration material exposed to the air flow. It should be noted that the use of a dust bag extends the operational life of the filter.

Performance of any machine is a combination of air flow, vacuum and motor power, generally in that order of significance.

Wet vacuums

Capacity is always measured in litres. This is variable dependant upon the application:

Filtration is not normally required in a standard application where the wet material is non-hazardous.

If an application is considered by a user as ‘non standard’ then specialist advice should be sought from the supplier or manufacturer.

Dry Vacuum Machines

Wet/Dry Combination vacuums

If a bag is fitted, the capacity is measured by the physical capacity of the bag.

These are vacuum cleaners that can be used in both wet and dry applications without any change of filtration method. In this instance refer to the manufacturers instructions to identify correct use of machine.

Capacity

If the machine is stated as having capability for operation in a dry mode without a bag fitted, the capacity of the machine is measured by either the physical volume of the tub up to the bottom of the hose inlet connector or up to the top of the tub container if the inlet is higher and not integrated into the tub container capacity. © JANGRO Network

Note: For use outside of what might be considered typical use, a wide range of specialist vacuum cleaners are available incorporating all the necessary filtration requirements.

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Guide to Equipment Container Size

Noise Level

Typically, this is the volume of that element of the vacuum cleaner construction that houses the dust collection element of the machine. It should not be considered the dust capacity of the vacuum cleaner.

Normally quoted in the unit dB(A). Most standard vacuum cleaners operate in a range of 60-80 dB(A) or less, but such machines, particularly when operating at less than 60 B(A) may not have the same performance characteristics of standard vacuum cleaners due to reductions in air flow.

Voltage Before use, it should be confirmed that the rated voltage stated on the vacuum cleaner is compatible to the supply voltage of the power source.

Whatever machine type is selected, care should be taken to ensure all staff are suitably trained in its safe use. Further guidance in relation to the safe use of electrical equipment can be found in the Health and Safety Awareness Guide.

Static Electricity Certain vacuum cleaners have an anti-static feature quoted. These machines are recommended where a build up of static electricity may be expected, such as when collecting very fine dust or cleaning certain textile surfaces, static electricity build up is also likely when the atmosphere is particularly dry.

Care of the equipment • •

Vacuum cleaners, like all other items supplied to operatives must be cared for properly in order to maintain high levels of performance and prolong the life of the machine. Therefore, consideration should be given of the following points: • Never use the machine when the dust bag or container is full as this will overload the motor (this is usually indicated by a noticeable change in the sound of the machine).

• Remove all tools and accessories from the machine following use and store safely.

• Empty dust bags and containers regularly and frequently.

• Always clean and dry the collection tank of wet pick-up machines after use.

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• • • • •

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Always clean all tools and accessories after use.

After each use, wipe the outside of the machine and clean the cable.

Hang up all hoses after use and do not allow them to trail on the floor.

Never pull the machine by the hose when in use.

Do not use the same hose for wet and dry vacuuming.

Ensure that the cable is coiled around the machine when not in use.

Clean filters regularly and change whenever necessary.

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Guide to Equipment

Rotary Cleaning Machines Although they may all look similar, the specifications of the different types of machine will dictate their suitability for certain tasks. For instance, machines that rotate at slower speeds are more suitable for scrubbing tasks, whereas the faster machines are more suited to floor polishing procedures.

Along with vacuum cleaners, rotary cleaning machines are the most common machines used by cleaning operatives throughout the industry.

They could be accurately described as the workhorses of the industry, given the range of tasks they can be used to perform.

The principles of rotary cleaning Therefore, it is crucial that the correct machine is chosen to carry out any given task efficiently.

Direct drive - where the motor is situated directly

above the head with the power being transmitted by means of a gear box.

The most common varieties of machine used have a single rotating head, onto which can be attached brushes, pads, bonnet mops, sanding discs and scarifying assemblies (more on these later).

Belt drive - where the motor is situated off centre

or the rear of the rotating head with the head itself being driven by a drive belt.

The head itself is driven by an electric motor or, in the case of non-electric versions, propane and petrol. The power is transmitted to the rotating head in one of the following ways:

The range of tasks performed Scrubbing

Spray Cleaning

Impacted soil deposits can be removed from hard floors by scrubbing, which requires the use of a suitable cleaning solution in conjunction with the machine. Brushes or a suitably graded abrasive pad can be used to dislodge the soil once it has been softened by the cleaning solution.

Again, like scrubbing, the machine is used in conjunction with a cleaning solution. It differs from scrubbing in that a buffable detergent is used and it is applied using a trigger spray or pump up bottle spray in the form of a fine mist, which, when subjected the action of the machine, will leave a gloss film on the surface of the floor.

This process can be used to maintain unpolished floors or to maintain the appearance of floor treated with polish.

Burnishing The tips of a rotary brush or the surface of an abrasive pad will scratch and cut at the floor surface to create a smooth surface with a gloss finish. If this process is used on a floor that has had polish applied, it will lead to the removal of the surface layer of polish to achieve the same results.

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Buffing A soft grade abrasive pad is used to create a gloss finish on the floor. If a floor has been recently treated with wax, emulsion or seal finish, buffing 8

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Guide to Equipment will enhance the appearance of the floor by generating heat on the surface which will harden waxes and resins present in the newly laid polish.

Each surface has its own particular technique and involves a surface-specific bonnet mop.

Carpet A carpet bonnet is manufactured from a mixture of polyester and viscose and is an extremely effective cleaning technique. For best results the carpet should first be vacuum cleaned and presprayed to tackle any heavy soiling. A solution of the appropriate detergent is used to pre-soak the bonnet mop which is then wrung out before being used to "buff" the carpet.

Spray Burnishing In essence, this is very similar to spray cleaning but the term is applied to the maintenance procedures required of floors where a buffable polish has been applied and the abrasive pad will remove soil along with the surface layer of polish to leave a glossy finish. Waxes and resins present in the product applied form part of the eventual finish, further enhancing the appearance of the floor.

Hard Floors With hard floor bonnet cleaning the rotary machine should have a centre feed facility and be fitted with a solution tank. A hard floors bonnet is manufactured from a mixture of nylon and high tensile nylon which ensures that it is hard wearing and the mop does not hold too much water. To distinguish it from carpet bonnets the hard surface bonnet generally contains easily identified coloured fleck, and has a mesh centre to allow water to feed through to the bonnet.

Scarifying This is the most aggressive way of removing impacted soil from a surface.A scarifying attachment is fitted to the machine that incorporates a series of sharp cutting tools that will remove soil deposits by means of a chisel like action.

Light Sanding This can be done with the use of abrasive mesh discs used in conjunction with a slow speed machine. They can be used to lightly sand an uneven or damaged surface or strip back multiple layers of polish that cannot be removed by conventional stripping.

The cleaning technique here is different to carpets.

The bonnet is put onto the drive board in a dry state, and dampened by feeding water through from the solution tank. Only sufficient cleaning solution should be fed to the bonnet, and as the bonnet dries out more solution can be fed through. If done correctly the floor should be air dried in two or three minutes.

Bonnet Mopping A cleaning process for carpets or hard floors using a standard speed rotary machine fitted with the appropriate bonnet mop.

Types of Machine itself can be driven via a belt linking it to the rotor of the motor or through a gearbox.

As previously stated, although the machines may look similar, they do perform a number of separate tasks, depending on their individual properties. In this section we will look at the various types of machines available.

All machines apart from the Ultra High Speed machines are designed to be used in conjunction with drive brushes, abrasive pads and a wide range of other accessories and assemblies. Ultra High Speed machines, due to their speed configuration tend to be fitted with a fixed drive board which is not removed after use.

Single Brush Machines Single brush machines have, as the name implies, a single rotating drive pulley driven, powered by an electric motor. The drive pulley Š JANGRO Network

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Guide to Equipment machine will move to the left. It is a combination of this slight upward and downward movement on the handle that allows the machine to swing in a side to side action.

The working width of these machines can vary from 28 to 60 cm and the speed at which it is driven falls into one of the following categories:

• • • •

Slow or Standard Speed High Speed Super Speed Ultra High Speed

120 260 370 500

-

250 rpm 360 rpm 490 rpm 2000+ rpm

With Ultra High Speed machines, these are known as divided weight machines and tend to be operated in a straight line method. In order to facilitate these higher speeds the rear wheels will be in contact with the floor when in use and possibly the machine will also have a front or central castor wheel to give further ease of mobility. Ultra High Speed machines usually have a pad pressure of between 3 to 9 kilos, depending on the diameter and speed of the machine. This is why they are particularly effective in polishing or burnishing hard floor surfaces, but cannot be used for more aggressive cleaning methods such as scrubbing or stripping.

As a general rule, machines in the Standard, High and Super Speed categories, will tend to be swing machines which are operated in a side to side motion. They will have a head weight on the floor of anything between 20 to 45 kilos, depending on working diameter, size and weight of motor and general construction of the machine. The machines operate on the principal that at a point of equilibrium or in a horizontal position to the floor the machine will ‘hover’ in the same spot. By gently raising the handle the machine will move to the right, and by gently lowering the handle the

Equipment and Accessories The scrubbing and carpet brushes tend to be used on Standard speed machines as this will minimise splashing, and the natural fibre brushes tend to be used on High or Super speed machines as the brush speed assists in the polishing or burnishing process.

Brushes Brushes are available for use with all machines other than Ultra High Speed machines which have a fixed drive board.These are usually an optional item, but if purchased in conjunction with other accessories can increase the number of tasks that can be undertaken.

The bristles of modern brushes are constructed mainly of nylon or polypropylene and natural fibres such as gumati, bassine and bahia for polishing or burnishing floors.

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Guide to Equipment They are fitted to machines via the drive disc, which is usually supplied with the machine. The surface of the drive disc is covered with short nylon bristles that grip the surface of the pad and prevent it from slipping during cleaning.

Floor Maintenance Pads Pads are designed to be suitable for particular tasks and their effectiveness depends greatly on the speed at which they rotate along with the weight applied by the machine. They are manufactured in a range of colours, each having its own characteristics and suitability for certain tasks.

The following table will help you to choose the right colour pad for the task being undertaken.

High Speed Rotary Machine

Black

Brown

Green

Blue

Red

Tan

White

Wet Stripping

Dry Stripping

Wet Scrubbing

Cleaning

Polishing

Polishing with

Super

a slow or

Polishing

standard speed machine

Anti-splash Skirts

Solution Tanks and Spray Units

Made from flexible Perspex these simply slide under the machine and surround the brush or cleaning pad. They prevent water and chemical splashing on to furniture and fittings when the machine is in use.

Like suction assemblies, these can be mounted on the machine. They incorporate a tube that is connected to the base of the machine with the solution being fed into the pad or brush by way of a trigger operated by the cleaner. Their use allows the cleaner to control the level of solution used during the cleaning process, ensuring that floors are not over-wetted.

Suction Assemblies Suction assemblies are vacuum cleaners designed specifically to be mounted on rotary cleaning machines. The inlet tube is connected to a skirt creating a vacuum around the head. Any dust or debris dislodged in the process is deposited in the dust bag.

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Guide to Equipment

Points to consider prior to use • • • •

As we have already mentioned, the methods adopted when using these types of machines are dictated by the characteristics of the individual machine. This will dictate their suitability for certain tasks.

The performance requirements Portability Manoeuvrability Availability of power points

Each machine will have its own specification and operatives should be aware of the various points to consider when selecting the correct machine.

This will enable them to make the right choice at all times.Therefore, operatives should consider the following:

There are a number of reasons why the selection of the correct machine is critical. The most obvious one being that the operative will struggle to achieve the standards required of the job being undertaken. However, of far more importance is the fact that using inappropriate machinery can lead to injuries to operatives and damage to the surfaces being cleaned.

• • • •

The following chart should help you appreciate the importance of appropriate machine application.

The weight of the machine The strength of the motor The brush speed The size of the working head Working Weight (kg)

Task

Power of Motor

Effect of incorrect machine choice

Brush Speed

• •

Too light: cleaning is ineffective or time consuming Too fast: splashes when scrubbing

Slow or Standard if splash guard is fitted

•

Too fast: splashes when scrubbing

Moderate

Slow

• • • •

Too light: Bounces across the floor surface Too heavy: can damage the carpet Low power: motor can overload Too fast: bounces across the floor surface

30 - 40+

High or Moderate

High, Standard or Super

• • • •

Too light: cleaning is time consuming Too heavy: strip off too much polish when burnishing Low power: motor can overload Too slow: too labour-intensive as not enough heat is generated to heat set polishes.

30 - 40

Moderate

Standard

• • • •

Too light: bounces across the surface To heavy: can damage the carpet Low power: motor can overload To fast: bounces across the surface

Scarifying

55 - 65+

High

Slow

Heavy Scrubbing

45+

High

Slow

Light Scrubbing

30 - 40+

Moderate

Bonnet Mopping

30 - 40+

Spray Cleaning or Burnishing

Carpet Skimming

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Guide to Equipment

Care of Equipment Rotary Cleaning Machines, like all other items supplied to operatives must be cared for properly in order to maintain high levels of performance and prolong the life of the machine. Therefore, consideration should be given of the following points:

• • • •

• • • • •

Never use under-powered machines for heavy duty cleaning.

Remove all brushes, drive plates and pads from the machine after each use.

Never leave the machine resting on the brush or drive plate when not in use.

Empty out and rinse all solution tanks and associated tubing after each use.

•

Wash out all brushes and pads thoroughly using a suitable detergent solution.

Leave all brushes and pads to air-dry after cleaning.

Store all pads horizontally at all times, especially when drying.

Wipe down the machine following each use.

Make sure that all cables are wound around the cable retainers and check for any shredding, splits or kinks while doing so.

Report any changes in the performance of the machine immediately and do not use until suitably repaired.

Scrubber Dryers They are manufactured in a huge range of shapes and sizes from the smallest, which are no bigger than a vacuum cleaner, to the largest which you can sit on and drive down the high street.

Regardless of the size, they all perform the same function that of dislodging dirt and debris and vacuuming away the resulting waste solution.

Scrubber drying machines combine the scrubbing function of a rotary cleaning machine with the suction capabilities of a vacuum cleaner allowing both cleaning processes to be carried out in a single pass.

Following treatment with a scrubber dryer, the floor is clean and dry and suitable for walking on.

The rotary brushes incorporated within the machine can be cylindrical or disc shaped and driven in the same way as described in the rotary cleaning machine section.

How Do They Work?

The Vacuum Unit

First of all let us look at the main components of the machine and the way in which they interact with each other during operation.

The vacuum unit is situated within the collection tank and is protected from water by the use of a float valve which will automatically cut off the vacuum if the level of the waste water becomes too high. The vacuum inlet is attached to the squeegee to allow the waste to be collected.

Clean Water Tank The clean water tank is usually situated within the main body of the machine above the rotary head.

Usually the water is fed through the brush either by a manual gravity system or an automated system through a solenoid. © JANGRO Network

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Guide to Equipment the base of the collection tank to allow for easy drainage. Some models have detachable tanks that can be emptied in much the same way as a bucket or bowl.

The Squeegee and Collection Tank The squeegee is situated at the back of the machine and trails behind it when in use. It is typically one and half times the width of the machine, allowing it to collect waste when the machine is turned. The squeegee itself is fitted to a free-floating, adjustable outrigger to increase its manoeuvrability and automatically adjusts to the unevenness of the floor surface being cleaned.

The Control Panel This is usually incorporated with the handle of the machine or near to it. The control panel allows the operator to switch the vacuum unit and solution pump on and off as required. The more sophisticated models can have indicators to show the levels within the solution and collection tanks.

The intake tube carries the waste into the collection tank where it is deposited. It also contains a drainage outlet which is situated below

Pressure Washers They are particularly effective in dealing with ingrained dirt, some forms of graffiti, traffic films and bird droppings, but most popular for cleaning cars and commercial vehicles.

Like all of the machines we have discussed so far, pressure washers are available in a range of designs and sizes, making them suitable for tackling small areas of localised soiling to large areas. They can also be used on vertical as well as horizontal surfaces.

How do they work?

The water travelling through the machine is subjected to pressure in the main pump and the water is propelled at speed through a hand-held lance onto the surface to be cleaned. Cleaning agents can be injected into the water prior the emission to increase the effectiveness of the cleaning solution used. Some machines are supplied with a range of accessories that connect to the lance to alter the angle of the jet or the pressure at which it is applied to the surface.

Pressure washers are available in a variety of voltages, including 240v, 110v or 3 phase (415v).

Mobile pressure washers tend to incorporate an on board petrol or diesel engine and do not require connection to an electricity supply. These have clear advantages in terms of versatility and mobility, as well as obvious health and safety issues concerning use of trailing electricity supply cables around water.

They may consist of a main water tank which can be continually fed with water from a main supply by means of a connecting hose, a cleaning solution reservoir, a water pump and a heater (if hot water or steam can be used). The extent to which the temperature and pressure of the water can be adjusted is dependant on the quality of the machine.

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It should be noted that when the water is propelled through the lance at pressure, operators will experience a significant recoil which can make it difficult to control at first.

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Guide to Equipment

Factors influencing their efficiency It is the pistons working in the pump head that pressurise the water, and it is the speed at which these pistons work that will often dictate whether the machine is classed as domestic or commercial unit. The most common speed of the pump is 2800rpm and this is used in most domestic and some professional pressure washers. A commercial pump will often run at only 1400 rpm and thus will not create excessive wear on pistons, valves and seals when the pressure washer is in constant use.

There are a number of factors that will influence the effectiveness of pressure washers. These are: Water Temperature - Hot water,up to a temperature of 60°C,will increase the effectiveness of the solution as it will help with the removal of greasy deposits.

However, using hotter water can lead to chemical deposits calcifying and clogging the spray nozzle.

If steam is used, the ability to emulsify grease and oil deposits is greatly increased. Some machines are capable of heating the water up to 140oC steam. These machines will often incorporate a diesel fueled heat exchanger to enable this function, although the pump is still usually powered by a mains electricity supply.

Cleaning Agents - Cleaning agents that can be injected into the pressurised water can include neutral, bactericidal, degreasing and descaling products. They can also be manually applied to the surface being cleaned to enable the dirt to be loosened prior to treatment with pressurised water.

Water Quantity - The greater the amount of water applied at pressure through a nozzle, the greater the pressure applied to the surface being cleaned.

The quality and size of the pump used will dictate the amount of water that can be pressurised and applied to the surface. The cleaning capacity of the pump is often measured in litres per minute and referred to as the flow rate.

Pressure - Increases in water pressure will lead to increases in the overall rate of cleaning. However, if too much pressure is applied to certain surfaces, the action of the water can lead to damage. Care must always be taken to ensure that all pressures used are appropriate for the surface being cleaned and will not cause damage to it.

Sanding Machines The effectiveness of this very much depends on the skill of the operator. Due to the rotational nature of the procedure, it can prove difficult for operatives to achieve an even finish, the most common problem being visible “half-mooning”, a series of uneven, semi-circular gouges covering the surface of the floor.

Sanding machines are used to smooth or even out the surface of damaged or old wooden floors. The actual sanding of the floor can be carried out using a range of machine types.

Rotary cleaning machines can be used to carry out floor sanding using attachments that are fitted to the powered head of the machine. Varying grades of sanding discs can be applied to the surface, each of which will remove varying layers from the surface, depending on the weight and speed of the machine.

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As a result, manufacturers of cleaning machinery have tackled this problem by developing machines that more easily achieve the results required. Most machines incorporate dust collection bags to cut down on the amount of fine sawdust emitted during the sanding procedure.

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Guide to Equipment The machines are available in the following types:

Drum Sanders

Drum sanders operate in much the same way as belt sanders, except that the sanding belt is attached to a rotating drum. As a result, they are also suitable for treatment of large areas of wooden flooring providing an all over even finish.

Orbital Sanders

Orbital sanders incorporate a pad onto which a sanding pad or sheet is attached that will vibrate at high frequencies allowing the sanding medium to cut into the surface of the wooden floor.

Edging Sanders

Edging sanders are small orbital sanding machines that are designed to deal with the edges of wooden floors that cannot be effectively treated by larger machines. The actual working head can vary according to the machine for use with square, circular or triangular pads.

They are effective in producing an even finish but should be used for light sanding or floor preparation procedures in small areas as they are usually lighter in weight than other machines.

Belt Sanders

Belt sanders operate by means of a powered belt onto which is attached a proprietary sanding belt. The sanding belts are provided in a range of grades suited to specific tasks.

* The models featured are provided for illustrative purposes and are not provided by JANGRO.

Belt sanders are relatively easy to use and are particularly easy to use of wood strip or planks where the wood grain lays in one direction.

Points to consider prior to use •

Floor sanding is an extreme form of floor maintenance and should only ever be considered as a last resort, when normal maintenance procedures have failed or have ceased to become effective. Even the highest quality wood floors will struggle to withstand the procedure on more than a couple of occasions, given the amount of wood removed during the procedure.

i.e. has the procedure been undertaken at any time in the past?

•

The depth of the wood blocks, planks or strips.

•

Whether the floor is sprung -

extra care should be taken if they are.

•

Therefore, you should consider the following points carefully before deciding on sanding as maintenance option.

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The maintenance history of the floor -

The amount of material to be removed -

is floor replacement the only answer?

• 16

Have all other options been considered?

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Guide to Equipment

Manual Cleaning Equipment It is worth noting that when cleaning operatives are required to adopt a working position that requires them to stoop, crouch or bend they will lose up to 50% of their working efficiency. For instance, a common mistake made by managers is providing hand-held dust pan and brush sets when long handled versions are available allowing the cleaner to adopt a standing position.

Introduction Few people appreciate the importance of the correct use of manual cleaning equipment and unfortunately its value is underestimated to the extent that lots of cleaners view it as disposable.

For instance, how many of you out there when asked to provide a cleaner with mop heads, will be asked to provide a handle and bucket at the same time. Therefore, it is important that cleaning operatives learn the importance of the role the equipment plays in the overall delivery of the service as well as developing an understanding of the importance in cleaning and maintaining equipment to retain its efficiency for longer.

The range of manual cleaning equipment is huge, with new items becoming available all the time designed at meeting the ever-increasing need for highly specialised solutions. In this section of the Guide, we will deal with the more common tools and their variations, looking at the work situations in which they can be used and outlining the advantages and drawbacks of their use.

Also, making the right decision when choosing manual cleaning equipment is extremely important, not least of all because it will directly influence how efficiently cleaning operatives can work; choosing inappropriate or inefficient equipment will have an adverse affect on the efficiency of your business.

An understanding of the application of manual cleaning equipment will lead to higher degrees of efficiency from all involved in delivering the service.

Looking at Equipment When we consider the different areas we need to clean, it quickly becomes apparent that there is a lot of equipment out there and a lot of decisions to make when considering the most efficient items needed within your own working environment.

Basically,manual cleaning equipment can be broken down into the following categories, depending on the way in which you intend to clean:

• • • •

Hard floor equipment Carpet and soft furnishing equipment High level cleaning equipment Wall or vertical surface equipment

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Guide to Equipment

Brushes and Brooms Brushes and brooms,although similar in construction and carrying out similar tasks, are different in the sense that the word broom refers to the long handled variety and the word brush should be used when referring to a the hand-held variety.

incorporated within the overall design of the brush for additional control and in brooms this is usually replaced by a stave, inserted into the stock.

All brushes are constructed in the same basic way.

The working end of the brush consists of a stock that holds tight bundles of bristles. A handle can be

The materials used for the stock and handles usually consist of wood, coloured plastic or coated metal to compliment any colour-coded systems in place.

(See illustration).

Stave (brooms only)

Stock

Bristles

Bristles, on the other hand, can be provided in a wide range of materials. However, although the more traditional fibres used consisted of animal and vegetable products such as birch, coconut fibre and horse hair, many of these have been replaced by synthetic fibres such as nylon and polypropylene.

Soft Brooms Soft Brooms have softer, more flexible bristles that are more tightly set, making them particularly suitable for removing smaller items of litter and soil. They are not particularly effective at loosening impacted dirt and are more suited for sweeping indoor areas.

All brushes and brooms fall into four main categories.

These are:

• • • •

Hard brushes and brooms Soft brushes and brooms Scrubbing brushes Detail brushes

Plastic brushes can be provided in a range of colours that compliment and support colour coded cleaning regimes.

Hard Brooms Hard Brooms are very hardwearing and have well spaced, hard bristles. They are effective in removing large items of litter and particularly suited for use outside.They can loosen impacted dirt when used in conjunction with water and detergent.

As with all brooms they are supplied in a range of sizes to meet your particular needs. © JANGRO Network

Scrubbing Brushes and Brooms Deck scrubs are most common kind of scrubbing broom and are used to remove impacted dirt and soil from hard surfaces. They are particularly effective in small, confined areas where the use of rotary cleaning machines is not possible.

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Guide to Equipment the first place. In order to avoid this happening, dry mops can be used.

Scrubbing Brushes Scrubbing brushes are produced in a huge range of designs, some of which incorporate handles for greater control. As with deck scrubs they are effective in removing dirt and soil from all types of hard surfaces. Plastic varieties are produced in a range of colours to support colourcoded cleaning regimes.

These are more commonly known as mop sweepers or dust control mops. They consist of a metal or wooden handle and frame which has a dust control mop head fitted around it. The head is attached to the handle using a swivel joint, allowing the head to be manoeuvred more effectively.

Single Dust Sleeves Detail brushes are used for a whole range of intricate tasks, with many being manufactured for very specific purposes i.e. pipe cleaners, bottle brushes, suede brushes etc.

Dust sleeves consist of a hardwearing nylon or polyester sleeve that holds cotton or synthetic fibres in the form of a “flat-mop”. The sleeve can be tied to the wooden or metal frame or held on using press-studs. (see illustration). The heads themselves vary in size from between 30 and 150 cm.

Within the catering industry, detail brushes are used for cleaning crockery and the inside of kitchen equipment and utensils. All of these brushes have synthetic bristles and are produced in a range of colours to help prevent the spread of bacteria.

The fibres can be impregnated with mineral oils, making them ideal for attracting and holding dust.

However, when they are washed, they need to be redressed with oil to maintain their effectiveness.

Selecting the correct broom for a particular job is important if efficiency is to be maintained.In general, the larger the area to be cleaned,the larger the width of the broom head.

Single sleeves are highly effective in controlling the amount of dust kicked up from the floor during floor maintenance procedures in small areas. Also, when using dust mops,it is important to maintain a leading edge, using a “figure-of-eight” motion, otherwise their use will be rendered ineffective.

Detail Brushes

It should also be pointed out that within an effective cleaning regime, brooms should only be used to remove litter from an area to be cleaned as the brushing action, coupled with the flexibility of the bristles,will cause dust to be kicked up from the floor.

V Sweepers V Sweepers consist of a scissor-frame, incorporating handles for greater control and two matching dust sleeves attached to the framehead. They perform a similar task to that of single dust control mops, but are used for large areas, such as gymnasia and assembly halls. In fact, their maximum working area can span an impressive 2 metres.

Therefore, their use can significantly reduce the amount of time spent removing dust and debris from a floor prior to cleaning, making them an excellent choice when providing a cost effective service.

This brings us quite neatly to our next group of tools, namely Dry Mops.

Dry Mops As we have just mentioned,brooms will cause dust to be kicked up from the floor into the atmosphere, this dust will remain in the air for some time and will eventually resettle on the floor and other level surfaces in the room. This will go a long way in undoing all of your hard work in cleaning the floor in © JANGRO Network

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Guide to Equipment The scissor action of the frame traps dirt and debris amongst the fibres of the heads and keeps it contained prior to collection.

Disposable Mops Most hard floors can be cleaned using disposable mops.They are essentially a non-woven cloth that fits over a plastic or metal frame or nylon fibre head. The cloths are most commonly impregnated with solutions that will attract dirt, trapping dirt and dust particles between its fibres. They can also attract dirt via a static electric charge,though this is less effective.

Static Mops Static mops are essentially the same as ordinary dust sleeves except for the fact that they do not require impregnation with mineral oils to work effectively.

They are constructed of synthetic fibres that, when moved along the surface of the floor, will create a static charge that will attract dust.

Although the general term used is “disposable”some of these cloths can be washed and used more than once, though they will eventually disintegrate after a few washes.

They get very dusty during operation and need to be cleaned regularly to maintain their effectiveness.

They must be cleaned in a solution of warm water and neutral detergent and allowed to drip dry.

However, they do not require any additional treatment once washed.

Their use is particularly encouraged in areas where the control of infection is of paramount importance, as the different cloths can be disposed of depending on the area being cleaned. In this sense, they can be incorporated within your colour-coded cleaning regimes.

They are particularly effective in areas where there are fine dust particles that can be kicked up into the air at the slightest disturbance.The action of the static charge will attract dust in the air.

Mops to hold the yarn securely and in such a way that it retains its shape. It also enables the mop head to be securely attached to the handle or “stave” to give it its proper name.

Socket mops The term “socket mop” refers to any ball type mop used for cleaning.

These types of mop are by far the most commonly used within the cleaning industry and it is fair to say that every home probably has one. The reason why they are so commonly used is due to the fact that they are suitable for a variety of tasks and that they are used in work areas less than 30-40m.

The traditional mop has a metal socket and is attached to a wooden stave; however, the use of coloured plastic varieties is becoming ever more prevalent throughout the industry as they will prevent the spread of bacteria as part of colourcoded cleaning systems. The plastic sockets attach to plastic coated metal handles that usually incorporate a rubber grip at the top, which makes it more comfortable when wringing. Also, plastic fittings make attaching and detaching mop heads much easier for the user.

They are made from 100% white cotton yarn and are double folded and attached to the socket. The socket itself performs two functions, the first being

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Guide to Equipment The head itself is constructed using absorbent cellulose sponge and is attached to a metal strip, which in turn is mounted within the wringing mechanism.

All of these types of mop can be used in conjunction with traditional mop/wringer buckets.

Kentucky Mops Like ordinary socket mops, Kentucky mops are made from 100% cotton yarn, the main differences being that have a much longer yarn and are stitched in the middle using a polyester band to secure the yarn fibres and maintain its shape. The polyester band can also have an abrasive texture to enable the removal of stubborn stains and dirt from the surface being cleaned.

There are two ways in which the sponge can be wrung. Both involve the use of a handle, the first of which will squeeze the head through two rollers. The other type will squeeze the head between two plates which move in a pincer-like motion.

They are particularly effective for dealing with spillages quickly and efficiently.

Bonnet Mops

Again, like socket mops, they can be attached to ordinary wooden staves. This is done with the use of a metal “clip and plate”. The clip will hold the Kentucky mop head in place and will attach itself to the plate. The metal plate is then attached to the stave. However, coloured plastic clip and plate attachments are readily available and can be attached and detached more easily than the traditional metal designs.

Bonnet mops can be used for cleaning hard floors in conjunction with standard speed rotary cleaning machines but are more commonly used for cleaning carpets.

As we saw earlier different bonnets and different techniques are used for carpet and hard surface cleaning.

However, their use is declining due to the modern-day effectiveness of water extraction and steam cleaning techniques

They are particularly effective for cleaning large areas of flooring and can also be used for laying floor polish. However, they can only be used in conjunction with the appropriate wringer bucket.

(For further details refer to the Buckets and Mopping System article in this section).

Sponge mops Sponge mops can be used for cleaning floors and vertical surfaces. They are usually supplied complete and replacement heads can be purchased.

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Guide to Equipment

Wash Leathers highly absorbent synthetic fibres that form a soft, perforated surface and can be used in exactly the same way as natural chamois leather.

Natural Chamois Chamois leather is obtained from certain breeds of sheep and is oil tanned to make it soft and luxurious to the touch. It can absorb up to six times its own weight in water and is extremely effective in absorbing large quantities of water, leaving a clean,smear-free finish to all hard surfaces, particularly glass and highly polished surfaces. It is also extremely durable and hardwearing.

They are extremely durable and hard wearing and can be used on all highly polished hard surfaces.

Demister Pads Demister pads are made from chamois or synthetic wash leather stuffed with padding and resemble a small pillow.

When first purchasing chamois leather, they will need to be thoroughly rinsed to remove any residues remaining from the tanning process. If this is not done, the leather will leave smear and streaks on the surface.

They can be used for washing, drying and polishing, and are particularly effective in removing moisture from windows and other polished surfaces without resorting to washing them. They leave a clean surface, free from smears.

Synthetic Chamois or “Sham Cham” Synthetic wash leathers are a more cost-effective version of chamois leather. They are made from

Cleaning Cloths and Wipes Dish Cloths

Floor Cloths

Dish cloths could be described as the general purpose cloth of the cleaning industry, due to their suitability for a wide-range of tasks. They are made from cotton and are “flat-knitted” and hemmed, to help them maintain their shape.

Floor Cloths are made from cotton and are extremely hard wearing; making them ideal for jobs that cannot be done effectively with a dish cloth. They are particularly effective for heavily soiled areas and cleaning floors where cleaning equipment cannot access i.e. between stair spindles, railings etc.

Although they can be provided in bleached white, they are available in a range of colours to support colour-coded cleaning regimes. In fact, it is fair to say that dishcloths are potentially the most effective spreader of bacteria, as they come into contact with a whole range of surfaces. For this reason alone, it is important that you fully consider purchasing coloured varieties.

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Their loose weave construction enables easier cleaning, and their durability ensures that they can be cleaned effectively in washing machines.

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Guide to Equipment Stockinette Roll

Industrial Cleaning Cloth

When a small dish cloth is not big enough for the task in hand, stockinette roll is ideal, as it can be cut to size to meet the needs of any individual job.

They are manufactured in much the same way as dish cloths and can be used as a general purpose cloth for cleaning, drying and polishing.

For heavier cleaning, industrial strength, non-woven, semi disposable cleaning cloths are ideal. They are extremely absorbent and are particularly suited to workshop environments, such as garages, print rooms etc.

These cloths can be dispensed from a towel dispenser or cut from a roll for bigger jobs.

However, it is not normally provided in any colour other than white, limiting its use in buildings using colour-coded cleaning regimes.

All-Purpose Cleaning Cloths

Lightweight Cleaning Cloths

For general cleaning tasks, all purpose cloths are a good alternative to the more traditional cloths used. They are sponge like in appearance and texture and have an open cellular structure that is ideal for collecting food and dirt particles as well as removing stubborn stains.

These are semi-disposable, non-woven cleaning cloths that are produced in a range of colours. They can be incorporated within your specific colour-coded cleaning regime and are extremely effective in reducing the spread of bacteria.

Due to their ability to retain dirt particles within their cellular structure, they should be used as semi-disposable when used in areas where hygiene is a concern.

They can be provided in ready-to-use cloth form or on a roll, enabling you to tailor the size of the cloth to the job being undertaken.

Label Wipers

They are ideal for use in cleaning food preparation surfaces as a semi-disposable cloth and are economically priced when compared with traditional cleaning cloths.

Anti-Bacterial Cleaning Cloths

Label Wipers are more commonly referred to as Industrial Rags. They are fabric cloths that are made from 100% recycled garments.

Bigger and stronger than lightweight cleaning cloths, they have the added advantage of being fully machine-washable.

They are used for wiping up liquid spillages, wiping down surfaces, machinery and hands and are particularly suited for use with grease, paint, oil and chemicals.

They are provided in 10kg sacks and are used in most industries as an effective, heavy-duty disposable item.

Again, they are made from non-woven fabric and are manufactured in arrange of colours. They are particularly suited to cleaning food preparation areas, where a deeper, more thorough clean is required. They can also be used as a semidisposable cloth for heavier, dirtier tasks.

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Guide to Equipment Anti-septic wipes

Scrim

These are used to clean surfaces or hands when dealing with hazardous waste. They are provided in sterile, single-use sachets, each containing a single disposable wipe.

Scrim is a flame retardant, 100% cotton fabric that resembles close-knit netting. It has multiple uses but within the cleaning industry it is used exclusively for cleaning windows.

VDU Screen Wipes Telephone and VDU wipes are formulated to both cleanse and sanitise. They are mildly scented to leave the telephone handset smelling fresh.They are provided in tubs containing 100 wipes.

Its suitability for window cleaning is due to the fact that its close-knit construction allows the gaps between the weave to trap dirt and grime, whilst at the same time keeping in close contact with the glazed surface. The result is a clean, smear-free surface.

Microfibre Microfibre is a revolutionary fabric which is extremely effective for cleaning in almost every scenario imaginable. For this reason they are quickly becoming the cleaning and polishing cloth of choice in all areas of the cleaning industry, replacing traditional woven cloths and dusters.

They are produced in a wide-range of colours and can be used in conjunction with your own colourcoded cleaning regime.

claws that can reach into the tiniest nooks and crannies, scrubbing away dirt and grime while trapping it within the weave. These loops make Microfibre cloths the ideal polishing cloth as they clean and polish effectively and are in no way abrasive.

It is a unique combination of two basic fibres: Polyester and Polyamide, a nylon by-product.

These are densely constructed fibres approximately 1/16th the width of a human hair.

This network of fibres is then woven and manufactured in distinct ways, producing different varieties for a whole range of uses.

Microfibre is among the softest materials ever created, being described as 10 times finer than silk and 100 times smaller than a human hair, it is also incredibly strong. That's because “split”Microfibres contain thousands of “loops” per square inch, and high quality Microfibre cloths have upwards of 200,000 strands of fibre per square inch of material. This high density of fibres results in a fabric that is durable enough to withstand over 500 washes.

In order to be effective for cleaning and polishing, the Microfibre must be “split” during processing.

This is a method of splitting the polyester (the scrubbing fibre) from the polyamide (the absorbing and quick drying fibre). Incredibly, this means they can absorb as much as seven times their own weight in liquids.

Microfibre cloths actually trap dust and dirt, and can be used with or without chemicals and are designed to be used as dry as possible in order to reduce drying time and cut down on wastage.

Also, as the fibres are entirely synthetic, they will hold a static electricity charge and attract dust particles, making them ideal in areas where people are sensitive to dust or have dust allergies.

The polyester and polyamide are combined during weaving to create thousands of microscopic “loops”. These “loops” form a web of hook-like © JANGRO Network

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Microfibre Cloth Applications General multipurpose cloths

Kitchen Cloth These cloths can be used for the heaviest cleaning tasks, removing grease and grime or for wiping down food preparation surfaces thoroughly and efficiently. They can also be used for scrubbing vegetables.

General Microfibre cleaning cloths can clean or polish almost anything. The actual fabric can be supplied as ready made cloths or on a roll, allowing it to be cut to the most appropriate size.

Typically a 32cm x 32cm cloth contains 1.2 million metres of ultra-fine Microfibre. It can be used dry for dusting or you can dampen the cloth to wash surfaces. The cloth will not mark or scratch even the most polished of surfaces. The fabric can be produced in a wide range of colours that all do the same thing but will allow you to colour-code the cloths for different purposes.

Optic Cloth Optic cloths are designed specifically for cleaning small glass lenses, such as spectacles, cameras, binoculars and projectors. They are particularly effective due to the fact that they will clean efficiently without scratching the surface of the glass.

Multi purpose mittens

All-purpose mops These are Microfibre cleaning mop pads that attach to poles, much in the same way as a dry mop, which we described earlier. They can be used to damp mop hard floors without the use of chemicals.

They have the ability to remove stubborn marks with water alone and leave no residue, leaving a shining, clean surface that is dry within 30 seconds.

The mitten has the same texture and feel of multipurpose cloths, but is manufactured into a glove to fit snugly around the hand, which make dusting and cleaning easier.

Window cloths These are purpose made cloths designed to make cleaning windows easier without the use of chemicals. They can be used with water for cleaning or dry for polishing, giving an excellent smear-free finish.

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Guide to Equipment

Dusters They consist of a cotton yarn head that is stitched into a polyester sleeve. The yarn is cut straight allowing the fibres to “drape� across the item or area being dusted, allowing all areas to be thoroughly dusted.

Yellow Cloth Dusters Although they are almost exclusively yellow, the colour is of no significance. Dusters are made from cotton and are hemmed to prevent fraying. They can be used dry for polishing hard surfaces, but are most effective when used in conjunction with furniture polish or water applied in a mist either directly onto the surface or to the duster itself.

They can be used dry, but can also be impregnated with mineral oil to attract dust. They can also be treated with a fine water mist to create the same, less permanent effect.

Cobweb Collectors Cobweb Collectors are used in conjunction with extension poles to remove cobwebs and other loose debris in high and hard to reach places. They can be made from natural fibres, such as bassine, but are more commonly made from hard synthetic fibres, woven into a wire frame to give them their distinctive shape.

They should only be used for general dusting and polishing and should be cleaned regularly. They should be disposed of when they start to lose their soft, luxurious texture as they become less effective.

Lambswool Flick Dusters Made from pure lambswool, these handy dusting tools are used for dusting high and hard to reach places. They consist of a generous quantity of lambswool that is attached to wooden or plastic pole up to 1m long.

Care should be taken when using these types of dusting tool at high level as the debris (including some impressive spiders!) will inevitably fall onto the operative.

Eye protectors should be considered for use when this type of job is being undertaken.

As they are made from wool, they are able to hold a static charge, thus attracting dust particles. Also, they are fully washable in a neutral, lukewarm cleaning solution and should be left to dry naturally. If this is done, they will retain their properties for long periods, making them extremely cost-effective.

Hand Held Dusting Tools Like lambswool dusters, these dusting tools are excellent for cleaning high and hard to reach places. However, they have the added advantage of being able to be used in conjunction with extension poles.

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Guide to Equipment

Sponges Window Cleaning Sponges

General Purpose Sponges General purpose sponges, as the name suggests, can have numerous cleaning applications. They are usually used when applying foaming detergents to a surface, as their open cellular structure can not only hold large quantities of solution, but also acts as an agitator when squeezed, increasing the amount of foam used. The operative is also able to control the amount of foam produced to suit the needs of the task being undertaken.

Window cleaning sponges are usually much flatter than normal sponges and have a much tighter open cellular structure, giving them a more cloth-like appearance and texture.

This allows them greater contact with the glass surface, reducing the possibility of smearing and streaking when cleaning. They are equally effective for cleaning all other hard surfaces.

They are produced in a wide range of colours and designs and can be incorporated within your particular colour-coded cleaning regime.

General purpose sponges are extremely economical when compared to natural sponge and carry out much the same function.

They are made from synthetic material and can be produced in a whole range of textures, for instance, softer sponges would be used for cleaning car paintwork and harder varieties would be used to remove hard or crusty deposits from windows and trim (bugshifters).

Natural Sponge Natural sponges are living organisms that live in salt water. They are harvested by specialist suppliers and there are a number of species used for cleaning, each having its own characteristics, making them suitable for different tasks. Silk, Sea Grass, Sea Yellow, Rock Island and Sea Wool sponges are just a few of the species available.

Dishwashing Sponges Dishwashing sponges are a relatively new addition to the cleaner’s armoury.

They are simple and ingenious and far more effective than normal dishcloth for removing hard food deposits due to the abrasive polyester pad attached to one side.

They are most commonly used in the ceramics and pottery industry and for body cleaning. However, they can be used for cleaning tasks.

The reason for their effectiveness is that the sponge holds the cleaning solution within its open cellular structure and delivers it through the abrasive pad. This reduces the need to soak items and cleans in one action.

Natural sponges have several distinct advantages over synthetic sponges; they are much more absorbent, more durable and longer lasting, will not stain or retain odours, and their soft texture promotes better and less abrasive cleaning.

They should be disposed of on a weekly basis as they will hold and distribute bacteria easily.

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Buckets and Mopping Systems General-Purpose Buckets and Pails

Dual Buckets Dual buckets are used when cleaning solutions and clean water are required when wet mopping is being done. They can incorporate wringers allowing cleaning operatives to carry out two tasks without using two buckets.

Made from plastic, buckets, pails and other water containers are used for general cleaning duties that do not require the use of a mop. They are made from plastic and manufactured in colours that support colourcoded cleaning regimes.

Roller Buckets Most buckets can be provided with castors, which allow the bucket to be moved across the floor surface more easily. They are especially effective when used on larger buckets which, when filled, can be difficult to lift and manoeuvre.

Standard Mop and Wringer Buckets Mop buckets come in a range of colours and designs. Most common buckets are provided in colours that compliment colour-coded cleaning regimes and have detachable wringers and handles. Removing the wringer allows the bucket to be used as an ordinary pail for other general cleaning tasks. It also makes cleaning the bucket a lot easier for the operative.

Galvanised Steel Wringer Buckets Where colour-coding is not an issue, galvanised wringer buckets can be used. They are manufactured for use with socket and Kentucky mops, but can prove difficult to clean, due to the wringer being welded to the main body of the bucket. In modern establishments, their use is dying out but they are extensively used domestically.

The wringer is designed to accommodate socket mops. Also, in common with other areas of the industry, JANGRO can supply buckets that incorporate a slip hazard sign on the outer casing as an added safety feature.

Kentucky Mop Wringer Buckets

Window Cleaners’ Hip Buckets Window cleaners’ hip buckets are water carriers that strap around the waste by means of a Velcro belt, allowing cleaning to be done safely from ladders.

They are available in a number of sizes, all of which incorporate a holster for cleaning solutions that will accommodate window cleaning tools and squeegees. They can also include clips for window scrims and squeegees on the main strap.

Unlike general wringer buckets, these are designed for use with Kentucky mops. They are larger than normal buckets and must be used in conjunction with a suitable wringer. This wringer fits to the rim of the bucket and incorporates a draining container with two moveable rollers. The rollers are controlled by means of a handle and when applied the mop is lifted through the rollers for wringing. They are not suitable for use with any other type of mop.

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Guide to Equipment Window Cleaners Buckets

Builders’ Buckets Builders’ buckets are made from robust black plastic, usually with a wire handle for carriage. They can be used to remove heavy items of waste and for general cleaning duties where colour-coding is not an issue.

These are buckets specifically designed for use with window cleaning tools and squeegees.

They are rectangular in shape and are much wider than normal buckets.

Polish Applicators seals. They are provided in packs of three and are made from pure lambswool. They are rectangular and fit snugly to polish applicators. They provide a smooth and even finish to polished and sealed surfaces due mainly to their luxurious characteristics. They are also washable.

Polish Applicators Polish applicators consist of a wooden stave with a metal working head, to which an applicator pad is attached. The head is constructed from a “V” shaped metal piece that is approximately 30cm wide. To this, a metal plate is attached by means of two wing nuts, which holds the pad securely.

Synthetic Applicator Pads Where lambswool is not used, synthetic pads can be used for applying polishes and seals as a more cost-effective alternative. Much the same results can be achieved using synthetic pads, although they do not compare favourably to lambswool.

The “V” shape allows the operative to turn the pad over during the task and maintain a working angle of 45° at all times. This allows for an evenness of finish when applying polishes or seals.

Lambswool Applicator Pads Lambswool applicators, although more expensive, should be used when applying polishes and

Hard Surface Scrapers and Squeegees Floor Squeegees

Floor Scrapers

When water needs to be removed from a surface quickly, floor squeegees can be used.

However, they are more effective on smooth surfaces and can only remove water effectively if drains are available. They can be used effectively in conjunction with wet pick-up machines by moving large quantities of water towards the machine.

Floor scrapers are available for use on stone floors and resilient floors.They are, essentially, large, thin blades of stainless steel that are connected to a long stave.

The extra length of the stave allows for a degree of flexibility when dealing with hard deposits on floor surfaces, which is needed to effectively remove them. They are most commonly used to remove chewing gum from hard floors.

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Guide to Equipment However, care must be taken if attempting to tackle deposits on wooden floors that the blade does not damage the surface.

Window Squeegees Window squeegees are made from a brass or stainless steel stock that holds a rubber blade. They work by moving the rubber blade across the surface and removing cleaning solution from it.

They grip the glass surface so snugly that all of the liquid is removed in one stroke.

Window Scrapers Window scrapers are small hand-held tools that incorporate a replaceable blade. They are effective in removing stickers and adhesive tape from glazed surfaces as well as hard soil deposits.

Care should be taken by operatives when changing the blades.

They are available in a wide range of widths, each suited to particular work areas. The rubber strips are replaceable either as individual items or as a roll that can be cut to size. They can also be used in conjunction with extension poles, reducing the need for operatives to work on ladders.

Litter Control Tools Mechanical Grippers, Litter Pickers and Spikes

Lobby Brushes and Pans Again, these allow the operative to sweep up and remove waste quickly, without the need for bending down. The pan is fitted with a lid that automatically opens when pushed down level with the floor and closes when lifted. This ensures that litter is not redeposited onto the floor.

Mechanical grippers are long handled tools with a pincertype mechanism operated by a trigger on the handle. They allow the operative to pick-up litter and other items without bending down.

Litter spikes can be used as an alternative on soft ground and allow for multiple items to be collected.

They are also useful for picking up items that are contaminated with foul or hazardous waste, such as hypodermic syringes.

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Guide to Equipment

Dispensers and Sprayers Pump Dispensers

Pressurised Sprayers

Pump dispensers are provided to ensure that cleaning products requiring dilution and preparation can be decanted into buckets and trigger sprays accurately, in line with the mixing instructions indicated on the product label.

Pressurised sprayers are available for applying cleaning solutions over large areas. They are most commonly seen being used by gardening contractors for crop spraying. They work by placing a cleaning solution into the main tank and sealing it. The hand pump can then be applied which pressurises the solution. The solution can then be applied by operating a trigger on the wand attached to the sprayer.

They are designed to screw securely on the spouts of containers and can be supplied to fit 5lt, 10lt and 25lt containers.

Trigger Sprays and Bottles

They can be used in-situ, or by being strapped to the operative by means of a harness.

Trigger sprays allow the operative to apply cleaning solutions or polishes to all surfaces in a stream or fine mist. They can be provided in a range of colours that will support colour-coded cleaning regimes, reducing the risks of accidental application of inappropriate cleaning solutions.

Pump or Dolly Sprayers Working on the same principle as pressurised sprayers, these are smaller hand-held containers, which are used for a range of tasks that require solution to be applied in a constant stream of mist.

The trigger spray itself is detachable, making cleaning the bottles much easier. Trigger spray tubes can be cleaned thoroughly by placing in cleaning solution and operating the spray mechanism continuously. The same operation can be repeated using clean water for rinsing.

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Guide to Equipment

3. Access Equipment cleaning tools to be connected to them. They are most commonly used to clean high ledges, pipework and glazing.

On occasion, cleaning operatives are required to clean hard-to-reach places.Where these areas cannot be reached safely using extension poles or handles, they may be required to work from a range of equipment from stepladders to hydraulic platforms.

The poles themselves can be connected to each other to increase the working length, depending on the individual work situation.

This section covers the range of equipment available to overcome the problems of otherwise inaccessible dirt, in a way that maintains safe working practices.

However, you should consider the effectiveness of the cleaning operation when the surface you are cleaning is, in some, cases 10-15 metres away from you. Applying enough physical pressure to the work surface from these distances can render the use of extension poles ineffective.

Extension Poles These are available in a huge range of designs and sizes, all of which allow for inter-changeable items such as cobweb dusters, squeegees and window

Ladders These are the most commonly used item of access equipment and consist of upright stiles with steps at 254mm intervals. They are usually constructed from metal alloy or wood.

The diagram to the left illustrates the way in which a ladder is basically constructed. All ladders incorporate this basic design, regardless of the individual type.

Rungs (metal alloy ladders have turned, anti-slip rungs and wooden ladders incorporate a “D” design for operator stability)

Stile

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Guide to Equipment The rungs are set at different levels enabling the operative to easily adjust the height of the working platform and are suitable for light work of short duration.

There are various types of ladder including:

Single-Section Standing Ladders These are straight ladders which can be used for access up to about 5 m. They should be fitted with non-slip feet and be secured near the top whenever in use.

The height of the platform must not exceed 4.570m and if the platform is higher than 3.6m the trestles must be tied to the wall. If the platform is higher than 1.98m a separate ladder must be used for access to it.

Extending Ladders Extending ladders are single-section ladders of different widths which are connected by specially designed stiles. The height can be adjusted by raising the smaller sections, which are held in place by a stopper attached to the bottom that rests on the rungs of the larger ladder.

The permitted lengths of the platform range from a minimum of 1.3m to a maximum of 3.048m depending on the thickness or design of the platform. The minimum width of the platform is 440mm.

Window Ladders These are ladders that taper to a point at the top, specifically designed for window cleaning. The design enables window cleaners to place the ladder safely against window frames and bays.

Padding can also be attached to the ladder to protect fragile surfaces.

Like all access equipment, they must be placed on firm level ground.

General Safety Requirements

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Step-ladders or Swing-back Steps These are self-supporting ladders that lock into place using a locking brace that holds the ladder in such a position that the steps are horizontal. They can be designed to incorporate a handrail, allowing better support for the operative. They should also incorporate a raised handle at the top to provide support for the operative and a working platform to rest equipment.

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General Safety Points Relating to Ladder Use

Trestles

Using ladders is a hazardous activity and as such they must be used safely. In order to do this all operatives using ladders should be trained in their safe use. Guidance should be offered to all staff and should include the following:

Though not strictly ladders, they are very similar.

They are self supporting in much the same way as stepladders but consist of two ladder-like assemblies hinged at the top. They are used in pairs and boards are placed on the rungs of each set to form a level working platform.

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All ladders should be inspected regularly for faults, damage, splintering, and corrosion.

Special attention should be paid to the condition of rungs and how securely they are fitted to the stiles.

Locking mechanisms on step-ladders should be inspected regularly to ensure that they operate safely and correctly.

All ladders should be fitted with anti-slip feet.

Ladders must never be painted as this can obscure or cover damage and defects.

All ladders found to be unsafe or unsatisfactory should be replaced immediately.

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Single or extending ladders should be placed at an angle of 75º to the horizontal or 1-in-4 to put it another way.

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Guide to Equipment •

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Ladders should be secured by rope at the top or by fixing by guy ropes at 45º staked at the base. If neither method is possible, the ladder should be “footed” or held at the base by a second operative. However, this method can only be used to a height of 6.9m.

All ladders should be placed on a flat, sound, secure surface. If used on sloping ground, the ladder adjustable feet or spikes should be fitted to the base of the stiles.

If the ladder is used on a staircase a suitable extending foot can be fitted to one of the stiles.

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Never use metal alloy ladders near electric cables.

If rungs are to be reinforced, this must be done on the underside of each one.

Landings must be provided every 9.4m.

When ladders are extended over 4.92m when closed, they must have 3 overlapping rungs at the point where the ladders join. If extended over 6.15m they must have 4 overlapping rungs.

Scaffold Whenever the use of ladders is considered inappropriate or unsafe, scaffolds can be used.

Inter-locking Modular Scaffolds These are similar in shape and size to mobile tower scaffolds but are made from prefabricated interchangeable scaffolding units which can be assembled without the use of couplings. As a result they have a minimum of individual components.

Cleaning tasks, given their very nature, could require the use of a range of scaffolding types, in order to allow adequate access to the area being cleaned.

The two main types used are described as follows:

Mobile Scaffold Towers This is a vertical rectangular tower mounted on lockable wheels. These can be used up to a height of 12.31m and if it rises above 9.75m must be tied to the building being worked on, anchored using guy ropes or weighted at the bottom.

They are used to construct mobile load-bearing platforms, mounted on lockable wheels that can be moved, assembled and dismantled quickly and easily. The height and use restrictions are similar to mobile towers.

When used for cleaning the inside of buildings, the height should not exceed 3 times the size of the shortest base side. They are secured using a series of adjustable outriggers fixed at each corner, creating a larger supportive base. A ladder must also be attached and fixed to the tower at the bottom, with the first rung situated well clear of the wheels. Finally, whenever they are moved, they must be totally cleared of people and materials.

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Guide to Equipment Working Platforms

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With all scaffolding, operatives are required to work from a platform. These can be constructed with wooden boards or prefabricated metal alloy components. Whatever the system used, the following safety requirements apply:

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All boards must have with minimum dimensions of 40mm thick, 225mm wide and 3.9m long which must be supported every 1.25m along the length.

Regardless of the length, all boards must be supported at 3 points along the length. All boards must not overlap under any circumstances and must fit tightly together, overhanging the supporting scaffold by 51-155mm.

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If the base of the platform is higher than 1.98m, the platform must be fitted with toe boards and guard rails. Guard rails must be placed 920mm 1.15m above the platform and toe boards must be 150mm wide with the gap between the toe board and the guard rail not exceeding 760mm.

In addition to these safety measures, mesh or netting can be fitted to the outside of the platform to stop debris, materials and equipment falling from it.

Suspended Platforms and Cradles Operatives can operate the cradles from inside the cradle. However, an operative should also stand on the roof to operate the override mechanism on the main unit, in case of emergencies.

This group of access equipment allows for the exterior of buildings to be accessed by means of a working cradle suspended by wire or fibre ropes from outriggers situated on the roof of the building. Modern systems consist of an electrically powered mobile unit that allows for a suspended cradle to be lowered across the face of the building using powered cables. When not in use, the cradle is stored securely on the roof of the building.

Cradle mechanisms are also available for use in conjunction with scaffolding systems, though these are mainly used on building sites.

Hydraulic and Electrically Powered Platforms Narrow aisle machines are designed for single-operator use with larger versions available for multi-operator tasks.

There are three main types of powered platform used, these are:

Scissor Lift Platforms These provide operatives with access to the exterior surfaces of buildings and rise vertically. Given the heights they can achieve, they need to securely anchored into position to provide extra stability.

Care should be taken to ensure all operators are fully trained in the safe use of these types of access equipment and should be supplied with an appropriate safety harness. Most hire firms will carry out this function on delivery and offer advice on all items of Personal Protective Equipment required for safe use.

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Guide to Equipment Boom Lifts

Telescopic Work Platforms

Often referred to as “Cherry Pickers”, these lifts offer the operator multi point access to the surface being cleaned without the need to move the base, making them far more adaptable when considering work requirements.

Again, like Scissor Platforms, these provide vertical access and can be used for a range of access requirements.

The only difference between these and Scissor Platforms is the way in which the platform is raised. With these types of machines, the platform is lifted using a telescopic mechanism that allows access to surfaces anywhere within its vertical range.

They consist of an electrically powered mobile base with a double or triple mast boom, which allow the cradle to be positioned anywhere within its operating range.

Like other electrically powered platforms, they can be operated from within the working cradle as well as remotely using the control panel at the base.

Also, like Scissor Platforms, their effectiveness is limited due to their lack of manoeuvrability.

The same safety precautions apply as to those outlined for Scissor Platforms.

4. Personal Protective Equipment Head Protection

The final part of this Guide deals with Personal Protective Equipment.

In certain work situations, i.e. carrying out cleaning in building sites, operatives will need to wear suitable head protection. This takes the form of a Safety Helmet or “hard hat” (pictured). The helmet consists of a hard outer casing which provides the protection and an adjustable plastic inner fitting that carries out two functions; ensuring that the helmet fits snugly and securely and is lifted from the head to provide a cushion in the event of any impact.

The legal obligation to provide all staff with appropriate Personal Protective Equipment required for each individual task is covered in the Health and Safety Guide. Managers are also required, by law, to carry out a detailed risk assessment for each separate task that the operative is required to perform. The risk assessment should clearly identify the items of Personal Protective Equipment that should be provided to the operatives carrying out the task, in order to ensure their safety.

Eye Protection This section covers the various types of equipment available and should go some way in giving you a clearer idea of the most appropriate items required within your own work situation. Let’s start from the head and work our way down.

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Without exception, all cleaning tasks that involve the preparation of cleaning solution will require the operator to wear eye protection.They are available in a wide range of designs but the most common type used are spectacles that are light, clear and can be worn over prescription spectacles, ensuring that the operative’s vision is not impaired.

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Guide to Equipment Single-use neoprene gloves can be issued for tasks where good standards of hygiene are required i.e. dealing with biological hazards.

Ear Protection When cleaning is being provided in noisy environments, operatives should be protected against the effects of long-term exposure to high noise levels. This can be achieved with the use of ear defenders, which look like headphones or ear plugs that are made from expanded foam and fit comfortably in the ear.

Where protection against injuries from sharp objects is required, more robust gloves are available. They can range from leather palmed rigger gloves, which incorporate strong gauntlets and needle resistant gloves that are usually constructed using chain mail.

Respiratory Protection When cleaning involves the use of products with harmful or irritant fumes, or when work environments are dusty, making it difficult to breathe, the provision of a dust mask will protect the operative from breathing in harmful fumes or dust particles.

Also, gloves can be issued to protect operatives when lifting heavy items. They incorporate anti-slip pads on the palms and fingers to improve the operative’s ability to obtain a firm, safe grip while lifting.

The designs available range from the basic nuisance dust mask through to full face protectors with detachable canister filters. The crucial difference throughout the range of equipment is the levels of filtration each offer as this, in turn, will result in varying degrees of protection to the operative.

Finally, when work is required outside or in cold areas, thermal gloves can be provided to operatives, enabling them to work in comfort.

Body Protection In additional to traditional tabards and overalls which usually form part of the cleaner’s uniform, extra protection can be provided to the body to protect from soil, liquids and cold.

Also, as filtration increases, masks will incorporate an exhalation valve allowing the operative to breathe easily and work comfortably.

Hand Protection The most common form of protection issued to cleaning operatives. The hands are the part of the body most susceptible to injury and infections due, mainly, from prolonged contact with harmful or irritant chemicals. Cleaning operatives should be issued with adequate stocks of PVC gloves to protect them when handling cleaning solutions and chemicals. These can also be issued to kitchen staff for dishwashing, but will incorporate gauntlets to protect the forearms.

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The most common of these is the boiler suit. These are usually made from cotton and are designed for use over normal clothes. Where hygiene is a concern, disposable versions are available that are made from lightweight fibres and are intended for single use.

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Guide to Equipment Also, where cleaning tasks require the operative to work at low level, work in confined spaces or kneel, knee and elbow protectors can be issued which strap comfortably around the joint, by means of Velcro straps and provide padding and protection.

Protective Footwear There are two main reasons why it can be necessary to provide protective footwear to cleaning operatives; to protect them from crush injuries, particularly to the toes and to protect the feet and ankles from harmful substances such as oil, grease and chemicals.

Finally, when cleaning is being carried out in inclement weather, waterproof work wear should be issued. These are commonly referred to as “oil skins” and can be provided as coveralls or as separate coats and trousers.

Safety shoes usually incorporate a steel toe cap for protection against crush injuries caused by collisions with machinery and they can also be provided in boot form to protect the ankles.

High-Visibility Workwear In addition to the clothing items mentioned above, high-visibility work wear is available and can be issued to staff who work in or near to traffic. They are made from luminous material and have reflective patches and strips placed on the surface. It alerts other road users of their presence and goes some way in avoiding accidents.

Shoes with chemical resistant soles can be issued to operatives who clean depots, garages, workshops etc. Oil, grease and petrol will seriously damage ordinary footwear as well as increasing the likelihood of slips and falls.

Trousers, coats, coveralls and waistcoats are all readily available.

Finally, waterproof footwear can be issued to staff when carrying out wet duties such as car-washing and spray cleaning. Wellington boots would be the most obvious choice in such circumstances.

Ideally, all protective shoes should have a slipresistant sole and be comfortable to the user.

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