Jard'In N°8 - Spring 2014 by Jard'In Magazine

SPRING 2014

guerilla gardening

+how to make your seed bombs

CULTIVATION

Chili peppers in hydroponics

Rhizogenesis

Roots, an instructionnal manual

DO NOT LITTER

FREE MAGAZINE MAG JARD-IN008-GRATUIT

FRANCE 491 010 005 R.C.S. PARIS

Les Dieux sont tombés sur la tête!

www.canna.fr

Editor-in-chief : Clément Griffond Editors : Julien Quentin Alphaling William Clément Clément Cadiau With the contribution of Noucetta KHEDI Special thanks to: Julien, Clément, Isabelle, J.J. Labat, Victor, Sophie Noucetta. Graphic design/artwork : Aurélien Quentin Advertising Manager : Victor Fouquet Public Relations Manager : Guillaume Combe Front cover : Roots Nodule Ninjatacoshell© WikimédiaCommons Printing : Contiprint Sarreguemines F-572 05 Print run : 5 000 copies www.jardinmag.com

Jard’in N°8

SPRING 2014 Éditions PUBLICUBE 22 route de férolles 77170 BRIE-COMTE-ROBERT FRANCE 2013B1767 R.C.S.Melun

EDITORIAL You may have heard of Emmanuel Giboulot, a French organic winemaker who is having a hard time with the justice. He could face a prison sentence and a hefty fine from a judge in the city of Dijon after defying an official order to treat his vineyard against an insect suspected of transmitting the flavescence dorée. The plant disease is devastating but the official order did not take into account the organic practices and their alternatives. In the eyes of the law, Mr. Giboulot should have proactively abandon his biodynamic methods and leave it to the sacred chemistry. The winemaker now faces a 1,000 euro fine and a six-month prison sentence. How disturbing it is to acknowledge that organic farming is still the target of the public authorities and that agro-business is thriving more than ever! And guess who won the 2013 Nobel Prize for Agriculture? Monsanto, of course... But let’s be optimistic and rejoice in the rescue of the biggest European collection of carnivorous plants, owned by Mr. J.J. Labat, thanks to a call for input on the Internet. Spring is coming! We will be at the Technigrow Fair on March 28, 29 and 30 in Lyon. Do come and pay us a visit! Our Jard’in team will keep you informed of all important developments in the field of innovative gardening. Shining and flying surprises will be waiting for you on our stand. But as for now, let’s explore with Julien Quentin the history of Guerilla Gardening. Learn more about tomatoes, their different varieties and their development with Clément Cadiau. Noucetta Khedi delves into hydroponically grown peppers. Want to know more about rhizogenesis (root growth)? Alphaling will tell you everything.

You will also find the usual sections of the magazine. And if you are passionate about innovative gardening, do subscribe to our newsletter «Jard’inews» on www. jardinmag.com

We wish you a good read and a happy gardening The editors

Contents

Publication manager : Marylise Fortin

P. 2 P. 5 P. 8 P.19 P.23 P.29 P.33 P.35 P.41

Vegetal Web In brief New products Letters to the editor Guérilla Gardening : the armed wing of gardening Rhizogenesis : Roots, an instructionnal manual Hydro pot with clay pebbles Chili peppers in hydroponics Tomatoes: A history of varietal development Jard’In°8

WEB

Crop of pictures found on the Internet by the editors of Jard’in

«Tangy drosera»

«Drosera derbyensis» by Noah Elhardt© WikimédiaCommons

Charles Darwin, was so passionate about these little carnivorous plants that he spent hours observing them and knew everything about their food preferences: row or roasted meat, cheese, sausage, egg white, milk… Highly sensitive to mechanical and chemical excitement, the drosera’s glandular hairs shine brightly in the sun, resembling morning dew or nectar. They act as an extra hook to draw and stick the preys. Once trapped, the insect struggles to free itself, which stimulates the leaves to curl. The leaf now becomes a stomach. In a few hours, the leaf –which is totally wrapped around the insectsuffocates its future feast. Digestive enzymes are released to begin a twoday long digestion process. 2 Jard’In°8

Practical advice :

Droseras like a moist soil made of peat, non silica sand and sphagnum. Do not use tap water. Reverse osmosis water, rainwater or distilled water are a better choice. 1. «I believe I can FLY...»

«Drosera capensis bend» by Noah Elhardt©WikimédiaCommons

2. «A WELL-DESERVED NAP»

Drosera capensis fly by Omphalotusia©wikimédiaCommons & Drosera_macrantha_Darwiniana by Michal Rubeš©wikimédia

3. «PARABOLIC DIGESTION» «Drosera macrantha Darwiniana» by Michal Rubeš©wikimédia 4.«TENTACLE SUFFOCATION ON THE AGENDA» «Drosera regia with prey» by Rkitko©WikimédiaCommons

5. «END OF THE JOURNEY»

«Drosera capturing ant» by ©WikimédiaCommons

6. «VEGETAL FLYPAPER»

«Drosera capensis leaf 2 Darwiniana» by Michal Rubeš©WikimédiaCommons

Jard’In°8

HYDROFACTORY 508 858 065 R.C.S. PONTOISE

FR ANCE HYDROPONIQUE

ON MARCH 28, 29 AND 30, DO NOT MISS THE FIRST FAIR DEVOTED TO INNOVATIVE GARDENING: LET’S MEET IN LYON FOR TECHNIGROW.

ith their 48400 ft2, the premises of the « Double-mixte » are ready to welcome all plant lovers, professionals and amateurs alike, to discover and share their new growing techniques. If you are interested in hydroponics, vertical growth or indoor gardening, you should not miss this event under any circumstances! Coming from all Europe, the exhibitors will help you get a clear view on the latest innovations in light, nutrition, exhausting fans, growing rooms, etc... Do pay a visit to the stands of Cultibox and Growatch, where you will discover how the remote monitoring of your garden works. The Jard’in team, partner of the fair, will also be on site. We will put our previous publications at everyone’s disposal. Our stand will also feature a whole host of shiny and flying vegetal surprises

Full fare day pass: 12 €; 3-day pass: 23.5 €. Professionals: passes are waiting for you on the Technigrow website. For more information, visit : www.technigrow-france.com

Jard’In°8

Carnivorous plants: a cry for help

n 1986, Jean-Jacques Labat created a botanical garden -now designated national collection- specialized in carnivorous plants, and situated in a small town in the region of Gers, France. His “Nature et Paysage” nursery hosts 550 species of the 600 carnivorous plants which have been identified. Mr. Labat’s adventure modestly began in strawberry tunnels set out as greenhouses. Little by little, his dream gathered momentum and became the most important collection in Europe. His 64,500 ft2 structure is composed of six greenhouses, which shelter 80 000 carnivorous plants. These specimens are used to conduct medical and scientific research. In 2003, a new garden was opened to the public as a place to stroll and fully enjoy the plants’ company. Workshops are regularly held. In 2013, the increase in energy costs challenged the sustainability of the project. Mr. Labat needed 12,000 Euros to cover his utilities and save his collection. He then decided to resort to crowd funding on My Major Company website. His goal was achieved at the end of February. The solidarity shown by the lovers of insect-eating plants overcame the soft patch. « In the greenhouses, my carnivorous plants react to what happened, as if your generosity brought them back to life. […] Budding gardeners and botanic addicts alike have thwarted the demons of the crisis that are battering our country’s economy. Whatever the cause, your gesture proves that everything is possible in this lowly word. All you have to do is believe.” MORE INFORMATION ON : WWW.NATUREETPAYSAGE.FR

6 Jard’In°8

WWW.LEJARDINCARNIVORE.COM

Une ligne de produits complète faite d’engrais et de suppléments destinés à la culture en terre et hors sol.

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VOTRE KIT DE DÉMARRAGE. Contient 1/2 L de BioThrive Grow, BioThrive Bloom, BioRoot Plus, BioBud, BioWorm, BioWeed, Urtica, Diamond Black, ainsi que 25 g de BM.

POUR PLUS D’INFORMATIONS, CONTACTEZ VOTRE DISTRIBUTEUR HABITUEL, OU : www.eurohydro.com - + 33 562 06 08 30 - info@eurohydro.com Manufactured in France by GHE 32500 FLEURANCE - FRANCE - Tel. : +33 (0)5 62 06 08 30

BRIN TEECCH HN NO O LO G TO OGETH HER R NG GIIN NG G N NAT A TU URREE A N ND D T GY Y T

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LODGE 2 in 1 Station BY secret jardin

Newest member of the Revision 2.50, this new range offers 2 in 1 stations, which allow you to enjoy a space Bloom and an area of growth in the same tent. The limited amount of these products provides opportunities for installation in small spaces and / or with little height (under slopes, lofts, ...), which is a real revolution for a tent offering two separate spaces.

Specificities : High Lght proofing, Mylar (95%), Lightproof separation, Solid and waterproof base, Easy and quick assembly, New strong equipment tubes A product line available in different sizes: L90 (90x60x135cm) L120 (120x90x145cm)

MORE DETAILS ON : www.secretjardin.com

GreenPower contactors For a safer grow room! GreenPower contactors from Nutriculture are a range of heavy duty lighting control units specifically designed to absorb the electrical power surge which occurs every time HID lights are switched on; preventing the timer elements fusing together and creating a safer growing environment. A premium range of contactor timers and relay timers, GreenPower control units are UK manufactured using locally sourced components, ensuring complete control of build quality of all units: • Ultra reliable, professional Grasslin timers • Rubberised cable, fully resistant to light ray degradation • Robust metal housing with galvanised, riveted black plate • Built to C.E standards and supplied with a 2 year manufacturer’s warranty

All GreenPower contactors and relays undergo rigorous testing to make sure they’re of the highest quality, meaning you’re guaranteed a safer grow room every day it’s in use. Available in Hobby, Professional and Commercial units, GreenPower contactors and relays are available in sizes to suit all growers

more information : www.NUTRICULTURE.FR Jard’In°8

Rhizotonic BY CANNA

CANNA RHIZOTONIC is a powerful, algae based, vegetative stimulator for plant roots. It contains multiple vitamins and is 100% natural. RHIZOTONIC adds more than 60 microbiological substances that considerably speed up the growth of a balanced root environment. Benefits of CANNA RHIZOTONIC: -Stimulates new root growth on cuttings and transplants. -Speeds up the germination process when used to soak seeds prior to planting. -Enhances overall plant growth and chemical reactions in the plant to ensure a --healthier, powerful and stronger plant. -Aids in the recovery process of any plant or cutting that has been subjected to stress in any way whatsoever. Furthermore, RHIZOTONIC is often sprayed on leaves and can be used as a simple means for raising the pH level in fertiliser tanks. RHIZOTONIC can be used regardless of the type of medium. It is suitable for cultivation in potting mix and hydro culture. You can use it during the whole growth cycle. From seed to harvest!

MORE details on : www.canna.com

THERMO-HYGROMÈTRE BY ADVANCED-STAR

To measure temperature and humidity. The Mini Thermohygrometer: small, reliable and groundbreaking! A real innovation in the hydroponics sector, the Classic thermometer/hygrometer is available in a small model: the MINI ES-THM001 Thermohygrometer. In addition to its reduced dimensions, this product has an integrated 150cm sensor probe, capable of measuring both temperature and humidity. Its ability to measure accurately, as well as its reasonable cost, makes this new Advanced Star thermohygrometer an indispensable piece of equipment in cultivation areas. Vital in the horticulture sector, the MINI ES-THM001 Thermohygrometer also has other applications as varied as measuring the temperature and humidity in a wine cellar, for example

Measuring Humidity Range: 10%RH - 99%RH Humidity Accuracy: ±5% Humidity Display Resolution: 1%RH Measuring Temperature Range: -50 - +70 (-58 - +158)

Temperature Accuracy: ±1 (±2) Temperature Display Resolution: 0.1 (0.2) Operating Voltage: 1.5v, one button cell size LR44

Dimension: 48mm x 28.6mm x 15.2mm LCD VA: 35mm x 16mm More détails on : Button battery included

www.advanced-star.com

10 Jard’In°8

de BIOBIZZ

A NT E

LA NORME NFU EE

Les Stimulants sont de retour G T UA A N R

Les produits Biobizz Topmax, Rootjuice et Algamic sont maintenant enregistrés conformes à la norme NFU. Cela signifie que l’ensemble des produits Biobizz qui sont disponibles sur le marché sont complètement enregistrés, conformément à la législation française. Nos produits continuent à contenir des composants et des ingrédients de la plus grande qualité. Et les résultats obtenus demeurent inchangés: une croissance et une floraison explosives, un goût excellent, et des plantes fortes, saines et vigoureuses. Si vous souhaitez obtenir davantage de renseignements à ce sujet, n’hésitez pas à nous contacter par courrier électronique : info@biobizz.com Que signifie la norme NFU? La norme NFU est un document de référence contenu dans un un index précédé par les lettres NF. La norme fait référence aux standards établis par le gouvernement français. La gamme de produits Biobizz satisfait aux standards établis, ce qui signifie que les produits sont conformes aux normes NF U 42001, NF U 42002 et NF U 42004. Bio-Grow, Bio-Bloom et Fish-Mix sont enregistrés sous la norme NF U 42001. Ce qui signifie qu’ils sont classés dans la catégorie des fertilisants. Bio-Heaven et Alg-A-Mic sont enregistrés sous la norme NF U 42002, cette norme indique un fertilisant comptant des traces d’éléments. Root-Juice et Top-Max sont enregistrés sous la norme NF U 42004, cela indique qu’il s’agit d’un fertilisant avec une solution de nutriments.

La PhonicTrap® PUBLICUBE B 512 334 889 R.C.S. MELUN

La PhonicTrap® est la toute dernière génération de gaine insonorisée Flexible, elle combine une gaine intérieure ultra-performante pour le bruit et un isolant anallergique et non urticant. La gaine intérieure n’est pas en alu mais en tissu microporeux ininflammable ; elle est plus efficace sur la réduction du nombre de décibels émis lors du passage du flux d’air dans la gaine. L’isolant de la PhonicTrap® est en ouate anallergique qui ne disperse pas de particule. La longévité de cet isolant est bien plus longue que celle des laines minérales dont les fibres se cassent. Autre atout de la ouate, elle offre un confort lors de l’installation. Elle ne pique pas et peut être mise en place sans masque et sans gants. Dans la même gamme, découvrez également le SILENCIEUX PhonicTrap® Découvrez aussi AluTrap® & CombiTrap® qui complètent la gamme. Toute la gamme PhonicTrap® est de Fabrication Française, dans le respect de la Réglementation Reach et avec des matières premières de Qualité.

Jard’In°8

LE LIVRE INDISPENSABLE POUR RÉUSSIR SA RÉCOLTE

9,90€

www.leparesseux.fr WWW.PUBLICUBE.FR

SWEET CANDY

BY Platinium nutrients Sweet Candy is a combination of essential trace elements (boron + Zinc) for the flowering period. Its main role is in the formation of sugars and aromatic compounds because these trace elements support the translocation of sugars to fruit and allow more intense development of the latter. They stimulate the growth of meristems participate in the formation and synthesis of several growth hormones (including auxins), but also chlorophyll, proteins and nucleic acids. He also participates in the formation of enzyme systems of the plant as well as the regulation of the metabolism of carbohydrates. Its significant effect on the sugar content and balance of acidity provides a sweeter fruit, high quality taste, better vegetative pigmentation, more vivid most beautiful plants and a color on the fruit and flowers .

Use :

Sweet Candy is compatible with all substrates fertilizer and irrigation systems. It applies throughout the flowering period, the first flowers appear, and to rinse. Increasing the sugar content of fruits and flowers Dosage: 1-2 ml / liter irrigation - 2 4ml/litre spray. MORE DETAILS ON :

www.platiniumhydroponics.com

growatch:

connect to your plants

PEN-

Automate your indoor garden and control it remotely from your smartphone. GroWatch offers you a new connection to your plants and reinvents indoor gardening. With groWatch: - You have the perfect climate for your indoor plants - You automate lights, heaters, water pumps and fans using groWatch’s sensors and smart power plugs - You keep an eye on your plants thanks to the Webcam - You program and drive your equipment - anywhere, anytime

Enjoy groWatch’s unique features such as time lapse movies creation, electrical devices automation, the Climate Assistant that manages growth and flowering for you... and much more, all accessible from your smartphone or any Web browser! groWatch starts at 199€, order now from

www.groWatch.fr Jard’In°8 13

Clément GRIFFOND

The second handbook of Le Paresseux collection, dedicated to hydroponics, will be released at the end of March. This simple and richly illustrated booklet will help you become a specialist in hydroponics growing. “Hydroponics is a gardening revolution: the raspberry grower who used to scrutinize the aerial parts of the plant, checking their development, colour, the size of fruits etc, is now able to intervene on the parts which used to be hidden, the subterranean parts, the roots.” This technique enables you to adapt to your plants’ nutrition as they develop and to meet their changing needs. If you get a good grasp of hydroponics, you will achieve tremendous results and might not even recognize your plants…

Contents :

GUIDE

DU JARDIN HYDROPONIQUE

- theory : Soil EC, pH, plant nutrition… You will find in this section all the basic and essential concepts, all put simply, for understanding the discipline.

- equipment : Substrate, systems, testers, Co2 : a comprehensive overview of the techniques and equipment at your disposal. ubstrats, systèmes, testeurs, Co2, un panorama complet des techniques et du matériel à votre disposition. - Gardening chronicles :

Seeds or cuttings? Growth, flowering stage, flushing, harvest… Let’s get inspired for your next hydroponically grown plants.

If you are new and want to immerse into the world of hydro, or if you are a convert and wish to improve your practice to get higher yields, the “Handbook of hydroponics gardening” is just for you!

more details on : www.publicube.fr Osmose

Membrane semi-perméable

Solution concentrée

14 Jard’In°8

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Your plants now have the ideal climate. Growth and flowering are automatically managed by groWatch.

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Let groWatch take care of your plants when you are away. Watch them grow remotely as if you were there with them. Safely drive your lights, fans, heaters and pumps.Take advantage of a robust hardware and an easy-to-use App, specifically designed for indoor gardens. Available in English, French, Spanish and German. Order now at:

www.groWatch.fr

WATERPACK ACS by GHE

The Controller is a central reservoir that connects several growing units together, and ensures you a larger autonomy. Today the new ACS Controller offers a larger range of essential characteristics: It circulates the nutritive solution in the whole system in less than 1/2 an hour, and allows to rapidly homogenize the solution. It helps stabilize the pH and EC levels in all the pots at once, and guarantees the roots a constant and optimized environment.It is very practical: one small air compressor is enough to move the flow in the whole system (inside the pots and between them). You can adapt the WATERPACK « ACS » to all systems, ours as well as other manufacturers, or to the ones you build yourself, no matter how many pots you have. Tubing and connections are available too, if you wish to extend your installations. The ACS CONTROLLER is made of 2 parts: the lower tank « A » (circulation and control area), and the higher tank « B » (supply area). The active circulation in tank « A » enables direct EC and pH management. Its flap-top allows immediate access to the water supply in tank « B »

more details on : www.eurohydro.com

Bloom Stimulator by ATAMi

The flowering period for many plants is the most important period of the entire growing cycle. This Bloom Stimulator will force the bloom at an early stage, which will start the flowering period earlier and ultimately make it last longer and more intensely. The Bloom stimulator can be absorbed directly by the plant and will contribute to an explosive flower production. The flowers are thick and compact, but retain their distinctive smell and taste. Application : Add to the nutrient solution from the flowering period onwards. Can be used daily for the irrigation of the crop during the flowering period. Growing tip : The combination of B’cuzz Booster with this Bloom stimulator is strongly recommended and will surpass all expectations. Quality guaranteed : The stimulators and liquid nutrients of Atami are packed and sealed lighttight under the twistable cap, so the quality remains guaranteed.

Available sizes : 100 ml - 500 ml - 1 liter - 5 liter - Dynamic Duo Dosage : (1:1000) 1 ml per liter water

more details on :

www.atami.com Jard’In°8 17

AGRO BUSINESS EUROPE 484 434 568 R.C.S. LE MANS

In my hydroponic garden, some of the roots have turned black. What should I do? Roots are crucial, whether you grow your plants in the soil or hydroponically. This part of the plant is invisible but should never be neglected. In a hydroponic environment, roots grow in an inert matrix, away from the light and in the presence of large quantities of gas (not only oxygen). They must be continuously or cyclically watered with a nutritive solution adapted to the type of substrate you use. Adding enzymes to ensure cellulose and hemicellulose degradation is vital to avoid any risk of infection. Under optimal conditions, the roots must be white, strong and with different diameters. There is a variety of reasons why the roots turn brown or black. A dark root is either a dead root or a root infected with a fungus or a bacterium and which is beginning to suffer necrosis. In the case of a dead root, the best solution is to get rid of it while trying to protect the rest of the root system. Infected roots are easy to recognize: they are sticky because they secrete a defense exudate when challenged by the soil-borne pathogen. To get rid of these parasites, there are two solutions available to you: water your plants with a solution of H2O2 (be careful, it destroys the enzymes) or add beneficial fungi in your solution. If no pathogen is responsible for the darkening of the roots, the problem comes from an abiotic agent (environmental factor). Warm water above 21°C (69.8°F) results in a drastic reduction of the solubility of oxygen in water hence a severe reduction of the roots’ metabolic activity entailing in the longer term root suffocation and death. Keep a close eye on the temperature of your solution. In other respects, a power cut or a pump failure can lead to the death of some roots due to lack of water. The roots that have suffered a trauma will turn black and end up dying. To overcome this problem, reduce watering, increase ventilation at the pots level, use enzymes and add hydrogen peroxide once a month in your solution

Jard’In°8 19

I have planted my seeds in 6,5l pots. Sprouting went well but my plant now stopped growing What happened? During sprouting and first growth, the plants are particularly fragile. This period is even more crucial as it partly determines the future strength of the plant. Therefore, it is appropriate to take action to maximise your chances. Planting the seeds of a fragile plant directly in a large pot is a good idea only at first sight. You may have various reasons to do so: avoid damaging the plants’ roots when repotting it; save money and buy only one pot instead of several pots of different sizes; offer plenty of space to the plant and encourage root growth. Well, you are mistaken! Repotting is not a whim nor a way for gardeners to collect pots. It has a genuine interest in the growth of your plants. During the sprouting process, the seedling develops its main root axis (the radicule is the first in sprouting of the seed) to “anchor” the plant and draw water and nutrients. The use of small pots at first is important to reduce watering at a time when the plant consumes little water. A bigger pot means more watering; it will take longer before the soil dries up. In order to develop, the roots need oxygen and water. Most potted plants must be allowed to reach an appropriate level of dryness in between waterings, which is easier to achieve in small pots. Bigger and water-soaked pots could drown the sprouting roots. Another drawback of big pots is the increase in soil compaction. Off-ground cultivation (that is any kind of cultivation conducted outside the ground) should therefore include: small pots for sprouting (7x7x8cm), growth pots (between 1.5l and 3.4l) and flowering pots (between 6 and 11l)

20 Jard’In°8

I am now starting to grow under LED lights. Do you have some advice? Billed as the future of horticultural lighting for some time, LEDs are finding their place in private households. This technology is constantly evolving: wattage per diode, depth of penetration, wavelength panel, dimming function, etc. Technically speaking, LEDs bring an extra advantage to state-of-the-art horticulture: total control over the spectrum allows to provide the wavelengths that are effective on the plants. LEDs offer optimal light output for the chloroplasts and photosynthesis can occur. The electricity consumed is therefore optimised (100% of the PAR output) Another benefit of the LEDs is the possibility to choose to emit growth spectrum or flowering spectrum with a unique fixture. One of the characteristics of this technology is that it generates very little heat. This can be valued as an advantage by anyone who has grown plants with HPS lightings and suffered from the heat. But be careful, the advantage is not that obvious. For the photosynthesis to occur, plants must absorb and evacuate water and they draw the nutrients they need from their environment. If the temperature of your garden is below 24°C (75.2°F), do not rely on the LEDs to reach that optimum temperature. For tropical plants, the temperatures needed for an efficient evapo-transpiration lie within the recommended range of 23/27°C (73.4/80.6°F). To solve this potential problem, you should install auxiliary heating, otherwise your plants’ metabolism may be dampened. Until now, indoor gardeners wee struggling to avoid excessive heat. With the advent of LEDs, the proAsk your questions blem may reverse and we should and on our Facebook page change our habits accordingly

Jard’In°8 21

CIS 44319327100063

GUERILLA GARDENING: the armed wing of gardening

hat if our sterile grounds experienced a new lease of life? What if thousands of colours enlightened our pavements? What if vines and huge vegetal arms wrapped around the buildings and boards of the cities? To help our urban environment flower again into the spring, let’s think “guerrilla gardening”. Since the beginning of the 1970s, the guerrilla gardening movement aims at developing new spaces for nature in our environment where concrete reigns supreme.

Jard’In°8 23

©Umberto Brayj/ wikimédia COMMONS

n environmental and underground movement, Guerrilla gardening presents itself as a possible alternative to our non-sustainable way if life by fighting the cities’ infertility, the patenting of life forms, narrow parochialism and social distrust. Guerrilla gardening is a free movement, without membership or convention; the aim is to practice rulebreaking and experimental gardening, which is seen as a duty of civil disobedience. Guerrilla gardeners serve the ground and try to restore its freedom of expression. They act without permission on neglected urban environment:

24 Jard’In°8

roofs, pavements, walls, ronment and biodiversity. derelict land. Their wea- In the heart of our cities’ pons? Seeds and plants. conformist spaces, there are damaged, neglected or In a cheerful spirit of coo- abandoned lands. Guerrilla peration, the movement, gardeners take advantage based on generosity and of any gap, where empgiving, advocates for tiness predominates, to new ways of gardening. set up their flowering and It reiterates the need to regenerating projects until regain one’s environment the ground is rightfully

«(…) Guerrilla gardening is a rulebreaking and experimental gardening, a duty of civil disobedience. Guerrilla gardeners serve the ground and try to restore its freedom of expression.» by creating community gardens and making plantations under any form, in keeping with the envi-

Streetwise vegetables

returned to the inhabitants. The movement appeals to anyone who is passionate about gardening but the aim might as well be “meet your neighbour and make your neighbourhood more pleasant”. Other guerrilla gardeners are more militant-minded and condemn the standardisation of landscapes, the omnipresence of advertising, neglected neighbourhoods, pollution, anti-environmental practices, the urbanisation of farmlands, etc. Nowadays, two thirds of arable land belongs to only 3% of the landlords. The consumer society dictates us to discard what we buy whereas we could recycle in a fairer spirit. Public space is characterised by distant and rigid relationships where prevalent individualism becomes

« If a land is dormant, if it is abandoned whereas hundreds of people are on a waiting list for a community garden, if its only use is to satisfy the economic rationale of speculation, if it is a reserve of land designed for distant and poorly defined project, then we will take the liberty of growing a garden!”

New York community gardens

©wikimédia COMMONS / US NATIONAL ARCHIVE

second nature and undermines the social sphere. The street is no longer a place for confronting, expressing and sharing our ideas and longings; it is dominated by the economy and organised around it by cultural, security and cleaning services. Guerrilla gardening offers to confront this situation by non-violent actions.

Guerrilla gardening over time Guerrilla gardening has been symbolically carried out for years and its origins go back to several centuries. Each era saw different forms of guerrilla whose characteristics varied according to the context and the beliefs of each person involved in the process. Before taking on its current form, the movement has undergone many significant developments.

The phenomenon is hugely successful around the world and encourages more and more people to enjoy land again and reclaim ancestral knowledge. It is paving the way to a new range of local action and expression. Gardening, which is a cross disciplinary theme, becomes During the first English a major vehicle for inno- Civil War, the Diggers vative and cheerful fight. (peasant’s resistance), lead by Gerrard Winstanley, assembled in 1649 at St. Georges’ Hill (Surrey) to cultivate common land and graze cattle. The Diggers advocated the return of the land to common people and participated in the

expropriation of the lords. At the beginning of the 19th century, John « Appleseed » Chapman planted apple trees in the American colonies. From Pennsylvania to Illinois and from Ohio to Indiana, he planted seeds on unattended ground. He planted over a hundred thousand square miles of apple orchards (at least 15,000 trees) and sought herbs with medicinal power to alleviate human suffering. Thanks to him, many different varieties of apple trees strove in the United States. But the real advent of modern guerrilla gardeners came at the beginning of the 1970s in New York. Observing how their city dramatically degraded, Liz Christy and the Green Guerrilla decided to take action. Jard’In°8 25

AminoXtreme Concentrated liquid fertilizer

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Today, there are more than 600 community gardens in New York. Within these spaces where freedom and creativity strive, the vegetables are grown both for the families and the neighbourhood. The inhabitants feel a new connection to the land. Thanks to a friendly atmosphere and an exemplary determination, the guerrilla gardeners have spread all around the world. The movement came to France where independent groups have been set up in Paris, Toulouse, Grenoble, Lille or

How to make your Seed-bombs Ingredients: - Living compost - Clay - Seeds

1. Mix 1/3 of living compost and 2/3 of clay

2. Add the seeds

3. Add water very gradually until the right consistency is achieved (cookie dough).

4. Roll portions into small balls

5. All you need now is to take a walk and throw your seed bombs anywhere you’d like.

Extract from jard’In N°1 © PUBLICUBE

At first, they tossed seeds over the fences of empty lots and open spaces, planted sunflowers and flowered the building edges. This is when the seedboombs and other ingenious tools started to develop. Later, they set their heart on a vacant lot located at the corner of Bowery and Houston Street, which soon became a huge community garden. With the help and participation of the inhabitants and the local shopkeepers, they created the Bowery Houston Community Farm and Garden. The Guerrilla Gardening movement was born. Drawing more people to its cause, the movement saw the creation of new groups, all working together, and the emergence of dozens of community gardens in New York.

Nantes. But this is a different story. You will discover the extraordinary dynamics of the French armed wing in our next issue

For more information,

visit the Guerrilla Gardening websites:

http://guerilla-gardening-france.fr http://www.greenguerillas.org

JULIEN QUENTIN

Jard’In°8 27

FLORATECK 434 973 624 R.C.S. POITIERS

RHIZOGENESIS: ROOTS, AN INSTRUCTION MANUAL

R © GHE

hizogenesis is a process that conditions the creation and development of roots in plants. Roots ensure the plant’s mineral nutrition, essential for its development. Thus the importance of paying attention to this invisible part of the plant and to the phenomena it governs. The growth and the resilience of your garden or harvest depend on it.

Jard’In°8 29

elants are the only living organisms with organs that are in constant activity in two totally different environments: an above-ground or “epigeous” environment, which is the visible tip of the iceberg, as well as an underground or “hypogeal” environment, in which we find the invisible

nutrients. All these phenomena and processes are complex and fragile. That is why it is so crucial to understand the root system as well as the conditions favorable to their development in order to ensure the health and resilience of our plants. With the exception of epiphytes, roots are photosensitive. They need

thus not effective for absorption. The second type of structure is precisely one, which is best suited to absorption and it stems from the first. These ciliated (hair-like) structures absorb both water and nutrients from their environment, namely, the soil. Due to their constant exploration of new areas within their environment (underground), «Absorption roots (…) equipped with roots are able to feed the “cilia” soak up water and nutrients from plant throughout its entire their environment ». growth process. The more part of our plants, the roots. total darkness in order to the root system is deveThe difference between grow in good health. For- loped, the higher its capaboth these environments is tunately, this is easy to city for nutrient absorption considerable and yet plant ensure when they are unlife has developed to inte- derground. When dealing grate both these environ- with hydroponics, however, ments seamlessly. The two it is crucial to make sure main functions of roots are the containers that house anchoring the plant soli- the roots don’t allow light dly in the ground or in its to seep in throughout the substrate and ensuring the process. As opposed to supply of necessary water the plant’s aboveground or nutrients for the plant’s or epigeous development, development. Regardless roots grow away from the of their nature, i.e. whether light. They grow according they are physical (ancho- to positive gravitropism or THE RADICLE ring in the ground), chemi- geotropism (they have a cal (biochemical exchanges sense of gravity and grow The first appearing root, with the environment in in the same direction as the born from the seed, question), metabolic (nitro- gravitational pull). Thus the is called the radicle. It gen cycle, phosphorus, for more the epigeous parts of anchors the plant to the example) or symbiotic in the plant grow, the more soil. The nutrients necescharacter (beneficial rela- the roots grow, stretching sary for germination are tion between plants and into the soil and giving it a contained in the cotylecertain bacteria such as solid foundation. dons (mini-leaves). Later Rhizobium sp. or Glomus on, the first absorption sp., as well as some fungi The roots are made up of roots will sprout from the such as mycorrhiza, like two basic types of struc- radicle and will begin to Trichoderma sp.), different tures. The first are those supply both underground mechanisms come in to that anchor the plant, and aboveground organs play. Certain roots, like rather large in diameter, with dissolved nutrients radishes, can even stock smooth to the touch and and minerals.

30 Jard’In°8

and thus, the higher the potential for plant growth.

EXAMPLE OF SYMBIOSIS

THE USEFULNESS OF ROOT STIMULATORS

2 5 3 4 FORMATION OF KNOTTING OR ROOT NODULES ON A LEGUMINOUS ROOT

Root stimulators are additives not considered to be fertilizers because their NP-K is quite low and thus their use has no effect on electrical conductivity. They can thus be added to fertilizers. They can usually be found in liquid form at your local gardening store. During the entire growth process and at the beginning of blooming, roots are in constant development, so it’s a good idea to use root stimulators throughout all stages of plant growth and development (germination,

Complete caption available in the “Presentation of Phytopathology” article, Jard’in 1. Available for download at www.jardinmag.com

cutting after roots emerge, when using as mother plants, during accelerated growth, etc.) until after the first month of flowering. In so doing the development and the good health of the absorption roots, the driving force behind the plant’s nutrition and thus its productivity, is guaranteed. After flowering, adding root stimulators offers no real benefits and would be a waste of resources, though. Stimulators can be administered using one of two methods: watering or foliar spraying. Ideally, both methods should be combined

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Distribue par

Excerpt from the « Hydroponic garden handbook » available soon.

Clément GRIFFOND

Hydroponic pot with clay pebbles A classic product which spurred the hydroponics fever among amateurs. Very simple in design and easy to use, it is ideal to plant a parent plant but it can also be used to produce plant cultures. It can be arranged in series: just add a reservoir tank for a more autonomous and convenient system. This hydroponic unit allows to conduct hydroponics where little space is available. Depending on its size, you can grow one or more plants. The recirculation infuses the nutrient solution with huge amounts of oxygen and constantly wets the roots, stimulating outstanding growth.

What is it ? A

top chamber filled with clay pebbles suspended above

a reservoir tank which is filled with nutrient-enriched water.

An air or water pump drives the nutrient solution

up to the roots through a drip-ring.

.. .. Weaknesses .. .

AdVANTAGES

- Its size. Allows to conduct hydroponics cultivation in little space. - Easy to use. Can be installed and ready to use in less than 2 minutes. - Consistent and regular amount of solution thanks to the clay pebbles. - The pebbles can protect the roots in case of pump failure.

- Salt deposition on clay pebbles due to evaporation of the nutrient solution. The system must be cleaned with the appropriate solution. - Algae can thrive on the pot, with a musty odour. Yet, the formation of algae is not a problem as long as you keep an eye on the evolution of your solution. Access to the solution of the reservoir tank is not that easy, especially Series circuit if you have planted large plants in the clay pebbles growing chamber.

Jard’In°8 33

HIGHPROSHOP 449 358 217 LANGUEUX

Chili peppers

in hydroponics

ll capsicums, better known as chili peppers, come from South and Central America. They have been used in their native land for their nutritive and therapeutic qualities since the oldest days, and we find their first trace back in 7500 BC in Ecuador. Discovered by Christopher Columbus who first encountered them in the Caribbean, they were spread into the rest of the world following the flux of colonization. Today it seems that most of the world production comes from India. Jard’In°8 35

Another good reason fortheir fast propagation in MiddleAge Europe, is their price compared with the much more expensive peppercorn that came from South-East Asia at that time. There are only 5 domesticated species of chili peppers in the world: Capsicum annuum, frutescens, chinense, pubescens, baccatum, including several varieties each. Chili peppers are generally known for their pungency. It is their content in capsaicine and other capsaicinoids that determines the level of their intensity1. In 1912, an American pharmacist Wilbur Scoville invented the “Scoville scale”, a method of measuring the sharpness of a chili. It is a very interesting chart that you can discover on internet2. As you can see, the higher the capsaicine level and the most intense is the fruit. Some chilis are so spicy that they can literally burn your skin. There exists today many chili fan clubs worldwide where members compete to know who will eat the most and the hottest chilis. If you google “chili pepper contests” you’ll find numerous descriptions of those amazing events. Often these same persons are also dedicated growers. They collect the largest varieties of plants and love to compare their results. Many grow in soil, in their gardens, when 36 Jard’In°8

Bishop’s hat chili peppers growing in our grenhouse weather permits. But more and more opt for hydroponics and grow indoors for pleasure, for home production, or for commercial purposes. We also have grown a few varieties over the years: Habanero, Jalapeno, Bishop’s Crown, Espelette and more.

ecause of their nutritional and medicinal qualities, and because they generally adapt and grow easily, capsicum rapidly became an intrinsic part of many cuisines worldwide.

you produce up to 30% more fruit than in soil. If you do it right (following the indications on the feeding charts, keeping the right pH and EC, and the usual parametres of cleanliness, temperature, ventilation, and humidity), you will achieve excellent taste and nutritional

«Some chilis are so spicy that they can literally burn your skin.» All of them in hydroponics, most of the time in an AquaFarm, but also in Dutch Pots, in AeroFlos, and in soil (A). Generally we use Flora Seriesl(B) (FloraGro, FloraMicro, FloraBloom) with Diamond Nectar. But some of the world’s most dedicated chili plant collectors and growers love FloraMato(B) and FloraMicro3. This is why I am giving you both formulas in case you’d like to give it a try. Growing chilis hydroponically is a very easy and satisfying adventure. As you know, hydroponics will help

value. To have more details about growing your chilis in hydroponics, there are lots of very interesting websites. The one I like best, after Fatalii in Finland, is on this link4. You are also welcome to contact us directly if you need any help. To grow chilis you can choose any variety you like and start in a WaterFarm. You’ll find complete lists on internet. I found this one to be quite complete for my needs5. It gives you a description of taste and pungency. Or you can choose to grow

several varieties for different flavors and intensities to use fresh or dry. For this purpose choose a WaterPack, to help monitor maintenance simply and efficiently. It’s quite easy to dry your crops and make your own chili powders. You can even mix your own fragrances and flavors.

Chili peppers are easily propagated from seeds. We sow them in a light mix of peat and perlite to make root cleaning easier.As soon as 3 pairs of real lea ves appear, they are ready for transplant. Delicately wash the substrate off the roots and placeyour chili plant in your WaterFarm as indicated

Bishop’s hat chili peppers AND BLACK CONGO IN AquaFarm

in your instructions. Mix your solution, adjust your pH, and get ready for a great experience. Needless to say that starting a commercial hydroponics micro farm would be also a successful operation in mostareas, including green houses, on roof tops and at home. Jard’In°8 37

FloraMicro FloraBloom Diamond Nectar(C)

ml /10L

FloraGro

Seedings

0,3 - 0,6

2,5

Vegetative Flowering & fruiting

1,9 - 2,5

ml /10L

FloraMato

Seedings

0,3 - 0,6

2,5

Vegetative Flowering & fruiting

1,9 - 2,5

How to manage the rest of your growing area?

FloraMicro Diamond Nectar(C)

pH 5,5 - 6,5

YOUNG CHILI PEPPERS

As with all indoor growing areas, using soil or hydroponics, it is important to keep your grow room clean, maintain it at the right temperature (for chilis it should be around 25 to 30°C), with humidity level around 65%. Use ventilators to prevent the formation of hot air stagnation, and consequently fungi, moulds, and pests of all kinds. Use prevention as often as you can, this will keep your plants healthy.

For more information on NOTES: A) In soil use half this concentration hydroponics and/or pro- B) Shake well before using. Our nutrients are highly concentrated, do not mix undiluduct support, don’t hesi- ted. To avoid salt precipitation, always rinse your measuring cup between each Flora component. tate to contact our dis- C) Diamond Nectar increases the nutrient uptake capacity of plants, and results in tributors worldwide on better diet. Bibliographie: fr.eurohydro.com

NOUCCETA KHEDI

38 Jard’In°8

1) «La capsaicine» on tpe-lespiments.e-monsite.com 2) «Échelle de Scoville» on Wikipédia.org 3) www.passeportsante.net 4) «Growing chiles with hydroponics!» on fatalii.net 5) «Forget the Soil! Grow Hydroponic Chiles» on www.fiery-foods.com + «The Big list of Peppers» on www.cayennediane.com +Vidéo: «Montage d’un Aquafarm GHE» on www.dailymotion.com

B’CUZZ

ROOTBASTIC

ATA

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I ATAM SUBSTRATES

INFO@ATAMI.COM • WWW.ATAMI.COM • TEL.: 0031(0)73 522 32 56 • FAX: 0031(0)73 521 32 59 121213

IONIC® – l’innovation toujours à l’avant-garde !! Un nombre toujours croissant de cultivateurs utilisent IONIC pour assurer la réussite de leurs cultures. Quelques avantages d’IONIC : Une facilité d’utilisation inégalée, grâce à son format en pack unique qui offre un pH incroyablement stable dans le réservoir. Une gamme complète offrant des formulations pour tous les principaux types de cultures : Hydro, Hydro HW, Soil et Coco. Des formulations eau dure sur mesure qui visent à tirer le meilleur parti des zones à eau dure. Une formulation PK Boost 14:15 unique pour favoriser des résultats exceptionnels en période de floraison.

info@growthtechnology.com • www.growthtechnology.com

TOMATOES A HISTORY OF VARIETAL DEVELOPMENT

urope, from east to west, quickly grew to love this new and exotic fruit from the late 18th Century on. Nonetheless, it wasn’t until the 19th Century that, thanks to illustrious agronomists (including Vilmorin), we owe the effective introduction of the tomato through the creation of new or the salvaging of existing varieties, starting with the use of massive experimental gardens and fields and culminating with crops in house gardens. Thus the VilmorinAndrieux seed catalog of 1856 mentions seven varieties. This figure increased steadily during subsequent decades, as the 1890 edition clearly shows, by listing no less than 24 varieties and even 34 varieties by 1925. It all just goes to show, it didn’t take long for the tomato find its place in every garden and on every plate.

Jard’In°8 41

Their arrival in Europe contributed to the broadening of the palette of available varieties, of course, thanks to the process of selection practiced by gardeners, market gardeners and farmers from among both mixed reproductive materials and hybridized materials alike. In that regard, it can be said that tomatoes were made up of a vast array of varieties that were quite difficult to classify into distinctly coherent groups.

EARLY MECHANIZED TOMATO HARVESTING Princeton, Floride 1957

t that time, tomatoes had already reached a very high degree of domestication in Mexico: their reproductive material was diverse in terms of the size, shape and color of their fruit.

similarities, differences or distinctions and gives rise to a comprehensive listing of 61 recognized varieties. These historical varieties are currently known as “heirloom (or heritage) tomatoes”.

mework of both a modest yet vibrant market, as well as a much vaster market, which, for its part, is rather geared toward large-scale industrial production. During the 19th Century, Europe exported this varietal explosion to the It’s those very varieties United States. Very soon, that were standardized agribusiness industrials in

«(...) with Heinz and his Ketchup, as early as 1876, the tomato would become a veritable institution if not a cultural symbol or even an element of identity.» In France, this situation led to the creation of a list of varieties registered in the Official Catalog in 1966. At the time all seed-producers were invited to provide a sample of their tomato seeds.

over decades and used by professional seed producers and passionate amateurs alike that we find in our gardens, on fruit or vegetable stalls in supermarkets, farmer’s markets or small farming co-ops.

the country took a liking to the succulent fruit and with Heinz and his Ketchup -as early as 1876- the tomato would become a veritable institution if not a cultural symbol or even an element of identity. In fact, starting in 1920, there This initial work allowed for These heirloom tomatoes was a veritable boom in a great degree of classifi- are preserved through the United States in terms cation, which establishes tradition within the fra- of the varietal creation 42 Jard’In°8

A random mutation in Florida in 1914 led to a new type of growth and opened up new possibilities. As we all know, tomatoes grow continuously until the first frosts (at which point the plant dies off), whereas with this new type of growth, the plant does not grow more than 1,5 meters and thus allows for staking crops in open fields. Egged on by this “revolutionary” genetic characteristic, scientists and private companies worked hand in hand to create varieties of tomatoes that were resistant to the unique harvesting techniques (b) that arose in the 1960s. A vast market for tomatoes began to progressively to emerge, as the fruit became a household name and an everyday staple. WACKY FACT : Did you know that a variety of square tomatoes was created in order to simplify storage in shipping bins?

HEIRLOOM TOMATOES AT THE CAVAILLON MARKET

through controlled hybridizations and a careful selection process in successive plant generations. In France, on the other hand, it would not be until the 1950s, with the creation of the INRA (the French National Institute of Agronomic Research), that such a selection procedure would be undertaken.

BRIEF CASE STUDY :

CALIFORNIA’S IMPERIAL VALLEY AND ITS SPANISH ÉMULE. (DATA :2007)

As the second largest producer of tomatoes in the world (trailing only China), the United States’ production in 2007 was reckoned to be 11.5 billion tons of which 11.056 billion tons were produced in California, one of the driest states in the country). This means thousands of hectares of cultivated land (200,000 ha for fruit and vegetable production as a whole, with an average of 350 ha per farm bordering on the Colorado Desert) that allow for such a production, almost exclusively dedicated to agribusiness: tomatoes are not simply sold in their natural form, but rather transformed into derived products and other by-products (soups, syrups, concentrate, canned peeled tomatoes and all sorts of sauces). Production on such a scale is only made possible through the use of a veritable mechanical and logistical patchwork from A to Z: Producing soil-less crops is made possible by using an intricate combination of transplants, transformation, harvesting, sorting, aerial application of pesticides (crop dusting) and extremely efficient irrigation techniques, among others, and by tapping into nearby resources such as Salton Lake, on the edges of the Colorado Desert (approximately 76mm of rain per year). It should be noted that in terms of productivity, extensive research is perfectly illustrated by California’s inspired application of the Spanish agricultural model: Thousands of hectares of fast growing, fast blooming crops, whose fruit is resistant enough to the hardships of shipping thanks to their slow ripening, necessary in any long-cycle export and trade (approximately a week on average from the moment of harvesting to the moment of sale).

Jard’In°8 43

AT THE COVERED MARKET OF LA BOQUERIA, ST. JOSEPH, BARCELONA

Thus, as the market for tomatoes grew, the need to produce more and more, part and parcel of mechanization, led to a genetic homogenization of crops, in other words, this led progressively (over the last 50 years) to a standardization of tomato varieties. This has meant a decrease in variety and a veritable genetic bottleneck, which poses a threat in terms of increased susceptibility to diseases and pests. In order to fight against pests, intensive use of additives (pesticides) has been made. Furthermore, resistant varieties that must be renewed every year have been created; with little or no thought given to their actual nutritional value or 44 Jard’In°8

approximately 202, 242 ha were left to lie fallow in California due to water shortages. The western State is, incidentally, the breadbasket of the United States, and has been suffering from an NB. With exception of the unprecedented drought marginal share of output CLÉMENT CADIAU of local or small-scale com- Crédit image p.41:Wikimedia Commons©ScottBauer, U.S. Department of Agriculture mercial production or production for personal use, NOTES : (a) – The Association Kokopeli for the liberano alternative could satisfy tion of seed and of soil the demand that stems : https://kokopelli-semences.fr http://www.organicseedsonline.com/(English) from the advent of massive as well as other sites such as:tomodori, site on crop output on the markets. heirloom tomatoes http://tomodori.com/ (b) – See video « récolte tomates Such a production scheme 2008 » (French) on dailymotion with musical has recently come under fire accompaniment for various reasons, among REFERENCES: which some are practical in BIBLIOGRAPHY, Histoire de légumes, des origines à l’orée du nature: the slightest hint of xxi siècle, Pitrat & Fourycoord, INRA, 2003 on google scholar: évolution et situaa drought is enough to jeo- Article tion variétale actuelle pardize the maintaining such chez la tomate, Jacqueline Philouzen, Inra, d’Amélioration high output levels: in 2014, Station des Plantes Maraîchères de Montfavet

even to their flavor. These are the tomatoes used on most pizzas and in instant soups that we buy in service stations on the side of the highway, for example.

STANDARDIZED TOMATOES

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