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INNOVATION IN NANOPOLYSACCHARIDES FOR ECO-SUSTAINABILITY

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INNOVATION IN NANOPOLYSACCHARIDES FOR ECOSUSTAINABILITY From Science to Industrial Applications Edited by

PREETI SINGH Biopolymer Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Jamia Millia Islamia (A Central University), New Delhi, India

KAISER MANZOOR Biopolymer Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi, India

SAIQA IKRAM Biopolymer Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Jamia Millia Islamia (A Central University), New Delhi, India

PRATHEEP KUMAR ANNAMALAI Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia

Elsevier Radarweg 29, PO Box 211, 1000 AE Amsterdam, Netherlands The Boulevard, Langford Lane, Kidlington, Oxford OX5 1GB, United Kingdom 50 Hampshire Street, 5th Floor, Cambridge, MA 02139, United States Copyright © 2022 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publisher. Details on how to seek permission, further information about the Publisher’s permissions policies and our arrangements with organizations such as the Copyright Clearance Center and the Copyright Licensing Agency, can be found at our website: www.elsevier.com/permissions.

This book and the individual contributions contained in it are protected under copyright by the Publisher (other than as may be noted herein).

Notices Knowledge and best practice in this field are constantly changing. As new research and experience broaden our understanding, changes in research methods, professional practices, or medical treatment may become necessary.

Practitioners and researchers must always rely on their own experience and knowledge in evaluating and using any information, methods, compounds, or experiments described herein. In using such information or methods they should be mindful of their own safety and the safety of others, including parties for whom they have a professional responsibility.

To the fullest extent of the law, neither the Publisher nor the authors, contributors, or editors, assume any liability for any injury and/or damage to persons or property as a matter of products liability, negligence or otherwise, or from any use or operation of any methods, products, instructions, or ideas contained in the material herein.

British Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data A catalog record for this book is available from the Library of Congress ISBN: 978-0-12-823439-6 For Information on all Elsevier publications visit our website at https://www.elsevier.com/books-and-journals

Publisher: Matthew Deans Acquisitions Editor: Edward Payne Editorial Project Manager: Isabella C. Silva Production Project Manager: Nirmala Arumugam Cover Designer: Greg Harris Typeset by MPS Limited, Chennai, India

Contents 2.3.2 Glycogen 37 2.3.3 Tunicate 38 2.4 Fundamentals of nanostructured polysaccharides from algae resources 41 2.4.1 Macroalgae 41 2.4.2 Algae nanocellulose 42 2.5 Applications 44 2.5.1 Health 44 2.5.2 Environment 46 2.5.3 Energy 46 2.5.4 Engineering product and others 46 2.6 Conclusion 49 References 50

List of contributors xi Preface xiii 1. Nanopolysaccharides (polysaccharidebased nanoparticles): perspectives and applications 1 Archana Chakravarty, Preeti Singh, Shalu Aggarwal and Saiqa Ikram

1.1 Introduction and classification of polysaccharides 1 1.2 Composition of nanopolysaccharides 4 1.3 Characterization techniques used for nanopolysaccharides 5 1.4 Applications of nanopolysaccharides 7 1.4.1 As antimicrobial and antiviralagent 1.4.2 As anticancer 8 1.4.3 In wound healing 8 1.4.4 In targeted delivery 9 1.4.5 In biosensing 10 1.4.6 In DNA delivery 10 1.4.7 In food and agriculture 11 1.4.8 As catalyst 12 1.5 Conclusions and future perspective 13 Acknowledgments 13 References 13

3. Fundamentals of processing and characterization of polysaccharide nanocrystal based materials 61

7

Neeru Dabas and Gautam Jaiswar

3.1 Introduction 61 3.1.1 Cellulose nanocrystals 62 3.1.2 Processing of CNCs/PNCs 64 3.1.3 Preparation of cellulose nanocrystals 65 3.2 Characterization 70 3.3 Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy 70 3.4 SEM/TEM 73 3.4.1 Thermal analysis 74 3.5 X-ray diffraction 75 3.6 Anticancerous activities 76 3.7 Conclusion 77 References 77

2. Nanopolysaccharides: fundamentals, isolation, and applications 21 Athanasia Amanda Septevani, Melati Septiyanti and Dewi Sondari

4. The composition of polysaccharides: monosaccharides and binding, group decorating, polysaccharides chains 83

2.1 Introduction 21 2.2 Fundamentals of nanostructured polysaccharides from plant-based resources 22 2.2.1 Lignocellulose 22 2.2.2 Starch 30 2.3 Fundamentals of nanostructured polysaccharides from animal-based resources 33 2.3.1 Chitin/chitosan 33

Shivani Chaudhary, Vijay Prakash Jain and Gautam Jaiswar

4.1 Introduction 83 4.2 Carbohydrates and its classification 4.2.1 Monosaccharides 89

v

88

vi

Contents

4.2.2 Oligosaccharide 103 4.2.3 Polysaccharide 105 4.3 Composition and linkages in polysaccharides 109 4.3.1 Starch 109 4.3.2 Cellulose 110 4.3.3 Chitin 110 4.3.4 Cellulose nanocrystals and chitin nanocrystals 110 4.4 Decorating groups in polysaccharides 111 4.5 Polysaccharides chains 113 4.6 Binding group and linkages of polysaccharide 114 4.7 Summary 115 References 115

5. Understanding how the substituents of polysaccharides influence physical properties 119 Shalu Aggarwal, Kulsoom Koser, Archana Chakravarty and Saiqa Ikram

5.1 Introduction 119 5.2 Characteristics and classification of polysaccharides 120 5.3 Influence of polysaccharide substituents on physical properties 121 5.3.1 Solubility 122 5.3.2 Stiffness and crystallinity 122 5.3.3 Hygroscopicity 123 5.3.4 Stability 123 5.3.5 Thermal properties 124 5.3.6 Intrinsic viscosity 124 5.4 Impact of substituents of functionalized polysaccharide derivatives 124 5.5 Understanding the pattern of linkage and conformation of carbohydrates 126 5.6 Polysaccharides in medical applications 127 5.6.1 Polysaccharides in drug delivery 127 5.6.2 Nanoparticle drug delivery nanoparticles 128 5.6.3 Polysaccharides as functional foods and nutriceuticals 128 5.7 Conclusions and future perspectives 129 Acknowledgments 129 Declaration of competing interest 130 References 130

6. Surface modification of polysaccharide nanocrystals 133 Shalu Aggarwal and Saiqa Ikram

6.1 Introduction 133 6.2 Surface alchemy of polysaccharide nanocrystals 134 6.3 Objective and strategies of surface modification 136 6.4 Diverse methods of surface modification of polysaccharide nanocrystals 137 6.4.1 Strategy of physical modifications 138 6.4.2 Strategy for chemical modifications 144 6.4.3 Polymer-grafting techniques 150 6.5 Conclusions and future perspectives 154 Acknowledgment 155 Declaration of competing interest 155 References 155

7. Nanostructured polysaccharide-based materials obtained from renewable resources and uses 163 Marzieh Badiei, Nilofar Asim, Masita Mohammad, M. Akhtaruzzaman, Nurul Asma Samsudin, Nowshad Amin and Kamaruzzaman Sopian

7.1 Introduction 163 7.2 Types of polysaccharide-based nanocomposites 164 7.3 Polysaccharides in packaging 166 7.3.1 Edible films and coatings 166 7.3.2 Active packaging 170 7.3.3 Carriers of antioxidant and antimicrobial compounds 170 7.3.4 Carrier of probiotics 172 7.3.5 Flavor encapsulation 173 7.4 Water treatment 173 7.4.1 Organic pollutants 174 7.4.2 Heavy metals and inorganic ions 176 7.5 Energy applications 179 7.5.1 Polysaccharide-based nanocomposites in solar cells 180 7.5.2 Polysaccharide-based nanocomposites for lithium ion batteries 182 7.5.3 Nanocellulose-based nanocomposites for supercapacitors 184

vii

Contents

7.5.4 Polysaccharide-based hybrid membranes for CO2 separation 186 7.6 Future prospects 187 References 188

8. Nanopolysaccharides and pharmaceutical applications 201 Monika Vats, Arvind Chhabra, S. Salprima Yudha, Gaurav Choudhary and Mukul Taliyan

List of abbreviation 201 8.1 Introduction 201 8.2 Pharmaceutical applications of nanopolysaccharides 203 8.2.1 Drug-delivery system 203 8.2.2 Molecular imaging tool 205 8.2.3 Disease treatment and therapy 207 8.2.4 Biosensing 207 8.3 Fabrication of nanopolysaccharide used for pharmaceutical applications 208 8.3.1 Nano gelation/suspension/emulsion 209 8.3.2 Self-assembled nanoparticles 210 8.3.3 Grafting 211 8.3.4 Cross-linking 211 8.3.5 Metal-based polysaccharide nanoforms 212 8.3.6 Nanoprecipitation method 212 8.4 Conclusions and future prospects 212 References 213

9. Nanocellulose: a sustainable nanomaterial for controlled drug delivery applications 217 Jordan Pennells, Darren J. Martin and Pratheep Kumar Annamalai

9.1 Introduction 217 9.1.1 Evolution of controlled drug delivery 217 9.1.2 Significance of controlled drug delivery 219 9.1.3 Hydrogels for controlled drug delivery 219 9.1.4 Biobased hydrogel materials 220 9.2 Nanocellulose-based hydrogels 221 9.2.1 Nanocellulose 221 9.2.2 Benefits of cellulose-based nanohydrogels 222

9.2.3 Challenges for cellulose-based nanohydrogels 224 9.3 Nanocellulose hydrogel-drug delivery systems 227 9.3.1 Nanocellulose hydrogel forms 227 9.3.2 Mechanisms of drug loading 227 9.3.3 Mechanisms of drug release 229 9.3.4 Scope of book chapter 229 9.4 Cellulose nanocrystal hydrogels for controlled drug delivery 230 9.4.1 Overview of cellulose nanocrystal hydrogels 230 9.4.2 Cellulose nanocrystal cross-linked nanocomposite hydrogels 231 9.4.3 Physically cross-linked cellulose nanocrystal hydrogels 232 9.4.4 Chemically cross-linked cellulose nanocrystal hydrogels 232 9.4.5 List of cellulose nanocrystal hydrogels 232 9.5 Cellulose nanofiber-based hydrogels for controlled drug delivery 238 9.5.1 Overview of cellulose nanofiber hydrogels 238 9.5.2 Cellulose nanofiber hydrogels 238 9.5.3 List of cellulose nanofiber hydrogels 239 9.6 Stimuli-responsive nanocellulose hydrogels 239 9.6.1 Overview of stimuli-responsive hydrogels 239 9.6.2 Stimuli-responsive nanocellulose hydrogels 239 9.6.3 List of stimuli-responsive nanocellulose hydrogels 245 9.7 Conclusion and future perspectives 248 References 249

10. Nanopolysaccharide-based composite materials for photocatalysis applications 255 Nusrat Tara and Saif Ali Chaudhry

10.1 Introduction 255 10.1.1 Polysaccharides obtained from plant source 256 10.1.2 Polysaccharides obtain from algal source 258

viii

Contents

10.1.3 Polysaccharides obtain from animal source 259 10.1.4 Microbial polysaccharides 261 10.2 Fabrication methods for nanopolysaccharidesbased composite materials 262 10.2.1 Sol gel method 262 10.2.2 Hydrothermal method 263 10.2.3 Atomic layer deposition 263 10.2.4 Electrospinning 264 10.2.5 Phase inversion method 264 10.3 Characterization of nanopolysaccharide-based composites 265 10.4 Applications 267 10.5 Future perspectives 270 10.6 Conclusion 271 Acknowledgments 271 Conflict of interest statement 271 References 271

11. Polysaccharide nanocomposite materials for the removal of Methylene blue (MB) dye from water 277 Nusrat Tara and Saif Ali Chaudhry

11.1 Introduction 277 11.2 Polysaccharides 278 11.2.1 Overview of polysaccharides 278 11.2.2 Advantage of polysaccharides 279 11.3 Common methods applied for the nanoparticles synthesis 283 11.3.1 Polysaccharide nanocomposite materials 284 11.3.2 Characterization 285 11.4 Methylene blue removal using polysaccharides nanocomposite materials 287 11.5 Conclusions and future perspectives 291 Acknowledgments 291 Conflict of interest 291 References 291

12. Energy/bioenergy applications of polysaccharides 297 Jahangir Ahmad War, Aabid Hussain Bhat, Nisar Ahmad Chopan and Hamida-Tun-Nisa Chisti

12.1 Introduction 297 12.2 Energy/bioenergy applications

298

12.2.1 Supercapacitors—energy storage systems 298 12.2.2 Cellulose-based supercapacitors 300 12.2.3 Chitosan-based supercapacitors 300 12.2.4 Starch-based supercapacitors 304 12.3 Conclusion and outlook 304 References 306

13. Enabling polysaccharide applications for wastewater treatment using carbon nanotubes 311 Arshiya Abbasi, Divyanshi Mangla and Saiqa Ikram

13.1 Introduction 311 13.1.1 Background 311 13.1.2 Polysaccharides for wastewater treatment 312 13.1.3 Nanotechnology applications 313 13.2 Common water pollutants 313 13.2.1 Heavy metals 313 13.2.2 Dyes 314 13.2.3 Pesticides/insecticides 315 13.2.4 Pharmaceutical drugs 315 13.3 Carbon nanotubes as an adsorbent for water pollutants 316 13.3.1 Structure 316 13.3.2 Properties of CNTs 316 13.3.3 Potential use of CNTs in wastewater treatment as adsorbent 317 13.4 Polysaccharides 318 13.4.1 Properties of polysaccharides 319 13.4.2 Polysaccharide derivatives 319 13.4.3 Polysaccharide-based composites 320 13.5 Positive attributes of polysaccharides and CNTs for water treatment 320 13.6 Conclusion 321 References 322

14. Environmental applications of ecofriendly nanophotocatalysts: toward green nanotechnology 325 Harshita Chawla, Seema Garg and Pravin P. Ingole

14.1 Introduction 325 14.2 Wastewater treatment technology 326 14.2.1 Degradation of organics 327 14.2.2 Degradation of inorganics 329

Contents

14.2.3 Bacterial contamination 329 14.3 Clean energy production 330 14.3.1 Solar cell technology 330 14.3.2 Hydrogen gas as fuel 332 14.3.3 Biofuel production 335 14.3.4 Hydrocarbons as fuel 336 14.4 Conclusion 336 References 337

15. Nanocellulose-based composites for environmental applications: a review 343 Worakan Hosakun, Dimitrios Tsalagkas and Levente Csóka

15.1 Introduction 343 15.2 Nanocellulose-based composites for environmental applications 344

15.3 Nanobioadsorbents 344 15.3.1 2D nanocellulose adsorbents 344 15.3.2 3D nanocellulose adsorbents (aerogels) 345 15.4 Biosensors 346 15.4.1 Biomedical area 346 15.4.2 Packaging area 346 15.5 Energy storage and environmental sensing 347 15.6 Environmental remediation system 348 15.7 Conclusion 348 Acknowledgment 348 References 348

Index 353

ix

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List of contributors Arvind Chhabra Stem Cell Institute, Amity University Haryana, Gurugram, India

Arshiya Abbasi Bio/Polymer lab, Department of Chemistry, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi, India

Hamida-Tun-Nisa Chisti Department of Chemistry, National Institute of Technology, Srinagar, India

Shalu Aggarwal Bio/Polymers Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi, India

Nisar Ahmad Chopan Department of Chemistry, National Institute of Technology, Srinagar, India

M. Akhtaruzzaman Solar Energy Research Inistitute, The National University of Malaysia, Bangi, Malaysia

Gaurav Choudhary Department of Chemistry, Biochemistry & Forensic Science, Amity School of Applied Sciences, Amity University Haryana, Gurugram, India

Nowshad Amin Institute of Sustainable Energy, Universiti Tenaga Nasional (@The National Energy University), Kajang, Malaysia

Levente Csóka Institute of Cellulose and Paper Technology, Celltech-paper Ltd., Sopron, Hungary; ELTE University, Faculty of Informatics, Budapest, Hungary

Pratheep Kumar Annamalai Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology (AIBN), The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia

Neeru Dabas Department of Chemistry, Institute of Engineering and Technology, Khandari Campus, Agra, India

Nilofar Asim Solar Energy Research Inistitute, The National University of Malaysia, Bangi, Malaysia Researcher,

Seema Garg Department of Chemistry, Amity Institute of Applied Sciences, Amity University, Noida, India

Aabid Hussain Bhat Department of Chemistry, National Institute of Technology, Srinagar, India

Worakan Hosakun Institute of Cellulose and Paper Technology, Celltech-paper Ltd., Sopron, Hungary

Archana Chakravarty Bio/Polymers Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi, India

Saiqa Ikram Bio/Polymers Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi, India

Shivani Chaudhary Department of Chemistry, Institute of Basic Science, Dr. Bhimrao Ambedkar University, Agra, India

Pravin P. Ingole Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology, Delhi, India

Marzieh Badiei Mahhad, Iran

Independent

Vijay Prakash Jain Department of Chemistry, Institute of Basic Science, Dr. Bhimrao Ambedkar University, Agra, India

Saif Ali Chaudhry Environmental Chemistry Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi, India

Gautam Jaiswar Department of Chemistry, Institute of Basic Science, Dr. Bhimrao Ambedkar University, Agra, India; Department of Chemistry, Institute of Basic Sciences, Khandari Campus, Agra, India

Harshita Chawla Department of Chemistry, Amity Institute of Applied Sciences, Amity University, Noida, India

xi

xii

List of contributors

Kulsoom Koser Bioinorganic Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi, India

Dewi Sondari Research Center for Biomaterial, Indonesian Institute of Sciences, Cibinong, Indonesia

Divyanshi Mangla Bio/Polymer Department of Chemistry, Jamia Islamia, New Delhi, India

lab, Millia

Kamaruzzaman Sopian Solar Energy Research Inistitute, The National University of Malaysia, Bangi, Malaysia

Darren J. Martin School of Chemical Engineering, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia

Mukul Taliyan Department of Chemistry, Biochemistry & Forensic Science, Amity School of Applied Sciences, Amity University Haryana, Gurugram, India

Masita Mohammad Solar Energy Research Inistitute, The National University of Malaysia, Bangi, Malaysia Jordan Pennells School of Chemical Engineering, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia Nurul Asma Samsudin Institute of Sustainable Energy, Universiti Tenaga Nasional (@The National Energy University), Kajang, Malaysia

Nusrat Tara Environmental Chemistry Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi, India Dimitrios Tsalagkas Department of Wood Science and Technology, Faculty of Forestry and Wood Technology, Mendel University in Brno, Brno, Czech Republic

Athanasia Amanda Septevani Research Center for Chemistry, Indonesian Institute of Sciences, Tangerang Selatan, Indonesia

Monika Vats Department of Chemistry, Biochemistry & Forensic Science, Amity School of Applied Sciences, Amity University Haryana, Gurugram, India

Melati Septiyanti Research Center for Chemistry, Indonesian Institute of Sciences, Tangerang Selatan, Indonesia

Jahangir Ahmad War Department of Chemistry, National Institute of Technology, Srinagar, India

Preeti Singh Bio/Polymer Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi, India

S. Salprima Yudha Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Universitas Bengkulu, Bengkulu, Indonesia

Preface Nano-polysaccharides are becoming one of the most active research and development areas among scientific communities.

Nano-polysaccharides are nanoscale materials derived from natural resources, focused originally primarily on their use as a reinforcing nanophase in nanocomposites. Recently, they have opened the role of polysaccharides in the search for a clean energy source as an alternative to fossil fuels. Research in this area continues to grow at a rapid rate. Although there are a small number of books devoted to the description of nano-polysacchrides for research and industrial production, there is none exclusively relevant to the topic of nanomaterials derived from polysaccharides. The main aim in compiling this book is to present an easy-to-follow sequence and description of the nano-polysaccharides process that can be used to estimate and modify their physical and chemical properties. This book offers a description of nano-polysaccharides, with the fundamental framework highlighting the typical functional systems based on nano-polysaccharides. An integrated analysis of their significant influence is also presented to help readers fully understand the fundamental features of nano-polysaccharides and functional materials. The book also

summarizes the potential for practical applications related to industrial research and provides ideas for keen researchers with opportunities for future study. This is an exciting subject area. The book is ideal for researchers and scientists who wish to broaden and deepen their knowledge in the fast-moving and rapidly expanding R&D field of nano-polysaccharide materials. The book aims to provide a multidisciplinary platform focusing on the synthesis and applications of polysaccharides.

We hope that this book will assist readers at many levels. It is aimed not only at academics, but also at researchers and industrialists who will find this book a source of knowledge and also a launching pad for novel ideas and inventions. In particular, this book is expected to be of interest to those involved in the field of nano-polysaccaharides. Potential readers also include both professionals and dedicated nonprofessionals and those working on the development of novel innovative polysaccharides. Finally, it is expected that this book will find a prominent place in the libraries of traditional universities and research institutions, where chemistry, physics, and/or material science, environmental science, and technology are being pursued among the core studies.

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+ Outlook 125:280 Je 9 ’20 560w Review 2:604 Je 5 ’20 240w

“We who have had a sense of groping for the old magic amongst the later tales of Joseph Conrad may find it in this book.” H. W. Boynton

+ Review 2:629 Je 16 ’20 1150w “His command of what was originally an alien tongue, probably unequalled in the whole course of English letters, has gained in mastery and subtlety, and the gifts that he brings us are still rich and strange and new.”

+ Spec 124:52 Jl 10 ’20 850w “It matters not how often Mr Conrad tells the story of the man and the brig. Out of the million stories that life offers the novelist, this one is founded upon truth. And it is only Mr Conrad who is able to tell it us. But if the statement of the theme is extremely fine, we have to admit that the working out of the theme is puzzling: we cannot deny that we are left with a feeling of disappointment.”

+ − The Times [London] Lit Sup p419 Jl 1 ’20 1500w + Wis Lib Bul 16:193 N ’20 150w CONSTABLE, FRANK CHALLICE. Myself and dreams. *$2.50 (2½c) Dodd 150 19–15968

The book is a contribution to the literature on psychical matters in which the soul is treated as a psychical subject whose physiological state is but transitory, merely an “occasion” for conduct. Part 1, Myself, includes such subjects as the relativity of knowledge, insight, self-consciousness, the intelligible universe and the sensible universe, ideas, free-will and the categorical imperative. Part 2, Dreams, includes chapters on: Sleep; Physiological and psychological theories; Multiplex personality; Hallucination and illusion in dreams; Romance and fairie; Phantasy; Ecstasy; The eternal.

CONTEMPORARY verse anthology; with an [2] introd. by C: W. Stork. *$3 Dutton 811.08 20–19666 “The editor of Contemporary Verse has selected from the pages of that magazine devoted exclusively to poetry the representative contributions printed during the past four years as examples of a style and quality of poetic expression ‘broadly devoted to the needs and interests of the general reading public.’ Among the contributors are found such well-known names as Louis Untermeyer, Witter Bynner, Clement Wood, John Hall Wheelock, William Rose Benet, Lizette Woodworth Reese, Sara Teasdale, Mary Carolyn Davies, Margaret Widdemer and Ruth Comfort Mitchell. Among the lesser known contributors are Amory Hare, Stephen Moylan Bird, Gertrude Cornwell Hopkins, Elinor Wylie, Winifred Welles, Phoebe Hoffman, Dorothy Anderson, Amanda B. Hall, William Baird, Berenice K. Van Slyke, Leonora Speyer and many another.”—Boston Transcript

Bookm 52:560 F ’21 600w

Boston Transcript p9 D 1 ’20 340w “It has a little that is very good, more that is very bad, and very much that is mediocre.”

− + Nation 112:188 F 2 ’21 50w “The selections which appear in this volume, are, in the main, chosen with discrimination and taste.”

+ Outlook 126:768 D 29 ’20 40w “Throughout there is an undercurrent of sane vitality, that spirit of healthy restlessness and inquisitiveness that more than anything else distinguishes the work of so many of the present American poets from that of their quieter, more smoothly flowing British brothers.”

+ Springf’d Republican p5a Ja 2 ’21 250w CONYNGTON, THOMAS. Business law; a working manual of every-day law. 2d ed 2v $8 Ronald 347.7 20–7362 A two-volume edition of the work published in 1918. Volume 1 covers: The law of the land; Contracts; Sales; Agency; Negotiable instruments; Insurance; Employment; Partnership; Corporations.

Volume 2: Real and personal property; Wills and inheritance;

Personal relations; Suretyship; Debts and interest; Bankruptcy; Bailments and common carriers; Patents, trademarks, and copyrights; Taxation; Arbitration; Law and lawyers; Forms.

Appendixes to volume 2 contain: Chart showing jurisdiction of state courts; A professional law library; Glossary, and there is an index.

Booklist 16:355 Jl ’20 “It is a valuable handbook; it can be referred to by the ordinary citizen because nontechnical terms are used and the statements of law are plain and concise.”

+ N Y P L Munic Ref Lib Notes 7:55 N 17 ’20 180w “It is well arranged and clearly written for the business man.”

+ R of Rs 62:336 S ’20 80w COOK, CARROLL BLAINE (DIXIE CARROLL, pseud.). Goin’ fishin’; with an introd.

by Leonard Wood, and a foreword by Wright A. Patterson. il *$2.75 (1½c) Stewart & Kidd 799 20–16782 “Weather and feed facts; the fresh-water game fish: the natural and artificial baits and their use.” (Sub-title) Besides this information