DOUBLE DIP: Post-Crisis Urbanism and Architecture
GSAPP Spring 2011 Instructors _ Shohei Shigematsu Christy Cheng Topics _
Economic Crisis / Natural Crisis / Energy Crisis / Urban Growth Strategies / Islands
Economic Crisis spheres of influence
DOUBLE DIP STUDIO 2011, GSAPP Georgina Lalli, Muchan Park, Kathryn van Voorhees
Sinking North, Rising South deficit (% of gdp) in the americas
15%
10%
Chile 5%
0%
Jamaica Bolivia Venezuela Peru Trinidad and Tobago El Salvador Dominican Republic Canada
Panama
Equador Mexico
Bahamas
Belize -5%
Honduras Uruguay Brazil Guatemala
Jamaica
Argentina Nicaragua
-10%
United States
-15%
source: World Bank 1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
Political Shifting sphere of influence
US PROTECTORATES US MILITAR INTERVENTION INTERVENTION FOR COUP D’ETAT INTERVENTION FOR DEMOCRATIC GOV FREE TRADE AGREEMENT BRITISH COLONIES
Political Shifting sphere of influence
US PROTECTORATES US MILITAR INTERVENTION INTERVENTION FOR COUP D’ETAT INTERVENTION FOR DEMOCRATIC GOV FREE TRADE AGREEMENT MERCOSUR
Moving to North
USA
50,000
net migration Aruba
Bahamas
0
Trinidad & Tobago Puerto Rico -50,000
10% of Dominicans live abroad
Jamaica
-100,000
Haiti DR
-150,000
Cuba
-200,000 Mexico
-250,000 1960
1965
1970
source: World Bank, United Nations Population Division, World Population Prospects 2008 Peru
1975
1980
1985 1990 Equador
1995
2000
2005
Labor Force Lost
emigration from Caribbean countries 40% Dominica
Grenada 54%
11% Bahamas 38% Antigua Barbuda
35% Jamaica
St.Lucia 23%
11% Haiti
12 10
Percent of Labor Force that Has Migrated to OECD Member Countries: Caribbean vs. the Rest of the World, 1965–2000 Source: Docquier and Marfouq (2004).
12% Dominican Republic
St. Vincent and the Grenadines 37%
Barbados 25%
8 6 4 2
Trinidad Tobago 32% Caribbean
Central America
Northern Europe
Southern Europe
Oceania
Western Europe
Western Asia
Northern Africa
South-Eastern Asia
South America
Eastern Europe
North America
Central Africa
Southern Africa
Western Africa
Estern Asia
Eastern Africa
South Central Asia
0
ECONOMIC EQUILIZERS
Free Trade Zones goods may be traded without any barriers imposed by customs authorities, like quotas and tariffs. This was meant to incentivize job opportunities and to attract domestic and foreign investment. where
They are the result of protectionist policies because they were born from the confinement of foreign companies in specific locations, so that they would not compete with internal production and exports.
Shannon IRELAND* Aras IRAN Miami USA DOMINICAN REPUBLIC JAMAICA Saipan PUERTO RICO Colon PANAMA Manaus BRAZIL
Suez EGYPT Calabar NIGERIA
Shanghai CHINA Kish Island Shenzhen IRAN TAIWAN CHINA Jebel Ali BANGLADESH Cavite UAE PHILIPPINES Madras INDIA Port Klang MALAYSIA
MAURITIUS MANUFACTURING COMMERCIAL/SERVICES MANUFACTURING & COMMERCIAL / SERVICES *First FTZ
Free Trade Zones
COUNTRY B
functioning system
TAXED BY COUNTRY B
COUNTRY A IMPORTS RAW MATERIAL (tax free)
FTZ
DEEPLY ROOTED
LOCALLY DEPLOYING
GLOBALLY
INCOME TAX TO HOST COUNTRY
FTZ
EXPORTS RAW MATERIAL (tax free)
EXPORTS RAW MATERIAL (tax free)
TAX FREE IF FREE TRADE AGREEMENT EXISTS
FTA COUNTRY
FTZ Membership enterprise application
APPLICATION FORM BUSINESS PLAN FREIGHT MANAGEMENT SPECIFICS OF PROCESSING FOR CUSTOMS CLEARENCE AND ACCOUNT MANAGEMENT
REVIEW BY THE FTZ MANAGEMENT APPROVAL FROM CUSTOMS AND OTHER DEPARTMENTS
INVESTOR’S PROOF OF IDENTIFICATION
ENTERPRISE
HOST COUNTRY
OPERATIONS ESTABLISHED:
FTZ
Colon Free Trade Zone colon, panama
Colon Free Trade Zone colon, panama
CREATED IN 1948 “THE TRADING SHOWCASE” for CA, SA & CARIBBEAN importing, storing, assembling, re-packing and re-exporting SPACIAL TYPOLOGY AND EQUIPMENT: Enclosed space and perimeter control SURFACE: 26,136,000 sq ft / 600 acres 12,900 cargo vessels + 58 intl. passanger & cargo airlines 2,500 companies / 28,000 people employed KM 12000 10000 8000 6000 4000 2000 FLIGHT 15:00 12:30 10:00 7:30 HOURS SAILING 21 DAYS
0
1
17.5
2
14
10.5
5:00 2:30 3.5
7
5
0
2000 4000 6000 8000 10000 12000
0
2:30 5:00 7:30 10:00 12:30 15:00
FLIGHT HOURS
3.5
SAILING DAYS
0
7
10.5
14 17.5
21
KM
VISITORS: 250,000 per year INCOME TAX VARIES according to # of PANAMENIAN employees
0
1
2
5
Shenzhen Special Economic Zone shenzhen, guangdong, china
Shenzhen Special Economic Zone shenzhen, guangdong, china Established in May 1980 First special economic zone in China Primarily geared to exporting processed goods. In 1999, Shenzhen's new-and high-tech industry output value reached 12 billion USD, 40% of the city's total industrial output. In the 1970s approximately 30,000 people resided in Shenzhen with 65% employment. By 1985, the population reached 4 million and most residents held manufacturing jobs.
KM 12000 10000 8000 6000 4000 2000 FLIGHT 15:00 12:30 10:00 7:30 HOURS
5:00 2:30
0
2000 4000 6000 8000 10000 12000
0
2:30 5:00 7:30 10:00 12:30 15:00
KM FLIGHT HOURS
Expanding FTZ Airport Nanshan
Futian Financial District
Luohu
Hong Kong 43 km 0 1 2
5km
Yantian Ports
Mauritius Freeport
port louis district, republic of mauritius
Mauritius Freeport
port louis district, republic of mauritius Created in 1992 The entire national island is a FTZ This customs-free zone for goods destined for re-export was designed by the government to promote the country as a regional warehousing, distribution, marketing, and logistics center for Eastern and Southern Africa and the Indian Ocean rim.
KM 12000 10000 8000 6000 4000 2000 FLIGHT 15:00 12:30 10:00 7:30 HOURS
5:00 2:30
0
2000 4000 6000 8000 10000 12000
0
2:30 5:00 7:30 10:00 12:30 15:00
Port Louis
Airport
0
10km
KM FLIGHT HOURS
Miami Free Trade Zone miami, florida, usa
Miami Free Trade Zone miami, florida, usa
CREATED IN 1979 HUB FOR INTERNATIONAL COMMERCE GLOBAL SUPPLIERS, DISTRIBUTORS, LOGISTICS SPACIAL TYPOLOGY AND EQUIPMENT: Enclosed space and perimeter control SURFACE: 825,000 sq ft / 19 acres 2 warehouse distribution buildings (330,000 sq ft each) 2 showroom malls (75,000 sq ft)
KM 12000 10000 8000 6000 4000 2000 FLIGHT 15:00 12:30 10:00 7:30 HOURS
0
1
5:00 2:30
0
2000 4000 6000 8000 10000 12000
0
2:30 5:00 7:30 10:00 12:30 15:00
2
KM
offices for US Customs & Border Patrols
FLIGHT HOURS
0
1
2
5
Kuala Lumpur Cyberjaya Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
Kuala Lumpur Cyberjaya Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
Petronas Towers (14mile)
Sultan Abdul Aziz Shah Ariport (14mile)
OPENED IN 1995 7000 ACRE MULTIMEDIA SUPER CORRIDOR -500 IT-oriented, Multinational Companies (Dell, HP, DHL, HSBC, Motorola, OCBC, BMW, IBM, Shell IT...) -370 different jobs available -IT-oriented LimKokWing University: 20,000 students -Fiber optics network, backup electricity, data and call center, Cyberjaya TV -Income tax exemption of 100% / eligibile for R&D grants
Port Klang Free Trade Zone (23mile)
-Duty-free import of IT equipment -No internet censorship -High quality urban plan with green spaces -Globally competitive telecommunication tariff and services
Kuala Lumpur International Airport (14mile)
RE-EVALUATING CARIBBEAN ECONOMY
Caribbean Tourism, Economic Impact
Peru
Ecuador
tourism as % total exports
El Salvador
Guatemala
Costa Rica Panama
Nicaragua
Honduras
Belize
Cancun, Mexico
Colombia
Cazumel, Mexico Cayman Islands
Jamaica Cuba Venezuela Grenada
Aruba Netherlands Antilles
Trinidad & Tobago
USA
St. Vincent St. Lucia Martinique Haiti
Dominica Puerto Rico
Bahamas
Dominican Republic
US Virgin Islands Barbados
British Virgin Islands Anguila St. Martin Antigua and Barbuda
40% + 11-39% 0-10% No data provided
Guadeloupe
Bermuda
source: World Bank, 2008
Caribbean Passenger Visits
Peru
Ecuador
tourists vs cruise stopovers
El Salvador
Guatemala
Costa Rica Panama
Nicaragua
Honduras
Belize
Cancun, Mexico
Colombia
Cazumel, Mexico Cayman Islands
Jamaica Cuba Venezuela Grenada
Aruba Netherlands Antilles
Trinidad & Tobago
USA
St. Vincent St. Lucia Martinique Haiti
Dominica Puerto Rico
Bahamas
Dominican Republic
US Virgin Islands Barbados
British Virgin Islands Anguila St. Martin Antigua and Barbuda Guadeloupe
CRUISE STOPOVERS TOURISTS
Bermuda
source: Caribbean Tourism Org., 2010
Diverse Cultural Strata historical strata 1700-present
Spain
Latin America
GB
Central America
France
Caribbean
USA
Dominican Republic Haiti
Expanding Economic Network treaties with US
CBI (CARIBBEAN BASIN INITIATIVE) 1983 CBERA (CAREBBEAN BASIN ECONOMIC RECOVERY ACT
Antigua and Barbuda, Barbados, Belize, British Virgin Islands, Costa Rica, Dominica, Dominican Republic, El Salvador, Grenada, Guatemala, Haiti, Honduras, Jamaica, Montserrat, Netherlands Antilles, Panama, St. Kitts and Nevis, Saint Lucia, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, and Trinidad and Tobago, Aruba, Guyana, Nicaragua
CAFTA-DR (CENTRAL AMERICA FREE TRADE AGREEMENT - DOMINICAN REPUBLIC) 2004
El Salvador (2006), Honduras (2006), Nicaragua (2006), Guatemala (2006), Dominican Republic (2007), Costa Rica (2009)
NAFTA 1994
Barbados, Belize, Guyana, Haiti, Jamaica, Panama, Saint Lucia, and Trinidad and Tobago SOURCES: 2009 REPORT TO CONGRESS ON THE CBERA-OFFICE OF THE US REPRESENTATIVE
Expanding Economic Network treaties with EU
EUROPEAN UNION EPA (ECONOMIC PARTNERSHIP AGREEMENT) CARIFORUM (=subgroup of ACP States and serves as base for economic dialogue with European Union)
Antigua and Barbuda, Bahamas, Barbados, Belize, Dominica, the Dominican Republic, Grenada, Guyana, Jamaica, Saint Christopher and Nevis, Saint Lucia, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, Suriname, Trinidad and Tobago
EPA (ECONOMIC PARTNERSHIP AGREEMENT) AFRICAN COUNTRIES EPA (ECONOMIC PARTNERSHIP AGREEMENT) PACIFIC COUNTRIES SOURCES: 2009 REPORT TO CONGRESS ON THE CBERA-OFFICE OF THE US REPRESENTATIVE
Expanding Economic Network imports by country of origin (2009)
US 58%
EU 14% China 14%
Mexico 6%
sources: WTO
Venezuela 8%
Expanding Economic Network exports by country of destination (2009)
US 69%
EU 12%
HAITI 15%
China 2%
Japan 2%
sources: WTO
5000 Expanding Economic Network
net trade in caribbean 4000
Dominican Republic
3000 Trinida d & Toba go
2000 1000 Aruba
0
NET TRADE Panam
a
-1000 -2000 -3000
Jamaic
a
Nether
Cuba
lands A
ntilles
-4000 Puerto
-5000
British Antigu
a and
Barbud
a
Haiti
Rico
Virgin Is
lands
Baham
as
Expanding Economic Network
DR International Trade 1940 - 2008
international trade
values FOB in (1,000 US$)
excludes: Free Trade areas
2008
2006
2004
2002
2000
1999
1997
1995
1994
1992
1990
1989
1987
1985
1984
1982
1980
1979
1977
1975
1974
1972
1970
1969
1967
1965
1964
1962
1960
1959
1957
1955
1954
1952
1950
1949
1947
1945
1944
1942
2,000,000
1940
FOB: Free On Board
-4,000,000
INTERNATIONAL TRADE BALANCE
-6,000,000 -8,000,000 -10,000,000 -12,000,000 -14,000,000
DR International Trade Balance 1999-2007 INCLUDES FREE TRADE AREAS values FOB in US$
8,000,000,000 7,000,000,000 6,000,000,000 5,000,000,000
IMPORT
4,000,000,000
EXPORT
3,000,000,000
INTERNATIONAL TRADE BALANCE
2,000,000,000 1,000,000,000 0 1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006 2007*
Zona Franca
Dominican Republic Free Trade Zones “ The Free Trade Zones have become a permanent source of employment and income for the Dominican people, due to the fact that they can be established in any part of the country, including places where jobs cannot otherwise be created in a speedy and effective manner.� LAW 8-90
Free Trade Zone Airport Port
DR Manufacturing System Transformation economic relationship: investors / host country RECENT PAST
CURRENT
Home Market 1960s and 70s. Import Substitution Industrialization (ISI)
Domestic Manufacturing production of nontradable goods
regionalism / protectionism
Free Trade Zone (FTZ) Manufacturing 65% Total Export Market
35% Total Export Market 1
trade treaties privilage certain goods / services / trade partners
2
infrastrucuture and plants provided by government or private operators
3
plants rented to international enterprises at subsidized rates
4
employees readily available for low labor wage
Negatives for host: illegal workers
5
raw materials arrive duty free
limited global economic impact
6
communication and transporation facilities utilized
7
on-site customs processing (reduces paperwork delay)
8
products exported duty free
Positives for host: treaties protect host goods integrated social system
Positives for host: increased foreign capital increased employment increased GDP
PPP
PPP
PPP
Negatives for host: weak local inter-industry linkages only serves a segment of employable population
Zona Franca
Dominican enterprise in free trade zone Enterprises by Country of Origin, 2009 OTHER 6% CANADA 2% EU 10% PUERTO RICO 3% S. KOREA 2%
USA 41%
DR 36%
National Export 35%
Export from F.T.Z 65%
DR Exports, 2009 Free Trade Zone Airport Port
DR Free Trade Zone Production economic incentives for Dominican Republic FUTURE Manufacturing
Other 27%
Tobacco 15%
+
Commercial / Services
High-Tech Telemarketing
Telecom
Logistics Jewelry 2% Medical 14% Electronics Shoes 10% 5%
Textiles 27%
Ethenol
Call Centers
Education
Zona Franca_ La Romana
Dominican enterprise in free trade zone La Romana International Airport
374,724 passengers US, Canada, Euroupe, Cuba, Pueto Rico
La Romana Neighborhood
Nearly 100% employed to industrial zone or Casa de Campo
Port Cargo Port Cruise Central Romana corporation owns almost areas in La Romana
Casa de Campo
: Resort complex is the flagship of the La Romana All Inclusive Resorts area.
Catalina
Well preserved ecosystem sand dunes, mangroves, and reefs
Zona Franca_Las Americas Dominican enterprise in free trade zone
Hipodromo V Centenario Horse racing
Autodromo Mobil1
San Andras Golf Club
Car racing
Boca Chica
familiy leisure for weekends and holidays
Las Americas International Airport
one of largest airport, 2.7M passenger/year US, Canada, Caribbean, Europe
Caucedo Cargo Port
Connected to Caribbean zone
Zona Franca_ Santiago
Dominican enterprise in free trade zone Santiago
the second largest metropolis in DR 1 M population culture, shopping centers
Golf cource Home of Universities
Cibao International Airport
Caribbean, Central America, US
Metrics of Free 347 Trade Zone typology comparison
310
16,340
$
Export (us$, million) Investment (us$, million)
$1,774
$ Salary
68
Employed
Zona Franca Santiago, 1974 867
368 23
Enterprise
13,089
$ $1,719
Zona Franca Las Americas, 1989
270 11
140
5,918
$ $1,500 Zona Franca La Romano, 1969
FTZ Employment nodal diversity of jobs
Nodal Agglomeration
proliferated and expanded FTZs
Nodal Saturation networked system / infrastructure / benefits
Nodal Agglomeration site deployment
Airport Port Growth Pattern
FTZ Node FTZ New Nodes, Networked
Incentivising Investment case study: FRESH, PlaNYC
Many neighborhoods across New York City are underserved by grocery stores. The resulting lack of nutritious, affordable fresh food in these neighborhoods has been linked to higher rates of diet-related diseases, including heart disease, diabetes and obesity. In response, the City has established the Food Retail Expansion to Support Health (FRESH) program. FRESH provides zoning and financial incentives to promote the establishment and retention of neighborhood grocery stores in underserved communities throughout the five boroughs.
COMMUNITY BENEFITS
DEVELOPER INCENTIVES
Improve quality of life Improve property values Create jobs Serve as retail anchors, attracting foot traffic and complementary retail
Zoning Incentives Additional Development Rights Financial Incentives Real Estate Tax Reductions Sales Tax Exemption New York Healthy Food & Healthy Communities Fund NYSERDA Energy Efficiency Benefits
Free Trade Zone 2.0 expanded functionality
Free Trade Zone 2.0 function organizer
FTZ 2.0
city: adaptive / regenerative FTZ CONSTRUCTION SERVICE BUILDING DISPOSAL FACILITIES WATER SUPPLY FOOD SUPPLY HOUSING DREINAGE SEWAGE SYSTEM MATERIAL EQUIPMENT LABOR SERVICES TRANSPORTATION MACHINERY STORE PACKING RECYCLE MANIFACTURE ASSEMBLY
FTZ 2.0
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POST-CRISIS NATURAL CRISIS DOUBLE DIP STUDIO 2011
|
PRE-CRISIS
POST-CRISIS
PRE-CRISIS
POST-CRISIS
PRE-CRISIS
POST-CRISIS
PRE-CRISIS
450
400
350
300
INSECT INFESTATION SLIDES WAVES/SURGES VOLCANIC ERUPTIONS WIND STORMS DROUGHT FAMINE WILD FIRES EXTREME TEMPERATURE
250
150 NUMBER OF EVENTS / YEAR
TRENDS IN NATURAL CRISES
200
100
FLOODS
50
CYCLONES EARTHQUAKES
0 1900
1920
1940
1960
1980
2000
VOLCANO: EYJAFJALLAJOKULL
1 BILLION
TOTAL ECONOMIC LOSS
DAY 1 (1) spiegel online, 04.19.10 (2) onlinemba.com (3) wikipedia
150,000 (3)
ZAMBIA
3.8 mi l (3)
KENYA
14 mi l (2)
ITALY
21 mi l (2)
U.S.A.
3 BILLION
TOTAL ECONOMIC LOSS
(1) spiegel online, 04.19.10 (2) onlinemba.com (3) wikipedia
DAY 3 450,000 (3)
ZAMBIA
10.5mi l (3)
KENYA
42 mi l (2)
ITALY
42 mi l (2)
U.S.A.
6 BILLION
TOTAL ECONOMIC LOSS
DAY 6 900,000 (3)
ZAMBIA
22.8 mi l (3)
KENYA
84 mi l (2)
ITALY
252 mi l (2)
U.S.A.
97% OF FLOWERS DELIVERED TO EUROPE KENYAN FARMS HAVE LAID OFF 5,000 STAFF LOST $1.3M A DAY
KENYA
EARTHQUAKE: JAPAN
JAPAN IS ONE OF THE MOST HEAVILY POPULATED COUNTRIES IN THE WORLD.
35 MILLION PEOPLE,
THE TOKYO-YOKOHAMA REGION, WITH IS THE MOST HEAVILY POPULATED URBAN AREA IN THE WORLD.
JAPAN IS ONE OF THE MOST EARTHQUAKEPRONE COUNTRIES IN THE WORLD.
10% OF THE WORLD’S
EARTHQUAKES OF MAGNITUDE 8.0 OR GREATER DURING THE 20TH CENTURY OCCURRED IN JAPAN OR ITS VICINITY.
17 MILLION PEOPLE,
THE KOBE-OSAKA-KYOTO REGION, WITH IS THE 17TH MOST HEAVILY POPULATED URBAN AREA IN THE WORLD.
THE GREAT HANSHIN EARTHQUAKE JANUARY 17, 1995
AT THE TIME OF THE EARTHQUAKE, THERE WERE THREE EXTREMELY DIFFERENT TYPES OF STRUCTURES IN KOBE.
A. BUILDINGS BUILT PRIOR TO 1971
B. BUILDINGS BUILT BETWEEN 1971 AND 1981
C. BUILDINGS BUILT BETWEEN 1981 - NOW
MOST OF THE OLDER TRADITIONAL HOUSES HAD HEAVY TILED ROOFS WHICH WEIGHED AROUND 2 TONS, INTENDED TO RESIST THE FREQUENT TYPHOONS THAT PLAGUED KOBE, BUT THEY WERE ONLY HELD UP BY A LIGHT WOOD SUPPORT FRAME. WHEN THE WOOD SUPPORTS GAVE WAY, THE ROOF CRUSHED THE UN-REINFORCED WALLS AND FLOORS IN A “PANCAKE” COLLAPSE. NEWER HOMES HAVE REINFORCED WALLS AND LIGHTER ROOFS TO AVOID THIS, BUT ARE MORE SUSCEPTIBLE TO TYPHOONS.
UNFORTUNATELY, MANY OF THE BUILDINGS IN KOBE HAD BEEN BUILT BEFORE THE DEVELOPMENT OF STRICT SEISMIC CODES.
THE COLLAPSE OF BUILDINGS WAS FOLLOWED BY THE IGNITION OF OVER 300 FIRES WITHIN MINUTES OF THE EARTHQUAKE. RESPONSE TO THE FIRES WAS HINDERED BY THE FAILURE OF THE WATER SUPPLY SYSTEM AND THE DISRUPTION OF THE TRAFFIC SYSTEM.
MAP OF KOBE NEIGHBORHOODS Oishi Chuo Ward Office Kobe City Office Hyogo Ward Office
Nagata
Kobe
Chuo Ward
Nagata Ward Hyogo
Suma Ward
Shiminhiroba Nagata Ward Office
Wadamisaki
Suma Ward Office Osaka Bay Suma
Oishi Chuo Ward Office Kobe City Office Hyogo Ward Office
Nagata
Kobe
Chuo Ward
Nagata Ward Hyogo
Suma Ward
Shiminhiroba Nagata Ward Office
Wadamisaki
Suma Ward Office Osaka Bay Suma
THE AREAS IN RED SUSTAINED THE GREATEST AMOUNT OF FIRE DAMAGE.
Damage Statistics of Reinfored Concrete Buildings for 1995 Earthquake
2000 Damage Light Minor
800 400
Medium
New Seismic Design
1200 Column Hoops
Number of Buildings
1600
Major Unknown
0 Before 1971
1972 - 1981
Construction Year
After 1982
WHEN BUILT BEFORE 1981, JAPAN’S STEEL FRAME BUILDINGS AND NO STIFFENING PLATES AND EXPERIENCED FRACTURE AT FILLET WELDS.
VARIOUS MODES OF FAILURE : A. FRACTURE OF COLUMN, B. BOLT FRACTURE AT BEAM SPLICES, C. DAMAGING INTER-STORY DRIFTS RESULTING FROM DAMAGED BRACING MEMBERS.
METHODS OF ADAPTATION JAPAN INSTALLED RUBBER BLOCKS UNDER BRIDGES TO ABSORB THE SHOCK. BUILDINGS WERE CONSTRUCTED FARTHER APART TO PREVENT THEM FROM FALLING LIKE DOMINOES. THE NATIONAL GOVERNMENT CHANGED ITS DISASTER RESPONSE POLICIES
1943
ok ie
ar
th
qu
ak e
1943 Tottori Earthquake 1944 Tonankai Earthquake 1945 Mikawa Earthquake 1946 Nankaido Earthquake 1948 Fukui Earthquake 1948 1950
1965
Seismic building code begins
Building Standard Law replaced the Urban Building Law
Earthquake Prediction Plan began as a national project
Structural design presecriptions for : 1. Design loads 2. Frame stress 3. Allowable material stress
1968
Updates to: 1. Structural analysis and proportioning of members specified in Structural Standards issued by the Architectural Insitute of Japan. 2. provisions were made to update the Law more frequently as technology develops.
Building Standard Law revised: 1. Large-scale revision of AIJ Standards incorporating shear design for reinforced concrete building 2. Established a review procedure for existing buildings for seismic safety
1990
2000
1993 1994 1995
1968
1924
Urban Building Law
1980
hi r oo kk ki E aid ar t Gr ea o-to hqu t H ho ake a n - ok sh i E i n- a r Aw th a j i qu a Ea ke r tq ua To ke ka ch i -o ki Ea r th qu ak e
1970
2010
Ho
1960
Ku s
1950
hi -
qu r th Ea to 1923 1920
1940
To ka c
1930
ak e
1920
Ka n
1910
1981
2003
1995
Seismic building code begins
2004 Identification of Damaged areas Due to the 1995 Hyogoken-Nanbu Earthquake Using Satellite Optical Images
Repair of roads used to supply daily necessities was prioritized to quickly reestablish lifelines. Japan has undertaken new measures and strengthened and improved existing ones in order to mitigate earthquake damage.
1. Preparation of a seismic observation network. a Passage of the Earthquake Disaster Management Special Measures Act b Setup of Japan Meteorological Agency, creating a highly-sensitive broadband seismic network that covers the entire country. c Setup of terrestrial high-sensitivity seismographs in 1,228 locations. d. Placement of terrestrial broadband seismographs e. Underground strong-motion seismographs placed at 975 locations. f Placement of GPS continuous observation facilities in 1,456 locations g. Replace existing seafloor seismographs 2. Prompt communication of data obtained through seismic observation a. when large-scale damage is expected, a headquarters is formed in the Prime Minister’s office and an emergency assembly team is convened.
3. Improve earthquake warning bulletins a. anticipate and accurately read P and S waves emitted from the epicenter. b. damage can be reduced by carrying out the following disaster management action before principal shock arrives; - automatic control of trains, elevators, etc. - avoidance of dangers by transmission to people in buildings, at local governments, etc. - practical application of data transmission systems such as mobile phones and satellite communications - damage mitigation by turning off electricity, gas, fuel to factory production lines, and other elements that can cause fires, and backing up important data 4. The act for promotion of the earthquake proof retrofit of buildings (Earthquake Retrofitting Promotion Act) a. owners of designated buildings (schools, hospitals, theaters, department stores, offices, and other buildings of at least three stories and 1000 m2) must carry out earthquake-resistance inspections and, if necessary, carry out earthquake retrofitting. Ordinary homes are not included. b. in order to strengthen measures for homes and buildings with insufficient earthquake resistance, designated buildings must undergo earthquake inspection and retrofitting within specified periods. Buildings with insufficient earthquake resistance are to receive not just guidance and advice, but also will receive instructions, be required to make reports, and submit to on-site inspection, and buildings that fail to comply will be publicly identified. 5. Earthquake resistant, seismic isolation, and vibration suppression construction a. Earthquake resistant construction utilizes studs, walls, and other structural elements to absorb seismic forces through elasticity or elastroplasticity. b. seismic isolation construction utilizes equipment such as bearings in foundation, between stories, and so on to absorb seismic energy and prevent buildings from shaking. c. vibration suppression construction utilizes suppression equipment such as dampers in walls to absorb seismic energy and control shaking of the entire building. 6. Making homes and buildings earthquake resistant a. the average cost of retrofitting a home is 2 million yen. b. implement the following support systems for earthquake inspections and retrofitting to ease the cost burden: - subsidy for earthquake inspection and retrofitting of condominium and offices - subsidy for earthquake inspection of single family homes - subsidy for earthquake retrofitting of single family homes c. implement the system throughout Japan 7. Earthquake insurance a. The government helps pay a portion of claims once they reach a certain level. Since April 2005 the limit per earthquake is 5 trillion yen. b. Earthquake insurance is incidental to fire insurance, and is limited to 50 million yen for the structure and 10 million yen for household goods, 30-50 percent of fire insurance coverage. Premiums are determined based on date of construction, wood or non-wood construction, and risk by prefecture. 8. Hazard maps a. intended to keep disaster damage to a minimum. Along with clearly depicting expected damage zones and degrees of damage on maps, they present evacuation information such as shelters and danger zones in an easy-to-understand format. b. these maps are prepared for Tokyo and six cities including Yokohama and Nagoya. Tsunami hazard maps have been created for only 122 of Japan’s coastal municipalities, about 12 percent of the total of 991. c. The maps indicate schools, community centers, and other evacuation points, but also need to show escape routes or designated evacuation routes. 9. Disaster recovery and reconstruction A Revision of Laws and Plans Amendment of the Disaster Countermeasures Basic Ac Revise and enhance and strengthen the functions of government disaster management headquarters by relaxing the conditions for establishing the Headquarters for Urgent Disaster Management led by the Prime Minister and establishing the on-site disaster management headquarters as a legal entity. Local government disaster management must be strengthened by allowing mayors to call upon prefectural governors to ask for the aid of the Self-Defense Forces revision of the Basic Disaster Management Plan and the Local Disaster Management Plan The Act Concerning Support for Reconstructing Livelihoods of Disaster Victims D Securing Lifelines Electricity Gas Water Sewers 10. Research and development budges for science and technology related to disaster management A Create the Headquarters for Earthquake Research Promotion as a special government organ. This carries out earthquake-related observation, measurement, surveys, and research.
EARTHQUAKE: SAN FRANCISCO
IN COMPARISON TO EARTHQUAKES IN JAPAN, AFTER THE SAN FRANCISCO EARTHQUAKE OF 1906,
THE BUILDING CODE CHANGED VERY LITTLE IN THE AFTERMATH OF THE EARTHQUAKE AND FIRE. -1906 LOMA PRIETA EARTHQUAKE
IMMEDIATELY FOLLOWING THE 1906 EARTHQUAKE, BUILDING RESTRICTIONS WERE DISCOURAGED, BECAUSE IT WAS BELIEVED THEY WOULD PREVENT A FAST RECOVERY.
PERVAISIVE SEISMIC EVENTS EVENTUALLY FORCED CALIFORNIANS TO ADOPT BUILDING CODES AND INSPECTION PROTOCOL. -1933 LONG BEACH EARTHQUAKE
LOMA PRIETA EARTHQUAKE OCTOBER 17, 1989
POST EARTHQUAKE / IMMEDIATE CONDITIONS
SAN FRANCISCO
THE THREE AREAS SUSTAINED THE MOST DAMAGE:
SAN FRANCISCO THE MARINA DISTRICT
THE BAY BRIDGE
THE CYPRESS FREEWAY
POST EARTHQUAKE / IMMEDIATE CONDITIONS
SAN FRANCISCO THE MARINA DISTRICT
THE BAY BRIDGE
THE CYPRESS FREEWAY
THE MARINA DISTRICT THE DOMINANT TYPOLOGY IS 3-4 STORY WOOD FRAME HOUSES WITH SOFT FIRST STORIES. DOWNTOWN, THE DAMAGED BUILDINGS WERE OLDER FOUR TO SIX STORY UN-
POST EARTHQUAKE / IMMEDIATE CONDITIONS
THE BAY BRIDGE MIDDLE BAY OF BRIDGE COLLAPSED, KILLING ONE PERSON
THE COMPLETED FREEWAY AROUND 1959 ...
... AND THE AFTERMATH.
THE CYPRESS FREEWAY 3/4 OF FREEWAY COLLAPSED, KILLING 42 PEOPLE.
POST EARTHQUAKE / IMMEDIATE CONDITIONS
THE LOMA PRIETA EARTHQUAKE GENERATED ACCELERATIONS THAT EXCEEDED DESIGN SPECIFICATIONS FOR ACCELERATION. THIS CAUSED HINGES TO FAIL AND THE UPPER DECKS FELL ONTO THE LOWER DECKS. HOWEVER, MORE RECENT COMPUTER CALCULATIONS SUGGEST THAT THE HINGES COULD HAVE PROVIDED THE NEEDED FORCE TO ACCELERATE THE UPPER DECKS TO 0.3G, GREATER THAN THE MAXIMUM ACCELERATION OF THE LOWER DECK.
ground acceleration
The Physics Teacher Volume 42, October 2004
METHODS OF ADAPTATION
SAN FRANCISCO THE MARINA DISTRICT
THE BAY BRIDGE
THE CYPRESS FREEWAY
DIVISION OF RECONSTRUCTION FUNDING IN THE MARINA DISTRICT : this is 100% of damaged building stock 40% =single family/ single owner
60% was multiple family/ rent agreements
this is 100% of amount spent on residential reconstruction 66% ($750 million) spent on assistance to owner/occupier
34% in assistance to rental/mult. family
this 34% is reduced by 20% ...
... BECAUSE THIS MONEY IS DISPERSED INDIRECTLY, WHICH MEANS IT GOES TO THE OWNER, NOT THE RENTER. THIS MONEY IS USED FOR: A. PRE-DEVELOPMENT EXPENSES B. ORGANIZED OVERHEARD
BUILDING INSPECTION IMPROVEMENTS
WITHIN 72 HOURS OF THE OCTOBER 17TH SAN FRANCISCO EARTHQUAKE, DPW PERFORMED 1,600 BUILDING INSPECTIONS. IN ALL THAT YEAR, OVER 15,000 INSPECTIONS WERE MADE, CLASSIFYING BUILDINGS RED (UNSAFE), YELLOW (LIMITED ENTRY), AND GREEN (SAFE).
TODAY :
DENSITY AND 3-4 STORY WOOD FRAME BUILDING TYPOLOGY ARE BOTH PRESERVED. NEW AND REFURBISHED BUILDINGS ARE CREATED TO MAINTAIN THE ORIGINAL STYLISTIC FLOURISHES, FORM, AND ORNAMENTAL FEATURES.
STATE CODES FOR FREEWAY BRIDGES AND VIADUCTS WERE DRAMATICALLY UPGRADED, AND NEW FREEWAY VIADUCTS AND BRIDGES ARE NOW CONSTRUCTED TO BE LESS RIGID, MORE DEFORMABLE IN A DESTRUCTIVE, ENERGY-ABSORBING (NONELASTIC) WAY, BUT ABLE TO SURVIVE SUCH DEFORMATIONS WITHOUT COLLAPSING.
THE WHOLE DOUBLE-DECK SECTION WAS REPLACED WITH A GROUND-LEVEL FREEWAY. A SIMILARLY CONSTRUCTED EMBARCADERO VIADUCT BUILT ON BAY-FILL IN SAN FRANCISCO, WHICH WAS DAMAGED BUT DID NOT COLLAPSE DURING THE LOMA PRIETA EARTHQUAKE, WAS DEMOLISHED AND NOT REPLACED. OTHER FREEWAY VIADUCTS IN THE BAY AREA WERE QUICKLY RETROFITTED; FOR EXAMPLE, STEEL SHELLS WERE ERECTED AROUND CONCRETE COLUMNS, AND HIGH-STRENGTH RODS WERE DRILLED THROUGH AND UNDER EXISTING COLUMN FOOTINGS.
1940
1950
1960
1933
1939
The Field Act became law as a San Francisco legislative response to the Long building code Beach earthquake. The Act overhaul 1 assigned responsibility for the design and construction of public schools to the State Architect.
2010
th qu a Lo m
1952
2000
ta Ea r
ty Ea r un Co n Ke r
1933
One of the earliest New building code attempts to unify adopted, even though codes on the much of the city was national level was already re-built or under the National Board construction of Fire Underwriters successfully promoting a "Recommended National Building Code."
1990
ke ke Qu a h ac Be g Lo n
1906 1909
1980
th qu a
Ea r o i sc nc Fra tS an Gr
ea
1905
1970
ke
1930
th qu a
1920
aP ri e
1910
ke
1900
1989 1956
1969
San Francisco Ordinance required building code owners to strengthen, remove or replace overhaul 2 parapet walls, cornices, chimneys and other architectural features that tend to fall off in a quake and kill people below.
1975 San Francisco building code overhaul 3
San Francisco building code overhaul 4
1984 1986 New program incorpated into the code that mandated strenghtneing unreinforced masonry. This affected nearly 2,000 brick buildings.
1990 / 1992
1990 - 2020
San Francisco building projected 2-in-3 odds for one code overhauls 5 & 6 or more destructive earthquakes (magnitude 7 or Statewide improvements larger) to strike the Bay between 1990 and 1999: region in the period 1990 to 2020 1991 AB 47 (Eastin) transferred the adoption authority of the following state agencies to the Commission:
Department of Housing and Community Development (HCD), Office of the State Fire Marshal (OFSM), Office of Statewide Health Planning and Development (OSHPD), Office (now Division) of the State Architect (DSA), Several pieces of legislation were introduced at this time in response to the Loma Prieta earthquake. In particular, AB 204, (Cortese) increased the regulatory authority of the Commission to include, in general, existing buildings having at least one unreinforced, masonry bearing wall. Specifically, AB 204 required the Commission to adopt and publish by reference the Appendix Chapter I of the Uniform Code for Building, Conservation (UCBC) to provide standards for buildings specified in that appendix. 1992 AB 2358 exempted local jurisdictions that, on or before January 1, 1993, adopted programs for mitigating potentially hazardous buildings, from the application of building standards contained in the Uniform Code for Building Conservation (UCBC) as adopted by the Commission. AB 2963 specified that only the building standards approved by the Commission that are effective at the local level at the time an application for a building permit is submitted, apply to plans and specifications as well as to construction work performed under that building permit. AB 3515 signed in 1992, was primarily a "clean-up" bill to reorganize and clarify certain provisions in the State Building Standards Law. However, there were three substantive amendments: The bill mandated that the Office of the State Fire Marshal review proposed building standards which, in fact, affect fire and panic safety, regardless of a state agency's intent when the standards were written. The effective date of regulations that implement or enforce building standards was specified in the Law to be 30 days after filing with the Secretary of State. 1993 AB 1904 expanded the exemption for local jurisdictions that, on or before January 1, 1993, adopted programs for mitigating potentially hazardous buildings, from the application of building standards contained in the Uniform Code for Building Conservation (UCBC) as adopted by the Commission. AB 2351 deleted Health and Safety Code Subsection 18949.6(d), which had provided for the new annual building code advisory groups. 1994 AB 1780 directed the Commission to prepare a comprehensive listing of all state amendments developed for publication in the California Building Standards Code, Title 24, Part 2, referencing the 1994 Uniform Building Code, for the period beginning January 1, 1995 through December 31, 1995. The bill also required the Commission to determine whether or not existing state amendments in Part 2 continued to be justified under the criteria set forth in the State Building Standards Law, specifically Health and Safety Code Section 18930. 1995 AB 717 added into the State Building Standards Law specific certification, training and continuing education requirements for construction inspectors, plans examiners and building officials who are employed by a local agency in a temporary or permanent capacity. The bill exempts any person currently and continuously employed by a local agency as an inspector, plans examiner or building official, for not less than two years prior to the effective date of the bill, from its training and certification requirements. This exemption remains in effect until that person obtains new employment, as specified. AB 1314 added into the State Building Standards Law safety guidelines for the construction of structures that use baled rice straw material. This bill provided that the guidelines shall not become operative within any city or county until an express finding is made and the finding is filed with the Department of Housing and Community Development. 1996 AB 3372 added into the State Building Standards Law authority for the California Building Standards Commission to adopt amendments to the California Building Standards Code if they are substantially the same as model code amendments that were adopted on an emergency basis by the model code publishers, provided the sections of the California Building Standards Code affected are not under the authority of another state agency. 1997 AB 125 added Section 18941.8 in the State Building Standards Law authority for the governing body of the County of Riverside of a city or joint powers authority within the county to adopt an ordinance that allows a building located on the former March Air Force Base to comply with specified provisions establishing state building standards in a graduated manner. AB 1071 amended Section 18941.7 in the State Building Standards Law to include a specified joint powers agency to adopt an ordinance that allows a building located on a military base selected for closure to comply with the California Building Standards Code in a graduated manner. 1998 AB 2697 amended State Building Standards Law to require that, with regard to proposed residential building standards, the Trade and Commerce Agency, if requested by the State Building Standadrs Commission, to provide an economic review of the housing cost impact statement or related study submitted by a building standards code change proponent.
FLOOD: NEW YORK
MANHATTAN
NEW JERSEY
BROOKLYN
1 FOOT INUNDATION
2 FOOT INUNDATION
ON THE WATER | PALISADE BAY GUY NORDENSON, CATHERINE SEAVITT, ADAM YARINSKY
3 FOOT INUNDATION
3 FOOT INUNDATION
6 FOOT INUNDATION
8 FOOT INUNDATION -
100 YEAR FLOOD
10 FOOT INUNDATION -
14 FOOT INUNDATION
100 YEAR FLOOD
12 FOOT INUNDATION
16 FOOT INUNDATION -
CATEGORY 2 HURRICANE SLOSH
18 FOOT INUNDATION
22 FOOT INUNDATION
20 FOOT INUNDATION
24 FOOT INUNDATION -
CATEGORY 3 HURRICANE SLOSH
METHODS OF ADAPTATION SOFT INFRASTRUCTURE ON THE WATER | PALISADE BAY
WETLAND IMPLEMENTATION
WIND + TIDAL TURBINES
PIERS
ISLANDS
OTHER METHODS OF WATER CONTROL
ENGLAND - WATER GATES
HOLLOW STEEL GATES ON THE THAMES REVOLVE SHUT TO STOP WATER FLOWING AS NEEDED.
THE NETHERLANDS - DAM
THE DAM HAS TWO ENORMOUS ARCH GATES TO CONTROL WATER AND GENERATE POWER.
JAPAN- WATER GATES
“AQUA-DRIVE” MOTORS USE WATER PRESSURE, WHICH CREATES A FORCE THAT OPENS AND CLOSES THE GATES WITHOUT THE USE OF ELECTRICITY.
NEW ORLEANS LEVEE
B A
A
NEW ORLEANS FLOOD ZONES
B
1 MILLION DISPLACED IN GULF REGION
EVACUEE SHELTERS
11.4%
FEMA SHELTERS
PRE KATRINA NEW ORLEANS
27.3%
JULY, 2006 NEW ORLEANS
POP.: 455,188
JULY, 2010 NEW ORLEANS
45% 77%
HOW DO YOU TURN A SMALL TOWN IN CENTRAL IOWA INTO A TOURIST DESTINATION?
FLOOD IT.
FLOOD: CORALVILLE, IOWA
iles
iles
19.5 m
72 m
104 miles
THE FLOOD OF 1993 WAS ONE THE COSTLIEST, MOST DEVASTATING FLOOD IN U.S. HISTORY ACCORDING TO THE U.S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY. FLOODWATERS COVERED AS MANY AS 23 MILLION ACRES OF AGRICULTURAL AND URBAN LANDS IN THE UPPER MIDWEST FOR WEEKS. THE FLOOD RESULTED LARGELY DUE TO THE FAILURE OF THE CORALVILLE DAM.
WHILE THE FLOOD CAUSED WIDESPREAD DAMAGE, LOCALLY, THE FLOOD TRANSFORMED A CAMPGROUND INTO WHAT IS KNOWN TODAY AS THE DEVONIAN FOSSIL GORGE.
THE FLOODWATERS SCOURED AWAY AS MUCH AS 15 FEET OF GLACIAL-AGE SEDIMENTS TO EXPOSE AN EXPANSE OF 375 MILLION-YEAR-OLD FOSSILIFEROUS ROCK. THE NUMBER OF VISITORS INCREASED DRAMATICALLY FOLLOWING NATIONWIDE COVERAGE OF THE DISCOVERY, DRAWING VISITORS FROM AS FAR AWAY S AS EUROPE, JAPAN, AND AUSTRALIA.
Total population growth
Total population Iowa
Iowa
Coralville
Coralville
46%
2,421,895
2,265,364
2,172,589
2,124,844
35% 25%
25%
7% 18,907 2010
15,123 2000
10,347 1990
7%
5%
7,687 1980
2010
2000
-2%
1980
COMPARISON OF POPULATION GROWTH IN IOWA VERSUS GROWTH IN 1990 CORALVILLE
Rate of growth
Population of Iowa / Johnson County State of Iowa 3,046,355
2000-2010
Johnson
17.9%
2,926,324
4.1% 130,882 2010
111,006 2000
State of Iowa
Johnson
COMPARISON OF PERCENTAGE INCREASE IN IOWA VERSUS PERCENTAGE INCREASE IN JOHNSON COUNTY
MONSOON: INDIA
INDIA’S ECONOMY AND SOCIETAL INFRASTRUTURES ARE FINELY TUNED TO THE MONSOON
800-1000 400-800 200-400 100-200 60-100 40-60 0-40 ANNUAL RAINFALL (CM)
80%
JAN
FEB
MAR
APR
MAY
JUN
JUL
AUG
SEP
OCT
NOV
DEC
ANNUAL RAINFALL %
ANNUAL RAINFALL / MONTH
MONSOONS ACCOUNT FOR 80% OF ALL RAINFALL IN INDIA.
METHODS OF ADAPTATION
1). DAMS, RESERVOIRS AND OTHER WATER STORAGE 2). DREDGING OF RIVER 3.) DRAINAGE IMPROVEMENT
4).FLOOD PROOFING 5). CATCHMENT AREA TREATMENT/ AFFORESTATION
“promoting construction of doublestorey buildings.” -Government of India
6). SEA WALLS/ COASTAL PROTECTION 7). FLOOD PLAIN ZONING 8). DIVERSION OF FLOOD WATER “raised platforms for flood shelter.” -Government of India
National Disaster Management Authority, Government of India
1). DAMS, RESERVOIRS AND OTHER WATER STORAGE 2). DREDGING OF RIVER 3.) DRAINAGE IMPROVEMENT 4).DIVERSION OF FLOOD WATER 5). CATCHMENT AREA TREATMENT/ AFFORESTATION 6). SEA WALLS/ COASTAL PROTECTION NATURAL 100 YEAR FLOOD PLAIN
DEVELOPED 100 YEAR FLOOD PLAIN
7). FLOOD PLAIN ZONING 8). FLOOD PROOFING
National Disaster Management Authority, Government of India
1). DAMS AND RESERVOIRS 2). DREDGING OF RIVER 3.) DRAINAGE IMPROVEMENT 4).DIVERSION OF FLOOD WATER 5). CATCHMENT AREA TREATMENT/ AFFORESTATION 6). SEA WALLS/ COASTAL PROTECTION 7). FLOOD PLAIN ZONING 8). FLOOD PROOFING
National Disaster Management Authority, Government of India
21% OF INDIA’S ENERGY IS GENERATED BY HYDROELECTRIC PLANTS HYDROELECTRIC PLANTS
NATURAL CRISIS AND THE EDGE
SINKHOLES
GUATEMALA
CAUSED BY STORM WATER + LEAKING SEWER SYSTEM.
330’
GUATEMALA CITY, 2007
METHODS OF ADAPTATION
THE GOVERNMENT SPENT $2.7 MILLION REDIRECTING SEWER PIPES IN THE AREA AND FILLING THE HOLE WITH CEMENT.
RESULT: SINKHOLE 2010
THE SOLUTION PERPETUATES THE PROBLEM.
ANTOINE.GUILBAULTHOUDE@ GMAIL.COM
HURRICANE: SANTO DOMINGO
YEARS WITHIN 60 MILES
1873(BRUSH),1876,1883,1889(TROPICAL STORM),1891(BRUSH), 1894(BRUSH),1900(TROPICAL STORM),1901(TROPICAL STORM), 1908(TROPICAL STORM), 1909(TROPICAL STORM)BRUSH),1916(BRUSH), 1918(TROPICAL STORM),1921(BRUSH),1928(TROPICAL STORM), 1930,1931(TROPICAL STORM),1932(BRUSH),1932(TROPICAL STORM), 1943(TROPICAL STORM), 1949,1958(TROPICAL STORM)BRUSH), 1963(BRUSH), 1979,1979(TROPICAL STORM),1987(BRUSH), 1993(TROPICAL STORM),1998, 2003(TROPICAL STORM), 2007(TROPICAL STORM),2008(TROPICAL STORM)
30 TIMES IN 139 YEARS
1930 1979 1998
MAJOR HURRICANES
HOW OFTEN THIS AREA GETS AFFECTED: BRUSHED OR HIT EVERY 4.63 YEARS
HEIGHT
J/AUG AUG AUG AUG AUG A/SEP SEPT SEPT SEPT S/OCT OCT 3-9 10-16 17-23 24-30 31-6 7-13 14-20 21-27 28-4 5-11 27-2
OCT OCT 12-18 19-25
DOMINICAN REPUBLIC PROBABLE STORM EFFECTS
+ 50 YEARS SURGE HEIGHTS
+ 50 YEARS WAVE HEIGHT
+ 50 YEARS WIND SPEEDS ATLAS OF PROBABLE STORM EFFECTS IN THE CARIBBEAN SEA
AVERAGE YEARS BETWEEN DIRECT HURRICANE HITS. ONCE EVERY 23.17 YEARS
SAN SOUCI
METHOD(S) OF ADAPTATION
US CITIES HIT MOST OFTEN BY TROPICAL STORMS AND HURRICANES
CAPE HATTERAS, NC HIT EVERY 2.53 YRS
DELRAY BEACH, FL HIT EVERY 2.56 YRS
GRAND ISLE, LA HIT EVERY 2.68 YRS
SANTO DOMINGO HURRICANE BARRIER 2. THE HIGHWAY HURRICANE BARRIER 1. THE SITE
SAN SOUCI
HIGHWAYS
SAN SOUCI BOCA CHICA
1,288 KM OF SHORELINE
SITES OF POTENTIAL BARRIER BREAKDOWN
SITES OF POTENTIAL BARRIER BREAKDOWN
SITES OF POTENTIAL BARRIER BREAKDOWN
SITES OF POTENTIAL BARRIER BREAKDOWN
ENERGY CRISIS
BLACKOUT Double Dip Studio Paul Tse Jason Kim
Energy Substition Graph
91%
76%
natural gas
wood 50%
Renewable
oil
24%
9%
2140
2120
2100
2080
2060
2040
2020
2000
1980
1960
1940
1920
1900
1880
1860
1840
1820
1800
3%
1780
% Share
nuclear
coal
animal feed wood coal 1920
1970
1990
2056
2109
oil natural gas nuclear renewable
Problem of different energy sources Oil
Coal
Nuclear
Natural Gas
Oil Spill
Coal Mine Fire
Nuclear Waste
Pipe line Explosion
Global energy flow
oil
fuel
22%
natural gas
coal
nuclear
hydro
other renewable
electricity
wasted
27%
51%
Blackout Categories Unexpected Blackout
Expected Blackout
New York 1977
Britain 1939
Northeastern 2003
Lebanon 1975
Italy 2003
South Africa 2007
Java-Bali 2005
Earth Hour 2007
Unexpected Blackout
Expected Blackout
New York 1977
Britain 1939
Northeastern 2003
Lebanon 1975
Italy 2003
South Africa 2007
Java-Bali 2005
Earth Hour 2007
Unexpected Blackout:
New York 1977 Location: Date: How long: Economic loss: People affected: Cause: Major issues: Death
New York City 13 - 14 July 1977 26 hours $350 Billion 7.8 Million Lightning bolts triking power lines in Westchester Looting and Arson 2
Background Cause Problems Outcome
The 1970s are widely regarded as New York’s nadir. While the city was suffering from economical crisis, it had also become notorious for high rates of crime and other social disorder, such as Son of Sam murders.
New York neared bankruptcy during the administration of Mayor Abraham Beame but avoided that fate with the aid of a large federal loan.
Background Cause Problems Outcome
The blackout occurred when the city was facing a severe financial crisis and its residents were fretting over the Son of Sam murders.
The blackout began at 8:37 p.m. EDT on July 13 with a lightning strike at Buchanan South, a substation on the Hudson River, tripping two circuit breakers in Westchester County. A second lightning strike caused the loss of two 345 kV transmission lines, subsequent reclose of only one of the lines, and the loss of power from a 900MW nuclear plant at Indian Point. As a result of the strikes, two other major transmission lines became loaded over their normal limits. However, no one was manning the station, and the remote start failed.
Background Cause Problems Outcome
The city suffered heavy looting and civil unrest during the blackout. Over 3,000 people were arrested, and the city’s already crowded prisons were so overburdened that some suggested reopening the Manhattan Detention Complex that had recently been condemned.
Background Cause Problems Outcome
Background Cause Problems Outcome
1977 Blackout’s impact on Hip Hop Culture DJ Grand Wizzard Theodore (right) who is sometimes credited with having invented the art of record scratching, poses with a fan wearing a 1977 blackout t-shirt.
When I was 11, and that blackout happened, and when we got that DJ Clark Kent
! " # $ $ %& GrandMaster Caz
Unexpected Blackout:
Northeastern and MidWestern US and Ontario, Canada 2003 Location: Date: How long: Economic loss: People affected: Cause: Major issues:
Northeastern and Midwestern US and Ontario, Canada 14 August 2003 4 days $7 - $10 Billion 55 Million FirstEnergy’s EastLake plant shut down Transportation stopped, hot sumer and water supply
Background Cause Problems Outcome
Background Cause Problems Outcome
Cascading Failure The cascading effect resulted in forced shut down of more than 100 power plants.
How it all started: tree flashover at 3.05 pm in Eastlake ,Ohio
1:00 pm
2:00 pm
3:00 pm
4:00 pm
5:00 pm
6:00 pm
Manhattan, including Wall Street and the United Nations, was completely shut down, as were all area airports, and all New York area rail transportation including the subway. Hundreds of people were trapped in elevators; by late evening the New York City Fire Department had reportedly confirmed that all stalled elevators in approximately 800 Manhattan high-rise office and apartment buildings had been cleared.
Total Economic Impact All Other States 1 Billion New York 3 Billion
Michigan 994 Million
Connecticut 91 Million
New Jersey 400 Million Ohio 545 Million
Background Cause Problems Outcome
Pennsylvania 223 Million
Background Cause Problems Outcome
Buildings
Before the blackout, a large population of NYC are in the buildings
Background Cause Problems Outcome
Sidewalk
Once the blackout starts, most people evacuate from the building in a short period of
Background Cause Problems Outcome
Road
Very soon, the sidewalk is not enough to accommdate everyone, and people start to take over the road
Walking in the City The most noticeable thing about the power failure was that is quickly demonstrated how many people are in New York City. When most of the people decide to evacuate skyscrapers in a short period of time, that’s a lot of people on the sidewalk! When the sidewalk runs out of room, the people move to the street in front of the bus.
Background Cause Problems Outcome
Drinking on the street
Background Cause Problems Outcome
Volunteers Civilians became volunteers with flashlights joined policemen all over the city at major intersections to help direct traffic on highways and streets left without traffic lights.
Background Cause Problems Outcome
Telephone was the only way to communicate Cellular communication devices were disrupted. This was mainly due to the loss of backup power at the cellular sites where generators ran out of fuel or cell phone batteries ran out of charge. Wired telephone lines continued to work, although some systems were overwhelmed by the volume of traffic, and millions of home users had only cordless telephones depending on house current.
Background Cause Problems Outcome
Dancing in the Dark in Union Square Because of the blackout, people gathered together in park and squares, some of them were dancing and talking the advantage of the blackout
Background Cause Problems Outcome
Reading With computers, movies, video games, cell phones, and everything else begging for attention, it’s nice to have some relief from all of that to make time for yourself and your loved ones. Fewer electronic distractions leaves more time for reading, meditating, playing board games, and relaxing.
Background Cause Problems Outcome
Background Cause Problems Outcome
* Individuals: Power Down for the day and celebrate conservation * Stores and restaurants: Power Down for the day and offer Blackout Day specials * Offices: Power Down and turn off unnecessary equipment * Municipalities: join the Mayor’s Blackout Challenge
Participating municipalities can compete in two different categories: t 5IF IJHIFTU QFSDFOUBHF ESPQ JO FMFDUSJDJUZ DPOTVNQUJPO PO "VH t 5IF IJHIFTU QFS DBQJUB QBSUJDJQBUJPO JO UIF 1PXFS 1MFEHF ESJWF Winners of the Community Challenge earn the right to be considered Ontario’s most conservation-conscious communities, as well as valuable “green� awards.
Unexpected Blackout:
Italy Blackout 2003 Location: Date: How long: Economic loss: Cause: People affected: Major issues:
all of Italy 28 September 2003 12 Hours $7 - $10 Billion A series of failures on power lines from Switzerland and France due to heavy storms. 57 Million Many people were on the stuck in the streets and public transportation in 3:00 am.
Background Cause Problems Outcome
Initial reports from Italy’s electricity supplier, ENEL, stated that the power line which supplied electricity to Italy from Switzerland was damaged by storms, causing it to trip and also the two 400kV power lines between France and Italy to trip due to sudden increased demand from those two power lines. SWITZERLAND 1
Mettlen
2
Mettlen
Airolo
FRANCE
Soazza Ponte
3.2
3.1
AUSTRIA
Lavorgo
Moerel
Riddes
Sils
Robbia
Gorduno
Sondrio Mese Pallanzeno Avise Musignano Valpelline *Bulciago
Albertville
5-6
Lienz
4 Soverzene Redipuglia Planais
8 Divaca
SLOVENIA
Padriciano Rondissone
Villarodin
7
Venaus
Camporosso Le Broc -Carros
Line of separation from the European grid
Background Cause Problems Outcome
The cascading effect disrupted power supply to Italy from France and Switzerland. ENEL lost control of the grid in the next 4 seconds, with the lines tripped one by one amid the cascading effect. Frequency behaviour in Italy in the transitory period Separation from European grid
50,500
Loss of all power plants operationg at distribution grid
50,000 49,500 49,000
48,000
47,50
Critical threshold
47,500
definitive blackout
47,000 46,500
03:28:00
03:27:52
03:27:44
03:27:36
03:27:28
03:27:20
03:27:12
03:27:04
03:26:56
03:26:48
03:26:40
03:26:32
03:26:24
03:26:16
03:26:08
03:26:00
03:25:52
03:25:44
03:25:36
03:25:28
03:25:20
03:25:12
03:25:04
03:24:56
03:24:48
03:24:40
03:24:32
03:24:24
03:24:16
45,500
03:24:08
46,000
03:24:00
Hz
48,500
hour
3:25
~2,5 minutes
3:28
Background Cause Problems Outcome
The night of 27 September 2003 is the night of the annual overnight White Night festival in Rome, the capital of Italy. Thus, many people were on the streets and all public transportation were still operating at the time of the blackout (at about 03:00 on 28 September 2003) despite the fact that it was very late at night. The blackout caused the carnival to end early. Several hundred people were trapped in underground trains.
Background Cause Problems Outcome
Background Cause Problems Outcome
Unexpected Blackout:
Java-Bali Blackout 2005 Location: Date: How long: Economic loss: Cause: People affected: Major issues:
(Largest blackout in terms of population affected)
Java and Bali, Indonesia 18 August 2005 7 Hours $7 - $10 Billion An imbalanced power grid kicks power plants off-line 100 Million Causing a temporary halt in traffic and electric trains
Electricity prodution Electricity consumption
1,800 1,600 1,400 Thousand Barrels oer Day
Power in Jakarta and Banten went out completely while parts of West Java, Central Java, and East Java also experienced blackouts, causing a temporary halt in traffic and electric trains. Most large offices, including the Jakarta Stock Exchange, survived on backup power systems
Background Cause Problems Outcome
1,200 1000 600 500 400 200
200
1990
1994
1998
2002
2006
Countries
Electricication rate in 2008
Population without electricity (in millions)
Indonesia
64 %
81.1
Malaysia
99.4 %
0.2
Philippines
86 %
12.5
Singapore
100 %
0
Thailand
99.3 %
0.4
Background Cause Problems Outcome
Indonesia only has one electricity company, that is PT PLN (Perusahaan Listrik Negara) or State Electricity Company. PT PLN handles both the production and distribution of electricity for the whole country. 3%
33% 36%
10%
coal oil natural gas geothermal Hybro
18%
Similar to Dominican Republic, Lower income families in Indonesia who use 900 Kwh or less of electricity, however, are heavily subsidized by the state, and therefore they don’t have to pay the actual tarif.
Background Cause Problems Outcome
Several Japanese firms have threatened to pull out of Indonesia unless the government fixes electricity supplies, as power cuts have caused production and financial losses.
Background Cause Problems Outcome
Green Factory - Honda Prospect Motor in Indonesia
Source: http://uk.reuters.com/article/2008/07/05/indonesia-business-power-idUKSP8347820080705
Unexpected Blackout
Expected Blackout
New York 1977
Britain 1939
Northeastern 2003
Lebanon 1975
Italy 2003
South Africa 2007
Java-Bali 2005
Earth Hour 2007
Expected Blackout:
World War II Blackout as Wartime Strategy Location: Britain Date: How long:
Sep. 1, 1939 - Sep. 17, 1945 1939-1944 Evenings (Dim-out Law 1944-45)
People affected: Cause: Major Issues: Deaths:
Country-wide Law to protect against enemy bombs Unevening Electricity Ration Cycles from city to city Deaths Caused by Energy Protests
Background Cause Problems Outcome
The blackout began two days before the war began (1 September 1939). Under blackout rules, everyone had to cover up their windows at night with black material. This was to make it difficult for german bombers to find their target in the dark. The street lamps were turned off and often people bumped into one another. Traffic accidents were common because car headlights had to be blacked out, and deaths from drowning increased as people fell off bridges or walked into ponds. London under blackout conditions. On 17 September 1944, the blackout was replaced by a partial “dimout�.
Background Cause Problems Outcome
Adaptations (Automobiles) The king’s surgeon, Wilfed Trotter, wrote an article for the British Medical Journal where he pointed out that by “frightening the nation into blackout regulations, the Luftwaffe was able to kill 600 British citizens a month without ever taking to the air, at a cost to itself of exactly nothing.”
Background Cause Problems Outcome
Adaptations (Pedestrians) The blackout carried dangers of its own. Many people were injured, falling over street furniture, wandering unknowingly into the roads, banging into street lamps and other people that they couldn’t see. Torches also had to be covered with paper, so that they were very dim. Initially, even torches weren’t allowed, but the government relented on this by 1940, provided the torch was covered by tissue paper.
Background Cause Problems Outcome
Cinema In November 1939 the government agreed that churches, markets and street stalls could be partially illuminated. It was also agreed that restaurants and cinemas could use illuminated signs but these had to be put out when the air raid sirens sounded.
Background Cause Problems Outcome
Cinema was an entertainment for a large spectrum of people because the tickets were cheap. The cinema attendances reached its peak in 1946 – 1/3 of the population were going once a week and 13% twice a week. Going to the cinema was common Saturday night entertainment. People also went to watch football frequently.
1946 1635.00
1500
1933 903.00 500
DIM-OUT
1000
BLACKOUT
Cinema Attendance (million)
Background Cause Problems Outcome
1984 54.00
0 1930
1940
1950
1960
decade
1970
1980
1990
2000
Expected Blackout:
Lebanon’s Daily Powercuts Location: Date: How long:
Lebanon Largely triggered by civil war1975 Daily (Ranging from 3-12 hours a day)
People affected: Cause: Major Issues: Deaths:
Country-wide Aging Infrastructure/Power Deficit/Attacks on Power plants Unevening Electricity Ration Cycles from city to city Deaths Caused by Energy Protests
Background Cause Problems Outcome
Background Cause Problems Outcome
Electricitty Shortage: While physical access to electricity is good, performance of the electricity sector has declined at an accelerating pace over the past decade. Lebanon has a high level of electrification, with near universal network coverage at 99 percent, but supply remains a serious problem. No new power generation capacity has been added since the two combined cycle plants were installed in the 1990s. - World Bank
Power Plant
Built in
Installed Capacity (MW)
Zouk Jieh Deir - Ammar Baalbeck Tyr Zahrani Alhreesha Hydro
1984 1970 1998 1996 1996 1998
607 346 435 70 70 435 75 220 2258 1600
*about 150-225 MW is imported from Syria
Total before Distribution Total after Distribution
“At present, Lebanon produces less than 1,600 MW of electricity although the country requires at least 2,400 MW. “ - The Dail Star
Substations Hydro-plant Thermalplant Transmission Lines Beirut
Wars: Smoke rising from the Jieh Power Station in the early hours of the morning straight after a missile attack on Friday July 14th, 2006. Foreign investment, however, helped revive the plant numerous times until presently, although today the main problem is the lack of adequate fuel supply from the government that is needed to run the plant. Recent deals with the Arab states of the Persian Gulf have been sought to receive discounted fuel to ensure good supply to the power plants. According to current news articles, Jieh’s power plant is undergoing extensive maintenance due to neighbouring Syria’s recent cut of power supply to parts of Lebanon, meaning that the Jieh plant is on its way to full service again.
Background Cause Problems Outcome
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Jiyeh_Power_Station_oil_spill_ cleanup,_USAID_2006.jpg
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/3/3a/ Jieh_power_station_fire.JPG
The Jiyeh Power Station oil spill is an environmental disaster caused by the release of heavy fuel oil into the eastern Mediterranean after storage tanks at the thermal power station in Jiyeh, Lebanon, 30 km (19 mi) south of Beirut, were bombed by the Israeli Air force on July 14 and July 15, 2006 during the 2006 IsraelLebanon conflict. The plant’s damaged tanks leaked 20,000 to 30,000 tonnes of oil into the eastern Mediterranean Sea, comparable in size to the Exxon Valdez oil spill. A 10 km wide oil slick covered 170 km of coastline, and threatened Turkey and Cyprus.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Lebanon_oil_beach.jpg
http://www.usatoday.com/news/world/2008-01-27-beirut_N.htm Background Cause Problems Outcome
Outcomes (Riots):
7 die in worst riots in Beirut in a year (1/27/2008) BEIRUT (AP) — Protesters angry about electricity rationing clashed with Lebanese troops Sunday in Beirut’s worst riots in a year, and seven people were killed, hospital and security officials said.
http://www.foxnews.com/story/0,2933,325871,00.html
... Electricity cutoffs in recent months were extended for the first time to Beirut, where more than 1 million Lebanese live. Source: http://www.usatoday.com/news/world/2008-01-27-beirut_N.htm
http://www.nowlebanon.com/Arabic/NewsArchiveDetails.aspx?ID=29438
Background Cause Problems Outcome
Solution (Powercuts and Rationing): Electricity rationing is characterized by inequity. While some regions go without public electricity for 12-13 hours every day, administrative Beirut is subject to 3 hours o f daily blackouts. - World Bank
Power Blackout
24
3
20 16
10
9
10
12 13
12 8 4 0 Beirut
MountLebanon
North
Bekaa
South
Nabatieh - World Bank
Background Cause Problems Outcome with generators without generators
Generators vs EDL Electricity: As a result of electricity rationing the majority of households rely heavily on private generators during blackouts. It i s estimated that one third o f all electricity generated in Lebanon, comes from private generators. Fifty eight percent of households use some form o f self generation. Private generation is a booming business.
Share of households willing to pay increased amount
Willingness to Pay Extra
100
80
60
40
20
0 0
50
100
150
200
Increase Over
Willingness to pay is related to, but not dependent on, whether or not a household uses a generator. While 61 percent o f households with a private generator were willing to pay at least something more, only 39 percent o f those without a generator were willing to pay more.
24 Beirut
Hours of EDl Daily service
20
16
South
12
North
Mount Lebanon
Nabatieh Bekaa
8
4 0
20
40
60
Share of householde using generator (%)
80
100
Expected Blackout:
South Africa’s Daily Blackout (07-08) and 2010 FIFA’s Blackout immunity Location: Date: How long:
South Africa Rolling blackouts began October 2007-2008 Daily
People affected: Country-wide Cause: Aging Infrastructure/ No international investments Major Issues: Mining industry in major decline because of shared link with electrical industry.
Background Cause Problems Outcome
Background Cause Problems Outcome
Electricity Shortage: Installed Capacity (MW)
Power Plant
Built in
Coal Arnot Duvha Hendrina Kendal Kriel Lethabo Majuba Matimba Matla Tutuka Medupi (new) Camden (return service) Grootvlei (return service) Komati
1975 1980 1970 1988 1976 1985 1996 1980 1982 1985 2016 1967 1969 1961
2100 3600 2000 4116 3000 3708 4110 3990 3600 3654 4788 1600 1200 1000
Nuclear Koeberg
1984
1930
Hydro Gariep Vanderkloof First Falls Second Falls Colley Wobbls Ncora Drakensberg Palmiet Inula (new)
1971 1982 1971 1971 1971 1971 1981 1988 2012
360 240 6.4 11 42 24 1000 400 1332
Gas turbine Acacia Port Rex Gourikwa Gas I (new)
1976 1976 2007 2007
171 171 592 1036
Wind Klipheuwel
2002
3.2 50229
*South Africa also exports electricity to its neighboring countries which contributes to the overall consumption of 35000 MW
Eskom generates approximately 95% of electricity used in South Africa Substations Hydro-plant Thermalplant Transmission Lines
Total before Distribution
With the freeze on any new developments being placed on Eskom during the early 1990s, the country was faced with a situation where for the next few years the electricity demand kept rising, without any new power stations being built to keep up the necessary supply. By October 2007 the situation had deteriorated to such an extent that Eskom implemented rolling blackouts throughout the country. Blackouts occurred in most suburbs throughout the country for a period of two hours at a time.
Background Cause Problems Outcome
In January and February 2008 global platinum and palladium prices hit record highs as mines were first shut down and subsequently restricted in their electricity use. South Africa supplies 85% of the world’s platinum and 30% of palladium.
Electricity Blackout
Ecnonomic Impacts:
2200 2000 1800 1600 1400 1200 1000 800 600 400
Dec 10
Dec 09
Dec 08
Dec 07
Dec 06
Dec 05
Dec 04
Dec 03
Dec 02
Dec 01
Dec 00
Dec 98
Dec 97
Dec 96
Dec 95
Dec 94
Dec 93
Dec 92
Jan 92
200
http://www.kitco.com/scripts/hist_charts/yearly_graphs.plx
http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/7213358.stm
“The power we are having is not enough for us to take people underground,” -Reidwaan Wookay, Gold Fields
World Cup and Blackout Precautions Diesel Generators (Active Measures) The broadcasting of each game will be run by diesel generators to avoid any possible disruptions. Eskom said it would secure a buffer of 2,000 MW to ensure a blackout-free event and enlisted the help of its neighbours to have an additional 700 MW on stand-by. http://af.reuters.com/article/sportsNews/idAFJOE59M0KF20091023?p ageNumber=2&virtualBrandChannel=0
Saving Electricity (Passive Measures) Eskom is introducing a new system on public television channels this week with a referee holding up coloured cards to indicate the power situation, ranging from green for stable supply to black when power grid load shedding begins.
Background Cause Problems Outcome
Post World Cup and Blackout
Background Cause Problems Outcome
The South African arena that hosted the 2010 World Cup final cannot stage a league game on Saturday because cable theft has deprived the ground of power. (4 February 2011)
http://www.jcbdirt.com/tag/soccer/
Expected Blackout:
Earth Hour Location: Date: How long:
Varies Last Saturday of March 1 hour
People affected: Participants Cause: Campaign
Background Cause Problems Outcome
Background Cause Problems Outcome
2008 Participating Cities Earth Hour is a global event organized by WWF (World Wide Fund for Nature, also known as World Wildlife Fund) and is held on the last Saturday of March annually, asking households and businesses to turn off their non-essential lights and other electrical appliances for one hour to raise awareness towards the need to take action on climate change. Earth Hour was conceived by WWF and The Sydney Morning Herald in 2007, when 2.2 million residents of Sydney participated by turning off all non-essential lights. Following Sydney’s lead, many other cities around the world adopted the event in 2008 Asia
Europe
Bangkok, Thailand Manila, Philippines New Delhi, India Tel Aviv, Israel
Aalborg, Denmark Århus, Denmark Copenhagen, Denmark Dublin, Ireland Odense, Denmark
North America Atlanta, United States Baltimore, United States Chicago, U.S. Montreal, Canada Ottawa, Canada Phoenix, Arizona, U.S. San Francisco, U.S. Sarnia, Canada Toronto, Canada Vancouver, Canada
Oceania Adelaide, Australia Brisbane, Australia Canberra, Australia Christchurch, New Zealand Darwin, Australia Hobart, Australia Melbourne, Australia Perth, Australia Suva, Fiji Sydney, Australia
South America Bogotá, Colombia Santa Cruz de la Sierra, Bolivia
Background Cause Problems Outcome
2011 Participating Countries
Africa
Réunion Rwanda Algeria São Tomé and Príncipe Angola Senegal Benin Seychelles Botswana Sierra Leone Burkina Faso Somalia Burundi South Africa Cameroon Sudan Cape Verde Swaziland Central African Republic Tanzania Chad Togo Comoros Tunisia Congo Uganda Democratic Republic of the Congo Zambia Djibouti Zimbabwe Egypt Equatorial Guinea Asia Eritrea Ethiopia Afghanistan Gabon Armenia Gambia Azerbaijan Ghana Bahrain Guinea Bangladesh Guinea-Bissau Bhutan Ivory Coast Brunei Kenya Burma Lesotho Cambodia Liberia China Libya Georgia Madagascar Hong Kong Mali India Malawi Indonesia Mauritania Iran Mauritius Iraq Morocco Israel Mozambique Japan Namibia Jordan Niger Kazakhstan
Kyrgyzstan Laos Lebanon Macau Malaysia Maldives Mongolia Nepal North Korea Northern Mariana Islands Oman Pakistan Palestine Philippines Qatar Saudi Arabia Singapore South Korea Sri Lanka Syria Taiwan Tajikistan Thailand Timor-Leste Turkmenistan United Arab Emirates Uzbekistan Vietnam Yemen
Nigeria
Kuwait
Albania Andorra Austria Belarus Belgium Bosnia and Herzegovina Bulgaria
Cyprus Czech Republic Denmark Estonia Faroe Islands Finland France Germany Gibraltar Greece Hungary Iceland Italy Kosovo Latvia Liechtenstein Lithuania Luxembourg Macedonia Malta Moldova Monaco Montenegro Netherlands Norway Northern Cyprus Poland Portugal Republic of Ireland Romania Russia San Marino Serbia Slovakia Slovenia Spain Sweden Switzerland
Anguilla Oceania Aruba Antigua and Barbuda American Samoa Bahamas Australia Barbados Fiji Belize Guam Bermuda Kiribati British Virgin Islands Marshall Islands Canada Micronesia, FederCayman Islands ated States of Costa Rica Nauru Cuba New Caledonia Dominica New Zealand Dominican Republic Niue El Salvador Palau Grenada Samoa Guadeloupe Tahiti Guatemala Tuvalu Haiti Tonga Honduras Papua New Guinea Jamaica Solomon Islands Mexico Vanuatu Martinique Montserrat Netherlands Antilles Nicaragua South America Panama Puerto Rico Argentina Saint Kitts and Nevis Brazil Saint Lucia Bolivia Saint-Martin Chile Saint Vincent and the GrenColombia adines Ecuador
Croatia
Turkey
Sint Maarten
Europe
Ukraine United Kingdom Vatican City North America
Trinidad and Tobago Turks and Caicos Islands USA U.S. Virgin Islands
French Guiana
Guyana Paraguay Peru Suriname Uruguay Venezuela
Antarctica Antarctica
Currently 237 Countries Pledged to Participate in 2011 Earth hour
Electricity Reduction According to WWF Thailand, Bangkok decreased electricity usage by 73.34 megawatts, which, over one hour, is equivalent to 41.6 tonnes of carbon dioxide. In the Philippines it was noted by the Philippine Electricity Market Corp. that power consumption dropped by about 78.63 megawatts in Metro Manila, and up to 102.2 megawatts in Luzon island. Toronto saved 900 megawatt-hours of electricity. 8.7% was saved if measured against a typical March Saturday night. Ireland, as a whole, had a reduction in electricity use of about 1.5% for the evening. In the three-hour period between 18:30 and 21:30, there was a reduction of 50 megawatts, 60 tonnes of carbon dioxide. In Dubai, where external lighting on several major city landmarks was turned off and street lighting in selected areas was dimmed by 50%, the Electricity and Water Authority reported savings of 100 megawatt-hours of electricity. The best result was from Christchurch, New Zealand. The city reported a drop of 13% in electricity demand. Melbourne, Australia saved 10.1% of electricity. Sydney, being the city that participated both 2007 and 2008 Earth Hour, cut 8.4% electricity consumption. This is less than last year’s 10.2%.
Background Cause Problems Outcome
2011 Participating Countries
Background Cause Problems Outcome
“In Tel Aviv, Israel, a free concert by Knesiyat Hasekhel was held at Rabin Square. Power needed for the concert was generated by a group of cyclists pushing pedal generators. The rest of the power was supplied by generators burning used falafel oil for power.�
http://www.smh.com.au/news/environment/pedalpowered-rock-in-telaviv/2008/03/28/1206207407976.html
Blackout in DR
Main Causes High levels of losses Poor Bill collection Inefficient Distribution Infrastructure Subsidized tariffs
Energy theft
Refused to pay
Poor electrcity system
Unsatisfied customers
Background Cause Problems Outcome
DR electricity structure Generation Plant
Distribution Private 86% Public 14%
Laesa 1.2% Monte Rio 2.9%
EdeSur Uni贸n Fenosa
EdeNorte
Transcontinental Capital Corp 3.4% Itabo 18.6%
Transmission
IPP 15.2%
Fondo Patrimonial de las Empresas (FONPER).
CEPP 2.3%
Hydroelectric 13.8%
In the Dominican Republic, there are three distribution companies. The government owns two of them, EdeNorte and EdeSur, through the CDEEE (50%) and the Fondo Patrimonial de las Empresas (FONPER). It also maintains a 50% ownership of the third one, EdeEste, (the additional 50% is owned by the Trust Company of the West (TCW)which is operated by AES Corporation, its original buyer.
Metaldom 1.2% AES 16.4%
Haina 19%
86% of generation capacity is privately owned (excluding self-generation), and 14% is publicly owned.
The transmission system, which is under the full responsibility of the state-owned company ETED (Electricity Transmission Company), consists of 940 km of 138kV single-line circuit lines.
Consumers
Alternative Power
Cause: Inefficient Distribution Infrastructure
Background Cause Problems Outcome
Substations Hydro-plant Thermalplant Transmission Lines
Hydro-plants produce about 469.3 MW but about half is lost when traveling to the coastal regions Punta Cana, a mjor tourist destination, has created its own vertical/offthe-grid power plant to facilitate tourism industry
Santo Domingo acts as an electrical hub for Dominican Republic, as it most populated with power plants and sends electricyt out to other parts of the country
Background Cause Problems Outcome Distribution is the most problematic element of the country's power system. Distribution losses in the Dominican Republic have historically been high and have increased even further in recent years. In 2005, the percentage of losses was 42.5%, up from 28.5% in 2002. This is far above the 13.5% average for LAC.
Cause: Inefficient Distribution Infrastructure 2,000,000 450,000 200,000 150,000 100,000 -100,000
Substations Hydro-plant
Puerto Plata
Thermalplant Transmission Lines Santiago La Vega
San Francisco de Macoris
Hydro-plants produce about 469.3 MW but about half is lost when traveling to the coastal regions
Santo Domingo San Cristobal
San Pedro de Macoris
La Romana
Punta Cana, a mjor tourist destination, has created its own vertical/offthe-grid power plant to facilitate tourism industry
Santo Domingo acts as an electrical hub for Dominican Republic, as it most populated with power plants and sends electricyt out to other parts of the country
Cause: Inefficient Distribution Infrastructure Service quality in the Dominican Republic has suffered a steady deterioration since the 1980s. Frequent and prolonged blackouts result mainly from financial causes (i.e. high system losses and low bill collection) that are further aggravated by technical factors (i.e. unadequate invest-
51% actual usage
Background Cause Problems Outcome
Chart showing energy loss during distibution in D.R.
45% Distribution losses
4% Transmission losses
Cause: Illegal Connections Distribution networks cover 88% of the population, with about 8% of the connections thought to be illegal
8% illegal connections
disconnected
connected
Background Cause Problems Outcome
Alternative sources for self-generation
Diesel generator seller in Dominican Republic - detroit diesel generators for sale rebuild and used units prices from 1000-4000 usd.
Background Cause Problems Outcome
Battery backup cost about 20,000 U.S. D, it is quieter and simpler to maintain, a person does not need to buy gas or diesel.
http://www.tradeboss.com/default.cgi/action/viewproducts/productid/76654/productname/20kw_Detroit_Diesel_generator/
21 Jul 2009
The Justice Ministry’s Anti-Corruption Department (DPCA) on Monday charged the former director of the now defunct Blackouts Reduction Program (PRA), Marcos Lara, as well as the financial director Nicolas Conception and administrative manager Sauris Rodriguez with embezzling State funds.
Background Cause Problems Outcome
The Blackout Reduction Program (PRA) was established by the government in 2001. The poorest neighborhoods in the cities were to have a provision of about 20 hours of electricity per day at a price highly subsidized by the government and the utility. The PRA was initially considered a success. However, the country’s macroeconomic crisis, the perverse incentives built into the PRA, and the deficiently targeted subsidy scheme have jeopardized the medium-term sustainability of the program. The absence of demand management, the lack of metering systems, sustained losses, a culture of non-payment and the absence of incentives for the distribution companies to fix the technical problems make it urgent to design a new subsidy and rationing system that is part of a more comprehensive approach to solve the problems of the power sector. The program was closed in 2010. So: http://dominicanwatchdog.org/dominican_news/page-Three_ex_Blackouts_Reduction_Program_officials_charged_with_embezzlement
Hypothesis 1: Pragmatic Solution
Sustainable energy
Existing dams in Dominican Republic
5 6 2 14
11 10 1 7
8 15 13 3
12 9
4
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
Hydro plant
Capacity: (millions of m鲁*)
Jimenoa Rio Blanco Las Barias Aguacate Chacuey Maguaca Rinc贸n Sabaneta Valdesia Tavera Bao Jiguey Yaque del Sur Monci贸n Hatillo
0.3 1.1 1.7 4.3 13.7 15.6 60 63 137 137 150 167 354 369 375
Potential area for hydropower network based on typography and dam locations
Hydro Power Ring
Annual wind power desity 500-600 300-400 200-300 100-200 50-100 0-50
Potential area for wind electricity based on wind density Megawatts 3,000 - 5,000 2,000 - 3,000 1,000 - 2,000 500 - 1,000 100 - 500 <100
Potential area for solar electricity based on wind density kWh/ m2/ day 6.5 - 7.0 6.0 - 6.5 5.5 - 6.0 5.0 - 5.5 4.5 - 5.0 4.0 - 4.5
Ideal sustainable energy generation locations Hydro Wind Solar
Dancing â&#x20AC;&#x153;Every module can produce up to 20 Watt and you can connect up to 160 dance floor modules to one controller module creating a 3200 Watt energy system.â&#x20AC;? -Sustainable Club
Source: sustainabledanceclub.com
Exercise Recent trends have installed Green Revolution Generators that attach to cycles to harness human energy into electricity. Source: usatoday.com
Source: usatoday.com
Source: nytimes.com
â&#x20AC;&#x153;estimates a spinning class of 20 people over a year could light 72 homes for a month. ReRev says a 30-minute workout on one of its ellipticals generates about 50 watts, enough to run a laptop for an hour or charge a cellphone six times.â&#x20AC;? -USA Today Source: greenrevolution.com
Source: spinning.com
Hypothesis 2: Alternative Solution
Blackout Tactics
Unexpected Blackout
Expected Blackout
New Use of Public Space
Self Generators
Social Interconnections
Densified activities
Cultural Emergence
Warning Signal
Rotation Schedule
Chart showing energy loss during distibution in D.R.
Even through the overall electricity production is enough to meet the demand of consumption, the actual electricity supply is still lower than demand after 50% of distribution losses. 51% actual usage
16
45% Distribution losses
14 4% Transmission losses
12
Billion kWh
10 8 6 4 2 0
Electricity net production Electricity net consumption Electricity after distribution losses Electricity installed capacity
The Dominican Republic maintains an electrical deficit of 6.88 billion kWh (annually of 1251 hours) that is subsidized by self generated power, this deficit would otherwise be blackout periods. 0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
Generation 14.58 Billion kWh 52.8 % 7.70 Billion kWh
47.2 % Loss 6.88 Billion kWh Lost
Self Generated Consumption 12.87 Billion kWh Electrical Deficiency 6.88 Billion kWh (6880 MWh) 6,880,000 MWh / 5500 MW (Generator Capacity)
8766 hours
1251 hours
Electricity Generation
Blackout
Self Generated
Power
Electricity Consumption
= 1251 hours
Dominican Republic Blackout Schedule 8766 hours
1251 hours every year
Jan
Feb
March
April
May
June
July
Aug
Sept
Oct
Nov
104 hours every month
Feb
Jan
March
4
April
May
June
July
Aug
Sept
Oct
Nov
2
8
4
6
Dec
Jan
8766 hours
12
16
20
24
28
3.5 hours every day
0
Jan
8766 hours
24 hours every week
0
Dec
8
10
12
14
16
18
20
22
24
32
36
40
48
52
Potential Activities According to Blackout Schedules
Daytime Public Space
Sleep hours Blackout Power 0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
20
22
24
Retreat
Communications
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
20
22
24
Cinema
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
20
22
24
Reading
Dancing
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
20
22
24
Crisis
Strategy
Ideological
Crisis
MODERNIST MODERNIST TENENTS TENENTS 1945-1969 1945-1969
oundary -Boundary Endless - Endless
risis Duration Crisis(years) Duration (years)
roject Development Project Development Design, Build Design, Build
rogram
Program
ensity
Density
NO-STOP NO-STOP CITY CITY ARCHIZOOMARCHIZOOM
No-Stop CityNo-Stop is an ironic Citycritique is an ironic of the critique ideology of the of ideology of architecturalarchitectural modernism modernism taken to its absurd taken tolimits. its absurd It is a limits. It is a revolution of revolution kitsch: mass of kitsch: cultural mass consumption, cultural consumption, pop art pop art through an through industrial-commercial an industrial-commercial language. language. No-Stop CityNo-Stop is without Cityboundaries, is without boundaries, artificially litartificially and lit and air-conditioned. air-conditioned. Elements ofElements No-Stop of City No-Stop can been Cityseen can in been seen in contemporary contemporary North American Northsuburban Americansprawl, suburban shopping sprawl, shopping malls, supermarkets, malls, supermarkets, flood lighting, flood andlighting, mass-airconditioned and mass-airconditioned evironmentsevironments such as Dubai. such as Dubai.
NONO BELIEF BELIEF 1945-1965 1945-1965 Density Density shift shift
AGRONICA AGRONICA
ANDREA ANDREA BRANZI BRANZI Boundary Boundary
CrisisCrisis Duration Duration (years) (years) Project Project Development Development
Agronica Agronica 1993-94,1993-94, Eindhoven1999 Eindhoven1999
Program Program
Density Density
Design,Design, Build Build
Agronica Agronica believes believes that the that laissez-faire the laissez-faire developments developments led toled to social,social, cultural, cultural, intellectual, intellectual, economic, economic, environmental environmental and and aesthetic aesthetic failings failings of theof city. theThe city.soft Thesystem soft system of “ weak of “ weak urbanization” urbanization” is flexible, is flexible, reversible, reversible, evolutionary, evolutionary, provisionary. provisionary. Agronica Agronica is an infrastructural is an infrastructural field with field with dispersed dispersed operators operators
Critical to success:
Agricultural lands Mass deployment of infrastructural network Interdependant relationship of programs Technology
Notion:
We have passed into an era of persistant uncertainty and continuous transition
Proposal:
Create a continuous system of relational forces and ows as opposed to a collection of objects
Beneets:
Flexible Reversible Evolutionary Provisional
Disadvantages:
Increased consumption of land per person Potential weakening of social and cultural networks Undetermined Increased circulation between nodes
Migration
Crisis
LONDON INDUSTRIALIZATION 1800-1900 Population(500 000)
Crisis Duration (years) Project Development Design, Build
Program
Density
GARDEN CITY EBENEZER HOWARD
Spurred by the Industrial revolution, Londons population quadruples in one century. Inadequate housing, overcrowding, disease, and pollution stimulate a desire for town-country development.
Critical to success:
Scale: 32 000 residents High speed infrastructural link to the City Mix of incomes and housing types Greenbelt separation of City and Garden City
Notion:
There is a harful relationship of density and program in the Industrial City
Proposal:
Separate Work and Residence; City and Garden City
Proposal Beneets:
Increased Light to residence Increased open space Increased privacy
Proposal Disadvantages:
Increased commute times Increased social and cultural isolation Decreased accessibility to public services and institutions Increased consumption of land and infrastructure per peson
Garden City vs Suburbia: What went wrong? Shift in scale: discrete communities of 32 000 people became blanket development at the city perifery Suburbia is characterized by the single family house, homogenous income levels Auto-centric infrastructure instead of rail infrastructure
vs
GREAT MIGRATION, CHICAGO 1880-1930 Population(500 000)
Crisis Duration (years) Project Development
Design, Build
High-Rise City 1924, Decentralized city 1938, SouthSide Chicago 1944, LaFayette 1956
Program
Density
DECENTRALIZED CITY LUDWIG HILBERSEIMER
7 million African Americans moved from the Southern United States to the Midwest, Northeast and West from 1910 to 1930, and again 1940-1970 to seek jobs in industrial cities. By the end of the Great Migration, African Americans had become an urbanized population.
TOKYO URBANIZATION 1950-1960 Population(500 000)
Crisis Duration (years) Project Development Design, Build
Program
Density
TOKYO BAY
KENZO TANGE Urbanization occured post-war as people moved to metropolitan areas in search of better jobs and education.Tokyo experienced a large housing demand which it could not satisfy.
Critical to success:
Central infrastructural spine Potential growth of the system Program on perpendicular axes Buildings in the water supported on piloti.
Notion:
Urban planning strategies are not suďŹ&#x192;cient to accomodate current and future demand in housing.
Proposal:
Create a technocratic exible infrastructural system that will allow for unlimited growth
Proposal Beneets:
Increased density Potential for growth Mix of residential, industrial and infrastructural Proximity to nature
Proposal Disadvantages:
Limited pedestrian accessibility Dead-end circulation Little public space weak connection to the city
BEIJING URBANIZATION RBANIZATION SENT2006-PRESENT
00)
ars)
Population(500 000)
Crisis Duration (years)
Program
Density
MEGA BLOCK MEGA BLOCK LINKED HYBRID LINKED HYBRID STEVEN HOLL
STEVEN HOLL
city previously owned by the for Large city blocks previouslyLarge owned byblocks the formerly Communist government are sold off tothe developers to accom government are sold off to developers to accomodate citys expanding These large parcels are dev expanding needs. These large parcels needs. are developed as walled gated Hybrid, Megadevelopments. Linked Hybrid, Steve gated Megadevelopments. Linked Steven Holl, challenged traditional maga block developmentsby traditional maga block developmentsby reconsidering tower scale, reconsid community space, program and permeability community space, program and permeability
GREEN MIGRATION 1987-PRESENT ‘Sustainability’ was first defined by the Brundtland Commission of the United Nations on March 20, 1987 Population(500 000)
Crisis Duration (years) Project Development
Program
Density
MASDAR FOSTER + PARTNERS Fueled by an increasing ecological consciousness and ambition, Masdar is a plan for a zero-carbon city and sustainable research center outside of Abu Dhabi
RELIGIOUS MIGRATION Population(500 000)
Crisis Duration (years)
Project Development
Program
Density
MENA TENT CITY
SL, RASCH 5 km east of Mecca, Mina has been a pilgrimage site since the 7th century. The tent city accomodates upto 4 million people at a time with 20-40 people per tent
Infrastructure
Crisis
NYC INFRASTRUCTURE RASTRUCTURE 62 1910-1962
000)
Population(500 000)
ears) Crisis Duration (years)
Project Development (1962-1970) ment (1962-1970) Design, Build
Program
Density
Design, Build
LOMEX
PAUL RUDOLPH
LOMEX
PAUL RUDOLPH
NYC saw marked1910-1920 increases (27%) in population 1910-192 NYC saw marked increases in population and 1930The city also a marked Paul increase in 1940 (18%). The city also 1940 saw a(18%). marked increase in saw automobiles. Rudolph proposed a congolmeration Rudolph proposed a congolmeration of housing, parking lots, of housing, transport infrastructure inabove a hugethe mega-structure transport infrastructure in a huge mega-structure Mosesâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; planned expressway in lower Manhattan planned expressway in lower Manhattan
Critical to success:
Density: building at the infrastructural scale Linear arrangement Integrate housing, transportation and public programs Multiple types of transportation: minimum 4 types
Notion:
Movement through the city is the most common shared experience
Proposal: Join housing, public programs and transportation in one super-structure
Proposal Beneets:
Increased density Increased vehicular accessibility
Proposal Disadvantages:
Decreased planimetric hierarchy of spaces Decreased pedestrain comfort and accessibility Decreased access to light and air Decreased accress to nature
HNOLOGY TECHNOLOGY CRISIS CRISIS 0-19701960-1970
ucture
Infrastructure Boundary
Boundary
uration (years) Crisis Duration (years)
Development Project Development
m
Design, Build
Program
Design, Build
INSTANT CITY INSTANT CITY
ARCHIGRAM
ARCHIGRAM
Instant City, is a mobile Instant technological City, is a mobile event that technological drifts into event that drifts i underdeveloped towns underdeveloped via air balloonstowns with provisional via air balloons with provisiona structures in tow. Thestructures effect is ain deliberate tow. The overstimulation effect is a deliberate to overstimula produce mass culture. produce The whole mass endeavor culture. The is intended whole endeavor to is intend eventually move oneventually leaving behind move advanced on leavingtechnology behind advanced techn hook-ups. hook-ups.
Formal
Crisis
IST FORMS MODERNIST FORMS 65 1945-1965
RATINGEN-WEST RATINGEN-WEST MERETE MATTERN
Ratingen-West proposes an multi-funtional Ratingen-Westexpansion proposes an to multi-funtiona Dusseldorf. Contrary to the modernist Dusseldorf. gridContrary logic, it to is the modernist grid organized in deference to its hilly organized landscape. in deference The project to its hilly landscap proposes a mega-structure that proposes utilizes anaturalistic mega-structure formsthat and utilizes nat patterns. patterns.
Formal shift
ears)
Crisis Duration (years)
ment
Project Development Design, Build
Program
Density
MERETE MATTERN
Design, Build
OST-FORDISM POST-FORDISM 70-2006 1970-2006
nsity shift
Density shift Formal shift
STOP CITY STOP CITY Formal shift
s Duration (years) Crisis Duration (years)
ect Development Project Development Design, Build
ram
Program
sity
Density
Design, Build
DOGMA DOGMA Stop City critiques Stop theCity hyper-specificity critiques the hyper-specificity of the Post-Fordist of the Post City. It proposes City. super-dense It proposes ‘building-cities’ super-dense, where ‘building-cities’ all the , where functions of a city functions are interiorized of a cityand are located interiorized at the and perifery located at the p of a 3km x 3km natural of a 3km zone. x 3km natural zone.