Innovation of Digital Camera; A Case of Heterogeneous Engineering
Javeria Masood. DGMT 702. Spring 2012.
Definition:
A camera is a device that captures and projects images. was-
A camera is a device that captures, records and stores images. is-
Timeline of Cameras
35 mm SLR. Camera obscura
twin lens reflex camera
bellowed camera
1913 leica Graflex SpeeGraphic
polaroid
SLR
Digital camera
instamatic
autofocus
1.3-megapixel.
Apple QuickTake 100.
Timeline of Digital Camera/ Technology
1950s
1960s
1970s
1957. The first digital image was produced on a computer. Russell Kirsch for the United States National Bureau of Standards created a rotating drum that allowed images to be scanned. Using this device, he scanned a 5 centimeter by 5 centimeter shot of his son into the computer.
NASA began using digital signals in mapping the surface of the moon. Digital photography editing also began from this point, as NASA began using their computers to enhance the quality of images sent to their computers from the moon.
In 1972, Texas Instruments patented the first electronic camera that did not require film by Willis A. Adcock
Steve Sasson In 1975, Eastman Kodak created the prototype for the world's first digital camera. Created by Steve Sasson, the device was never intended to be mass produced.
System drawings Heterogeneous Engineering
Heterogeneous Engineering of Technology
Moore’s Law
First prototype by Steve Sasson
• • • • • • • • • •
One button to turn power on and to capture image 50millisec to capture image 23 sec to record Stores 20 images (between 24-36 exposure rolls) “Understand the culture you are dealing with” Moore's law Scanning technology Computer Cassettes for recording 15 years to diffuse
“Be aware that your invention is in an environment where the rest of the world is inventing along with you so by the time the idea matures it will be in a totally different worlds.” Inventor portrait: Steve Sasson by David Friedman.
Timeline of Digital Cameras 1980s
1990s
2000s and Beyond
In 1981, Sony produced the first consumer camera that did not require film and was based off a charge-coupled device. In 1986, Kodak created the first sensor that could detect megapixels. The next year, Kodak also released seven new products that changed the way images could be stored, transferred and used.
In 1990, Kodak developed its photo CD system. In the same year, Kodak released the Kodak Professional Digital Camera System, a device aimed at photojournalists looking to quickly get their photos back to the reporting room. Considered the first DSLR, this device started the digital camera revolution. The camera featured 1.3 pixels and was a Nikon F3 body with Kodak pieces.
Early 2000, Fujifilm released the FinePix S1 Pro, which was the first digital SLR to be directed at consumers in the timeline of digital photography technology. In 2001, Canon introduced the EOS-1D and entered the world of professional digital SLR cameras.
In 1986, Nikon created a prototype for an analog electronic SLR camera. The Fuji DS1P was released in 1988 and was the first device to digitally store images. From this point on, digital photography technology exploded.
In 1994, the Apple Quicktake 100 camera was the first to connect to the home computer by a USB wire. In 1999, Nikon released the Nikon D1. The device was the first DSLR that started to take professional market share away from film and to compete with Kodak. By the end of the 90s, most digital cameras were aimed at professionals and tended to have at least 2.0 megapixels.
In 2004, Kodak announced it would no longer be producing film cameras. In 2006, both Nikon and Canon followed suit. While megapixel sensors now detect up to 22 pixels, there are also camera phones that can sense up to 4 megapixels used on most cellular phones.
Diffusion Heterogeneous Engineering of Social Aspects
Professional photography
Moon mapping
Cell phones
Photojournalism Media
Satellites Security
Medicine
Communication
Art Education
Social media
Attributes of Innovation
Compatibility is the degree to which an innovation is perceived as consistent with the existing values, past experiences, and needs of potential adopters. An innovation can be compatible or incompatible with 1. sociocultural values and beliefs, 2. previously introduced ideas, and/or 3. client needs for the innovation.
Trialability is the degree to which an innovation may be experimented with on a limited basis. Observability is the degree to which the results of an innovation are visible to others. Complexity is the degree to which an innovation is perceived as relatively difficult to understand and use Relative Advantage is the degree to which an innovation is perceived as being better than the idea it supersedes. The degree of relative advantage if often expressed profitability, as conveying social prestige, or in other ways.
References
http://www.fastcodesign.com/1663611/how-steve-sasson-invented-the-digital-camera-video http://photography.lovetoknow.com/Timeline_of_Digital_Photography_Technology http://www.digicamhistory.com/1970s.html http://www.americanSuburbx.com http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wfnpVRiiwnM "On Photography“ by Susan Sontag "Camera Lucida“ by Roland Barthes “Photography: a Cultural history” by Mary Warner Marien
Thank you!
Javeria Masood. DGMT 748. Spring 2012.