Façade Design- Mega- Tu Delft by Javier Jair Montemayor Leos

FACADE DESIGN UNITY TOWERS

JAVIER JAIR MONTEMAYOR LEOS

MEGA STUDIO 2019 EDITION PROFESSOR MICHELA TURRIN PROFESSOR STEPHAN VERKUIJLEN FACULTY OF ARCHITECTURE AND THE BUILT ENVIRONMENT TU DELFT 2018-2019 GROUP 8 TOBY VAN WIJNGAARDEN | ARCHITECT AMARINS KROES | COMPUTATIONAL DESIGNER YARAI ZENTENO | CLIMATE DESIGNER POHUSN WU| STRUCTURAL DESIGNER SHASAN CHOKSHI | STRUCTURAL DESIGNER STEPHANIE MOUMDJIAN | COMPUTATIONAL DESIGNER FACADE DESIGNER JAVIER JAIR MONTEMAYOR LEOS | 4781988

2 | FACADE DESIGN

INDEX 1. INDEX

2. INTRODUCTION 2.1. BUILDING CONCEPT 2.2. DESIGN DECISIONS

04 04 08

3. ANALYSIS 3.1. CLIMATE 3.2. FAÇADE ALTERNATIVES 3.3. FAÇADE CONCEPTS 3.4. REQUIREMENTS

10 10 14 18 19

4. PLINTH 4.1. REFERENCES 4.2. PROCESS 4.3. FAÇADE OVERVIEW 4.4. MATERIALS & COMPONENTS 4.5. DETAILED DRAWINGS 4.6. BUILDING PHYSICS & STRUCTURE 4.7. MAINTENANCE

20 21 23 24 25 26 31 33

4.8. TRANSPARENT PLINTH 4.8.1 REFERENCES & PRINCIPLES 5. RESIDENCES 5.1. REFERENCES 5.1.1. REFERENCES: CLIMATE 5.2. PROCESS 5.3. FAÇADE OVERVIEW 5.4. INDOOR COMFORT 5.5. MATERIALS & COMPONENTS 5.6. DETAILED DRAWINGS 5.7. BUILDING PHYSICS & STRUCTURE 5.8. MAINTENANCE 5.9. OPTIMIZATION 5.10. RESIDENCES WITH BALCONY 5.10.1 REFERENCES & PRINCIPLES

34 37 38 40 42 44 45 46 47 51 54 55

6. OFFICES 6.1. REFERENCES 6.2. PROCESS 6.2.1. PROCESS: RESEARCH 6.3. FAÇADE OVERVIEW 6.4. INDOOR COMFORT 6.5. MATERIALS & COMPONENTS 6.6. DETAILED DRAWINGS 6.7. BUILDING PHYSICS 6.8. STRUCTURE & FIXINGS 6.9. ASSEMBLY 6.10. FIRE SAFETY 6.11. MAINTENANCE 6.12. OPTIMIZATION 6.13. SUSTAINABILITY

59 60 62 64 69 70 71 73 78 80 82 91 92 93 96

98 101 104

FINAL OVERVIEW 7.1. GENERAL ELEVATIONS 7.2. PERSPECTIVES 7.3. SCALE MODEL

8. CONCLUSIONS 8.1. FURTHER DEVELOPMENT 8.2. CONCLUSION

106 107

108

REFERENCES

10. APPENDIX

109

FACADE DESIGN | 3

After the first analysis conducted, it was noticed the richness of the context in which the plot was located. On one hand, there is the historical district with the classical buildings to the west, Leopold Quarter which once was a wealthy neighbourhood but now faced a transition towards an office district, the Quartier des Squares which still resists and keeps its residential functions, and finally the recent European Union sector to the east. It is a complex mix of buildings, influences, lines, materials, all encompassing different ages and movements. Also the circulation and the main Rue de la Loi has a major impact in the plot.

FOLLOW THE CITY’S LANGUAGE

MAIN AXIS

OFFICE ZONE

MAIN EU BUILDINGS

GREEN AREAS

EU ZONE

NOISE

RESIDENCE ZONE

METRO STATION

XI S IN

PUBLIC PASSAGE

CTION

EPH

CROSSROADS OF OLD&NEW INTERSECTION SPACE

CONTEXT ANALYSIS

LE FUN

JOS

In collaboration with Climate Designer

SITE ANALYSIS

COMPACTNESS

PASSAGE

MULTIP

4 | FACADE DESIGN

LEOPOLD QUARTER

GARDEN

MASSING EVOLUTION

A LO

SEQUENCE OF OPEN/ CLOSE

PLINTH

DE L

RUE

SOLID

RUE

TENSION

The concept would then be to bring a “seamless” building, a building that merged into its context in the best way possible. Instead of contributing to the chaos of the recent developments, a phenomenon called Bruxellisation by the locals, the new building will have a simplified language. A language that takes shape with the help of the other disciplines, such as structural and climate. In other words, the design doesn’t attempt to be just pretty, but answer to the needs of the users, the neighbours, and the city itself.

QUARTIER DES SQUARES

CHAUSSÉE D’ETTERBEEK

1 INTRODUCTION 1 BUILDING CONCEPT

SLENDERNESS ATRIUM

ADAPT

ION

SIS

A PH

OPENE SS TO NEIGH BORHO OD

OPENE

SS TO E

1 INTRODUCTION 1 BUILDING CONCEPT For the development of the mass, a main axis was established since the beginning, connecting two main streets, the north and the south. The plinth began as an extrusion of the plot, with the intention of hosting different functions in itself. It was later adapted to the context, by staggering it towards the eastern part. The two towers then were placed, with their functions responding to the situation: residences to

the west and offices to the right. Lastly, the tension was achieved by cutting slices from the towers, diagonals that put them into a dialogue. One of the main challenges was to solve the plinth because of the different connections, streets, and especially levels. Stairs and ramps are incorporated into the main passage, a open-closed space between

the buildings. A secret garden, the passage, an atrium, and the park make up the rest of the public spaces, giving the user the opportunity to enjoy a diverse promenade as it is being crossed. This space would define the rest of the complex, having an entire high-rise for residences, an entire high-rise for offices, and a multifunctional plinth that reacted to

the city in its various sides. From this point on, the faรงade began taking shape, given the situation of each building, its functional necessities, and the user-oriented approach set since the beginning. The decisions were always complemented with the other disciplines, as the exercise was mostly about cooperation and merging ideas from different disciplines into a single project.

Residences in Low Rise 12,520 m2

Offices in Low & Mid Rise 13,170 m2

Residences in tower 22,290 m2 Offices in tower 33,750 m2

Secret garden 2,650 m2

Offices in Low & Mid Rise 55,100 m2

Passage & Sidewalk 2,980 m2

Retail 690 m2

Park 3,570 m2 Total Gross Open Space 11,200 m2

Retail 580 m2 Retail 110 m2

Restaurant & Retail 2,080 m2 Visitor Center 530 m2 Metro 710 m2

GROUND FLOOR DISTRIBUTION

DIAGRAM OF FUNCTIONS

In collaboration with Architect

SYMBOLOGY Commercial Metro entrance Offices Residences Public spaces Circulation Access

FACADE DESIGN | 5

1 INTRODUCTION 1 BUILDING CONCEPT The structure is mainly composed of a tube in tube system, assuring a flexible floor plan in the towers. It consists of a core and outer columns surrounding the perimeter, in this case every 3 meters. Strong building corner are applied to deal with the shear lag effect in the tube structure. A belt truss is also used to increase the column span where the low-rise building meets the high-rise: because the columns jut lay in the perimeter of the high-rise, their span is not critical. However, in the plinth they do pose problems for the distribution of spaces.

STRUCTURAL OVERVIEW

From Structural Designer ENERGY PV PANELS

VIEWS VIEWS TO THE CITY

VIEWS VIEWS TO THE PARKS Total Energy Demand kWh Residence 552653.06 Office 1378072.41 Complete Plot 1930725.47

INSTALLATIONS TECHNICAL FLOORS

Roof Towers PV kWh/annual

Roof Plinth PV kWh/annual

Facade Pvs kWh/annual

Total E generated

% of total energy

91819.19

52468.10637

91819.19

210237.8284

354525.12

64.1

1233172.981

1324992.17

183638.37

52468.10637

96.1

1443410.81

1679517.29

87.0

*Only on the towers

DAYLIGHT ATRIUM AT PLINTH

RAINWATER PURIFICATION & MITIGATION THROUGH GREEN AREAS

SOURCE: AQUIFER

CLIMATE OVERVIEW

From Climate Designer

6 | FACADE DESIGN

RAINWATER PURIFICATION & STORAGE

Months January February March April May June July August September October November December Maximum Tank /Storage Size potential (m3)

Total Collected Rain Water with evaoration losses (90%) 320.5 288.8 283.8 215.5 245.5 306.6 346.1 311.6 278.8 295.0 311.1 345.5 346.1

As for the climate strategies, several were applied. Thinking about the user and its comfort, as well as the overall sustainability of the complex, natural ventilation and natural daylight are applied everywhere. Also energy efficient systems are used to reduce the energy consumption of the building , including radiant floors, heat pumps, and energy generation measures in the form of PV panels in the facades and roofs. The water is also collected and stored in the west park, and an aquifer serves as a source or the daily use of the complex. The report explains the logic behind the faรงade design, why it was designed in the way it was, show some of the details, and how it is intended to work. Structure and building physics are also topics addressed, proving the feasibility of such systems. As academic exercise, it is only the office faรงade the one that is the most developed, as it comprises a special module that has particular characteristics.

1 INTRODUCTION 1 BUILDING CONCEPT

INITIAL SOUTH FACADE

INITIAL EAST FACADE

INITIAL WEST FACADE

ELEVATION-WEST 1 : 500

ELEVATION-EAST 1 : 500

ELEVATION-WEST 1 : 500

ELEVATION-NORTH 1 : 500

INITIAL NORTH FACADE

FACADE DESIGN | 7

1 INTRODUCTION 2 DESIGN DECISIONS RESIDENCES TYPE 1 Having as a start point the user experience and their interest on buying a dwelling, it was clear we wanted to have an extension of the apartment to the outside, to the most possible extent. Therefore, a balcony strategy was explored, combined with a winter garden that served as a buffer.

OFFICES TYPE 1 A unitized module is proposed throughout most of the office tower, saving time and assuring quality due to its production off-site. It is basically a triangular prism, with two exterior faces: one solid and one transparent. The solid consists of PV, receiving energy from the sun. The transparent is glazing, giving the users the chance to still get a view.

RESIDENCES TYPE 2 If the wind would not permit the application of balconies, then another strategy would be explored. Instead of balconies, only protected winter gardens would make up the facade, acting as a buffer and regulator of temperature. A nose would also be incorporated, acting as shading and tying everything up.

PLINTH TYPE 1 The initial faรงade concept was clear: a solid/tectonic faรงade, reminiscent of the old historical buildings. It would be a purified version but having a clear dialogue with the city and its language. Because it is in direct contact with the neighbours, the materiality and proportions were defined from such factors. 8 | FACADE DESIGN

OFFICES TYPE 2 The second unitized module is a hypothesis: it takes the same elements and logic of the first, but it has instead two transparent surfaces, a fully glazed module. This would be applied in the sky garden in the office tower, so the plans can benefit from the most sun, as well as the users.

FACADE OVERVIEW

SYMBOLOGY Commercial Offices Residences

PLINTH TYPE 2 To bring a counterbalance to the solid and heavy faรงade applied to the plinth, a more transparent one was designed. It would include vertical fins, that would help give them character and some structure, instead of an invisible crystal wall.

FACADE DESIGN | 9

2 ANALYSIS 1 CLIMATE Elevation: 190 feet Latitude: 50 54N Longitude: 004 32E Köppen Classification: Marine West Coast Climate This area is characterized by equable climates with few extremes of temperature and ample precipitation in all months. It is located poleward of the Mediterranean climate region on the western sides of the continents, between 35° and 60° N and S latitudePrecipitation totals vary somewhat throughout the year in response to the changing location and intensity of these storm systems, but annual accumulations generally range from 500 to 2500mm (20 to 98 inches), with local totals exceeding 5000mm (197 inches) where onshore winds encounter mountain ranges. Not only is precipitation plentiful but it is also reliable and frequent. Many areas have rainfall more than 150 days per year, although the precipitation is often of low intensity. Fog is common in autumn and winter, but thunderstorms are infrequent. Strong gales with high winds may be encountered in winter. Temperatures in the winter tend to be mild, while summer temperatures are moderate (Weatherbase).

TEMPERATURE AND RELATIVE HUMIDITY

RADIATION AND WIND VELOCITY

The Köppen Climate Classification subtype for this climate is “Cfb”. (Marine West Coast Climate). The average temperature for the year in Brussels is 51.0°F (10.6°C). The warmest month, on average, is July with an average temperature of 64.0°F (17.8°C). The coolest month on average is January, with an average temperature of 38.0°F (3.3°C). WIND AND SOUND LEVELS

10 | FACADE DESIGN

From Climate Designer

2 ANALYSIS 1 CLIMATE South Facade SOUTH FACADE

North Facade

Top View

NORTH FACADE The average amount of precipitation for the year in Brussels is 32.0” (812.8 mm). The month with the most precipitation on average is October with 3.3” (83.8 mm) of precipitation. The month with the least precipitation on average is August with an average of 1.7” (43.2 mm). There are an average of 219.0 days of precipitation, with the most precipitation occurring in December with 21.0 days and the least precipitation occurring in August with 16.0 days. (Weatherbase).

Summer 21 June 6:00 to 22:00

To begin analyzing the volumes initially proposed, a radiation test was conducted. The different faces of the volumes were assessed, in order to get the amount of profitable radiation each element had. This would then be useful for the application of solar panels, if they were to be applied in any of the situations. The south facades proved to be highly exposed, so a delicate balance between radiation for energy generation and radiation that could lead to overheating, had to be reached.

Winter 21 December 6:00 to 22:00 RADIATION ANALYSIS

From Computational Designers

FACADE DESIGN | 11

2 ANALYSIS 1 CLIMATE

URBAN COMFORT SHADOWS WINTER

URBAN COMFORT SHADOWS

URBAN COMFORT SHADOWS SUMMER

URBAN COMFORT SHADOWS

URBAN COMFORT SHADOWS WINTER

URBAN COMFORT SHADOWS SUMMER

SHADOW ANALYSIS

Along with the solar analysis, the shadows of the complex were studied. Because of the grand scale of the towers, they could have a considerable impact in their surroundings, overshadowing the already existing buildings. This helped in taking some decisions regarding the optimal orientation of the building. Because the towers are defined as slender volumes since the initial concept, they could be position in a way that the smaller part was 12 | FACADE DESIGN

positioned aligned to the most predominant light source. This helped din creating the least amount of shadows, when compared to a solid block going along the whole plot. The climate designer and the computational team worked together for the shadow analysis, and it was taken into account for latter decisions. However, it helped since the beginning to make sure the

From Computational Designers

towers were not overshadowing each other, shifting them as mush as possible to achieve an almost unobstructed position. This helped with the further development done in the project, namely the implementation of PV panels in the faces exposed to the sun, which assured the maximum amount of radiation.

2 ANALYSIS 1 CLIMATE Pedestrian level April

Balcony potential at 60 m Checking Venturi

April

Other important climatic element that was analysed was the wind. Various levels were assessed, namely the plinth and street levels, as well as the higher levels in the towers. The plinth wasnâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;t critical, as it was protected by the urban canopy and its neighbours. However, the wind pressure did pose a threat in theJune case of the towers, as the level goes up. The climate designer had to process the data and make sure operable windows or exterior spaced could be included. The conclusion from this analysis was the following: balconies can be included at a height of maximum 60 meters, and only on the north-eastern and north-western portion of December the towers. The others receive insignificant winds speeds that allow for openings.

North East

June

Highest Pressures March

December

WIND ANALYSIS

Pedestrian level

From Climate Designer

FACADE DESIGN | 13

2 ANALYSIS 2 FACADE ALTERNATIVES Exploration was made in different types of facades. General strategies were studied to come up with a combination of aspects that should be included in the final products.

Post construction: the storey-high posts lead wind loads and the self-weight of the structure to the ground.

System facade: unlike post-andbeam systems, can be fully prefabricated and mounted on site by a small labour force.

Beam façade: façade constructions in which only the beams are used require a vertical suspension system to bear the weight of the façade. Wind loads are here transferred to the ground via the beams.

Shaft-box façade: features box windows that release their exhaust air into a shaft that extends over several floors, offer a double façade system that requires complex installation but is highly effective.

Curtain wall: unlike pure post-and-beam systems, curtain walls are suspended from above with the aid of the rods. This approach has the advantage of avoiding buckling in the posts and of a large degree of independence from the main structure of the building.

Alternating façade, second skin is added locally to a single skin façade construction to provide the benefits if the buffering effect of the double façade in the areas affected. A grating can be mounted in front of the single-skin areas to allow for ventilation during rain and at night-time regardless of weather conditions.

Second skin façade: produced by adding an external layer of glass to the inner façade. This has the advantage of being easy to construct but the disadvantage of limited control possibilities on the interior and, in the case of high buildings, the attendant risk of overheating.

Integrated façade: incorporates not only ventilation functions as described above but also active environmental control of lighting components.

14 | FACADE DESIGN

GENERAL STRATEGIES FOR FACADES

2 ANALYSIS 2 FACADE ALTERNATIVES

Box window façade: derived from the box window principle. Horizaontal as well as vertical separation makes the box-window façade especially suitable for sound insulation, not only from the outside but the inside.

Corridor façade: the air flows within the space between the exterior and interior facades across one storey. Air in and outlets are arranged at one offset at ceiling level to avoid thermal shorts by exhaust mixing with fresh air.

Brises-soleil offer various advantages: they are fixed sun protection elements that are aligned with the ceiling-floor units. They can also serve as platforms when they have a decent dimension and enough carrying capacity.

Second-skin façade: the interior façade is enveloped by an unrestricted glass layer around the entire building. Good sound insulation against exterior noise sources can be obtained because the in and outlet opening are located only at floor and ceiling level.

Fixed louvers: they can be arranged vertically as well as horizontally. Depending on the configuration the louvers can be adjusted by angling to improve shading. The method of cleaning the glass surfaces behind the louvers needs to be considered.

Horizontal sliding shades: mostly used in low-rise. They can be motorised or controlled by hand. A wide range of infill materials such as metal mesh, grills, wooden slats or textiles offer many design options.

GENERAL STRATEGIES FOR FACADES

FACADE DESIGN | 15

2 ANALYSIS 2 FACADE ALTERNATIVES

For the openings of the façade, a general necessity of opening to the exterior was mandatory. Because of the great location, even the “closed” facades had to posses privileged views. When addressing the most solid facades, namely in the plinth, an option like this would suit the privacy and openness required.

For the protection of those voids, various solutions can come into place. The intention was to have the least disruptive elements, no horizontal louvers then. Instead recessing the openings would be an option, as well as horizontal elements aligned with the slab, projecting its shadow to the floor below.

Instead on relying on movable objects in the façade, fixed ones are proposed. They require less maintenance and are less prone to damage. In case of having necessities of privacy, the use of diagonals would be considered, incorporating different types of surfaces.

OPENINGS & PROTECTION STRATEGIES IN FACADES

16 | FACADE DESIGN

2 ANALYSIS 2 FACADE ALTERNATIVES

The interior sun protection is not as effective as exterior sun protection; it is primarily used as glare protection offices. It keeps a uniform look in the exterior façade, which is not particularly a goal defined.

Decentralised ventilation units offer the possibility of having inlet openings in various points of the façade, not depending in the central units of ventilation.

For the type of exterior feel, the typical glass box was avoided. Instead solid surfaces were to be introduced throughout the different typologies, be it cladding, brises-soleil, nosing profiles… All of them would rest after the slab or structure in the building.

RELATION WITH BUILDING

FACADE DESIGN | 17

2 ANALYSIS 3 FACADE CONCEPTS

RESIDENTIAL

OFFICES

REFERENCES

PLINTH

DC’S PEEK & CLOPPENBURG BRUXELLE’S MAIN SQUARE

DIAGRAM OF FACADE TYPES

18 | FACADE DESIGN

QUARTIER DES SQUARES

P1 (General) Reused stone cladding façade, reinterpretation

R1 (Southwest and southeast) Winter garden strategy with nosing profiles for shading and energy generation

P2 (General) Curtain wall with solid vertical fins

R2 (Northwest and northeast) Winter garden strategy with extra balconies

SOM’S COURTHOUSE EU’S DISTRICT

O1 (General) Unitized system with half a solid surface covered in PV and a transparent half

SOLUTIONS

SYMBOLOGY Plinth P1 P2 Residences R1 R2 Offices O1 O2

DC’S ONE PANCREAS

O2 (Sky gardens) Unitized system with both transparent surfaces

2 ANALYSIS 4 REQUIREMENTS CRITERIA DEFINITION OPENESS

SYMBOLOGY Plinth P1 P2 Residences R1 R2 Offices O1 O2 A lot of factors came into play when defining the façade solutions. Firstly, it was greatly shaped because of the architecture. Each typology and their specific needs were analysed and taken into consideration. The structural systems were also a defining point. A close relationship with the climate designer was a priority, given the goals set from the beginning. Because the complex was intended to be the most human possible, indoor quality was always a must and a goal in itself. The regulations for human comfort were monitored, as well as the most optimal cooling/heating loads for the entire building. The table defines the most important criteria to be considered. A is can be noticed in the red highlights, there were

OFFICES O1 O2 OPEN OPEN RATI O 40 S/60 T RATI O 30 S/70 T

RESIDENCES R1 R2 CLOSED CLOSED RATI O 40 S/60 T RATI O 50 S/50 T 0:00-8:00 ; 15:000:00-8:00 ; 15:0000:00 00:00 7/7 DAYS 7/7 DAYS

8:00-21:00 7/7 DAYS

7:00-19:00 5/7 DAYS

ORIENTATION

N/E

S/W

N/E

S/W

N/E

S/W

21-23 °C

18-23 °C

23-26 °C

1 dm3 /s per m2 OPERABLE WI NDOWS

0.7 dm3 /s per m2 OPERABLE WI NDOWS NATURAL LI VI NG >100 LUX (3450 HOURS/Y) KI TCHEN >100 LUX (3450 HOURS/Y)

VENTILATION

DAYLIGHT

some more important than other, according to the type of façade. The plinth for example, did not have such strict requirements thermally speaking, as it was protected by the urban canopy. However, the acoustic aspect was taken care of as well the visual necessity of merging with its context. The residential tower had to respond totally to the user and its comfort, making a manageable façade that could be adapted. An extension in form of a winter garden was designed. Balconies and nosing profiles would serve as additional extensions or energy generating elements, respectively. Finally the offices needed to have a versatile module that offered various possibilities: energy generation on one hand, while keeping the views.

PLINTH P1 P2 SEMI -OPEN OPEN RATI O 50 S/50 T RATI O 30 S/70 T

OPERATION

OPERATIVE TEMPERATURE TEMPERATURE FOR WARMING*

KEY

ARCH, CLIMATE & OTHERS

SUNSHADING SYSTEMS

VIEWS

SOUND INSULATION

CIRCULARITY

1 dm /s per m

NATURAL/ARTI FI CI NATURAL/ARTI FI CI AL , NOT AL, NOT RELEVANT RELEVANT

NO, NOT I N PROBLEMATI C SI TUATI ON NOT RELEVANT

I NDI RECT, DI FFUSE I NDI RECT, DI FFUSE WORK SPACE 500 WORK SPACE 500 LUX LUX AVERAGE 300 LUX AVERAGE 300 LUX

NO, NOT I N PROBLEMATI C SI TUATI ON

YES

NOT RELEVANT

YES TOWARDS FI NANCI AL DI STRI CT

VERY HI GH, VERY HI GH, DI RECT HI GH BETWEEN DI RECT CONTACT CONTACT WI TH OFFI CES, NOT TO WI TH STREET STREET EXTERI OR SOUND PRESSURE SOUND PRESSURE SOUND PRESSURE LEVEL <50-55 dB LEVEL <50-55 Db LEVEL <40-50 Db YES

YES

REGULARI TY; REGULARI TY; EXTRA FEATURES REUSI NG EXI STI NG REUSI NG EXI STI NG MATERI ALS? MATERI ALS?

YES

YES YES TOWARDS CI TY, TOWARDS CI TY, CALMER DI STRI CTS CALMER DI STRI CTS

HI GH BETWEEN OFFI CES, NOT TO EXTERI OR SOUND PRESSURE LEVEL <40-50 Db

HI GH BETWEEN RESI DENCES, NOT TO EXTERI OR SOUND PRESSURE LEVEL <40 Db

YES

TRANSPARENCY FOR VI EWS

TRANSPARENCY FOR VI EWS, WI TH PV I NTEGRATI ON. SUNSHADI NG SYSTEMS

TRANSPARENCY FOR VI EWS, BUT ALSO TRANSLUCENCY FOR PRI VACY

BUFFER ZONES, BALCONI ES. LOUVERS FOR PRI VACY. AI R PURI FI CATI ON?

FACADE DESIGN | 19

PLINTH

20 | FACADE DESIGN

3 PLINTH 1 REFERENCES As already explained in the introduction, the most important aspect to address in the plinth was its architectural appearance. Because it is the volume more in contact with the city, a specific language was explored. It had to react to the city and follow its rules.

Chipperfield’sPeek and Cloppenburg

Historical building from the historical centre were analysed, such as the City Council. A very ornamented style with a diversity of lines was found. Victor Horta’s Art Nouveau style was also iconic in the city,

bring the curve to an uncharted territory. In summary it was concluded that the language to be developed had to take into account the elements provided by the context and history. However, it was never the intention to imitate literally those styles, but have a respectful re-interpretation that brought them together. Some contemporary examples were also studied, namely Chipperfield’s tectonic architecture, in which the solid predominates over the transparent.

Victor Horta’s Art Nouveau

Le Toison d’Or by UNStudio

Brussels Town Hall

Material & General ideas

Stoned, San Quirino (PN); Elasticopsa +3

KEY

REFERENCES

FACADE DESIGN | 21

3 PLINTH 1 REFERENCES Chipperfield’s Peek and Cloppenburg Store in Vienna highlights important points to consider, specially the fact of its regularity in solid/voids. The simplified language gives it a contemporary feel, but the classical language is still featured. Other examples studied followed the same line: regular rhythms that showcased classical proportions. Norman Foster’s Porte Romaine in France was a perfect example that merged into its context in all the right ways. The use of materials such as stone, and the treatment given in its engraving

make it look contemporary yet related to the ancient neighbouring building. As for the systems to achieve a stone-looking façade, several systems were explored. They are the regular systems that attach to a main structure, most commonly a reinforced concrete element from which the steel profiles extend to bring support to the stone. It had to be flexible and ventilated, as well as easily demountable for easy maintenance. Fischer systems were explored and taken as reference.

SYSTEMS OF ATTACHMENT

CONTEMPORARY APPLICATION OF STONE

LA PORTE ROMAINE- NORMAN FOSTER

KEY

22 | FACADE DESIGN

CLADDING SYSTEMS

REFERENCES

3 PLINTH 2 PROCESS Having the references in mind, the design process began. It began by studying the heights and the rhythm of the building around. It also started right away with the most efficient way of attaching the stone to the main structure. For this, work with the structural team was conducted, even though their reach didnâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;t include an extensive development work on the plinth. For climate, the variables were not

critical as the plinth is mostly covered by the urban canopy: it isnâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;t exposed to the main winds or to the sun exposure. The only important aspect was the acoustical insulation, due to the high level of noise coming from the traffic. Additionally, the stone cladding would come from the stone taken away from the demolished buildings in the same plot.

DESIGN PROCESS & SKETCHES

FACADE DESIGN | 23

3 PLINTH 3 FACADE OVERVIEW The solution for the façade consists of a recovered stone cladding system, attached with a metallic substructure to the main building structure. It features the proper insulation and membranes, shown in the detailed drawings, as well as a functional frame. With functional frame, a reference is given to two simple systems that make the module a more attractive one. On the bottom there is a channel to recollect water that then goes to a water collection system in the underground level. On the top, there is a ventilation grill to help with the natural ventilation, a goal throughout the

whole building. Because the commercial part was not planned to have operable windows, such opening was crucial to assure a flow of air into the interior. The other typologies would have operable windows, within the same design. It has to be noticed that the plinth was divided in two completely different treatments: a solid and a transparent one. The one being described is the first. However, because of the size of the plinth, another façade had to be developed to bring the right counterbalance. A transparent façade was then contemplated, shown at the end of the current chapter.

FOLLOW CITY’S RULES SIMILAR SCALE

REGULARITY SIMILAR RYTHM

TECTONIC SIMILAR SOLIDITY

LIGHTNESS COUNTERPART

TECTONIC FACADE STONE CLADDING SYSTEM Recycled stone

TECHNICAL Functional frame GLAZING Triple glazing

SYMBOLOGY Plinth P1 P2 Residences R1 R2 Offices O1 O2 24 | FACADE DESIGN

KEY

Level 8 29.00

Level Level 8 8 29.00 29.00

Level 7 25.00

Level Level 7 7 25.00 25.00

Level 6 21.00

Level Level 6 6 21.00 21.00

Level 5 17.00

Level Level 5 5 17.00 17.00

Level 4 13.00

Level Level 4 4 13.00 13.00

Level 3 9.00

Level Level 3 3 9.009.00

Level 2 5.00 Level 1.2 4.00 Level 2 3.05 m

Level Level 2 2 5.005.00 Level Level 1.2 1.2 4.004.00 Level Level 2 2 3.053.05 m m

GENERAL MODULE

3 PLINTH 4 MATERIALS & COMPONENTS

1 STONE FROM DEMOLISHED BUILDINGS

EXISTING FACADES

4 6

The main material featured is the recovered limestone from the demolished buildings. The substructure is made up of lightweight profile of aluminium. There are neoprene plugs in between the profiles. Besides, for insulation, mineral wool is used as well as EPDM membranes, serving as water and vapour barriers.

SchÃ¼co AWS 90.SI+ Green

LIGHTWEIGHT ALUMINUM PROFILES

1. Structural system 2. Thermal insulation: Mineral wool 3. Recycled stone: limestone 4. Structure system for cladding: aluminum 5. Triple glazing window 6. Metallic grating, 180 mm wide 7. Openable ventilation grill, steel 8. C-channel, functional frame, steel 9. Drainage channel, stainless steel

PIR INSULATION

MINERAL WOOL

GYPSUM

CLAY

INSULATION (COMPARISON)

EXPLODED ISOMETRIC ORIGINAL

REDESIGN

MINERAL WOOL

GYPSUM

REDESIGN CLAY

CES ANALYSIS

PIR INSULATION

ORIGINAL

INTERIOR FINISHING (COMPARISON)

INSULATION

INTERIOR FINISHING

FACADE DESIGN | 25

3 PLINTH 5 DETAILED DRAWINGS

GENERAL ELEVATION SCALE 1:50 26 | FACADE DESIGN

3 PLINTH 5 DETAILED DRAWINGS

PRODUCED BY AN AUTODESK STUDENT VERSION 1

FACADE

0.23

0.45

1.70

1.72

0.86

2. Vapour barrier membrane 1. Reinforced concrete element 3. Thermal insulation 150 mmmembrane - Mineral wool 2. Vapour barrier 3. Thermal insulation 150 mm - Mineral wool 4. Water barrier, EPDM membrane 4. Water barrier, EPDM membrane 5. Air layer, variable depth 5. Air layer, variable depth 6. Recycled stone from demolished buildings, various 6. thicknesses Recycled stone from demolished build (40-80 mm) ings, various thicknesses (40-80 mm) 7. Ceramic point 7. Ceramic point 8. Adjustable metallic clip 8. Adjustable metallic clip 9. Sigma Hidden Clip Fastener S.32 9. Sigma Hidden Clip Fastener S.32 10. Framing shape of clad 10. Framing systemsystem followingfollowing shape of cladding ding 11. T-profile 40/50 11. T-profile 40/50 12. Nylon plug 12. Nylon plug 13. Wall angle G/FG 13. Extension plaque & Wall angle G/FG 14. Double glazing window, fixed laminated safety 14. Triple glazing window, fixed laminated glass safety glass a. Not case of commercial a. operable Notinoperable in caseuse of commercial b. Operable in caseuse of other use than commercial 15. Steelb. Operable casewool of other use stud system, filled withinmineral 16. Metallic than commercial grating, 180 mm wide 15. Steel stud system, filled with mineral wool 17. Openable ventilation grill 16. Metallic grating, 180 mm wide 18. C-channel, functional frame 17. Openable ventilation grill 19. Bonded membranefunctional sealant 18. C-channel, frame 19. membrane sealant 20. SolarBonded shading blind 20. Solar shading 21. Lintel, jamb and base: blind clad with 2 mm anodized 21. sheet Lintel, jamb and base: clad with 2 mm aluminum 22. Drainage anodized sheet aluminum channel, heated stainless steel 22. Drainage channel, heated stainless steel FLOORING

FLOORING

1. Metallic/wooden profile on edge of slab, for insulation support

FLOOR PLAN SCALE 1:20

SCALE 1:20

1. Metallic/wooden profile on edge of slab, Ceramic tiles 600 x 600 format 2. Superior forfinish: insulation support 3. Core board: Lightweight metallic frame 600 x 600 2. Superior finish: Ceramic tiles 600 x 600 format format 4. Inferior support: Protective membrane metallic against 3. Core board: Lightweight frame humidity and fire 600 x 600 format 5. Adjustable support system Protective for raised floormembrane 4. Inferior support: 6. Heating against system humidity and fire 5. Adjustable support 7. Mineral wool insulation: 100 mmsystem for raised floor 6. Heating system 8. Concrete topping layer: 50 mm 7. Mineral wool insulation: 100 mm 9. Concrete hollow slab: 200 mm 8. Concrete topping layer: 50 mm Structural castellated 9. Concretebeam hollow slab: 200 mm 10. Structural castellated beam

FACADE DESIGN | 27

PRODUCED BY AN AUTODESK STUDENT VERSION

1.40

0.95

1. Reinforced concrete element

3 PLINTH 5 DETAILED DRAWINGS

PRODUCED BY AN AUTODESK STUDENT VERSION 2

FACADE

1. Reinforce

1. Reinforced concrete element 2. Vapour barrier membrane 3. Thermal insulation 150 mm - Mineral wool 4. Water barrier, EPDM membrane 5. Air layer, variable depth 6. Recycled stone from demolished build ings, various thicknesses (40-80 mm) 7. Ceramic point 8. Adjustable metallic clip 9. Sigma Hidden Clip Fastener S.32 10. Framing system following shape of clad ding 11. T-profile 40/50 12. Nylon plug 13. Extension plaque & Wall angle G/FG 14. Triple glazing window, fixed laminated safety glass a. Not operable in case of commercial use b. Operable in case of other use than commercial 15. Steel stud system, filled with mineral wool 16. Metallic grating, 180 mm wide 17. Openable ventilation grill 18. C-channel, functional frame 19. Bonded membrane sealant 20. Solar shading blind 21. Lintel, jamb and base: clad with 2 mm anodized sheet aluminum 22. Drainage channel, heated stainless steel

3. Thermal in

0.95 1.40

5. Air layer, v

0.45

0.23

7. Ceramic p

1.72

0.86

7 8 9 10

11&12 13

14 18 22

0.37

0.18

0.24

0.06

0.04

0.05

0.06

FLOOR PLAN SCALE 1:20

16. Metallic grating, 180 mm wide FLOORING 17. Openable ventilation grill 1. Metallic/w 18. C-channel, functional frame insulation

0.15

0.21

1.11

0.15

0.06 0.10

19. Bonded membrane sealant2. Superior fi 20. Solar shading blind

3. Core boa

format 21. Lintel, jamb and base: clad with 2 mm a sheet aluminum 4. Inferior sup

0.90

0.25

0.10

humidity a 22. Drainage channel, heated stainless stee

0.10

5. Adjustabl

FLOORING

0.23

1.40

8. Adjustabl 1. Reinforced concrete element 9. Sigma Hid 2. Vapour barrier membrane 10. Framing 3. Thermal insulation 150 mm - Mineral wool 11. T-profile 4. Water barrier, EPDM membrane 12. Nylon pl 5. Air layer, variable depth 13. Wall ang 0.86 6. Recycled stone from demolished building 14. Double thicknesses (40-80 mm) glass 7. Ceramic point a. Not o 8. Adjustable metallic clip b. Ope 9. Sigma Hidden Clip Fastener S.32 15. Steel stu 10. Framing system following shape of clad 16. Metallic 11. T-profile 40/50 17. Openab 12. Nylon plug 18. C-chann 13. Wall angle G/FG 19. Bonded 14. Double glazing window, fixed laminated 20. Solar sha glass

21. Lintel, ja a. Not operable in case of commercial sheet alum b. Operable in case of other use than c 22. Drainag 15. Steel stud system, filled with mineral woo

1.11 0.22

0.25

SCALE 1:20

4. Water ba

6. Recycled thicknesse

0.22

Metallic/wooden profile on edge of slab, for insulation support Superior finish: Ceramic tiles 600 x 600 format Core board: Lightweight metallic frame 600 x 600 format Inferior support: Protective membrane against humidity and fire Adjustable support system for raised floor Heating system Mineral wool insulation: 100 mm Concrete topping layer: 50 mm Concrete hollow slab: 200 mm Structural castellated beam

PRODUCED BY AN AUTODESK STUDENT VERSION

1.70

PRODUCED BY AN AUTODESK STUDENT VERSION

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10.

PRODUCED BY AN AUTODESK STUDENT VERSION

FLOORING

2. Vapour b

0.25

6. Heating sy

1. Metallic/wooden profile on edge of slab, 7. Mineral w insulation support 8. Concrete 2. Superior finish: Ceramic tiles 600 x 600 form 9. Concrete 3. Core board: Lightweight metallic frame 6 Structural cast format

4. Inferior support: Protective membrane ag

humidity and fire DETAIL IN PLAN 5. Adjustable support system for raised floor SCALE 1:10 6. Heating system

PRODUCED BY AN AUTODESK STUDENT VERSION

7. Mineral wool insulation: 100 mm

28 | FACADE DESIGN

8. Concrete topping layer: 50 mm 9. Concrete hollow slab: 200 mm

3 PLINTH 5 DETAILED DRAWINGS

PRODUCED BY AN AUTODESK STUDENT VERSION 0.96 0.10

0.86 1. Reinforced concrete element 2. Vapour barrier membrane

22 21 11

PRODUCED BY AN AUTODESK STUDENT VERSION

1.69

10 7

6 5 4 3 2 1

20 18

5.00

3.31

17 16 15 14

FACADE

3. Thermal insulation 150 mm - Mineral wool 4. Water barrier, EPDM membrane

1. Reinforced concrete element 2. Vapour barrier membrane 6. Recycled stone from demolished 3. buildings,Thermal various insulation 150 mm - Mineral wool thicknesses (40-80 mm) 4. Water barrier, EPDM membrane 7. Ceramic point 5. Air layer, variable depth 6. Recycled stone from demolished build 8. Adjustable metallic clip ings, various thicknesses (40-80 mm) 9. Sigma Hidden Clip Fastener S.32 7. Ceramic point 10. Framing system following shape of cladding 8. Adjustable metallic clip 11. T-profile 40/50 9. Sigma Hidden Clip Fastener S.32 12. Nylon plug 10. Framing system following shape of clad 13. Wall angle G/FG ding 11. T-profile 40/50 14. Double glazing window, fixed laminated safety 12. Nylon plug glass 13. Extension plaque & Wall angle G/FG a. Not operable in case of commercial use 14. Triple glazing window, fixed laminated b. Operable in case of other use than commercial safety glass 15. Steel stud system, filled with mineral wool a. Not operable in case of 16. Metallic grating, 180 mm wide commercial use 17. Openable ventilation grill b. Operable in case of other use than commercial 18. C-channel, functional frame 15. Steel stud system, filled with mineral wool 19. Bonded membrane sealant 16. Metallic grating, 180 mm wide 20. Solar shading blind 17. Openable ventilation grill 21. Lintel, jamb and base: clad with 2 mm anodized 18. C-channel, functional frame sheet aluminum 19. Bonded membrane sealant 22. Drainage channel, heated stainless steel 20. Solar shading blind 21. Lintel, jamb and base: clad with 2 mm FLOORING anodized sheet aluminum 1. Metallic/wooden profile on edge 22. of slab, for Drainage channel, heated stainless steel 5. Air layer, variable depth

insulation support

2. Superior finish: Ceramic tiles 600 x FLOORING 600 format

0.10

1.69

1.00

floor 5. Adjustable support system for raised 3. 6. Heating system 7. Mineral wool insulation: 100 mm 4. 8. Concrete topping layer: 50 mm 9. Concrete hollow slab: 200 mm 5. 6. Structural castellated beam 7. 8. SECTION 9. SCALE 1:20 10.

tiles 600 x 600 format Core board: Lightweight metallic frame 600 x 600 format Inferior support: Protective membrane against humidity and fire Adjustable support system for raised floor Heating system Mineral wool insulation: 100 mm Concrete topping layer: 50 mm Concrete hollow slab: 200 mm Structural castellated beam

PRODUCED BY AN AUTODESK STUDENT VERSION

SCALE 1:20

profile on edge of slab,

for insulation support 4. Inferior support: Protective membrane against 2. Superior finish: Ceramic humidity and fire

0.86

0.24

0.47

3. Core board: Lightweight metallic frame 600 x 600 format 1. Metallic/wooden

FACADE DESIGN | 29

PRODUCED BY AN AUTODESK STUDENT VERSION

3 PLINTH 5 DETAILED DRAWINGS

0.96 0.10

1. Reinforced concrete element

0.86

2. Vapour barrier membrane

FACADE

0.20

0.07

0.70

8. Adjustable metallic clip

0.21

0.33

7. Ceramic point

9. Sigma Hidden Clip Fastener S.32

10. Framing system following shap

0.15

11. T-profile 40/50 12. Nylon plug 7 8 9 10 11 12 13

0.04

14. Double glazing window, fixed glass

a. Not operable in case of co b. Operable in case of other

15. Steel stud system, filled with m

16. Metallic grating, 180 mm wide

0.09

17. Openable ventilation grill 18. C-channel, functional frame

1.69

0.89

0.92

0.15

19. Bonded membrane sealant 20. Solar shading blind

0.31

0.12 0.07

0.50

0.15

0.14

6 5 4 3 2

0.15

0.26

22. Drainage channel, heated sta FLOORING

1. Metallic/wooden profile on edg insulation support

3. Core board: Lightweight metall format

0.43 0.10

21. Lintel, jamb and base: clad wi sheet aluminum

2. Superior finish: Ceramic tiles 600

0.18 0.60

4. Inferior support: Protective mem humidity and fire

17 16 15

5. Adjustable support system for ra

6. Heating system

DETAILED SECTION SCALE 1:10 SCALE 1:10 30 | FACADE DESIGN

0.16

0.22

6. Recycled stone from demolishe thicknesses (40-80 mm)

13. Wall angle G/FG

0.37

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10.

5. Air layer, variable depth

0.10

PRODUCED BY AN AUTODESK STUDENT VERSION

FLOORING

4. Water barrier, EPDM membrane

7. Mineral wool insulation: 100 mm

8. Concrete topping layer: 50 mm 9. Concrete hollow slab: 200 mm Structural castellated beam

PRODUCED BY AN AUTODESK STUDENT VERSION

3. Thermal insulation 150 mm - Min

PRODUCED BY AN AUTODESK STUDENT VERSION

3 PLINTH 6 BUILDING PHYSICS & STRCUTURE 1. Reinforced concrete element 2. Vapour barrier membrane 3. 4. 5. 6.

For the structure, a calculation of the weight of the materials in a specific area- was conducted. Thermal insulation 150 mm Mineral wool Because the main material to be analysed was the stone itself, emphasis was made on it. The insulation weight doesn’t have much impact, as well as the substructure. Assuming each support attached Water barrier, EPDM membrane to the main structure is every 80 cm, the modules were analysed using Air layer, variable depthheights of 1 m (resulting in modules of 1.00x0.80 m). After the calculation the total weight the stone represents is 81.92 kg, divided into two anchors, Recycled stone from demolished buildings, various results in 40.96 kg. This is the normal weight a typical lightweight substructure withstands. thicknesses (40-80 mm)

7. Ceramic point 8. Adjustable metallic

In the lower diagram, the fixings are highlighted, as well as the movements that are allowed in the system, namely the vertical ones in the T-sections and clipextensions, in case there are fluctuations.

9. Sigma Hidden Clip Fastener S.32 STRUCTURE

10. Framing system following shape of cladding A AREA 11. T-profile 40/50 12. Nylon plug 13. Wall angle G/FG

L V d P

LENGTH VOLUME DENSITY SELF-WEIGHT

1200 800 960000 0.00003 28.8

mm2 mm mm3 N/mm3 N

8000 kg/m3 7.68 kg

LOAD ESTIMATION- PANEL

14. Double glazing window, fixed laminated safety LIMESTONE ρ DENSITY glass

15.

PRODUCED BY AN AUTODESK STUDENT VERSION

16.

1.00

17. PRODUCED BY AN AUTODESK STUDENT VERSION

PRODUCED BY AN AUTODESK STUDENT VERSION

0.80

18.

t THICKNESS a. Not operable in case commercial use w of WIDTH h HEIGHT b. Operable in case of A other AREA use than commercial Ac AREA CROSS SECTION Steel MAIN studLOADS system, filled with mineral wool V VOLUME SELF WEIGHT Metallic grating, 180 Psw mm wide INSULATION- MINERAL WOOL V Openable ventilation grill VOLUME INSULATION ρ DENSITY INSULATION Pswframe SELF WEIGHT INSULATION C-channel, functional

19. Bonded membrane sealant

SYMBOLOGY

20. Solar shading blindDead lods

2560 40 800 1000 800000 32000 32000000 803.6352

kg/m3 mm mm mm mm2 mm2 mm3 N

2.6E-06 kg/mm3

0.12 m3 200 kg/m3 235.44 N

0.2331 2E-07 kg/mm3 2.4E-08 kg

81.92 kg

FIXING SYSTEMS

7. Ceramic point 8. Adjustable metallic clip Transfer of loads 21. Lintel, jamb and base: clad with 2 mm anodized 9. Sigma Hidden Clip Fastener S.32 10. Framing system following shape of cladding Fixing systems sheet aluminum 11. T-profile 40/50 12. Nylon plug 22. Drainage channel,Tolerances heated stainless steel & 13. Extension plaque & Wall angle G/FG movements

MODULE CONSIDERED FLOORING

STRUCTURE & FIXINGS

1. Metallic/wooden profile on edge of slab, for

FACADE DESIGN | 31

PRODUCED BY AN AUTODESK STUDENT VERSION

3 PLINTH 6 BUILDING PHYSICS & STRUCTURE

PRODUCED BY AN AUTOD

32 | FACADE DESIGN

THERMAL PERFORMANCE

WEIGHTED AVERAGE U total R total

0.24 4.21

THERMAL PERFORMANCE

SLAB *Considering incidence at 60°

ACOUSTIC PERFORMANCE

0.07

0.20

0.16

0.70

0.21

0.10

0.15

R (dB) 67.26 36 39.51

0.66 625

7 8 9 10 11 12 13

0.04

0.15

61.47

0.31

0.09

0.12 0.07

1.69

0.69 1.45

Area (m2) 16.65 13.34 29.99

0.86

0.89

U total R total

SOLID PART TRANSPARENT PART Rtot

0.02 0.25

0.10

0.50

0.15

0.14

6 5 4 3 2 1

0.15

33 2500

0.96

0.22

d (m) Rc (m2K/W) 0.003 0.00 0.55 0.003 0.00 0.55 0.003 0.00 1.28 0.78 0.04 0.13

Density (kg/m3t) (m) m (kg/m2) 2560 0.04 102.4 0.15 0 200 0.14 28 2500 0.3 750 880.4 2500 0.008 20 0.008 0 2500 0.008 20 0.008 0 2500 0.008 20

0.33

λ (W/mK) 1

COMPONENTS Stone Air Cavity Mineral Wool Concrete WINDOW Glass Cavity Glass Cavity Glass SLAB Mineral Wool Concrete

0.92

OPEN PART Glass Cavity with coatings Glass Cavity with coatings Glass R Value U Value ri re

0.03 0.17

d (m) Rc (m2K/W) 0.04 0.03 0.17 0.15 5.00 0.3 1.76 6.97 0.14 0.04 0.13

0.37

λ (W/mK) 1.26

PRODUCED BY AN AUTODESK STUDENT VERSION

CLOSED COMPONENT Stone (limestone) Air Cavity Mineral wool Concrete R Value U Value ri re

ACOUSTIC PERFORMANCE

SYMBOLOGY

17 16 15

Water barrier Vapour barrier Insulation

14 18

0.43 0.10

0.26

0.18 0.60

Main acoustic materials

SCALEthermal 1:10 Possible bridge

ESK STUDENT VERSION

As mentioned in the beginning, the building physics aspects were not part of the priority in most of the cases, as the plinth is protected by the surrounding buildings. However, calculations for thermal performance were conducted to have an idea of its behaviour. Taking into account the stone cladding, the air cavity, mineral wool and a concrete element of 30 cm of width, an overall U-value of 0.14 m2K/W is achieved. However, once combining the effect of the window, the U value decreases. By means of a weighted average according to the surface areas, the total U-value obtained is 0.24 m2K/W, almost complying with the standard of 0.20 m2K/W. The barriers are identified in red and blue, for water and vapour respectively. Besides, neoprene plugs are used to get rid of any thermal bridge developing in the metallic anchors. There was however, an important aspect regarding Building Physics: acoustics. Due to the high level of sound in the city and specifically the traffic from the streets, it had to be assured the façade was addressing such issue. When analysing the solid part, it had an excellent performance due to the heavy components, such as stone and concrete structure. However, the glazing was different. Simple calculations for triple glazing are not available (they must be conducted by software), leading to assume a sound insulation level of 36 Db, pertaining to a double-glazing window. Combining both insulation levels, an overall amount of 39.51 decibels was achieved. Almost 40 dB is a high value that can help on reducing the traffic noise.

BARRIERS

3 PLINTH 7 MAINTENANCE Because the plinth is on the lower levels, the maintenance is not can be easily solved. Two ways are envisioned. The first involves a normal crane or boom lift, coming from street level and is lifted to carry the worker to the faรงade to address. The second way of doing the maintenance is with a normal roof trolley BMU. It would need a proper railing in the roof of the building, and then the unit that descends for the works to be done. BOOM LIFT

ROOF TROLLETY BMU

The units, as seen in the previous sections, can be removed easily, depending just in clips hat hang the units. The stone can then be removed in case necessary. PRODUCED BY AN AUTODESK STUDENT VERSION

PRODUCED BY AN AUTODESK STUDENT VERSION

ROOF TROLLEY BMU APPLICATION

SCHEMATIC DIAGRAM OF ROOF BMU

FACADE DESIGN | 33 PRODUCED BY AN AUTODESK STUDENT VERSION

BOOM LIFT APPLICATION

3 EXTRA: TRANSPARENT PLINTH 8 REFERENCES & PRINCIPLES To counterbalance the solid façade, a transparent one is proposed for the rest of the plinth. The elevation on the bottom shows the places where this will be applied. It follows a certain logic: as it approaches the European District, the plinth becomes less solid, and lighter. The curtain wall façade then takes its place in the context. However, a regular curtain wall wasn’t the intention. For this, some references were analysed to understand how they could offer different options. The first reference is from Kengo Kuma in One Omotesando, Japan. It is the façade of a luxurious commercial centre, in which the curtain wall is interrupted by regular wooden fins, inserted on top of the mullions. A specific mechanism is attached to the mullion, so it can be any material or shape. In this case, it was wooden to emulate the wooden forests and bamboo, typical from the country. Their size addresses the climate strategy to be tackled: shading, and not just aesthetics. They are regularly placed, every 30 cm, which gives a solid feel even if it is a proper curtain wall. ONE OMOTESANDO- KENGO KUMA

Curtain Wall: -extruded aluminum mullions spanning flr to flr -monolithic glass -structural silicone at horizontal joint Sunshading:

34 | FACADE DESIGN

-tapered fins of laminated wood -18 inch fins help stiffen the vertical mullions -outrigger at each floor slab -integrated vertical pressure plate

SOUTH ELEVATION- PLINTH

3 EXTRA: TRANSPARENT PLINTH 8 REFERENCES & PRINCIPLES The second main reference project is from Chipperfield, the Valentino Store in New York. In here, a complex façade is proposed, following the grid of the existing facades. Looking closer into the detail of the mullion and how he achieves the vertical elements, an extended cap in the mullion then is noticed. A simple solution then gives a similar idea when compared to the previous one, but now it is much more integrated within the already existing system. Because it doesn’t require for any extra anchors or components, the solution is elegant and serves well its purpose. At the end, the second solution is the one applied to protect the curtain wall surfaces in the plinth façade. They will provide shadow and contribute to the visual integration of the complex, as the modules form the offices and residences are related in their lines and colours.

DETAIL OF FACADE CHIPPERFIELD’S VALENTINO STORE

SORDO MADALENO’S MONTERREY OFFICE

FACADE DESIGN | 35

PLINTH FROM THE STREET

36 | FACADE DESIGN

RESIDENTIAL

FACADE DESIGN | 37

4 RESIDENCES 1 REFERENCES The first explorations for the façade of the residential tower were more directed to the visual appearance, going for a robust feel of solidity. The intention was to get rid of the contemporary glass box and into a more human high rise. This already gave hints to possible solutions in which the curtain wall concept wouldn’t have a place. Extending the slab into the outside and recessing the façade were characteristics that made it look less transparent, merging with the horizontal lines prevalent in the residential buildings in Brussels. Chipperfield’s office tower near Saint Pan-

creas sets a good example as it reads as a Parthenon-like building. People hanging out in the balcony offer an attractive view of the high-rise in which various activities can happen, not only on the ground floor. Other interesting examples were studied, like the first bio-skin in the world in Tokyo. It consists of a second skin of terracota louvers, with the special feature of a piping system inside that cools the immediate surroundings, lowering the temperature by two degrees. Even though the system was very interesting, not enough data was found on how it worked or could be applied.

PATTERNS AND RHYTHM

BIO-SKIN FOR SONY TOKYO

CHIPPERFIELD’S KING’S CROSS OFFICE BLOCK

KING’S CROSS OFFICE BLOCK KEY

38 | FACADE DESIGN

REFERENCES

ONE KENSINGTON GARDENS- CHIPPERFIELD

4 RESIDENCES 1 REFERENCES As the main goal of the whole complex was to bring a more sensible building, the façade continued developing without having any special considerations for aesthetics. Collaborating with climate, façade explorations were made and at the end the winter garden option showed to be of great potential. It could offer an extension to the apartment, giving it more amplitude. As a winter garden is a semi-open, semi-closed space, it would give the chance of adaption to the users and their needs. Renzo Piano and RENZO PIANO’S WINTER GARDEN

other architects have explored the same concept, applying it to residential towers that are thermally adaptable. The incorporation of plants was also an option, so the tower became even more friendly and green. Questions were still posed on how the winter garden and balconies reacted to the exterior conditions, namely the wind pressure. Further exploration was made in collaboration with the climate expert, as it was vital to understand the behaviour of the surfaces.

INTEGRATION OF GREEN IN BALCONIES

RENZO PIANO’S- PALAIS DE JUSTICE

MONTMARTE’S WINTERGARDEN TOWER| ATELIER KEMPE THILL

REFERENCES

KEY

FACADE DESIGN | 39

4 RESIDENCES 1 REFERENCES- CLIMATE As already mentioned, a climate-oriented façade was the intention since the beginning for the residential tower. It had to be user-friendly and adaptable. The winter garden was the first step towards the exploration of the solution. A specific example that was analysed were the projects from Lacaton & Vassal. Many of their projects consist on sustainable renovations of

GENERAL PLAN & STRATEGIES

apartment towers, in which layering is the most important aspect from their solutions. They basically suggest a first foldable glass wall, a buffer, and a second wall that slides, connecting the living area with the exterior. In their project for a very different function, laboratories in a university complex, they add more elements to the recipe: first the glass balustrade with boxes

of plants every 6 meters, then brises-soleil that can be oriented by the user, an insulating glass wall, and finally interior thermal curtains that can cool down the interior of the room. They bet on a more responsive façade that is adapted by the users, the concept of a sailboat instead of a motorboat in which the resources are profited at their maximum. Even though initially pas-

sive, the buildings become active because of their users. It does have to be highlighted some of their design really work all the way because of the connections in between spaces, which allow for cross-ventilation. That is a hard task if the apartments are only facing one façade and not two which can be connected.

LV LAYER APPLIED IN LAB FACADE

LACATON & VASSAL’S DIAGRAMS FOR HALTE CEVA, MIXED USE BUILDING

40 | FACADE DESIGN

4 RESIDENCES 1 REFERENCES- CLIMATE In a new mixed use building they also designed, two strategies are explored. The first is the one already explained, with two layers of glass walls and a balustrade in case both are open, resulting in a big living room that connects to the exterior. The second is an office configuration, in which the priority is the most usable space for working. In this case, the balustrade is kept and

LACATON & VASSALâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;S DIAGRAMS FOR HALTE CEVA

only one single glass wall is included. It can also be fully opened, giving the inside workplace a better quality, almost like if it was a balcony. Event though they are different strategies, it all reads in the same language when seen from the outside, as the balustrade is present in both cases, as wall as the glazed surfaces between the slabs.

SECTION SHOWING FUNCTIONS

FACADE DESIGN | 41

4 RESIDENCES 2 PROCESS The design process took into account the past references and climate strategies, starting from the winter garden and the inclusion of balconies. Those were initially planned to be oriented to the southern facades, as well as the east and west ones. For the north, a solid modular panel would be considered, following the principles off the passive house. However, once the design evolved, the passive house module was discarded as the more amount of views towards the city, the better. In that case, all the faรงade would be made up of glass, but with the buffer zone that helps on regulating the temperature. For the addition of balconies, a unitized system was explored, so it already came assembled from the factory, and just installed on site in its correct place. Even though floor plans were not available to study the feasibility of the mentioned strategies, it was an agreement since the beginning to include the solutions. Climate feasibility was still to be proven, specially for the balconies, which posed the most challenges.

DESIGN PROCESS & SKETCHES

42 | FACADE DESIGN

3 PLINTH 2 PROCESS It was until later discussions that we defined to divide the two strategies, instead of applying both in the same faรงade. One would only contemplate the winter garden so it could withstand the winds. The other had the unitized balcony on the outside, applied only in the northeast and northwest, where the winds are not strong. They also had to be included within a range of 60 meter of height, due to intense winds on the top of the tower. For the first solution, a nosing

profile was designed, so it gave the same felling of the balcony, with the difference of not being walkable. It would be still usable as it would include PV panels in the side exposed to the sun, a surface that would integrate to the rest of the aluminium profile. A ventilation slot was also to be included in the solution, so natural ventilation was promoted anytime of the year. The ceiling was also solved, as well as the thermal insulation for the buffer.

DESIGN PROCESS & SKETCHES

FACADE DESIGN | 43

4 RESIDENCES 3 FACADE OVERVIEW

The faรงade was then considered as two separate strategies, according to the orientation: unitized balconies hanging from the slab, applied partially in the northeast and northwest, and the rest a winter garden with nosing profile made of PV and aluminium sandwich.

ACCORDING TO WIND EXPOSURE

TYPICAL MODULE

HORIZONTALITY

EXTENSION OF BOX

Level 8 29.00

DEPTH & SOLIDS

WINTER GARDENS

BALCONIES

Level 8 29.00

Level 7 25.00

Level 18Level - R Mid 18 69.00 69.00 m

Level 18 - R Mid 69.00 69.00 m

Level 18Level - R Mid 18 69.00 69.00 m

Level 17 65.00

Level 16 61.00

Level 15 57.00

Level 14 53.00

Level 13Level - O Low 13 49.00

Level 13 - O Low 49.00

Level 13Level - O Low 13 49.00

Level 7 25.00

Level 6 21.00

Level 5 17.00

Level 4 13.00

Level 3 9.00

Level 2 5.00 Level 1.2 4.00 Level 2 3.05 m

SKY GARDEN

Level 2 5.00 Level 1.2 4.00 Level 2 3.05 m

CIRCULATION CORE

APARTMENTS

Level 12 45.00

NOSE

Level 3 9.00

TYPICAL PLAN DISTRIBUTION

R1 WINTER GARDENS

44 | FACADE DESIGN

WINTER GARDEN

Level 5 17.00

APARTMENT

Level 6 21.00

R2 BALCONIES

SOUTH/WEST

NORTH/EAST

WINDY: WINTER GARDEN

NOT WINDY: BALCONY

INTERIOR GLASS WALL Double glazed sliding doors

EXTERIOR GLASS WALL Single glazed windows

NOSE Composite aluminum PV system

4 RESIDENCES 4 INDOOR COMFORT Before going into the indoor comfort, the climate analysis shown in the second chapter helps to understand the conditions in which the tower is inserted. Due to the prevalent winds coming from the southeast, the balconies had to be removed from such orientation. Being conservative, only in the northeast and northwest would be applied, at a height of maximum 60 meters.

ESON :EDAÇAF NIAM -SECNEDISER maeb/bals larutcurts ot gnirohcnA .1 mm 051 ,srohcna etercnoC .a srohcna yb bals ot dexif noitces-I .b sgulp nolyN .c loow lareniM -mm 021 noitalusni lamrehT .2 reirrab ruopaV .3 enarbmem MDPE ,reirrab retaW .4 dna emarf larutcurts ot dexif etalp epahs-L .5 gnirohcna ,snoitces-I ot detcennoc noitces mm 08 ,metsys gnimarf leetS .6 bals ot lellarap dexif noitces RTP .a rof ,erutcurts eht ot selgna gnivig sepahs-T .b lairetam gniddalc fo troppus epahs-T ot stlob htiw dexif ,snoisurtxe metsys MCA .7 pilc cillatem elbatsujdA .8 23.S renetsaF pilC neddiH amgiS .9 taoc ettam thgil ,etalp revoc hciwdnas munimulA .01 eson lluf eht gnirevoc deroloc krad ,sllec mlif-niht ,metsys VP .11

Regarding the installations serving the apartments, these are complemented by the facades as they act as buffers that regulate the temperature. They also include a ventilation slot on top of the exterior glass wall, which helps with the natural ventilation. It goes directly into the ceiling, so it doesn’t mix with the air flows on the bottom.

eht ot spilc dna sepahs-L cillatem htiw dexiF .a metsys gnimraf niam gniliec eht ot detcennoc tols noitalitneV .21 llirg noitalitneV .31 loow larenim htiw dellif metsys gnimraf duts leetS .41 htiw detalusni dna erbif larenim ,gniliec citsuocA .51 loow larenim elgnis ,swodniw elbanepo htiw llaw ssalg roiretxE .61 gnizalg wol htiw gnizalg elbuod ,srood ssalg gnidilS .71 gnitaoc-E

Natural air supply GNIROOLF Ventilation grill facade (automatic/preheated) rof ,bals fo egde no eliforp nedoow/cillateM .1 troppus noitalusni

Installations shaft

tamrof 006 x 006 selit cimareC :hsinif roirepuS .2

Exhaust (Fire 006 xrated 006 emduct) arf cillatem thgiewthgiL :draob eroC .3 tamrof

Exhaust outlet

tsniaga enarbmem evitcetorP :troppus roirefnI .4 erif dna ytidimuh

Radiant Floor

roolf desiar rof metsys troppus elbatsujdA .5

The winter gardens themselves will ac in a simple way. During winter, when the exterior air is kept outside, the 02:1 ELACS sun would heat up the air inside the winter garden, being available for the interior of the apartment in case necessary. During summer, instead of having a closed buffer zone, the sliding wall and the operable window would be open to let the air flow, ventilating the areas.

metsys gnitaeH .6 mm 001 :noitalusni loow lareniM .7 mm 05 :reyal gnippot etercnoC .8

Thermal Comfort Assesment Typology Hours at or above 26 °C Residential North West 1 42 North West 2 51 North East 1 89.5 North East 2 80.5 South West 2 94 South West 1 95.5 South East 1 50 South East 2 68 South East 3 78.5 South East 4 61 Circulation Areas 0

23.S renetsaF pilC neddiH amgiS .9 taoc ettam thgil ,etalp revoc hciwdnas munimulA .01 eson lluf eht gnirevoc deroloc krad ,sllec mlif-niht ,metsys VP .11 eht ot spilc dna sepahs-L cillatem htiw dexiF .a metsys gnimraf niam gniliec eht ot detcennoc tols noitalitneV .21 llirg noitalitneV .31 loow larenim htiw dellif metsys gnimraf duts leetS .41 htiw detalusni dna erbif larenim ,gniliec citsuocA .51 loow larenim elgnis ,swodniw elbanepo htiw llaw ssalg roiretxE .61 gnizalg wol htiw gnizalg elbuod ,srood ssalg gnidilS .71 gnitaoc-E

Natural air supply

GNIROOLF

rof ,facade bals fo egde no eliforp nedoow/cillateM Ventilation grill troppus noitalusni (automatic)

tamrof 006 x 006 selit cimareC :hsinif roirepuS .2

Installations shaft

006 x 006 emarf cillatem thgiewthgiL :draob eroC .3 tamrof

Exhaust (Fire rated duct)

tsniaga enarbmem evitcetorP :troppus roirefnI .4 Exhaust outlet

Cooling floor (auxilary)

erif dna ytidimuh

roolf desiar rof metsys troppus elbatsujdA .5 metsys gnitaeH .6 mm 001 :noitalusni loow lareniM .7 mm 05 :reyal gnippot etercnoC .8

INSTALLATIONS AND CLIMATE SYSTEMS

From Climate Designer

Solution

70 % glazing 70 % glazing

02:1 ELACS

FACADE DESIGN | 45

4 RESIDENCES 5 MATERIALS & COMPONENTS The materials featured in the residential façade have one mission, to be the most lightweight as possible. To achieve this, the substructure holding the metal sheet is aluminium, the insulation is mineral wool, a PV system made from glass, the PV interlayer and a back metal sheet, and finally the metal sheet giving the overall nose shape, made from Alucobond, an aluminium composite material consisting of 2 layers of 0.5mm thick aluminium sandwiching a mineral filled fire-resistant core containing 70% non-combustible mineral filling.

3 9

Schüco Sliding System ASS 77 *Double glazing

Schüco AWS 90.SI+ Green *Single glazing

4 5

10 11

1&2

Mineral wool

Aluminum substructure

EXPLODED ISOMETRIC

Aluminum composite material

46 | FACADE DESIGN

PV system

1. Anchoring to structural slab/beam 2. I-section fixed to slab by anchors 3. Thermal insulation 4. L-shape plate fixed 5. Steel framing system 6. Aluminum sandwich cover plate

7. PV system, thin-film cells, dark colored 8. Ventilation slot connected to the ceiling 9. Acoustic ceiling 10. Exterior glass wall, single glazing 11. Sliding glass doors, double glazing

4 RESIDENCES 6 DETAILED DRAWINGS

ELEVATION 1:50

FACADE DESIGN | 47

4 RESIDENCES 6 DETAILED DRAWINGS PRODUCED BY AN AUTODESK STUDENT VERSION

FACADE

48 | FACADE DESIGN

1.34

0.58

3.00

1.53

0.60

3.83

0.10

1.42

1.47

0.86

2.63

0.88 0.86

0.10

0.60

0.82

1.39

1.34

11 10

WINTER GARDEN PLAN 1:20

0.51

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10.

0.58

0.60

FLOORING

PRODUCED BY AN AUTODESK STUDENT VERSION

Anchoring to structural slab/beam a. Concrete anchors, 150 mm b. I-section fixed to slab by anchors c. Nylon plugs Thermal insulation 120 mm- Mineral wool Vapour barrier Water barrier, EPDM membrane L-shape plate fixed to structural frame and connected to I-sections, anchoring Steel framing system, 80 mm section a. PTR section fixed parallel to slab b. T-shapes giving angles to the structure, for support of cladding material ACM system extrusions, fixed with bolts to T-shape Adjustable metallic clip Sigma Hidden Clip Fastener S.32 10 Aluminum sandwich cover plate, light 11 matte coat covering the full nose 16 PV system, thin-film cells, dark colored 17 a. Fixed with metallic L-shapes and clips to the main farming system Ventilation slot connected to the ceiling Ventilation grill Steel stud farming system filled with mineral wool Acoustic ceiling, mineral fibre and insulated with mineral wool Exterior glass wall with openable windows, single glazing Sliding glass doors, double glazing with low E-coating

ELEVATION 1:20 1.62

SCALE 1:10

SCALE 1:20 PRODUCED BY AN AUTODESK STUDENT VERSION

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17.

3.23

1.62

0.08

1.32

0.10

RESIDENCES- MAIN FAĂ&#x2021;ADE: NOSE

1. Anchoring to structural slab/beam FACADE

2 3 4 5 6 7 8 10

a. Concrete anchors, 150 mm

1. by anchors Anchoring b. I-section fixed to slab

1.31

PRODUCED BY AN AUTODESK STUDENT VERSION

12 13 14 15

0.10

FLOORING

1.40

3.20

1. Metallic/wooden profile on edge of slab, for 1. Metallic/wooden insulation support

profile on edge of slab, for insulation support 2. Superior finish: Ceramic tiles 600 x 600 format 2. Superior finish: Ceramic tiles 600 x 600 3. Core board: Lightweight metallic frame 600 x 600 format format 3. Core board: Lightweight metallic frame 4. Inferior support: Protective membrane 600 against x 600 format humidity and fire 4. Inferior support: Protective membrane 5. Adjustable support system floor for raised against humidity and fire 6. Heating system 5. Adjustable support system for raised floor 6. mm Heating system 7. Mineral wool insulation: 100 7. Mineral wool insulation: 100 mm 8. Concrete topping layer: 50 mm 8. Concrete topping layer: 50 mm 9. Concrete hollow slab: 200 mm DETAILED SECTION 9. Concrete hollow slab: 200 mm 1:20 10. Structural castellated beam 10. Structural castellated beam

PRODUCED BY AN AUTODESK STUDENT VERSION

SCALE 1:20

0.44

to structural slab/beam a. Concrete anchors, 150 mm c. Nylon plugs b. I-section fixed to slab by anchors 2. Thermal insulation 120 mm- Mineral wool c. Nylon plugs 3. Vapour barrier 2. Thermal insulation 120 mm- Mineral wool 4. Water barrier, EPDM membrane 3. Vapour barrier 4. Water 5. L-shape plate fixed to structural frame andbarrier, EPDM membrane L-shape plate fixed to structural frame connected to I-sections, 5. anchoring section and connected to I-sections, anchoring 6. Steel framing system, 80 mm 6. Steel framing system, 80 mm section a. PTR section fixed parallel to slab a. PTR section fixed parallel to slab b. T-shapes giving angles to the structure, for b. T-shapes giving angles to the support of cladding material structure, for support of cladding material 7. ACM system extrusions, fixed with bolts to T-shape 7. ACM system extrusions, fixed with bolts to 8. Adjustable metallic clip T-shape 9. Sigma Hidden Clip Fastener S.32 8. Adjustable metallic clip 9. plate,Sigma Hidden 10. Aluminum sandwich cover light matte coat Clip Fastener S.32 covering the full nose 10. Aluminum sandwich cover plate, light dark colored matte coat covering the full nose 11. PV system, thin-film cells, 11. PV system, thin-film cells, dark colored a. Fixed with metallic L-shapes and clips to the a. Fixed with metallic L-shapes and main farming system clips to the main farming system 12. Ventilation slot connected to the ceiling 12. Ventilation slot connected to the ceiling 13. Ventilation grill 13. Ventilation grill 14. Steel stud farming system filled with mineral 14. Steel studwool farming system filled with 15. Acoustic ceiling, mineral insulated with fibre and mineral wool mineral wool 15. Acoustic ceiling, mineral fibre and 16. Exterior glass wall with openable windows, single insulated with mineral wool glazing 16. Exterior glass wall with openable 17. Sliding glass doors, double with low single glazing glazing windows, E-coating 17. Sliding glass doors, double glazing with low E-coating FLOORING

F8 F9 F10

3.00

2.60

16 17

F2 F3 F4 F5 F6 F7

4 RESIDENCES 6 DETAILED DRAWINGS

PRODUCED BY AN AUTODESK STUDENT VERSION

1.40

1.07

FACADE DESIGN | 49

SCALE 1:5

12 13 14 15 16 17

1.05

01 0 .0

4 0.

0.50

0.10

0.12

0.35

0.15

0.33

0.80

0.10

1 2 3 4

5 6 7 8 9 10

0.08

0.22

11 11a

0.30

0.16

0.22

0.16

0.19 DETAILED SECTION 1:10

SCALE 1:5

PRODUCED BY AN AUTODESK STUDENT VERSION

50 | FACADE DESIGN

0.08

0.18

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10.

0.19

FLOORING

0.02

F2 F3 F4 F5 F6

1.40

Anchoring to structural slab/beam a. Concrete anchors, 150 mm b. I-section fixed to slab by anchors c. Nylon plugs Thermal insulation 120 mm- Mineral wool Vapour barrier Water barrier, EPDM membrane L-shape plate fixed to structural frame and connected to I-sections, anchoring Steel framing system, 80 mm section a. PTR section fixed parallel to slab b. T-shapes giving angles to the structure, for support of cladding material ACM system extrusions, fixed with bolts to T-shape Adjustable metallic clip Sigma Hidden Clip Fastener S.32 Aluminum sandwich cover plate, light matte coat covering the full nose PV system, thin-film cells, dark colored a. Fixed with metallic L-shapes and clips to the main farming system Ventilation slot connected to the ceiling Ventilation grill Steel stud farming system filled with mineral wool Acoustic ceiling, mineral fibre and insulated with mineral wool Exterior glass wall with openable windows, single glazing Sliding glass doors, double glazing with low E-coating

PRODUCED BY AN AUTODESK STUDENT VERSION

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17.

1.05

0.10 0.06

FACADE

PRODUCED BY AN AUTODESK STUDENT VERSION

0.19 0.10

4 RESIDENCES 6 DETAILED DRAWINGS

The structural analysis for this façade was simple, as it was lightweight and didn’t pose a major load to the main structure. For the calculation of loads, the nosing profile was divided in 1-meter long modules, and then the quantities were calculated. From the total kilograms per 1-meter, the weight wasn’t critical, and it did not need any extra simulations.

3 9

4 5

PRODUCED BY AN AUTODESK STUDENT VERSION

0.58

3.83

1.34

A L V d P

SUBSTRUCTURE AREA LENGTH VOLUME DENSITY SELF-WEIGHT

1700 8100 13770000 0.00003 413.1

0.10

0.60

SYMBOLOGY Dead lods Transfer of loads

0.82

Fixing systems

11 10

Tolerances & movements

LOADS & FIXINGS 1.62

SCALE 1:10

SCALE 1:20 PRODUCED BY AN AUTODESK STUDENT VERSION

PRODUCED BY AN AUTODESK STUDENT VERSION

3.23

1.62

0.88

3.00

FIXING SYSTEMS 1. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9.

kg/m3 mm mm mm mm2 mm2 mm3 N

2700 6 1000 2200 2200000 6000 13200000 349.6284

kg/m3 mm mm mm mm2 mm2 mm3 N

0.13 m3 200 kg/m3 255.06 N

1.47

MAIN LOADS

0.86

8000 kg/m3 110.16 kg

2.5E-06 2.5E-06 kg/mm3

13.5 kg 2.7E-06 kg/mm3

35.64 kg

2E-07 kg/mm3 2.6E-08 kg

Anchoring to structural slab/beam a. Concrete anchors, 150 mm b. I-section fixed to slab by anchors c. Nylon plugs L-shape plate fixed to structural frame and connected to I-sections, anchoring Steel framing system, 80 mm section a. PTR section fixed parallel to slab b. T-shapes giving angles to the structure, for support of cladding material ACM system extrusions, fixed with bolts to T-shape Adjustable metallic clip Sigma Hidden Clip Fastener S.32

1.39

0.10

1.42

0.51

0.10

2.63

0.86

NOISREV TNEDUTS KSEDOTUA NA YB DECUDORP

PRODUCED BY AN AUTODESK STUDENT VERSION

16 17

2500 6 1000 900 900000 6000 5400000 132.435 PRODUCED BY AN AUTODESK STUDENT VERSION

GLASS & PV ρ DENSITY t THICKNESS 1.34 0.58 w WIDTH h HEIGHT A AREA Ac AREA CROSS SECTION V VOLUME Psw SELF WEIGHT METAL SHEET ρ DENSITY t THICKNESS w WIDTH h HEIGHT A AREA Ac AREA CROSS SECTION V VOLUME Psw SELF WEIGHT INSULATION- MINERAL WOOL V VOLUME INSULATION ρ DENSITY INSULATION Psw SELF WEIGHT INSULATION

1.53

0.60

NOISREV TNEDUTS KSEDOTUA NA YB DECUDORP

10 11

mm2 mm mm3 N/mm3 N

LOAD ESTIMATION- PANEL

1&2

4 RESIDENCES 7 BUILDING PHYSICS & STRUCTURE

FACADE DESIGN | 51

PRODUCED BY AN AUTODESK STUDENT VERSION

4 RESIDENCES 7 BUILDING PHYSICS & STRUCTURE

RESIDENCES- MAIN FAÇADE: NOSE 1. Anchoring to structural slab/beam a. Concrete anchors, 150 mm

b. I-section fixed to slab by anchors c. Nylon plugs

NOISREV TNEDUTS KSEDOTUA NA YB DECUDORP

2. Thermal insulation 120 mm- Mineral wo 3. Vapour barrier 4. Water barrier, EPDM membrane

5. L-shape plate fixed to structural frame connected to I-sections, anchoring

PRODUCED BY AN AUTODESK STUDENT VERSION

6. Steel framing system, 80 mm section

7. ACM system extrusions, fixed with bolt 8. Adjustable metallic clip 9. Sigma Hidden Clip Fastener S.32

Façade concept Façade concept

SYMBOLOGY Water barrier Vapour barrier Outside temperature 0° C Outside temperature 0° C I Outer inner façade closed I Outer andand inner façade closed I Intermittent ventilation I Intermittent ventilation I Optimal heat insulation I Optimal heat insulation I Use of solar energy gains I Use of solar energy gains

Outside temperature 0° C 0° C Outside temperature I OuterI Outer and inner closedclosed and façade inner façade I Intermittent ventilation I Intermittent ventilation I Optimal heat insulation I Optimal heat insulation I Use IofUse solar gains gains of energy solar energy

Insulation

10. Aluminum sandwich cover plate, lig covering the full nose

NOISREV TNEDUTS KSEDOTUA NA YB DECUDORP

Façade concept Façade concept

a. PTR section fixed parallel to slab

b. T-shapes giving angles to the stru support of cladding material

WINTER 0°C 10°C 21°C FALL 10°C 21°C 21°C SPRING 20°C 20°C 21°C SUMMER 30°C 30°C 24°C

11. PV system, thin-film cells, dark colore a. Fixed with metallic L-shapes and main farming system

12. Ventilation slot connected to the ce 13. Ventilation grill

Façade concept Façade concept

15. Acoustic ceiling, mineral fibre and in mineral wool

16. Exterior glass wall with openable win glazing

17. Sliding glass doors, double glazing w E-coating

FLOORING

1. Metallic/wooden profile on edge of sl insulation support 2. Superior finish: Ceramic tiles 600 x 600

3. Core board: Lightweight metallic fram format Outside temperature Outside temperature 10°10° C C I Outer façade closed I Outer façade closed I Inner façade opened I Inner façade opened I Use of solar energy gains I Use of solar energy gains I Working a wintergarden I Working in ainwintergarden

Outside temperature 10° C10° C Outside temperature I OuterI Outer façadefaçade closedclosed I InnerI façade opened Inner façade opened I Use IofUse solar energy gains of solar energy gains I Working in a wintergarden I Working in a wintergarden

Outside temperature Outside temperature 20°20° C C I Outer façade opened I Outer façade opened I Inner façade opened I Inner façade opened I Working on a balcony I Working on a balcony I Enjoy nature I Enjoy nature

Outside temperature 20° C20° C Outside temperature I OuterI Outer façadefaçade opened opened I InnerI façade opened Inner façade opened I Working on a balcony I Working on a balcony I EnjoyI Enjoy naturenature

Outside temperature Outside temperature 30°30° C C I Outer façade opened I Outer façade opened I Inner façade closed I Inner façade closed I Intermittent ventilation I Intermittent ventilation I Overheating prevented I Overheating prevented

I Intermittent ventilation I Intermittent ventilation

I Overheating prevented I Overheating prevented 5. Adjustable support system for raised fl

7. Mineral wool insulation: 100 mm 8. Concrete topping layer: 50 mm 9. Concrete hollow slab: 200 mm

Possible thermal bridge

10. Structural castellated beam CLIMATE INFLUENCE

PRODUCED BY AN AUTODESK STUDENT VERSION

SOLARLUX FACADE

PRODUCED BY AN AUTODESK STUDENT VERSION

The thermal performance for the residential tower cannot be approached the same way that the plinth’s, by adding up the resistances from each layer of material. Because the nosing profile is in the slab level, it is not a critical element to analyse. The two layers of glazed walls are the relevant elements in this case. However, if we take the separate U-values from each one (5.8 m2K/W for single and 1.9 m2K/W for double) they don’t fully express the thermal performance as there is a buffer in between that also regulates the temperature differences. Solarlux provides a scenario similar to the one designed, in which the temperatures are shown to be regulated once the winter garden is configured in different ways. 21°21° C C

21° C21° C

21°21° C C

21° C21° C

21°21° C C

21° C21° C

24°24° C C

24° C24° C

10°10° C C

10° C10° C

21°21° C C

21° C21° C

20°20° C C

20° C20° C

30°30° C C

30° C30° C

0° C 0° C

10°10° C C

10° C10° C

20°20° C C

20° C20° C

30°30° C C

30° C30° C

WW i ni tnet renr an cahc th t

58 58

52 | FACADE DESIGN

Outside temperature 30° C30° Outside temperature C 4. Inferior support: Protective membrane I OuterI Outer façadefaçade opened opened I InnerI façade closed humidity and fire Inner façade closed

6. Heating system

Main acoustic materials

BARRIERS

14. Steel stud farming system filled with m

Outside temperature 0° C Outside temperature 10° C I Outer and inner façade closed I Outer façade closed Hrebrsbts t W i nWt ei nr tnearcnhat c h t F r üFhrl üi nhgl i n/ gH /e rHbes rt b s t F rFürhülhi nl ign g/ /H e I Intermittent ventilation I Inner façade opened I Optimal heat insulation I Use of solar energy gains I Use of solar energy gains I Working in a wintergarden

Outside temperature 20° C Outside temperature 30° C I Outer façade opened I nOuter façade opened i t ne na ua fu fd ed m e mB aB laklok no An r bAeri bt ee ni t eanu fa du ef m o hc sh os m om B a H o cHhoscohm r t ea rgt a g A rAbr eb iet e oo cn mm e ret rat ga g d e m lBk ao lH kH s omme m I Inner façade opened I Inner façade closed I Working on a balcony I Intermittent ventilation 59 59 I Enjoy nature I Overheating prevented

4 RESIDENCES 7 BUILDING PHYSICS & STRUCTURE

These are indicative U values only – for more accurate measurements, hot box tests must be carried out on individual window/frame combinations

Indicative U values for windows with wood or PVC-U frames Gap between panes εn is the emissivity of the low E glass. Those quoted are normal emissivities – uncoated glass is assumed to have a normal emissivity of 0.89 Alternatively, specify Pilkington Insulight™ Therm 1.7

Alternatively, specify Pilkington Insulight™ Therm 1.4 The gas mixture is assumed to consist of 90% argon and 10% air

Alternatively, specify Pilkington Insulight™ Therm 1.2

6mm Single glazing

12mm

16mm or more

4.8

Double glazing (air filled)

3.1

2.8

2.7

Double glazing (low E, εn = 0.2, air filled)

2.7

2.3

2.1

Double glazing (low E, εn = 0.15, air filled) e.g. an insulating unit incorporating Pilkington K Glass™

2.7

2.2

2.0

Double glazing (low E, εn = 0.1, air filled)

2.6

2.1

1.9

Double glazing (low E, εn = 0.05, air filled) e.g. an insulating unit incorporating Pilkington Optitherm™ SN

2.6

2.0

1.8

Double glazing (argon filled)

2.9

2.7

2.6

Double glazing (low E, εn = 0.2, argon filled)

2.5

2.1

2.0

Double glazing (low E, εn = 0.1, argon filled)

2.3

1.9

1.8

Double glazing (low E, εn = 0.05, argon filled) e.g. an insulating unit incorporating Pilkington Optitherm™ SN

2.3

1.8

1.7

Solid wooden door For doors that are half-glazed, the U value is the average of the appropriate window U value and that of the non-glazed part of the door (e.g. U3.0 for a wooden door)

Balcony soffits lined with acoustic panels as absorbers [Source: Government of South Australia, Department of Planning, 2013, by researcher]

Winter gardens balconies as a way of reducing noise entering dwelling [Source: Government of South Australia, Department of Planning, 2013]

3.0 The shaded boxes highlight the configurations that will achieve U2.0 or better – the maximum U value permissible for windows under the elemental method of the new Part L

STANDARD U-VALUES FOR WINDOWS WITH WOOD OR PVC FRAMES

This is a simplified extraction of the government regulations and should be used as a guide only. It is the responsibility of the users of this document to ensure that their use is appropriate for any particular application and that such application complies with all relevant local and national legislation, standards, codes of practice and other requirements. Pilkington United Kingdom Limited hereby disclaim all liability howsoever arising from any error in or omission from this publication and all consequences of relying on it.

Steps to effectiveness balcony form to reduce noise [Source: Lee, Kim, 2007]

Treatment of balcony surfaces with absorbing material [Source: Hothersal, 1996, by researcher]

For the acoustical performance, balconies and winter gardens are also difficult to assess. The individual elements can be assessed ( a double insulating glazing for instance has an insulation performance of Rw = 33 d). However, the winter garden condition poses a different approach. According to researches, the fact of enclosing the space with glazing already helps to diminish the effects of noise. Also the shape of the nose helps in not reflecting the sound towards the interior. The inclusion of an acoustical ceiling helps in the sound absorption too. The images show some criteria that help on reducing the acoustical insulation, measures taken already in the design.

FACADE DESIGN | 53

4 RESIDENCES 8 MAINTENANCE PRODUCED BY AN AUTODESK STUDENT VERSION

PRODUCED BY AN AUTODESK STUDENT VERSION

The maintenance of the façade is divided in two parts. As the facade is composed of two glass walls and a nosing profile at the edge of the slab distinction must be made. Starting with the glass walls, three of the four glass surfaces are in direct contact with slab, which means they can be cleaned easily from the floor level without the necessity of ODUCED BY AN AUTODESK STUDENT VERSION a cradle. The exterior face of the glass wall, as well as the PV and the aluminium composite panels would have to be maintained using a BMU cradle. 3.83 Its rails would be hosted1.34 in the roof of the tower,1.34 0.58 and it will reach almost every façade. For most of the surfaces in the tower, a normal BMU cradle with luffing jib (such as the E3000 shown in the picture) can be installed in the roof and being manoeuvred from there. There is however the shape of the tower, going inwards in the southwest façade. If the first type of cradle was not to work, another cradle coming from the bottom, located at the ceiling of the passage could be used. In there, a F300 crane 16 type of cradle would reach the façade from below, adjusting to the recessed portions.

COMPONENTS PRODUCED BY AN AUTODESK STUDENT VERSION

1.53 3.00 1.47 0.88

1.39

PRODUCED BY AN AUTODESK STUDENT VERSION

1.00 M

‘Crane type’ Building Maintenance Unit (BMU), F3000

0.58

0.10

If the aluminium composite panels would have to be replaced and taken off site, as well as the PV panels, they can be removed by simply unclipping them. They are also designed in small modules to have a easier transportation and manoeuvring.

BMU with telescopic and luffing jib, telescopic column

0.51

11 10

2 1.62

1:20 54 |SCALE FACADE DESIGN

3.23

1.62

SCHEMATIC ELEVATION

SCHEMATIC ISOMETRIC

PRODUCED BY AN AUTODESK STUDENT VERSI

4 RESIDENCES 9 OPTIMIZATION

DIMENSIONS AND VARIABLES TO OPTIMIZE

From Computational Designers

Location

Floor

Angle

East

Top Middle Bottom Top Middle Bottom Top Middle Bottom

73º 73º 73º 75º 75º 73º 73º 77º 73º

South West Total

Area for PV Total area [m2] for PV = area * 7 floors [m2] 39.863047 279.041329 39.863047 279.041329 39.863047 279.041329 26.041715 182.292005 26.041715 182.292005 27.682723 193.779061 39.863047 279.041329 35.377429 247.642003 39.863047 279.041329 2201.212

TABLES OF RESULTS

The optimization of the residence façade was conducted by the computational team. The first thing to be analysed was the ratio of transparency vs solid surfaces to be included in the whole building, according to the orientation. Even though the building is mostly covered by glazed surfaces, the possibility of including solid panels was considered. However, as the design developed, shading systems that projected their shadows to the interior proven to be enough, as well as the winter garden that gave space for the invasive sunlight to be. Regarding the shading devices, that developed latter into a more integral solution by including energy generating panels, some variables were defined. The maximum radiation was a variable so the PV panels could receive such energy, as well as the maximum daylight for the interiors as natural daylight was a must in the brief. Taken into account the previous goals, two dimensions were analysed to come up with the optimal nosing profile, according to the orientation. First the optimal width of the nosing profile extending from the slab was considered. Secondly the best angle to receive the maximum sun exposure for the PV system was analysed. The tables show the ultimate results and the images show the dimensions that were applied.

Depth of balcony on the west Depth of balcony on the north Depth of balcony on the east Depth of nose on the west Depth of nose on the east Depth of nose on the south

1.5 m 1.2 m 1.5 m 0.75 m 1.0 m 1.0 m TABLES OF RESULTS

FACADE DESIGN | 55

4 EXTRA: RESIDENCES WITH BALCONY 10 REFERENCES & PRINCIPLE When coming up with the façade for the residential tower, balconies were the first idea to bring a plus to the apartments. It was an obvious solution that would give the tower an interesting look, while adding value to the dwellings. This was however a challenge as already explained, due to the wind pressure that threatened the tower, specially in the upper levels. After the analysis, it was decided to reduce them to a certain portion of the tower (northeast and northwest orientation, maximum at 60 m high).

Balcony attachment

Grand Parc Logement- LV

These pages shortly show some references that gave inspiration in the design and decisions for the balcony. A special highlight to Lacaton & Vassal’s strategies to create highly adaptative apartment towers, where the balconies help in the layering of the skin, which can be customized by the users. The next page shows how the solution would look like, schematically. A unitized balcony, with a wooden deck finishing is proposed. It is attached with the help of a lightweight steel structure covered in a composite aluminium sheet, to give it a cohesive look when the noses (the first façade treatment already described) meet. The idea is to have a unitized system, so the balcony can be already assembled in the factory (the main components such as the structure, the decks, and possibly the railing) and then just placed in its location, rendering a faster process. The dimensions were also optimized to get the best balcony according to the orientation. There were constraints according to the structural requirements, but a maximum of 1.70-1.50-meter wide was used. The results can be checked in the table at the optimization section. 56 | FACADE DESIGN

Lacaton & Vassal strategies

The Absolute Towers in Mississauga, Canada.

Look & feel

Lacaton & Vassal additions David Adjaye AssociatesHigh on risebuildings with balconies

Robust unitized balcony

1.00 0.30

WOODEN DECK

SINGLE GLAZING

1 LAYER BALAUSTRADE

GLASS RAILING

CLIMATE CRITERIA THERMAL BUFFER SHADI NG PROVI SI ON GOOD THERMAL PERFORMANCE GOOD FI RE SAFETY ARCHITECTURE CRITERIA SOLI D-TRANSPARENT PLAY STRUCTURE CRITERIA LI GHT WEI GHT

3.00

2 LAYER SLIDING DOOR

2.71

DOUBLE GLAZING

1.00

3 LAYER SLIDING DOOR

PRODUCED BY AN AUTODESK STUDENT VERSION

ALUMINUM COVER

PRODUCED BY AN AUTODESK STUDENT VERSION

STEEL SUBSTRUCTURE

BALCONY

UNITIZED BALCONY SYSTEM

APARTMENT

4 EXTRA: RESIDENCES WITH BALCONY 10 REFERENCES & PRINCIPLE WINTER GARDEN

FIXING SYSTEM

0.30

1.70

0.11

1.30

0.11

1.43

UNITIZED BALCONY

SUSTAINABILITY CRITERIA UNI TI ZED SYSTEM B| DI SASSEMBLY RECYCLED MATERI ALS

SCHEMATIC ISOMETRIC

FACADE DESIGN | 57

PRODUCED BY AN AUTODESK STUDENT VERSION

LIVING AREA OF APARTMENT, WITH WINTER GARDEN

58 | FACADE DESIGN

OFFICES

FACADE DESIGN | 59

5 OFFICES 1 REFERENCES The first approach to the office tower was similar to the residential: find alternatives for the glass box and bring a twist to the commonly monotonous office typology. The first findings were mostly innovative facades that mixed solid elements with the transparent ones, mostly in ornamental manners. Arches and robust volumes intersected the glazed surfaces to provide a different feel. The shapes could be excellent references to the traditional architecture from Brussels. This

however, proved to be just of aesthetic use, as no other apparent function could be incorporated to the faรงade, apart from the shading that comes when adding an opaque element. The idea of having the solid versus transparent remained in further research, however it was directed to functional solutions that could offer special features, such as energy generation.

LOOK & FEEL

QUITO TOWER

GENERAL LOOK & FEEL PATTERNS KEY

60 | FACADE DESIGN

REFERENCES

5 OFFICES 1 REFERENCES Continuing with the same approach of having a special feature in the façade, references were found revolving around energy generation. Some examples were facades with different angular faces, one directed to the sun, the other not, resulting in a versatile module that could offer both options in a single unit. Research on “bay window” type of façade, in which elements stick out of the main volume or slab, was also of major importance. Some examples showed this solution,

JTI HEADQUARTERS IN GENEVA BY SOM

LVMH HOTEL BOUTIQUE

NORMAN FOSTER- HOTEL ME REFERENCES

but they were only giving the illusion of being independent, as they were actually part of the slab. For this, unitized systems were also explored. The idea of integrating all the previous features in a single module would bring numerous advantages. Besides, it would mean the major elements were already assembled in the factory; it could then be transported to the site and put into place in an efficient way, when compared to the traditional façade assembled in-situ.

LVMH HOTEL BOUTIQUE

NORMAN FOSTER- BLOOMBERG KEY

FACADE DESIGN | 61

5 OFFICES 2 PROCESS The process was done simultaneously with the reference search, combing elements as they were being discovered. The innovative energy concept for an office building in Wiener consisted in a folded façade, but instead of it being vertically folded, it as horizontal. It offered a similar concept of having solid surfaces that received the solar radiation, directed to the sky. The rest of the surfaces are transparent to let the views and daylight in, but without having the direct sunlight coming into the workplace. Installations were also placed

under the PV surface, so heat could be collected and carried into another system, located in the roof. Even though the façade idea was very efficient, it didn’t provide much room for innovation. If it were to be developed by the team, it would have ended in a very similar product. The second main type of façade explored was the triangular prism, from a SOM building in the United States. It also featured a solid and a transparent surface, but it had louvers on the inside. It is based

in a lightweight structure and mullions that make up the triangle shape. They are however, not intended for people, as users cannot go inside the module to enjoy the view. Ways of attaching the module to the slab or main structure had also to be explored, as the initial intention was to have them hanging, as independent modules from the slab.

DESIGN PROCESS & SKETCHES

62 | FACADE DESIGN

5 OFFICES 2 PROCESS Before settling with just one faรงade that would adjust to every orientation in the tower, other options were explored. The New York Times building was a good example of a second skin that offered protection, sun-shading and the possibility of adaption. It also gave the opportunity for a more versatile building and easy maintenance as it could include a corridor in between the glazing surface and the terracotta louvers. After discussions with the team, it was discarded for being too conventional. Instead the unitized system was further explored. As the tower turns and faces different directions, the PV surface would shift. As seen in the sketches, the different treatments of the faรงade would then be applied by shifts of the surfaces in the triangles. The idea was to start with a standard angle that would then adapt according to the desired exposure, an exercise done by the computational team. The assembly mode was also explored, as it was critical for the detailing of the module. An extra remark comes from the design, as secret garden were latter introduced to the tower, in which it made no sense to have solid surfaces. This would then imply a similar solution, but now using fully-glazed modules.

DESIGN PROCESS & SKETCHES

FACADE DESIGN | 63

5 OFFICES 2.1 PROCESS- RESEARCH BASICS Photovoltaics describes the physical principle of solar cells, which convert global irradiation into electricity. The modular principle enables systems of different sizes for any electricity requirement. The building block is always the same: a solar cell. Every tiny solar cell is in fact an independent power plant that can comvert sunlight into electricity. Normally, several cells are interconnected to forma a prefabricated module, a number of which are then interconnected to form larger power unit, the PV or solar generator. (Weller, Hemmerle, Jakubetz, & Unnewehr, 2010)

WE ARE HERE

Several advantages can be found in the application of PV, namely their silent and zero-emission generation of electricity, as well as the size efficiency. Even the smallest modules could be worthwile, making them attractive for any typology The solar cells available commercially differ in terms of their structure and the basic materials employed. B oth of these aspects influence the efficiency of the energy conversion and also the appearance of the cells. This will be addressed in the next pages. ((Weller, Hemmerle, Jakubetz, & Unnewehr, 2010) The trajectory of the sun, which depends on the latitude of the location, and the weather conditions result in great differences in the distribution of solar radiation at different locations.

13 Drawing and cutting EFG solar cells 14 High-efficiency solar cells: a Front view of back contact cell b View of back, with stripy, alternating positive and negative terminals c Hybrid HIT solar cells in the form of quarter cells densely packed in the module Images from Photovoltaics, Detail Special Edition (Weller, Hemmerle, Jakubetz, & Unnewehr, 2010)

64 | FACADE DESIGN

5 OFFICES 2.1 PROCESS- RESEARCH COMPARISON PV SYSTEMS Through an extensive literature research about the possibilities of integration of PVs in the facade, several possibilities were found. Crystalline silicon cells are widely known and fabricated, achieving the highest energy performance at the moment in the market. Crystalline silicon cells are the old ones and have a current presence of 85% in the market, therefore due to the well developed technology they are able to achieve the highest energy performance, around 25%. They are divided into monocrystalline and polycrystalline, and they are mainly used for horizontal position (roofs and grounds) and large scale production. However, technology is developing really fast, allowing emerging other types of solar energy production. Thin films are relatively new materials that have more range of possibilities than the standard PV panels, where the last ones need to be placed specifically in a determined spot and orientation. Its presence is still around 15% in the market, but its quick development and research process is increasing considerably every year. There are 4 types of thin films at the moment, achieving in some cases until 22% of efficiency in laboratory, according to recent research innovations. Other future Nano solar cells possibilities are rising in the market, but its limited development and unknown efficiency, makes it not suitable for the proposal redesign concept.

Images from Photovoltaics, Detail Special Edition (Weller, Hemmerle, Jakubetz, & Unnewehr, 2010)

FACADE DESIGN | 65

5 OFFICES 2.1 PROCESS- RESEARCH THIN FILM CELLS The first figure shows the “typical layer structures of various thin-film solar cells on cover glasses or backing materials”. At the moment, there are 4 main categories and types of thin films: Silicon amorphous (a-Si and TF-Si), Telluride of Cadmium (CdTe), (CIS or CIGS) and (DSC): -Amorphous silicon cell: single solar cell. -“Uni-Solar” triple-junction solar cell made from amorphous silicon. The three individual cells are successively applied to a flexible stain¬less steel foil. The front cell converts the blue wave¬lengths, the middle cell the green and yellow, and the back cell absorbs exclusively the remaining red wavelengths. -Micromorphous solar cell in the form of a tandem cell made from one amorphous and one microcrystalline p-i-n structure. The lower TCO layer, together with the metallic back contact, functions as a reflector which increases the length of the path of the light through the cell and hence the absorption. -Cadmium telluride solar cell (CdTe) -Copper-indium-gallium diselenide solar cell (CIS)

Thin film cells

After researching and analysing several criteria such as sustainability, fabrication standards, and optimum energy performance, CdTe and CIGS were found to be the most suitable ones for the redesign panel. Between these last options, a comparison was performed in order to fulfil the desired functionality within the panel. CdTe has a current energy performance in laboratory of around 19%, but CIGS has higher efficiency, around 20.4%. CdTe has a lower cost manufacturing, whereas CIGS contains glass and more flexible substrates. The main company that are fabricating CdTe panels is from Japan, whereas the last one is from Germany. This aspect is not very relevant right now due to the several adaptations that were done into the redesign PV module, but it can lead to a lower embodied energy and transportation in case this manufactured PV module type is placed in the redesign panel in the future. CdTE contains a lot of Cadmium, a highly toxic substance that is dangerous for the environment. However, CIGS requires less amount of Cadmium and moreover, this last one is expected to grow in the market of PV panels in the coming years. For all these reasons and more, CIGS was selected for the new redesign panel. Adding a singular system integrated in each module allows avoiding disconnection problems when one module connected in series is affected. Moreover, “grid connected system” is chosen for the electrical operating system, as it is suitable for the residential purpose and location within the electrical city system.

66 | FACADE DESIGN

Output losses in crystalline and thin-film and crystalline modules c aused by shadows. The shadow effect decreases as the distance of the object from the module increases.

Color posibilities for thin film cells. Images from Photovoltaics, Detail Special Edition (Weller, Hemmerle, Jakubetz, & Unnewehr, 2010)

CREADO CON UNA VERSIÓN PARA ESTUDIANTES DE AUTODESK

Therefore, thin films were chosen due to the wider possibilities and its best integration for this redesign concept. Moreover, they seem to be a suitable solution for this facade, regarding its aesthetical possibilities and performing an optimum energy performance at vertical orientation. However, its lower energy production is taken into account, as well as fragility and maintenance aspects.

COMPARISON THIN FILM-STANDARD PV A- THIN FILMS (CIS/CIGS)

B-CRYSTALLINE (Monocrystalline Silicon Si)

Cell conversion efficiency

20.3%

25%

Module conversion efficiency

8-14%

14-16%

Carbon offset Element usage Shadow performance High temperature performance

60% less power to produce it than B. Lower materials to produce it Copper, Indium, Gallium, Selenide

Silicium

Production reduction <20%

Production reduction <10%

Good resistance and performace to heat

Cost

Cheaper

Installation

Easier

Damage and cracking

Hard to damage

Flexibility

High flexbility Same

Lifetime Weight Aesthethics Dimensions and shape Material support Orientation

A lot of power during production (+ emissions)

Sensible More expensive More complex. Connection in series Sensible for cracking Semiflexible Same

From 2.9 kg/m2

From 5.5 kg/m2

Any colour, also transparent

Black and blueish

Unlimited Wide variety and combination Variable

Limited Limited Limited

CREADO CON UNA VERSIÓN PARA ESTUDIANTES DE AUTODESK

Standard PVs are still under develop process and new advances have been reached, such as different outer layout possibilities, improvement of glaring problems and bifacial panels for duplicating its efficiency. However, these panels are highly dependent of silicones, a non-sustainable material, whereas thin films use less amount for its fabrication.

CREADO CON UNA VERSIÓN PARA ESTUDIANTES DE AUTODESK

Crystalline silicon is widely used in roofs and grounds due to its limited integration in other surfaces. In comparison, thin films are more flexible and can be placed not only over different objects but also integrated in the material construction. They can follow any curvature direction, and moreover, they can still have some energy performance even at vertical orientation or bad weather. The shading effect is less problematic in this type of PVs, and the enormous possibilities of colours and textures play an important role for wider integration and uses. The standard dimensions of conventional panels make its integration more difficult than the thin films, which can be made of endless sizes and shapes. Additionally, thin films are much lighter, cheaper and less sensible for crackings than crystalline panels.

5 OFFICES 2.1 PROCESS- RESEARCH

The colour of building-integrated PV modules is also growing in importance in addition to texture. Sample modules of CIS thin-film cells with coloured/textured cover glasses, EU research project BIPV-CIS, 2004 – 2007

Thin film cell efficency

FACADE DESIGN | 67

5 OFFICES 2.1 PROCESS- RESEARCH FUTURE OF PV SYSTEMS In the context of the worldâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s energy shortage and the growing willingness and demand for sustainable development, photovoltaic power generation has broad prospects. 1. Potentials - The potential solar energy reserves on the Earthâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s surface are huge, compared to the global primary energy consumption in 2007, the amount of solar radiation is 2,400 times larger, while the second largest renewable enegy, wind energy, is only 170 times large.

The potential of renewable energy sources in relation to global primary energy consumption (2007)

2 The extraterrestrial (AM 0) and global (AM 1.5) spectra of sunlight. The energy content of the radiation depends very significantly on its wave- length. 3 Air mass (AM) for different solar altitude angles

2. Development - By 2008, while the wind power and bioenergy have been developed with a fast increase in the share, solar energy development and utilization accounted for only 4.3% of all developed sustainable energy sources. 3. Implementation on buildings - Compared with horizontal placement of solar panels, placement at a certain angle is more conducive to the improvement of power generation efficiency, while the facade of the building provides a good angled placement. 4. Fast pay back on investment - Solar power generation pays back quickly. Depending on the type of solar cell and the location of the placement, cost recovery can be completed in only 1-3 years. Therefore, we still have a lot of efforts to be made in the use of solar energy. This is a field where opportunities and challenges coexist.

The development of electricity generation from renewable energy sources in Germany from 1990 to 2008.

Relative annual incident Energy payback times for PV installations with various cell technologies based on the state of production radiation on various surtechnology in 2004/05 (crystalline) and 2006 (thin-film) for corresponding module conversion efficiencies face orientations in Gerin % [5]. many in comparison to a horizontal surface Images from Photovoltaics, Detail Special Edition (Weller, Hemmerle, Jakubetz, & Unnewehr, 2010)

68 | FACADE DESIGN

5 OFFICES 3 FACADE OVERVIEW Having the references, the process and some research on photovoltaics, the main module was defined. The isometric shows the standard module, with one surface covered in PV and a glazed surface. The angle used to design the main components of the

VERTICALITY

SOLID & TRANSPARENT

module was 45Â°, but it would be then optimized by the computational team, according to the orientation and maximum profit from the radiation. The pink components is the mineral wool used as insulation and fire protection in between the

DEPTH & VARIATION

8 leveL 00.92 8 d1 iMleRve-L81 leveL 0 m0.0906.96

d8i1MleRve- L81 leveL 0 m0.0906.96

71 leveL 00.56

61 leveL 00.16

51 leveL 00.75

41 leveL 00.35

w 31oLleO ve-L31 leveL 00.94

21 leveL 00.54

HALF HALF

21 leveL 00.54

FULLY GLAZED

UNITIZED MODULE

w 31oLleO ve-L31 leveL 00.94

21 leveL 00.54

66lelevveeLL 0000.1.122

6 leveL 00.12

55lelevveeLL 0000.7.711

5 leveL 00.71

44lelevveeLL 0000.3.311

4 leveL 00.31

33lelevveeLL 0000.9.9

3 leveL 00.9

22lelevveeLL 0000.5.5 22.1.1lelevveeLL 0000.4.4 22lelevveeLL mm5500.3.3

2 leveL 00.5 2.1 leveL 00.4 2 leveL m 50.3

41 leveL 00.35

3 leveL 00.9 w 31oLleO ve-L31 leveL 00.94

7 leveL 00.52

51 leveL 00.75

4 leveL 00.31 41 leveL 00.35

77lelevveeLL 0000.5.522

61 leveL 00.16

5 leveL 00.71 51 leveL 00.75

8 leveL 00.92

71 leveL 00.56

6 leveL 00.12 61 leveL 00.16

88lelevveeLL 0000.9.922

8 d1 iMleRve-L81 leveL 0 m0.0906.96

7 leveL 00.52

TYPICAL PLAN

modules. This will be shown in more detail in the next pages. As for the fully glazed modules, they would be located in the northern orientation of the building, as well as the sky garden located every three floors. They will have unobstructed view and more sunlight for the plants inside the garden.

w 31oLleO ve-L31 leveL 00.94

2 leveL 00.5 2.1 leveL 002.4 1 leveL 20 le0v.e5L4 m 50.3

SOLID PV panel + ins

TRANSPARENT Triple glazing

UNITIZED MODULE

GROUP OF MODULES

FACADE DESIGN | 69

5 OFFICES 4 INDOOR COMFORT

METSYS DEZITINU seludom eht neewteb ni gnillif loow lareniM .1 .epyt noinu elamef-elaM .munimula dedurtxe ,snoillum fo metsyS .2 stnalaes rebbuR .a ecaps noillum ni loow larenim fo gnilliF .b slennahc-C ni desab ,metsys erutcurts leetS .3 mm 01 woleb etalp reneffits leets talF .4 gnitaoc-E wol htiw gnizalg elbuod ,ssalg detanimal detalusnI .5 eludom eht gnola mc 1 ,gninepo noitalitneV .6

Complementing the installation systems that provide a decent indoor comfort to the work place, the façade also plays an active role in its achievement. As explained before, it provides shadow given a solid surface that is directed towards the direct exposure to the sun. It only opens up to the interesting views and, most importantly, has an operable opening that allows fresh air to enter. The air coming in is directed to the ceiling, where it is complemented by a VRF system that cools or heat the air accordingly. Actually due to fire safety reasons, the opening can be shot down, so there is no spread or danger of a major fire. The insulation in between the modules provides extra protection and assures an excellent thermal performance.

gniyraV :spirtS gnitnioJ ssalG-ssalG ezalG -ZE raelC latsyrC LRC .7 niseR etanobracyloP raelC .selgnA sllec mlif niht yerG -metsys lenap VP .8 mm4 teehs ssalG .a reyalretni mlif VP .b teehs munimula cillateM kcaB .c loow lareniM -mm 08 noitalusni lamrehT .9 metsys erutcurts leets niam ot dehcatta erutcurtsbus leetS .a denilcni ,kciht mm 2 ,lenap gniliec erbif lareniM .01 teehs roiretni munimulA .11 noitalusni loow lareniM .21 enarbmem ruopav/retaW .31 GNIROOLF troppus noitalusni rof ,bals fo egde no eliforp nedoow/cillateM .1 tamrof 006 x 006 selit cimareC :hsinif roirepuS .2 tamrof 006 x 006 emarf cillatem thgiewthgiL :draob eroC .3 erif dna ytidimuh tsniaga enarbmem evitcetorP :troppus roirefnI .4 roolf desiar rof metsys troppus elbatsujdA .5 metsys gnitaeH .6 mm 001 :noitalusni loow lareniM .7 mm 05 :reyal gnippot etercnoC .8 mm 002 :bals wolloh etercnoC .9 maeb detalletsac larutcurtS .01 NOILLUM troppus ssalG .1

Natural air supply

mosnarT tilpS .2

Ventilation grill facade steksaG .3 (automatic/preheated) kaerb lamrehT .4 Variant Refrigerant Flow system GNIROHCNA VRF outlet

tekcarb leetS .1

Installations shaft

22/04ATH lennahc neflaH .2

Exhaust (Fire rated duct)22/04 pyT tlob neflaH .3 Exhaust outlet 61M A-521 NID rehsaw nalP .a

WINTER

61M 439 NID tuN .b

Radiant Floor

339 NID eercs nogaxeh ,tlob elbatsudA .4 kooH leetS .5 foorp maets gnilaeS .a

METSYS DEZITINU seludom eht neewteb ni gnillif loow lareniM .1 .epyt noinu elamef-elaM .munimula dedurtxe ,snoillum fo metsyS .2 stnalaes rebbuR .a ecaps noillum ni loow larenim fo gnilliF .b

Further explorations should be made regarding the connection of the air to the ceiling, as it is a provisional solution that wasn’t explored fully due to time constraints. The structural beam makes it difficult to connect both spaces, but then some adjustments inside the structural elements or beneath it would suffice to achieve a greater integration.

slennahc-C ni desab ,metsys erutcurts leetS .3 mm 01 woleb etalp reneffits leets talF .4 gnitaoc-E wol htiw gnizalg elbuod ,ssalg detanimal detalusnI .5 eludom eht gnola mc 1 ,gninepo noitalitneV .6 gniyraV :spirtS gnitnioJ ssalG-ssalG ezalG -ZE raelC latsyrC LRC .7 niseR etanobracyloP raelC .selgnA sllec mlif niht yerG -metsys lenap VP .8 mm4 teehs ssalG .a reyalretni mlif VP .b teehs munimula cillateM kcaB .c loow lareniM -mm 08 noitalusni lamrehT .9 metsys erutcurts leets niam ot dehcatta erutcurtsbus leetS .a denilcni ,kciht mm 2 ,lenap gniliec erbif lareniM .01 teehs roiretni munimulA .11 noitalusni loow lareniM .21 enarbmem ruopav/retaW .31 GNIROOLF troppus noitalusni rof ,bals fo egde no eliforp nedoow/cillateM .1 tamrof 006 x 006 selit cimareC :hsinif roirepuS .2 tamrof 006 x 006 emarf cillatem thgiewthgiL :draob eroC .3 erif dna ytidimuh tsniaga enarbmem evitcetorP :troppus roirefnI .4 roolf desiar rof metsys troppus elbatsujdA .5 metsys gnitaeH .6 mm 001 :noitalusni loow lareniM .7 mm 05 :reyal gnippot etercnoC .8

Thermal Comfort Assesment Hours at or above 26 °C

Typology Offices Offices Conference Room North Conference Room South Circulation Areas

1.5 0.0 1.5 0

From Climate Designer

mm 002 :bals wolloh etercnoC .9 maeb detalletsac larutcurtS .01 Natural air supply

Below 100 h Ok Ok Ok Ok

NOILLUM Ventilation grill facade troppus ssalG .1 (automatic) mosnarT tilpS .2 Variant Refrigerant Flow system

VRF outlet

steksaG .3 kaerb lamrehT .4

Installations shaft Exhaust (Fire rated duct) Exhaust outlet

SUMMER INSTALLATIONS AND CLIMATE SYSTEMS

GNIROHCNA tekcarb leetS .1

22/04ATH lennahc neflaH .2

Auxilary VRF when T out 22/04 pyT tlob neflaH .3 high 61M A-521 NID rehsaw nalP .a 61M 439 NID tuN .b 339 NID eercs nogaxeh ,tlob elbatsudA .4 kooH leetS .5 foorp maets gnilaeS .a

70 | FACADE DESIGN

5 OFFICES 5 MATERIALS & COMPONENTS The diagram shows the different materials that make up the module, namely a PV system, triple glazing, steel structure, aluminium mullions (with a anti-corrosive band in the points where they meet), mineral wool for insulation and fire protection, and neoprene gaskets to render it airtight. EFFECTIVENESS OF SCREEN

STEEL

MINERAL WOOL

STRUCTURE

INSULATION

TOUGHNESS VS EMBODIED ENERGY Are PV’s resistante enough when compared to other materials?

3 1

2 4

EFFECTIVENESS OF INSULATION

THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY VS EMBODIED ENERGY

SCHÜCO FWS 35 PD PANORAMA

PV LAYERING

EXPLODED ISOMETRIC

1. Mineral wool filling 2. System of mullions, extruded aluminum. Female-female union type. 3. Steel structure system, based in C-channels 4. Flat steel stiffener plate below 10 mm 5. Insulated laminated glass, triple glazing 6. Ventilation opening

7. Crystal Clear Jointing Strips 8. PV panel system 9. Thermal insulation 80 mm- Mineral wool 10. Ceiling panel 11. Aluminum interior sheet 12. Mineral wool insulation 13. Water/vapour membrane

GLAZING

PV SYSTEM

FACADE DESIGN | 71

5 OFFICES 5 MATERIALS & COMPONENTS Comparative table of some common materials and alternatives. This was an excerise done in the Facade Technoledge, that is still applicable in the present design.

FACADE

OLD MATERIALS

NEW MATERIAL

RECYCLE / REUSE

BIODEGRADABLE

SUSTAINABLE

OTHER BENEFITS

PLINTH BUILDING

Wood

YES (90%)

YES

Aesthethics, thermal comfort

YES (70%)

YES

Less amount of Cadmio

FACADE CLADDING

SEALANTS:

LINE DEFENCE:

SANDWICH LAYER 1 ext

Glazed brick tiles

Rubber sealant /double seam seal / Seldex PU

Edge strip / Basf masterflow o.g.

EPDM membrane

YES

Lower environmetal impact than PVC

PVC Prefabricated concrete panel

Steel L-shape (150 mm

YES (90%)

YES (100%)

YES

YES (100%)

YES

Non toxic, low energy required to produce it

YES (90%)

YES (100%)

YES

Non toxic, odor neutralization, impact resistance, fire safety

Type 1: PIR insulation SANDWICH LAYER 2: (insulation)

PV thin film PVGIS. (Composition: glass sheet 4 mm, PV film, metallic aluminium sheet module 740 X 410 mm)

Type 2: Strip Rockwool

Rockwool 30 mm Rockwool 100 mm Steel stud wall system 100x25 mm

SANDWICH LAYER 3 int:

Prefabricated concrete panel

Gypsum fiber board (fire panel) Clay board 20 mm ("Ecoclay plac")

YES (100%)

YES

Sound insulation, non toxic (COV), odor neutralization, non adhesives, thermal conductivity 0.8 w/mk

"Ecoclay Paint" (Silicate clay paint) and primer with fixative based on silicate "ecoclay Fix"

YES

OLD MATERIALS

NEW MATERIAL

RECYCLE / REUSE

BIODEGRADABLE

SUSTAINABLE

OTHER BENEFITS

FACADE ANCHORING

Steel

Steel (Secret fix anchoring system behind PV panel, rivelbased, attached to T-shape via adjustable hangers).

YES (90%)

T-PROFILE

Steel

Steel (T-shape 75x86 mm)

YES (90%)

OTHERS

Steel

Steel (Anchor clio for insulation attachment)

YES (90%)

WINDOW / OTHERS GLASS FRAME TYPE 1 FRAME TYPE 2

OLD MATERIALS Double laminated Aluminium Aluminium

NEW MATERIAL Double laminated PVC-U PVC-U

RECYCLE / REUSE YES (60%) YES (100%) YES (100%)

BIODEGRADABLE NO NO NO

SUSTAINABLE NO NO NO

OTHER BENEFITS The most thermally efficient The most thermally efficient

OTHER FRAMES

Aluminium

YES (100%)

PRE FRAMES WINDOW SILL DOORS BLINDS

Wood / plastic Stone Aluminium/wood Steel

Wood Wood wood Steel

YES (90%) YES (100%) YES (100%) YES (100%)

YES YES YES NO

Tthermal properties -

FINISHING LAYER int. Paint

FACADE JOINTS/ CONNECTORS

72 | FACADE DESIGN

5 OFFICES 6 DETAILED DRAWINGS

ELEVATION OF MODULES 1:50

FACADE DESIGN | 73

5 OFFICES 6 DETAILED DRAWINGS

PRODUCED BY AN AUTODESK STUDENT VERSION

0.74

1.07

1.19 1.08

SCALE 1:10

3.96

ANCHORING 1. Steel bracket- T section 30 cm 2. Halfen channel HTA40/22 3. Halfen bolt Typ 40/22 c. Plan washer DIN 125-A M16 d. Nut DIN 934 M16 4. Adjustable bolt, hexagon scree DIN 933 5. EPDM rubber gaskets 6. Neoprene plug 7. Metallic L-profile (150X150 mm) on edge of slab 8. Adjustable bolt (25 cm) and nut, for fixing of bottom of module

74 | FACADE DESIGN

1.49

1. 03

8 9 11 12

1.47

PRODUCED BY AN AUTODESK STUDENT VERSION

2 3

MULLION 1. Glass support 2. Split Transom 3. Gaskets 4. Thermal break

Adjustable bolt (25 cm) and nut, for fix

FLOORING 1. Metallic L-profile (150X150 mm) on edge of slab 2. Superior finish: Ceramic tiles 600 x 600 format 3. Core board: Lightweight metallic frame 600 x 600 format 4. Inferior support: Protective membrane against humidity and fire 5. Adjustable support system for raised floor 6. Heating system 7. Mineral wool insulation: 100 mm 8. Concrete topping layer: 50 mm 9. Concrete hollow slab: 200 mm 10. Structural castellated beam

Metallic L-profile (150X150 mm) on ed

ELEVATION

MODULE IN PLAN 1:20

SCALE 1:20 PRODUCED BY AN AUTODESK STUDENT VERSION

UNITIZED SYSTEM 1. Mineral wool filling in between the modules 2. System of mullions, extruded aluminum. Female-female union type. a. Rubber sealants b. Filling of mineral wool in mullion space 3. Steel structure system, based in C-channels 4. Flat steel stiffener plate below 10 mm 5. Insulated laminated glass, double glazing with low E-coat ing 6. Ventilation opening, 1 cm along the module 7. CRL Crystal Clear EZ- Glaze Glass-Glass Jointing Strips: Varying Angles. Clear Polycarbonate Resin 8. PV panel system- Grey thin film cells a. Glass sheet 4mm b. PV film interlayer c. Back Metallic aluminum sheet 9. Thermal insulation 80 mm- Mineral wool a. Steel substructure attached to main steel structure system 10. Mineral fibre ceiling panel, 2 mm thick, inclined 11. Gypsum board interior sheet 12. Mineral wool insulation 13. Water/vapour membrane

0.30 0.28

1.09

PRODUCED BY AN AUTODESK STUDENT VERSION Metallic L-profile (150X150 mm) on edge of slab Adjustable bolt (25 cm) and nut, for fixing of bottom of module

UNITIZED SYSTEM 1. Mineral wool filling in between the modules 2. System of mullions, extruded aluminum. Female-female UNITIZED SYSTEM union type. wool filling a. Rubber sealants 1. Mineral in between the modules b. Filling of mineral wool in mullion space 2. System of mullions, extruded aluminum. Female-female union Steel structure system, based in C-channels type. 3. 4. Flat steel stiffener plate below 10 mm a. Rubber sealants 5. Insulated laminated glass, double glazing with low E-coat b. Filling of mineral wool in mullion space ing 1 cm along the module 3. Steel 6. structure Ventilation system, basedopening, in C-channels 7. stiffener CRL Crystal 4. Flat steel plate belowClear 10 mmEZ- Glaze Glass-Glass Jointing Strips: Varying Angles. Clear Polycarbonate Resin 5. Insulated laminated glass, double glazing with low E-coating 8. PV panel system- Grey thin film cells 6. Ventilation opening, 1 cmsheet along 4mm the module a. Glass b. PV film interlayer 7. CRL Crystal Clear EZ- Glaze Glass-Glass Jointing Strips: Varying Angles. Resin aluminum sheet Clear Polycarbonate c. Back Metallic 9. systemThermal insulation 8. PV panel Grey thin film cells 80 mm- Mineral wool a. Steel substructure attached to main steel structure a. Glass sheet 4mm system b. PV film interlayer 10. Mineral fibre ceiling panel, 2 mm thick, inclined c. Back aluminum sheetinterior sheet 11. Metallic Gypsum board 12. insulation Mineral wool insulation 9. Thermal 80 mmMineral wool 13. Water/vapour membrane

0.21

2 3 4 5 6 7 8 10 11

3.51

3.96

PRODUCED BY AN AUTODESK STUDENT VERSION

5 OFFICES 6 DETAILED DRAWINGS

a. Steel substructure attached to main steel structure system

10. Mineral fibre ceiling panel, 2 mm thick, inclined FLOORING 11. Gypsum interior sheet 1. board Metallic L-profile

(150X150 mm) on edge of slab finish: Ceramic tiles 600 x 600 format 3. Core board: Lightweight metallic frame 600 x 600 format 13. Water/vapour membrane 4. Inferior support: Protective membrane against humidity FLOORING and fire 1. Metallic (150X150 mm) on edge of slabfor raised floor 5. L-profile Adjustable support system 6. finish: Ceramic Heatingtiles system 2. Superior 600 x 600 format 7. Mineral wool insulation: 100 mm 3. Core board: Lightweight metallic frame 600 x 600 format 8. Concrete topping layer: 50 mm 4. Inferior Protective membrane against 9. support:Concrete hollow slab: 200humidity mm and fire 5. Adjustable support system for raised floor 10. Structural castellated beam 2. wool Superior 12. Mineral insulation

6. Heating system

MULLION 1. Glass support 8. Concrete 50 mm 2. topping Splitlayer: Transom 9. Concrete hollow slab: 200 3. Gaskets mm 4. castellated Thermalbeam break 10. Structural 7. Mineral wool insulation: 100 mm

0.23 0.49

1 2 3 4

5 4 3 2 1

F2 F3 F4 F5 F6 F7 F8 F9 F10

MODULE SECTION 1:20

0.93

0.16

0.35

ANCHORING 1. Steel bracket- T section 30 cm 2. Split Transom 2. Halfen channel HTA40/22 3. Halfen bolt Typ 40/22 3. Gaskets c. Plan washer DIN 125-A M16 4. Thermal break d. Nut DIN 934 M16 ANCHORING 4. Adjustable bolt, hexagon scree DIN 933 1. Steel 5. bracket- TEPDM sectionrubber 30 cm gaskets 2. Halfen6. channelNeoprene HTA40/22 plug 7. Metallic L-profile (150X150 mm) on edge of slab 3. Halfen bolt Typ 40/22 8. Adjustable bolt (25 cm) and nut, for fixing of bottom of a. Plan washer DIN 125-A M16 module 1. Glass support

PRODUCED BY AN AUTODESK STUDENT VERSION

SCALE 1:20

MULLION

b. Nut DIN 934 M16

FACADE DESIGN | 75

0.05 0.03 0.03

0.40 0.16

0.03

0.13

0.23

0.04 0.09 0.06

0.21 0.12

F1 F2 F3 F4 F5 F6 F7 F8 F9

0.16 0.32

0.37

0.80

0.20

0.07 0.06

0.28

ANCHORING 1. Steel bracket- T section 30 cm 2. Halfen channel HTA40/22 3. Halfen bolt Typ 40/22 c. Plan washer DIN 125-A M16 d. Nut DIN 934 M16 4. Adjustable bolt, hexagon scree DIN 933 5. EPDM rubber gaskets 6. Neoprene plug 7. Metallic L-profile (150X150 mm) on edge of slab SCALE DETAILED 1:5 8. Adjustable bolt (25 cm) and nut, for fixing of bottom of SECTION module 1:5

76 | FACADE DESIGN

0.05 0.12

10 11 12

0.06 0.09 0.04

0.04

0.13

0.16

0.89

0.06

MULLION 1. Glass support 2. Split Transom 3. Gaskets 4. Thermal break

1 2 3 4 5 6

1.05 0.33

0.04

0.05

PRODUCED BY AN AUTODESK STUDENT VERSION

M1 M2

PRODUCED BY AN AUTODESK STUDENT VERSION

5 OFFICES 6 DETAILED DRAWINGS

A1 A2 A3 A3a A3b A4 A5 A6

PRODUCED BY AN AUTODESK STUDENT VERSION Metallic L-profile (150X150 mm) on edge of slab Adjustable bolt (25 cm) and nut, for fixing of bottom of module

5 0.06

0.06

0.02

0.01

0.11

0.16

0.27

0.26

0.12

0.28

M1 M2 M3 M4

0.03

0.14

A1 A2 A3 A3a A3b A4 A5 A6

0.11

a. Steel substructure attached to main steel structure system

FLOORING 10. Mineral fibre ceiling panel, 2 mm thick, inclined 1. Metallic L-profile (150X150 mm) on edge of slab 11. Gypsum interiortiles sheet 2. Superior finish:board Ceramic 600 x 600 format 12. board: Mineral wool insulation metallic frame 600 x 600 format 3. Core Lightweight 4. Inferior support: Protective 13. Water/vapour membranemembrane against humidity and fire FLOORING 5. Adjustable support system for raised floor 1. Metallic L-profile (150X150 mm) on edge of slab 6. Heating system 2. Superior Ceramic100 tiles 600 7. Mineral woolfinish: insulation: mmx 600 format 8. Concrete topping layer: 50 mm frame 600 x 600 format 3. Core board: Lightweight metallic 9. Concrete hollow slab: 200 mm 4. Inferior support: Protective membrane against humidity and fire 10. Structural castellated beam 5. Adjustable support system for raised floor

0.02

0 0.

MULLION 6. Heating system 1. Glass support 7. Mineral wool insulation: 100 mm 2. Split Transom 8. Concrete topping layer: 50 mm 3. Gaskets 9. Concrete hollow slab: 200 mm 4. Thermal break 10. Structural castellated beam

8 9 10 11

2 3

DETAILED CONNECTION 1:2

PRODUCED BY AN AUTODESK STUDENT VERSION

02 0.

0.11

UNITIZED SYSTEM 1. Mineral wool filling in between the modules 2. System of mullions, extruded aluminum. Female-female union type. UNITIZED SYSTEM a. Rubber sealants 1. Mineral wool fillingwool in between the modules b. Filling of mineral in mullion space 3. Steel structure system, basedaluminum. in C-channels 2. System of mullions, extruded Female-female union 4. Flat steel type. stiffener plate below 10 mm 5. Insulated laminated glass, double glazing with low E-coat a. Rubber sealants ing b. Filling of mineral wool in mullion space 6. Ventilation opening, 1 cm along the module Steel structure basedGlass-Glass in C-channelsJointing Strips: 7. CRL3. Crystal Clearsystem, EZ- Glaze Varying Angles. Clear Polycarbonate Resin 4. Flat steel stiffener plate below 10 mm 8. PV 5. panel systemGrey thin film cells Insulated laminated glass, double glazing with low E-coating a. Glass sheet 4mm 6. Ventilation opening, 1 cm along the module b. PV film interlayer 7. CRLMetallic Crystal Clear EZ- Glaze sheet Glass-Glass Jointing Strips: Varying c. Back aluminum Angles. Clear Polycarbonate Resin wool 9. Thermal insulation 80 mm- Mineral 8. PV panel systemGrey thin film a. Steel substructure attachedcells to main steel structure system a. Glass sheet 4mm 10. Mineral fibre ceiling panel, 2 mm thick, inclined b. PV film interlayer 11. Gypsum board interior sheet Back Metallic aluminum sheet 12. Mineralc.wool insulation 9. Thermal insulation 80 mm- Mineral wool 13. Water/vapour membrane

PRODUCED BY AN AUTODESK STUDENT VERSION

0.11

0.02

0.18

5 OFFICES 6 DETAILED DRAWINGS

ANCHORING MULLION 1. Steel bracket- T section 30 cm 1. Glass support 2. Halfen channel HTA40/22 2. Split Transom 3. Halfen bolt Typ 40/22 3. Gaskets c. Plan washer DIN 125-A M16 d. Nut4.DIN 934 break M16 Thermal 4. Adjustable bolt, hexagon scree DIN 933 ANCHORING 5. EPDM rubber gaskets 1. Steel bracket6. Neoprene plug T section 30 cm 2. Halfen channel HTA40/22 mm) on edge of slab 7. Metallic L-profile (150X150 8. Adjustable bolt (25 cm) and nut, for fixing of bottom of 3. Halfen bolt Typ 40/22 module a. Plan washer DIN 125-A M16

b. Nut DIN 934 M16

FACADE DESIGN | 77

0.05

0.03 0.03

0.21 0.12

F1 F2 F3 F4 F5 F6 F7 F8 F9

0.40

0.04 0.09 0.06

0.06 0.09 0.04

0.03

0.13

0.16

Mine

Syste

Stee

Flat s

Insula

Vent

CRL Angl

PV p

0.16

Therm

0.32

A1 A2 A3 A3a A3b A4 A5 A6

0.37

0.20

0.80

10 11 12

0.23

0.13

0.04

0.16

0.89

0.05

0.12

1 2 3 4 5 6

1.05 0.33

The thermal barriers were also identified. The first line of defence is achieved through the non-permeable PV screen in direct contact to the outside. Gaskets are placed in between the mullions to achieve an air-tight façade. Three layers of gaskets are put around the mullions. Thermal breaks were also identified, to prevent the creation of any cold bridges.

0.04

PRODUCED BY AN AUTODESK STUDENT VERSION

For the thermal analysis, the module was divided in two. The glazed surface was firstly calculated, taking into account the resistances of a normal glazing surface, but considering the triple glazing condition. The second surface considered was the solid one, containing the PV system, the air cavity for ventilation, and the insulation panel. Finally, an interior gypsum board is included in the calculation. The thermal performance for the glazed portion is falls within the acceptable range for transparent surfaces (maximum 1.60 W/m2K), achieving a 0.69 W/m2K, due to its triple layering. The solid part, on the other hand, resulted in 0.26 W/m2K, a little above the acceptable 0.20 W/m2K. When combining both by means of weighted average, considering 50% and 50% of composition, the total U-value is 0.38 W/m2K, which is acceptable, especially when a transparent surface is included in the design.

M1 M2

PRODUCED BY AN AUTODESK STUDENT VERSION

0.20

5 OFFICES 7 BUILDING PHYSICS

Min

Meta

Supe

Core

Inferi

Adju

Mine

Conc

Stru

BARRIERS

OPAQUE

78 | FACADE DESIGN

OPEN PART λ (W/mK) Glass 1 Cavity with coatings Glass 1 Cavity with coatings SCALE 1:5 Glass 1 R Value U Value ri re U total R total

TRANSPARENT

d (m) Rc (m2K/W) 0.003 0.00 0.55 0.003 0.00 0.55 0.003 0.00 1.28 0.78 0.04 0.13 0.69 1.45

DEFENSE LINES

SYMBOLOGY

WATER BARRIER

Insulation

VAPOUR BARRIER

Main acoustic materials

0.07 0.06

0.03 0.17 0.17

d (m) Rc (m2K/W) 0.003 0.00 0.003 0.00 0.17 0.1 3.33 0.01 0.06 0.01 0.06 3.79 0.26 0.04 0.13

0.06

λ (W/mK) 1 160

PRESSURE EQUALIZTION

Possible thermal bridge

PRODUCED BY AN AUTODESK STUDENT VERSION

CLOSED COMPONENT PV (Glass sheet) PV (Metallic sheet) Air Cavity Mineral wool Gypsum board Gypsum board R Value U Value ri re

0.28

THERMAL PERFORMANCE

Thermal breaks WEIGHTED AVERAGE U total R total

0.38 2.62

Gaskets

Stee

Halfe

5 OFFICES 7 BUILDING PHYSICS

PRODUCED BY AN AUTODESK STUDENT VERSION Metallic L-profile (150X150 mm) on edge of slab Adjustable bolt (25 cm) and nut, for fixing of bottom of module

5 0.06

0.06

0.02

0.01

0.11

0.12

0.03

0.27

0.28

0.16

0.26

0.03

A1 A2 A3 A3a A3b A4 A5 A6

0.11

12. Mineral wool insulation 13. Water/vapour membrane

ACOUSTIC PERFORMANCE

FLOORING

COMPONENTS Density (kg/m3) PV (Glass sheet) 2500 2. Superior finish: Ceramic tiles 600 x 600 format PV (Metallic sheet) 2700 3. Core board: Lightweight metallic frame 600 x 600 format Air Cavity 4. Inferior support: Protective membrane against humidity and fire

1. Metallic L-profile (150X150 mm) on edge of slab

5. Adjustable support system for raised floor 6. Heating system

Mineral Wool 7. Mineral wool insulation: 100 mm

Gypsum Boards 8. Concrete topping layer: 50 mm

0.02

PRODUCED BY AN AUTODESK STUDENT VERSION

0.14

Gypsum Boards 9. Concrete hollow slab: 200 mm

t (m) m (kg/m2) 0.003 7.5 0.003 8.1 0.05 0

200 1600 1600

0.1 0.01 0.01

20 16 16

2500 2500

0.008 0.008 0.008

67.6 20 0 20

33 2500

0.02 0.25

0.66 625

10. Structural castellated beam MULLION

8 9 10 11

2 3

2. Split Transom Cavity

SYMBOLOGY Insulation Main acoustic materials

BARRIERS

WINDOW

1. Glass support Glass

DEFENSE LINES

Possible thermal bridge

PRODUCED BY AN AUTODESK STUDENT VERSION

0.02

0.18

M1 M2 M3 M4

The aspect of Building Physics that was also critical to assess was acoustics. Because the 1. Mineral wool filling in between the modules module is relatively light in terms of surfaces, it 2. System of mullions, extruded aluminum. Female-female union might pose challenges when it comes to sound type. Even though it has a robust structure a. Rubberinsulation. sealants b. Filling ofand mineralmullion wool in mullion space system, the surfaces that make it up 3. Steel structure system, based in C-channels are thin. When calculating the solid part, the PV 4. Flat steel stiffener plate below mm system, the10cavity, the insulation, and the inter5. Insulated laminated glass, double glazing with low E-coating nal gypsum boards wee assessed. All together 6. Ventilation opening, 1 cm along the module they result in 35 dB, which exceeds the minimum 7. CRL Crystal Clear EZ- Glaze Glass-Glass Jointing Strips: Varying 20 dB. It has to be noticed two layers of gypsum Angles. Clear Polycarbonate Resin 8. PV panel systemGrey thin film cellsconsidered, as they also offer exboards were a. Glass sheet tra4mm fire protection. The transparent part was also b. PV film interlayer assessed, and a standard value of 36 dB for an c. Back Metallic aluminum sheet insulated double glazing was considered. All in 9. Thermal insulation 80 mm- Mineral wool all, when combining both values, a total of 35.7 a. Steel substructure attached to main steel structure system dB is achieved, high enough when compared to 10. Mineral fibre ceiling panel, 2 mm thick, inclined theinterior mentioned minimum. 11. Gypsum board sheet

UNITIZED SYSTEM

WATER BARRIER VAPOUR BARRIER

Thermal breaks

PRESSURE EQUALIZTION

Gaskets

3. Gaskets

Glass SLAB ANCHORING Mineral Wool 1. Steel bracket- T section 30 cm Concrete 4. Thermal break

2. Halfen channel HTA40/22

3. Halfen bolt Typ 40/22 a. Plan washer DIN 125-A M16

SOLID PART b. Nut DIN 934 M16 TRANSPARENT PART Rtot SLAB *Considering incidence at 60Â°

Area (m2) 4 4 8

R (dB) 35.43 36 35.7 61.47

FACADE DESIGN | 79

5 OFFICES 8 STRUCTURE & FIXINGS To calculate the total load a module represents, each component was considered separately. The standard module has a total height of 4 meters, and a width of 1.45 meters. Assessing the total weight not only would help the structural team to consider that in their calculation of the overall building structure, but also for the transportation issues, requiring a decent weight that can be handled for lifting and putting in place. The major contribution to the total load was the steel structure. The mullion system also contributes, but as it is aluminum, it was less significant. The glazed surfaces also represented a major weight for the module. At the end 8 kN resulted, which were considered for the calculation of the towerâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s structure. The fixing and anchor systems were also identified. The design contemplates the simplest ways of fixing, through metallic profiled that connect with adjustable bolts. The assembly sequence in the next chapters show how the module would be installed in place.

A further exploration to be done is the wind analysis. Applying 1 kN/m2 was conducted and deflections were studied. However, because of the varying wind pressure and speed, they would have to be assessed separately. The triangular shape helps already in making the module stable, which is a measure that not only helps in the stability but also in the indoor comfort explained before.

80 | FACADE DESIGN

STEEL

STRUCTURE

Specific strength vs embodied energy

3 1

2 4

STRUCTURE Primary structure Secondary structure Wind load Dead load Building structure

9 8 LOADS & STRUCTURE

7. Crystal Clear Jointing Strips 8. PV panel system 9. Thermal insulation 80 mm- Mineral wool 10. Ceiling panel 11. Aluminum interior sheet 12. Mineral wool insulation 13. Water/vapour membrane

5 FOFFICES 8 STRUCTURE & FIXINGS A L V d P

STRUCTURE C CHANNEL AREA LENGTH VOLUME DENSITY SELF-WEIGHT

8300 14700 122010000 0.00003 3660.3

mm2 mm mm3 N/mm3 N

8000 kg/m3 976.08 kg

LOAD ESTIMATION- PANEL

V ρ Psw

GLASS & PV DENSITY THICKNESS WIDTH HEIGHT AREA AREA CROSS SECTION VOLUME SELF WEIGHT METAL SHEET DENSITY THICKNESS WIDTH HEIGHT AREA AREA CROSS SECTION VOLUME SELF WEIGHT INSULATION- MINERAL WOOL VOLUME INSULATION DENSITY INSULATION SELF WEIGHT INSULATION

L Ac VG ρ Psw

WINDOWS ALUMINUM LENGTH ALUMINUM CROSS SECTON ALUMINUM VOLUME ALUMINUM DENSITY ALUMINUM SELF WEIGTH

Ac V ρ Psw P3sw

GLASS AREA GLASS VOLUME GLASS DENSITY GLASS SELF WEIGHT TOTAL WEIGHT

ρ t w h A Ac V Psw

STRUCTURE C CHANNEL SELF-WEIGHT GLASS & PV SELF WEIGHT METAL SHEET SELF WEIGHT INSULATION- MINERAL WOOL SELF WEIGHT INSULATION

LOADS AND FIXINGS

WINDOWS- ALUMINUM ALUMINUM SELF WEIGTH

FIXING SYSTEMS C-chanel along the module T-shape bolted to slab (halfen chanel embeded) L-plaque bolted to slab

STRUCTURE Primary structure Secondary structure Wind load Dead load Building structure

WINDOWS- GLASS TOTAL WEIGHT

3660.3 N 976.08 kg 260.01405 N 26.505 kg 280.815174 N 28.6254 kg 457.3422 N 4.662E-08 kg 657.460314 N 67.0194 kg 3451.34831 N 284.8 kg

TOTALS 8.10981974 KN 1383.0298 kg

ρ t w h A Ac V Psw

2500 3 930 3800 3534000 11400 10602000 260.01405

kg/m3 mm mm mm mm2 mm2 mm3 N

2700 3 930 3800 3534000 11400 10602000 280.815174

kg/m3 mm mm mm mm2 mm2 mm3 N

0.2331 m3 200 kg/m3 457.3422 N 11820 2100 24822000 2700 657.460314

mm mm2 mm3 kg/m3 N

3560000 113920000 2500 2793.888 3451.348314

mm2 mm3 kg/m3 N N

2.5E-06 2.5E-06 kg/mm3

26.505 kg 2.7E-06 kg/mm3

28.6254 kg 0.2331 2E-07 kg/mm3 4.7E-08 kg

2.7E-06 kg/mm3 67.0194 kg

2.5E-06 kg/mm3 284.8 kg

FACADE DESIGN | 81

5 OFFICES 9 ASSEMBLY SEQUENCE

1 Main frame/structure

2 Bottom steel plate, 10 mm

The first part of the process happens in the factory, where the components of the unitizied module are assembled. First the steel frame is assembled. The easiest way to do that would be by welding it together, however, bolts are more recommendable as they give the option of separating the elements. Then a metallic steel plate of 10 millimeters is fixed to the bottom, so the rest of the operations can continue.

82 | FACADE DESIGN

3. Mullion system, aluminum

5 FOFFICES 9 ASSEMBLY SEQUENCE The aluminum mullion system is also put into place and connected to the main frame. Anticorrosive pads are placed in the contact areas, to prevent any unwanted reaction. At the same time, the double glazing is installed and put into place. It is kept in place by the rubber gaskets and it will act as the visible portion of the faรงade, where people can stand and overlook the exterior.

4. Installation of double-glazing surface

FACADE DESIGN | 83

5 OFFICES 9 ASSEMBLY SEQUENCE

5. Installation of PV system

6. Installation of insulation panel, behind PV system

The PV system is also installed, following the same logic of the glazing surface. The necessary preparations for any energy currents are done here, so the energy generated can be profited by the building. An important part of the module is the inclusion of the insulation panel behind the PV. First there is a cavity left behind the PV system, so it can breath and prevent overheating. The next would be to install the mineral wool panel, fixed in place with the help of the main frame.

84 | FACADE DESIGN

7. Installation of optional ceiling, attached to main frame

5 FOFFICES 9 ASSEMBLY SEQUENCE An optional ceiling could be included, but it would depend on the necessities of the user once it is installed. In this case, because there is a large concrete beam on the back of the module, it makes sense to include it. It is mineral fibre-based and it is attached to the main frame. The mullion space is filled with mineral wool. This however can also happen in situ, once it is installed and put in place. The mineral wool would help with thermal insulation as well as fire safety. The module is ready.

8. Mineral wool fill

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5 OFFICES 9 ASSEMBLY SEQUENCE

9. Anchors in place: two top ones and a bracket in the bottom

After the completion of the module offsite, the installation continues in situ. First the three anchors to the main structure are ready. Two top anchors, steel T-shapes would serve to hang the module. The second is a bottom bracket that would fix the bottom end to prevent any overturning. The module is lifted by a crane.

10. Module lifted

86 | FACADE DESIGN

11. Module moved in place, fixed to top anchors

5 FOFFICES 9 ASSEMBLY SEQUENCE The module is moved into place. Two people at least need to be involved, apart from the one moving the crane: one outside to fix the module and the other in the slab to receive it and perfect its location. As already explained the two anchors in the top will first hang the module. Then the inferior one will fix it in place.

12. Module fixed to the bottom bracket (prevent turning)

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5 OFFICES 9 ASSEMBLY SEQUENCE

13. Mineral wool filling in between building and module

Once in its correct position, mineral wool fills the gaps that result in between the slab and the module itself. The flooring also has its own mineral wool filling, that makes up a more robust barrier against fire and the thermal aspect. The gaskets connecting to the bottom module have to be secured, so air-tightness is assured. Due to the movement constraints, a female-female connection in the mullions is considered, so the gaskets are vital for assuring an impermeable connection.

88 | FACADE DESIGN

14. Vertical gaskets placed in between modules (to the already installed ones)

15. Horizontal gaskets placed in between modules (to the already installed ones)

5 OFFICES 9 ASSEMBLY SEQUENCE The same operation would follow for the neighboring module in the same level. Gaskets are placed, completing the three layers to achieve airtightness. After this, the interior gypsum board is installed, so the structure of the module sis not exposed to the interior. The boards are gypsum to they also contribute to the fire safety requirements, and due to their versatility.

16. Interior gypsum board panel installation

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5 OFFICES 9 ASSEMBLY SEQUENCE The installation is completed, and now the rest of the finishing can into place, like the heating floor system and the raised floor. The operation is completed for the rest of the modules.

17. Module is set. Process repeats for the next module 90 | FACADE DESIGN

0.30 0.28

1.09

PRODUCED BY AN AUTODESK STUDENT VERSION Metallic L-profile (150X150 mm) on edge of slab Adjustable bolt (25 cm) and nut, for fixing of bottom of module

MATERIAL FIRE CLASSIFICATION

0.21

2 3 4 5

5 OFFICES 10 FIRE SAFETY

1. PV thin film panels Combustible class B (B-s1, d0) UNITIZED SYSTEM 2. Mineral wool 1. Mineral Non combustible (A1) wool filling in between the modules 3. Aluminum frames Non combustible (A1)union 2. System of mullions, extruded aluminum. Female-female type. 4. Operable protion: PVC-U frame Combustible class B (B-s1, d0) a. Rubber sealants 5.Double laminated safety glass Combustible class B (B-s1, d0) b. Filling of mineral wool in mullion space class B (B-s1, d0) 6. Sealant Combustible 3. Steel structure system, basedAfl1 in C-channels 7.Floor finishing 4. Flatand steelcomponents stiffener plate below 10 mm 8. Slab 250 mm barrier Non combustible (A1)

6 7 8 10 11

EUROCLASSES OF REACTION TO FIRE 6. Ventilation opening, 1 cm along the module

7. CRL Crystal Clear EZ- Glaze Glass-Glass Jointing Strips: Varying Angles. Clear Polycarbonate Resin 8. PV panel system- Grey thin film cells

3.96

a. Glass sheet 4mm b. PV film interlayer

3.51

c. Back Metallic aluminum sheet 9. Thermal insulation 80 mm- Mineral wool a. Steel substructure attached to main steel structure system 10. Mineral fibre ceiling panel, 2 mm thick, inclined 11. Gypsum board interior sheet 12. Mineral wool insulation 13. Water/vapour membrane FLOORING PRINCIPLES FOR FIRE BARRIERS 1. Metallic L-profile (150X150 mm) on edge of slab 2. Superior finish: Ceramic tiles 600 x 600 format 3. Core board: Lightweight metallic frame 600 x 600 format 4. Inferior support: Protective membrane against humidity and fire 5. Adjustable support system for raised floor 6. Heating system

0.23 0.49

7. Mineral wool insulation: 100 mm

1 2 3 4

5 4 3 2 1

8. Concrete topping layer: 50 mm

F2 F3 F4 F5

10. Structural castellated beam

F6 F7 F8 F9 F10

9. Concrete hollow slab: 200 mm MULLION 1. Glass support 2. Split Transom FIRE 3. Gaskets Non-combustible materials 4. Thermal break Ventilation opening ANCHORING (temperature controlled) 1. Steel bracket- T section 30 cm 2. Halfen channel HTA40/22 *Combustible with retardant effect 3. Halfen bolt Typ 40/22

0.16

0.35

Because the module is suspended from the concrete slab, the latter wouldn’t contribute to the fire stopping once it reaches the facade. This explains why there’s a thick mineral wool filling in between the module and the slab. Also, in between the modules, the same material is placed to address the issue, preventing the vertical spread of the fire. Actually, all the materials employed are not combustible or take long to be affected in the event of fire. There is an operable opening in the solid part of the module, which serves for natural ventilation. It can be opened in order to ventilate the smoke. However, it can also be automatically close and latch if fire is to occur with a fusible link that releases at a certain temperature, preventing any spread to higher levels. Additionally the partitions are EI60, providing time for any case. Several norms are also part of the Dutch regulations, like NEN-6068, NEN 6071, NEN-EN 13501-1 and NEN-EN 13501-2 , which establish the facade behaviour, fire resistance of façades and roofs, openings, semi-openings and closed parts, among others. For this, the materials were categorized according to their fire rating; the general rule dictates a minimum of classification B, for instance.

a. Plan washer DIN 125-A M16

FIRE SAFETY SCHEME

PRODUCED BY AN AUTODESK STUDENT VERSION

0.93

PRODUCED BY AN AUTODESK STUDENT VERSION

5. Insulated laminated glass, double glazing with low E-coating

The fire safety strategy was designed by the climate expert, addressing issues regarding routes, evacuation times, compartimentalisation of the building, and innovative solutions that would result in more time before the risk of being directly exposed. The façade was also part of the strategy. For the office tower, the unitized system had its own challenges to assure a fire safety barrier that would contribute to the overall strategy.

b. Nut DIN 934 M16

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5 OFFICES 11 MAINTENANCE

PRODUCED BY AN AUTODESK STUDENT VERSION

The maintenance for the office tower is simpler than the residential one, as it doesn’t have any recessed portions in the façade. A crane type BMU cradle will be hosted in the roof of the tower, from where the crane will extend its arm to reach all of the facades. The only façade posing challenges is the eastern one, the inclined one. For this, the same system applied but a soft rope system is implemented, in which the cradle can latch to pins distributed along the façade. It prevents the gondola from swinging and it can also secure a gondola which moves horizontally along a facade. The façade has to be kept and maintained constantly, as it is not only conformed by glazed surfaces, but also PV that might lose their efficiency due to the pollution or physical barriers in front of it. Even though the building has a triangular façade, with recessed angular surfaces, they are still a decent size (1 meter maximum) which allows them to be perfectly reached and cleaned. All in all, the quarterly cleaning periods would keep the façade in operation, and giving the same image throughout the year.

COMPONENTS PRODUCED BY AN AUTODESK STUDENT VERSION

Soft Rope System (XS Platforms)

INTERIOR MAINTENANCE EXTERIOR OPERATION

‘Crane type’ Building Maintenance Unit (BMU), F3000 Schematic diagram of maintenance

92 | FACADE DESIGN

Railing system on top

Even though the optimization was part of the work of the computational team, it is interesting to see how the faรงade got optimized and some of the results gotten. First, the parameters were defined, such as the amount of faรงade divisions, the amount of extrusions, the geome-

try of the faรงade and the alternation of PV and glazing. This was then correlated with the structural grid, which provided a certain dimension to act as constraint. Following this, the script was run to see an optimized result.

OPTIMIZATION PROCESS

5 OFFICES 12 OPTIMIZATION

From Computational Designers

FACADE DESIGN | 93

5 OFFICES 12 OPTIMIZATION The matrix shows the different results. It was then up to the designer decide the maximum amount of radiation that was intended to be absorbed by the PV, as well as the maximum amount of luxes that would enter through the glazing to the interior. This would then correlate to

RESULTS FROM OPTIMIZATION

the best shape that offers a god balance between both variables. The iterations were repeated for every situation, coming up with a more versatile and adaptable faรงade.

From Computational Designers OPTIMIZATION PROCESS

94 | FACADE DESIGN

At the end, from the computational analysis, the total surfaces for glazing, PV panels, and frames was obtained. This would give a good idea of the distribution of surfaces. For the future it will also help with costs and management, to know how expensive or how many mate-

rials it would be acceptable to consider. As the lack of manager was also a constraint, the economical feasibility of the faรงade was not assessed, but it would be a nice exercise to develop later.

RESULTS FROM OPTIMIZATION

5 OFFICES 12 OPTIMIZATION

From Computational Designers

FACADE DESIGN | 95

5 OFFICES 13 SUSTAINABILITY ENERGY PV PANELS

VIEWS VIEWS TO THE CITY

Regarding the energy performance of the faรงade, the climate designer did calculations on the production of energy. The table shows the surfaces containing PV, as well as the total amount of energy produced. For instance, the office tower achieves an optimal amount of 96.1 % of energy produced, with respect to the energy consumption per year. This means that from the amount of energy they require, more than ninety percent is provided by the PV systems installed in the faรงade and roofs.

VIEWS VIEWS TO THE PARKS

INSTALLATIONS TECHNICAL FLOORS

DAYLIGHT ATRIUM AT PLINTH

Total Energy Demand kWh Residence 552653.06 Office 1378072.41 Complete Plot 1930725.47

Roof Towers PV kWh/annual

Roof Plinth PV kWh/annual

Facade Pvs kWh/annual

Total E generated

% of total energy

91819.19

52468.10637

210237.8284

354525.12

64.1

91819.19

1233172.981

1324992.17

96.1

183638.37

52468.10637

1443410.81

1679517.29

87.0

*Only on the towers

RAINWATER PURIFICATION & MITIGATION THROUGH GREEN AREAS

SOURCE: AQUIFER

CLIMATE STRATEGIES

From Climate Designer

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RAINWATER PURIFICATION & STORAGE

Months January February March April May June July August September October November December Maximum Tank /Storage Size potential (m3)

Total Collected Rain Water with evaoration losses (90%) 320.5 288.8 283.8 215.5 245.5 306.6 346.1 311.6 278.8 295.0 311.1 345.5 346.1

SKY GARDEN

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6 FINAL OVERVIEW 1 GENERAL ELEVATIONS

WEST ELEVATION

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EAST ELEVATION

6 FINAL OVERVIEW 1 GENERAL ELEVATIONS

NORTH ELEVATION

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6 FINAL OVERVIEW 1 GENERAL ELEVATIONS

SOUTH ELEVATION

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6 FINAL OVERVIEW 2 PERSPECTIVES

EXTERIOR VIEW

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6 FINAL OVERVIEW 2 PERSPECTIVES

VIEW FROM STREET

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6 FINAL OVERVIEW 2 PERSPECTIVES

VIEW FROM RUE DE LA LOI

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6 FINAL OVERVIEW 3 SCALE MODEL

DETAILED PORTION

104 | FACADE DESIGN

6 FINAL OVERVIEW 3 SCALE MODEL

DETAILED PORTION

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7 CONCLUSIONS 1 FURTHER DEVELOPMENT The scale of the project posed some challenges in every discipline. Architecture had some exploration to be done, as well as structure, computational and climate. Façade was no exemption. After defining each type of façade, they were developed as much as time allowed. However, there are some remarks, already mentioned throughout the report, that can be reviewed. The plinth façade was based in a traditional stone cladding system, but with the novelty of being reused from the finishing of the demolished building. Explorations should be made on how this would actually work: how is the limestone extracted, how is it stored, how is it installed back in the new façade system, how feasible it is, and so on. The design already gives the main concept to develop, and the intention. According to the solution, the thermal and acoustic performance levels are met. For the structural requirements, because it was based in a regular system, there was no necessity on checking the strength of the frame or fixing. However, a verification should be enough to understand the behaviour and the reaction to external forces acting on it. The second façade was only referenced and not designed as thoroughly, but it made sense to include a façade that offered a counterpoint to the solidity of the main design. The residential façade originated very organically. It was due to the indoor quality requirements that it got its shape. The winter garden could be further explored in terms of thermal performance, as no specific studies on behaviour of buffers were found. The one shown of Solarlux already gives the idea of the different configurations and temperature regulation that can be achieved. Having mentioned this, another factor that was addressed 106 | FACADE DESIGN

but that can be analysed more is the effect of the wind pressure in the façade. Some exercises were made to understand the influence in the surfaces. From this, general criteria could be drawn up and decisions were on the specific treatment of the façade. As mentioned earlier, the residential tower also comprises balconies, apart from the winter gardens. The analysis gave a general idea where to place the balconies, and if the surface wasn’t suitable for such addition, regular windows pertaining to the winter garden would suffice. It makes sense then that a more specific analysis is conducted, as balconies were only reduced to the obvious orientations based on our conservative decisions. Finally, the office tower had an interesting solution, in which the unitized module was proposed. It was the most challenging to develop as it was intended to work independently, requiring more layers offering the necessary barriers. For this, the way of attaching the modules to the main structure is the main challenge to tackle, as the structure was inhibiting a simple solution. The slab bracket could not be used in this case (columns were on the way), which forced changes in the way of attaching. T shapes were finally used, as well as an inferior bracket to fix the module in place. The building physics aspect is also relevant, especially the cold bridges that may result in the metallic elements. The necessary thermal breaks were put into place, but their effectiveness is still to be proven. All in all, the façade gives a clear idea of the intentions and the collaboration with other disciplines, but still needs development. Solutions can go on forever, but this task was fulfilled as it reflects the work and input given by the various actors involved in the process.

7 CONCLUSIONS 2 CONLUSION The MEGA studio makes honour to its name. It was a challenging course that required all of everyone’s skills to come up with a product that portrayed the ideals of each discipline. The project itself was very complex, as the location was conditioned by many factors. Being in the city centre of Brussels, contextual variables and historic values had to be preserved. Additionally, the collaboration that was demanded from all the members was another challenge, as everyone had to reach an agreement with the decisions taken at every step of the project. There were difficulties at the beginning, due to the reduced time the teams got to develop a conceptual project. In there, there was confusion on the best direction to follow and the main concept to be developed. The team got positive feedback and after the pin-up, the design was refined and perfected. The midterm was also a good exercise and forced the team to reach a certain level of development in their individual contributions. It helped to have a more specific idea of the complex and with the storyline that was intended. The project is obviously not without flaws, starting from the architectural side. Due to the enormous number of variables, the shape still needed to be developed more, as well as the connection of the ground floor to the surroundings. The difference in levels proved to be a challenge to the architectural designer, as connections between every street were priority in the design. However, the overall design was clear for the team, even though it was difficult to transmit during the critique: a simple & elegant building. In this course, where the wow factor and innovation are always present, it is difficult to get away with a simple building, that is clean and refined. It was the intention since the beginning to not contribute to the wave of new buildings in the capital, destroying the heritage and producing an incredible visual noise. Having this as concept, a reconciliation of the perception of the new development, so the locals are

more accepting, all the project revolved around that. The collaboration with the climate designer was always very fruitful, and the façade always responded to some requirement from such discipline. Actually, it went well with the idea of a city-friendly building, where the faced is not an ornament, but a functional and simple skin that responds to specific needs. The collaboration with structure was also positive, as they provided information about their system, and adapted to the architectural and façade necessities. The computational team also collaborated closely with the façade and climate disciplines, overseeing optimizing the façade for both towers. Their results were enriching and added value to the façade solutions reached within the same discipline. It was an ongoing concern to tell a coherent story when it came to the skin. Falling into a display of different facades that didn’t make sense was totally avoided. Gradually, as the facades began taking shape, they also began to tie up. The plinth had always a different character due to the architectural vision of relating to the context, but the towers follow similar principles. They have a similar language, even though their systems are different. However, it made sense as they had to respond to their specific conditions and functions. All the three developed facades are promising, specially the unitized module that offers customizable options. It would have to be further developed to get a more realistic product. In the end, the façade was a unifying element throughout the complex, and it was one of the main protagonists. The solutions given show the result of extensive collaboration between the team members and their requirements. Both challenges, mentioned at the beginning, were fulfilled. *Special thanks to Stephan, my tutor, who was very patient, understanding, and illuminating. FACADE DESIGN | 107

REFERENCES CONTEXT & LITERATURE RESEARCH

Ecopaja. (n.d.). Retrieved April, 2019, from http://ecopaja.com

Bian, M. (2017, February). Facts about the Environmental Impact of Construction. Retrieved April, 2019, from https://www.linkedin.com/pulse/10-shocking-facts-environmental-impact-construction-mofei-bian/

Garrido, F. (n.d.). “Envolvente, aplicación y funcionamiento de energía fotovoltaica en edificación”. Retrieved April, 2019, from https://riunet.upv.es/bitstream/ handle/10251/12367/TFC entero bueno.pdf?sequence=1

Dixon, W. (2010, December). The Impacts of Construction and the Built Environment. Retrieved April, 2019, from https://www.willmottdixon.co.uk/asset/9462/ download

López, C. (n.d.). Guía de Integración Solar Guía de Integración Solar Fotovoltaica Fotovoltaica. Retrieved April, 2019, from http://www.madrid.org/bvirtual/ BVCM005913.pdf

Enshassi, A., Kochendoerfer, B., & Rizq, E. (2014). An evaluation of environmental impacts of construction projects. Revista Ingeniería De Construcción, 29(3). Retrieved April, 2019, from http://www.ricuc.cl/index.php/ric/article/view/560/ html_1

Maturi, L. (n.d.). Building Integrated Photovoltaic (BIPV) in Trentino. Retrieved April, 2019, from https://books.google.nl/books?id=qftKDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA12&lpg=PA12&dq=Thin film solar cell strips (Onyx)&source=bl&ots=eStR0WOheW&sig=ACfU3U3aRezXD078rfF56of_YNphMRWIOg&hl=es&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwj2rYPKlqDhAhWCUlAKHTRzC_wQ6AEwAnoECAgQAQ#v=onepage&q=Thin film solar cell strips (Onyx)&f=false

Kumar R, Kaushik SC. Performance evaluation of green roof and shading for thermal protection of buildings. Build Environ 2005;40(11):1505e11 Lstiburek, J. (2010, July). BSI-001: The Perfect Wall. Retrieved April, 2019, from https://www.buildingscience.com/documents/insights/bsi-001-the-perfect-wall Sourceable. (2016, March 1). Construction’s Impact on the Environment. Retrieved April, 2019, from https://sourceable.net/constructions-impact-on-the-environment/ Weller, B., Hemmerle, C., Jakubetz, S., & Unnewehr, S. (2010). Photovoltaics: Technology, Architecture, Installation (1st ed., Vol. 1). Retrieved April, 2019. MATERIALS Aglocork térmico. (n.d.). Retrieved April, 2019, from http://www.barnacork.com/ aislamientos/aislamientos/aglocork-térmico.html Ballif, C., & Perret, L. (2013, January). Building Integrated Photovoltaics (BIPV): Review, Potentials, Barriers and Myths. Retrieved April, 2019, from https://www. researchgate.net/profile/Christophe_Ballif/publication/272528840_Building_Integrated_Photovoltaics_BIPV_Review_Potentials_Barriers_and_Myths/ links/56a20f7108ae984c449ba086/Building-Integrated-Photovoltaics-BIPV-Review-Potentials-Barriers-and-Myths.pdf?origin=publication_detail

Nikolaos, P. (n.d.). Photovoltaic System Maintenance. Retrieved April, 2019, from http://www.labri.fr/perso/billaud/Helios2/resources/en13/Chapter_13_EN.pdf Saretta, E. (2018, December). Active BIPV Glass Facades: Current Trends of Innovation. Retrieved April, 2019, from https://www.glassonweb.com/article/active-bipv-glass-facades-current-trends-innovation Sick, F. (n.d.). PHOTOVOLTAICS IN BUILDINGS. Retrieved April, 2019, from https:// www.iea-shc.org/data/sites/1/publications/task16-photovoltaics_in_buildings-full.pdf Wahley, C. (2016, December). Best Practices in Photovoltaic System Operations and Maintenance. Retrieved April, 2019, from https://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy17osti/67553.pdf -Theory presentations from professional experts. TU Delft. PDF regulations (Building Decrees). Building Physics & Structures: Bouwbesluit, NEN 1068, for office function. NEN-EN-183830. Fire safety: NEN-6068, NEN 6071 and NEN-EN 13501-2. Among others LINKS

Buhl, G. (2015, June). Los módulos EcoPaja cumplen con la triple función de estructura, aislamiento y cerramiento. Retrieved April, 2019, from http://www. ecoconstruccion.net/noticias/los-modulos-ecopaja-cumplen-con-la-triple-funcion-de-estructura-aislamiento-y-cerrami-cvBtZ

Izydorczyk, D., Sędłak, B., sulik, P. (2014). “Fire resistance of timber doors – Part 1: Test procedure and classification. Fire Research Department of Building Research Institute”. Annals of Warsaw University of Life Sciences – SGGW. Forestry and Wood Technology 86, 2014:125-128

Dao, S. (2017, September). Everything You Need to Know About Operations & Maintenance (O&M) For Utility Scale PV Solar Plants. Retrieved April, 2019, from https://medium.com/@solar.dao/everything-you-need-to-know-about-operations-maintenance-o-m-for-utility-scale-pv-solar-plants-9d0048e9b9a2

Reardon, C. (2013). “Precast Concrete”. Your home. [Online]. Available at: http:// www.yourhome.gov.au/materials/precast-concrete [Accessed: 6th March 2019].

Ecohabitar. (2011, December). Aislamientos e impermeabilización ecológicos. Retrieved April, 2019, from http://www.ecohabitar.org/aislamientos-e-impermeabilizacion-convenientes/

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SIKA (2018). “Sealing & bonding: Sika fire protection, solutions for joints and penetrations”. [Online]. Available at: www.sika.com/dms/getdocument.get/f26b3e1c-bffd-3873b1a6 [Accessed: 2nd March 2019].

https://www.iko.com/comm/complete-guide-commercial-flat-roofing-systems-materials/ http://www.triumphinc.ca/custom-roofing /commercial-roofing /inverted-roof-systems https://www.bamb2020.eu/ https://books.google.nl/books?id=0aCOAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA293&lpg=PA293&dq=1+DM3/S+PER+M2+VENTILATION&source=bl&ots=96QD7ioEkA&sig=ACfU3U3UGAFfPQWxUDnQ2OPGrQW5et4Mnw&hl=es&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjrkpn79YziAhUPbVAKHYU8CyUQ6AEwBXoECAYQAQ#v=onepage&q=1%20 DM3%2FS%20PER%20M2%20VENTILATION&f=false https://www.stylepark.com/en/news/energy-saving-ccf-facades https://www.sawdust.online/projects/stoned-san-quirino-pn-elasticospa3/ https://issuu.com/bilgeturgut/docs/ching_2014_building_structures_illu https://www.buildings.com/article-details/articleid/11741/title/varied-facade-treatments-orientation-optimization https://sefaira.com/resources/sheppard-robson-combines-aesthetic-and-performance-in-innovative-facade-design/ https://interestingengineering.com/top-7-exoskeleton-structures-around-theworld https://www.nikken.co.jp/en/projects/mixed_use/one_zaabeel.html http://www.sistemamasa.com/en/noticias/detalle/129/facades-with-stone-cladding-for-a-new-building-in-dublin https://www.lithodecor.com/en/finishes/naturalstonefacade-airtec-stone.html https://www.planetpartitioning.co.uk/product/firestop/ https://www.worldbuild365.com/product/c9xj3e9rc/metal-facade-systems-components/alternativa-brackets-for-facade-glazing http://www.level.org.nz/material-use/life-cycle-assessment/eco-hierarchy-tool/ https://www.dezeen.com/2018/09/27/steel-framed-winter-gardens-form-facade-at-nightingale-1-housing-development/ https://www.lacatonvassal.com/index.php?idp=79

APPENDIX ROOFS

TRIUMPH Inverted Roof Systems

Green roof detail with light wall system

For the roofing systems, the typical solution of having an asphalt-like surface that results in an overheated building was avoided. Even though it poses considerable non-permeability properties, it didnâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;t portray the vision the team had of the complex. For this, green roofs were implemented, in collaboration with the climate designer. A generic detail was used in which the different layers and substrates are expressed. The union with the unitized module system, the nosing profiles, or the

Typical detail of Standing seam metal roof wih PV panel

general curtain wall strategies, would need further research. This solution would also apply in the social terraces, contributing to the idea of a user-friendly building. Lastly, due to the energy generation objectives, some of the roofs (specially the ones in the high-rises) are covered in PV, for which a typical installation would suffice. The combination of these two systems would cover most of the roofing surfaces.

FACADE DESIGN | 109