Mumbai Fishing Villages - An attempt to save the Urban Villages from Urban Explosion by Jayson Ramirez

FISHING VILLAGES An attempt to save the Urban Villages from Urban Explosion

Jayson Ramirez Kushal Shah

FISHING VILLAGES An attempt to save the Urban Villages from Urban Explosion

A graduation thesis report by Jayson Ramirez Kushal Shah

MSc Thesis Report

Cover Edited by Author on Emily Garfield Art.

FISHING VILLAGES An attempt to save the Urban Villages from Urban Explosion Supervisors Mentor: Letizia Catani Paolo De Angelis Tutors:

Monica Moscatelli Alessandro Marelli Severino Ferrara

Author October 2018 Politecnico Di Milano Master of Architecture Design, Developing Countries Piazza Leonardo da Vinci, 32 20133 Milano MI, Italy Kushal Shah | 871356

Jayson Ramirez | 865377

shahkushal111@gmail.com

jaysondramirez@gmail.com

+39 3335764679 (IT)

+39 3486587758 (IT)

Graduation Thesis

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

This master thesis is a comprehensive product of a complex process which would not have been possible without the large amount of help we have received from a lot of people throughout the project. Firstly we would like to mention the main supporters. The journey was made possible with the constant support and supervision of our graduation mentors Prof Letizia Cattani, tutors Monica Moscatelli & Alessandro Marelli & Severino Ferrara. We would like to express hearty gratitude to them for their professional and academic knowledge. Also, to appreciate and criticize our work for betterment in each stages since almost one year. To mention particularly, Prof Letizia Cattani, thank you for your inputs on the architectural composition and modular architecture. This has been our second project where we focused mainly on architecture design in the developing countries studio. We are not just happy to complete this project successfully but also have gained a lot of interest in this particular area of expertise. We hope to do good research and practical work in future with the learnings. Your comments on critical thinking and composition benefited us to write a comprehensive report from an extensive multifaceted study.

Ferrara, under your guidance it was easier for us to put the concepts and theories practically on ground to turn them into possible solutions based on the contextual studies. We thank you whole heartedly for the technical guidance and sharing knowledge about examples and case studies as well as most importantly graphics for representation. We extend our gratitude to our friends who stood alongside through the ups and downs of the project. Especially our studio friends whom we could reach at any hour of doubt seeking for advice and criticism. Our final thanks go out to our family for always believing in us and giving us all we need to achieve our dreams. Please feel free to contact us for any interest in this graduation project! Jayson Ramirez & Kushal Shah Politecnico Di Milano Sept 2018

Monica Moscatelli, Alessandro Marelli & Severino

Kushal Shah | Jayson Ramirez

PREFACE

Keywords : Mumbai, Urban Infrastructure, Contextual, Urban Fishing Villages, Modular Design Urban Infrastructure and Basic Amenities are the key dynamics of Urbanization and thereby make the backbone of a thriving City. Mumbai lies on the West coast (known as Konkan) in India. Mumbai was reshaped by reclamation of the area between the seven islands primarily fishing villages from the sea. Along with construction of major roads and railways, the reclamation project, completed in 1845, transformed Mumbai into a major seaport in the Arabian Sea. The seven islands that came to constitute Mumbai were home to communities of fishing colonies of the Koli people. For centuries, the islands were under the control of successive indigenous empires before being ceded to the Portuguese Empire and subsequently to the East India Company. Mumbai has natural deep waters towards the Bay area on the eastern edge while the western Edge being Coastal most of the ports and docks have been planned towards the South Eastern side of Mumbai. Mumbai is the financial, commercial and entertainment capital of India. Due to immense development in all aspects the city has faced tremendous growth in immigrants from the nearby villages as well as an uncontrolled and unplanned urban development. The city has grown from a mere 10km stretch (City Centre) to a 50km stretch (Suburban) in the last Century with haphazard urbanization leading to inclusion of all fishing villages in its extent. Due to immense pressure on the city by the city developers the urban villages are getting compromised and are forced to abandon their homes. The fishing Villages are primarily resided by the Koli fisherman and due to unavailability of basic infrastructure for the fishing industry there has been a major decline and loss of interest in their profession. The Project aims at providing basic urban infrastructure for such urban villages and its communities thereby safeguarding there interests and profession and promoting cultural and traditional growth

Graduation Thesis

in the development of a city. The proposal includes strategically identifying a space in the urban context for viable fishing industry along with mixed use functions and flexible spaces. The fish market with its close proximity to the village can help the Koli people flourish and revive its traditional occupation. Modular design was integrated to the proposed structure which can be either realized in steel or wood basing on the size of installation and scale of the project. The flexibility of the module enhances its diversity of use and is based on various principles and disciplines of the Indian architecture legacy as well as planning and design principles. The proposal also includes enhancing quality of the contextual existing space by inserting these modules within the fabric. The project primarily aims at improvising the quality of life for the existing urban villages and providing urban infrastructure for a diminishing community and a long lost occupational tradition.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Acknowledgements Preface Table of contents List of figures

1. INTRODUCTION 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4

Mumbai City Characteristics City Statistics Climate

2. FISHING VILLAGES 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4

Introduction Urban development & Urban Villages Site Feasibility Proposal Feasibility

3. MANGROVES 3.1 Introduction 3.2 Mangrove Study and Analysis 3.3 Conceptual Realization

10 12 14 16 18

22 24 25 26 32

34 36 38 42

6. DESIGN DRAWINGS 6.1 Masterplan 1:1000 6.2 Masterplan 1:500 6.3 Masterplan 1:200 6.4 Perspective Section 1:100 6.5 Elevation & Sections 1:200 6.6 Exploded Axonometric (Market) 1:100 6.7 Detail Module Drawings 1:20 6.8 Module Axonometric 1:20 6.9 Views & Perspectives 6.10 Conclusion Bibliography

4. PRELIMINARY STUDIES 4.1 4.2 4.3 4.4

International Case Studies Indian Case Studies Indian Architecture Typologies Indian Planning Principles

5. DESIGN STRATEGIES 5.1 5.2 5.3 5.4

Urban Strategies Waterfront & Mangrove Strategies Module Strategies Module Variations

46 50 52 55

60 64 66 68 70

Kushal Shah | Jayson Ramirez

LIST OF FIGURES

Fig 1 : Fig 2 : Fig 3 : Fig 4 : Fig 5 : Fig 6 : Fig 7 : Fig 8 : Fig 9 : Fig 10 : Fig 11 : Fig 12 : Fig 13 : Fig 14 : Fig 17 : Fig 15 : Fig 16 : Fig 18 : Fig 19 : Fig 20 : Fig 21 : Fig 22 : Fig 23 : Fig 24 : Fig 25 : Fig 26 : Fig 27 : Fig 28 : Fig 29 : Fig 30 : Fig 31 : Fig 32 : Fig 33 : Fig 34 : Fig 35 : Fig 36 : Fig 37 : Fig 38 : Fig 39 : Fig 42 : Fig 40 : Fig 43 : Fig 41 : Fig 44 : Fig 45 : Fig 46 : Fig 47 : Fig 48 : Fig 49 : Fig 50 : Fig 51 : Fig 52 : Fig 53 : Fig 54 : Fig 55 : Fig 56 : Fig 57 : Fig 58 : Fig 59 : Fig 60 : Fig 61 : Fig 62 :

Location of Mumbai 12 Comparison between Manila, Milan, Mumbai & New york 12 Evolution of the Mumbai Isles 12 Mumbai Google Earth Image 2017 13 Dimensions Mumbai (Approx) 14 Administrative Division (Municipalities) 14 Administrative Division (Wards) 15 Mumbai Transport Hubs 15 General Population Mumbai 16 Slum Population Mumbai 16 A theory stating the inclusions of rural villages 16 Green Spaces Mumbai 17 Physical Feature of Mumbai 17 Indian Climate Divisions 18 Sun Path Diagram Mumbai City 19 Mangroves Cover (1997) 19 Mangroves Cover (2005) 19 Mumbai Average Temperature Map 20 Mumbai Wind Movement Map 20 Mumbai Relative Humidity Map 21 Mumbai Rainfall Map 21 Mumbai Fish Catchment & Species 24 Mumbai Fish Industry & Docks 24 Fish Catching & Selling Process 25 Mumbai fishing Villages & Growth of the City (1900) 26 Mumbai fishing Villages & Growth of the City (1950) 27 Mumbai fishing Villages & Growth of the City (2000) 28 Mumbai fishing Villages & Growth of the City (2017) 29 Mumbai Fishing Industry Feasibility & Markets 30 Proposed Site Feasibility 31 Existing Process of Fishing Industry 32 Existing Business Model Fishing Industry 32 Proposed Process of Fishing Industry 33 Proposed Business Model Fishing Industry 33 Mumbai mangroves & urban development 36 Fishing boats in the depleted mangroves area 36 Map showing Mangrove Cover in 1997 37 Map showing Mangrove Cover in 2005 37 Division of Zones 38 Areas with Maximum Effect 38 Classification of Mangroves 38 Influence Zone Proximity 38 Influence Extent 38 High Tide Line 38 An Image showing the informal settlement 39 The Site Plan 40 Conceptual realization 42 The Snøhetta- The building structure 46 The Snøhetta - The site 46 The Snøhetta -architectural details 46 Bergen- The Site Plan 47 Bergen- The site 47 Bergen- The building 47 The Tsukiji - The structure 48 Vodice - The structure 49 Vodice - The site 49 Vodice - The architectural details 49 Sassoon- The market place 50 Sassoon - The site 50 Santos - The site 51 Santos - The site 51 Belapur- Housing details 52

Graduation Thesis

Fig 63 : Fig 64 : Fig 65 : Fig 66 : Fig 67 : Fig 68 : Fig 69 : Fig 70 : Fig 71 : Fig 72 : Fig 73 :

Sabarmati Ashram architecture and planning 53 St. Xavier’s primary school - architectural plans 54 City planning strategies 55 Applied Planning Principles 56 Applied climatic adaptations 58 Applied movement patterns 59 The design concept 62 The urban strategies 65 Strategies for Mangroves 67 Module strategies 69 Module variations 71

Kushal Shah | Jayson Ramirez

1. INTRODUCTION

1.1 MUMBAI

Mumbai also known as Bombay, the official name until 1995) is the capital city of the Indian state of Maharashtra (Wikipedia 2018). It is the most populous city in India with an estimated city proper population of 12.4 million as of 2011. Along with the neighbouring regions of the Mumbai Metropolitan Region, it is second most populous metropolitan area in India, with a population of 21.3 million as of 2016. Mumbai lies on the Konkan on the west coast of India and has a deep natural harbour (Humanco 2016). Mumbai has urbanised over the past 60 years and urbanized rapidly from its origins as a fishing village (Risbud 2001). The site of the fishing villages soon became a port region as the site favoured development. Protected from the Arabian Sea by a peninsular art the southern end of Salsette Island, it had access to sea on two sides (Chordia 2016). As with many major global ports area around the port became industrialized – processing goods for export and handling imports. The city grew during British rule as variety of services grew up around the port and continued to grow after British left in 1947. Since 1971, the inexorable rise in

Fig 1 :

Mumbai – or Heptanesia, as the Greeks called it, used to be made up of seven separate isles (Wikipedia 2017). These original islands, have said to be inhabited by the Kolis, a community of fisherfolk. The Kolis are said to have first occupied the land around 1100 AD. In fact, the name Mumbai is derived from Goddess Mumbai, the patron deity of the Kolis. Mumbai is a reclaimed island along its entire shoreline (Verma n.d.).

Fig 3 :

Evolution of the Mumbai Isles

Location of Mumbai

MANILA A: 42.88 km² PD: 20,785

Fig 2 :

the population of Mumbai, from 8 million in 1971 to 21 million now.

MILAN A: 181.76 km2 PD: 2,783

Comparison between Manila, Milan, Mumbai & New york

Graduation Thesis

MUMBAI A: 603.4 km² PD: 29,650

NEW YORK A: 783.8 km² PD: 10,431.1

(A) Area, (PD) Population Density (persons per km2)

Fig 4 :

Mumbai Google Earth Image 2017

Kushal Shah | Jayson Ramirez

| 13

mum

b ai

na mum vi bai

1.2 MUMBAI - CITY CHARACTERISTICS

mum

bai

50 km

grea

ter

15 km

Fig 5 :

Dimensions Mumbai (Approx)

The causes of urbanisation are multiple, but involve a high level of natural increase within Mumbai itself and in-migration principally from the surrounding district of Maharashtra but also from neighbouring states. Mumbai booming economy means that migrants come for job opportunities in the expanding industries, financial institutions and administration (Gamesby n.d.). Mumbai is majorly divided into 3 zones as the historical Mumbai, the suburban Mumbai known as the greater Mumbai and lastly the upcoming satellite towns included in the Navi Mumbai (Wikipedia 2018). The extent of the inland is approximately 50km and 15km wide. The city of Mumbai, Maharashtra, India, is divided

Graduation Thesis

Fig 6 :

Administrative Division (Municipalities)

into administrative divisions. Greater Mumbai is the urban agglomeration of 18 million people (the largest in India and one of the six largest in the world) which comes under the Municipal Corporation of Greater Mumbai. For administrative purposes, Greater Mumbai is divided into 6 zones, each consisting of 3 to 5 wards named alphabetically. All the information below is public domain information obtained from government sources and is accurate as of 1993, except the population statistics which are accurate as of 2015. The Brihanmumbai Municipal Corporation (BMC) is responsible for the civil administration of the city with the power vested in the hands of the Municipal Commissioner. The metropolis comprises two districts,

Fig 7 :

Administrative Division (Wards)

each of which falls within the falling within the District Collectorâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s jurisdiction. The legal jurisdiction over the city is enjoyed by the Bombay High Court and two other lower courts. Mumbai is among the most well connected cities in India. Extensive rail and road network connects the city to every corner of India whereas airways connect it globally (Lab 2018). Public transport in Mumbai involves the transport of millions of its citizens by train, road, and water. Over 88% of the commuters in Mumbai use public transport. Mumbai has the largest organized bus transport network among major Indian cities. A metro and a monorail system have recently been inaugurate (Varshney 2018).

Fig 8 :

Mumbai Transport Hubs

Mumbaiâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s public transport consists primarily of rapid transit on exclusive suburban railway lines augmented by commuter rail on main lines serving outlying suburbs, the bus services of the three municipalities making up the metropolitan area, public taxis and auto rickshaws, as well as ferry services. The Chhatrapati Shivaji International Airport Terminal 2 Chatrapati Shivaji Terminus (CST) Mumbai Central railway station. Sasoon Docks Mumbai Port trust

Kushal Shah | Jayson Ramirez

| 15

1.3 MUMBAI - CITY STATISTICS & DATA

Fig 9 : General Population Mumbai Source: http://www.loginmumbai.org/

Fig 10 : Slum Population Mumbai Source: http://www.loginmumbai.org/

As per the 2011 census report, 30% of the population is composed of internal migrants in India. Highest level of migration is to Maharashtra as destination state (Fig-1) (UNICEF, 2013), of which Mumbai is the most preferred destination city. . The following reasons are noted why immigrants prefer these urban villages. 1. Urban villages offer affordable rented housing to in-migrants. 2. Familiarity in respect of physical settings. 3. In most cases, such urban villages are located in the heart of city, providing less distance to travel to work making their living more inexpensive.

Graduation Thesis

Fig 11 : A theory stating the inclusions of rural villages (also known as Gaothans) over time with growth in development into the city limits and thereby making them as Urban Villages. Around 20 gaothans and 12 koliwadas were rural villages which with growth of the Mumbai city have slowly started diminishing due to pressure of Development.

Fig 12 : Green Spaces Mumbai Source: http://www.loginmumbai.org/

Fig 13 : Physical Feature of Mumbai Source: http://www.loginmumbai.org/

Tragically as the city is expanding its open spaces are shrinking. The democratic ‘space’ that ensures accountability and enables dissent is also shrinking. Over the years, open spaces become ‘leftovers’ or residual spaces after construction potential has been exploited. In response to crises and adversities, the government and development agencies have only looked at ways to exploit the real estate potential of the city. Real estate turnover, in fact has been the single largest thrust of our cities’ development even at the cost of social amenities, basic infrastructure appraisal and loss of open spaces (Das n.d.).

the city. The recreation grounds, playgrounds, gardens, parks, rivers, nullahs, hills are already marked in the development plan; we are recognizing them and linking them with marginal open spaces and pavements along roads (Das n.d.).

The ‘Open Mumbai’ plan takes into consideration the various reservations in the existing development plan of

The high cost of urban transportation, lack of housing for a majority of the people, inadequate and costly amenities, fragile services, overwhelming real estate thrust, colonization of land and arbitrary decisions in urban development make our cities an arduous place to live in. Our attempts at city development are tragically fragmented, disparate, contradictory and almost always reactionary. Anarchic growth marks the character of most Indian towns and cities (Das n.d.).

Kushal Shah | Jayson Ramirez

| 17

1.4 CLIMATE

India is home to an extraordinary variety of climatic regions, ranging from tropical in the south to temperate and alpine in the Himalayan north, where elevated regions receive sustained winter snowfall. The nation’s climate is strongly influenced by the Himalayas and the Thar Desert. The Climate of Mumbai is a tropical wet and dry climate (Monsoonal). Mumbai’s climate can be best described as moderately hot with high level of humidity. Its coastal nature and tropical location ensures temperatures won’t fluctuate much throughout the year (Wikipedia n.d.). In the pre-monsoon period, from March to May, the heat becomes intense, so that sometimes the temperature can reach 38/40 °C (100/104 °F); this partly happens also in the period following the monsoon, in October and November, when it can reach 36/38 °C (97/100 °F). In winter, from December to February, the weather is normally hot and sunny. During the day sometimes it

Fig 14 : Indian Climate Divisions Source: http://www.agriinfo.in/?page=topic&superid=1&topicid=425

Graduation Thesis

gets very hot, in fact the temperature can reach 35/36 °C (95/97 °F), while at night it normally returns below 20 °C (68 °F), and from time to time it can drop below 15 °C (59 °F): it is better to bring a sweatshirt for safety As mentioned, the monsoon in Mumbai lasts from June to early October, and is definitely intense, since the wet currents come directly from the sea: in July, even 800 millimetres (31.5 inches) of rain fall. In July and August, the sky is almost always cloudy, and relative humidity is very high, although the sea breeze gives a bit of relief. In Mumbai, rainfall amounts to about 2,250 mm (89 in) per year. In theory, from April to December Mumbai may be affected by tropical cyclones, although they generally affect the areas to the northwest and to the south of the city; the fact remains that the city can be brushed by a cyclone passing at some distance, and bringing heavy rains, as happened with cyclone Phyan in November 2009, and with Ockhi at the beginning of December 2017.

Average Minimum & Max Temp

Average Monthly Precipitation

Average Water temperature

Fig 17 : Sun Path Diagram Mumbai City Source: https://weather-and-climate.com/average-monthly-RainfallTemperature-Sunshine,mumbai,India

Average Monthly Rainy Days

Fig 15 : Mangroves Cover (1997) Average Monthly hours of Sunshine

Average Monthly Humidity

Fig 16 : Mangroves Cover (2005)

Kushal Shah | Jayson Ramirez

| 19

Fig 18 : Mumbai Average Temperature Map

Graduation Thesis

Fig 19 : Mumbai Wind Movement Map

Fig 20 : Mumbai Relative Humidity Map

Fig 21 : Mumbai Rainfall Map

Kushal Shah | Jayson Ramirez

| 21

2. FISHING VILLAGES

2.1 INTRODUCTION

The Kolis of Mumbai have thrived in the hidden quarters of the city, the ‘koliwadas’, which essentially means “a home that opens to the sea.” The ‘Worli Koliwada,’ ‘Sion koliwada,’ ‘Vasai Koliwada,’ and ‘Colaba Koliwada’ are also prominent. These settlements are invisible to the passerby, except for the fish market that marks the entrance to these close-knit settlements. Long ago, when Mumbai was Bombay, and the city was merely a scattered amalgamation of seven islands, the Kolis helped develop the harbors and the coastlines. Islands like Kolbhat (now Colaba), Palva Bunder (now Apollo Bunder), Dongri, Mazagaon, Naigaum and Worli were named by the Kolis. The name Mumbai owes its origin to the Mumbadevi temple in Dongri, worshipped by the Kolis.

their subsequent rule over Bombay led to the conversion of the Kolis to Christianity. The town of Vasai is now home to Catholic settlements, which were originally ethnic Kolis. Bassien, as Vasai was referred to by the Portuguese and later by the British, has remained as one of the major Koli settlements in northern Maharashtra.

Originally, the community belonged to the ethnic Marathi. The arrival of the Portuguese during 1500 and

As the city came under British patronage, the inevitable happened: original inhabitants were sidelined and marginalized. The Kolis were removed from Dongri by 1770 by the East India Company. As more tracts of land were reclaimed and modern structures took shape, the ‘men of the sea’ were relegated to nooks. Gothic architecture, as we admire today, relegated them to the fringes of the city. Cuff Parade and Backbay reclamation are two such clusters where the community eventually resettled. Kolis, native fisherfolk of Mumbai, for whom fishing has been a livelihood for the past 150-200 years,

Fig 22 : Mumbai Fish Catchment & Species

Fig 23 : Mumbai Fish Industry & Docks

Graduation Thesis

2.2 URBAN DEVELOPMENT & URBAN VILLAGES

Even today, Kolis stay together in areas referred to as koliwadas, scattered throughout the coastal edges of the city. They take pride in being a part of the community and do not want to adapt completely to the city life. Mumbai is a great case study on the effects of industrialization, modernization, overpopulation and pollution on fishing communities. Of course, other seaports and cities have their own histories, but Mumbai’s position as an urban fishing centre, with an economy and culture historically based on the profession, offers some broad narratives on the overall health of Indian fisheries and fisherfolk. And the city spotlights the larger conversations in different fishing centres about sustainability, overfishing, and the health of the ocean.

Most experts agree on the dangers of overfishing and out-of-season fishing, but the problem is complicated by issues of livelihood of the fisherfolk and an ever-increasing demand for seafood, as well as industrialization, pollution and land encroachment in coastal areas. Going forward, there just may not be any fish left in the sea—and this will affect everyone, from fishermen to fishmongers and consumers. Dr Sanjay Ranade, an associate professor at the University of Mumbai, says the Koli community’s plight is a classic example of what indigenous communities today face the world over. “The challenge is brought on by very rapid globalisation,” says Ranade.

Fig 24 : Fish Catching & Selling Process

Kushal Shah | Jayson Ramirez

| 25

2.3 SITE FEASIBILITY

Fig 25 : Mumbai fishing Villages & Growth of the City (1900)

Graduation Thesis

Fig 26 : Mumbai fishing Villages & Growth of the City (1950)

Kushal Shah | Jayson Ramirez

| 27

Fig 27 : Mumbai fishing Villages & Growth of the City (2000)

Graduation Thesis

Fig 28 : Mumbai fishing Villages & Growth of the City (2017)

Kushal Shah | Jayson Ramirez

| 29

Fig 29 : Mumbai Fishing Industry Feasibility & Markets

Graduation Thesis

Fig 30 : Proposed Site Feasibility with Fishing Village & Its Proximity

Kushal Shah | Jayson Ramirez

| 31

2.4 PROPOSAL FEASIBILITY

10 HOURS

LINEAR PROCESS

INFLEXIBLE BUSINESS MODULE

Fig 31 : Existing Process of Fishing Industry Fig 32 : Existing Business Model Fishing Industry

Graduation Thesis

INTEGRATED PROCESS

INTERDISCIPLINARY BUSINESS MODULE

Fig 33 : Proposed Process of Fishing Industry Fig 34 : Proposed Business Model Fishing Industry

Kushal Shah | Jayson Ramirez

| 33

3. MANGROVES

3.1 INTRODUCTION

Coastal Resources constitute an important component of natural resources, particularly in a country like India which is surrounded by sea on all three sides. Coastal regions, where land and water meet, are unique eco-regions which attract large number of economic activities like trade and ports, ship building activities, defence, fisheries, industries and human settlements. These economic activities appear to promote economic growth but in turn cause loss in terms of coastal and marine resources (Shyam 2016). IMPORTANCE OF MANGROVES FOR MUMBAI Mumbai is a reclaimed island along its entire shoreline. The wave action has increased in the North Western area and has eroded the 16 km long coastline by about 500 ms in the past 35 years. Only mangroves can provide a natural control for the eroding shoreline. Also Coastal biodiversity including the million migratory birds that visit Mumbai are housed by the mangroves (Times 2018).

THREATS TO MANGROVES IN MUMBAI Large demographic pressure is exerting tremendous stress on the coastal environment. The major causes of mangroves degradation are land reclamations and industrial effluents. Systematic dumping of all kinds of waste and debris in the mangrove areas destroys them (Mitra 2015). This waste/debris creates a barrier preventing the sea water from entering the mangroves and eventually kills the mangroves. In many instances, this is done intentionally to reclaim land for construction activity. Hence it is important to control and finally stop this systematic degradation of mangroves. • Land reclamation- Most industrial houses, developers; builders are reclaiming the mangrove lands illegally. • Pollution – There are over 200 non point sources of industrial and domestic waste discharges that pollute entire water around the city- 6 times more than the assimilation capacity. • Under the name of “development” creeks, rivers and other water bodies are altered in shape, size and course. • Every year, over 1000 tons of mangrove wood is cut for fuel wood and to meet other timber demands. The other threats to mangrove cover are port development, dumping of all kinds of Waste and Debris, over harvesting of marine resources and reduced natural regeneration.

Fig 35 : Mumbai mangroves & urban development

Graduation Thesis

Fig 36 : Fishing boats in the depleted mangroves area

Fig 37 : Map showing Mangrove Cover in 1997

Fig 38 : Map showing Mangrove Cover in 2005

The mangrove cover map 2005 shows that dense mangrove areas near the thane creek have been converted to mudflats. The analysis of mangrove cover change shows that there has been an overall decrease in the mangrove area. The decrease in the dense and sparse mangrove has been maximum in the Thane creek area west side followed by Manori, Malad respectively. The Manori Creek area is divided into two zones Mangrove zones (marked in green) and Influence zones i.e area around the mangrove that impacts the mangrove zones (marked in orange). These are further divided into smaller zones with respect to Ward boundary, High tide lines, and the Major roads in the area for assessment and to identify. 1. Deterioration levels of mangroves (to identify zones where mangrove deterioration is maximum) 2. Areas of High Development pressure (Zones where development pressure is maximum which in turn effects the mangroves)

DEVELOPMENT PRESSURES AROUND THE CREEK The analysis for Development pressures are identified with respect to the parameters given below. The parameters considered were selected as these parameters have an effect on the development pressures which in turn would have an impact on the mangroves (Shyam 2016). 1. Population Density 2. Population growth rate 3. Accessibility a. Proximity to main roads

Kushal Shah | Jayson Ramirez

| 37

Fig 39 : Division of Zones

Fig 40 : Classification of Mangroves

Fig 41 : Influence Extent

Fig 42 : Areas with Maximum Effect

Fig 43 : Influence Zone Proximity

Fig 44 : High Tide Line

4. Land use Characteristics a. Residential b. Slums c. Commercial d. Amenities 5. Activity pattern (Human Impact) a. Solid waste dumping b. Upcoming projects (conversion of mangrove cover to another land use)

Graduation Thesis

c. Pumping stations 6. High tide and low tide levels With the help of assigning Scores depending upon the impact of development pressure in each zone for each parameter following maps generated for each parameter course. â&#x20AC;˘ Every year, over 1000 tons of mangrove wood is cut for fuel wood and to meet other timber demands.

Fig 45 : An Image showing the informal settlement (extending itself into the deteriorating Mangroves. Absence of any buffer or barrier provides an uninterrupted growth to these settlements.)

Mumbai can boast of some very unique and varied environments, ranging from coastal belts, creeks and mangroves, to many hills, forests, streams, lakes and ponds, all of them in a state of intense stress and marginalization today. The analysis of the mangrove cover change in MMR clearly shows that the mangrove cover has deteriorated on the whole (Shyam 2016). Development could be one of the main reasons for it. The dense and sparse mangroves have decreased whereas the mudflats have increased. The mangroves have decreased either due to environmental conditions or due to human impact on them (Murthy et al. n.d.). The mismatch between supply and demand of land is one of the main reasons for the disappearance of environmentally fragile land like mangroves (Lacerda

2002). The rapid and haphazard trend of urbanization in Mumbai and its suburbs has extended relentlessly beyond its administrative boundaries and lead to the catastrophic depletion of the largest and most precious of the vanishing green zones of the city. Conservation of the mangroves which is still existent in the city and an initiative to safeguard them with the help of controlled development in the areas around the mangrove is one of the possible measures to help preserve them (RomaĂąach et al. 2018). We clearly notice a decline in the fishing Villages which are encroached upon and marginalized towards the mangroves. Historic drawings and analysis clearly states and explains the interrelation of these urban villages and mangrove deterioration.

Kushal Shah | Jayson Ramirez

| 39

Fig 46 : The Mangroves spread

Graduation Thesis

Kushal Shah | Jayson Ramirez

| 41

3.2 CONCEPTUAL REALIZATION

TREE

SHADING ELEMENT

Fig 47 : Conceptual realization

Graduation Thesis

AN URBAN FOREST

Kushal Shah | Jayson Ramirez

| 43

4. PRELIMINARY STUDIES

Graduation Thesis

Kushal Shah | Jayson Ramirez

4.1 CASE STUDIES - (INTERNATIONAL)

A. MUTTRAH FISHING PORT Muttrah : Oman Architect : Snohetta Total Area : approx 4000 sqm. Functions : Architecture, Culture, Public Space, Social & Meeting Spaces A new fish market has taken the stand as a new landmark on the waterfront along the lively corniche in Muttrah. The Snøhetta designed Muttrah Fish Market is created to serve as a focal point for the community of Muttrah, while simultaneously functioning as a hub for Oman’s thriving fishing industry.

Fig 49 : The Snøhetta - The site

Fig 48 : The Snøhetta- The building structure

DOCK

TOURIST

CAFE

STALLS

FISHING

WHOLESALE

RESTAURANT

PACKAGING Fig 50 : The Snøhetta -architectural details

COMMUNITY

CANOPY

Graduation Thesis

REFRIGERATION

Source: https://snohetta.com/projects/359-muttrah-fish-market (All pictures page 46)

B. BERGEN FISH MARKET Bergen : Norway Architect: Eder Biesel Arkitekter Total Area: 2 500 m2sqm. Functions: Fish Market, Tourist Information, Sea Food Center Bergen´s fish market has had a long and important presence in Bergen. As a lively market place it is leaving it´s mark upon the city just as well as does the historic monuments that are significant tourist attractions. Maintaining those is essential for experiencing the urban context around the historic bay.

Fig 52 : Bergen- The site

Fig 51 : Bergen- The Site Plan

COMMIUNITY

TOURIST

CANOPY

RESTAURANT

Fig 53 : Bergen- The building

CAFE

WHOLESALE

STALLS

REFRIGERATION

Source: https://en.visitbergen.com/visitor-information/bergen-tourist- information (All pictures page 46)

Kushal Shah | Jayson Ramirez

| 47

C. TSUKIJI MARKET Tsukiji, Tokyo Japan Architect: Total Area: approx 230,000 sqm. Functions: Fish Trading, Landmark & tourist activity Thereâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s no facade to speak of: this is infrastructure pure and simple; a no-nonsense mechanism for getting fish-to-face as efficiently as feasible. The market building is situated on reclaimed land on Tokyo bay, just south of the glitzy Ginza district, at the mouth of the Sumida river.

DOCK

TOURIST

CAFE

STALLS

FISHING

WHOLESALE

RESTAURANT

PACKAGING

Fig 54 : The Tsukiji - The structure COMMIUNITY

CANOPY

Graduation Thesis

REFRIGERATION

Source: https://jw-webmagazine.com/tsukiji-fish-market-is-finally- moving-in-2018-4492bd26a0e4 (All pictures page 46)

D. HARBOUR MARKET Vodice, Croatia Architect: Dinko Peračić Total Area: 1220 sqm. Functions: Fish Trading, Connecting Context, Urban regeneration Vodice is a tourist town on the Croatian coast, heavily expanded in recent transitional decades by numerous small private investments. Public domain was put aside and the priority was set on individual interests. Result was a super private condition with small areas left for improvement of common spaces (Peračić n.d.).

Fig 56 : Vodice - The site

Fig 55 : Vodice - The structure

DOCK

TOURIST

CAFE

STALLS

FISHING

WHOLESALE

RESTAURANT

PACKAGING

Fig 57 : Vodice - The architectural details

COMMIUNITY

CANOPY

REFRIGERATION

Source: http://dinkoperacic.com/en/projects/harbour-market-in- vodice/ (All pictures page 46)

Kushal Shah | Jayson Ramirez

| 49

4.2 CASE STUDIES - (LOCAL)

A. SASSOON DOCKS/PORT Mumbai, India Architect: Mumbai Municipality Total Area: Functions: Terminal and Fish Port Spaces: Auction Hall, Docks, Ice Plant, Drying Grounds, Fish Processing Unit, Net Making, Retail Market,

Fig 59 : Sassoon - The site

Fig 58 : Sassoon- The market place

Graduation Thesis

Source: https://www.tripadvisor.com/Attraction_Review-g304554- d8720438-Reviews-Sassoon_Dock-Mumbai_Maharashtra. html (All pictures page 46)

B. FISH MARKET AND PORT General Santos City Philippines Architect: General Santos City Municipality Total Area: Functions: Fish Port Spaces: Auction Hall, Docks, Ice Plant, Drying Grounds, Fish Processing Unit, Net Making, Retail Market.

Fig 60 : Santos - The site

Fig 61 : Santos - The site

Source: http://agilextuna.blogspot.com/2011/12/general-santos-city- tuna-fish-port.html (All pictures page 46)

Kushal Shah | Jayson Ramirez

| 51

4.3 TYPOLOGY & BUILDING CHARACTERISTICS

A. BELAPUR HOUSING Function - Housing, Affordable Housing Charles Correa’s housing at Belapur, New Bombay, uses and re-interprets traditional Indian urban spatial syntax (Davey 2015). It is a model which draws on the immemorial patterns of Indian life while being related to the structure (physical and economic) of the New City. Belapur is at the foot of one of the brown valleys, separated from the harbour’s blue-green sea by the flat strip on which the grey workplaces are growing. In the scheme, The basic element is the house. For Correa ‘the territorial privacy of families is of primary importance, and he believes that, in the Indian climate, ‘open-to-thesky space’ is essential for family life. So each house has a private yard in which is a lavatory block (Davey 2015).

Fig 62 : Belapur- Housing details

Graduation Thesis

B. SABARMATI ASHRAM - CHARLES CORREA Function - Museum, Handicrafts Activity, Riverfront and Cultural Centre. The museum uses a simple but delicately detailed post and beam structure. Load bearing brick columns support concrete channels, which also support the wooden roof (Anon n.d.). The foundation is made of concrete and is raised about a foot from the ground. In order to reflect the incremental nature of a living institution the architect used modular units 6 metres x 6 metres of reinforced cement concrete connecting spaces, both open and covered, allowing for eventual expansion. Correaâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s subtle changes of the enclosure allow for variety in the moduleâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s lighting, temperature, and visual permeability (Anon n.d.).

Fig 63 : Sabarmati Ashram architecture and planning

Kushal Shah | Jayson Ramirez

| 53

C. ST. XAVIER’S PRIMARY SCHOOL, AHMEDABAD Function - Primary School The use of R.C.C. columns on a square grid allowed for a play of open, semi-open and closed spaces to accommodate the various programmatic elements of the school – classrooms, offices, library, corridors etc. – without resorting to rigid hierarchies and definitions of space. The design erased the divisions between play and work, landscape and building, architecture and sculpture, even between blackboard and wall. Classrooms, courtyards and corridors arranged in a checkerboard pattern (C.PATEL 1967).

Fig 64 : St. Xavier’s primary school - architectural plans

Graduation Thesis

4.4 LEARNINGS AND CONCLUSION

CITY PLANNING

AXIS

The reference here shows the basic planning principles of how the cities in India have been planned in modern times post independence.

A lot of reference shows planning of important axis and functions linked to each other mainly by a street or a corridor thereby emphasizing on its importance.

There has been more inclination towards a grid and organized system of planning. Creating neighbourhood based on garden city concept by Le Corbusier is the example of Chandigarh where all sectors have been created as independent functioning smaller neighbourhoods (TUNGARE 2001). JAIPUR

VIDHYA NAGAR

CHANDIGARH

Fig 65 : City planning strategies

Kushal Shah | Jayson Ramirez

| 55

PLANNING PRINCIPLES

LINEAR BLOCK

COURTYARD BLOCK

ORGANIC CLUSTER

Fig 66 : Applied Planning Principles

Graduation Thesis

A COMBINATION OF ALL THREE TYPOLOGIES BASED ON FUNCTION AND CONTEXT

Kushal Shah | Jayson Ramirez

| 57

CLIMATIC ADAPTATIONS

WIND MOVEMENT

SUN MOVEMENT

SOUTH WEST MONSOON WINDS Fig 67 : Applied climatic adaptations

Graduation Thesis

CIRCULATION & MOVEMENT

MOVEMENT AND AXIS Fig 68 : Applied movement patterns

Kushal Shah | Jayson Ramirez

| 59

5. DESIGN STRATEGIES

Graduation Thesis

Kushal Shah | Jayson Ramirez

5.1 DESIGN CONCEPT

CONCEPT The inspiration for the concept arises from the context which is an area filled with a lot of trees of the Mangroves and the intimately spaced traditional Koli houses. The idea of a canopy which in turn resembles a tree has been considered to be as the ideal module for a project of such diversity in function and spaces. These modules of canopy when put together form an urban jungle which sit amidst the dense mangrove jungle. The module thereby is considered to be an ideal building block which repeated in various diverse ways helps us to achieve a desired form and function of the project. Designing for a developing country it was of utmost importance to take into consideration the mass production of the module as well as itâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s repetition to make the project feasible economically as well as practically.

SITE The site was carefully investigated to find barren land amidst the dense mangove forest. The unique project was thus divided into three parts to cater to the land availability and varied functions. It was equally

Graduation Thesis

important to consider how the movement of the boats of these fishermen would affect the orientation as well as placement of the project.

MODULE The module is designed as a unique element which can be repeated from a single unit to a combination of multiple units. Depending on the scale of intervention it is possible to change the height and dimensions based on a given prescribed proportion. The simplicity of the module makes it extremely easy to be replicated in readily available materials to a specified context. The module thus designed is unique to be replicated for construction of larger spans as well as a single unit. When combined in various different combinations it is possible to convert this module into a residential unit as well as a function for landscape. Modules minimalist and sturdy design also makes it ideal for all sorts of urban infrastructure interventions like bus stops or toilets placed in informal settlements etc.

PROJECT The proposed project is a mixed use project of multiple functions designed to serve the dying Fishing Villages in the Western Coast of Maharashtra. Post detailed research and study it was found that due to urban growth and expansion most the the fishing villages have been threatened by real estate developers for the abundance of coastal land occupied by these villages. In order to save the dying community it was imminent to provide them with Urban infrastructure to aide their profession. The main proposal is to provide spaces for the process of fishing along with serving the beach with some touristic activities. As per the context it was possible to divide the project into 4 major components the tourist area, the fish market, the Utility space for fishermen and lastly the informal settlement in the context.

THE MARKET The major function of the fishing activity is the market which is designed with a combination of the canopy modules. There are multiple functions like wholesale and Retail market, Segregation and Cleaning facility, Storage and Refrigeration as well as Viewing Deck etc. It has a huge courtyard space to cater to the large number of people coming in this facility. The extended dock serve as a space for fishermen to unload their catch from the Sea.

THE TOURIST The last activity space is the Tourist space which has facilities like a ferry Dock, Cafe, Shops, bus stop and Common Toilets. Since it is located near the Beach there are multiple canopies providing shade and comfort for leisure activities as well.

THE INFORMAL SETTLEMENT It is noted that the informal settlement is an unorganised spatial development which lacks urban infrastructure and landscape elements. Thus the modules were designed to be carefully inserted into parts of the settlement by which the courtyards could be more programmatic in nature and the space could be enhanced in terms of its usability.

THE UTILITY SPACE This part is specifically designed for the Fishermen for functions like restrooms, Dining area, Net making, Boat repair and making. It is designed as a support function space to the Fishing activity and thereby mainly is used by the Koli people. It is designed to be similar to the Koli houses where the module is used in a special combination to achieve the desired form. Some parts of the structure is raised to provide free working and movement spaces with intimate courtyard spaces.

Kushal Shah | Jayson Ramirez

| 63

5.2 URBAN STRATEGIES

AXIS Demarcating the important axis that divides the site into two parts as well as the road which is a separation between the two halves. The Axis helps us to allocate the functions as well as emphasize few aspects of the project.

DIVISIONS Dividing the site into major functional chunks . This helps us to strategically plan individual blocks as based on the existing context in the near surroundings.

Graduation Thesis

THE MANGROVES These are existing important vegetation found on site and it was eminent to keep in mind the location of the dense vegetation as well as barren ground which could be used wisely for planning the ground.

DOCKS Working on the edge of the sea and land, it was important to demarcate spaces that would be feasible to plan a dock thereby helping us to align functions based accordingly.

GRID

A grid is marked on the entire site to understand how the project can be planned in an organized way yet create interesting courtyards etc.

VOLUMES Dividing the site into major functional chunks . This helps us to strategically plan individual blocks as based on the existing context in the near surroundings

GRID OVERLAPPED WITH MANGROVES The grid is overlapped on the mangroves to create spaces which can be planned in a more efficient and sustainable way rather than haphazardly designing over it without environmental effects being considered

FUNCTIONS The site is thereby divided into three major spaces. The village area The Market area and the Tourist Area.

Fig 69 : The urban strategies Kushal Shah | Jayson Ramirez

| 65

5.3 WATERFRONT & MANGROVES STRATEGIES

The above is a proposal for a dock with natural deep harbour with floating dock.

The above is a proposal for a wooden dock with concrete piles for a shallow edge.

The above is a proposal for retaining the edge of the mangroves as well as the beach.

Graduation Thesis

Dock & Loading

Wooden Dock Slopped terrain

Wooden Dock Stepped terrain

Stepped Edge

Umbrellas in the Mangroves

Pathways to Experience the Mangroves

Fig 70 : Strategies for Mangroves

Kushal Shah | Jayson Ramirez

| 67

5.4 MODULE STRATEGIES

SECTION: Section indicating the heights and length of individual module.

PLANS: Section indicating the heights and length of individual module.

Graduation Thesis

Fig 71 : Module strategies

Kushal Shah | Jayson Ramirez

| 69

5.5 MODULE VARIATIONS

Graduation Thesis

Fig 72 : Module variations

Kushal Shah | Jayson Ramirez

| 71

5.6 MODULE LANDSCAPE VARIATIONS

Graduation Thesis

MODULE CONSTRUCTION STEPS

EXCAVATION & FOUNDATION

PERIPHERAL BEAM

FLOORING PURLINS

ROOF COVER

JOINING 1/4TH MODULE

CENTRAL HOLLOW COLUMN

I SECTION & FLOORING

PURLINS

4 MODULES COMBINED

PURLINS & ROOF

Kushal Shah | Jayson Ramirez

| 73

6. DESIGN DRAWINGS

Graduation Thesis

Kushal Shah | Jayson Ramirez

| 75

Graduation Thesis

Kushal Shah | Jayson Ramirez

| 77

Graduation Thesis

Kushal Shah | Jayson Ramirez

| 79

Graduation Thesis

Kushal Shah | Jayson Ramirez

| 81

Graduation Thesis

Kushal Shah | Jayson Ramirez

| 83

Graduation Thesis

Kushal Shah | Jayson Ramirez

| 85

Graduation Thesis

Kushal Shah | Jayson Ramirez

| 87

Graduation Thesis

Kushal Shah | Jayson Ramirez

| 89

Graduation Thesis

Kushal Shah | Jayson Ramirez

| 91

Graduation Thesis

Kushal Shah | Jayson Ramirez

| 93

Graduation Thesis

Kushal Shah | Jayson Ramirez

| 95

Graduation Thesis

Kushal Shah | Jayson Ramirez

| 97

Graduation Thesis

Kushal Shah | Jayson Ramirez

| 99

100

| Graduation Thesis

Kushal Shah | Jayson Ramirez

| 101

102

| Graduation Thesis

Kushal Shah | Jayson Ramirez

| 103

REFERENCES

Anon, Gandhi Memorial Museum (Sabarmati Ashram) / Charles Correa. Archeyes. Available at: http:// archeyes.com/sabarmati-ashram-museum-gandhiresidence-charles-correa/.

Lab, A.-I., 2018. Mumbai Attraction. In AFITA/WCCA. Available at: http://www.afita2018.org/afita_wcca2018/ mumbai-attraction.html. Lacerda, L.D., 2002. Mangrove Ecosystems,

Aritra Chakrabarty, 2016. The Kolis Of Bombay. the culture trip. Available at: https://theculturetrip.com/ asia/india/articles/the-kolis-of-bombay-the-originalresidents-of-the-city/ [Accessed May 12, 2018]. C.PATEL, H., 1967. St.Xavier’s Primary School, Ahmedabad. THE ARCHITECTURE OF HASMUKH C. PATEL. Available at: https://thinkmatter.in/2017/01/23/ the-architecture-of-hasmukh-c-patel/hcp_page-70-71/. Chordia, M., 2016. ECONOMICS OF SUSTAINABILITY | GROWING ECONOMIES, THE CASE OF MUMBAI-INDIA. Institute for advanced architecture of Catalonia. Available at: http://www. iaacblog.com/programs/economics-sustainabilitygrowing-economies/. Das, P.K., Open Mumbai: Re-Envisioning Open Spaces. The Nature of Cities. Available at: https://www. smartcitiesdive.com/ex/sustainablecitiescollective/ open-mumbai-re-envisioning-city-and-its-openspaces/171156/. Das, P.K., Open Mumbai: Re-envisioning the City and Its Open Spaces. The nature of cities. Available at: https://www.thenatureofcities.com/2013/08/18/openmumbai-re-envisioning-the-city-and-its-open-spaces/. Davey, P., 2015. Belapur Housing in Navi Mumbai. , p.The Architectural Review. Available at: https://www. architectural-review.com/essays/belapur-housing-innavi-mumbai-india-by-charles-correa/8684855.article. Gamesby, R., LEDC case study – Mumbai. coolgeography. Available at: http://www.coolgeography. co.uk/A-level/AQA/Year 13/World Cities/Mumbai/ Mumbai.htm. Humanco, I., 2016. Real-time activity in Mumbai. Cities.Human.co. Available at: http://cities.human.co/ details/India/Mumbai.

104

| Graduation Thesis

Mitra, A., 2015. Coastal Issues and Concerns : Challenges for the Research Community Prepared by. , (March). Murthy, R.C., Rao, Y.R. & Inamdar, A.B., Integrated coastal management of Mumbai metropolitan region. Peračić, D., new marketplace . vodice. afasia archzine. Risbud, B.N., 2001. Mumbai, India. Romañach, S.S. et al., 2018. Conservation and restoration of mangroves: Global status, perspectives, and prognosis. Ocean & Coastal Management, 154, pp.72–82. Available at: http://www.sciencedirect.com/ science/article/pii/S0964569117301710. Shyam, A.A., 2016. IMPACT OF DEVELOPMENT ON THE MANGROVE COVER IN THE MUMBAI METROPOLITAN REGION. Mumbai Paused. Available at: http://mumbaipaused.blogspot.com/2016/05/. Times, H., 2018. Coastal erosion in cities like Mumbai needs immediate action. Hindustan Times. Available at: https://www.hindustantimes.com/editorials/coastalerosion-in-cities-like-mumbai-needs-immediate-action/ story-XfZaUoJqe3m24mXYGZDWII.html. TUNGARE, Am., 2001. LE CORBUSIER’S PRINCIPLES OF CITY PLANNING AND THElR APPLICATION IN VIRTUAL ENVIRONMENTS, New Delhi. Varshney, M., 2018. Mumbai Transportation System Transformation. iglus, Innovative Governance of Large Urban Systems. Available at: http://iglus.org/2018/02/03/ mumbai-transportation-system-transformation/.

Verma, V., Koli- The native fisher folk of mumbai. Available at: http://mumkolis.blogspot.com/2011/06/ koli-native-fisher-folk-of-mumbai.html. Wikipedia, Climate of Mumbai. Available at: https:// en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate_of_Mumbai. Wikipedia, 2018. Mumbai. Wikipedia.org. Available at: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mumbai [Accessed September 9, 2017]. Wikipedia, 2017. Seven Islands of Bombay. Wikipedia.org. Available at: https://en.wikipedia.org/ wiki/Seven_Islands_of_Bombay. https://weather-and-climate.com/average-monthlyRainfall-Temperature-Sunshine,mumbai,India https://favelissues.com/2012/05/25/green-washingmumbai-part-1/ h t t p s : / / w w w. s m a r t c i t i e s d i v e . c o m / e x / sustainablecitiescollective/open-mumbai-reenvisioning-city-and-its-open-spaces/171156/ http://www.coolgeography.co.uk/A-level/AQA/ Year%2013/World%20Cities/Mumbai/Mumbai.htm https://snohetta.com/projects https://www.thenatureofcities.com/2013/08/18/openmumbai-re-envisioning-the-city-and-its-open-spaces/ http://www.loginmumbai.org/map.html# http://jdsa.eu/bgn/ https://www.livemint.com/Leisure/ ilE0AEjOdn9xDmg7FpIFzJ/Mumbai-is-killing-thefishing-villages-that-made-it-Mumbai.html http://www.indiatogether.org/mumbais-koliwadaspeople http://anarchytect.blogspot.com/2011/04/

Kushal Shah | Jayson Ramirez

| 105

Jayson Ramirez Kushal Shah