Architecture Gone Fishing by Juan Carlos Ruiz

Architecture Gone Fishing A Thesis Presented to the Undergraduate Faculty of NewSchool of Architecture & Design

In Partial Fullfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Bachelor of Architecture

by: Juan Carlos Ruiz Arjona June 2015 San Diego, CA

Figure 0.1 - School of Tuna

iii

Thesis Abstract Architecture Gone Fishing Studies show that by the year 2048, the oceans will run out of fish for us to catch. (Science Journal, Nov 3 2006). The problems caused by this issue range from impacts to the water quality and marine ecosystems, to ocean level rise and eventually harming human activities like fishing and harvesting. Through investigation done in several areas such as fishing, the activity of aquaculture, Bluefin Tuna species and local research of the city of Ensenada, a possible solution for this problem where architecture provides the necessary tools to move forward is explored. In this case, architecture will serve the role of a project manager by organizing the assests and resources that are required to provide a different approach to the existing ones. With the information found, a Fishery Research Port was designed in Ensenada, MĂŠxico, accomodating all the requirements that the practice of Aquaculture needs to thrive and fortify the future of the economy and of the marine ecosystems as well.

Figure 0.2 - Bluefin Tuna

Architecture Gone Fishing A Thesis Presented to the Undergraduate Faculty of NewSchool of Architecture & Design

by: Juan Carlos Ruiz Arjona Approved by:

Undergraduate Chair:

Studio Instructor:

Leonard Zegarski

Date

Vuslat Demircay Ph. D.

Date

vii

viii

Dedication This work is dedicated to my parents, for supporting my ideals and work every step of the way. Without them, the completion of my degree of Bachelor of Architecture would have been impossible. To my father again, who guided me through the architectural steps that I am currently standing on. Thanks for everything, I love you very much and I am forever grateful.

Acknowledgements I would also like to thank the rest of my family, for also giving me the support and encouragement needed to keep producing work when I was tired of doing so.

work freely with my own processes and styles. And to my friends, who inspired me in many ways, answered questions, gave feedback and even helped in projects, they know who they are.

To my classmates who, during my six years of schools, produced great work and provoked me to create the best things that I could. To the healthy competition between us, where the bar was raised many times and kept the inspiration and challenge going between us.

Again, thank you all for the great support.

To my various instructors, some who inspired and some who kept pushing me to the limits. Instructors in the areas of design, art, representation among others, who let me

Table of Contents Title Page Copyright Page Thesis Abstract Signature Page Dedication Acknowledgements

i iv v vii ix ix

Chapter 1: Introduction Problem Statement Critical Position Thesis Statement

13 15 17 19

Chapter 2: Thesis Essay Essay Rationale for Study Scope of the Study Chapter 3: Research Methods Case Studies Programming Contextual Analysis

21 23 34 34 37 39 44 52

Chapter 4: Design Conceptualization Process Final Design

57 58 66 72

Chapter 5: Conclusion

List of References

List of Figures

100

Appendices

102

Figure 1.1 - Tuna Tornado

Chapter 1: Introduction

Problem Statement Ecological issues always have a direct relationship to the human race and affects us in one or more different ways.

This is just a series of problems that consequentially follow one another and create new, bigger problems for our planet and mankind.

In this case, the depletion of marine organisms affects us in many ways. When we start running out of fish, we start running out of food supply and resources, fishing activities will slowly decrease until it reaches a point of port closure and abandonment. Then the economy starts to lose power in these areas, causing unemployment and forcing an economy change. But it doesnâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;t stop there; without wildlife, ocean acidic levels go up, the global water level rises, temperature changes and stronger weather issues start to emerge.

Critical Position Our planet has been damaged in many ways by the human race and it is also their responsibility to fix the problems and try to revert the damage caused. In this case, the ocean and the organisms living in it are in a state of danger that could possibly have many negative outcomes in the way that we live and interact with nature. In this Thesis, the research that was accumulated is aimed towards the incorporation of a new typology to the practice of Fishing. The Fishery Research Port would serve the purpose of creating a more sustainable way of consuming fish and if it

proves succesful, to also repopulate the ocean slowly. This proposal acts as a system that could be implemented anywhere that suffers the same problem, to supress them and reactivate economies and ecosystems.

Thesis Statement An ongoing, worldwide issue gives the opportunity to create a new typology that will serve the future activity of Aquaculture and will help the fishing sector thrive and provide the tools to restore the planetâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s condition in the future.

Figure 2.1 - Fish Farm in the Ocean

Chapter 2: Thesis Essay

Architecture Gone Fishing The Issue: â&#x20AC;&#x153;By the year 2048, there will be a drastically limited amount of fish in the oceans left to fishâ&#x20AC;?, states Boris Worm, the author of a new study published in the Science Journal (Vol. 314 November 3, 2006). The study depicts a grey picture of the ocean and human health in the near future. The loss of biodiversity around the globe is accelerating at a rapid pace while, nearly a 30 percent of the fishing stocks that we have available have completely crashed or have been lost completely. This negative impact on the levels and completeness of biodiversity leads to the loss of ecosystems and resources that many humans around the planet depend on

for their economy as well as survival. The instability of the ecosystem gives rise to more serious problems like declining water quality, coastal flooding and toxic algal blooms which then leads to ocean dead zones and fish kills in large scale.

Figure 2.2 - Global trends in the state of world marine fish stocks

Figure 2.3 - Swimming Tuna

The study also points out that the same results were obtained at different scales and at different locations around the world. The results on a global, regional and local scale were surprisingly tied together, which means that if this chain reaction goes off on a stronger wave, the whole world could face the collapse of fisheries and marine biodiversity. Boris Worm stated that: â&#x20AC;&#x153;Biodiversity is a finite resource, and we are going to end up with nothing left, if nothing changes nowâ&#x20AC;?, warning humankind but also giving hope while confirming that this loss could be recovered if these marine areas are managed correctly

Figure 2.4 - Tuna in Extinction

and are given time to rebuild themselves. We need to keep the ecosystems rich with species, in quality and quantity, in order for them to be strong and resilient against these problems that may show up. The recovery of the systems can be done and is already in progress by creating fishing reserves where all fishing is banned, imposing aggressive management when protecting types of species and by increasing the use of aquaculture to raise fish for human consumption, but these actions need to be sped up significantly in order to have enough time for restoration before it is too late.

Overfishing: One of the many reasons, and by far the most impactful to the ecosystems is overfishing. Overfishing is the action of depleting the stock of different species of fish and marine life in a body of water by fishing too much, at a faster rate than the rate they need to recover and repopulate (“Overfishing -- National Geographic.” National Geographic. N.p., n.d. Web.).

The reason overfishing is not discouraged is the fact that governments, are trying to keep the jobs on the industry alive aiming for the short term, instead of limiting the fishing caps in order to protect their own future employment and not to mention, the next generation of fishermen. Reports show that since the 1950’s humanity’s seafood consumption quadrupled, due to the readily available products, and this demand only leads to the creation of aggressive fishing techniques to be able to supply the products (The State of World Fisheries and Aquaculture 2012. N.p.: Food & Agriculture Org, 2012. Web.). Fishing fleets have been intensely hunting their targets with technology and new methods around the world. Without any longer access to large fish populations in coastal waters, they are doing what is called ‘fishing down’, which literally means that they are fishing deeper, for marine life further up the food chain, catalyzing a chain reaction that rattles a delicate, and very ancient balance.

Overfishing was first seen around the 1800’s, when fishermen extinguished the whale population while harvesting them for blubber, the fat of marine mammals used for oil for lamps. Fish such as the California Sardine, and the Atlantic Cod were also fished until they reached the verge of extinction (“Overfishing -- National Geographic.” National Geographic. N.p., n.d. Web). More examples can be seen in the North Sea, where reports suggest that there are only a few numbers left of cod in the area, areas in the Mediterranean where the sea used to be filled with Mediterranean Tuna now looks like a desert. In places such as West Africa, where all of their fisheries have been overexploited and have declined more than 50 percent according to a report generated by the United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization (Report: Status of World Fish Stocks 2005, FAO). Nowadays, around 85 percent of the planet’s fish stocks are either in danger of depletion, fully exploited or in the slow process of recovery.

Many Asian countries like Japan lead the consumption of fish around the globe, especially in the demand for raw, fresh, and good quality fish such as tuna. The global demand for Tuna has already emptied the fisheries located in the Mediterranean, depleting the population of the species in the area, and with the only increasing demand of this succulent meat, the highly prized Pacific Bluefin Tuna, is in grave danger of reaching stock levels that won’t allow room for recovery.

Figure 2.5 - Tuna Overfishing

Figure 2.6 - Overfishing

Pacific Bluefin Tuna: Pacific Bluefin Tuna (Thunnus Orientalis) is a species of tuna that is usually located in the Pacific Ocean, mostly on the northern hemisphere while sometimes reaches part of the South Pacific in its migratory patterns. The Bluefin Tuna, now featured in the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species, which is the most comprehensive list of global conservation status of biological species on a global scale. (Collette, B., Fox, W., Juan Jorda, M., Nelson, R., Pollard, D., Suzuki, N. & Teo, S. 2014. Thunnus orientalis. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2015.1.)

like herring, mackerel and sardines, without ignoring squids, eels and other types of seafood that provide nutrients as well. They hunt by vision due to their sharp sight and their fast swimming speeds, which makes them part of the top predators shelf.(“Bluefin Tuna.” WorldWildlife.org. World Wildlife Fund, n.d. Web.) These are the largest species of tuna, measuring from 6 to 10 feet in length, they can weight up to 1500 pounds, with exceptions of record breaking cases. They have a life span of about 40 years but are slow growing and mature late in their lifespan. These are some characteristics that make tuna populations more vulnerable to fishing pressure and overfishing in comparison to faster-growing and more productive species. This species of tuna are renowned for epic migrations in the Pacific Ocean, they range from the East Asian coast, all the way to the Western Coast of North America including Mexico. These fish usually spawn in the Northwestern Philippine Sea where they are targeted by small boats and nets, they then swim across the ocean directly to the west coast of Baja California in search of food, where they are targeted by large purse consumers, they then make their way up to the colder waters of Alaska, where they get set off to Japan while being fished with longline methods along the way.

The Pacific Bluefin Tuna is one of the fastest fish in the ocean, due to its streamlined body and high-powered muscle system. This fish run of warm blood, which has a survival advantage in comparison to cold-blooded fish. Warm blood allows them to keep their body temperature higher than the surrounding waters, greater power and speeds up to 60 miles per hour and also provides them with a wider range of water temperatures and climate variations. These important traits have also made them an interesting subject of study that focuses on deep, cold water survival, due to their ability to keep their hearts and core body temperatures up to 20ºC above the temperature of the surrounding water, while at the same time giving them the ability to dive below 1000 meters into much colder water. Tuna usually eat as much as 20 times their weight, they are tremendous predators since they hatch, and look for schools of smaller fish

Tuna is a very expensive fish, hence the need to fish it and sell it to auctioneers in Japan. where a single fish can reach millions of dollars in prize. In 2013, a single Tuna was sold

for $1.7 million (“Bluefin Tuna Sells for Record £1 Million.” The Telegraph. Telegraph Media Group, n.d. Web.), while in the most recent years, the size of catch doesn’t make as much money, reaching only $70,000 - $100,00 per fish. This shows how Japan’s industry leads the way in catching this fish, but, Mexico has been catching up. Baja California’s fishing industry has largely expanded in the recent years due to the fact that they can sell all this product to Asian consumers for higher prizes. However, fishing regulations from this year have already lowered the fishing capacity of the species for fisheries in Baja California, from 5,000 tons to 3,000 tons annually, which is a 40%

decrease in annual port activity and income for the three major fisheries located in the port of El Sauzal, located in Ensenada, Baja California Mexico. (Morán, Juan. President of CANAINPES in Ensenada “El Sauzal Port”. Personal Interview.)

Figure 2.7 - Frozen Tuna in Auction Market

Figure 2.8 - Atlantic Bluefin Tuna Jumping Out of Water

Location: Ensenada, Baja California, MĂŠxico north along the coast; the area surrounding the port and docks area is filled with several warehouses that are related to fishing and post-fishing activities such as dry docks, a small warehouse that holds the headquarters for a mariculture company called AquaFarms and other processes like fish oil production, flour and seaweed or kelp harvesting. These activities are tightly related to the outcomes of the activity of catching fish and some of these companies have already left the area leaving abandoned warehouses and waste, as well as unemployment and damage to the local economy.

Ensenada, is a fishing city located in the northwestern coast of Baja California, Mexico, that is heavily related to other ocean activities such as research and protection of marine areas. It is located only a hundred miles south of the U.S. border, located in the heart of Todos Santos Bay, right in the middle of a highly rich and diverse ecosystem that has proven to be the perfect feeding grounds for the Pacific Bluefin Tuna. Fishing has been a primary activity since the foundation of this city and nowadays it has grown to a point where it holds several types of ports that each hold different activities and purposes, while also providing the tools for intense marine research and oceanology, being home to one of the most important marine research campuses in the west coast, CICESE (Centro de InvestigaciĂłn CientĂfica y de Educacion Superior de Ensenada).

How is it possible to prevent a chain reaction, that could possibly affect many other areas that are caught in the same situation and might be headed in the same direction? Solutions such as aggressive management of fishing capacity, or stopping subsidiaries for fishing fleet are some of them, but another solution, one that the CICESE has been researching and developing for the future of this industry is Aquaculture.

As mentioned, Ensenada contains three different ports; the main port contains the commercial and industrial vessels, from cruise ships to large cargo ships, only leaving a limited space for small commercial or private fishing. Another one is a small marina, that only serves small boats and vessels for leisure and sport fishing purposes. And the third one, but not the smallest, is the Sauzal Port, that holds most of the fishing and post-fishing activities in the area, and is the one that is most likely a victim of the overfishing problems and fishing regulations, which makes it the site and subject of study of this thesis. The Port of El Sauzal is located on the northern periphery of the city, near the main highway that leads

Figure 2.9 - Baja AquaFarm Headquarters

Todos Santos Bay

City of Ensenada

Figure 2.10 - Ensenada , Baja California, Mexico

Figure 2.11 - Ports of Ensenada

El Sauzal Port

Coral & Marina

Main Commercial Port

Aquaculture: According to the NOAA (National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration), Aquaculture is the farming of fish and other aquatic organisms such as oysters and algae for human consumption. It includes the production of many types of seafood from when they hatch, and their development until they reach an average size where they can be used in the market; it often happens in artificial ponds, tanks and cages. (“What Is Aquaculture?” Office of Aquaculture. NOAA National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, n.d. Web.) It is sometimes used as stock restoration in ecosystems, where fish and shellfish that grow in the hatchery are released into the wild to repopulate lost quantities of the species, but for larger fish, such as Tuna, that dies off in the wild, this step has been difficult to overcome due to the still limited research.

With the collaboration of the CICESE and UABC (Universidad Autónoma de Baja California) Department of Oceanology, along with Scripps Research Institute, who work together in many projects in a bi-national manner, the practice of Aquaculture could be further researched and perfected to reach a point where it is completely sustainable and to a point where the farmed Tuna could easily survive the wilderness as if they were born there.

Aquaculture, due to its still flawed system, is not currently sustainable practice in a large scale. Fish farms at the current level of development, are highly polluting, and produce a mixture of toxic waste and run-off that fertilizes the harmful algae in the ocean, which reduces oxygen in the water that once was completely available to other species; thus, limiting their activity and life, creating dead zones. Farmed fish and farms are also breeding ground for infections and parasites, killing large population of fish in some cases, and if it spreads to the outside it can affect the exterior marine ecosystems.

Figure 2.12 - Net Exports of Selected Agricultural Commodities by Developing Countries

Figure 2.13 - Existence and Implementation of a Government Monitoring System of the Aquaculture Sector

Figure 2.14 - Aquacultre Production (in tons)

Figure 2.15 - Feeding in Aquaculture

Conclusion: With the ongoing climate change, changes and impacts are expected in agricultural production, people are going to rely more than ever on fish and seafood for their nutritional needs, and humanity will need to think about their usual methods of dealing with food shortages when being a hunter-gatherer and move completely to farming.

is incentive for fishermen to conserve fishing stocks so they have something to catch in the future”, as well as to provide food for the population in the near future. The research results inform that an ongoing, worldwide issue gives the opportunity to create a new typology that will serve the future activity of Aquaculture and will help the fishing sector thrive and provide the tools to restore the planet’s condition in the future. The selected site in El Sauzal Port in Ensenada, is a strong candidate for this experimentation to be developed due to its tight connection with its immediate surroundings and the city’s research prestige.

The idea in mind is to create a new architectural typology to help tackle these diverse problems in a streamlined manner. Jane Lubchenco, a marine biologist that collaborated in the Science Journal entry, states that “to provide the tool to align fishing and conservation interests so there

Port

Research Center

Aquaculture Figure 2.16 - Programmatic Solutions

FISHERY RESEARCH PORT: FISHING PORT AREA SUPPORT

USE ADJACENT INDUSTRY

AQUACULTURE TANKS & NETS

RE-ACTIVATE EXISTING PORT

RESEARCH FACILITY

EDUCATIONAL FACILITY

OCEAN ACCESS

SUSTAINABILITY

CREATE AN ADAPTABLE TYPOLOGY AIMED FOR THE FUTURE OF FISHING ECONOMY

REPOPULATE OCEAN SPECIES

EDUCATE

MULTI-USE ECO PORT

PROVIDE RESEARCH FACILITIES IMPULSE LOCAL ECONOMY

RESTORE MARINE ECOSYSTEM SUPPORT HUMAN DEMAND FOR FOOD

Figure 2.17 - Goals

Rationale of the Study: The reasons behind the topic of the thesis and the research studies consist mainly on my interests towards the planet, more specifically the ocean, itâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s large biodiversity and itâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s preservation as a complete ecosystem. Being a citizen of Ensenada and having easy access to information about fishing, surrounding ecosystems and the interest of the development of the city were direct reasons to choose the site in this area of the world. Guided by my passion for the ocean, I found a valid issue where I could intervene and propose a temporal buffer solution for the fish to take a break and repopulate, while leaving a permanent activity in the area that could boost not only economic sectors but the amount of life in the ocean in the area as well.

Scope of the Study: This thesis is aimed towards proposing a new architectural typology as a solution for the practice, research and development of Aquaculture, by creating a Fishery Research Port, in an area that is in need and that will hold all the necessary instruments and tools for this activity to be perfect for the future. The facilities will include large Ocean Technology tanks required for the breeding of Tuna and other species, laboratories for scientists involved, offices, an artificial basin, a port area for oceanographic vessels as well as areas for the general public. The project development should re-activate the area and its economy, create awareness of an ongoing problem in an educational way, and provide the tools and workspace for ongoing research to fight the depletion of our oceans. In this thesis technical aspects such as water characteristics, complex mechanical systems, biological processes and more specific data about Tuna and Aquaculture are not discussed, but leaving the space for these practices to come in and fill these spaces. Architecture will play the project management role by integrating Oceanography, Marine Ecology and Biology, Aquaculture and their research vessels into this new typology.

Figure 3.1 - Japanese Scallops Thrive on Fish Waste at an Experimental Farm

Chapter 3: Research Methods

Case Studies

NOAA - Southwest Fisheries Science Center Located in San Diego, CA. The NOAA Science Center houses the relocated facilities of the Fisheries Science Center of the southwest region. Designed with high sustainability demands that goes beyond the conservation efforts and purpose. Contains low impact lab desing and promotes the synergy between the scientists and their subject: the ocean. Figure 3.2 - Southwest Fisheries Science Center, La Jolla.

Batumi Aquarium

Batumi Aquarium is to be a cultural aquarium that offers visitors an educational and visually stimulating journey in the front part of the exhibition while providing resources for a small Research and Development area to unfold.

Figure 3.3 - Batumi Aquarium

Bali_Bali Marine Research Center The research center has a strong commitment to merge sea and inland with an interaction between two elements.The design incorporates fills and voids between solids and liquids providing the user with spaces that are filled naturally with water or appear as so.

Figure 3.4 - Bali_Bali Research Center

Design Hub at the Royal Melbourne Institute of Technology The RMIT Design Hub uses an automated sunshading that includes photovoltaic cells that are independently arranged in order to be able to change them quickly if new technology comes available.

Figure 3.5 - Panelized Skin System

NOAA - Southwest Fisheries Science Center / Gould Evans Architects

Figure 3.6 - Aerial View / Location

Figure 3.7 - Ocean Tech Tank

The NOAA Science Center has several characteristics to be valued in the case study. The site is located a few yards away from the ocean, which is the subject of study. The project contains a large Ocean Technology tank, that serves the Aquaculture research area of the program. It contains several sustainability features that make the project important such as natural daylighting, ventilation and open views towards the ocean.

direct relationship with ocean and features site pacific ocean

la jolla canyon

Figure 3.9 - Site Diagram

Figure 3.10 - Views from Site

Figure 3.8 - Natural Lighting

Figure 3.11- Sustainability Diagram

Batumi Aquarium / Henning Larsen Architects

Figure 3.12- Exterior View

The Batumi Aquarium serves the purpose of creating a landmark which is visible from the distance in Batumi Beach, while providing a HUB for education, entertainment and research activities. The organizational qualities of the space provide and uninterrumpted circulation throughout the whole building making the journey more pleasant. The program spaces house public exhibition rooms in the front while using the back, unseen part as mechanical and research space as well as access to tanks. SKYLIGHTS FOR WORK AREA

EXTERIOR SKIN INTERIOR SKIN MECHANICAL

circulation

Figure 3.13- Plan Diagram ACCESS TO TANKS

r&d administration

mediterranean red sea

multi purpose

LOBBY AREA

indian ocean

CIRCULATION

MECHANICAL SPACES BEHIND EXHIBITION

Figure 3.14- Section Diagram

Bali_Bali Marine Research Center / AVP_Arhitekti

Figure 3.15 - Exterior View

The Bali_Bali Marine Research Center blurrs the line between undewater exterior and the usable spaces of the building. The incorporation of void filled with the ocean itself provides direct views to the subject of study and creates a new, interesting learning experience. The program is carefully organized in this interactive design.

LIBRARY

CONFERENCE ROOM

PUBLIC AREAS

Figure 3.16 - Solid/Liquid Diagram PROVIDE NEW KINDS OF VIEWS TO THE UNDERWATER ECOSYSTEM

NEW LEARNING EXPERIENCES

DRY PROGRAM

INTERACTIVE DESIGN Figure 3.17 - Visual Qualities

WATER GOES THROUGH PROGRAM

UNDERWATER/ SUBMERGED PROGRAM

Figure 3.18 - Section Diagram

Design Hub at the Royal Melbourne Institute of Technology sun

ltered light shading patterns panelized shading system

Figure 3.19 - Skin Diagrams

The independent-panel skin system, provides shading and energy to the building while creating a relaxing atmosphere in the space created in between. The individual panels contain photovoltaic cells that can be easily replaced by new technology when available. Figure 3.20 - Space Between Skin and Building

Case Studies Conclusion In these case studies, different qualities of each project were developed and explored. From organizational qualities of program items, how they connect and interact with each other to the way that the program itlself relates to the exterior areas or focus on their subject of study. Circulation for the public versus the circulation of the private spaces make the areas more efficient and user friendly. The skin system study provides important information to my project of existing examples where the envelope works as a shading system, energy gathering and research tool .

Programming

Figure 3.21 - Program Diagram

Aquaculture - Ocean Technology Tanks In order to achieve the goals that this project is intented to reach, the typology in play requires large water tanks to house the fish that are going to be farmed. The tanks called Ocean Technology Development Tanks, filled with sea and fresh water, provide the necessary tools for researches to explore ecosystem-based fisheries and imitate the conditions found in the actual oceans and seas.

the Tuna a last step where the conditions are going to be very similar to the one found in the ocean. This is required because currently the development of aquaculture is still at a level where at the point of releasing tuna into the ocean, they die off due to the drastic change in conditions.

When the fish are being bred in these tanks, sometimes the fish waste can cause diseases in the fish itlsef, due to the increased time of swimming in contaminated waters. In some experimental farms, they have been adding other types of fauna to these tanks, in order to filter and use the excess sediments and waste produced by the species of fish being developed. Usually, this tanks are really large and in this case, the main tank itself would contain about 4 million gallons of water. In this project, several smaller tanks would be provided for the different steps in the development for the tuna. From larva to adult fish, the fish requirements vary drastically and the required water space becomes much larger. Also, secondary tanks to the ones dedicated for the tuna will be installed, in order to raise the food supply as well such as small squid, sardines and other smaller groups of fish.

Figure 3.22 - Tuna Life Cycle

On the exterior part of the program, an artificial basin would be created to give

Oyster/ Scallop

Bottom Feeders

Mature Blue n Tuna (Main Tank)

Larva Juv Tuna

Adult Tuna

Food (Sardine)

Food (Squid)

Figure 3.23 - Tuna Tanks Requirements

Diverse fauna added to tanks in order to reuse the waste created by larger fish that harm their development. Everything is used.

Figure 3.24 - Diverse Fauna in Tanks

Sediment retention grids and biofilters also help with the waste management within the tanks and water is re-oxygenized.

Figure 3.25 - Fish Tank Processes

Research Center The second part of the primary program elements provides the workspaces to further research the activity of aquaculture. The design of the building accomodates laboratory spaces that have direct view to the subject in study: the tuna. Primary laboratories will be found inside a tower that is located within the main water tank. Scientists in these spaces will work surrounded by swimming fish and a large body of water. Mechanical and support spaces will be located beneath and above the laboratories to maximize the space

without any mechanical interrumptions. Secondary laboratories along with offices and storage spaces will be located within the structure surrounding the tank. Catwalks and exterior work spaces surrounding the tank and on top of the tower provide areas to directly access the tank and interact with the fish. Cranes, rigs, feeding tubes and necessary equipment would be provided in the exterior terraces to facilitate production and development.

Mechanical Spaces

Storage Spaces

Laboratory

Of ces

Exterior Work Space/ Catwalks

Figure 3.26 - Research Diagram

Figure 3.27 - Research Facilites

Port Aquaculture requires oceanographic research in order to reach the quality of production. Research vessels and fishing boats are needed to gather exterior information and catch fish to reproduce in the tanks. Due to the reactivation that the incorporation of the Fishery Research Port will cause, a new port needs to be added just for the facility in order to support the future traffic and leave the existing port some space to thrive and grow.

The port addition would have to be developed still, containing portuary offices, dry docks for the private vessels, docks, exterior work areas and water tanks to hold the wild catch temporarily before moving it to the main tanks.

Figure 3.28 - Ocean Pen

Figure 3.29 - Diver with Shrimp

Program Squarefootage Program

Description

SQFT

TOTAL

Main Tank

Main tank for mature Blueﬁn

15000

Larva Tank

Egg and larva tank

300

600

Juvenile Tuna Tank

Larger tank for juvenile tuna

5000

10000

Adult Tuna Tank

Larger tank for adult tuna

7000

Squid Tank

Food supply tank

800

1600

Sardine Tank

Food supply tank

800

1600

Food Storage

Food supply storage

1000

Mechanical (Tank)

Mechanical systems (piping, ﬁlters, processes)

1000

3000

Laboratory

Research spaces

1000

4000

Ofﬁce

Ofﬁce spaces for scientists

150

900

Storage

Laboratory storage

150

300

Mechanical (Lab)

Laboratory mechanical space

500

1000

Restrooms

200

800

Meeting Rooms

Ofﬁce meeting rooms

300

600

Conference Room

Large conference room (public/private)

1200

Library

Public library space (specialized)

2000

2000 0

Café/Restaurant

Cafe and restaurant with terrace

1500

Lobby

Access lobby

800

1600

Service Docks

Dry docks for port

1 -

Docks

Docks for vessels

1 -

Exterior Tank

Temporal use exterior tank

1 -

Exterior Research Area

Exterior work areas (terraces & catwalks)

1 -

Circulation

Interior/exterior circulation

5300

10-15%

TOTAL FLOOR SPACE

59000

Figure 3.30 - Program Squarefootage Table

TOTAL

15000

600

10000

7000

1600

1000

3000

4000

900

300

1000

800

600

1200

2000

Tank Support

Research

Public

Circulation

20%

57% 15% 4%

Figure 3.31 - Squarefootage Chart

1500

1600

Water Bodies

BLUEFIN S TUNA

O BLUEFIN O TUNA S SQUID S O

MECH MECH

DOCKS S

LIBRARY OCEAN

LOBBY

LOBBY O O S

(FIRST FL F OOR)

S O SHRIMP P

BLUEFIN BLUEFIN N TUNA TUNA MEETING ROOMS CAFE

SERVICE

*(MECHANICAL/ C /STOR T RAGE/FOOD LOCA C TED IN BETWEEN F FLOORS WITHIN STRUCTURE)

(SECOND FL F OOR)

Figure 3.32 - Conceptual Program Diagram

5300

EXTERIOR RESEARCH AREA

CONFERENCE

Contextual Analysis Port of El Sauzal, Ensenada, Baja California, México. The site was selected after analysing two other possible options in the city of Ensenada. After gathering information and research the ‘El Sauzal Port’ was the perfect candidate for the incoporation of the project. Issues & Situation with Fisheries and Aquaculture in Ensenada. - Insufficient portuary structure for bigger vessels which could provide more activity. - Conflicts with concessioned and awarded areas. - Limited industrialization of fishing and aquaculture product. - Most of the fisheries have already reached their maximum number of permits, having to raise product prices in order to grow. - Decapitalization of the fishing sector, the production and diesel prices are still in increment while the export sector can’t keep up with the rising prices. Fishing and aqualculture are tightly vinculated with physiological and biological parameters, as well as ecosystem data that supports this activities. There is a special interest worldwide in the scientific sector to create more productive and efficient operations. In Ensenada, these activities have the support of state scientific and fishing organisims such as.

Baja Aquafarm is the largest Bluefin Tuna farming and aquaculture company in the area. Their activities consist of: tuna fishing, tuna farming, farming operations, research and development, harvesting and processing and sales and exports of tuna. They are owners of tuna farms all along the west coat from Baja to Central California. Figure 3.33 - AquaFarms Nets

Figure 3.34 - El Sauzal Port

Figure 3.35 - Port Analysis

Figure 3.36 - Proposed Site Plan

Figure 4.1 - Diver Inside a Fish Pen

Chapter 4: Design

Conceptualization The Fish:

Figure 4.2 - Fish Anatomy

ORGANS PROGRAM organic shaped water tank priority to working spaces circulation follows space perimeter aperture creation adaptable program to structure

SKELETON STRUCTURE exterior structural support visible structure mechanical spaces within

SCALES SKIN SYSTEM adaptable form to structure sustainable skin aestethics shading system over required areas

Figure 4.3 - Fish Anatomy Study

The main concept for this project was the anatomy of the fish, focusing on the characterists of its interior organization, the skeletal structure and the scale on the outside. In this research I translated these different aspects of the fish into things that could possible take an architectural space, form and function. Looking at the cross section of a fish, inspired my to create radial plan forms and use the structure as if it was the spine of the fish holding it together.

Based on the concept of the anatomy and structure of the fish, further studies were made in order to visualize similar characteristics that were found in the case study. Show in the studies below, the idea of an adaptible program to a structure is explored, where the program spaces would take the required space and the structure would be made-to-fit these spaces and volumes. Served and servant program spaces would be together, where the servant spaces would overlap and reshape the served program. In ocassions, servant spaces could perforate the main spaces to create interesting and interactive forms that are both functional and visually attractive.

Figure 4.5 - Form Studies

Figure 4.4 - Structural Concept Studies

Figure 4.6 - Form Adaptation Studies

Secondary conceptual ideas such as the idea of an adaptible, flexible water tank with experimental materials were studied. Inspired from the adaptative qualities of water itself, limited by a elastic material to create boundaries, the concept of creating a static structure and then allowing the â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;water tankâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; to flow and bend over it came to mind. Organic shaped tank would have

created an interactive circulation patter for the fish on the inside and while cutting corners and apertures, viewing platforms for the users would have been created.

Figure 4.7 - Programmatic Concept Studies

The last conceptual idea has to do with the program organization and requirements of the main subject of the project which is the tuna. Tuna have different stages of development that require different conditions. Starting from the eggs and ending as a mature fish, the tuna required different food supply, water temperature, water depth, swimming area and different time in each of these conditions. These different steps also count as steps for the tuna to be ready to

be let out into the ocean, so while moving from condition to condition, they are also physically moving closer to the ocean, getting closer to the natural conditions and eventually being released. To project this into an architectural form the idea of having these tanks as a tide pool was created, where during high tide and low tide the water would go into these spaces, replacing old water and reaching different pools depending on the height.

In the final version of the project, not all these concepts were used, but in a way inspired many other characteristics that at the end made it through the final design. The structural quality and the organization of the programs within itself, the interaction between program elements

such as the ones in the cross section of the fish, the tide pools and stages of development of the tuna were all items that eventually were developed further and provided key aspects of the building and program itself.

Design Process

Figure 4.8 - Process Sketches

BRIDGE OVER BASIN (E) SOIL DISPLACE SOIL

PRECAST CONCRETE JETTY

SALT WATER BASIN

TURBINE TUNNEL JETTY

CONCRETE SLAB + RETAINING WALL

SHORE

PA R

LT O

CONCRETE PIER

POSSIBLE AMAZING RIGHT POINT BREAK

TAPERED CYLINDER PRECAST PIECES

Figure 4.9 - Site Development Sketches

In this site, an artificial salt water basin was added that provides an extra tool for researchers and the activity of aquaculture; it contains a bridge for the users for closer contact to the water. This basin, also starts incorporating sustainability ideas that will be further explained, by adding turbines that create energy by using the moving water from it. Also, a pier was added for both aestethic and functional purposes and to provide an extra part of the program dedicated to the general public, with a slight possibility of creating a new surf spot on a side of it.

During the design process, I started with an overall design of a master plan of the site due to the size of the project. While developing the site thinking about details and characteristics that could be incorporated in order to make the design functional and efficient. The first step in creating the master plan is to actually provide stable ground to create the project on, due to the nature of ports, which are often artificially created the site needs to be created by displacing existing soil onto the area that currently is occupied by the sand and ocean and creating either a retaining wall or installing a precast concrete jetty to maintain form and strenght.

Figure 4.10 - Process Sketches

Figure 4.11 - Process Sketches

Figure 4.12 - Process Sketches

During the design, sustainability was an important part of the process. While still getting inspiration from the fish as the main concept, the idea of adding an intelling skin system that resembles the scales of a fish was a perfect match. Mimicking the shape and form of the scales, a panelized, scale-like smart skin system was developed with the purpose of using it as an energy gathering device while providing a visually pleasing envelope for the building itself. Another example taken from the

fish is the way that they use the water to produce kinetic energy. The incorporation of turbines and movable buoys along the site and projects provide a decent amount of electrical energy to support the highdemand of the new typology. The energy generated from all these processes is going to be directed to the mechanical spaces connected to the water tanks in order to maintain right temperatures, water quality and food supply running.

ALIGNMENT RAILS

SCALE OVERLAY TO RESEMBLE FISH

VENTILATION FOR TANK AREA AND CIRCULATION

CLEAR PHOTOVOLTAICS CLOSED PROGRAM

DICHROIC 3FORM ECORESIN

STRUCTURAL SUPPORT ‘SCALE’ SHADING SYSTEM LAYERED SYSTEM

SUN

WATER DISPLACEMENT CREATES MOVEMENT WATER TUNNEL

WATER GOING OUT TURBINE

PIER POINT ABSORTION SYSTEM

ADAPTED TO PIER

HYDRAULIC PISTON

}

VARYING TIDES (+9/-3)

ANCHOR

Figure 4.13 - Green Technology

1. LOOBY 2. MAIN TANKS 3. TERRACE 4. RESTAURANT 5. KITCHEN 6. LIBRARY 7. PONDS 8. OFFICES 9. MAIN LABS 10. HALLWAY 11. SUPPORT 12. PARK AREA 13. EXTERIOR BASIN

12 11

1 10

2 13

5 6 12

SERVICE CATWALK

SMART SKIN SYSTEM

SERVICE TOWER

VIEWING TERRACE

OFFICE TOWER

LIBRARY RESEARCH ROOMS TOWER VIEWING TUNNEL

Figure 4.14 - Conceptual Floor Plan and Section

OCEAN

Figure 4.15 - Skin Visualization

Final Design

Ground Floor Plan

1. MAIN ENTRY AREA 2. LOBBY 3. OFFICES 4. RESTROOMS 5. SMALL EXHIBITION AREA 6. PRIVATE ENTRY AREA

7. LABORATORY 8. EXTERIOR STORAGE AREA 9. FOOD SUPPLY AREA / EXTERIOR WORK 10. LAB STORAGE 11. CIRCULATION SHAFT / LIGHTWELL 12. COURTYARD

13. CONFERENCE ROOM 14. LIBRARY AREA 15. UPPER EXTERIOR WORK AREA 16. TERRACE 17. WORK TERRACE 18. MAIN TANK MECHANICAL ROOM / FOOD

19. KITCHEN 20. RESTAURANT 21. RESTAURANT TERRACE 22. LAB MECHANICAL SPACE

*≠ 73

OCEAN TECH TANK

EXTERIOR CATWALKS

Second Floor Plan

1. MAIN ENTRY AREA 2. LOBBY 3. OFFICES 4. RESTROOMS 5. SMALL EXHIBITION AREA 6. PRIVATE ENTRY AREA

7. LABORATORY 8. EXTERIOR STORAGE AREA 9. FOOD SUPPLY AREA / EXTERIOR WORK 10. LAB STORAGE 11. CIRCULATION SHAFT / LIGHTWELL 12. COURTYARD

Third Floor Plan

13. CONFERENCE ROOM 14. LIBRARY AREA 15. UPPER EXTERIOR WORK AREA 16. TERRACE 17. WORK TERRACE 18. MAIN TANK MECHANICAL ROOM / FOOD

19. KITCHEN 20. RESTAURANT 21. RESTAURANT TERRACE 22. LAB MECHANICAL SPACE

*≠ 75

OCEAN TECH TANK

EXTERIOR CATWALKS

Section A-A

Section B-B

Section C-C

Entry Area Rendering 78

East Elevation

West Elevation

North Elevation

South Elevation

Main Tank Exterior Rendering 82

Main Tank Exterior Rendering 84

Exploded Structural Axonometric

Aerial Perspective Rendering

Conference Room Exterior Rendering

Exterior Rendering 88

Figure 4.16 - Final Site Model Image

Figure 4.17 - Final Site Model Image

Figure 4.18 - Final Site Model Image

Figure 4.19 - Final Site Model Image

Figure 4.20 - Final Building Model Image

Figure 4.21 - Final Building Model Image

Figure 4.22 - Final Building Model Image

Figure 4.23 - Final Building Model Image

Figure 5.1 - Free Tuna

Chapter 5: Conclusion

Conclusion different consultants were to be needed. The project itself focuses on the technique of Aquaculture and how can you provide the necessary tools and installations to pursue its research and make it more efficient and productive. Specific things such as mechanical processes, water quality, exact density needs and such, were not adressed in this thesis.

With the realization of this thesis project I came to the conclusion that architecture can help and provide the tools to fix an existing environmental issue that affects humans and our planet in many ways. I observed during my research process and investigations that the topic I chose fitted my interests perfectly and I am glad that I got to learn even more about topics that really interest me. During the process some challenges came up when trying to acquire really specific data that in the end came in really large numbers and needed to be heavily summarized. Due to the complexity of the project itself, many issues, systems and processes were not specified because a large number of

I believe that even though I invested countless days and nights into this project, it could be continued to be developed in many ways. From finishing the remaining areas of the campus, to perfecting the processes and meet the exact demands of this complex techinique.

List of References

13.2. Status of World Fish Stocks (2005). (n.d.). Retrieved from http://www.fao.org/newsroom/common/ecg/1000505/en/stocks.pdf Bluefin Tuna. (n.d.). Retrieved from http://www.worldwildlife.org/species/bluefin-tuna Bluefin Tuna. (n.d.). Retrieved from http://www.worldwildlife.org/species/bluefin-tuna Bluefin tuna sells for record ยฃ1 million. (n.d.). Retrieved from http://www.telegraph. co.uk/news/worldnews/asia/japan/9782074/Bluefin-tuna-sells-for-record-1-million. html Brian Handwerk, for National Geographic News PUBLISHED March 26, 2013. (n.d.). Once Decimated U.S. Fish Stocks Enjoy Big Bounce Back. Retrieved from http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2013/03/130326-fish-stocks-rebound-fisheries-management/ Collette, B., Fox, W., Juan Jorda, M., Nelson, R., Pollard, D., Suzuki, N. & Teo, S. 2014. Thunnus orientalis. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2015.1. <www.iucnredlist.org>. Morรกn, J. (2014, October 24). El Sauzal Port [Personal interview]. FAO Fisheries & Aquaculture - Small-scale & artisanal fisheries. (n.d.). Retrieved from http://www.fao.org/fishery/topic/14753/en FishWatch. (n.d.). Retrieved from http://www.fishwatch.gov/seafood_profiles/species/ tuna/species_pages/pac_bluefin_tuna.html How To Farm a Better Fish. (n.d.). Retrieved from http://www.nationalgeographic.com/ foodfeatures/aquaculture/

How the worldâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s oceans could be running out of fish. (n.d.). Retrieved from http://www. bbc.com/future/story/20120920-are-we-running-out-of-fish International Fisheries; Western and Central Pacific Fisheries for Highly Migratory Species; Fishing Effort Limits in Purse Seine Fisheries for 2014. (n.d.). Retrieved from https:// www.federalregister.gov/articles/2014/11/13/2014-26830/international-fisheries-western-and-central-pacific-fisheries-for-highly-migratory-species-fishing#h-22 Overfishing -- National Geographic. (n.d.). Retrieved from http://ocean.nationalgeographic.com/ocean/critical-issues-overfishing/ Overfishing has wiped out 96 percent of Pacific bluefin tuna. (2014, April 23). Retrieved from http://www.vox.com/2014/4/23/5637044/overfishing-has-driven-pacific-bluefintuna-numbers-down-96-percent Seafood May Be Gone by 2048, Study Says. (n.d.). Retrieved from http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2006/11/061102-seafood-threat.html The State of World Fisheries and Aquaculture 2014. (n.d.). What is Aquaculture? (n.d.). Retrieved from http://www.nmfs.noaa.gov/aquaculture/ what_is_aquaculture.html Worm, B., Barbier, E., Beaumont, N., Duffy, J., Folke, C., Halpern, B., . . . Watson, R. (2006). Impacts of Biodiversity Loss on Ocean Ecosystem Services. Science, 314, 787790.

List of Figures

Figure 0.1 - School of Tuna - Source: http://iss-foundation.org/2012/08/23/exploring-the-ecosystem-impacts-offarmed-bluefin-tuna/ Figure 0.2 - Bluefin Tuna Drawing - Source: original artwork by Author Figure 1.1 - Tuna Tornado - Source: Octavio Aburto Figure 2.1 - Fish Farm in the Ocean - Source: Spencer Millsap/National Geographic Figure 2.2 - Global trends in the state of world marine fish stocks 1975-2011 - Source: The State of World Fisheries and Aquaculture ‘Opportunities and challenges’, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) Figure 2.3 - Swimming Bluefin - Source: Brian J. Skerry/National Geographic Figure 2.4 - Tuna in Extinction - Source: World Wide Fund for Nature (WWF) WorldWildlife.org Figure 2.5 - Tuna Overfishing - Source: Jose Luis Roca/AFP/Getty Images Figure 2.6 - Overfishing - Source: Australian Fisheries Management Authority Figure 2.7 - Frozen Tuna in Auction Market - Source: Prof. D. Saffer/Penn State Figure 2.8 - Atlantic Bluefin Tuna Jumping Out of Water - Source: World Wide Fund for Nature (WWF) WorldWildlife.org Figure 2.9 - Baja AquaFarms Headquarters - Source: http://www.umamiseafood.com/operations/baja-aquafarms/ Figure 2.10 - Ensenada, Baja California, México. - Source: Image from Google Maps/Alteration by Author Figure 2.11 - Ports of Ensenada - Source: Image from Google Maps/Alteration by Author Figure 2.12 - Net Exports of Selected Agricultural Commodities by Developing Countries - Source: The State of World Fisheries and Aquaculture ‘Opportunities and challenges’, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) Figure 2.13 - Existence and Implementation of a Government Monitoring System of the Aquaculture Sector by Region Source: The State of World Fisheries and Aquaculture ‘Opportunities and challenges’, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) Figure 2.14 - Aquaculture Production 2011 - Source: The State of World Fisheries and Aquaculture ‘Opportunities and challenges’, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) Figure 2.15 - Feeding in Aquaculture - Source: ‘The Blue Revolution’ http://www.nationalgeographic.com/foodfeatures/ aquaculture/ National Geographic Figure 2.16 - Programmatic Solutions - Source: Diagram by Author Figure 2.17 - Goals - Source: Diagram by Author Figure 3.1 - Japanese Scallops Thrive on Fish Waste at an Experimental Farm in Vancouver - Source: ‘The Blue Revolution’ http://www.nationalgeographic.com/foodfeatures/aquaculture/ National Geographic Figure 3.2 - NOAA - Southwest Fisheries Science Center, La Jolla - Source: http://www.gouldevans.com/portfolio/noaascience-center Figure 3.3 - Batumi Aquarium - Source: Henning Larsen Architects http://www.henninglarsen.com/ projects/1000-1099/1061-batumi-aquarium.aspx Figure 3.4 - Bali_Bali Research Center - Source: AVP_arhitekti. http://www.avp.hr/projects/1/8/1/bal-bali-researchcenter Figure 3.5 - Panelized Skin System - Source: Sean Godsell Architects http://www.seangodsell.com/rmit-design-hub Figure 3.6 - Aerial View / Location - Source: http://www.gouldevans.com/portfolio/noaa-science-center Figure 3.7 - Ocean Tech Tank - Source: http://www.gouldevans.com/portfolio/noaa-science-center Figure 3.8 - Natural Lighting - Source: http://www.gouldevans.com/portfolio/noaa-science-center / Alteration by Author Figure 3.9 - Site Diagram - Source: http://www.gouldevans.com/portfolio/noaa-science-center / Alteration by Author Figure 3.10 - Views from Site - Source: http://www.gouldevans.com/portfolio/noaa-science-center / Alteration by Author Figure 3.11 - Sustainability Diagram - Source: http://www.gouldevans.com/portfolio/noaa-science-center / Alteration by Author Figure 3.12 - Exterior View - Source: Henning Larsen Architects http://www.henninglarsen.com/projects/1000-1099/1061batumi-aquarium.aspx Figure 3.13 - Plan Diagram - Source: Henning Larsen Architects http://www.henninglarsen.com/projects/1000-1099/1061batumi-aquarium.aspx / Alteration by Author Figure 3.14 - Section Diagram - Source: Henning Larsen Architects http://www.henninglarsen.com/ projects/1000-1099/1061-batumi-aquarium.aspx / Alteration by Author Figure 3.15 - Exterior View - Source: AVP_arhitekti. http://www.avp.hr/projects/1/8/1/bal-bali-research-center Figure 3.16 - Solid/Liquid Diagram - Source: by Author Figure 3.17 - Visual Qualities - Source: by Author

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Figure 3.18 - Section Diagram - Source: AVP_arhitekti. http://www.avp.hr/projects/1/8/1/bal-bali-research-center / Alteration by Author Figure 3.19 - Skin Diagram - Source: by Author Figure 3.20 - Space Between Skin and Building - Source: Sean Godsell Architects http://www.seangodsell.com/rmitdesign-hub Figure 3.21 - Program Diagram - Source: by Author Figure 3.22 - Tuna Life Cycle - Source: Baja AquaFarms http://www.umamiseafood.com/operations/baja-aquafarms/ Figure 3.23 - Tuna Tanks Requirements - Source: by Author Figure 3.24 - Diverse Fauna in Tanks - Source: National Geographic http://www.nationalgeographic.com/foodfeatures/ aquaculture/ Figure 3.25 - Fish Tank Processes - Source: National Geographic http://www.nationalgeographic.com/foodfeatures/aquaculture/ Figure 3.26 - Research Diagram - Source: by Author Figure 3.27 - Research Facilities - Source: http://sustainablefishfarming.blogspot.com/2010_02_01_archive.html Figure 3.28 - Ocean Pen - Source: National Geographic http://www.nationalgeographic.com/foodfeatures/aquaculture/ Figure 3.29 - Diver with Shrimp - Source: National Geographic http://www.nationalgeographic.com/foodfeatures/aquaculture/ Figure 3.30 - Program Squarefootage Table - Source: by Author Figure 3.31 - Squarefootage Chart - Source: by Author Figure 3.32 - Conceptual Program Diagram - Source: by Author Figure 3.33 - AquaFarms Nets - Source: Baja AquaFarms http://www.umamiseafood.com/operations/baja-aquafarms/ Figure 3.34 - El Sauzal Port - Source: Google Earth / Alteration by Author Figure 3.35 - Port Analysis - Source: Google Earth / Alteration by Author Figure 3.36 - Proposed Site Plan - Source: by Author Figure 4.1 - Diver Inside a Fish Pen - Source: National Geographic http://www.nationalgeographic.com/foodfeatures/ aquaculture/ Figure 4.2 - Fish Anatomy - Source: by Author Figure 4.3 - Fish Anatomy Study - Source: by Author Figure 4.4 - Structural Concept Studies - Source: by Author Figure 4.5 - Form Studies - Source: by Author Figure 4.6 - Form Adaptation Studies - Source: by Author Figure 4.7 - Programmatic Concept Studies - Source: by Author Figure 4.8 - Process Sketches - Source: by Author Figure 4.9 - Site Development Sketches - Source: by Author Figure 4.10 - Process Sketches - Source: by Author Figure 4.11 - Process Sketches - Source: by Author Figure 4.12 - Process Sketches - Source: by Author Figure 4.13 - Green Technology - Source: by Author Figure 4.14 - Conceptual Floor Plan and Section - Source: by Author Figure 4.15 - Skin Visualization - Source: by Author Figure 4.16 -Final Site Model Image - Source: by Author Figure 4.17 -Final Site Model Image - Source: by Author Figure 4.18 -Final Site Model Image - Source: by Author Figure 4.19 -Final Site Model Image - Source: by Author Figure 4.20 -Final Building Model Image - Source: by Author Figure 4.21 -Final Building Model Image - Source: by Author Figure 4.22 -Final Building Model Image - Source: by Author Figure 4.23 -Final Building Model Image - Source: by Author

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