THESIS SPRING 2019
PROXEMICS & COGNITIVE HEALTH IN ARCHITECTURE TOWARDS A RUBRIC INÂ LIVABILITY
Julia Schray Praxis Final Presentation ARCH 747P Takeuchi University of Hawai'i School of Architecture
Background POPULATION, PROXEMICS COGNITIVE HEALTH
Introduction PROBLEM STATEMENT WHO, WHY, HOW.
Theories LITERATURE REVIEW
Methodology QUANTITATIVE - DATA, DIGITAL TECH QUALITATIVE - PHENOMENOLOGICAL, SURVEYS
Goals What's Next DESIGNING THE PARTICIPANT STUDY RESEARCH GRANT THESIS SCHEDULE
Contents
References
STUDIES AND STATISTICS
BACKGROUND
Change in Regulation
Statistics
Comparative Data
*rel·e·gate /ˈreləˌɡāt/ to consign or dismiss to an inferior rank or position.
65,000 “
According to a recent study commissioned by the Hong Kong government, more than 65,000 families are living in tiny homes. - BBC, 2013
BACKGROUND - PROXEMICS
The less fortunate are relegated* to compact living
Statistics
Urbanization Population Density by Country, 2015
1373 321
160
51 124
1307
254
United Nations' data estimates that we could reach 8.5 billion by 2030 and 9.7 billion in 2050 humans on earth *population in millions per country
https://www.newgeography.com/content/002060-the-evolving-urban-form-seoul
~11 BILLION ON EARTH IN 2100 12,500,000,000
World Population PAST, PRESENT & FUTURE
YOU ARE HERE
10,000,000,000
7,500,000,000
Architects build for the future, problem solve and address the needs of our growing population.
5,000,000,000
How does this affect urbanization?
2,500,000,000
https://www.worldometers.info/world-population/world-population-by-year/
19 00 19 30 19 50 19 60 19 70 19 80 19 90 20 00 20 10 20 20 20 30 20 40 20 50 20 60 20 70 20 80 20 90 21 00
0
“ Happiness and well-being tend to be
higher in rural areas than in urban ones. Urban areas also see higher rates of mental illness and poverty. Due to chronic underinvestment in infrastructure and housing, many cities are doing a poor job of keeping pace with the ow of new arrivals, eroding the quality of life for everyone.
Ingraham for the Washington Post, 2018
80.7% Americans live in Urban areas
2010 U.S.Census
BACKGROUND - HEALTH
Cognitive Health
1 in 5 men, 1 in 4 women take psychotropic prescription drugs for mental illness, 2005
LIVING IN 7' X 10's In 2015, International Residential Code amended the minimum room size allowance. The living space nearly halved to only 70 square feet (6.5 meters), risking the possibility of smaller, new construction in high density, urban areas.
Rent costs rising 3-4% every year in America
BACKGROUND - PROXEMICS
U.S. Rent Rising, Space Shrinking
OUTDOORS 7.6%
OFFICE-FACTORY 5.4% BAR-RESTAURANT 1.8%
68.7%
OTHER INDOOR 11%
IN A VEHICLE 5.5%
Americans are spending 68.7% of their days in their homes. Statistics show increases annually.
TOTAL TIME SPENT INDOORS (86.9%)
IN RESIDENCE
TOTAL n = 9,196
68.7%
NHAPS - United States, Percentage Time Spent 2003 - 2012
BACKGROUND - HEALTH
Inside the Built Environment
American’s Correlation v. Causation DATA IN REVIEW: TRENDS OVER THE PAST 20 YEARS MAY BE THE RESULT OF A BIGGER ISSUE
areas make up only 3% “ Urban of the entire land area of the country but are home to more than 80% of the population. Conversely, 97% of the country’s land mass is rural but only 19.3% of the population lives there. America Counts Staff for the Census.org, 2017
275.2 million Americans in urban areas 3% of U.S. land is city with 80% of the population 16.5 hours of the day spent inside in their homes 55 to 68.8 million urbanites medicated for mental illness 38.5 million people in urban poverty
Problem Statement
Who Why How.
INDIVIDUALS INVOLVED
INTRODUCTION
INTRODUCTION PROBLEM STATEMENT
A GLOBAL CRISIS
‘Affordable living’ standards unlivable: Spatial design and social stratum
Architects design with considerations in health and well-being for the occupants, however recent amendments to codes may impede in these efforts. Space is regulated by cost, therefore, by basic rules of economy the impoverished will be allotted less urban domain. There is potential for adverse effects in the occupants’ psychological and physiological state.
The purpose of this study is to investigate the significance of the floor area (size) in relation to the proximity of people and things as a design criteria for the indoor environmental quality in residences.
INTRODUCTION PROBLEM STATEMENT
problem is, there’s often a “ The discrepancy between housing
What's too small?
standards and actual housing conditions. Countless New Yorkers illegally share apartments, and current zoning rules can create poor living environments—dilapidated kitchens or dark, dingy rooms with a window that opens onto a brick wall. A worst case scenario would yield hundreds of thousands of micro-apartments and poor conditions. J. Urist for The Atlantic, 2013
Urban environment residents, with relatively small living spaces. High density countries in Western and Eastern cultures. WHY is this affecting their lives?
Studies show correlation between our indoor environment quality and well-being. The size of the oor-area could be a variable. HOW is this affecting their lives?
Mental illness is prevalent and prevention is valuable for everyone. Architects can help.
Who Why How.
INTRODUCTION
WHO does this affect?
LITERATURE REVIEW
THEORIES
Edward T. Hall Proxemics
Sorokowska, et al. Cross-cultural
WELL Institute Architectural Design
Edward T. Hall Findings published in “The Hidden Dimension” showed patterns amongst diverse personalities and backgrounds, charting a four-zone matrix. The “informal distance classification” is measured in feet, with the subcategories near and far phases. These incremental distances area framework to factor spatial relationships into everyday nonverbal interaction. The way we behave in groups tells us about how people feel and their reactions/interactions.
Figure: Edward T. Hall Proxemics, Informal Distance Classification, "nonverbal cues include facial expressions, eye contact, gestures, posture, body movement, tones of voice, dress, grooming, touch" and paralanguage. Nonverbal communication (2013). Network Journal, 20(3), 50.
PROXEMICS
Comparative Example Countries Social Distance (Stranger)
Personal Distance (Acquaintance)
Intimate Distance (Close Person)
Hong Kong India South Korea USA
Hong Kong India South Korea USA
Hong Kong India South Korea USA
110 cm 105 cm 100 cm 95 cm
87 cm 87 cm 87 cm 70 cm
70 cm 60 cm 67 cm 47 cm
Sorokowska, et al.
The study “Preferred Interpersonal Distances: A Global Comparison” accumulated data from 8,943 participants in 42 countries, explaining preference in proxemics. It takes in consideration the participants’ characteristics, as well as the environmental factors such as the outdoor temperature.
CROSS-CULTURAL DISTANCE COMMONALITIES
A research group that created a list of criteria that promotes human health in the built environment. They address a variety of buildings types, including multifamily residential. With over 1,500 projects certiďŹ ed, they are a fast growing company that focuses on new global benchmarks for design.
WELL International Building Institute
Air Water Nourishment Light Fitness Comfort Mind Innovation
ARCHITECTURE AND PERFORMANCE-BASED CRITERIA FOR WELL-BEING
RESEARCH DESIGN - STUDY
METHODOLOGY
Quantitative - Tech
Qualitative - Surveys
Data Collection
Record spatial imagery/motion of points, heart rate variability, and patterned behavior for biometric analysis in stress levels. The computational design isolates variables in volume.
Quantitative Procedures
METHODOLOGY -QUANTITATIVE
IN-HOME COMPUTATIONAL DATA
elitehrv.com/
HEART RATE VARIABILITY AND CHRONIC STRESS Over 37 studies have shown that HRV is an indicator of chronic stress and measuring the frequency and intervals of the heartbeat. Now everyday wearable technology can read the pulses and determine stress levels.
‘During chronic stress, the sympathetic nervous system is hyperactivated, causing physical, psychological, and behavioral abnormalities.
METHODOLOGY - QUANTITATIVE
Quantitative Data Analysis
HEADBAND
ALTIMETER DIGITAL CAMERA SOCIOMETRIC BADGES
“ Levels of social interaction
(also known to affect general well-being) can be monitored using proximity detections to others with Bluetooth- or WiFi-enabled devices.
ELECTROCARDIOGRAM ELECTROMYOGRAPH
CAMERA CLIPS
ELECTROENCEPHALOGRAM ELECTRODERMOGRAPH LOCATION GPS
SMARTWATCHES
MICROPHONE OXIMETER
SENSORS EMBEDDED IN CLOTHING
BLUETOOTH PROXIMITY
METHODOLOGY - QUANTITATIVE
Wearable Tech
ACCELEROMETER
PRESSURE THERMOMETER
reliawire.com/wearable-technology-health/
Digital surveys review the psychological state and behaviors of the participants and address the outlying variables that may skew computational data. Additionally, surveys collect conďŹ dential demographic and biographic information.
Qualitative Procedures
METHODOLOGY
PHENOMENOLOGY
standard.wellcertified.com/mind/self-monitoring
Sample Population
Digital Data and Surveys
Tested Theory and Observations
Participants who live in urban environments
HRV monitoring through wearable devices and online surveys for stats
When comparing participant groups, is the test group's stress levels higher? Is that correlated to living in a small space?
Test Group: avg. rooms ~70 sf Control Group: avg. rooms 120-150 sf
Data Collection
INFORMING AND REFORMING
PROJECT GOALS Research, experimentation, interpreting data
Comprehensive rubric of living space limitations
Utilizing biotech for physiological and psychological response
Improved mental health through size-appropriate living spaces.
Understanding the relationship of personal space and the psyche
Amending Codes and Regulations
ARCHITECT'S VALUES
What does home mean to you?
BeneďŹ ts Good design, codes and regulations means a step towards equity, and mentally and emotionally healthy living.
SUMMER 2019 TO SPRING 2020
WHAT'S NEXT
Designing the Participant Study
Research Grant
Thesis Schedule
Designing the Participant Study SUMMER & FALL 2019 Preliminary Steps
1
2
3
Collaborate with Thesis Chairs
Logistics, Parameters and Variables
Institutional Review Board
Direction of thesis and approach to running the study
Completed outline and proposal
Ethical considerations: Application and certiďŹ cation
Designing the Participant Study VARIABLES “Situational Variables” Single-space:
Self-administered online sign-up and data entry: - Surveys - Device Data
Test Group: 70 - 120 SF/room Control Group: 120 - 150 SF/room
Main Independent Variable: livable single-space, any room in residence (size of living space) Independent variable: number of occupants per single-space (social-proxemics) Main Dependent Variable: physiological reaction of participant (chronic stress levels, daily avg) Dependent variable: income, socioeconomic standing
Opacity of enclosure Permeability/porosity: interior to exterior for sound and light Scale, volume, proportions: floor area, ceiling height Condition of space: quality, safety *Extraneous or confounding: Participant’s personal experience and preference, ie. room temperature “Participant Variables” Time: length, tolerance Activity: what a human does inside of space Personal data: age, gender, country of origin, personality traits *Extraneous or confounding: mood, anxiety, intelligence, awareness
Designing the Participant Study VARIABLES - CROSS-CULTURAL & SOCIAL ANALYSIS Living small, shared, and simply is potentially better. What are some of the influences that change how we feel about proximity?
South Korean personal histories, ideals, and values: 1. Environmental Influence Mountains, limited flat land Connection to nature 2. Cultural Confucianism, Dosanseowon Zen Buddhism 3. Homogeneity 1-kan multi-use space, shared rooms, multigenerational Togetherness, openness and sharing
*Extraneous or confounding variables: Participant’s personal experience and preference, ie. room temperature
PAID PARTICIPANT STUDY
Research and Multidisciplinary Affiliates
Collaboration for Advancement in Architectural Research www.jhsph.edu
Writing Grant Proposals
Funding Participants and Technology
Research Grant
PAID PARTICIPANT STUDY
Cost Analysis for Grants Paying participants - stipend amount Devices, if not provided or sponsored
number of participants in United States and Eastern countries, depending
Recruiting (Paid) Study Participants Online*: www.callforparticipants.com/ www.surveycircle.com/en/ www.in-mind.org/ www.socialpsychology.org/expts.htm www.researchgate.net/ www.ďŹ ndparticipants.com/ brl.mit.edu/participant/ or researcher/
Collaboration for Advancement in Architectural Research *healthpsychtam.com/2017/06/02/recruitment/
Research Grant
Thesis Schedule 2018 - 2020, PRAXIS, DOC 1, DOC 2
FA 2018 RESEARCH WRITING FUNDING 6-WK STUDY ANALYSIS FINALIZE
SP 2019
SUM 2019
FA 2019
SP 2020
Brief Overview PROXEMICS & COGNITIVE HEALTH IN ARCHITECTURE Towards a Rubric in Livability
1. Population growth, predicted 2. Theories in Architecture and Social Psychology 3. Culture and Behaviors 4. Experimentation/ Participant Study Test if people in smaller spaces have more chronic stress than those in average size residences 5. Evaluate data in Doc 1, Fall 2019
Image: Collect data from wearable tech outside of home, arriving, and compare to spending time at home.
Dewan, Shaila. "In Many Cities, Rent Is Rising Out of Reach of Middle Class." The New York
International Code Council. “International Building Code.” Falls Church, Va.:International Code
Times. April 14, 2014. Accessed April 26, 2019.
Council, 2015, 46-7.
https://www.nytimes.com/2014/04/15/business/more-renters-find-30-affordability-ratio-u nattainable.html?ref=us&_r=2.
Kim, H. G., Cheon, E. J., Bai, D. S., Lee, Y. H., & Koo, B. H. 2018. “Stress and Heart Rate Variability: A Meta-Analysis and Review of the Literature.” Psychiatry investigation, 15(3), 235–245.
Frank, Richard G., Rena M. Conti, and Howard H. Goldman. "Mental Health Policy and
doi:10.30773/pi.2017.08.17
Psychotropic Drugs." The Milbank Quarterly. June 2005. Accessed April 26, 2019. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2690138/.
Piwek L, Ellis DA, Andrews S, Joinson A (2016) The Rise of Consumer Health Wearables:
Hobbes, Michael, and Michael Hobbes. "America's Housing Crisis Is A Ticking Time Bomb."
Promises and Barriers. PLoS Med 13(2): e1001953. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pmed.1001953
HuffPost. June 19, 2018. Accessed May 10, 2019. https://www.huffpost.com Sorokowska, Agnieszka, Piotr Sorokowski, Peter Hilpert, Katarzyna Cantarero, Tomasz Gruebner, Oliver, Michael A. Rapp, Mazda Adli, Ulrike Kluge, Sandro Galea, and Andreas Heinz.
Frackowiak, Khodabakhsh Ahmadi, Ahmad M. Alghraibeh, et al. “Preferred Interpersonal
"Cities and Mental Health." Deutsches Arzteblatt International. February 2017. Accessed April
Distances: A Global Comparison.” Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology 48, no. 4 (May 2017):
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577–92. doi:10.1177/0022022117698039.
Haddad, Leila, Axel Schäfer, Fabian Streit, Florian Lederbogen, Oliver Grimm, Stefan Wüst,
"Thousands Living in Tiny Homes in Hong Kong." BBC News. July 30, 2013. Accessed April 26,
Michael Deuschle, Peter Kirsch, Heike Tost, and Andreas Meyer-Lindenberg. 2015. "Brain
2019.https://www.bbc.com/news/av/business-23497424/thousands-living-in-tiny-homes-i
Structure Correlates of Urban Upbringing, an Environmental Risk Factor for Schizophrenia."
n-hong-kong.
Schizophrenia Bulletin 41 (1):115-122. Media Content: Ingraham, Christopher. "Americans Say There's Not Much Appeal to Big-city Living. Why Do so
The Noun Project, Inc.
Many of Us Live There?" The Washington Post. December 18, 2018. Accessed April 26, 2019.
Conra.com
https://www.washingtonpost.com/business/2018/12/18/americans-say-theres-not-much-a
agingfree.org
ppeal-big-city-living-why-do-so-many-us-live-there/?noredirect=on&utm_term=.32ea00dc41 fd.
References