An Introduction to the History of Gender in Kerala by Devika Jayakumari

"Ipekv{Xobpw' "N¥-s∏Æpw' D≠m-bs- X-ßs\? AYhm B[p-\nI ae-bm-fn-k{v Xo-If- psS Ncn-{X-Øn\v Hcp BapJw

First Edition 2010 ISBN 81-86353-03-S

‘Kulastreeyum’ ‘chanthapennum’ undayathengane? (Malayalam) History/Gender Studies J. Devika Published by the Director, Centre for Development Studies Prasanth Nagar, Thiruvananthapuram, 695 011, Kerala, India This work is licensed under Creative Commons Attribution-Non-Commercial-ShareAlike 2.5 India. To view a copy of this license, visit: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/2.5/in/legalcode Or write to Centre for Development Studies, Prasant Nagar Road, Medical College PO Thiruvananthapuram 695 011, Kerala State, India

This book is an outcome of a small-grants project supported by Higher Education Cell, Centre for the Study of Culture and Society, Bangalore and Sir Ratan Tata Trust, Mumbai. Responsibility for the contents and opinions expressed rests solely with the author Digital Images and Design: B. Priyaranjanlal Typesetting: vbhattathiri@gmail.com Printed at St Joseph’s Press, Thiruvananthapuram- 695 014 Price: Rs 200

sP. tZhnI

"Ipekv{Xobpw' "N¥-s∏Æpw' D≠m-bs- X-ßs\? AYhm B[p-\nI ae-bm-fn-k{v Xo-If- psS Ncn-{X-Øn\v Hcp BapJw

A≤ym-bß - ƒ 6

006

BapJw

011 Ncn{X]T\wsIm≠v F¥p Imcyw? 029

s]Æ-ci - p-\mtSm? tIc-ftam?

053 069

tIcfØn¬ dmWnam¿ D≠mbncpt∂m?

"Xd-hm-´n¬ ]nd-∂h - fpw' "N¥-s∏Æpw' D≠m-bs- X-ßs\?

095

"hc-hne' F∂ \pIw cq]-sa-Sp-°p∂p

111 amdp∂ amXrXzw 129 151

kv{Xoi-co-cØ - n\p Np‰pw \S∂ bp≤-ßƒ

hnZym`ymkapff kv{Xo kzX{¥tbm? 167

]pXnb kmln-Xyw, ]pXnb Ie, ]pXnb kv{XoXzw 191 209

239

IpSpw_n\ntbm ]uctbm?

kv{XoIfpw ka-cß - fpw

IqSp-X¬ hmb-\bv°v 7

BapJw \nc-h[n kplr-Øp-°-fpsS Iq´mb ]cn-{i-aØns‚ ^e-amWv Cu ]pkvX-Iw. c≠p h¿jtØmfw \o≠ Cu DZy-a-Øn¬ tkhm tIc-f, tIcf alnfmkaJy skmssk‰n F∂o kwLS-\I - f - nse kv{Xo{]-h¿Ø-Icpw Xncp-h\ - ¥ - ] - p-cw, sIm√w Pn√-I-fnep≈ Nne Un{Kn tImf-Pp-Ifnse hnZym¿∞n-\o-hn-Zym¿∞n-Ifpw ]s¶-Sp-Øp. tIc-f-Ønse B¨-˛-s]¨ _‘-ß-fpsS Ncn{X-sØ-∏‰n Ch¿ tNmZn-°p∂ tNmZy-ß-sf-°pdn®v Bcm-™p-sIm-≠m-bn-cp∂p {]mcw` {]h¿Ø\w. CXn-\p-tijw BZysØ c≠v A≤ym-bß - sf Ic-Sp-cq-]-Øn¬ Ah-X-cn-∏n-®p-sIm≠v Rßƒ N¿® XpS¿∂p. D≈-S°w Xocp-am-\n-®Xv Cu N¿®- I - f n- e q- s S- b m- b n- c p- ∂ p. ]n∂oSv apgp- h ≥ ]pkvX-I-Øns‚ IcSv N¿®bv°p-h-®p. tIc-fØns‚ ]e `mK-ßf - n¬\n∂v sXc-s™-Sp-°s - ∏´ hnZym¿∞n-\o-hn-Zym¿∞n-Ifpw ae-bmf s]mXp-aWvUe - Ø - n¬ km∂n-≤y-ad - n-bn-®n-´p≈h-cpsS Hcp kwLhpw ka-Jy-˛t- khm {]h¿Ø-Icpw A≤ymb-ßƒ apgp-h≥ hmbn®v A`n-{]m-b-ßfpw \n¿t±i-ß-fp-ap-∂-bn-®p. ]pkvX-I-Øns‚ Ah-km-\cq]w CXn-eqsS sXfn-bp-Ibpw sNbvXp. Cu {]{In-b-bn¬ ]¶p-tN¿∂ ]ecpw Fs‚ ASpØ kplr-Øp-°-fm-Wv. Ah-tcmSv Hu]-Nm-

cn-I-ambn \μn ]d-bp-∂n√ ˛ kvt\l-]q¿Δw kvacn-°p-∂p-sh-¶n-epw. cRvPn-Xv, ARvPp, ^koe, Nmμv\n, A∂, knXm-c, Zn¬jZv F∂o hnZym¿ ∞n- \ o- h n- Z ym¿∞nkplr- Ø p- ° - t fmSv Rm≥ {]tXyIw IS-s∏-ń-cn-°p-∂p. hne-s∏´ hnh-cß - ƒ X∂p klm-bn® kplr-Øp-°f - mb ˛ Fkv. kRv Po-hv, jwjm-Zv, _nμp tat\m≥, Ko\m-Ip-amcn, Sn.Sn {io-Ip-am¿, l ≥tImb, sI. kn kt¥mjv F∂n-h-tcmSpw CXp hmbn®v sX‰p-Xn-cp-Øm\pw \n¿t±-i-ßƒ \¬Im\pw D’m-ln® kplr-Øp°-tfmSpw Kpcp-P-\-ß-tfmSpw {]tXyIw \μn ]dbp-∂p. tkhm tIcf {]h¿Ø-I-cmb tkmWnb tPm¿Pv, \fn\n \mbnIv F∂n-hcpw ka-Jy-bpsS koam `mkvIc - \pw Cu ]pkvXI - c - N - \ - b - psS Bcw`w-ap-X¬t° CXn¬ kPo-ha - mb Xm¬]cyw Imń. Ah¿°pw lrZ-bw-\n-d™ \μn. tIc-f-Ønse kv{XoI-fp-sSbpw s]Ïp-ń-If - p-sSbpw Bi-If - nte°pw Bi-¶-I-fn-te°pw Aev]-sa-¶nepw Cdßn-s®-√m≥ Fs∂ klm-bn® BZy-L´ N¿®I-fn¬ ]s¶-SpØ kv{XoIfpw hnZym¿∞n-\n-Ifpw Fs‚ Kpcp-°-∑m¿Iq-Sn-bmWv ˛ Cu ]pkvXIw Ah¿°p ka¿∏n-°p-∂p. Cu ]pkvX-I-Øns‚ cq]- I ¬]\ \n¿Δ- l n® {]nb- c - R v P ≥emens\bpw kn.- U n.- F - k ns‚ cPn- k v { Sm¿ {io.

tkma≥\m-bs - cbpw kvt\l-]q¿Δw kvacn-°p-∂p. ]pkvX-I-Øns‚ BZy Ic-Sp-cq]w Xøm-dm-°m≥ {Kojva-bpsS klmbw F\n-°p-≠m-bn-cp-∂p. F∂m¬ sX‰p-Iƒ Xncp-Øn, hmbn-°m-hp∂ \nehm-ca - p≈ Ic-Sp-cq]w Xøm-dm-°n-Ø∂ - Xv {iohmkptZh `´-Xn-cn-, ken¬, DZ-b≥ F∂n-hcm-Wv. Fs‚ A{i-≤-amb Fgp-Øns\ IqSp-X¬ hSn-shm-ØXm-°m≥ Ah¿ hfsc ]Wn-s∏-´n-´p-≠v. F∂m¬, AhcpsS ]cn-{i-aß - ƒ°p-ti-jhpw _m-°n-bmb sX‰p-Iƒ°v Rm≥ am{X-amWv DØ-c-hm-Zn. Ahkm-\-am-bn, Cu ]pkvX-I-sa-gp-Xm-\p≈ km-l-Ncy-sam-cp-°n-Ø∂ _mwKvfq-cnse sk‚¿ t^m¿ ÃUn Hm^v Iƒ®¿ B‚ v skmssk-‰n-bnse tXP-kzn\n \nc-RvP-\, Aizn≥Ip-am¿ F∂nh¿°pw Fs‚ \μn tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂p. CØ-c-samcp ]pkvX-I-Øns‚ Dt±-iy--sa¥mWv? ae-bm-fn-kv{Xo-bpsS Ncn-{X-Øns‚ FgpXm-∏pdw shfn-hm-°p∂ "IuXp-I-hn-h-c-ßƒ' FØn-°-e√ CXns‚ e£y-sa∂v Dd-∏mbpw ]dbmw. _ncpZXeNcn-{X-]-T-\-Øn¬ hnZym¿∞o-hnZym¿∞n-\n-Iƒ°p klm-b-I-amb hkvXp-X-Iƒ Cu ]pkvX-I-Øn-ep≠v; Hcp]t£ B ]T-\-Ønte°v Ah-cpsS {i≤sb Imcy-ambn Xncn-®p-hnSm≥ CXv DX-In-tb-°pw. F∂m¬, Ncn-{XsØ ˛ ]T-\-hn-j-b-sa∂ \nebv°pw `qX-Im-e-sa∂ \nebv°pw ˛ \mw ImWp∂ coXnsb A∏msS am‰m≥ Cu ]pkvXIw D]-Ic - n-°p-sa-∂mWv Fs‚ {]Xo-£. kaq-lsØ \ho-Ic - n-°m≥ CS-bv°nsS "am\-kn-I-amb Dd-bq-c¬' Bh-iy-am-Wv. AXn-\pX-Ip∂ ]pkvX-I-amIpw CXv F∂v Rm≥ {]Xymin-°p-∂p. "Dd-bq-cen's\°p-dn®v Ihn ]d-™Xv:* Dd-bq-cm≥ BZyw th≠Xv hme-‰Øv Gdn-h-cp∂ ac-hn-∏ns\ X®p-d-∏n-°m≥ th≠{X Db-c-Øn¬ Hcp ap≈v Is≠-Øp-I-bm-Wv. ]ns∂ Dd-bq-c¬ XpS-ßmw. Ab™ hmen¬\n∂v IqsSm-gnbmw apgp-h≥ sXmenbpw Poh-t\msS Dcn-™p t]m-Ip-sa-¶n-epw. Aß-s\-bmWv Ht∂m-ct≠m DW-ßnb ]mºpd Xqßn-°n-S° - p-∂Xv \o ImWp-I.

am{X-a-√, \obn-t∏mƒ aq{Xsamgn®v Aip-≤a - m-°nb then-ta¬, Imc-ap-≈n¬ Xqßn-bmSn ]pXp-i-cocw cq]-s∏-Sp-Øm≥ bXv\n-°p∂ saen™p hnf-dnb Hcp hb- ≥ ]mºv Hcp-\n-anjw \ns∂ Akz-ÿ\m-°m\pw aXn. ]mºp-Iƒ°pw ]cp-¥p-Iƒ°pw Ah-bv°n-Sb - n-ep-≈h - b - vs°m-s°bpw ssZh-am-bp-t≈m-th, Fs‚ aIs‚ ]cn-h¿Ø-\-aq-lq¿Ø-Øn¬ Hcp \mgn-I-bpsS XW¬sIm≠v Ahs\ \o aqtS-W-ta. th≠p∂ Db-c-Ønse B ap≈mbn Ahs\ \o A\p-{K-ln-t°-W-ta. [*Cu ]pkvX-I-Øn-\p-th≠n F.sI cmam-\p-Ps‚ "Moulting' F∂ Cu Ihn-X ae-bm-f-Øn-¬ ]cn-`m-js∏-Sp-Øn-Ø∂ _me-N-{μ≥ Np≈n-°m-Sns\ kvt\l]q¿Δw kvacn-°p-∂p.]

Cu ]pkvXIw Rms\gpXnbXmsW¶nepw AXns‚ Hcp `mKw am{Xsa Ft‚Xmbn´p≈q. CXns‚ Iem]camb D≈S°w cq]s∏SpØnbXv _n. {]nbcRv P ≥em¬ BWv . Cu ]pkv X IØns‚ Iem]camb `mKw CXnep∂bn°p∂ hnjbßsf IebpsS X\Xmb coXnbn¬ AhXcn∏n°p∂XpsIm≠pXs∂, FgpXnb `mKsØbt]£n®v kzX{¥amb Hcp \ne AXn\p≠v. kmam-\y-hn-Zym-`ymkw t\Sn-b, s]mXp-Im-cyß-fn¬ Xm¬]-cyw-Im-´p∂ GsXmcp hy‡n°pw hmbn-°m\pw a\- n-em-°m\pw Ign-bp∂ coXnbn¬ Imcy-ßƒ ]d-bm-\mWv Rm\n-hnsS {ian®n-´p-≈X - v. CXn¬ N¿®-sN-øp∂ hnj-bß - s - f-°pdn-®p≈ ka-{K-amb hnh-c-W-a-√, ]t£, Cu ]pkvX-I-Øn¬. hmbn-°p-∂-h-cn¬ Cu hnj-bß-sf-°p-dn®v ]pXp-Xm¬]cyw krjvSn-°p-Is - b∂ ]cn-an-X-e-£yta Cu ]pkvX-I-Øn-\p-≈p. Cu hmb-\-bn-eqsS hmb-\-°m¿ IqSp-X¬ hnh-c-ß-ft\z-jn-°m≥ t{]cn-Xc - m-Ip-sa∂p Rm≥ Bin-°p∂p. kv{XoIƒ°p-am-{X-a-√, ]pcp-j-∑m¿°pw kzbw-]T - \ - Ø - n-s‚bpw kzbw-hn-a¿i-\Ø - n-s‚bpw hgn sXc-s™-Sp-°m≥ Cu ]pkvXIw {]tNm-Z\-am-Ip-sa-∂mWv Fs‚ {]Xo-£.

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1 11

Ncn{X]T\w sIm≠v F¥p Imcyw? Hcp hnj- b - s a∂ \ne- b v ° v , Hcp- X cw hn⁄m-\-sa∂ \nebv°v, Ncn{Xw \msa ¥n\p ]Tn-°Ww? Cu tNmZy-Øn\v DØcwIm-WmsX kv{XoI-fpsS Ncn-{X-sØ-°p-dn®v At\z-jn-°p-∂-Xn¬ A¿∞-an-√. Ncn-{Xsa∂ ]T-\-hn-j-b-sØ-°p-dn®v \Ωp-sS-bn-Sbn¬ km[m-c-W-bmbn I≠p-h-cp∂ sX‰n≤m- c - W - I ƒ \o°m- \ mWv Cu Bap- J m≤ymbw {ian-°p-∂-Xv. C∂p {]Nmcw t\Snbn-cn-°p∂ ]pXnb Ncn-{X-c-N-\m-co-Xn-I-fpsS Hcp GI-tZ-i-Nn-{Xhpw ChnsS hc-®n-Sm≥ {ian-°p-∂p.

amdp∂ Ncn-{X-]T - \w aebmfnkv{Xo°v AhfptSXmb Ncn{Xapt≠m F∂v ]ecpw tNmZn®pXpSßnb ImeamWv \ΩptSXv. \mw C∂sØ Ahÿbn¬ Fßs\-sbØn, ]ptcmKa\tIcfØn¬ kv{XoIƒ C{X-b[nIw AhiXIƒ A\p`hn°p∂sX¥p sIm≠v apXemb tNmZyßƒ Ign™ Ime-ßfnte-°v H∂pIqSn Cdßns®√m\pw ]pXnb DØcßƒ tXSm\pw \sΩ t{]cn∏n°p-∂h-bmWv. CØcw At\zjWßƒ tIcf-Øn¬ C∂p

]pXpab√. ]t£, AhbpsS Dƒ°mgvNIƒ Ignbp-∂{X hmb\°mcnte°v FØnt°≠-XmWv. \ap°n∂v e`yamb kv{XoNcn{XcN\IfpsS Dƒ°m-gvN-Isf IgnhXpw Npcp°n, efnX-amb`mjbn¬, hmb\°mcnIƒ°v FØn®p sIm--Sp°pIsb∂XmWv Cu ]pkvXIØns‚ e£yw. IqSmsX kv { XoNcn{X]T\w Bcw- ` n- ° m≥ Dt±in°p∂ hnZym¿∞nIƒ°pw a‰p-≈h¿°pw Cu ]pkvXIw KpWIcamIWsa-∂pw Dt±-in-°p∂p-≠v. Ncn{Xsa∂m¬ Adpapjn- ∏ ≥ hnjbam sW∂ A`n{]mbw \ΩpsSbnSbn¬ ]cs° bp≠v. ImWm∏mTw ]Tnt°≠nhcp∂XpsIm≠v kvIq-ƒ hnZym¿∞nIfn¬ hensbmcp hn`mKØn\v Ncn{XtØmSv AI¬®bmWv. s]mXpth _p≤nbn√mØh¿ ]Tn°p∂ hnjbamWv Ncn{Xsa∂p t]mepw ]e anSpanSp°nIfpw anSp°∑mcpw ]d™p-tIń´p≠v. Ncn{XØn\v C{Xbpw NoØt∏cv Fßs\ Inń? CXn\v ]e ImcWßfp≠v. H∂maXmbn, Ncn{X- s a∂m¬ F¥m- s W∂ tNmZyØn\v "Ign™pt]mbImeØns‚ Ie¿∏n√m- Ø Nn{Xw' F∂ DØcamWv \ap°v km[mcW In´mdp≈Xv. At∏mƒ kz`mhn-Iambpw \ΩpsS kmam\y-_p≤nbn¬ Hcp tNmZy-apZn°p∂p. Ign ™p- t ]mbXns\∏‰n ]Tn®n´v F¥p- I mcyw? c≠maXmbn, Ncn{X-Øn¬ \mw ]Tn°p∂Xv F¥ns\-∏‰nbmWv? cmPm-°∑m¿, alm∑m¿ F∂nhsc∏‰n. (dmWnamcpw alXn-Ifpw A[nI sam∂pw {]Xy£s∏-Smdn√). bp-≤ßƒ, ]Stbm´ßƒ, hnπhßƒ apX-emb alm--kw`hß sf∏‰n. CXpIqSmsX kaqlØnse G‰hpw Db¿∂ Xńep≈h¿°v BkzZn-°mhp∂ Ie, kmlnXyw, kwkv I mcw XpSßnbhsb∏‰n. km[mcW-°mcpsS km[mcW PohnXØn\v Ncn{Xan-t√sb∂v \Ωƒ tNmZn®p-t]mIpw. AtXm Irjn°pw ho´p-tPmen°pw ssItheIƒ°pw

^mIvSdn∏-WnIƒ°pw IpńIsf {]khn°en\pw hf¿Øen-\psam∂pw Ncn{Xtabn√ F∂m-tWm? Cu tNmZyØn\v Imcyamb DØcsam∂pw ¢mkvapdnIfn¬\n∂v In´mdn√. ]et∏mgpw ]mT]pkvXIßƒ sa®amsW¶nepw ]Tn∏n°p∂ coXn ehteiw amdnbnń√. êtam, C∂pw kvIqfp-Ifn¬ (Iemebßfnepw) Ncn{X-]T\w ImWm∏m- T w]TnØhpw "XobXnhngpßepw' am{Xambn XpScp∂p. Cu ]cmXnIƒ Kuch tØmSpIqSn ImtW≠-hbmWv. \ap°v G‰hpw Bhiy-amb Hcp hn⁄mimJbmWv Ncn{Xw. AXp \Ωfn¬\n∂v hfsc AIse-bmsW∂mWv Cu ]cmXnIƒ kqNn∏n°p∂Xv . CXn\v Fßs\ kam[m\w ImWmw? H∂masØ {]iv \ w t\m°mw. Ncn{X sa∂m¬ Ign™ImeØns‚ Ie¿∏n√mØ Nn{Xw am{Xa-mtWm? c≠pImcyßƒ XpS° Øn¬Øs∂ hy‡amI-p∂p≠v: (1) Ign™ImesØ kºq¿Æambn hos≠Sp-°m≥ \aps°mcn°epw Ignbn√, (2) Ncn{Xw kao]Imewhscbpw kaq lØnse taemfhn`mKßfpsS IpØIbm bncp∂p. G‰hpw hnimeambn Btem-Nn®m¬ Ign ™pt]mb ˛ AXmbX,v C\n Hcn°epw -aSßnhcmØ ˛ ImesØ°pdn®v ]q¿Æamb Adnhv a\pjy¿°p Inńs√∂ kXyw AwKo-Icnt° ≠nhcpw. Ign™pt]mb ImetØ°v aSßnt∏mbn A∂sØ AhÿIƒ Fs¥m-s°bmbn cp∂psh∂v t\cn¬°≠v a\ nem-°m\p≈ hnZysbm∂pw a\pjycpsS ]°en√t√m. AXp sIm≠v s]mbv-t∏mb-Imew _m°nh®n´p≈ AhinjvSßƒ Xnc™p]nSn®v ]Tn°p∂Xneq sSbmWv KthjI¿ Ncn{X-hn⁄m\w D≠m °p∂Xv. ]gbImesØ Xmfntbme-{KŸßƒ, inemenJnXßƒ, ]≠pImeØp≈h¿ D]tbm Kn-®ncp∂ hkvXp-°ƒ apXemb-hbmWv Ah

Ncn{XcN-\bv°pw Ncn-{Xtam? AtX! Historiography F∂ Bi-bsØ "Ncn-{X-imkv{Xw' F∂p ]cn-`m-j-s∏-Sp-Øn-°m-Wm-dp-≠v. F∂m¬ "Ncn-{X-c-N-\-bpsS Ncn{Xw' F∂p ]d-bp-∂-Xmhpw IqSp-X¬ DNnXw. at‰-sXmcp ⁄m\-im-J-tb-bpw-t]mse Ncn-{X-hn-⁄m-\hpw Ime-Øns‚ Hgp-°n¬ cq]-s∏-´-Xm-Wv. kmaq-ly-˛-cm-jv{So-b-˛-kmw-kvIm-cnI aWvU-e-ßfn-ep-≠m-hp∂ am‰-ßƒ Ncn-{X-c-N-\-sb-°p-dn-®p≈ Bi-b-ß-sfbpw Ncn-{X-]-T\ coXn-I-sfbpw kzm[o-\n-°p∂p. Cßs\ kw`-hn-°p∂ am‰-ß-sf-°p-dn-®p≈ Adn-hn-s\-bmWv lntÃm-dn-tbm-{K^n F∂p hnfn-°m-dp-≈Xv. an° Ncn-{X-]T - \ tImgvkp-If - nepw lntÃm-dn-tbm-{K^n {]m[m-\y-tØm-Sp-IqSn ]Tn-∏n-°p-∂p≠v ˛ B t]cnepw A√m-sX-bpw.

Ncn{X]T\w sIm≠v F¥p Imcyw?

bn¬ NneXv. Iptd°qSn kao]amb `qXImew ˛ AXmbXv, Hcncp\qdp˛ap∂qdp h¿jw apºp apX ep≈ Imew ˛ ]Tn°p∂h¿°v Iptd°qSn kuI cyap≠v. ImcWw Cu ImesØ∏‰n ]Tn°m \mhiyamb kma-{KnIƒ Iptd°qSn e`n°m≥ km≤yXbp≠v . At∏mƒ \ap°p tXm∂pw IqSpX¬°qSpX¬ AhinjvSßƒ Is≠Ønb ßs\ hcptºmƒ HcpkabØv ]gb- I me Øns‚ ]cn]q¿ÆNn{Xw \ap°v In´pambncn°pw. ]t£, Cßs\ {]Xo£n°p∂Xn¬ Imcyan√. ImcWw ]gbIme-Øns‚ ˛ `qXImeØns‚ ˛ Fs¥√mw AwißfmWv \jvSs∏´p-t]mbsX∂v IrXyambn Xn´-s∏Sp-Øm≥ \ap°v hgnsbm∂pan√t√m. "Ncn{Xw' F∂ hm°n\v c≠p {]tXyI A¿∞-ß-fmWv \mw Iev]n-°m-dv. H∂ H∂v, Ign-™p-t]m-b-Imew AYhm `qX Imew. c≠v , B Ign™ Ime-sØ-°p-dn®v ]T-\Øn-eq-sS, Kth-j-W-Øn-eqsS \mw D≠m-°n-sbSp-°p∂ Adnhv. Cu H∂m-asØ A¿∞-ØnNcn{X]T\w sIm≠v F¥p Imcyw?

ep≈ Ncn-{XsØ ˛ `qX-Im-esØ ˛ c≠m-asØ A¿∞-Øn-ep≈ Ncn-{X-ØneqsS-b-√msX Xncn®-dn-bm-\m-hn-s√-∂-XmWv hmkvX-hw. Ncn-{X-K-thj-W-Øn¬ Ahiyw ]men-°-s∏-tS≠ \n_-‘\-Iƒ°v (C-hbv°v s]mXp-hn¬ ]d-bp∂ t]cmWv "coXn-im-kv{Xw') hnt[-b-ambn `qX-Im-e-sØ-°pdn®v \mw Xøm-dm-°p∂ hn⁄m-\Ø - n\p am{Xta "Ncn-{X-hn-⁄m\w' F∂ AwKo-Imcw ssIh-cq. F∂m¬ Ncn-{X-]T - \ - h - k - vXp-°ƒ F√m-bvt∏mgpw A]q¿Æ- ß - f m- b n- c n- ° p- s a- ∂ - X p- s Im- ≠ v Cu hn⁄m- \ hpw `mKn- I - a m- b n- c n- ° pw. am{X- a - √ , Ncn{Xw cNn-°m-\p≈ \n_-‘-\-I-fnepw ]e am‰-ßfpw kw`-hn-®p-sIm-≠n-cn-°pw. AXp-sIm-≠,v ""CXmWv \ΩpsS Ncn-{X-]m-cº - cyw'' F∂v Bsc¶nepw Dd-∏n®p {]kvXm-hn-°p-∂Xp tI´m¬ \mw DSs\ tNmZn-°Ww: ""C∂sØ \ne-bv°p≈ Ncn{X-K-th-j-W-ß-fpsS \n_-‘-\-Iƒ°-\p-k-cn®v D≠m-°n-sb-Sp-Øn-cn-°p∂ Adn-hmtWm CXv?; Ncn{X-Kt- h-jW - Ø - n\p klm-bI - a - mb sXfn-hp-If - psS ASn-ÿm-\-Øn¬ ÿm]n-°-s∏´ Adn-hmtWm CXv?''

am¿IvknÃv Ncn{Xw˛ am¿-Ivkn-b≥ Ncn{Xw Imƒ am¿Ivkns‚ Nn¥tbmSv ISs∏ńcn°pIbpw am¿IvknÃv cmjv{Sob-{]ÿm\ßsftbm e£ysØtbm ]n¥mßpIbpw sNøp∂ Ncn{X]T\ßsf Marxist history F∂p hnfn°mdps≠¶n¬, am¿IvknÃv Bibßsf B{ibn°p∂, F∂m¬ am¿IvknÃv {]ÿm\ßtfmtSm cmjv{SobtØmtSm ]q¿Æhnt[bXzan√mØ, Ncn{XcN\sbbmWv Marxian history F∂v hnfn°p∂Xv. a\pjycpsS ùXn-I-kmlNcyß-fnep≠mIp∂ am‰ßf\pkcn®mWv AhcpsS Ncn{XØns‚bpw KXn-amdp∂sX∂ BibØn\v am¿IvknÃv Ncn{X-cN\bn¬ k¿Δ-{]m[m\yap≠v. H∏w, `n∂Xm¬]cyßfpff kmº-ØnI˛kmaqly-h¿§ßfpsS G‰papépIfmWv Ncn{XØns‚ KXn\n¿Æbn°p∂sX∂v am¿IvknÃv Ncn{XcN\ AhImis∏Sp∂p. Cu c≠p i‡nIfpsSbpw ]cnWmaw, ]ckv]c_‘w, {]Xn{]h¿Ø\w apXembhbmWv am¿IvknÃv Ncn{XcN\bpsS hnjbßƒ. \nehnepff Aka- h yhÿIfpsS cq]oIcW{]{Inbbnte°v shfn®whoip∂Xp- s Im≠p- X s∂ am¿IvknÃvNcn{Xw hna¿i\mflIhn⁄m\amIm≥ {ian°p∂ ⁄m\imJbmWv. Ncn{X]camb ùXnI hmZamWv (historical materialism) am¿IvknÃv Ncn{Xho£WØns‚ A¥xkØ F∂p ]dbmdps≠¶nepw B k¶ev]sØ bm{¥nIambn {]tbmKn°m≥ kao]Ime am¿IvknÃv Ncn{XcN-bn-Xm-°ƒ A[nIhpw Xømd√.

]gbImeØns‚ AhinjvS-ßfn¬\n∂v HcpImcyw hy‡amWv ˛ Ch A[nIhpw ]dbp∂Xv A∂sØ kaqlØn¬ A[nImchpw ]Whpw {]Xm]hpw D≠mbncp∂ Iq´sc°pdn ®mWv. AXv {]Xo£nt°≠XpXs∂. C∂-sØt∏mse A∂pw CuSpw Dd∏pap≈ hkvXp-°ƒ, hne]nSn∏p≈ temlßƒ, Fgp-Øpw hmb\bpw ˛ CsX√mw A[n-Imcn-h¿§ßfpsS ssIhiambncp∂psh∂Xv t\cmWv . CXn\n- S bn¬°qsS A∂sØ ]mh-s∏´hcpsSbpw km[m-cW°mcpsSbpw PohnX-sØ°pdn®v hfsc-°pd®p hnh cta \ap°v In´p-∂p≈p. AXpXs∂ A[nIm-cnh¿§ßfpsS IÆneqsSbmWv \Ωfnte°v FØp∂Xv . Cßs\ taemfcpsS `qX- I me Ønte°v shfn®whoip∂ Ncn{X-kma-{KnIƒ°∏pdw km[mc-W-P\ß-fpsS PohnX-Øns‚ Ncn{Xw ]Tn°m\p-XIp∂ kma{Kn-Isf°pdn®v Bcm-tb≠XmsW∂ t_m[w-t]mepw XmcX tay\ kao]-Im-eØp-am{X-ap≠mbXmWv. ]pcmX \-kapZm-bßfpsS DXvJ\-\ßfn¬-\n∂v sshhn≤y-am¿∂ hkvXp°ƒ Is≠-Øn-bn´p≠v.

F∂m¬ kw-kv-IrXnIfpsS khntij-XIsf°pdn®dnbm\p≈ Bth- i Øn\p]cnbmbn km[mcWP\ßfpsS PohnX-sØ°pdn®p≈ Pn⁄mk Ncn{X- c N\mcwKØv km¿Δ{XnIambXv XmcXtay\ kao]Ime-ØmWv. ASpØImewhscbpw taemf-h¿§-°mcpsS Ncn{XsØ-bmWv C¥ym-Ncn{Xw, tIcfNcn{Xw, temINcn{Xw Fs∂ms°bp≈ hnime-amb Xes°´pIfneqsS Ah-Xcn-∏n®psIm≠ncp∂Xv. Cu Ncn{XsØ "\njv]£ - N - c - n{Xw' F∂ te_-tem-Sp-IqSn-bmWv an° ]mT-]p-kvXI - ß - fpw Ah-Xc - n-∏n-°p∂-X.v temIsØºmSpw A[nImcan√mØ P\ßƒ°p-th≠n kacwsNbvX CSXp]£ {]ÿm\ßƒ hf¿∂Xn-s\m∏w, ]WnsbSp °p∂ h¿§-ßfpsS Ncn{Xhpw cq]s∏´pXpSßn sb∂Xv t\cpXs∂. am¿IvknÃv Ncn{X-cN\bn¬ I¿j I¿, sXmgn-emfnIƒ, ASnaIƒ, taemf¿s°Xn-sc kacwsNbvX ASnbmf¿ ap-Xemb-h cpsS Ncn{Xm\p`- h ßsf- ° pdn®- p ≈ At\z jWw kPoh-ambn. Ncn{X]T\w sIm≠v F¥p Imcyw?

am¿IvknÃv Ncn-{X-c-N-\-bn¬ alm∑m-cpsS sNbvXnIƒ°∏pdw apXemfn-ØhyhÿbpsS cq]o--Ic - WØn-s‚ ^eambn i‡n{]m]n® A[nImccq]ßƒ, Bibkap-®bßƒ, kmºØnI{]tbmKßƒ, cmjv{Sob kwL¿jßƒ, ]pXnb ÿm]\ßƒ F∂nhsb°pdn®p≈ KthjWØn\v -{]m[m\yw ssIh∂p. F¶nepw ]Wn sbSp°p- ∂ hcpsS Ncn{Xßƒ FgpXnbh¿ F√m sXmgnemfnIƒ°pw Htc {]m[m\yw sImSpØn√. kaqlsØ apt∂m´p\bn°p∂Xv sXmgnemfn- I fmsW∂ t_m[am- b ncp∂p CSXp]£Ncn{X-cN\bv°v ]e-t∏mgpw {]tNmZ \a-mbXv. F∂m¬ Chn-sSbpw kwLS \Ifn eqsS i‡cmbn--Øo¿∂ sXmgnemfn-Iƒ°mWv {]m[m\ywIn´nbXv. sXmgn-emfnIfn¬ hensbmcp hn`mKw kv{XoIfmbn-cp∂n´pw Ah¿ At∏mgpw AZriy- c mbnØs∂bn- c p∂p. F∂m¬ C∂v taemf˛am¿-IvknÃv Ncn{XØns‚ ]cnanXnIsf

adnIS°m≥ {ian°p∂ Ncn{XcN-\m[mcIƒ A\h[nbmWv. ]mT]pkvXIßfn¬ \mw ]Tn°p∂ "\njv] £Ncn{X'Øn\v Xmsg-∏-d-bp∂ A©p {][m\ [mc-WIfm-Wp-≈Xv. A©pw Imelc-Ws∏´p-Ign™psh∂v ]pXp-Ncn{XImc-∑mcpw Ncn{XIm cnIfpw ]dbp∂p-s≠¶nepw, ]ebn-Sß-fnepw ]T\-k{ºZmb-Øn¬ am‰w-hcpØm≥ {iaw \S°p-s∂¶nepw, C∂pw Ncn{Xs-Ø°pdn®pff kmam \y-t_m[w CsXm-s° - Øs∂bmWv. 1. `qXImewapX¬ h¿Ø-am\Imew-hsc \S∂n´pff Ncn{Xkw`hßsf AhbpsS Imea\pkcn®v {Ia-Øn¬ ASp°n∏dbp∂ coXnbmWv DØa Ncn{XcN\bpsS e£Ww. as‰mcp-hn[Øn¬∏d™m¬, Ncn{X-cN\sb∂m¬ Ncn{X-kw`hßsf kw`hn® {Iaa\p kcn®v tIm¿Øn-W°n Ah-Xcn∏n°p∂ ]d®n¬ AY-hm B-Jym\-amWv.

"\njv]£ - N - c- n{X'Øns‚ a‰p hna¿i-I¿ am¿IvknÃpIƒ°p ]pdta "\njv]£Ncn{X'Øns‚ ]cnanXnIsf°pdn®v i‡amb hna¿i\ap∂bn® {]apJcmbncp∂p Marc Bloch, Lucien Febvre, Fernand Braudel F∂o {^©v Ncn{XImc∑m¿. Ch¿ hf¿ØnsbSpØ Ncn{X-cN\mk{ºZmbsØ Annales School of History F∂v hnfn°p∂p. cmjv{Sob kw`hßƒ°p \¬Ip∂ AanX{]m[m\ysØ FXn¿Ø Ch¿ kmºØnI˛kmwkvImcnINcn{XØn\v ap¥nb ÿm\w-\¬In. ]≈n CShI tcJIƒ, N¥Ifpw a‰p hym]mc-tI{μßfpambn _‘s∏´ tcJIƒ apXembh Ign™ImesØ°pdn®v hnes∏´ Adnhv \¬Ip∂hbmsW∂v ÿm]n®p. km[mcWP\ßfpsS ssZ\wZn\PohnXØns‚ {]m[m\yØn\v Du∂¬sImSpØp. cmjv{SobNcn{Xa√ kmaqlyPohnXØns‚ F√m hißsf°pdn®pw ]Tn°p∂ "kºq¿ÆNcn{Xw' (total history) Bbncn°Ww Ncn{X-cN\bpsS e£ysa∂v Braudel A`n{]mbs∏´p. aq∂pXcw ImeKW\mXeßƒ kzoIcn®psIm≠mbncn°Ww CsX∂v At±lw A`n{]mbs∏´p: H∂v, "LS\/]mcºcyw' (structure) F∂ Xew. CXv G‰hpw ASnÿm\]chpw G‰hpw kmh[m\wam{Xw amdp∂-Xpamb XeamWv ˛ \q‰m≠pI-tfmfw \ne \n¬°p∂Xv. c≠v, "{]hWX' AYhm conjuncture. CXv H∂pc≠p Xeapd \ofp∂ ImebfhmWv. aq∂v, "kw`hw' AYhm event. AXnthKw amdp∂ XeamWnXv; t\cn´v Is≠Øm\mhp∂Xpw. BZyXew "ISense ASnsbm-gp°pIƒ'-t]msebpw, c≠masØ Xew "ISense thentb‰˛thenbnd°ßƒ'-t]msebpw aq∂masØ Xew "ISense XncameIƒ't]msebpw BsW∂mWv At±lØns‚ A`n{]mbw.

Ncn{X]T\w sIm≠v F¥p Imcyw?

2. Ncn{XcN\ G‰hpa[nIw {]m[m-\yw \¬tI≠Xv tZiob-cmjv-{So-bcwKØp≠mIp∂ am‰-ßƒ-°mWv. 3. Ncn{Xsat∏mgpw apIfn¬\n∂p≈ Ncn{X amWv . AXmbXv `cWm- [ nImcn- h ¿§Øns‚ ho£W-Øn¬\n∂pw FgpXs∏Sp∂, `cWm[nImcn- h ¿§Øns‚ hnIk\- ] cnWma- ß ƒ- ° v Du∂¬ \¬Ip∂ BJym\-amWv Ncn{Xw. 4. HutZymKnItcJIsfbpw B[nIm-cnI ]pcmhkvXp˛]pcmtcJmtiJc--ßsf-bpw B{i bn°p∂ Ncn{X-cN\--bmWv DØa-kz`mhapffXv. HutZymKn-ItcJIƒ `cWm-[nImc-Øns‚- IÆn eqsS krjvSn°s∏Sp∂hbmsW∂v {]tXy--In®v ]dtb-≠-Xn-√t√m. 5. Ncn{X]pcpj∑mcpsS {]hr-ØnIƒ a\ nem°m≥ AhcpsS at\mhym]mcßƒ, hnizmkßƒ, Ah¿ kzoIcn®ncp∂ Bib ßƒ CsXms° a\ nem°nbm¬ aXn. A√msX Ah¿ Pohn®ncp∂ hnim-e-]›mØ eØns‚ {]k‡n-tbm a‰p k¶o¿ÆXItfm IW°m-t°≠Xn√. ta¬∏d™ A©p XØzßfpw ASnapSn tNmZywsNøs∏Sp∂ ImeØmWv \mw Pohn°p ∂Xv. am¿IvknÃvNn¥sb B[mcam°n Ncn {XcN\ \SØnbh¿ hfsc apºpXs∂ Chsb X≈n°f-™ncp∂p. F¶nepw sXmgnemfn-h¿§ Øns‚ `mKambn AwKoIcn-°s∏SmØh¿°v At∏mgpw Ncn{X-Øn\p ]pdØpXs∂ \n¬-t°≠nh∂p. sXmgnemfn-h¿§-Øns‚ Ncn{Xsa∂Xn \∏pdw A[nImc-an√mØhcpsS Ncn{X-Øn\v thtd-Xs∂ {]m[m\y--ap-s≠∂v Ncn{X--Kth-j-I¿°pw hnZym¿∞nIƒ°pw t_m≤ywh∂Xv ]n∂o SmWv. IogmfP\ßfpsS (A[nImcw \ntj[n° s∏´ P\hn`mK-ßfmWv Iogmf¿ ˛ -kv{XoIƒ, ASnaIƒ, Iogv-PmXn°m¿, ]mhs∏´h¿, sXmgnemfnIƒ) Ncn-{Xßƒ ]Tn-°m≥ ]pXnb {iaßƒ C∂p≠v. IqSpX¬ kq£va-amb hmb\bn-eqsSbpw ]pXnb Ncn{Xkma{KnIƒ Is≠--Øp∂ XneqsSbpw Iogmf-Ncn{Xm-t\zjnIƒ Ncn{X-]T\Øns‚ apJwXs∂ am‰n-sbgp-XpIbmWv. F∂m¬ CØcw {ia-ßƒ-°v B°w-IqSnbXv ASpØImeØmWv. C∂v hf¿∂psIm≠ncn°p∂ Cu ]pXnb Ncn{Xhn⁄m\w \ΩpsS-bnSbn¬ th≠{X FØnbn´n√. Ct∏mgpw \ΩpsS kvIqfpIfnse Ncn{X]T\Øns‚ e£yw `qXImeØns‚ Ie¿∏n√mØ, As√¶n¬ \njv]£amb Ncn{Xw-

]Tn°¬Xs∂bmWv. At∏mƒ Ncn{Xsa∂m¬ alm∑m-cpw cmPm°-∑mcpw AhcpsS sNbvXnIfpam-sW∂v \Ωƒ [cn°m-\nSh∂Xv NpΩmX√. alm∑mcn¬ ]ecpw P\kΩXn-bp≈hcmbn-cp∂psh∂Xn¬ X¿°an√. (Km‘nPn, ]Wv U n‰v s\{lp apXembh¿ DZmlcWw) F∂m¬, Ch tcmSv H∏Øns\m∏w {][m\nI-fmbn \n∂ncp∂ IogvPmXnt\Xm-°ƒt°m kv{XoIƒt°m ]e ]pkv-XIßfnepw th≠{X {]m[m\yw In´msXt]mIp∂Xv F¥p-sIm≠msW∂v \mw BtemNn°Ww. Iogmf--cpsS `qXImesØ-°p--dn®v Adnhp\¬Ip∂ Ncn{X- h kv X p°ƒ IpdhmsW∂p kΩXn-°mw. F¶nepw Cu Ipdhn-s\ hensbm cfhphsc ]cnlcn®v apt∂m´p--t]mIm-\mIp-sa∂v ASpØ-Imeßfn¬ KthjI¿ \n¿Ωn® Iogmf-Ncn{X-ßƒ sXfnbn°p∂p. C∂v {]NmcØnen cn°p∂ HutZym-KnI-Ncn{Xw (AXv C¥ybptSXmbmepw icn, tIcfØnt‚-Xm-bmepw icn) AhImis∏Sp∂ \n-jv]-£X taemfNcn{X Øn\p≈ ad am{XamsW∂v Ncn{XKthjI¿ Nq≠n-°m´p∂p. s]mXpth Cu am‰ßƒ "\njv]£Ncn {X'Øns‚ h‡m-°sf hfsc sNmSn∏n--°p∂p≠v. Ncn{Xsa∂m¬ ]gb-ImeØns‚ Ie¿∏n√mØ Nn{Xas√∂p ]dbptºmƒ Ah¿ tNmZn°mdp≠v, "Hm, ]ns∂ AsX-¥m sI´p-IYbm-tWm?' Xo¿® bm-bpw "A√' F∂mWv Cu tNmZyØn\p adp]Sn. t\csØ kqNn∏n®Xp-t]mse ]pXnb sXfnhp IfpsS ASn-ÿm\-ØnemWv Cu ]pXnb Ncn{XcN\Iƒ D≠mbncn°p∂Xv. hy-‡amb sXfnhpIfpsS ASnÿm\sa¥mbncn°psa∂ tNmZyw Ncn{X]ﬁnX¿ C∂pw N¿®sNøp∂ H∂msW¶nepw, hnizkn°mhp∂ hmZßƒ Fßs\ \n¿Ωn°msa∂Xns\∏‰n Nne s]mXp kΩXßƒ Ah¿°nSbnep≠v . F∂m¬, Fs¥ms° \√ sXfnhmbn IW°m-°msa∂Xns\∏-‰n ]gb-coXnbn¬ Nn¥n°p∂ Ncn{XImc∑mcpw ]pXnb coXnbn¬ Nn¥n- ° p∂- h cpw XΩn¬ A`n{]mb-hy-Xymkap-s≠∂Xp t\cp Xs∂. C°mcysØ∏‰n ]q¿Æamb A`n{]mb sFIyw C√mØXp- s Im≠pXs∂ \nch[n Ncn{X- c N\m[mcIfpw hyXykv X cN\m]≤XnIfpw \nehnep≠v . Ch XΩnep≈ \nc¥ckwhmZ-ßfneqsSbmWv Ncn{X-hn⁄m\w hnkvXr-XamIp∂Xv. CØcw kwhmZØneqsS, A\h[n KthjIcpsS kq£va-]cntim[\bneqsS IS∂ Ncn{X-kma{Kn-Iƒ°pam{Xsa sXfnsh∂ kΩXw e`n°q. th≠{X, X°Xmb Ncn{X]T\w sIm≠v F¥p Imcyw?

Iogmf]T\ßƒ AYhm Subaltern Studies {_n´njv A[nImcØns\Xnsc C¥ybpsS ]e `mKßfntebpw Iogmfhn`mKßƒ-°nSbn¬-\n∂p≠mb FXn¿∏ns\ km{ºZm-bnINcn{X--cN\mcoXnIƒ A[nIhpw AhKWn°pIbmWp-≠mbXv. tZiob-{]ÿm\Øn\v tI{μ{]m[m\yw Iev]n® tZiob-hmZNcn{Xtam (Nationalist history) am¿IvknÃv Ncn{Xtam t]mepw th≠{X {]m[m\yw Cu sNdpØp\nev]pIƒ°v \¬Inbn√. Cu XakvIcW-Øns\Xnscbpff \o°amWv "Iogmf]T\ßƒ' F∂v B {]ÿm\Øns‚ h‡m°ƒ AhImis∏-Sp∂p. HutZymKnI-tcJIfnepw tZiob ˛am¿-Ivkn-Ãv Ncn{XØnepw \ni_vZcm°s∏´, As√¶n¬ ]m¿izh¬°cn°s∏´, P\hn-`mKßfpsS sNdpØp\n¬∏pIsf shfn®ØpsIm≠phcnI, AhcpsS A[n\n-thi-hncp≤-\ne]mSpIfpsSbpw X{¥ßfpsSbpw hyXy-kvXX ASbmf-s∏SpØpI apXemb e£y-ßfmbncp∂p Cu kwLØn-t‚Xv. HutZymKnItcJIsf hcnIƒ°nSbneqsS hmbn®pw ]pXnb Ncn{X- t {kmX pIƒ Is≠Ønbpw a‰p- a mWv "IogmfNcn{Xw' apt∂dnbXv. "Iogm-f-N-cn{X'Øns‚ as‰mcp [mc, PmXn/P∑nØ-hncp≤ka-c-ßsf tZio-bk-a-c-Øns‚ D]hn`m-K-ambn Npcp-°p∂ hyh-ÿm-]nX-coXnsb i‡-ambn FXn¿Øp.

Ncn{X]T\w sIm≠v F¥p Imcyw?

sXfnhn√msX \√ Ncn{X cN\ \S- ° n√. CSpßnb ÿm]nX- X m¬- ] cy ßsf Xmßn\n¿Øm≥-th≠n FgpX-s∏Sp∂ Ncn{X-ß-fp-sS sNºv s]s´∂pXs∂ sXfn-bp ∂X-v CXn-\memWv. AØcw AhImihmZßƒ an°t∏mgpw aXnbmb sXfnhns\ Bkv]Zam°p∂hb√. \nehn¬ AwKoIcn°s∏´ sXfnhpIsfbpw A\pam\coXn- I sfbpw Ah IW- ° m°pI bpan√. AXpt]m-se, "]-e Ncn{X-Imc∑mcpw ]e-Xpw ]dbp-∂p, Bcp ]dbp∂Xv hnizkn°pw' F∂ tNmZyhpw tIƒ°mdp≠v . t\ctØ ]d™Xpt]mse, kaqlØnse a\pjy¿°p apgph≥ Hscm‰ Ncn{Xa√ D≈Xv. (km[m-c-W-KXn-bn¬, B t]cn¬ hmgn°s∏Sp∂Xv taemf Ncn{XamsW∂v ]d™t√m) Ncn{Xsa∂m¬ ]e P\- h n`mKßfpsS {]tXyIamb `qXIme ßsf°-pdn®p≈ Adnhns‚ taJebmsW∂pw C∂p \ap°dnbmw. Aßs\bmsW¶n¬ Bcp ]dbp∂Xp hnizkn°psa∂ {]iv \ w A{X KpcpXcamIn√. GsX-¶nepsamcp hn`mKØns‚ Ncn{X-Øn¬ `qXIm-esØ-°pdn®p≈ apgph≥ kXy-hpap-s≠-∂ [mcW icn-b-s√∂p kmcw.

Ncn-{X-Ønse icn-tb-X,v sXt‰Xv F∂pw a‰p-ap≈ [mc-W-Iƒ Hmtcm P\-hn-`m-K-Ønepw hyXy-kvXam-hp-sa-∂Xv kzm`m-hn-Iw-am-{Xw. cmPm-°∑ - m-cpsS Ncn-{X-Ønse icn-sX-‰p-Iƒ {]P-I-fpsS Ncn-{XØnse icn-sX-‰p-I-fn¬\n∂pw hn`n-∂-am-bn-cn°pw. GsX-¶n-ep-samcp cmP-hw-i-Øns‚ A[nIm-c-ap-d-∏n-°p∂ "al-Ømb' bp≤-hn-P-b-ß-sf, B bp≤-Øn¬ Bfpw A¿∞hpw \jvS-s∏´p \c-In® P\-ß-fpsS IÆn-eqsS hne-bn-cp-Ønbm¬ Xo¿Øpw hn`n-∂a-- mb ImgvN-bmhpw \mw ImWp-I. temIØns‚ a‰p `mKßfnse Ncn{XcN\mk{ºZ-mbßfnep≠mb KpWIcamb am‰ ßfpsS A-e-sbmen-Iƒ ChnsSbpw FØn-bncn°p∂Xns\∏‰n ]d™t√m. Ccp]Xmw \q‰m ≠ns‚ c≠mw-]IpXnbn¬ temIsaºmSpapff Iogmf¿°p≠mb cmjv{Sob DW¿-hns‚ `mKambncp∂p CXv. kv{XoI-sf kw_‘n®nStØmfw Cu Imew \n¿ÆmbIambncp∂p. AXphsc taemfNcn{Xßfnepw I¿j- I ˛- s Xmgn- e mfn Ncn{Xßfnepw ]cn-anX-amb km∂n≤yw-am{Xta Ah-¿-°p-≠mbncp∂p≈q. kv{XoIfpsS Ncn{X-

ssewKn-IX - bv°pw B¨-˛s]¨t`Z-Øn\pw Ncn-{Xtam? kv{XoXzw am{X-a√ ]pcp-j-Xzhpw Ime-Øn¬ amdp∂ Bi-bhpw {]tbm-K-hp-am-sW∂pw AXns‚ Ncn-{X-sØ°p-dn®pw At\z-jn-t°-≠-Xm-sW∂pw ]ecpw hmZn-®p-Xp-S-ßn-bn-cn-°p-∂p. ssewKn-Im-I¿j-Whpw B{K-lhpw \mw ]e-t∏mgpw Icp-Xpw-t]mse {]P-\-\-Øn-\p-th≠n am{X-a-√. Ah {]IrXn \n¿Æ-bn-°p-∂hbp-a-√. adn®v a\p-jy-cpsS amdn-h-cp∂ `uXn-Ihpw Bi-b-]-c-hp-amb kml-N-cy-ßfpw ssewKn-I-tNm-Z-\-I-fpsS cq]o-I-cWsØ Imcy-ambn \n¿Æ-bn-°p-∂p-s≠∂v Cu Ncn-{X-c-N-bnXm-°ƒ sXfn-bn-®p. kaq-l-Øn¬ \ne-\n¬°p∂ ]e-Xcw ssewKn-I-tNm-Z-\-Iƒ°pw B{K-l-ßƒ°pw Hcp-t]mse AwKo-Imcw e`n-°m-Ø-sX¥p-sIm≠v F∂ tNmZy-amWv Ch-cpsS At\z-j-W-ßsf \bn-®-Xv. "ssewKn-I-am--\yX'bv°v Xosc am\y-a-√mØ Ncn-{X-am-Wp≈-sX∂v Ch-cpsS Ncn-{X-c-N-\-Iƒ kwi-bm-Xo-X-ambn sXfn-bn-°p-∂p. kzh¿§sØ kvt\ln-°p-∂-h¿, lnPU-Iƒ, enwK-kz-`mham‰-Øn\p hnt[-b-cm-Im-\m-{K-ln-°p-∂-h¿ ˛ Cßs\ hyh-ÿm-]nX ssewKn-I-aq-ey-ßfn¬\n∂p hyXym-k-s∏-´-h¿ ˛ A\p-`-hn® lnwk-bp-sSbpw Nqj-W-Øn-s‚bpw H∏w Ah-cpsS sNdp-Øp\n¬∏p-I-fp-sSbpw Ncn{Xw C∂v ]pXn-sbmcp ssewKnIcmjv{So-b-t_m-[-Øn\v ASn-Ø-d-bn-´n-cn-°p-∂p.

Ncn{X]T\w sIm≠v F¥p Imcyw?

Post colonial history AYhm A[n-\n-th-im-\¥ - c Ncn{Xw B[p-\n-I-h-XvI-cWw (modernisation), A[n-\n-thiw (colonialism), tZio-bX (nationalism), F∂o aq∂p i‡nI-tfmSpw hna¿i-\] - c - a - mb AI-ew-]m-en-°p∂ Ncn-{X-[m-cb - m-Wn-Xv. ]e-t∏mgpw ]c-kv]c - h - n-cp-≤ß - s - f∂p tXm∂psa-¶nepw Cu aq∂p {]Xn-`m-k-ßfpw ASn-ÿm-\-X-e-Øn¬ ]eXpw ]¶p-h-bv°p-∂p-sh∂ Xncn-®-dn-hmWv Cu [mc-bpsS ASn-ÿm\ Dƒ°m-gvNI - f - n-sem-∂v. apºp ]d™ Iogm-fN - c - n-{X-cN - \ Cu [mc-bn-epƒs∏-Spw. FtUz¿Uv skbvZns‚ AXn-{]-i-kvX-amb Hmdn-b‚-enkw F∂ IrXn-bn¬\n∂v _u≤n-Ihpw cmjv{So-b-hp-amb {]tNmZ-\-apƒs°m≠ [mc-bm-Wn-Xv. Ncn-{X-K-th-j-Whpw cN-\bpw A[n-\n-th-i-Øns‚ bp‡nsb XpS¿∂pw \ne\n¿Øm≥ klm-b-I-c-am-bn-Øo-cp-∂-sX-ßs\ XpS-ßnb tNmZy-ß-fp-∂-bn-°m≥ Cu Ncn-{X-[m-c-bpsS h‡m°ƒ Xøm-dm-Wv.

]T\Øn\mhiyamb kma{KnIƒ Ipdhmbn cp∂p. s]mXp-cwKw, cmjv{Sobw F∂nhbv°v \njv]-£-Ncn{XcN\bn¬ AanX{]m[m\yw \¬Inbncp∂Xv kv{XoIfpsS Ncn{XsØ Ccp ńemgvØnbXn¬ A¤pXan√t√m. ImcWw, Cu c≠p cwKßfn¬\n∂pw kv{XoIƒ s]mXpsh ]pdØm- ° s∏ńcp∂p. A[nImcÿm- \ ßƒ Ahcn-e[nIw-t]¿-°pw A\y-ambncp∂p. kv{XoIƒ k∂nlnXcmbncp∂ IpSpw_-˛kmapZmbnI ÿm]\-ßƒ°v Ncn{XcN\bn¬ Imcyamb {i≤ e`n®ncp∂n√. F∂m¬ 1960Iƒ°ptijw Cubh-ÿbn¬ am‰w I≠pXpSßn. taemfN-cn{X-ß-ƒ ambv®p If™ kv{Xo-Ncn{X-sØ hos≠Sp°m≥ kv{XoKth-jI¿ {ian®p. kv{Xo-Ncn{XcN\ kv{XoIfpsS Bflm--`nam\sØ hos≠-Sp°m-\p-ff apJy-am¿§ßfnsem∂mbn IW- ° m°s∏´p. XpS¿∂v CØcw Ncn{X-hn⁄m\Øns‚ Bghpw ]c∏pw h¿≤n®p. kaqlØn¬ ]S¿∂p-\n¬°p∂ kv{Xohncp-≤ÿm]-\ßƒ Fß-s\bp≠mbn, BWpws]Æpw XΩnepff hyXymk-ßsf°pdn®v \ap °pff [mcWIƒ Fßs\, Ft∏mƒ D≠mbn apXem-b tNmZyßfn-te°v kv{Xo-Ncn{X-]T\w IS∂p. 1980Ifn¬ C¥ybnse kv { Xo{]ÿ- m \w i‡n{]m]n®tXmsS ChnsSbpw kv{Xo-Ncn{X ]T\w kPohambn. ChnsS henb {]Nmcw t\Snbncp∂ "\njv]£-Ncn{X'Øns‚ BWn°√p--Ifmb ]e k¶e]vßfpw kv{Xo-IfpsS `qXImeØnte°v th≠{X shfn®w hoip ∂pt≠m F∂ tNmZyw kv{XoNcn{X-KthjI¿ tNmZn®p. "`mcXØns‚ ]pcmX\-Imew', "C¥y≥ kzmX{¥ykacNcn{Xw' apXemb hnjbßsf °pdn®v \nehnep≈ Ncn{XcN\Iƒ kv{XoI fpsS ]¶mfnØsØ F{XtØmfw AwKo-Icn°p ∂p≠v? C¥ybpsS hnhn[-`mKßfnse kaql Øns‚, kwkvImcßfpsS, cmjv{Sob-cwKØns‚ Ncn{Xßfn¬ kv{XoIfpsS \ne F¥mbncp∂p? Ncn{X]T\w sIm≠v F¥p Imcyw?

IpSpw_ PohnXØnepw sXmgnenS- ß fnepw s]mXpcwKØpw kmwkvIm-cnIImcy-ßfnepap ≠mb am‰ßƒ kaqlØns‚ ]e X´pIfnse kv{XoIsf Fßs\ _m[n®p? Ah¿ \SØnb kacßfpw sNdp-Øp-\n¬∏pw GXp hn[Ønep≈hbmbncp∂p? BWØw apX-emb k¶¬ ]ßƒ F°meØpw C∂sØt∏mse Bbn cpt∂m AtXm Ahbpw amdnbn´pt≠m? B¨˛ s]¨ hyXymkßsf∏‰n \ap°v C∂p≈ [mcWIƒ Fßs\ cq]s∏´p? Ah kaqlØns‚ F√m taJeIfn-te°pw ]S¿∂sXßs\? Cßs\ ]e]e tNmZy-ßfpb¿Øn Adnhns‚ ]pXphgnIƒ Xpd∂nS-m≥ C¥y-bnse kv{Xo--Ncn{X-KthjI-¿°v -Ign™n´p≠v. > ImWpI ]pdw 30 < CXpIqSmsX- , cmPyßsf tI{μoIcn®p \S∂ncp∂ Ncn{X-]T\coXn (AXmbXv "{_n´njvNcn{Xw', "C¥ymNcn{Xw' Fs∂m-s° \mw Ncn{X ]T-\-cwKs-Ø th¿-Xncn°p∂ coXn) C∂v amdnbncn°p∂p. "\njv]-£-N-cn{X'-Øn-s‚ h‡-m--°ƒ°v Ncn-{X-sa-∂m¬ tZi-cmjv{SßfpsS cq]oI-c-W-tØmSv ASpØ _‘-ap-≈ Ncn-{X-amWv. {]mY-anIhnZym-`ym-kØ - n¬ Ncn{Xw Dƒs∏-Sp-Øp∂-Xns‚ \ymbo-Ic - W - w-Xs∂ AXv tZi-ktv \lw hf¿Øm-\p≈ am¿§-am-sW∂ hmZ-am-Wv. tZicmjv{Sw `qX-Im-e-Øn-eqsS hnI-kn®v ]q¿Æ-cq-]Øn-se-Øn-bs - X-ßs - \-sb∂v \sΩ ]Tn-∏n-°p∂ hn⁄m-\i - m-Jb - m-bn-´mWv Ncn-{XsØ hnZym-eb - ß-fn¬ \mw ]cn-N-b-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv. Cu Xm¬]cyw ap∂n¬ \n¬°p-tºmƒ an°-t∏mgpw tZi-cm-jv{SØn-\p≈n¬ HXp-ßn-°-gn-bp-∂h-cp-sS ˛ kv{XoIfp-sS, BZn-hm-kn-I-fp-sS, Zfn-X-cp-sS, a‰p Iogm-fhn-`m-K-ß-fpsS ˛ Ncn{Xw AZr-iy-am-Ip-sa-∂Xv kzm`m-hn-Iw. Imc-Ww, tZi-Øns‚ {]Xn-\n-[n-Ifmbn an°-t∏mgpw ap∂n¬h-cp-∂Xv htc-Wy-cmWv; tZio-b-X-bmbn Nn{Xo-I-cn-°-s∏-Sp-∂Xv htc-WycpsS Bi-b-ß-fm-Wv. Ncn-{X-c-N-\-bn¬ tZiØns‚ AXn-{]-k-c-Øn¬\n∂v c£-s∏-Sm-\p≈

Hcp am¿§w Iogm-f-cpsS Ncn-{X-Øn-te°p Xncnb-emWv; CXp-Iq-SmsX, {]tXyI tZi-cm-j{v S-ßsf Cßs\ H‰bvs°m‰bv°v t\m°p∂Xn\p ]Icw, temI-Øns‚ {]tXyI`mKßƒ `qX-Im-eØ - ns‚ hyXykv X L´- ß - f n¬ Fßs\ ]ckv ] cw _‘s∏ń-cp∂psh∂pw B _‘ßƒ Ime Øns‚ Hgp°n¬ Fßs\ amdnsb∂pw Xnc °p∂ coXn ]pXnsbmcp Du∂temsS Db¿∂ph∂ncn°p∂p. apºv ]Sn™md≥ temIØp≠mb am‰w a‰p-`mKßfnte°v Fßs\ ]S¿-∂p, AXpsIm≠v Fs¥√mw Ne\ß- f p≠mbn F∂ At\zj-WØn\mbncp∂p ap¥nb ÿm\w. C∂v CXn¬ A¬∏w am‰w-h∂ncn°p∂p. ]Sn™md≥temI-Øn\v sImSp-Øncp∂ k¿h-{]m[m\yw Ipd™p. am{Xa√, sh≈-°m¿ apºv AS°n `cn®ncp∂ Gjy, B{^n°, sXs° Atacn° F∂nhnSßfnse P\ßfpsS Ncn{XØn\v ]pXnb {]m[m\yw ]ebnSØpw Inńbncn°p∂p. CtXmSpIqSn temINcn{-Xsa∂m¬ ]Sn™md≥ cmPyßfpsS hnIk\-Ncn{XamsW∂ [mcW bv°v Cf°wXńbn´p≠v. tIcfNcn{XØns‚ \ne ]cntim[n®m¬ ]nXm°∑m¿ \n¿Ωn® "\njv ] £'Ncn{XwXs∂bmWv ]mT]pkvXIßfn¬ A[nIhpap≈sX∂p ImWmw. ]t£, Ncn{XcN\mcwKØv cmPy-`cW-Øns‚ Ncn{XamWv G‰hpw {][m\ sa∂ [mcW amdnbn´p≠v. Ct∏mƒ sNt∏SpI fn¬-\n∂pw inem-enJnXßfn¬\n∂pw Imhyß fn¬-\n∂pw \mw ]pcmX\-ImeØpw a≤yIm eØpw ChnsS \nehn-ep≠mbncp∂ kmaqlykmlNcyßsf°pdn®v \mw ]eXpw a\ nem°p∂-p≠v. tIcf-Ncn{XØns‚ ]nXrÿm\w Ae¶cn°p∂ ]ecptSbpw [mcW-Iƒ°v ]e XncpØepIfpw Bh-iy-amsW∂ A`n{]mbw Ncn{X-KthjIcpsSbnSbn¬ C∂p≠v. Ccp]Xmw\q‰m≠ns‚ BZy-]IpXnbn¬ tIcf Øns‚ `qXImesØ∏‰n KthjWw \SØn bhcn¬ {]apJcmb Cfw-Ipfw Ip™≥-]n≈, sI.Fw.-]Wn°¿, Fw.B¿ _meIrjvW hmcy¿ apXembhcpsS Bibßƒ ]n∂oSv tNmZyw sNøs∏´p. CSXp]£ (am¿IvknÃv) Ncn{Xho£WØns‚ h‡m°-fmbncp∂ C.Fw.F v \ºqXncn-∏mSv, sI. ZmtamZc≥ F∂nh¿ "\njv] £'-Ncn{XsØ X≈n-°fbpIbp≠mbn. Ncn{Xsa∂m¬ D≈hcpw C√mØhcpw XΩn ep≈ kwL¿j-Øns‚ ˛ AYhm h¿§ßƒ XΩnep≈ kacØns‚ ˛ IYbmsW∂pw "\njv]£'-Ncn{Xw B kwL¿j--ßsf ad®p-

]nSn°ps∂∂pw Ah¿ Nq≠n-°-m-Wn®p. CfwIpfØn-s‚bpw At±-lØns‚ ]mX ]n¥pS¿∂ a‰p Ncn{X- I mc∑mcpsSbpw cN\Iƒ ta¬ PmXn°mcpsS A[n-Imc-sØ \ymboI-cn°p∂ sXßs\sb∂pw AhcpsS \nco£Wß fpsSbpw \nKa\ßfp- s Sbpw t]mcmbv a Iƒ Fs¥ms°s-b∂pw ]cntim[n® IrXnbmbncp∂p ]n.sI. _me- I rjv W s‚ - P mXnhyhÿbpw tIcfNcn{Xhpw. k¿Δ-I-em-im-e-I-fnepw a‰pw {]h¿Øn-°p∂ A°m-Z-anI Ncn-{X-]-WvUn-X∑m¿°v AwKo-I-cn-°m≥ _p≤n-a-p-´p-≈Xpw ]cnlm- k - c q- ] - Ø n- e p- ≈ - X p- a mb ISpØ `mj {]tbmKn®Xn\memImw, Cu IrXn-bpb¿Ønb ImXemb tNmZyßƒ A[nIw {i≤n°s∏Sm sXt]mbn. CfwIpfØns‚bpw am¿Iv k nÃv Ncn{X]finXcpsSbpw hgnIfn¬-\n∂v hna¿ i\]camb AIew-]men®psIm≠v, _meIr jvWs‚ hmZßtfmSv Hcfhphsc tbmPn®psIm≠v, F∂m¬ BZyw-]d™-hcpsS hgnIsf Øs∂ hnIkn-∏n®p-sIm≠v ]pXnb Ncn{XcN\Ifn-te¿s∏Sp∂ ]ecpw C∂p cwKØp≠v. F∂m¬ Cu hnImkßƒ \ΩpsS Iemebßfnse icmicn Ncn{X- h nZym¿∞n°v kzmwioI-cn°phm≥ Ignbp∂p-t≠m?- D≠v F∂p ]et∏mgpw Xd∏n®v ]dbm\mIp-∂n√. B[p\nI ImeL´s-Ø-°p-dn®v [mcmfw ]pXnb Kthj W]T\ßƒ D≠mIp∂-s≠¶nepw Ahbn¬ Ipd®pam{Xta km[mcW Ncn{XhnZym¿∞nIfn te-s°Øp∂pffq. -A - t∏mƒ, Ncn{Xsa∂m¬ Ign™Ime Øns‚ Ie¿∏n√m-Ø "\njv]£'Nn{Xa√. ]ns∂tbm, {]tXyI P\-hn`mKßfpsS C∂-sØ A-hÿ, AhcpsS h¿-Øa - m\-Imew, ImeØn¬ cq]s∏´p- h ∂- X ns‚ hnhcWamWv . as‰mcphn[Ø-n¬∏d™-m¬ Ncn{Xsa-∂m¬ ]s≠tßm \S∂ kw`hßƒ s]dp°nsbSpØv Iqńhbv° e√; t\scadn®v \ΩpsS C∂sØ kaqlsØ a\ nem°m≥ `qX-ImeßfneqsS \mw \S Øp∂ bm{X-bmWXv. Ipń°mewapX¬ \Ωƒ an°hcpw ]≠pIm- e sØ P- o hnXsØ∏‰n _‘p°fn¬-\n∂pw kapZmb-°mcn¬\n∂pw ]mT-]pkvXIßfn¬-\n∂pw hmb\bn¬-\n∂p sams° ]eXpw a\- nem-°mdp≠v. \ap°v `qXIme-sØ-∏‰n-bp≠mhp∂ Adnhv Cu hgnIfneqsSbmWv hfcp∂Xv. hmkvXh-Øn¬ -Cu Adnhv \ap°v `mhn-bnte-°pff hgnImńbmbn {]h¿-Øn°p∂p. \mw C∂sØ Imew, AXn¬ \ap°pff ÿm\w, \ΩpsS `mhn F∂nh Ncn{X]T\w sIm≠v F¥p Imcyw?

sb°pdn®p Nn¥n-°p∂ coXnsb `qXImesØ ∏‰n \ap°p≈ [mcWIƒ Xo¿®bmbpw kzm[o\n°p∂p≠v. \ΩpsS ssZ\wZn\Pohn Xhpw \mw t\cnSp∂ sh√phnf-nIfpw Fßs\b-p≠mbn-sb∂v \ap°p ]d-™p-Xcp∂ hn⁄m\-imJbmWv Ncn-{Xw. PohnX-sØ G‰hp aSpØv _m-[n-°p∂ Imcyßsf°pdn®v AdnhpXcp∂ ]T\amWv Ncn{X-]T\w. ]t£, taemf Ncn{XsØ "\njv] - £'-Ncn{Xambn h®p ]qPn°p∂nStØmfw Imew Cu ]pXnb t_m[sam∂pw Ncn{X]T\ØneqsS D≠mI-m\nSbn√. tIcfØn¬ C∂p e`yamb Ncn{X]T\ß fn¬ kv{XoIfpsS km∂n≤yw F{XtØmfap≠v? ]pcmX\˛a≤yImeßfnse kv{XoIsf∏‰n ]e ]cma¿ißfpw e`yamb Ncn{Xkma{KnIfneps≠¶n-epw Cu {]tZisØ ]pcm-X\˛a≤yIme kmaq-ly-kml-Ncyßsf kv{XoNcn{XcN\-bpsS IÆpIfn- e qsS hnebncpØp∂ hn]peamb ]T\ßƒ C\nbp- a p≠mbn´n√ F∂XmWv kXyw. ""tI-cf-Ønse kv{XoIfpsS ]gb\ne hfsc sa®ambncp∂p; AXn\v sXfnhmWv hS °≥]m´pIfnse DÆnbm¿®bpsS IY'' Fs∂ms° Nne {]kwKßfnepw a‰pw \mw tIƒ°mdp≠v . Cu {]kv X m- h - Ø n\v Xosc _ewt]msc∂p ]dbmsX hø. Hcp DÆn-bm¿® sbbt√ \mw I≠p≈q? AXn¬\n∂pw Chn Ncn{X]T\w sIm≠v F¥p Imcyw?

SsØ kv { XoIsf√mhcpw ]b- ‰ nsØfn™hcmbncp∂psh∂v IcpXp- ∂ Xv icntbm? A∂sØ kaqlØn¬ ]e X´pIfn¬ Pohn® kv { XoIsf∏‰nbp≈ hnhcßƒ tiJcn®psIm≠p≈ Nn´bmb Ncn{XcN\ C\nbpw \S °m\ncn°p-∂tXbp≈psh∂-XmWv hkvXp-X. ]t£, as‰mcphn[Øn¬ kv{XoIƒ ]e t∏mgpw "\njv]£-tIcf-Ncn{X'Øn¬ {]Xy£s∏Sp∂p-s≠∂XmWv IuXpI-Icamb Imcyw. Hcp kaqlØns‚ Ahÿ- s b hnebncp Øm\p≈ Ffp∏hgn, AhnSpsØ kv{XoIfp-sS \nesb°pdn®v At\zjn°em-sW∂ hnizmkw hfsc aptº \ΩpsSbnSbn¬ {]NmcØnep≈ H∂mWv. H‰t\m´Øn¬ CXp kv{XoIƒ°v e`n® A`n\μ\-amsW∂p tXm∂n-tb°mw. ]t£, IqSpXemtemNn®m¬ Cu A`n-\-μ\w kaqlØns‚ \∑, kZm- N mcw, ]ptcmKXn apXemb-hbv°p≈ DØch-mZnXzØns‚ IqSp X¬ `mKw kv{XoIfn¬ \n£n]vXa - m°p∂-psh∂v ImWmw. "\njv]£Ncn{-X'Øn¬ kv{XoIƒ CØcsam-cp A - f-hp-tImembnam{Xw {]Xy-£s - ∏Sp∂p. kv{XoIfpsS hnZym`y-mkw, BtcmKyw XpSßnb Imcyß-sf°pdn®p≈ IW°pIƒ AhXcn∏n®ps-Im≠v B kaqlØns‚ \nesb°pdn®v "\njv]-£-Ncn{X'cNbn-Xm°ƒ \nKa-\-ßfnseØpw. A°meßfnse kv{XoIfpsS Ncn{Xm

\p-`hßs-f°pdn®v CXne[n-Isam∂pw ]dbm-\n s√∂ ań¬! kaqlØn\p samØ-Ønep≠mb t\´ßƒ°p ]pdsa kv{XoIƒ°v CØcw am‰ ßƒ F¥p KpWwsNbvXp? ChbneqsS kv{Xo Iƒ°v kaqlw I¬∏n°p∂ hne, AhcpsS kmaq-ly-\ne, kzmX{¥yßƒ apXemb-hbn¬ {InbmflIamb am‰ßƒ D≠mtbm? Cu tNmZyßƒ°v Ipd-™ {]m[-m\ywam{Xta \njv]-£Ncn{XI-mc∑m¿ I¬∏n-°p∂p≈q. Nnet∏mƒ XnI™ ]pcpj-ta[mhnXz-]camb aqeyßfmWv Cu hnebncpØen¬ {-]-h¿Øn°pI. acpa°Øm-b-tØ-m-Sv ] -- ecpw ]pe¿Øp∂ at\m-`mhwXs∂sbSp°pI. kv{XoIƒ°v hnhmlØn¬ IqSpX¬ A[n-Imcßƒ \¬IpIbpw ssewKnIImcy-ßfn¬ AhcpsS CjvSØn\pw A`n{]mb Øn\pw Xmc-X-tay\ IqSp-X¬ hne I¬∏n°p Ibpw IpSpw_-kzØns‚ AhImiw s]¨h gn°v \oßp∂ IpSpw_ßƒ ]pecpIbpw sNbvXncp∂ acpa°Ømbhyhÿ tIcfNcn{XImc∑mcn¬ HcpIme-Øv C{Xtbsd AkzÿX krjv S n- ® - s X¥psIms≠∂ Imcyw ]Tnt°≠XpXs∂! ]t£, acp-a°-ØmbsØ ]p\¿ aqeyw-sNøm≥ Xømdmbh¿-t]mepw kv{XoIfpsS Ncn{XsØ kmaqly-ÿm]\-ßfp-sS Ncn{X Ønte°p Npcp°p-∂Xnse A]ISw Xncn® dn™n√. kmaqlyÿm]\ßƒ°v tIhew Iogvs∏ ´XmWv kv{XoIfpsS PohnX-sa∂ [mcWsb ]pXnb kv{Xo-Ncn{Xw FXn¿°p∂p. ÿm-]\ßƒ°p≈n¬ Pohn°ptºmgpw kv { XoIƒ \njv{Inbcmbncp∂ns√∂v kv{Xo]£KthjWw sXfnbn-°p-∂p. IpSpw_Øns‚bpw kap-ZmbØns‚bpw \nbaßƒ°p Iogv-s∏´pIgnbp∂ kv{XoIƒ B \nbaßsf t\cnt´m A√msXtbm adnIS°m≥ kPoh{iaßfn¬ G¿s∏ńcp∂p; C∂pw G¿s∏Sp∂p. Cu ÿm]-\ßƒ kv{Xo Iƒ°p I¬∏n-°p∂ ]cn[nIsf ÿm]\-Øn\p≈n¬-\n∂psIm≠v hnkvXrX-am°m≥ Ah¿ F∂pw {ian®n´p≠v. Cu kº∂amb Ncn{Xm \p`hØn\v Xp—--am-b hneam{Xw I¬∏n°p∂ "\njv]£ - 'Ncn{XsØ kv{Xo-]£Ncn{XØns‚ h‡m°ƒ X≈n°f™Xp shdpsXb√. am¿Iv k nÃv Ncn{XcN\mcoXn taemf Ncn{XsØ Xpds∂-Xn¿°p-∂p≠v. F¶nepw tIc f-Øn¬ Cu ]mX ]n¥pS¿∂hcpsS ]T\-ß fnepw kv{XoIƒ Gsd-°p-sd AZr-iy¿-Xs∂. `qXIme-Ønep-S-\ofw D≈hcpw C√mØhcpw XΩn¬ kwL¿-jØn-embncp∂p-sh∂pw AXv

]Tn°p-∂-XneqsS `mhnImew cq]s∏Sp-∂Xns\∏‰n ]e Dƒ-°mgvN-If-pw \ap-°v In´psa∂pw am¿IvknÃv Ncn{X-Imc-∑m-¿ A-hImis∏Sp∂p. AXp-t]mse kaqlØn¬ kº-Øp≠m°p∂ coXnIfnep≠- m Ip∂ am‰ßƒ--° \pkcn®v D≈hcpsSbpw C√mØ-hcpsSbpw PohnXßfn¬ am‰-ap≠mI-p∂psh∂pw Ah¿ Nq≠n-°mWn °p∂p. At∏mƒ Cu kwL¿jßfn¬ PohnXKXnIƒ-°p≠mIp∂ am‰ß-fn¬ kv{XoI-fpsS

\nesb-¥mWv? kv{XoIfpsS \ne ta¬-∏d™ h¿§- k wL¿j- Ø n\v Iogv h gßn\n¬- ° p∂psh∂mWv am¿IvknÃv Ncn{XIm-c∑m¿ s]mXpth Icp-Xp∂Xv; h¿§kwL¿j-Øns‚ KXnb\pkcn-®v AXp amdpsa∂pw. Cu BibsØ kv{Xo Ncn{X-cN-\bnte¿s-∏Sp∂h¿ tNmZyw-sNøp∂p. ]pcp-j\v kv{Xo-°p-ta¬ ssIh∂ A[n-Imcw h¿§- k acßfpsS apdbv ° v amdn- s °m≈-

Ncn{X]T\w sIm≠v F¥p Imcyw?

Wsa∂ns√∂v Ah¿ hmZn°p∂p. am¿IvknÃv Ncn{X-Øns‚ Dƒ°m-gvNIsf samØ-Øn¬ AwKoI-cn°p ∂ps≠¶nepw kmºØn-Iam‰ßƒ°v AXn \p≈- n ¬ I¬∏n- ° s∏- S p∂ AanX{]m[m\yw KpW-Icas√∂v kv{Xo]£-Ncn{Xw Nq≠n-°mWn°p∂p. kma-qlyÿm]-\ßfpw Bib-hyh-ÿIfpw ]et∏mgpw kmºØnIam‰ßsf AXn-Pohn°pIbpw kºZv-hyhÿbn-se Ne\ ßƒ°-\pkc-n®v ]pXnb [¿-

Ωßƒ ssIs°m-≈pIbpw sNøp-∂Xv {it≤bamsW∂v Ah¿ Hm¿Ωn∏-n°p∂p. C∂p \-mw ]ebn-SØpw ImWp∂ "Xd-hm-SnØ-tLmjWw' \s√mcp DZm-lc - W - a - m-W.v ta¬Pm-Xn-°m-cpsS B`nPm-Xy-Nn-”-ß-fmb ]eXpw ˛ Xd-hm-Sv, tImSnhkv{Xw, ]e-X-c-Øn-ep≈ ac-˛temlkm-am-\ßƒ apX-em-bh ˛ Ah-bpsS ]gb [¿Ωw ssIsh-Sn™v apX-em-fnØ hyh-ÿ-bv°p-≈n¬ ]pXnb aqey-ßƒ kzoI-cn-®n-cn-°p-∂p. HmW-°mNcn{X]T\w sIm≠v F¥p Imcyw?

e-Øpw -a‰pw sSen-hn-j-\n-eqsS \mw ImWp∂ "]mc-ºcyw' hmkvX-h-Øn¬ ]g-a-b√; \hhtcWy-h¿§-Øns‚ ]pXnb (ap-X-em-fn-Ø) aqeyßƒ°-\p-kr-Xa - mb coXn-bn¬ hm¿sØ-Sp-°s - ∏´-h-bm-Wv. AXp t]mse, kaqlØn¬ hn`hßfp≠m°p∂ coXnIƒ, kmºØnI CS]mSpIƒ- ° p≠mIp∂ am‰w CsX- √ mw kv{XoIfpsS PohnXsØ Imcy ambn _m[n°psa∂v AwKo-Icn®psIm≠p-Xs∂ kv{XoNcn{X-cN\bnte¿-s∏Sp∂h¿ ]dbp∂p: "]t£, CØcw am‰-ßƒ F√mhscbpw Hcpt]mseb√ _m[n°p∂Xv. taemfcn¬ Øs∂ kv{Xo°pw ]pcpj\pw hyXykvX A\p-`hßfm-bncn°pw D≠m°pI. Iog-mf-kv{Xo˛ ]pcpj∑mcpsS A\p`hßƒ XΩnepw hyXym- k ßfp- ≠ mImw. IqSmsX taemf-k{v XoIfpw Iogmfkv{XoIfpw Cu kmlN-cyßsf A`n apJoIcn®Xv Xo¿Øpw hyXykvX coXnIfnem bncn°mw. Cu hyXymkßfpsS {]m[m\yw-Ipd®p I≠pIqSm, "\njv]£'-Ncn{XØn-s‚ As√¶n¬ imkv{Xo-bNcn{XØns‚ t]cp-]d™v Ah-sb I≠n-s√∂p \Sn®pIqSm.' tIcfNcn{XØns‚ {]mNo-\L´sØbpw a≤y-ImesØbpw kv{Xo-]£-ho£WØn¬ hnebn-cpØp∂ ]T\ßƒ C∂p IpdhmWv. ]t£ B[p\n-IIm-esØ°pdn®v Iptd°qSn ]T\-ßfp≠v. ChnsS ]pXnb kv{XoNcn{Xhpw B¨˛s]¨- t `ZØns‚ Ncn{Xhpw N¿®sNøs∏Sp∂p≠v. AXp-sIm≠p-Xs∂ ]sØmº Xmw-\q‰m≠ns‚ GXm≠v ]-Ip--Xn-apX¬ Ccp ]Xmw \q‰m≠phsc-bp≠mb am‰ßfmWv Cu ]pkvXIØn¬ A[nIhpw N¿®sNøs∏Sp∂Xv. aebmfn-kv{XobpsS "hntamN\bpK'ambn Cu ImesØ ]dbmdp≠v. sX°≥tIcfØnse Nm∂m¿ kv{XoIƒ°v ta¬ap≠p [cn°m-\p≈ AhImisØ Np‰n-∏‰n ]sØmºXmw \q‰m ≠n¬ \S∂ Iem]ßsf BZysØ kv{XohntamN\kacambn ImWp∂ coXn ]XnhmWv. Ccp]Xmw\q‰m-≠nse-Ønbt∏mƒ kmapZmbnI {]ÿm\-ßfpsS {ia^eambn kv{XoIfpsS \ne IqSpX¬ sa®s∏´psh∂mWv km[mcW \mw tIƒ°mdp≈Xv. ]IpXnkXyw apgpØ I≈sØ-°mƒ tZmjwsNøpsa∂v {]kn≤am Wt√m. Cu ]IpXnkXyßsf hna¿i\]c ambn ]p\¿-hnNmcW-sNbvXpw ]pXnb sXfn-hpIƒ Is≠Ønbpw ]gb sXfn-hp-Isf ]pXnb ImgvN∏mSn¬ hne-bn-cpØnbpamWv kv{XoNcn{Xw ChnsS ]pXnb Dƒ°mgvNIfp≠m°p∂Xv.

1950Iƒ°papºv XncphnXmwIq¿, sIm®n, ae_m¿ F∂nßs\ th¿Xn-cn™pInS∂ {]tZi-ßsf H∂n-®p-tN¿ØmWv ae-bm-f`- mj kwkmcn-°p-∂h - c - psS kwÿm-\a - mb tIcfw \ne-hn¬h∂Xv . CXn¬ XncphnXmwIqdpw sIm®nbpw {_nńjvkm{amPyØns‚ ta¬t-°mbva AwKo Icn® \m´p-cmPy-ßfmbncp∂p. ae_m¿-`mKw {_nń-jpIm¿ t\cn´p `cWw\SØnh∂ a{Zmkv {]hniybpsS `mKambncp∂p. Cu ]pkvXIw XncphnXmwIqdn¬ \S∂ Imcyßƒ°v IqSpX¬ {]m[m\yw \¬Ip∂p. {_nńjv ta¬t°mbvabv°p ap∂n¬ ]nSn®p-\n¬°ms\mcp X{¥sa∂ \ne bn¬ kv{XoIfpsS hnZym`ymkw, BtcmKyw apXemb hnjbßfn¬ XncphnXmwIqdnsebpw sIm®n- b nsebpw k¿°mcpIƒ khn- t ij XmXv]cyw {]ISn∏n®n-cp∂p. kv{XoIfpsS Ah Imißƒ, enwK-_‘ßƒ apXemb hnjbßƒ G‰hpw hym]I-ambn N¿®sNø-s∏´-Xpw Chn sSØs∂. ae_mdn¬ CØcw N¿®Iƒ Xosc \S∂ncp∂ns- √ ∂√. acpa°- Ø mb- Ø ns‚ KpW tZmjßs-f∏‰n hfsc kPohamb N¿® ae_mdn¬ - ] sØm--º - X mw \q‰m- ≠ ns‚ Ah- k m\ImeØpw Ccp-]X - mw-\q‰-m≠ne-pambn \S∂n´p≠v. C¥y-bnse BZysØ kv{Xokw-L-S-\-I-fn-sem∂m- b n- c p∂ AJnte¥ym h\nXmtIm¨^ d≥kns‚ Hcp LSIw ae_mdn¬ \∂mbn {]h¿Øn®ncp∂p. kzmX-{¥y--kacØnepw IΩyqWnÃp{]ÿ-m\Ønepw ae_-mdnse kv{XoIƒ kPoh ]¶m-fnIfmbncp∂p. F∂m¬ Xncphn-XmwIq¿˛sIm®n cmPyßfn¬ s]mXp-Im-cy-ß-sf-°p-dn®p N¿® \S-∂n-cp∂ thZn-Iƒ ˛ s]mXp-aWvU eßƒ ˛ IqSpX¬ hnIkn-Xßfmbncp∂XpsIm≠pw Ah \m´pc-mPyßfm-bncp-∂Xn\m¬ tZiob-{]-ÿm\-Øns‚ kΩ¿±w XmcX-tay\ Ipdhm-bncp∂Xp-sIm≠pw AhnS-ßfn¬ kv{XoI fpsS AhImi-ßsf°pdn®-p≈ N¿® IqSpX¬ BgØn¬ \S∂psh∂p ]dbmw. (kzm-X{¥y-kacw i‡--amb `-mK-ß-fn¬ tZio-b-kzm-X{¥yw t\Sp-∂-Xns‚ {]iv\-ßƒ°pw hgn-Iƒ°p-amWv ]e-t∏mgpw ap≥Xq°w e`n-®-Xv) ]{X-ßƒ, N¿®m-th-Zn-Iƒ, kap-Zm-b] - c - n-jvIc-W-kw-L-ßƒ, kmaq-ly-tk-h\ÿm]-\ß -- ƒ, hmb-\-im-e-Iƒ, hnZym-e-b-ß-fnepw a‰pw Bcw`n® kmln-Xy-k-am-P-ßƒ, kmln-Xy-th-Zn-Iƒ, h\n-Xm-k-am-P-ßƒ, bph-P\kwL-S-\-Iƒ apXemb ]e Iq´m-bva-Ifpw tN¿∂mWv "s]mXp-aWv U ew' cq]o- I - c n- ° - s ∏- S p- ∂ - X v . P\- ß sf

"s]mXp'hmbn _m[n-°p∂ Imcy-ßƒ N¿® sNøm-\p≈ thZn-bm-WX - .v PmXn-˛k - a - p-Zm-bß - f - psS koa-Isf AXn-ew-Ln-°p∂ Xc-Øn-ep≈ Imcyßfpw N¿®-If - p-amWv "s]mXp-aW - U v e'Øn¬ hcp∂-sX∂v H‰-t\m-´Ø - n¬ tXm∂n-tb-°mw. F∂m¬ kv { XoIƒ°pw ]pcp- j - ∑ m¿°pw ta¬Pm- X n°m¿°pw IogvPm-Xn-°m¿°pw Hcp--t]mse Ib-dns®-√m-hp∂ CS-am-bn-cp-∂n√ AXv. kv{XoIƒ "kv{Xok-amP'ßfnepw ]pcp-j-∑m¿ "]uc-kamP'ßfnepw H-Øp-tN-cp-∂-XmWv DØaw F∂ t_m[w ae-bm-fn-s]m-Xp-a-WvU-e-Øn¬ A∂pw C∂pw kPo-h-am-Wv. C∂sØ tIcfØn¬ \nch[n sh√phn fnIsf t\cnSp∂ kv{XoI-ƒ°v tNmZn°m≥ Hcp]mSp tNmZy-ßfp≠v. hnZym`ymkw, {]khw, BtcmKyw, IpSpw_m-kq{X-Ww F∂o taJ-e Ifn¬ Ccp]Xmw-\q‰m-≠n-se aebmfn-kv{Xo Iƒ°p-≠mb t\´ßs-f∏‰n ]ebnSØpw C∂v ]d™ptIƒ°mdp≠v ; hm- b n®p--I mWmdp≠v . kv{Xo-km£c-Xbnepw -hnZym`ym-kØnepw Hcp IpXn®pNm´wXs∂bmWv Cu \q‰m≠ne-p≠mbXv. CXpIqSmsX kv{XoIƒ k¿°m¿tPmenIfnepw a‰pw {]thin®p, tZiob-{]ÿm\Ønepw CSXp]£{]-ÿm\Ønepw ]s¶SpØp, ChnS-sØ G‰hpw henb sXmgne- m fn- k wLS\Ifn¬ tN¿∂v sXmgn¬-kacßfpsS ap≥\ncbn¬ {]Xy£-s∏´p. Cu t\´ßsf-√map≠mbn´pw \ΩpsS \ne C{X tamiambn-cn°p∂-sX¥p sIms≠∂ tNmZyw Hmtcm aebmfn-k{v XobpsSbpap≈n¬ \ni_vZap-bcp∂ C°m-eØv Cu ]pkvXIw G‰hpw {]k-‡amsW∂v IcpXp∂p. as‰mcp- {]tNmZ\wIqSnbp≠v Cu ]pkvX IØn\p ]n∂n¬. tIcf-Ønse at‰Xp cmjv{Sob{]ÿm-\Øn\pw ˛ CSXp-]£-{]ÿm-\amIs´, tIm¨{K- mIs´, Iogv-PmXn°mcpsS AhImißƒ t\Sn-sbSp°m\pff {]ÿm\-ßfmIs´ ˛ Hcp Ncn{X]mcºcyw AhImi- s ∏Sm\p≠v . F∂m¬ kv{XoIfpsS AhImißƒ-°pth≠n hmZn°p∂ {]ÿm\-Øns‚ Ncn{X-sØ-°pdn®v A[nIamcpw ]d™p- t Iƒ°mdn√. hmkv X hØn¬ hensbmcp A\ym-bamWnXv. tIcfØn¬ kv{Xo]£Øp-\n∂p≈ i_vZßƒ tI´pXpSßnbXv 1980Ifnem-sW∂ [mcW icnb√. AXns\{Xtbm apºpXs∂ ChnsS kv{XoIfpsS AhImißƒ°pth≠n AXni‡amb `mj bn¬ hmZn® kv{Xo-_p≤nPohnIfpsS Hcp Xe apd-Xs∂-bp≠mbncp∂p. 1920Iƒ apX¬ 1940Iƒ hsc tIcf-Øns‚ s]mXpcwKØv Ch¿ kPohNcn{X]T\w sIm≠v F¥p Imcyw?

km∂n≤y-ambncp∂p. Cu Xeapd A\yw-\n∂pt]mb-sXß-s\, Ch-cpsS kva-cWt]mepw \ap °n-√msX--t]mb-sX¥psIm≠v XpS-ßnb tNmZy ßƒ tNmZnt°- ≠ XmWv . Imc- W w, \Ωƒ "]gbImesØ {]apJ-kv{XoIƒ'-Ft∂m¿°p ∂Xv tZiob- { ]ÿm\- Ø ntem CSXp]£ {]ÿm\Øntem {]h¿Øn® kv{XoIsf-°pdn ®mWv. F∂m¬ kv{Xo-Isf Hcp {]tXyI-hn`mK a--- mbn-°cpXn AhcpsS AhImi-ßƒ°v khntij-]cnK-W\ \¬I-Wsa∂p hmZn-® kv{XoIƒ Cu \mńep-≠mbncp∂psh∂ Imcyw F{Xt]¿ °dnbmw? Ahcn¬ Nn-esc°pdn®v \mw Nne t∏mƒ tIń´p-≠mhpw. DZmlcWØn\v A∂m Nm≠n. C¥ybn¬ BZyambn ap≥-kn-^v ]Zhnbn seØnb kv{Xo F∂mWv \ap°v Chsc∏‰n bpff Adnhv. F∂m¬ tIcfob-kv{XoIfpsS AhImißƒ°p-th≠n t]mcmSnb h\nXIfn¬ Ch¿°p≠m-bncp∂ {]apJÿm\-sØ∏‰n F{Xt]¿ tIń´p≠v? A∂sØ sImºpsIńb ]pcpj-_p≤nPohnIfpsS ]pcp-jm[nImc-]camb \ne]mSp Isf hna¿in®- p sIm≠pw Xpds∂- X n¿Øp

sIm≠pw Chs-cgpXnb teJ\ßfn¬ ]e-Xpw C∂sØ-°meØpw {]k-‡ß-fmWv. kv{Xo]£-Øp-\n∂p hmZn® kv{XoI-fpsS B Xe-apd Ip‰a‰-XmsWt∂m Ah-cpambn \mw ]q¿Æ-ambpw tbmPn°psat∂m A√. Xo¿®-bmbpw Ah¿°v t]mcm- b v a Ifp- ≠ mbncp∂p. F¶nepw Ahcn¬\n∂v NnesXms° ]Tn°m-\p≠v. bp‡nbpw \¿Ω- t _m[hpw kaImenI- { ]iv \ ßsf∏‰n bpff Adnhpw th≠hn[w Iq´nt®¿-Øv Ah¿ \n¿Ωn® i‡amb hmZ- s sien HcpZmlc Wwam{XamWv . A[nImc- ÿ m\Øncn°p∂ hy‡n-Isftbm A[nIm-cÿm]\ßs-ftbm Xosc `b°msX, ]dbm-\pff Imcyw i‡hpw hy‡hpamb `mj-bn¬ ]-db-m\p≈ B Xt‚Sw Xo¿®-bmbpw C∂p \ap°n√. B Xe-s#apdsb C∂sØ kv{Xo]p-cp-j∑m--¿°v ]cnNb-s∏Sp ØpIsb∂ e-£yw-IqSn Cu ]pkvXIØn\p≠v. B Xeapdbv°v C\nbp≈ ImeØv ]pXnb AhIminIƒ Hcp-]mSp-≠mIpsa∂ {]Xymi bmWv Cu ]p-kv-X-IsØ \bn°p∂Xv; Ah¿ Cu hna¿i-\-]m-c-º-cysØ Imem-\p-kr-X-ambn \ho-I-cn-°p-sa-∂pw.

2 29

B. Priyaranjanlal, there comes papa, paper collage,1999

s]Æ-ci - p-\mtSm? tIc-ftam? acp-a-°-Øm-bn-I-fm-bn-cp∂ ae-bm-fn-Iƒ°nS-bn¬ kv{XoIƒ hfsc kzX-{¥-cm-bn-cp∂p-sh∂ Ah-Im-i-hmZw \mw km[m-cW tIƒ°m-dp-≈-Xm-Wv. hnhm-lw, kzØ-hImiw F∂o c≠p-Im-cy-ß-fn¬ acp-a-°Ømbw ]n¥p-S¿∂n-cp∂ kap-Zm-b-ß-fnse kv { XoIƒ°v B\p- I q- e y- a p- ≠ m- b n- c p- ∂ psh∂v \ap-°-dn-bmw. F∂m¬ CXp-sIm-≠pam{Xw tIcfw "s]Æ-c-ip-\mSm'bncp-∂psh∂v ]d-bm-s\m-°ptam? ssZ\w-Zn-\-Po-hnX-Øns‚ `mcw taem-f-kv{Xo-Iƒ°v Ipdhm-bn-cpt∂m? am{X-a-√, htcWykv{Xo-IfpsS A\p-`h-sØ-am{Xw IW-°m-°p∂ coXn Xo¿®-bmbpw Ncn-{X-c-N-\-bn¬ Bimky- a - √ . Iogm- f - k v { Xo- I - f psS A\p- ` - h ßƒIqSn IW- ° m- ° n- b m¬ "kv { XokzmX{¥y'sØ ]c-º-cm-K-X-ambn t]mjn-∏n® kaqlw' F∂ t]cn\v \mw A¿l-c-s√∂p ImWmw.

"P∑-t`Z-hy-hÿ'bnse kv{XoIƒ "kv{XoIƒ `cn-°p∂ \mSv' F∂v C∂v tIc-fsØ Bsc-¶nepw hnti-jn-∏n-®m¬ B hy‡n°v Xosc Adn-hn-s√t∂ \mw hnNm-cn-°q. ]t£ ]≠v, AXm-bXv ]sØmºXmw \q‰m-≠n¬, tIcf-Øn\v "s]Æ-c-ip-\mSv' AYhm "s]¨`-cWw \ne-hn-ep≈ \mSv' F∂p t]cp-≠m-bn-cp-∂p. acpa-°Ø - mb IpSpw-_c - o-Xn-Iƒ kv{XoIƒ°-\p-hZn®n-cp∂ Nne sXc-s™-Sp-∏p-Is - f-°p-dn-®m-bn-cn°mw

CXp kqNn-∏n-°p-∂-Xv. acp-a-°-Ømb IpSpw-_hyh-ÿb - n¬ Nne LS-Iß - ƒ kv{XoIƒ°\pIqe-am-bn-cp-∂psh∂ hkvXpX C∂v ]cs° AwKoI-cn-°-s∏-Sp-∂p-≠v. F∂p-h®v acp-a-°-Øm-bn-Ifmb kv{XoIƒ "k¿Δ-kz-X-{¥-Iƒ' Bbn-cp-∂ns√∂p \ap-°d - n-bmw. acp-a° - Ø - m-bØ - n¬ ˛ AXmbXv kzØ-h-Imiw Hcp Xe-ap-d-bn¬\n∂v ASpØ-X-e-ap-d-bn-te°v \oßp-∂Xv s]¨h-gn-°m-bncp∂ coXn-bn¬ ˛ kv{XoIƒ°v IqSp-X¬ \nebpw hne-bp-ap-≠m-bXv kzm`m-hn-Iw-am-{Xw. Imc-Ww, IpSpw_w XpS-cp-∂Xv s]◊-°-fpsS a°-fn-eq-sSbm-Ip-tºmƒ aIƒ°v Hcp-hn[w \√ ]cn-K-W\ sImSp-Øt√ ]‰q? ae-bm-fn-Iƒ F√m-hcpw acp-a-°-Øm-bn-I-fmbn-cp-∂n-s√∂v Hm¿t°-≠-Xp≠v. IpSpw-_-Øns‚ ]n¥p-S¿® B¨a-°f - n-eqsS IW-°m-°n-bn-cp∂ a°-Øm-b-hy-hÿ ]n¥p-S¿∂-hcpw (D-Zm-l-c-WØn-\v, kpdn-bm\n {InkvXym-\n-Iƒ, \ºq-Xn-cn-

am¿) a°-Ømb˛acp-a° - Ø - m-bh - y-hÿ - I - sf Iq´nbn-W°n "an{i-Zmbw' AwKo-I-cn-®n-cp-∂-hcpw (DZm-l-c-W-Øn\v Cug-h-cn¬ Nne hn`m-K-°m¿) Chn- s S- b p- ≠ m- b n- c p- ∂ p. C°q- ´ ¿°n- S - b n¬ kv{XoIƒ°v Hu]-Nm-cn-I-\n-e-bn¬ Hcp-]m-Sv A[n-Im-c-ap-≠m-bn-cp-∂p-sh∂v ]d-bm≥ Ign-bn-√. AXp-sIm≠v tIc-fsØ H∂-S¶w "s]Æ-c-ip\msS'∂v hnti-jn-∏n-®Xv icn-X-s∂tbm F∂ tNmZyw {]k-‡-am-Wv. tIc-f-Ønse F√m kv{XoIƒ°pw Hcpt]mse _m[-I-amb Hcp kv{Xok-¶-ev]w, As√¶n¬ kv{XoXzm-Z¿iw, ]c-º-cm-KX ae-bm-fn-k-aql-Øn¬ D≠m-bn-cp-∂n-s√∂p ]d-bmw. ]c-º-cmKX tIc-fob kaq-lsØ "P∑-t`-Zh - y-hÿ' F∂p \ap°p hnfn-°mw. Hcp hy‡n GXp PmXn-hn-`mK- Ø n¬ P\n- ° p- ∂ p- t hm, B hn`m- K - Ø ns‚ s]mXp-\n-ba - ß - ƒ°v ASn-s∏´v Pohn-XI - mew apgph≥ Ign- ® p- I q- ´ n- s °m- ≈ - W - s a∂ \n_- ‘ \ CXns‚ ASn-ÿm-\{- ]-am-Wß - f - n-sem-∂m-bn-cp-∂p. Hcp PmXn-bn¬ P\n-®m¬ as‰mcp PmXn-bnte°p amdm≥ an°-t∏mgpw Ign-bn-√m-bn-cp∂p; P\n-°p∂ PmXn-bpsS \nb-aß - ƒ sX‰n- \-S∂ - m¬ PmXn-bn¬\n∂v ]pd-¥≈ - ¬ AYhm {`jvSv F∂ in£- e-`n-°m≥ km≤y-Xb - p-ap-≠m-bn-cp-∂p. PmXnhy-hÿ Hcp D®-\o-NX - z-t{i-Wn-bm-bn-cp-∂X - p-sIm≠p-X-s∂, "apI-fnse' PmXn-°m¿°v Iogvhgßn "Iogn-ep'≈h¿ Ign-™p-sIm-≈W - s - a-∂m-bn-cp∂p \nb-aw. IogvPm-Xn-°m-cpsS A[-a-\n-e kqNn-∏n°m-\p≈ Nn”-ßƒ ssZ\w-Zn\Pohn-X-Øn-epw `mj-bn-epw Pohn-XØ - ns‚ ka-kX v t- a-Je - I - f - nepw \nd-™p-\n-∂n-cp-∂p.

{_m“-W] - nXrta[m-hnXzw C¥y-bnse kv{XoN-cn-{X-c-N-\m-cw-KsØ G‰hpw {][m-\-s∏´ \ma-ß-fn-sem-∂mWv Zn√n- k¿Δ-I-em-im-e-bn¬ {]h¿Øn-®n-cp∂ Ncn-{X-Im-cn-bmb Dam -N-{I-h¿Øn-bp-tS-Xv. C¥y≥ kaq-l-Øn¬ PmXn-hy-h-ÿbpw kv{XoIfp-sS-ta¬ \-S-∏n-ep≈ \nb-{¥-W-ßfpw XΩn-ep≈ At`-Zy-_-‘sØ kq£va-ambn A]-{K-Yn-°p-∂-h-bmWv Ah-cpsS Ncn{X]T-\-ßƒ. ]c-º-cm-KX C¥y≥ kaq-l-Øn¬ \ne-\n-∂n-cp∂ B¨tIm-bvasb "{_m“-W]n-Xr-ta-[m-hnXzw' (brahmanical patriarchy)F∂mWv Ah¿ hnfn-°p-∂-Xv. CXp-{]-Imcw Db¿∂ PmXn-I-fn¬s∏´ kv{XoIsf taem-f-Pm-Xn-I-fpsS {]P-\-\-Øn-\p≈ D]-I-c-W-ß-fmbn Icp-Xp-∂p. IogvPm-Xnkv{Xo-Isf Db¿∂Pm-Xn-°m¿°p-th≠n A≤zm-\n-°m\pw Ah-cpsS ssewKn-Im-h-iy-ßƒ \nh¿Øn-°p-∂-Xn-\mbpw \ntbm-Kn°p-∂p. PmXn-hy-h-ÿsb kwc-£n-°p-∂-Xn\v ta¬Pm-Xn- kv{Xo-Isf kaq-l-Øn¬\n∂v Hgn-®p-\n¿tØ-≠Xv Bh-iy-am-sW∂v "{_m“-W-]n-Xr-ta-[m-hnXz'Øns‚ h‡m-°ƒ F°m-eØpw hmZn-®n-´p-≠v. A\y-Pm-Xn-°mcp-am-bn, {]tXy-In®v IogvPm-Xn-°m-cmb ]pcp-j-∑m-cp-am-bn, Ah¿ kwk¿§-Øn-te¿s∏-´m¬ Db¿∂-Pm-Xn-bpsS ASn-Ø-d-Xs∂ XI¿∂p-t]m-Ip-sa-∂p-≈-Xp-sIm-≠mWv Ah-cp-sS-ta¬ hfsc ISpØ \nb-{¥-W-ßƒ G¿s∏Sp-Øn-bn-cp-∂-Xv. {_m“-W- \n-b-a-hy-h-ÿbpw Chn-SpsØ cmP-`-c-Whpw ta¬Pm-Xn -kv{Xo-Iƒ°p-ta-ep≈ \nb-{¥-W-ßsf \ymbo-I-cn-®p. B \nb-{¥-W-ßsf FXn¿Ø, As√-¶n¬ ewLn® kv{XoIsf ]pd-¥≈m≥ ta¬PmXn kap-Zm-b-ßƒ Xosc aSn-®n-cp-∂n-√.

s]Æ-c-ip-\mtSm? tIc-ftam?

"P∑-t`-Z-hy-hÿ'{]Imcw Hmtcm PmXn-bntebpw BWp- ß ƒ°pw s]Æp- ß ƒ°pw shtΔsd enwK-\n-ba - ß - f - p-≠m-bn-cp-∂p. AXm-bXv ae-bm-f-{_m-“W (\-ºq-Xn-cn) kap-Zm-b-Ønse "DØ-a-kv{Xo-k-¶ev]w' \mb¿kv{XoIƒt°m IogvPm-Xn-°m¿t°m _m[-I-am-bn-cp-∂n-√. Hmtcm kap-Zm-b-Øn\pw CsXms° {]tXyIw {]tXy-Iap-≠m-bn-cp-∂p. Xo¿®-bmbpw A∂p-≈h - ¿ [mcmfw hmbn-®n-cp∂ ]pcm-W-ß-fn-eq-sSbpw ioem-h-Xn-Ncn-Xwt- ]m-ep≈ IrXn-If - n-eq-sSbpw {_m“-Wc - psS enwK-aq-ey-ßƒ (A-Xm-b-Xv, BWp-ß-fm-bm¬ Fß-s\-b-cn-°-Ww, F¥p sNø-Ww F∂pw s]Æp-ß-fm-bm¬ Fß-s\-bn-cn-°-Ww, F¥p sNøWw F∂pw a‰pw hn[n-°p∂ aqey-ßƒ) kaq-lØ - n¬ {]N-cn-®n-cp-∂p. F∂m¬, CtXm-sSm∏w-Xs∂ Cu aqey-ßƒ F√m- kv{Xo-Iƒ°pw _m[-I-a-s√∂p ÿm]n-°p∂ "{_m“-W-\ym-boI-c-Wß'fpw {]N-cn-®n-cp-∂p-sh∂v ImtW-≠-Xp≠v. DZm-l-c-W-Øn-\v, tIc-f-Ønse iq{Z-kv{XoIƒ (\m-b¿-˛-A-º-e-hmkn kap-Zm-b-°m¿) ]mXn{hXyw BN-cn-t°-≠-Xn-s√∂v tIc-f-am-lmﬂywt]mep≈ {KŸ-ßƒ D≤-cn-®p-sIm≠v ]g-a-°m¿ hmZn-®n-cp∂p ˛ Chn-SsØ iq{Z-kv{Xo-Iƒ tZhs]Æ-c-ip-\mtSm? tIc-ftam?

∑msc B\-μn-∏n-°p-∂-Xn-\mbn krjvSn-°-s∏´ A]vk-c- p-I-fpsS k¥-Xn-I-fm-sW-∂pw A]vkc-kv{Xo-Iƒ°v ]mXn-{hXyw _m[-I-a-√m-Ø-Xpt]mse Ah-cpsS k¥-Xn-Iƒ°pw AXp _m[I-as - √∂pw Cu IrXn-Iƒ ]d-bp-∂p. AXp-sIm≠v ioem-hXnNcnXw hmbn®p ]pWywkºm-Zn® \mb¿kv{Xo-Iƒ ioem-h-Xnsb amXr-I-bm-°n-°f-bp-sa∂v {]Xo£n-t°≠Xn-√m-bn-cp∂p! AtXk-abw PmXnIƒ XΩn¬ enwK-aq-ey-ßf - n¬ Imcyamb hyXym-k-ap-≈n-SØv Ch ]e-t∏mgpw hg°n\pw Ie-l-Øn\pw Imc-W-am-bn. DZm-l-c-WØn\v Xncp-hn-Xmw-Iq-dnse Icp-\m-K∏ - ≈n-˛Im¿ØnI-∏≈n taJ-eb - n¬ (Hm-Wm-´p-Ic - b - n¬) 19-˛mw \q‰m≠n¬ \S∂ PmXob G‰p-ap-´-ep-I-sf-°p-dn®v hmsam-gn-bmbn {]N-cn-®n-´p-≈ IY-Ifn¬ ]eXnepw hnjbw ta¬∏-d™ enwK-aq-ey-ß-fnse s]mcp-Øt- °-Sm-W.v ap…nw kap-Zm-bØ - nse k{ºZm-b-{]-Im-cw kv{XoIƒ \n¿_-‘-ambpw ta¬hkv{Xw [cn-®n-cn-°Ww; Cug-h-cp-sS-bn-S-bn¬ A°m-eØv t\sc X-nc - n--®m- b - n-cp∂p \nbaw ˛ AXmb- X v , - t a¬- h kv { Xw [cn- ® p- \ - S - ° p- ∂ Xv "\√ kv{XoIƒ' sNøp∂ ]Wn-b-√, "thjwsI--´p-Im-cØn-Ifp'sS ]Wn-bmWv! Cu {]tZ-isØ N¥-I-

fn¬ I®-h-S-°m-cy-Øn-epw-a‰pw Cu c≠p kapZm-b-°m¿ XΩn¬ ISpØ a’cw \ne-\n-∂n-cp∂-Xp-sIm≠v ASn-I-e-i-en-\pw-a‰pw km≤y-Xbpw IqSp-X-em-bn-cp-∂p. ]t£, ASn s]m´n-∏p-d-s∏-´Xv ]e-t∏mgpw hkv{X-[m-c-W-sØ-°p-dn-®p≈ A`n{]m-b-hy-Xym-k-ß-sf Np‰n-∏-‰nbm-bn-cp-s∂∂v hmsam-gn-°-Y-Iƒ kqNn-∏n-°p-∂p. \·-amb amdnS-hp-ambn N¥-bn-se-Øn-bn-cp∂ Cug-hk - {v Xo-Isf ap…ow ]pcp-j-∑m¿ Ifn-bm-°n-sb-∂pw XpS¿∂p el-f-bp-≠m-sb∂pwa‰p-amWv IY-I-fnse ]cma¿iw. "PmXn-bn¬ IqSnb kv {XoIƒ°v IqSnb kzmX{¥yw' F∂ C∂sØ°W°v A∂v F√mbn-SØpw HØn-cp-∂n-s√-∂-XmWv ck-I-c-amb hkvXp-X. PmXn-bn¬ G‰hpw ap¥n-b-h¿ F∂v kzbw Ah-Im-i-s∏´ {_m“-W-kv{Xo-Iƒ AXnI-Tn-\a - mb \nb-{¥-Wß - ƒ°p hnt[-bc - m-bn-cp-∂p. AtX-k-abw "Xmc-X-tay\ kzX-{¥-Iƒ' F∂p \mw Xncn-®-dn-bp∂ acp-a-°-Ømb kv{XoIƒ ˛ hnti-jn®pw Db¿∂ PmXn-°m¿ ˛ a‰p- ]-e-hn[ \nb-{¥-W-ßƒ°p-ap-≈n-em-bn-cp-∂p. ho´nse A≤zm-\Ø - ns‚ Imcy-sa-Sp-Øm¬ D∂-XP - m-Xn-°mcmb kv{XoIƒt]mepw AXn¬\n∂v ]q¿Æ-ambpw Hgn-hm-bn-cp-∂ns√∂p hy‡w.

htcWy ae-bm-fn-kv{Xo-If - psS ssZ\w-Zn\PohnXw ]c-º-cm-KX ae-bm-fn-k-aq-l-Øn¬ ]e- Pm-Xn-hn`m-K-ß-fn¬s∏´ kv{XoI-fp-sSbpw kv{XoXzmZ¿ihpw Ah¿°p _m[-I-amb ssZ\w-Zn\PohnX-\n-b-a-ßfpw shtΔ-sd-bm-bn-cp-s∂∂v ]d-™ph-t√m. Cu hyXymkØn\v Du∂¬ \evIns°m≠v, e`y-amb hnh-c-ßƒ A\p-h-Zn-°p-∂n-StØmfw ]c-ºc - m-KX ae-bmfnkaq-lØ - nse ]e PmXn-°m-cmb kv{XoI-fpsS ssZ\w-Zn\PohnXw Fß-s\-bm-bn-cp-∂p-sh∂v ]cn-tim-[n-°m-\mWv ChnsS {ian-°p-∂X - v. F√m PmXn-°m-sc-°p-dn®pw ]d-bm≥ ÿe-]c - n-an-Xnbpw hnh-cß - f - psS Ipdhpw A\p-h-Zn-°p-∂n-√. tIc-f-Ønse PmXn-I-fp-sS BNm-c-ßƒ, A\p-jvTm-\-ßƒ, hnhm-l-co-Xn, hnhm-l-I¿Ωw apX-em-b-h-sb-°p-dn®v [mcmfw hnh-c-ßƒ \c-hw-i-im-kv{X-Ir-Xn-I-fn¬\n∂pw k¿°m- c ns‚ HutZym- K nI{]kn- ≤ o- I - c - W - ß fn¬\n∂pw e`y-am-Wv. B hnh-c-ßƒ ChnsS Bh¿Øn-°p-∂n-√. ]c-º-cm-KX ae-bm-fn-k-aq-l-Øn¬ ta[m-hnXz-ap-≠m-bn-cp∂ ae-bmf {_m“-Wc - n¬\n∂p XpS-

ßmw. kv{XoI-fp-sS-ta¬ G‰hpw i‡-amb \nb{¥-W-ßƒ G¿s∏-Sp-Øn-bn-cp∂ kap-Zm-b-am-bncp∂p CXv. B¨h-gn°v IpSpw-_-]n¥p-S¿®bpw kzØ-h-Im-ihpw IW-°m-°n-bn-cp-∂-Xn-\m¬ kv{XoIƒ°v Imcy-ambn hne I¬]n-°m-Xn-cp∂ kaqlw (F-¶nepw C∂v hS-t°-bn-¥y-bn¬ ImWp∂{X kv{Xohn-cp-≤X C°q-´¿°n-S-bn¬ C√m-bncp-s∂∂v Icp-Xm≥ \sΩ A\p-h-Zn-°p∂ Nne kqN-\I-fp-≠v). \ºq-Xn-cn-bn-√-ß-fn¬ P\-\w-apX¬t° BÏp- ´ n°v {]tXyI ]cn- K - W \ \¬Ip-∂ ]e k{º-Zm-bß - fpw ]n¥p-S¿ - ∂n-cp-∂psh∂v \ºq-Xn-cn-k-ap-Zm-b-sØ-°p-dn®v Fgp-Xnb ImWn-∏-øq¿ i¶-c≥ \ºq-Xn-cn-∏mSv ]d-bp-∂p. {]mb-]q¿Øn-bm-bn-°g- n-™m¬ s]Ïpń A\y]p-cp-j∑ - m-cp-ambn kwkm-cn-®p-IqSm; F´p hb- pI-gn-™m¬ Ah¿ ho´p-tPmen sNbvXp-Xp-SßWw; I\y-I-am¿ \√ `¿Øm-hns\ e`n-°m≥ ITn-\-amb {hX-ßƒ t\m°Ww ˛ Cß-s\-sbms°-bm-bn-cp∂p \nb-a-ßƒ. tNe-∏p-X-∏p-sIm≠v DS-emsI aqSn, henb ad-°p-S-Nq-Sn, the-°m-cpsS AI-ºS- n-tbm-sS-am-{Xta \ºq-Xn-cn-k{v Xo-Iƒ°v (A°m-eØv ae-bm-f-{_m-“-W-kv{Xo-Isf "A¥¿P\-ßƒ'-F∂mWv hnfn-®n-cp-∂-Xv) C√w-hn´v k©cn-°m≥ A\p-hm-Z-ap-≠m-bn-cp-∂p-≈q. "D]-\-b\w' F∂ NS-ßp-I-gn-™m¬ \ºqXn-cn-_m-e-∑m-cpsS Pohn-Xhpw Zpxk-l-am-bn-cps∂∂ kqN\ A°m-eØp Pohn-®n-cp∂ ]e-cpsSbpw Bfl-I-Y-I-fnep-≠v. ]t£, Cu IjvS∏m-SneqsS IS-∂p-I-gn-™m¬ kap-Zm-b-Øn¬ ]q¿Æ-amb AwK-Xzhpw A[n-Im-chpw Ah¿°v e`n-°p-am-bn-cp-∂p. hmcw, ]qcw XpS-ßnb hntijm-h-k-c-ß-fn¬ Aº-e-ß-fnepw a‰p -\ºq-Xn-cnbn√-ßf - nepw HØp-IqSn kZybpw shSn-h´- h - p-ambn Ign-bm≥ Ah¿°p Ign-bp-am-bn-cp-∂p. IjvSn®v hmbn-°m≥ ]Tn-®m¬ A¥¿P-\-Øns‚ hnZym`ymkw Ignbpw; ]ns∂ hoń-\p-≈nepw ]cn-k-cØp≈ C√-ßƒ, Aº-eß - ƒ F∂n-hn-Sß - f - nepw kz¥w hońepw am{X-ambn Ah-cpsS PohnXw Ign-bpw. C√-ß-fnse A¥¿P-\-ß-fpsS Zn\-Ncy hfsc IrXy-ambn Bh¿Øn-t°≠ NS-ßp-If - psS \o≠- irw-J-e-X-s∂-bm-bn-cp-∂p-sh∂p ]d-bmw. Ipfn-t]mepw kq£n®p sNtø≠ NS-ßp-I-fpsS Iq´-am-bn-cp-∂p-sh∂v ImWn-∏-øq-cns‚ hnh-cWw hy‡-am-°p-∂p. A¥¿P-\ß - ƒ°n-Sb - n¬Øs∂ Ahn-hm-ln-X-I-fmb s]Ïp-ń-Ifpw hn[-h-I-fpam-bn-cp∂p ITn-\-{h-X-ßƒ A\p-jvTn-®n-cp-∂Xv ˛ hn[-hsb kw_-‘n-®n-St- Ømfw `¿Øm-hns‚ acs]Æ-c-ip-\mtSm? tIc-ftam?

"ad-°p-Sb - ° v p-≈nse alm-\c- Iw' Xncn-s®-Øn-bn-cn-°p∂p! 1930-I-fnse \ºq-Xncn]cn-jv°-c-W-{]-ÿm-\-Øns‚ `mK-ambn Ah-X-cn-∏n-°-s∏´ Hcp \mS-I-Øns‚ t]cmWn-Xv. bYm¿∞-Øn¬ \S∂ Hcp kw`-hsØ Bkv]-Z-am-°n-bm-Ws{X Fw.-B¿ `´-Xn-cn-∏mSv Cu \mS-I-sa-gpXn-b-Xv. \ºq-Xn-cn-am-cpsS ]c-º-cm-KX Pohn-X-co-Xn-I-fn¬ kv{XoIƒ°p kln-t°-≠n-h∂ ISpØ A\o-XnIƒs°-Xnsc i_vZ-ap-b¿Øp∂ Cu \mSIw henb tImfn-f-°-ap-≠m-°p-Ibpw sNbvXp. A\y¿°v Xosc A\p-hm-Z-an-√m-bn-cp∂ C√-ßƒ°p-≈n-e-I-s∏-´p-t]mb ae-bmf{_m“-W-kv{Xo-Isf \njvI-cpWw a¿±n-°m\pw Ah-cpsS Poh-s\-Sp-°m-\pw-h-sc-bp≈ A[n-Imcw `¿Øm-hn\p \¬In-bn-cp∂ hyh-ÿ-sb-°p-dn®v temIw Adn-bp-Ibpw sNbvXp. F∂m¬, \ºq-Xn-cn-bn-√-ßfpw ad-°p-Sbpwa‰pw C√m-Xm-bn-°-gn™ C°m-eØpw CØcw "alm-\cIß'fn¬ \m´p-Imtcm ho´p-Imtcm Adn-bmsX a¿±\w kln®p Ign-bp∂ F{Xtbm kv{XoIfp≠v tIc-fØn¬! "IpSpw-_-am-\yX'sb∂ ]pXnb ad-°p-S-bmWv Ah¿ NqSp-∂-Xv. "Km¿ln-I] -- o-U-\-ß-fn¬\n∂pw kv{XoIƒ°p≈ kwc-£-W-\n-baw' (Protection of Women from Domestic Violence Act - 2005) \ne-hn¬h-∂Xv Cu bmYm¿∞ysØ AwKo-I-cn-®p-sIm-≠m-Wv. "Km¿ln-I-]o-U\'sØ shdpw imco-cn-I-amb t{Zmlw-am-{X-am-bn-´√ Cu \nbaw ImWp-∂-Xv. Hcp hoń¬ Xma-kn-°p∂ c‡-_-‘Øn¬s∏-´tXm hnhm-l-_-‘-Øn¬s∏-´tXm As√-¶n¬ hnhm-lw-aq-e-ap≈ _‘-Øn¬s∏-´tXm Bb kv{Xo°v Krlm-¥-co-£-Øn¬ B Krlm-¥-co-£-Ønse {]mb-]q¿Øn-bmb GsX-¶nepw ]pcp-j-\n¬\n-∂p≠m-Ip∂ ]oU-\-sØ-bmWv Cu \nbaw "Km¿ln-I-]o-U\'ambn Icp-Xp-∂-Xv. imco-cn-Ihpw ssewKn-Ihpw am\kn-I-hp-amb Km¿ln-I-]o-U-\sØ Cu \nb-aw-hgn t\cn-Sm-\m-Ipw. AXp-t]m-se, kv{XobpsS sXmgn-en¬ XS ap-≠m-°p-I, sXmgn-ep-]-I-c-W-ßƒ \in-∏n-°pI apX-emb {]hr-Øn-Isf "kmº-Øn-I-]o-U\'ambn IW°m-°p∂ DØ-c-hp-Ifpw Cu \nb-a-{]-Imcw {]I-Sn-∏n-°-s∏-ń-´p-≠v. IpSpw-_-Øn¬s∏´ kv{XoIsf \ncm-ew_-cm°n hgn-bn¬ Cd-°n-hn-Sp-∂Xpw Cu \nbaw hne-°p∂p ˛ AØcw kμ¿`-ß-fn¬ Xma-kn-°p-∂-Xn\p≈ kwc-£Ww Dd-∏m-°p-∂-Xn-\m-h-iy-amb DØ-chp ]pd-s∏-Sp-hn-°m≥ aPn-kvt{S-‰p-amsc \nbaw A[n-Imc-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂p. ]cm-Xn-°mcn Xma-kn-°p∂ ÿew, ]cm-Xn°p Imc-W-amb kw`hw \S∂ ÿew As√-¶n¬ FXn¿I£n (]o-U\w \S-Ønb hy‡n) Xma-kn-°p∂ ÿew ˛ Ch-bn-te-sX-¶nepsamcp ÿe-Øp≈ PpUn-jy¬ H∂mw¢mkv aPn-kvt{S‰v tImS-Xn-bn-emWv ]cm-Xn-s∏-tS-≠-Xv. Cu \nb-a-Øn¬ ]d-™n-´p≈ F√m Imcy-ß-fnepw Xocp-am-\-sa-Sp-°m-\p≈ A[n-Imcw aPn-kvt{S-‰n-\p-≠v. aPn-kvt{S-‰ns‚ DØ-chp ewLn-°p-∂-bmƒ°v Hcp h¿jwhsc XS-hv As√-¶n¬ Ccp-]-Xn-\m-bncw cq]-hsc ]ng As√-¶n¬ c≠pw-IqSn \¬Ip-hm≥ Cu \nbaw A\pim-kn-°p-∂p. Cu \nb-a-Øn-\p-Io-gn¬ G‰hpw apJy-amb Npa-X-e-h-ln-°p-∂-bm-fmWv s{]m´-£≥ (kw-c-£W) Hmô-k¿ (Protection Officer). Cu Hmô-k-dmWv _‘-s∏´ aPn-kvt{S-‰ns\ Km¿ln-I-]o-U\w \S-∂tXm \S-°p-hm≥ km≤y-X-bp-≈tXm XS-bm≥ Bh-iy-ap≈tXm Bb Imcy-ß-f-dn-bn-t°-≠-Xv. ]cm-Xn-°m-cn°v \oXn Dd-∏p-h-cp-tØ≠ Npa-Xe Ch¿°m-Wv. DØ-c-hm-Zn-Xz-an-√msX {]h¿Øn-°p∂ s{]m´-£≥ Hmô-k¿amsc in£n-°m\pw \nb-a-Øn¬ hIp-∏p≠v ˛ Pmay-an-√mØ Ip‰-Ir-Xy-ß-fpsS ]ń-I-bn-emWv CXv Dƒs∏-Sp-Øn-bn-´p-≈-Xv. ]cm-Xn-Iƒ hnNm-c-W-bv°p-h-cp-tºmƒ cl-ky-amb hnNm-cW (in camera) \S-Øp-hm\pw hyh-ÿ-bp≠v. (hn-h-c-ßƒ°v AUz. Ko\m-Ip-am-cn-tbmSp IS-∏m-Sv)

s]Æ-c-ip-\mtSm? tIc-ftam?

W-ti-j-ap≈ -Po-hnXw \o≠ Hcp {]mb-›n-Øsa-t∂mWw sNe-h-gn-t°-≠n-h-∂n-cp-∂p. C√-ßfn¬ kv{XoIƒ sIm≠m-Snb A\p-jvTm-\] - c - a - mb BtLm-j-ßƒ ˛ Xncp-hm-Xn-c-bm-bn-cp-∂p Ahbn¬ {][m\w ˛ `¿Øm-hns‚ Bbp-cm-tcm-Kyw, `¿Xr-em-`w, `¿Xr-kpJw F∂n-hsb D∂w-hb - v°p∂-hb - m-bn-cp-∂p. IpSpw-_Ø - ns‚ ssZ\w-Zn\ PohnX-Øn¬ `mcybpw `¿Ømhpw ]c-kv]cw t]¿sNm-

√n- hn-fn-°p-I, A[n-I-k-abw ASp-Øn-cp∂p kwkm-cn-°p-I, Ip´n-Isf emfn-°p-I CsXm∂pw ]Xn-hn-√m-bn-cp∂psh∂v ImWn-∏ø - q¿ Hm¿°p∂p; Ip´n-°m-eØv apØ-»n, sNdn-b-—≥ apX-em-b-hcmWv Xs∂ emfn-®n-cp-∂-sX-∂pw. IpSpw-_-Ønse aqØ-a-I≥am{Xw kz¥w kap- Z m- b - Ø n¬\n∂v hnhm- l w- I - g n°pIbpw _m°n-bp≈ ]pcp-j∑ - m¿ apgp-h≥ \mb¿ ˛ Aº-

sX°≥]m-´p-If- nse s]¨{]-Xn-tcm[w "s]¨{]-Xn-tcm[w sX°≥]m-´p-I-fn¬' F∂ teJ-\-Øn¬ Sn.-Sn. {ioIp-am¿ sX°≥ Xncp-hn-Xmw-Iq-dn¬ {]_e-am-bn-cp∂ acp-a-°-Øm-b- k-{º-Zmbw s]mXpsh kv{XotI-{μn-Xambn-cp-∂p-sh∂pw Ah kv{XoIƒ°p Iptd°qSn A\p-Iq-e-hp-amb kmwkvIm-cn-Im-¥-co£w krjvSn-®n-cp-∂p-sh∂pw hmZn-°p-∂p. "sX°≥]m-´p-Ifn'¬ CXv Zriyamhp∂-sX-ßs\ F∂p hni-Zo-I-cn-®p-sIm-≠mWv At±lw Cßs\ Fgp-Xp-∂-Xv. "]pcp-jm-tZhn' F∂ ]m´n-s\-°p-dn®v sP. ]ﬂ-Ip-am-cn-bpsS ]T-\-Øn¬\n∂v At±lw D≤-cn-°p-∂p:

acp-a-°-Ømb Xd-hm-´nse `c-W-hn-Z-Kv≤-bmb "Imc-tWmØn'bmWv ]pcp-jm-tZ-hn-sb-∂-√m-sX, {Zmhn-U-˛-Bcy tZh-X-I-fn-emtcm BsW∂p tXm∂p-I-tb-bn-√. A[n-Im-c-Zp¿tamlw apgpØ Hcp-h-\mbn "hna-e≥' {]Xy-£s∏-Sp-∂p. Abmsf ]cm-P-b-s∏-Sp-Øm≥ F√mi‡nbpw kam-l-cn°pIbmWv tZhn-bpsS t\Xr-Xz-Øn¬. sX°≥ Xncp-hn-Xmw-Iq-dnse acp-a-°-Ømbw "an{i-Zmb'ambn-cp-∂p. AXm-bXv ]pcp-js‚ kzØv kz¥w amXrIp-Spw-_-Øn\p t]mIp-tºm-gpw hn[-hbv°pw a°ƒ°pw Hcp-`mKw e`n-®n-cp-∂p. ""]c-º-cm-KX tIc-f-Øn¬ amXrZm-b-{Iaw (a-cp-a-°-Øm-bw) \ne-hn-en-cp-∂p-sh-¶nepw kzØ-h-Imiw CØcw IpØ-I-h-Xv°-c-WsØ {]Xntcm-[n-°p-Ibpw kzØp-hn-`-P\w A\n-hm-cy-am-°n-Øo¿°p-Ibpw sNbvXn-cn°mw,'' (Sn.-Sn. {ioIp-am¿, Ncn-{Xhpw B[p-\n-I-X-bpw, Xriq¿, 2001, ]pdw. 100)

s]Æ-c-ip-\mtSm? tIc-ftam?

e-hmkn kv{XoI-fp-ambn kw_-‘-Øn-te¿s∏SpIbpw sNøp∂ coXn-bn¬ Hcp ]pcp-j\v ]e `mcy- a m- c p- ≠ m- b n- c p- ∂ Xv kzm`m- h n- I w- a m- { Xw. s]Ïp-ńsb GXp-hn-t[-\bpw hnhmlw Ign∏n-t°-≠-Xm-sW∂ \nb-ahpw D≠m-bn-cp-s∂∂v ImtW-≠-XmWv ˛ Ahn-hm-ln-X-bmb kv{Xo acn®m¬ ihsØ Xmen-sI-ń-®v, Nne-bn-SØv Iogmf-]p-cp-j-∑msc AXn-\mbn \ntbm-Kn-®v, kwkv°cn-°p∂ coXn-bp-≠m-bn-cp-∂p. {]mb-ta-dnb ]pcpj\v \nc-h[n sNdp-∏-°m-cn-Isf `mcy-am-cm-°m≥ Ign-bp-am-bn-cp-∂p. kv{Xo[-\hpw \∂mbn hmßm\m-hp-am-bn-cp-∂p. hnhm-l-Im-cy-Øn¬ kv{Xo ]pcp-j\v ]cn-]q¿Æ-ambpw Iogvs∏-ń-cp-∂p. F∂m¬ kv{XoI-fn¬ Nmcn-{Xy-tZmjw Btcm]n-°-s∏-´m¬ Ahsc kap-Zm-b-Øn\p ]pd-Øm°m-\p≈ km≤yX A[n-I-hp-am-bn-cp-∂p. "kvam¿ Ø-hn-Nmcw' Fs∂mcp \o≠ {]{In-bb - mbn-cp∂p CXv. tZmj-am-tcm-]n-°-s∏´ kv{Xosb "A©mw]pc' F∂ {]tXyI apdn-bn-em°n (kwi-bØ - n¬ Ig-ºp-t≠msb∂v Adn-bm≥ C√sØ ]Wn-°mcn-Isf tNmZyw-sNøp∂ "Zmko-hn-Nmcw' F∂ ]cn]m-Sn-°p-ti-jw) Ahsc \o≠ tNmZyw-sN-øe - n\p hnt[-ba - m-°n. Ip‰-kΩ - Xw \S-ØmsX kv{Xosb {`jvSm-°m≥ Ign-bn-√m-bn-cp∂p; kvam¿Ø-hn-Nmcw henb sNe-hp≈ NS-ßm-bn-cp-∂-Xp-sIm-≠pXs∂ A¥¿P-\-sØ-s°m≠v Ip‰w kΩ-Xn-∏n°m≥ ISpØ {]tbm-K-ßƒ-hsc ]e-bn-SØpw \S-Øn-bn-cp-∂-s{X. Ip‰w kΩ-Xn-®m¬ Ahfpw Ahƒ t]cp- hn-fn-®p-]d - ™ ]pcp-j∑ - m-cmb Iq´mfn-Ifpw kap-Zm-b-Øn¬\n∂v _ln-jv°-cn-°-s∏Spw. tZmjm-tcm-]nX]pcp-j-∑m¿°v Xß-fpsS km[pXzw sXfn-bn-°m≥ ]e am¿§-ß-fp-ap-≠mbn-cp∂p ˛ ]t£, ]pd-Ømb A¥¿P-\-Øn\v \nc-]-cm-[nXzw sXfn-bn-°m≥ Hcp hgnbpw D≠mbn-cp-∂n-√. > ImWpI ]pdw 213 < cm∏-I-ep≈ ho´p-the A¥¿P-\-ß-fpsS Pohn-Xb - m-Ym¿∞y-am-bn-cp-∂p. C√-ßf - n¬ henb kZy-bpw- a‰pw \S-Øm≥ A¥¿P-\-ßƒ ]Wns∏-Sp-∂-Xn-s\-°p-dn®v 20-˛mw \q‰m-≠ns‚ XpS-°Øn¬ Nne teJ-I¿ hnh-cn-®n-´p-≠v. 1927se \ºqXn-cn- kv{Xo-hn-Zym-`ym-k-°-Ωn-j-\p- ap-ºmsI (\ºq-Xn-cn-am-cpsS kap-Zm-b{- ]-ÿm-\a - mb tbmK-t£a-k-`-bmWv Cu IΩn-j≥ ÿm]n-®-Xv) sXfnhp \¬In-s°m≠v \ºq-Xn-cn-s]Ïp-ń-I-sf-°p-dn®v amSºv \mcm-b-W≥ \ºq-Xncn ]d-™-Xn-ß-s\bmWv:

s]Æ-c-ip-\mtSm? tIc-ftam?

...-A-[nI-Imew ]Tn-°p-hm≥ Ah¿°p [A-¥¿P-\ßƒ°v] ka-b-an-√. F´p-h-b- n¬ ASp-°-f-∏-Wn-bmcw-`n-°p∂p! ASp-°f sagp-Ip-I, ]m{XwtX°p-I, F®nse-Sp-°pI apX-em-b-sX√mw Ah-cpsS tPmen-X-s∂. CXn-∂p- ]p-dsa Ah-cpsS ktlm-Z-c-∑msc "serve' sNtø-≠Xpw Ch-cpsS apd-X-s∂. Cßs\ H∂p-c-≠psIm√w Ign-bp-tºm-tg°pw AXm thsd tPmen-bpwIqSn Ah-cpsS Xe-bn¬ h®p-sI-´p-∂p. AXp as‰m∂p-a√; A¥¿P-\-`m-j-bn¬ "t\Zn-°pI'. cmhnse apX¬ 10 aWn-hsc "t\Zn-°epw' "\a-kv°m-chpw' Xs∂. Ing-t°m-´v, sXt°m-´v, F¥n-t\-sd F√m tImWn-te°pw Kpcp-hm-bqc-∏\pw Imhn¬ imkvXmhn\pw ssh°-Ø-∏\pw tImhn¬ Aø-∏\pw F∂pth≠ Ah¿°pw Ch¿°pw t\Zn- ° ¬X- s ∂. CsX√mw BPoh-\m¥w th≠-Xp-am-Wv... ]ns∂ ]Ise D®-bv°p-ta¬ c≠p-\m-gn-I-bp-≈Xp ]pcm-W]m-cm-b-W-Øn\pw "Nc-Sp-]n-Sn®p P]n-°p∂'Xn\pw Bbn. (\-ºq-Xncn kv{Xohn-Zym-`ym-k I-Ωn-j≥ dnt∏m¿´v, 1928, ]pdw 65-˛66)

F¥m-Wn-Xns‚ A¿∞w? kap-Zm-b-Øns‚ a¿±-\hpw Nqj-Whpta‰v Xo¿Øpw \njv{In-bcmbnØo¿∂ Hcp hn`m-K-am-bn-cp∂p A¥¿P-\ßƒ F∂mtWm? \ºq- X n- c n- k - a p- Z mb ]cnjv°¿Øm-°f - mbn 20-˛mw \q‰m-≠n¬ Db¿∂p-h∂ ]e-cp-sSbpw cN-\-I-fn¬\n∂v B tXm∂¬ Dfhm-tb-°mw. "X´n¬]p-dØv shbn-ep-Im-Wm-sX- InS-°p∂ ¢mhp-]n-Sn® Hm´p-]m{Xßƒ't]mse-bmWv A¥¿P-\-ßƒ F∂v {]kn-≤-\mb Hcp kap-Zmb-]-cn-jvI¿Ømhv {]Jym-]n-®n-´p-ap-≠v. ]t£, 20˛mw \q‰m-≠ns‚ BZy-h¿j-ßf - nse ]{X-am-knI-Iƒ ]cn-tim-[n-°p-tºmƒ AØ-c-samcp Nn{Xa√ In´p-∂-Xv. ISpØ \nb-{¥-W-ßƒ°p-≈n-emsW-¶nepw C√-ß-fnse kv{XoIƒ Cu \nb-aßsf ]tcm-£-amb coXn-bn¬ sNdpØ kw`-hßƒ ]{X-hm¿Ø-bm-bn-cp-∂p. {Iqc\mb `¿Ømhn\p sImSpØ hnjw- t N¿Ø ]m¬ aIƒ FSpØp IpSn-®-Xn-s\-Øp-S¿∂v Ip‰-ta-‰p-]-d™ A¥¿P-\-sØ-°p-dn-®pw D’-h-ß-fpw- ImWm\mbn thj-{]-—-∂-cmbn ho´n¬\n∂v cm{Xn ]pdØp-I-S-°p∂ A¥¿P-\-ß-sf-°p-dn®pw a‰pw hm¿Ø-I-fp-≠m-bn-cp-∂p. Xßsf _‘n® \nba-ß-tfmSv ]q¿Æ-hn-t[-bXzw C°q-´¿°n-√m-bn-cp∂p-sh-∂-Xn\v sXfn-hm-Wn-Xv. C√-ßƒ°p-≈n¬ {]mb-°q-Sp-X-en\v I¬∏n-®n-cp∂ {]m[m-\y-amWv as‰mcp Imcyw. kv{XoIƒ°v HutZym-Kn-I-amb A[n-Imcw Ipd-hm-bn-cp-s∂-¶nepw apXn¿∂ kv{Xo

kv{Xo]p-cp-j∑ - m¿ tN¿∂p≈ hnt\m-Zß - ƒ kv{XoIfpw ]pcp-j-∑mcpw tN¿∂p≈ \rØw, Km\w, hnt\mZw apX-em-bh C∂v tIc-f-Øn¬ hnc-f-am-Wv. (\mS-Iw-t]m-ep≈ Iem-cq-]-ß-fpsS Imcy-a√ ]d-bp-∂-Xv) F∂m¬ apºv AØ-c-Øn-ep≈ ]e hnt\m-Z-ß-fp-ap≠m-bn-cp-∂p. HmW-°m-esØ ]e Ifn-I-fnepw BWp-ßfpw s]Æp-ßfpw HØp-tN¿∂n-cp-∂p. a≤y-Xn-cp-hnXmw-Iq-dn¬ HmW-°m-eØv Ac-tß-dn-bn-cp∂ "HmW-Øp≈'en¬ kv{XoIfpw ]pcp-j-∑mcpw Hcp-an®v BSp-Ibpw ]mSp-Ibpw sNbvXn-cp-∂p. Ipcp-tØm-es - Im≠v Inco-Sa - W - n-™v kv{XoIfpw XpSnsImń-∏mSn; ]pcp-j∑ - mcpw CXn¬ IqSn-bn-cp-∂p. Xpºn-Xp-≈m\pw BÏp-ń-Ifpw s]Ïp-ń-Ifpw HØp-tN¿∂n-cp-∂p. Be-∏p-g-`m-KØv "BSpIfn' Fs∂mcp hnt\m-Z-ap-≠m-bn-cp-∂t{X! ]c-kv]cw "t\m´'an´ BÏp-ń-Iƒ°pw s]Ïp-ń-Iƒ°pw ]‰nb Ah-k-c-am-bn-cp∂p CsX∂v ]g-a-°m¿ ]d-bp-∂p-≠v. PmXn-bpsS AXn¿h-c-ºp-Isf ]t£, Ch A[n-I-sam∂pw adn-I-S-∂n-cp-∂n-s√-∂pw.

Iƒ°v "A\u-]-Nm-cn-I-amb A[n-Imcw' ]et∏mgpw kz¥-am-bn-cp-∂p. hn.-Sn. `´-Xn-cn-∏m-Sns‚ Bfl-I-Y-bn¬ CXp [mcmfw {]Xy-£-am-Ip-∂p≠v. ASp-°-f-bn¬\n∂v Ac-ß-tØ°v F∂ Xs‚ \mSIw hn.-Sn-bpsS C√Øv Ah-X-cn-∏n-°p∂-Xns\ bmYm-ÿn-Xn-I\ - mb tPyjvT≥ FXn¿Øt∏mƒ c£-bvs°-Øn-bXv hr≤bpw hn[-h-bp-ambn-cp∂ Hcp A—≥s]-ß-fm-bn-cp-∂-s{X. hnhml-\n-ebpw kv{Xo-Iƒ°v "A\u-]-Nm-cnI A[nImcw' \¬In ˛ hn[-hbpw sNdp-∏-°m-cn-bp-amb Hcp kv{XobpsS \ne Zb-\o-ba - m-bn-cp-∂p-sh-¶n¬, `¿Ør-a-Xnbpw Bä-°-fp-≈-h-fp-amb Hcp A¥¿P-\-Øns‚ \ne t`Z-am-Im-\n-S-bp-≠m-bncp∂p. F∂m¬ "A\u-]N - m-cnI AwKo-Imc'sØ IW-°‰p ]pI-gvØp-∂X - n¬ Imcy-an√ ˛ ImcWw AXv Xo¿Øpw Dd-∏n-√mØ H∂m-bn-cp-∂p. F{X {]Xm-]n-bmb aqØ A¥¿P-\Ø - n-s‚bpw "A\u]-Nm-cn-Ik - zm-[o\w' sNdp-∏° - m-cnbpw kpμ-cnbpw anSp-°n-bp-amb Hcp k]-X\ v n-bp-≠m-bm¬ Cf-Ip∂ H∂p-am-{X-am-bn-cp-∂p. AXp-t]mse hn[-hb - m-bm¬, Bä-°ƒ acn-®m¬, IpSpw-_-Øn¬ Ah-cpsS kzm[o\w C√m-Xm-Ip-am-bn-cp-∂p. CXp-am-{X-a√ - , A¥¿P-\ß - f - psS HXp-ßn-°qSnb Pohn-X-ssi-en-Xs∂ ]e-Xcw {]Xn-tcm-[ßƒ°v Ah-kc - s - am-cp-°n-bn-cp-∂p. `¿Øm-°∑ - mcpsSIqsS- b - √ msX the- ° m¿s°m- ∏ - a p≈ k©mcw, Atß-b‰w kzIm-cy-amb A¥x-]p-cßƒ, CsXms° ]e-Xcw cl-ky-_-‘-ßƒ°v CS-h-cp-Øp-sa∂pw \ºq-Xn-cn-]p-cp-j-∑m¿ PmK-cqI-cm-I-W-sa∂pw 20-˛mw \q‰m-≠ns‚ BZy-h¿jß-fn¬ ae-bmf at\m-ca ap∂-dn-bn∏p \¬In. kw_-‘-Øn-\pw-a-‰p-ambn \mb¿ho-Sp-I-fn-te°v ]pcp-j-∑m¿ ]pd-s∏-´p-I-gn-™m¬ hoSp-ap-gp-h≥ kv{XoI-fp-sSbpw the-°m-cp-sSbpw ssIbn-em-bncn-°p-sa∂pw Ah¿ Iq´p-tN¿∂v kZm-Nm-ch - ncp≤ {]-hr-Øn-I-fn-te¿s∏-Sp-sa-∂p-am-bn-cp∂p ]{XØns‚ `bw. \m´p-Im-cp-sSbpw ho´p-Im-cp-sSbpw

IÆp-sh-ń®v Imap-Is\ A¥x-]p-c-Øn¬ Hfn∏n®p- ]m¿∏n® A¥¿P- \ - s Ø- ° p- d n- ® p≈ IYbpw A∂p ]{X-hm¿Ø-bm-bn-cp-∂p. Npcp-°n∏- d - ™ m¬ hfsc ISpØ _‘- \ - ß ƒ°p≈nepw Cu kv{XoIƒ k{In-b¿X-s∂-bm-bn-cp-∂p. \mb¿˛Aº-e-hm-kn- kv{Xo-Iƒ ]c-º-cm-KX-hy-hÿ b - n¬ "AXn-kz-X{- ¥cm'bncp-∂p-sh∂p ]d- b p∂ [mcmfw ]pkv X - I - ß - f p- ≠ v . {_nńjv]q¿Δ-Im-esØ ]e tcJ-Ifpw CXns\ ]n¥mßp-∂p-ap-≠v. ]e hkvXp-X-Ifpw \ap°v ]cn-NnX-ßf - p-am-Wv. \mb¿kv{Xo°v `¿Øm-hns\ ths≠∂p tXm∂n-bm¬ ]mb-Np-cpń ]pdØphbv°-≠-Imcyta D≠m-bn-cp-∂p-≈q-sh∂pw a‰p-ap≈ hnh-cW-ßƒ F√m-h¿°pw Adn-bmw. AXp-t]mse an° IpSpw-_-ß-fnepw {]Xm-]n-I-fmb hey-Ωam-sc-∏-‰n-bp≈ ]g-¶-Y-I-fp-≠v. H‰bv°p IpSpw_sØ IS-Øn¬\n∂p c£-s∏-Sp-Øn-bh - ¿, cm{XnIm-e-ß-fn¬ hnf-Iƒ°p Imh¬\n-∂-h¿, InW‰n- e n- d ßn hoWp- t ]mb sXmń- s b- S p- Ø - h ¿, sXßn¬°bdn tXß-bn-´h - ¿ ˛ Cß-s\-sbm-s°. \mb¿kv{Xo-Iƒ°v k©m-ck - zm-X{- ¥yhpw A\y]p-cp-j∑ - m-tcmSv kwkm-cn-°m-\p≈ kzmX-{¥yhpw D≠m-bn-cp-∂-Xmbn ]d-b-s∏-Sp-∂p. CXn-sems° hen-sbm-c-f-hp-hsc kXy-hp-ap-≠m-bn-cp-∂p-sh∂mWv tcJ-I-fpsS kq£va-hm-b-\-bn¬\n∂v hy‡-am-Ip-∂X - v. ]t£, A¥¿P-\ß - ƒ "aqIcpw \n -lm-bI - fp'ambn-cp-∂p-sh∂ kmam-\y-[m-cW - t]m-se-Øs∂ AXn-i-tbm-‡n-]-c-at√ \mb¿ kv{Xo-If - psS "kzmX{¥y'sa∂pw Btem-Nn-t°-≠Xp-≠v. H∂m-aX - v, PmXn-bpsS D®-\o-NX - z-t{i-Wn°p Iogvs∏´ kzmX-{¥yta Ah¿°p-≠m-bn-cp-∂p≈p ˛ PmXn°p Xmsg-bp-≈-h-cp-ambn kwk¿§-ap-≠mbm¬ \mb¿kv{Xo PmXn°p ]pd-Øm-bn-cp-∂p. a≤y-Im-eØv tIc-f-Øn¬ \ne-hn-ep-≠m-bn-cp∂ "]pe-t∏Sn', "aÆm-t∏Sn' XpS-ßnb BNm-c-ßƒ \mb¿kv{Xo-bpsS "kzmX{¥y'sØ ]cn-an-Xs - ∏-Sps]Æ-c-ip-\mtSm? tIc-ftam?

Aºehmknkv { XoIƒ˛ sI ]n ]ﬂ\m` tat\m≥˛hmfyw 3, (1929), 1984

Øm≥ th-≠n-bp-≈-h-bm-bn-cp-∂p-sh∂v Nne¿ hmZn-®n-´p-≠v. F¥m-bmepw 19-˛mw \q‰m-≠ns‚ Ah-km-\Im-eØpw 20-˛mw \q‰m-≠nepw \mb¿Ip-Spw-_-ßfnse kv{XoI-fpsS "kzmX{¥yw' ]e-t∏mgpw "IpSpw_ DØ-c-hm-Zn-Xz-Øns‚ `mcn® Npa-Xe' Bbn amdntbm F∂p kwi-bn-t°-≠n-bn-cn-°p∂p. Cf- a p- d - ° m¿°v B[p- \ nIhnZym- ` ymkw t\Sns°m-Sp°m-\p≈ X{X-∏m-Sn¬ IpSpw-_-ßƒ ]eXpw £bn®p. (A-Xm-bXv IpSpw-_k - z-Øp-°ƒ hn‰pw ]W-bw-h®pw a‰p-amWv Cf-ap-d-°m-cpsS

hnZym-`ym-kØ - n-\p≈ ]Ww Imc-Wh - ∑ - m¿ Is≠Øn-bX - v). kv{XoI-fp-sSbpw Ipń-If - p-sSbpw kmºØn-I-kp-c-£sb CsX-ßs\ _m[n-®p-sh-∂-Xns\-°p-dn®v A°m-eØpw ]n¬°m-eØpw cNn°-s∏´ kmln-Xyhpw Bfl-IY - I - fpw [mcmfw ]dbp-∂p-≠v. Imc-Wh - c - psS A[n-Im-cß - sf Ac-°n´p-d∏ - n-°p∂ \nb-aß - ƒ i‡-am-bXv kv{XoI-fpsS ]c-º-cm-KX A[n-Im-c-ßsf _m[n-®n-cp-∂p. Ignhn-√mØ Imc-Wh - ∑ - m-cpsS `c-WØ - n≥Io-gn¬ ]ńWnsb kao-]n® ]e IpSpw-_-ß-fnepw ITn-\amb A≤zm-\-Øn-eqsS IpSpw_w ]pe¿Ønb s]Æ-c-ip-\mtSm? tIc-ftam?

kv{XoIsf ]e Bﬂ-IY - I - fpw Hm¿Ωn-°p-∂p-≠v. {]ikv X kmln- X y- I m- c ≥ ]n. tIi- h - t Zhv FXn¿∏v F∂ Xs‚ Bﬂ-I-Y-bn¬ 20-˛mw \q‰m≠ns‚ BZy-Z-i-I-ß-fn¬ sIm®n-{]-tZ-iØp ÿnXn-sN-bvXn-cp∂ Iq´p-Ip-Spw-_-Øn¬ Xs‚ AΩ-bpsS ssZ\w-Zn\Pohn-Xs - Ø-°p-dn®v Cßs\ ]d-bp∂p:

s\√p]pgp-ßp-I, IpØp-I, hbv°p-I, hnf-ºp-I, IrjnsN-øpI apX-embn \qdp tPmen-Iƒ°n-S-bn-emWv Im¿Øym- b - \ n- b Ω ]ip- ° sf ip{iq- j n- ° p- ∂ - X v . ]p√p≈ ÿe-ßƒ I≠p-]n-Sn®v ]ip-°sf Ahn-sSs°m-≠p-t]mbn sI´p-I, CS-bv°nsS Agn®p am‰ns°-´p-I, Id-°p-I, ]mep-Im-®p-I, ssXcp Ie-°p-I, hmßm≥ hcp-∂-h¿s°ms° bYm-Imew sImSp-°pI, AsX√mw Im¿Øym-b-\n-bΩXs∂ sNø-Ww... (]pdw. 23) ... Im¿Øym-b-\n-bΩ cmhp-w]-Iepw ]Wn-sb-Sp°pw... ]d- º n- s e√mw Ah¿Xs∂ Irjn- s N- ø pw. Im®nepw Ingßpw hgp-X-\bpw ]S-h-ehpw a‰pw. Ah¿Xs∂ Infbv°pw; Ah¿Xs∂ \Spw; Ah¿Xs∂ hf-anSpw; Ah¿Xs∂ sh≈w tImcpw. F√mw ]dn-®p-sIm-≠p-h∂p thhn-®m¬ F√m-h¿°pambn ]¶n-´p-sIm-Sp-°pw... DW-ßn-ho-gp∂ Hme-sb√mw Im¿Øym-b-\n-bΩ sh≈-Øn-en´v saS™p hn¬°pw. ]pfnbpw ]n∂-bv°mbpw ]dn-®p-hn‰v Imim°pw... Imc-W-h¿ sNe-hn-\p- X-cp-∂-Xn-\p-]p-dta Acnhm- ß m≥th- ≠ n- b mWv Ah¿ AsX√mw hn¬°p∂Xv... (]p-dw. 65)

]g-bX - n¬\n∂p ]pXn-bX - n-te-°p≈ am‰-Øn\n-S-bn¬ kv{XoI-fpsS ho´-≤zm\w hf-sc-b-[nIw h¿≤n-°p-Ib - p-ap≠m-bn. hnZym-eb - ß - ƒ, k¿°m¿ Hmô-kp-Iƒ, tImS-Xn-Iƒ apX-emb ÿe-ß-fnte°v tPmen°pw ]Tn-∏n\pw a‰p-ambn ]pcp-j∑m¿ t]mbn-Øp-S-ßn-b-t∏mƒ Ah-cpsS Blm-cco-Xn, hkv{X-[m-cWw apX-em-b-h-bnepw am‰w h∂p. tNmdp-s]mXn sIm≠p-t]m-hp-I, Ae-°ntØ® hkv{Xw [cn-°pI apX-emb Bh-iy-ßƒ IqSp- X - e mbn {]Xy- £ - s ∏´pXpS- ß n- b - t XmsS kv{XoI-fpsS ASp-°f - ∏ - W - n-sbbpw a‰p ho´p-tPmen-Is - fbpw IqSp-X¬ Nn´-s∏-Sp-tØ-≠X - mbn h∂p. {]ikvX kmln-Xy-Im-c-\mb XIgn inh-i-¶-c∏n≈ Xs‚ Bfl-I-Y-bn¬ (Fs‚ _mey-Im-eIY, Xriq¿, 1967) Xs‚ Xd-hm-ńse kv{XoIƒ°v "k¨sse‰v' tkm∏v hn]-Wn-bn-se-Øn-b-tXmsS AXn-t\m-Sp-≠mb Xmev]-cy-sØ-°p-dn®v Hm¿Ωn°p-∂p-≠v. AXp hcpw-apºv ap≠v Ae°n shfp∏n-°pI F∂ tPmen hfsc {ia-I-c-am-bn-cp-∂p.

]n. ]n aΩXp tImb, 1994

am∏n-fk - {v Xo-Iƒ/ap…nw kv{XoIƒ shdpw"ASn-aI - '- fm-bn-cpt∂m? km{º-Zm-bn-I-N-cn-{X-c-N\ ]e-t∏mgpw {]N-cn-∏n-®n-´p≈ Hcp hm¿∏p-am-Xr-I- (stereotype)bm-Wn-Xv. F∂m¬ ap…ow kv{XoI-fpsS Ncn-{X-sØ-°p-dn®v \S-∂p-h-cp∂ ]pXnb At\z-j-W-ßƒ CXns‚ ASn-Ød Cf-°n-s°m-≠n-cn°p-∂p. ap≥Im-e-ß-fn¬ tIc-fØnse ap…o-ßƒ°v kp]-cn-Nn-X-am-bn-cp∂ Ad-_n-a-e-bmf`mj-bn¬ (a-e-bmf A£-c-ßsf kam-\-amb Ad-_n-en-]n-I-fn¬ Fgp-Xp∂ coXn) Fgp-Xm\pw hmbn-°m\pw ap…nw kv{XoIƒ ]Tn-®n-cp-∂p-sh-∂pw, Ah¿ aXm-≤ym-b\w \S-Øn-bn-cp-s∂∂pw jwjmZv lpssk≥, _n.-F-kv. sjdn≥ XpSßnb kv{XoN-cn{XKth-jI - ¿ Nq≠n-°m-Wn-°p-∂p. jwjmZv lpssk≥ ]d-bp∂p: ""Cßs\ km{º-Zm-bnIhnZym`ymkw t\Sp-Ibpw hmbn-°p-Ibpw ]mSp-Ibpw ]Tn-∏n-°p-Ibpw sNbvXp-sIm≠v Ahƒ [am-∏n-f-ap…nw kv{Xo] kap-Zm-b-Øn-\-IØv e`y-amb CSsØ {]tbm-P-\-s∏-Sp-Øn-bn-cp-∂-Xmbn ImWmw. apJy-[m-cm-aq-ey-ß-fn-emWv Ch¿ hnh-cw-sI-´-h-cm-b-Xv. ASp-°-f-bn¬ HXp-ßn-°-gn-bp-∂, \n¿hm-l-IXzw C√m-Ø, Cc-Iƒ Bbn-Øo-cp∂-Xv.'' (]p-dw.15) _ohn-am-sc-∂-t]-cn¬ Znhy-i-‡n-bp-s≠∂v hniz-kn-°-s∏-´ kv{XoI-fp-≠m-bn-cp∂p ˛ Xncp-h\-¥-]p-csØ _oam-]-≈nbpw s]m∂m-\n-bnse C{_m-ln-am-_o-hn-bpsS t]cn-ep≈ ]≈nbpw {]i-kvX-amWv F∂v jwjmZv Nq≠n-°m-´p∂p (]p-dw. 18). am{X-a-√, kv{XoIƒ Fgp-Xnb am∏n-f-∏m-´p-I-fn¬ hfsc i‡-amb ]nXr-ta-[m-hn-Xz-hn-cp≤\ne-]mSpw Xm≥t]m-cn-abpw Zriy-am-sW∂v Ah¿ ]d-bp-∂p. ]pØq¿ Ban-\-bpsS IØp]m-ńs\ Ah¿ DZm-l-c-W-ambn ]d-bp∂p: ""Hcp tIUn-tbmSv CS-™p-\n¬°m-\p≈ N¶q‰w am{X-a√ CXn-ep≈Xv [B-an-\-bpsS IØp-]m-ń¬]. kv{XobpsS kzX-{¥-amb sXc-s™-Sp-∏v, ]pcp-j-tI-{μn-X-amb IpSpw-_-LS-\-tbm-Sp≈ hna¿i\w XpS-ßn-b-h-sb√mw CXn¬ kqNn-X-am-bn-´p-≠v.'' (]-pdw 25). ""]pØq¿ Ban-\-sb-°qSmsX _n. Bbn-i-°p-ń, ]n.-sI. leo-a, kn.-F-®v. Ip™-bni XpS-ßn-b-hcpw am∏n-f-∏m´pcN-bn-Xm-°ƒ F∂ \ne-bn¬ i‡-amb km∂n≤yw Adn-bn-®n-cp-∂-h-cmWv'' (]p-dw 23). > ImWpI ]pdw 170 < (jw-jmZv lpssk≥, \yq\-]-£-Øn\pw enwK-]-Z-hn-°p-an-S-bn¬, Xncp-h-\-¥-]p-cw, 2009)

s]Æ-c-ip-\mtSm? tIc-ftam?

F∂m¬ tkm∏p-h-∂-tXmsS B ]Wn Ffp-∏ambn; AXp hmß-Ws - a∂v kv{XoIƒ \n¿∫‘w ]nSn®pXpS-ßn. kv{XoI-fpsS aSn-b√ hmkvX-hØn¬ Cu \n¿∫-‘Ø - n¬\n∂p hmbn-t°-≠Xv. Ccp-]Xmw \q‰m-≠ns‚ Bcw`Zi-Iß - f - n¬ (XIgn-bpsS _mey-Im-eØ - v) ]pcp-j∑ - m¿ ]pd-Øp-t]mIp-tºmƒ kzoI-cn® hkv{X-[m-c-W-coXn hfsc amdn-bn-cp-∂p-sh∂v \mw Hm¿t°-≠-Xp-≠v. ]pdØp-t]m-Ip-tºmƒ Ah¿ ]men-t°-≠n-bn-cp∂ ipNnXz am\-Z-WvU-ßfpw thsd-bm-bn-°-gn-™ncp-∂p. tPmen-`m-ct- a-dn-bt- ∏mƒ AXn-t\mSp s]mcpØ-s∏-Sm-\p≈ hgn-sb∂ \ne-bv°mhmw Hcp-]t£, kv{XoIƒ tkm∏p hmß-W-sa∂v Bh-iys∏-´X - v. \mb¿Xd-hm-Sp-I-fn¬ apXn¿∂ kv{XoIƒ°v A[n-Im-chpw AwKo-Im-chpw kzmX-{¥yhpw D≠mbn-cp-s∂-¶n¬, 20-˛mw \q‰m-≠nse kmº-Øn-I° - pg∏w (1920-I-fpsS HSp-°w-ap-X¬) aq¿—n-®-tXmsS (]e-t∏mgpw A-Xn-\p-ap-ºpw) Ah-cpsS `mc-ßfpw h¿≤n-®p-sh-∂¿∞w. > ImWpI ]pdw 105 < Imc- W - h - t cm- S p≈ hnt[- b Xzw hm°nepw t\m°nepw {]hr-Øn-bnepw ]men-t°-≠n-bn-cp∂ kv{XoIƒ, ]t£, ]c-º-cm-K-X-amb Xß-fpsS Ah-Im-i-ßƒ \ntj-[n-°-s∏-Sp∂ thf-I-fn¬ F√m-btv ∏mgpw \njv{In-bc - m-bn-cp-∂n-√. Imc-Wh - ¿ Xd- h m- ´ n- s e- Ø p∂ Znhkw s]Æp- ß fmcpw Dds° Nncn-®p-IqSm; G‰hpw apXn¿∂ kv{Xot]mepw hmXn¬°¬ ad-™p-\nt∂ Fs¥¶nepw ]d-bm-hq Fs∂m-s°-bm-bn-cp∂p \nb-aßƒ. F∂m¬ Imc- W - h ¿ \¬Ip∂ XpI H∂n\pw XnI-bm-sX-hc - p-tºmƒ IpSpw-_m-hi - y-Øn\p-th≠n ]d-ºn¬\n-s∂-Sp-°m≥ kv{XoIƒ H´pw aSn-®n-cp-∂n-√. tIi-h-tZhv CXv Hm¿°p-∂p≠v:

...-Im-c-W-h-cn-√mØ X°w-t\m°n Im¿Øym-b-\n-bΩ ssXsØ-ßp-I-fn¬ B{I-aWw \S-Øpw. tXmń-bn¬ Acn- h mƒ h®p- s Iń tXßm Adp- Ø n- S pw. Acbv°m\pw hn‰v D∏pwapfIpw a‰pw hmßm\pwth≠nbmWv CXp sNøp-∂-Xv... tXßm sh´m≥ IW-°-∑m¿ ]d-ºn¬ h∂m-ep-S≥... ASp-°-f-bpsS ASp-Øp≈ sXßp- I - f n¬\n∂v tXßm shń- b n- S p- t ºm- g mWv kv{XoI-fpsS tamjWw \S-°p-∂-Xv. kv{XoI-fp-≈-XpsIm-≠v, Imc-W-h¿ Atßm-s´ßpw t]mhp-I-bn-√. tXßm-°pe NnX-dn-ho-gp-tºmƒ, ASp-°f - b - nepw Nmºenepw F®n¬°p- g n- b nepw hnd- I ns‚ CS- b nepw F√mw c≠pw aq∂pw hoXw FSp-Øp- X-≈n-°-f-bpw... (]p-dw 25)

]cn-N-b-an-√m-Ø-h-cp-ambn kwkm-cn-°p-∂-Xn\pw-a‰pw \mb¿kv{Xo-If - p-sS-ta¬ henb \nb-{¥W-ap-≠m-bn-cp-∂n-s√∂ {]kvXm-hhpw IqSp-X¬ kq£vaa - mbn ]cn-tim-[n-t°-≠X - m-W.v B`n-PmXyw IqSp-X-ep-s≠∂v Icp-X-s∏´ Xd-hm-Sp-I-fnse kv{XoIƒ IqSp-X¬ \nb-{¥-W-Øn\p hnt[-b-cmbn-cp∂p; B`n-PmXyw Ipd-™-h¿°v AXv XmcX-tay\ Ipd-hpw. IpSpw-_h - o-Sp-Iƒ°p-≈n¬ ]pcpj-∑mcpw kv{XoIfpw XΩn-ep≈ Xcw-Xn-cnhv hy‡-am-bn-cp-∂p. \ºq-Xncn C√-ß-fnse AhK- W \ ChnsS kv { XoIƒ kln- ® n- c p- ∂ n- √ , F¶nepw ]pcp-j-∑mcpw kv{XoIfpw Xd-hm-´p-hoSns‚ {]tXyIw `mK-ß-fn-emWv Xßn-bn-cp-∂-Xv. Ipń-Isf hf¿Øp∂ Imcy-Øn¬ kv{XoIfpw ]pcp-j-∑mcpw GI-tZiw Xpey DØ-c-hm-ZnXzw hln®p ˛ BÏp-ń-Iƒ Hcp {]mb-Øn-\p-tijw AΩm-h∑ - m-cp-sStbm A—-s‚tbm in£-WØ - n-embn. s]Ïp-ń-Iƒ AΩ ˛ Ip™Ω ˛ hey-Ω-

"]pe-t∏Sn' tIcfw kμ¿in® a≤y-Im-e-k-©m-cn-Iƒap-X¬ ]ecpw h¿Æn® BNm-c-am-bn-cp∂p "]pe-t∏Sn'. h¿j-Øn¬ Hcp {]tXy-I-k-a-bØv ˛ Nne-bn-SØv I¿°-S-I-am-k-Øn¬ ˛ kqcym-kvX-a-b-Øn-\p-tijw hoń-\p-]p-d-Øp-h®v GsX-¶nepw D∂-X-Pm-Xn-°m-cn-bmb kv{Xosb ]pe-b-¿ kv]¿in-°m-\n-S-h-∂m-tem ]pe-b¿ Fdn™ I√v AhcpsS tZl-Øp-sIm-≠m-tem Ah¿ PmXn-bn¬\n∂v ]pd-Øm-hp-I-bpw ]pe-b-Pm-Xn-°m-cpsS kz¥-am-hp-Ibpw sNbvXn-cp-∂-s{X. Cu ka-bØv ]pe-b-Pm-Xn-°m¿ Hfn-™n-cp∂v \mb¿kv{Xo-Isf kv]¿in-°m≥ {ian-°p-ambn-cp-∂-s{X. Aßs\ kv]¿in-°-s∏-´m¬ B kv{Xo DS-\Sn GsX-¶nepw ]pe-°p-Sn-bn¬ A`bw{]m]n-°p-ambn-cp-∂-s{X. kz¥w IpSpw-_-°m-cpsS sIme-°-Øn-bn¬\n∂v c£-s∏-Sm≥! H‰bv°p Xma-kn-°m\pw a‰pw Xøm-dm-bn-cp∂ \mb¿kv{Xo-Isf sacp-°m-\p≈ Hcp k{º-Zm-b-am-bn-cp∂p CsX∂v Nne¿ A`n-{]m-b-s∏-ń-´p≠v. 1696¬ Xncp-hn-Xmw-Iq-dn¬ tI-c-f-h¿Ω ]pe-t∏Sn \ntcm-[n-®p-sIm≠v Iev]\ ]pd-s∏-Sp-hn-°p-I-bp-≠m-bn. ]pe-t∏Sn \ntcm-[n-®-Xn-s\-Xnsc Hcp ]pe-b-I-em]w \S-∂p-sh∂pw AXv ASn-®-a¿Ø-s∏-´p-sh∂pw hnh-cn°p-∂p-≠v, "henbtIin-°Y' F∂ sX°≥]m-ń¬.

s]Æ-c-ip-\mtSm? tIc-ftam?

s]mbvIb - n¬ A∏-®≥ Ccp-]-Xmw-\q-‰m-≠n¬ tIc-f-Ønse Iogm-f-P-\-ß-fpsS tcmZ-\sØbpw tcm-j-sØbpw Km\-ambpw Ihn-X-bmbpw s]mXp-P-\-ßƒ°n-S-bn¬ Ah-X-cn-∏n® Iogm-f-t\-Xmhpw Kpcp-hp-am-bn-cp∂p s]mbvI-bn¬ A∏-®≥. s]mbvIbn¬ tbml-∂m≥, {io Ipamc Kpcp-tZ-h≥ F∂o t]cp-I-fn¬ At±-lsØ P\-ßƒ C∂pw Bcm-[n-°p-∂p. Xncp-h-√-bv°-Sp-Øp≈ Cc-hn-t]-cq-cn¬ 1879¬ s]mbvI-bn¬ho-ń¬ Ip™p-tf-®n-bp-sSbpw a√-∏≈n ]pXp-]-dºn¬ I≠-s‚bpw aI-\mbn At±lw P\n-®p. ÿesØ {][m-\-s∏´ Hcp kpdn-bm\n {InkvXym-\n-°p-Spw-_Øns‚ ASn-bm-f-cm-bn-cp∂p At±-l-Øns‚ amXm-]n-Xm-°ƒ. Iogm-f-P-\-ß-fpsS Pohn-X-Øns‚ Ibv]p-ap-gph≥ IpSn-®p-sIm-≠m-bn-cp∂p _mey-Im-ew. kphn-ti-j-{]-N-c-W-Øn-eqsS aX-]-cn-h¿Ø\w \S-Øm≥ Cw•≠n¬\n∂v ]sØm-ºXmw \q‰m-≠n¬ tIc-f-Øn-te°p h∂ kn.-Fw.-Fkv. anj-W-dn-am-cpsS kzm[o\w AhnS-ß-fn¬ i‡-am-bn-cp-∂p. Aßs\ _mey-Im-e-Øp-Xs∂ anj-W-dn-∏-≈n-°q-S-Øn¬ At±lw FgpØp]Tn®p. "Ipam-c≥' F∂ t]cv 1891¬ aXw-am-dn-b-tXmsS "tbml-∂m≥' F∂m-°n. Akm-am\y hmKv]m-S-h-ap-≠m-bncp∂ tbml-∂m≥ kphn-ti-j-{]-Nm-c-I-\mbn hf-sc-°mew tim`n®p ˛ ]t£, At±lw ss__n-fn-s\-°pdn®p am{X-am-bn-cp-∂n√ ]d-™n-cp-∂Xv ˛ ASn-a-k-¥-Xn-I-fpsS Ah-ÿ-sb-°p-dn®pw DZvt_m-[\w \S-Øns°m-≠-n-cp-∂p. {InkvXo-b-k-ap-Zm-b-Øn-\p-≈nse PmXob D®-\o-N-Xz-ßƒ At±-lsØ Ae-ń. HSp-hn¬ am¿tØm-am-k` hn´p-t]m-Im≥Xs∂ At±lw Xocp-am-\n®p; anj-W-dn-k-`-I-fp-am-bp≈ _‘hpw hnt—-Zn-®p. CtXmsS At±-l-Øns‚ i{Xp-°ƒ s]cpIn; Poh-\p-Xs∂ òj-Wn-bp-b¿∂p. F√m-Øn-s\bpw adn-I-S∂v At±lw {]h¿Ø\w XpS¿∂p. {ItaW "{]Xy-£-c-£m-ssZ-h-k`' F∂ ]pXnb hnizm-k-k-`bv°v 1910¬ cq]w-sIm-Sp-Øp. Xncp-hn-Xmw-Iq¿ `c-Wm-[n-Im-cn-Iƒ At±-l-Øns‚ {]h¿Ø-\-ßsf A\p-`m-h-]q¿Δw ho£n®p. 1921epw 1931epw At±lw {ioaqew {]Pm-k-`-bn-te°v \ma-\n¿t±iw sNø-s∏´p ˛ ASn-a-k-¥-Xn-I-fpsS apgp-h≥ {]Xn-\n-[n-bm-bn. AhnsS Iogm-f¿°p hnZym-`ymkkuI-cy-ßƒ t\Sn-sb-Sp-°m-\pw Ah¿°v `qan e`y-am-°m\pw At±lw {]h¿Øn-®p. 1939¬ A¥-cn-®p. At±-l-Øns‚ hnizm-k-{]-am-W-ßƒ C∂pw {]k‡-am-bn-Øs∂ XpS-cp-∂p. A∏-®s‚ Km\-ß-fn¬\n∂v: XmXs\ Hcn-SØpw amXmsh thdn-SØpw Ipń-I-f-\m-Y-cm-bXpw ad-∏-Xmtam ASna ad-∏-Xm-tam... ...-A-∏-s\-sbm-cn-SØpw AΩsb thdn-SØpw k¥m-\-ß-f-ßp-anßpw Ae™p hnfn®p am\Øp ]d-°p∂ Fs‚ N°n-∏-cpt¥ \o t]mIpw Zn°p tZisØ Rß-fpsS AΩ-sb-°t≠m? Hcp hmsamgn sNm√n-t∏mb A∏-s\-°t≠m? (]n.]n kzman, C.-hn. A\n¬ (k-ºm-Z-I¿), s]mbvIbn¬ A∏-®s‚ ]m´p-Iƒ 1905-˛1939, 2006, ]pdw 20)

ASn-aØ - Ø - n¬ F¥p kzmX{¥yw? ASn-a-bmb Iogm-f-kv{Xo-bpsS "kzmX{¥yw' \sΩ ]cn-l-kn®p ]√n-fn-°p∂ ImgvN-bmWv s]mbvI-bn¬ A∏-®s‚ Km\-ß-fn¬ ImWp-∂-Xv. ASn-aØ \ntcm[\w bmYm¿∞y-am-b-t∏mƒam{XamWv B kzmX-{¥yØn\v Aev]-sa-¶nepw A¿∞-ap-≠m-b-Xv. F∂n´pw Xºp-cm-°-∑m-cpsS {Iqc-X-Iƒ°p hnt[-b-cmb AhcpsS kzmX{¥yw A[n-Ihpw \nc¿∞-I-am-bn-cp-∂p. A∏-®s‚ Hcp Km\-Øn¬ Hcp ASn-a-kv{Xo-bpsS hnem]w:

... Rm\p-sas‚ IW-h\pw Gsd-\mƒ Xmakw sNbvXp Ggp-Ipń P\n-®Xpw ad-∏-X√ aqØ-Pm-X≥ ]nd-t∂mcp kabw \man-cp-hcpw B¿Øn-]q-≠-ßn-cp-∂t√m F≥ IW-ht\ Ime-tasd sN√pw aptº ao\-amkw Inf-®-t∏mƒ PmX\mw aqØ-Ip-ńsb Ddp-º-cn®p ASn CSn G‰p-]ns∂ tla-ZWvUw G‰p ]ns∂ c≠mw Ipń P\n-®-t∏mƒ k¶Sw amdn Ccp-hcpw the sNbvXm¬ AjvSn-°-≠n-√mØ t\cw ]mS-Øn¬t]mbn `£-W-ßƒ Xnc-°n-bt√m Hcp-t\cw the sNbvhm≥ Ign-hn-√m-Xn-cp-∂-t∏mƒ DSt\ Xºp-cm≥ sIme sNbvhm\mbn h∂p Acp-In¬ \n{Z-bmse Dd-ßn-°n-S∂ aIsf ad-s∂≥ Poh-s\-tX-Sn-t]mb aItf \ns‚ X≈ Fhn-sS-t∏mbv F∂p sNm√n ASn-®-Xm¬ s]mSn-a-Æn-t\mSp tN¿∂p acnt®m aIsf BtcmSp Rm≥ ]d-tb≠p Ftßm´p Rm≥ t]mbn-tS≠p H´pta kln-∏-X√ a¬{]nb kJntb .... ]n∂o-Sncp Ipń-Itfm Rm≥

s]Æ-c-ip-\mtSm? tIc-ftam?

the-bv°mbn t]mb-t\cw ISp-h-bm¬ ]nSn-°-s∏´p acn-®p-t]mbn tijn® aq∂p Ipń-Iƒ tNtemSp hf¿∂p-h∂p k¶Sw Xocp-hm-\mbv XpS-ßn-b-t∏mƒ \mfn-X-©m-dm-Ip-∂t√m F∂psS IW-h-\mIpw tNmXnsb hn‰ ÿew Rm≥ Adn-bp-∂n√ hmßn-b-h-s\s∂ sIm≠p t]mIp-hm-\mbv XpS-ßp-tºmƒ sIń-°q-Sn-∏n®p Rm≥ Ic-™o-Sp-∂p. Ipfn-∏nt® aIt\ Rm≥ tNmdp sImSp-Ø-√-temsS Ah-km-\-Øp-cp-fbpw \obp-t≠mSm aIt\ aqØ-Ipń I◊-Wntb ]ncn™p Rm≥ t]mbn-St´ Ipń-Itf c≠n-t\bpw \o t]m‰ptam aI-t\... (hn.-hn. kzman, C.-hn. A\n¬ (k-ºm-Z-I¿) s]mbvI-bn¬ A∏-®s‚ ]m´p-Iƒ, 1905-˛1939)

am-cp-sS-Iq-sS-bpw. C√-ßf - n-se-∂t- ]mse [\-ÿnXn-bp≈ \mb¿X-dh - m-Sp-If - nepw ]Wn-°m¿°v IpńIsf hf¿Øp-∂-Xn¬ henb ]¶p-≠m-bn-cp-∂p.{]m-bw-Ip-d™ kv{Xo an°- Im-cy-ßf - nepw {]mbwIq-Snb kv{Xo°v hnt[-b-bm-bn-cp-∂p. k©m-ck - zm-X{- ¥y-Im-cy-Ønepw kq£va] - c - ntim-[\ Bh-iy-ap-≠v. tIc-f-Øns‚ ]e `q`mK-ßƒ°pw AXn-cn-ń-cp∂ \Zn-Iƒ IS-∂m¬ iq{Zkv{Xo ({_m-“W - ˛- £ - {- Xn-b˛- s - sh-iy-˛i - q-{Z-cS- ßnb h¿Æ-hy-h-ÿ-{]-Imcw \mb-∑m¿ "iq{Zh¿Æ'Øn¬ Dƒs∏-´-h-cm-bn-cp-∂p). {`jvSm-Ipsa∂ hnizmkw 19-˛mw \q‰m-≠ns‚ Ah-km-\w-hscbpw ]e-bn-SØpw i‡-am-bn-cp-∂p. hSt° ae_m-dn¬ kv{XoIƒ tImc-∏pg IS-°-cp-sX-∂m-bncp∂p \nb-aw. Cw•ojv hnZym-`ymkw t\Snb \mb¿ ]pcp-j∑ - msc CXp shń-em-°n-sb-∂pw Cu \n_-‘\ _m[-I-a-√m-bn-cp∂ \mb¿ D]-Pm-XnIfnse kv{XoIsf Ah¿ hnhm-l-am-tem-Nn-°p∂p-sh∂pw 20-˛mw \q‰m-≠ns‚ Bcw-Ì - m-eØv ae_m-dn¬ Kth-jWw \S-Ønb \c-hw-i-im-kv{X⁄≥ s{Ûv^mk‰v (Fred Fawcett) ]d-bp∂p. amk-apd h∂-Xn-\p-tijw "ip≤'amI-W-sa-¶n¬ aÆm-Øn-bpsS Iøn¬\n∂v "am‰v' hmß-W-sa∂ hnizm-khpw \mb¿kv{Xo-bpsS Ne-\-kzm-X{¥ysØ _m[n-®p. (amk-ap-d Ign-™m¬ Ipfn®p ip≤-am-bt- ijw aÆmØn ˛ Ae-°p-Imcn ˛ Aes]Æ-c-ip-\mtSm? tIc-ftam?

°n-sb-SpØ hkv{Xw [cn-°p-∂-Xn-\mWv "am‰v' F∂p ]d-™n-cp-∂-Xv. am‰p In´m-\n-S-bn-√mØ \m´n-te°p t]mIm≥ \mb¿kv{Xo-Iƒ°p kΩX-an-√m-bn-cp-∂s{X!) > ImWpI ]pdw 211 < acp-a° - Ø - m-b- Iq-´p-Ip-Spw-_Ø - nse apXn¿∂ kv{XoIƒ A\p-`-hn-®n-cp∂ A[n-Im-c-sØ-°p-dn®p≈ IY-I-tfmSv kmayw]pe¿Øp∂ ]e IYIfpw a°- Ø mb kap- Z m- b - a mb kpdn- b m\n {InkvXym-\n-Iƒ°n-S-bn-ep-ap-≠v. Cu A[n-Imcw XnI®pw A\u-tZym-Kn-I-am-bn-cp-s∂-∂p-am-{Xw. aqØkv{XoIƒ°v Cf-b-kv{Xo-I-fpsS-ta¬ AXni-‡a - mb \nb-{¥-Wm-[n-Im-ca - p-≠m-bn-cp-∂p-sh∂v 19-˛mw \q‰m-≠n¬ tIm´-bØv {]h¿Øn-®n-cp∂ kn.Fw.Fkv anj- W dn Bbn- c p∂ {ioaXn tImfn≥kv cNn® LmX-I-h[w (1877) F∂ t\mh¬ kqNn-∏n-°p-∂p. kpdn-bm\n IpSpw-_-ßfpsS ssZ\w-Zn\ Pohn-XØ - n-te°v [mcmfw Dƒ°mgvN-Iƒ \¬Ip∂ Cu IrXn-bn¬ sNdp-∏-°mcnbpw hnZym-k-º-∂-bp-amb adn-bsØ X\n-bmYm-ÿn-Xn-Ib - mb Hcp kv{Xo s]Æp-Im-Wp∂ Hcp cwK-ap≠v:

... CSp-ßnb t\m´-tØmSpw AXr-]vXn-`m-h-tØmSpw-Iq-Snb Hcp sNdnb kv{Xo h∂p adn-b-Øns‚ Xe-bn¬°n-S∂ IhWn ]pd-tIm´p hen-®p...

Ahƒ adn-b-Øns‚ ASn-°m-Xn¬ hncen´psIm≠v Acn-sI -\n-∂n-cp∂ Ah-fpsS AΩtbmSp ]d™p ˛ ""CXp sIm®m-bn-t∏m-bn...'' C{Xbpw ]d-™Xv Hcp Dd® h√mØ i_vZt- ØmSp-Iq-Sn-bm-bn-cp-∂p... CXn-s‚-tijw Ahƒ Xes°-t´¬ ]nSn®p ]d-™p, slm CXpw Xptemw sNdp- X m- b n- t ∏m- b n.... hmbpw \√IW- ° - √ ... (LmX-I-h[w, tIm´-bw (1877), 1996, ]pdw. 108) Cu kv{Xo AΩm-bn-bΩ - b - m-bm¬ Xs‚ KXn F¥mIpw Ft∂m¿Øv adnbw ZpxJn-®p.

B kv{Xo Fs∂-s°m≠p sNøn-°p∂ theIƒ H∂p-In¬ sshIp-∂-Xp-hsc s\√p-Ip-Øv, As√¶n¬ ]d-ºn¬ ASn-®p-hm-cp-Ibpw sh≈wtImcp-Ibpw N´nbpw Iehpw tX®p-sag-°p-Ibpw Bbn-cn-°pw. Rm≥ h®m¬ hnti-j-sa∂v Fs‚ AΩ kΩ-Xn°p∂ B \√ Idn-Iƒ Ah-sc-s∂-s°m≠p hbv]n°- b n- √ . Rm≥ tamcp- I m- ® n- b m¬ Fs‚ A∏\p s]cpØv Cjv S w- X - s ∂- s b- ¶ nepw AXpw Fs∂s°m≠v sNøn-°p-hm≥ Ah¿°p hnizm-k-an-√m-bncn-°pw... (]p-dw. 109)

kmln-Xy-Ir-Xn-bnse Cu ]cm-a¿isØ ÿnco-I-cn-°p∂ \c-hw-i-im-kv{X ]-T\w 20-˛mw \q‰m-≠n¬ D≠m-bn-´p-≠v. AΩm-bn-bΩ F√mbvt∏mgpw ZpjvSI - Y - m-]m-{X-sam-∂p-as - √-¶nepw acpa-I-fp-sS-ta¬ Ah¿°p kºq¿Æm-[n-Im-c-ap-≠mbn- c p- ∂ p- s h∂ Imcy- Ø n¬ bmsXmcp kwibhpan√. Cu A[n-Imcw ASp-ØI - m-eØpw \ne\n-∂p-sh-∂mWv kao-]I - m-eØ - p-≠mb ]T-\ß - ƒ kqNn- ∏ n- ° p- ∂ - X v . kmaq- l y- i m- k v { X- ⁄ bpw kmln- X y- I m- c n- b p- a mb kqk≥ hniz- \ m- Y ≥ bmt°m_m -k-ap-Zm-b-sØ-°p-dn®p \S-Ønb ]T\-Øn¬ tN¿Øn-´p≈ Hcp A`n-ap-JØ - n¬ Hcmƒ CtX-°p-dn®p ]d-bp-∂p≠v:

]g-b-Im-esØ {]iv\w iWvT-°m-cn-bmb AΩm-bnb-Ω-b-√, iWvT-°m-cn-bmb acp-a-I-fm-bn-cp-∂p. A\pk-c-Wbpw I≠p-]-Tn-°m-\p≈ a\- p-ap≈ Hcp sNdp∏-°m-cn-bm-s∂-¶n¬, [hn-hm-l-Øns‚] BZysØ 3˛4 h¿jw hfsc hne-s∏´ hnZym-`ymkw B¿÷n-t°≠ Imeam-Wv. ]t£, Cu ka-bØv bmsXmcp kzmX{¥yhpw ImWn√; AXp {]Xo-£n-°m\pw høm-bn-cp∂p. ]d-™-Xp-t]mse sNbvtX ]‰q; kz¥-an-jvS-Øns\m∂pw ÿm\-an-√. A°m-eØp IpSpw_w hep-Xmbn-cp∂p; Hcp-]mSp ]Wn-°m-cp-≠mhpw; Hcp-]mSv hncp∂p-Im¿ hcpw. F√m-h¿°pw Blmcw sImSp-Ø-tijta s]Æp- ß ƒ DÆm- \ n- c n°q. tPmen- ° q- S pX¬sIm≠v DuWp-I-gn-°msX Ign-®p-Iq-t´-≠n-h-cp∂

s]Æ-c-ip-\mtSm? tIc-ftam?

Znh-kß - f - p-ap-≠m-bn-cp-∂p. AΩm-bn-bΩ tNmdp-X∂ - n√ Fs∂m∂pw ]cm-Xn-s∏-´n´p Imcy-sam-∂p-ap-≠m-hn√! CsXms° IpSpw-_-Po-hn-X-Øn¬ {]Xo-£n-t°≠ Imcy-ßƒ am{X-am-bn-cp-∂p. (Susan Viswanathan, The Christians of Kerala: History, Belief, and Ritual among the Yakoba, New Delhi, 2003, ]pdw.115)

ITn-\m-≤zm-\-Øn-\p-]p-dsa BNm-cm-\pjvTm\-ß-fn-ep≈ \njvTbpw bmYm-ÿn-XnI kpdnbm\n IpSpw-_ß - f - n¬ ImWm-\p-≠m-bn-cp-s∂∂pw AXp ]men-°p-∂Xv kv{XoI-fpsS DØ-c-hm-Zn-Xzam-bn-cp-s∂∂pw kqN-\-bp-≠v. 1922¬ ]n.-sI. sIm®o-∏≥ Xc-I≥ {]kn-≤o-I-cn® _men-Im-kZ\w F∂ t\mh¬ IpSpw-_-]m-c-º-cysØ apdp°n-∏n-Sn® "\√ kv{Xo'bmb A∂-ΩbpsS IpSpw_-`-c-WsØ Cßs\ h¿Æn-°p∂p:

AXn-cm-hnse \\®pIpfn, BgvN-bn¬ c≠p tX®pIp-fn, NmW-Iw-X-fn, "tIme-anSo¬' apX-emb ]eXpw kqcys‚ KXn°p t`Z-ap-≠m-bm¬ am{Xsa Bepw-aq´nepw t`Z-s∏-Sp-I-bp-≈q. ASp-°-f-bn¬ Xm\-√msX a‰mcpw {]th-in-®p-Iq-Sm. ASp-°-f- kmam-\-ß-fn¬ "A⁄m-\n-Ifpw' ASp-Ø-Im-eØp am¿§w-Iq-Snb {InkvXym-\n-Ifpw sXm´p-Iq-Sm. ap‰-Ømcpw Xp∏n-°qSm. asÆ-Æ-hn-f°p sImfp-Øp-I-bn-√. \a-kv°m-chpw, t\mºpw Ipº-km-c-ßfpw apS-ßp-I-bn-√. (_men-Im-k-Z\w, Xriq¿, (1922), 1992, ]pdw 64 )

acp-a-°-Øm-b-am-bmepw a°-Øm-b-am-bmepw s]mXp-hn¬ Nne Imcy-ß-fp-s≠∂v CXp-h-scbp≈ N¿®-I-fn¬\n∂v hy‡-am-Ip-∂p. H∂v, htc-Wy-k-ap-Zm-b-ß-fnse Iq´p-Ip-Spw-_-ß-fn¬ kv{XoIƒ A\p-`-hn-®n-cp∂ "A\u-]-Nm-cnI A[n-Imc'sØ°p-dn-®m-Wv. Hu]-Nm-cnI A[nImcw kv{XoIƒ°v I¬∏n-°mØ kap-Zm-b-ßfnepw kv{XoIƒ°v "A\u-]-Nm-cnI A[n-Imcw' D≠m-bn-cp-∂p. F∂m¬ Cu A[n-Im-c-Øn\v Dd∏n-√m-bn-cp∂p ˛ AXp-sIm≠v htc-Wy-Ip-Spw-_Ønse hr≤- k v { Xo- I sf "i‡n- k z- c q- ] n- W nIfm'tbm "Krl-N{- I-h¿Øn-\n-amcm'tbm Nn{Xo-Icn-°p∂ coXn ]p\x-]-cn-tim-[n-t°-≠-Xm-Wv. {]mbhpw ÿm\hpw A[n-Im-chpw XΩn-ep≈ _‘-amWv c≠m-asØ Imcyw. {]mb-°q-Sp-Xe - p≈ kv{Xo°v IqSp-X¬ "\nebpw hnebpw' c≠p hyhÿ-I-fn-ep-ap-≠m-bn-cp-∂p. ÿm\-Øn\pw A{XXs∂ {]m[m-\y-ap-≠m-bn-cp-∂p. aq∂m-asØ Imcyw, A≤zm-\s - Ø-°p-dn-®m-Wv. D∂-XP - m-Xn-°mcmb kv{XoIƒ ˛ henb {]`p-Ip-Spw-_-Øn¬ ]nd°m- Ø - h ¿ ˛ ho´n- \ p- ≈ nepw hoSn- \ p- N p‰pw

\∂mbn A≤zm-\n-®n-cp-∂p-sh∂v \mw I≠p. Aev]w kmº-Øn-It- i-jnbpw "alna'bpw kºmZn-®p-Ig - n-™m¬ "Xd-hm-´p-Im-cn-Iƒ' hoSn-\p-Np‰pw A≤zm-\n-°mØ coXn Xmc-X-tay\ kao-]-Im-eØp-≠m-b-Xm-sW∂v hy‡w ˛ ]gb IpSpw-_-ßfnse kv{XoIƒ Irjn-bnepw arK-kw-c£ - W - Ø - nepw-a‰pw apgp-In-bn-cp-∂p. s]mXpsh ]d-™m¬ hoń-\p-≈n¬ A≤zm-\n® A¥¿P-\-ß-sfm-gnsI a‰p kv{XoIƒ hoSn-\p-Np‰pw A≤zm-\n-®n-cp∂p; \mb¿-˛-Cu-g-h¿ XpS-ßnb acp-a-°-Ømb kapZm-b-°m-cn-Iƒ°v a‰p-≈-h-tcmSv kwkm-cn-°m-\pwa‰pw XS- -ß-fn-√m-bn-cp-∂p. ae-_m-dnse am∏nf˛ap-…o-ßƒ°n-Sb - nepw CXm-bn-cp∂p ÿnXnsb∂v Nn{X-Im-c-\mb sI.-]n. ]fl-\m-`-ta-t\m≥ Ccp]Xmw \q‰m-≠ns‚ BZy-h¿j-ß-fn¬ \nco-£n®p. hnhm-l-_-‘-Øn-epw-a‰pw `¿Øm-hn\v Imcyamb ta¬ss° Cu kap-Zm-bØ - n¬ \ne-\n¬°p∂p-sh-∂pw, kv{Xo°v hnhm-l-tam-N\w Bh-iys∏-Sm-\p≈ A\p-hmZw XXz-Øn¬ D≠m-bn-cp-s∂¶nepw h-fsc A]q¿Δ-am-bn-am-{Xta A\p-h-Zn-®ncp- ∂ p- ≈ p- s h∂pw At±lw A`n- { ]m- b - s ∏- ´ p. ]t£, am∏n-f-am-cp-sS-bn-S-bnepw kmº-Øn-I-\ne-b-\p-k-cn-®m-bn-cp∂p kv{XobpsSta¬ \nb-{¥W-ßƒ Gdn-bXpw Ipd-™-Xpw. Zcn{Z˛CS-Øcw am∏n-f-Ip-Spw-_-ßƒ kv{XoI-fpsS Ne-\-kzm-X{¥ysØ \nb-{¥n-°m≥ {ian-°m-dn-s√-∂pw a‰pkv{Xo-I-sf-t∏mse ]mSØpw ]d-ºnepw Ah¿ A≤zm-\n-®n-cp-∂p-sh∂pw ]fl-\m-`-ta-t\m≥ ]dbp-∂p. F∂m¬ am∏n-f-k-ap-Zm-b-Ønse D∂-X¿ Aß-s\-bm-bn-cp-∂n-√. A`n-Pm-X-cmb am∏n-f-am¿ kv{XoIsf hoń-\p-]p-d-Øn-d-°m-dn-s√-∂pw Ah¿ Cd-ßp-tºmƒ ad-°pS NqSmdps≠∂pw At±lw Ah-Im-i-s∏Sp-∂p.

Iogm-fk - {v Xo-If - psS ssZ\w-Zn\ A≤zm\w htc-Wy-ka - p-Zm-b° - m-cmb kv{XoI-fpsS A\p-`h - ß-fn¬\n∂v Xo¿Øpw hyXy-kvX-amb A\p-`-hß-fm-bn-cp∂p Iogm-f-cp-tS-Xv. Cug-h-˛-Xoø PmXnIƒap-X¬ Abn-ØØ - ns‚ ImTn\yw A\p-`h - n® kap-Zm-b-ß-fpsS Ncn-{Xm-\p-`-hw, ]t£, Hcpt]mse Bbn-cp-∂n-√. 19-˛mw \q‰m-≠ns‚ a≤yIm-eØv tIcfw hmWn-Pym-Sn-ÿm-\-Øn-ep≈ Irjn-bn-te°pw Ib-‰p-a-Xn-bn-te°pw amdn-ØpSßn; tXßbv°p \√ hne In´n-Øp-Sßn; A\ycm-Py-ß-fn¬t∏mbn tPmen-sN-øm-\p≈ Ah-k-cß-fp-≠m-bn-Øp-S-ßn. CXns‚ ^e-ambn Iogm-fcn¬ Nne-Iq-´¿°p KpW-ap-≠m-bn. sXßpIrjn-

bn¬ hnZ-K≤ v c - m-bn-cp∂ Cug-hcpw anj-Wdn hnZym`ymkw t\c-sØ-Xs∂ e`n-®-Xp-sIm≠v A\y\m-Sp-I-fn¬t∏mbn tPmen-sN-øm≥ Ah-kcw e`n® sX°≥ Xncp-hn-Xmw-Iq-dnse Nm∂m-∑mcpw ]c-º-cm-K-X-Pm-Xn-\n-b-a-ßsf tNmZyw sNøm≥ XpS-ßn. `qan-bn¬ ]Wn-sb-Sp-Øn-cp∂ ]peb˛ ]db˛Ip-d-h- Pm-Xn-°mcpw ap°p-h-cpw-a‰pw ]c-ºcm-K-X-hy-h-ÿ-bpsS {IqcX XpS¿∂pw A\p-`-hn®p. 19-˛mw \q‰m-≠n¬ Xncp-hn-Xmw-Iq-dn¬ ASn-ahym-]mcw \n¿Ø-em°n˛F¶nepw Iogm-f-Pm-Xn°msc ASn-aIfmbn IW-°m-°nb at\m-`mhw \oßn-bn-√. ASn-a-hy-h-ÿ-bn¬ BWn-t\bpw s]Ænt\bpw "A≤zm-\-tijn' am{X-ambn Xcw-XmgvØp∂ coXn-bm-bn-cp-∂p. ASn-a-Iƒ a\p-jy-cmsW∂ ]cn-K-W\ XnI®pw A\y-am-bn-cp-∂p. AXp-sIm-≠p-Xs∂ ASn-a-Isf hn¬°p-Ibpw hmßp-Ibpw sNøp-tºmƒ AΩsbbpw a° sfbpw `¿Øm-hn-s\bpw `mcy-sbbpw th¿]n-cn°m≥ bmsXmcp aSnbpw taem-f¿°n-√m-bn-cp-∂p. B ImeØv t{Zmln-°-s∏´ ASn-a-I-fmb a\pjy-cpsS \ne-hn-fn-Iƒ Iogm-f-cpsS Km\-ß-fn-epw, 20-˛mw \q‰m-≠n¬ Xncp-hn-Xmw-Iq-dnse IogmfP\ß-fpsS t\Xmhpw Kpcp-hp-am-bn-cp∂ s]mbvIb - n¬ A∏-®s‚ Km\-ß-fnepw \nd-™p-\n¬°p-∂p. htc-Wy-kv{Xo-Iƒ°v CS-bv°p- e-`n-®n-cp∂ hnt\m-Z-th-f-Ifpw Ah¿°p-≠m-bn-cp∂ kpc£bpw Xosc- b n- √ m- s X, Hcn- ° epw XocmØ

A≤zm-\-Øn¬ Ign™ Pohn-X-ß-fm-bn-cp∂p Iogmf kv{XoI-fp-tS-Xv. 20-˛mw \q‰m-≠ns‚ Bcw`-Øn¬ Ah-cpsS A≤zm-\-sØ-°p-dn®v Hcp teJ-I≥/teJnI Fgp-Xn-bXv Cß-s\-bmWv:

C\n \ap°v the-°m-scbpw I¿j-I-sc-bpw-Ip-dn®v Nn¥n-°mw. Ah-cp-sS-bn-S-bn¬ \new Dgp-Xn-Sp-I, Infbv°p-I, hnd-Ip-sh-´p-I, sXßn¬ Ib-dpI apX-emb tPmen- I ƒ ]pcp- j - ∑ m¿ sNøm- d p- ≠ v . kv { XoIƒ Nmº¬, NmW-Iw, tXmev CsXms° Xe-®p-a-Smbn Npa-∂p-h∂v aÆn¬ hf-ambn tN¿Øn-f-°p∂p; \neß-fn¬ ap´‰w tNdnepw sNfn-bn-epw-\n∂v Rmdp-]-dn°p-Ibpw \Sp-Ibpw sNøp∂p; Ah¿Xs∂ If ]dn°p∂p; hnfhp ]mI-am-Ip-tºmƒ sImøp∂p; I‰ Npa∂v, saXn-®v, ]m‰n, Nn°n, s\s√-Sp-°p∂p; sXm≠v sh≈-Øn-en-´v, X√n-∏n-cn®v Ib-dm-°p∂p; sXtßme saS™v ]pc-ta-bm-\p-≈-Xp-≠m-°p∂p; ]e-Xcw ]mbIfpw XpWnbpw s\bvsX-Sp-°p∂p; tXß DS-®p-W°n sIm{]-bm°n B´n FÆ-sb-Sp-°p∂p; CXp-Iq-SmsX ]e-X-c-Øn-ep≈ tPmen-I-fnepw ssIth-e-I-fnepw G¿s∏- S p- ∂ p. \ΩpsS ssIth- e - I ƒ A[n- I hpw ]n¥p-S-cp-∂Xv kv{XoI-fm-sW∂v kq£va-Nn-¥-bn¬ hy‡-am-Ipw. am{X-a-√, iq{Z-cn¬ Xm-sg-bp≈ PmXn-Ifmb am∏n-f, Xoø, IW-°, sNdp, ]pe-b, \mbmSn apX-em-b-h-bn¬ kv{XoI-fmWv ico-c-Øn\pw a\ n\pw Bbm-k-ap≈ tPmen-Iƒ, hfsc IqSp-X¬ kabw, sNøp-∂Xv. (sI.-]n.-Fw., "kv{XoIƒ A_-e-I-fmtWm?', e£vao-`mbn 2 (8), 1907)

]e-Xcw A≤zm-\-am-bn-cp∂p Iogm-f-kv{Xo-Ifp-tS-Xv. taem-f-∑m¿°p-th≠n DXv]m-Z-\-]-c-amb A≤zm\w am{X-a√ Ah¿ sNbvXn-cp-∂Xv ˛ ]mSØp ]Wn-sb-Sp-°p-∂-Xn-\p- ]p-dsa taem-fcpsS hoSp-Iƒ°p Np‰p-ap≈ ]e ]Wn-Ifpw Ah¿ sNbv X p- h - ∂ p. taem- f - ] p- c p- j - ∑ msc ssewKn-I-ambn kt¥m-jn-∏n-°p-∂-Xn\pw Ah¿ \ntbm-Kn-°-s∏-´p. tIc-f-Ønse PmXn-hy-h-ÿbpsS {]tXy-IX "Xo≠¬' Bbn-cp-∂p-sh-∂Imcyw {]kn-≤a - m-Wt- √m. IogvPm-Xn-°msc sXm´pIq-sS∂p am{X-a-√, Ahsc kao-]Øp I≠m¬ t]mepw "Aip≤'amIp- s a∂ hnizm- k - a mWv "Xo≠¬'. ]t£, C°m-cy-Øn\v "Xo≠sem'∂pw _m[-I-am-bn-cp-∂n-√ ˛ AXp Ipfn-®m¬ t]mIpsa-∂m-bn-cp∂p hnizmkw! Irjn-bn-S-ß-fn¬\n∂v ]Wn-im-eI - f - n-te°v ˛ ^mIvSd - n-If - n-te°v ˛ Iogmf¿ 20-˛mw \q‰m-≠n¬ \oßn-Øp-S-ßn-b-t∏mƒ > ImWpI ]pdw 227 < Cu ITn-\-hy-hÿ Ahsc ]n¥p-S¿∂p. Iip-h≠ - n-sØm-gnem-fn-If - mbn- am-dn-b-h-cp-ambn A∂m en‚ v_¿Kv (Anna Lindberg) \S-Ønb A`n-ap-J-kw-`m-j-W-ß-fn¬ CXp sXfn-bp-∂p-≠v (Im¿jn-I-cw-KØv hf-sc°mew CXp XpS¿∂p-sh∂p kqNn-∏n-°p∂ ]T\-ßƒ thsd-bp-≠v). Xncp-hn-Xmw-Iq¿ {]tZiØp-\n∂v ae_m¿`mK-tØ°v Irjn-`qantXSn-bp≈ I¿j-Ic - psS IpSntb‰w Ccp-]X - mw-\q-‰m-≠ns‚ ]Ip-Xn-tbmsS i‡n{]m-]n®p XpS-ßn-bn-cp-∂p. Aßs\ ÿew-amdn ImSp-Iƒ sh´n-sØ-fn-°m≥ ]pd-s∏´ IpSpw-_ß - fnse kv{XoI-fpsS AXn-IT - n-\a - mb A≤zm-\s - Ø°p-dn®v \nc-h[n IY-Iƒ ˛ kmln-Xy-cq-]Ø - nepw A√m-sXbpw ˛ C∂p \mw tIƒ°p-∂p-≠v. aeº-\n-sbbpw Im´p-ar-K-ß-sfbpw `b-∂v, cm∏-I¬ Irjn-`q-an-bn¬ A≤zm-\n-®p-sIm≠v kz¥w IpSpw_-ß-fpsS \ne `{Z-am-°m≥ Ah¿ Xo{h-ambn ]cn-{i-an-®p. ]pcp-j≥ sNbvX F√m tPmen-Ifpw sNbvXp, sImSpw XWp-∏n-epw. Xpey-ambn ]Wnsb-Sp-°p-I-sb-∂Xv ]nSn-®p-\n¬°m-\p≈ GIam¿§-am-bn-cp-∂-Xp-sIm≠v "kv{Xo°v ho´p-]W-n, ]pcp-j\v Iqen-∏Wn' apX-emb C∂sØ kmam\y-t_m-[-sam∂pw AhnsS A∂p sNe-hm-Ip-Ibn-√m-bn-cp∂p! Htc ]Wn sNbvX-Xp-t]mse kv{Xo]p-cp-j-∑m¿ H∂n-®n-cp∂p ]pI-h-en-°pIbpw aZyw Ign-°p-Ibpw sNøp-∂Xv BZy-Im-eß-fn-sem∂pw henb sR´-ep-f-hm-°n-bn-cp-∂ns√∂p ]g-a-°m¿ ]d-™p-tI-´n-´p-≠v. ^mIvSd - n-If - nse Iogm-fc - mb kv{XosØm-gn-emfn-I-fn¬\n∂v ssewKn-I-amb hnt[-bXzw {]Xo-

]peb¿ ˛˛ sI ]n ]ﬂ\m` tat\m≥ ˛ hmfyw 3, (1929), 1984

£n-®n-cp-∂p-sh∂v apXn¿∂ kv{XoIƒ Ncn-{X-Kth-j-I-bmb A∂-tbmSv ]d-™p. apX-em-fn-am¿ \S-Ønb k¬°m-cß - f - n-epw-a‰pw "kl-Ic - n-°m≥' Nne kv{XoI-tfmSv Bh-iy-s∏-´n-cp-∂s{X; CXpIq-SmsX apX-em-fn-am-cpsS duUn-kw-L-ßƒ kv{XoIsf D]-{Z-hn-°p-∂Xv sX‰mbn AwKo-I-cn®n-cp-∂n-√. 1918¬ P\n® tZhIn F∂ Cug-h-kap-Zm-bmw-K-amb sXmgn-em-fn-kv{Xo-bpsS Hm¿Ωbn¬\n∂v:

....[C-Øcw D]-{Z-hw] F{X km[m-c-W-bm-bn-cp-s∂∂v ]d-bm≥ F\n°p Ign-bn√. ]t£, Rm\Xv ]e-XhW I≠n-´p-≠v. ]gb Znhm≥`-c-W-Im-e-Øm-bn-cp∂p CXv [1930-I-fnepw 40-I-fn-epw]. hfsc kpμ-cn-bmb Hcp ]pe-b -s]¨Ip-´nsb Rmt\m¿°p-∂p. Ah¿ Ipd®p sshI-ey-ap≈ Hcp ktlm-Z-cn-tbm-sSm∏w Cu {KmaØn¬ Hcp Iqc-bn-em-bn-cp∂p Xma-kn-®n-cp-∂-Xv. \√ s]¨]n-≈msc At\z-jn®v aq∏≥ [sXm-gn-em-fn-Isf Is≠Øn ^mIvS-dn-bn-se-Øn-°p-∂-bmƒ] Ctßm-´ph- c p- t ºmƒ Ahƒ Ft∏mgpw Xmtg- ° p- t \m°n \n¬°pw; ]t£, Ah¿°v Ah-sf-Øs∂ thWw. Ahfv IjvS-s∏-Sp-∂p-sh∂v Rßƒs°ms° ImWmam-bn-cp-∂p, ]t£, Ahƒ H∂pw an≠n-bn-cp-∂n√. Hcp ]mhw s]Æv F¥psNøm\m? Hcp-Zn-hkw Ahfpw ktlm-Z-cnbpw Ahn-Sp-∂ßp t]mbn ˛ B¿°pw Adnbn- √ , Ftßm- t ´- s °- ∂ v . F∂m¬ Ahƒ F¥psIm≠v t]msb∂v Rßƒ°-dn-bm-am-bn-cp-∂p. (Anna Lindberg, Experience and Identity, ]pdw 144)

F∂m¬ IpSpw-_-kw-hn-[m-\-Øn-\p-≈n¬ Iogm-f-kv{Xo-Iƒ IqSp-X¬ kzmX{¥yw A\p-`-hn®n-cp-∂p-sh∂pw hy‡-am-Wv. hnhm-l-tam-N\w Ffp-∏-am-bn-cp∂p; hn[-hm-hn-hm-lhpw ]p\¿hnhm-lhpw km[m-cW kw`-h-ß-fm-bn-cp-∂p. P\n®n-S-Øp-\n∂v as‰m-cn-S-tØ°v amdn-∏m¿°m≥ Ah¿°p kzmX-{¥y-ap-≠m-bn-cp-∂p. IpSpw-_-Øn\p-≈n¬ Xocp-am-\ß - ƒ Ah-cpsS ]¶m-fn-Øt- ØmSp-Iq-Sn-bmWv FSp-Øn-cp-∂X - v. `¿Øm-hn-t\mSv Xpd∂p-Xs∂ hntbm-Pn-°p∂ coXn hfsc km[m-cW- a m- b n- c p∂p; AXv "A\p- k - c - W - t °Sm'bn hymJym-\n-®n-cp-∂n-√. 1960¬ {]kn-≤o-Ic - n® Xs‚ ]pkvX-I-Øn¬ kmaq-ly-im-kv{X-⁄-\mb sI.kn. Ae-Ivkm-≠¿ CXp {i≤n-°p-∂p-≠v. Htc]m-{X-Øn¬\n∂v `£Ww Ign-°p-I, `¿Ømhp Ib-dn-h-cp-tºmƒ `mcy Fgp-t∂¬°m-Xn-cn-°p-I CsXms° 1950-I-fnepw Iogm-f-Ip-Spw-_-ß-fn¬ km[m-cW - b - m-bn-cp-∂s - {X. AtX-ka - bw PmXn-hyh-ÿ-bpsS Im¿°iyw A\p-`-hn-®n-cp∂ Cugh¿ kmº-Øn-I-]p-tcm-KXn t\Sp-I-bpw enwK_‘ßfn¬ (\-ho-I-cn-°-s∏-´) {_m“-W-aq-ey-

ßsf A\p-Ic - n-°p-Ibpw sNbvXp-Ig - n-™n-cp-∂p. Iogm-fc - p-sS-bn-Sb - n¬, ]t£, IpSpw-_Ø - n-\p-≈n¬ kv{XoIƒ hf-sc-°m-ew, hen-sbm-c-f-hp-h-sc, Xpey-X-b-\p-`-hn-®p. I¿j-I-sØm-gn-em-fn-kw-L-S\-If - nepw, ^mIvSd- n-If - nse kwL-S\ - I - f - nepw Iogmf-kv{Xo-Iƒ `¿Øm-hns‚ kΩXw t\m°m-sXXs∂ AwK-ßf - m-bn-cp-∂p-sh∂v Kth-jI - ≥ \nco£n-®n-´p-≠v. F∂m¬ Iip-h-≠n-ta-J-e-bnse \mb¿-˛C - u-gh - k - a - p-Zm-bmw-Kß - f - mb kv{XosØm-gnem-fn-Iƒ `¿Øm-hns‚ kΩ-X-Øn-\mbn ]et∏mgpw ImØn-cp-∂p-sh∂v en‚ v_¿Kns‚ ]T\w kqNn-∏n-°p-∂p. Iogm-f-kv{Xo-Iƒ sXmgn-em-fn-Ifm-bn-cp∂p; Iqen Ah¿°p ]W-ambn ssIbn¬ In´n-bn-cp-∂p. s]mXp-ÿ-e-ß-fn¬ t]mIm≥ Ah¿°p hne-°n-√m-bn-cp-∂p. C∂v ]pcp-j-∑mcp-tS-Xp-am-{X-am-bn-Øo¿∂n-cn-°p∂ ]e CS-ßfpw coXn-Ifpw A∂v kv{XoIfpw ]¶p-h® - n-cp-∂p-sh∂v en‚ v_¿Kn-t\mSp kwkm-cn® apXn¿∂ kv{XoIfn¬ ]ecpw ]d-bp-∂p. 1919¬ P\n® ]pe-b-kap-Zm-bmw-K-amb tImX CtX-°p-dn®p ]d-™Xv:

AtX, Cub- S p- Ø - I m- e Øv s]Æp- ß ƒ "s]Æpßfm'bncn-°-W-sa-∂m-Wv... Rß-fpsS sNdp-∏-Øn¬ Aß-s\-bm-bn-cp-∂n-√. Rßƒ sh≈w- tIm-cn-s°m≠p-h∂p, hndIpw NmW-Ihpw s]dp-°n, CsXm-s°°q-SmsX thsdbpw HØncn tPmen sNbvXp.... (]t£) Rßfpw CS-bvs°ms° H∂v BtLm-jn-®ncp-∂p. AXm-b-Xv, I≈p-Ip-Sn-°m≥ t]mIp-tºmƒ ˛ BWp- ß - f psSb{X- b n- √ , F¶n- e pw.... C∂v H‰ kv{Xobpw I≈pIpSn-°m≥ t]mhn-√. AsXms° BWp- ß - f psS ÿe- a m- b n... ]e sNdp- ∏ - ° m- c nIƒ°pw cm{Xn-bm-bm¬ ]pd-Øn-d-ßm≥ t]Sn-bm-Wv. Hcp-]mSp IpSn-b-∑mcpw A{I-a-hp-sam-s°-bp≠v ˛ ]≠ß-s\-bm-bn-cp-∂n-√. apX-em-fn-bpsS Kp≠-I-sf-bmWv Rßƒ t]Sn-®n-cp-∂-Xv. apX-em-fn-bpsS kzIm-cy-ssk\yw-t]m-se-bm-bn-cp∂p Ah¿. (Anna Lindberg, Experience and Identity, ]pdw 263)

Xncn-™p Nn¥n-°p-tºmƒ hnhm-lw, Zmb-{Iaw F∂n-hsbam{Xw ]cn-K-Wn®p-sIm≠v tIc-fsØ "s]Æ-ci - p-\mSv' F∂p hnfn®-Xn¬ A¿∞-an-√m-bn-cp-∂p-sh∂v hy‡-am-Ip∂p. acp-a-°-Øm-b-Øn¬ kv{XoIƒ°v A\p-Iqe-amb LS-I-ßƒ D≠m-bn-cp-∂p-sh-∂Xv t\cpXs∂; ]t£, Cusbm-scm-‰-°m-c-Ww-sIm≠v \m´n¬ "s]¨`-c-Wam'bncp-∂p-sh∂v Xo¿®-s∏Sp-Øm≥ Ign-bn-√. am{X-a-√, acp-a-°-Ømbw kv{XoIƒ°p \¬In-bn-cp∂ Ah-Im-i-ßfpw A[n-Im-c-ßfpw 19-˛mw \q‰m-≠p-ap-X¬ £bn®p s]Æ-c-ip-\mtSm? tIc-ftam?

F∂p-thWw ]d-bm≥. htc-Wy-kv{Xo-Iƒ°v `mcn® Km¿lnI DØ-c-hm-Zn-Xz-ß-fp-ap-≠m-bn-cp∂p. Iogm-fk - v{Xo-If - psS \ne-IqSn ]cn-KW - n-®m¬ "kv{Xokzm-X-{¥ysØ ]c-º-cm-K-X-am-bn-Øs∂ t{]m’m-ln-∏n-®-h¿' F∂ JymXn-sbm∂pw \ap°-h-Im-i-s∏-Sm-\n-s√∂pw hy‡w! F¶nepw tIc-fØ - ns‚ Cu t]cv C∂pw \ne\n¬°p-∂p-≠v, ]e-bn-S-ß-fn-epw. tIc-f-Ønse kmaq-ln-Ih - n-Ik - \ - s - Ø-°p-dn-®p≈ N¿®-If - nepw ]ecpw CXn-s\-°p-dn®v ]cm-a¿in-°m-dp-≠v. hnZym`ymkw, Btcm-Kyw, P\-kw-Jym-\n-b-{¥Ww apXemb taJ-e-I-fn¬ tIcfw D≠m-°nb t\´-ßsf-°p-dn®p ]d-bp-tºmƒ, ]c-º-cm-KX acp-a-°Ømbw kv{XoIƒ°p \¬Inb kzmX-{¥yw, s]Ïp-™p-ßƒ°p Iev]n® hne, Ch-sb-°pdn®v {]tXyIw ]cm-a¿i-ß-fp-≠m-Im-dp-≠v. Hc-fhp-hsc CXn¬ icn-bp≠v ˛ DZm-lc - W - Ø - n-\v, acpa-°Ø - m-bØ - n¬ kv{XoIƒ°v ]Tn∏v ]q¿Æ-ambn \ntj-[n-°s - ∏-ń-cp-∂n√; ]e-t∏mgpw kv{XoIƒ°v \√ hnZym-`ymkw t\Sm≥ Ign-™n-cp-∂p. hoSpIƒ°p-≈n¬ AS-™p-In-S-∂p-sIm-≈-W-sa∂ \n_-‘\ Ah¿°p _m[-I-am-bn-cp-∂n-√. AXpsIm≠v 19-˛mw \q‰m-≠n¬ Xncp-hn-Xmw-Iq¿˛sIm®n cmPy-ßƒ s]¨]-≈n-°q-Sß - ƒ Bcw-`n-®t- ∏mƒ Xß-fpsS s]ä-°sf Ahn-tS-°b - b - v°m≥ acpa-°-Øm-b-°m¿ aSn-®n-√. ]t£, Cßs\ KpWI-c-amb Hcp hyh-ÿsb \mń¬\n∂v ASn-t®mSn-°msX Cu \mSv KpWw-]n-Sn-°n-s√∂ ]√-hnbmWv kmaq-ly-]-cnjv°¿Øm°ƒ 19-˛mw \q‰m≠nepw AXn-\p-ti-jhpw ]mSn-bXv! AXm-bXv \man∂v kmaq-ln-Ih - n-Ik - \ - s - a∂v hnfn-°p∂ t\´ßƒ cq]-s∏-´-Im-e-Øp-X-s∂-bmWv acp-a-°Ømbw Cu \mń¬\n∂p \njv°m-k\w sNøs∏-´-Xpw. C°m-esØ kmaq-ly-am-‰-ßƒsIm≠v \mSn\p KpW-ap-≠m-bn-ń-s√-∂√ - . ]t£, kv{XoIfpsS kz¥w Xm¬]-cy-ßƒ°v, kzbw-]-cym-]vX- y-ßƒ ChXbv°v DX-Ip∂ Fs¥ms° kml-Nc bn-eqsS D≠mbn F∂p-IqSn ]cn-tim-[n-t°-≠X - m-W.v

IqSp-X¬ Btem-N\ - bv°v \ne-hn-ep≈ {]_-e-[m-c-W-Isf s]mfn-s®-gp-Xns°m-≠mWv kv{XoN-cn{Xw Ncn-{X-]-T-\-cw-KØv kz¥am-sbm-cnSw Dd-∏n-®-Xv. B[p-\nI tIc-f-Ncn-{X-Øns‚ ]›m-Ø-e-Ønepw Cu km≤yX \ne-\n¬°p-∂p-≠v. tIc-f-Ønse kv{XoI-fpsS Ncn-{Xm-\p-`-h-ß-sf-°p-dn®v km[m-c-W-°m¿°n-Sbnepw ]WvUn-Xh - r-Øß - f - nepw {]_-ea - mbn \ne\n¬°p∂ Hcp [mc-Wb - mWv Cu A≤ym-bØ - n¬ ]p\x-]-cn-tim-[n-°-s∏-´-Xv. kv{XoIsf "]mSn-∏p-IgvØe'√ kv{XoN-cn-{X-Øns‚ GI-[¿Ω-sa∂pw Cu A≤ym-b-Øn¬ ssIs°m≠ kao-]\w hy‡-am-°p-∂p. kv{XoI-fpsS AwKo-I-cn-°-s∏´n-´n-√mØ Ncn-{Xm-\p-`-h-ß-sf, kw`m-h-\-I-sf, shfn-®Øp sIm≠p-h-cpI F∂Xv AXns‚ ]e [¿Ω-ß-fn-sem-∂p-am-{X-am-Wv. kv{XoIsf "]pIgvØm-\p≈' F√m {ia-ßfpw Ah¿°v A\p-Iqe-am-bn-s°m-≈-W-sa-∂n-s√∂v Cu A≤ymbw hmZn-°m≥ {ian-°p-∂p. ]e-t∏mgpw kv{XoIƒ°v A\p-Iq-e-a-√mØ ÿm]-\-ß-sfbpw k{º-Zm-bß-sfbpw \ΩpsS {i≤-bn¬\n-∂v- AI-‰n-\n¿Øm\mWv Cu ]pI-gvØ¬ D]-I-cn-°p-∂-Xv. "kv{Xo Iƒ' F∂m¬ acp-a° - Ø - m-bh - y-hÿ - b - ° v p-Io-gn¬ Ign™ kv{XoIƒ am{X-a√ F∂p-IqSn IW-°nse-Sp-°p-tºmƒ ta¬∏-d™ "]pI-gvØ¬' Ffp∏-am-hn-s√∂p hy‡-amWv!

tIcfØns‚ Ncn{XImcnIƒ

aocm them-bp-[≥

[\yqU¬ln-bnse Pman-b -an-√nb C…m-anb k¿Δ-I-em-im-e-bn¬ tUmIvS-d¬ Kth-j-Ww-\-S-Ønb aocmth-em-bp-[≥ B[p-\nI ae-bm-fn-kv{Xo-I-fpsS Ncn-{X-sØ-°p-dn®v BZy-Im-eØv Kth-j-Ww-\-S-Øn-b-h-cn-semcm-fm-Wv. ae-_m-dnse cmjv{Sob DW¿®-bpsS ImeØv kv{XoI-fpsS cmjv{So-b-]-¶m-fn-Ø-sØ-°p-dn®pw kmapZm-bnI˛cm-jv{So-b-{]-ÿm-\-ß-fn¬ Ah-cpsS \ne-sb-°p-dn®pw hne-s∏´ Dƒ°m-gvNbpw hnh-c-ßfpw \¬Ip∂ teJ-\-ßƒ Ah¿ {]kn-≤o-I-cn-®n-´p-≠v. CS-Xp-]-£sØ BZy-Ime kv{Xo{]-h¿Ø-I-cp-ambn Ah¿ \S-Ønb A`n-ap-J-ßƒ hfsc hne-s∏´ t{kmX- m-Wv.]

\oXn-t_m-[-Øn\v ]e Dd-hp-I-fm-Wp-≈Xv ˛ Ncn{Xw; ]nd-∂, hf¿∂, ]cn-N-bn-®, ÿe-ßƒ; kzXz-ßƒ. Fs‚ \oXn-t_m[w amXm-]n-Xm-°ƒ ]I¿∂p-X∂ - X - m-W.v Fs‚ AΩ-bmb Zm£m-bWn them-bp-[≥ sIm®n apf-hp-ImSv Zzo]nse Hcp acp-a° - Ø - mb ]pe-bØ - d - h - m-ń-emWv P\n-®X - .v Ifcn-∏-b‰pw \mS-Ihpw a‰p "\mS≥Ie'Ifpw Cu Xd-hm-´w-Kß - ƒ°v ss]Xr-Ia - mbn e`n-®n-cp-∂p. (Hcn-°¬ Ah¿ IS-en¬ Hcp h≈-Øn¬ \mS-Iw\-S-Ønb IY ]d-™p-tI-ń-´p≠v ˛ IS¬ D∂-XPm-Xn-°m-cp-sSbpw ]W-°m-cp-sSbpw IpØ-Ib - √ - mbn-cp-∂t- √m.) kv{XoIƒ Irjn-∏Wn sNbvXn-cp∂p; a’yw DW-°n-bn-cp-∂p. Hcp-]m-Sp-Im-cy-ß-fn¬ Ah¿ ap≥Km-an-I-fp-am-bn-cp-∂p. Fs‚ AΩbpw as‰mcp IqS-∏n-d-∏p-sam-gn®v a‰p Ip™p-ß-sf-sb√mw-Iqń {InkvXp-aXw kzoI-cn-®-bm-fm-bn-cp∂p Fs‚ apØ-»n. Cf-b-k-¥m-\-ßƒ°v sIm®n alm-cm-Pmhp \¬Inb kuP-\y-hn-Zym-`ym-kØns‚ KpWw-In-´-W-sa∂v Ah¿ B{K-ln-®n-cp∂p. apf-h-°m´p ]≈n-°q-SØn¬ ta¬ap-≠n´ BZysØ Iogm-fk - {v Xo-bm-bn-cp-∂n-cn-°Ww Fs‚ AΩ; sIm®o-cm-Py-Ønepw C¥ybnepw BZy-ambn _ncp- Z - h n- Z ym- ` ymkw ]q¿Øn- b m- ° nb ZenXv kv{Xobm-bn-cp∂p Ah¿. ¢mkn¬ F√m-bvt∏mgpw

H∂m-aX - m-bn-cp∂ _men-I. ]n∂oSv kvIqƒ A≤ym]n-Ib - m-bn-Øo¿∂-t∏mƒ, Ah¿ s]mXp-hg - n-bn-eqsS-Øs∂ \S-°p-sa-∂p-d®p; ta¬Pm-Xn-°m¿ At∏mƒ hb-en-eqsS \S-°m≥ \n¿∫-‘n-X-cmbn. kvIqfn¬ A≤ym-]-I¿ ]pkvX-I-ßƒ Xs‚t\sc hen-s®-dn-bm≥ Zm£m-bWn A\p-h-Zn-®ncp-∂n√; acym-Zbv°v Iøn¬s°m-Sp-°mØ ]pkvXI-ßƒ Ah¿ kzoI-cn-®n-cp-∂n-√. Ft∂mSv Ahsc-t∏mgpw ]d-™n-cp-∂p, t\tc-bn-cn-°q, Xe-bpb¿Øn-bn-cn-°q, \ΩpsS Iq´¿°v CXp-hsc XeXm-gvØn-\-S-°m-\m-bn-cp∂p hn[n. \m´p-cm-Py-{]ÿm-\ß - f - n¬ Ah¿ {ItaW kPo-h] - ¶ - m-fn-bmbn; BPo-h-\m¥w Km‘n-b≥ Pohn-X-co-Xn-bpsS h‡m-hm-bn. 1930-I-fpsS a≤y-Øn¬ DtZymKw ths≠-∂p-h-®p-sIm≠v Ah¿ sIm®n \nb-a-k`m-Iu¨kn-¬ AwK-am-bn. ]n¬°m-eØv Ah¿ C¥y≥ `c- W - L - S \m\n¿Ωm- W - k - ` - b nepw BZysØ tI{μ-\n-b-a-k-`-bnepw AwK-am-bn. _m_m kmtl_v Awt_-ZvI-dpsS Dd® A\pbmbn Adn-b-s∏-´p. hm¿[-bnse Km‘n B{i-aØn¬h-®mWv Ah¿ Fs‚ ]nXm-hmb cma≥ them-bp-[s\ hnhm-lw-sN-bvX-Xv ˛ IkvXq¿_bp-sSbpw Km‘n-Pn-bp-sSbpw km∂n-≤y-Øn¬. AsXmcp "{]W-b-hn-hml'ambn-cp-∂p. 1970-I-fn¬

U¬ln-bnse Xq∏p-th-e-sb-Sp-°p∂ kv{XoIƒ°n-S-bn¬ Ah¿ ]Wn-sb-Sp-Øn-cp∂p; A`y-kvX-hn-Zy-cmb ZenXvkv{XoI-fpsS tZiob Iq´m- b v a - b n¬ AwK- a m- b ncp∂p. ac- W - Ø n\v A¬∏Im-ew-apºv Ah¿ Cu Iq´m-bva-bvs°m∏w (1970-I-fpsS HSp-°w) ZenXvkv{XoI-fpsS tZio-bk-tΩ-f\w U¬ln-bn¬ \S-Øn. Rm≥ IqsS-t∏mbn-cp∂p ˛ AΩ CXn-\mbn hoSp-ho-Sm-¥cw Ibdn-bn-dßn ZenXv`h-\ß - f - n¬\n∂v [\-ti-Jc - Ww \S-Øn-b-t∏mƒ. HSp-hn¬ "aln-fm-Pm-KrXo ]cnjØv' F∂ t]cn¬ Hcp AJn-te¥y ZenXvkwL-Sbv°v Ah¿ P∑w-sIm-Sp-Øp. Cu {]h¿Ø-\-Im-ew-ap-gp-h≥ Ah¿ F¬.-sF.-knbn¬ C≥^¿ta-j≥ DtZym-Kÿ - b - mbn tPmen-t\m°n- b n- c p- ∂ p. an° kv { XoI- s f- b pw- t ]m- s e, IpSpw_w ]pe¿Øn-bn-cp-∂p. Rm≥ 1990-I-fpsS a≤y-Øn¬ cq]o-Ir-X-amb ZenXvkv{Xo tZiob s^U-td-js‚ `mK-am-bn-Øo¿∂Xv bmZr-›n-Ia - mb√; B _‘w ]t≠-bp-≠m-bn-cp-∂p. Fs‚ A—≥ ]gb P∑nØ Xncp-hn-Xmw-Iqdnse Dg-hq¿ {]tZ-i-Øp≈ Hcp ]c-h-Ip-Spw-_Øn¬\n-∂m-Wv. At±-l-Øns‚ A—≥ Bbp¿tΔZ sshZy-\m-bn-cp-∂X - p-sIm≠v Ah-cpsS P∑n a°sf ]≈n-°q-S-Øn-e-b-bv°m-\-\p-h-Zn-®p. At±- l - Ø ns‚ ktlm- Z - c - ∑ m¿ P\- k - Ω - X nbm¿÷n® I¿j-I-t\-Xm-°-fm-bn-cp-∂p, tIc-fØns‚ Im¿jn-I-N-cn-{X-Øn¬ Ah¿ AZr-iy-cmsW-¶n-epw. Km‘n-Pn-bmWv Fs‚ A—s\ Is≠Sp-Ø-Xv, tImf-Pn¬ \S∂ Hcp {]Xn-tj-[-k-a-cØn-\n-S-bn¬\n-∂v. t_mws_-bn¬ Sm‰m C≥Ãn‰yq-´n¬\n∂v kmaq-ly-imkv{Xw ]Tn-®n-d-ßnb BZy hnZym¿∞n-I-fn-sem-cm-fm-bn-cp∂p At±-lw. tkmjy-enÃv cmjv{So-bt- Øm-SS- p-Øt- ijw c≠p temIvk`m sXc-s™-Sp-∏p-I-fn¬ At±lw hnPbn®p ˛ A∂v kwh-c-W-a-WvU-e-a-√m-bn-cp∂ sIm√-Øp-\n-∂v. c≠m-asØ XhW CS-Xp-kz-X{¥-\m-bmWv a’-cn-®-Xv. U¬ln-bn¬ ]e-hn-[-

Øn-ep≈ CS-Xp-cm-jv{So-b-{]-h¿Ø-\-ß-fnepw t{SUvbqWn-b≥ {]h¿Ø-\ß - f - nepw ]¶m-fn-bm-bncp-∂p. At±lw \S-Øn-bn-cp∂ \nc-h[n bm{XI-fn-eqsS Ipń-I-fmb Rßƒ°v temI-Øns‚ ]e `mK-ß-fnepw \S-°p∂ Imcy-ß-sf-°p-dn®v t_m[-ap-≠m-bn. Ah-km-\-\m-fp-I-fn¬ _p≤-a-XtØmSv At±lw {]Xn-]ØnImń-bn-cp-∂p. hoń¬ Rßƒ ae-bmfw kwkm-cn-®n-cp-s∂¶nepw hS- t °- b n- ¥ y- b n¬ P\n- ® p- h - f ¿∂- X psIm≠v lnμn-bmWv amXr-`m-j-bmbn F\n°v A\p-`-h-s∏-ń-cp-∂-Xv. F¶nepw ]e-bn-S-ß-fnepw thcp-I-fp-s≠∂ tXm∂¬ Ft∏mgpw F\n-°p≠m-bn-cp-∂p. _ncp-Zm-\-¥-c-]-T-\-Øn-\p-tijw Rm≥ \S-Ønb Kth-j-W-a-[n-Ihpw tIc-f-Ønem-bn-cp-∂p. tIc-f-Øn\p ]pdØp Pohn-t°-≠nh-∂-Xn¬ Fs‚ AΩ A\p-`-hn® \jvS-t_m[sØ GtXm hn[-Øn¬ ]cn-l-cn-°m-\p≈ Fs‚ {ia-am-bn-cp-∂n-cn-°mw, Hcp]t£, CXv! A©p-a-°-fn¬ GI-a-I-fm-bn-cp∂p Rm≥ F∂-Xp-sIm≠v A—-\Ω - a - m-cp-sSbpw Bß-fa - m-cpsSbpw {]tXyI ]cn-KW - \ F\n-°p-≠m-bn-cp-∂p. XpS¿®-bp≈ hnZym-`ymkw F\n°p e`n-°-Wsa∂v Ah¿°v \n¿∫-‘-am-bn-cp-∂p. ]e-t∏mgpw ôkn- \ pw- a ‰pw Rßƒ _p≤n- a p- ´ n- b n- c p- ∂ p. ]t£, hnZym-e-b-Im-e-Øp-Xs∂ Fs‚ PohnXw Rm≥Xs∂ sIń-∏-Sp-°p-sa∂ Xocp-am-\-Øn¬ Rm≥ FØn-°-gn-™n-cp-∂p. Hcp "cmjv{So-bhy‡n'bmWv Rms\∂v XnI™ A`n-am-\-t_m[-tØmsS {]Jym-]n-°m≥ F\n°v A—s‚ t{]cW-bp-ap-≠m-bn-cp-∂p. 1980-If - psS khn-ti-jk - m-lN-cy-ß-fn-emWv Fs‚ _p≤n-]-chpw cmjv{So-bhp-amb t_m[w cq]-sa-Sp-ØX - .v {]tXy-In-®,v Rm≥ kv{Xo{]-ÿm-\Ø - ns‚ `mK-am-bn-Øo¿∂-X.v F√mb-vt∏mgpw Rm≥ sXc-s™-Sp-∏p-Iƒ \S-Øn-bXv \oXn-t_m-[t- Øm-Sp-Iq-Sn-bmWv ˛ Fs‚ A—-\Ω - am-sc-t∏m-se- X-s∂.

3 53

tIcfØn¬ dmWnam¿ D≠mbncpt∂m? ]©m- b - Ø p- I - f nse kv { Xokw- h - c Ww 33¬\n∂v 50 iX-am-\-ambn Db¿∂n-cn-°p∂ C∂-sØ-°m-eØpw tIc-f-cm-{„o-b-Øns‚ D∂- X - ß - f n¬ hf- s c- ° p- d ®p kv { XoI- t fbp≈p. Ffnb a´n¬ P\- t k- h \w \SØp∂ kv{XoI-tfmSv \ap°p hfsc {]nbam-Wv. F∂m¬ A[n-Im-c-cm-jv{So-b-Øn¬ {]th- i n- ° m≥ {ian- ° p∂ kv { XoIsf Aev]s - amcp ]p—-tØm-sS-bmWv \mw ImWp∂-Xv. "]ucp-j-°m-cn,' "Xt‚Sn' apX-emb hntijWß-fmWv \mw Ah¿°p \¬Imdp-≈Xv! ]pcp-j-∑m¿°v cmjv{So-bm-[n-ImcsØ samØ- Ø n¬ Xosd- g p- X n- s °m- S p°p∂ Cu coXn Fß-s\-bmWv cq]-s∏-´Xv? ae-bm-fn-I-fpsS ]c-º-cm-KX cmjv{So-b-ÿm]- \ - ß - f n¬ ˛ cmP- k z- c q- ] - ß - f n¬ ˛ B ÿm\-ß-fn-se-Ønb kv{XoIƒ°v Nne km≤y-X-I-fp-≠m-bn-cp-∂p-sh∂pw {ItaW Ah \jvS-am-hp-I-bm-Wp≠mbsX∂pw \mw Xncn-®-dn-tb-≠-Xp-≠v. BapJØn¬ ]d™ ImcyßfpsS shfn® Øn¬ Cu tNmZyØn\v henb {]m[m\yw sImSpt°≠Xns√∂v \ap°v hmZn°mhp∂XmWv. \ΩpsS `qXImew NnI™pt\m°nbm¬ Ht∂m ct≠m Ignhp‰ dmWnamsc Is≠Øm≥ Ignbpw. ]t£, B Is≠Øen¬\n∂v \aps° ¥mWp KpWw? t\ctØ ]d™Xpt]mse, Hcp DÆn bm¿®sb Is≠Ønsb∂p IcpXn A∂sØ Chn-SsØ s]Æpßƒ apgph≥ Ifcn]Tn® A`ymknIfmbncp∂psh∂v ]dbm≥]‰ptam?

]‰n√, Xo¿®! AXpt]mse, H∂pc≠v \√ `cWm[nImcnWnIsf Is≠Ønsb∂p IcpXn A∂sØ taemfkv{XoIƒ°v `cWm[nImcØn¬ ]pcpj\pXpeyamb \nebp≠mbncp∂psh∂v hmZn°m≥ Ignbn√. H∂maXv, dmWnamsc km[mcWkv{XoIfpsS Iq´Øn¬ s]SpØm≥]‰n√. Ah¿ D∂XPmXn°mcpw IpSpw_°-mcpambncp∂p. c≠maXv, H∂pc≠pZmlcWßƒ Xnc™p]nSn°p- ∂ Xp- s Im≠v kv{Xo ]pcpj\p Xpeybmbncp∂psh∂v ka¿ ∞n-°m\mhn√ ˛ GXp kaqlØnepw ]pcpj s\m∏w \n¬°p∂ H∂pc≠v Akmam\y-kv{Xo Iƒ D≠mIpsa∂ adp]Snbm-bncn°pw In´pI. F¶nepw ]gb ae- b mfn- k aqlØn- s ‚ G‰hpw Db¿∂X´pIfnse kv{XoIfpsS A\p` hsa¥-mbn-cp∂p-sh∂v At\zjn°p∂Xv kv{XoIsf samØØn¬ _m[n® Nne h≥-kmaqly am‰ßfnte°v IqSpX¬ shfn®whoipw. tIcf Øn¬ C∂pw kv{XoIƒ°v A[nIw {]thi\an√m-Ø Hcp taJebmWv A[nImc-cmjv{Sobw. ]e ]co£Wßfpw \SØnbn´pw cmjv{Sob Øns‚ D∂-X-taJeIfnte°v A[nIw kv{Xo Iƒ Ibdns®∂nń√. Ib-dns®∂ Nne¿°p Inńb kzoIc-Ww H´pw Bimh-lhpambn-cp∂n√. (CS-Xp-]£{]ÿm-\Ø - n-eqsS t\XrXz\ncbn-te-°p-b¿∂ sI.B¿. KucnbΩbpsS A\p `hw Hm¿Ωn°pI) tIcfØnse dmWnam-cpsS Ncn{Xw CsXßs\ kw`hn®p F∂Xns\ °pdn®v Nne kqN\Iƒ \¬Ip∂p. H∂pc≠v Akmam\y-k{v XoIƒ tIcfØns‚ Ign™ ImeØnep-ap≠v. Ahcn¬ {][m\n bmWv ]Xnt\gmw \q‰m≠n¬ sX°≥-tIcf Øn¬ (]n¬°m-esØ XncphnXmIq¿) Pohn®n cp∂ AizXn-Xncp\mƒ Xºp-cmń. kv{XoIƒ aq∏p-hmW kzcq]sa∂ t]cn¬ ˛ AXmbXv, G‰hpw aqØkv{Xo ImcWhØnbpw `cWm[nImcnbp-ambn hmWncp∂ kzcq]w F∂ t]cn¬ ˛ Adnbs∏ńcp∂ B‰n-ß-¬ kzcq]Ønse aqØ Xºp-cm-ń-bm-bncp∂p Ch¿. DabΩ-dmWn F∂ t]cn¬ Ch¿ {]kn≤bmWv. 1678apX¬ 1698hscbmbncp∂p ChcpsS `cWImew. Xncp h\¥-]pcsØ ]ga°m¿ DabΩ-dmWn-sb-°p dn®pff ]e IYIfpw tIń-cn°pw. Ifn∏m¶pfw F∂ ÿ-eØp-h®p≠mb ZmcpW-kw`h-sØ°pdn®mbncn°mw A[nIw- t ]cpw tIń- c n- ° pI. DabΩdmWn°v Bdv B¨- a °fp- ≠ m- b ncp s∂∂pw Ifn∏m¶pf-Øn¬ \o¥m\ndßnb Ipam c∑msc ZpjvS∑mcmb amSºnam¿ sIm∂p-If™p

sh∂pamWv IYbpsS cXv\®pcp°w. ]n¬°m eØ,v Ccp]Xmw\q‰m≠ns‚ BZy-]IpXnbn¬ aebmf-IhnXbv°p ]pXpPoh≥ ]I¿∂ aq∂p IhnIfn¬ (B[p\nI-Ihn{Xb-sa∂mWv Ahsc hntijn-∏n®n´pffXv) Hcmfmbncp∂ D≈q¿ F v. ]ctaizcø¿ Cu Ifn∏m-¶pfw-IYsb DamtIcfw (1913) F∂ Xs‚ alm-ImhyØn¬ D]tbm-Kn®p. XncphnXmwIqdnt\mSpw tIcf-tØmSpw IhnbpsS `‡n {]ISn∏n-°p∂ Cu ImhyØn¬ DabΩ dmWn km£m¬ tIcfØns‚ {]XoIam-bn {]Xy£s∏Sp∂p. a°-fpsS ZmcpWacWØnepw ss[cyw-ssIhnSmØ, kpNcn-Xbmb- hoc-amXmhmbmWv Ihn Ahsc Nn{Xo-Icn--°p∂Xv. Xncp hnXmw-Iqdnse amSºnamcpsS Zp¿`cWhpw hntZ io-bm{IaWhpsa√mw tN¿∂p≠mb {]Xnk ‘nbn¬\n∂v \mSns\ c£n°m≥ ]Wns∏Sp∂ alXn-bmb- amXmhmbn´mWv Ah¿ B Ir-Xn bn¬ \nd™p\n¬°p∂Xv. Ah¿°v HSphn¬ kn≤n°p∂ hnPbw tIcfØns‚Xs∂ hnPbamIp∂p. F∂m¬ DamtIcf Ønse DabΩbv ° v Ncn{XtcJIfn¬ {]Xy£s∏Sp∂ Dab-ΩdmWn bp- a mbn henb kmaysam∂p- a ns√∂- X mWv IuXpIIcamb Imcyw. D≈q¿ Ihn-am{Xambn cp∂n√, Adnbs∏´ Ncn{X- K thjI≥- I qSnbmbncp∂p. At±lwXs∂ Xs‚ Ncn{X]T\ Øn¬ Ifn∏m-¶pfw kw`hw \S∂Xmbn sXfnhns√∂v kqNn∏n°p∂p≠v. BsdÆw-t]m-bn´v Hcp k¥m\wt]mepw Da-bΩ-bv°n√mbncps∂∂pw Ah¿ {]khn-®Xmbnt∏mepw Adnhns√-∂pw ]n¬°meØp≠mb Ncn{X-]T\-ßƒ AhImi s∏Sp∂p. ChnsS bqtdm]y¿ ˛ e¥°mcpw {_n´n jp-Imcpw ˛ XßfpsS B[n]Xyapd-∏n°m≥ InW™p {ian®n-c∂ ]Xnt\gmw\q‰m≠ns‚ Ahkm\-ambncp∂p DabΩdmWn `cW-ta‰Xv. Ah¿ _m°nh® ]e tcJ-Ifnepw Dab-ΩdmWnsb°-pdn®p≈ Nn{X-ßfp≠v. Cu hnhcßsf Gsd°psd ÿncoIcn°p∂ sFXn-lyßfpw {]NmcØnep≠v. B‰n-ß¬-kzcq]Øns‚ aqØ Xºpcm´n bmbn Ah¿ 1678¬ ÿm\-ta‰p. A∂sØ A[nImc-cmjv{- Sobsa∂ph®m¬ sX°≥-tIcfØnep ≠mbncp∂ cmP-kz-cq]ßƒ XΩnep≈ a’cambn-cp∂p. Xr∏m∏q¿, tZinß\mSv, Cf-bn-S-Øp kzcq]w apXemb \nch[n cmPkzcq]ßƒ XΩn¬ henb a’cw-\S∂ Imew. Cu a’cØn¬ DabΩ-dmWn Imcyambn ]s¶-SpØncp∂psh∂mWv tcJ-Ifn¬ ImWmdp≈Xv. B‰nßtIcfØn¬ dmWnam¿ D≠mbncpt∂m?

en¬ am{Xa√ AhnSw-IS∂p A°mes-Ø a‰p kzcq]ßfnepw Xs‚ kzm[o- \ apd∏n°m≥ Ah¿ {ian®psh∂v Ncn{XtcJI-ƒ hy‡am °p∂p. DZmlcWØn\v A∂sØ XncphnXmw Iqdn¬ (A∂v B‰nß¬ XncphnXmwIq dn¬\n∂v thdn´-mbncp∂p) DabΩdmWn B‰n ß¬ aqØXºpcm\mbn´v A[nIw Ignbp∂Xn \papºv XncphnXmwIq¿ cmPm-hmbncp∂ BZnXy h¿Ω A¥-cn®p. XpS¿∂p≠mb ]n¥pS-¿®mØ¿°Øn¬ Ah¿ i‡ambn CS-s-]Sm≥ {ian®p. Xs‚ Xm¬-]cya-\pkcn®v Hcmsf cmPmhmbn AhnsS hmgn°m≥ ]cn{ian®p. HSp-hn-¬ Ah¿ ZsØSpØ ]pdh- g n\mSv tIcfh¿Ω Xncphn- X mwIq¿ cmPmhmIpIbpw sNbv X p. F∂m¬ Ah¿Xs∂ ]n¬°meØv Cu hy‡n°v FXncmhpIbpw Abmsf sIm∂pIf bm\p≈ KqVm-temN\bn¬ ]¶ptNcpIbpw sNbvX-psh∂mWv FgpXs∏´ Ncn{-X-tcJ-Ifpw hmsamgnbmbn {]Ncn® IYIfpw ]dbp∂Xv. 1692¬ Cbmƒ sIm√s∏´p. DabΩdmWn Xncph\¥]pcsØ {io-]ﬂ\m-`-kzman-t£{X Ønepw Xs‚ kzm[o\apd∏n°m≥ {ian®Xmbn sXfnhp≠v. {_n´njv {]Xn\n-[nIfpambn t\cn´v

N¿®Ifn-te¿-s∏Sm\pw Ahsc kzm[o\n®v Xs‚ A[nImcapd∏n°m\pw Ah¿ H´pw aSn®ncp∂n√. {_nńjpIm¿°v BZyambn I®hSÿm]\w A\p-hZn®Xv Ahcmbncp∂p. Zs-ØS-p°-s∏´ tIcfh¿Ωsb Ah¿ Xncp-hnXmwIq¿ cmP-ÿm\sØ-Øn®Xv \S∏nep≠mbncp∂ ]n¥p-S¿®m\nbaßsf ewLn-®p-sIm-≠s{X. Npcp°n∏d ™m¬, A∂sØ cm-j{v So-b A[nImc°fnbpsS ]Xn-s\´Shpw ]m®nepw hi-Øm°nb, F√m Øcw cmjv{SobIuießfpw hiambncp∂, cmjv{So-bm[nImcw Bfl-hn-izm-k-tØmsS ssIImcyw-sNbvXncp∂ Hcp dmWnbpsS cq]amWv Ncn{X-tcJIfn¬ sXfnbp∂Xv. A[n-ImcØn \pth≠n BNmcsØ A-Xn-ewLn°m≥ aSn °mØ Hcphƒ. B‰nß¬ Xºpcmńamscbpw DabΩsbbpw t\cn¬°≠ Hcp bqtdm]y≥ ssk-\nI≥ 1677¬ Ahsc Cßs\ hnhcn°p∂p: B‰nß¬ dmWn XncphnXmwIqdns‚ amXrKr-l-amWv; am{X-a√, Xr∏m-∏q¿kzcq-]-Øns‚ aq∏pw hln-°p∂p. XncphnXmwIqdn¬\n∂p kzX{¥ambn \n¬°p∂ hens-bmcp `q{]tZihpw Ah¿°v kz¥a-mbp≠v.

F¥mWo "amaq¬?' ]≠p \nehn- e p≠mbn- c p∂ PmXnhy- h ÿ- b n- ¬ ]men®- n cp- ∂ BNmc- ß ƒ°pw \nbaß-ƒ-°pw sam-ØØn¬ ]-dbp∂ t]cm-Wv "amaq¬'. ]s≠ms° hfsc IWniambn ]men®ncp∂ ZpcmNm-cßf-mb sXm´pIqSmbva, Xo≠¬, amk-°p-fn-kabsØ Aip≤n I¬]-n°epw ]pdØp amdnbncn-°eps-am-s°- "amaqen's‚ `mKamb-ncp∂p. Ica\-bmdp IS∂m¬ ta¬-PmXn-kv{XoIfpsS PmXn t]mIpsa∂ hnizmkhpw "amaqem'bncp∂p, C∂v Aßs\sbmcp hnizmkw \ne-hnens-√¶nepw. GItZiw ]sØgp-]Xp h¿jw apºphsc hSt° ae_mdn¬ tImc∏pg IS∂m¬ kv{XoIfpsS PmXn t]mIpsa∂ hn-izmkw \ne\n∂ncp∂p. CØcw ZpcmNmcßsf ]men®p \ne\n¿t-Ø≠Xv ChnSsØ cmP-IpSpw-_ßfpsS ISabmbn IW°m-°s∏´ncp∂p (cmP`cWw hfsc \∂mbncp∂pshs∂ms° X´n-hnSp∂h¿ ad°p∂ Imcyw).

F∂p tNmZn°p∂ coXn C∂p-aps≠∂mWv B \m´pImcmb kplrØp°ƒ ]dbp∂Xv! kz¥w Cjv S m\njv S ßsf Dt]£n- ® v cmPytkh\w \SØnb Xy-mKkzcq]nWnsbb√ Ncn{X-tcJ-Ifn¬ ImWp∂Xv. adn®v, X-s‚ Xm¬-]-cyßƒ Xpd∂p {]I-Sn∏n-°m≥ aSn°mØ Hcp h\nX-bmb-n-cp∂p Ahsc∂ kqN-\I-fp≠v. (dmWn°v CwKvfojp-Imcpambn \√ _‘amWp≠m-bn-cp∂Xv. AXp-sIm≠v CXv dmWnbpsS k¬t∏cv If-¶s∏Sp-Øm\pff {iaam-bn°-mWm≥

If¶ap≠mIpsa∂mWv hnizmkw. F∂m¬ Cu ]ucpj °mcn B am-aq-¬ ASpØImeØv ewLn®p. cm-P-m-hp-t]mepw AhcpsS ap∂n¬-\n∂v ]d]d°p∂p. (inh-i-¶-c≥ \mb¿, F lm≥Uv- _pIv Hm^v tIcf, hmeyw.1, Xncp-h-\-¥-]pcw 2001, ]pdw 144)

Ignbn√) ]pdhgn\mSv tIcf-h¿Ωbpw dmWnbpw XΩn¬ kw_-‘ap≠mbncps∂∂pw kqN\Ifp≠v. A°meØv CsXm- ∂ pw \mWt°Smbncp∂ns√∂pw H∂ne[nIw `¿Øm°∑m¿ kv{XoI-ƒ°p≠mIp∂ coXn A∂sØ ]e PmXnIfnepw ]Xnhmbncps∂∂pw Ncn{XImc \mb sI. inhi¶c≥ \mb¿ thWm-Sns‚ ]cn Wmaw F-∂- IrXnbn¬ Nq≠n-°m-Wn°-p∂p. ]t-£, DamtIc-fØ-nse Da-bΩd-m-Wn C-ßs\ bpff B{Kl-ßƒ {]I-Sn∏n°p∂ kv{Xob√.

IS¸mSv: _meca AaÀNn{XIY

aqØ Xºpcmńs°m∏w Hcp Cfb Xºpcmńbpap≠v. ]ucpjhpw Ipeo\Xbpw XnI™ Ahsc F√mh¿°pw `bhpw _lpam-\hpamWv. AhcpsS kv{XoXzsØ Nn-e-¿ _lpam\n°p∂p. a‰pNne¿ aqØ XºpcmńtbmSpff _lpa-m\wsIm≠v Ahsc hμn°p∂p. Cßs-\ In´p∂ BZchns\ X\n°\pIqeambn D]tbmKn°m≥ Cu Cfb Xºpcmń°v \√ Ignhm-Wv. AXneqsS Ah¿ B‰n-ß¬ am{Xa√, XncphnXmwIq¿Xs∂ `cn°p∂p. AhnSsØ BNmc{]Imcw XncphnX- m wI- q dnte°v Xºpcmńam¿ ImseSp-Øph®p-IqSmØXmWv. Ica\bmdp IS∂m¬

F¥mbmepw DamtIcfØnse Zpc¥-\mbn Isbb√ \manhnsS ImWp∂Xv. Cu DabΩdmWn B‰nß¬ {]tZiØv C∂pw {]ikvXbs{X. apXn¿∂htcmSv "Hm¿-Udn'Sp∂ sIm®p anSp°n ItfmSv ""F¥m \o DabΩdmWnbmtWm?''

tIcfØn¬ dmWnam¿ D≠mbncpt∂m?

icn, CsXms° hfsc c- k - I cwXs∂. F¶nepw Cßs\ Hcp dmWnsb Is≠SpØXn¬\n∂v \-Ω-ƒ IqSpXembn Fs¥¶nepw ]Tn-°p∂pt≠m? DabΩsbt∏mse tijnbpw tiapjnbpw XnI-™h-cmbncp∂p A∂sØ s]Æ-pß-sf-√mhcpw F∂p ]dbm≥ ]‰n-√t√m. F¥n\v, A∂sØ taemfkv{XoIsf√mhcpw CXp t]mse- b mbncps∂∂pt]mepw ]dbm s\m°n√! kao-]-Im-eØpw Imcy--ßƒ amdn-bnń√. Cμn-cm-Km-‘n, kncn-amthm _WvUm-c-\m-bsI, t_\-ko¿ `qt´m, tjbvJv lko\ ˛ C¥y, {ioe-¶, ]mIn-ÿm≥, _mw•-tZiv F∂o cm-Pyß-fnse {][m-\-a-{¥n-]-Zw-hsc FØnb Cu kv{XoIfp≠m-bX - p-sIm≠v Chn-Sß - f - nse kv{XoP\-ßƒ°v A[n-Im-chpw AwKo-Im-chpw e`n-®psh∂v ]dbm-\m-hn-√-t√m. ]t£, DamtIcf Ønse dmWnbpsS Nn{Xhpw Ncn{XtcJIƒ shfns∏SpØp∂ Nn{Xhpw C{Xbpw hyXykvX ambsX¥psIm≠v F∂p tNmZn°p∂XneqsS \ap°v Iptd-°qSn hepXmb, C∂sØ \ΩpsS PohnXsØ t\cn´p kv]¿-in® Hcp Ncn{X{]{In b-sb∏‰n IqSpX¬ Adnhp≠mIp∂p. AXmbXv tIcfØnse kv{XoIƒ ˛ taemf- k v{Xo Iƒt]mepw ˛ cmjv{So-bm[nIm-cØns‚ Db¿∂ taJeI-ƒ°p ]pd-Ømb {]{Inbsb∏‰n. DabΩdmWn FSpØp]tbmKn® A[nImc sØ- ° pdn®p≈ tcJIƒ hnc¬Nq≠p∂Xv A°meØv ChnsS \S∏nep≠mbncp∂ cmjv{Sobm[nImcØns‚ Hcp {]tXyIX-bnte°mWv. C¥y-bnse a‰p-{]tZ-iß-fne-[n-Ihpw kv{XoIƒ°v IncoSm-hI-miw C√mbncp∂p. cmPmhv A¥-cn®m¬ IncoSm-hIminbmb Ipamc\v {]mb]q¿Øn-bmbnń√mØ kmlNc-yamWp-≈-sX ¶n¬am{Xw dmWn Xm¬°- m enINpaXetb ‰ncp∂p. Ipamc≥ apXn¿-∂mepS≥ B ÿm\w Ahkm-\n°p-Ibpw sNøpw. Cw•ojp-Im¿ Cu k{ºZm- b sØ doP≥kn - ( regency) F∂p hnfn®p. ]t£, tIcfØn¬ ]ebnSØpw C°mcy-Øn-¬ Nne hyXymkßƒ I≠n-cp∂p. {_nńjpIm¿ ]sØmº-Xmw-\q‰m-t≠m-SpIqSn ChnSsØ \m´p-cmPy-ßsf IogS°p∂Xn\p apºp≈ ImcyamWv ]dbp∂Xv ˛ DabΩdmWn bpsS ImeØv {_nńjpIm¿ CXn\v {ian®p XpSßnbnt´-bp≠mbncp∂p≈p. t\csØ ]d ™Xpt]mse ]Xnt\gmw-\q‰m-≠ns‚ Ahkm\ImeØv ChnsS \nch[n sNdp-kzcq-]ßfmWp≠m-bncp∂Xv. Ch-bn-¬ an°-hbnepw A[n Imcw G‰hpwaqØ ]pcpj\-mbncp∂p. F∂m¬ tIcfØn¬ dmWnam¿ D≠mbncpt∂m?

]e kzcq]-ßfnepw ]pcp-jk - ¥Xn C√msXh∂ Ah-kc-ß-fn¬ aqØ kv{Xo°v e`n®ncp∂Xv ]q¿Wm[-nImcamb-ncp∂p ˛ AXm-bXv aqs∏ ØmØ ]pcpj-k¥Xn-bpsS {]Xn\n-[nbmbn-´√ aqØ kv{Xo `cWw-\SØn-bncp∂Xv. kz-¥w\nebn-¬Ø-s∂bmbncp∂p. "Xºpcm≥' F∂ ]ZsØ C∂p \mw ]pcpj-∑mtcm-SmWv _‘ s∏Sp-Ømdp≈Xv. F∂m¬ ]≠v cmP-IpSpw_ ßfnse kv{Xo-Iƒ°pw ]pcpj∑m¿°pw Cu \maw _m[Iambncp∂p ˛ ]e-t∏mgpw -aqØ Xºpcmńsb∂√, aqØ- Xºpcm≥ F∂mWv B‰nß¬ dmWnsb hntijn∏n®n´pffXv. Xr∏m ∏q¿, tZinß\mSv F∂o kzcq-]ßfpsS aq∏h Imiw B‰n-ß¬ XºpcmńamcpsS ]pcpj-k¥XnIƒ°mbncp∂p. (CXns\-°pdn®mWv apºp ]d™ bqtdm-]y≥ ssk\nIs‚ D≤cWn). Cßs\ B‰nß¬ Xºpcmńam¿°v amXr ÿm\ap≠mbncp∂ kz-cq]ßfn¬ aq∏p hmgm≥ ]pcp- j k¥m\an√msXbmbm¬, Xºpcmń am¿Xs∂ aqt∏dn-bncp∂Xmbn sXfnhp≠v. DZmlcWØn\v ]Xnt\gmw-\q‰m≠n¬ (1650Ifn¬) Xr∏m∏q¿ kzcq]Øns‚ aq∏v B‰nß¬ aqØ Xºpcmń-bmbncp∂ Bbneyw Xncp\mfmWv Gdnbncp∂Xv. At∏mƒ Ah¿°p sXm´pXmsg bp≠mbncp∂ c≠mwapd CfbXºpcmńbm bncp∂ aI-bncwXncp\mƒ tZinß\mSv kzcq]Ø-ns‚ aqt∏dnbncp∂p. (ap≥-sNm∂ ssk\n Is‚ D≤cWn-bnse aqØXºpcmń Chc-mbncp∂p). B‰nß¬ dmWnam¿°v ]pcpjk¥Xn C√msXh∂ Ah-kcßfmbncp∂p Chsb∂v sI. inhi¶c≥ \mb¿ ]dbp∂p. CXpIqSmsX c≠p kzcq]ßfn¬ ˛ sX°v B‰nßepw hS°v Adb-v°epw ˛ s]Æpßƒ t\cn´v aq∏v hmWn cp∂p. At∏mƒ DabΩbpsS `cWm[nImc tamlw \m´p\S∏n\v A{Xbvs°m∂pw hncp≤ambncp∂n-s√∂¿∞w! C-∂s - Ø IÆq¿-Pn√-bn-ep≠m-bncp∂ Adbv°¬kzcq]w C…mwaX hnizmknIfmbn-cp∂psh¶nepw a°Ømb IpSpw- _ ambncp∂n√. ChnsS Imc-W-hÿm\w aqØ kv{Xo hln®ncp∂p. {_nńjpImcpsS tcJ-Ifn¬ ]et∏mgpw ChnSsØ bYm¿∞ `cWm[nImcn aqØ ]pcpj∑cmbncp∂psh∂v ]dbp∂pap≠v. ]t£, F√m cmPIo-b-hnfw-_c-ßfpw DSºSnIfpw `cWm[nImcn-bmb Adbv°¬-_ohnbpsS {]Xy-£-kΩ X-tØmSpIqSn am{Xta \S∏n¬hcq F∂v Cu tcJIƒ-Xs∂ ]dbp∂p≠v. F¥m-bmepw ]Xn s\´mw\q‰m≠n¬ ChnsS aq∏phmWhcpsS

C¥y, {_nńjv `cWm[nImcnIfpsS IÆn¬ \nch[n kwkvImcßfpw `mjIfpw `cWcoXnIfpw IpSpw_cq]ßfpw a‰pw IqSnt®¿∂v \ne\n∂ncp∂ C¥ybnte°mWv {_nńjpIm¿ `cWm[nImcnIfmbn h∂Xv. ChnSsØ Aºc∏n°p∂ sshhn≤yw `cWXmXv ] cyßƒ°v hneßpXSnbmbn A\p`hs∏´p. C¥y≥ kwkv I mcØn\pw P\Xbv ° pw ]pdsaImWp∂ sshhn≤yØn\p Iognembn GIkz`mhamWp≈sX∂pw B A¥xkØ Is≠Øn `cWsØ AXn\\pkrXambn Nn´s∏SpØWsa∂pw {_nńjv `cWm[nImcnIfn¬ Hcp {]_ehn`mKw hmZn®p. Ah¿°v ]n≥_eambXv "]uckv X yhmZw' (orientalism) F∂ ⁄m\imJbmbncp∂p. C¥ybS°ap≈ Ing°≥ kwkvImcßsf°pdn®v \nch[n \q‰m≠pIfmbn ]m›mXyKthjI¿ \SØnh∂ ]T\KthjW{]h¿Ø\ßfneqsS DcpØncn™ph∂ "]uckv X yhmZw' Ing°≥ kaqlßfpsS sshhn≤ysØ ambv®pIfbpIbpw H∏w hyXykvXXbpsS Nne hm¿∏pamXrIIƒ (stereotypes)°p≈n¬ Ahsb Xfbv°pIbpw sNbvXp. Ch {_nńjv `cWb{¥ØneqsS ÿm]\h¬°cn°s∏´p (C¥ybn¬ kv{XoIƒ°v ]q¿Æ cmPm[nImcØn\v AhImians√∂ [mcW CØcsamcp hm¿∏pamXrIbn¬\n∂v D≠mbXmWv). kzmX{¥ym¥cImeØpt]mepw \mw ChbpsS ]nSnbn¬\n∂v ]q¿Æambn c£s]ńń√ F∂XmWv hmkvXhw. A[n\nthihpw tZiobXbpw XΩnep≈ CØcw ]¶phbv°epIsf KuchtØmSpIqSn ]Tnt°≠XmsW∂v A[n\nthim\¥c Ncn{XcN\bpsS h‡m°ƒ \nco£n°p∂p.

]ńIbn¬ \nch[n _ohnamcpsS t]cpIfp≠v. {_nńjvtcJIƒ ]et∏mgpw _ohn `¿Ømhns‚ IønemsWs∂ms° ]dbpIbpw as‰mcphiØv Ch¿°v "BgncmP' F∂ ÿm\-_ncpZap-≠m bncps∂∂v ]dbpIbpw IpSpw_ImcWh¿ Chcm-bncp-s∂∂v kΩXn°p-Ibpw-sN-øp∂p. 1790Ifn¬ ssakq¿ kp¬-Øm≥ Sn∏phns\ {_nń jpIm¿ tXm¬∏n-®tXmsS ae_mdnse F√m kzcq]ßfpw AhcpsS A[o\-Xbnembn. Adbv °¬ kzcq-]Øn\pw kzX{¥\ne \jvSambn. ]t£, _ohnam¿ ImcWh-ÿm\sØØp∂ ]Xnhv \jvSambn√. sX°v CXmbncp∂n√ A\p`hw. ChnsS {_nńjpIm¿ A[nImc-ØnseØpwapºpXs∂ `cWm-[nImcnWnIfpsS kzX{¥-\nebv°v tIm´ ap≠mbn. ]Xns\´mw- \ q‰m≠n- ¬ , C∂sØ tIcfØns‚ sX°≥-{]tZißfnse kzcq]ßsf Xncphn-XmwIqdnse am¿ØmWv-Uh¿Ω B{Ian®v IogS°n Hscm‰ cmPya-m°n. B‰nß¬ kzcq]Øn-s‚bpw kzX{¥\ne C√mXmbn. apºv B‰nß¬dmWnam¿°v GItZiw 15,000 G°¿ hnkvXo-¿Wwhcp∂ {]tZiß-ƒ°pta¬ A[nIm c- a p≠mbncp∂p. hntZiob- c pambn kzX{¥ DSºSn- I fpw- a ‰p- a p≠m- ° m\p≈ A[nI- m cap≠mbncp∂p. hmWn-PyImcy-ßfnepw B‰nß¬ dmWn kzX{¥-bmbncp-s∂∂pw Ncn{XtcJIƒ shfn-s∏Sp-Øp∂p. Cu am¿Øm-WvU-h¿Ω Hcp B‰n- ß ¬ Xºp- c mń- b psS aI\m- b ncp∂p. At±lw Xºp-cmń-amcpambn 1747¬ \SØnb DSºSn-{]Imcw B‰nß¬kzcq]w ]q¿-Æa-mbpw XncphnX-mwIqdns‚ `mKambn. `mhnbn¬ Xncphn XmwIq¿ hmgp∂ cmPm°∑msc√mhcpw B‰nß¬

dm-Wn-amcpsS k¥Xn-Ifmbncn°psa∂ Dd∏pw am¿Ø-m-WvUh¿Ω \¬In. B‰nß-¬ Xºpcmń am¿ `cWm-[nImcn-If√msXbmbn. XncphnXmw Iq¿ cmPmhns‚ amXm°ƒ F∂ ÿm\-tØ°v AhcpsS \ne Npcpßn (Xs‚ AΩamcmb B‰nß¬ dmWnamsc IqSpX¬ \∂mbn tkhn°m\mWv CXp sNtø-≠n-h∂sX∂v am¿Øm WvUh¿Ω AhIm-is∏´s{X!). Npcp°n-∏d ™m¬, dmWn-amcmbncp∂h¿ shdpw AΩØºp cmńamcmbn. {_nńjpIm¿ A[nImc- Ø nse- Ø nbXv am¿Ø-mWvU-h¿-Ωbv°pw At±lØns‚ ]n∑pd°-mc\m-bncp∂ cmah¿Ω [¿Ω-cmPm-hn-\pw tijambncp∂p. {_nń-jpImcpsS Ncn{XØn¬ kz-¥w \ne-bn-¬ cmPywhmW dmWn-am-cp≠mbncp∂psh∂sXms° t\cpXs∂. (F-en-k_Øv alm-dm-Wn, hnIvtSm-dnb alm-dm-Wn, c≠mw Fen-k_ - Øv alm-dm-Wn) ]t£, ChnsS FØnb-t∏mƒ Chn-SsØ cmPm°-∑mcpsS k{ºZmb ßƒ IgnhXpw \ne\n¿ØWsa∂ A`n{]mbambncp∂p ]e {_nńjv `cWm[n-ImcnIƒ°pw. C¥y≥ {]hn-iyI-fnse `cWm[nImcco-Xn-Isf Im°-Ws-a∂v Ah¿°p tXm∂nbXv \tΩmSp≈ kvt\lw-sIms≠m-∂pa√; adn®v Ahcp-sS `cWkuIcyØn\p-th≠n-bmbncp∂p. F∂-m¬ C¥ybn¬Ø-s∂ ]e {]tZi-ßfn-epw ]e k{ºZmb ßƒ \nehn-ep≠mb-ncp∂sXm∂pw Ah¿ ]cnK Wn®n√. ]t£, H‰t\m´Øn¬ Aßs\ tXm∂pam bncp∂n-√. cmah¿Ω [¿ΩcmPmhns‚ acW tijw hfsc XmakwIqSmsX XncphnXmwIq¿ {_nńjpImcpsS ]nSnbnea¿∂p. thepØºn tIcfØn¬ dmWnam¿ D≠mbncpt∂m?

apXembhsc Aa¿® sNbvXtijw XßfpsS XmXv]cy-ßƒ°v hgßn\n¬°p∂ Hcp cmPmhns\ hmgn°pI-sb∂Xm-bncp∂p {_nńjv A[nImcnIfpsS e£yw. A∂v IncoSmhImiw D∂bn® Xºpcms\ {_nńjpIm¿ kwibtØm sSbmWv I≠Xv. At∏mƒ At±lsØ hmgn°p∂Xn\v ]Icw B‰nß¬ aqØXºpcmńbm bncp∂ Kucn-e£van-`mbnsbbmWv Ah¿ hmgn ®Xv. 1791¬ P\n® dmWn Kuco-e£vao-`mbn B‰nß¬ aqØ-Xºpcmń-bmbncp∂ AØw-Xncp\mfn-s‚ aIfmbncp∂p. Ccp-]Xp-hb n¬ Xmsg {]mbap- ≠ mbncp∂ Ch¿, {_nńjp- I mcpsS kΩ¿±Øn\p hgßnh∂XmsW-∂v tXm∂p∂n√. adn®v , Cu ]n¥pS- ¿ ®m- Ø ¿°Øn¬ Ah¿ kPoh-]¶mfnb-mbncps∂∂v tXm∂p∂p. amaq epIsf AhK-Wn®-ps-- Im≠v {_nńjv k¿°mdns‚ {]Xn\n[n-bmbncp∂ tIW¬ a¨tdmsb Ah¿ Xs‚ hkXnbnte°v hnfn®p-hcpØn AhImi hmZw D∂bn°-pIbmbncp∂s{X. Xs‚ IpSpw _Ø-n\v e`nt°≠Xmb A[nImcw \jvSam °m≥ Xm≥ Dt±in°p-∂ns√∂v Ah¿ a¨tdmsb Adn-bn®p-s-h∂v At±lw {_nńjv k¿°mdn s\gpXn. ]t£, dmWnsb doP‚ va-m{XambmWv {_nńjpIm¿ I≠Xv. dmWnbpw AXn\v hgßns°mSpØp. Xms\mcp A_ebmb kv{XobmbXp sIm≠v `cW-Imcy-ßfn¬ ktlm-Zcs\t∏mse Xm≥ _lpam\n-°p∂ {_nńjv sdkn-U‚ v ({_nńjv k¿°m-cns‚ {]Xn-\n-[n) a¨tdm-bpsSD]tZiw kzo-Icn°-m-\mWv Xm≥ Dt±in°p∂sX∂v Ah¿ ]cky-amb-n {]Jy-m]n®p. Kucne£vao`mbn shdpw- doP‚ v Bbncp∂X-psIm≠mWv AhcpsS aI\mb kzmXnXncp-\mfn\v "K¿` {ioam≥', AYhm AΩbpsS K¿`Øn¬ InS∂ t∏mtg cmPmhmb Bƒ F∂ t]cphoWXv. aI≥ {]mbamIpwapºv Kucne£vao-`mbn acn®Xn\p tijw AhcpsS A\pPØnbmbncp∂ Kucn]m¿ΔXo`mbn `cWta‰p. 1802-¬ P\n® Kucn ]m¿ΔXn`mbn AØw-- X ncp\mfn\ptijw B‰nß¬ aqØ- X ºpcmńbmbn ÿm\ta‰ `cWn-Xncp\mfns‚ aIfmbncp∂p. kzmXnXncp \mfn\v {]mb-]q¿Øn-bmbtX-mSpIqSn At±lw cmPmhm-bn. dmWnamcpsS A[n-ImcsØ Iptd °qSn C√m-Xm°m\mWv {_nńjv`cWw klmbn®sX∂p kmcw. dmWn-am¿°v kz¥-amb A[nImcap≠mhns√∂pw doP‚ vÿm\wam{Xta e`n°q F∂pw {_nńj-v`cWtØmsS Xo¿® bmbn. aq∏phmW XºpcmńbpsS kz¥amb \ne

C√mXmsb¶nepw ]gb {]Xm]Øns‚ Nne Awißfpw Nn”ßfpw At∏mgpw _m°n \n∂ncp∂p. 1819¬ Kucn]m¿ΔXo`mbnbpsS cmPk` kμ¿in® {_n´njv DtZym- K - ÿ ≥ tIW¬ hmƒjns‚ \nco£Ww CXm:

B k`bn¬ I≠ cwKw hfsc kt¥mj{]Z ambncp∂p. \mńse {]amWnam¿ F√mhcpw {_nńjv k¿°mdns‚ {]Xn\n[nIsf D]Nmc]q¿Δw kzoI cn°m≥ FØnbncp∂p. ]t£, dmWnbpw bqtdm]y ∑mcpsamgnsI Hscm‰ Ip™pt]mepw Ccp∂n√. ASpØnsS hnhmlnXbmb sNdnbXºpcmńbm Is´, AhcpsS `¿ØmhmIs´, dmWnbpsS A—\m Is´, `¿ØmhmIs´, ap≥ dmWn-bpsS hn[p-c-\m-I-s´, Znhm≥, {][m\a{¥n ChcmIs´ ˛ Bcpw Ccp∂n√. (]n.i¶pÆn tat\m≥, lnÃdn H^v {Smh≥Iq¿, Xncp-h-\-¥-]pcw, 1983 ˛ BZyw {]kn-≤o-I-cn-®Xv 1878, ]pdw 289)

]t£, CXp s]mbvt∏mb {]Xm]-Øns‚ tijn∏pam{Xa-m-bncp∂p. Ccp]Xmw-\q‰m≠n¬ dm-WnamcpsS A[nIm-can√mbva IqSpX¬ shfn ®Ømbn. 1924¬ Xncph-nXmwIq¿ cmPmhmbncp∂ {ioaqew-Xncp\mƒ A¥cn®-t∏mƒ At±l-Øn- s‚ ]n∑p-d°mc\mbncp-∂ NnØncXncp\mƒ tIhew _me\m-bncp∂p. A∂s-Ø B‰nß-¬ aqØ--Xºpcmńbmb- n cp∂ tkXpe- £ van doP‚ v almdmWnbmbn. (doP‚ vdmWn-bm-bXv NnØncXncp∂mfns‚ amXmh-s√∂Xv {it≤bamWv) B‰nß¬ aqØXºpcmń doP‚ v As√∂v ]e ]{Xßfpw Nq≠n-°m-ń. A∂sØ aebmfat\mca Cß-s\ FgpXn:

{ioNnØncXncp∂mƒ Xncp-a\ nte°v {]mb-]q¿Ønbm-Ipwhsc B‰nß¬ aqØXº-pcm≥ Xncpa\ p sIm≠v `cW- m [nI- m cnbmbncn°p∂XmWv . Ahn SsØ A[nImcw Ahn`-mPyamb-n°mWWsa∂pw BIp∂p Cu cmPy-sØ `qcn]£w BfpI-fpsSbpw A`n{]mbw. Cu A`n-{]m-bw Iogv\S∏n-\pw acpa° Ømb \nbaØn-\pw A\pk-cWa-mbn-Øs-∂ Ccn °p∂p. acp-a°Ømb \nba{-]Imcw {]mb]q¿Øn bmb ]pcp-j∑mc-ps≠¶n¬ Ah¿ IpSpw-_`cWw \SØp∂Xpw AhcpsS A`mhØn¬ hb v aq∏pff kv{Xo ImcWh-Ønbmbncn°p-∂XpamWv. ImcW hØn IpSpw_`cW-w \SØp∂-Xv `mhnbn¬ Imc Wh≥ BIp∂ ]pcpjs‚ {]Xn\n[nsb∂ \nebn e√. IpSpw_Ønse aqØb-mƒ F∂ \nebnemWv. Cßs\ h-b- -paq-∏-pff kv{Xo ImcW-hØnbmbncn °p∂nSt- Ø mfwImew kz¥w\n- e - b n- ¬ Ø- s ∂

tIcfØn¬ dmWnam¿ D≠mbncpt∂m?

`cWm[nImcnbmbnc--n °p- ∂ X- p amWv . lnμ- p \n- b a{]Imcapff AhImi{Iaw CXn¬\n∂v hyXykvXambncn-°p∂p. [AXn¬] kv{Xo-Iƒ `cWw \SØp∂p sh¶n¬, ]pcpj∑m-cpsS {]Xn\n[nIsf∂ \nebn emWv . hmkv X hØn¬ acpa°- Ø mb- a \pk- c n®v kv{XoIƒ Ipd®-p-Ime--tØ-°pam{Xw ImcWhØnIfmb-ncp∂mepw Ah¿ `c-Ww\S-Øp∂Xv kzm[nImca\p-kcn®msW∂Xn\v kwib-an√. (aebmf at\mca, BKÃv 30, 1924)

Cu hmZsam∂pw hnet∏mbns√∂v {]tXyIw ]dtb≠Xn√. B‰nß¬ aqØXºpcmń shdpw doP‚mbn ÿm\ta‰p. C°m-e-am-b-t∏m-tg°pw Xncp-hn-Xmw-Iq-dn¬ P\-Io-b` - c - W - Ø - n-s‚ Bcw`w I≠p-Xp-S-ßn-bn-cp-∂p. henb A[nImc-sam∂pan√mbn-cps∂¶nepw Xncp-hnXmwIqd-n¬ Hcp P\{]X-n\n[nk` At∏mt-g°pw cq-]w- sIm-≠p Ign ™-ncp∂p. 1920I-fn¬ XncphnXmwIqdnse kv{XoIƒ-°v ]cnanXamb thm´hImiw e`n®-n-cp-∂p. {_nńjv C¥ybn¬ kv{Xo-Iƒ Cu AhI-mißƒ°p-th-≠n apd-hnfnIq-ńbncp∂ Ime-Øm-WnXv. F∂m¬ Xncp- h n- X mw- I q- d n¬ kv { XoIsf ]q¿Æ\nebn¬ `cWm-[nImcnIfmbn ImWp∂Xnt\mSpff FXn¿∏v Ipd-™p-sh∂p ]d-bm-

\m-hn-√. "kv{Xokz-`mh'sØ°p-dn®v ]pXnb Bib-ßƒ {]N-cn®pXpS-ßnb Ime-am-Wn-Xv. "ASp°-fb - n¬\n∂v Ac-ßt- Ø-°n-'d-ßm≥ kv{XoIsf klm-bn® tIc-f-Ønse kmap-Zm-bnI{]ÿm-\ß-sf-∏‰n \mw hfsc tIƒ°m-dp-≠v. ]t£, kapZmb]cn-jI v ¿Øm-°f - n¬ \s√mcp hn`mKw kv{Xo Isf "IpSpw-_-Øns‚ hnf-°p-Iƒ' am{X-ambn ImWm≥ B{K-ln-®n-cp-∂-h-cm-bn-cp∂p. A[n-Imc-tØm-S-Sp-°p∂ kv{XoIsf Ah¿ kwi-btØmsS I≠p. "AΩ-Ø-ºp-cm´n'Ifpw "XymKaq¿Øn'Ifp-amb kv{XoIsf am{Xta A[n-Im-cØns‚ D∂-Xß - f - n¬ Ah¿ I≠n-cp-∂p-≈p. ]pcpj-∑m-sc-t∏mse A[n-Imcw Iøm-fp∂ kv{Xo ZpjvSbpw "]ucp-j-°m-cn-'bp-am-bn-cn-°pw F∂ ap≥hn-[n, \man∂v Bcm-[n-°p∂ ]e kap-Zmb ]cn-jvI¿ - Øm-°f - mb alm-∑mcpw h®p-]p-e¿ - Ønbn-cp-∂p. 1930-I-fn¬ \ºq-Xn-cn-k-ap-Zmb ]cn-jvIc-W{- ]-ÿm-\Ø - nepw AXn-\p-tijhpw kap-Zmb ]cn--j v - I ¿Øm- ° - f mbn Db¿∂p- h ∂ ]ecpw kv{XoI-fpsS kmaq-ly-]-Z-hn-sb-°p-dn®v hnim-eamb \ne-]mSp kzoI-cn-°m≥ {ian-®p-sh-¶nepw kv{XoI-fpsS cmjv{So-b{- ]-th-is - Ø-°p-dn®v Ah¿ ]pe¿-Ønb \ne-]m-Sp-Iƒ A{X-sbm∂pw klm-

dmWnamcpsS t]mcv 1930Ifn¬ XncphnXmwIqdnse doP‚ valmdmWn tkXp-e£vao-`mbnbpw IncoSmhIminbmb {io-Nn-ØncXncp\mfns‚ amXmhv Cfb-dmWn tkXp]m¿ΔXo`mbnbpw XΩn-ep≈ InS-a’csØ-°pdn®p-≈ IYIƒ \mńseßpw ]m´mbn-cp∂p. {_nńjv C¥ybnse k{ºZmb-{]Imcw IncoSm-hIminbpsS AΩ almdmWnbmbn XmXvImenINpa-Xe-tb¬°p∂ coXn -ChnsS kzoIcn°mØXn¬ ]m¿ΔXo-`mbn°v {]Xntj[ap≠mbncp∂s{X. XncphnXmwIqdn¬ \S∏p≠mbncp∂ coXn {]ImcamWv aqØXºpcmń doP‚mbXv. Cu hntcm[w ]n∂oSv cq£amsb∂mWv \m´ph¿Øam\w ˛ A∂sØ kw`hßƒ°v ZrIvkm£nbmbncp∂ eqbnkv Huh¿°¿°v F∂ U®v h\nX 1930Ifnse XncphnXmwIq¿ cmjv{SobsØ°pdn®v FgpXnb ]pkvXIØn¬ Cu X¿°sØ°pdn®v ]cma¿-in-°p∂p≠v.

b-I-a m-bn-c p-∂ n-√ . Xncphn-X mwIq¿ \nb-ak` bnte°v \ma-\n¿t±iw sNøs∏´ kv{XoIfpw Ahsct∏mse cmjv{SobØn¬ XmXv]cy-ap≠mbncp∂hcpamb kv{XoIfpw "]pcpj∑-msct∏mse' BIm≥ B{Kln°p- ∂ hcm- s W∂pt]mepw {]NcW-ap≠mbn; DØ-ak - {v Xo cmPy-`cWØn-\ndßn-s√∂pw IpSpw_`-cWw-sIm≠v Xr]vXb -- mhpsa∂pw. A[nImcw B{Kl-n-°p∂ kv{Xo "H´pw icnbs-√'∂ph∂ Cu ]›m-Øe - Ø - n¬ icn°pw i‡n-kzcq]n-Wnbmbn Ncn{XtcJIfn¬ {]Xy£s∏Sp∂ Dab- Ω dmWn Dam- t I- c fØn¬ h≥ Zpc¥wkln® km[znbpw tZi- ` ‡bp- a mb amXmhmbn Npcpßn-bX - n-¬ AXn-ib - n-°m-s\-m∂ - pan-√t√m. cmPytkh\Øn¬ kv{XoIƒ D≠mIW sa∂pw Ah¿ bmsXmcp-hn[ A[nImc-tamlhp an√msX tIhew tkh\-Øn\p--th≠nam{Xw {]h¿Øn-°Wsa∂pw D]tZin-°m-≥ A∂sØ alm∑m¿ ]ecpw ad-∂n√. Npcp°n∏d™m¬ kv{Xo-Ifp-sS cmjv{Sob {]h¿Ø\w kmaq-lytkh\w-am{XamsW∂pw AXneqsS Ah¿ A[n ImcØn- s eØmsas∂m∂pw tamlnt°- ≠ Xns√∂pw h∂p. tkh\-a\x-ÿn-XnbmWv kv{Xo I-fpsS- apJy-KpWsa∂v \mw C∂pw F∂pw tIƒ°p--∂ B ]√hn A∂pXs∂ kv { XoIsf cmjv { SobØns‚ ]n≥- \ ncbnte°v X≈m≥ \s√mcp Bbp[ambn amdn°gn™ncp∂p. kzmX{¥yw InńbXn\ptijw tIc-fØn¬ \S∂ A[nImc- a ’- c - ß fn¬ Ignhp‰ kv { XoIƒ ]ecpw ]pd-Ømbn. kzmX-{¥y-Øns‚ BZ¿i sa√mw ]Xps° XWpØp. Xncs™Sp∏ns‚ tKmZbn-te°v IS∂t∏mƒ tIcfØnse tIm¨{K ns‚ ]nXmal∑mcpw kap-Zm-b-t\Xm° ∑mcpw kv{XoIƒ°p ]‰nb cwKa√ cmjv{Sobw F∂phsc {]Jym]n®p. tZiobXeØn¬ Phl¿em¬ s\{lp tIm¨{K v ÿm\m¿∞n ∏ńIbn¬ kv{XoIƒ°v ]Xn\©p iXam\w ko‰v kwh-cWw \¬I-Wsa∂v hmZn-®Xn\p ]pd sIbmbncp∂p CXv. Xncp-˛sIm®nbn¬ tIm¨{K v ÿm\m¿-∞n∏ńIbn¬ kv{XoIfpsS FÆw Ipd™pt]mbXns\°pdn®v ChnSsØ Xe aqØ cmjv{So-bt\Xm°fn¬ Hcmfmbncp∂ Ipº fØv i¶p∏n≈ Cßs\bmWv {]XnIcn®Xv:

hSs°bn¥ybnse kv{XoIfpsS \nesb a\ n¬ h®p-sIm≠m-bncn°mw ]WvUn‰vPn Cu B-t£-]w D∂bn®n´pffXv . F∂m¬ s]mXpthbp≈ \ne

AX√. ChnsS Hcp kv{Xo hnhm-lnXbmbn-°gn™m¬ A`ykv-XhnZybmsW¶n-¬°qSnbpw Ah fpsS kwc£Ww ]pcpj≥ G-¬-°p-Ibpw AhfpsS acWwhscbpw AXn\ptijhpapff NpaXeIƒ Hcp [m¿ΩnINn¥tbmSpIqSn Gs‰SpØp \SØpIbpamWv km[mcW \S∏v. kv{Xo hońencp∂v ]pcp js\ `cn°pIbmWv sNøp-∂Xv. kzmX{¥y-t_m[-tØmSpIqSn s]mXp-cwKßfnt-e°ndßn {]h¿Øn t°≠ Bhi-yIX \ΩpsS kv{XoIƒ°v C\nbpw tXm∂nbnń√. hSt°b-n¥ybnse-t∏mse ChnsS kv{XoI-fpsS \ymbamb AhIm-ißsfm∂pw \ntj[n-°s∏ńń√. lnμptImUv _n-√pXs∂bpw ChnSsØ kv{XoIsf kw_‘n®n-StØmfw Bhiy an√msXbmWncn°p∂Xv. AXn\pImcWw kv{Xo°pw ]pcpjt\msSm∏w kzØ-hIm-ißfpw as‰√m Ah Imißfpw ChnsSbp≠v. Hcp [m¿Ωn-INn¥-tbm SpIqSn Xs‚ kIehn[ Ah- I m- i - ß fpw kv { Xo \n¿_m[w A-\p`h-n°pIbpw kl[-¿ΩNmcn-Wnsb∂\nebn¬ ]pcp- j s\°- q - S n `c- n - ° pIbpw sNøp∂ Cu \mń¬ kv { - X o- I ƒ \nb- a k- ` bn¬ t]mI-m-ØXpsIm≠v bm-sXmcpt-Zmjhpw hcm\n√. (Zo]nI, 29 HIvtSm_¿ 1951)

kv{XoIfpsS icnbmb CSw IpSpw_am sW∂pw AhnSw `cn°p- ∂ XmWv kv { Xo°v `qjW-sa∂pw s]mXpcwKØv kv{Xo-°v t\-Sm≥ H∂p-ans√∂pambncp∂p Ct±-lØns‚ A`n {]mbw. Xs∂-bp-a√ - , kv{XoIƒ cmjv{So-bc - w-KØ - nd-ßp-∂Xv kv{XoIƒ°p-th-≠n-am-{X-am-bn-cn-°psa∂pw BWp-ß-fm-Ip-tºmƒ AXv F√m P\ßƒ°pwth≠n-bm-bn-cn-°p-sa∂pw Hcp ap≥hn[n CXn-\p-≈n-ep≠v. CXv tIm¨{K n¬ A∂v {]apJÿm\w hln®ncp∂ kv{XoIsf sNmSn ∏n°pI Xs∂ sN-bvXp. A°Ω sNdnbm\pw > ImWpI ]pdw 217, 223 < F.hn.-Ip´namfp AΩbpw> ImWpI ]pdw 224 < i¶p∏n-≈bpsS A`n{]mbtØmSv ]cky- a mbn hntbmPn®p. i¶p∏n≈ acpa°- Ø mbIpSpw_ßfnse kv{XoIƒ°v "F√m AhIm-iß-fp'aps≠∂ hmZa√ D]tbm-Kn®Xv; At±-l-Øns‚ A`n-{]mb-Øn¬, Zmb-{I-a-sa-¥m-bm-epw, `mcy-amsc \√co-Xn-bn¬ ]cn-]m-en-°p∂ `¿Øm-°-∑m¿ tIc-fØn¬ [mcm-f-ap-≠v, AXp-sIm≠v kv{XoIƒ s]mXp-cw-K-tØ°p htc≠ Imcy-an-√. ]t£, tIcfØnse kv{XoIƒ acpa°Ømb°mcm bXpsIm≠v kzX{¥-IfmsW∂pw Ah¿ "KrlN{I-h¿Øn-\nIfm'sW∂pw Ah¿°v cmjv{Sobm [n-Imcw Bhiyans√∂pw hmZn®ncp∂ hf-sct∏¿ ChnsS D≠mbncp∂p. tIcf-Øn¬ acpa° Ø-mbnI-f√m-Ø F{Xtbm hn`mK°mc-ps≠-∂ hkv X pX C°q´¿ IW°- m °n- b tXbn√. tIcfØn¬ dmWnam¿ D≠mbncpt∂m?

thm´hImiØn\mbn kv{XoIƒ ap∂nńdßp∂p 1917¬ {_nńjv C¥ybnse `cWkwhn[m\Øn¬ IqSp X¬ C¥y-°msc Dƒs∏SpØpsa∂v Hu-tZym--KnI {]Jym]\ap-≠mbXn-s\-Øp-S¿∂v C¥y≥P\XbpsS A`n-{]mbam cmbm≥ A∂sØ ssht{km-bn-bpƒs∏sSbp≈ c≠wKkwLw C¥ym]cyS\w \SØn. CXv Hchkcambn°≠ A∂sØ A`ykvXhnZycmb C¥y≥ kv{XoIƒ ˛ _wKmƒ, a{Zmkv XpSßnb ÿeßfn¬ Nne kv{XokwLS\Iƒ {]h¿Øn®ncp∂p ˛ Cu {]Xn\n[nkwLsØ t\cn´pI≠v XßfpsS cmjv{Sob AhImißfp∂bn°m≥ apXn¿∂p. _wKmfnse `mcXkv { XoaWv U esØ {]Xn\n[oIcn®v kcfmtZ_n Nu[pdmWnbpw a{Zmkn¬\n∂v hna≥kv C¥y≥ Atkmkntbjs\ {]Xn\n[oIcn®v am¿Kc‰v Ikn≥kpw IqSn°mgvNbv°mbn At]£ \¬In. cmjv{So bkz`mhap≈ Imcyßƒ N¿®sNøm\pt±-in°p∂hsc am{Xta kwLw ImWpIbp≈psh∂ adp]SnbmWv Ikn ≥kn\p e`n®Xv. Xßfp∂bn°m\ncn°p∂ Imcyw XnI®pw cmjv{Sob-kz`mhap-≈XmsW∂v Ah¿ hmZn®p. HSphn¬ Zo¿LImetIm¨{Kkv{]h¿ØIbpw Adnbs∏´ Ihn bpamb ktcmPn\n \mbnUphns‚ t\XrXzØn¬ AJnte ¥ymkz`mhap≈ Hcp kv{XokwLw {_nńjvkwLsØ I≠p. C¥ybnse apgph≥ kv{XoIƒ°pwth≠nbmWv Xßƒ hmZn°p∂sX∂v Ch¿ AhImis∏´p. ]t£, \nthZ\ßƒ, s]mXptbmKßƒ, {]tabßƒ apXembh hgn hfsc i‡amb kΩ¿±w sNepØnbn´pw kv{XoIfpsS AhImihmZßsf k¿°m¿ AhKWn°pIbmWp≠m bXv.

am{Xa√, acpa°-Ømbw ˛ AYhm s]¨hgn°v IpSpw-_k-zØpw kzØhImihpw \oß-p∂ coXn ˛ hfsc {]mI-rXams-W∂pw a‰pw hmZn®Xv C-°m-esØ kmaq-ly-]cnjvI¿Øm°ƒXs∂! IqSmsX, C∏dbp∂Xpt]mep≈ kzmX{¥yw acpa°-Ømb IpSpw-_ßfnse kv{XoIƒ bYm¿∞-Øn¬ A\p`h-n®ncpt∂m F∂ tNmZyhpw {]k‡amWv. Cu KrlN{Ih¿Øn\n-∏´wsIm ≠p≈ Ipg∏sa¥msW∂v hfsc apºpXs∂ XncphnXm-wIqdn¬ kv{XoIfpsS AhIm-ißƒ°pth≠n AXni‡ambn hmZn®-h-cn¬ {]apJbmbncp∂ A∂m Nm≠n ]d™pIgn™ncp∂p. kv { XoIƒ°v k¿°m¿tP- m en sImSp°p∂Xv kmaqlyhn]-Øn\v CShc-p-Øpsa-∂pwa‰pw A°mesØ _p≤n-Pohn-Ifn¬ Nne¿ D∂bn® hmZ-Øns\Xnsc Ah¿ 1927˛¬ \S- Ø nb Hcp {]kwK- Ø nem- b ncp- ∂ p- CXv . ChnsS apºp-]d-™ h - m-Zw ˛ tI-cf - Ø-ns - e F√m kv{XoIfpw ]q¿-Æamb AhImi-ßƒ A\p`hntIcfØn¬ dmWnam¿ D≠mbncpt∂m?

°p∂hcmsW∂p≈ hmZw ˛ Cu N¿®-bn-epw {]Xy£s∏Sp∂p. C- X p Xosc icnbs- √ ∂v Nq≠n-°m-´nbtijw Ah¿ acpa°-Ømb Kr-l-N{Ih¿- Ø n\namcpsS bYm¿- ∞ \nesb∏‰n Cßs\ ]d™p:

tIcfØn¬ kv{Xo ASnab√ F∂v Fßs\ ]dbpw? tIcfØn¬ A[nhkn°p∂ hnhn[ PmXnaXÿcn¬ kv{XoIfpsS \ne ]e-hn[-ØnemWv. hrjfnbpw h´°pSbpw Hm´phfIfpambn A¥¿-Krlßfn¬°gnbp∂ A¥¿P\ßƒ, sXm≠-bv°v apgbn√mØXn\m¬ Bﬂmhn-√mØ Iq´sa∂v A]lkn° s∏´v \nXy-\cI-a\p`hn-°p∂ aplΩZob ktlmZcn Iƒ, kv{Xo[\ta¿∏mSns‚ Im¿°- i yØm¬ BPoh\m¥w i]n-°-s∏´hcmbn°gnbp∂ {InkvXobh\nXIƒ... Chscms° tIcfØn¬ A[nh kn°p∂ ASnaIƒXs∂. C\nbpw acpa°Ømb IpSpw_ß-fn-se Krl-N{Ih¿Øn\-nIfpsS Imcyhpw H∂v ]cntim[n°mw. cmjv { Sob- ] cnh¿Ø\ß

A∂m Nm≠n tIcfØn¬ \nba_ncpZwt\Snb BZyØ h\nX, ap≥kn^v ]ZhnbnseØnb BZysØ kv{Xo F∂o \neIfnemWv A∂m Nm≠n (1905˛1996) C∂v Adnbs∏Sp∂Xv. F∂m¬ tIcfØn¬ kv{XoIfpsS AhImißƒ°mbn s]mcp-Xnb BZyIme kv{XohmZn F∂ AhcpsS \ne A{X {]kn≤a√. Xncph\¥]pcØv ASnÿm\hnZym`ymkw ]q¿Ønbm°nb Ah¿ 1926¬ {]ikvXamb \nebn¬ _ncpZm\¥c_ncpZw Icÿam°n. ]n∂oSv \nba]T\Øn\ptijw h°o¬ ]Zhnbnte°p {]thin°pIbpw {Inan\¬h°oembn t]scSp°pIbpw sNbvXp. H∏w, kv{XoIfpsS AhImißƒ°mbp≈ t]mcm´ßfpsS ap∂Wnt∏mcmfnbmbn. XncphnXmwIqdnse \nba-\n¿ΩmWk`bmb {ioaqew{]Pmk`bv°IØpw ]pdØpw kv{XoIfpsS AhImißƒ°mbn i_vZapb¿Øn. 1930Ifn¬ {ioaXn F∂ kv { Xo]£{]kn≤oIcWØns‚ {]km[Ibmbncp∂p. kzmX{¥ym\¥cImeØn¬ HutZymKnI]Zhnbn¬ apt∂dnsb¶nepw kv{Xo]£h‡mhv F∂ \nebn¬ Ah¿ \ni_vZbmbn. 1959¬ sslt°mSXn PUv P nbmb Ah¿ 1967¬ hncan®p. BﬂIYsbgpXn {]kn≤oIcns®¶nepw A{Xb[nIw {i≤n°s∏´n√.

fptStbm kmaplyhnπhØnt‚tbm A\¥-cê ambn bmZr›nIambn D≠mb kapZmbÿnXn F∂√msX acp-a°Ømbw kv{Xo-kzmX{¥y-s°mSnbmsW∂v ]dbp∂Xn¬ henb A¿∞an- s √∂v A\p`hÿ¿°dnbmw. hnhmlhnjbØn¬ F¥p kzm-X-{¥y--amWv Cu km[p ktlmZcn-am¿ A\p`hn®phcp∂Xv? AΩmhs‚tbm ktlmZcs‚tbm Zpcm{KlØns‚ ê-ambn BtemNn®pd® hnhmlØn--¬ kp{Ko-hm⁄bv°-[o\cmbn Zpc¥ZpcnXw A\p`hn°p∂ ktlmZcnIƒ Cs√∂mtWm... hkvXph-IIƒ kv{XoIfpsS k¥m\-ßƒ°v am{Xta D≈p F∂`n-am\n°p∂ kv{XoIƒ F¥p kzmX{¥yamWv bYm¿∞Øn¬ A\p`hn®p-hcp∂Xv? AΩm ht\m ktlmZct\m H∏phbv°m≥ ]dbp∂nSØv H∏ph®v kzØ\p`hn°p∂ G¿∏mSmWv km[mcW I≠phcp∂Xv. CubnsS Km‘n-PnbpsS P∑Zn\w BtLmjn® Hcp {Kma{]tZiØph®v F\n°v acpa°Ømb-IpSpw _-ßfnse kv{XoIfpsS kzmX{¥ysØ∏‰n kz¬∏samcp Adnhp≠mbn. kv { XoI- t fmSv c≠phm°v kwkmcn-°phm\mbn tbmKw `mchmlnIfpsS A\pt]£Wobamb \n¿_‘waqew Cd-ßn-∏pds∏´ F\n°v B hnim-eamb lmfn¬ Hscm‰ s]¨-Ip™ns\- t ∏m- e pw ImWm\nSbmbn√. Imcy- a - t \z jn®t∏mƒ D’-hØn\pwa‰pw t]m-Ip--sa¶nepw B ÿeØp≈ kv-{Xo--I-sf s]mXptbmKßfn¬ lmP cmIm≥ ]pcpj∑m¿ kΩXn®p- X pSßn- b nń- s √∂v Adn™p. kv{XoIfpsS kzmX{¥yNcn{Xw B hn[ Øn¬ Ccn°ptºmƒ Ahsc Krlkm{amPy N{I h¿Øn\nIsft∂m Bcm≤y-tZhXamsct∂m \ma IcWw sNøp-∂Xn¬ bmsXmc¿∞hpan√. D’hØn\v lmPcmbn Xn°pwXnc°pw A-\p-`hn-°p∂ Cu N{Ih¿-Øn\n-am¿-°v BhI AkpJß-sfm-∂pw

D-≠m-hm\nSbn√mØ ]c-ky-tbmK-ßfn¬ kw_ ‘n°p∂Xn\v kzmX{- ¥ yan- s √∂ph®m¬ N{Ih¿Øn\n ]Zhn-sIm-≠p≈ {]tbmP\sa¥v? ("kv{XokzmX{¥ysØ∏‰n', ktl-mZc≥ -hntijm¬{]Xn, 1929)

Aßs\ "N{Ih¿Øn\n'- b m- b ncp- ∂ hƒ KrlPohnbmbnamdn. Da-bΩ - F∂ XnI™ `cWX{¥⁄bv°v ]pXnb-temIØn¬ BZchpthW-sa¶n¬ \√ amXmhns‚ Ip∏mb-an√m-sX ]‰ns√∂ph∂p. ho´nenc- p - ∂ memWv kv { Xo "icn°pw' N{Ih-¿-Øn\nbmhpI F∂p hmZn°m≥ B-fp-≠mb Imew Bcw`n®-pI - gn™n- c- p ∂p. i‡nbpsSbpw A[n- I mc- Ø ns‚bpw {]XoIßfmbn Ncn{X-Ønepw sFXnlyØnepw {]Xy£s∏Sp∂ kv{XoIsf ambv®p-I-f-bp∂ coXnbmbn-cp∂p D≈qcns‚ DamtIcfØn¬. C∂v B coXn A¬∏w am‰-tØmsS XpS-cp-∂p. A[nImcw Iøm-fp∂ kv{Xosb "NoØ'bmbn Nn{Xo-Icn-°p∂ coXn-bm-Wn-∂v. aebmf-kn-\namt{]anIƒ hfsc CjvSs∏´ kn\nabmWv Hcp hS°≥ hocKmY . DÆnbm¿®sb°pdn®p \ap°dnbmhp∂ sFXnlyßsf thsdmcp-hn[Øn¬ hmbn®Xn\v Gsd A`n-\μn°s∏´ krjvSnbm bncp∂p AXv . DÆnbm¿®bpsS i‡nsb tIhew A[nImc-Zp¿tamlambn Nn{XoIcn®p, Cu kn\na. A[nImcw Imw£n°pIbpw A[n- I mc X{¥ßƒ hia-m°pI-bpw-sNbvX kv{XoItfmSv ]ptcm- K a- \ - ] mcºcysØ∏nSn®v BW- b nSp∂h¿t]mepw ]pe¿Ønb A-klnjvWpXbpsS tIcfØn¬ dmWnam¿ D≠mbncpt∂m?

Bgw shfn-hm°nb PohnXamWv tIcfw-I≠ G‰hpw {]K¤bmb cmjv{So-b-°mcnbpw `cWm [nImcnWn-bpamb sI.B¿. KucnbΩbptSXv. P\-{]nbt\Xmhmbncp∂p Ahsc-∂p i{Xp°ƒ t]mepw kΩXn°pw. {]ÿm\Øn\pth≠n XymK- a \pjv T n® kJmhmbn Ah¿ ]cs° AwKoIcn°-s∏ń cp∂p ˛ B A\p`-hßs-f°pdn®v A-h¿ Xs‚ BflIYm]-c-amb cN-\-Ifn¬ ]d™n´p≠v. `cWm-[nImcnWnsb∂ \nebn¬ Ah¿ Gsd _lpam\n°s∏ńcp∂p. BZysØ IΩyqWnÃp a{¥n-k`-bS°w \mep a{¥n-k`-Ifn¬ AwK-am bncp∂p. `q-]cnjv°c - W-apƒs∏sS \nch[n X{¥{][m\-amb \nba\n¿ΩmW {]{In-bIfn¬ Ah cp-sS kw`mh\ hep-Xmb-ncp∂p. F∂n´pw F¥p sIm≠v Ah¿ ]m¿ńbptStbm `c-WØn-s‚tbm Xe∏sØØnbn√? 1987¬ tIcfap- J ya{¥n ÿm\w Ah¿°p \jvSambsXß-s\? aebmfnkv{XoIƒ Cu tNmZyßƒ tNmZ-°m≥ Fs∂ ¶nepw Xømdm-IWw!

tIm¨{Kkv {]h¿Ø-\Ø - n¬ tIc-fØ - nse kv{XoIƒ A{X kPo-h-ambn ]s¶-Sp-Øn-s√∂ i¶p-∏n-≈-bpsS A`n-{]mbw kv{XoI-fp-sS-ta¬ At±-l-apƒs∏sS-bp≈ kap-Zm-b-{]amWn-am¿ ASn-t®¬∏n® Akzm-X{- ¥ysØ \ΩpsS IÆn¬ \n∂v ambv®p-If - b - p-∂p. Xncp-hn-Xmw-Iq-dnse kzmX{¥y-ka - c - Ø - ns‚ ap≥\nc t\Xm-hm-bn-cp∂, kac-Øns‚ "k¿Δ-ssk-\ym-[n]'bmbn Ah-tcm-[n°-s∏´ A°Ω sNdn-bm-s\t∏mepw X≈n-°-fbm-\mWv Ct±-l-a-S-°-ap≈ tIm¨{Kkv ]pcp-jta-[m-hn-Iƒ {ian-®-Xv. C∂v kv{XoIsf s]mXpcwKsØØn°m≥ ]e ]cn]mSnIfpw Bhnjv ° cn°s∏Sp∂p. F¶nepw XmtgØ´nepw Nnet∏mƒ CSbnep≈ X´pIfnepw kv{XoIƒ FØmdps≠¶nepw A[n Imccmjv{SobØns‚ apIƒØ´pIƒ ]pcpj∑m cptSXmWv. IogvØ´pIfn¬t∏mepw A[nImc tØmSSpØp\n¬°p∂ \neIsf√mw ]pcpj ∑m¿°mWv. ]©mbØp`cWØn¬ Ct∏mƒ kv{XoIƒ ]ebnSØpw \∂mbn Ignhp sXfnbn

sI.-B¿. Kucn-bΩ "H∂m-¥cw {]t£m-`-Im-cnWn, Ign-hp‰ `c-Wm-[n-ImcnWn' ˛ Cu c≠v A`n-\-μ-\-ßfpw Htc-k-abw G‰p-hmßnb ae-bm-fn-kv{Xo-bmWv sI.-B¿. Kucn-b-Ω. 1987¬ apJy-a-{¥n-]-Z-Øn-\-Sp-sØ-Øn-sb-¶nepw B ]Zhn Ah¿°p e`n-®ns-√∂ -- Xv tIc-f-cm-jv{So-b-Øns‚ D∂-X-ta-J-e-I-fn¬ kv{XoIƒ°p ÿm\-an-s√∂ ]tcm-£k-tμ-iw-X-s∂-bm-bn-cp-∂p. 1919¬ P\n® Kucn-bΩ Cug-h-k-ap-Zm-b-Øn¬\n∂v \nb-a-_n-cpZw t\Snb BZysØ kv{Xobm-bn-cp-∂p. sXc-s™-Sp-∏p-I-fn¬ hnP-bn-°m≥ Akm-am-\y-amb Ignhv BZy-Im-e-ß-fn¬ Ah¿°p-≠m-bn-cp-∂p. 1948se Xncp-hn-Xmw-Iq-dnse sXc-s™-Sp-∏n¬ ({]m-b-]q¿Øn-thm-´-h-Imiw \S-∏n-em-°nb BZysØ sXc-s™-Sp-∏n¬) shdpw 28- h-b- p-am{Xw {]mb-ap-≠m-bn-cp∂ Kucn-bΩ tN¿Ø-e-bn¬ ap∏-Øn-b-©p-i-X-am\w thm´v t\Sn ˛ Hscm‰ Iayq-WnÃv ÿm\m¿∞n-t]mepw Pbn-°mØ sXc-s™-Sp-∏n¬. A{Iaw {]N-cn-∏n®p-sh-∂m-tcm-]n®v k¿°m¿ Ahsc Pbn-en-e-S-®p. 1952se Xncp-˛-sIm®n \nb-a-k`m sXc-s™-Sp-∏n¬ Acq-cn¬\n∂v Ah¿ hnP-bn-®p. B ka-bØv Ah¿ Pbn-en-em-bn-cp-∂p. 1977¬ Hgn®v F√m sXsc-s™-Sp-∏p-I-fnepw Ah¿ AhnSp∂v sXc-s™-Sp-°-s∏-´p. 1987¬ tIc-f-\n-b-a-k-`-bn-ep-≠m-bn-cp∂ ct≠-c≠v kn.]n.Fw kv{Xo AwK-ß-fn¬ Hcm-fm-bn-cp-∂p. ]n∂o-Sv, kn.]n.FΩn-\p-≈nse A`n-{]m-b-`n-∂-X-Iƒ cq£-am-b-tXm-Sp-IqSn Ah¿ ]m¿´n- hn-SpIbpw kz¥w ]m¿´n cq]o-I-cn-°p-Ibpw sNbvXp. A¿ln-°p∂ AwKo-Imcw e`n-®n-s√-¶nepw 90-˛mw hb- n¬, C∂pw Kucn-bΩ ae-bm-fn-kv{Xo-I-fpsS A`n-am-\-am-Wv.

tIcfØn¬ dmWnam¿ D≠mbncpt∂m?

°p∂ps≠¶nepw AXnse{Xt]¿°v D∂X cmjv{SobØnte°v IS°m\mbn´p≠v? ]pcpj ∑mcpsS H∏w AhcpsS cmjv{Sob AShpIƒ ]b‰p∂ Ipd®p kv{XoIfps≠∂Xv hmkvXhw Xs∂. F∂mepw AhcpsS FÆw hfsc Ipd hmWv . Ah¿t]mepw XcwIn´ptºmƒ \√ ]n≈Ifmbn kzbwNn{XoIcn°m≥ {ian°m dp≠v. At∏mƒ tNmZn®pt]mIpw, cm⁄n shdpw AΩdmWnam{XamIp∂ B Imew bYm¿∞ Øn¬ IS∂ps]mbv°gnt™m? kXyØn¬ C∂pw \mw B ImeØns‚ ]nSnbn¬Øs∂ bt√?

IqSp-X¬ Btem-N\ - bv°v ChnsS \mw N¿®sNbvXXv kv{Xo-Ifpw `cWm [nImchpw XΩn-ep≈ _‘Øns‚ Ncn{XamWv. B Ncn-{Xw ]cntim[n°ptºmƒ ImWp∂ Imcy anXmWv: s]Æpßƒ°v `cWm-[nImcw th≠, Ah¿ IpSpw-_n-\nIfpw amXm-°∑mcp-ambn-s°m≈s´ F∂ at\m`mhw ChnsS hntZi`cW Øn\papºpXs∂ Bcw`n-°p∂p. kv{XoIfpsS Ncn{X-Øns‚ ImeKW\ taemf-Ncn-{XØnt‚Xn¬\n∂v hyXy-kvX-ambncn°psa∂v ]dbmdp≠v. DZml-cWØn\v temI-alm-bp≤ß-sf°mƒ ]Sn™m-d≥-cmPy-ßfnse kv{Xo-IfpsS PohnX-sØ Imcyambn am‰nadn®Xv P\\-\nb{¥W-am¿§-ßfpsS I≠p-]nSn-ØamsW∂v Nq-≠n- ° - m Wn°s∏´n´p≠v . ChnsS N¿®sNbv X Xn¬\n∂v ChnSsØ kv{- Xo-If - psS Ncn{XØn\pw khn-tij-amb Hcp ImeKW\ Ds≠-∂t√ sXfnbp∂Xv?

4 69

"Xd-hm-´n¬ ]nd-∂h - fpw' "N¥-s∏Æpw' D≠m-bs- X-ßs\? ]sØm-ºXmw \q‰m-≠ns‚ Ah-km-\-Z-iI- ß ƒ apX¬ kap- Z mb]cn- j v I - c - W - { ]ÿm-\-ßƒ i‡n-{]m-]n-®-tXm-Sp-IqSn ]cº-cm-KX PmXn-k-aq-l-ß-fpsS Xntcm-[m\w Bcw-`n-®p-sh∂v \ap-°-dn-bmw. ]c-º-cm-KX enwK- a q- e y- ß ƒ a\p- j y- X z- Ø n- s \- X n- c msW∂ hna¿i-\-ap-∂-bn® Cu {]ÿm-\ßƒ Ahbv°p ]Icw ]pXnb aqeyßsf apt∂m-´p-h-®p. C∂p \ap°p ]cn-Nn-X-ßfmb B¨-˛-s]¨t`Z-ßfpw Cc´kZm-Nmchpw cq]w-{]m-]n-®Xv Cu Ime-L-´-ØnemWv . kv { XoIƒ°n- S - b n¬Øs∂ "\√' kv{Xosbbpw "NoØ' kv{Xosbbpw th¿Xncn-°p∂ am\-Z-WvU-ßƒ CXns‚ `mK-ambn-cp-∂p. kv{XoIsf IpSpw-_-Øn-\p-≈nepw kaq- l - Ø nepw k{In- b - c m- ° n- Ø o¿°m\p≈ ]cn{ia- ß - f n- e q- s S- Ø - s ∂- b mWv kv{XoIsf c≠mw-X-c-°m-cm°n Npcp-°nb Cu aqey-ßƒ hf¿∂phnI-kn-®-Xv.

\h-ht- c-Wy-Xb - psS enwK-aq-ey-ßƒ tIc-fØ - n¬ kv{XoIsf hnti-jn-∏n-°m≥ D]-tbmKn-°p∂ c≠p {]tbm-K-ß-fm-Wnh ˛ "Xd-hm-´n¬ ]nd-∂h - ƒ', "N¥-s∏Æv'. "am\y-Xb - p≈ kv{Xo'sb "Xd-hm-´n¬ ]nd-∂-hƒ' F∂p hnti-jn-∏n-°ptºmƒ "am\y-X-bn-√mØ kv{Xo'sb "N¥-s∏Æv' F∂p hnfn-°p-∂p. Cu hnfn-bn¬ ]gb PmXnhy-hÿ - b - psS Awi-ßƒ ]Xn-bn-cn-°p-∂p-s≠∂p Xo¿®. "Xd-hmSv' F∂m¬ ]gb PmXym-`n-am-\Øns‚ tI{μ-am-bn-cp-∂-t√m. "N¥'tbm? ]e

PmXn-°m¿, {]tXy-In®p IogvPm-Xn-°m¿, ]e aX°m¿, BWpw s]Æpw HØp-tN-cp-∂, "PmXnip≤w' Xosc ]men-°m≥ ]‰mØ CS-amWv! At∏mƒ Xd-hm-ń-en-cn-°p-∂-hƒ ]cn-ip-≤bpw N¥-bn¬ ]Wn-sb-Sp-°p-∂-hƒ Aip-≤bpambn IW-°m-°s - ∏-´Xv kzm`m-hnIw am{Xw! ]t£, ]cº-cm-KXaqey-hy-h-ÿbv°v 20-˛mw \q‰m-≠n¬ hr≤n-b-√, £bamWv kw`-hn-®-sX∂v \ap-°-dnbmw. kaq-l-Øns‚ ta¬Ø-ń-te°v Db¿∂p-hcm≥ hy‡n-I-fpsS ap∂n¬ \nc-h[n hgn-Iƒ Xpd-∂p-In-ńb Ime-am-bn-cp∂p CXv ˛ Xd-hm-Sns‚ ta¬hn-em-k-Øn-\p-]p-dsa D∂-X-hn-Zym-`ym-kw, Db¿∂ kmº-Øn-I-ÿn-Xn, DtZym-K-]-Zhn apXem-bh kmaq-ly-amb Ib‰w t\Sm-\p≈ am¿§ß-fmbn C°m-e-Øp-b¿∂p-h-∂p. \ΩpsS `mjbn¬, ]t£, C∂pw CØcw {]tbm-K-ßƒ \ne\n¬°p-∂p. PmXn-]m-c-º-cy-Øns‚ Ah-injvSw am{X-amtWm CXv? ]gb PmXn-k-ap-Zm-b-Ønse {]am-Wn-Iƒ°p ]Icw 19-˛mw \q‰m-≠nse ]pXnb km≤y-XI - ƒ {]tbm-P\ - s - ∏-Sp-Ønb Iq´-cn¬\n-∂p≠mb h¿§w ˛ "\h-h-tc-Wy¿' F∂v \ap-°-hsc hnfn°mw ˛ ]gb aqey-ß-fn¬ ]e-Xn-t\bpw X≈n-°-f™p; ]e ]pXnb aqey-ßsfbpw ]cnt]m-jn-∏n-®p. F∂m¬, ]gb htc-Wy-Xsb H∂-

S¶w Dt]-£n-®p-sIm-≠√ \h-h-tc-Wy¿ XßfpsS ]pXnb aqey-hy-h-ÿbv°p cq]wsImSp-ØXv. ]pXnb aqey-ßƒ kzoI-cn-°p-∂-Xn-\p-]p-dsa ]gb htc-Wy-aq-ey-ß-fn¬\n∂v Nne-Xp-am{Xw sXc-s™-SpØv ]cn-jv°c - n-®p-sIm-≠p-Iq-Sn-bmWv \h-h-tc-Wy¿ Xß-fpsS aqey-hy-hÿ D≠m-°nb-Xv. Bcm-bn-cp-∂p, Cu "\h-h-tc-Wy¿'? 19˛mw \q‰m-≠nse tIc-f-Øn¬, hnti-jn®pw Xncp-hnXmw-Iq¿-˛-sIm®n {]tZ-i-ß-fn¬, \nc-h[n ImXemb kmaq- l y- k m- º - Ø nIam‰- ß - f p- ≠ m- b n. {_n´njv A[n-Imcw \ne-hn¬h∂-tXmsS Cu cmPy-ßf - nse `c-Wk - w-hn-[m-\ß - sf \ho-Ic - n-°m\p≈ {ia-am-cw-`n-®p. anj-Wd - n-am-cpw ]n¬°m-eØv k¿°m-cp-If - pw {]N-cn-∏n® \ho\hnZym-`ym-kØ - neqsS k¿°m¿ DtZym-K-ßfpw ]Z-hn-Ifpw t\Smsa-∂p-h-∂p. ]pXnb hnZym-e-b-ßfpw Iem-e-bßfpw ÿm]n-°-s∏-´p-Xp-Sßn ˛ Ahn-S-ß-fnepw Cw•njvhnZym-`ymkw t\Snbh¿°p tPmen-km≤yX sXfn-™p. hym]-c-cwKw kPo-h-am-b-tXmSp-IqSn A`y-kvX-hn-Zy¿°v Ahn-sSbpw sXmgn-eh-k-c-ßƒ h¿≤n-®p. hym]m-c-{]-ap-J¿, hyh-kmbn-Iƒ, A≤ym-]I - ¿, k¿°m¿ DtZym-Kÿ ¿ XpSßnb Iq´-cS- ß - nb Cu ]pXnb P\-hn-`mKw 19˛mw \q‰m≠ns‚ Ah-km-\-Z-i-I-ß-fn¬ Xncp-hn-XmwIq-dnepw sIm®n-bnepw ae-_m-dnepw kPo-h-km∂n-≤y-am-bn. B[p-\nI s]mXp-a-WvUew Ch-cneq-sS-bmWv cq]-s∏-´Xv ˛ AXm-bXv ]{X-am-kn-IIƒ, N¿®m-th-Zn-Iƒ, hmb-\m-kw-L-ßƒ apXem-bh IqSn-t®-cp∂, kaq-l-Øns‚ s]mXp-{]iv\-ßƒ N¿®-sN-ø-s∏-Sp-∂, ]pXnb HcnSw ChcpsS {]h¿Ø-\-ß-fn-eqsS cq]-s∏-´p-Xp-S-ßn. AXp-t]m-se, kz¥w kap-Zm-b-ßsf Ime-Øns\mØv ]cn-j° v c - n-t°-≠s - X-ßs\ F∂ tNmZyw BZy-ap-∂-bn-®Xv B kap-Zm-b-ß-fnse \h-h-tcWy¿X-s∂. ae-_m-dnse \mb-∑m-cn¬\n∂v kn. i¶-c≥\m-b¿, am∏n-f-k-ap-Zm-b-Øn¬\n∂v k\m -D-√mlv a‡n- X-ßƒ, Xoø kap-Zm-b-Øn¬\n∂v aq¿t°mØp Ipam-c≥, sIm®n-bnse Ac-b-k-apZm-b-Øn¬\n∂v ]WvUn‰v Idp-∏≥, Xncp-hn-XmwIq-dnse Cug-h-cn¬\n∂v tUm.]¬]p, kpdnbm\n {InkvXym-\n-Iƒ°n-S-bn¬\n∂v ]n.-sI. sIm®o-∏≥ Xc-I≥ XpS-ßnb BZy-Ime kapZmb]cn-jv°¿Øm-°fpw h‡m-°f - p-am-bn-cp-∂h - sc√mw \h-h-tc-Wy-cm-bn-cp-∂p. Ch-cn¬ \s√mcp- h n- ` mKw ]c- º - c m- K X PmXn- h y- h - ÿ - b n¬ ap¥nb ÿm\-ap-≠m-bn-cp∂ PmXn-If - n¬ ˛ AXmb-Xv, \mb¿ ˛ kpdn-bm\n {InkvXym\n PmXn-I"Xd-hm-´n¬ ]nd-∂-hfpw' "N¥-s∏Æpw' D≠m-b-sX-ßs\?

fn¬ ˛ Dƒs∏-´-h-cm-bn-cp-∂p. Ch-sc-°q-SmsX sXm´p-Iq-Sm-Øh - c - mbn KWn-®n-cp∂ Cug-h˛- X - oø hn`m-K-ß-fn¬\n∂pw \h-h-tc-Wy-cp-≠m-bn-Øp-Sßn. AtX-k-abw ]c-º-cm-KXPmXn-{I-a-Øn¬ a≤y- P m- X n- I - f n¬s∏- ´ n- c p∂ Ac- b - k - a p- Z m- b Øn¬\n∂pw A[n-Iw-t]¿ \h-ht- c-Wy-hn-`m-KØ - nte°p IS-∂n-√. Ccp-]Xmw \q‰m-≠n¬ tIc-fØn-ep-≠mb kmaqly ˛ cmjv{Sob am‰-ßf - n¬\n∂p≈ t\´-ß-f-[n-Ihpw sImbvXXv Cu \h-htc-Wy-hn-`m-K-am-bn-cp-∂p. s]mXp- s h, apX- e m- f n- Ø - h y- h - ÿ - b psS kzØp-\n-ba - ß - tfmSp≈ (A-Xm-bXv kzIm-cy-kzØp-S-a-ÿ-Xbv°v A-\p-Iq-e-amb \nb-a-ßtfm Sp≈) Iqdv, hy‡n-I-fpsS kmº-ØnIhf¿®-bneq-sS-bmWv kaqlw ]ptcm-Ka - n-°p-∂s - X∂ hnizmkw, hy‡n-Iƒ°v a’-c-_p-≤n-tbm-sS-bp≈ kmº-Øn-I-{]-h¿Ø\w \S-Øm-\p≈ kmlNcyw Hcp-°e - mWv kap-Zm-b] - c - n-jv°c - W - Ø - ns‚ e£y-sa∂ hnizmkw ˛ Ch- Gdntbm Ipdt™m \h-h-tc-Wyaqeyhyh-ÿ-bn¬ Dƒs∏-ń-cp-∂p. Cu aqey-ß-sf-√mw-Xs∂ ]m›m-Xy-tem-I-Øp\n∂v Ctßm´p {]h-ln-®-h-bm-bn-cp-∂p. F∂m¬ Ch-tbm-sSm∏w a‰p-]e Bi-b-ßfpw ]m›m-Xycm-Py-ß-fn¬\n∂v Chn-tS-s°-Øn-bn-cp-∂p. a\pjy¿ XΩn-ep≈ ASn-ÿm-\] - c - a - mb Xpey-X, kaXzw, kmtlm-Zcyw ˛ Cu Bi-b-ßfpw ]m›mXy-tem-IØ - p-\n∂v ChnsS FØnb-hb - m-Wv. Chbv°v, ]t£, `mKn-I-amb AwKo-Im-cta \h-htc-Wy¿ \¬In-bp-≈q. AY-hm, \h-ht- c-Wy-cpsS Xm¬]-cy-ßƒ°v tIm´w-X´- m-Øh - n-[Ø - n¬am-{Xta Ah {]tbmKn-°-s∏-´p-≈q. {io\m-cm-b-W-Kp-cp-hns\-t∏m-ep-≈h - c - psS ka-Xz-Nn-¥s - b-t∏mepw CØc- Ø n¬ \yq\o- I - c n- ° m≥ \h- h - t c- W y¿°p Ign™p. AXp- s Im- ≠ p- X s∂ ]m›m- X y- t em- I Øv hntam-N-\-I-c-ß-fmbn hymJym-\n-°-s∏´ ]e Bi-b-ßfpw ChnsS Xosc N¿®-sN-ø-s∏-ń√; As√-¶n¬ \yq\o-Ic - n-°s - ∏-´p. F¥m-bmepw \hh-tc-Wy¿°v A\p-Iq-ea - mb hn[-Øn¬ ]m›mXy Bi-bß - s - fbpw {]tbm-Kß - s - fbpw Fßs\ am‰nØo¿°m-sa∂ hnNmcw 20-˛mw \q‰m-≠nse N¿®I-fn¬ hy‡-ambpw ImWm-\p-≠v. DZm-lc - W - Ø - n\v, 1930-Iƒap-X¬ Chn-sS-bm-cw-`n® P\-\\ - n-b{- ¥W- N ¿®- X- s ∂- s b- S p- ° mw. CXn¬ \h- h - t cWy¿°nSbnse bmYm-ÿn-Xn-I¿ D∂bn® kwib-ß-ƒ aq∂m-bn-cp∂p: H∂v, P\-\-\n-b-{¥Ww hym]-Ia - m-bm¬ "Adn-hn-√mØ' P\-ßƒ°n-Sb - n¬ ssewKnI Acm-P-IXzw hym]n- °nt√? c≠v, "Xd-hm-ń¬ ]nd-∂-hfpw' "N¥-s∏Æpw' D≠m-b-sX-ßs\?

kv{XoIƒ°v A®-S-°hpw A\p-k-c-Wbpw C√mXm-Int√? am{X-a-√, P\-\-\n-b-{¥Ww kaq-lØns‚ ta¬Ø-ń¬ hym]-I-am-bm¬ "XmW-X-c°m¿' s]‰p-s]-cp-Ip-Ib - nt√? CXm-bn-cp∂p aq∂masØ `bw. P\-\-\n-b-{¥-WsØ A\p-Iq-en® \h-h-tc-Wytcm? Ah¿°pw t]Sn "XmW-X-c°msc' Bbn-cp-∂p. P\-\-\n-b-{¥Ww hym]n-∏n®m¬ "XmW-Xc°mcp'sS FÆw Ipd-bv°m-s\m°p-sa-∂m-bn-cp∂p Ah-cpsS hnizmkw! Npcp-°n∏-d-™m¬, A\p-Iq-en-®mepw {]Xn-Iq-en-®mepw P\-\-\n-b-{¥WØn¬ \h-h-tc-Wy-cpsS Xm¬]cy-ß-sf°p-dn®mbn-cp∂p N¿®-. ]pXnb enwK-aq-ey-ß-fpsS Imcy-Ønepw ]q¿Æ-amb kv{Xo]p-cp-jX - p-eyX \h-ht- c-Wy¿°v BI¿j-I-ambn tXm∂n-bn-cp-∂n-√. kv{XobpsS "hyXy-kvXX'sb AXm-b-Xv, ]pcp-j-\n¬\n∂v hyXy-kvX-ambn kv{Xo°v {]k-hw, _me-]-cn-NcWw F∂o c≠p [¿Ω-ßf - p-s≠∂Xn\v Du∂¬ \¬In-s°m-≠mWv \h-h-tc-Wy-enw-K-aq-ey-ßƒ i‡-am-b-Xv. "XpeyX' F∂m¬ BWn-t\bpw s]Æn-t\bpw Htc A®n-en´v hm¿°-em-sW∂ sX‰mb hymJym-\-Øn\v Gsd {]Nmcw e`n-°pIbpw sNbvXp. 1930-If - m-bt- ∏m-tg°pw Cu Zp¿hymJym-\sØ tNmZyw-sNbvX Nne kv{Xoi-_Zv ß - ƒ tI´p-Xp-S-ßn-bn-cp-∂p. 1938¬ tIm®m-ń¬ IeymWn-°p-ń-bΩ (an-kn- v. kn. Ip´≥\m-b¿) CXns\ hna¿in-®p-sIm≠v Cßs\ FgpXn:

kaXzw Rß-fpsS C∂sØ ]te Zpcn-X-ß-tfbpw \o°w-sN-øp-sa∂p kv{XoI-fmb Rß-fn¬ ]ecpw _e-ambn hniz-kn-°p-∂p. F√m-h-tcbpw Htc A®nen´p hm¿°m-\√ ka-Xz-hm-Zn-\n-Iƒ Dt±-in-°p-∂-Xv. t\sc-a-dn-®v, ka-Xzw-sImt≠ hy‡n-]-c-amb hf¿® km≤y-am-Iq. \ap°p \ΩpsS kz`m-h-hn-ti-j-ß-sf∏‰n C∂pw F{Xbpw A]q¿Æ-amb ⁄m\ta D≈q. "]pcp-jXzw', "kv{XoXzw' F∂o Ahy-‡-h-N-\-ßƒ sIm≠p \mw bYm¿∞-Øn¬ kqNn-∏n-°p-∂-sX¥v? a\x-im-kv{X-Kt- h-jW - ß - ƒ, enwK-]c - a - mb kwK-Xn-sb°p-dn®v \ap-°p≈ A⁄-Xsb shfn-hm-°p-∂nt√? \ΩpsS A]q¿Æ⁄m-\-Øns‚ k¥m-\-ß-fmb kZm-Nm-c-\n-_-‘-\-Iƒ F{X hy‡n-I-fpsS hf¿ ®sb XS-bp∂p! (an-kn v kn. Ip´≥ \mb¿, "kv{Xo]p-cpjka-Xz-Øn-\p≈ Nne {]Xn-_-‘-ßƒ', amXr-`qan hnti-jm¬{]Xn, 1938)

]t£, CsXms° tIhew H‰-s∏´ i_vZß-fm-bn-cp-∂p. enwK-hy-Xym-ksØ ASn-ÿm-\s - ∏Sp-Ønb Hcp ]pXnb kap-Zm-b-am-\yX At∏m-

tg°pw cq]-sa-Sp-Øp-I-gn-™n-cp-∂p. kv{XobpsS ÿm\w Krl-Øn-\p-≈n-em-sW-∂pw, `¿Øm-hn-eqsS-bmWv Ah-fpsS kmaq-lnI AwK-Xz-sa-∂p-ap≈ [mc-W-Iƒ Chn-SsØ kap-Zm-b-]-cn-jv°-c-W-{]ÿm-\-ß-fn¬ cqV-aq-e-am-bn-°-gn-™n-cp-∂p.

"DØakv{Xo' ]nd-°p∂p 19-˛mw \q‰m-≠n¬ ]e Imc-Wß - f - m¬ tIc-fØ - nse ]c-º-cm-KXPmXn-hy-h-ÿ-bpsS ASn-Ød CfIm≥ XpS-ßn. {_nń-jp-Im-cpsS ta¬t°mbva ChnSsØ ]c-ºc - m-KXcmP-hw-iß - f - p-sSbpw ]c-am-[nIm-csØ C√m-Xm°n ˛ PmXn-am-aq-ens‚ kwc-£I¿ Ch-cm-bn-cp-∂-t√m. anj-W-dn-am-cpsS hchv IogvPm-Xn-Iƒ°p Xmßm-bn. Ah-cp-sS-ta¬ ASnt®¬∏n-°-s∏-ń-cp∂ ]e \nIp-Xn-I-fpw, Iqen-bn√mØ A≤zm-\hpw \ndp-Ø¬ sNøn-°p-∂-Xn¬ anj-W-dn-am¿ henb ]¶p-h-ln®p. B[p-\nI hnZym-`ymkw anj-Wd - n-]≈ - n-°q-Sß - f - n-eqsS hym]I-am-b-tXmsS IogvPm-Xn-°m-cn¬ Nne-Iq-´¿°v ]pXnb Ah-k-c-ßƒ e`n-®p-Xp-S-ßn. I®-hShpw IpSn-tb-‰-km-≤y-Xbpw h¿≤n-®-tXm-Sp-IqSn Ahcn¬ Nne¿ kmº-ØnI t\´-ßfpw ssIh-cn-®p. "amdp-ad - b - v°¬kacw' t]mep≈ \n¿Æm-bI - t- ]mcm-´ß - f - n-eqsS ta¬Pm-Xn-°m-cpsS A[n-Im-cß - ƒ \nb-{¥n-°-s∏-´p. > ImWpI ]pdw 132 < 1865se hnfw-_c - {- ]-Imcw Xncp-hn-Xmw-Iq¿ k¿ °m¿ IpSnbm-∑m¿°v `qan-bn¬ DS-a-ÿm-h-Imiw e`n-®p. CtX-Im-e-Øp-Xs∂ ]c-º-cm-KX taem-f-k-ap-Zmb-ßfpw am‰-Øn\p hnt[-ba - m-bn. hnI-kn-®p-h∂ I®-h-S-cw-Khpw hn]-Wnbpw hmWn-Py-Ir-jnbpw kpdn-bm-\n-{In-kvXym-\n-k-ap-Zm-b-Øn\v h¿≤n® Ah-k-c-ßƒ \¬In. ]pXnb hnZym-`ym-k-ØneqsS Ah¿ Cu cwK-ß-fn¬ IpXn-®p-b¿∂p. \mb¿X-d-hm-Sp-I-fpsS PmXym-[n-Imcw A¬∏w £bn-s®-¶nepw ]pXnb hnZym-`ym-k-Øn-eqsS `cW-cw-KØpw kmwkvIm-cn-I-cw-KØpw Ah¿ ]nSn®p-\n-∂p. \ºq-Xn-cnam¿ am{X-amWv Cu ]pXnb A¥-co-£-tØmSv CW-ßn-t®-cm≥ hnk-ΩXw Imń-bX - v. Chcpw Ccp-]Xmw \q‰m-≠n¬ \ne-]mSp am‰n. s]mXpsh PmXn-hy-h-ÿ-bvs°-Xnsc cq£hn-a¿i\w Db¿∂p-h∂ Ime-am-bn-cp∂p 19-˛mw \q‰m- ≠ ns‚ Ah- k m\Zi- I - ß ƒ. ssZh- Z rjvSnbn¬ Xpey-cm-b, ssZhw Hcp-t]mse krjvSn®, a\p-jysc ]c-kv]cw th¿Xn-cn°p∂ Cu hyhÿ {]Ir-Xn°pw a\p-jy\pw ssZh-Øn\pw Hcp-t]mse FXn-cm-sW∂v anj-W-dn-amcpw klNm-cn-Ifpw hmZn-®p. anj-Wd - n-kzm-[o-\Ø - n\p ]pd-

Øp- \ n- ∂ p- s Im≠v ]m›m- X y- c m- j v { SobNn¥bn¬\n∂v ka-Xz-hm-Z-ßƒ IS-sa-Sp-Øp-sIm≠v Fgp-Xnb Nne-cp-ap-≠m-bn-cp-∂p. Cu c≠p-Iq-ćpw tbmPn® Hcp Imcy-ap-≠m-bn-cp∂p ˛ kv{Xo]p-cpj-∑m¿ XΩn-ep≈ hyXym-ksØ Ah-cpsS imcocn-I-amb {]tXy-I-X-IƒsIm≠v hniZo-I-cn-°msa∂ Ah-Im-i-hm-Zw. kv{Xobp-sSbpw ]pcp-js‚bpw imco-cnI{]tXy-I-X-Iƒ°n-W-ßp∂ kz`m-h-Kp-W-ßfpw at\m-K-Xnbpw {]Ir-Xn-Xs∂ Ah¿°p \¬In-bn-cn-°p-∂p-sh-∂pw Ch-bn-eq-sSbmWv kv{Xobp-sSbpw ]pcp-j-s‚bpw kmaq-ln-I\ne \n¿Æ-bn-t°-≠-Xp-sa∂pw anj-W-dn-amcpw a‰p ]cn-jv°-c-W-Ip-Xp-In-Ifpw Hcp-t]mse hmZn®p. CXp-{]-Imcw kv{XobpsS icn-bmb CSw Krlam-sW∂p I¬∏n-°-s∏-´p. ho´p-tPm-en, {]k-hn°¬, Ipń-Isf hf¿Ø¬ XpS-ßnb I¿Ω-ßfpw s]mXpsh hnIm-c-ßfn-eqsS IpSpw-_mw-Kßsf kzm[o-\n®v \√-hg - n°p \S-Øm-\p≈ DØc-hm-Zn-Xzhpw kv{Xo°p-≈X - m-sW∂pw h∂p. ]pdwtem-I-Øn¬\n∂p hyXy-kvX-ambn aZ-a-’-c-an√mØ, kam-[m-\hpw kvt\lhpw \ne-\n¬ t°≠ CS-amWv Krl-sa-∂pw AXn\p X°-Xmb at\m-Kp-W-ßƒ Hmtcm kv{Xobnepw {]Ir-XnXs∂ \nt£-]n-®n-´p-s≠-∂p-amWv \h-h-tcWy teJ-Icpw anj-W-dnamcpw hmZn-®-Xv. kvt\lw, Zb, £a, hm’-eyw, hm°p-I-fn-eq-sSbpw IÆocn-eq-sSbpw A`y¿∞-\b - n-eq-sSbpw a‰p a\p-jysc kzm[o-\n-°m-\p≈ i‡n ˛ CsXms° kv{Xo°v kl-P-am-bn-Øs∂ e`n-°p-∂p-≠-s{X. F∂m¬ ]c-ºc - m-KXIpSpw-_c - o-Xn-Iƒ CuhI KpW-ßsf Xosc t]mjn-∏n-°p-∂n-s√-∂pw, AXp-sIm-≠pXs∂ ]c-ºc - m-KXIpSpw-_ß - f - nse kv{XoI-fpsS bYm¿∞ "kv{Xo-KpWw' shdpsX ]mgm-hp-I-bmsW∂pw C°q-´¿ ]cn-X-]n-®p. kv{XobpsS "khntij-KpWß'sf ]cn-t]m-jn-∏n-°m-\p-XI - p-∂X - cw hnZym-`ymkw Ah¿°p \¬IpI; IpSpw-_-co-XnI-fn¬ am‰w hcp-ØpI; hnhm-l-k-{º-Zm-b-ßƒ ]cn- j v ° - c n- ° pI ˛ kv { XoI- f psS "bYm¿∞ kv{XoXz'sØ hos≠-Sp-°m≥th≠n 19-˛mw \q‰m≠ns‚ Ah-km-\-Im-eØpw 20-˛mw \q‰m-≠ns‚ BZy-Zi - I - ß - f - nepw ]e teJ-Icpw apt∂m-´p-h® \n¿t±-iß - f - m-Wn-h. At∏mƒ, PmXn-hy-hÿ ]q¿Æ-ambpw D∑qe\wsNø-s∏´ kaq-lsØ hn`m-h\w sNøptºmgpw kv{Xo]p-cpjhyXymkw AXn-\p-≈n¬ \ne-\n-∂n-cp-∂p-sh-∂¿∞w. kv{Xo]pcp-j-∑m¿ XΩn-ep≈ hyXy-kvXX Ah¿ XΩn-ep≈ XpeyXbv ° p hnLm- X - a m- h n- s √∂ [mcW CXn¬ "Xd-hm-ń¬ ]nd-∂-hfpw' "N¥-s∏Æpw' D≠m-b-sX-ßs\?

A¥¿eo-\-am-bn-cp-∂p. hoSn\pw ]pdw-tem-IØn\pw Htc A[n-Im-chpw AwKo-Im-chpw e`n°p∂ kaq-lß - f - n¬ kv{Xo]p-cp-jXp-eyX kzm`mhn-I-ambpw D≠mIp-sa∂ ip`m-]vXn-hn-izmkw Xpfp-ºn-\n¬°p-∂Xpw ImWmw. tPmk^v aqfnbn¬ cNn® kpIp-amcn (1897) F∂ t\mh-en¬ PmXn-hy-Xym-ks - Øbpw Ak-aX - z-sØbpw \ymboI-cn® PmXn-{I-a-hpw B¨-˛-s]¨ hyXym-k-Øneq-∂nb enwK-{I-ahpw XΩn¬ t\¿°p-t\¿ CSbp∂ Hcp kμ¿`ap-≠v. IogvPm-Xn-bn¬\n∂v {InkvXp-aXw kzoI-cn® Hcp-h-\mWv enwK-{I-aØns‚ h‡m-hmbn t\mh-en¬ {]Xy-£-s∏-Sp∂-Xv. CXp IogvPm-Xn-Iƒ°v \¬Inb Bﬂ-hnizm-kw {it≤-ba - m-Wv.

""\o Bsfmcp ckn-I-\m-Wv. \o F¥mWv PmXn?'' ""B¨PmXn.''

ae-bm-fn-k{v Xo-If- psS sXmgn¬]¶m-fnØw Ccp-]Xmw\q‰m-≠n¬ ae-bm-fn-kv{Xo-I-fpsS sXmgn¬]¶m-fn-Ø-\n-c-°n¬ KWy-amb CSn-hp-≠mbn-´p-s≠∂v kmaq-ly-im-kv{X-⁄¿ Nq≠n-°m-Wn-°p-∂p. 1901 apX¬ 2001-h-sc-bp≈ IW-°p-IfmWv Xmsg. ]pcp-j-∑mcpw kv{XoIfpw XΩn-ep≈ hnShpw h¿≤n-®psh∂p ImWmw.

ae-bm-fn-kv{Xo-]p-cp-j-∑m-cpsS sXmgn¬ ]¶m-fnØ \nc-°p-Iƒ 1901-˛2001

h¿jw 1901 1911 1921 1931 1941 1951 1961 1971 1981 1991 2001

]pcp-j≥ 56.3 53.8 51.1 50.0 e`y-a√ 46.7 47.2 45.2 44.9 47.6 50.4

kv{Xo 32.7 28.9 24.5 35.9 e`y-a√ 18.3 19.7 14.6 16.6 15.9 15.3

hnShv 23.6 24.9 26.6 14.1 e`y-a√ 28.4 27.5 30.6 28.3 31.7 35.7

(S. Irudaya Rajan, Sreerupa, "Gender Disparity in Kerala : A Critical Reinterpretation', Swapna Mukhopadhyay (ed), The Enigma of the Kerala Woman, New Delhi, 2007, ]pdw. 46) 1931¬ kv{XoIƒ IqSp-X-embn sXmgn¬cw-KØp {]th-in-®-Xmbn ImWp-∂p-sh-¶n-epw, 1951¬ Ah-cpsS sXmgn¬]-¶m-fn-Ø-\n-c°v Xosc Ipd-™-Xmbn ImWp-∂p. ]n∂oSv Gsd-°psd Xmtg°p-X-s∂-bmWv AXns‚ t]m°v. F∂m¬ 1931se h¿≤-\hv sk≥kkv hnh-c-ti-J-c-W-co-Xnbn¬ B XhW D≠mb am‰w-sIm-≠m-Imw.

""hnUvVo! \o F¥p PmXn-°m-c-\m-sW-∂mWv tNmZn-®-Xv.'' ""Rm≥ c≠p PmXn-am-{Xta Adnbq ˛ B¨PmXnbpw s]¨Pm-Xn-bpw. AXn¬ B¨Pm-Xn-bm-Ip∂p Rm≥.'' (tPmk^v aqfn-bn¬, kp-Ip-am-cn, tPm¿Pv Ccpºbw (k-ºm.), \mep t\mh-ep-Iƒ, Xriq¿, (1897), 1985, ]pdw. 362)

F{X-Xs∂ "kzm`m-hnI'ambn A\p-`h - s - ∏-´mepw, Cu hnizm-k-Øn¬\n∂v \ΩpsS kaqlw ˛ F¥n-\v, temIw-ap-gp-h≥ ˛ hf-sc-b[ - nIw apt∂m´p- t ]m- b n- ° - g n- ™ n- c n- ° p- ∂ p- s h∂ hkv X pX ChnsS {]tXyIw FSp- Ø p- ] - d - t b- ≠ - X m- W v . kv{XoI-fpsS "kv{XoXzw', ]pcp-j-∑m-cpsS "]pcpjXzw' apX-em-b-hsb {]Ir-Xn-\n¿ÆnXKpW-ßfmbn ImWm-\m-hn-s√∂v \mw C∂-dn-bp-∂p. Hcn°epw amdm-Ø-hn[w "B¨'˛"s]¨' kz`m-hßƒ°v ZrV-X -\¬Ip∂ bmsXm∂pw {]Ir-Xnbn-en-s√∂v imkv{X-Kt- h-jWw shfn-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂p. Cu kz`m-h-ßƒ kmaq-ly-Po-hn-X-Øns‚ `mKambn krjvSn-°-s∏-Sp-∂-h-bm-sW∂pw kmaq-lyam-‰-Øn-eqsS Ahbpw am‰-Øn\p hnt[-b-am-Ip∂p-sh∂pw ]cs° kΩ-Xn-°-s∏-Sp-∂p. enwK-hyXym-ksØ H∂p-In¬ "B¨' As√-¶n¬ "s]¨' F∂p th¿Xn-cn-®p-I-≠n-cp∂ coXn-Xs∂ A{]k-‡w, As√-¶n¬ A\p-Nn-Xambn-am-dp∂ Hcp temI-amWv C∂v. ]pcp-j-i-co-c-tØmsS P\n®mepw kv{Xobmbn Pohn-°m-\m-{K-ln-°p-∂-h¿, kv{Xoi-co-ca - m-sW-¶nepw ]pcp-j\ - m-sW-∂p-Xs∂ hniz- k n- ° p- ∂ - h ¿, kzh¿§- k v t \- l n- I ƒ ˛ Cßs\ enwK-t`-ZsØ hfsc hyXy-kvX-amb coXn-I-fn¬ ho£n-°p-∂-h¿ {ItaW s]mXp-kaq-l-Øns‚ `mK-am-bn-s°m-≠n-cn-°p-∂p. ITn-\ambn ]oUn-∏n-°-s∏-´-h-cm-Wn-h¿ ˛ "{]Ir-Xn-hncp-≤¿' F∂ t]cn¬. F∂m-en∂v Ah-cpsS Xm¬]-cy-ß-fnepw s]cp-am-‰-Ønepw "{]Ir-Xn-hncp≤'ambn bmsXm-∂p-an√ F∂p Icp-Xp∂ hensbmcp hn`m-K-ap-≠v. kwL-SnXaX-ßfpw aX-ta[m-hn-Ifpw Chsc AwKo-I-cn-°m≥ Xøm-d-s√¶nepw aX-Øn-\p-]p-dØv Ah¿ AwKo-I-cn-°-s∏Sp-∂p. s]mXpsh enwK-{]-tXy-I-X-Iƒ {]IrXntbm ssZhtam \n¿Æ-bn-°p-∂-h-bm-sW∂ hnizm-k-Øn\v aX-hn-izm-k-Øns‚ D∂-X-hr-Øßƒ°p- ] p- d Øv ]≠- s Ø- b {X i‡n- b n- √ . kv{XoIƒ ho´p-Im-cn-If - m-bn-cn-°W - s - a∂v {]Ir-Xn\n-b-a-sam-∂p-an-s√∂v kphy-‡-am-Wv. kaq-lØnse a‰p kzm[o-\-ß-fpsS {]m[m\yw AwKoI-cn-°-s∏-Sp-∂p-ap-≠v. "Xd-hm-´n¬ ]nd-∂-hfpw' "N¥-s∏Æpw' D≠m-b-sX-ßs\?

]t£, 19-˛mw \q‰m-≠nepw 20-˛mw \q‰m-≠n-epap≈ \h-ht- c-Wy-Nn-¥sb enwK-t`-ZØ - n-t‚-Xmb Cu ]cn- t {]£yw Bg- Ø n¬ kzm[o- \ n- ® p. kv{XoI-fp-sSbpw ]pcp-j-∑m-cp-sSbpw am\y-X-sb°p-dn-®p≈ ]pXnb [mc-W-Isf cq]-s∏-Sp-Øp∂-Xn¬ CXn\p apJy]¶p-≠m-bn-cp-∂p. hyXykvX PmXn-I-fn¬s∏´ kv{XoIƒ°v hfsc hyXy-kvXß - f - mb enwKm-Z¿i-ßƒ _m[n-Ia - m-bncp-∂p-sh∂v apsºmcp A≤ym-b-Øn¬ hnh-cn-®ph-t√m. CXn\p _Z-em-bn-h∂ ]pXnb kmaq-lnIm-Z¿iamXr-I-bn¬ F√m kv{XoIƒ°pw Hcpt]mse _m[-Ia - mb kv{XoXzm-Z¿i-ap-≠m-bn-cp-∂p. 1913¬ Hcp kv{Xok-am-PØ - n¬ X®m-´p-tZ-hI - n-bΩ sNbvX {]kwKØn¬ Cu BZ¿i-sØ-°p-dn®v hy‡-ambn hnh-cn®p ]d-bp∂p:

kv{XoIƒ°pw ]pcp-j∑ - m¿°pw Htc-Xcw hnZym-`ymkw \¬Ip-∂Xv Bim-ky-a√ - . {]IrXn Ccp-Iq-´t- cbpw Htc [¿Ω-Øn-\√ krjvSn-®-sX∂v Ah-cpsS ico-cw, am\kn-Im-h-ÿ, _p≤n-]-c-amb Ign-hp-Iƒ F∂n-h-bn¬ \n∂p sXfn-bp-∂p-≠v... kv{XobpsS ico-c-ÿn-Xnbpw a\x-ÿn-Xnbpw ]cn-tim-[n-®m¬, IqSp-X¬ ico-ci - ‡n th≠m-Ø, F∂m¬ A[nIw kl-\-tijn Bh-iyap≈ {]hr-Øn-Iƒ°m-bmWv Ahƒ krjvSn-°-s∏-´sX∂v Xo¿®-bm-Wv. {]mtbW kv{Xo bpsS at\m-LS\ tIma-f-hpw, thK-Øn¬ ]cn-]-Iz-am-hp-∂-Xpw, `mh\m-]q¿Æ-hpw, hnIm-cß - ƒ°p thKw ASn-s∏-Sp-∂X - pw, kq£va-ÿn-Xn-Isf {Kln-°p-∂-Xpw, thKw Cf-Ip-∂Xp-am-Wv. Zb, kvt\lw, £a apX-emb KpW-ß-fn¬ ]pcp-j≥ kv{XobpsS kao-]Øv Hcn-°epw FØp-Ibn-√... ...-kv{Xo-Iƒ s]mXp-cw-KØp {]th-in-®n-s√-¶nepw Ah¿ Ign-hp≈ k¥-Xn-Isf hf¿Øn-bm¬, AXpXs∂ temI-t£-a-Øn-\-h¿ \¬Ip∂ kw`m-h-\-b√tbm? AXp-sIm≠v Ah-cpsS hnZym-`ym-k-Øns‚ e£yw Ahsc c≠mw-InS ]pcp-j-∑m-cm-°-e-√, adn®v Zb, Icp-W, kvt\lw, aa-X, £a apX-emb KpWßsf hf¿Ø-em-Wv... Pohn-X-k-a-c-Øn¬ ]pcp-js‚ klm- b n- b m- b n, Xs‚ kv { XoXz- Ø n- e qsS Ahs‚ A≤zm-\sØ eLq-I-cn-°-emWv kv{XobpsS [¿Ωw. Zbm-]q¿Æ-amb hm°n-eq-sSbpw {]hr-Øn-bn-eq-sS-bpamWv kv { Xo hnPbwhcn- t °- ≠ - X v . a’- c - Ø n- e q- s Sb√... X-®m´v tZhIn AΩ, "kv{Xohn-Zym-`ym-k-Øns‚ Dt±iw', e£vao-`mbn 20(1),1913˛14)

"ico-c-i‡n' kv{Xo°p Ipd-hm-sW∂v tZhIn-bΩ ]d-bp-∂p-s≠-¶nepw ITn-\-amb Imbn-ItPm-en-I-fn¬ A°m-esØ kv{XoIƒ G¿s∏-´ncp-∂-Xn-s\-°p-dn®v ap≥ A≤ym-b-Øn¬ ]d-™p-

h-t√m. AXn¬ hnh-cn-®-Xn-e-[nIw {ia-I-c-amb tPmen-Iƒ sNbvXn-cp∂ Zcn-{Z-kv{XoIƒ Cu \m´n¬ [mcm-fa - p-≠m-bn-cp-∂p. Xncp-h\ - ¥ - ] - p-csØ Nme-°-tºm-f-Øn¬ Npa-sS-SpØv Ign™ncp∂ kv{XoIƒ A°m-e-Øp-≠m-bn-cp-∂p. hnZq-c-ÿ-eß-fn¬\n∂v henb Nm°p-I-fn¬ s\√p-Np-a∂v Nme-bn-seØn hn¬]\ \S-Øn-bn-cp∂ kv{XoIfp-≠m-bn-cp-∂p. Xncp-h\ - ¥ - ] - p-csØ Ing-°≥ aetbm-c-{]-tZ-i-ß-fn¬\n∂v `mc-ta-dnb ]p¬s°-´pIƒ Xe-®p-a-Smbn hln®v \K-c-Øn¬h∂v I®hSw sNbvXn-cp∂ Iogm-fk - {v Xo-Iƒ°v, ]t£, B NpaSv \ne-Øp-h®p I®-hSw sNøm≥ A\p-a-Xnbn-√m-bn-cp-∂p. CXns\-Xnsc {ioaqew {]Pm-k-`bn¬ A[x-ÿn-Xc - psS {]Xn-\n-[nbpw Xncp-hn-XmwIq-dnse Iogm-f-cpsS t\Xmhpw Kpcp-hpam-bn-cp∂ s]mbvIb - n¬ A∏-®≥ (tbml-∂m≥) 1930-If - n¬ i_vZ-ap-b¿Øn-b-Xn-s\-Øp-S¿∂mWv ]p¬s°´p \ne-Øn-d° - n-h®p I®-hSw sNøm-\p≈ A\p-aXn Iogm-f-kv{Xo-Iƒ°p e`n-®-Xv. > ImWpI ]pdw 40 < ]pcp-j-s‚-sbm∏w t]io_- e - a n- s √- ¶ nepw Imbn- I - a mb kl- \ - i - ‡ n, Xo¿®-bmbpw Cu kv{XoI-fn¬ Ipd-hm-bn-cp-∂n√. Ah¿°v ico-c-i‡n Ipd-hm-bn-cp-∂p-sh∂p ]d-bm\pw Ffp-∏-a√ ˛ s\¬®m°pw Xe-bn¬hln®v At\Iw ImXw \S∂v N¥-bn¬ t]mIm≥ ico-c-i-‡n-Iq-SmsX ]‰n-√-t√m. F¥m-bmepw shbn-te‰ Noc-Ø-≠p-t]mse hmSn-°p-g-bp∂ tZl-a-√m-bn-cp-∂n-cn-°-Ww, Ch-cp-tSXv! tZh-In-bΩ-bpsS kv{XoXzm-Z¿iw taem-fa - q-ey-ßf - n¬ ]¶ptN-cp-∂h - b - mWv F∂v \n w-ibw ]d-bmw. tZlm≤zm-\w-sIm≠p Pohn-°p∂ kv{XoIƒ, Imbn-Itijn {]I-Sn-∏n-°p∂ kv{XoIƒ ˛ Ch-sc√mw tZh- I n- b - Ω - b psS kv { XoXzm- Z ¿i- Ø n\p ]pdØmWv! CtX-Im-eØ - p-Xs∂ kv{XoIƒ°p ]pcpj-∑m-sc-t∏mse kmaq-ly-Po-hn-X-Ønepw s]mXpcw-KØpw Cdßn {]h¿Øn-°m≥ Ign-hp-s≠∂p hmZn® a‰p teJ-I-cp-ap-≠m-bn-cp∂p ˛ F∂m¬ Ahcpw "kv{XoXz'Øns‚ khn-ti-j-Xbv°v, hyh-ÿ-bv°v, {]tXy-I-aq-∂¬ \¬Ip-I-Xs∂ sNbvXp. "Zb, kvt\lw, £a' ˛ Ch-sbms° kv{Xokl-P-Kp-W-ß-fm-sW-∂mWv tZh-In-b-Ωbpw a‰p ]e-cp-sa-gp-Xn-bX - v. hnIm-cß - ƒ ˛ {]tXy-In®v arZpe-hn-Im-c-ßƒ ˛ s]mXpsh kv{XobpsS kl-Phm-k-\sb \n¿Æ-bn-°p-∂p-sh∂p ]d-bp-∂-XpsIm-≠p≈ ]tcm-£-^-e-sa-¥mWv? s]mXpsh bp‡n-bpsS temIsØ H∂-S¶w ]pcp-j∑ - m¿°p Xosd-gp-Xn-s°m-Sp-°p-∂-Xn\p ka-am-WnXv! C∂v

tIc- f - Ø nse _u≤n- I - P o- h n- X - Ø n¬ \mw ImWp∂ Nne {]tXy- I - X - I - f psS thcp- I ƒ CØcw [mc-W-I-fn-et√ F∂p kwi-bn-®p-t]mIp-∂p. s]mXpsh kmlnXyw hnIm-c-ß-fpsS D¬]-∂-am-bmWv IW-°m-°-s∏-Sp-∂Xv ˛ tIc-fØnse Fgp-Øn-Im-cn-I-fn-e-[n-Iw-t]cpw kmlnXy-cw-K-ØmWv \ne-bp-d-∏n-®n-´p-≈-Xv. kmln-tXyX-c-cw-K-ß-fn¬ kv{XoIƒ s]mXpsh Ipd-hmWv: \ncq-]Ww, imkv{Xw, kmaq-ly-imkv{Xw CsX√mw ]pcp-j∑m-cpsS taJ-eI - f - m-Wv. s]mXpsh bp‡n, temI-]-cn-N-bw, Ch Bh-iy-s∏-Sp∂ _u≤n-I{]-h¿Ø-\ß - f - n¬ G¿s∏-Sp∂ kv{XoIsf "]ucpj-°mcn'Ifmbn FÆp∂ kaq-l-am-Wn-Xv. ]pcp-j-∑m-cp-tS-Xmb ]e taJ-e-I-fnepw IS∂p-sN-√m≥ 1920-Iƒ°p-tijw A`y-kX v h - n-Zy-cmb kv{XoIƒ i‡-amb {ia-ßƒ Bcw-`n-®p-sh¶nepw B¨-˛-s]¨ hyXy-kvXX-bn-eq-∂nb Cu enwK-am-Xr-Isb Ah¿ ssIsh-Sn-™n-√. Bfl\n-b{- ¥-WØ - n-eqsS kz¥w IpSpw-_sØ "kuayamb A[n-Im-c-Øn-eqsS' `cn-°m≥ (A-Xm-b-Xv, kvt\ln®pw imkn®pw t\¿hgn \S-Øn-°m\p≈ A[n-Im-c-Øn-eqsS ˛ in£n®pw XmUn®pw `cn-°m-\p≈ A[n-Im-c-Øn¬\n∂v CXv hyXykvXa - m-Wv) khn-ti-ja - mb Ign-hm-Ws√m ]pXnb kv{XoZ¿i\w kv{Xo°p I¬∏n-®-Xv. Cu Ignhv IpSpw-_-Øn-\p-]p-dØpw G‰hpw {]k-‡-amsW∂v A`y-kvXh - n-Zy-cmb Cu kv{XoIƒ ˛ tIcfob kv{Xohm-Zn-I-fpsS BZy-X-e-apd ˛ hmZn-®p. AXm-bXv hoń¬ am{X-a-√, s]mXp-ÿm-]-\-ßfnepw (hn-Zym-e-bw, Bip-]-{Xn, `c-W-ÿm-]-\ßƒ, tImS-Xn-Iƒ, \nb-a\ - n¿Ωm-Wk - ` - I - ƒ, {Iak-am-[m-\-]m-e\ ÿm]-\-ßƒ) kv{XobpsS "kuaym-[n-Imcw' ê-{]-Z-amb `c-W-Øn-\p-X-Ipsa-∂m-bn-cp∂p Ch-cpsS A`n-{]m-bw. hnhmlw Ign-°m-sXbpw {]k-hn-°m-sXbpw kv{XoIƒ°v Cu A[n-Imcw hn\n-tbm-Kn-°m-sa∂ kqN\ Cu hmZ-Øn-ep-≠m-bn-cp-∂p-sh-∂Xv {it≤-b-am-Wv. ]t£, "Bfl- \ n- b - { ¥W'ØneqsS am{Xta kv { Xo°v X\n°p kl- P - s a∂p ]d- b - s ∏´ "kuaym-[n-Imc'sØ ]pd-sØ-Sp-°m-\mhq. AXpsIm-≠p-Xs∂, Xs‚-ta¬ ISpØ \nb-{¥-Wß - ƒ kzb-ta¬°p∂ kv{Xo am{Xta DØ-ak - {v Xo-bmIq F∂ [mc-Wsb Ipd-®p-IqSn Dd-∏n-°m≥ BZyIme kv{Xohm-Zn-I-fpsS ta¬hn-h-cn® Ah-Im-ihmZw klm-bn-®p. "kv{XobpsS kl-P-amb Ignhm'-Wn-sX-∂a - ´- n-emWv BZy-Ime kv{Xohm-Zn-Ifpw CXns\ Ah-Xc - n-∏n-®X - v. 1916¬ "ktcm-Pn\n' F∂ Xqen-Im-\m-a-Øn¬ {]Xy-£-s∏´ teJ-\-Øn¬ "Xd-hm-ń¬ ]nd-∂-hfpw' "N¥-s∏Æpw' D≠m-b-sX-ßs\?

aX-ka- q-lß - fpw kv{XoIfpw kap-Zm-b-ßsf IqSp-X¬ P\m-[n-]-Xy-h¬°-cn-°Ww; kv{XoIƒ°v kap-Zm-b-ßƒ°p-≈n¬ \oXnbpw kwc£-Whpw Xpey-Xbpw e`n-°Ww ˛ CØcw ap{Zm-hm-Iy-ßƒ D∂-bn-®p-sIm-≠mWv kap-Zm-b-]-cn-jv°¿Øm-°fmb kv{XoIƒ cwK-{]-thiw sNbvX-Xv. F∂m¬ aX-hn-izm-k-Øn-\p-≈n¬ CØ-c-samcp enwK-P-\m-[n-]-XyØn-\p-th≠n hmZ-ß-fp-≠mbn F∂p ]d-bm-\m-hn-√. kv{XoIƒ°v Xosc B\p-Iqeyw e`y-a-√m-bn-cp∂ Cu cwKØv ˛ Akm-am-\y-amb km∂n-≤yhpw hºn® t\´hpw ssIh-cn® H∂p-c-≠p- kv{XoIƒ D≠m-bn-´p-s≠∂p Xo¿®. ASp-ØnsS am¿∏m∏ hnip-≤-bmbn {]Jym-]n® `c-W-ßm-\sØ A¬t^m¨kmΩ (1910˛1946), hmgvØs∏´ adnbw t{XkymΩ (1876-˛1926) F∂n-h-cpsS t]cp-Iƒ FSp-Øp-]-d-tb-≠-h-bm-Wv. kmaq-ly-]-cn-jv°-c-WØns‚ A¥x-k-Øsb {InkvXo-b-k-∂ym-kn-\n-am-cpsS Pohn-X-N-cy-bpsS `mK-am-°nb adnbw t{Xky Xriqcnse ]pØ≥Nn-d-bn¬ P\n-®p. Xncp-Ip-Spw-_- k-\ym-kn-\o-k` (Congregation of the Holy Family) F∂ kwLw ÿm]n-°p-∂-Xn-eqsS Ah¿ tkh-\sØ k\ym-k-Po-hn-X-Øns‚ `mK-am-°n. 20-˛mw \q‰m-≠n¬ ItØm-en°m-k-`-bn¬ k\ym-kn-\n-am-cpsS FÆw KWy-ambn h¿≤n®p ˛ 1960-Iƒ°pw 1970-Iƒ°p-an-S-bn¬ k\ym-kn\nI-fmbn tN¿∂-h-cpsS FÆw h¿j-Øn¬ Ccp-]Xp iX-am\wh®p h¿≤n-®p-sh∂v Genevieve Lemercinier, F. Houtart F∂nh-cpsS ]T\w shfn-s∏-Sp-Øp∂p. (The Church and Development in Kerala, sIm®n, 1974). F∂m¬ CX-\p-k-cn®v k\ym-kn-\n-am-cpsS A[n-Im-c-ß-fn¬ am‰-ap-≠mbn F∂p Icp-Xm-\m-hn-√. Bﬂo-b-{]-h¿Ø-\-ß-fnse kv{Xo]-¶m-fnØw C\n-bp-tasd ]T-\-ßƒ \S-t°≠ hnj-b-am-Wv. tIc-f-Ønse lnμp-aX - h - n-izm-kØ - ns‚ kao-]I - meNcn-{X-Øn¬ D∂-XP - m-Xn-°m-cmb ]pcp-j∑ - m¿°p k\ym-kZ- o£ \¬Ip∂ [Io-gvPm-Xn-bn¬ ]nd-∂] Bﬂo-b-t\-Xm-hmb kv{Xo F∂ \ne-bn¬ amXm Aar-Xm-\-μ-abn hfsc {][m-\s∏´ Hcp {]Xn-`m-k-am-Wv. F∂m¬ hnizm-k-Øns‚ cwKØv Ah¿°v ap≥Km-an-I-fp-≠m-bn-cp∂p ˛ Ah-sc-°pdn®v \ap-°-[n-I-sam∂pw Adn-bn-s√-¶n-epw. amk-ap-d-bp≈ ImeØv kv{XoIƒ tZhm-e-b-ß-fn¬ {]th-in-®p-Iq-sS∂ hne°v XnI®pw aX-]-c-am-Wv. Cu hne-°ns‚ kv{Xohn-cp-≤-Xsb tNmZyw-sN-øp∂ i_vZ-ßƒ aX-ßƒ°p-≈n¬ Xosc tIƒ°m-\n√ ˛ kv{XoIfmb hnizm-kn-I-fpsS FÆw hf-sc-h-fsc hep-Xmb C°m-e-Øpw.

"Xd-hm-´n¬ ]nd-∂-hfpw' "N¥-s∏Æpw' D≠m-b-sX-ßs\?

Cu X{¥w {]h¿Øn-°p-∂-Xp -Im-Wmw. ssewKnI-amb A®-S°w ˛ AXm-bXv Htc-sbmcp `¿Ømhv am{X-ap-≠m-hp-I, `¿Øm-hns‚ lnX-a-\p-k-cn®v Pohn-°p-I, At±-lØ - n-t\mSv ssewKn-Ia - mb hnizkv X X ]pe¿ØpI ˛ CsXms° "kv { XoklP'amsW-∂m-bn-cp∂p Ah-cpsS A`n-{]mbw:

koX cmh-Wm-e-b-Øn¬ Hcm≠p ]m¿Ø kwi-bwt]m-°m≥ Xobn¬ NmSn-bn´pw {iocm-a\pw amtemI¿°pw kwibw \oßn-bn-√. e£va-W≥ ]¥o-cm≠p-Imew Xs∂-∏n-cn™p ]m¿Øn´pw I≈p-Ip-Sn® X≠m≥ sXßn¬ Ib-dn-b-am-Xncn iq¿∏-W-J-bpsS aq°n-epw-a‰pw ]m™n´pw Du¿Ωn-fbv°p Hcp kwib-hp-ap-≠m-bn-√. thiym-Kr-l-Øn¬ t]mI-W-sa∂v Bh-iy-s∏´ IpjvT-°m-cs\ ioemhXn tXmfn¬ Npa∂mWv sIm≠p-t]m-b-Xv. hgn-°p-h®p acn-®p-t]mb B alm-aq¿Js\ Xnscy sImSp-Ø-√msX kqcy≥ DZn®p-Iq-sS∂p ioem-hXn X‰p-Sp-Øp-\n-∂p-sIm-≠mWv X] p sNbvX-Xv... ....kv{Xosb sImXn®v ]pcp-j-∑m¿ s]mcpXn acn®-Xmbn ]pcm-W-ßfpw Ncn-{X-ß-fp-ap-≠v. ]pcp-j∑m¿°p-th≠n kv{XoIƒ hmt°-‰w-t]mepw \S-Ønb-Xmbn ]pcm-W-hp-an-√, Ncn-{X-hp-an-√... AXmWv kv{XoXzw. (k-tcm-Pn-\n, "kv{XoXzw', aln-fm-cXv\w 1 (5), 1916)

Cu HSp-hn-esØ {]kvXmhw hkvXp-Xm-]-cambn icn- b - s √∂p Xo¿®- b mWv ˛ ]pcp- j ∑mscs®m√n a√-Sn® kv{Xo ]pcm-W-Ønepw Ncn{X-Øn-ep-ap-≠v. Hcp-]t£, ]pcp-j-∑m-sc-t∏mse A[n-Im-c-]-Z-hn-bn-√m-Ø-Xp-sIm≠v "s]mcp-Xn-a-cn°m≥' Ah¿°n-Sh - ∂ - n-√m-bn-cn°mw! "am\ykv{Xo' ˛ AXm-bXv "kuaym-[n-Imcw hln-°m≥ {]m]vXbmb kv{Xo' ˛ ssewKn-I-amb B{Klw H´p-an√m-Ø-h-fm-sW∂p hmZn-°m-\mWv teJnI Xømdm- h p- ∂ - X v . hnZp- j n- b m- b n- c p∂ teJnIbv ° v IrjvWs‚ `mcy-am¿ XΩn-ep≈ t]mcn-s\-°p-dn®pw A¿÷p-\-]-Xv\n-am-cpsS hg-°n-s\-°p-dn®pw ssItI-bn-bpsS kma¿∞y-sØ-∏-‰n-bpw D¿Δin°v A¿÷p-\-\-t\mSp tXm∂nb Ima-sØ-°pdn®pw Adn-bn-√m-bn-cp-∂p-sh∂v Icp-Xm≥ \ymban-√t√m! kv{XoI-fp-sS-ta¬ Cc´kZm-Nmcw h®psI-´p∂ coXnsb A]-e-]n-°m-\mWv Ah¿ {ian®Xv; ]t£, AXn-\n-S-bn-eqsS A\m-h-iy-amb kZm-Nm-c-`m-csØ kv{Xo bpsS Xe-bn¬h-®p-sI´p-I-IqSn sNøp-∂p-ap≠v. AtX-k-abw kv{Xo]p-cpjhyXymkw ]ckv]c]qc-IX - z-Øn-te°p \bn-°W - s - a-¶n¬ ]pcpj\pw hfsc {][m-\-s∏´ Npa-X-e-I-fp-s≠∂v "Xd-hm-´n¬ ]nd-∂-hfpw' "N¥-s∏Æpw' D≠m-b-sX-ßs\?

Hm¿Ω-s∏-Sp-Øm≥ BZy-Ime kv{Xohm-Zn-Iƒ ad∂n-√. kv{Xo]p-cpjhyXy-mksØ sIm≠m-Snb teJ-I-c{Xbpw kv{Xo]p-cp-j-]-c-kv]c]qcI XzØn-s‚bpw h‡m-°-fm-bn-cp∂p. AXm-bXv kv{XoKp-Ww, ]pcp-j-KpWw F∂nh hyXy-kvXß-fm-sW-¶nepw Ah-bn-sem-∂p-am-{Xsa kmaq-lyPo-hn-X-Øn¬ {]Xy-£-am-Ip-∂p-≈p-sh-¶n¬ B PohnXw A]q¿Æ-am-bn-cn-°p-sa∂v Ah¿ Icp-Xn. kv{Xo]p-cp-j-∑m¿ ]c-kv]cw B{i-bn-®v, ]ckv]cw Pohn-XsØ ]q¿Øo-Ic - n-®p-sIm-≠,v apt∂d-W-sa-∂m-bn-cp∂p Ch-cpsS Bh-iyw. CXn¬ kv{XobpsS Npa-Xe - s - b-∏‰n tLmc-tLmcw {]kwKn-°p-∂-h¿ ]pcp-j-∑m-cpsS Npa-X-e-sb-°p-dn®v \n»-_vZ-cm-Ip-∂p-sh∂ ]cmXn BZy-Ime kv{Xo hm-Zn-If - n¬ ]e-cp-ap-∂b - n-®p. ankn- v sI. IÆ≥ ta-t\m≥ (C-S-Ø´ cp‹n-Wn-b-Ω-bpsS Xqen-Im\m-aß - f - n¬ H∂v) CtX-°p-dn- ®v Cßs\ sbgpXn:

...Xs∂ tZl-{]-b-Xv\w-sIm≠p kwc-£n®pw lrZ-b]q¿Δw kvt\ln®pw hcp∂ `¿Øm-°-∑msc `‡nkvt\-l-_-lp-am-\-]p-c- cw ip{iq-jn-®v, Ah-cpsS kuIcyw icn-bmbn \n¿Δ-ln-°p-∂Xv Xß-fpsS NpaX-e-bm-sW-∂-dn™v GXp-Im-cy-Øn∂pw k∂-≤-I-fmbn-cn-°p∂ kv{XoIƒ Ct∏mƒ H´pw Zp¿e-`a - √ - . `¿Ømhns‚ B⁄-bv°-\p-k-cn®v \S-t°-W-sa-∂pw, At±lsØ kv t \ln- t °- W - s a∂pw GXp kv { Xo°pw Bcpw D]-tZ-in-t°≠ Bh-iy-an-√. CXp {]IrXn kv{Xolr-Z-bsØ BZy-ambn ]Tn-∏n-°p∂ Hcp ]mTam-Wv... ...-Hmtcm _men-Ibpw Xs‚ buΔ-\m-cw-`-tØm-SpIqSn Hcp hcs\ B{K-ln-®p-Xp-S-ßpw. Ah-c-h-cpsS _p≤n-i-‡nbpw kz`m-h-Kp-W-ßfpw B{i-bn-®m-bncn°pw Hmtcm-cp-Øcpw ]pcp-j-am-Xr-I-Isf \n¿Ωn-°pI-bpw, ]n∂oSv Cu amXr-I-Isf cq]o-I-cn®v `¿Ømhn¬ Im◊m≥ B{K-ln-°p-Ibpw sNøp-∂-Xv. Cu Bi-b-ßfpw B{K-l-ßfpw k^-e-am-bm¬ Hcp kv { Xo "`mcy' F∂ ]Zhnsb A¿ln- ° p- I bpw AXns‚ Npa-Xe - I - ƒ icn-bmbn \nd-th-‰p-Ibpw sNøpsa∂p am{X-a-√, hn^-e-am-bn-Øo-cp-∂]£w B hninjvS-]-ZsØ aen-\-s∏-Sp-Øp-Ibpw sNøpw. (an-kn- v. sI. IÆ≥ta-t\m≥, "B[p-\nI h\n-Xmc-Xv\-ßfpw Ah-cpsS `¿Øm-°-∑mcpw˛ Hcp {]Xym-Jym\w', aln-fm-cXv\w 1 (5), 1916)

DØ-a-kv{Xo-bpsS CSw Krl-am-sW∂ hmZw k¿Δ{X tI´p-sIm-≠n-cp∂ ka-b-Øp-Xs∂ AhfpsS IS-a-I-sf-°p-dn-®p≈ [mc-W-Iƒ amdns°m-≠n-cp-∂p ˛ kv{Xo°v I¬∏n-°-s∏´ ho´pØ-ch - m-Zn-Øß-fpsS `mcw h¿≤n-®p-sIm-≠n-cp-∂p. 1920-Iƒ°p-tijw kmº-Øn-I-am-μy-ap-≠m-bXv

Chn-SsØ Irjn-sbbpw I®-h-S-sØbpw Imcyambn _m[n®p; Irjn-°m¿ _p≤n-ap-´n-em-bn. > ImWpI ]pdw 105 < acp-a-°-Ømb Iq´p-IpSpw-_-ßƒ `mKw-h®p ]ncn-bm≥ XpS-ßn-b-tXm-SpIqSn cq]-s∏´ sNdp-Ip-Spw-_-ß-fn¬ ]eXpw henb kmº-ØnI hnj-a-Øn-e-I-s∏-´p. Cubh-k-c-Øn¬ Krl-\m-bn-I-bpsS tPmen-bn¬ ho´p`-c-Whpw _me-]-cn-N-c-Whpw am{X-a-√, IpSpw-_Øns‚ kmº- Ø n- I - ` mcw Ipd- b v ° m- \ p≈ {]h¿Ø-\hpw Dƒs∏-Sp-sa∂ hmZw Db¿∂p-XpS-ßn. ]c-º-cm-KXIpSpw-_-ß-fn¬ kv{XoIƒ \n¿Δ-ln-®n-cp∂ AXn-I-Tn-\-amb Km¿lnI DØc-hm-Zn-Xz-ß-sf-∏‰n Ign™ A≤ym-b-Øn¬ ]d™-s√m. Cu `mc-Øn¬ teihpw Ipd-hp-h-cpØp∂ bmsXmcp \S-]-Sn-bp-ap-≠m-h-cp-sX∂v ]cnjv°¿Øm-°ƒ°v ˛ A`y-kvXh - n-Zy-If - mb kv{Xo I-fpƒs∏-sS-bp≈h¿°v ˛ \n¿_-‘-am-bn-cp∂p! A¬∏w kmº-Øn-I-ÿnXn B¿÷n® IpSpw-_ß-fnse kv{XoIƒ the-°msc \nb-an-°p-∂p-sh∂pw-a‰pw Ch¿ Btcm-]n®p ˛ Xd-hm-´p-`mKw Ign™p-≠mb AWp-Ip-Spw-_-ß-fn¬ t\cn´p ho´pth-e-sb-Sp-°-W-sa-∂pw, AXn-\p-]p-dsa [\-kºm-Z-\-Øn-\p-X-Ip∂ sXmgn-ep-Iƒ ho´n-en-cp∂p sNø-W-sa∂pw kv{XoI-tfm-Sn-h¿ Blzm\w sNbvXp. tIm∂n-bq¿ ao\m-£n-bΩ hmZn®p:

]pXnb \mb¿ _n√ns‚ BK-a-\-tØm-Sp-IqSn Hmtcm hy‡n°pw kap-Zm-b-Øn\p s]mXp-shbpw D≠m-bn´p≈ apdn-hns\ IpSpw-_-`-c-W-]m-S-hw-sIm≠p kpJ-

s∏-Sp-tØ-≠Xv \mb¿kv{Xo-I-fpsS Hgn-®p-Iq-SmØ [¿Ω-am-Ip-∂p... `mK-{]-Imcw In´p∂ kzØns\ A\ym-[o-\-s∏Sp-Øm-tXbpw \in-∏n-°mtXbpw kq£n-t°≠ hepXmb `mcw kv{XoIƒ hln-t°-≠n-bn-cn-°p-∂p... ho´pth-e-Iƒ sNbvX-ti-j-ap≈ kabw shdpsX shSn]-d-™p-I-f-bmsX apdbv°p [\-k-ºm-Z-\-Øn-\p-XIp∂ sXmgn-ep-Iƒ sNøp-hm≥ hn\n-tbm-Kn-°-Ww. (tIm-∂n-bq¿ ao\m-£n-b-Ω, "\mb¿kv{Xobpw Krlhpw' alnf 6(4), 1924)

Npcp-°n-∏-d-™m¬, ]pXnb IpSpw-_-Øns‚ A[n-], "Krl-N-{I-h¿Øn\n' F∂pw-a-‰p-ap≈ hnti-j-W-ßƒ B[p-\n-I-kv{Xo°p ssIh-s∂¶nepw cm∏-I¬ the-sb-Sp-Øn-s√-¶n¬ B ]´w \jvS-am-bn-t∏m-Ip-sa∂ ÿnXn-bm-bn-cp-∂p. F{X Zb-\obw! "am\y-kv{Xo-Iƒ' ]t£, ho´n-\-I-Øncpt∂ [\-kº - m-Z\ - Ø - n\p {ian-°mhq F∂v Chcn¬ ]ecpw A\p-im-kn-°p-∂p≠v (D-tZym-K-Øn\n-dß - W - s - a∂p hmZn-®h - c - p-ap-≠m-bn-cp∂p ˛ AXv as‰m-c≤ - ym-bØ - n¬). ssIth-eI - ƒ, Xø¬, ASp°-f-tØm-´w, Irjn, `£-W-h-kvXp-°ƒ Xøm-dm°¬ ˛ CØcw IpSn¬hy- h - k m- b - ß - f mWv kv{XoIƒ°v DNn-X-ambn hn[n-°-s∏-´-h. ]ip-hf¿Ø¬ apX-emb Krl-hy-hk - mb{]h¿Ø-\ß - fn¬ G¿s∏-´n-cp∂ kv{XoIƒ°v kl-I-c-W-kwLw-hgn klm-bs - a-Øn-°W - s - a∂ Bhiyw Xncphn-Xmw-Iq-dnse \nb-a-\n¿Ωm-W-k-`-bm-bn-cp∂ {ioaqew {]Pm-k-`-bn¬ kv{XoIsf {]Xn-\n-[o-Icn® AwKw ]e-X-hW Bh-iy-s∏-´p. k¿°m¿ k-lm-bt- ØmsS kl-Ic - W - k - wLw cq]o-Ic - n-°p-

cmh-W] - p-{X≥: kv{XoXz-sØ-°p-dn-s®mcp Iogm-f] - £ho£Ww "DØ-a-kv{XoXz'sØ°p-dn®v tIc-f-Øn¬ \S∂ kmln-Xy-N¿®-I-f-[n-Ihpw taem-f-ho-£-W-Øns‚ AXn¿hc-ºp-Iƒ°p-≈n¬ \S-∂-h-bm-bn-cp-∂p. CXn-s\m-c-]-hm-Z-am-bn-cp∂p ]≈-Øp- cm-as‚ cmh-W-]p-{X≥ (1944) F∂ IrXn. cmam-b-WsØ cmh-W-]-£-Øp-\n∂p Xncp-Øn-sb-gp-Xnb Cu IrXn {_m“-W-kv{Xo-Xz-sØbpw X≈n°-f-™p. cmh-Ws‚ Atim-I-h-\n-bn-se-Ønb koX-tbmSv kptem-N\ F∂ IYm-]m{Xw e¶m-]p-cn-bnse kv{XoI-fpsS kzmX-{¥y-sØ-°p-dn®v h¿Æn-°p-∂p-≠v. cmam-b-W-Ønse iq¿∏-WJ CXn¬ kz¥w ico-c-Ønt∑¬ ]q¿Æm-[n-Im-c-ap≈ Ima-h-√n-bmbn amdp∂p! kptem-N-\-bpsS hm°p-Iƒ: Xs≠m-Sn-t™mcp sN¥m-cp-t]mse-˛ ∏≠pta Pohn-t®m-c√ Rßƒ t{]a-sØ-®-ß-e-sh®p Rßƒ òaw Xpdp-¶n-en-Sm-dp-an√ ZqcØp ]›n-a-km-K-c-Øn≥ XocØp e¶-X≥ hmbp-tIm-Wn¬ \mcn-I-sf√mw kzX-{¥-amcmw \mSp≠v tIc-fw, tIń-ńt√?

∂Xv "am\y-a-√mØ' sXmgn-ep-Isf "am\y'am°m\p≈ hgn-t]m-ep-am-bn-cp∂p! s\√p-IpØv A{X am\y-a√ - mØ sXmgn-em-sW∂v ]e¿°pw A`n-{]mb-ap-≠m-bn-cp∂p ˛ 1927-˛28se aln-fm-a-μncØn¬ F¬. ao\m-£n-bΩ F∂ teJnI "kv{XoI-fpsS sXmgn-en-√mbva' F∂ t]cn-se-gp-Xnb teJ-\Øn¬ b{¥h¬°- c - W w- a qew kv { XoIƒ°p sXmgn¬ \jvSs - ∏-Sp-∂X - n-s\-°p-dn®v Bi¶ {]ISn-∏n-®p. CXn-\p-Zm-l-c-W-ambn Ah¿ D∂-bn-®Xv Xncp-h-\-¥-]p-csØ Nme-°-tºm-f-Ønse s\√pIp-Øp-Im-cn-Iƒ°v hcm≥ km≤y-X-bp≈ hn]Øn-s\-bmWv ˛ ""s\√p-]p-gp-ßp-∂-Xn\pw IpØp∂- X n\pw D≈ \√ an√p- I ƒ Nme- ° - S - b n¬ th≠p-thmfw ÿm]n-°p-∂] - £w F{X ]mh-s∏´ kv{XoIƒ°v D]-Po-h\ - a - m¿§w \n∂p-t]m-Ip-sa-∂mem-Nn-®m¬ b{¥-the h¿≤n-®p-h-cp-∂-Xns‚ tZmjw kv]jvS-am-Ip-∂-Xm-Wv.'' CXn\v aln-fm-aμnc Øns‚ ]{Xm- [ n] Hcp ASn- ° p- d n∏p tN¿Øp: ""kap-Zm-b-am-\n-Iƒ kv{XoI-fpsS Cu hyh-km-bsØ BZ-cn-°p-sa∂p tXm∂p-∂n√!'' F∂m¬, Xncp-hn-Xmw-Iq-dnse kl-I-c-W-ÿm-]\-ß-fpsS km≤y-X-I-sf-°p-dn®v Bcm™ Xncphn-Xmw-Iq¿ kl-I-cW At\z-j-W-I-Ωn-‰n-bpsS dnt∏m¿ń¬ (1934) CØcw hyh-km-bØ - n-te¿s∏ń-cp∂ kv{XoI-fpsS kl-I-c-W-kw-L-ß-sf-°pdn®v {]tXyIw ]d-bp-∂p≠v! taem-fk - v{Xo-If - psS t\Xr-Xz-Øn¬ kwL-ßƒ cq]o-I-cn-®p-sIm≠v Ahsc "D≤-cn-t°≠XmsW'∂ s]mXp-[m-cW - b - mbn-cp∂p Cu Ime-Øv. kl-I-c-W-{]-ÿm\w kv{XoI-fpsS [\-kºm- Z - \ sØ hen- b - t Xm- X n¬ h¿≤n- ∏ n- ® n- √ . "Xd-hm-ń¬ ]nd-∂-hfpw' "N¥-s∏Æpw' D≠m-b-sX-ßs\?

s]mXpsh "am\y-kv{Xo-Iƒ' G¿s∏-ń-cp∂ kmºØnI CS-]mSv Nnń-Ifpw Ipdn-I-fp-am-bn-cp-∂p. CXn¬ CS-Øcw IpSpw-_-ß-fnse ]e kv{XoIfpw kmam\yw sshZKv≤yw t\Sn. kzmX{¥ym-\-¥-c-Im-eØv k¿°m-cp-Iƒ ]e- \S-]-SnIfpw kzoI-cn-®p-sh-¶nepw kv{XoIsf kmº-ØnI-cw-Kt- Ø°v BI¿jn-°m-\m-bn√ ˛ ASp-ØI - meØv kzbw-k-lm-b-kw-L-ß-fpsS {]h¿Ø\w, ]t£, hf-sc-b-[nIw kv{XoIsf BI¿jn-°p∂p. kv{XoI-fpsS "am\yX' F√m kap-Zm-bßƒ°pw k¿Δ-{]-[m-\-am-bn-Øo¿∂p-I-gn-™, "am\y-a√ - mØ' sXmgn¬cw-KØ - p-\n∂p kv{XoIƒ IqSp-X-embn ]n≥hm-ßnb kml-N-cy-amWv C∂v \ne-hn-ep-≈Xv > ImWpI ]pdw 74 < . Cu ]›m-Ø-e-Øn¬ s]mXpsh "am\y'sa∂p IcpX-s∏-Sp∂ kmº-ØnI CS-]m-Sp-If - n¬ G¿s∏-Sm≥ kv{XoIƒ Xm¬∏-cy-tØm-Sp-IqSn apt∂m-´p-hc - p-∂psh-∂Xv C∂sØ kzbw klm-b-kw-L-ß-fpsS hnP-bL - S- I - ß - f - n-sem-∂mWv. F∂m¬ "Xd-hm-ń¬ ]nd-∂-hsf'bpw "N¥-s∏Æn's\bpw th¿Xn-cn°p∂ sXmgn¬am\y-Xm-am-\-Z-WvU-ßsf CXp teihpw Cf-°p-∂n-s√-∂X - mWv \ncm-im-P\ - I - a - mb Imcyw! hnhm-lnX IpSpw-_-Øn-en-cp∂v [\-k-ºmZ\w \S-Øp-∂Xv kv{XoXz-Øn-s\-Xn-c-s√∂p hn[n® AtX-Iq-´¿ Ahn-hm-ln-X-Iƒ°v as‰mcp Af-hp-tIm-emWv I¬∏n-®-Xv. _n. Ieym-Wn-bΩ "kv{Xohn-Zym-`ym-kØ - ns‚ amXrI'sb°p-dn-s®-gpXnb teJ-\-Øn¬ CØ-c-°m-cn-bmb Hcp kv{Xo sb-°p-dn®v Bi-¶-s∏´p:

hnhm- l - Ø n- \ n- S - b m- I m- s X- b pw F∂m¬ icn- b mb c£m-I¿Øm-°-∑m-cn-√m-sXbpw Blm-c-k-ºm-Z-\Øn\v \n¿_-‘n-X-bmbpw Xocp∂ Hcp {Kmao-W-bp-hXn-bpsS IY-sb-¥mWv? IpSpw-_-Øn¬ ]c-º-cbm h√ ssIsØm-gnepw \S-Øn-bn-cp-s∂-¶n¬ P∑-hmk-\-sIm-≠pw, I≠p-]-Tn®pw h√ sXmgnepw sNbv hm≥ Ahƒ°p km[n-®p-sh-∂p-h-cpw. C√m-Ø-]£w Ahƒ kzKr-l-`n-Øn-°p-≈n¬ Ccp∂p kzm`n-am\w c£n®v D]-Po-h\w t\Sm≥ Fßs\ {]m]vX-bmIpw? ...-A-Xn-\m¬ ]pd-Øn-dßn ]pcp-j-t\m-sSm∏w Iqen-∏Wn FSp-°p-IX - t∂ KXn-bp-≈q. ]pcp-j∑ - m-cpsS t\c-tºm-°n\p em°m-bpw, Ah-cpsS Zp¿hr-Øn-I ƒ°p Iog-S-ßnbpw \c-I-Zpx-J-a-\p-`-hn-°p-∂p. (_n. Ieym-Wn-b-Ω, "kv{Xohn-Zym-`ym-k-Øns‚ amXrI', ae-bm-f-am-knI 1(1), 1930)

Ieym-Wn-b-Ω-bpsS h¿Æ\ -bm-Ym¿∞yØn¬\n∂v AI-se-b-√m-bn-cp-∂p-sh∂ kqN-\bmWv ap≥ A≤ym-b-Øn¬ hnh-cn® Iip-h-≠nsØm-gn-em-fn-kv{Xo-If - psS Pohn-XI - Y - I - ƒ \¬Ip∂-Xv. ]t£, kv{XoI-fpsS sXmgn-en-S-ßsf t`Zs∏-Sp-Øp-I, AXn-{I-a-ßƒ XS-bp-I, Ah-cpsS Ah-Im-i-ßƒ kwc-£n-°pI apX-emb \S-]-SnIƒ°p]Icw kv{XoIsf hoSp-Iƒ°p-≈n¬ HXp°p∂ "IpSn¬hy-h-km-b-]-cn-io\'amWv ta¬ kqNn-∏n® A]-I-S-Øn¬\n-∂p≈ c£m-am¿§ambn Ah-X-cn-∏n-°-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv. am{X-a-√, IeymWn-b-Ω-bpsS IÆn¬ H∏w tPmen-sb-Sp-°p∂ "BWpßfm'Wv {]iv \ - ° m¿. F∂m¬ ap≥ A≤ym-bØ - n¬ ]cn-Nb - s - ∏´ tImX F∂ sXmgnem-fnkv{Xo kqNn-∏n-®X - p-t]m-se, {]iv\° - m¿ apXem-fn-bpsS Iqen-∏-S-bnse ]pcp-j-∑m-cm-bn-cp-∂p. a‰p≈ ]pcp-j-∑msc `b-s∏-tS-≠-Imcyw sXmgnem-fn-kv{Xo-Iƒ°n-√m-bn-cp-s∂∂v tImX hy‡-am°p-∂p-≠v. At∏mƒ sXmgn-en-SsØ IqSp-X¬ kpc-£n-Xa - m-°m≥ km[n-°p-sa-∂Xp Xo¿®-Xs∂ ˛ {]iv\-°m-cmb ]pcp-j-∑msc \nb-{¥n-°p-∂]£w! F∂m¬ Ieym-Wn-bΩ - b - psS t\m´-Øn¬ ]pcp-j∑ - m-tcm-sSmØv Iqen-th-es - b-Sp-°p∂ kv{Xo "am\yX'bpsS AXn¿h-cºp IS-∂p-I-gn™p; AXp-sIm-≠p-Xs∂ Ah¿ ssewKn-I-i-ey-sØ, Hc¿∞-Øn¬, hnfn-®p-h-cp-Øp∂p! s]mXpsh ]d-™m¬ ]pcp-j-∑m-cp-tS-sX∂v Xncn-®-dn-b-s∏´ GsXmcp ÿe-tØ°pw IS°p∂ kv{XoI-fpsS kv{XoXzw tX™p-t]m-Ipsa∂ `oXn-bm-bn-cp∂p Ch¿s°-√mw. k¿°m-cnt\mSv kv{XoI-fpsS Ah-Im-i-ßƒ°p-th≠n hmZn-°m≥ Xøm-dmb kv{XoIƒ, A[n-Ihpw ]pcp-

j-∑m-cpsS taJ-eb - mb sXmgn-ep-If - n¬ {]th-in® kv{XoIƒ (A-°m-eØv \nb-a-cwKw BsI-∏msS ]pcp-j-∑m-cpsS IpØ-I-bm-bn-cp∂p ˛ Ahn-tS°v BZyw IS-∂p-sN∂ A∂m-Nm-≠n°v CØcw hna¿i\w tIƒt°- ≠ n- h - ∂ p), Ch- s c√mw "kv{XoXzw' If-™p-Ip-fn-°p-∂h - c - m-sW∂p hn[n°p∂ ]ecpw A°m-es - Ø-gp-Xn-bn-cp-∂p. kv{XoIfpsS Ah-Im-i-ßƒ°p-th≠n "Aan-X-ambn' hmZn®v "kv{XoXz'sØ \in-∏n-°-cp-sX∂v At] £n® Nne h\n-Xm-am-kn-I-Iƒt]m-ep-ap-≠m-bn´p≠v. AØ-c-Øn-sem-∂m-bn-cp∂ ae-bm-f-amknIbpsS Bap-J-°p-dn-∏n¬\n∂v:

s]Æp-ß-fm-bmepw ]ucpjw \Sn-°p-∂-hsc t]Sn-°pI-Xs∂ thW-sa-∂mWv Rß-fpsS ]£w. BWØw Na-bp∂ s]Æp-ßƒ BWpw s]Æpw sI´-h-cm-Iptam F∂mWv Rß-fpsS `bw. Ak-a-XzwsIm-≠p≈ Ah-iX Xo¿°p-hm≥ tamln®v "kzXzw' If- b p- ∂ Xv ip≤- I - º - a m- s W∂p ]d- b p- ∂ - h - t cmSv Rßƒ°v Atijw iWvT-bn-√. ("kz¥w Imcyw', ae-bm-f-am-knI 1(1), 1930)

{_m“WenwKaqey-ß-fpsS c≠mw-P∑w ta¬hnh-cn® ]pXn-b e - nw-K{- I-asØ tIc-fØ - n¬ Db¿∂p-h∂ H´p-an° kap-Zm-b-]-cn-jv°-c-W-{]ÿm-\-ßfpw AwKo-I-cn-®n-cp-∂p. 20-˛mw \q‰m≠ns‚ BZy-Z-i-I-ß-fn¬ \mb¿k-ap-Zm-bsØ tI{μo- I - c n®p cq]- s a- S pØ \mb¿k¿Δokv skmssk-‰n, Cug-hc - psS kap-Zm-bk - w-LS- \ - b - mbn AwKo-Ic - n-°s - ∏´ {io\m-cm-bW - [ - ¿Ω-]c - n-]m-e\ - tbm-Kw, ItØm-en-°-cpsS kwL-S-\-bm-bn-cp∂ ItØm-en-°m-tIm¨{K-kv, Ac-bk - a - p-Zm-bk - w-LS-\-bm-bn-cp∂ Ac-b-k-amPw ˛ F∂p XpSßn sNdnb kap-Zm-bß - f - psS kwL-S\ - I - f - n¬h-scbpw "kv{XoIsf DØ-a-Kr-l-nWn-I-fm-°p-I, ]pcp-j∑msc "]ucpj'ap≈-h-cm-°n-Øo¿°pI' F∂ ap{Zm-hm-Iy-Øn\v ap¥nb {]m[m\yw e`n-®n-cp-∂p. C°m-cy-Øn¬ ap≥ssI-sb-Sp-t°-≠Xv ]pcpj-∑m-cm-bn-cn-°W - s - a∂pw B¿°pw kwi-ba - p-≠mbn-cp-∂n-√. B[p-\n-I Bib-ßƒ, ÿm]-\ß - ƒ F∂n-h-bp-ambn BZyw ]cn-Nbw kn≤n-®Xv kapZm-b-ß-fnse A`y-kvX-hn-Zy-cmb ]pcp-j∑m¿°mbn-cp-∂p. kap-Zm-bsØ AXn-\p- ]p-d-Øp-\n∂p hne-bn-cp-Øm-\p≈ ImgvN∏ - mSv BZyw ssIh-∂Xv Ah¿°m-bn-cp-∂p. kap-Zm-bP - o-hn-XØ - nepw IpSpw"Xd-hm-´n¬ ]nd-∂-hfpw' "N¥-s∏Æpw' D≠m-b-sX-ßs\?

_-Po-hn-X-Ønepw \ne-hn-ep-≠m-bn-cp∂ {]tbmK-ßsf hna¿in-°m\pw Ahbv°p ]Icw ]pXnb-hsb \n¿t±-in-°m-\p≈ Ignhpw A[n-Im-chpw Ah¿°m-sW-∂pw -h-∂p. am{X-a√, tIc-f-Ønse A`y-kvX-hn-Zy-cmb ]pcp-j-∑m¿ ]cn-N-b-s∏´ ]pXnb aqey-hy-h-ÿ-Iƒ ˛ {_nńjv kaq-lØnse "hnIvtSm-dn-b≥' aqey-hy-h-ÿ, C¥y-bnse-Øs∂ {_nń-jv- `-c-W-tI-{μ-ß-fm-bn-cp∂ t_mws_, a{Zm-kv, I¬°Ø XpS-ßnb \K-cß-fn¬ Db¿∂p-h∂ kap-Zm-b] - c - n-jv°c - WNn¥I-fn¬ A¥¿eo-\-am-bn-cp∂ "\h-{_m-“W-aq-eyhy-hÿ' ˛ kv{XoIsf kaq-l-Ønse c≠mw-InS-°m-cmbn Xcw-Xm-gvØp-∂h - b - m-bn-cp-∂p. kv{Xo°v `¿Øm-hn-eq-sS-b-√msX kmaq-lymw-K-Xz-an-s√∂v hn[n-®n-cp∂ aqey-hy-h-ÿ-I-fm-bn-cp∂p Ch c≠pw. _wKm-fnepw alm-cm-jv{S-bnepw hf¿∂p ]¥-en® kmaq-ly-]c - n-jv°c - W{]ÿm-\Ø - ns‚ "Xd-hm-ń¬ ]nd-∂-hfpw' "N¥-s∏Æpw' D≠m-b-sX-ßs\?

{]_e[mc-Iƒ ]e-t∏mgpw {_m“-Wa - q-ey-ßs - fØs∂ B[p-\n-I-co-Xn-bn¬ ]p\-xkrjvSn-°m≥ ]Wn-s∏-Sp-Ib - m-Wp-≠m-bX - v. {_m“-Wa - q-ey-ßsf X≈n-°-f-bp-∂-Xn\p ]Icw Ah-bnse \·-amb A[n-Im-c-{]-tbm-K-ßsfbpw {Iqc-amb Awißsfbpw am{Xw Hgn-hm°n ]p\cp]-tbm-Kn-°m\mWv Ah ]cn-{i-an-®-Xv. IqSmsX Cu "eLq-Icn-°s - ∏´' {_m“-Wa - q-ey-ßƒ "]mh-\˛- ] - p-cmX\' "C¥y≥kwkv°mc'Øns‚ Ahn-`m-Py-L-S-I-amsW∂pw Cu {]ÿm-\-ß-fnse {]_-e-hn-`m-Kßƒ hmZn-®p-d-∏n-®p. kv{XoI-fpsS ico-c-ß-fp-sSta¬ kq£va-amb \nb-{¥Ww G¿s∏-Sp-Øp-Ihgn kap-Zm-b-ß-fpsS "]cn-ip≤n' Dd-∏p-h-cp-Øm\p≈ D’mlw H´p-an° kap-Zm-b-]-cn-jv°cW{]ÿm-\ß - f - nepw {]I-Sa - m-bn-cp-∂p. kv{XoIfpsS a\x-]-cn-jv°c-W-Øn-eq-sS-thWw CXp km[n-°m-s\∂ Imcy-Ønepw Ch XΩn¬ henb

A`n- { ]m- b - ` n- ∂ - X - b p- ≠ m- b n√; B[p- \ nI]cnjv°mcw kn≤n® ]pcp-j\v Cu {]{In-b-bn¬ ta¬ss° \¬I-W-sa∂ Xocp-am-\-sØ- w-_‘n®pw \√ A`n-{]m-ssbIyw \ne-hn-ep-≠m-bncp∂p! kzm`m-hn-Ia - m-bpw, "kap-Zmb]cn-j° v ¿Øm-h'v F∂ A[n-Im-c-ÿm-\-Øn-te-dnb ae-bm-fn- ]pcp-j-≥ kv{XoIsf B[p-\n-I-Po-hnXw sI´n-∏-Sp°pI F∂ _rlZv]≤-Xn-bn¬ Xt∂mSp Xpey\n-e-bp≈ Iq´m-fn-I-fm-b√ I≠-Xv. adn-®v, ]c-ºcm-KXPohn-XØ - n¬ B≠p-ap-ßn-°n-S° - p∂ \n lm-b-I-fmWv ]c-º-cm-KXkaq-l-Ønse kv{Xo Isf∂v Abmƒ hn[n-®p. Npcp-°n-∏-d-™m¬, "KXn-bn-√mØ' Iptd ]mh-ßsf c£-s∏-Sp-Øm≥ Xøm-dm-Ip∂ XymK-k∂ - ≤ - c - m-bn-´mWv kap-Zm-b] - cn-jv°¿Øm-°ƒ kzbw Xncn-®-dn-™-Xv. ]cnjv°-c-W-h-kvXp-hmb kv{XobpsS \ne \njv{Inbhpw ]cn-jv°¿Øm-hmb ]pcp-j-t‚Xv k{In-bhp-ambn k¶-¬∏n-°-s∏-´p. kv{Xo ]p-cp-j\p Iogvhgßn \n¬t°-≠h - ƒX-s∂-sb∂ ]gb ]√hnsb as‰m-cp-hn-[-Øn¬ ˛ IqSp-X¬ kq£va-XtbmsS ˛ ]mSp-I-bm-bn-cp-∂p, kap-Zm-b]cn-jv°-cW-{]-ÿm-\ß - ƒ. F∂m¬ ]c- º - c m- K XIpSpw- _ - ß - f nse ]nXmhv, As√-¶n¬ Imc-W-h¿, IpSpw-_mw-K-ßfp-sS-ta¬ sNep-Øn-bn-cp∂ A[n-Im-cØ - n¬\n∂v Xptemw hyXy-kvXa - mb A[n-Im-ca - m-bn-cp∂p ]cnjv°¿Øm-hmb ]pcp-j-t‚-Xv. kv{Xosb `b-s∏SpØn A\p-k-cn-∏n-°p∂ ]gb coXnsb Dt]£n-®p-sIm-≠m-bn-cp∂p Cu ]pXnb ]nXr-ta-[mhn-bpsS cwK-{]-th-iw. kv{XoIsf Ah-cpsS "bYm¿∞-kØ' ˛ AXm-b-Xv, ta¬hn-h-cn® "kv{XoKpW-ßƒ' ˛ hos≠-Sp-°m≥ klm-bn-°pI-sb∂ `mcn® DØ-c-hm-ZnXzw \n¿Δ-ln-°phm≥th≠n XymK-a-\p-`-hn-°m≥ Xøm-dmb ]pcpj- ∑ m- c mWv ]pXnb ]nXr- t a- [ m- h n- X z- Ø ns‚ h‡m-°fpw {]tbm-‡m-°-fp-am-bn-Øo¿∂-Xv. _e-{]-tbm-K-Øn-eq-sS-b-√, adn-®v, a\x-]-cn-jv°c-W-Øn-eq-sS-thWw kv{XoIsf DØa ho´-Ω-amcm-°n-am-‰m-s\∂ \n¿t±iw ]pXnb ]nXr-ta-[mhn-Iƒ ]cs° AwKo-I-cn-®n-cp-∂p. ]c-º-cm-KX IpSpw-_-Øn¬\n∂pw B[p-\nI IpSpw-_-Ønte°v kv{Xosb ssI]n-Sn-®p-b¿Øp∂ t¢i-I-camb DØ-c-hm-ZnXzw G¬°p-∂-XpsIm≠v ]pcpj\p Nne KpW-ß-fp-≠m-bn-cp∂p: Xs‚ ]cnjv°-c-W-h-kvXp-°-fmb kv{XoI-fp-sS-ta¬ HSpßmØ [m¿Ωn-Im-[n-Imcw Abmƒ°p ssIh-∂p. \h-]n-Xr-ta-[m-hn-Xz-Øns‚ h‡m-°-fm-bn-cp∂

]e ]pcp-j-]-cn-jv°¿Øm-°-∑m¿°pw "kv{Xohntam-NI'sc∂ _ncpZw ssIh-∂Xv Aß-s\-bmWv. ]c-ºc - m-KX]nXr-ta-[m-hn-Xz-Øns‚ Icm-fl - kvXß - f - n-eI - s - ∏-´p-t]mb kv{Xosb c£-s∏-SpØn ]cn-jv°-cn®v "B[p-\nIkv{Xo'bm°m≥ ]Wns∏´ ]pcp-j\ - mb ]cn-jv°¿Øm-hns‚ DØ-ch - mZn-XzsØ Bkv]-Z-am°n cNn-°-s∏´ AXn-{]-ikvX-amb \mS-I-am-bn-cp∂p hn.-Sn. `´-Xn-cn-∏m-Sns‚ ASp-°-f-bn¬\n∂v Ac-ß-tØ°v (1930). \ºqXn-cn-ka - p-Zmb]cn-j° v c - W - {- ]-ÿm-\Ø - nse kp{][m-\-kw-`-h-ß-fn-sem-∂m-bn-cp∂p Cu \mS-IØns‚ Ah-Xc - W - w. ]c-ºc - m-KXkap-Zm-bØ - ns‚ t]mg- Ø - ß sf IW- ° n\p ]cn- l - k n® Cu \mSIw kap-Zm-b-Øn-\p-≈nepw ]pdØpw henb H®-∏m-Sp-≠m-°n. ]c-º-cm-KX]nXr-ta-[m-hn-XzØns‚ ]nSn-bn¬ sRcn-™-a¿∂p \in-®p-t]mIp-am-bn-cp∂ Hcp bph-Xnsb ]cn-jvIr-X\ - mb Hcp \ºq-Xn-cn-bp-hmhv c£s∏SpØn Hcp ]pXnb Pohn-XØ - n-se-Øn-°p∂ IY-bn¬ ]cn-j° v ¿Ømhn-\mWv kPo-h-amb ]¶v. ]cn-jvIr-X-\mb ]pcpjs‚ klm-b-an-s√-¶n¬ kv{Xo acn-°p-Itbm {`m¥n-bm-hp-Itbm sNøp-sa∂v kqNn-∏n-°p∂ ]e "\ºq-Xncn kap-Zmb]cn-jv°c - W'IY-Ifpw C°me-Øp-≠m-bn-´p-≠v. kv{Xohn-tam-N-I-cmb ]pcp-j]-cn-jv°¿Øm-°-fpsS IS-asb Np‰n-∏-‰n-bp≈ {]ta-b-ßƒ a‰p kap-Zm-b-ß-fpsS ]›m-Ø-eØnepw Ah-X-cn-∏n-°-s∏-ń´p≠v ˛ ]e-t∏mgpw hyXn-bm-\ß - t- fm-sS. DZm-lc - W - Ø - n\v hn.-Sn.-bpsS - b - n¬\n∂v Ac{]ikvX IrXn-bpsS t]cv ASp-°f ß-tØ°v F∂m-sW-¶nepw AXnse \mbn-IbpsS bm{X ASp-°-f-bn¬\n∂v hońs‚ ]qap-JtØ-°m-Wv. F∂m¬ ae-_m-dn¬ Gsd {]i-kvXnt\-Snb CXp `qan-bmWv F∂ \mS-I-Ønse \mbnI ASp-°-f-bn¬\n∂v \mS-I-Øns‚ Acß-tØ-°p-Xs - ∂-bmWv k©-cn-°p-∂X - v. c≠nepw c£- I - ÿ m- \ Øv ]cn- j v ° ¿Øm- h mb ]pcpj≥Xs∂. H‰-t\m-´Ø - n¬ CXv A\n-hm-cy-am-bn-cp∂ Hcp A[n-Im-c_ - ‘ - a - m-bn-cp-∂p-sh∂v tXm∂n-tb-°mw. ]Tn∏pw temI-]c - n-Nb - hpw Ipd-™h - ¿°v s]mXpcw-K-tØ°p IS-°m≥ CXp-c≠pw kºm-Zn-®p-Ign-™h - c - psS klmbw th≠n-hc - p-sa∂v {]Xo-£nt°-≠-Xt√? Hc-f-hp-hsc CXp icn-bm-sW∂v kΩ-Xn-°mw. F∂m¬ B klm-bl - kvXw A[nIm-c_ - ‘ - a - m-bn-Øo-cm-\n-Sb - p-s≠∂v A°m-esØ A¥¿P-\ß - ƒXs∂ ap≥Iq-ń-°≠ - n-cp-∂p. \ºqXn-cn-ka - p-Zm-b{- ]-ÿm-\Ø - ns‚ {]kn-≤o-Ic - W - a - mb tbmK-t£aØnepw a‰pw kv{XoI-sf-°p-dn-s®-gp"Xd-hm-ń¬ ]nd-∂-hfpw' "N¥-s∏Æpw' D≠m-b-sX-ßs\?

CXv `qan-bmWv ae-bm-f-Ønse G‰hpw {]i-kvX-amb ap…nw kmaqly\mS-I-amWv sI.-Sn. apl-Ω-Zns‚ CXp `qan-bm-Wv. (1953) ap…nw-kv{Xo-Isf t\cn´v A`n-kw-t_m-[-\-sN-øp-I-bpw Ah-cpsS {]iv\-ßsf shfn-®Øp sIm≠p-h-cn-Ibpw sNbvX \mS-I-am-Wn-Xv. ssh°w apl-ΩZv _jo-dns‚ _mey-Im-e-kJn (1944), ‚p∏p-∏-°m-s°m-cm-t\-≠m¿∂p! (1951) F∂o IrXn-Iƒ ap…nw-kv{Xo-I-fpsS ssZ\w-Zn\Pohn-XsØ kmaq-ly-]-cn-jv°-cW ImgvN-∏m-Sn¬\n∂v hne-bn-cp-Øn-b-h-bm-bn-cp∂p; B ]c-º-c-bn-emWv CXp `qan-bmWv F∂ \mS-I-Øn-s‚bpw ÿm\w. kv{XohnZym-`ym-k-amWv Cu \mS-I-Øn-tebpw apJy-{]-ta-bw. C∂pw ap…nwkv{XoIƒ t\cn-Sp∂ ]e {]iv\-ßfpw Cu \mSIw N¿®-sN-øp-∂p≠v ˛ _lp-`m-cym-Xzw, ]pcp-j\v `mcysb GI-]-£o-b-ambn samgn-sNm-√m-\p≈ kuIcyw, kv{XoI-fpsS kzØp-S-a-ÿ-X-bpsS {]iv\w ˛ F√mw. F∂m¬ s]mXpsh ap…nwkap-Zm-b-]-cn-jv°-c-Whpw ChnsS hnh-cn® ]pXnb enwKm-[n-Im-c-_-‘sØ Du´n-bp-d-∏n-°p-I-bm-bn-cp-∂p-sh∂v kao-]-Im-e-kv{Xo-]-£-N-cn-{X-K-th-jWw shfn-hm-°p-∂p. ap≥ A≤ym-bØn¬ ]cm-a¿in® ]pØq¿ Ban-\-bpsS ]m´nse kv{Xokzm-X-{¥ym-Z¿i-a√ ]pcp-j-∑m-cmb ap…nw-k-ap-Zmb ]cn-jv°¿Øm-°-∑m-cp-tSXv F∂v jwjmZv lpssk≥ Nq≠n-°m-Wn-°p-∂p. ap…nw sFIy-kwLw F∂ kp{]kn≤ ]cn-jv°-c-W-kw-L-S-\-bpsS BZ¿i-ßƒ kap-Zm-b-\-ho-I-c-WsØ D∂w-h®v kv{XoIsf Fßs\ ]cnjv°-cn-°-W-sa∂v \n¿t±-in-°p-∂-h-bm-bn-cp-∂p. "ImXp-Ip-Øp-t]m-ep≈ A\n-…m-anI Zpcm-Nm-c-ßsf FXn¿°pI... ]utcm-lnXyw hne-°nb kv{Xohn-Zym-`ymkw \S-∏n-em-°pI F∂n-ß-s\. kap-Zm-b-Øn-\p-th≠n kv{XoIƒ Fß-s\-sb√mw ]cn-jv°-cn-°-s∏-SWw F∂-XmWv Ch-bnse apJy AP-≠. A√msX kv{XobpsS ho£-WtIm-Wn¬\n-∂p-sIm-≠p≈ kv{Xok-ap-Zmb]cn-jv°-c-W-ß-f-√.' (jw-jmZv lpssk≥, \yq\-]-£-Øn\pw enwK]-Z-hn-°p-an-S-bn¬, Xncp-h-\-¥-]p-cw, 2009, ]pdw. 24)

Xnb ]e A¥¿P\-ßfpw CXp ]tcm-£-ambn kqNn-∏n-®p. kv{XoIsf ]cn-jv°-cn-°¬ ]pcp-j∑m¿ kv{XoI-tfmSp ImWn-°p∂ HuZm-cy-as - √-∂pw kv{XoIƒ A`y-kvXh - n-Zy-If - m-bn-Øo¿∂n-s√-¶n¬ AXp-sIm-≠p≈ tZmjw Ah-sc-am-{X-a√ ]pcpj-∑m-scbpw _m[n-°p-sa∂pw Ch¿ ]et∏mgpw Hm¿Ωn-∏n-®p. Cu klm-b-lkvXw hen-sbmcp A[n-Im-c_‘wXs∂-bm-bn-cp-∂p-sh∂v \ºq-Xn-cn-]-cnjv°¿Øm-°f - n¬ A{K-KW - y-\m-bn-cp∂ hn.-Sn `´Xn-cn-∏m-Sns‚ Nne cN-\-I-fn¬\n∂p hy‡-am-Ip∂p-≠v. A¥¿P-\-ß-fpsS \c-I-Po-hn-X-sØ-°pdn®v G‰-hp-a-[nIw Fgp-Xn-bn-´p≈ Hcm-fmWv At±lw. FgpØpw hmb-\bpw ]Tn®v bp‡n-Nn¥-bn-te-°p-b¿∂v C√-ß-fnse CSp-ßnb A¥co-£-Øn¬\n∂v kz¥w a\- ns\ hntam-Nn-∏n°m≥ A¥¿P-\-ßƒ kzbw Xøm-dm-h-W-sa∂v i‡-ambn hmZn-®-bmƒ. > ImWpI ]pdw 216 < F∂m¬ ]cn-jv°¿Øm-hmb ]pcp-j≥ \ońb klm-b-l-kvXsØ GsX-¶nepw A¥¿P\w kzoI-cn-°m-Xn-cp-∂m¬, Ahƒ C√-Øn-\p-]p-dtØ°v kz¥w hgn tXSn-bm¬, £an-°m≥ ]‰mØ A]-cm-[-ambn AsX-Æ-s∏-Sp-sa∂v hn.Sn-bpsS I¿Ωhn]mIw F∂ Bfl-I-Ym-]-c-amb teJ-\-k-am-lm-c-Øn-epƒs∏-Sp-Øn-bn-´p≈ Hcp teJ\w shfn-hm-°p-∂p-≠v. Dam-tZhn \cn-∏‰ F∂ kv{Xosb-°p-dn®v hn.-SnbpsS Hm¿Ω-°p-dn∏m-WXv ˛ hen-sbmcp Ip‰-]-{Xw-Xs∂ hn.Sn. Ah¿s°-Xnsc ka¿∏n-°p-∂p-≠v. A\p-k-cWbpw [¿Ω-t_m-[-hp-an-√m-Ø, Aan-X-em-f-\sIm≠v shdpw hj-fm-b, Hcp kv{Xobm-W-h¿, hn.-SnbpsS ho£-W-Øn¬. ]t£, hn.-Sn-b-S-°ap≈ kap- Z mb hnπ- h - I m- c n- I ƒ FXn¿ØptXm¬∏n® bmYm-ÿn-XnI IpSpw-_-km-l-N-cyØn¬\n-∂mWv Ah¿ Cd-ßn-t∏m-bs - X∂v kphy‡-amWv ˛ `¿Ør-]n-Xmhv Ah-cpsS `¿Øm-hns\-s°m≠v c≠m-aXv thfn-Ig- n-∏n-®s - {X. k]-Xv\nbm-bn-h∂ kv{Xo°v BZy-`m-cy-bmb Dabn¬\n∂v `¿Øm-hns‚ ]¶v t\Sn-sb-Sp-°m-\m-bn-√t{X. IuXp-I-h-kvXp-°ƒ tamjvSn-°p∂ kz`mhw Dabv°p-≠m-bn-cp-s∂-∂pw AXn\p {]mb-›nØw sNøm≥ `¿Ør-]n-Xmhv \n¿_-‘n-®t- ∏mƒ A\pk-cn-°msX Ipń-I-sf-sb-Sp-Øp-sIm≠v Ah¿ hoSp-hn-ń-d-ßn-sb∂pw hn.Sn ]d-bp∂p. ChnsS hn.-Sn °v bmsXmcp kwi-b-hp-an√ ˛ bmYm-ÿnXn-I-\mb \ºq-Xn-cn-Im-c-W-h-cpsS Btcm-]-WsØ-°p-dn-®v, If-sh∂ Zpxkz-`m-hsØ ]cn-l-cn°m≥ Abmƒ \n¿t±-in® am¿§-sØ-°p-dn-®v.

H‰bv°v Cd-ßn-t∏mbn F∂-Xp-X-s∂-bmWv Da sX‰psNbvXp-sh-∂X - ns‚ sXfn-hv. C√Øp\n∂nd-ßn-b-tijw Dabv°v \nc-h[n Imap-I-∑m-cp-≠msb-∂v, A\y-Pm-Xn-°m-cmb ]pcp-j-∑m-cp-sS-IqsS Ah¿ ]pXnbPohnXw Bcw-`n-°m≥ {ian-®p-sh∂v ]d-bp∂ hn.-Sn-bpsS ZrjvSn-bn¬ £a-b¿ln°mØ Ip‰- a m- W v B Cd- ß n- t ∏m°v . ]cnjv°¿Øm-hmb ]pcp-js‚ ta¬t\m-´-Øn-e√ Ah¿ Cu \o°-ßƒ \S-ØnbsX-∂XmWv bYm¿∞{]iv\w ˛ hn.-Sn-bpsS ktlm-Z-cnsb At±-l-Øns‚ ta¬t\m´Ønepw Xm¬∏-cyØnepw Hcp \mb¿ hnhmlw Ign-®-Xn-s\-°pdn®pw At±-ls - a-gp-Xn-bn-´p-≠v. A`n-Pm-Xa - mb C√Øp-\n∂v Zcn-{Z-amb Hcp am∏n-f-Kr-l-Øn-te°v Cd-ßn-t∏mb A¥¿P-\sØ F{X iIm-cn-®n´pw hn.-Sn.°p aXn-h-cp-∂n-√. AXns‚ Ip‰-a-{Xbpw "kv { Xokzm- X {¥y'Øns‚ Xe- b n¬ sI´n- h bv°m\pw At±lw ad-°p-∂n√ ˛ kv{XoIsf hntam-Nn-∏n-°m≥ \S-∂h - ¿ "kv{Xokzm-X{¥y'sØ `b-s∏-Sp-∂-Xnse hntcm-[m-`mkw Nn√-d-b√! kzk-ap-Zm-b-Øn-\p-≈n¬, ]pcp-j-∑m-cmb ]cnjv ° ¿Øm- ° ƒ hc®hc- b v ° - I - Ø v , Ah¿ Xo¿Ø \nb-a-ß-f-\p-k-cn-®p-am-{Xta "kv{XokzmX{¥yw' ]mSp≈q F∂¿∞w.

kv{Xokzm-X{¥yw ]qhn-Sp-∂ hk¥w ]nd-∂-Xns‚ \dp-aWw Dam A¥¿P-\sØ el-cn-]n-Sn-∏n-®p. kZmNm-c-Øns‚ hgn-bn¬ Ahƒ°p Imen-S-dm≥ Xp-S-ßn. Imap- I - P - \ - Ø n\p _lp- c - k w. Nne¿ ssIapń t{]m’m-ln-∏n-®p. C∂-hn-sS, \msf as‰m-cn-SØv ˛ Aßs\ Ah¿ Hfn®pIfn-®p. Cu A]-Y-k-©m-cØn¬\n∂p hyXn-N-en-∏n-°p-hm≥ km≤y-a-s√-∂m-bt∏mƒ Ah-fpsS `¿Ør-Kr-l° - mcpw ]nXr-Kr-l° - mcpw _m≤yX Hgn-hm-°m≥ apt∂m-´p-h-∂p. cPn-kv{Sm-ôkn¬ P\w IqSn. `¿Ør-Kr-l-Øns‚ {]Xn-\n-[n-bmbn a≤y-ÿ-∑m-cpsS apºn¬ lmP-cmb Hcp C-cn-°-W-ΩbpsS [\-ºq-Xncn C√sØ \mb¿ ]cn-Nm-cn-I] hiw Dam A¥¿P\w ape-Ip-Sn®p tXmfn¬ Nm™p-d-ßp∂ BÏp-™ns\ ssIam-dn-b-t∏mƒ t\m°n-\n-∂-hcpsS IÆp-Iƒ \\-™p-t]m-bn. (hn.-Sn.-bpsS kºq¿Æ IrXn-Iƒ, tIm´-bw, 2006, ]pdw 323-˛24)

Da- b psS aIsf `¿Ør- h o- ´ p- I m¿ F¥psIm≠v Bh-iy-s∏-ń-s√∂ tNmZyw hn.-Sn. tNmZn°p- ∂ n√; H∂n- e - [ nIw thfn- I - g n® Da- b psS `¿Ømhv Ip‰-°m-c-\-√m-Ø-t∏mƒ Hcp `¿Ømhns\ ths≠-∂p-h-®-ti-jw-am{Xw as‰m-cmsf hcn® Da Ip‰-°m-cn-bm-hp-∂-sX-ßs\ F∂pw tNmZn-°p-∂n-√. "Xd-hm-ń¬ ]nd-∂-hƒ' "N¥-s∏ "Xd-hm-ń¬ ]nd-∂-hfpw' "N¥-s∏Æpw' D≠m-b-sX-ßs\?

Æm'bnØo¿∂-Xn¬ AS-°m-\m-hmØ tcmjw {] I-Sn-∏n-°p-∂X - n-\n-Sb - n¬ AXn-s\m∂pw ka-ba - n√! Dam-tZhn A¥¿P-\ß - ƒ°p amXr-Ib - s - √∂v ]e-X-c-Øn¬ ]d-bm≥ \ºq-Xncn ]cn-jv°¿Øm°ƒ {i≤n-®n-cp∂p (A-h¿ B¿s°-¶nepw amXrI-bm-Im≥ {ian-®n-cpt∂m F∂Xv thsd-Imcyw ˛ Ah-cpsS Xocp-am-\-ßƒ GXp-km-l-N-cy-Øn¬ ssIs°m-≠h - b - m-sW∂pw \ap-°d - n-bn√!) Fw.-]n. `´-Xn-cn-∏m-Sns‚ EXp-aXn (1940) F∂ {]ikvX kap-Zm-b-]-cn-jv°-c-W-\m-S-I-Øn¬ Ch¿ "{]Xy£-s∏-Sp-∂p-≠v.' CXnse \mbnI tZhIn F∂ s]¨Ip-´n-bm-Wv. Ahƒ Xs‚ C√sØ bmYmÿn-Xn-I A¥-co-£Ø - n-s\-Xnsc Dd-®p-\n¬°m≥ Xocp-am-\n-°p-∂p. ]t£, Dam A¥¿ P\-sØt∏m-se-b√ Xms\-∂pw C√-Øp-\n∂p ]pd-Øpt]m-bm¬ AXv ktlm-Z-c-ÿm-\o-b-\mb _‘phns‚sbm∏-am-bn-cn-°p-sa∂pw {]Jym-]n-°p∂p! ]pcpj]cn-jv°¿Øm-°-fpsS Cu at\m-`mhsØ A∂p-Xs∂ kmln-Xy-cw-KØv {]i-kvXnbm¿÷n- ® p- I - g n- ™ n- c p∂ efn- X mw- _ nIm A¥¿P\w Xs‚ "{]kmZw' (1939) F∂ IYbn¬ cq£-ambn hna¿in-°p-∂p-≠v. \ºq-Xn-cn-kap-Zmb]cn-jv°-c-W-{]-ÿm-\sØ A\p-Iq-en®v \nc-h[n IY-Iƒ cNn® A¥¿P-\w, Cu IYbn-eqsS AXns\ ITn-\-ambn hna¿in®p ˛ ]cº-cm-KXPohn-XØ - n¬\n∂v kv{XoIsf c£n-°m≥ ]pd-s∏-´h - ¿Xs∂ ]pXnb ]nXr-ta-[m-hn-Xz-Øns‚ hml-Ic - m-bn-Øo¿∂ {]{In-bsb Ah¿ Cu IYbn-eqsS hc-®p-Im-´p-∂p. Hcn-Sbv°v kap-Zm-b-hn-πh-Im-cn-Wn-bmbn t]sc-SpØ Hcp \ºq-Xn-cnkv{Xo s]s´∂v kzIm-cy-Po-hn-X-Øn-te°pw {]m¿∞-\bn-te°pw ]n≥hm-ßp-∂X - ns‚ IY-bm-Wn-X.v AhcpsS Cu {]hrØn ]pcp-j-∑m-cmb ]cn-jv°¿ Øm-°sf sNmSn-∏n-°p-∂p. Xßƒ {]kwKw ]Tn∏n®p ]oT-Øn-te-‰n-bh - ƒ Ct∏mƒ bmsXmcp \μnbpw-Iq-SmsX F√mw Dt]-£n-®p-t]m-bX - n¬ Ah¿ tcmjw {]I-Sn-∏n-°p-∂p. ]pcp-j-]-cn-jv°¿Ømhn\v ]cn-jv°-c-W-h-kvXp-hmb kv{Xobp-sS-taep≈ [m¿Ωn-Im-[n-Im-c-amWv ChnsS tNmZy-hnt[-ba - m-Ip-∂Xv:

Imcy-]-cn-]m-Sn-bnse Imcy-amb Hcn-\-Øn¬ ]¶p-sIm≈m- \ - h ¿s°- ¥ p- s Imt≠m Ign- ™ n- √ . AsXmcp kq{X-ambn Nne¿ hymJym-\n-®p... £p`n-X-\mb Hcp bphmhv ]d™p: ""Cu ac-∏m-h-Isf D≤-cn-°p-hm≥th≠n-bm-Wt√m Rßfo ]msSm-s°-s∏-´-Xv. Hmtcm-cpØsc ]Tn-∏n-®p... {]kw-Kn®p t]cpw-sIm-Sp-Ø-t∏mƒ I≠nt√ B \μn...''

"Xd-hm-´n¬ ]nd-∂-hfpw' "N¥-s∏Æpw' D≠m-b-sX-ßs\?

Cu hmZw hmkvX-h-at√? \ΩpsS ]pcp-j-∑m¿°v \o°w-sN-tø-≠-Xmbn Fs¥m-c-h-i-X-bm-Wp-≈-Xv. kap-Zm-b-{]-h¿Ø-\-ß-fpsS Bh-iyw-X-s∂-sb¥v? Ch- c psS I\n- h n- s √- ¶ n¬ h√Xpw \S- ° ptam?... F∂mepw Cu \μn- s b- ∏ - ‰ n- b p≈ kqN\ Fs∂ £p_v≤-bm-°n. \μn-t]m-epw... \mWw-sI´ Hcp ]Zw... `mc-ta-dnb IS-∏m-Sv... ASnaØ-Ønepw IjvS-X-cw... ("{]kmZw', efn-Xmw-_nI A¥¿P-\-Øns‚ IY-Iƒ kºq¿Æw, tIm´-bw, 2009, ]pdw 179)

]pcp-j-\mb ]cn-jv°¿Øm-hns‚ \ne-sb°p-dn®v A°m-eØv kv{XoIƒ°n-S-bn¬Øs∂ `n∂m-`n-{]m-b-ßƒ \ne-\n-∂n-cp-∂p-sh-∂-Xn¬ kwi-b-an-√. ]cn-jv°¿Øm-hns‚ A[n-Imcw kv{Xosb ]q¿Æ-kv{Xo-Xz-Øn-te-°-√, ]q¿Æ-hy‡n-Xz-Øn-te-°p-b¿Øm≥ DX-In-bm¬, AXv KpW-I-cw-Xs∂ F∂m-bn-cp∂p sI. kc-kz-Xn-bΩ-bpsS A`n-{]m-bw. > ImWpI ]pdw 121 < Aß-s\-sb-¶n¬ ]pcp-js‚ A[n-Imcw A¬∏mbp- m-bn-cn-°p-sa-∂pw, kv{Xo]p-cpj-Xp-eyX ]pcpjs‚ Pohn-XØ - ns‚ \ne-hm-cs - Øbpw Db¿Øpsa∂pw Ah¿ hmZn-®p. Xm≥ Hcp `¿Øm-hm-bncp-s∂-¶n¬, Xs‚ `mcysb Fßs\ ]cn-jv°-cn°p-sa-∂-Xn-s\-°p-dn®v Ah-sc-gp-Xnb teJ-\Øn¬\n∂v:

shdpw ]pcp- j - s \∂ \ne- b n¬ kv { Xokzm- X - { ¥ysØbpw ka-Xz-sØbpw kzmKXw sNøp-∂-sXmcp kpJ-am-Wv... ]t£, `¿Øm-hns‚ \ne-bn-em-bmtem? ....]c-º-cm-K-X-ambn ]I¿∂p-In-´n-bn-´p≈ BNmc-{I-a-ßƒ, A‘-hn-izm-k-ßƒ, al-Zzm-Iy-ßƒ A{XthKw CSn®p \nc-Øm-\m-hp-tam? sI´n-bp-d-∏n-®Xp kzm¿∞-aX - n-If - mb \Ωƒ; CSn-®p-\n-ct- Ø-≠Xv AkzX-{¥-I-fmb A_-e-Iƒ. alm-a-\-kvI-cmb \Ωn¬ Nne¿ CS-bvs°ms° A¬∏m¬∏w klm-bn-°p∂p F∂p-am-{Xw... ...- I - Æ o- s cm- g p°n ImcywImWm\pw Akq- b sIm≠v Ab¬s]-Æp-ßsf Zpjn-°m\pw arZp-e-hnIm-c-ß-fn¬ apßn-\-in-°m\pw a‰p-sam-s°-bmWp kv{XoIƒ°p hmk\ F∂p \mw ]d-bp-tºmƒ, AXn\p≈ ]cn-Xx-ÿnXn \mamWp krjvSn-®p-sIm-Sp-ØXv F∂-Imcyw \mw Hm¿Ωn-°m-dpt≠m? I¿Ω-[o-c-X-bp≠m- h m\pw _p≤n- i ‡n hnIkn∏n°m\pw \mw Ahsc A\p-h-Zn-®n-s√∂p am{X-a-√, AsXm-c-]-I¿jambn KWn-°p-I-t]mepw sNbvXnt√? kv{Xobn¬ sshIm-cn-I-`mhw ]cn-[n-bn-√msX hf¿Øn Ah-fpsS _p≤n-sb-°qsS lrZ-b-am°n am‰m≥ \nc-¥cw {ian® \mw ]mh-sb∂pw Ifn-t°m-s∏∂pw Ahsc ]p—n-°p∂-Xn-\¿∞-apt≠m? (sI. kc-kz-Xn-b-Ω-bpsS kºq¿Æ-Ir-Xn-Iƒ, tIm´bw, 2001, ]pdw 986-˛87)

]m¿ΔXn Aø-∏≥ (1902-˛1998) Xriq¿Pn-√-bnse Iq¿°-t©-cn-bn¬ P\n-®p. {]i-kvX-\mb C.-sI. Aøm-°p´n PUvPn-bm-bn-cp∂p ]nXm-hv. a{Zm-knse Izo≥ta-cokv Ieme-b-Ønepw teUn sh√n-MvS¨ Iem-e-b-Ønepw D∂-X-hn-Zym-`ymkw ]q¿Øn-bm-°n-b-tijw Xriq-cnse hnth-tIm-Zbw kvIqfn¬ A≤ym]n-I-bm-bn. ]n¬°m-eØv {ioe-¶-bnse Hcp hnZym-e-b-Ønepw Hcph¿jw {]h¿Øn-°p-I-bp-≠m-bn. 1930¬ ktlm-Z-c≥ sI. Aø-∏s\ hnhm-lw-sN-bvXp. {io\m-cm-b-W-Z¿i-\sØ hn]p-eo-I-cn® bp‡n-hmZn-bmb Aø-∏-s‚-sbm∏w kmaq-ly-]-cn-h¿Ø\{]h¿Ø-\-ß-fn¬ Xpey-]¶ - m-fn-bmbn {]h¿Øn-®p. kv{Xo F∂ h\n-Xm-am-kn-Ib - psS ]{Xm[n-]-cm-bn-cp-∂p. 1956¬ tPmen-bn¬\n∂p hnc-an-®-tijw {io\m-cm-bWtk-hn-Im-k-amPw ÿm]n-®p. 1988-hsc s]mXp-Po-hn-X-Øn¬ kPohkm-∂n-≤y-am-bn-cp-∂p.

ChnsS `¿Ømhv ]cn-jv°¿Øm-hns‚ \ne kzoI-cn-°-W-sa-∂mWv kc-kz-Xn-bΩ \n¿t±-in°p-∂-Xv. ]t£, ]cn-jv°-c-W-Øns‚ e£yw kv{XoXz-ap-≠m-°e - √ - , kv{Xosb ]q¿Æ-hy-‡n-XzØn-se-Øn-°-em-Wv. 1930-I-tfmsS ]cn-jv°-c-W-{]-ÿm-\-ß-fn¬ {]ap-J-cmb ]e kv{XoIfpw Db¿∂p-h∂p ˛ Bcym-]≈ - w, tZhIn \cn-°m-´n-cn, ]m¿ΔXn s\∑n\n- a w- K ew apX- e mb \ºq- X n- c n- k v { Xo- I ƒ, > ImWpI ]pdw 139 < tXm´-bv°m´p am[-hn-bΩ, > ImWpI ]pdw 194 < tIm∂n-bq¿ ao\m£n-bΩ apX-emb \mb¿kv{Xo-Iƒ, Kuco ]hn{X≥, apXp-Ipfw ]m¿Δ-Xn-bΩ XpS-ßnb Cug-hkv{Xo-Iƒ, kn. cp{Zm-Wn-sb-t∏m-ep≈ Ac-bkv{Xo-Iƒ ˛ Ch-sc√mw s]mXp-cw-KØv kPo-hkm-∂n-≤y-am-bn-Øo¿∂p. Ch-cpsS \ne-bv°v, ]t£, h√m-sØm-c\ - n-›n-XX - z-ap-≠m-bn-cp-∂p. Hcph-iØv kv{XoIsf "D≤-cn-°m\p'≈ Npa-Xe - b - n¬ ]¶p-h-ln® Ch¿°v ]e-t∏mgpw adp-h-iØv ]pcp-j] - c - n-jv°¿Øm-tfmSv hnt[-bXzw Imt´-≠nh-∂p. Cßs\ A[n-Im-c-Øn\pw A[n-Im-c-an-√mbva-bv°p-an-S-bn¬ Nm©m-Sn-bp≈ PohnXwaSp-Øv kz¥who´n-te°p aS-ßnb Hcp kv{XobpsS IYbmWv efn-Xmw-_nI A¥¿P\w "{]kmZ'Øn¬ ]d-™-Xv. F∂m¬ Cu \nesb \n w-ibw X≈n-°-f™ kv{XoI-fmb ]cn-jv°¿Øm-°ƒ B Xe-ap-d-bn¬ D≠m-bn-cp∂p ˛ Ah-sc-°p-dn®v \ma-[nIw C∂p tIƒ°m-dn-s√-¶n-epw. A∂p {]ikvX-bm-bn-cp∂ ]m¿ΔXn Aø-∏≥ Ah-cn-sem-cmfm-bn-cp-∂p. Krl-Im-cy-ßƒ t\m°p-∂-Xn¬ Ign-

hp-t\-SpI am{X-a√ kv{XobpsS [¿Ω-sa∂v Ah¿ A`n-{]m-b-s∏-´p:

h¿§w \ne-\n-dp-Øn-s°m≠pt]mIp-∂-Xn\p {]IrXn hy‡n-I-fn¬ Nne hmk-\-Ifpw hf¿Øn-s°m-≠ph-∂n-´p-≠v. B hmk-\-I-fpsS t{]c-Wm-^-e-ambn Nne kv{Xo]p-cpj_‘-ß-fp-ap-≠m-bn-´p-≠v. Ah-bpsS \mK-cn-I-amb Hcp ]cn-Wm-a-amWp `mcym`¿Xr-_-‘hpw ]cn-jvIr-XKrl-Po-hn-Xh - pw. kv{Xo°pw ]pcp-j\pw CXnepw Ihn™ ]e [¿Ω-ß-fpw \nd-th--‰m-\p-≠v. a\p-jy-k-ap-Zm-b-Øns‚ ]ptcm-K-Xn°p kv{XoIfpw ]pcp-j-∑mcpw Hcp-t]mse the-sN-ø-Ww. AXn\v G‰hpw Bh-iy-am-bn-´p-≈Xp kv{Xobnepw ]pcp-j\nepw A¥¿eo-\-ambn°nS-°p∂ _p≤n-]-c-ambpw a‰p-ap≈ Ign-hp-Isf Bhn-jv°-cn-°-bm-Wv. B kwKXn-bn¬ kv{Xo]p-cp-j-t`-Z-an-√... Ign-bp-∂Xpw `¿Øm°-∑m-cpsS the-I-fn¬ kl-I-cn-°p∂ `mcy-amcpw `mcy-am-cpsS the-I-fn¬ kl-I-cn-°p∂ `¿Øm-°∑mcpw tbmPn-°p∂ Zmº-Xy-ß-fmWv DØ-a-am-bn-´p≈Xv. (]m¿ΔXn Aø-∏≥, "kv{Xo[¿Ω-sØ-∏‰n', amXr-`qan hnti-jm¬{]Xn, 1938)

CØ-c-Øn¬ hmZn® h\n-Xm-]-cn-jv°¿Øm°-fpsS ]c-º-c, ]t£, ]n¬°m-eØp hnI-kn®n-s√∂p ]d-bmw. kc-kz-Xn-bΩ - b - p-tS-Xm-bn-cp∂p Ah-km-\sØ i_vZw. kmaq-ly-˛-km-º-Øn-Iambn ]nt∂m-°w-\n¬°p∂ kv{XoIsf sXmgn¬\-evIn, IpSn¬hy-h-km-b-Øn-eq-sS, "D≤-cn-°m \p'≈ _m≤yX taem-f-kv{Xo-Iƒ°p-s≠∂v ]d™p-sIm≠v taem-f-kv{Xo-Isf ]cn-jv°¿Ømhns‚ Ip∏m-b-a-Wn-bn-°m≥ Nne¿ D’m-ln-®n"Xd-hm-´n¬ ]nd-∂-hfpw' "N¥-s∏Æpw' D≠m-b-sX-ßs\?

cp-∂p. Cu ]cn-jv°-c-W-\n¿t±-i-Øn\v Hcp {]tXy-I-X-bp-≠m-bn-cp-∂p. ta¬hn-h-cn® ]pcp-j]-cn-jv°¿Øm-hns‚ \nesb At]-£n®v Zp¿∫e-am-bn-cp∂p Zcn-{Z-kv{Xo-Isf D≤-cn-°m≥ ]Wns∏-tS-≠h - c - mb kv{Xo]-cn-j° v ¿Øm-°f - psS \ne. ]pcp-j\ - mb ]cn-j° v ¿Ømhv ]cn-]I - zhpw ]q¿Æhp-amb hy‡n-Xz-Øn-s‚-bp-S-a-bm-bn-bmWv k¶¬∏n-°-s∏-´Xv ˛ B \ne-bn¬\n-∂p-sIm-≠mWv Abmƒ kv{Xosb ]cn-jv°-cn-°p-∂-Xv. F∂m¬ sXmgn¬]-cn-io-e\ - hpwa‰pw \¬In a‰p-kv{Xo-Isf Db¿Øn- s °m- ≠ p- h - c p∂ kv { Xobmb ]cn- j v °¿Øm-hn\v AØ-c-samcp \ne I¬∏n-°-s∏-Sp∂n-√. adn®v kZm Bﬂ-\n-b-{¥-Whpw ta¬t\m´hpw Ds≠-¶nte kv{Xo t\¿hgn \S°q F∂ ]tcm-£[ - m-cW - bpw CØcw \n¿t±-iß - f - n-ep-≠mbn-cp-∂p. IpSn¬hy-hk - mbw Bcw-`n-°p-∂X - n-eqsS kv{Xo kz¥w IpSpw-_Ø - ns‚ kmº-Øn-Iÿ - nXn sa®-s∏-SpØpw; a‰p-kv{Xo-I-tfm-Sp≈ Xs‚ ISa \n¿Δ-ln-°pw XpS-ßnb hmZ-ßƒ°p-]p-dsa kv{XobpsS Bﬂ-\n-b-{¥-W-sØbpw A®-S-°sØbpw CØcw {]h¿Ø-\-ßƒ ]cn-t]m-jn-∏n°p-sa∂ hmZhpw hfsc {]m[m-\y-tØmsS D∂bn-°-s∏´p:

...-A-hƒ°v [Ip-Sn¬hy-h-km-b-Øn-te¿s∏-Sp∂ ho´Ω-bv°v] k¬_p≤n h¿≤n-°p-Ibpw Zp¿_p≤n Ipdbp-Ibpw sNøpw. Ae-k-amb Xe-t®mdv ]nim-Nns‚ ]Wn-∏p-c-bm-W-t√m... \√ Imcy-ß-fn¬ a\ p {]thin-∏n-®p-sIm-≠m¬ A\y-P-\-ß-fpsS Zqjyw D≠m-°p∂-Xn\pw Xc-an-√m-sX-h-cp-∂Xv F{X `mKy-am-Wv... kv{XoI-fpsS sXmgn-en-√m-bvasb ]cn-l-cn-°p-∂-Xn\pw Ah¿°p t£aw h¿≤n-∏n-°p-∂-Xn-\p-ambn BZm-bI-c-ß-fmb {]tXyI {]hr-Øn-Iƒ Ah-cpsS hmk\bv°pw am\-Øn\pw acym-Zbv°pw ]Tn-∏n\pw X°hÆw I≠p-]n-Sn-®v, Ah-sc-s°m≠v sNøn-∏n-®v, Ah¿ D≠m- ° p∂ km[- \ - ß sf hn‰- g n- ° p- ∂ nXn\p≈ G¿∏m-Sp-sNbvXp \S-∏n¬h-cp-Øp-∂Xv \ΩpsS CSbn-ep≈ hnZp-jn-I-fmb kv{XoI-fpsS DØ-a-Ir-Xy-ßfm-Ip-∂p. (F¬. ao\m-£n-b-Ω, "kv{XoI-fpsS sXmgnen-√mbva', aln-fm-cXv\w 1(1), 1927-˛28) Cßs\ c≠mw-In-Sb - n¬ Xf-b° v s - ∏-s´-¶nepw Iogm-f-kv{Xo-I-sf-°mƒ ap¥n-b-ÿm\w Xßƒ °p-s≠-∂X - p-sIm-≠p-Xs - ∂ bmsXm-cp-hn[ tNmZywsN-ø-en\pw taem-f-kv{Xo-Iƒ apXn¿∂n-√. BZyImekv{Xohm-Z-Øns‚ ]cm-P-b-ß-fn-sem-∂m-bncp∂p AXv ˛ ]cn-jv°-c-W-hm-ZsØ ]q¿Æ-ambn X≈n- ° - f - b m≥ BZy- I m- e - k v { Xo- h m- Z n- I - f n¬ Npcp°w Nne¿t° Ign-™p-≈q. ^e-tam, taemf-˛-Io-gmfkv{XoIƒ°n-Sbn¬ ]pXnb ]nXr-ta-[m"Xd-hm-´n¬ ]nd-∂-hfpw' "N¥-s∏Æpw' D≠m-b-sX-ßs\?

hn-Xz-tØmSv kmayw-]p-e¿Ønb A[n-Im-c_ - ‘w k¶-¬∏n-°s - ∏-´p. BZy-ImeIayq-WnÃv Fgp-ØpIm¿, kmaq-ly-{]h¿ØI-cmb htc-Wy-k{v Xo-Isf "sIm®-Ωam'sc∂v hnfn-®m-t£]n-®Xv shdp-sX-b√. sXmgn-em-fn-kv{Xo-Iƒ h≥tXm-Xn¬ kwL-SnX-cmb 1940-I-fn¬ ]q¿Æ-]u-cXzw Ah¿ ]nSn-s®Sp-°p-sa∂ kz]v\w bmYm¿∞y-am-Im≥t]m-Ip-∂psh∂ tXm∂¬ ]e¿°p-ap-≠m-b-Xn¬ A¤p-Xan-√. {]tXy-In®v ]cn-jv°-c-Wtam D≤m-cWtam H∂pw-Iq-Sm-sX-Xs∂ ]q¿Æ-]u-cX - z-Øn\v Xß-ƒ A¿l-cm-sW-∂pw AXv Xß-fpsS Ah-Im-i-amsW∂pw sXmgn-em-fn-h-‡m-°ƒ ]ecpw {]Jym]n®p. (F-∂m¬ ]cn-jv°c - W - Ø - ns‚ Awi-ßƒ ]q¿Æ-ambpw Hgn-hm-°-s∏-´ns√∂Xv as‰mcp Imcyw. sXmgn-emfn{]ÿm-\Ø - ns‚ D∂-XX - e - ß - fn¬ B XmXv]cyw {]I-Sa - m-bn-cp∂p). BZy-Ime kv{Xohm-Zn-Iƒ°n-S-bn¬Øs∂ hyXykvX A`n{]m-b° - m-cp-≠m-bn-cp-∂p-sh∂v kqNn-∏n-®p-ht√m ˛ AØcw hyXy-kvX-X-Iƒ apgp-h≥ Ah-K-Wn°s∏´p; H∂p- I n¬ "sIm®Ω' As√- ¶ n¬ "skmssk-‰n t- eUn' F∂o c≠p ]cn-lmkyIYm]m-{X-ßf - n-te°v BZy-Im-ek - v{Xo-hm-Zn-Iƒ \yq\oI-cn-°-s∏-´p. "Xd-hm-´n¬ ]nd-∂h - fpw' "N¥-s∏Æpw' XΩnep≈ Ak-aXzw Aßs\ \ΩpsS C°meØpw \ne-\n¬°p-∂p-≠v. PmXn-hy-h-ÿsb am‰n-a-dn® tIc-fob\thm-∞m\w Cu c≠p kwh¿§-ßsfbpw 20-˛mw \q‰m-≠n¬ ]p\x-kr-jvSn-®X - n-s\-°pdn-®mWv Cu A≤ym-bØ - n¬ ]d-™X - v. ]cn-jv°c-Wh - m-Zß - f - n-eqsS hym]-Ia - mb enwK-am-\y-Xbpw enwKm-Z¿ihpw 20-˛mw \q‰m-≠n¬ IqSp-X¬ P\hn-`m-Kß - f - n-te°v hym]n-°p-Ib - p-≠m-bn. Hcp kapZm-bØ - n\v kaq-lØ - n¬ Db-cW - s - a-¶n¬ AXnse kv{XoIƒ Cu ]pXnb enwK-am-\y-Xbv°p Iogvs∏S-W-sa∂ Aen-Jn-X-\n-baw ChnsS {]mh¿ØnI-am-bn. kv{XoIƒ°v Cu \h-am-\y-X-Iq-SmsX kaq-lØ - n¬\n∂v kpc£ e`n-°n-s√∂pw h∂p. \h-am-\yX \n¿Δ-Nn-°p∂ "AS-°-sam-Xp°' Øn\p-≈n¬ Pohn-°p-∂h - f - mWv Xms\∂v sXfnhp lmP-cm-°p∂ kv{Xo°p-am-{Xta ssewKn-Im-Xn-{Ia-Øn-s\-Xnsc ss[cy-ambn ]cm-Xn-s∏-Sm≥ Ignbq; ImcWw B sXfn-hn-√msX kaq-ls - Øbpw \oXn\ym-b-hy-h-ÿ-sbbpw kao-]n-®m¬ kwi-bhpw A]-am-\hpw G¬t°-≠n-h-cpw. \h-h-tcWy enwK-am-\y-Xsb AXn-ew-Ln-®-hƒ F∂ t]cp≠m-bm¬a-Xn, B kv{Xo ]d-bp-∂-sX√mw \pWbm-sW∂v IÆp-a-S®v hnfn-®p-]-d-bm≥ Bfp≠mIpw.

tPmen-sN-øp-∂p-sh-¶n¬ A≤ym-]\w, HmôkvtPmen apX-emb "am\y-amb sXmgnen'\pam{Xta t]mImhq; `¿Ømhv F{X henb aq¿J\m-sW-¶nepw Ign-hXpw kln®pw £an®pw hnhmlnX F∂ t]¿ \ne-\n¿Øn-s°m≈Ww; `¿Ømhn\pw a°ƒ°pw Aku-I-cy-am-sW-¶n¬ _p≤nap-ń-t\-Snb DtZymKw Dt]-£n-®p-sIm-≈Ww; _ n¬ F{X`b-¶c Xnc-°m-sW-¶nepw ]pcp-js‚-b-SpØv Hgn-™p-In-S-°p∂ ko‰n¬ Ccp∂v "Nmcn{Xyw' \jvSa - m-°c - pXv; t\cw Ccp-´pw-apºv hońse-ØWw; "A\m-im-ky-ßƒ'°mbn hoń\p ]pdØn- d - ß - c pXv ; kn\n- a bv t °m ]m¿°n¬ \S°mt\m H‰bv°p t]mI-cpXv; "am\y'ambn thjw [cn-®p-sIm-≈Ww; hnb¿sØm-en-°p∂ Imem-hÿ-bm-sW-¶nepw k¿ΔXpw aqSn \S-∂p-sIm-≈Ww; ]pcp-j-∑pmcp-ambn kulr-Z-a-cpXv ˛ Iq´pIm-cn-I-tfm-Sp≈ kº¿°w-t]mepw IW-°n-e[nIw th≠; i_vZ-ap-b¿Øn kwkm-cn-°-cpXv; ]c-ky-ambn Dds° Nncn-°-cpXv; apXn¿∂-h-cpsSbpw taep-tZym-K-ÿ-cp-sSbpw ap∂n¬ A[nIw Bfl-hn-izm-k-a-cpXv; ho´p-tPmen sNøm≥ CjvSa-s√-¶nepw AXp ]pd-Øp-]-d-b-cpXv; Ipń-I-tfmSv hm’-ey-an-s√-¶nepw hnhm-lw-I-gn™v c≠ph¿j-Øn-\Iw {]k-hn-®n-cn-°-Ww... "am\yX' bv°pth≠n ae-bm-fnkv{Xo A\p-k-cn-®p-h-cp∂ AkwJyw \nb-{¥-W-ß-fn¬ Nne-Xp-am-{Xta ChnsS ]d-™p-≈p. "Bflm-`n-am-\'hpw "am\y X'bpw c≠m-sW∂ t_m[w F∂p-≠m-Ip-t∂m At∂ Cu tIm´ XI-cq. AXp-hsc "kv{XoXzw' F∂ BZ¿iw Cu tIm´-bpsS BWn-°-√mbn XpS-cpw.

IqSp-X¬ BtemN\bv°v kv{Xo]p-cpjhyXymkw {]Ir-Xn-\n¿Æn-Xhpw AN-©-e-hp-am-sW∂ hnizm-ksØ kv{Xo]-£N-cn-{X-c-N\ F°m-ehpw tNmZywsNbvXn-´p-≠v. amdn-hc - p∂ kmaq-ly-˛c - m-j{v Sob kml-Nc - y-ßf - psS

kΩ¿±-Øn¬ "kv{XoXzw', "]pcp-jXzw' apX-emb Bi-b-ß-fpw Ah-tbmSp tN¿∂p-\n¬°p∂ {]tbm-Kßfpw amdn-hc - p-∂s - X-ßs\ F∂v At\zjn-°p∂ hn-a¿i-\m-ﬂI "enwK-Nc - n-{X-cN - \'bpsS Dƒ°m-gvNI - f - mWv Cu A≤ym-bØ - n¬ {]tbm-Kn®n-´p-≈Xv ˛ kv{XoXz-Øn\v IqSp-X¬ Du∂¬ \¬In-bn-cn-°p-∂p-sh-∂p-am{Xw (]p-cp-jX - z-sØ-°pdn-®p≈ N¿®-I-fpsS Ncn{Xw C\nbpw ]Tn-t°≠n-bn-cn-°p-∂p). F¶nepw "]pcp-j-\mb ]cnjv°¿Ømhn's\°p-dn®p ]d-™n-SØv ]pXnb ]pcp-jm-Z¿i-ß-sf-°p-dn®v Hcp kqN-\-bp-≠v. kmaq-ly-]-cn-jv°-cWw Hcp "enwK-h¬Ir-X-{]{Inb'bmsW∂ kqN-\-bmWv s]mXpsh Cu hni-I-e-\-Øn¬\n∂p e`n-°p-∂-Xv. hmkvX-hØn¬ "]pcp-j-\mb ]cn-jv°¿Ømhv' Hcp A\nhm-cyXbmbn-cpt∂m? kv{XoIsf (B-[p-\nI PohnX-co-Xn-I-fn¬\n∂v AIse-bm-bn-cp∂ a‰p P\ß-sf-bpw) ]q¿Æ- ]u-c-Xz-Øn-se-Øn-°m≥ a‰ph-gn-Ifp≠m-bn-cp-∂nt√? ]cn-jv°¿Øm-hv-˛-]-cnjv°-c-W-hkvXp F∂ Ak-a-_-‘-a-√msX a‰p am¿§-ßƒ \ap°v hn`m-h\wsNøm≥ Ign-bptam?

tIcfØns‚ Ncn{XImcnIƒ

Pn. Acp-Wna

[Pn. Acp-Wna U¬ln-bnse Ph-l¿em¬ s\{lp k¿Δ-I-em-im-e-bnse kvIqƒ H^v tkmjy¬ kb≥kkn¬ {]h¿Øn-®p-h-cp∂ kv{Xo]-T\ t{]m{Km-an¬ Ncn-{X-Im-cn-bm-Wv. tIc-f-Øns‚ kmaq-ln-I-˛-kmw-kvImcnI Ncn-{X-sØ-°p-dn®v [mcmfw Fgp-Xn-bn-´p≠v. ae-bm-fn-k-aq-l-Øns‚ IpSpw-_-˛-Nm¿®m-_-‘-ß-sf-∏‰n Kthj-Ww-\-S-Øp-Ibpw sNbvXn-´p≠v. kmwkvIm-cnI \n¿Ωm-W-ta-J-e-sb-°p-dn®v ˛ kmln-Xyw, Nn{X-I-e, t^mt´m{K-^n, ASp-Ø-Im-e-Ømbn kn\na F∂n-h-sb-∏-‰nbpw aX-sØ-∏-‰nbpw (hn-ti-jn®v hnizm-k-hy-h-ÿ-Iƒ, kzXz-cq-]o-I-cWw F∂n-h-bp-ambn _‘-s∏-Sp-Øn) Ah¿ Fgp-Xp-∂p. There comes papa: Colonialism and the Transformation of Matriliny in Kerala (2003) BWv Ah-cpsS {][m-\-{]-kn-≤o-I-cWw ]

Htc-k-abw ]e-Xn-s\bpw Dƒs°m-≈p-∂-XmWv Ncn{Xw ˛ P\-ßƒ, ÿe-ßƒ, hkvXp-°ƒ, Bi-b-ßƒ, kw`-h-ßƒ, Hm¿Ω-Iƒ, sFXn-lyßƒ, IY-Iƒ Ch-sb-sb√mw Htc Nc-Sn¬ tIm¿Øn-W° - m≥ AXn\p Ign-bpw. Ncn-{X-tØmSv F\n°p tXm∂nb CjvSØ - n\p Imc-Wß - ƒ ]eXm-W;v Rm≥ Ncn-{X-cN - \ - b - ° v mbn kzoI-cn-®n-´p≈ am¿§-ßfpw Ime-Øn¬ amdn-bn-´p-≠v. F¶nepw `qX-Im-e-Øns‚ hiy-amb \nKq-V-X, AXns‚ khn-ti-j-amb Xo¿®-bn-√m-bva ˛ \sΩ \n›-bambpw ]nSn- ® n- c p- Ø p- I bpw Ipg- b v ° p- I bpw sNøp∂ B Xo¿®-bn-√mbva ˛ Ncn-{X-]-T-\-Ønte°v Fs∂ BI¿jn® apJy-L-S-I-ß-fn-sem∂m-bn-cp-∂p. U¬ln-bn¬ P\n-®p-h-f¿∂ Ipńsb∂ \nebv ° v Ncn- { X- h p- a m- b p≈ Fs‚ BZysØ CS-s]-S¬ Chn-SsØ Ncn-{X-kvam-c-Iß-fn-eq-sS-bm-bn-cp∂p ˛ as‰mcp Ime-sØ, a‰p Pohn-X-ßsf hnfn-t®m-Xp∂ CS-ßƒ. Rms\m-cn°epw U¬lnsb "]Tn-®n-ń√'; sIń-S-ßfpw CSßfpw a\p-jy¿ Pohn-®p-Xo¿°p∂ kmaq-ly-Ncn-{Xhpw XΩn-ep≈ _‘-sØ-°p-dn®v ASp-ØIm-e-Øp-am-{X-amWv Rm≥ At\z-j-W-am-cw-`n-®n´p-≈-Xv. F¶nepw Chn-sS-∏-d™ B BZy-k-amKaw Xpd-∂p-X∂ tNmZy-ßƒ F√m-bvt∏mgpw Fs‚-sbm-∏-ap-≠m-bn-´p-≠v. AXp-sIm-≠p-Xs∂ `qX-Im-esØ {]Xn-\n-[o-I-cn-°p∂ cq]-ß-fmb

t\mh-ep-Iƒ, Nn{X-ßƒ, t^mt´m-{Km-^p-Iƒ XpSßn-b-h-bm-bmepw icn, hnhm-lw, Nm¿®m-_-‘ßƒ apX-emb Aaq¿Ø-km-aq-ly-_-‘-ß-fmbmepw icn, `qX-Imew (F-s∂) ]nSn-®n-cpØn Nn¥n-∏n-°p∂p; F∂m¬ Ffp-∏-aßv hni-Zo-I-cn®p-I-fm-bm-\-\p-h-Zn-°p∂ N´-°q-Sp-I-sfm∂pw AsX-\n°p Xcp-∂p-an√! Ign™ Zi-I-ß-fn¬ Ncn-{X-]-T-\-Øn¬ \mw ]e-Xcw D]-I-c-W-ßfpw coXn-Ifpw A]-{K-Y-\-Øn-\m-bp-]-tbm-Kn-®n-´p≠v; Ncn{Xw ]e-hn-[-Øn¬ ]Tn-°-s∏-´n-´p-≠v. C∂mIs´, \ΩpsS C∂sØ Ah-ÿs - b-°p-dn®v \mw tNmZn-°p∂ tNmZy-ß-fpsS ams‰m-en-Iƒ `qX-ImesØ ]Tn-°m-\p≈ G‰-hpw-\√ am¿§-ta-sX∂ hnj-b-sØ-s®m√n \mw \S-Øp∂ coXn-im-kv{XN¿®-Iƒ°p ]n∂n¬ apg-ßn-t°ƒ°p-∂p-s≠∂ Imcy-sØ-°p-dn®v B¿°pw A`n-{]m-b-hy-Xym-kap-≠m-Im-\n-S-bn-√. Ncn-{X-]-T-\-Øns‚ HSp-hn¬ GtXm "k\m-X\ - k - Xyw' Fs∂ ImØn-cn-°p-∂psh∂ [mcW Rm≥ Dt]-£n-®n´v Imew Iptdbm-bn. F¶nepw Hmtcm ]pXnb ]T-\hpw `qXIm-e-Øns‚ CXp-hsc ImWm-Ø Xp≠p-I-fn-te°mWp Xpd-°p-∂-Xv. Hmtcm ]T-\hpw ka-Im-enI-Po-hn-XØ - ns‚ hyh-ÿI - s - f-°p-dn®pw Ah-ÿI-sf-°p-dn®pw \sΩ ho-≠p-am-tem-Nn-°m≥ t{]cn∏n-°p-∂p-ap-≠v.

5 95

"hc-hne' F∂ \pIw cq]-sa-Sp-°p∂p kv{Xo[-\-sØ-°p-dn®v thh-em-Xn-s∏-SmØ IpSpw-_-ßƒ C∂v tIc-f-Øn¬ Ipd-hm-Wv. F∂m¬ Cu k{º- Z mbw \m´n- e msI ]S¿∂p-]n-Sn-®Xv A¬]-Imew apºp-am-{X-amsW-∂-XmWv hmkvX-hw. am{X-a-√, C∂v "kv{Xo°p \¬Ip∂ [\-'a√ kv{Xo[\w ˛ "hc\p \¬Ip∂ hne-'bm-Wv. hnhm-l-ÿnc- X - s b- ° p- d n- ® pw IpSpw- _ - Ø n¬ `¿Ømhns‚ A[n-Im-c-ß-sf-°p-dn-®pap≈ [mc-WI-fn-ep-ap-≠mb am‰-ß-fn¬\n-∂mWv kv{Xo[-\-ta¿∏mSv cq]-s∏-´-Xv. kmaq-ly-am-‰-Øn\n-S-bn¬ Db¿∂p-h∂ Xn∑-bmWv kv{Xo[\-sa∂p Xncn-®-dn-bp-tºmƒ kmaq-ly-am-‰Øn-eqsS AXns\ C√m-bva-sN-øm-\m-Ip-sa∂- X n- s \- ° p- d n- ® p≈ Bﬂ- h n- i zm- k hpw h¿≤n-°p-∂p.

" kv{Xo[\w' A√! XpS-°-Øn¬Øs∂ ]d-bmw, tIc-f-Øn¬ hnhml-ßtfmS\p-_‘ - n®v \S-°p∂ sImSp-°¬hm-ßen\v "kv{Xo[\w' F∂ t]¿ tbmPn-°n-√. IeymWth- f - b n¬ h[p- h n\v kz¥w IpSpw_w \¬Ip∂ kΩm-\a - mWv "kv{Xo[\w'. AX-hƒ°v t\cn-´-h-Im-i-s∏-´Xpw kz¥-ambn ssIImcyw sNøm-hp-∂X - p-amb apX-em-Wv. Fs¥-¶nepw ImcW-h-im¬ Ahƒ°v hnhm-l-_‘w Hgn-tb-≠nh-∂m¬ kv{Xo[\w aS-°n-s°m-Sp-°m≥ `¿Øm-

hns‚ ho´p-Im¿ _m≤yÿ-cp-am-Wv. ]t£ tIcf-Øn¬ C∂p \ne-hn-ep≈ coXn CX√; AXv "hc-hne'bmWv ˛ h[p-hns‚ ho´p-Im¿ hcs‚ "tbmKyX'b\p-kc - n®v Abmƒ°p \¬Ip∂ [\w ˛ hcs‚ "tbmKyX'b\p-k-cn®v AXv IqSnbpw Ipd-™p-an-cn-°pw. h[p-hns‚ "tbmKyX'bpw ]cnK- W n- ° m- d p- s ≠- ¶ n- e pw AXn\p Xmc- X - t ay\ {]m[m\yw Ipd-hm-Wv. C∂v tIc-fØ - nse XmW-˛C - S- Ø - cw IpSpw-_ßsf Zmcn-{Zy-Øn-te°p hen-®n-g-°p∂ {][m\ ImcW-ßƒ c≠m-Wv. H∂v sNe-thdnb NnIn’ Bh-iy-am-bn-h-cp∂ tcmK-ßƒ; c≠v, s]Ïpń-Isf F¥p \jvShpw kln®v "Ab-bv°Ww' F∂ Nn¥. BZy-tØ-Xn\pta¬ \ap-°-[nIw \nb-{¥Ww Hcp-]t£ C√m-bn-cn-°mw. c≠m-atØXv \mwXs∂ hcp- Ø n- h - b v ° p- ∂ - X m- W v . BÏp-ń-I-sf-t∏m-setbm Ah-sc-°mƒ sa®amtbm ]Tn-°m\pw tPmen-sN-øm\pw kºm-Zn°m\pw s]Ïp-ń-Iƒ°p Ign-bp-sa∂v C∂p \ap-°-dn-bmw. ]Tn-Øw, tPmen, Ch-bn-te°p IS°m≥ s]Ïp-ń-Isf \mw t{]m’m-ln-∏n-°p-∂pap- ≠ v . F∂m¬ CXn- s ems° A[n- I - a mWv s]Ïp-ń-Isf hnhmlw Ign-∏n-°m-\p≈ ]cn{iaw! ]Tn-®p-h-f¿∂ s]Ïpń Bflm-`n-am-\ap-≈, apXn¿∂, Hcp hy‡n-bm-sW-∂- Im-cy-sØt∏mepw Ah-KW - n-®p-sIm≠v GXp-hn-t[-\bpw Hcp hc-s\-°s - ≠-Øm≥ amXm-]n-Xm-°∑ - m¿ {ian-°pw. HSp-hn¬ henb hne-sIm-SpØv Hcmsf sIm≠ph-cpw. AXpw Hcp `mKy-]-co-£-Ww-am-{X-am-Wv. \∂m-bn-s√-¶n¬ "Ah-fpsS Xe-bn-se-gpØv' F∂v Zo¿L-ambn \niz-kn°pw; B A≤ymbw ASbv°pw. ]ns∂ B km[ps]Ïp-ń-bpsS \in-

®p-t]mb PohnXw Ah-fp-sS-am{Xw Xe-th-Z-\bm-W.v "hc-hne'bpsS hc-hn-s\-°p-dn-®mWv Cu A≤ym-bw. CØnƒ°-Æn-t]mse F√m kap-Zmb-ß-fnepw ˛ ]W-°m¿, ]mh-s∏-´-h¿ F∂ hyXym-k-sam∂pw IqSmsX ˛ Ib-dn-∏-‰nb Cu G¿∏mSv tIc-fØ - nse samØw kv{XoIfpw t\cnSp∂ hn]-Øm-bn-Øo¿∂n-cn-°p-∂p-sh-∂Xv ]cnK-Wn-®mWv AXn-\n-hnsS C{Xbpw {]m[m\yw Iev]n-®n-cn-°p-∂-Xv. Nne sNdnb BZn-hm-kn-tKm{X- ß - f n- s em- g n®v as‰- √ m- b n- S Øpw "hc- h ne' ]S¿∂p-]n-Sn-®n-cn-°p-∂p. apºm-sW-¶n¬ aebmf{_m“-W¿, {InkvXym-\n-Iƒ XpS-ßnb a°Ømb kap-Zm-b-ßƒ°n-S-bn-em-bn-cp∂p kv{Xo[\-ta¿∏mSv ]q¿Æ-co-Xn-bn¬ \ne-\n-∂n-cp-∂-Xv. F∂m¬ 19-˛mw \q‰m-≠n¬t∏mepw "kv{Xo[\w' "hc-hne' Xs∂-bm-bn-cp-∂nt√ F∂p kwi-bn°m≥ hI-bp-≠v. 1822¬ Xncp-hn-Xmw-Iq-dnse dmWn Kucn-]m¿Δ-Xo-`mbn H∏p-h® Hcp DØ-c-hp-{]Imcw Chn-SsØ \ºq-Xn-cn-˛-t]m‰n kap-Zm-b-ßfpsS kv { Xo[- \ - t a¿∏m- S n- \ p- t a¬ \nb- { ¥- W ta¿s∏-Sp-Øm≥ k¿°m¿ {ian-®X - mbn ImWp-∂p. {Iam-Xo-X-ambn h¿≤n® kv{Xo[-\-Øp-I-aqew {_m“-W-kz-Øp-°ƒ \in-°p-s∂∂pw Ahn-hmln-X-I-fm-bn-\n¬°p∂ kv{XoIƒ°v ]e-hn[ tZmj-ßfpw D≠m-Ip-∂p-sh∂pw DØ-c-hn¬ ]dbp-∂p. kv{Xo[-\-ØpI \n›-bn-®-Xn-\p-]p-dsa 14 hb- n-e[ - nIw {]mb-amb I\y-Ia - m-cpsS hnhmlw DS≥Xs∂ \S-Øn-s°m-≈-W-sa∂pw DØ-c-hn¬ ]d-™n-cn-°p∂p! hc-∑m-cpsS hne-bm-bn-cp∂p ChnsS kv{Xo[\w F∂p Icp-Xm≥ Imc-Wa - p≠v; {_“-kzßƒ \in-°m≥am{Xw Db¿®-bmWv XpI-

tIc-fØ - nse anj-Wdnk`-Iƒ N¿®v anj-Wdn skmssk‰n (CMS), e≠≥ anj-Wdn skmssk‰n (LMS), _mk¬ anj≥ (Basel Mission) F∂o aq∂p k`-I-fmWv 19˛mw \q‰m-≠p-ap-X¬ tIc-f-Øn¬ t{]jn-X-th-e-bn¬ G¿s∏-´-Xv. Ch-bn¬ BZysØ c≠v k`-Iƒ tIc-f-Øns‚ sX°≥`m-K-ß-fnepw _mk¬an-j≥ hS-°≥ tIc-f-Ønepw {]h¿Øn-®p. 19-˛mw\q‰m-≠n¬ Xncp-hn-Xmw-Iq-dn¬ {_nńjv A[n-Im-c-Øn\v ASn-ÿm\an´ tIW¬ a¨tdm-bpsS HØm-i-tbmsS-bmWv anj-Wdn{]h¿Ø-I¿ Cu \mń¬ Nph-Sp-d-∏n-®-Xv. F∂m¬ aXw-am-‰pI F∂ Hscm‰ tPmen-am-{X-a√ anj-W-dn-am¿ sNbvX-Xv. PmXn-hy-Xym-k-ßƒ°-∏p-dØv F√m-h¿°pw hnZym-`ymkw \¬In-bn-cp∂ hnZym-e-bßƒ Cu \mń-em-cw-`n-®Xv Ah-cm-Wv. Iogm-f¿°v hnZy-bpsS shfn®w FØn-®p-sIm-Sp-°p-I-hgn \ne-hn-ep≠m-bn-cp∂ PmXym-Nm-c-Ønse A\o-Xn-sbbpw A{I-a-sØbpw {]Xy-£-Øn-se-Xn¿°m-\p≈ ss[cyhpw Ah¿ ]I¿∂p. 1850-Iƒhsc sX°≥ Xncp-hn-Xmw-Iq-dnse \mSm-∑m¿ D∂-X-Pm-Xn-°m¿s°-Xnsc \S-Ønb amdp-a-dbv°¬ ka-c-Øn\v Dd® ]n¥pW \¬In-bXv LMS ]mXncnamcm-bn-cp-∂p. F√m PmXn-aX-°mcpw H∂n®p ]Tn®, D∂-X-\n-e-hmcw ]pe¿Ønb, \nc-h[n kvIqfp-Ifpw Iem-e-b-ßfpw Ah¿ ÿm]n-°p-I-bp-≠m-bn. hS°v _mk¬an-j-\m-I-s´, ]e ]pXnb sXmgn-ep-Ifpw P\-ßsf ]cn-io-en-∏n-®p. ae-bm-f-`m-jbv°pw I\Ø kw`mh-\-Iƒ anj-W-dn-am-cn¬\n∂p-≠m-bn-´p-≠v. sl¿Ω≥ Kp≠¿´v, s_©-an≥ s_bven F∂o \ma-ßƒ ae-bm-f`m-jm-N-cn-{X-Øn¬ Xn-f-ßn-\n¬°p-∂-h-bm-Wv.

"hc-hne' F∂ \pIw cq]-sa-Sp-°p∂p

bn-ep-≠m-bXv! CXp-t]mse tIm´-bsØ kpdn-bm\n-{In-kvXym-\n-I-fpsS Krl-Po-hn-X-hp-ambn X\n°p-≠m-bn-cp∂ ]cn-N-bsØ ASn-ÿm-\-am°n kn.-Fw.-Fk - v. anj-Wd - n-k`- b - n¬ {]h¿Øn-®n-cp∂ anj-Wd- n-bm-bn-cp∂ tImfn≥kv aZmΩ 1877¬ {]kn≤o- I - c n® LmX- I - h [w F∂ t\mh- e nepw "kv{Xo[\w' "hc-hne'bmbn-cp-∂p-sh∂v kqN-\bp-≠v. ]pcp-js‚ tbmKy-X-Iƒ°v sImSpØ AanX {]m[m-\yhpw kv{XobpsS tbmKy-X-Isf CSn-®p-Xm-gvØm-\p-ap≈ {]h-WXbpw Cu t\mh-

l-k-a-bØv In´p∂ kΩm-\-ß-fpsS IW°v IrXy-ambn FSp-Øp-h-bv°p∂ coXn C∂pw ]e kap-Zm-b-ß-fn-ep-ap-≠v. Cu ]gp-Xp-I-sf√mw Ccp]Xmw\q‰m-≠n-¬ Npcp-ßp-I-bm-Wp-≠m-b-Xv. hchnebpsS kzm[o\w hf-cpw-tXmdpw C∂v \nehn-ep-≈hbpsS Bbp p Ipd-bp-sa∂p Xo¿®bm-Wv. 20-˛mw\q‰m-≠ns‚ {]tXy-IX AXp-am-{X-a√. apºv kv{Xo[-\-k-{º-Zmbw Xosc ]Xn-hn-√mbn-cp∂ kap-Zm-b-ß-fn-te°v hc-hne IS-∂p-I-bdn-b-XmWv 20-˛mw \q‰m-≠ns‚ khn-ti-j-X.

en¬ hna¿in-°-s∏-Sp-∂p. "\√ IpSpw_'sa∂ tbmKy-X-bp≈ hcs\ Xs‚ aIƒ°p In´-W-sa¶n¬ HØncn \new ]pc-bn-S-ßƒ kºm-Zn-®p-Iq´ntb ]‰q F∂p hniz-kn® tImio-Ip-cy≥ F∂bm-fpsS a\- ns\ aI-fmb adnbw am‰n-sb-Sp-ØXns‚ IY-bmWv LmX-I-h[w ]d-bp-∂-Xv. F∂m¬ ]g-bIm-eØv kv{Xo[\w sImSp-°p∂-h¿°v hnhm-l-_‘w Hgn-™m¬ AXp- ap-gph-\mtbm `mKn-I-amtbm aS-°n-°n-´m-\p≈ kwhn[m\w ]e kap-Zm-bß - f - n-ep-ap-≠m-bn-cp-∂p. hnhm-

hc-hne am\y-am-Ip∂p

"hc-hne' F∂ \pIw cq]-sa-Sp-°p∂p

AΩ-h-gn°v kzØ-h-Imiw IW-°m-°n-bn-cp∂ acp-a-°-Ømb kap-Zm-b-ß-fn¬ hc-hnebv°v A\p-Iq-e-amb hnhm-l-k-{º-Zm-b-a√ \ne-\n-∂ncp-∂-Xv. kv{Xo°v kz¥w IpSpw-_-hp-am-bp≈ _‘w Cu kap-Zm-b-ß-fn¬ hfsc i‡-am-bncp-∂p. `¿Øm-hns‚ ho´n-emWv Xma-k-sa-¶nepw P\n-®h - o-´n¬\n∂v kv{Xo Hcn-°epw AI-∂p-t]mbn-cp-∂n-√. ]nd-∂I - pSpw-_Ø - n¬ kv{Xo°p≈ [\]-chpw [m¿Ωn-I-hp-amb Ah-Im-i-ßƒ hnhm-l-

Øn-\p-ti-jhpw \ne-\n-∂p-sh∂v kmcw. c≠m-aXm-bn, "apd-s®-dp°'s\tbm "apd-s∏Æn's\tbm (A-Ωm-hs‚ aI≥, aIƒ Aßs\-bp-≈-hsc) hnhm-lw-sN-øp∂ coXn C°q-´¿°n-S-bn¬ \nehn-ep-≠m-bn-cp-∂X - p-sIm≠v ]e-t∏mgpw Ieym-WwI-gn-°p∂ ]pcp-j≥ A\y-\m-bn-cp-∂n-√. Xs∂bp-a-√, hnhm-l-tam-N-\hpw hn[-hm-hn-hm-lhpw km[m-cW - I - mcy-ßf - mbn AwKo-Ic - n-°s - ∏-´n-cp-∂p. `mcy-bpsS kwc-£W - Ø - ns‚ Npa-Xe A[n-Ihpw Ah-fpsS kz¥w hoSn-\p-X-s∂-bm-bn-cp-∂-XpsIm≠v hnhm-ltam-N\ - w-aqew kv{Xo XI¿∂p-t]mIp∂ C∂-sØ-b-hÿ D≠m-bn-cp-∂n-√. IogvPmXn-°m¿°n-S-bn-em-I-s´, hnhm-l-k-a-bØv sNdp°≥ho-´p-Im¿ s]¨ho-´p-Im¿°v "s]¨]Ww' ImgvN-h-bv°p-∂-coXn 19-˛mw \q‰m-≠n-ep-≠m-bn-cp∂p. ]c-ºc - m-KX acp-a° - Ø - mb IpSpw-_ß - f - nse kv{XoIƒ F√m-hn-[Ø - nepw kzX-{¥-If - m-bn-cp∂p F∂√ ]d-™p-h-cp-∂-Xv. AΩm-h-∑m-cp-sSbpw Bß-f-am-cp-sSbpw hm°n\p IogvhgßnbmWv kv{XoIƒ Ign-™Xv; {]mb-ta-dnb kv{XoIƒ°v, hnti-jn®v AΩam¿°v, ]t£, hfsc am\y-amb ÿm\-hpw IpSpw-_-Øns‚ kzØp-°ƒ, ]W-anS-]m-Sp-Iƒ, hcp-am\w F∂n-hs - b-°p-dn-®p≈ Xocpam-\-ß-fn¬ henb ]¶p-ap-≠m-bn-cp-∂p. as‰m-cphn-[Ø - n¬∏-d™ m¬, C∂-sØ-t∏mse "kvt\lØns‚ A[n-Imcw' am{X-am-bn-cp-∂n√ AΩam-cptS-Xv. ae-_m-dn¬ 19-˛mw \q‰m-≠ns‚ Ah-km-\Im-eØpw 20-˛mw \q‰m-≠ns‚ XpS-°Ø - nepw Kth-

jWw \S-Ønb F^v. ^mk‰v (F. Fawcett) F∂ \c-hw-i-im-kv{X-⁄≥ Xs‚ Nayars of Malabar (1901) F∂ ]pkvX-I-Øn¬ ChnsS \ne-hn-ep≠m-bn-cp∂ "kw_-‘-hy-hÿ'sb°p-dn®v Cßs\-bmWv \nco-£n-®Xv:

F√m ssewKn-I-Im-cy-ß-fnepw kv{XoIƒ°pw ]pcpj-∑m¿°pw Xpey-kzm-X{¥yw A\p-hZ- n-°p-∂p-sh-∂Xv acp-a-°-Øm-b-hy-h-ÿ-bpsS A]q¿ΔKpW-ß-fn-sem∂p-X-s∂. H‰-cm-{Xn-am-{Xta H∂n®p Ign-™p≈p F∂mepw Ccp-Iq-´¿°pw ]ncn-™p-t]m-Im≥ A\p-hmZ-ap-≠v. ssewKn-I-Xm-Xv]cyw C√m-Xn-cn-°p-I-tbm a‰phn- [ - Ø n- e p≈ a\x- s ]m- c pØw \jv S - a m- h p- I tbm sNbvXm¬ Ccp-Iq-´¿°pw _‘w th¿s]-SpØn a‰p_-‘-ß-fn¬ G¿s∏-Sm-\p≈ kzmX-{¥y-ap-≠m-bncp∂p. CXv \nXyhpw _‘w ]ncn-bm-\p≈ {]h-W-Xbn¬ Iem-in-°nt√ F∂ kwi-b-ap-≠m-In-\n-S-bp-≈Xp-sIm-≠v, AØ-c-Øn-ep≈ bmsXm∂pw D≠m-hn-s√∂-Imcyw ChnsS FSp-Øp-]-d-b-s´. shdp-sX-bp≈ hnhm-l-tam-N\w A]q¿Δ-am-Wv. ÿnc-hn-hm-l-amWv ]Xn-hp-co-Xn. Xd-hm-´p-kzØv kv{XoI-sfbpw Ah-cpsS k¥-Xn-I-sfbpw kwc-£n-°m-\mbn \o°n-h-bv°p∂ coXn-bmWv Cu k{º-Zm-b-Øns‚ ASn-Ød F∂p tXm∂p-∂p. (Nayars of Malabar, New Delhi. 1985, ]pdw 236-˛37)

Xd-hm-´nse Imc-Wh - cpw aqØ-hcpw tN¿∂pd-∏n-®n-cp∂ hnhm-l-ß-fn¬ ^mk‰v hnh-cn-°pw{]-Im-c-ap≈ kzmX{¥yw D≠m-bn-cpt∂m F∂p

"Xmen-sIń AΩ-bmbn' acp-a-°-Øm-bn-Iƒ°n-S-bn¬ hnhm-l-®-S-ßn-s\-°m-f-[nIw {]m[m\yw "Xmen-sI-´p-I-eymWw' F∂ NS-ßn\m-bn-cp-∂p. amk-ap-d-sb-Øpw-apºv s]Ïp-ń-Isf GsX-¶nepw {_m“-W-s\-s°m-t≠m kap-Zm-b-Øn-se-Xs∂ {]ap-J-cm-b-h-sc-s°mt≠m Xmen-sI-ń-°p∂ NS-ßm-bn-cp∂p \mb-∑m¿°n-S-bn-ep-≠m-bn-cp-∂-Xv. CXp-sIm≠v s]Ïpń Abm-fpsS `mcy-bmbn F∂¿∞-am-Ip-∂n-√ ˛ _mey-Øn¬\n∂v buΔ-\-Øn-te°v Ahƒ IS-∂psh∂v {]Jym-]n-°p∂ NS-ßp-am-{X-am-bn-cp∂p CXv. F∂m¬ hfsc \o≠Xpw Nne-th-dn-b-Xp-amb BtLm-jam-bn-cp-∂-Xp-sIm≠v Xd-hm-ń¬ B {]mb-Øn-\-Sp-sØ-Ønb s]Ïp-ń-I-fpsS Xmen-sI-´p-I-eymWw Hcp-an®p-\-S-Øp∂ coXn ]Xn-hm-bn-cp-∂p. Xmen-sI-ń-°-gn™ s]Ïpń "AΩ-bmbn' F∂m-bn-cp∂p sNm√v. a°Øm-bn-I-fmb Cug-h¿°n-S-bn¬ Xmen-sI´v \n¿Δ-ln-®n-cp-∂Xv A\y-]p-cp-j-∑m-cm-bn-cp-∂n√; GsX-¶nepw kv{Xobm-bn-cp∂p AXv \n¿Δ-ln-®n-cp-∂-Xv. kmº-Øn-I-ÿnXn C√mØ IpSpw-_-ßƒ AXp sNdn-b-tXm-Xn¬ \S-Øn-bn-cp-∂p˛ s]Ïp-ń-bpsS AΩ-Xs∂ Xmen-sI-´p-Itbm Hcp s_mΩsb ASp-Øn-cp-Øn-b-tijw GsX¶nepw kv{XoI-fmb _‘p-°ƒ Xmen-sI-´p-Itbm sNøp∂ coXn-Iƒ \ne-hn¬h-∂p. amk-ap-d-bm-Ip∂ Ahk-csØ BtLm-j-]q¿Δw sIm≠m-Sp∂ "Xnc-≠p-Ipfn' F∂ NSßpw a°-Øm-b˛acp-a-°-Ømb IpSpw-_-ßfn¬ \S-Øn-bn-cp-∂p. 20-˛mw \q‰m-≠ns‚ Bcw-`-Øn¬Øs∂ kap-Zm-b-]-cn-jv°¿Øm-°ƒ "sI´p-I-eymW'sØ cq£-ambn hna¿in®p-Xp-S-ßn. AXv "Ak-∑m¿§nI'amWv, AXv {_m“-W-tcmSv hnt[-bXzw-Im-´p-∂p, `mcn® Nne-hn-\n-S-bm-°p∂p apX-emb hna¿i-\-ßƒ Db¿∂p-h-∂p. "sI´p-I-eymWw' Ah-km-\n-∏n-°p-∂-Xn¬ Ah¿ hnP-bn-°p-Ibpw sNbvXp. F∂m¬ C∂-sØ-°m-eØv \ΩpsS \mń¬ \S-∂p-h-cp-∂, `mcn® Nne-hp-h-cp∂ hnhm-lm-`m-kßsf FXn¿°m\p≈ i‡n ]gb kap-Zmb]cn-jv°¿Øm-°-fpsS ]n∑p-d-°m¿°n-s√-∂-XmWv IuXp-I-I-c-amb Imcyw!

100

"hc-hne' F∂ \pIw cq]-sa-Sp-°p∂p

ae-_m¿ acp-a° - Ø - mb IΩo-j≥ ae-_m-dnse hnhm-l-\n-ba\n¿Ωm-W-Øns‚ Bh-iy-I-X-sb-°p-dn®p hne-bn-cp-Øm≥ 1890¬ a{Zmkv k¿°m¿ \nb-an® Hcp IΩn-j\mbn-cp∂p CXv. ae-_m-dnse acp-a-°-Øm-bn-I-fmb lnμp-°-fpsS A`n-{]m-b-am-cm-bm\pw 1887¬ kn. i¶-c≥\m-b¿ F∂ \mb¿kap-Zm-b-{]-amWn Xøm-dm-°nb ae-_m¿ hnhm-l-\n-baw (Madras Marriage Bill) F{X-I≠v {]tbm-P-\-{]-Z-am-sW∂v hne-bn-cp-Øm\pw IΩn-j≥ {ian-®p. acp-a-°-Øm-bn-I-fpsS CSbnse hnhmlw "hnhml'a-s√∂v B[p-\n-I-hn-Zym-`ym-kw-t\-Snb ]e sNdp-∏-°mcpw hmZn-®p-Xp-S-ßn-b-Xn-s\Øp-S¿∂m-bn-cp∂p IΩn-js‚ cq]o-I-c-Ww. IqSp-X¬ bmYm-ÿn-Xn-I-amb {_m“-W-hn-hm-l-am-Xr-I-bv°-Sp-Øph-cp∂ coXn-bn¬ acp-a-°-Ømbhnhm-l-co-Xnsb Fßs\ ]cn-jv°-cn-°m-sa∂ Nn¥-bm-bn-cp∂p \mb¿kapZmb]cn-jv°¿Øm-°-fp-sS-bp-≈n¬. hnhm-l-Øn¬ kv{Xo]p-cp-j-∑m-cpsS Ah-Im-i-ßsf \nP-s∏-Sp-Ønbpw hnhm-l-tam-N-\-Øn\v \nb-a-]-c-amb XS- -ßƒ hcp-Øn-bpw "]cn-jvIrXhnhml'Ønte°v acp-a-°-Øm-bnIƒ IS-°-W-sa-∂m-bn-cp∂p ]cn-jv°m-cn-I-fpsS A`n-{]m-bw. 1891¬ ae-_m-dnse ]e-bn-S-ß-fn-epw-h®v IΩnj-\w-K-ßƒ sXfnhp tiJ-cn-®p. sXfnhp \¬In-b-h-cn¬ kv{XoIƒ \s∂ Ipd-hm-bn-cp-∂p. IΩn-j≥ AwKßƒ XΩn¬Øs∂ ae-_m¿ acp-a-°-Ømbhnhm-l-co-Xn-sb-∏‰n Imcy-amb A`n-{]m-b-hy-Xymkap≠m-bn-cp∂p. acp-a-°-Ømbhnhmlw shdpw "sh∏m-´n-hy-hÿ'bmsW∂ hmZ-tØmSv IΩn-j≥ AwK-am-bn-cp∂ H. N¥p-tat\m≥ i‡-ambn hntbm-Pn-®p. i¶-c≥\m-b¿ Xøm-dm-°nb _n√v hnhm-l-ßƒ cPn-Ã¿ sNøm≥ XmXv]-cys∏-Sp-∂-h¿°v AXn-\p≈ kuIcyw \¬In. CØcw hnhm-l-ßƒ BPo-h-\m-¥-ap≈ km[p-X-bp-≈-hbpw GI-`m-cym-hy-h-ÿbv°p Iogvs∏-´-hbpw Bbn-cn-°-W-sa∂v _n¬ \njv°¿jn-®p. Xs∂-bp-a-√, C{]-Imcw cPn-Ã¿sNbvX hnhm-l-ßƒ°p-am-{Xta hnhm-l-tam-N-\w, kzØp-°-fpsS A\-¥-cm-h-Imiw F∂n-hsb kw_‘n-®p≈ knhn¬ Ah-Im-i-ßƒ _m[-I-am-Ip-am-bn-cp-∂p-≈q. acp-a-°-ØmbIΩn-js‚ {]h¿Ø-\-Øn-\n-Sbn¬ CsX√mw ae-_m-dn¬ NqtS-dnb N¿®m-hn-j-b-am-bn. \nbaw Bh-iy-am-sW∂ Xocp-am-\-Øn-emWv IΩnj≥ AwK-ß-fn¬ `qcn-`m-Kw-t]cpw FØn-t®¿∂Xv; acp-a-°-Øm-b-Øn¬ icn-bmb hnhm-l-\n-b-a-an-s√∂v Ah¿ hmZn-®p. Nne Xncp-Ø-ep-I-tfmsS i¶-c≥\m-b-cpsS _n√v kzoI-cn-°m-hp-∂-Xm-sW∂v IΩnj≥ A`n-{]m-bs∏´p. acp-a-°-Ømbk{º-Zm-b-Øn-s\-Xnsc 19-˛mw \q‰m-≠p-ap-X¬ Bcw-`n® \o°-ßsf kv{Xo]-£-Øp-\n∂v hne-bn-cp-Øp∂ Ncn-{X-]-T-\-ßƒ C∂v e`y-am-Wv. {]hoWm tImtSm-Øv, Pn. Acp-Wn-a, sI. imc-Zm-aWn F∂nh-cpsS IrXn-Iƒ {i≤n-°pI ("IqSp-X¬ hmb\bv°v' F∂ `mKw t\m°p-I).

kwi-b-am-Wv. F∂m¬, Cßs\ kv{Xotbm-S-t\zjn-°msX Dd-∏n-°p∂ _‘-ß-fn¬t∏mepw Ahƒ `¿Øm- h n- s ‚tbm `¿Xr- I p- S pw- _ - Ø ns‚tbm ]q¿Æ-h-cp-Xn-bn¬ h∂n-cp-∂n-√. kz¥w Xd-hm-´n¬ Ahƒ°p≈ ÿm\w AXp-aqew \jvS-am-bn-cp-∂n-√. AΩm-h-∑mcpw Bß-f-amcpw A\oXn {]h¿Øn-°p-tºmƒ tNmZyw-sN-øm-\p≈ ss[cyw ]e kv{XoIƒ°pw D≠m-bn-cp-∂n-s√∂v A°m-eØp Pohn-®n-cp∂ ]e hy‡n-I-fp-sSbpw Bﬂ-IY - I - ƒ shfn-hm-°p-∂p-≠v. F¶n¬t∏mepw kz¥w IpSpw-_Ø - n¬ ktlm-Zc - n-°p≈ ASn-ÿm\m-hI - m-isØ C√m-Xm-°m≥ F{X {]Xm-]n-bmb ktlm-Zc - \pw Ffp-∏Ø - n¬ km[n-°p-am-bn-c∂ - n√. F¶nepw PmXn-hy-hÿ - b - v°p-≈n¬ \ne-hn-ep-≠mbn-cp∂ hne-°p-Isf AXn-ew-Ln® kv{XoIƒ PmXn- b n¬\n- ∂ p- X s∂ ]pd- ¥ - ≈ - s ∏- ´ n- c p- ∂ p. AtXmsS IpSpw-_m-hI - m-iß - fpw Ah¿°p \jvSam-bn-cp∂p. hnhm-ltam-N\ - hpw ]p\¿hn-hm-lhpw km[mc-W-bm-bn-cp-∂p. Xncp-hn-Xmw-Iq-dnse dmWn Kucn ]m¿Δ-Xo-`mbn aq∂p hnhmlw Ign-®n-cp∂p; AXv A∂sØ acp-a-°-Ømb kap-Zm-b-ß-fnse \S∏p-co-Xn-bm-bn-cp-∂p. acp-a° - Ø - m-bs - a-∂m¬ "\ºq"hc-hne' F∂ \pIw cq]-sa-Sp-°p∂p

Xncn kw_‘w' ˛ AXm-b-Xv, PmXn-t{i-Wn-bn¬ Db¿∂-Pm-Xn-bmb ae-bm-f-{_m-“-W¿ AXn¬ Xmsg-\n∂ \mb¿-˛A - º - e - h - mkn kap-Zm-bß - f - nse kv{XoI-fp-ambn G¿s∏-´n-cp∂ hnhm-l-_‘w ˛ Bbn-cp-∂p-sh∂ Hcp [mcW s]mXp-th-bp-≠v. \ºq-Xn-cn-kw-_‘w "Ab-™tXm' "XmXvImenI'tam Bbn-cp-∂p-sh∂v ]ecpw ]d-™ptIƒ°m-dp-≠v. C∏-d™ Xv A{X-bvs°m∂pw icnb√ F∂v \ºq-Xn-cn-kw-_-‘-sØ-°p-dn®v ]Tn® \c-hw-i-im-kv{X-⁄¿ tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øn-bn-´p≠v. AXp- t ]mse CØcw _‘- ß - f n¬ Pohn® kv{XoIƒ A[n-Ihpw Nqj-Ww-sN-ø-s∏´p F∂ [mc-Wbpw sX‰m-sW∂v Cu ]T-\-ßƒ hy‡am- ° p- ∂ p. hmkv X - h - Ø n¬ "acp- a - ° - Ø mbw' F∂p \Ωƒ s]mXpsh ]d-bp-∂p-s≠-¶nepw tIc-f-Øns‚ ]e-`m-KØpw ]e coXn-bn-ep≈ hnhm-l{- I-aß - f - mWv acp-a° - Ø - m-bk - a - p-Zm-b° - m¿ ]n¥p- S ¿∂p- h - ∂ n- c p- ∂ - X v . sXt°- a - e - _ m¿ ˛ sIm®o-{]-tZ-iß - f - n¬ \ºq-Xn-cn-kw-_‘w [mcmf-ap-≠m-bn-cp-s∂-¶n-epw Xncp-hn-Xmw-Iq-dn¬ ]e-bnSØpw apd- s ®- d p- ° \pw apd- s ∏- Æ p- a m- b p≈ hnhmlw hfsc {]Nm- c - Ø n- e p- ≠ m- b n- c p- ∂ p. sX°≥ {]tZ-i-ß-fn¬ "_lp-`¿XrXzw' As√-

101

¶n¬ "]mWvU-hm-Nmcw' F∂ coXnbpw I≠n-cp∂p. Hcp kv{Xo°v Htc-k-abw ]e `¿Øm-°∑m¿ D≠mbncn°p-∂-XmWv "_lp-`¿XrXzw'; Ah¿ ktlm-Z-c-∑m¿Iq-Sn-bm-sW-¶n¬ AXp "]mWvUh - m-Nmcw'. hSt° ae-_m-dn¬ kw_-‘wI-gn-™m¬ `mcy `¿Øm-hns‚ IpSpw-_-Øn¬ t]mbn Xma-kn-°p-∂-Xm-bn-cp∂p ]Xn-hv. CtXmsSm∏w kz¥w hoSpam-bp≈ _‘w Ah¿ \ne\n¿Øn. `¿Ømhv acn-°m-\n-S-h-∂m¬ kz¥w IpSpw-_Ø - n-te°v aS-ßp-Ibpw sNbvXp. sXt°a-e_ - m-dn-em-Is - ´, `mcy kz¥w Xd-hm-´n¬Øs∂ Xma-kn-°p-Ibpw `¿Ømhv Ahn-sS-s®∂v Ahsc kμ¿in-°p-Ibpw sNøp∂ coXn-bm-bn-cp-∂p. CXp-Iq-SmsX hnhmlw\S-Øp∂ coXn-bnepw hnhm-l_ - ‘ - Ø - nepw ]e hyXym-kß - fpw I≠ncp-∂p. kaqlw AwKo-I-cn® Hcp coXn-b-√, ]e coXn-I-fm-bn-cp∂p D≠m-bn-cp-∂-Xv. C∂v ChnsS hym]-I-ambn AwKo-I-cn-°-s∏-Sp∂ "]pS-ap-dn- kw_‘w' Ah-bn¬ Hcp coXn-am-{X-am-bn-cp-∂p. (Xmen- s I- ´ pI F∂ NS- ß p- I qSn CtXm- s Sm- ∏ wtN¿ØmWv C∂nXv BN-cn-°p-∂X - v). Ipd-®p-IqSn Ab-™, F∂m¬ kaq-l-Øns‚ AwKo-Im-cap≈ a‰p NS-ßp-If - p-ap-≠m-bn-cp-∂p. "hoSmcw IbdpI' F∂ NSßv Hcp-Zm-lc - W - a - m-W.v CXp-{]-Imcw ]pSh \¬Ip∂ NStßm hnkv X - c n- ® p≈ kZytbm H∂pw \S-Øn-bn-cp-∂n√; ]t£, "hoSm-

102

cw-Ib - dn'b Zº-Xn-am-cpsS a°ƒ°v kaq-lØ - ns‚ AwKo-Imcw e`n-®n-cp-∂p. kml-Ncyw HØp-h-cptºmƒ "hoSmcw Ib-dnb'h¿ ]pS-apdn \S-ØpIbpw sNbvXn-cp-∂p. Ccp-]Xp h¿j-Øn-\p-tijw ]pS-apdn \S-Ønb "hoSmcw Ib-dnb'hsc X\n°v ]cn-Nb - a - p-s≠∂v {]ikvX kmln-Xy-Im-c\pw B ImesØ ae-_m-dnse s]mXp-cw-KØp {]kn-≤\p-am-bn-cp∂ H. N¥p-ta-t\m≥ ae-_m¿ acp-a-°Ømb IΩn-j\v (1891) sXfnhp \¬In! CXn-\p]p-d-ta, "InS-t°m-d-°-eymWw', "InS-∏ns‚ h´w' F∂n-ßs - \-bp≈ IqSp-X¬ eLp-hm-b, F∂m¬ kaqlw AwKo-I-cn-°p-∂, _‘-ßƒ \ne-hn-ep≠m-bn-cp-∂p. kaq-l-Øns‚ AwKo-Im-c-an-√mØ _‘-ß-sf-bmWv "clky'sat∂m "kzImcy' sat∂m hnfn-®n-cp-∂X - v. C∂m-Is - ´, "InS-t°m-d° - eym-Whpw', "hoSm-cw-Ib - d - epw' H∂pw \ne-hn-en√; "clky'Øn\pw "kzImcy'Øn\pw henb Ipdshm-∂p-an√! AXp-t]mse acp-a-°-Øm-b-°m-sc√mw \mb∑m-cm-bn-cp-∂n-s√∂pw Hm¿°-Ww. hS-t°-a-e-_mdnse Xoø¿, Cug-h-k-ap-Zm-b-Ønse Nne hn`mK-°m¿, acp-a-°-Øm-b-coXn ]n≥Xp-S¿∂ am∏n-fhn-`m-K° - m¿, ]pe-b¿, a‰p Iogm-fP - m-Xn-°m¿, Chsc-°qSn FÆn-bn-´p-thWw acp-a° - Ø - m-bs - Ø-°pdn®p ]d-bm≥. Ch-cn¬ B¿°pw \ºq-Xn-cn-kw_‘w C√m-bn-cp-∂p; ta¬∏-d™ ]e-hn-[-Øn-

ep≈ hnhm-lc - o-Xn-Iƒ C°q-´c - p-sS-bn-Sb - nepw GItZiw 20-˛mw \q‰m-≠ns‚ ]Ip-Xn-tbm-f-hpw Nnebn-S-ß-fn¬ AXn-\p-ti-jhpw \ne-hn-ep-≠m-bncp∂p. 19- ˛ mw \q‰m- ≠ ns‚ Ah- k m- \ - L - ´ - Ø n¬ Cw•ojv hnZym-`ymkw t\Snb acp-a-°-Øm-bn-Ifn¬ ]e¿°pw ˛ Ch¿ A[n-Ihpw ]pcp-j-∑m-cmbn-cp∂p ˛ CØcw \S-∏p-co-Xn-I-sf-°p-dn®v \mWt°Spw AXr-]vXnbpw tXm∂n-Øp-S-ßn-bn-cp-∂p. c≠p-Xcw kzm[o-\-ß-fm-bn-cp∂p Cu A`n-{]m-bØn-\p-]n-∂n¬. H∂v, B[p-\nIhnZym-`ym-k-ØneqsS C¥y-bn-emsI cq]-s∏-´p-Xp-S-ßn-bn-cp∂ ]pXnb ta¬PmXnkwkvIm-c-Øns‚ kzm[o-\w. {_m“-W-aq-ey-ßƒ°v IW-°n-e-[nIw hne -Iev]n-°p-Ibpw "C¥y≥kwkvIrXn'bpsS A¥xkØ {_m“-W-aq-ey-ß-fm-sW∂v {]Jym-]n-°pIbpw sNbvX Cu ]pXnb {]h-WX - , ap≥ A≤ymb- Ø n¬ kqNn- ∏ n® "]uc- k v X y- h mZn'Ifn¬ > ImWpI ]pdw 58 < Bcw-`n®v ]pXp-hn-Zym`ymkw t\Snb ]pXnb C¥y≥ A[n-Im-cn-h¿§Øn-eqsS hf¿∂p ]¥-en-®p. kv{XoIsf ]q¿Æambpw `¿Xr- I p- S pw- _ - Ø ns‚ Iogn- e m- ° p- ∂ , kv{XoIƒ°v Ah-Im-i-ßƒ A[n-Ihpw \ntj[n-°p-∂, kz¥w IpSpw-_-hp-am-bp≈ Ah-cpsS _‘sØ Adp-Øp-If - b - p-∂, hnhm-lw-sN-ømØ kv{Xo°v kaq-l-Øn¬ AwK-Xz-an-s√-∂p-t]mepw Icp-Xp∂ {_m“W hnhm-lmZ¿iamWv "C¥y≥ sshhm-lnIkZm-Nmc'sa∂v Cu ]pXnb Bi-b-

hy-hÿ ÿm]n-®p. a{Zm-kn-epw (sN-ss∂) -a‰pw D∂-Xh - n-Zym-`ym-kØ - n-\mbn FØnb \mb¿bp-hm°-fn¬ ]ecpw CXns‚ kzm[o-\-Øn-em-bn. ae_m-dn¬ \ne-hn-ep≈ hnhmlw shdpw "sh∏m-ńhy-hÿ'bmsW∂v Ah¿ hmZn-®p-Xp-S-ßn. c≠m-asØ kzm[o\w A°m-esØ {_nńjv kaq-l-Øn¬ \ne-\n∂ncp∂ CSp-ßnb kZm-Nmc- t _m- [ - a m- b n- c p- ∂ p. `mcysb `¿Øm- h ns‚ ]q¿Æm-[n-Im-c-Øn\p hnt[-b-bm-°p-∂, Ipń-Ifp-sSbpw `mcy-bp-sSbpw apJykwc-£-I-\mbn `¿Øm-hns\ A[n-Im-c-s∏-Sp-Øp∂ coXn-bmWv "]cn-jv°m-cØn's‚ e£-W-sa∂v A°m-esØ {_nójv kZm- N mcw hn[n- ® p. "s]¨]Ww' t]mep≈ CS-]m-Sp-Iƒ "A]-cn-jvIr-Xcp'sS e£W-am-sW∂v {_n´-\n¬\n∂v Chn-sS-sb-Ønb anjW-dn-amcpw DtZym-Kÿ - cpwa‰pw hne-bn-cp-Øn. tIcf-Øn¬ anj-W-dn-kw-L-S-\-Iƒ 19-˛mw \q‰m-≠n¬ \S-Ønb {]h¿Ø-\-ß-fpsS `mK-ambn "s]¨ ]Ww't]m-ep≈ "kmaqlyXn∑-Isf' C√m-Xm-°m\p≈ {ia-ßƒ D≠m-bn-´p-≠v. N¿®v an-j≥ skmssk‰n (CMS)- bpsS {]apJ {]h¿Ø-Ic - n¬ Hcm-fm-bn-cp∂ dh. t_°¿ (Pq-\n-b¿) CØcw BNm-c-ßsf FXn¿Øn-cp-∂p-sh∂v kmap-h¬ s\√n-ap-Iƒ A`n-{]m-b-s∏-Sp∂p:

]pe-b-cpsS Pohn-X-Øn¬ dh.-t_-°¿ (Pq-\n-b¿) hcpØnb Hcp henb ]cn-jv°m-ca - m-bn-cp-∂p, Db¿∂ kap-

hnhm-lhpw A\-¥c- m-hI - m-ihpw \nb-aw-hgn ]cn-j° v c- n-°s- ∏-Sp∂p 1896se ae-_m¿ hnhm-l-\n-baw (Malabar Marriage Act) kw_‘w cPn-Ã¿ sNøm≥ XmXv]-cy-s∏-Sp-∂-h¿°pth≠n B kuIcyw G¿s∏-Sp-Øn; A{]-Imcw cPn-Ã¿sNbvX hnhm-l-ß-fn¬ ]pcp-js‚ kzbm¿÷n-X-kºm-Zy-Øns‚ ]IpXn `mcybv°pw a°ƒ°pw \¬Im≥ hIp-∏p-≠m-bn-cp-∂p. 1898¬ ae-_m-dnepw 1899¬ Xncphn-Xmw-Iq-dnepw ]pcp-js‚ kzbm¿÷n-X-kz-Ø-°-fn¬ Hcp-`m-K-sa-¶nepw ac-W-]{Xw aptJ\ CjvS-ap-≈-h¿°p ssIam-dm-sa-∂p-h-∂p. ]n∂o-S-tßm-´p-≠mb \nb-a-\n¿ΩmWw apgp-h≥ kw_-‘sØ GI-`m-cym-hn-hm-l-Øns‚ amXr-I-bn¬ am‰n-Øo¿°m≥ klm-bn-®p. 1912¬ Xncp-hn-Xmw-Iq-dnse acp-a-°-Øm-b-\n-baw ]pcp-js‚ kzbm¿÷n-X-kz-Øp-°ƒ `mcybv°pw a°ƒ°pw Ah-Im-i-s∏-´-Xm°n; kw_‘w \nb-a-]-c-amb hnhmlambn AwKo-I-cn®p; 1918se am∏nf ]n¥p-S¿®m-h-Im-i-\n-b-a-{]-Imcw acp-a-°-Ømbw AwKo-I-cn® am∏n-f-am-cp-sS-bn-Sbn¬ ]pcp-js‚ kzbm¿÷n-X-kz-Øn¬ ]IpXn ap…nw-\n-b-a-a-\p-k-cn®v ssIImcyw sNøm-sa-∂p-h-∂p. sIm®nbn¬ 1920¬ \S-∏n-emb \mb¿ sdKp-te-j≥ {]Imcw a‰p-{]-tZ-i-ß-fn-se-∂-t]mse `¿Øm-hns‚ kzbm¿÷nX-kz-Øp-°-fpsS ]IpXn `mcybv°pw Ip´n-Iƒ°pw Ah-Im-i-s∏-´-Xm-sW-∂p-h∂p; Hcp IpSpw-_sØ Xmh-gnI-fmbn ]ncn™p amdn-Øm-a-kn-°m≥ A\p-h-Zn®p; _lp-`m-cyXzw \nb-a-hn-cp-≤-ambn; H∏w kw_‘w \nb-a{]-Im-c-ap≈ hnhm-l-ambn AwKo-I-cn-°-s∏-´p. 1925¬ Xncp-hn-Xmw-Iq-dn¬ acp-a-°-Øm-b -Iq-´p-Ip-Spw-_-ßƒ `mKwh-bv°m≥ A\p-h-Zn® \mb¿ BIvSv \ne-hn¬h∂p; CtXmsS ]pcp-js‚ kzbm¿÷n-X-kzØv apgp-h≥ `mcybv°pw a°ƒ°pw Ah-Im-i-s∏-´-Xm-sW-∂p-h-∂p. a‰p acp-a-°-Ømbhn`m-K-ß-fmb Cug-h,- sh-≈mf, £{Xnb PmXn-°m¿°pw CXp ]n∂oSp _m[-I-am-bn. CtX a´n-ep≈ \nbaam‰-ßƒ 1930-I-fn¬ sIm®n-bnepw ae-_m-dnepw kw`-hn-®p. kzmX-{¥y-Øn-\p-tijw lnμp-]n≥Xp-S¿®m-h-Im-i-\n-baw (1956) \S-∏n-em-b-tXmsS ae-_m-dnse acp-a-°-Øm-bn-Iƒ°pw Xd-hmSp `mKw-h-bv°m-sa-∂p-h-∂p.

"hc-hne' F∂ \pIw cq]-sa-Sp-°p∂p

103

Zm-b-°m-sc-t∏mse kv{Xo[-\-k-{º-Zmbw G¿s∏-SpØn-b-Xv. At±lw Fgp-Xp∂p: ""Ch¿ `mcy-amsc hnebv°p hmßp∂ k{º-Zmbw D≈-h-cm-bn-cp-∂p. `mcysb CjvS-a-s√-¶n¬ Ahsf XncnsI hoń¬ sIm≠p-hn-ń´v ]Ww aS-°n-hm-ßpw... {InkvXym-\n-Ifmb ]pe-bcpw s]◊-°sf hnhm-l-Øn\p sImSp°p-tºmƒ hc-\n¬\n∂v "]pcp-j-[\w' (s]¨]-Ww) hmßp∂ ]Xnhp XpS¿∂p. h[p-hn-\p-th≠n ]Ww\¬Im≥ hc\v {]bm-k-am-sW∂v Ahsc ]d-™p-a\- n-em-°m≥ Rm≥ hfsc {]bm-k-s∏-ń-´p-≠v. C°mcy-Øn¬ F√m ASn-a-k-`-I-fnepw Rm≥ ka-cw-Xs∂ \S-Øn-bn-´p-≠v. HSp-hn¬ hnP-bn-®p. Ct∏mƒ hnhmln- X - c m- I p∂ s]Ïp- ´ n- I ƒ Ah- c psS ]nXr- k zØns‚ Hcp-`mKw ˛ Aev]w XpWn-Ifpw ]mIw-sN-øm\p≈ aÏ-ehpw Nń-Ifpwam{Xw ˛ `¿Øm-hns‚ hońte°p sIm≠p-hc - p-∂p.'' (km-ap-h¬ s\√n-ap-Iƒ, tIcf-Ønse kmaq-ly-]-cn-h¿Ø-\w, tIm´-bw, 2003, ]pdw 239-˛40)

CXv hc-hnebmbn amdm≥ Iptd-°mew°qSn]n-Sn®p. F¶nepw hnhm-lt- h-fb - n¬ s]¨ho-ń¬\n∂v sNdp-°≥-hoń-te°v [\w ssIam-dp∂ coXnbmWv "]cn-jvIrX'ambXv F∂ [mc-Wbv°v thtcm-á - p-≠m-Im≥ CsXms° klm-bI - a - m-bn. tIc-f-N-cn-{X-c-N-\sb CØcw [mc-W-Iƒ hfsc Bg-Øn¬ kzm[o-\n-®n-´p≠v F∂p-IqSn ]d-™p-sIm-≈-s´. Cu Ime-L-´sØ "tIcfob\thm-∞m\w' F∂m-Wt√m \mw hnfn-°m-dv. Cu kaq-l-Øns‚ BWn-°-√p-I-fmb F√m ÿm]-\-ßfpw Bi-b-[m-c-Ifpw hna¿i-\m-fl-Iamb hne-bn-cp-Ø-en\p hnt[-b-amb Imew F∂ A¿∞-Øn-em-Wn-Xv. ]t£, Cu hne-bn-cp-Ø¬ hen-sbm-c-f-hp-hsc ]pcp-j-]-£-Øp-\n-∂m-bncp∂p F∂ Xncn-®-dnhv kv{Xo]-£-N-cn-{X-c-N-\bpsS hf¿®-bn-eqsS D≠m-bX - m-W.v AXp-hsc acpa-°Ø - m-bw, s]¨]-Ww apX-em-bh "shdpw A]cn-jvIrX'amb G¿∏m-Sp-I-fm-bn-cp-∂p-sh∂ AhIm-i-hm-Z-am-bn-cp∂p B[p-\nI tIc-f-sØ-°p-dn®p≈ Ncn-{X-c-N-\-bpsS ASn-ÿm-\-[m-c-W-I-fnsem-∂v. "]mWvUh - m-Nmcw't]mep≈ k{º-Zm-bß - f - n¬ Zº-Xn-am¿ XΩn-ep≈ kvt\ltam _lp-am-\tam Akm-≤y-am-sW-∂m-bn-cp∂p Cw•ojv hnZym-`ymkw t\Snb ]e \m´p-Im-cp-sS-bpw {_nńjv kZm-Nm-cØns‚ Nn√p-I-fn-eqsS tIc-fsØ t\m°n-°≠ a‰p ]e-cp-sSbpw A`n-{]m-bw. CØcw hnIm-cßƒ Cu k{º-Zm-b-°m¿ {]I-Sn-∏n-®m-epw, AXp Xncn®-dn-bm\pw AwKo-Ic - n-°m\pw B[p-\n-I¿°p Ign-™n-cp-∂n-√. A{Xbv°p ap≥hn-[n- b - m-bn-cp-∂p. ]gb kn.-Fw.-Fkv tcJ-I-fn¬ I≠ Hcp IY-

104

bmWv ChnsS Hm¿Ω-h-cp-∂-Xv. GI-tZiw 1850-Ifn¬ \S-∂X - m-W.v kw`-hØ - n\p km£n-bm-bn-cp∂ Hcp kn.-Fw.-F-kv. anj-Wdn Xs‚ tae-[n-Im-cnIƒs°-gp-Xnb IØmWv CXn-\m-[m-cw. ]mWvUhm-Nm-c-{]-Imcw hnhm-lw-I-gn-®n-cp∂ Hcp Xncphn-Xmw-Iq-dp-Im-c≥ \mb¿bphmhv {_n´n-jvsIm-®nbn¬ tPmen-t\m-°p-I-bm-bn-cp-∂p. Ipd-®p-\mƒIgn™v Abmƒ {InkvXp-aXw kzoI-cn-°m≥ Xocpam-\n-®p. ]mWvU-hm-Nmcw {InkvXp-a-X-{]-Imcw ]m]-am-b-Xp-sIm≠v Abmƒ _‘-sam-gn-bm≥ Xocp-am-\n-®p. BZyw `mcy-tbmSv "]m]-I-c-amb' Ah-fpsS Pohn-Xw-hn´v Xt∂m-sSm∏w {InkvXp-aXw kzoI-cn®v Xs‚-am{Xw ]Xv\n-bmbn Ign-bW - s - a∂v Abmƒ Bh-iy-s∏-´p. CXp-tI´v Aº-c∂ - p-t]mb `mcy s\©- Ø - S n®p Ic- ™ p- X p- S - ß n- b - s {X. bphmhv \ncm-i-\mbn aS-ßn. CtX-Øp-S¿∂p-≠mb- kw-`hßƒ X\n°v Xosc a\- n-em-Ip-∂ns√∂v anj-Wdn Xs‚ IØn¬ Xpd∂p kΩ-Xn°p∂p! `¿Ømhv hn´p-t]m-b-Xn-s\-Øp-S¿∂v Cu `mcy \nXy-tcm-Kn-bm-bn-Øo¿∂-s{X. CXp-I≠v Ah-cpsS a‰p (aq-∂p) `¿Øm-°∑ - m¿ BsI ZpxJnX-cmbn; Ah-cpsS tIm]w-ap-gp-h≥ hn´pt]mb ktlm-Z-cs‚ t\sc-bm-bn. Abmsf a¿±n-®-h-i\m°n Xß-fp-sS-sbm∏w sIm≠p-t]m-Im≥ Ah¿ {ian-®p. \mep-t]-cn¬ Hcmƒ t]mb-Xn\v Cu kv{Xo F¥n-\n{X ZpxJn®p? Hcmƒ Hgn-™p-t]mb-t∏mƒ a’cw A{Xbpw Ipd-™t√m Ft∂m ¿Øv a‰p- aq-∂p-t]¿ kt¥m-jn-°m-Ø-sX-¥psIm≠v? CXm-bn-cp∂p anj-W-dn-bpsS kwi-bw. anj-W-dn-bpsS Cu {]Xn-I-c-W-Øn¬ c≠p ap≥hn-[n-I-fm-Wp-≈-Xv. H∂v, \mep `¿Øm-°-∑mcp≈ kv{Xo°v shdpw "I®-h-S-_‘w' am{Xta Cu \mep-t]-cp-ambn D≠m-Im-\n-S-bp≈q F∂ hnNmcw. AXm-bXv Ah¿°v Cu \mep-t]-scbpw kvt\ln-°m≥ Ign-bn-√ F∂ tXm∂¬. AXpsIm-≠mWv Hcmƒ \jvS-am-b-t∏mƒ Cu kv{Xo hnIm-cm-[o-\-bm-b-sX-¥p-sIm-s≠∂v anj-Wdn tNmZn-®-Xv. c≠v, Htc kv{Xobp-ambn hnhm-l-Ønte¿s∏- S p∂ ]pcp- j - ∑ m¿ XΩn¬ a’- c w, Akqb apX-emb Zpjn® hnIm-c-ßƒam-{Xta D≠m-Im-\n-S-bp≈p F∂ ap≥hn-[n. AXmWv \mem-fn¬ Hcmƒ Hgn-™p-t]m-bm¬ a‰p- aq-∂pt]¿ kt¥m-jn-°p-I-bt√ th≠Xv F∂v anjWdn tNmZn-®-Xv. Cu anj-W-dn-bpsS A\p-`hw H‰-s∏-´-Xm-bn-cp-∂n-√. apºv D≤-cn® \c-hw-i-imkv{X-⁄≥ ^mk‰v Xncp-hn-Xmw-Iq-dn¬ anj-Wdn-the sNbvXh - c - n¬ {]ap-J\ - m-bn-cp∂ dh. kmaph¬ a‰o-b¿ (Samuel Mateer) kqNn-∏n® Hcp kw`"hc-hne' F∂ \pIw cq]-sa-Sp-°p∂p

"am\y-∑m¿' A[nIw sNøp∂ Ip‰-IrXyw! kv{Xo[\w hmßp-∂Xpw sImSp-°p-∂Xpw AXp \¬Im≥ t{]cn-∏n-°p-∂Xpw \nb-a-{]-Imcw Ip‰-Ir-Xy-amWv! F∂m¬ Cu Zpjn® k{º-Zm-bsØ AwKo-I-cn-°p-∂-Xn-eqsS Cu Ip‰-Ir-Xy-Øn¬ A[n-I-a-[nIw Du‰-tØmSp-IqSn G¿s∏-´p-sIm≠v "am\yX' Im´m≥ {ian-°p∂ kaq-la - mWv tIc-fw. hnhm-lk - a - b - Øv h[p-hnt\m hct\m \¬I-s∏-Sp∂ kΩm-\-ßsf kv{Xo[-\-Øns‚ ]cn-[n-bn¬\n∂v Hgn-hm-°n-bn-´p-≠v. F∂m¬ Nne \n›-bßƒ ]men-°-s∏-´m¬am-{Xta Cu Hgnhp e`n-°p. (1) kΩm-\-ßƒ Ah-Im-i-ambn Bh-iy-s∏-´-Xm-I-cpXv (demand), (2) kv{Xo[-\-\n-tcm-[-\-\n-b-a-Øn\p Iogn¬ D≠m-°-s∏-´n-´p≈ N´-ßƒ{]Imcw kΩm-\-ßƒ tN¿°p-∂-Xmbn \n¿t±-in-°-s∏-´n-´p≈ enÃv kq£n-®n-cn-°-Ww, (3) h[p-hn-\p-th-≠ntbm h[p-hn-t\mSp _‘ap≈ Bsc-¶n-eptam Iogv\-S-∏-\p-k-cn-®p (customary) \S-∏m-t°≠ kΩm\ßfpsS t{iWn-bn¬s∏-´-Xmbncn°Ww. A©p-h¿j-Øn¬ Ipd-bmØ XShpw ]Xn-\-øm-bncw cq]-bn¬ Ipd-bm-ØtXm kv{Xo[-\-Øns‚ aqeytam GXmtWm IqSp-X¬ A{Xbpw XpI ]ng-bn-\-Ønepw in£-hn-[n-°mw. [AUz. Ko\m-Ip-amcn \¬Inb hnh-c-ßƒ]

acp-a-°-Øm-bsØ ]q¿Æ-ambpw FXn¿°mØ kap-Zm-b-ta-[m-hn-Iƒt]mepw Aßs\ Nn¥n-®p. 1909¬ sImSp-ß-√q¿ Ip™n-°p-´≥ Xºp-cm≥ Fgp- X nb teJ- \ - Ø n¬ CXp hy‡- a mbpw ImWmw:

bYm¿∞-Øn¬ ]pcp-j-Xz-ap-≈-h¿ taØcw ae-bmfn-I-fn¬ hf-sc-°p-d-™p-X-s∂-bmWp \n¬°p-∂-Xv... Hcp I\y-Isb kz¥w `mcy-bm°n kzoI-cn-®m¬ B s]¨Ip-´nsb `cn-∏m≥t]mepw {XmWn-bp-≈-h-cmb ]pcp-j-∑m¿ hfsc Ipd-hm-sW-∂p-≈Xp Xo¿®-X-s∂. Cu hI-°m-cn¬ `mcy-bpsS ]cn-]q¿Æ-`-cWw hn´psIm-Sp-°msX kv{XoI-fpsS Xd-hm-´p-kz-Øn-t∑¬ Ah¿°-hI - miw Ft∂°pw \ne-\n¿Øns°m≠v Hcphn[w Xo‰n-t∏m‰n c£n-°p-∂-Xn-\n-S-bm-°p∂ acp-a-°Ømb k{º- Z mbw A`n- \ - μ - \ o- b w- X - s ∂. ]t£, CuhI ]pcp-j-∑msc Cßs\ \]pw-k-I-{]m-b-∑m-cm-

hmekapZmb°mcpsS hnhmlkwLw ˛˛ sI ]n ]ﬂ\m` tat\m≥ ˛ hmfyw 3 (1929),1984

h-sØ-°p-dn®p ]d-bp-∂p-≠v. Htc kv{Xosb hnhm-lw-I-gn® c≠p ktlm-Z-c-∑m-cn¬ Hcmƒ {InkvXp-aXw kzoI-cn®v _‘-sam-gn-™p-t]m-bt∏mƒ at‰ `¿Ømhv h√msX sNmSn-®-s{X. aXwamdn F∂p-h®v `mcysb Dt]-£n-t°≠ Imcysa-s¥-∂m-bn-cp∂p Abm-fpsS tNmZyw! ]pS-apdn Hgn-®p≈ as‰-√m-Øcw hnhm-l-coXn-I-sfbpw Aa¿®-sN-øm-\p≈ ]cn-{i-a-amWv kap-Zm-b] - c - n-jv°¿Øm-°f - n¬\n-∂p-≠b - X - v. Hcp kv{Xo°v kz¥w Pohn-X-Im-eØv Hcp `¿Øm-hne-[nIw D≠m-Ip-∂Xv "Ipd®n'emsW∂ [mcW {Ia-Øn¬ hf¿∂p-h∂ ImehpwIqSn-bm-bn-cp∂p CXv. ^mk‰v AS-°-ap≈ \nc-h[n hntZ-in-I-fpw N¥p-ta-t\m-s\-t∏m-ep≈ kztZ-in-Ifpw CØcw \ne-]m-Sp-Isf FXn¿°m≥ {ian-®p. F∂m¬ kap-Zm-b-]-cn-jv°¿Øm-°-fn¬ ]e¿°pw CXv "]pcp-jXzw hos≠-Sp-°en's‚ {]iv\a - m-bn-cp-∂p.

105

°n-Øo¿°m≥ Imc-Whpw acp-a-°-Øm-bw-X-s∂-bmsW∂p Nne¿ ]d-bp-am-bn-cn-°pw. hmkvX-h-Øn¬ Aß-s\-b-√. acp-a-°-Øm-b-Øns‚ bYm¿∞-a-√mØ \n¿Δ-lW - hpw Ahn-`‡ - I - p-Spw-_Ø - ns‚ Zp¿`-cW - hpw \ho\hnZym-`ym-k-Øns‚ hnI-S-K-Xnbpw F√mw -IqSn-°-e¿∂v \ne-sX-‰n-b-Xn-\m¬ ae-bm-fn-I-fpsS CSbn¬ s]ucpjw As√-¶n¬ ]pcp-jXzw £bn-®p... Cu ÿnXn°p `mcy-tbbpw a°-tfbpw `cn-∏m-\p≈ {]m]v X n Cu bphm- ° - f n¬ A[n- I - ] £w BfpIƒ°pw In´m-™m¬ A¤p-X-an-√-t√m... ("kv{Xo-I-fpsS B]Øv', e£vao-`mbn 5(5), 1909)

Cu at\m-`mhw hym]-I-am-bn-Øp-S-ßp-∂-Ime-ØmWv hc-hnebpw hf¿∂-Xv. "bYm¿∞ ]pcpj≥' `mcysb `cn-°p-∂-h-\m-sW-¶n¬ Ah-cpsS kzØp-°ƒ ssIImcywsNøm-\p≈ A[n-Im-chpw Abmƒ°p-Xs∂ F∂ hnNm-c-tØmsS hnhm-lth- f - b n¬ h[p- h ns‚ kzØn- s \- ° p- d n- ® p≈ At\z-jW - hpw XpS-ßn. k¿°m¿tPm-en-°m¿°v "Unam‚p-Iƒ' Gdp-I-bpw-sN-bvXp. 1925¬ Xncp-hnXmw-Iq-dnse \mb¿ Iq´p-Ip-Spw-_-ßƒ `mKw-hbv°m≥ A\p-h-Zn® \mb¿_n¬ ]mkm-b-tXm-SpIqSn `mcybv°p e`n-t°-≠ Hmlcn "kv{Xo[\' ambn `¿Xr-Kr-l-Øn-te°v Hgp-Im\pw XpS-ßn. 1931se Xncp-hn-Xmw-Iq¿ P\-kwJymIW-s°Sp∏p (sk≥kkv) dnt∏m¿ń¬ "tbmKyX'bp≈ ]pcp-j-∑m¿°v h≥Xp-I- \¬In s]Ïp-ń-Isf hnhm-lw-Ig - n-∏n-°p∂ coXn \mb¿-˛C - u-gh IpSpw_-ß-fn¬ I≠p-Xp-S-ßn-sb∂ \nco-£-W-ap-≠v. F∂m¬ CXn\p hf-sc-ap-ºp-X-s∂, Cu k{ºZmbw BZyw I≠p-Xp-S-ßnb L´w-ap-X¬t°, CXn-s\-bpw CXns‚ kwc-£I - c - mb kap-Zm-bt- \Xm-°-∑m-scbpw ITn-\-ambn hna¿in-®-h-cp-≠m-bncp-∂p. \mb¿-˛-{In-kvXy≥ hn`m-K-ß-fn¬\n∂v B[p-\n-I-hn-Zym-`ymkw sNbvX BZy-X-e-ap-d-°mcn-Iƒ ]ecpw hc-hnesb \nin-X-ambn hna¿ in®p. Ah-cn-sem-cm-fm-bn-cp∂ sI. ]flm-hXn AΩ 1912¬Øs∂ "]W-sa-{X -Xcpw?' F∂ tNmZy-hp-ambn FØp∂ kw_-‘m-t\z-j-Isc \mev C\-ambn Xncn-®p. BZy-tØXv "ip≤-\mS≥', AXv \memw-¢m- p-Im¿. c≠m-a-tØ-Xv, A¬∏kz¬∏w Cw•ojdn- b pw, Hcp sNdnb tPmen-bp≠v ˛ AXv aq∂mw ¢m v. \memw ¢m pIm-cpsS td‰v 200-˛500 cq]-bm-bn-cn-°p-tºmƒ, aq∂mw¢m p-Im-cpsS td‰v Bbn-ctam AXn-\-∏pdtam Bbn-cn-°pw. _n.G ]mkm-bh - c - mWv ]ns∂ c≠mw¢m p-Im¿. Bbn-c-Øn-\p-ta-emWv AhcpsS td‰v. Ch-cpsS D]-cn-]-T\w ]e-t∏mgpw h[phns‚ sNe-hn-em-Wv. G‰hpw apI-fn¬ H∂mw¢m- p-Im-cm-W.v Ah¿ k¿°m-cns‚ hIp-∏p-If - n¬

106

DtZym-K-ÿ-∑mtcm h°o-e-∑mtcm Hs°-bm-Wv. Chsc°p-dn®v "kmam-\y-°m-scm∂pw Ch-cpsS Imcy- s Ø- ∏ ‰n Btem- N n- ° p- I tb th≠' F∂mWv ]ﬂm-hXn AΩ ]d-bp-∂Xv! Cu hne- Xo¿®-s∏-Sp-Øepw sImSp-°epw Ign-bp-tºmƒ I®-h-S-Øns‚ bp‡n-b-\p-k-cn®v F√m-hcpw Nn¥n-®p-Xp-Sß - p-∂s - X-ßs\ F∂-h¿ hni-Zo-I-cn-°p∂p; kv{XoIƒ°v AXv {]Xn-Iq-eam-Ip-∂-sX-ßs\ F∂pw:

... {]nbktlm-Z-cn-amsc! Aev]w Btem-Nn-®m¬ \nßƒ°p-Xs∂ Adn-hm≥ Ign-bpw. hne-sIm-SpØp hmßnb Hcp km[-\-Øn-tem AX√ shdpsX In´nb Hcp km[-\-Øntem \nßƒ°v A[nIw {]nb-ap-≠mbn-cn-°pI? F¥n-s\-bmWv \nßƒ A[nIw Icp-XtemSpw {i≤-tbm-Spw-IqSn kq£n-°p-Ibpw ip{iq-jn°p- I bpw sNøpI? hnebv ° phmßnb km[\w \nß-fpsS ZrjvSn-bn¬ {]tXyIw {]nb-ap-≈-Xmbpw AXns\ bmsXmcp tISp-]mSpwIqSmsX kq£n-°p∂-Xn¬ \nßƒ AXo-h-\n-jv°¿j-X-bp-≈-h-cp-am-bncn-°-bns√? ]pcp-j-∑m¿ \nß-fn¬\n∂pw apJy-ambn Bh-iy-s∏-Sp-∂Xv CXp-X-s∂-bm-Wv... ]Ww-sIm-SpØv Hcp `¿Øm-hns\ kºm-Zn-®m¬ At±-lsØ th≠t]mse kq£n- t °- ≠ p∂ `mcw B¿°m- s W∂v Btem-Nn®p t\m°p-hn≥... `¿Ømhpwt]mbn sNeh-psNbvX ]Whpwt]mbn F∂p≈ \jvSw kln°msX Ign-®p-Iq-t´-≠p∂ `mcw `mcy-bv°m-Wv... ("]-cn-jvIr-X-co-Xn-bn-ep≈ ae-bmfn hnhmlw', e£vao-`mbn 9(7), 1912)

hnhmlw C{Xbpw sNe-hp≈ Imcy-am-Iptºmƒ hnhm-ltam-N\ - Ø - n\v kv{XoIƒ aSn°pw; ]p\¿hn-hm-ls - Ø-°p-dn®v Btem-Nn-°m≥Xs∂ `b-s∏Spw! Hcn-°¬ hnhm-l-tam-N\w t\Snb kv{Xo c≠m-aXp hnhm-lw-I-gn-°m≥ {ian-°ptºmƒ IqSn-b- hnesImSp-t°-≠n-h-cpw, ImcWw Hcn-°-e-hƒ hnhm-lw-I-gn-®p-sh∂ Imcyw AhfpsS "tbmKy-X-°p-dhm'bn´mWv \m´n¬ FÆp∂Xv! Ah-km-\-ambn, "tbmKy-X-bp≈' `¿Øm hns\ hne-bvs°-Sp-°W - s - a-¶n¬ IpSpw-_k - zØp t]mc, kzIm-cy-kz-Øp-Xs∂ thW-sa∂v ]ﬂmhXn AΩ Hm¿Ωn-∏n-°p-∂p. IpSpw-_-kz-Øm-Iptºmƒ s]mXp DSaÿ-Xb - mWv; kzIm-cy-kz-ØmsW-¶nte AXv sNdp-°≥ho-´p-Im¿°v ssIamdm-s\m-°q. s]Æns‚ tbmKy-Xbv°v A{X hnesbm-∂p-an√: "]Ww sdm°w sImSp-°m≥ Hcp-°ap-s≠-¶n¬ F√mw KpW-s∏Spw; Cs√-¶n¬ Hs° {Kl-∏n-g-Xs∂' {InkvXym-\n-I-fp-sS-bn-S-bnepw CtX-Im-e"hc-hne' F∂ \pIw cq]-sa-Sp-°p∂p

ØmWv kv{Xo[-\-ØpI {Iam-Xo-X-ambn h¿≤n®Xpw A\n-b-{¥n-X-am-bn-Øo¿∂-Xpw. 1930-Iƒ Bb-t∏m-tg°pw "kmº-ØnI Ipg-∏-Øns‚' \ocm-fn-∏n-Sp-Øw-aqew Irjnsb B{i-bn-®p-Po-hn® IpSpw-_-ßƒ h√mØ {]Xn-k-‘n-bn-em-bn. ÿnc-h-cp-am-\-ap≈ hcs‚ hne IpXn-®p-bcp- I - b pw- s N- b v X p. ]e kv { XoIfpw hnhmlw ths≠-∂p-h®v D∂-X-hn-Zym-`ymkwt\Sn DtZym-Kÿ-Ifpw A≤ym-]n-I-am-cpw- a-‰p-am-bn. ]c-º-cmKXIpSpw-_ß - f - n¬ hc-hne D≠m-°nb \jvSØ - ns‚bpw thZ-\-I-fp-sSbpw G‰hpw angn-hp‰ Nn{Xßƒ 1940-If - nepw 1950-If - nepw sNdp-IY - I - s - f-gpXn {]kn-≤o-I-cn® sI. kc-kz-Xn-b-ΩbpsS cN-\-Ifn-em-Wp-≈-Xv. > ImWpI ]pdw 121 < kpdn-bm\n {InkvXym-\n-I-fn¬ ]ecpw hchn-e-bpsS hc-hp-sIm-≠p≈ A]-ISw t\csØ Xncn-®-dn-bp-Ibpw AXn-s\-Xnsc \ne-]m-sS-Sp-°pIbpw sNbvXn-cp-∂p. kn.A¥-∏m-bn, sIm®o-∏≥ Xc-I≥ apX-emb kap-Zm-b-kvt\-ln-Iƒ kv{Xo[\-Øns‚ A[x-]X - \ - sØ FXn¿°p-Ibpw B◊°sf hn‰p-Im-im-°p∂ IpSpw-_-°msc kap-Zmb-Øn\p ]pd-Øm-°W - sa∂v Bh-iy-s∏-Sp-Ibpw sNbvXp. 1927¬ {ioaXn sF.-kn. Nmt°m Cßs\-sb-gpXn:

...-H-cmƒ Iptd ]Ww-sIm-SpØv Hcp Imf-sbtbm IpXnc- s btbm hnebv ° phmßn- ° p- ∂ - X p- t ]mse Hcp ]nXmhv Xs‚ ]p{Xn°v Hcp hcs\ Ahs‚ tbmKyXm-\p-k-cWw IqSp-X-emtbm Ipd-hmtbm D≈ Hcp hne Ahs‚ ]nXm-hn\p sImSpØp hmßn-°p-∂p. B hne-bmWv \ΩpsS kv{Xo[-\w. B [\w `¿Ømhns‚ ]nXmhv Abm-fpsS kz¥w-t]mse D]-tbm-Kn°p-∂p. kv{Xo AXp IWn-Im-Wp-I-t]mepw sNøp-∂n√. Cu G¿∏m-Sns\ F{X ]gn-®mepw aXn-bm-h-I-bn√. Cßs\ ]p{X-∑msc hn‰p sNe-hp-I-gn-°p∂ amXm]n-Xm-°-∑m-cp-sSbpw Hcp kv{Xosb hnhmlw Ign-°p∂-Xn\v Ah-fpsS ]nXm-hn-t\mSp kv{Xo[-\-sa-∂p-]d™p ssI°q-en-hm-ßn-°p∂ `¿Øm-°-∑m-cp-tSbpw t]cp-Iƒ... ]{X-ß-fn¬ {]kn-≤-s∏-SpØn Ah-cp-ambn kap-Zm-b-\n- -l-I-c-W-a-\p-jvTn-°p-∂Xv CXn-s\mcp {]Xn-hn-[n-bm-bn-cn-°p-sa∂v tXm∂p-∂p. ("\-ΩpsS kv{XoIƒ', h\n-Xm-Ip-kpaw 1(6) 1927)

Iogm-fh - n-`m-K° - m-cp-sS-bn-Sb - n¬\n∂v CtX-ImeØv s]¨]Ww Xntcm-[m\w sNbvsX-¶nepw kv{Xo[\w h∂p-Xp-S-ßn-bn-cp-∂p. ]pe-b-k-ap-Zmb -kw-L-S-\-Iƒ CXns\ ]ptcm-K-Xn-bpsS e£W-ambn FÆn-sb∂v sI.-kn. Ae-Ivkm-≠¿ Social Mobility in Kerala (1968) F∂ ]pkvXI - Ø - n¬ hmZn-°p-∂p. Cu am‰-Øns‚ \s√mcp Nn{Xw,

Dorothea Lange, Migrant Mother, 1936

1930-If- nse kmº-Øn-Ia- mμyw 1920-I-tfmsS tIc-f-Øns‚ kmº-Øn-I-hy-hÿ henb Hc-f-hphsc temI-hn-]-Wn-bpsS `mK-am-bn-°-gn-™n-cp-∂p. hmWn-Py-hnf-Iƒ hym]-I-amhpIbpw ]W-an-S-]mSv km[m-c-W-am-hp-Ibpw sNbvXp. sXßp-Irjn 1900-\p-tijw hfsc hn]p-e-am-bn-Øo¿∂p; A°m-eØv tXßbv°p \√ hne-In-´p-Ibpw sNbvXp. ]t£, 1920-I-fpsS HSp°w temI-hn-]-Wnsb apgp-h≥ _m[n® Hcp h≥km-º-Øn-I-amμyw (Great Depression) s]mń∏pd-s∏-´-tXmsS s\√n\pw tXßbv°pw h√msX hne-bn-Sn-™p. sNdp-InSI¿jI-cpsS \s´-s√m-Sn-°p∂ CSn-hm-bn-cp∂p CXv. acp-a-°-ØmbIq´pIp-Spw-_-ßƒ `mKw-h-bv°m≥ A\p-h-Zn® \nbaw Xncp-hn-Xmw-Iqdn¬ 1925¬ \S-∏n-em-b-Xn-\p-]p-d-sI-bm-bn-cp∂p Cu BLm-Xw. 1925\pw 1931-\p-anSbv°v 33,000 `mK-]-{X-ß-fmWv Xncp-hn-Xmw-Iqdn¬ cPn-Ã¿ sNø-s∏-´X - v! Irjn KpW-Ic - a - s - √-∂pw-Iq-Sn-h∂ - t- ∏mƒ kzØp-°-fpsS hnev]-\bpw h¿≤n-®p. Ic-Ønepw kvIqƒô-knepw-a‰pw Xncp-hn-Xmw-Iq¿ k¿°m¿ Cf-hp-Iƒ {]Jym-]n-s®-¶nepw `q\n-IpXn AS-bv°m≥ \nhr-Øn-bn-√msX ]pc-bnSw hn‰-h-cpsS FÆw {Iam-Xo-X-ambn h¿≤n-®p. ae-_m-dn-em-sW-¶n¬, `q\n-IpXn-bn-ep-≠mb h¿≤-\hv P\-ßsf Zpcn-X-Øn-emgvØn; sIm®nbnepw ]W-b-`q-an-I-fpsS FÆw h¿≤n-°p-Ibpw hmßm-\m-fn√msX sIń-°n-S-°p-Ibpw sNbvXp.

107

\n[o-cn-°¬ adnbw AYhm {ioaXn sF.-kn. Nmt°m hnhm-l-Øn-\p-tijw {ioaXn sF.kn Nmt°m F∂n-dn-b-s∏´ adnbw Be-∏p-g-bnse A`n-Pm-X-Ip-Spw-_-ambn-cp∂ \n[o-cn-°¬ho-´n¬ P\n-®p. Xncp-h-\-¥-]p-cØv hn-Zym-`ym-k-Øn-\p-tijw ]Xn-t\gmwhb- n¬ kap∂X imkv{X-]-WvUn-X\pw Kth-j-I\pw kap-Zm-b-{]-am-Wn-bp-am-bn-cp∂ sF.-kn. Nmt°msb hnhmlw Ign®p. A\p-P-Øn-am-cmb sXtck \n[o-cn, A∂m \n[ocn F∂n-h¿ A≤ym-]n-I-am-sc∂ \ne-bn¬ {]i-kvX-cm-sb¶nepw adnbw hnZym-`ymkw XpS¿∂n-√. 1930-If - n¬ {InkvXo-bh - \ - n-XI - ƒ°p-th≠n i_vZa - p-b¿Ønb kv{Xosb∂ \ne-bn¬ {]kn-≤-bm-bn-cp-∂p.

Iip-h≠ - n-ta-Je - b - nse sXmgn-em-fn-kv{Xo-Is - f-°pdn®v A∂m en≥Uv_¿Kv cNn® Ncn-{X-]-T-\Øn¬\n∂v e`n°p∂p≠v. Kth-jW - Ø - ns‚ `mKambn Ah¿ 1920¬ P\n-® Ipd-h-k-ap-Zm-bmw-Kamb Hcp sXmgn-em-fn-kv{Xo-bp-ambn \S-Ønb A`nap-J-Øn¬ CXp \∂mbn sXfn-bp-∂p≠v:

]Xn- \ - © mw- h - b - nem- b n- c p∂p Fs‚ hnhmlw (1935¬). Rßƒ ]mh- s ∏- ´ - h - c m- b n- c p∂p; hc\pw hcs‚ ho´p-Imcpw Aß-s\-X-s∂. Fs‚-ho-´n¬h-®mbn-cp∂p Ieym-Ww. F\n°v Hcp tImSn-hmßn; kΩm\-ßtfm kz¿tÆm H∂pw C√m-bn-cp-∂p. Ipd®p ]qhpw ]ns∂ IdpØ Nc-Sn-¬t°m¿Ø Xmen-bpw-am-{Xw. As∂ms° \Ωp-sS-bn-S-bn¬ B¿°pw kz¿Æ-am-esbm∂pw C√m-bn-cp-∂p. C∂sØ sNdp-∏° - m-cn-Iƒ°v CXp IqSn-tb-Xo-cq... kv{Xo[-\-sa∂ G¿∏mtS C√mbn-cp-∂p. hf-sc-∏≠v sNdp-°≥ho-´p-Im¿ s]¨ho-´pIm¿°v Ieym-W-k-a-bØv sNdn-sbmcp XpI sImSp°p-am-bn-cp-∂p. CXv Ct∏m-gn-√... Fs‚ AΩbv°v AXdn-bp-am-bn-cp-∂p. AΩsb Ieym-Ww-I-gn-®-t∏mƒ AΩbpsS A—\v B XpI In´n-b-s{X. C∂m-sW-¶n¬ t\sc-Xn-cn-™p, \Ωƒ sNdp-°≥ ho-´p-Im¿°v henb-XpI kv{Xo[-\-am-bn-s°m-Sp-°p-∂p. (Anna Lindberg, Experience and Identity, 2001, ]pdw 286-˛87).

1990- I - f m- b - t ∏m- t g°pw Iogm- f - k - a p- Z mb kv{XoIƒ°n-Sb - n¬ hnhm-ls - Ø-°p-dn®pw kv{Xo Xz-sØ-°p-dn-®p-ap≈ taem-fk - ¶ - e - v]ß - ƒ°v \√ thtcm-á - p-≠m-bn-°g - n-™p-sh∂v Cu Ncn-{X-Imcn \nco-£n-°p-∂p. \√ XpI-sIm-SpØv "tbmKyX' bp≈ ]pcp-j-s\-s°m≠p hnhmlw Ign-∏n-°p∂-XmWv s]◊-°-fpsS kpc-£n-XXzw Dd-∏n-°m\p≈ \√ am¿§-sa∂v hnNm-cn-°p-∂-Xp-sIm≠v h¿j-ß-tfmfw ^mIvS-dn-bn¬ ]Wn-sb-Sp-Ø-p Inńb B\p-Iq-ey-ßƒt]mepw s]◊-°ƒ°p kv{Xo[-\ambn sIm-Sp-°m≥ Ah¿ Xøm-dm-Wv. F∂m¬ CXp-sIm≠v B s]Ïp-ń-Iƒ kpc£n-Xc - m-Ip-∂pt≠m? C√ F∂-XmWv ZpxJ-kX - yw. C{Xbpw hc-hne sImSp-°p-∂p-s≠-¶n-epw, Iiph-≠n-ta-J-e-bnse kv{XoI-fpsS hnhmlw ]e-

108

t∏mgpw Aÿn-c-am-Wv. hc-hn-e-bpsS t]cp-]-d™mWv ChnsS ]e `¿Øm-°-∑mcpw `mcy-amsc Dt]-£n-°p-∂Xv!

F¥p-sIm≠v Cßs\ kw`-hn®p? 20˛mw \q‰m-≠nse tIc-f-Øn¬ hc-hne hnP-bn®p-ap-t∂-dn-b-Xns‚ Nn{X-amWv CXp-hsc hc-®n-´Xv. F¥p-sIm-≠n-ßs\ kw`-hn®p F∂ tNmZyw Xo¿®-bmbpw {]k-‡-am-Wv. "Hml-cn-am{Xw aXn' F∂p ]d-bp-∂-hcpw h[p-hns‚ kzØv ssIIm cywsNtø-≠Xv `¿Ør-Ip-Spw-_tam `¿Ømthm BWv F∂ s]mXp-k-Ω-XsØ B{i-bn-°p-∂h¿X-s∂. AXp-t]mse kv{Xosb ]cn-]m-en-°m\p≈ sNe-hmWv kv{Xo[-\-sa∂p ]d-bp-∂-hcp≠v; ]t£, "]cn-]m-e\w' Bh-iy-an-√m-Ø, \√ tPmenbpw hcp-am-\-hp-ap-≈, kv{XoIƒhsc hchne sImSp-°p-∂p-≠v. Kƒ^v\m-Sp-I-fnepw a‰p-]e-bn-SØpw tPmen-sNbvXv \∂mbn ]W-ap-≠m°p∂ ae-bm-fn-kv{Xo-If - n¬ hen-sbm-cp-iX - a - m\w t\cnt´m A√m-sXtbm hc-hne \¬Ip-∂h - c - m-Wv. Cu hnj-bs - Ø-°p-dn®v IqSp-X¬ ]T-\ß - ƒ D≠m-tI-≠X - mWv; Nne Imcy-ßƒ N¿®-bv°mbn ChnsS kqNn-∏n-°p-s∂-∂p-am-{Xw. Xo¿®-bmbpw hc-hnebpsS hf¿®sb tIc-f-Øn¬ 19-˛mw \q‰m≠n-\p-tijw hf¿∂p-h∂ apX-em-fnØhyh-ÿbp-ambn _‘-s∏-Sp-ØW - w. apX-em-fnØhyh-ÿbn¬ kzØp-°ƒ kzIm-cy-ambn kºm-Zn-°m-\p≈ km≤yX hfsc h¿≤n-®p-sh-∂p-am-{X-a-√, PohnX-Øns‚ ka-kvX-ta-J-e-I-fnepw I®-h-Sw, em`w F∂n- h - b psS IW- ° p- I q- ´ ¬ A[n- I - a mbn. IpSpw_w "]cn]mh\'amWv, "F√m-°m-eØpw \ne-\n¬°p-∂'-Xm-Wv Fs∂ms° \mw ]d-bp-sa¶n-epw, B ÿm]-\hpw Cu apX-em-fnØaqeyßƒ°v Iogvs∏-´mWv \ - n¬°p-∂Xv. Ahn-sS-bp≈ _‘-ßfpw I®-h-S-bp-‡n°p Iogvhgßn ˛ kv{XoIƒ°v A\p-Iq-e-amb coXn-bn-e-s√-∂p-am{Xw. B¨tIm-bvabpw I®-h-S-bp-‡nbpw H∂n®p-Iq-Sp-∂n-SØv hc-hnet]mep≈ kv{Xohn-cp-≤ÿm-]-\-ßƒ Xg-®p-h-f-cp-I-X-s∂-sN-øpw. "hc-hne' F∂ \pIw cq]-sa-Sp-°p∂p

20-˛mw \q‰m-≠nse kap-Zmb\ho-Ic - W - {- ]-ÿm\-ß-fpsS XmXv]-cy-ß-fpw ]ptcm-K-a-\-{]-ÿm-\ß-fpsS hogvN-Ifpw I≠n-s√∂p \Sn-®p-Iq-Sm. kap-Zm-b-{]-ÿm-\-ßƒ s]mXpsh AWp-Ip-Sw_sØ (A-Xm-b-Xv, `mcym-`¿Øm-°-∑mcpw IpńI-fp-a-S-ßnb IpSpw-_w) kap-Zm-b-Øns‚ Dd® ASn-ÿm-\-L-S-I-ambn IW-°m-°p-I-bpw, AXp kwc-£n-°s - ∏-tS-≠X - m-sW∂v Du∂n-∏d - b - p-Ibpw sNbvXp. Cu ]pXnb IpSpw-_Ø - nepw kv{Xo an°t∏mgpw c≠mw-X-c-°m-cn-bm-bn-t∏m-Ip∂p F∂v BZy-Imekv{Xo]-£h - m-Zn-Iƒ Nq≠n-°m-Wn-°m≥ {ian-®n-cp∂p ˛ sI. ]flm-hXn AΩ Ah-cn¬ Hcmƒ am{X-am-bn-cp-∂p. s]mXpsh Cu ]cm-XnIsf "IpSpw-_-t{Zml'tam "kap-Zmbhntcm['tam BbmWv kap-Zm-bt- \-Xm-°∑ - m¿ FÆn-bX - .v ]gb Iq´p-Ip-Spw-_ß - f - m-bn-cp∂p \√-sX∂v Cu kv{Xo Iƒ Hcn-°epw ]d-™n√ ˛ ]t£, kap-Zm-b-t\Xr-Xz-ßƒ Db¿Øn-°m-ńb ]pXnb IpSpw-_-amXrI kv{XotbmSv \oXn-]p-e¿Øn-s√∂v Ah¿ hnfn-®p-]-d-™p. IpSpw-_sØ "imizX'sa∂pw "]mh\'sa∂pw FÆn AXn\p Iogvhg-ßmsX IqSp-X¬ P\m-[n-]-Xy-h¬°-cWw Bh-iy-ap≈ Hcp ÿm]-\-am-W-sX∂v Ah¿ hmZn-®p. IpSpw_mw-K-ßƒs°√mw Xpey]cn-K-W\ \¬Ip∂ Hcp ÿm]-\-ambn IpSpw-_sØ am‰n-sb-Sp-°p∂-Xn-s\-°p-dn-®p≈ N¿® 1940-Iƒ°p-tijw hfsc Ipd-®p-am-{Xta \S-∂n-´p-≈p-sh∂v ]d-bmw. hc-hnebpsS {]iv\w Hcp {]iv\-ambn \mw Xncn®-dn-bm≥ C{X sshIn-bXv CXp-sIm-≠m-bn-cn-°mw. F∂m¬ Cu N¿® XpS-ßn-hb - v°m≥ {ian-°p-∂hsc "IpSpw-_-hn-tcm[n'Isft∂m "kap-Zmb i{Xp'°sfs∂ ap{Z-Ip-Øp∂ coXn-bmWv C∂pw \ne-hn-ep-≈Xv! CXp-Iq-SmsX ae-bm-fn-I-fmb \mw s]mXp-Pohn-X-Øns‚ hnesb h√msX Ipd-bv°p-Ibpw IpSpw-_P - o-hn-XsØ IW-°n-e[ - nIw hne-aX - n-°pIbpw sNøp- ∂ nt√ F∂ tNmZy- h p- a p- ≠ v . hnhmlwIgn- ° mØ Hcp hy‡n°v ]eXpw sNømw ˛ Pohn-X-Im-ew-ap-gp-h≥ s]mXp-{]-h¿Ø\-Øn-te¿s∏-Smw, kmaq-ly-tk-h\w \S-Ømw, kmln- X y- ˛ - I - e m- { ]- h ¿Ø- \ - ß - f n¬ apgp- I mw. ]t£, ae-bm-fn-Iƒ°v hnhm-lhpw Zmº-Xy-Pohn-Xhpw Ignt™ CsXm-s°-bp≈q! hnhmlw Ign-°mØ Hcp hy‡n°v Ft¥m Ipd-hp-s≠∂v \mw hnNm-cn-°p∂p; kz¥w-Im-en¬ \n¬°m\p≈ hcp-am-\tam thetbm C√mØ hy‡n°v \ΩpsS IÆn¬ Hcp Ipg-∏h - p-an√! Cu IeymWw Ign-°mØ I£n Hcp kv{Xobm-sW-¶n¬ ]d-bp"hc-hne' F∂ \pIw cq]-sa-Sp-°p∂p

Ibpw th≠! "cmjv{Sob{]_p-≤X'bv°p t]cptI´ \mSm-Wt√m tIc-fw. ]t£, ChnsS s]mXpPo-hn-X-Øn-\-√, IpSpw-_-Po-hn-X-Øn-\mWv k¿Δ{]m-[m\yw! s]mXp-{]-h¿Ø-I-cmb ]pcp-j-∑mcpsS Bﬂ-I-Y-Iƒ ]cn-tim-[n-®p-t\m-°pI ˛ AΩ-bp-sSbpw `mcy-bp-sSbpw XymKsØ hWßm≥ Ah¿ ad-°m-dn-√. F∂m¬ \njv{In-ba - mb XymK-Øn-ep-]-cn-bmbn s]mXp-{]-h¿Ø-\-Øn¬ AΩbvt°m `mcybvt°m ]¶n-s√∂ hkvXpX Ah-cn-te-sd-t∏-scbpw A[nIw Ae-´p-∂n-√. 1940-I-fn¬ ˛ Chn-SsØ IΩyq-WnÃv{]ÿm \hpw tZio-b-{]-ÿm-\hpw G‰hpw i‡-am-bncp∂ B ImeØv ˛ BZy-ImeIΩyq-WnÃv {]h¿ Ø-Ic - m-bn-cp∂ ]e {]ap-Jcpw ]q¿Æ-amb s]mXpPo-hn-XØ - n-\p-th≠n sImXn-®X - m-Wv. kz¥w hoSv, IqSv F∂n-h-bn¬ Xß-fpsS {]Xn-_-≤X HXpßn-t∏m-Ic - p-sX∂v hmin-bp≈ Xe-ap-db - m-bn-cp∂p AXv. hnhmlw, IpSpw-_w-h-f¿Ø¬ F∂ H‰ e£y-a√ a\p-jy-P∑ - Ø - n-\p-≈s - X∂v Ah¿ IcpXn. kmaq-ly-{]-h¿Ø-\-Øn-eq-sS, cmjv{So-b-{]h¿Ø-\Ø - n-eq-sS, s]mXp-P\ - ß - ƒs°m∏w {]h¿ Øn-°p-∂-Xn-eqsS IpSpw-_-Po-hn-X-sØ-°m-tfsd [\y-amb PohnXw km≤y-am-sW-∂m-bn-cp∂p AhcpsS ]£w. ]t£, 1940-I-fnse cmjv{So-b-{]-Xnk- ‘ n- I ƒ ian- ® - t Xm- s S Cßs\ a‰p- ≈ - h cn¬\n∂v hyXy-kvXamb- Po-hn-X-e-£ysØ ]n¥p-S-cp∂ coXnsb t{]m’m-ln-∏n-t°-≠-Xns√∂v IΩyq-WnÃv t\XrXzw Xocp-am-\n-®p. apgph≥k-ab{]h¿Ø-Ic - mbn cwK-Øp-h∂ - h - ¿ IpSpw_-ß-fn-te°p aSßn AXns‚ ]cn-[n-Iƒ°p≈n¬\n-∂p-sIm≠v {]h¿Øn-°W - s - a-∂m-bn-cp∂p t\Xr-Xz-Øns‚ \n¿t±-iw. C.Fw.-Fkv \ºq-Xncn-∏mSv C°m-cy-Øn¬ ssIs°m≠ \ne-]mSv At±l-Øns‚ "]pXnb N´-ßƒ' (1944) F∂ teJ-\Øn¬\n∂p hy‡-am-Ip-∂p-≠v. (C.-Fw.-Fkv kºq¿Æ-Ir-Xn-Iƒ, hmfyw 5, Xncp-h-\-¥-]p-cw, 1999, ]pdw 172-˛217) IΩyqWnÃv cmjv{So-b{- ]-h¿Ø\- Ø n- t e¿s∏- ´ n- c p∂ h\n- X - I ƒ°p- t ]mepw kv{Xo[-\k - {- º-Zm-bØ - n¬\n∂v ]q¿Æambpw c£t\-Sm≥ Ign-™n-√. > ImWpI ]pdw 232 < 1940-I-fnse ]co-£-W-ßƒ apt∂m-´p-t]m-bncp-s∂-¶n¬, Hcp-]-t£, tIc-f-Øn¬ IpSpw-_Øn\pw hnhm-l-Øn\pw I¬∏n-°p∂ {]m[m\yhpw AXn-t\m-sSm∏w hf-cp∂ hc-hnebpw C{Xbp-am-In-√m-bn-cp-∂p. hnhmlw ths≠-∂p-h-bv°p∂-hcpw hnhmlw \S-°m-Xn-cn-°p-∂-hcpw C{Xtbsd ]cn-lm-k-sØbpw kwi-b-sØbpw t\cntS-≠n-hc - n-√m-bn-cp-∂p. kz¥w IpSpw-_Ø - n-\∏ - pdw

109

a\p-jy-cp-s≠-∂pw Ah¿s°m∏w \n¬°p-∂XmWv [\y-Po-hn-X-sa∂pw hmZn-°p-∂-h-cpsS FÆw C{Xbpw Ipd-™p-t]m-In-√m-bn-cp∂p!

Ah-km-\h - m°v

IqSn B[n-hym-[n-Zm-cn-{Zym-Zn-]q¿Æ-amb [I-jvS-]q¿Æam-b] `hmw-_p-[n-bn¬ [tem-I-am-Ip∂ kmK-c-Øn¬] apgpIn Ic-Im-WmsX Dg∂p P∑w \in-∏n-°p-∂Xv alm-]m-X-I-am-Ip-∂p. (e£vao`mbnbn¬ 1912¬ FgpXnb Hcp teJ-\-Øn¬\n∂v ]ﬂm-h-Xn-bΩ D≤-cn® hm°p-Iƒ.)

Cu A≤ym-b-Øns‚ Ah-km-\-hm°v 1912¬ hchnebv°p ]cn-lmcw s]Ïp-ń-bpsS Bflm-`nam-\hpw Pohn-X-Øn¬ ]nSn-®p-\n¬°m-\p≈ ss[cy-hp-amWv F∂p Xncn-®-dn™ sNdp-hmcn cp‹n-Wn-b-Ω-bv°mWv. sI. ]flm-h-Xn-bΩ ChcpsS hm°p-Isf kz¥w teJ-\-Øn¬ IS-saSpØv D]-tbm-Kn-®p. AXp-Xs∂ Chn-sSbpw sNøp∂p:

C—bv°pw tbmKy-Xbv°pw X°-Xmb hcs\ e`n°mØ]£w Xßsf k¿Δm-cn-jvS-ß-fn¬ [k¿Δ-IjvS-∏m-Sp-I-fn¬]-\n∂pw {XmW-\w-sNbvXp Xo‰n-t∏m‰nb amXm-]n-Xm-°-fpsS ip{iq-jsb sNbvXp ]pWyw kºm-Zn-°p-I-tbm, Ah-c-h-cpsS _p≤n-i-‡n°pw kuI-cy-Øn\pw A\p-k-cn-®-Xmb hnZym-`ym-khpw kºm-Zn®v Ah-ÿm-\p-k-c-W-amb h√ tPmen-I-fn¬ G¿s∏-Sp-Itbm sNøp-∂-XmWv t{ib-kvI-cw... C{]Imcw kpJm-\p-`-h-Øn\pw [¿Ω-k-ºm-Z-\-Øn\pw tam£-Øn\pw ]te ]Ÿm-hp-It- fmSp [h-gn-It- fm-Sp]IqSnb Cu {]]-©-Øn¬ ]Xv\nXzw [`m-cym-]-Z-hn] H∂pam-{X-amWv kv{Xo[¿Ωw F∂ aqV-hn-izm-k-tØm-Sp-

110

IqSp-X¬ Btem-N\ - bv°v "tIcfob\thm-∞m\'sØ°p-dn®v \ne-hn-ep≈ ]e Ncn-{X-]p-kvX-I-ßfpw apt∂m-´p-h-bv°p∂ at\m-l-c-Nn-{X-Øn\v Aev]w aß-te-ev]n-°p∂ Imcy-ßf - mWv Cu A≤ym-bØ - n¬ N¿®-sN-bX v Xv. Ncn-{X-c-N-\-bpsS cmjv{So-b-sØ-°p-dn®v \msa¥mWv CXn¬\n∂v ]Tn-°p-∂Xv? "]ptcm-K-a-\]cw' F∂v s]mXpsh hmgvØ-s∏-Sp∂ kmaq-lyam-‰-ßƒ kv{Xo]-£-Øp-\n∂p ]cn-tim-[n-°ptºmƒ e`n-°p-∂Xv as‰mcp Nn{X-amWv!

"hc-hne' F∂ \pIw cq]-sa-Sp-°p∂p

6 111

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amdp∂ amXrXzw IpSpw-_-Øns‚ s\Spw-Xq-sW∂v F√m-hcpw kΩ-Xn-°p∂ amXrXzw, ]t£, bYm¿∞Po- h n- X - Ø n¬ th≠{X am\n- ° - s ∏- S p∂pt≠m? AΩ- b m- h p- I - s b∂ A\p- ` hw hfsc B\- μ - I - c - a m- s W∂p \mw ]d- b ptºmgpw AXp ]e-t∏mgpw Bi-¶\n-d™, bmX-\m-]q¿Æ-amb A\p-`-h-am-bn-Øo-cp-∂sX-¥p-sIm≠v? Ip´n-Isf hf¿Øm-\p≈ ]c-º-cm-K-X-co-Xn-Isf X≈n-°-f-™p-sIm≠mWv \ho-\-am-Xr-Xzm-Z¿iw ChnsS cwK{]-th-iw-sN-bvX-Xv. B[p-\n-I-hn-Zym-`ymkw t\Snb kv{XoI-fpsS BZy-X-e-apd ]pXnb amXr-Xzm-Z¿i-Øns‚ km≤y-X-I-sf-°p-dn®v kq£va-ambn Btem-Nn-°p-Ibpw sNbvXncp-∂p. ]t£, kv{XoI-fpsS kpc-£n-X-XzØn\v IrXy-amb Dd-s∏m∂pw \¬Im-Ø, B[p- \ nI IpSpw- _ - Ø ns‚ CSp- ß nb Xm¬]-cy-ßƒ°p-≈n¬ Xf-bv°-s∏-´ Hcp amXr-Xzm-Z¿i-amWv hym]-I-ambn {]N-cn-°s∏-´Xpw {]tbm-K-Øn¬h-∂-Xpw.

"AΩ'bv°pw am‰tam? "t]m‰Ω F{X Na-™p-h∂ - mepw s]‰-Ωb - m-hn√' F∂ ]g-s©m√v tIƒ°mØ ae-bm-fn-Iƒ Ipdbpw. {]k-hn® AΩ-bpsS kvt\l-Øn-s\m-∏-saØp∂ H∂pw-X-s∂-bn-s√∂ A¿∞-amWv \mw CXn\v km[m-cW I¬∏n-°m-dv. "AΩ' F∂ BZ¿i-cq-]-Øn\v Ime-Øn\v AXo-X-amb {]k‡n-bmWv \mw I¬∏n-°m-dv. Fs¥√mw amdnbmepw amdmØ H∂mWv "amXmhv' F∂ k¶ ¬∏w F∂p \Ωƒ Icp-Xp-∂p.

113

]t£, amdn-h-cp∂ IpSpw-_-hy-h-ÿ-bv°p≈n¬ amXr-Xzhpw amdp-∂p-s≠-∂mWv Ncn-{X-Kth-jWw \ap-°p-X-cp∂ Adnhv. Iq´p-Ip-Spw-_hy-hÿ \ne-\n-∂-t∏m-gp-≠m-bn-cp∂ amXr-k-¶¬∏w, teihpw amdm-sX, AWp-Ip-Spw-_-ßƒ km¿Δ-{Xn-Ia - m-bn-Øo¿∂n-cn-°p∂ C∂pw \ne-hnep-s≠∂v hnNm-cn-°p-∂-Xn¬Øs∂ A¬∏w ]¥n-tI-Snt√? AXp-t]mse acp-a-°-ØmbIpSpw_-ßfpw a°-ØmbIpSpw-_-ßfpw Ch-c≠pw tN¿∂p-≠mb "an{i-Zmb'IpSpw-_-ßfpw \ne-hnep-≠m-bn-cp∂ tIc-fØ - n¬ F√m-hc - p-sSbpw amXrk-¶¬∏w H∂p-X-s∂-bm-bn-cp-∂n-cn-°m≥ CS-bn√t√m? F¥m-bmepw acp-a° - Ø - mb IpSpw-_ß - f - n¬ "AΩ' F∂ ÿm\-Øn\v {]tXyIw hnebpw am\y-X-bp-ap-≠m-bn-cp-∂p-sh∂v tIc-f-Ønse acpa-°-Øm-b-sØ-∏‰n ]T\w \S-Ønb \c-hw-i-imkv{X-⁄cpsS cN-\I - fpw acp-a° - Ø - mb Iq´p-IpSpw-_-ß-fn¬ P\n-®p-h-f¿∂ ]e-cp-sSbpw BflI-Y-Ifpw km£y-s∏-Sp-Øp∂p. Imc-W-h¿°v H∏w-Xs∂ Xd-hm-ńse aqØ-kv{Xo°p {]m[m-\yap-≠m-bn-cp-∂p-sh-∂v Cu teJ-I¿ Nq≠n-°m-Wn°p-∂p. Xd-hm-Sp-ambn Hmtcm hy‡nbpw _‘s∏-ń-cp-∂Xv AΩ-hg- n-bm-bn-cp-∂X - n-\m¬ amXmhpw k¥m-\-ßfpw XΩn-ep≈ _‘w hfsc i‡amb H∂m-bn-cp-∂p. C∂sØ AWp-Ip-Spw-_Øn¬ `¿Ømhv hoń-\p-]p-d-Ø-≤zm-\n®v `mcytbbpw a°-tfbpw t]m‰p∂ coXn-bm-Wt√m \S∏n-ep-≈-Xv. F∂m¬ ]gb Iq´p-Ip-Spw-_-ß-fn¬ CXm-bn-cp-∂n√ ]Xn-hv. IpSpw-_-Øn-\m-h-iy-amb ùXn-I-hn-`-h-ßƒ kºm-Zn-°p-∂-Xn\v IpSpw-_-w t\cn´p \S-Øp-Itbm \S-Øn-°p-Itbm sNbvX Irjn apX-emb {]h¿Ø-\-ß-fn¬ aqØkv{Xo Iƒ ]¶m-fn-I-fm-bn-cp∂p; Ah¿ ]Ww ssIImcyw- sN-bX v n-cp-∂p. C∂p \Ωƒ ho´p-tPmen F∂p Xncn-®-dn-bp-∂-Xn-t\-°mƒ hfsc hn]p-e-amb {]h¿Ø-\-ß-fmWv A°m-eØv ho´p-Im-cpsS ssZ\w- Z n\\ne- \ n- ¬ ∏n- \ m- h - i y- a m- b n- c p- ∂ - X v (apsºm-c≤ - ym-bØ - n¬ CXp hni-Za - m-°n-bn-´p-≠v). Cßs\ IpSpw-_-Po-hn-X-Øns‚ F√m-h-i-ßfnepw aqØ-kv{Xo-Iƒ°v {]th-i\ - a - p-≠m-bn-cp∂p. "Xd-hm-ń-eΩ'bpsS ÿm\w tIhew "kvt\lØnt‚'Xmbn-cp-∂n√ F∂¿∞w! AXv ùXn-Iamb A[n-Im-c-ap≈ ÿm\w-X-s∂-bm-bn-cp-∂p. kzØp-_-‘hpw IpSpw-_-_-‘hpw A—≥hgn°p IW- ° m- ° nb a°- Ø m- b - I p- S pw- _ - ß fn¬t∏mepw {]mb-ap≈ kv{XoIƒ ˛ hnti-jn®v

114

aqØ-]p-cp-js‚ AΩ ˛ hfsc henb kzm[o\w sNep-Øn-bn-cp-∂p-s∂∂pw tcJ-Iƒ kqNn-∏n-°p∂p. ùXn-IIm-cy-ßf - nepw IpSpw-_I - m-cy-ßf - nepw Ah-cpsS A`n-{]mbw ]e-t∏mgpw {][m-\-am-bncp-∂p. as‰m-cp-hn-[-Øn¬∏-d-™m¬, ]gb Iq´p-IpSpw-_-ß-fn¬ s]‰-Ωbv°p I¬∏n® {]m[m\yw Ah- c psS kz`m- h - Ø n- s etbm s]cp- a m- ‰ - Ø nsetbm \∑-Xn-∑-Isf A[nIw B{i-bn-®n-cp-∂n√. AsX-¥m-bmepw amXm-hns‚ ÿm\w ]qP\o-ba - m-bn-cp-∂p, hnti-jn®pw acp-a° - Ø - mbIpSpw_-ß-fn¬. t\csØ ]d-™-Xp-t]m-se, IpSpw_-Øns‚ LS-\-bn-te°v Hmtcm hy‡n-sbbpw tN¿°p-∂Xv amXm-hm-b-Xp-sIm≠v Ah-cpsS ÿm\-Øn\v khn-tij-amb {]m[m-\y-ap-≠m-bncp-∂p. F∂m¬ 19-˛mw \q‰m-t≠m-Sp-IqSn Cu hnizmk-Øn¬ am‰w-h∂ - p. Iq´p-Ip-Spw_w F∂ BZ¿iØn-\p-]-Icw B[p-\nI AWp-Ip-Spw-_-am-XrI D∂-bn-°-s∏´ Ime-am-bn-cp∂p AXv. Ipń-Isf G‰hpw \∂mbn hf¿Øn-sb-Sp-°m-\m-hp-∂Xv AWp-Ip-Spw-_-Øn-em-sW-∂pw A—-\-Ω-am-cpsS t\cn-´p≈ {i≤bpw ]cn-N-c-W-hp-amWv Ipń-IfpsS hf¿®bv°v AXy-¥m-t]-£n-Xs - a∂pw 19-˛mw \q‰m-≠n¬ anj-W-dn-am-cpw, B[p-\n-I-hn-Zym`ymkw t\Snb \m´p-Im-cpsS sNdp-kw-Lhpw hmZn-®p. CXv {ItaW AΩ-bpsS DØ-c-hm-Zn-Xzam-sW∂v ]cs° AwKo-I-cn-°-s∏-´p. "amXmhv' F∂ t]cn\v A¿l-bm-I-W-sa-¶n¬ {]k-hn®m¬am{Xw t]mc, G‰hpw \∂mbn hf¿Øp-IIqSn sNøWsa∂ Bh- i y- a m- b n- c p∂p Cu \hamXr-Xzm-Z¿i-Øns‚ ImX¬. a°-fpsS \∑bv°p-th≠n Pohn-Xhpw Poh\pw Dgn-™p-hbv°∂ amXm-hmWv DØ-a-am-Xmhv; Ipń-Isf ka¿∞- a mbn \nb- { ¥n®pw t\¿h- g n°p \SØnbpw hnZym-`ymkw sNøn-®pw, AXp-t]mse Ah-cpsS imco-cn-I-h-f¿®sb ]c-am-h[n t]mjn∏n-®p-amWv AΩ Xs‚ ISa \n¿Δ-ln-t°-≠Xv; Cßs\ kz¥w I¿Øhyw Adn-™p-sN-øp∂ AΩ-am¿ hoSn-\p-am-{X-a-√, cmPy-Øn-\p-Xs∂ henb t\´w D≠m-°n-s°m-Sp-°p-∂h - c - mWv ˛ 19˛mw \q‰m-≠n¬\n-∂p≈ \nc-h[n tcJ-I-fn¬ ˛ BZyIm-e- t\m-h-ep-Ifn¬, anj-W-dn-am-cpsS Fgp-ØpIp-Øp-I-fn¬, k¿°m¿tc-J-I-fn¬, ]{X-am-kn-II-fn¬ ˛ Cu Bi-b-ßƒ \nd-™p-\n¬°p-∂psh∂v ImWmw. as‰m-cp-hn-[-Øn¬ ]d-™m¬ {]k-h-sa∂ imco-cn-I-{]-{In-b-sb-°m-f-[nIw hf¿ØpI F∂ kmaq-ly-h¬°-cW - {- ]-{In-bbv°v \h-am-Xr-Xz-Øn¬ {]m[m-\y-ta-dn. amdp∂ amXrXzw

Cu am‰w A°m-eØp Pohn-®n-cp∂ ]ecpw cNn® Bﬂ-I-Y-I-fn¬ kv]jvS-ambpw ImWmw. Ccp-]Xmw\q‰m-≠ns‚ BZy-L-´-Øn¬ Xncp-hnXmw-Iq-dnse {]ap-J ]WvUn-X\pw kap-Zm-b-t\Xmhpw k¿°m-cp-tZym-K-ÿ-\p-am-bn-cp∂ kmlnXy-]-©m-\\≥ ]n.-sI.\mcm-b-W-]n≈ Xs‚ AΩsb°pdn-s®-gp-Xn-bXv {i≤n-°pI:

amXm-°-sf-°p-dn®v BZ-chpw `‡nbpw tXm∂p-∂Xv Ah- c psS ioew, ⁄m\w apX- e mb KpW- ß ƒ t\m°n-b-√t√m? Aß-s\-bp≈ KpW-ßƒ Ipdnt°m¬sIm≠v Af-∂p-t\m°n amXr-`-‡n-bn¬ G‰°p-d-hp-Iƒ A\p-jvTn-°p-∂Xpw ]Xn-h-√. F¶nepw Fs‚ amXm-hn-s‚-t]-cn¬ KmV-amb {]Xn-]-Øn°p hnti-jm¬ kwK-Xn-I-fp-ap-≠v. (kvac-W-a-WvUew, tIm´-bw, (1943)1964, ]pdw 107)

amdp∂ amXrXzw

amXm-hn-t\m-Sp≈ kvt\l-_-lp-am-\-ßƒ X∂n¬ h¿≤n- ° m- \ n- S - b mb kw`- h - ß - f mWv At±lw XpS¿∂p h¿Æn-°p-∂X - v. F∂m¬ \nehn-ep≈ BZ¿iw as‰m-∂m-bn-cp-∂p-sh∂ At±l-Øns‚ \nco-£Ww {it≤-ba - m-Wv. Cu Imcyw anj-W-dn-am-cpsS {i≤-bnepw s]´n-cp-∂p. i‡cmb Xd- h m- ´ n- e - Ω - a msc kzm[o- \ n- ° p- ∂ - X neqsSthWw Cu \m´n¬ B[p-\nI hnZym-`ymkw hym]-I-am-t°-≠-sX∂v C°q-´-cn¬ Nne¿ IcpXn. 1846¬ tIm´-bsØ kn.-Fw.-Fkv (CMS) anjWdn Bÿm-\Øp {]h¿Øn-®n-cp∂ {ioaXn tlm°vkh v ¿Øv (Mrs. Hawkesworth) F∂ kv{Xo 1847¬ Cßs\ FgpXn:

Cw•-≠nse AΩ-am¿ Xß-fpsS k¥-Xn-I-fpsS a\ n¬ C{X-b-[nIw kzm[o\w sNep-Øp-∂p-sh-¶n¬ ... Xß- f psS k¥m- \ - ß - f p- s S- t a¬ ]Xn- ∑ - S ßv

115

kzm[o\w sNep-Øp-∂-h-cmb Cu \m´nse amXm-°∑m-cpsS a\- p-Isf t\¿h-gn-bn-te°p Xncn-®p-hn-tS≠Xv F{Xtbm Bh-iy-am-bn-cn-°p∂p! (The Missionary Register, London, 1847, ]pdw 476)

]pXnb amXr-k-¶-¬∏-a-\p-k-cn®v CØcw kwkvI-c-W-amWv kmaq-ly-am-‰-Øns‚ BZy-NphSv. ImcWw amXm-hns‚ ioe-ßfpw kz`m-hßfpw A∏msS Ipń-If - n-te°p ]I-cp-sa∂ hnizmkw-X-s∂. kv{Xohn-Zym-`ym-k-Øns‚ G‰hpw km[m-c-W-amb \ymbo-I-c-W-ambn CXp amdn. H∏w, ]c-º-cm-KXIpSpw-_-ß-fn¬ Ipń-Isf hf¿Øp∂ coXn BsI A_-≤a - m-sW∂ {]Jym]-\h - p-ap-≠m-bn. BZy-Imeaebmft\mh-ep-If - n¬ ]eXpw "\√IpSpw_'Øns‚bpw "NoØ IpSpw _'Øns‚bpw amXr-II - sf hmb-\° - m-cpsS ap∂ne-h-X-cn-∏n-®p. F∂m¬ Ipń-If - psS icnbmb ]cn-Nc - W - s - Ø°p-dn-®p≈ D]-tZiw BZy-Im-eØv ]pcp-j-∑mscbpw D∂w-h® - n-cp-∂p. \ho-\h - n-Zym-`ym-kw, s]cpam‰coXn-Iƒ, kZm-Nm-c-aq-ey-ßƒ XpS-ßn-b-h-bpambn IqSp-X¬ ]cn-Nbw B ImeØv ]pcp-j∑m¿°mbncp∂XpsIm≠mbncp∂ncn°mw Cßs\ kw`-hn-®-Xv. 1889¬ B[p-\nIXncp-hnXmw-Iq-dns‚ {kjvSm-hmbn AwKo-I-cn-°-s∏´ Znhm≥ am[-h-cm-b¿ Fgp-Xnb Hints on the Training of Native Children F∂ ]pkvXIw (1889) A—∑mscbmWv A`n-kw-t_m[\ sNøp-∂X - .v "tImepsIm-≠p≈' imk\ bmsXmcp KpWhpwsNøns√∂v Nq≠n-°m-Wn-®p-sIm≠v Ipń-If - psS ImbnIhpw am\-kn-Ihpw sshIm-cn-I-hp-amb ]cn-c-£bpsS kq£va-h-i-ß-fn-te°v am[-h-cm-b¿ Cu ]pkvX-I-Øn¬ IS-∂p. A—s‚ ioehpw s]cpam-‰hpw A\p-I-cn-°m-\p≈ hmk\ Ipń-I-fn-eps≠-∂-Xn-\m¬ kzbw \∂m-hm≥ A—≥ {i≤n°-W-sa∂v At±lw \n¿t±-in-°p∂p:

A—s‚ \SØ \√-Xm-bn-cp-∂m¬ AXns\ Ip™pßƒ I≠p-]T - n-°p-∂X - n-\m-ep-≠m-Ip∂ ^ew A—s‚ D]-tZ-i-ß-sf-°mfpw A[nIw KpW-I-c-am-bn-cn-°pw... AXn-\m¬ Ip™p-ßƒ ]n¬°m-e-Øn¬ Fßs\ \S-°-W-sa∂v A—≥ hnNm-cn-°p-∂pthm B amXncn Ip™p-Im¨sI A—≥ \S-∂p-sIm-≈p-∂-Xn\p {ian°-Ww. (]pdw 23)

F∂m¬ 20˛mw \q‰m≠mbt∏mtg°pw Cu D]tZiw GXm≠v apgp-h\pw kv{XoIsf Dt±-in-®mbn. kap-Zm-b-{]-ÿm-\-ß-fn-eq-sSbpw k¿°m-cns‚ {]N-c-W-Øn-eq-sSbpw ]pXnb ]mT-]p-kvX-I-ß-

116

fn-eq-sSbpw a‰pw \h-am-Xr-Xzm-Z¿i-Øn\v \√ {]NcWw e`n-®p. BZy-Imekv{Xohm-Zn-If - n¬ ]ecpw Cu BZ¿iw kv{Xo°v AWp-Ip-Spw-_-Øn-\p≈n¬ {]h¿Øn-°m≥ IqSp-X¬ Ah-kcw \¬Ip∂p-s≠∂v hmZn®p; kv{Xohn-Zym-`ym-k-Øn-\p≈ i‡-amb \ymbo-Ic - W - s - a∂ \nebv°pw CX-h¿ °v kzoIm-cy-am-bn-Øo¿∂p. F¥m-bm-epw, AWpIp-Spw-_-Øns‚ Nn´-h-´-ß-fn-emWv Ip™v hf-cp∂-Xv, As√-¶n¬ hf-tc-≠-Xv, F∂ [mc-W-bmbn-cp∂p Cu D]-tZ-i-ß-fpsS ]n∂n¬. 1921¬ {] kn-≤o-Ic - n-°s - ∏´ "hnZym-`ym-kØ - n¬ kv{XoI-fpsS ÿm\w' F∂ teJ\w \√ DZm-l-c-W-amWv:

[Hcp inip] BZyw ]cn-N-b-s∏-Sm≥ CS-h-cp∂ BfpIƒ AXns‚ amXm-]n-Xm-°-∑m-c-√msX a‰m-cp-a-√-t√m. amXm-]n-Xm-°-∑m-cn¬Ø-s∂-bpw amXm-hn-s\-bmWv AXv A[n-Ihpw kw_-‘n-°p-∂-Xv. ssii-h-Øn¬ \sΩ ip{iq-jn®p k¿ΔYm ImØp-kq-£n-®p-t]m-cp∂Xp \ΩpsS AΩ- b m- I p- ∂ p. ]nXm- h n\p thsd [mcmfw tPmen-Iƒ \n¿Δ-ln-°p-hm-\p-≈-Xp-sIm≠v At±-l-Øns‚ emf-\bv°v \mw A{X-b-[nIw ]m{Xo`-hn-°p-∂n-√. X∂n-anØw inip-°-fm-bn-cn-°p-tºmƒ \ΩpsS kvt\l-`m-P-\-amb AΩ-bpsS kIe tNjvSI-sfbpw \mw {i≤m-]q¿Δw A\p-I-cn-°p-∂p.... (e£vao-`mbn, ]pdw 206)

F∂m¬ Iq´p-Ip-Spw_ßfn¬ Ipń-Isf hf¿Øp-∂-Xns‚ DØ-c-hm-ZnXzw s]‰-Ω-bp-tSXp am{X-am-bn-cp-∂n-s√-∂pw, Chn-sS-∏-d™ t\cn-´p≈, Xo{h-am-b, A\p-I-cWw AhnsS kw`-hn-°m\n-Sb - n-s√-∂p-amWv \c-hw-ii - m-kv{X-⁄c - psS cN\-Iƒ \ap-°p -X-cp∂ kqN-\. Iq´p-Ip-Spw-_-ßsf- ∏ ‰n Ch¿ \S- Ø nb ]T- \ - ß - f n¬ ]gb \mb¿X-dh - m-Sp-If - n¬ s]‰-Ωb - v°p-]p-dsa heyΩ ˛ sNdn-b-Ω-am¿, AΩq-Ω-am¿, apØ»n apX-emb \nc-h[n kv{XoI-fpw Xd-hm-ń¬ ]Wn-sb-Sp°p∂ kv{XoIfpw tN¿∂mWv inip-kw-c-£-W-Øns‚ Npa-Xe hln-®n-cp-∂-Xv. M.S.A. Rao F∂ \chw-i-im-kv{X-⁄≥ 1951¬ \S-Ønb Kth-j-WØn¬t∏mepw Iq´p-Ip-Spw-_ß - f - n¬ CXp-Xs - ∂-bmbn-cp∂p ÿnXn. AXp-t]mse sNdp-{]mbw Ign™m¬ BÏp-ń-If - psS ta¬t\m´w Xd-hm-ńse ]pcp-j-∑m¿ -˛ hnti-jn®v AΩm-h-∑m¿ ˛ Gs‰Sp-Øn-cp-∂p-sh∂pw Ct±lw ]d-bp-∂p. ae-bm-f{_m-“W - c - psS Iq´p-Ip-Spw-_ß - f - nepw Ipń-If - psS kwc- £ - W - Ø n- \ mbn "Ccn- ° - W Ω'amcmbn \mb¿kv{Xo-Isf \nb-an-°p∂ coXn-sb-°p-dn®v ImWn-∏-øq¿ i¶-c≥\-ºq-Xn-cn-∏mSv Fs‚ kvacW-Iƒ F∂ IrXn-bn¬ ]d-bp-∂p-≠v. Cu kwhnamdp∂ amXrXzw

[m\w G‰hpw Imcy-£-a-amb _me-]-cn-N-c-WØn\v DX-Ip-∂-X√ F∂m-bn-cp∂p ]cn-jv°-c-Whm-Zn-I-fpsS ]£w. "Imcy-£a - a - mb amXrXzw' 1930-It- fmsS k¿Δkm-[m-c-W-amb Hcp ap{Zm-hm-Iy-am-bn-Øo¿∂p. k¿°m-cns‚ P\-t£a]cn-]m-Sn-I-fpsS hnP-bØn\v A\n-hm-cy-amb Hcp LS-I-ambn AXw-KoI-cn-°-s∏-´p. CtXm-sSm∏w k¥m-\-\n-b-{¥-W sØ-°p-dn-®p≈ N¿®bpw NqSp-]n-Sn-®p. Ipń-IfpsS FÆw Ipd-®m¬ Imcy-£-a-amb _me-]-cnN-cWw Ffp-∏-am-Ip-sa-∂m-bn-cp∂p k¥m-\-\n-b{¥-Wm-\p-Iq-en-If - psS hmZw. Imcy-£a - a - mb amXrXzsØ Np‰n-∏‰ - n-bmWv tIc-fobkv{XoIsf kw_‘n- ® - ≠ mb H´p- h - f sc N¿®- I fpw \S- ∂ - X v . kv{Xohn-Zym-`ym-kw, hnhm-l-{]m-bw, D∂-X-hn-Zym`ym-kw, tPmen, s]mXp-{]-h¿Ø\w ˛ Cßs\ t]mIp∂p hnj-bß - f - psS ]ń-I. C∏-d™ Imcyß-sf√mw amXr-XzsØ Fßs\ _m[n-°p-sa∂ D]-hn-jbw Gsd N¿®-sN-ø-s∏-´p. kv{Xohn-Zym`ym-k-Øn-eqsS IqSp-X¬ \√ AΩ-amcp≠mhptam? sNdp-∏-Ønte hnhm-ln-X-cmb kv{Xo Iƒ°v Imcy-£-a-amb amXrXzw km[n-°ptam? tPmen°pt]mIp∂ kv{Xo \√ AΩ-bm-Iptam? ˛ CsXms°bmWv Cu N¿®-I-fn-ep-b¿∂p-h∂ kwi-b-ßƒ. F¥n-\v, kv{Xokzm-X-{¥y-Øns‚ Af-hp-tIm-ep-Xs∂ ]pcp-j-∑m-cp-tS-Xn¬\n∂p hyXy-kvXa - m-sW-∂pw Hcp \√ amXm-hm-Im≥ Hcp kv{Xo°v F{X kzmX{¥yw Bh-iy-ap-t≠m A{Xam-{Xta s]mXpsh kv{XoIƒ°v A\p-h-Zn-t°≠-Xp≈q F∂p-Xs∂ hmZn-®-h-cpsS FÆw Ipdhm-bn-cp-∂n√! CXp Xpey-]u-c-Xz-a-√t√m F∂v Bi-¶-s∏-´-h-tcmSv kv{XoI-fpsS ]ucXzw AΩam¿ F∂ \ne-bn-em-sW∂v adp-]Sn ]d-bm\pw C°q-´¿ aSn-®n-√. Ahn-hm-ln-X-Ifpw {]k-hn-°mØ-hcpw Cu ]uc-Xz-Øn\p ]pd-Øm-hnt√ F∂ tNmZy-Øn\v amXr-hm-k\ kv{XoI-fpsS "kl-Pamb hmk\'bmsW∂pw AXmWv {]Ir-Xn-\n-baw F∂p-am-bn-cp∂p adp-]-Sn. B[p-\n-I-Ip-Spw-_-Øn¬ AΩbv°p I¬ ∏n® A[n-Im-c-Øn\pw {]tXy-I-X-I-fp-≠m-bncp∂p. ùXn-Im-[n-Im-c-Øn-\p≈ tamlw ]pcp-j∑m-sc-t∏mse kv{Xo°n-s√-∂pw "amXr-hm-k\' bp≈ kv{Xo IpSpw-_mw-K-ß-fpsSta¬ "kuaym[n-Imc'amWv sNep-Øp-∂s - X∂pw \nc-h[n teJI¿ hmZn-®p. F¥mWo "kuaym-[n-Imcw'? ap≥ A≤ym-bØ - n¬ kqNn-∏n-®X - p-t]mse IpSpw-_Ø - n\p-≈nse kv{Xo°v, {]tXy-In®v AΩ-bv°v, \ymbambpw sNep-Øm-hp∂ ]tcm-£-amb kzm[oamdp∂ amXrXzw

\sØ "kuaym-[n-Imcw' F∂p hnfn-°m-hp-∂XmWv. ]pcp-j-∑m-sc-t∏mse _e-{]-tbm-K-Øn-eqsStbm òj-Wn-bn-eq-sStbm A√ kv{Xo Imcyßƒ \S-Øp-∂Xv; adn®v kuayhpw kvt\l]q¿Æ-hp-amb s]cp-am-‰-Øn-eq-sS, \√- hm-°p-]tZ-in-°p-∂-Xn-eq-sS, {]m¿∞-\-bn-eq-sS, £am-ioe-Øn-eq-sS, IÆp-\o-cn-eq-sS- BWv AΩ a°sf kzm[o-\n-°p-∂Xv F∂ Ah-Im-i-hm-Z-amWv D∂bn-°-s∏´-Xv. BZy-Im-ea-e-bm-f-t\m-h-ep-Iƒ ]e-t∏mgpw "\√ AΩ'bpsSbpw "NoØ AΩ-bpsS'bpw amXrI-Iƒ krjvSn-®-h-X-cn-∏n-®p. Ip™p-ß-fpsS ]ptcm-KXn F∂ e£y-Øn\v kzbwka¿∏n-®v, Ah-cpsS Blm-cw, hkv{Xw, Zn\-Ncy F∂n-hsb bp‡n-]q¿Δw {Iao-I-cn-®v, A\p-k-c-W-bp-sSbpw ITn-\m-≤zm-\Ø - n-s‚bpw ]mX-bn-eqsS Ahsc \SØm≥ {ian-°p∂ AΩtbm ho´p-Imtcm BWv "\√ amXrI'. Ipń-I-fpsS imco-cn-Ihpw am\-knI-hp-amb hf¿®-bmWv kz¥w Pohn-X-e-£y-sa∂w-Ko-I-cn-°msX hoń-\p-]p-d-Øp≈ {]hr-Øn-Ifntem hnt\m-Z-ß-fntem G¿s∏-Sp-∂, kmº-ØnI-Im-cy-ß-fn¬ IqSp-X¬ Xm¬]cyw Im´p∂ kv{Xo "NoØ amXrI'bpw! _me-]-cn-N-c-W-Øn\p≈ kl-P-hm-k\ Ipd-™-htcm \√ hnZym`ym-kØ - n-eqsS AXns\ hf¿Øm≥ {ian-°m-Øhtcm BWv Cu "NoØ AΩ-am¿' F∂m-bn-cp∂p \hamXr- Z ¿i- \ - Ø ns‚ h‡m- ° - f psS A`n{]mbw. hoSn- \ p- ] p- d - Ø p≈ {]hr- Ø n- I - f n¬ A[nIw {i≤-]-Xn-∏n-°p∂ s]Æp-ßƒ AhcpsS amXr-Xz-sØbpw kv{XoXz-sØbpw \in-∏n°p-Ib - m-sW-∂p-t]mepw Ch-cn¬ ]e¿°pw A`n{]m-b-ap-≠m-bn-cp-∂p. DZm-l-c-W-Øn-\v, A°mesØ {]i-kvX-te-J-I\pw sIm®o-cm-Py-Ønse {]apJcmP-tk-hI - \ - p-am-bn-cp∂ ]ptØ-gØp cmata-t\m≥. At±-l-Øns‚ Nne hm°p-Iƒ:

]pdw-tPm-en°p t]mIp∂ kv{XoIƒ°v B tPmenbpsS Np‰p-]m-Sp-I-fn¬ Ah-cpsS amXr-k-l-P-ß-fmb lrZ-b-X-c-f-Xbv°pw kvt\lm-Z-c-ßƒ°pw XymK-k∂-≤-Xbv°pw Gsd-°psd CSnhp kw`-hn-°p-∂Xpw Akw-KX - a - √ - . A{]-Im-ca - p-≈h - c - mWp {]mtbW ]ucpj-ap-≈-h-cm-bn, ]cp-j-kz-`m-h-°m-cm-bn, Alw-`m-hn-Ifm-bn, kv{Xo]p-cp-j-a’-c-Øns‚ [zP-hm-ln-I-fmbn `hn-°p-∂-Xv... CØcw kv{XoIƒ kz¥w Krl-Øn\p am{X-a-√, kap-Zm-b-Øn\pw cmPy-Øn\pw am\-h-hw-iØn-\p-X-s∂bpw hn]-Øp-I-f-s{X. ("kv{Xo-]p-cp-j-a-’-cw', Adn-hp≈ A⁄m-\n-Iƒ, sIm√w, 1995, ]pdw 48-˛49)

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C∏-d-™Xv F{X-tØmfw Akw-_-‘-amsW∂v kv{XoI-fpsS Pohn-Xm-\p-`h - ß - f - psS shfn®-Øn¬ a\- n-em-°m≥ {]bm-k-an-√. tPmen-°pt]m-Ip∂ kv{XoI-fpsS amXrXzw Ipd-™p-t]mIp-sa-t∂m hoń-en-cn-°p∂ s]Æp-ßƒap-gp-h≥ amem-Ja - m-cm-sWt∂m C∂p ]d-™m¬ AXv HcnSØpw sN√n-√. AXp-t]mse hoń¬Øs∂ X] n-cp-∂p-sIm≠v Ipń-Isf hc-®h - c - b - n¬ \n¿Øn "H∂mwdm¶p-'Im-cm-°n-Øo¿°m≥ ]Wn-s∏Sp∂ amXm-]n-Xm-°-∑m¿ amXr-I-b-s√-∂mWv C∂v \tΩmSv hnZym-`ym-khn-N-£-W-cpw a\p-jym-hImi{]h¿Ø-Ic - pw Ipń-If - psS am\-kn-Im-tcm-KysØ-°p-dn®v thh-em-Xn-s∏-Sp∂ F√m-hcpw ]dbp-∂X - .v Ip™p-ßƒ°v emf-\bpw ]cn-KW - \ - bpw kz¥w-h-gn°p Nn¥n-°m-\p≈ kzmX-{¥yhpw sImSp-°p∂ F√m-hcpw amXr-Xz-hm-k\ Ipd-™hcpw {]Ir-Xn-\n-baw ewLn-°p-∂-h-cp-am-sW∂v C∂v ÿnc-_p-≤n-bp-≈-h-cmcpw ]d-bn√! F∂m¬ "\√ AΩ', "NoØ AΩ' apX-emb hm¿∏p-am-Xr-I-Iƒ cq]-s∏-´-Im-e-Øp-Xs∂ AhbpsS Ipg-∏-ßƒ Xncn-®-dn™ Nne-sc-¶n-ep-ap≠m-bn-cp-∂p. AXn-sem-cm-fm-bn-cp∂p BZy-Ime kv{Xohm-Znbpw tIc-fØ - n¬ BZy-ambn \nb-a_ - ncpZwt\Sn-b- kv{Xo-bp-am-bn-cp∂p A∂m -Nm-≠n. > ImWpI ]pdw 64 < ]ptØ-g-s‚- t]m-ep≈ hmZ-ß-tfmSv (apºv D≤-cn®) Ah¿ {]Xn-I-cn-®Xv C{]-Im-ca - mWv: kv{XoIƒ DtZym-K-Øn-\p-t]m-bm¬ Ah-cpsS Ip™pßsf icn-bmbn ]cn-N-cn-°m≥ km[n-°p-I-bn-s√∂mWv thsdm-cmt£-]w. {]Y-a-Zr-jvSn-bn¬ CXne¬∏w hmkvX-h-ap-s≠∂v tXm∂n-bmepw kq£vaw Btem-Nn-®m¬ kv{XoIsf DtZym-K-Øn¬\n-∂-I‰n \n¿Ø-Ø° \ymb-a√ CsX-∂p-Im-Wmw. inip-]-cnN-c-W-Øn¬ AΩ-bpsS km∂n≤yw Hgn-®p-Iq-Sm≥ ]mSn-√m-ØXp {]k-h-ti-j-ap≈ Ipd-®p-Imew am{Xam-Wv. kvIqfn-e-b-®p-Xp-S-ßn-bm¬ ]ns∂ ASp-°-faq¿Øn-I-fm-b-h-cpsS Ipń-Iƒ°p-t]mepw amXr-]-cn-NcWw cm{Xn- a m- { Xta e`n- ° p- ∂ p- ≈ q. DtZym- K - ÿ Iƒ°pw A\p-tZym-K-ÿ-Iƒ°pw Bh-iy-Øn-\p≈ inip-]c - n-Nc - Ww km≤y-am-sW-∂mWv F\n-°p-tXm-∂p∂Xv. AYhm kz¬∏w Id-™p-t]m-bmepw AXp cmPy-\-∑bv°p \√-Xm-sW-∂mWv Fs‚ A`n-{]m-bw... ...-G-Xm≠v \n -lm-bm-h-ÿ-bn¬\n∂v Hcp iniphns\ Ic-I-b-‰-W-sa-∂p≈ DØ-c-hm-Zn-Xzta amXm-]nXm-°-∑m¿°p≈q F∂p \mw hnNm-cn-®m¬ \ΩpsS Ipń-Iƒ kzm{i-b-i-‡n-bp-≈-h-cpw _n.F. ]co-£m^-e-Øn\p Iºn-In-´p-tºmƒ lrZbw kvXw`n®v acn®p-t]m-Im-Ø-hcpw BIpw. ("kv{Xo-kzm-X-{¥y-sØ-∏‰n', ktlm-Z-c≥ hnti-jm¬{]-Xn, 1929)

118

"kuaym-[n-Imcw' hoń-\p-]p-dt- Ø°v ]pXnb amXr-XzmZ¿isØ kap-Zmb]cn-jv°c - W - {]-ÿm-\-ßfpw k¿°m-cp-Ifpw tZiob {]ÿm\hpw kzmKXw sNbvXp-sh∂v ]d-™n-cp-∂-t√m. A`y-kvX-hn-Zy-cmb kv{XoI-fn¬ \s√m-cp-]¶v ]pXnb amXrXzw apt∂m-´p-h® ]pXnb IS-a-Iƒ, I¿Ø-hy-ßƒ, {]h¿Øn-°m-\p≈ Ah-kc - ß - ƒ, Ch-bn¬ BIr-jvS-cm-hp-I-bpw-sN-bvXp. ]t£, ]pXnb amXr-Xzm-Z¿i-sØ-°p-dn®v kv{Xo]-£Ø - p\n∂p kwi-b-ß-fp-b¿Ønb \nc-h[n i_vZßfpw Chn-sS-bp-≠m-bn-cp-∂p. Ah-bn¬ Nne-Xv ]gb "Xd-hm-ń-eΩ'bpsS \nesb ]p\x-kr-jvSn°m-\mWv {ian-t°-≠-sX∂v hmZn-®p. a‰p-Nn-e¿ ]pXnb amXr-k¶ - ¬ - ∏sØ AWp-Ip-Spw-_Ø - ns‚ \mep-Np-ac - p-Iƒ°-∏p-dt- Ø°p sIm≠p-t]m-Im≥ {ian-®p. thsdbpw Nne¿ ]pXnb amXrXzw kv{Xo I-fp-sS-ta¬ A\m-h-iy-amb ]cn-an-Xn-Iƒ Btcm]n-°p-I-bt√ F∂p i¶n-®p. C∏-d™ hna¿i-\m-fl-I-\n-e-]m-Sp-I-fn¬ BZy-tØXv alnfbn¬ 1935¬ {]kn-≤o-I-cn® Hcp Ipdn-∏m-Wv. AWp-Ip-Spw-_-tØ-°m-f-[nIw Iq´p-Ip-Spw-_-coXn ]cn-N-bn-®, Hcp kv{Xo°v Hcp hnhm-lta ]mSp≈q F∂ \nb-ah - p-ambn A[nIw ]cn-N-b-an-√m-Ø, Hcp i_vZ-amWv Cu Ipdn-∏n¬. "Xd-hm-ń-eΩ' F∂ \ne-tbm-SmWv Ch¿°v {]Xn]-Øn. tIc-fobkv{XoI-fpsS kzmX-{¥y-sØ-°pdn®v C¥y-bn-seßpw {]iw-kb - mWp tIƒ°p-∂sX-∂pw AXv "]≠sØ Xd-hm-ń-e-Ω-am-cpsS A¥ pw {]uVnbpw \nan-Øa - m-sW-∂p≈Xv Hcn°epw hnkva-cn-°p-hm≥ ]mSn-s√'∂pw Ah¿ ]dbp-∂p. Cu Kuc-h-ta-dnb ÿm\w hln-°m≥ kv{XoIsf {]m]vX-cm-°p∂ hnZym-`ym-k-amWv kv{XoIƒ°v Bh-iy-sa-∂v Cu teJn-I- A`n{]m-bs∏´p. "Xd-hm-ń-eΩ'bpsS-t]mse am\y-amb Hcp ÿm\w hln-°p∂ kv{Xo°v (A-∂sØ acp-a-°-Ømb kap-Zm-b-]-cn-jv°m-cn-Iƒ Ah-Imi- s ∏- ´ - X p- t ]m- s e) Hscm‰ hnhm- l w- a m- { Xta ]mSp≈q F∂ hnizmkw Ah¿°p-≠m-bn-cp-∂ns√- ∂ mWv teJ- \ - Ø ns‚ kqN\! am{X- a √ kv{Xo°v kz¥w-t]-cp-t]mepw A\p-h-Zn-°mØ Cu ]cn-jv°m-cØ - n-eqsS "Xd-hm-ń-eΩ'am¿ Fßs\-bp-≠mIpw F∂-h¿ tNmZn-°p-∂p.

Hcp sNtdm-´nt°m Ip™-Ωbvt°m F¥p-sIm≠v sNtdm-´nbpw Ip™-Ωbpw Xs∂-bm-bn-cp-∂p-IqSm? hnhm-lw-I-gn-bp-tºmƒ Ah¿ an n v Nm∏t\m tImc∏t\m Bbn-Øo-cp-∂p. CXm-Wp-t]m¬ ]cn-jv°m-cw.

amdp∂ amXrXzw

119

{io. ]mdbn¬ them-bp-[\pw IpSpw-_hpw [Ccp-]Xmw \q‰m-≠ns‚ XpS-°-Øn¬]. kp\n¬ Pn.bpsS tiJ-c-Øn¬\n∂v

kv{XoIƒ ]pcp-j-∑m-tcmSp kaXzw t\Sp-∂Xv AhcpsS ]n∂n¬ Xqßo-´m-Wp-t]m-epw... C∂p IWm-c≥ acn-®m¬ IWm-cs‚ an n v \msf Hcp Aºp-hn-s\bm-bn-cn°pw ame-bn-Sp-∂-Xv. At∏mtgm C∂-esØ an n v IWm-c≥ C∂sØ an n v Aºp-hm-bn. t]mcm a‰-∂mƒ Ahƒ Hcp tIm∏s\ kzoI-cn-°p∂p. At∏mtgm Ahƒ an n v tIm∏- \ m- I - W w... B sNtdm-ń°v F∂pw sNtdm-ń-X-s∂-bmbn Xs‚ t]cp \ne-\n¿Ø-cptXm? (C-ń-®n-cn-b-Ω, "s]Æp-ßfpw ]cn-jv°m-chpw', alnf 16 (3), 1935)

Cń- ® n- c n- b - Ω - b psS hna¿i\w ap≥Ime BZ¿i- ß sf ap≥\n¿Øn- b m- b n- c p- s ∂- ¶ n¬, ]pXnb amXr-Xzm-Z¿isØ hna¿in® ]ecpw AXns\ hn]p-eo-I-cn-°m\pw ]p\¿\n¿Δ-Nn-°m\p-amWv {ian-®-Xv. Ch¿ ]pXnb amXr-XzsØ X≈n-°-f-™n√; "Xd-hm-ń-eΩ'bpsS ÿm\w AXn-s\-°mƒ al-Ø-c-am-sW∂v hmZn-®p-an-√. bYm¿∞-am-Xr-Xz-Øn\v imco-cn-I-amb hi-ß-fps≠-¶nepw AXn\p Nne {]tXyI at\m-Kp-Wßƒ Bh-iy-am-sW∂pw Ch kv{XoI-fn¬ klP-am-bp-s≠∂pw kΩ-Xn-®p. kv{XoIƒ°v G‰hpw \∂mbn hln-°m≥I-gn-bp∂ A[n-Imcw "kuaym[n-Imc'amsW∂pw Ah¿ Icp-Xn. H‰-°m-cy-Ønte Ah¿°- ` n- { ]mbhyXym- k - a p- ≠ m- b n- c p- ∂ p≈q; "kuayamb A[n-Imcw' sNep-Øm-\p≈ kv{Xo bpsS Ign-hn\v hoń-\-I-Øp-am-{X-a-√, ]pdØpw {]k-‡n-bp-≠v. ]≠p-Im-e-Øp-≠m-bn-cp∂ a¿±\-]-c-amb in£m-hn-[n-Ifpwa‰pw D-t]-£n®v `cW-Iq-S-ßƒt]mepw P\-t£-a-]-cn-]m-Sn-I-fn-eqsS P\-ßsf D≤-cn-°m≥ {ian-°p∂ B[p-\nI

120

temI-ØmWv \mw Pohn-°p-∂s - X∂v Cu hna¿iI¿ Nq≠n-°m-´n. "kuay-amb A[n-Imc'Øns‚ {]tbmKw Bh-iy-amb ÿm]-\-ßƒ IpSpw-_Øn-\p-]p-dta \nc-h-[n-bp-s≠-∂pw Ah-bpsS FÆhpw Bh-iyhpw hf-cp-Ib - m-sW-∂pw. hnZyme-bß - ƒ, Bip-]{- Xn-Iƒ, AK-Xn-aμ - n-cß - ƒ, apXemb ÿm]-\-ßƒ a¿±-\-]-c-amb A[n-Im-c-Øneq-sS-b√ - , "kuaym-[n-Imc'Øneq-sS-bmWv \∂mbn \S-°p-I-sb∂pw AXn-\m¬ kv{XoIƒ°v AhcpsS kl-P-amb Ign-hp-Iƒ {]I-Sn-∏n-°m≥ IpSpw-_-Øn\p ]pdØpw km[n-°p-sa∂v C°q´¿ hmZn-®p ˛ CXv temI-Øns‚ \∑-bv°p-Xs∂ AXy-¥m-t]-£n-X-am-sW-∂m-bn-cp∂p Ah-cpsS ]£w. kv { Xosbbpw kuay- a mbn `cn- ° m≥ Ahƒ°p≈ Ign- h n- s \bpw IpSpw- _ - Ø ns‚ \mep-Np-a-cp-Iƒ°p-≈n¬ Xf-®n-´-tijw temIw `cn-°m-\n-d-ßnb ]pcp-j≥ ChnsS lnwkbv°pw bp≤-Øn\pw a’-c-Øn\pw Aan-X-amb {]m[m\yw I¬∏n-°p-∂Xv a\p-jy-cm-in-sb-Øs∂ {]Xn-k-‘n-bn-em-gvØn-bnt√ F∂-h¿ tNmZn-®p. kv{XobpsS kuaym-[n-Im-c-am-bn-cp∂p s]mXp-`-cWsØ kzm[o-\n-®-sX-¶n¬ CXp-≠m-In-√m-bn-cp∂p-sh∂v Dd-∏n-®p-]-d-bp-Ibpw sNbvX hn.-sI. Nn∂-Ωmfp AΩ-bpsS hm°p-I-fn¬:

Xm≥ t¢i-a-\p-`-hn®p {]k-hn®v hf¿Ønb k¥m-\ß-fpsS ˛ kap-Zm-bmw-K-ß-fpsS ˛ `mhn- \n-b-{¥Ww sNøp-∂X - n¬ kv{Xo°pw Hcp ÿm\w I¬∏n-t°-≠Xv \ymbhpw Bh-iy-hp-am-Wv. kv{Xo amXrXzw hln-t°-

amdp∂ amXrXzw

≠-Xp-sIm≠v kap-Zm-b-Im-cy-ß-fn¬ {]th-in-®p-IqSm F∂mWv Nne-cpsS A`n-{]m-bw. F∂m¬ hmkvX-hØn¬ Imcyw t\sc adn-®m-Wv. amXrXzw kv{Xo°pam{Xw \nd-th-‰p-hm≥ Ign-bp∂ Hcp Ah-ÿ-bmbn F{X-tØm-fw-Imew Cuiz-c≥ \n›-bn-°p-∂p-thm, A{X-tØmfwImew kap-Zm-b-Ønse F√m Imcy-ßfnepw kv{Xo_p-≤nbpw kv{XobpsS A`n-{]m-b-ßfpw {]_-e-s∏´p ImtW-≠-Xm-Wv. Imc-Ww, a\p-jy-Pohs‚ hne kv{Xo Adn-bp-∂-Xp-t]mse Hcp-Im-eØpw ]pcp-j≥ Adn-bp-∂n-√... ...-bp≤w Fßs\-bmWv C√m-Xm-t°-≠Xv F∂v temI-Øn¬ kI-e- cm-Py-°mcpw Btem-Nn-®p-hc - p-∂p... kv{XoIƒ°pw ]pcp-j-∑m-sc-t∏mse kmap-Zm-bn-I-Imcy-ß-fn¬ {]m_-ey-ap-≠m-bn-cp-s∂-¶n¬ Cu Ahÿ Hcn-°epw hcp-∂-X-√. `qan a\p-jy-c-‡w-sIm≠p \\bp-∂-Xp-I≠p taen-ep-≠m-hm≥t]mIp∂ [\hpw I®h-S-em-`hpw Btem-Nn®v kv{Xo°v kt¥m-jn-∏n-°m≥ Ign-bp-∂-X-√... ... cmPyØp sshZy-∑mcpw Bkv]-{Xn-Ifpw kvIq fp-Ifpw t]mcm F∂p ]d-bp-tºmƒ ssk\y-s®-ehn\p ]Ww Bh-iy-ap-≈-Xp-sIm≠v CuhI Imcyß-fn¬ ]Ww sNe-hp-sN-øm≥ km[n-°-bn-s√-∂mWv C∂sØ `c-Wm-[n-Im-cn-Iƒ ]d-bp-∂-Xv. a\p-jy-Pohs\ \in-∏n-°p-∂-Xn\v AXns\ c£n-°p-∂-Xn-t\°mƒ Bh-iy-amb kwK-Xn-bm-bn´v Ah¿ hnNm-cn°p-∂p. ]uc-Im-cy-ß-fn¬ ]pcp-j-∑m¿s°-∂-t]mse kv{XoIƒ°pw A[n-Im-c-ap-s≠-¶n¬ \n›-b-ambpw Cßs\ Hcp A`n-{]mbw Hcp-cm-PyØpw {]Nm-c-Øn¬ hcn-I-bn-√.

kv{XoI-fpsS s]mXp-{]-h¿Ø\w Ah-cpsS IpSpw_ DØ- c - h m- Z n- X zsØ _m[n- ° p- s a∂ FXn¿∏ns\ ap≥Iq´n I≠p-sIm≠v Nn∂-Ωmfp AΩ AXn\p adp-]Sn ]d-bp-∂p≠v:

H∂m-asØ hntcm[w ]uc-Im-cy-ß-fn¬ {]th-in®m¬ amXr-Xzhpw `mcym-Xzhpw kv{XoIƒ°p Ipd-™pt]m- I p- s a- ∂ m- W v . Ah kzoI- c n- ® m¬Ø- s ∂bpw th≠pw-hÆw \n¿Δ-ln-°-bn√ F∂mWp ]n∂sØ hmZw. {]Y-a-Zr-jvSn-bn¬ Cu \ymb-ßƒ°p hfsc ASn- ÿ m- \ - a p- s ≠∂p tXm∂n- t ∏m- I pw. ]t£, A¬∏w Btem-Nn-®m¬ Ah \n m-c-ß-fm-sW∂p ImWmw. Hcp kap-Zm-bØ - n¬ P\n® F√m kv{XoIfpw amXr-Xz-sØbpw `mcym-]-Z-sØbpw hln-°p-∂n-√. Nne¿ hn[-h-I-fmbnt∏mIp-∂p-≠v. Nne¿ I\y-I-I-fmbn-Øs∂ Ccn-°p-∂p. kap-Zm-b-Øns‚ \ne-\n¬∏n\v F√m kv{XoIfpw B ]Z-hn-Iƒ hln-°-W-sa∂pw C√. \mw Ct∏mƒ B A]-cn-jvIr-X-Im-e-Øn-e√ Pohn-°p-∂Xv. ... Cu 20-˛mw \q‰m-≠n¬ kap-Zm-b-Øns‚ FÆa√ KpW-amWv DXv°¿j-Øns‚ e£-Ww. ("k-ap-Zm-b-Øn¬ kv{XoI-fpsS ÿm\w', alnf 4(7), 1924)

]pXnb amXr-Xz-Øns‚ ASn-ÿm-\-e-£yßsf hn]p-eo-I-cn-°pIbm-bn-cp∂p hn.-sI. Nn∂Ωmfp AΩ-bpsS Xm¬∏-cyw. F∂m¬ Cu ASnÿm-\e - £ - y-ßƒ kaq-lØ - n\v lnX-Ic - a - m-tWm kv{XoIƒ°v Ah IqSp-X¬ A\p-Iq-ew-Xs - ∂tbm F∂p≈ tNmZy-ßf - p-∂b - n-®h - cpw CtX-Im-eØ - pX-s∂-bp-≠m-bn-cp-∂p. Ch-cpsS hna¿i\w ]pXnb amXr-Xz-Øns‚ ASn-ÿm\ \ymbo-I-c-W-ßƒ °pt\sc-bm-bn-cp-∂p. ae-bm-f-Ønse {]apJ kmln-Xy-Im-cn-If - mb efn-Xmw-_nIm A¥¿P-\w, sI. kc-kzXn AΩ F∂nhcpsS- t]cpIƒ ChnsS Hm¿t°-≠X - p-≠.v XnI®pw hyXy-kX v a - mb

thßm-en¬ sI. Nn∂-Ωmfp AΩ Ign-hp≈ ]pcp-j\v {]i-kvXnbpw AwKo-Im-chpw IqSp-X¬ Ffp-∏-Øn¬ In´p∂p; Ign-hp≈ kv{Xotbm, ]et∏mgpw IpS-Ønse Zo]w-t]m-se-bmWv. Cu ZpxJ-k-Xy-Øn\p sXfn-hmWv hn.sI. Nn∂-Ωmfp AΩ. tImgnt°mSv ]∂n-b-¶-cbv°p kao-]-ap≈ {]i-kvX-amb thßm-en¬ Xd-hm-ń¬ tImaØv IrjvW-°p-dp-∏n-s‚bpw thßm-en¬ e£van-°p-ń-b-Ω-bp-sSbpw aqØ-a-I-fm-bn-cp∂p Ah¿. Akm-am\yamb `mjm-]m-S-h-ap-≠m-bn-cp∂ Ah¿ ae-bm-fw, kwkvIr-Xw, Cw•o-jv, {^©v, em‰n≥ F∂o `mj-I-fn¬ teJ-\-ßfpw {]_-‘-ßfpw cNn-®ncp-∂p. Ah¿ 14-˛mw hb- n¬ cNn® kwkvIr-X-{KŸw sa{Sn-°p-te-j≥ (10-˛mw ¢mkv) ]co-£bv°p ]mT-]pkvX-I-am-bn-cp-∂p. Aßs\ kz¥w ]pkvXIw ]co-£bv°p ]Tn®p ]mkm-hpI F∂ A]q¿Δ-`mKyw Ah¿°p ssIh∂p! hnZym-`ym-km-\-¥cw Nn∂-Ωm-fp-hΩ a{Zm-kn-te°v Xmakw am‰n; hnhmlw ths≠-∂p-h-®p. A≤ym]n-I, kmaq-ly-{]-h¿ØI F∂ \ne-I-fn¬ {i≤n-°-s∏-ń-cp-∂p. F∂m¬, Nn∂-Ωm-fp-h-Ω-sb-°p-dn®dn-bp∂ ae-bm-fn-Iƒ Npcp-ßpw. Ah-cpsS ktlm-Z-c-s\, ]t£, F√mhcpadnbpw ˛ km£m¬ hn.-sI. IrjvW-ta-t\m≥, s\{lp-hns‚ k¥-X-k-l-Nm-cn, BZy-Ime C¥y≥ hntZi-\bw cq]-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂-Xn¬ apJy-]-¶p-h-ln® hy‡n, s\{lp a{¥n-k-`-bnse {]Xn-tcm-[-a{¥n F∂o \neI-fn¬ {]i-kvX-\m-Wt√m At±-lw.

amdp∂ amXrXzw

121

coXn-I-fn-em-sW-¶n-epw, ]pXnb amXr-Xz-Øns‚ ASn-ÿm-\-e-£y-ß-sf-°p-dn-®mWv Ccp-hcpw tNmZy-ßf - p-b¿Øn-bX - v. Ch-cn¬ kc-kz-XnbΩ s]mXpsh "amXr-Xza-lna'sb°p-dn-®p≈ Ah-Im-ih - m-ZsØ ˛ AXmb-Xv, kv{XoIƒ°v t\Sm-hp∂ G‰hpw D∂-X-amb, DXvIr-jvSa - mb kmaq-ly\ne AΩ-bp-tS-XmWv F∂ hmZsØ ˛ kwi-b-tØm-sS-bmWv I≠-Xv. kXy-Øn¬ AΩ F∂ \ne A{X al-Ø-camtWm F∂v Xs‚ IY-If - n-eqsS Ah¿ tNmZn®p. amXr-hm-’-ey-sØ-°p-dn-®p≈ ]pI-gvØ-ep-Iƒ k¿Δ{X tIƒ°m-sa-¶n-epw AX{X-h-fsc Dd-∏p≈-XmtWm F∂ tNmZy-amWv "hm’-ey-Øns‚ Ddhv' F∂ IY-bn-eqsS Ah¿ D∂-bn-°m≥ {ian®-Xv. kv{Xoi-co-c-Øns‚ {]tXy-I-X-I-fmb K¿`[m-c-Ww, {]khw apX-emb {]{In-b-Iƒ kv{Xo Iƒ°v {]tXy- I n- s ®mcp kZm- N m- c - a - l n- a bpw {]Zm\w sNøp-∂n-s√-∂p-am-{X-a-√ AX-hsc kaql-Øn¬ ]n∂m°w hen-°p-∂p-s≠∂pw Ah¿ hmZn-®p. "kv{Xok-l-P-hm-k\'Isf-°p-dn-®p≈ ]d-®n¬ tIƒ°m≥ kpJam-sW-¶nepw kv{Xo Isf Nne hm¿∏p-am-Xr-I-I-fn¬ ˛ kv{Xokz-`m-hsØ-°p-dn-®p≈ Nne ]cn-an-X[ - m-cW - I - f - n¬ ˛ HXp°p-I-bt√ sNøp-∂Xv? IpSpw-_-sa∂ ÿm]\w \¬Ip∂ km≤y-X-Iƒ°pw £a, Zb, kl-\io-ew apX-emb "kv{XoKp-W-ßƒ' \¬Ip∂ km≤y-X-Iƒ°pa∏pdw a‰p km≤y-X-I-fnt√? tkh-\-Øn\pw XymK-Øn\pw H∂pw-t]m-ImsX "kz¥w-]mSp't\m°n-\S- ° - p-∂h - cpw ]pcp-jt- ‚-sX∂p Icp-X-s∏-Sp∂ cwK-ß-fn¬ A`n-cp-Nnbpw Ign-hp≈-h-cp-amb kv{XoI-Ym-]m-{X-ßƒ°v kc-kz-Xnb-Ω-bpsS IYm-tem-I-Øn¬ henb CS-ap-≠v. "kl-P-hm-k\'Ifp-sS-t]-cn¬ kv{XoIƒ kaq-lØns‚ hnime CS-ßf - n¬\n∂v ]pd-Øm°m\nSh-c-cpXv F∂ ap∂-dn-bn-∏mWv Ah¿ \¬In-b-Xv. A¥¿P-\-am-I-s´, as‰m-cp-Xcw hna¿i-\amWpb¿Øn-b-Xv. AΩbpw Ip™pw XΩn-ep≈ _‘sØ shdpw Hcp D]-I-c-Ww-t]m-se-bt√ ]pXnb amXrXzw ImWp-∂sX∂-Xm-bn-cp∂p Ah¿ ho≠pwho≠pw D∂-bn® tNmZyw. amXrXzw hne-s∏-´Xpw al-Ø-chpw kv{XoIƒ°v khn-tij-ambn e`n® A\p-{K-lh - p-am-sW∂v A¥¿P\w IcpXn ˛ A{X-tØmfw tbmPn∏v ]pXnb amXrXz-Øns‚ h‡m-°f - p-ambn Ah¿°p-≠m-bn-cp∂p. ]t£, Cu al-Ø-c-amb amXr-Xz-Øn\v A\pk-c-Wbpw A≤zm-\-io-ehpw Btcm-Ky-hp-ap≈ Ip´n-Isf hm¿sØ-Sp-°pI F∂ e£yw-am-{Xta D≈p-sh-∂mtWm? Ip´n-Isf "`cn-°pI', Ah-cpsS

122

ssZ\w-Zn\Pohn-XsØ "Nn´'s∏Sp-Øp-I, tIhew "Akw-kI v r-Xh - kvXp'-hns\-t∏mse Ip™p-ßsf Icp-Xn-s°m≠v `mhn-bn¬ ]q¿Æ-hy-‡n-I-fmbn Ahsc hm¿sØ-Sp-°pI ˛ CsXm-s°-bmWv AΩ sNtø-≠Xv F∂ hmZ-tØm-Sp≈ ITn-\-amb FXn¿∏v A¥¿P-\-Øn-s‚ H´-\-h[n IY-I-fn¬ \nd-™p-\n¬°p-∂p. AΩ F∂ \nesb shdpw "amt\-P¿' B°n Npcp-°p-I-bmWv Cu ]pXnb amXr-Xz-sa∂v Ah¿ ho≠pwho≠pw hnfn-®p-]-dbp∂p. Cu Npcp-°e - ns\ c≠p-co-Xn-If - n¬ t\cn-Sm≥ Ah¿ {ian-°p-∂p. H∂m-aXv AØcw Npcp-°en\p hnt[-b-am-ImØ amXr-Xz-ßsf Xs‚ IYI-fn¬ \n¿Ωn-®p-sIm≠v. "ape-∏m-ens‚ aWw' F∂ IY Hcp-Zm-l-c-W-am-Wv. c≠m-a-Xv, ]pXnb amXrXzw hne-I-¬∏n-°m-ØXpw F∂m¬ kp{][m-\-hp-amb imco-cn-I-`m-h-ßsf ]p\¿aqeyw sNbvXp-sIm≠v. "{]k-hn-®m¬t∏m-c, \∂mbn hf¿Øp-I-IqSn sNbvXmte AΩ F∂ ÿm\Øn\v kv{Xo A¿l-Xt- \Sq' F∂m-bn-cp∂p ]pXnb amXr-Xz-Øns‚ ap{Zm-hmIyw F∂v apºp ]d-™ph-t√m. CXn-s\-bmWv A¥¿P\w tNmZywsNbvXXv. {]k-hw, K¿`-[m-cW - w, ape-bq-´¬ F∂o imcocnI{]{In-b-Isf Aßs\ X≈n-°-f-bm≥ ]mSns√∂v Ah¿ ÿm]n-°p∂ IY-If - n¬ Cu {]{Inb-I-sf√mw Imcy-amb ]p\¿aq-ey-Øn\p hnt[-bam-Ip-∂p. {]k-h-sa∂ A\p-`-h-Øn-eqsS BgØn-ep≈ am‰-ß-ƒ A\p-`-hn°p∂ \nc-h[n kv{XoI-Ym-]m-{X-ßsf Ah¿ krjvSn-®n-´p-≠v. am{X-a√ - , PmXn-˛aX˛[\n-I˛-Zc - n{Z t`Z-ßƒ°-∏pdw kv{XoIsf H‰-s°-´m-°p∂ A\p-`-h-ß-fm-Wnh F∂p-IqSn A¥¿P\w kqNn-∏n-°p-∂p. "kvt\lbm-NIn' F∂ IY \s√m-cp-Zm-l-c-W-am-Wv. [\nI-bmb Hcp bph-Xnbpw ]c-aZ- c - n-{Z-bmb Hcp `n£°m-cnbpw XΩn¬ Bi-b-hn-\n-abw km≤y-am°p∂ Hcn-S-ambn amXrXzw k¶-¬∏n-°-s∏-Sp-∂p, CXn¬. "kv{XoKp-W-ßƒ°v' ˛ AXm-bXv kv{Xo kz- ` m- h - K p- W - ß ƒ°v ˛ \h- a m- X r- X zm- Z ¿iw \¬Inb AanX{]m[m-\y-Øn-s\-Xn-sc-bp≈ {]Xntj-[-ambn CXns\ hmbn-°m-hp-∂-Xm-Wv. Cu c≠p {]Xn-I-c-W-ßƒ°p-]p-d-sa, amXr-Xzhpw s]mXp-Po-hn-Xhpw ]c-kv]cw tNcmØ c≠p Imcyßfm-sW∂ hmZsØ Ah¿ hfsc i‡ambn FXn¿Øn-´p-ap-≠v. amXr-XzsØ Hgn-hm°p∂ s]mXp-Po-hn-Xhpw s]mXp-Po-hn-XsØ Hgnhm-°p∂ amXr-Xzhpw A]q¿Æ-amWv F∂v Ah¿ {]Jym- ] n- ° p- ∂ p. Cu c≠p Pohn- X - h - g n- I ƒ Cßs\ th¿s]- S m- \ n- S - b m- b - X mWv ae- b mfn amdp∂ amXrXzw

kv{XoIƒ°p kw`-hn® Zpc-¥s - a∂ ktμ-ia - mWv A·n-km£n F∂ Ah-cpsS t\mh¬ \¬Ip∂-Xv. (A·n-km£n Hc¿∞-Øn¬ htcWyaebm-fn-kv{Xo-If - psS Ncn-{Xw-Xs - ∂-bm-Wv.) A¥¿P-\hpw kc-kz-Xn-b-Ωbpw c≠p-hn-[Øn¬ \S-Ønb Bg-Øn-ep≈ hna¿i\w ASpØ-Im-ew-hs - cbpw {i≤n-°s - ∏-SmsX t]mb-sX-¥psIm-s≠-∂ tNmZyw tNmZn-°msX hø! Chn-SpsØ kmln-Xy-hn-a¿i-I¿ A¥¿P-\sØ "amXr-XzØns‚ IYm-Imcn' F∂p {]Jym-]n®v Hcp aqebv°n-cpØn; Nne-scms° kc-kz-Xn-bΩ - sb "IpSpw_-hn-tcm[n'bmbn ap{Z-Ip-Øn. ]pXnb amXr-XzsØ- ° p- d n®v Ch- c p- b ¿Ønb tNmZy- ß - f psS Kuchw kmln-Xy-hn-a¿i-Icpw ]WvUn-Xcpw Xncn-

®-dn-™t- X-bn√! ]pXnb amXr-Xz-sØ-°p-dn-s®mcp N¿®, AXv kmln-Xy-Øn-eq-sS-bm-sW-¶n-epw, Cu \m´n¬ \S-∂p-sh∂ Imcyw-t]mepw Ncn-{X-c-N-bnXm-°ƒ Xncn-®d - n-™n√ F∂-XmWv ZpxJ-Ic - a - mb hkvXp-X. ]t£, amXr-XzsØ Ncn-{X-Zr-jvSn-bneqsS hne- b n- c p- Ø m- \ p≈ km≤y- X - t ]mepw ASpØIme-ØmWv shfn-hm-bXv F∂-Imcyw Hm¿t°-≠-Xm-Wv. "AΩ' F∂ \ne imiz-Xhpw tNmZy-ßƒ°-∏p-dh - p-am-sW∂ [mcW i‡-am-bnØp-S¿∂ A¥-co-£a - m-bn-cp∂p tIc-fØ - n¬ ASpØnsShsc-bp-≠m-bn-cp-∂-Xv. C∂Xv amdn-h-cp∂p ˛ AtXm-Sp-IqSn amdn-hc - p∂ IpSpw-_c - o-Xn-Is - fbpw amXr-Xz-k-¶-¬∏-ß-sfbpw Ncn-{X-Zr-jvSn-bn-eqsS \mw hne-bn-cp-Øn-Øp-S-ßn-bn-cn-°p-∂p.

kckzXn AΩ efnXmw_nIbpsS ssienbn¬\n∂pw Xo¿Øpw hyXykvXamb IYIfmbncp∂p kckzXn AΩ FgpXn bsX¶nepw ]pXnb kmaqlykmlN-cyßƒ kv{XoIƒ°p \¬Inb km≤yXIsf∏‰nbp≈ hnNn¥\ßfmWv AhcpsS IYIfnepw. 1919¬ Ip∂∏pgbn¬ Ingt°hoń¬ Im¿Øymb\nbΩbpsS aIfmbn Ah¿ P\n®p. 1928 apX¬ Xncph\¥]pcØmbncp∂p kckzXnbΩbpsS IpSpw_w Xmakn®Xv . Xncp\¥]pcØp kvIqƒhnZym`ymkw ]q¿Ønbm°nb Ah¿ ]T\Øn¬ anIhp Imńbncp∂p. IpSpw_Øn\v kmºØnItijn Ipdhmbncp∂p. hoń¬\n∂p t{]m’ml\w Ipdhmbncp∂p. F¶nepw kvtImf¿jn∏ns‚ ]n≥_eØn¬ Kh¨sa‚ v hna≥kv tImtfPn¬ C‚¿aoUnb‰n\p tN¿∂p. hfsc _p≤napńbmWv ]n∂oSp _ncpZhnZym`ymkw ]q¿Ønbm°nbXv . ]pcpj∑mcmb hnZym¿∞nItfmSv ka`mh\tbmsS s]cpamdnbncn∂XpsIm≠pw, s]ÏpńIƒ Ibdns®√m≥ aSn®ncp∂ thZnIfnte°v kss[cyw IS∂psN∂ncp∂XpsIm≠mhmw, "h´pkckzXn' F∂ ]cnlmkt∏¿ Ah¿°p hoWp F∂v kl]mTnIƒ ]dbp∂p. 1942 ¬ _n.G ]mkmbtijw Ipd®pImew A≤ym]nIbmbn {]h¿Øn®p. 1945 ¬ tem°¬ ^≠v HmUn‰v Un∏m¿´vsa‚n¬ DtZymKÿbmbn. kz¥w hoSv ]WnIgn∏n®v H‰bv°p Xmakn®p. tIcfØn¬ A°meØp {]Ncn®ph∂ ]pXnbIpSpw_aqey ßfpsS kv{Xohncp≤Xsb hn´phogv®bn√msX Xpd∂pIm´p∂ IYIfmWhcptSXv.

amdp∂ amXrXzw

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"tIc-fa- m-XrI'bpw amXr-Xzhpw 1930Ifn¬ C¥ybpsS ]e `mKßfnepw sXmgn emfnkv{XoIsf `mctadnb theIfn¬\n∂p Hgnhm°ms\∂ t]cn¬ \S∏m°nb \nbaßfpw b{¥kwhn[m\ßfpsS hcthmsS kv{XoIsf sXmgnenSØp\n∂p ]pdØm°p∂ coXnbpw i‡ambnsb∂p kv { XoNcn{XcNbnXm°ƒ Nq≠n°mWn®n´p≠v . ta¬hnhcn® amXrXz {]Xybimkv{Xw sXmgnemfn kv{XoIƒ°nSbn¬ {]Ncn°m\p≈ A¥co£w CtXmSpIqSn k÷ ambnØpSßnsb∂pw Ch¿ \nco£n°p∂p. 1939¬ XncphnXmwIqdn¬ kv{XoIƒ cm{Xnka bØv ]WnsbSpØpIqsS∂p \nbawh∂p ˛˛ cmhnse 7\pw sshIn´v 5\pw CSbn¬ am{Xta Ah¿°p ]Wn\¬Imhq. CXh¿°p IqSpX¬ hn{iawIn´s´ F∂ IcpXen¬\n∂√ P\n® sX∂p Iiph≠nsØmgnemfnIfpsS Ncn{Xw ]Tn® A∂m en‚_¿Kv ]dbp∂p. kv{XoIfpsS KrltPmenIsf ^mIvSdnkabw _m[n°cp sX∂ IcpXte \nbasØ A\pIqen®h¿°p ≠mbncp∂p≈q. 1940Ifn¬ sXmgnenSsØ enwK XpeyXbv°pw kv{XoIƒ°v A[nIambn hln t°≠nh∂ IpSpw_`mchpw Xpey{]m[m\yap≈ {]iv\ßfmsW∂ hkvXpXsb ]tcm£ambn AwKoIcn°p∂ \o°ßƒ sXmgnemfn{]ÿm \Øns‚ \ne]mSpIfn¬ Zriyambncp∂p. DZmlcWØn\v, Be∏pgPn√bn¬ i‡ambn cp∂ Ib¿sØmgnemfnbqWnb\nse kv{XoI fpsS ^mIv S dn°Ω‰nIfpsS CSs]S¬aqew 1944˛45¬ 288 tIkpIfn¬ {]khm\pIqeyßƒ A\phZn°s∏´psh∂pw, {]khm\pIqey\nbaw \nehnep≠mbncp∂ sIm®nbnse AhÿtbmSp XmcXaywsNøptºmƒ CXp hfsc sa®am sW∂pw aocm thembp[≥ ]dbp∂p. F∂m¬ Cu IΩ‰nIƒ kv{XoIfpsS Iqenbn¬ Ipdhp hcpØ¬, tPmenbn¬\n∂p A\ymbamb ]ncn®phnS¬, Km¿lnI]oU\w, F∂nhsb {]k hm\pIqeyw t\SnsbSp°ens\m∏w {]m[m\y tØmSpIqSnØs∂ ]cnKWn®ncp∂p (ImWpI, aocm thembp[≥, 'Women Workers and Struggle in Alleppey', Samya-Shakti - A Journal of Women Studies, Vol. 1, No. 2). Cu ImeØv kv{XoIfpsS XpeythX\Øns‚ {]iv\hpw Ch Db¿Ønbn cp∂p. 1943¬ Cu {]iv\apb¿Ønbt∏mƒ Xpey thX\apd∏m°msa¶n¬ IqenIq´p∂Xn¬ Aev]wIqSn kmh[m\w AwKoIcn°m≥ bqWn b≥ Xømdmbncps∂∂v aoc tcJs∏SpØp∂p. C°m- e Øv bqWnb≥ t\XrXzØn¬ khn

124

tijamb kv{Xokm∂n≤yap≠mbncp∂psh∂ Imcyw {][m\amWv ˛˛ 1940Ifnse cmjv{Sob {]£p_v≤Xaqew ]pcpj∑mcmb t\Xm°fn¬ A[nIwt]cpw Hfnhnepw a‰pambncp∂ Imeam bncp∂p CXv . 1950Ifn¬ Cu kv { Xo]£ ImgvN∏mSp amdnt∏mhpIbpw sXmgnemfnkv{Xo Iƒ {]Yahpw {][m\hpambn ho´ΩamcmsW∂ [mcWsb Ac°n´pd∏n°p∂ \ne]mSpIƒ s]mXpth i‡amhpIbpw sNbvXp. sXmgn-emfn-kv{Xo-I-fpsS temI-tØ°v ]pXnb amXrXzm Z¿iØn\v {]thiap≠mIm\p≈ kmlNcyw Aßs\ sas√ Hcpßn. \hhtcWykmwkvImcnI]cnkcßfn¬ DSseSpØ ta¬hnhcn® amXrXzmZ¿iw sXmgn emfnkv{XoIfpsS PohnXbmYm¿∞yßsftbm Xm¬]cyßsftbm ]cnKWn®ncp∂n√. AXp sIm≠pXs∂ Ah Cc´`mcw ASnt®¬∏n °p∂hbmbncp∂p. F∂m¬ k¿°mcn\pw s]mXpkaqlØn\pw CsXmcp t\ámbncpa∂p ˛˛s]mXpP\mtcmKycwKØv Hcp IpXn®p Nm´w Xs∂ CXneqsSbp≠mbn F∂v ]e ]WvUnX ∑mcpw A`n{]mbs∏Sp∂p. 1960-I-tfmsS ]pXnb amXrXzw tIc-f-Øn¬ bmYm¿∞y-am-bn-°-gn-™p-sh∂v k¿°m-cns‚ `mK-Øp-\n∂v kΩ-Xa - p-≠m-bn. A`y-kX v h - n-Zy-bmb ae-bm-fnkv{Xo Ipń-Isf \∂mbn ]cn-N-cn-°m≥ XpS-ßn-b-Xns‚ ê-ambn inip-a-c-W-ßfpw _me-a-c-W-ßfpw Ipd-™p-Xp-S-ßn-sb-∂pw IpńI-fpsS Btcm-Ky-Ønepw hnZym-`ym-k-Ønepw sa®w I≠p-Xp-Sß - n-sb∂pw ÿnXn-hn-hc - ° - W - ° - pI-fn¬\n∂v kqN-\I - ƒ C°m-eØp e`n-®p. tIcf-Ønse \memw ]©-h-’-c-]-≤Xn (1969-˛74) \n¿Ωn-®h - ¿ Xß-fpsS dnt∏m¿ń¬ C°mcyw FSpØp-]-d-bp-∂p-≠v. IpSpw-_-˛-inip t£a-tI-{μ-ßf-\p-hZ- n-®p-sIm-≠p≈ tI{μ-]≤ - X - n°v tIc-fØ - nep≈ {]k-‡n-sb-°p-dn®p ]d-bp-∂n-S-Øm-Wn-Xv. Cu ]≤Xn kv{XoIsf \√ amXm-°-fm-°m-\p≈ ]cn-io-e-\-Øn-\mWv Du∂¬ \¬Ip-∂-sX-∂pw AXv tIc-f-Øn¬ A{]-k-‡-am-sW∂pw teJI¿ hmZn-°p∂p: "cmPy-Øns‚ Cu `mKsØ {KmaoWamXm-°ƒ - °v _me-]c - n-Nc - W - s - Ø-°p-dn®v th≠{X {Kmly-ap-≈-Xn-\m¬ amXr-Xz-]-cn-io-e-\Øn\p \¬In-bn-´p≈ Du∂¬ ChnsS {]k-‡- Xn 1969˛1974, a-√m-sXbm-Wn-cn-°p-∂X - .v ' (\m-emw-]≤ Ic-Sp-tc-J, kwÿm\ Bkq-{X-Wt- _m¿Uv, Xncph-\¥ - ] - p-cw, 1969, ]pdw 248). 1970-Iƒap-X¬ Bcw`n® tIc-fa - m-Xr-Im-hn-Ik - \sØ°p-dn-®p≈ N¿®bn¬ tIc-f-Ønse AΩ-am¿ henb Iø-Sn-t\-Spamdp∂ amXrXzw

Ibpw sNbvXp. inip-a-c-W-\n-c°p Ipd-bv°p-∂Xnepw kvIqƒ]-T-\-Øn-te°p Ip´n-Isf Xøm-dm°p-∂-Xnepw P\-\-\n-c-°p-Ip-d®v Btcm-Ky-ap≈ IpSpw-_-ßƒ D≠m-°p-∂-Xnepw Chn-SpsØ A`ykvXhn-Zy-cmb IpSpw-_n-\n-I-fpsS kw`m-h\ ap¥n-b-Xm-sW∂ AwKo-Imcw A¥m-cm-jv{S-X-eØn¬Øs∂-bp-≠m-bn. Cu A\p-tam-Z-\-ßƒ AhnsS \n¬°-s´. {]iw-k-bv°-∏pdw tIc-f-Ønse amXm-°fpsS C∂sØ \ne F¥m-sW∂v Xnc-°n-bmtem? {]iw-ks - Im≠v hb-dp-\n-db - ns√∂v ]≠mtcm ]d™-Xp-t]mse {]iw-k-sIm≠v AΩ-am-cpsS ÿnXn sa®-s∏-Sp-sa-∂ns√∂p kΩ-Xn-t°-≠nhcpw! tIc-f-Ønse {]mb-amb AΩ-am-cpsS kmº-Øn-Ihpw kmaq-ln-I-hp-amb \ne Xosc sa®-a-s√-∂mWv Kth-j-I¿ ]d-bp-∂-Xv. hb- pIm-eØv kzØp-°tfm hcp-am\tam C√mØ hn[h-If - p-sSbpw H‰bv°p Xma-knt°≠n-hc - p∂ hr≤am-Xm-°fp-sSbpw FÆw ChnsS IqSp-X-em-Wv. CsXm-cp-Im-cyw. as‰m-cp Imcyw, IpSpw-_m-kq-{X-W-sØ-°p-dn®m-Wv. \h-am-Xr-Xz-Øn\v ]‰nb D]-I-c-W-amWv IpSpw-_m-kq-{X-Ws - a∂ Bibw 1930-If - nte tI´pXp-Sß - n-bX - mWv ˛ FÆw Ipd-bp-tºmƒ Ip´n-Isf IqSp-X¬ ]cn-N-cn-°m-\m-Ip-sa∂ kmam-\y-t_m[-am-bn-cp∂p CXn\p ]n∂n¬. 1960-I-fm-b-t∏mtg°pw Cu Bibw tZiobIpSpw-_m-kq-{XW ]cn-]m-Sn-bn-eqsS henb {]Nmcwt\Sn. IpSpw-_Øns‚ hep∏w \nb-{¥n-°p-∂-Xns‚ apJy DØc-hm-ZnXzw amXmhn\msW∂v {]Xy-£a - mbpw ]tcm£-ambpw ÿm]n-°-s∏-´p. 1970-I-fpsS HSp-°-amb-t∏m-tg°pw tI{μ-k¿°m¿ \bw-Xs∂ CXns\ A\p-Iq-en-°p-∂-hn[w am‰n-sb-gp-Xm-\p≈ kml-

Ncyw h∂p. ]pcp-j-∑m-cpsS h‘yw-I-cWw 1970I-fpsS BZy-h¿j-ß-fn¬ tIc-f-Øn¬ hf-sc-b[nIw \S-∂n-cp-∂p. IpSpw-_-\m-Y-∑m¿ F∂ \nebn¬ ]pcp-j-∑m¿ Xß-f-psS I¿Øhyw \n¿Δln- ° - W - s a- ∂ pw P\- s ∏- c p- ∏ sØ AI‰n cmPysØ c£n-°-W-sa-∂pw- a-‰p-ap≈ Blzm-\ßƒ hf-sc-b-[nIw tI´n-cp-∂p. ]t£, 1970-IfpsS HSp-°-tØmsS kv{XoI-fpsS h‘yw-I-c-WØn\v h¿≤n® {]Nmcw\¬Im-\p≈ {ia-ßƒ kPo-h-am-hp-I-bm-Wp-≠m-b-Xv. CtXmsS "sNdn-bIp-Spw_'Øns‚ `mcw-ap-gp-h≥ AΩ-am-cpsS Xebn-em-hp-Ibpw sNbvXp ˛ C∂pw Aß-s\-X-s∂. 2000-˛01se IW-°p-{]-Imcw ChnsS 1,545 ]pcp-jh-‘yw-I-c-W-ßfpw 1,49,498 kv{Xoh-‘yw-I-c-Wß-fp-am-bn-cp∂p \S-∂-Xv. 1999-˛2000 h¿j-Øn-emsW-¶n¬ Cu kwJy-Iƒ 653 Dw 1,53,515 Dw Bbncp∂p! hfsc sNdp-∏-Øn¬Øs∂ kv{XoIƒ h‘yw-I-c-W-Øn\v hnt[-b-cm-Ip-∂p-≠v, tIc-fØn¬. K¿`-a-e-kn-∏n-°¬ IpSpw-_m-kq-{X-W-coXn-bmbn D]-tbm-Kn-°p∂ {]h-W-Xbpw ImWm\p- ≠ v . Npcp- ° n- ∏ - d - ™ m¬ kv { Xoi- c o- c sØ "sNdnb IpSpw_w' F∂ e£ywt\Sm-\p≈ shdpsamcp am¿§w-am-{X-ambn Xcw-Xm-gØ v p-Ib - m-bn-cp∂p \mw. \h-am-XrXzw kv{Xoi-co-csØ am\n-°p-∂ns√∂ efn-Xmw_nIm A¥¿P-\-Øns‚ hna¿ i\w Aÿm-\-Øm-bn-cp-∂n-s√∂v Npcp°w! \h-am-Xr-Xz-Øns‚ tZmj-h-i-ßƒ ]eXpw \ΩpsS I◊p-ºn¬Ø-s∂-bp-≠v, {]tXy-In®pw CS-Øcw hoSp-If - n¬. Syqj≥, Um≥kv¢m-k,v ]m´p¢m-kv, Iznkv a’-cw, kvIqƒ]-T\w F∂n-ß-s\bp≈ ]e-Xcw in£-I-fn-eqsS Ip´n-Isf Zn\wtXmdpw IS-Øn-hn´v Ahsc "hnPbn'Ifm-°nØo¿°p-∂-XmWv AΩ-am-cpsS ISa F∂p Icp-

"tIc-fa- m-XrI' (Kerala Model) 1970-Iƒhsc tIcfw C¥y-bnse "{]iv\-kwÿm\'-ambmWv FÆ-s∏-´-Xv. C¥y-bnse G‰hpw Zcn-{Z--kw-ÿm\-ß-fn¬ H∂m-bn-cp∂p tIcfw ˛ cmjv{So-b-ÿn-cX Xosc-bn-√mØ Hcn-Sw. F∂m¬ 1970-I-fn¬ Cu Nn{XØn\p am‰-ap-≠m-bn. Cu kmº-Øn-I-]n-t∂m-°m-h-ÿ-bnepw tIcfw kmaq-ly-hn-Im-k-Øn¬ t\Snb h≥t\´ßƒ Kth-j-I¿ Xncn-®-dn-bm≥ XpS-ßn-b-tXm-sS-bmWv CXv. hnZym-`ym-kw, BtcmKyw, P\-kw-Jym-\n-b-{¥Ww, P\-ß-fpsS Bbp¿ssZ¿Lyw (C-sXm-s°-t®¿∂-XmWv "kmaq-ly-hn-I-k\w') apX-em-b-h-bn¬ ae-bmfn-Iƒ C¥y-bnse kº-∂-kw-ÿm-\-ß-sf-°mƒ Gsd ap∂n-em-sW-∂pw hnIknX-cm-Py-ßƒs°m∏w ]ptcmKXn \mw t\Sn-sb∂pw hy‡-am-b-tXm-sS-bmWv "tIc-f-am-XrImhnI-k\'sØ°p-dn-®p≈ N¿® kPo-h-am-bXv. C{Xbpw Zcn-{Z-amb Hcp {]tZiw C{Xbpw t\´w sImbvX-sX-ßs\ F∂ tNmZy-am-bn-cp∂p Kth-j-I-cpsSbpw `c-W-I¿Øm-°-fp-sSbpw A¥m-cm-jv{S-kw-L-S-\-I-fp-sSbpw {i≤ -]n-Sn-®p-]-‰n-b-Xv. CtXmsS temIØnse Zcn-{Z-cm-Py-ßƒ°v tIc-f-Øns‚ kmaq-ly-hn-I-k\w Hcp "amXrI'bmsW∂v ]cs° AwKo-I-cn-°s∏-´p. Cu kmaq-ly-hn-I-k\t\´-ß-fn¬ tIc-f-Ønse AΩ-am¿°v henb ]¶p-s≠∂v ]ecpw hmZn®p.

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125

_mem-aW - n-bΩ 20-˛mw \q‰m-≠nse B[p-\nI ae-bm-f-I-hn-Xm-cw-KØv BZy-ambn kz¥w hy‡n-ap{Z ]Xn-∏n® kv{XobmWv _mem-a-Wn-b-Ω. 1930 apX¬ 1956-h-sc-bp≈ Ime-b-f-hn¬ Ah¿ ]Xn-aq∂p Ihn-Xm-k-am-lm-c-ßƒ {]kn-≤o-I-cn-®p. CXn¬ "amXrXz'sØ hmgvØp∂ \nc-h[n Ihn-XIƒ Gsd N¿®-sN-ø-s∏-´p. F∂m¬ a‰p Ihn-X-Iƒ Hcp-]t£, IqSpX¬ hnin-jvSßfmWv. cmjv{So-bhpw ka-Im-en-I-hp-amb hnj-b-ßsf kv]¿in-°p∂ [mcmfw Ihn-X-Ifpw Ah-cp-tS-Xmbp≠v. Xs‚ AΩmh\pw Kpcp-hp-amb \me-∏m´v \mcm-b-W-ta-t\ms‚ ac-Wm-\-¥cw _mema-Wn-bΩ cNn® "temIm-¥-c-ß-fn¬' F∂ Ihn-X-bmWv Ah¿ G‰hp-sam-Sp-hn¬ {]kn-≤o-I-cn-®-Xv. {]ikvXkmln-Xy-Imcn am[-hn-°p´n aI-fm-Wv. _mem-a-Wn-b-Ω-bpsS AtX-Im-eØv Ihn-Xm-cw-KØv kz¥w CSwt\Snb kv{XoIƒ thsdbpap≠m-bn-cp-∂p. IS-Ø\ - m´p am[-hn-bΩ, tacntPm¨ tXm´w, IqØm-´p-Ipfw tacn tPm¨ > ImWpI ]pdw 177 < apX-em-b-h¿.

Xp-∂-h-cpsS FÆw Cu \mń¬ sNdp-X-√. kaql- Ø n¬ a’- c - Ø ns‚ thKw IqSp- t ¥mdpw a°sf X≈n- Ø - ≈ n- h n- S m- \ p≈ Bth- i hpw h¿≤n-®p-h-cp-∂p. \h-am-XrXzw B\-μ-I-c-am-sW¶nepw ]e Bi-¶-Iƒ°pw AXv CS-bm-°p-∂psh∂v AXns‚ BZy-Ime h‡m-°ƒXs∂ hfsc-∏t≠ \nco-£n-®n-´p-≠v. Ipń P\n-°p-tºmƒ Øs∂ AXns‚ `mhn-sb-∏‰n hnNm-cn®v amXmhv Bi-¶m-Ip-e-bm-Ip-∂-Xns‚ \nc-h[n Nn{X-ßƒ _mem-aW - n-bΩ - b - psS Ihn-XI - f - n-ep-≠.v ("AΩbpw aI-\pw', "]n®-sh∏v' apX-emb Ihn-X-Iƒ). B\μhpw Bi-¶bpw IqSn-°-e¿∂p≈ Ah-ÿ-sbbmWv _mem-a-Wn-bΩ hnh-cn-®-sX-¶n¬ C∂v Bi¶ am{X-ta-bpt≈m F∂p kwi-bn-®p-t]mIp∂ Ah-ÿ-bmWv ]e hoSp-I-fn-epw. C{X-bp-a[ - nIw ipjvIm-¥n-tbmsS a°sf ]Tn∏n® AΩ-am¿t]mepw hm¿≤-Iy-Im-eØv ]et∏mgpw Ai-c-W-cm-bn-t∏m-Ip-∂-sX-¥p-sIm≠v? "kuaym-[n-Im-c'Øns‚ ]cn-an-Xn-If - n-te-°t√ CXv hnc¬Nq-≠p-∂-sX∂v \mw Btem-Nn-°-Ww. acpa-°-ØmbIq´p-Ip-Spw-_-ß-fnse kv{XoIƒ ]WØn\v AXym¿Øn Imń-bn-cp-∂p-sh∂ [mcW

]e kmln-Xy-Ir-Xn-If - nepw kn\n-aI - f - nepw {]Xy£-s∏-´p-Im-Wm-dp-≠.v Ah¿°v BtcmSpw kvt\lan-s√-∂pw a°sf Ah¿ th≠{X ]cn-N-cn-°p∂n-s√∂pw a‰p-amWv Btcm-]-W-ßƒ. kz¥w kmº-ØnIkpc-£n-X-Xz-sØ-°p-dn®v hnNm-cap≈ kv{Xo "NoØ AΩ'bmbn IW-°m-°s - ∏Spw; F∂m¬ D≈-Xp-ap-gp-h≥ a°ƒ°v bmsXmcp tNmZyhpwIqSmsX sImSp-°p∂ kv{Xo "\√ AΩbpw' (kn-\n-ab - nse "Ihn-bq¿s]m∂ΩamXr Xz'sØ°p-dn®v Btem-Nn-®p-t\m-°q). Cu "\√ AΩ'bv°v "kuaym-[n-Im-c'- ap≈XpsIm≠v Ahsc F√m-hcpw kvt\ln-°p-Ibpw c£n-°p-Ibpw sNøp-sa-∂mWv \h-am-Xr-Xz-Øns‚ h‡m-°ƒ Icp-Xn-b-Xv. "kuaym-[n-Imcw' F√m-bvt∏mgpw {]h¿Øn-°p-sa∂pw AXn-eqsS amXm-hns‚ kwc£Ww Dd-∏m-Ipsa∂pw Xo¿®-bn-s√-∂-XmWv Imcyw. tIc-fobkv{XoIƒ°p amXrI F∂p hmgvØ-s∏´ h\n-X-Iƒ°p-t]mepw CXv Ffp-∏am-bn-cp-∂n-√. AØ-c-Øn¬ {]iw-kn-°-s∏´ Hcp h\nX ˛ kztZ-im-`n-am\n cma-Ir-jvW-]n-≈-bpsS `mcy _n. Ieym-Wn-bΩ ˛ C°mcyw Xpd∂pkΩXn-°p-∂p≠v:

tIc-fØ - nse hr≤-am-Xm-°ƒ tZiob kmºnƒ k¿tΔ IW-°p-{]-Imcw tIc-f-Ønse hr≤-cmb kv{XoI-fn¬ GI-tZiw 75%t]¿ kz¥wt]-cn¬ [\-]-c-amb apX¬ (_m¶v sUt∏m-kn-‰p-Iƒ apX-em-b-h) C√m-Ø-h-cm-Wv. 54%t]¿°v `qan-bn-√. C¥ybpsS samØw IW-°p-I-fp-ambn Xmc-X-ay-s∏-Sp-Øp-tºmƒ CXv hfsc A[n-I-am-sW∂v P\-kw-Jym-im-kv{X⁄-\mb tUm.Fkv. Ccp-Z-b-cm-P≥ \nco-£n-°p-∂p. AXp-t]m-se, 2004se IW-°p-{]-Imcw tIc-f-Øn¬ H‰bv°p Xma-kn-°p∂ hr≤-I-fpsS FÆw hr≤-∑m-sc-b-t]-£n®v hf-sc-b-[n-I-am-sW∂pw Ct±lw Ah-Imi-s∏-Sp-∂p. (S. Irudayarajan and Sreerupa, 'Gender Disparity in Kerala: A Critical Reinterpretation', Swapna Mukhopadhyay (ed.) The Enigma of the Kerala Woman, New Delhi, 2007)

126

amdp∂ amXrXzw

`¿Øm-hns\ A\p-k-cn-°p-I-b-√msX D]-tZ-in-°pI F∂ ISa Rm≥ Hcn-°epw \n¿Δ-ln-®n-cp-∂n-√. AXv At±-l-Øn\p lnX-am-bn-cn-°-bn-s√∂pw Rm≥ Adn™n-cp-∂p... h√ ]pXnb Imcy-ßfpw XpS-ßp-tºmƒ At±lw Nne-t∏mƒ Ft∂mSp A`n-{]mbw tNmZn-°mdp-≠m-bn-cp-∂p. Aß-s\-bp≈ Ah-k-c-ß-fn¬ At±l-Øn\p ckn-°-Ø° A`n-{]m-bta Rm≥ ]dI ]Xn-hm-bn-cp-∂p-≈q. (hym-g-h-´-kva-c-W-Iƒ, Xriq¿ (1916), 1958, ]pdw 68-˛69)

Npcp-°n-∏-d-™m¬ \h-am-Xr-Xz-sØ-°p-dn®v 20-˛mw \q‰m-≠ns‚ a≤y-Z-i-I-ß-fn¬ teJn-I-am¿ D∂-bn® kwi-b-ßƒ Aÿm-\-Øm-bn-cp-∂n√ F∂v \man∂p a\- n-em-°p-∂p. Ah-cpsS hna¿i\-ß-fn¬ Akm-[p-hmb H∂p-an-s√-∂√ CXn\¿∞w. Xo¿®-bmbpap≠v. "kv{Xok-lP - h - m-k\' sb∏‰n Nn∂-Ωmfp AΩbpw amXr-Xz-Øns‚ al-

Zvi-‡n-sb-°p-dn®v A¥¿P-\hpw kv{Xoi-co-cØns‚ Ipd-hp-I-sf-∏‰n kc-kz-Xn-b-Ωbpw h®p]p-e¿Ønb [mc-WI - ƒ AXn-itbm‡n]c-am-bncp-∂nt√ F∂ tNmZy-ap≠v; amXr-Xz-Øn-eqsS kv{XoIƒ H∂n-°p-sa-∂pw AXns\ hnI-kn-∏n°p-∂X - n-eqsS kaqlw IqSp-X¬ a\p-jy-Xz-]q¿Æam-Ip-sa∂pw a‰p-ap≈ {]Xo-£-Iƒ F{X Ab Ym¿∞am-sW∂v ]n≥Zr-jvSn-bn¬ hy‡-am-Ip-∂pap-≠v. F∂m¬ kz¥w (A-Wp)IpSpw-_-Øns‚ \mep-Np-ac - p-Iƒ°-∏p-dt- Ø°v kv{XoIsf IS-°m\-\p-h-Zn-°mØ amXrXzw kv{Xohn-cp-≤-am-Im-\mWnS F∂ B Xncn-®-dn-hns‚ {]k-‡nsb Ipd®p-Im-Wm-s\-fp-∏-a√! C°mcyw Xncn-®-dn-bpI am{X-a√ - , CXn-\\ - p-kr-Xa - mbn kz¥w Pohn-XsØ ]p\x-{I-ao-I-cn-°m\pw Xøm-dmb kv{XoIƒ tIcf-Øn¬ A°m-e-Øp-≠m-bn-cp-∂p-sh-∂-XmWv hkvXpX! Ah-cn-sem-cm-fm-bn-cp∂ sI. Nn∂-ΩbpsS Poh-Nc - n-{X-Im-c≥ hnh-cn® Hcp kw`-ha - mWv

_n. Ieym-Wn-bΩ (1880˛1942) Xncp-hn-Xmw-Iq-dnse \mb¿kv{Xo-I-fn¬ BZy-ambn _n.G _ncpZw Ic-ÿ-am-°n-bXv _n. Ieym-Wn-b-Ω-bm-bncp-∂p. Xncp-h-\-¥-]p-cØv P\n-®p-h-f¿∂ Ah¿ tIm´-bv°-IsØ sk\m-\m-an-j≥ kvIq-fn-emWv {]mY-an-I-hnZym-`ymkw ]q¿Øn-bm-°n-b-Xv. {]ikvX ]{X-{]-h¿Ø-I≥ kztZ-im-`n-am\n sI. cma-Ir-jvW-]n-≈sb hnhmlw-I-gn-®p. Xncp-hn-Xmw-Iq¿ k¿°m-cns‚ Agn-a-Xn-I-sf-°p-dn®v Xpd-s∂-gp-Xn-b-Xn\v cma-Ir-jvW-]n≈ \mSp-I-SØ-s∏-´p. Ieym-Wn-b-Ωbpw IpSpw-_hpw At±-l-tØm-sSm∏w ae-_m-dn-te°p Xma-kw-am-‰n. imcZ F∂ BZyImekv{Xo{]-kn-≤o-I-c-W-Øns‚ ]{Xm-[n-]am-cn-sem-cm-fm-bn-cp-∂p. ae-_m-dn¬ hnZym-`ym-k-h-Ip-∏n¬ tPment\m-°n. Xs‚ Pohn-X-sØ-°p-dn®pw cma-Ir-jvW-]n-≈-bp-am-bp≈ kl-hm-k-sØ-°p-dn®pw Fgp-Xnb hymg-h´-kva-c-W-Iƒ F∂ ]pkvXIw {]kn-≤-am-Wv. Ieym-Wn-bΩ ]n¬°m-e-sØ-gp-Xnb Bﬂ-I-Ym-]-c-amb cN-\Iƒ aI-fmb tKmaXn AΩ Hm¿Ω-bn¬\n∂v F∂ t]cn¬ {]kn-≤o-I-cn-®n-´p-≠v.

amdp∂ amXrXzw

127

ChnsS Hm¿Ω-hc - p-∂X - v. Xncp-h\ - ¥ - ] - p-cØv lnμpa-ln-fm-aμ - ncw F∂ tI{μw Zcn-{Z-kv{Xo-Iƒ°mbn Xpd∂ a\p-jy-kvt\ln F∂ \ne-bn¬ Ah¿ 20-˛mw \q‰m-≠ns‚ BZy-Z-i-I-ß-fn¬ {]kn-≤-bmbn-cp-∂p.> ImWpI ]pdw 155 < Ah¿°p t\cntS-≠n-h∂ hna¿i-\-sØ-°p-dn-®mWv Poh-N-cn-{XIm-c≥ hnh-cn-°p-∂Xv:

km[m-cW Hcp Krl-\m-bn-I-sb-t∏mse IYm-\m-bnIbpw [Nn-∂-Ω] ho´p-Im-cy-ßfpw `¿Xr-ip-{iq-jbpw ]p{X]cn-N-c-Whpw t\mt°-≠-Xm-bn-´p≠v F∂p ]d™n-´p-≠-t√m. F∂m¬ aμn-c-Øns‚ [ln-μp-a-ln-fma-μn-c-Øn-s‚] `mcw tIhew Xs‚ Npa-en¬Øs∂ Xmtß-≠n-h-∂-Xp-ap-X¬ ho´p-Im-cy-ß-fn¬ IYm-\mbnI ImWn-®n-cp∂ A\m-ÿ-sb-°-≠n´p ""\nßƒ kz¥w`h\w ad-∂-Xp-t]mse tXm∂p∂p, At√'' F∂v Hcp _‘p tNmZn-®-t∏mƒ, ""AsX Fs‚ hy‡n-Xz-Øn\v F\n-s°mcp kz¥w hoSp-th-≠...'' F∂m-sWs{X adp-]Sn ]d-™-Xv. (F≥. _me-Ir-jvW≥ \mb¿, sI. Nn∂Ω : PohN-cn-{Xw, Xncp-h-\-¥-]pcw, 1947, ]pdw. 120)

Cß-s\-bp≈ ss[cyw ˛ hoń-\p-]p-dØpw amXrXzw km≤y-am-sW∂ Bfl-hn-izm-khpw AXp shń-Øp-d-∂ßp ]d-bm-\p≈ {]Xn-_-≤Xbpw Ie¿∂ B ss[cyw ˛ C°m-eØv hnc-fam-bn-am-{Xta ImWp-∂p-≈p-sh-∂-XmWv tIcfobamXr-Xz-Øns‚ {]iv\w. \h-am-Xr-Xz-Øns‚ tZmj-ê - ß - ƒ C∂v ]cs° hna¿in-°s - ∏-Sp-∂ps≠-∂Xv t\cp-Xs∂ ˛ ]t£, AXns\ IpSpw_-]-cn-[n-Iƒ°-∏pdw \ho-I-cn-°m≥, kv{Xoi-coc-tØmSv \h-am-XrXzw Im´p∂ A\o-Xn-Iƒ Ahkm-\n-∏n-°m≥, XymKw, Zb apX-em-bh - sb "kv{Xo Kp-Wß - fm'bn Nn{Xo-Ic - n-°p-∂X - n-eqsS ê-Øn¬ ]pcp- j - ∑ msc Ah- b n¬\n∂v Hgn- h m- ° p∂ coXnsb FXn¿°m≥, Bcp≠v Xøm¿?

128

IqSp-X¬ Btem-N\ - bv°v {]_-eN - n-¥m-[m-cI - f - n¬ "imizXw', "Ncn-{Xm-XoXw' Fs∂ms° hmgvØ-s∏-Sp∂ {]{In-b-I-sfbpw {]Xn-`m-k-ß-sfbpw B \ne-bn¬\n∂p Xmsgs°m-≠p-h∂v Ncn-{X-Zr-jvSn°p hnt[-b-am-°m\p≈ {ia-ß-sf-bmWv "Ncn-{X-h¬°-c-W-{iaß'sf∂p ]d-bp-∂-Xv. F√m-°m-eØpw \ne-\n∂p-sh∂p \mw Icp-Xp∂ ]eXpw ˛ a\p-jy-icocw, _mey-Im-ew, amXrXzw Cßs\ ]eXpw ˛ C∂v "Ncn-{X-h¬°-cn°'s∏´n-cn-°p-∂p. Cu A≤ymbw "tIc-fob amXrXz'sØ Ncn-{X-Zr-jvSnbn-eqsS ]Tn-°m-\p≈ {]mY-an-I-{i-a-am-Wv. "Ncn{X-h¬°-cWw' Hcp-Xcw tNmZyw-sN-ø-emWv: `uXnI kml-N-cy-ßfpw Bi-b-hy-h-ÿ-Ifpw amdp-∂X - \ - p-kc - n®v "am‰an-√m-Øh'bmbn \mw ]qPn°p∂ {]Xn-`m-k-ßfpw {]{In-b-Ifpw cq]-s∏-´ph-∂-Xns‚ k¶o¿Æ-amb Ncn-{X-amWv CXn-eqsS \mw tXSp-∂-Xv. CXp-t]m-ep≈ tNmZyw-sN-ø-en\v hnt[-b-am-°m≥ Ign-bp∂ at‰-sXms° {]Xn-`mk-ß-fp≠v tIc-f-Øn¬?

amdp∂ amXrXzw

7 129

130

kv{XoicocØn\p Np‰pw \S∂ bp≤ßƒ! "am\y'ambn hkv{Xw [cn-°mØ kv{Xosb "NoØ' F∂p ap{Z-Ip-Øm≥ hfsc Ffp-∏am-Wv. F∂m¬ hkv{X-am-\y-X-sb-°p-dn®v \mw h®p-]p-e¿Øp∂ [mc-W-Iƒ F{XtØmfw s]m≈-bm-sW-∂-dn-bm≥ Ign™ \q‰m- ≠ n- e p- ≠ mb kmaq- l y- a m- ‰ - ß - f psS Ncn{Xw ]cn- t im[n- ®m¬am{Xw aXn. hkv { X- [ m- c - W - Ø nse Cc´kZm- N m- c hpw C∂sØ kv{Xo°v Xß-fpsS ico-c-ß-sf°p-dn-®p≈ A[-a-t_m-[hpw F{X-tØmfw ASn-t®¬∏n-°-s∏-´-h-bm-sW∂p Xncn-®-dnbm≥ C\nbpw sshIn-°q-Sm.

ico-csØ sIm≠p\St°≠ `mcw kv{XoIƒ kz¥w ico-csØ Fßs\, F{X aqSWw; Fßs\, FhnsS sIm≠p-\-S-°Ww F∂n-hs - b- w-_‘ - n-°p∂ ]e \nb-aß - fpw FgpX-s∏-Sm-sX-Xs∂ \ne-\n¬°p∂ \mSmWv tIcfw. Cu Aen-Jn-X-\n-b-a-ßsf Iq´m-°mØ kv{Xo Iƒ°v "ico-c{- ]-Z¿i\w \S-Øp∂p', "Ipg∏w hnfn®p-h-cp-Øp∂p' F∂p-Xp-Sßn ]e Btcm-]-Wßfpw tIƒt°-≠n-h-cpw. hkv{X-[m-c-W-Øns‚

131

"kmcn'bpw C¥y≥ kwkvIm-chpw "C¥y≥ kwkvIm-c-'Øns‚ DXv]-∂hpw Nn”-hp-ambn F√m-hcpw BZ-cn-°p∂ "kmcn' F∂ hkv{Xw \mw C∂p [cn-°p∂ coXn kwhn-[m-\w-sN-bvXXv Hcp hntZ-i-h-\n-X-bm-bn-cp-∂p-sh∂ Imcyw F{X-t]¿°-dn-bmw? _wKmƒ \thm-∞m-\-Øns‚ \mb-I-∑m-cn¬ Hcm-fm-bn-cp∂ tIi-_vN{μ sk∂pw sk\m-\m-an-j-\n¬ {]h¿Øn®n-cp∂ Hcp anj-Wdnh\n-Xbpw tN¿∂mWv "kmcn'°v Cu ]pXn-b-cq]w \evIn-b-Xv. _wKm-fn¬ kv{XoIƒ I\w-Ip-d™ ]cp-Øn-km-cn-Iƒam{Xta DSp-Øn-cp-∂p≈p ˛ Ah¿ ªukv, ]mhmS XpS-ßn-b-h-sbm∂pw D]tbm-Kn-®n-cp-∂n-√. _wKm-fnse NqSn\pw hnb¿∏n\pw ]‰nb hkv{X-[m-c-W-co-Xn-bm-bn-cp∂p AXv. Ahn-SpsØ kv{XoIƒ°v A∂v ico-c-sØ-°p-dn®v ]m]-t_m-[tam e÷tbm D≠m-bn-cp-∂n-√. F∂m¬ anj-W-dn-am¿°pw kmaq-ly-]-cn-jvI¿Øm-°ƒ°pw hkv{X-co-Xn-bn¬ kuIcyw, kpJw F∂-Xn-ep-]cn "am\yX'bmbn-cp∂p {][m\w. Ah¿ "kmcn'sb am\y-am-°m≥ Xocp-am-\n-®p. ]sØm-ºXmw\q‰m-≠nse {_nńjv kv{XoIƒ [cn-®ncp∂ \o≠ Ku¨ (\-ΩpsS C∂sØ ss\‰n-am-Xncn, Iptd-°qSn Cdp-In-b, Hcp thjw)t]mse AXns\ B°n-Øo¿°m-\m-bn-cp∂p Ah-cpsS {iaw. Cdp-In-b, Iøn-d-°hpw saøn-d-°-hp-ap≈ ªukv, ASn-∏m-hm-S (s]-‰n-t°m´v F∂mWv A∂sØ aZm-Ω-am¿ AXns\ hnfn-®n-cp-∂-Xv; \Ω-fn¬ Nne¿ C∂pw B hm°v D]tbm-Kn-°p-∂p.) Ch-IqSn tN¿Ø-t∏mƒ "kmcn' Kuäm-Xn-cn-bm-bn. "C¥y≥thjw' F∂ t]cn¬ CXv \mń¬apgp-h≥ {]N-cn-∏n-®p. C∂m-Is´ aZm-Ω-am¿ Ah-cpsS hkv{X-im-Ty-ß-sf√mw If™v kuI-cyw, kpJw, `wKn F∂n-hbv°v {]m[m\yw sImSp-°p-∂p. \Ω-tfm, Ah¿ sIń-tb-¬∏n® hkv{X-k-Zm-Nm-csØ "C¥y≥ kwkv Imc'ambn sX‰n-≤-cn®v AXn-s\bpw sIń-sb-gp-∂-≈n®p Ign-bp∂p! kmcn F∂ hkv{Xw "`mc-Xob tZio-b-th-j-'ambn amdn-bXv ]ehgn-°m-Wv. cmPm chn-h¿Ω lnμptZh-X-amsc Nn{Xo-I-cn-°m≥ Xp\n-™-t∏mƒ Ah¿°p ]‰nb hkv{Xw kmcn-bm-sW∂p Xocp-am-\n-°p-I-bm-bn-cp-∂p-h-t{X. C¥y-bnse ]e {]tZ-i-ß-fnepw kv{XoIƒ CXp [cn-°p-∂p-sh∂ Is≠-Ø-em-bn-cp∂p CXn\p {]tNm-Z-\w. F∂m¬ chn-h¿Ω-bpsS IÆnse "lnμpkv{Xo'bpsS amXrI kh¿Ælnμph\n-X-bm-bn-cp-∂p-sh∂ hmkvXhw ImtW-≠-Xp-≠v. alm-cm-jv{Sn-b≥ ssienbn¬ (alm-cm-jv{S-bnse kh¿Æ-kv{Xo-I-fpsS ssien-bn¬) hkv{X[m-c-Ww-sNbvX tZhXI-sf-bpw ]pcmWIYm-]m-{X-ß-sf-bp-amWv chn-h¿Ω-®n-{X-ß-fn¬ \mw ImWp-∂-Xv.

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Imcy-Øn¬ Chn-SpsØ kv{XoIƒ hf-sc-b[ - nIw {i≤n-°p-∂Xv C°m-c-W-Øm-em-Imw. "kmcn-°n-Sbn-eqsS hb¿ ImWp-∂t√m', "Zp∏´ ÿm\-ØpX-s∂-bt√' ˛ Cßs\ ]e ]cn-tim-[-\-Ifpw kzbw \SØnb-ti-j-amWv ae-bm-fnkv{Xo C∂v hoń¬\n∂v Cd-ßp-∂X - v. tImtf-Pv, tPmen-ÿew Chn-sS-sb√mw Cu ]cn-tim-[-\-Iƒ Bh¿Øn°-s∏-Sp-∂Xpw ]Xn-hm-W.v BWp-ßƒ°v CØcw Aku-Ic - y-ßƒ Ipd-hm-W.v Xe-ap-Sn-bpsS ssÃ¬, j¿´v Fhn-Sw-hsc Xpd-∂nSmw F∂ Imcy-ßf - n¬ BÏp-ń-Iƒ°v Nne-t∏m-sgms° \nb-{¥-W-ap≠m-hmw. ]t£, s]mXpsh ]d-™m¬ kz¥w ico-csØ Fßs\ sIm≠p-\S- ° - W - s - a∂ ImcyØn¬ BWp-ßƒ°v Iptd-°qSn kzmX-{¥y-ap-≠v. s]Æns‚ DSp-∏n\v Igp-Øn-d°w IqSn-t∏m-sb∂p ]d-bp-∂-h≥ ]e-t∏mgpw Cdp-In-∏n-Sn® Po≥tkm IÆm-Sn-t]mse kpXm-cy-amb apt≠m DSp-Øn-´mbn-cn°pw Ia‚ v ]m m-°p-I! s]Æn-\p-ta¬ ASnt®¬∏n-°p∂ "hkv{X-kZ- m-Nmcw' BWp-ßƒ°p _m[-I-a-s√∂ ]cn-]q¿Æ-hn-izm-k-Øn-emWv Ct±lw Ia‚-Sn-°p-∂X - v. ] - Sn-™m-d≥ hkv{X-ßƒ ˛ Po≥kv, ]m‚ vkv, sNdnb ]mhmS ˛ [cn-®m¬ kv{XoIƒ "C¥y≥ kwkvIm-c'-Øn\p ]pd-Øm-Ip-sa∂v ASp-Ø-ImeØv Nne Xo{h-hm-Zn-Iƒ ]d-™p-Xp-Sßn-bn-´p≠v. ]pcp-j-∑m¿ tIm´pw kq´pw Po≥kpw [cn®p \S°p-∂X - n¬ sX‰n√; Ah¿°v ap≠n-\S- n-bn¬ ASn∏m-hmS th≠; t\¿Ø j¿ń\Snbn¬ _\n-b≥ CSm-sXbpw \S°mw; sNdnb Ipń-\n-°-dp-an´v, Iøn- √ mØ _\n- b \pw Ib‰n tdmUn- e qsS Idßmw ˛ CsXm∂pw "C¥y≥kwkvImc'Øn\p Ipg∏whcp-Øn-√. F∂m¬ kv{XoIƒ AXns‚ ]Ip-Xn-h-gn-sb-Øn-bm¬ "F√mw\in®p' F∂p {]Jym-]n-°m≥ Bfp≠v! hmkvXh - Ø - n¬ Cu Cc´-Øm∏v Gdntbm Ipdt™m C¥y-bn-se-√m-bn-SØp-ap-≠v. aX-Xo-{h-hmZw hf¿∂-tXmsS CØcw {`m¥v Aev]w Ipd-hm-bn-cp∂ \K-c-{]-tZ-i-ßfn¬t∏mepw Cu Cc´kZm-Nmcw \S-∏n-em-°m\p≈ {ia-ßƒ IqSp-X-embn ImWp-∂p-≠v. hkv{X-[m-cW - Ø - ns‚ Ncn-{X-sa-Sp-Øm¬ tIcf-Øn\v Nne khn-ti-j-X-I-fp-≠v. ta¬hkv{Xw [cn-°mØ kv{XoIƒ A«o-e-{]-Z¿i\w \S-ØpI-bm-sW∂ [mcW c≠p-aq∂pXe-apdapºp-hsc ChnsS hnc-f-am-bn-cp-∂p-sh-∂-XmWv Ah-bn¬ BZy-tØ-Xv. GI-tZiw \mev]X - v˛- A - º - Xv h¿jw apºp-hs - cbpw \mń¬]p-dß - f - n¬ amdp-ad - b - ° v mØ apXn¿∂ kv{XoIsf km[m-c-W-bmbn ImWm-ambn-cp-∂p. ap≠pwªukpw t]cn-s\mcp tXm¿Øpw kv{Xoi-co-c-Øn\p Np‰pw \S∂ bp≤-ßƒ

[cn®v ISbn- e pw- a ‰pw t]mIp∂ kv { XoIƒ, aps´m∏w hkv{Xw-[-cn®v ]mSØpw ]d-ºnepw ]Wn-sb-Sp-°p-∂-h¿, ªukpw H∂-cbpw [cn®v Cud-t\msS Aº-e-ß-fn¬ sXmgp∂ kv{XoIƒ, Ip™p-ßƒ°p ape-sIm-Sp-°p-∂h - ¿ ˛ Ch-cmcpw ChnsS ImgvN-h-kvXp-°-fm-bn-cp-∂n√. C∂-sØb-t]-£n®v Zmcn{Zyw A[n-I-am-bn-cp∂ Ime-am-bncp-∂-Xp-sIm≠v C∂p \mw ]men-°p∂ tamSnsbm∂pw A∂sØ hkv{X-Øn-\n-√m-bn-cp-∂p-sh∂Xp hmkvXh - w-Xs - ∂. hkv{Xw-sIm≠v apgp-h\pw aqSn-sh-®n-´n-√mØ kv{Xoi-cocw F√m-bvt]mgpw "Ipg∏w' hnfn-®p-h-cp-Øp-sa∂ C∂sØ `bw A∂v Xo¿®-bmbpw Ipd-hm-bn-cp-∂p. as‰m-cp-X-cØn¬ ]d-™m¬, kv{Xoi-cocw "]m]sØ hnfn®p-hc - pØp'sa∂ t]Sn ASp-Øn-sS-bmWv C{Xbpw hym]-I-am-b-Xv. hmkvX-h-Øn¬ ]sØm-ºXmw \q‰m-≠p-ap-X¬ Ccp-]-Xmw-\q-‰m-≠ns‚ HSp-°w-hscbpw XpS¿∂p-h∂ Hcp \o≠ "bp≤'-Øns‚ `mK-am-bn-´mWv Cu [mc-Wbv°v C{Xbpw _e-ap≠m-b-Xv. C°m-eØv i‡-am-bn-Øo¿∂ kapZmb]cn-jvI-c-W-{]-ÿm-\-ßfpw kaq-lsØ B[p-\n-I-am-°n-Øo¿°m≥ {]b-Xv\n® k¿°mcp-Ifpw \m´p-Imsc "kwkv°mcw' ]Tn-∏n-°m≥ hmin-tbmsS {]h¿Øn® anj-W-dn-amcpw tN¿ ∂mWv Cu "bp≤'Øn\p Xøm-dm-b-Xv. ]c-º-cm-KX-amb A[n-Im-c-ÿm-]-\-ß-fn¬\n∂v ˛ AXmbXv ]gb IpSpw-_h - y-hÿ - I - ƒ, PmXn-\n-ba - ß - ƒ apX-em-bh - b - n¬\n∂v ˛ kv{Xoi-co-csØ "]nSn-s®SpØv' Xß-fpsS XmXv]-cy-ßƒ°-\p-kr-X-ambn AXns\ cq]-s∏-Sp-Øm-\p≈ "bp≤'ambn-cp∂p AXv. kv{XoIƒ ]e-t∏mgpw CXn¬ kPo-h-]-¶mfn-I-fm-bn-cp-∂p. F∂m¬ kv{Xoi-co-csØ kv{Xo Iƒ°p hn´p-sIm-Sp-°W - s - a∂ Bhiyw Ah-cn¬ A]q¿Δwt]¿ am{Xta D∂-bn-®p-≈p. F∂m¬ kv{XobpsS \·Xad-bv°p-∂-XmWv kwkvIm-csa∂p hmZn-°p-tºmgpw ]pcp-j\v CjvS-s∏-Sp∂ coXn-bn¬Øs∂ AXp sNbvXp-sIm-≈-W-sa∂ Bibw Ccp-]Xmw \q‰m-≠n¬ ]ecpw D∂-bn-®ptI-´t- ∏mƒ BZy-Imekv{Xohm-Zn-Iƒ Akz-ÿc - mbn. C∂pw Cu "bp≤w' XpS-cp-∂p-s≠-∂-XmWv kXyw. AtX `b-ßfpw Akzm-ÿy-ßfpw C∂pap-≠.v kv{Xoi-cocw kv{Xobp-tS-Xm-sW∂v IqSp-X¬ D®-Øn¬ hnfn-®p-]-d-bp∂ kv{Xoi-_vZ-ßƒ C∂p≠v F∂-XmWv hyXym-kw.

amdp-ad- b - v°epw \mWhpw am\hpw ]sØm-ºXmw\q‰m-≠nse tIc-fØ - n¬ \ne-hn-ep≠m-bn-cp∂ hkv{X-[m-c-W-co-Xn-Iƒ Chn-SsØ

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PmXn-hy-hÿ - b - p-ambn tN¿∂p-\n-∂n-cp∂-hb - m-Wv. s]mXpsh ]d-™m¬, IogvPm-Xn-°m¿°v tamis∏´ hkv{Xw [cn-°mt\ Ah-Im-i-ap-≠m-bn-cp∂p≈q; apń\pXmsg Ijv S n- s ®- Ø p∂ Achkv{Xw am{Xsa IogvPm-Xn-°m-cn¬ BWpws]Æpw [cn-®n-cp-∂p-≈p. Hmtcm PmXn-hn-`m-K°m¿°pw {]tXy-I-Xcw hkv{X-[m-cWw \n¿∫‘-am-bn-cp-∂-Xp-sIm≠v GsXm-cm-fp-sSbpw PmXn s]s´-∂p-Xs∂ shfnhm-bn-cp-∂p. Cu Nn´-Isf ewLn-°m≥ {ian-°p-∂Xv henb Ip‰-ambn IW°m-°-s∏-´p-an-cp-∂p. PmXn-hy-h-ÿ-bvs°-Xnsc ]sØm-ºXmw \q‰m-≠n¬ s]mń-∏p-ds - ∏´ Iem-]ß - f - n¬ hkv{X[m-cWw henb hnhm-Z-hnjbambXv NpΩm-X√. C°m-eØv sX°≥Xncp-hn-Xmw-Iq¿ {]tZ-iß - f - n¬ aX-{]-N-cWw \S-Øm-s\-Ønb anj-W-dn-am¿ ˛ F¬.-Fw.-Fkv. k`-bpsS {]h¿Ø-I¿ ˛ aXw-amdnb IogvPm-Xn-°m-cpsS hkv{X-[m-c-W-co-Xn-bn¬ am‰w-h-cp-Øm≥ {ian-®p. {InkvXobho£-W-{]Imcw kv{XoI-fpsS \·X A\p-h-Zn-®p-Iq-Sm-ØXm-bX - p-sIm≠v aXw-am-dnb kv{XoIƒ amdp-ad - b - ° v W-sa∂v Ah¿ \n¿∫-‘n-®p. F∂m¬ CØcw ]m]-t_m[w ]cn-Nb - n-°mØ kv{XoI-sf-s°m≠v CXv A\p-kc - n-∏n-°m≥ Ffp-∏a - m-bn-cp-∂n-√. am{Xa-√, sX°≥Xncp-hn-Xmw-Iq-dn¬ aXw-am-dn-b-h-cn¬ {][m-\n-Iƒ Nm∂m¿ PmXn-bn¬s∏-´h - c - m-bn-cp-∂p. Ah-sc- w-_‘ - n-®n-St- Ømfw aXw-am‰w am{X-a√ PmXn-°-b-‰hpw {][m-\-am-bn-cp-∂p. \mb¿kv{XoIƒ [cn-®n-cp∂ ta¬ap≠v A∂v IogvPm-Xn-bn¬ s∏´ kv{XoIƒ°v A\p-h-Zn-®n-cp-∂n-√. Cu \nbasØ ewLn-°m≥ Nm∂m¿kv{Xo-Iƒ Xøm-dm-bn. ªukv [cn®v \·X ad-bv°p-∂-Xn\p ]pdsa ta¬ap- ≠ p- I qSn [cn- ° m≥ Ah¿ apXn¿∂p. {InkvXy≥ Nm∂m-ń-If - psS hkv{X-[m-cW - c - o-Xnsb aXw-am-dmØ Nm∂m-ń-Ifpw A\p-I-cn®pXpS-ßn. hmkvXh - Ø - n¬ Nm∂m-ń-If - psS hkv{X-[m-cW - c - oXn-bn¬ am‰-ap-≠m-Im≥ CXp-am-{X-am-bn-cp-∂n√ ImcWw. Xncp-s\¬then {]tZ-iØv tPmen-sNbvXn-cp∂ ]e Nm∂m-∑mcpw kntem¨, aeb {]tZ-iß - f - n-te°v C°meØv IpSn-tb-dn-Øp-Sß - nbn-cp-∂p. CXn-s\-Øp-S¿∂v Ch-cpsS ÿm\Øv Xncp-s\¬th-en-bn-se-Ønb Nm∂m-∑m¿ AhnSpsØ Xan-gvkv{Xo-Isf A\p-I-cn®v kz¥w hkv{X-[m-c-W-Øn¬ am‰w-h-cp-Øn. Aß-s\, Npcp-°n-∏-d-™m¬, ]e Nm∂m-ń-Ifpw ªukv [cn-°m≥ XpSßn; ]ecpw ta¬ap-≠n-Sm-\pw. Ch¿ ªukv [cn-°p-∂-Xn-t\mSv D∂-X-Pm-Xn°m¿°v FXn¿∏n-√m-bn-cp-s∂-¶nepw ta¬ap≠v

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[cn-°m-\p≈ Ah-Imiw A∂sØ PmXn-\n-b-a{]-Imcw D∂-X-Pm-Xn-°m¿°p-am-{Xta D≠m-bn-cp∂p- ≈ p. Nm∂m- ´ n- I - f psS ta¬ap- ≠ p- [ m- c Ww sX°≥Xncp-hn-Xmw-Iq-dn¬ ]sØm-º-Xmw-\q-‰m≠ns‚ BZy-]I - p-Xn-bn¬ henb el-fbv°pw hg°n\pw CS-h-cp-Øn. AXn-s\-bmWv "amdp-a-dbv°¬ kacw' (Breast-cloth struggle) F∂p hnfn°p-∂-Xv. > ImWpI ]pdw 211-, 212 < Cu ka-c-Øn¬ anj-W-dn-amcpw {_nńj[nIm-cn-Ifpw Nm∂m-∑m-cpsS ]£-Øm-bn-cp-∂p. 1812¬Øs∂ Xncp-hn-Xmw-Iq¿ `cWw Gs‰-SpØ {_nńjv {]Xn-\n[n tIW¬ a¨tdm IogvPm-Xn°m-cn-Iƒ°v Ip∏mbw[cn-°m≥ A\p-hm-Z-aps≠∂v I¬∏\ ]pd-s∏-Sp-hn-®n-cp-∂p. F∂m¬ "ta¬ap≠v{]iv\w' cq£-am-bX - n-s\-Øp-S¿∂v 1822 apX¬ sX°≥tIc-fØ - n¬ ]e-bn-SØpw hkv{Xw[-cn® Nm∂m¿kv{Xo-Iƒs°-Xnsc \mb-∑m¿ A{Iaw Agn-®p-hn-´p. CSbv°pw apdbv°pw elf s]mń-∏p-d-s∏-´-t∏mƒ {InkvXy≥Nm∂m-ń-Iƒ°v ªukn-Sm-sa∂pw F∂m¬ Ah¿ \mb-∑m-sct∏mse ta¬ap≠v [cn-®p-Iq-sS∂pw k¿°m¿ {]Jym-]n-®p. aXw-am-dmØ Nm∂m-ń-Iƒ°v CXp c≠pw ]mSn-√m-bn-cp-∂p. 1858¬ ho≠pw cq£-amb kwL¿j-ap-≠m-bn. 1859¬ {InkvXy≥Nm∂m-ńIƒ°p Ip∏m-b-an-Sm-sa∂pw AtXhkv{Xw a‰p Nm∂m- ´ nIƒ°pamIm- s a∂pw kΩ- X n- ® p- s Im≠p≈ k¿°m¿ {]Jym-]-\-ap-≠m-bn. anj-W-dnam¿ a{Zm-knse {_nńjv A[n-Im-cn-Isf kao]n®v Xncp-hn-Xmw-Iq¿ k¿°m-cn-\p-ta¬ IqSp-X¬ kΩ¿±wsNep-Ø-W-sa∂v A`y¿∞n-®p. A{]Imcw {_nńjv A[n-Im-cn-Iƒ {]h¿Øn-°p-Ibpw sNbvXp. HSp-hn¬ 1865¬ hkv{X-[m-c-W-°m-cyØn¬ \ne-hn-ep-≠m-bn-cp∂ \ntcm-[\ - ß - sf apgph≥ \o°w-sNbvX {]Jym-]\w k¿°m-cn¬ \n∂p≠m-bn. hf-sc-∏-Xps° F√m PmXn-°mcpw Ip∏m-bhpw ta¬ap≠pw [cn-®p-Xp-S-ßn. PmXn-sb-°p-dn-°p∂ hkv{X-[m-cW - c - o-Xn-Isf ]c-ky-ambn Dt]-£n-®p-sIm≠v ]pXnbcoXn-Isf kzoI-cn-°p-∂Xv C°m-e-sØbpw ]n¬°m-esØbpw PmXn-hn-cp-≤-k-a-c-ß-fpsS Hcp khntij{]tbm-Ka - mbn amdn. 1916¬ sIm√Øp \S∂ tbmK-Øn¬h®v Xncp-hn-Xmw-Iq-dnse Iogm-ft- \-Xmhm-bn-cp∂ Aø-¶m-fn-bpsS t\Xr-Xz-Øn¬ ]peb-kv{Xo-Iƒ Xßƒ ]c-º-cm-K-X-ambn [cn-®p-h∂n-cp∂ "I√bpw amebpw' hen-s®-dn-™p. s]mbv I-bn¬ A∏-®s‚ A\p-Iq-en-I-fmb Iogm-f-P-\ßƒ hrØn-bp≈ sh≈-hkv{Xw [cn-°m≥ XpSßn. > ImWpI ]pdw 40 < kv{Xoi-co-c-Øn\p Np‰pw \S∂ bp≤-ßƒ

"amdp-ad - b - v°¬ Iem]w' IogvPm-Xn-°m-cn-Isf ssewKnI ASn-a-I-fmbn \ne-\n¿Øp-∂-Xn-s\-Xnsc-bp≈ s]m´n-sØ-dn-bm-bn-cp-∂p-sh∂v ]ecpw ]d-™n-´p-≠v. 1822-ap-X¬ 1860-Iƒh-sc-bp-≠mb el-f-I-fn¬ Ip∏m-b-w[-cn® Nm∂m¿kv{Xo-Iƒ B{I-aW - h - n-t[-bI - f - m-bn-sb-∂Xv hmkvXh - w-Xs∂ ˛ Ah-cpsS ta¬h-kv{XsØ _e-{]-tbm-K-ØneqsS Agn-®p-\o-°m-\mWv D∂-X-Pm-Xn-°m-cmb A{I- a n- I ƒ {ian- ® - X v . ]t£, tIc- f - Ø nse kv{XoIƒ ]≠p-Im-eØv amdp-a-d-bv°m-Xn-cp-∂Xv

D≈-Xp-sImt≠m As√-¶n¬ ssewKnI ASn-aØw C√m-Ø-Xp-sImt≠m am-{X-a√ Ah¿ amdp-a-d-®ncp-∂X - .v bYm¿∞-Øn¬ amdp-ad- b - ° v ¬Im-cy-Øn¬ A{X-h-enb ISpw-]n-Sn-Ø-sam∂pw {InkvXo-bkv{Xo-Iƒ°p-≠m-bn-cp-∂n-s√∂v kqNn-∏n-°p∂ sXfn-hp-I-fp-ap-≠v. 19-˛mw \q‰m-≠ns‚ BZy-Z-i-Iß-fn¬ Xncp-hn-Xmw-Iq¿ {_n´njn\p Iogvs∏-´-bpS≥ Chn-SsØ {]Ir-Xn-hn-`-h-ß-sf-°p-dn®pw P\ß-sf-°p-dn®pw IqSp-X¬ hnh-c-ßƒ tiJ-cn-°m\mbn {_n´njv A[n-Im-cn-Iƒ hm¿Uv, tImW¿

Ah¿ ta¬Pm-Xn-°m-cpsS ssewKnI ASn-a-I-fmbn-cp-∂XpsIm-≠msW∂ hmZw icn-bmtWm? ]p\x-]-cn-tim-[n-t°≠ Im-cyam-Wn-Xv. IogvPm-Xnkv{Xo-Isf D∂-X-Pm-Xn-°m-cmb ]pcp-j-∑m¿ ssewKn-IN - q-jW - Ø - n\p hnt[-bc - m-°n-bn-cp-∂p-sh∂Xv t\cp-X-s∂. F∂m¬ amdp-a-d-bv°mØ hkv{X-[m-cWw Cu Nqj-W-Øns‚ `mK-am-bncpt∂m? As√∂p kqNn-∏n-°p∂ sXfn-hp-Iƒ Ipd-h√ - . tIc-fØ - n¬ ap…nw, kpdn-bm\n {InkvXob-hn-`m-K-ß-fn¬s∏´ kv{XoIƒ ]≠p-ap-X¬t° Ip∏mbw [cn-®n-cp-∂p-sh-∂Xv hkvXp-X-bm-Wv. F∂m¬ ico-c-sØ-°p-dn-®p≈ "]m]-t_m[w'

F∂o c≠p {_n´njp-Im-sc-s°m≠v ChnsS Hcp k¿tΔ \S-Øn-bn-cp-∂p. Chn-SsØ kpdn-bm-\nkv{Xo-Iƒ Ip∏m-bw[cn-°p-sa-¶n-epw CS-bv°pw apd-bv°p-sams° AXp am‰n-hb - v°m\pw a‰p-kv{XoI-sf-t∏mse \S-°m\pw Ah¿°p aSn-bn-s√∂pw Ch¿ Xß-fpsS dnt∏m¿´n¬ \nco-£n-®n-cp∂p! Xs∂-bp-a-√, ta¬Pm-Xn-bn¬s∏´ GsXmcp hy‡n-bp-sSbpw ap∂n¬ IogvPm-Xn-bn¬s∏-´-h¿ ˛ ]pcp-j-\m-bmepw kv{Xobm-bmepw ˛ ta¬ hkv{Xw am‰n-∏n-Sn®v hμn-®p-\n¬-°-W-sa-∂m-bncp∂p \nbaw ˛ AXm-bXv kv{XoIƒ°p-am{Xw _m[-I-amb \nb-a-a-√m-bn-cp∂p CXv. 1717-ap-X¬

kv{Xoi-co-c-Øn\p Np‰pw \S∂ bp≤-ßƒ

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1723-hsc sIm®n-bn¬ Xma-kn-®n-cp∂ tP°_vkv Im‚¿ hnkv N ¿ (Jacobus Canter Visscher) A∂sØ sIm®o-cm-Pk - Z- - n-s\-°p-dn®v Cßs\ FgpXn:

... sIm®o-cm-Pm-hns‚ kma-¥¿ (a-ßm-Sv, ]pd-°mSv apXem-b-h) At±-l-tØmSv _lp-am\w {]I-Sn-∏n-°Ww; At±-l-Øns‚ km∂n-≤y-Øn¬ Ah¿ ta¬h-kv{Xa-gn-°Ww; ta¬hkv{Xw [cn-°m≥ At±lw A\p-hZn- ° p- w hsc Ah¿ \·- ß - f mb Npa- e p- I - t fmsS Aßs\ \n¬°-Ww... kv{XoIfpw ]pcp-j-∑m-sc-t∏mse-X-s∂-bmWv \a-kv°-cn-°p-∂Xv ˛ ta¬ap≠v Xmtgbv°n-´v, ssIIƒ ap∂n¬sI-´n-h-®p-sIm-≠v. (sI.-]n. ]ﬂ-\m-`-ta-t\m≥, History of Kerala hmfyw 2, New Delhi, (1929),1984, ]pdw 30)

CtX ]pkvX-I-Øn¬ as‰m-cn-SØv ]fl-\m-`ta-t\m≥ Iptd-°qSn kao-]-am-b-Im-e-Øv ˛ 20-˛mw \q‰m-≠ns‚ BZy-h¿j-ß-fn¬ ˛ sIm®n-bn¬ \S∂ Hcp kw`-hhpw hnh-cn-°p-∂p-≠v. Xr∏q-WnØpd ]q¿Æ-{X-bo-it- £-{X-Øn¬ sIm®o-t°m-hne-IsØ Hcp Xºp-cmń Z¿i-\-Øn-\mbn FØnb-th-fb - n¬ ªukv[cn® Hcp \mb¿bp-hXn AhcpsS ap∂n-eqsS IS-∂p-t]m-b-Xn-s\-s®m-√n-bp≠mb tImem-l-esØ At±lw h¿Æn-°p∂p≠v. ta¬hkv{Xw Agn®v Xºp-cm-ń-tbm-Sp≈ _lp-am\w {]Z¿in-∏n-°-W-sa∂v cmP-`-S-∑m¿ bph-Xn-tbmSv Bh-iy-s∏-s´-¶nepw Ah¿ AXn\p hg-ßn-bn-√. `S-∑m¿ _e-{]-tbm-K-Øn-eqsS bphXn-bpsS hkv{Xagn®p ˛ CXn-s\-°p-dn®v bph-XnbpsS IpSpw-_°m-cW - h - ¿ alm-cm-Pm-hn\p ]cmXn \¬In-sb-¶nepw adp-]-Sn-sbm∂pw e`n-®n-√s{X! CXp- I q- S msX B‰n- ß ¬dm- W n- b psS ap∂n¬ Ip∏mbw [cns®Ønb \m´pImcnbmb kv{XobpsS ape-Iƒ apdn-®p-I-f-bm≥ DØ-c-hp-≠m-bn-sb∂v A°m-esØ Hcp \nco-£-I≥ tcJ-s∏-Sp-ØnbXpw tat\m≥ D≤-cn-°p-∂p-≠v. ]pcp-j-∑mcpw kv{XoIfpw Hcp-t]mse ta¬hkv{Xw [cn-°m-Øh-cm-bn-cp-s∂-∂pw C°m-cy-Øn¬ alm-cm-Pmhpw G‰hpw Ffnb tkh-I\pw Hcp-t]m-se-bm-bn-cps∂∂pw shfn- h m- ° p∂ \nc- h [n tcJ- I ƒ tat\m≥ lmP-cm-°p-∂p-≠v. kv{Xobp-sSbpw ]pcpj-s‚bpw \·-amb amdnSw shdpw km[m-cW ImgvN-bm-bn-cp∂psh∂v kmcw ˛ C∂v \mw ssI Im-ep-Isf ImWp-∂X - p-t]m-se. A°m-eØv tIcf-Øn-se-Ønb bqtdm-]y≥ \nco-£I - c - n-sem-cm-fmbn-cp∂ tPm¨ sl≥dn t{Kmkv (John Henry Grose) C{]-Im-c-sa-gpXn:

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Cu cmPysØ kv{XoIƒ°v amdn-S-Øns‚ Hcp-`m-Khpw ad-bv°m≥ A\p-hm-Z-an√; AXp \·-am-bn- h-bv°p-∂Xn¬ Fs¥-¶nepw Ipd-®n-ep-s≠∂v Ah¿ Icp-Xp-∂pan√; B tXm∂¬Xs∂ Cu ImgvN ]g-Ipt¥mdpw C√m-Xm-hp-Ibpw sNøpw. an° bqtdm-]y-∑m¿°pw BZysØ ImgvN-bn¬ {]tem-`\w tXm∂pw. []-t£] hfsc s]s´-∂p-Xs∂ B tXm∂¬ Ah-km-\n°pw; Chn-S-Øp-Im-sc-t∏mse Ahcpw CXn-s\-∏‰n A[nI-sam∂pw hnIm-cw-sIm-≈m-sX-bm-Ipw. As√-¶n¬ Cu ico-c-`m-K-ßsf apJw, ssIIm-ep-Iƒ apX-em-bh-sb-t∏mse I≠p-Xp-S-ßpw. (]-ﬂ-\m-`-ta-t\m≥ D≤-cn-®Xv, History of Kerala hmfyw 3, 1984, ]pdw 201-˛2) am{X-a-√, amdp-a-d-bv°p∂ kv{XoIƒ A`n-km-cnI-am-cm-sW∂ hnizm-kw-t]m-ep-ap-≠m-bn-cp∂p! FenIv sd¢kv (Elic Reclus) F∂ {_n´o-jp-Im-c≥ 19-˛mw \q‰m≠n¬ Xe-t»-cn-bn¬ ]cn-N-b-s∏´ Xoø-h-\n-X-I-sf°p-dn®v ]d-™Xv {i≤n-°pI:

Cu kv{XoIƒ F{X-Xs∂ AS-°-sam-Xp-°hpw HuNnXy- h p- a p- ≈ - h - c m- b m- e pw- i - c n, Ac- b v ° p- a p- I - f n¬ bmsXmcp hkv { Xhpw [cn- ° n√: amdp- a - d - b v ° m≥ Rßƒ thiy-I-f-√, Ah¿ ]d-bpw. Chsc Bb-amcmbn hoń¬ \nb-an® Cw•ojv h\n-X-Iƒ {_nó-jvam\y- X - b psSt]cn¬ am¿°- ® - s b- ¶ nepw [cn- ° m≥ Chsc t{]cn-∏n-°m-dp≠v; ]t£, Hmtcm-X-h-Wbpw hmin-tb-dnb FXn¿∏n-s\-bmWv Ah¿ t\cn-Sp-∂-Xv. [Cw-•ojv kv{XoI-tfm-Sv] s]cp-h-gn-bn-eqsS \·-cmbn \S-°-W-sa∂v Bsc-¶nepw Bh-iy-s∏-´m¬ Ah¿ GXp- hm-in-tbmsS FXn¿°p-tam, AtX hmin-bmWv [Xo-ø-kv{Xo-Iƒ ta¬h-kv{X-Øn-s\-Xn-sc] {]Z¿in-∏n°p-∂X - v. (]-fl-\m-`-ta-t\m≥ History of Kerala hmfyw 3, 1984, ]pdw 201-.)

19-˛mw \q‰m-≠n¬ anj-W-dn-am-cpsS hchv h¿≤n-°p-Ibpw {_n´n-jv`-cWw \S-∏m-hp-Ibpw sNbvX-Im-e-Øv Cu at\m-`mhw amdm≥ XpS-ßnbncp∂p. {InkvXo-b-aq-ey-ß-f-\p-k-cn®v kv{Xoico-c-Øns‚ \·X ]m]-amWv; AXv Aan-X-amb ssewKn-I-hn-Nm-c-Øn-\n-S-h-cp-Øp-∂p. Aßs\ Hcp {]Xn-I-cWw ChnsS km[m-c-W-a√ F∂v 13˛mw \q‰m-≠p-ap-X¬ 19-˛mw \q‰m-≠p-h-sc-bp≈ bqtdm-]y≥ k©m-cn-Iƒ XpS¿®-bmbn tcJ-s∏Sp-Øn-sb-¶nepw anj-Wd - n-am¿°v t_m≤y-am-bn√! Chn-SsØ kv{XoI-fpsS \·X "kwkv°m-c iq\y'XbpsSbpw"AanXssewKn-Im-k‡n'bp sSbpw AS-bm-fa - mbn. amdp-ad - b - v°mØ kv{XoIƒ kv{Xoi-co-c-Øn\p Np‰pw \S∂ bp≤-ßƒ

137

]pcp-j-∑msc sIWn-bn¬s∏-Sp-Øm≥ \S°p-∂h-cm-sW∂pw Ah¿ "kvX\w-Imń [\w ]dn-°p ∂p'sh∂p {]mk-sam-∏n®p ]d-bm\pw 19-˛mw \q‰m≠nse anj-W-dn-am¿°p aSn-bp-≠m-bn-cp-∂n-√ (F∂m¬ t\csØ ]d-™-Xp-t]m-se, amdp-a-d®p-\-S-°p∂ kv{XobmWv thiy F∂m-bn-cp∂p Cu \mń¬ ]c-s°-bp≈ hnizmkw!). tIc-fØn\p- ]p-d-Øp-t]mbn hnZym-`ym-kw-sNbvX aebm-fn-I-fnepw Cu hnizmkw ]Xps° thcp-d-®pXp-S-ßn-bn-cp-∂p. 1915¬ ae-_m-dnse kmaq-ly-Pohn- X - s Ø- ° p- d n®v Fgp- X nb s{Ûv ^mk‰v \mb¿kv{Xo-I-fpsS hkv{X-[m-c-W-Øn-ep-≠m-bn-

138

s°m-≠n-cp∂ am‰sØ Aev]w Bi-¶-tbm-sSbmWv I≠Xv:

am\y-kv{Xo-Iƒ amdp-a-d-®p-IqS F∂ [mcW k¿Δ{X \ne-hn-ep≈ ae-_m-dn¬ ASp-ØnsS Cu k{º-Zmb-sØ-°p-dn®v Hcp-X-cw -\m-W-t°Sv sas√ ]S¿∂pXp-S-ßn-bn-cn-°p-∂p; hnti-jn®pw []p-d-Øv] bm{X-sNbvXn-´p-≈-h¿°n-S-bn¬. hkv{Xw ]mc-º-cy-a-\p-k-cn-®mWt√m [\n¿Æ-bn-°-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv]; e÷-sb-°p-dn-®p≈ s]m≈-bmb [mc-W-Iƒ D∂-X-Ip-e-Pm-X-bmb \mb¿ h-\n-X-bpsS \S-Ø-bn¬ {]I-S-am-Ip∂ kzm`m-hnI

A¥- n-\p- ]-Icwh∂m¬ AXp hfsc IjvS-amsW∂p ]dt™ aXn-bm-hq. (Fred Fawcett, Nayars of Malabar, New Delhi, (1915)1984, ]pdw 198.)

F∂m¬ At∏m-tg°pw "bp≤w' Bcw-`n-®pI-gn-™n-cp∂p; ^mk‰ns‚ tJZw {i≤n-°-s∏´n√. kv{Xo\-·X "kwkv°mc'Øns\-Xn-cm-sW∂ [mcW A°m-esØ F√m kap-Zm-b-]-cn-jv°cW{]ÿm-\-ßfpw Dƒs°m-≠p-I-gn-™n-cp-∂p. ]mc-ºc - y-Øns‚ ]nSn-bn¬\n∂v kv{Xoi-co-csØ hos≠-Sp-°m-\p≈ X{¥-sa-∂-\n-e-bn¬ Cu {]ÿm-\ß - s - f√mw kv{XoI-fpsS hkv{X-]c - n-j° v mc-Øn\v ap¥nb ÿm\w\¬In. 19-˛mw \q‰m-≠n¬ kv{XoI-fpsS hkv{X-[m-c-W-co-Xnsb _e-{]-tbmK-Øn-eqsS am‰n-s°m≠v PmXn-hy-hÿ - sb sh√phn-fn® Cugh{]am-Wn-am-cpsS \nc-h[n IY-Iƒ C∂pw Xncp-hn-Xmw-Iq-dn¬ tIƒ°m-\p≠v ˛ Bdm´p-]p-gb - nse them-bp-[∏ - W - n-°¿, Imbw-Ip-fsØ Ieym-t»cn A®≥ apX-emb hoc-]p-cp-j-∑m¿ Cug-h-kv{Xo-Isf _e-ambn tXm¿Øp-Sp-∏n-°pIbpw ImXp-Ip-Øn-°p-I-bpw-a‰pw sNbvX-Xns‚ IY-Iƒ C∂pw B {]tZ-i-ß-fn¬ tIƒ°m-\p≠v. Ch-sc-t∏mse t\cn-´p≈ _e-{]-tbm-K-ØneqsS As√-¶nepw Nnet∏msg¶nepw ]tcm-£amb kΩ¿±w sNep-tØ-≠n-h-∂n-cp-∂p, kapZmb]cn-jv°¿Øm-°ƒ°v. {_m“-W-ta-[m-hnXzsØ sNdp-°m-\p≈ am¿§-ambn \mb¿k-ap-Zmbt\-Xm-°ƒ kv{XoI-fpsS amdp-a-d-bv°-ens\ ]n¥m-ßn-b-t∏mƒ, \ºq-Xn-cn-k-ap-Zm-b-]-cn-jv°¿ Øm-°ƒ A¥¿P-\-ß-fpsS amdp-a-d-bv°m-\p≈ {ia-ßsf ]n¥m-ßp-I-bm-bn-cp-∂p. _e-{]-tbm-KØns‚ ]e IY-Ifpw Cu Du¿÷n-X-{i-a-ß-sf°p-dn-®p≈ Hm¿Ωn-°-ep-I-fn¬ tIƒ°m-\p-≠v. amdp-a-d-bv°m≥ hnk-Ω-Xn® Ac-b-kv{Xo-Isf Nmbw-]q-in-hn´ Ac-bk - a - p-Zm-bt- {]-an-If - mb bphm°-∑m-sc-°p-dn®v ]n.-sI. Uoh¿ F∂ Ac-b-kap-Zmb ]cn-j° v ¿Øm-hns‚ Poh-Nc - n-{X-Øn¬ ]dbp-∂p-≠v. Cug-h-k-ap-Zm-b-t\-Xm-hm-bn-cp∂ sI.F-kv. i¶p-hns‚ `mcy Ip™n-b-Ωbv°pw CØc-samcp IY-bp-≠m-bn-cp-∂p. tIm´-b-Øp-\n∂v Nß-\m-t»-cn-hsc ªukn´ ]Øn-cp-]Xp s]Æpß-fpsS PmY \S-Øn-bXn-s\-°p-dn-®mWv IY. Ip™n-bΩ AXn¬ ap≥\n-c-°m-cn-bm-bn-cp-∂p. Ipd-®p-Zqcw sN∂-t∏mƒ ]e-kv{Xo-Ifpw Ip∏m-ba-gn®p aSn-bn¬h®p. CXn-s\-Øp-S¿∂v InS-ßq¿ap≠≥ F∂-bmƒ ªuk-gn® s]Æp-ßf - psS ap∂nte°v ]q¿Æ\·-\mbn IS-∂psN-∂t{X! kv{Xoi-co-c-Øn\p Np‰pw \S∂ bp≤-ßƒ

hkv{X-[m-cW - hpw kv{XoI-fp-sS ta¬ _e-{]-tbm-Khpw hkv{X-[m-c-W-]-cn-jvIm-csØ kv{XoIƒ kzm`mhn-I-ambn kzoI-cn-®p-sh∂v \mw ]e-t∏mgpw [cn°m- d p- ≠ v . CXp icn- b - √ . ico- c - s Ø- ° p- d n®v \mWw-tXm-∂p-∂Xv kzm`m-hn-I-am-sW∂ [mc-WXs∂ icn-b-√. kv{Xoi-co-c-Øns‚ \·X am\ya-s√∂ tXm∂¬ i‡-am-b-t∏m-gmWv kv{XoIƒ ta¬hkv{Xw \n¿∫-‘-ambpw C´p-Xp-S-ßn-b-Xv. Cu tXm∂¬ Ah-cn-ep-≠m-°m≥ ]pcp-j∑ - m-cmb ]cn-jvI¿Øm-°ƒ°v hfsc A≤zm-\n-t°-≠nh∂p F∂p kqN-\-bp-ap≠v. ]e-t∏mgpw _e{]tbm-KØ - n-eq-sS-Øs∂ Ah¿ kv{XoI-fpsS hkv{X[m-cW - t- _m-[Ø - n¬ am‰w-hc - p-Øm≥ t\m°p-Ibpw sNbvXp. G‰p-am-\q¿ tkma-Zm-k≥ Ac-b-k-apZmbt\Xm-hm-bn-cp∂ ]n.sI. Uoh-dns‚ Poh-Ncn-{X-Øn¬ 1920-If - n¬ \S∂ CØ-cs - amcp kw`hw hnh-cn-°p-∂p-≠v:

a’y-hn-ev]-\-°m-cn-I-fm-bn-cp∂ [oh-c-kv{Xo-Iƒ amdpa-d®p \S-°-W-sa∂v Idp-∏≥ amÃ¿ [A-c-b-t\-Xm-hmbn-cp∂ ]WvUn‰v Idp-∏≥] BZy-Im-ew-ap-X¬t° \n¿ ∫-‘n-®n-cp-∂p. ªukv A∂v km[m-c-W-a-√m-bn-cp-∂p. Db¿∂PmXn kv{XoIƒ ape-°®sI´p-Itbm du° [cn-°p-Itbm sNbvXn-cp-∂p. Ac-b-Øn-Iƒ°v AXp ]mSn-√m-bn-cp-∂p. AXp-sIm≠v Idp-∏≥am-Ã¿ \n›bn-®Xv I®-tØm¿Øm-Wv. "Idp-∏≥I®' F∂ t]cnemWv Ac-bk - v{Xo-Iƒ°n-Sb - n¬ AX-dn-bs - ∏-´n-cp-∂Xv. ]t£, I®-bp-Sp-°m≥ ]e¿°pw Aku-I-cy-am-bntØm- ∂ n. Ah¿ "Idp- ∏ ≥I®'bn¬\n∂v kzbw tamNn-X-cm-bn. AXn-s\mcp ]cn-lmcwIs≠-Øn-bXv Uohdpw AXv {]tbm-K-Øn¬h-cp-Øn-bXv ]cn-jv°c-W-{]n-b-cmb Nne bphm-°-fp-am-bn-cp-∂p. NmbwIe°nb Hcp Sn∂pw {_jp-ambn Ah¿ hgn-b-cn-In¬ ImØp-\n¬°pw. \·-am-dn-S-hp-ambn Xe-bn-¬ ao≥Ip´- b psS _m- e ≥kp- s X- ‰ msX IpWp- ß n- ° p- W pßn Iqk-en-√msX \S-∂p-h-cp∂ kv{XoIsf Nmbw-]qin hnSpw. B hnZy ^en-®p. Idp-∏≥I® Dt]-£n-®-hscm--s-° ho≠pw AXpkzoI-cn-®p-XpS-ßn. (Uo-h¿ F∂ I¿Ω-[o-c≥, sIm®n, 1993, ]pdw 42-˛43)

Cßs\ _e-{]-tbm-KØ - n-eq-sS-b√ - m-sX, \b{]-tbm-KØ - n-eq-sS kv{- XoIsf hkv{Xw[cn-∏n-°m≥ t{]cn-∏n-°p∂ coXn-If - m-bn-cp∂p A[n-Ihpw {]Nmc-Øn-ep-≠m-bn-cp-∂-Xv. 1916¬ Abn-cq-cn¬ IqSnb \mb¿k-tΩ-f\w \of≥Ip-∏mbw [cn-°m≥ [\ti-jn-bn-√mØ kv{XoIƒ sNdnb "Pº¿' (jumper) [cn®m¬a-Xn-sb∂v {]tabw ]mkm°n ˛ CXv "\b-

139

{]-tbmK'ambn-cp∂p. Xncp-hn-Xmw-Iq¿ k¿°m¿ Cu {ia-ßsf ]n¥m-ßp-Ibpw sNbvXp. 1891se Xncphn-Xmw-Iq¿ sk≥kkv dnt∏m¿ńs‚ I¿Øm-hmb hn. \mKw Aø F∂ DtZym-K-ÿ≥ ChnsS "ÿnXn-K-Xn-Iƒ' sa®-s∏-´p-h-cp-∂p-sh∂v \nco£n®p: "sX°p-`m-K-Øp-\n∂v [A-Xm-bXv, anjW-dn-kzm-[o\w i‡-amb sX°≥ Xncp-hn-XmwIq-dn¬\n-∂v] kwkvImcw ASn-h®v apt∂-dp∂p; Xncp-h\ - ¥ - ] - p-cØv AXns‚ êw Zriy-am-bn-ØpS-ßn-bn-cn-°p∂p-', At±-l-sa-gp-Xn, "[C-hn-sS] ta¬ap≠p[cn-°msX ]pd-Øn-dß - m≥ Xøm-dp≈ H‰ \mb¿s]Ïp-ń-t]m-ep-an-√.' (Xn-cp-hn-Xmw-Iq¿ sk≥k-kv, 1891, ]pdw 768-˛69) 20-˛mw \q‰m-≠ns‚ BZy-h¿j-ß-fn¬Øs∂ Xncp-h-\-¥-]p-csØ ]fl-\m-`-kzm-an-t£-{X-Ønse Bdm-´p-a-tlm-’h-Øns‚ Fgp-∂≈ - Ø - n¬ \mb¿bp-hX - n-Iƒ amdpa-d-bv°msX hnf-s°-Sp-°p∂ ]Xn-hns\ ]{Xßƒ \nin-X-ambn hna¿in-®p-Xp-S-ßn-bn-cp-∂p. 1905¬ Cu ]Xnhp amdn.

kv{XoIfpsS hkv{X-[m-cW - hpw kmaq-ln-I] - c- n-j° v c- W - hpw Cu am‰-ßt- fmSv C°m-eß - f - nse kv{XoIƒ Fßs\-bmWv {]Xn-I-cn-®Xv? kv{XoIsf ]pXn-b-co-XnIƒ ]Tn-∏n-°m\pw ]cn-jv°-cn-°m-\p-ap≈ ]cn{iaw i‡n-{]m-]n® Ime-am-bn-cp∂p CXv. kvIqƒ hn-Zym-`ym-kw-t\Sn k¿°m-cnepw ]pXnb hnZym`ymkÿm]-\ß - f - nepw I®-hS- ÿ m-]\ - ß - f - n-epwa‰pw tPmen-t\m-°m≥ XpS-ßnb ]pcp-j-∑m¿ ]gbIpSpw-_-ß-fnepw Xd-hm-Sp-I-fnepw {]Nm-cØn-ep-≠m-bn-cp∂ DSp∏pw\S∏pw Dt]-£n®v ]pXnbioe-ßƒ kzoI-cn-®p-Xp-Sß - n-bn-cp-∂p. Ahtcm-sSm∏w Ign-tb≠ kv{XoIƒam{Xw ]g-©≥ DSp∏pw Ae-¶m-chpw sIm≠p-\-S-°p-∂Xv DNn-Xam-bn-cn-°n-s√∂v kmaqly]cn-jv°¿Øm-°ƒ Nq≠n-°m-Wn-®p. AXp-sIm≠v kv{XoI-fpsS hkv{X-[m-cW - sØ Imtem-Nn-Xa - m-bc - o-Xn-bn¬ ]cnjv°-cn-°-W-sa∂v hmZn® hf-sc-t∏¿ A°m-eØp-X-s∂-bp-≠m-bn. Xd-hm-´n¬ Xma-kn-°p-tºmgp-≠m-bn-cp∂ DSp∏pw ioe-ßfpw `¿Øm-hn-t\msSm∏w t]mIp-tºmƒ Dt]-£n-t°-≠n-h∂ `mcyam-sc-∏‰n \nc-h[n IY-I-fp-≠v. Xncp-hn-Xmw-Iq¿ Znhm-\m-bn-cp∂ Fw. IrjvW≥\m-bc - psS `mcy-sb∏-‰n-bp≈ IY AXn-sem-∂m-Wv. Xncp-h-\-¥-]pcsØ ]cn-jv°m-cn-I-fpsS temIØv kmcnbpw ªukp-an´pIgn-™n-cp∂ kv{Xo kz¥w Xd-hm´n-te-°p-t]m-Ipw-hgn ˛ h≈-Øn¬ Ib-dpw-ap-ºp-

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Xs∂ ˛ ªukpw kmcnbpw Agn-®p-am‰n ap≠pw ta¬ap≠pw am{Xam°nbncp-∂s{X! ]e Xd-hmSp-If - nepw kv{XoIƒ°v ]cn-j° v m-cn-If - mb `¿Øm°-∑m¿ kz¥w sNe-hn-emWv du°bpw Pº-dpwa‰pw Xp∂n-s°m-Sp-Øn-cp-∂Xv ˛ B kv{XoI-fpsS Imc-Wh - ∑ - m¿°v Cu hkv{X-[m-cW - t- ØmSv tbmPn∏n-√m-bn-cp-∂X - p-sIm≠v! F∂m¬, kv{XoIƒ amdp-a-d-®n-cn-°-Ww, hkv{Xw [cn-®n-cn-°Ww F∂v \n¿_‘w]nSn ®ncp∂ ]cn-jv°¿Øm-°ƒ kv{XoIƒ "Aan-Xambn' hkv{Xm-`-c-W-ß-fn¬ XmXv]cywImWn-®pIq-sS∂pw hn[n-sb-gp-Xn. AWn-s™m-cp-ßm≥ Xm¬]-cy-ap≈ kv{XoIƒ s]mXpsh Dd-∏n-√mØ kz`m-h-°mcpw irwKmcw Ipsd IqSn-t∏m-b-h-cp-amsW∂ hna¿i\w ]cn-j° v ¿Øm-°ƒ CS-b° v nsS D∂-bn-®n-cp-∂p. A°m-esØ kv{Xoam-kn-I-I-fnepw-a‰pw Cu hnj-b-sØ-°p-dn®v Hcp-]mSp teJ\-ßƒ kmaq-ly-]c - n-jv°c - W - Ø - n¬ Xm¬]-cy-ap≈-h¿ Fgp-Xn-bn-´p≠v. A°m-esØ t\mh-ep-Ifnepw AWn-s™m-cp-ßn-\-S-°p∂ s]Æp-ßsf kwi-b-tØmsS ho£n-°p-∂-Xp-Im-Wmw. CμpteJbnse \mbnI AXn-kp-μ-cn-bm-sW-¶nepw Ah- f psS alXzw AXn- s em- ∂ p- a - s √- ∂ mWv t\mh¬I¿Øm-hmb N¥p-ta-t\m≥ ]d-™n-cn°p-∂Xv ˛ hnZym-`ym-k-Øn-eqsS Cμp-teJ t\Snsb-SpØ a\x]cn-jv°m-c-amWv Ah-fpsS al-Xzsa-∂pw, ico-c-sØbpw hnIm-c-ß-sfbpw Hcpt]mse \nb-{¥n®v hcp-Xn-°p-\n¿Øm≥ Ah ƒ°p Ign-™p-sh∂pw At±lw t\mh-en-eqsS ÿm]n-°p-∂p. Cu \ne-]mSv an° kmaq-ly-]cn-jv°¿Øm-°fpw ]¶n-´n-cp-∂p. G‰hpw Npcp°n-∏-d-™m¬ "kv{XoIƒ hkv{Xw[cn-°-Ww, F∂m¬ hkv{X-tØmSv Aan-X-Xm¬]cyw Ah¿ °p-≠m-bn-°qS' ˛ CXm-bn-cp∂p kmaq-ly-]-cnjv°¿Øm-°-fpsS A`n-{]m-bw. C°m-eØv B[p-\n-I-hn-Zym-`ym-kwt\Snb kv{XoIsf kw_-‘n-®n-S-tØmfw ta¬hkv{Xw [cn-°¬ tIhew "\mWwad-bv°¬' am{X-am-bncp-∂n-√. ]c-º-cm-K-X-amb ]pcp-jm-[n-Im-c-Øn¬ \n∂v kz¥w ico-csØ hos≠-Sp-°p∂ {]hrØn-bm-bn-´mWv Ah-cn¬ ]ecpw hkv{X-[m-cWsØ I≠-Xv. 1920-I-fnepw 1930-I-fnepw tIc-fØn-se- \-ºq-Xncnkap-Zm-b-Øn¬ hf¿∂p-h∂ kap-Zm-b] - c - n-jv°c - W - {- ]-ÿm\w \ºq-Xn-cn-kv{XoI-fpsS ˛ A¥¿P-\-ß-fpsS ˛ hkv{Xw ]cn-jv°cn-°-W-sa∂v i‡-ambn hmZn-®n-cp-∂p. ]pXnb hnZym-`ym-khpw ]cn-j° v m-chpw DtZym-Khpwt\Snb \ºq-Xn-cn-bp-hm-°-fpsS FÆw IqSn-h-cp-s∂∂pw kv{Xoi-co-c-Øn\p Np‰pw \S∂ bp≤-ßƒ

]g-b-a-´n¬ thjw-[-cn® bph-Xn-Iƒ Ah¿°p Xosc tNcn-s√∂pw \ºq-Xn-cn- k-ap-Zm-b-t\-Xm-°fn¬ ]ecpw hmZn-®p. F∂m¬ \ºq-Xn-cn-kv{XoIsf kw_-‘n-®n-S-tØmfw ªukn-SpI F∂Xv ]Tn∏pw tPmen-bp-ap≈ `¿Øm-°∑ - msc BI¿jn°m-\p≈ X{¥w am{X-am-bn-cp-∂n√ ˛ ]c-º-cmKX IpSpw-_c - o-Xn-°p-≈n¬ kv{XoIƒ°p I¬∏n®n-cp∂ ISpØ\nb-a-ßƒ°pw Iogv\n-ebv°pw FXn-sc-bp≈ sNdp-Øp-\n¬∏m-bn-cp∂p AXv. Fw.-]n. `´-Xn-cn-∏mSv 1940¬ Fgp-Xnb EXp-aXn F∂ \mSIw Cu sNdp-Øp-\n-¬∏n-s\-°p-dn-®mbn- c p- ∂ p. bmYm- ÿ n- X nIhr- Ø - ß - f n¬ CXp henb tImfn-f-°-ap-≠m-°n. F∂m¬ ]pXnb hkv{X-[m-c-W-co-Xn-I-tfmSv A`y-kvX-hn-Zy-cmb bph-Xn-Iƒ Im´nb Xm¬]cysØ Aev]w kwi-b-tØm-Sp-Iq-Sn-b-√msX ImWm≥ ]e kap-Zmb{]am-Wn-Iƒ°pw Ign-™ncp-∂n-√. t\csØ ]d-™-Xp-t]m-se, kv{XoIƒ

hkv{Xw CS-W-sa∂v ]d-bp-tºm-gpw AXv "Hcpßn-s°-ém'Iptam F∂ `bw Ft∏mgpw Ahsc Ae-ń-bn-cp-∂p. AXp-sIm≠v ]g-b- h-kv{X-[m-cW-coXn ths≠-∂p-hb - ° v p-∂h - sc "Agn-™m-´°mcn-Ifm'bn°m-Wm≥ Nne-scms° Xøm-dm-bn. CXn\v Np´ adp-]S- n-sIm-Sp-°m≥ A∂sØ kv{Xo I-fn¬ Nne¿ D’m-ln-®p. B[p-\n-Ih - kv{Xw [cn°m≥ Xøm-dmb kv{XoI-sf√mw ]®-∏-cn-jv°m-cnI-fm-sW∂v AS-®m-t£-]n-®p-sIm≠v A°m-esØ kap-Zmb{]am-Wn-am-cn-sem-cm-fm-bn-cp∂ ]ptØgØp cma-ta-t\m≥ "A\p-Ic - W - {- àw' F∂-t]-cn¬ 1915¬ teJ-\-sa-gp-Xn. CXn\v adp-]-Sn-bmbn kn.]n. Ieym-Wn-bΩ Cßs\ FgpXn:

BI-∏msS Rßƒ°p≈ tZmj-ß-sf√mw Cw•o-jphn-Zym-`ym-kw-sIm≠p h∂n-´p-≈-Xm-sW-∂mWv anÃ¿ tat\ms‚ A`n-{]m-bw. Cw•ojv ]pkvX-I-ß-sf√mw

\ºq-Xncnkap-Zm-b] - c- n-jvIc- W - - {]ÿm-\Ø - ns‚ \mbn-Ia- m¿ 1930-I-fn¬ \ºq-Xncnkap-Zmb]cn-jvI-c-W-{]-ÿm-\-Øns‚ ap≥\n-c-bn-te°v Ign-hp‰ kv{XoIƒ hcm≥XpSßn. alnf F∂ kv{Xo{]kn-≤o-Ic - Ww "\ºq-Xn-cn-km{amPy'-Øns‚ [ho-c-\m-bn-I-bm-b] "tPmhm≥ Hm^v B¿°v' F∂p hnti-jn-∏n® ]m¿ΔXn s\∑n-\n-aw-K-e-am-bn-cp∂p Ah-cn¬ {][m-\n. B[p-\nIhkv{Xw[cn®v tbmKt£-a-k`mktΩ-f-\-Øn¬ BZy-ambn Hcp kv{Xo ˛ ]m¿ΔXn at\gn ˛ ]s¶-Sp-Ø-Xn-s\-Øp-S¿∂v ktΩ-f-\Øn¬ ]s¶-SpØ kv{XoI-fpsS FÆw h¿≤n-®p-sIm-t≠-bn-cp-∂p. CS-°p-∂n-bn¬ \S∂ tbmK-t£-a-k-`-bpsS 22-˛mw ktΩ-f-\-Øn¬ Hscm‰ kv{Xoam-{Xta D≠m-bn-cp-∂p-≈p. F∂m¬ Imd¬a-Æ-sh®p IqSnb 25-˛mw ktΩf-\-Øn¬ 75 A¥¿P-\-ßƒ k∂n-ln-X-cm-bn-cp-∂p. \ºq-Xncnbph-P-\-kw-L-Øn-eq-sS-bmWv Ch¿ hf¿∂Xv. 1930-I-fn¬ Bcym-]-≈w, ]m¿ΔXn s\∑n-\n-aw-K-ew, tZhIn \cn-°m-´ncn XpS-ßn-b-h¿ A¥¿P-\-ßƒ°p klnt°-≠n-h-∂n-cp∂ \nb-{¥-W-ßsf ]c-ky-ambn X≈n-°-f-™p-sIm≠v s]mXp-{]-h¿Ø-I-cmbn amdn. B[p\n-I-co-Xn-bn¬ hkv{X-[m-cWwsNøm\pw bm{X-sN-øm\pw s]mXp-th-Zn-I-fn¬ {]kw-Kn-°m\pw \nb-a-k-`-Ifn¬ {]h¿Øn-°m\pw {]m]vXn-bp≈ A¥¿P-\-ßƒ C°m-e-Øv s]mXp-cw-K-tØ°p IS-∂p. 1940Ifnse cmjv{So-b-k-a-c-ß-fn¬ ˛ ]men-bw-k-Xym-{K-l-Ønepw Iayq-Wn-Ãp-]m¿´n-bpsS {]h¿Ø-\-Ønepw a‰pw ˛ Ah¿ ]¶p-tN-cm≥ XpS-ßn. efn-Xmw-_nI A¥¿P\w A°m-e-am-b-t∏m-tg°pw B[p-\nItIc-fobkmln-Xy-cw-KØv Xt‚-Xmb CS-ap-≠m-°n-°-gn-™n-cp-∂p.

kv{Xoi-co-c-Øn\p Np‰pw \S∂ bp≤-ßƒ

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]g-bI - m-esØ "^mj≥{àw' ico-csØ kpμ-c-am-°m-\p≈ sh{]mfw ]pXn-b-Im-e-Øp-≠mb Hcp {]tXy-I -tcm-K-am-sW-∂mWv \Ω-fn¬ ]ecpw [cn-®p-h-®n-cn-°p-∂-Xv. CXp Xosc icn-b-√. "kuμcy'Øns‚ t]cn¬ ]ń-Wn-In-S-°p-Ibpw ico-c-Øn¬ ]®-Ip-Øm≥th≠n thZ\Xn∂p-Ibpw sNøp-∂-hsc \man∂p ]cn-l-kn-°m-dp-≠v. F∂m¬ ]g-b-Im-eØv \ΩpsS hey-Ωq-Ω-amcpw Aev]-kzev]w ]cn-lmkw Cu hIp-∏n¬ A¿ln-°p-∂nt√sb∂p tNmZn-t°-≠-XpX-s∂. ImcWw A°m-esØ "kuμcy'Øn\p-th≠n Ah¿ s]ń-cp∂ ]mtSm¿Øm¬ C°m-esØ ]ń-WnIn-S-°¬ H∂p-a-√. Cu {àw s]Æn\pw BWn\pw D≠m-bn-cp-∂p-Xm-\pw. DZm-l-c-W-Øn\v "ImXp-h-f¿Ø¬' F∂ G¿∏mSns\-°p-dn®v At\z-jn-®m¬ aXn. c≠p-Im-Xnepw `mc-ta-dnb ac-°-j-W-ß¬ Xq°n "ImXp-\oń' hf¿Øm≥ kv{XoIfpw Iptd-°qSnapºv ]pcp-j-∑mcpw {ian-®n-cp-∂p. ImXv \o≠p-\o≠v tXmƒhsc apń-bm¬ "kuμcyw' XnI™p! `b-¶c thZ\kln-®p-thWw CXp t\Sm≥. Nne-t∏mƒ ImXv ]dn-™p-t]m-Im-dp-≠m-bncp-s∂∂v ]g-a-°m¿ ]d-bp-∂p. F¶nepw hnSn-√m-bn-cp-∂-t{X. ]dn-™n-SØv acp-∂p-sh®v Iqń-t®¿Ø-tijw ho≠pw "ac-s°m-cSv' Xq°pw! ]pcp-j-∑m¿°v \o≠p-I-dpØ Xe-apSn kuμ-cy-e-£-W-am-bn-cp-∂p. "IpSpa Agn®n-´m¬ ap´p-hsc \o≠p-In-S-°p∂' apSn-bp-≈-h≥ Btcm Ah≥ kpμ-c≥ F∂m-bn-cp-∂t{X {]am-W-sa∂v ]gb Xe-ap-d-°m¿ ]d-™p-tI-ń-´p-≠v.

Np´p-I-cn-®p-I-f™p dhp-°bpw Pm°‰pw tXmń¬ s°m-≠p-t]mbn C´p Xqt°-{¥hpw Iń-∏q-Øm-enbpw [cn®p Ieym-Wo-I-f-hm-Wn-bnepw a‰pw ka-bw-t]m-°p∂- X m- b m¬ Rß- f p- s S- t \sc anÃ¿ tat\m- \ p≈ tZjy-Øn\v Aev]w Ipdhpht∂-°mw... Ime-KXn A\p-k-cn®v [R-ßƒ] DSp-∏n-epw-a‰pw Nne hyXym-kßƒ hcp-Øn-bn-´p-≠v. BUapw Cuhpw [cn-®n-cp∂ DSp-∏p-Iƒam-{Xta C∂pw [cn-°mhq F∂p ]d-bp-∂h-cpsS hm°ns\ A{X Kuc-h-ambn hnNm-cn-t°≠ Bhiyw C√-t√m. (kn.-]n. Ieym-Wn-b-Ω, "A\p-I-c-W-{àw', e£vao-`mbn 10(12), 1915)

]cn-jv°m-cn-bmb `¿Øm-hns‚ XmXv]c - yhpw ]c-º-cm-K-X-Ip-Spw-_-Øns‚ \nb-a-ßfpw ]c-

142

kv]cw tNcm-sX-h∂ Ah-k-c-ß-fn¬ _p≤n-apń-b-X-{Xbpw kv{XoI-fm-Wv. `¿Øm-hn\v `mcy dhp° [cn-°Ww ˛ Imc-W-h¿°v AXn-t\mSv hntcm-[hpw! CXn-\n-S-bn¬ sRcp-ßnb kv{XoIfpsS ]e-IY - I - fpw A∂p Pohn-®n-cp-∂h - s - c-gp-Xnb Bfl-I-Y-I-fn-ep-≠v. Xncp-hn-Xmw-Iq-dnse {]apJ Cug-h-t\-Xm-hm-bn-cp∂ kn. tIi-hs‚ Bfl-IY-bn¬ CØ-c-samcp IY ]d-bp-∂p-≠v. Xs‚ AΩm- h \pw Cug- h - k - a p- Z m- b - Ø ns‚ BZyImet\Xm-°-fn¬ {][m-\n-bp-am-bn-cp∂ kn.-hn. Ip™n-cm-as‚ `mcy-bmWv CXnse \mbn-I. kw`hw \S-∂Xv 19-˛mw \q‰m-≠ns‚ HSp-hn¬. kn.hn. Ip™n-cm-as‚ s]ßƒ `¿Øm-hn-t\m-sSm∏w Xncp-h-\-¥-]p-c-Øm-bn-cp∂p Xma-kw. Ah¿ aøkv{Xoi-co-c-Øn\p Np‰pw \S∂ bp≤-ßƒ

\ms´ IpSpw-_-ho-´n¬ kμ¿i-\-Øn-s\-Øn-bt∏mƒ ktlm-Z-cs‚ `mcybv°v kqcy-]SØn¬ Xp∂nb c≠p dhp° kΩm-\-ambn sImSp-Øp. kn.-hn.bpsS `mcy BZyam-bmWv dhp° ImWp ∂Xv. Ah¿°Xv CjvSa - m-bn. `¿Øm-hn\pw CjvSam-bn. ]t£, `¿Øm-hns‚ AΩbv°v AXp Xosc ]nSn-®n-√. {InkvXp-a-Xtam C…mw-a-Xtam kzoI-cn-®-h-tcm "B´-°m-cn-Itfm' BWv dhp° [cn-°p-∂Xv F∂m-bn-cp∂p Ah-cpsS hnizmkw! AΩm-bn-bΩ - b - psS tZjy-sØ-t∏-Sn®v kn.-hn-bpsS `mcy dhp° s]´n-bn¬h-®p. AΩmbn Dd-ßn-°gn-™m¬ Ah¿ AXp ]pd-sØ-SpØp [cn°pw ˛ cm{Xn hfsc sshIn-am{Xw FØn-bn-cp∂ `¿Øm-hns\ B\-μn-∏n-°m≥th-≠n-am{Xw! "`¿Øm-hn-\p-th-≠n-am{Xw' AWn-s™m-cp-ßp∂-Xn¬ sX‰n-s√∂v A∂sØ ]ptcm-K-a-\-hm-ZnI-fn¬ Nnecpƒs∏-sS-bp≈ Hcp-hn-`mKw hmZn-®ncp-∂p. `¿Øm-hns\ hnhm-l-_-‘-Øn¬ ]nSn®p-\n¿Ø-W-sa-¶n¬ s]Æp-ßƒ CXn\p Xømdm-I-W-sa-∂p-t]mepw hmZn-®-h-cp-≠m-bn-cp∂p ˛ tIc-f-Ønse kmaq-ly-]-cn-jv°¿Øm-°-fn¬ H∂mw-ÿm-\-°m-c-\mbn BZ-cn-°-s∏-Sp∂ hn.-Sn. `´-Xn-cn-∏m-Spt]mepw Cu A`n-{]m-bsØ ]n¥mßn-bn-cp-∂p. "\ºq-Xn-cn- a-\p-jy-\mbn amdW-sa¶n¬' F∂ Xs‚ AXn-{]-i-kvX-amb {]kw-KØn¬ A¥¿P-\-ß-fpsS hkv{X-[m-c-W-co-Xn-Ifn¬ ]cn-jv°m-cn-I-fmb \ºq-Xn-cn-bp-hm-°-fn¬ Ad∏pwshdp- ∏ p- a mWv Df- h m- ° p- ∂ - s X- ∂ pw tIhew kZm-Nm-ct- _m[Øn-s‚-t]-cn¬am{X-amWv \ºq- X n- c n- b p- h m- ° - ∑ m¿ "A]- c n- j v I r- X - c mb' A¥¿P-\b - p-hX - n-Isf hnhm-lw-sN-øm≥ Xøm-dmIp-∂-sX∂pw At±lw {]kvXm-hn-®p. A¥¿P\-ßƒ hrØnbpw `wKn-bp-ap≈ ]pXnb hkv{X[m-c-W-coXn kzoI-cn-®n-s√-¶n¬ \ºq-Xncn ]pcpj-∑m¿ thsd kv{XoIsf `mcy-am-cmbn kzoI-cn°m-\n-S-bp-s≠∂v At±lw ap∂-dn-bn∏p \¬In. \ºq-Xn-cn-k-ap-Zmb ]cn-jv°-c-W-{]-ÿm-\Øns‚ ap≥\nc°m-cmb kv{XoIsf Cu \n¿ t±iw Akz-ÿ-cm-°n. a\x-]-cn-jv°m-c-Øn\p ap¥n-bÿm\w \¬ Inb Ah¿°v "`¿Øm-hn-\p-th-≠n'-am{Xw thWsa-¶n¬ AWns™m-cpßmw F∂ \n¿t±iw Akzo-Im-cy-am-bn-cp∂p. kv{XoIsf ]q¿Æ-hy-‡nXz-Øn-se-Øm≥ klm-bn-°p∂ a\x-]-cn-jv°-cW-Øn¬\n∂pw Ahsc hyXn-N-en-∏n-°p∂ \n¿ t±-i-am-Wn-sX∂v Ah¿°p tXm∂n. ]pcp-j-∑mtcm-sSm∏w A≤zm-\n-°p-I, hnZym-`ymkwt\Sp-I, s]mXp- I m- c y- ß - f n¬ XmXv ] - c y- s a- S p- ° pI ˛ kv{Xoi-co-c-Øn\p Np‰pw \S∂ bp≤-ßƒ

CsXms° sNøp-∂-Xn-\p-]-Icw "`¿Øm-hn-\pth≠n' F∂ Hgn-hp-I-gnhpw ]d™v kv{XoIƒ AWn- s ™m- c p- ß n- \ - S - ° p- ∂ Xv F{X- t Ømfw Btcm-Ky-I-c-amWv ˛ Ah¿ tNmZn-®p. \ºqXncnkap-Zmb]cn-jv°c - W - Ø - ns‚ \mbn-Ia - m-cn¬ Hcmfm-bn-cp∂ ]m¿ΔXn s\∑n-\n-aw-Kew Cu \n¿t±-isØ ]tcm-£ambn hna¿in®p:

... ]pcp-j-∑msc hio-I-cn-°m≥th-≠n-am-{X-a√ \mw C∂v CØcw hkv{X-[m-cWw sNøp-∂Xpw B`-c-Wßƒ AWn-bp-∂-Xpw. \ap°p ]pcp-j-∑msc hio-I-cnt°-≠ B-h-iy-an√; AXp \nμyhpw B`m-k-hp-amWv. Hcp kv{Xo `¿Øm-hn-s\-am{Xw hio-I-cn-°Ww; AXp Ir{Xn-a-th-jw-sIm-≠-√. Ir{Xn-a-th-jw-sIm-≠p-am{Xw hio-Ir-X-\mb ]pcp-js\ `¿Øm-hmbn kzoI-cn-®m¬ Xo¿®-bmbpw \mw hyk-\n-t°-≠n-h-cpw. \ΩpsS Cu thj-`q-j-W-ßƒ Xosc am‰Ww; BOm-Z\w AXymh-iy-amWv; AXv BUw-_-c-Øn-\m-h-cp-Xv. kv{Xo°pw ]pcp-j\pw hkv{X-[m-c-W-Øn¬ hyXymkw Bh-iyta-bn-√... {]hr-Øn-sb-Sp-°p-∂Xv A]-am-\-a-√, A`nam-\-am-Wv... icn-bmbn ]pcp-j-∑m-tcm-sSm∏w {]hrØn sbSp-sØ-¶n¬, A≤zm-\n-s®-¶n¬am{X-ta, kv{Xo Iƒ°p bYm¿∞-amb kzmX-{¥yhpw kv{XoXzhpw D≠m-hp-I-bp-≈q. (]m¿ΔXn s\∑n-\n-aw-K-ew, "kv{XoXzw', kv{Xo 1 (1), 1933)

CXp-Iq-SmsX kv{XobpsS ]pXnb hkv{X-[mc-W-coXn ]pcp-j\v F{X B\μw \¬Ip-∂-Xmbm-epw-i-cn, AXv henb Aku-I-cy-amWv kv{Xo Iƒ°p-≠m-°p-∂s - X∂v Xpd-∂p-]d - b - m≥ ]n¬°mesØ Nne kv{XoIƒ Xøm-dm-bn. sI. kc-kzXn-b-Ω- > ImWpI ]pdw 121 < bpsS hm°p-Ifn¬:

ag-bØp tdmUnse sh≈-Øn¬ InS-∂n-g™p L\wXq- ß p∂ kmcn- b p- a mbn hen- ™ p- \ o- ß p- ∂ - X ns‚ hnjaw A\p- ` - h n- ® - h ¿°t√ Adn- b mhq? AXn \p]Icw ap≠pw aS-°n-°pØn aqfn-∏m-´pw-]mSn A√e-dn-bmsX \S-°m≥ km[n-°p-∂-Xp-Xs∂ Fs¥m-cp`m-Ky-am-Wv! ]e Imc-W-ß-fm-epw- L\wXqßp∂ apSns°´p ths≠-∂p-sh-®m¬ Xe-bpsS L\w hn´pIn´pw; F∂m¬∏ns∂ Xe-t®mdpw t\sc {]h¿Ønt®-s\. (sI. kckz-Xn-b-Ω, "]pcp-j-∑m-cn-√mØ temIw', AtX-t]-cn-ep≈ teJ-\-k-am-lm-c-Øn¬\n∂v, 1958)

kv{XoI-fpsS hkv{Xm-e¶ - mcw hmkvXh - Ø - n¬ kv{XoIsf XΩn¬ `n∂n-∏n-°m-\mWv klm-bn-°p∂-sX∂pw Ah¿ Nq≠n-°m-Wn®p:

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kv { XoIƒ AWn- s ™m- c p- ß p- ∂ Xv ]pcp- j s\ BI¿jn-®v, Abm-fpsS IÆp-Isf {]oXn-s∏-Sp-Øn, Ic-fn¬ tamlwP\n-∏n-°m-\m-sW-∂-Xn\p kwi-bmXo-X-amb sXfn-hp-I-fn-√. ]tcm-£-ambn B Dt±iyw D≠m- b n- c n- ° m- s a∂p ]d- b mt\ \nhr- Ø n- b p- ≈ q. \nßƒ {i≤n-®n-´p-t≠m, kv{XoIƒ am{X-ap≈ ÿeß-fn¬ Ah-cpsS Ae-¶m-c-\n-jv°¿j IqSp-I-bm-Wv, Ipd-bp-I-b√ ]Xn-hv. ImgvN-°m-cn-bpsS IÆp Iep-jam- h p- I bpw Icƒ ]pIbpIbpw sNøn- ° m≥I- g n™m¬ kz{]-hrØn k^-e-am-sb∂ IrXm¿∞-XbmWv B thj-`q-j-Iƒ°p-]n-∂n¬... ("]p-cp-j-∑m-cn-√mØ temIw', 1958)

F∂m¬ BZy-Im-ek - v{Xo-hm-Zn-If - n¬ ]ecpw kv{XoI-fpsS hkv{Xm-e-¶m-csØ shdpw ]mgvth ebmbpw kv{XobpsS a\x-]c - n-j° v m-cØ - n\v hntcm[-amb {]hr-Øn-bmbpw ]p—n®pX≈n-b-t∏mƒ kc-kz-Xn-bΩ AXn¬ {Inbm-fl-I-amb km≤y XIqSn I≠p-sh-∂-Imcyw {]tXyIw FSp-Øp-]d-tb-≠-Xm-Wv. \ne-hn-ep≈ hkv{Xm-e-¶m-c-co-XnIƒ ]eXpw kv{XobpsS Bflm-`n-am-\sØ \nμn°pw-hn-[-Øn-ep-≈-h-bm-sW∂v kc-kz-Xn-bΩ kΩ-Xn-s®-¶n-epw, Aß-s\-b-√mØ hkv{Xm-e¶mcw kv{XoIƒ°p km[n-°p-sa∂ kqN\ Ah¿ Nne IY-I-fn-eqsS \¬Ip-∂p-≠v. kv{XoIƒ°v kz¥w ico-c-sØ-°p-dn®v B\-μn-°m\pw A`nam\n°m\p-ap≈ Hcp am¿§-ambn hkv{X-[m-cWsØ am‰m≥ Ignbpw ˛ kz¥w A`n-cp-Nn°pw kuμ-cy-t_m-[-Øn-\pa-k-cn-®p≈ Hcp ]pXnb hkv{Xm-e-¶mcw Ah¿°p-≠m-°m≥ Ignbpw ˛ CXmWv "Hcp-°Ø - ns‚ HSp-hn¬' (1946) F∂ IYbpsS Hcp ktμ-iw. Cu hkv{Xm-e-¶mcw, Hcp-]t£, ]pcp-j-∑m¿°v ]nSn-°n-√m-bn-cn-°p-sa∂pw kuμ-cyw-am-{X-a√ - , kuI-cyw-IqSn ]cn-KW - n-®p-sIm≠m-bn-cn°pw Cu ]pXn-bc - oXn cq]-s∏-Sp-∂s - X∂pw Ah¿ kqNn-∏n-°p-∂p. "Hcp°-Øn-s‚ HSp-hn¬' F∂ IY-bnse hmk¥n F∂ bphXn ]pcp-j∑msc BI¿jn- ° m≥ {ian- ° m- Ø - h - f m- W v . F¶nepw Hcp-°-Øn¬ Ahƒ°p Xm¬]-cy-ap≠v ˛ kz¥-amb kuμ-cy-t_m-[-ap-≠v. "\nXy-I-\yI' bv°v Hcp-°w-sIm-s≠¥p {]tbm-P\w F∂p tNmZn®p Ifn-bm-°p∂ Iq´p-Im-cn-tbmSv Ah¿ ]dbp∂p: "]cm-K-kw-{I-a-Ww-sIm≠v ê-ap-≠mImØ sNSn-Iƒ°pw {]Ir-Xn ` - w-Kn-bp≈ ]q°ƒ sImSp-°p-∂s - X-¥n\v? F¥m-bm-epw... Fs‚ Nne Iq´p-Im-cn-Is - f-t∏mse IpΩm-bh - n-e] v \ - b - p≈ hońemWv Xma-k-sa∂v Fs‚ apJwI≠mcpw hnNmcn-°m≥ Rm\n-S-bm-°m-dn-√.' kv{Xoi-co-c-Øn\p Np‰pw \S∂ bp≤-ßƒ

hkv{X-[m-cW - Ø - nse Cc´kZm-Nmcw 1940-Iƒ°p-tijw tIc-f-Øn-te°v a‰p {]tZ-iß- f n¬\n- ∂ p≈ hkv{X- [ m- c - W - c o- X n- I ƒ FØm≥Xp-Sß - n. [mh-Wnbpw ]mhm-Sbpw hS-t°bn-¥y≥ssÃen-ep≈ kmcn ˛ ªukv apX-em-bhbv°pw {]Nmcw h¿≤n-®p. tIc-f-Øn\p ]pdØp-t]mbn ]Tn® kv{XoI-fmWv ]e-t∏mgpw Chbv°p {]Nmcw\¬In-b-Xv. hkv{X-ß-fnepw ASn-h-kv{X-ß-fn-ep-ap-≠mb am‰w hkv{X-[m-c-WØns\ sNe-th-dnb G¿∏m-Sm-°n-am-‰n. kv{XoIfpsS am{X-a-√, ]pcp-j-∑m-cp-sSbpw hkv{Xm-`n-cpNn-I-fn¬ h≥am‰amWv Cu Ime-b-f-hn-ep-≠m-bXv. ]t£, kv{Xoi-co-c-Øns‚ Ae-¶-c-Whpw {]Z¿i-\hpw "IqSp-X¬ ]m]-Ic'amsW∂ Cc´ kZm-Nm-ch - mZw IqSp-X¬ i‡-am-bt- X-bp-≈q. DZml-c-W-Øn\v 1950-I-fn¬ sIm√w\K-c-Ønse tImtf-Pp-Ip-am-co-Ip-am-c-∑m¿ s]mXpsh "thjwsI´n'\S∂p ka-bhpw ]Whpw \in∏n°p∂-hcm-sW∂v ]cm-Xn-s∏´ Cu teJ\w t\m°pI ˛ BWn-t\bpw s]Æn-t\bpw Ip‰-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂p-sh¶nepw s]Æns‚ "thjwsI´¬' IqSp-X¬ A]I-S-am-sW-∂m-bn-cp∂p teJn-I-bpsS A`n-{]mbw:

h¿jw-tXmdpw \ΩpsS tImtf-Pp-I-fn¬\n∂pw Bbnc-°-W-°n\p _ncp-Z-[m-cn-Iƒ ]pd-Øp-h-cp-∂p-≠-t√m. sX‰p-Iq-SmsX Cw•o-jn¬ Hcm-πn-t°-j≥ Xøm-dm°m≥ Ign-hp-≈-h¿ F{X-t]¿ D≠m-bn-cn-°pw. [tImtf-Pn¬ {]th-in-®m¬] AXp-hsc Icn-°-´-s]m-Sn®p ]√p-tX® sNdp-°\v toothpaste˛Dw {_jpw thWw. Ae-°n-tØ® {U v Znh-kw-tXmdpw amd-Ww... [tImtf-Pp-Ip-am-cn-am¿°m-sW-¶n¬].. "dhp°'sbm∂p-a-√. A-XmWv tNmfn. F¥n-\-º-c-°p-∂p. s]mXn-™p-hbv°-s∏-tS≠ Ah-b-h-ßƒ Aev]m-ev]-ambn ImgvN°msc Hfn-™p-t\m-t°≠ Bh-iyhpw Ah-cpsS "^mj\n'¬ Dƒs∏-´-Xm-Wv. (Ip-™p-Ip-´n, tIc-f-]p-cw, "kwkv°m-c-Øns‚ t]m°v', IuapZn BgvN-∏-Xn∏v 5(49), 1955)

AXm-bX - ,v 1950-If - m-bt- ∏m-tg°pw tIc-fØ - n¬ \s√m-cp-hn-`mKw kv{XoIfpw amdp-a-d-®p-I-gn-™psh-¶nepw kv{Xoi-co-c-Øn-\p-ta-ep≈ "bp≤w' XpS¿∂p-sh∂v kmcw. amdp-ad - ® - mepw AXp "k`yamb' coXn-bn-em-Wt√m ad-®n-´p-≈Xv F∂ At\zjWw ho≠pw XpS¿∂p! "k`y-'ambn AwKo-I-cn°-s∏-SmØ coXn-bn¬ amdp-a-d® kv{Xosb \nebv°p-\n¿Øm-\p≈ in£m-\-S-]-Sn-Iƒ°mbn {]m[m-\y-sa-∂p-am{Xw! tIc-f-Ønse kv{XoIƒ

145

kz¥w ico-c-sØ-°p-dn®v Ft∏mgpw t_m[-h-XnI-fm-Im≥ \n¿_-‘n-X-I-fm-bn-cn-°p-∂Xv CXn-\memWv ˛ kaq-l-Ø ns‚ kZm-Nm-c -° -Æp-I ƒ Ahsc kZm ]n¥p-S-cp-∂-Xp-sIm-≠v. C∂m-sW¶n¬ IqSp-X¬ kuI-cy-{]-Z-amb hkv{Xw[cn°m≥ kv{XoIƒ Xøm-dm-Wv. B hgn Ffp-∏-a-√. tIc-f-Øns‚ hnb¿∏nepw NqSnepw Iøn-√mØ hkv{Xw [cn-°p-∂-XmWv Btcm-Ky-I-c-sa-¶nepw AXn-\p≈ kml-Ncyw ChnsS ]e-bn-S-Øp-an√! icocw ad-®p-h-®-Xp-sIm≠v tIc-f-Ønse kv{Xo Iƒ kpc-£n-Xc - mtWm? BsW∂v bmsXmcp sXfnhp-an√. kv{XoIƒs°-Xn-sc-bp≈ AXn-{I-a-ßƒ tIc-fØ - n¬ [mcm-fa - p-≠m-Ip-∂p-sh∂pw Ah-bpsS tXmXv Db¿∂n-cn-°p-∂p-sh-∂p-amWv ÿnXn-hn-hc-°-W-°p-Iƒ ]d-bp-∂-Xv. ico-cw-ap-gp-h\pw aqSp-∂Xv aX-tØm-Sp≈ B`n-apJyw hnfn-®-dn-bn-°p-∂-Xp-amb hkv{Xw (_p¿J) [cn-°p-∂-Xn-eqsS s]mXp-hn-S-ß-fn¬ IqSp-X¬ kzX-{¥-cm-Im≥ Ign-™n-´p-s≠∂v ]e ap…nw-kv{Xo-Ifpw ]d-™p-tIƒ°m-dp-≠v. hmkvXh-Øn¬ tIc-f-Ønse sslμ-h-Pm-Xn-I-fn¬s∏´ kv{XoIƒ Hcp \q‰m-≠p-apºv Cu A\p-`-h-Øn-

eqsS IS-∂p-t]m-b-h-cm-Wv. ico-c-sØ "sacp°n' "HXp°n' \n¿Øp-∂-Xn-eq-sS-bmWv kv{XoIƒ°v am\y-Xbpw s]mXp-hy-‡n-Xzhpw (H-cf - h - p-hs - c-sb¶n-epw) D≠m-hpI F∂ hnizmkw _p¿J-bn-eqsS-bmWv ChnsS h∂-sX∂v Icp-Xp-∂Xv sX‰mWv. ap…nw-kv{Xo-Iƒ ]pXnb kml-N-cy-ß-fn¬ Cu hnizm-ksØ A`n-ap-Jo-I-cn-°p-∂p-sh-∂p-am{Xw. ]e kv{XoIfpw Hcp-]-cn-[n-h-sc-sb-¶nepw CXn-eqsS "am\yX't\Sp-∂p-ap-≠v. ]t£, kv{Xoico-csØ "Ima-ap-W¿Øp∂ hkvXp'hmbn Npcp°n-°-f-bp-∂, A]-am-\n-°p∂ hnizm-k-am-Wn-Xv. Cu hnizm-kØ - n¬ ]Xn-bn-cn-°p∂ A]-ISw sI. kc-kz-Xn-bΩ Xncn-®-dn-™n-cp-∂p. "Ima-ap-W¿ Øp∂ hkvXp'sh∂p ]d™v kv{Xoi-co-csØ ]p—n-°p-tºmƒ kz¥w ico-c-Øn¬ B\μw Is≠-Øm-\p≈ kv{XobpsS Ah-Imiw l\n-°s∏-Sp-∂p-sh∂v Ah¿ I≠p. H∂p-In¬ ico-csØ aqSn-s∏m-Xn™v "]m]-Ic'amb hkvXp-sh∂p hnfn®v A-]-am-\n-°p-I, As√-¶n¬ BWns‚ kt¥m-jØ - n-\mbn Hcp-°n-s°´n {]Z¿in-∏n-°pI ˛ Cu c≠-‰-ß-fn-eq-sS-b-√msX Hcp a≤y-am¿§w kv{XoIƒ°v kzbwkrjvSn-®p-IqtS F∂ AhcpsS tNmZyw C∂pw {]k-‡-am-Wv.

ap…nwkv{XoI-fpsS hkv{X-[m-cW - N - ¿®-Iƒ hkv{X-[m-c-W-sØ-°p-dn®v Ccp-]-Xmw-\q-‰m-≠ns‚ BZy-]-Ip-Xn-bn¬ s]mXp-cw-K-sØ-Ønb ap…nw-h-\n-X-Iƒ N¿®-sN-bvXn-cp-∂p-sh∂ hnhcw F{X-t]¿°-dn-bmw? tIc-f-Øn¬ "ap…nw\thm-∞m\'Øn\v Hcp kv{Xo-]-£ap-≠m-bn-cp-∂p-sh-∂p-Xs∂ \mw Hm¿°m-dn-√. 1930-Iƒ apX¬ 1960-Iƒhsc ae-bm-f-Ønse ap…nwamkn-I-Ifn¬ Cu Xe-apd teJ-\-ß-fn-eqsS ]e N¿®Iƒ°pw XpS-°-an-´p. A≥km-cn, A¬a-\m¿, ap…nw dnhyp F∂o amkn-I-I-fnepw 1930-I-fn¬ ap…nwh\n-X, ap…nwan{Xw apX-emb {]kn-≤o-I-c-W-ß-fnepw Ch-cpsS kPo-h-km∂n-≤y-ap-≠m-bn-cp-∂p. \nk D¬ C…mw F∂ Ad-_n-˛-a-e-bmf {]kn-≤o-I-c-W-Ønepw Ch¿ Fgp-Xn-bn-cp-∂p. Fw. leo-am-_ohn, _n.-Fkv. sskZ, X¶Ω amen-Iv, ^mØn-a-°p-´n, aZ-\nø apX-emb Fgp-Øp-Im-cn-Iƒ C…m-an¬ kv{XoIƒ°p tN¿∂ hkv{X-sØ-°p-dn®v Xpd∂ N¿® \S-Øn-bn-cp-∂p. ]¿±mk{ºZmbsØ X≈n°-f-bm-sX, F∂m¬ "aqSn-s°´p'∂Xns\ FXn¿Øp-sIm≠v an nkv ssk\_ FgpXn:

kmaq-ly-Po-hn-X-Øn¬ ap…nw-kv{Xo-Iƒ ]men-t°≠ acym-Z-I-sf-°p-dn-®mWv Rm≥ ]¿±m-k-{º-Zm-b-sa∂p ]dbp-∂-Xv. AXn¬ hkv{X-[m-c-W-Øn\pw Hcp ]¶p-s≠-∂p-am-{Xw. Rm\nXv BZy-ta-]-d-bp-∂Xv as‰m-∂pw-sIm≠√. ]¿± F∂ ]Zw tIƒ°p-tºm-tg°pw hnd-fn-sb-Sp-°p∂ _p≤n-Po-hn-I-fp-≠v... C∂v ]¿±-bpsS t]cn¬ Nne ap…n-ßf - psS CS-bn¬°m-Wp∂ Nne BNm-cß - s - f-bmWv Ah¿ hna¿in-°p-∂X - v. kv{Xo]p-cp-j∑ - m¿ XΩn¬ ImWp-∂tXm kwkm-cn-°p-∂tXm ]c-kv]cw sIm≈-s°m-Sp-°-ep-Iƒ \S-Øp-∂tXm ]Tn-°p-∂tXm ]Tn-∏n°p-∂tXm C…mw XS-bp-∂n-√. ]t£, kv{XoIfpw ]pcp-j-∑mcpw XΩn¬ _‘-s∏-Sp-tºmƒ Ccp-Iq-´cpw ]ment°≠ Nne acym-Z-Iƒ C…mw \n¿t±-in-°p-∂p-≠v. Ah-bv°mWv C…m-an¬ ]¿±m-k-{º-Zm-b-sa∂p ]d-bp∂Xv. (an n-kv ssk\-_, "ap…nwkv{XoIfpw ]¿±-bpw', A≥kmcn, 5(8), 1961; jw-jZv lpssk≥, \yq\-]-£-Øn\pw enwK-]-Z-hn-°p-an-S-bn¬, Xncp-h-\-¥-]p-cw, 2009, ]pdw 59.)

146

kv{Xoi-co-c-Øn\p Np‰pw \S∂ bp≤-ßƒ

147

]n. ]n a立Xp tImb, 1994

IqSp-X¬ Btem-N\ - bv°v Ncn-{X-]-T-\-Øn¬ G‰hpw {][m\w cmjv{SØns‚, cmjv{So-bØns‚ Ncn-{X-am-sW-∂m-Wv "\njv ] - £ - N - c n{Xw' \sΩ ]Tn- ∏ n- ° p- ∂ - X v . am¿IvknÃv Ncn-{X-am-Is - ´, kmaqlykwL¿j-ßfn¬ k¿Δ-{]-[m\w kmº-Øn-I-h¿§-ßƒ XΩnep≈ kwL¿j-am-sW∂v Ah-Im-i-s∏-Sp-∂p. F∂m¬ cmjv{So-b-sØbpw kmaq-ly-kwL¿j-sØ-bpw-Ip-dn-®p≈ Cu {]_-e-[m-c-W-Ifn¬ HXp-ßmØ Hcp "bp≤'sØ°p-dn-®mWv Cu A≤ym-bØ - n¬ ]d-™X - v. Chn-SsØ "cmjv{Sob' Øn¬ ]e I£n-I-fp≠v ˛ kwkvIm-c-ßƒ XΩnep≈ kwL¿jw, h¿§- ß ƒ XΩn- e p≈ kwL¿jw, PmXn-Iƒ XΩn-ep≈ kwL¿jw ˛ Ch- s b√mw tN¿∂mWv ChnsS hnh- c n® "bp≤'Øn\p If-sam-cp-°n-b-Xv. kv{Xoi-co-csØ ]pXnb ]pcp-jm-[n-Im-cØ - ns‚ hcp-Xn-bm-em-°pI; AXn-\p-th≠n ]c-º-cm-KX A[n-Im-c-Øn¬ (]gb PmXn-bpsS, ]gb IpSpw-_-Øn-s‚)-\n∂v AXns\ tamNn-∏n-°p-I, F∂n´v ]pXnb coXnIƒ°-\p-kc - n®v ]mI-s∏-Sp-Øn-sb-Sp-°pI ˛ CXmbn- c p∂p "bp≤'Øns‚ BXy- ¥ n- I - e - £ yw. F∂m¬ kv{Xoi-cocw ]ns∂bpw]ns∂bpw hgpXn-am-dns°-m≠n-cp∂p ˛ kv{XoI-fpsS "Hcp°' sØ°p-dn-®p≈ `bhpw ]cm-Xnbpw CXp-sIm≠mWv C∂pw Bh¿Øn-°p-∂Xv. \njv]-£-Ncn-{X-Øn¬\n∂v \mw _lp-Zqcw k©-cn-®n-cn-°p∂p-sh∂pw hy‡-am-W.v "cmjv{Sobw', "kwL¿jw' F∂n-hs - b-°p-dn-®p≈ hyh-ÿm-]nX[mc-WI - sf kv{XoN-cn{Xw Xncp-Øn-sb-gp-Xn-°-gn-™p-sh∂v hy‡-at√?

148

kv{Xoi-co-c-Øn\p Np‰pw \S∂ bp≤-ßƒ

tIcfØns‚ Ncn{XImcnIƒ

{]hoWm tImtSmØv

[{]hoWm tImtSmØv Xncp-h-\-¥-]p-csØ sk‚¿ t^m¿ Uh-e-]vsa‚ v ÃUo-kn¬ Kth-j-Ibpw A≤ym-]n-I-bp-am-Wv.]

enwK- _ - ‘ - ß - s f- ° p- d n- ® p≈ Kth- j - W hpw A≤ym-]-\hpw \S-Øn-s°m-≠n-cn°p∂ Rm≥ Chn-sS-sb-Øn-bXv \o≠p-\n-h¿∂p-In-S∂ Hcp hgn- b n- e q- s S- b - √ . a{Zmkv {Inkv X y≥ tImfPn¬\n∂pw sImta-gvkn¬ _ncpZw t\Sn-°g - n-™t∏mƒ Hcp-Imcyw F\n°p hy‡-ambpw Adn-bmam-bn-cp∂p; F\n-°n\n sImtagvkv ]Tn-°m≥ Ignbn-s√-∂v. Aßs\ Rm≥ ]{X-{]-h¿Ø-\-Ønte°p Xncn™p. U¬ln-bn¬ Z tÃ‰vkvam≥ ]{X-Øn¬ k_v FUn-‰-dmbn tPmen-t\m-°n. F∂m¬ ]T-\-cw-K-Øp-\n∂p ]n∑m-dn-bXv A{X kt¥m-j-tØm-sS-bm-bn-cp-∂n√; Aßs\ Rm≥ Fw.F C°-tWm-an-Ivkn\p Id-kvt]m-≠≥kvhgn tN¿∂p, a{Zmkv k¿Δ-I-em-im-e-bn¬. AXn-\ptijw sslZ-cm-_mZv k¿Δ-I-em-im-e-bn¬ Fw.^n¬ ]Tn-®p, tijw Ahn-sS-Øs∂ ]n.-F®vUn ]T-\hpw Bcw-`n-®p. A©p-h¿j-°mew \o≠p\n¬°p∂ bp.-Pn.kn s^tem-jn∏v D≠m-bn-cp-∂Xp-sIm≠v Xm¬]-cy-ap≈ hnj-b-ß-sf-°p-dn®v At\z-jn-°m-\p≈ kmh-Im-ihpw kzmX-{¥yhpw In´n. hy‡-amb Nn´-tbm-Sp-Iq-Snb ]T-\-Øn\pw Fs‚ bYm¿∞Xm¬]cyw Fhn-sS-bm-sW∂v Bcm-bm-\p-ap≈ Ah-k-c-am-bn-´mWv Rm≥ Fw.^n¬ ]T-\sØ I≠-Xp-sIm-≠mWv C°mcyw FSp-Øp-]-d-bp-∂-Xv. kv{XoI-fpsS `qhp-S-a-ÿm-h-Im-i-ß-sf-°p-dn®v {]tXy-In-®pw, `qhp-Sa - ÿ X - s - b-°p-dn®v s]mXp-

hnepw Xm¬]-cyw- P-\n-®Xv B{‘-{]-tZ-inse Hcp {Kma-Øn¬ Rm≥ \S-Ønb Kth-j-W-Øn-eq-sSbm-Wv. "`qhp-S-am-h-Imi'Øns‚ k¶o¿Æ-X-I-sf°p-dn®v t_m≤yw-h∂ - Xv Ahn-sS-h® - mWv ˛ hkvXph-I-Iƒ t]cn-ep-s≠-∂p-h®v B hy‡n°v AhbpsS A\p- ` - h - a p- ≠ m- b n- s °m- ≈ - W - s a- ∂ n√; kmaqlysI´p-]m-Sp-I-fn¬\n∂v Ahƒ hnap-‡bm-bn-cn-°p-sa∂pw hnNm-cn-°m≥ Ign-bn-√. `qhpS-a-I-fpsS hn[-h-I-fp-sS-t]-cn¬ hkvXp-°-fp-≠mbn-cn-°p-sa-¶nepw Ah-bpsS \nb-{¥Ww B◊°-fp-sStbm a‰p ]pcp-j-_-‘p-°-fp-sStbm Iønem-bn-cp-s∂∂v Rm≥ I≠p. CXn¬\n∂p hyXykvX-am-bn, Iqen-th-e-°m-cpsS IpSpw-_-ß-fnse kv{XoIƒ°v kz¥w A≤zm-\-ti-jn-bpsSta¬ IqSp-X¬ \nb-{¥-W-ap-≠m-bn-cp-∂p. ]\-¶≈p sNØn Pohn-®n-cp∂ IpSpw-_-ß-fnse kv{XoI ƒ°v ]\-bn¬°-b-dm≥ Adn-bm-Ø-Xp-aqew B IpSpw-_-ß-fpsS kzØmb ]\-Isf th≠-hn[w {]tbm-P-\-s∏-Sp-Øm≥ Ign-™n-cp-∂p-an-√. `qan- t bmSpw [\- t ØmSpw kv { XoI- f psS _‘w ]e t{iWn-bn-ep-≈-h¿°v ]e-Xm-sW∂ Cu Xncn-®-dn-hmWv Fs‚ {i≤sb tIc-f-Ønte°p Xncn-®-Xv. Cu {]tZ-iØv acp-a-°-Øm-bap-≠m-bn-cp-∂X - p-sIm≠v kv{XoI-fpsS `qhp-Sa - ÿ - mh-Im-i-ßƒ Iptd-°qSn sa®-am-bn-cn-°p-sa-∂mWv Rm≥ Icp-Xn-bXv. F¥mWo acp-a° - Ø - m-bs - a∂p a\- n-em-°m≥ Rm≥ \c-hw-i-im-kv{Xhpw Ncn-

149

{Xhpw hmbn-®p; ]pcm-tc-Jm-ti-J-c-ßsf Acn-®ps]-dp-°n. F¥m-bn-cp∂p AXv? AsX-ß-s\-bmWn-√m-Xm-bXv? F¥p-sIm-≠mWv AXp \in-∏n°-s∏-´Xv? AXv s]mfn-®-Sp-°n-°-gn-™-Xn-\p-tijhpw kv{XoIƒ°v _m°n-bmb As√-¶n¬ AXn\p ]I-ca - mbn h∂ "Ah-Im-iß'fpsS kz`mh-sa-¥?v CsXm-s°-bm-bn-cp∂p Fs‚ tNmZy-ßƒ. hnhmlw F∂ ÿm]-\-Øns‚ ]p\x-{I-ao-I-cW- Ø n- e q- s S- b mWv kv { XoIƒ Hcp ]pXnb B¨tIm-bvam-hy-h-ÿ-bv°p-≈n-te°v hen-®-Sp∏n-°-s∏-´-sX∂pw Cu {]{In-bsb "]ptcm-K-a-\]cw', "hntam-N-\-Icw' F∂p hne-bn-cp-Øm≥ A[n-\n-th-i-Im-esØ kml-N-cy-ß-fn¬ \S∂ {ia-ßƒ hnP-b-I-c-am-bn-cp-s∂∂pw Rm≥ Xncn®-dn-™p. ]pXnb kzØp-Sa - ÿ X - m-_‘ - ß - f - n-te°mWv Cu "hntam-N\w' \bn-®-sX∂pw kzmX{¥ym-\-¥c C¥y-bn¬ \S-∏mb \nb-a-]-c-amb Ah-Im-i-ß-fpsS am≤yÿwhln-®Xpw CXp-Xs∂- b m- s W∂pw F\n°p ImWm≥Ign- ™ p.

150

Ign™ ]Øp-h¿j-ambn B[p-\nI tIc-fo-bhn- h m- l - s Ø- ° p- d n®v Rm≥ \S- Ø n- h - c p∂ KthjWw Fs‚ Cu hnizm-ksØ Dd-∏n-®n-t´bp-≈p. ]pXn-b-Xcw hnhm-l-amWv tIc-f-Ønse amc-I-amb B¨tIm-bvam-hy-h-ÿ-bpsS \mcm-bth-cv. C°m-e-b-f-hn¬ Rm≥ \S-Ønb Kth-jW-bm-{X-If - n¬ ]e-t∏mgpw sNdp-∏° - m-cn-Iƒ AhcpsS {]mbw-sN∂ AΩ-am-scbpw apØ-»n-am-scbpw H∂n-e-[nIw Ieym-Ww-I-gn-®p-sh∂pw a‰pw kΩXn- ® - X n\v imkn- ° p- ∂ - X ptI´v Nncn- ® n- ´ p- ≠ v . "CsXms° ]g-b-I-Y-bm-Wv, Ct∏mƒ \Ωƒ CsXm∂pw sNøm-dn-√, tIt´m' F∂v Ah-scs∂ kam-iz-kn-∏n-°p-Ibpw sNøpw! F¥p-sIm-≠mWv ae-bm-fn-kv{Xo-Iƒ hnhm-lØ - n-en-ßs\ AI-s∏´p-t]m-bXv? Cu Ip≠m-a≠ - n-bn¬\n∂pw ]pd-ØpNm-Sm-s\¥p hgn? a‰p hnj-b-ß-fn-te°v Fs‚ Kth-j-W-Xm¬]cyw amdn-sb-¶nepw Cu tNmZyßƒ Fs∂ C∂pw Ae´p-∂p.

8 151

152

hnZym`ymkap≈ kv{Xo kzX{¥tbm? hoSn\p ]pdØpt]mbn ]Tn®v D∂X _ncpZßƒ t\Sp∂ aebmfnkv{Xo F¥p sIm≠v ]et∏mgpw shdpw Ccbmbn amdp∂p? Km¿lnImXn{IaØn\papºn¬ Ahƒ \ni_vZbmbnt∏-mIp∂-sX¥p sIm≠v? hoSn\p ]pdØph®p≠mIp∂ Xn‡m-\p`h-ßsf°pdn®v ]ckyambn ]cmXns∏Sm≥ ss[cywImWn°m Ø-sX-¥p-sIm≠v? ]pcpj∑m¿ IøS°-nh - ®ncn°p∂ s]mXp CSßfnte°v ss[cy-tØmsS, BﬂhnizmktØmsS IS∂p- s N∂v "Rm\pw \nßsft∏mse ]Tn®- h fm- W v , F\n°nhnsS Xpeyamb CSap-≠v' F-∂p {]Jym]n°m≥ Ahƒ°v IgnbmØ- s X ¥psIm≠v ? ]pcpj∑m¿ £Wn®mepw £Wn®ns√¶nepw s]mXpthZnIfn¬ IS∂psN∂v XßfpsSImcyw ]dbm\pff Xt‚Sw tIcfØn¬ Cw•ojvhnZym`ymkw t\Snb BZyXeapdbn¬s∏´ kv { XoIƒ°p≠mbncp∂p. ]n∂sØ XeapdI-ƒs°¥p]‰n? CsXms°bmWv Cu A≤ym- b Øn¬ ]cntim[n°p∂Xv.

kv{Xohn-Zym-`ym-ksØ kv{Xo]£-Øp-\n∂p ]cn-tim-[n-°p-tºmƒ tIcfØnse Db¿∂ kv{Xokm£cX, kv{Xo hnZym`ymkw F∂nhsb∏‰n aebmfnIƒ°v s]mXpsh henb A`nam\amWv . tIcfw kmºØnIamb ]nt∂m°mhÿbnembncp∂ ImeØmWv Cu t\´ßƒ ssIhcn®sX∂

153

hkvXpX A\h[n KthjW]T\ßƒ°p hgn sXfn®p. C∂v kvIqƒ˛tImtfPv hnZym¿∞nIfn¬ henb `mKhpw s]ÏpńIfmWv. ]ØmwXcØn seØp∂Xpw A[nI-hpw s]ÏpńIƒXs∂. kmt¶Xn-IhnZym`ymkØnepw Ah¿ apt∂dn s°m-≠n-cn°p∂p. ]pdw\mSpI-fn¬ tIcfsØ°pdn®p≈ N¿®Ifn¬ ChnSsØ kv{XoIfpsS hnZym`ymkt\´w C∂pw hfsc {]iw-kn-°s∏Smdp≠v. ˛ C∂p tIcfØns‚ kºZvh - yh-ÿ, kmaqlyhnImkw F∂nhbn¬ kv{XoIfpsS ]¶v F¥pXs∂bmbmepw icn, tIcfw ASp-Ø ImeØp kºmZn® Io¿ØnbpsS \√]¶v kv{XoIfpsS kw`mh\bmsW∂v \n- wibw ]dbmw. ]sØm≥]Xmw\q‰m≠n¬ anjWdnamcpsS ]≈n°q- S ßfnemc- w `n®v k¿°m¿]≈n°qSßfpsS hym]\Ø-neqsSbpw kapZmbßƒ ]SpØpb¿Ønb hnZymebß-fneqs-Sbpw \mw Cu t\´Øn¬ FØn-t®¿-∂-Xns‚ Nn{Xw KthjIcpsS ]T\ßfn¬\n∂v e`n°p∂p≠v . Ccp]Xmw\q‰m≠ns‚ a≤y-Imeamb-t∏mtg°v kaqlØns‚ Xmsg-°nSbnep≈hcn¬ hensbmcp iXam\Øn\v A£c-hnZym`ym-ksa¶nepw t\Sm\pff kmlNcyw ChnsSbp≠mbn. F¶nepw ]n¥ncn- ™ p- t \m°p- t ºmƒ ˛ {]tXyIn®v kv{Xo-]£-Øp\n∂p t\m°p-tºmƒ ˛ ]e- tNmZyßfpw Db¿∂p-hcp-∂p. kv{Xo-I fpsS Imcy-saSpØm¬ "hnZybp≠v, sXmgnen√' F∂ \nebmWv. kv{XoIfmb sXmgne-t\zjIc[nIap≠v tIcfØn¬; kv{XoIfpsS sXmgn¬ ]¶mfnØw IpdhpamWv. IpSpw-_Øn\pffnepw D∂XhnZym`ymkw t\Snb kv{Xo-IfpsS \ne hfsc sa®-amsW∂v Xo¿Øp-]dbm≥ hø. C{Xbpw hnZym`ymkw t\Snbn´pw tIcfØnse kv{XoIƒ IqSpX¬ Km¿ln-ImXn{Iaw kln°p-

∂p-sh∂pw s]mXpsh kv{XoIƒ-s°Xnscbpff AXn{Iaw ChnsS IqSpXemsW∂pw ]T\ßƒ sXfn-bn°p∂p≠v. am{Xa√, `¿Øm-hn¬\n∂pff a¿±\sØ ChnS-sØ \s√mcphn`mKw A`ykvXh - n-Zy-cmb kv{XoIƒ \ymbo-Icn°p-∂ps≠∂v Nne ]T\ßƒ kqNn∏n-°p∂p! kv{XoIfpsS Bﬂ-l-Xym{ia\nc°pw A[nIamWv.

]pXnb km≤y-XI - ƒ, ]pXnb XS-kß - ƒ ]sØm≥]Xmw\q‰m≠n¬ aX-{]NcW-Øn-\mbn ChnsSsb-Ønb anjWdn-am¿°p apºpXs∂ s]ÏpńIsf sNd-nb-tXmXn¬- hnZym`ym-kwsNøn°p∂ coXn Cu \mń- e p≠m- b ncp∂p. HmtcmÿeØpw \nesØ-gpØp-]≈n-Ifp-≠m bncp∂p. Ahns-S sNdnb BÏpńIfpw s]Ïp-ńIfpw FgpØpw hmb\bpw AXy-mhiyw IW°pw ]Tn®p-h∂p. ÿn-Xnbp-ff ho´pIm¿ Bim∑msc hoń¬-hcpØn AhnSsØ IpńIsf apgph≥ ASnÿm\]mTßƒ A`y- k n∏n®p. D∂X-PmXnbn-¬-s∏-´ ] -- e kv{Xo-Ifpw apgph≥ ASn-ÿm-\]mTßfpw A`ykn-®ncp∂p. CXns\ °pdn®p ]dbp-tºmƒ sX°≥-Xncphn-Xmw-Iqdn¬ {]NmcØnepff Hcp IYbmWv Hm¿Ω-hcp∂Xv. kzman hnthIm-\μs‚ tIcf-kμ¿i\-sØ°pdn®pw tIcfw "{`m¥m-eb'amsW∂v At±-lw ]d™-Xns\°pdn®pw an°hcpw tIńcn-°pw. CXpsamcp hnthIm\- μ kμ¿- i \IYbmWv , A[nIamcpw tIń-ńs√∂pam{Xw. \mK¿tIm hnen¬ h≠nbndßnb kzman I\ym-Ipamcn-bn te°v t]mIp∂hgn hni∏pwZml-hpwsIm≠-v he™p. kao]Øpff hoSpIfn¬t- ∏ mbn `£Ww tNmZn°msa∂pIcpXn ]etcmSpw

hnZymkº∂Ifmb aebmfnh\nXIƒ 2001¬ tIcfØn¬ 87.86 iXam\w h\nXIƒ km£ccmbncp∂p, 1950¬ Cu IW°v shdpw 36.47 iXam\ambncp∂p Ft∂m¿°Ww. C¥y≥ icmicnsb°mƒ (53.67%) F{Xtbm ap∂nemWnXv. AXpt]mse, 2003˛04¬ tIcfØnemsIbp≈ 48.94 e£w kv°qƒhnZym¿∞nIfn¬ 49.1 iXam\w s]ÏpńIfmbn-cp∂p. ]ØmwXcwhsc FØp∂X[nIhpw s]ÏpńIƒXs∂. 2002˛03se IW°p{]Imcw BÏpńIfn¬ 18.93 iXam\w sImgn™pt]mbn. s]ÏpńIfn¬ tIhew 9.82 iXam\ta sImgn™p≈q. tImtfPpIfnse _ncpZ]T\Øn¬ aq∂n¬ c≠pt]¿ s]ÏpńIfmWv ˛ _ncpZm\¥cXeØn¬ ap°mepw. kmt¶XnI ]T\Øn¬ BÏpńIfmWp ap∂nse¶nepw F©n\nbdnßv hnZym`ymkØnepwa‰pw s]ÏpńIƒ apt∂dp∂p≠v ˛ 2002˛'03se IW°p{]Imcw F©n\nbdnßn\p tN¿∂hcn¬ 33.96% s]ÏpńIfmbncp∂p. F¶nepw s]mXpsh hnhml°tºmfØn¬ hnebnSnhp≠m°mØ hnZym`ymkØnte°mWv s]ÏpńIƒ HgpInsbØmdv.

154

hnZym`ymkapff kv{Xo kzX{¥tbm?

fnse kv{XoIƒ Ch¿°v ]n∂nembnc-p∂p. \mb¿kv{XoIfn¬ 29.1 iXa-m\hpw {InkvXym\n kv{XoIfn¬ 34.8 iXam\hpw km£ccmbncp∂p. AXp-t]mse tIcfØnse ap…o-ßƒ Ad_n˛ aebmfw D]tbmK-n®ncp∂ ]sØm≥-]Xmw\q‰m ≠n¬ Ip´nIsf AXns‚ ASn-ÿm\]-mT-ßƒ A`yk-n∏n®ncp∂Xv kv{Xo-If-mbncp∂p-sh∂v Kthj-Ibmb _n.F- v.- sjdn≥ Nq≠n°m Wn°p-∂p. "e∫®nIƒ' F∂mbncp-∂p Ch¿°v t]cv. ]t£, kwkv-IrX`mjb-n-eq∂nb hnZym `ymkw kv{XoIƒ°v {]tXyIns®mcp KpWhpw

B AΩ-qΩ ]ndIn¬\n∂v hnfn°p∂p, "tl, bphk\-ymkn, \o h√msX £o-Wn®ncn-°p∂p ht√m? aIt\, \n\°v `£Ww th≠tbm?' AXpw ip≤kwkvIrXØn¬! IYam{XamsW¶nepw \S°m≥ km≤yXbp≠mbncp∂ IYbmWv. kwkvIrX-`mj-bn¬ Bg-Øn¬ Adnhp≠m-bncp∂ k - {v XoI-sf°pdn®v ]e IYIfpw \ΩpsS Ncn{XØnep≠v. ISpØ \nb{¥W-ßƒ°p≈n¬ Ign™ncp∂ \ºqXncnkv{XoIƒ- ]et∏mgpw ASnÿm\-hnZym`ymkw t\Snbncp∂p. 1930se sk≥kkv IW°p {]Imcw Xncphn-XmwIqdnse \ºqXncn-˛t]m‰n kv{XoIfn¬ 43.2 iXam\w t]¿ km£ccm bncp∂p. XncphnX-mwIqdnse a‰p kapZmbß

sNøp-∂n-s√∂ Btcm]Ww ]s-Øm≥-]Xmw\q‰m≠n¬ tI´p-XpSßnbncp∂p. Ct-XImeØmWv kv{Xo-Xzs-Ø-°pdn-®p-≈]pXnb BZ¿ ißfpw F√m--bnS-Øpw ]c°m≥XpSßnbXv. Chsb°pdn®v apsºmc-≤ym-bØn-¬ ]d™t√m. Npcp°-n∏d™m¬, kv{XobpsS icnbmb I¿Ω `qan IpSp-w_-amsW∂ Bibw A-°mesØ kv{X-ohnZy-m`ymkN-¿®Itfbpw _m[n®p. Imhy \mSImZnIƒ ]Tn®XpsIm≠p≈ ]mWvUn-Xyw ho´pØchmZnXzßsf t\cmwhÆw \n¿Δln °m\pff Ignhv kv{Xo°p-≠m°ns-°mSp°p∂n √∂mbncp∂p Hcp hna¿i\w. c≠m-aXmbn, irwKmc{--][m\amb Imh-yßfp-wa‰pw ]Tn°p∂Xp sIm≠v s]Æpßƒ "NoØ-'bmIpsa∂ Bi

slÃ¿ kvanØv, 1976

Xnc°n. `mj ]cnNban√mXn-cp∂XpsIm≠v At±lØn\v ]ebnSØpw Aetb-≠nh∂p. HSphn¬ Hcp ]gb XdhmSns‚ ap‰Øv Ibdns®∂p. AhnsS Btcbpw I≠n√. hb mb Hcp AΩq-Ωam{Xw ]pdØfØn¬ F-t¥m tPmen sNbvXp-sIm≠n-cn°p∂p. C{Xbpw henb Xdhm´n¬ kw-kI -v rXw ]Tn® ]pcpj∑m¿ ImWpsa∂pw AhtcmSv kwk-mcn°m≥ Ignbp-sa∂p-ambn-cp∂p hnth- I m- \ μs‚ {]Xo£. c≠p- a q∂pXhW BwKy`mjbn¬ C°mcyw At±lw AΩqΩ tbmSv tNmZn®psh¶nepw ^e-an-s√∂p tXm∂n. HSp-hn¬ \ncm-i\ - mbn aS-ßm-s\m-cp-ßn. At∏mƒ

hnZym`ymkapff kv{Xo kzX{¥tbm?

155

¶bpw [m-cmfwt]¿ {]ISn∏n®p. IpSpw_tPmen IƒXs∂ G‰hpw \√ {Ia-Øn¬ sNøWsa∂ Bhiyw kvIq-ƒ]Tn∏psIm≠v km[n-°ns√∂Xn\m¬ s]ÏpńIƒ°v CuhI Ignhp-Iƒ D≠m°n-s°mSp°p∂ {]tXyI "kv{Xo-hnZym `ymkw' thWsa∂ hmZw km-[mcW tIńcp∂p. k¿°mcpw kapZmb{]amWnIfpw Cu kv{XohnZym`ymkw ]co£n®-pt\m°pIbpw sNbvX-p. 1914˛¬ XncphnXmw-Iq¿ k¿°m-¿]≈n°qSßƒ°v th≠n cNn°--s∏´ kv{Xo-hnZymKr-l]mTmhen F∂ ]pkvXIw \aps°-m∂p ]cntim-[n®p t\m°mw. F≥.inhcm-a]n≈, sNt¶m´ Un.cmaø¿ F∂o c≠p ]pcpj∑mcmWv Cu ]pkvXIØns‚ cN\ \n¿hl-n®Xv. ]pcpjs‚ hcp Xn°v kv{X-osb \n¿Øm\p≈ Ffp∏-am¿§w Fs¥∂p≈ {]iv \ amWv ]pkv X I- Ø ns- e BapJØnse apJyN-¿®mhnj-bw. kv{XoIƒ ]Tn®m¬ DtZy-mKwtXSpsat∂m ]pcpjs‚ hcpXn \ntj[n®p hnZymK-¿hp-sIm≠v "Zp¿am¿KnIfmbn `hn°p-'sat∂m ]ecpw `b°p-∂ps≠∂v BZyw Xs∂ teJI¿ Xncn®d-nbp∂p. F∂m¬ "bYm¿ ∞-kv{Xo-hnZym-`ymkw' Cßs\ kzm-X{¥y-t_m [ap≈ "K¿ΔpImcnIsf' D≠m°ns√∂pw adn®v, Ah¿ IqSpX-¬ AS°hpw hn\bhpw A-\pkcWb-pw ho´pØchmZnX-zßƒ hln-°m\p≈ {]m]vXnbpw D≈-hcmbn `hn°p-sa∂pam-Wv teJ I-cpsS hmZw:

t£{Xßfn¬am{Xw ssZ-haps≠∂pw AhnsSbp≈ hn{Kl-ßsf°qSmsX thsd ssZhans√-∂ptam¿ °p∂ ]mackv-{Xo-I-ƒ ta¬{]Imcw hn{Klßfn√mØ `h\ßfn¬ ]m]I-r-Xyßƒ-sNøp-∂Xn\v `bs∏Sp-∂XmtWm? kv{XoIƒ ]Tn®meh-¿°v kIe hnth- I hpw D≠mIp- ∂ XmIbm¬ A- h ¿ ]pcpj ∑m¿°v a{¥nI-sft∏mse kabßfn¬ _p≤n-]d bp∂XmWv, Im-cyÿ-∑msct∏ms-e KrlIrXyß sf√mw \SØnbpw \SØn®pwsIm≈pw, IW°pIsf√mw FgpXns°m≈pw. amXmhns-\t∏mse ]pcpj ∑msc kwc£-WwsNøpw.

Xs∂bpa√; G‰hpw {][m-\s∏´ Imcyw ]n∂mse hcp∂p: kv{XoIƒ hnZym`ymkw sNbvXncp-∂psh¶n¬ hnZyXs∂ ]mXn{hXyØn\v Imhembncp∂v ]mXn {hXyØn\v `wKwhcmsX kq£n°psa∂p≈Xv Akwi-bamIp∂p.

]sØm-ºXmw\q‰m-≠ ns‚ Ah-k m-\ -I meØp {]Xy-£-s∏´ BZy- ae-bmft\mh-ep-Ifnse \mbn-I-am-cn¬ ]-ecpw C∏-d™ ]pXnb

156

hnZym-`ym-kw-sNbvX DØ-ak - {v Xo-If - m-bmWv Nn{XoI-cn-°-s∏-´-Xv. kwkvIr-X-hn-Zym-`ymkw tZmj-I-cam-sW∂pw s]Æp-ß-fn¬ K¿Δp-≠m-°p-sa-∂pa‰pw Btcm]n®tijw, kv{XoIsf `¿Ømhn\v hnt[bI-fm°nØ-o¿°p∂ ]pXnb hnZym`ymkco XnbpsS KpWKWßsf {]Io¿- Ø n- ° p∂ {]kwKßƒ Chbn¬ ]e-Xnepw- tN¿Øn´p≠v. {ItaW kv{Xo-hnZym`ymkw tIcfØn¬ hf¿∂ph∂ kapZmbßfpsS {]nbs∏´ hnjbambn Xo¿∂p. kv{XoIs-f DØa-IpSpw_n\nIfpw ]Xn {hX- I fpam°nØo¿°p∂ hnZym- ` ymksØ t{]m’-mln-∏nt°≠ ISa -kapZm-bß-ƒ°p s≠∂p hmZn-® ]ecpw kapZmb-Øns‚ k¬t∏cpw \∑bpw apgp-h≥ kv{Xo-IfpsS (am{Xw) DØc- h mZnXz- a msW∂pt]mepw hmZn°m≥ apXn¿∂p. kv{Xo°v ]pcpjs\m∏w F√mImcy ßfpw sNøm≥ Ignhps-≠t∂m kv{Xo-°pw ]pcpjs‚-sbm∏w IpSpw-_-]-chpw kmaq-ly-hp-amb IS-aI - f - p-s≠t∂m am{X-a√ ChnsS ]d-™s - X∂v {i≤n-t°-≠-Xm-Wv. adn®v, kv{Xo°v Ignhv ]pcp js\m∏amsW¶nepw kapZm- b tØm- S p≈ DØchmZnXzw IqSpXemsW∂ hmZamWnXv. eLp-hmbn ]d™m¬, kapZmb-\∑s-b∂ `mcw IqSpX¬ hlnt°≠Xv kv{Xobm-sW∂hIm-i s∏Sm≥ ]ecpw aSn®n√. AXnsem-cmƒ A∂sØ Adnbs∏Sp∂ \mb¿-kapZ-mb{]h¿-ØIbmbn cp∂ sI. Nn∂-Ωbmbncp∂p. AhcpsS hm°pIfn¬ :

Hcp KrlØntetbm kapZmb- Ø ntetbm am\ Øn\pw A]am-\Øn\pw ImcWw kv{XoIƒ-X-s∂bmsW∂p≈Xv ]dtb≠- X n√t√m. ]pcpj∑m¿ Zpxkz`mhn- I fpw Adnhn√mØhcpw BbnØ- o ¿∂mep≠m-Ip∂ `hnjyØpIƒ A{X AklyamIbn√. t\sca-d-n® -- v kv{XobpsS Zpxkz`mhhpw Adnhn√mbv a bpw \nanØw D≠m- I p∂ `hnjyØpIƒ "KpcpX-c'-amWv. ("hnZym`ymkØn¬ kv{XoIfpsS ÿm\w', e£vao`mbn 8 (6) 1913)

Xs∂bpa√, A\p-kcWIm´mØ kv{Xo Isf ASn--®p-\∂m°m\p≈ A[nImcw `¿Øm °∑m¿°v hI-h®p-sImSp-°p∂ hmZßƒ Cu N¿®bn- e pS\ofw tIƒ°- m \pap- ≠ m- b ncp∂p. A[nIw tNmZyw-sNøs∏S-msX Ah D∂bn° s∏´p. apºv ]cntim[n® kv{XohnZymKrl]mTm hen bnse ]mT- ] pkv X - I Øn¬ `¿Øm- h n\papºn¬ ]mXn{hXykXyw sNbvXn´v kq{XØn¬ Abmsf ]‰n°p∂ Hcp Iuie°mcnbpsS IY hnZym`ymkapff kv{Xo kzX{¥tbm?

sI. Nn∂Ω B‰nß¬kztZinbmbncp∂ sI. Nn∂Ω Ccp]Xmw\q‰m≠ns‚ Bcw`Øn¬ XncphnXmwIqdn¬ kmaqly tkh\cwKØv X\Xmb ap{Z]Xn∏n® kv{Xobmbncp∂p. Ipd™ kmºØnIÿnXnam{Xap≠mbncp∂ IpSpw_Øn¬∏nd∂ Ah¿°v hnZym`ymkw kapZmbØn¬ Dbcm\p≈ am¿§ambn. Xncph\¥]pcsØ sk\\m anj≥ kv{XohnZymebØn¬\n∂v ASnÿm\]T\w ]q¿Ønbm°nbtijw Xncph\¥]pcw h\nXmtImtfPn¬\n∂v _n.Fbv°p Xmsgbp≈ F^v.F. _ncpZw kºmZn®p. s]mXphnZym`ymkhIp∏n¬ AknÃ‚ v C≥kv s ]Iv { S mbn tPmen°ptN¿∂p. hnhmlnXIfmb DtZymKÿIfpsS AhImi ßƒ°pth≠n hmZn®p. 1911¬ tN¿∂ \mb¿kapZmbktΩf\Øn¬ kv{XoIƒ°v kapZmbImcyßfnepw kapZmb-]cnjv°cWØnepw A¿ln°p∂ {]m[m\yw \¬ImØXn¬ hyk\w{]ISn∏n®psIm≠p \SØnb {]kwKw hfsc {i≤]nSn®p]‰n. a∂Øp]fl\m`\S°ap≈ \mb¿t\Xm°fpsS BZchpw AwKoImchpw Npcpßnbthfbn¬ t\Sm≥ Ah¿°p Ign™p. \nch[n h\nXm-kamPßƒ ÿm]n®p. 1918¬ Xncph \¥]pcØv {ioaqew jjvSy_vZ]q¿ØnkvamcI lnμpalnfmaμncw ÿm]n®p. km[ps]ÏpńIƒ°v hnZym`ymkhpw sXmgn¬ ]cnioe\hpw \¬Ip∂ ÿm]\sa∂ \nebv°v ITn\m≤zm\ØneqsS AXns\ hf¿ØnsbSpØp. alnfmaμncw F∂ t]cn¬ Hcp kv{Xo{]kn≤oIcWhpw \SØnbncp∂p. 1930¬ Nn∂Ω A¥cn®psh¶nepw Ah¿ XpSßnb ÿm]\w C∂pw \ne\n¬°p∂p.

teJI¿ hnhcn°p∂p≠v. Cßs\bp≈ s]Æp ßsf `¿Øm°∑m¿ "tImepsIm≠v ]Tn∏n ®mte \∂mhq' F∂v ]dbp∂Xn¬ bmsXmcp sX‰pw A°meØv Ah¿°p tXm∂nbn√. adn®v, CØ-cw s]cpam‰w `¿Øm°∑-mcn¬\n∂v D≠m bm¬ Ahsc tImepsIm≠v ]Tn∏n°m \p≈ A[nImcw `mcyam¿°p≈Xmbn Chcpw, Chsct∏mep≈ a‰pIq´cpw Bcpw ]d™ tXbn√. "\√]n≈'-bmbn-°gn-bpI F∂ `mcw Ft∏mgpw kv{Xob-psS XebnemWt√m? CXns\ °pdn®mWv XncphnXmw-Iq¿k¿°mcns‚ s]mXphnZym`y-mkhIp∏n¬ tPment-\m°nb BZysØ h\nX-Ifn¬ Hcmfmbn-cp∂ sI. e£van AΩ "]pcpj[¿Ωw' F∂ Xs‚ teJ\-Øn¬ ]d ™Xv: hnZym`ymkapff kv{Xo kzX{¥tbm?

`mcym[¿Ωw, kv{Xo[¿Ωw apXemb [¿Ωßsf∏‰n At\Iw teJ\ßƒ CubnsS ImWp∂p≠v . F∂m¬, AXpt]mseXs∂ `¿Ør-[¿ΩsØtbm ]pcp- j [¿Ωs- Ø tbm]‰n bmsXm∂pw {]kn- ≤ s∏SpØmØXv F¥ps-Im≠ms-W∂v Rm≥ ]e t∏mgpw BtemN-n°mdp≠v. kv{XoIƒ°v am{Xam tWm AhcpsS apdsb∏‰n Hm¿-Ωbn√-mXncn°p∂Xv. As√¶n¬ ]pc-pj-∑m¿°v bmsXmcp NpaX-ebpw Cs√∂pt≠m? ...`¿Ømhns\ ip{iqjn°p∂Xv `mcybpsS NpaXebmsW¶n¬ AXp-t]-m-seXs∂ Ahiyw `mcysb ip{iqjn°p∂Xv `¿Ømhns‚bpw NpaXe--bmsW∂Xn¬ kwiban√. AXp- s - I m≠v kv { Xo[¿ΩsØ D]tZi-n-°p∂ almﬂm°ƒ AhchcpsS I¿Ø-

157

158 slÃ¿ kvanØv, 1976

hyI¿Ωßsf icnbmbn \n¿h- l n°p∂Xmbm¬ CcpI£- n Iƒ°pw Bt£]Øn\pw hgnbp≠m hns√-∂p-am{Xa√, hfsc KpW-ap-≠m-Ip∂-Xp-am-Ip∂p. ("]pcpj[¿Ωw', imcZ 1 (8) 1906)

e£v a nbΩsbt∏msebp≈ "Xt‚S- ° m cn'Iƒ D≠mI- c psX∂m- b ncp∂p "kv{XohnZym`ymk' Øns‚ Bcm[IcpsS e£yhpw! F∂m¬ ho´Ωsb hm¿sØSp°p∂ hnZym`ymkØn\v A\pIqeamb ap{ZmhmIy-ßƒ°nSbnepw hyXyk- v X amb Nne \n¿t±ißƒ tIńcp∂p. AXnsem∂v H. N¥ptat--\m≥ cNn® CμpteJ (1889) F∂ t\mh¬ Db¿Ø-n°mńb hnZym-`ymkmZ¿iamWv. CμpteJ-bnse (AtX t]cp≈) \mbnI CwKvfnjpw kwkvIrXhpw \∂mbn ]Tn®hfmWv. kwKoXsØ°pdn®v \√ ⁄m\hpw imkv{XcwKsØ ]pXnb I≠p]nSnØßsf°pdn®v Adnhpap≈hfmWv. ]t£ ]TnØw-sIm≠v CμpteJbv°v Adnhp-≠mb-n F∂Xn\p]pdta a‰p ]e KpWKWßfpw kn≤n °-p∂p≠v. sX‰pw icnbpw hy‡ambn th¿Xncn®d- n bm\p≈ Ignhv , \√ a\xkm∂n≤yw, Bfl\nb{¥Ww, icnsb- ∂ v Xncn®dn™ Imcyßfn¬ Dd®p\n¬°m\p≈ Ignhv ˛ CsXm s-°bmWv AhfpsS khntij-KpWßƒ. [\nIs\¶nepw X\n-s°m´pw tNcmØ Hcp ]pcp js\ hnhmlw Ign°m≥ Xm≥ AXy-[nIw kvt\ln°p∂ IpSpw_-ImcWh¿ \SØp∂ {iaßsf CμpteJbv ° v {]Xntcm[n°m≥ Ign™Xv CuhI kz`mhKpWßƒ Ahƒ-°p ≠mbXpsIm≠msW∂v Cu t\mh¬ \tΩmSv ]dbp∂p. ho´ptPmen ka¿∞ambn \n¿Δln°m\p≈ ]Tn∏ns\°mƒ {][m\w a\xi‡n hf¿Øp∂Xcw hnZym`y-mk-amsW∂v t\mh¬ \sΩ Hm¿Ωn∏n°p∂psh∂v kmcw. X\n°v sXs‰∂p t_m≤y-s∏´ Hcp {]hr-Ønbpw Xs∂ s°m≠v sNøn°m≥ B¿°pwIgnbns√∂v CμpteJ sXfnbn°p∂p. kvt\ln-°p∂ ]pcp jt\mSv ASp∏w- ImWn°ptºmgpw Xs‚ hna¿i\_p≤nbpw hnthIhpw ssIsh-Snbm≥ Ahƒ XømdmIp∂n√. CsXms°bmWv CμpteJbv°v hnZym`ymkwsIm≠p≠mb KpWw. X\n°p Np‰p ap≈ temIsØ hna¿i\ZrjvSym ho£n®v sX‰pwicnbpw th¿Xncn®pI≠v icnbn¬ Dd®p\n¬°m\p≈ Xt‚Sw ˛ CtX Xt‚SamWv GXm≠nXn\SpØImeØv tImfn≥kv aZmΩ FgpXnb LmXIh[w (1877) F∂ t\mhense adnbw F∂ IYm-]m-{Xhpw {]ISn∏n°p∂Xv. £n{]tIm]nbmb A∏s\ Ahƒ t]Sn°p∂n√. hnZym`ymkapff kv{Xo kzX{¥tbm?

Ahƒ°njv S an√mØ Hcp hnhmlmtemN\ At±lw Dd∏n®Xns\ Ahƒ \JinJm¥w FXn¿°p∂p. hnZym`ymkØneqsS icn-sX‰p Isf∏‰n Adnhp≠mb X\n°v H∂nt\bpw `bs∏tS≠ Imcyans√∂ BflhnizmkamWv adnbw {]ISn∏n°p∂Xv. Cu hnZym`ymkmZ¿iØn\v hfsc A\p IqenIfp≠mbn√. F¶nepw "Xt‚S-°mcn-Iƒ' ]ecpw D≠mbn-s°mt≠-bncp-∂p. B[p\nI hnZym`ymkw t\Snb aebmfn-kv{XoIfpsS BZy Xeapdbn¬s∏´hcpw kv{XobpsS AhImi ßƒ°mbn hmZn®hcpamb ]e¿°pw "Xt‚S °mcn' F∂ hntijWw tNcpw. C°q´sc B[p \n-I]pcpj∑m¿ F{XtØmfw `b∂ncp∂p-sh∂v AdnbWsa¶n¬ A°mesØ lmkycN\Iƒ ]cntim[n®pt\m°nbm¬ aXn. 1950Ifn¬ {]kn≤ lmky-kmlnXy-Imc\mbn-cp∂ ]n.sI. cmPcm- P h¿ΩsbgpXnb "Ahnhmln- X bmb _n.G°mcn' F∂ lmky-teJ\Øn¬ Hcp Nn{Xap≠v ˛ kv{XoIfpsS AhImiß-ƒ°p th≠n In´mhp∂ F√m thZnIfnepw CSn®pIbdns®∂v a\pkvarXn IØn®p-Nmº em°Wsa∂v hmZn°p∂ NqSØnbpsS Nn{Xw. ae_mdn¬ kRvPb\pw XncphnXmwIqdn¬ C.hn. IrjvW]n≈bpw (c≠pt]cpw aebmfØnse AXn{]ikvXcmb lmky-kmlnXyImc∑m¿) "{]kwK°mcnIsf' AXy[nIw `bs∏ńcp∂p sh∂mWv AhcpsS FgpØn¬\n∂pw In´p∂ kqN\. F∂m¬ Ch¿ \n¿Ωn® Cu "`b¶cn' bpsS Nn{Xw tIhew k¶¬∏krjvSnbmsW∂p ]dbm\pwhø. A°mesØ ]e kv{XoIfpw CXpw CXn\∏pdhpw sNbvXhcmbncp∂p. 1928¬ bph A`n`mjIbmbn-cp∂ A∂mNm≠n "kv{Xo Iƒ°v k¿°m¿ tPmen\¬Inbm¬ AXv kmaqlyhn]Øn\nShcpØp'sa∂v {]kvXmhn®psIm≠v teJ\sagpXnb A∂sØ henb {]amWnbmbncp∂ Sn.sI. thep∏n≈sb t\cn´Xv Cßs\sbmcp CSn®pIb‰ØneqsSbmWv . Xncph\¥]pcsØ hnZym`nh¿≤n\nk` Hcp s]mXptbmKw IqSnb thfbnemWv CXp≠mbXv. A∂sØ XncphnXmwIq¿ sslt°mSXn PUvPnbmbncp∂ ]n.sI.-\mcmbW-]n≈bmbn-cp∂p A≤y£≥. "kv { XoIƒ Xßƒ°v A¿lXbn√mØ k¿°mcp-tZymKw XńsbS-p°p∂p' F∂ thep∏n≈bpsS Btcm]-WsØ kv{XoIƒs°Xnsc ^b¬-sNbvX A\ymbambn "_lp am\s∏´ tImSXn' IW°m°Wsa∂v Ah-¿ Bhiy- s ∏´p. Cßs\ {]Xnÿm\Ømb

159

s]Æpßƒ°pth≠n hmZn°ms\Ønb h°o emWv Xms\∂v kzbw {]Jym]n®p. XpS¿∂v Ah¿ \SØnb {]kwKw tImSXnbn¬ \S °p∂ H∂m-¥cw hmZtØmSv InS]nSn°p∂Xm b-ncp∂p. "CSn®pIbdn'bXpt]mse Cdßnt∏m Im\pw Ch¿ anSp°nIfmbncp∂p. 1932se kakv X tIcf kmlnXy]cnjXv ktΩf\ Ønse s]mXp-ktΩf\ßfn¬ kv{XoIsf ]s¶ Sp∏n-°mØXn¬ {]Xntj[n®v _n. `mKocYn AΩ Cdßnt∏mbn. Cßs\ ]e kw`hßfpw A°m eØp \S°pbp≠mbn. 1937¬ ap…owh\nX F∂ ]ptcmKa\{]kn≤oIcWØns‚ {]km[I F≥. leoam_ohn Xncph√bn¬h®p\S∂ ap…owh\nXmktΩf\Øn¬ hnZym`ymkØns‚ alXzsØ∏‰n Cßs\ {]kvXmhn®p:

A£cm`ymkw \njn≤ambpw A]cm[ambpw Icp Xnbncp∂ \Ωfn¬ ]ecpw C∂v A`ykvXhnZyI fmbnØo¿∂ncn°p∂p. kv { XoIƒ hnZym`ymkw sNbvXncp∂psh¶n¬ Ah¿ hgn]ngbv°psa∂p≈ sX‰n≤mcW C∂v `qcn`mKhpw \in®n´ps≠∂p≈Xv Bizmk-IcamWv. Bibßƒ hn]peoI-cn°phm\pw hniZoIcn°phm\pw kzm`n{]mbw tcJs∏SpØp hm\pw {]Jym]\wsNøphm\pw hnZym`ymkamWv \ap°v klmbI-ambn-Øo¿∂n´p≈Xv. AXns‚ al —‡nbn¬ A¥¿eo\amb hnimelrZbXzwXs∂ bmWv ]pdØndßmXncp∂ \Ωƒ F√mhtcbpw `oXnbpw e÷bpwhn´v C∂nhnsS Cu tbmKØn¬ k∂nlnXcmIp∂Xn\v CSbmbnØo¿∂n´p≈sX∂v Rm≥ hnkvacn°p∂n√. ("kzmKX{]kwKw',ap…owh\nX 1(4) 1937 )

F¥mbmepw Ccp]Xmw\q‰≠ns‚ Bcw`w apX¬ kv°qfn¬ ]Tn°p∂ s]ÏpńIfpsS FÆw sIm®nbnepw XncphnXmwIqdnepw Db¿ ∂psImt≠bncp∂p. ae_mdn¬ Cu ]ptcmKXn I≠n√ ˛ ae_m¿ t\cn´p≈ {_nńjv`cW Øn≥Iognembncp∂t√m.

kv{XohnZym`ymkw ˛˛ sX°pw hS°pw {_n´njv A[nImcØn≥Iogn¬ sRcn-™a¿∂ ae_mdn¬ k¿°mcns‚ kmaqly- t £a{] h¿Ø\ßƒ Ipdhmbncp∂p. ]cºcmK-Xamb D®\oNXzßsf Du´nbpd∏n® hntZi`cW-waqew ae_m¿, XncphnXmwIq¿, sIm®n F∂o {]tZ ißsf At]£n®v km£cXbnepw kv{Xo km£cXbnepw ]n∂nembncp∂p. 1951¬

160

ae_mdn¬ kv { Xokm£cX 21 iXam\am bncp∂p. XncphnXmwIqdn¬ Cu kwJy 37 iX am\hpw. ]t£ a{Zmkv { ]hniysb samØ ØnseSpØm¬ AXns‚ CXc`mKßsf At] £n®v ae_mdnse kv { Xokm£cX hfsc sa®ambncp∂psh∂p thWw ]dbm≥ ˛ a‰p `mKßfpsS GItZiw c≠ncńbmbncp∂p ae_mdnse kwJy. kzmX{¥yØn\ptijhpw sFIytI-cf-kwÿm\-cq]oIcWØn\p tijhpw ae_mdn¬ kvIqƒ-hnIk\w Xzcn Xs∏´p. GXm\pw ZiIßƒ-sIm≠v hnZym`ymkImcyØn¬ sX°pw hS°pw XΩnep≈ A¥cw \nI∂p. XncphnXmwIqdnsebpw sIm®nbnsebpw `cWm[nImcnIƒ°v {_nńj[nImcnIfpsS aXn∏p kºmZn°m≥ InW™p ]cn{ian-t° ≠nbncp∂p. hnZymebhnImkhpw a‰pw Cu BhiysØ \ndth‰m\pw klmbn®p. am{Xa√, lnμpcmPysa∂v kzbw hntijn∏n®n-cp∂ Xncp hnXmwIqdn¬ C°meØv PmXn-hncp≤-kacßƒ s]cpInbXns‚ êambn PmXn-amaqepIfpsS kwc£Icmb `cWm[n-ImcnIfpsS P\{]nb Xbv ° v CSn- h p≠mbn- Ø pSßnbncp∂p. Cu kmlNcyØn¬ cmPm[nImcØn\v ]pXnsbmc SnØd ]Wntb≠ Bhiyhp-ap≠mbncp∂p. hnZym`ymkw, B[p-\nI NnIn’mkuIcyw F∂nh hnIkn-∏n-°p∂XneqsS `cWm[nImc Øn\v ]pXnb ASnØd ]mIm≥ A[nImcnIƒ {ian®p. F∂m¬ ae_mdn¬ {_nńjpIm¿ P\ßƒ Bhiys∏ń´pw hnZym`ymkhnIm kØn\pwa‰pw apXn¿∂n√. kzmX{¥yØn\p tijamWv ChnsS hnZymebßƒ hym]IambXv. D∂XhnZym`ymkw t\Snb kv{XoIfpsS hnP bßƒ ]eXpw Ccp]Xmw\q‰m≠ns‚ BZy ]IpXnbn¬ ChnsS \mw ]ckyambn BtLm jn°pIbp≠mbn. {][m\s∏´ kapZmbß sf√mwXs∂ kap-Zm-bmw-K-ß-fmb kv{XoIfpsS hnZym`ymkt\´ßsf A`n\μn®p. ]{Xßfn¬ AXp hm¿Øbmbncp∂p. ae-bm-fn-kv{Xo-I-fn¬ B[p\nIsshZy_ncpZw BZyambn t\Snb tacn ]p∂≥ eqt°mkv \mń¬ Xncns®Ønbt∏mƒ kpdnbm\n{InkvXym\n kaqlw Ahsc kz¿Æ saU¬ \¬In BZ-cn-®p. 1917¬ Kucn i¶pÆn F∂ Cugh- b phXn- b psS _n.F. ]co£mhnPbsØ-ØpS¿∂v Fkv.F≥.-Un.]n tbmKw Ahsc CXp-t]mse BZcn®p. 1925¬ bp. tZhInbΩbv°v Fw.F.F¬.‰n ]co£ Pbn®Xns\ØpS¿∂v IÆqcnse Xnø{]apJcn¬-\n∂v kz¿ÆhnZym`ymkapff kv{Xo kzX{¥tbm?

saU¬ e`n®p. F∂m¬ kapZmbw tImcn s®mcn™ B BZchn\v A{X \√X√m-Ø hiwIqSnbp≠mbncp∂p. "DØa IpSpw_n-\nIƒ' BWv kapZmbØns‚ s\Spw-Xq¨ F∂ B [mcWbmWv an° kapZmbt\Xm°fpw {]Ncn∏n®Xv. hnPbn\nIƒ Ft∏mgpw "\nbaØn\v A]hmZw' am{Xambncp∂p. _ncpZ[mcnWnIfn¬ A[nIamcpw kapZmb- t \XrXzØnte°v Db¿∂pan√. tIcfØnsebpw C¥ybnsebpw ZfnXvkv{XoIfn¬\n∂v tImtfPv _ncpZw t\Snb BZy h\nXbmbncp∂ Zm£m bWn thembp[\mbncn°Ww CXns\mc-]hmZw. 1945¬ Ah¿ sIm®n \nba-\n¿Ωm-WIu¨-knen te°v \ma\n¿t±iw-sNøs∏´p. kapZmbØns‚ samØw Xm¬]cy-ßsf {]Xn\n[oIcn°p∂ hy‡nbmbn AwKoIcn°-s∏SpIbpw sNbvXp. > ImWpI ]pdw 49-, 50 < 1920-If - n¬ kv{Xo{]-Xn-\n-[n-bmbn sIm®n\nba-\n¿ΩmWIu¨kn-en¬ AwK-am-bn-cp∂ tXm´bv°m´p am[-hn-bΩ \mb¿k-ap-ZmbkwL-S\ - m-{]h¿Ø-\Ø - nepw a‰pw hym]r-Xb - m-bn-cp-s∂-¶nepw Ign-hp≈ h\n-X-sb∂v ]cs° AKo-I-cn-°-s∏-

´n-cp-s∂-¶nepw kap-Zm-b-t\-Xr-Xz-Øn-te-°p-b¿ ∂n√. 1947se XncphnXmwIq¿ \mb¿-alm-ktΩ f\Øn¬ {]kwKn® ae_mdn¬-\n∂p≈ \mb¿ t\Xmhv a®nß¬ Irjv W - t at\m≥ "F√m AXncpIsfbpw t`Zn®p' F∂pXs∂ ]dbWw! At±lØn\v In´nb IW°\pkcn®v \mb¿ hnZym¿∞n\nIfn¬ kvIqƒss^\¬ Ign™ hcn¬ 50 iXam\hpw hnhmlw-Ign®p-sh¶n¬ C‚¿aoUnb‰vXew (Ct∏mgms-W¶n¬ πkv Sp) Ign™h¿ 40 iXam\wam{Xta hnhmlw Ign®p≈p. _n.F°mcnIfn¬ 20 iXam\wt]¿ am{Xta hnhmlwIgn®p≈p. CsXmcp henb hn]ØmsW∂mbncp∂p tat\ms‚ A`n{]mbw. At±lw ]d™p: ""AhnhmlnXIfmb kv{Xo Iƒ kapZmbØn-s\mcp `mcamWv. kZmNmc]c ambn t\m°nbmepw B \ne BZcWobamIp ∂n√.'' (Zo]nI, 14 sk]vXw-_¿, 1949) F¶nepw kapZmbßfnse ]pcpj-∑mcn-¬ ]ptcmKa\]£hpw bmYmÿnXnI-]£hpw ]et∏mgpap≠mhpIbpw Ah XΩn¬ G‰pap´pIbpw sNbvXncp∂p. 1920IfpsS Ahkm\ h¿jßfn¬ \ºqXncn-kapZmb-{]ÿm\Øn¬

Zm£m-bWn them-bp-[≥ ]e _lp-a-Xn-Ifpw t\Sn-s°m-≠mWv Zm£m-bWn thembp-[≥ s]mXp-cw-K-tØ-°p-b¿∂p h∂-Xv. sIm®n-bn¬\n∂v BZy-ambn sa{Sn-°p-te-j≥ ]m mb ]ń-I-PmXn s]Ïpń, C¥y-bnse ]ń-I-Pm-Xn-°m-cnse BZy _ncp-Z-[m-cn-Wn F∂n-ßs\ ]e-Xpw. 1913¬, sIm®n-bnse apf-hp-ImSv Zzo]nem- b n- c p∂p P\- \ w. Fd- W m- I pfw alm- c m- P mkv tImtfPn¬\n∂pw ]n∂oSv a{Zm-kn¬\n-∂p-amWv Ah¿ _ncp-Z-ßƒ t\Sn-b-Xv. sIm®nhnZym-`ym-k-h-Ip-∏n¬ tPmen-t\m-°n-sb¶nepw "]pe-b-Øn-ó-®¿' F∂ ]cn-lmkw kln-t°-≠n-h∂t{X! A≤ym-]n-I-bmbn tPmen-t\m-°sh B¿. them-bp[s\ hnhm-lw-I-gn-®p. 1945¬ Ah¿ sIm®n \nb-a-k-`-bn¬ AwK-ambn \ma-\n¿t±iw sNø-s∏-´p. ]n∂oSv C¥y≥ `c-WL- S \m\n¿Ωm- W - k - ` - b n¬ tIm¨{Kkv Sn°- ‰ n¬\n∂psIm≠v AwKXzw t\Sn. F∂m¬ 1950-I-fn¬ Ah¿ cmjv{Sob-Po-hn-X-Øn¬\n∂v A¬∏-sam∂p ]n≥hmßn, F¬.-sF.kn-bn¬ DtZym-K-ÿ-bm-bn. 1971¬ cmjv{So-b-Øn-te°p aSßm≥ {ian-®p. B h¿jsØ ]m¿e-sa‚ v sXc-s™-Sp-∏n¬ Ah¿ ASq¿ aWvUeØn¬\n∂v `m¿§hn X¶-∏s - \-Xnsc a’cn®p ]cm-P-b-s∏-´p. Ncn-{X-Im-cn-bmb aocm them-bp-[≥ aIfm-Wv. (sN-dmbn cma-Zm-kv, Aø≥Im-fn°v BZ-c-tØmsS, Fd-Wm-Ip-fw, 2009, ]pdw 103-˛107)

161

162

CØcsamcp G‰papén\v Acsßmcpßn °gn™ncp∂p ˛- tbmK-t£a-k` F∂ \ºqXncn kwLS\bpw \ºqXncn-bphP\kwLw F∂ ]ptcmKa\-hmZnIfpsS kwLhpw XΩn¬. \ºq Xn-cnamcpsS Krl-PohnXØn\nWßnb hnZym `ymkw KrlØn¬-h®v s]ÏpńIƒ°v \¬In bm¬ aXnsb∂p bmYm-ÿn-Xn-Icpw temI-Imcy ß-fnte°v a\ ns\ Xpd∂nSp∂ hnZym`ym-

ÿncX-bnembncp∂p F√mhcptSbpw t\m´w. F¥m-bmepw "kv{XohnZym`ymkw' ]cmPbs∏´Xmbn k¿°m¿Xs∂ kΩXn®p. 1933¬ XncphnXmwIq¿ k¿°m¿ \nban® hnZym`ymk]cnjvI-cWIΩn‰nbpsS dnt∏m¿´v (1935) CXv FSpØp-]d™p. Krlimkv{Xw, tcmKo]cnNcWw, {]Ya-ip{iqj apXemb hnjbßfn¬ hnZym¿∞n\n-Itfm AhcpsS amXm]nXm°∑mtcm

kamWv Ah¿°p- t h≠sX∂v ]ptcmKa\]£hpw hmZn®p. s]ÏpńIƒ GXphn[hpw FgpØv ]cnioen®v, ]{Xwhmbn®v, kz¥w A`n {]mbw Ipdn®ph®v, CSpßnb PohnXØn-\p ]pdtØ°v CdßnhcWsa∂v ]ptcmKa\]£°mcpsS A\ntj≤yt\Xmhmb hn.Sn. `´Xncn∏mSv > ImWpI ]pdw 216 < Xs‚ {]ikvXamb Hcp IØn¬ Blzm\wsNbvXp. ]t£, 1927˛¬ tbmKt£-ak` \nban® kv{XohnZy`ymk IΩnj≥ Xømdm°nb dnt∏m¿ń¬ kv { XoIƒ°v B[p\nIhnZym`ymkw thW sa∂pw F∂meXv KrlPohnXØn\v DX-Ip-∂Xm-bn-cn-°-W-sa-∂p≈ a≤yam¿§\n¿t±iamWv apt∂m´p-h®Xv. CXns\ ]ptcmKa\]£Øns‚ {]kn≤o-IcWamb DÆn\ºqXncn Imcyambn hna¿in®p. Cu X¿°Øn\v IrXyamb ]cnlmcw I≠n s√∂XmWv hmkvXhw. ]ptcmK-a\]£°m¿ B{Kln® hna¿i\]camb hnZym`ymkw \ne hn¬h∂n√. Xs∂bpa√ 1930Iƒ henb kmºØnIIpg∏Øns‚ Ime- a mbncp∂p. > ImWpI ]pdw 105 < k¿°m¿tPmenbpsS

Xm¬]cyw-Im´p∂ns√∂pw ]pcpj∑m¿s°m∏w a’cn-°m\pXIp∂ tPmenkm≤yXbp≈ ]T\ Øn-emWv AhcpsS IsÆ∂pw dnt∏m¿´n¬ teJI¿ \nco£n®p. AXmbXv, tPmen t\SnsbSp°pIsb∂ GIe£ytØmSpIqSn ]Tn °m≥ hcp∂hcpsS FÆw hfsc h¿≤n°pI bp≠mbn. Np‰pap≈ temIsØ hna¿i\-ZrjvSym ho£n°m\pXIp∂ hnZym`ym- k coXntbmSv B`napJyw-Im´nbhc-[nIhpw cmjv{Sob {]ÿm\ ßtfmtSm kapZmb-kwLS\ItfmtSm B`n apJyw ]pe¿Ønbhcmbncp∂p. CXn\p≈ kuIcyhpw kzmX{¥yhpw IqSpX¬ ]pcpj ∑m¿°mWp≠mbncp∂Xv. tPmenam{Xw tXSp∂, _m°n Imcyßfn¬ apgph≥ \njv { In- b X ]pe¿Øp∂, Iptdt∏cmWv hnZym¿∞n\nIƒ F∂ Ip‰s∏SpØen¬ Xosc Imºn√mbncp∂p F∂p ]dbm≥ hø! ZpxJ-I-c-amb as‰mcp Imcyw-IqSn ChnsS ]dtb-≠-Xm-Wv. hn⁄m-\-\n¿Ωm-W-Øn¬ G¿s∏Sp∂ ae-bm-fn-kv{Xo-Iƒ hfsc Ipd-hm-sW-∂-XmW-Xv. D≈-h¿ AZr-iy¿Iq-Sn-bm-Wv. Cu Xa-kvIc-WØ - n\v \s√mcp DZm-lc - Ww sNdmbn cma-Zmkv hnZym`ymkapff kv{Xo kzX{¥tbm?

hnZym¿∞n\nIƒ! Ah¿ \ΩpsS tImtfPns‚ Ahn `mPyLSIwXs∂tbm? e÷ kv{Xokz`mhwXs∂, ]t£, H®pIsft∏mse sNdptXmSpIƒ°p≈n¬ Ah¿ Hfn®ncn°p-∂Xn\v AXv \ymboIcWamIptam? ¢m pIfnse \ni_vZcmb tIƒhn°m¿ F∂Xn

slÃ¿ kvanØv, 1976

cNn® Aø≥Im-fn°v BZ-c-]q¿Δw F∂ IrXnbn¬ ImWmw. At±lw {ioaXn Zm£m-bWn them-bp-[-s\-°p-dn-s®-gp-Xnb Ipdn-∏n-em-Wn-Xv. {ioaXn Zm£m-b-Wn-bpsS a°-sf-°p-dn®p ]d-bptºmƒ Ah-cpsS hnZym-`ym-k-sØ-°p-dn®v FSpØp-]-d-bp-∂p-≠v. Ah-cpsS GI-a-Iƒ aocm them-bp-[≥ tIc-f-Ønse FÆ-s∏´ Ncn-{X-Imcn-I-fn¬ Hcm-fm-Wv. tZio-b-{]-ÿm-\-Ønse

kv{Xo]-¶m-fn-Øs - Ø-°p-dn®pw kmaq-ly-]c - n-jv°c-W-Øns‚ ^e-ß-sf-°p-dn®pw hne-s∏´ teJ\-ßƒ Ah¿ Fgp-Xn-bn-´p-≠v. Ncn-{X-Im-c-\mb sNdmbn AXp {i≤n-°p-∂n-√. ]t£, aoc-bpsS `¿Øm-hn-s\-°p-dn-®p≈ hnh-c-ßƒ tN¿°m≥ At±lw ad-∂n-´n-√!- (Aø≥Im-fn°v BZ-c] - q¿Δw, Fd-Wm-Ip-fw, 2009, ]pdw 108)

F∂n´pw ssewKnIw kv { Xo]pcpj∑m¿ Iemebßfn¬ H∂n®p ]Tn®pXpSßnsb¶nepw Chsc ]ckv ] cw CS]gIm≥ A[nIw A\phZn®ncp∂n√. A°meØv tImtfPv hnZym¿∞nIfmbncp∂ ]ecpsSbpw BﬂIYIfn¬ CXv kv]jvSamIp∂p≠v. 1930Ifn¬ FdWmIpfw almcmPmkv tImtfPn¬ BWn\pw s]Æn\pw thsdthsd tImWn∏SnIfp≠mbncp∂p; sse{_dnbn¬ t]mIm≥ hyXykvX kabßfpw. 1927¬ Xncph \¥]pcw almcmPm (C∂sØ bqWn-thgvk - n‰n Iemebw) IemebØnse Hcp hnZym¿∞n Cßs\sbgpXn: hnZym`ymkapff kv{Xo kzX{¥tbm?

ep]cn F¥p]¶mfnØamWv Ah¿°v tImtfPns‚ hnimePohnXØnepw {]h¿Ø\Ønepap≈Xv?... ('From a College Window', The Old College : The Maharajah's College of Science 4 (1) 1927)

A®S°Øns‚ t]cn¬ØpSßn kv{XoIfpw ]pcpj∑mcpw XΩnep≠mIp∂ BI¿jWsØ {Inan\¬Ip‰ambn IW°m-°p∂ coXnbneh km\n® s]cp-am‰®´ßfmWv Iemebßƒ°p ≈n¬ {]mh¿ØnIambXv. klhnZym`ymksØ, AXmbXv BÏpńIfpw s]ÏpńIfpw H∂n®ncp∂v ]Tn°p∂ coXnsb, F{XtØmfw Ad®d®mWv tIcfØnse hnZym`ymkm[nIrX¿ kao]n®Xv! \memw-¢m n\ptijw am\-knI ]IzX FØn- ° gn™- X n\p- t i- j ta BWn s\bpw s]Æn-s\bpw H∏ancpØmhq F∂mWv XncphnXmwIq¿ k¿ΔI- e mimem- c q]oI- c WsØ∏‰n ]Tn°m≥ \nban-Xamb IΩn‰n°v 1920Ifn¬ e`n® {]XnIcWw. Cu at\m`mhw sIm≠v s]ÏpńIƒ°v Imcyamb \jvSap s≠∂v Hcp teJnI A°meØpXs∂ Nq≠n °mWn®ncp∂p. "kl-hnZy`ymkw' F∂ Xs‚ teJ\Øn¬ F≥. ameXn Cßs\sbgpXn:

163

IemebßfnseØp∂ s]¨Ip´nIƒ shdpw Iq] aWvUqIßsft∏mse h¿Øn-®ncp∂p. AhcmIs´ At∏mƒam{Xta _mlyt-emIØn¬ Ncn°phm≥ XpSßp∂p≈p. kl]mTnIfmb hnZym¿∞nIfpsS apºn¬h®v Xßƒ°v a\ nem-ImØ `mKßsf tNmZn°phm≥t]mepw Hmtcmcp-ØcpsS k¶pNnX a\ v Ahsc A\phZn-°p∂n√. kl-hnZym`ymkw sIm≠v bYm¿∞ kv{XoXzw \in∏n®v ]pcpjXzw t\Sm\p≈ Hcp am¿§amsW∂v Hcp]t£ Nne¿ Bt£]-n°pambncn°mw. ]c-am¿∞w t\m°pI-bm sW¶n¬ kv { XoXzw \in- ° p∂ns√∂p am{Xa√ C∂sØ \nebv°mhiyamb Nne ]pcpjKpWßƒ kn≤n°pIbpw sNøp∂p. ("klhnZym`ymkw', alnf 16 (7)1936)

1955epw Cu ÿnXnbn¬ henb- a m‰an √mbncp∂psh∂v Fkv. tImafh√n FgpXnb teJ\w hmbn®m¬ tXm∂pw:

fmbn ]et∏mgpw Iemebßƒ {]h¿Øn®n cp∂p (C∂pw {]h¿Øn-°p-∂p). 1906¬ Xncph\¥]pcsØ almcmPm IemebØn¬\n∂v Hc ≤ym]Is\bpw Nne hnZym¿∞nIsfbpw "{]IrXn hntcm[w' sNbvXpsh∂mtcm]n®v ]pdØm°n. ]{X-ß-fn¬ CXp hm¿Ø-bm-bn-cp-∂p. s]¨ IpńIƒ°mbn Xncph\¥]pcw hna≥kv tImtf Pn\v ]n∂nembn \n¿Ωn® k¿Δ-I-em-imem tlmÃens‚ \nbamhenbn¬ c≠p s]¨-Ipń Iƒ Ińen¬ H∂n®ncn°cpXv Fs∂mcp \nba ap≠mbn-cp∂p! F¥nepw ssewKnIX aW°p∂, GsXmcmfptSbpw kzImcy-PohnXØnte°v Hfn ™pt\m°m≥ t{]cn-∏n-°p∂ hmk\ aebmfn bpsS a\xÿnXnbnep-≠m-bXv CXneqsSsbms° bt√ F∂p kwibn®p-t]mIp∂p ˛ A®S° Øns‚ t]cn¬ ssewKnI ASn®a¿Ø¬ \S Ønb hnZym`ymk-ÿm]\ßfpsS Hma\k¥ Xnbt√ AXv?

Bﬂm-`n-am-\hpw Xm≥t]m-cn-abpw klhnZym`ymkØns‚ KpWhißƒ hfscb[nIw {]Io¿Øn°s∏Sp∂ Hcp ImeamWnXv. ]t£ B BibØns‚ Dt±iip≤nsbt∏mepw Atßb‰w A]l-kn°p∂ Hcp amXrIbmWv C∂v ]et∏mgpw ImWm≥ IgnbpI. At\m\yw kwkmcn-°p∂tXm t]mIs´ At\ym\yw Z¿in°p-∂Xpt]mepw A]cm [ambn KWn°s∏Sp∂ A¥co£w. ("hnZym`ymkw Hcp hnZym¿∞n\nbpsS IÆpIfneqsS', IuapZn BgvN∏Xn∏v, 1955)

F∂m¬ BÏpńIƒ am{Xtam s]¨ IpńIƒ am{Xtam ]Tn°p∂ Ieme-bßfnepw ssewKnIXsb°pdn®p≈ òXn°v Ipdshm∂p an√mbncp∂p. \man∂v A[nIw ]pdØv kwkm cn°mØ Hcp hnjbamWv kz-h¿§m\pcmKw ˛ "CubSpsØßm\pap≠mb hn]Øv' F∂ ań emWv ]ecpw CtX∏‰n ]dbmdp≈Xv. F∂m enXv icnb√. a\pjy-cp≠mb ImewapX¬t° CØcw B{Klßƒ D≠mbncps∂∂pw CXn¬ \n∂v B¿°psamcp tZmjhpw hcm\ns√∂pw ]WvUnXtemIw C∂v AwKoIcn°p∂p. aX ta[mhnIƒ Ct∏mgpw CXns\XncmsW¶nepw B[p\nIk¿°mcpIfpw a‰pÿm]\ßfpw CXns\ AwKoIcn®p-XpSßnbncn°p∂p. kzh¿ §m\pcmKnIƒ kwLSn®p-XpSßnbn´p≠v, Chn sSbpw. F¥mbmepw kzh¿§m\pcmKnIfmb hnZym¿∞n-Isf ]camh[n th´bmSp∂ ÿeß

164

tPmen°pth≠nam{Xap≈ hnZym`ymk-Øn\v ]e t]mcmbv-aIfp≠mbn-cps∂¶nepw AXv A∂v hf¿∂p-XpSßnbncp∂ kv{Xo[\-∏nimNns‚ ]nSnbn¬-\n∂v hfsc kv{XoIsf c£s∏SpØn. tPmenbp≠mbncp∂ hfsc kv{XoIƒ hnhmlwIgn®n√. kv{Xo[\ZpcnXw A\p`hn-°mXncn °m≥, kz¥wImen¬ \n¬-°m≥, kpc£nXXzw t\Sm≥, Ahƒ°v Ign™p. Chcn-¬ ]ecpw adp\mSpIfn¬ ]Tn®-ti-jw Xncn-s®Øn tPmen sNbvXhcmWv. ]et∏m-gpw ]pXnb Bibßfpw kv{XoIfpsS AhImi-ßƒ°mbn s]mcpXm\p≈ Bﬂss[cy- h pwsIm≠mbncp∂p Ah¿ aS ßnbXv. AXnhnsS Ne\ap≠m°n. C∂pw ]e kv{XoIfpw ]pdØp-t]mbn ]Tn°p-∂ps≠¶nepw Ahcn¬ A[nIhpw aSßn-hcmdn√. ImcWw ChnsS Ct∏mƒ tPmenIfn√! kv { XoIƒ°v D∂XhnZym`ymkØneqsS e`n® Xm≥t]mcnasb G‰hpw Xo{hcmjv{- Sob°m cnIƒt]mepw AwKoIcn®ncn°p∂p. C¥y≥ tZiob{]ÿm\w h≥kacß-fnte¿s∏´ Ime ØmWv ]n∂oSv tZiobka-c\mbnIbmbn amdnb Iym]v‰≥ e£van Iemeb-hnZym¿∞n\nbmbXv. hfsc hnZym¿∞nIƒ ]Tn∏pt]£n®v kzmX{¥y kacØnte°p IpXn®pNmSnb Imew. kac Øn¬ ]s¶Sps-Ø¶nepw AXn\pth≠n ]Tn∏pt]£n°ns√∂v Dd® Xocpam\saSpØpsh∂v Bﬂ-IY - b - n¬ Ah¿ ]d-bp-∂p-≠v. kzX{¥\ne hnZym`ymkapff kv{Xo kzX{¥tbm?

AXns\ At]£n®mWv \n¬°p∂- s X∂ t_m≤yw Ah¿°p≠m bncp∂p. F∂men∂v tPmenIƒ hncfamWv. tPmen `mcw ]et∏mgpw A[nIamWv. F¶nepw aebmfn kv{XobpsS kz]v\amWXv ˛˛ ]cnanXamb kzmX {¥ysa¶nepw In´m\p≈ hgn. ]t£ Bflm `nam\w \¬Ip∂ ]Tn∏pw kz¥wImen¬ \n¬ °m\p≈ Ignhpw XΩn¬ At`Zyamb _‘ aps≠∂v a‰mcpw a\knem°nbn-s√∂p-h∂mepw kv{XoIsf¶nepw a\knem°Ww! B[p\nI hnZym`ymkw \ΩpsS hy‡n-t_m[sØ i‡n s∏SpØpsa∂v Xo¿®-bmWv. ]Ømw¢mkv hsc ]nSn®p-\n¬°p-∂X[nIhpw s]Ïpń-IfmbXp sIm≠v Ahcn-¬ hy‡n-t_m[Øns‚ hf¿® IqSm\mWnS. F∂m¬ Cu hnImkw \S°p∂ AtXthfbn¬ s]ÏpńItfmSv \qdv s]cpam‰ ®´ßfpw AXncp-Ifpw BZcnt°≠ Bhiy sØ°pdn®v \mw ]d™psIm≠ncn°p∂p! HcphiØpIqSn B¨-IpńIƒs°m∏w ]TnØ Øn¬ ipjvIm¥nImWn°m\pw tPmentXSm\pw t{]m’ml\w e`n°p∂ s]ÏpńtbmSv (C∂v ]TnØØn¬ ]n∂nembm¬ BÏpń°pw s]Ïpń°pw Htc iImcwXs∂bmWv hońepw kvIqfnepw In´p∂Xv) \o s]ÆmsW∂ Hm¿Ω thWsa∂v \mw ]d™psImt≠bncn°p∂p. CXv s]Ïpńbn¬ krjvSn°p∂ am\knI kwL¿jsØ°pdn®v \mw Hm¿°mdpt≠m? ]Tn ØØn¬ F{X anSp°pImńbmepw hnhmlamWv Ahsf kw_‘n®nStØmfw PohnXhnPbØn te°p≈ am¿§sa∂ ktμiw Ahfn¬ aSp∏p fhm°nbm¬ A¤pXsa¥ncn°p∂p? C{X ISpØ kmlNcy-ßtfmSp a√Sn®p aSp°ptºmƒ PohnXw Ahkm\n∏n®pIfbmsa∂v hnNmcn®m¬ Ahsf Ip‰s∏SpØm\mIptam? hna¿i\t_m[w hf¿ØnsbSpØv Bflm`nam\hpw ss[cyhpw hnZym¿∞n\n°v ]I¿∂psImSp°p∂ hnZym `ymk-coXn am{Xta kv{XoIsf Cu Ipcp°n¬ \n∂v c£n°q. Bflm-`n-am-\hpw Pohn-X-hn-Pbhpw XΩn¬ _‘-ap-s≠∂p ]d-™Xv CXpsIm-≠m-Wv.

hnZym`ymkapff kv{Xo kzX{¥tbm?

IqSp-X¬ BtemN-\bv°v hnZysb∂m¬ kzmX{¥yØnte°p≈ ]mkv t]m¿´v ˛ Cu Bibw \mw hfsc tI´n´p≠v. AtX, GXp cmPyØns‚bpw kzmX{¥ysØ°pdn®p ]Tn°ptºmƒ AhnSsØ km£cXm\nc°v, {]tXyIn®v kv{Xokm£cX, ]cntim[n°p∂Xv km[mcWamWv. ]t£, hnZym`ymkap-≠mbm¬ ]q¿ÆkzmX{¥yw ]n∂mse h∂psIm≈psa∂ tXm∂¬ Aÿm\ØmsW∂v kqNn∏n-°p∂ ImcyßfmsW∂v Cu A≤ymbØn¬ ]cma¿in®Xv . ]pcpj∑mcpsS A\p`hsØ F√m-h¿°pw _m[Iam°nbXns‚ Hcp-ZmlcWa-t√, CXv? ]pcpj∑mcpsS ImcyØn¬ CXv icnbmbncn°mw ˛ ]Tn®h≥ kzX-{¥\mImdp≠v, ]et∏mgpw. ]Tn∏v, sXmgn¬, Iqen F∂nh t\Sn °gn™m¬ ASpØ]Sn kzmX{¥y-Ønte-°p≈ IpXn®pNm´amsW∂ kmam\y-t_m[w ]pcpj ∑mcpsSam{Xw Ncn{Xm-\p`hßsf ASnÿm\ s∏SpØnbt√ \ne-\n¬°p∂Xv?

165

166

9 167

168

]pXnb kmln-Xyw, ]pXnb Ie, ]pXnb kv{XoXzw ae-bm-f-km-ln-Xy-cw-KØpw Iem-{]-h¿Ø\-ß-fnepw kv{XoIƒ°v ZriyX IqSp-X-eps≠∂Xv kXyw-X-s∂. {]tXy-In-®v, ka-Imeo\kmln-Xy-cw-KØv Ign-hp‰ \nc-h[n Fgp-Øp-Im-cn-Iƒ hmb-\-°m-cp-sSbpw \ncq]- I - c p- s Sbpw {i≤]nSn- ® p- ] - ‰ n- ° - g n- ™ p. tIc-f-Øn¬ kv{Xo]-£-cm-jv{Sobw i‡ambn D∂-bn-°-s∏´ GI _u≤n-IbnSw kmln- X y- a m- s W∂ hkvXp- X - t bmSp tN¿Øp-thWw CXns\ ImWm≥. FgpØp-Im-cn-I-fn¬ ]ecpw "s]sÆ-gpØv' ˛ AYhm kv{Xo]£kmln-Xy-c-N\ ˛ Xß ƒ°v Bh- i y- a n- √ mØ Bi- b - a m- s W∂p {]Jym-]n-s®-¶nepw B N¿®-bn-eqsS Xpd∂p- I n- ´ nb CSsØ G‰hpw ^e- { ]- Z ambcoXn-bn¬ Ah¿ D]-tbm-K-s∏-Sp-Øn-sb∂-XmWv t\cv. F∂m¬ Cu t\´w hf-sc°m- e sØ ]cn- { i- a - Ø n\pw sNdp- Ø p- \ n¬∏n- \ pw- t ijw ssIh∂ H∂m- s W∂ hkvXpX ad-°m-\m-hn-√.

"DØakv{XoXz'hpw Iem-hm-k\ - bpw C∂v tIc-f-Øn¬ t]cpw {]i-kvXnbpwt\Snb kv{XoI-fpsS IW-s°-Sp-Øm¬ AXn¬ ap≥\n-c°m¿ kn\n-am-\-Sn-Ifpw ]m´p-Im-cn-Ifpw ]ns∂ Fgp-Øp-Im-cn-I-fp-am-bn-cn-°pw. cmjv{So-b-Ønepw kmaq-ly-{]-h¿Ø-\-ß-fnepap-≈-h¿ Ch-cpsS ]n∂n-em-bn-cn-°m\mWv km≤yX. kv{XoIƒ°v s]mXp-Zr-iyX Ipsd-sbms° In´n-bn-cn-°p-∂Xv Iem-km-ln-Xy-cw-K-ß-fn-em-sW∂v CXn¬\n∂v

169

Mother and Child, 1964, Oil on canvas

A\p-am-\n-°mw. Ie-bp-sStbm kmln-Xy-Øns‚tbm F√m taJ-e-I-fnepw kv{XoIƒ Hcpt]mse CSwIs≠-Øn-°-gn™psh∂√ CXn\¿∞w. DZm-l-c-W-Øn\v kn\n-am-cw-KØv Ignhp-sX-fn-bn® A`nt\-Xm-°fmbn \nc-h-[n-t]-cps≠-¶nepw kwhn-[m-bn-I-am¿ hf-sc-b-[n-I-an√; Nn{X-Ie - m-cw-Kt- Ø°v ASp-ØI - m-eØv kv{XoIƒ IS-∂p-hc - p-∂p-s≠-¶nepw tIc-fobNn{X-Ie - b - psS Ncn-{X-sa-Sp-Øm¬ kv{XoIsf A[n-I-sam∂pw ImWm-\n√ ˛ Sn.sI ]ﬂn-\n-bpsS t]cp-am-{X-amWv \mw A[n- I hpw tIƒ°m- d v . AXp- t ]mse ZriyXt\Snb cwK-ß-fn¬t∏mepw kv{XoIƒ°v Xpey-\n-e-bp-s≠∂v ]d-bm≥ hnj-a-am-Wv. kmln-Xy-]c - n-Nb - w, Iem-hm-k\ - F∂n-hsb B[p- \ n- I - k v { Xo- b psS Ae- ¶ m- c - ß - f m- b mWv ]sØm-ºXmw\q‰m-≠n-sebpw Ccp-]Xmw\q‰m-≠n-

170

sebpw kmaq-ly-]-cn-jv°¿Øm-°ƒ I≠-Xv. FgpØpwhmb-\bpw ]cn-N-bn-°p∂ kv{XoIƒ "hgn-]n-g®p't]mIp-sa∂ bmYm-ÿn-Xn-I-[m-cWsb Xncp-Øm≥ Ch¿ hfsc ]cn-{i-an-®p. A£-cm-`ym-kØ - neqsS a\x-kw-k° v c - Ww \S-°psa∂pw AXn-eqsS ]cn-jvIrXa\-kvI-cmb ]pcpj-∑m¿°v tNcp∂ `mcy-am-cm-Im≥ kv{XoIƒ°p Ign-bp-sa∂pw Ah¿ hmZn-®p. kpIp-amcIe-Ifpw hnin-jvS-km-ln-Xyhpw Bkz-Zn-°m-\p≈ Ignhv "]pXnb kv{Xo'sb ]c-º-cm-K-X-co-Xn-I-fn¬ Ignbp∂ "]gbkv{Xo'bn¬\n∂v hyXy-kX v b - m-°p-∂psh∂v Ah¿ Icp-Xn. BZy-a-e-bmft\mh-ep-I-fn¬ Cu hmZw \mw ]e- t ∏mgpw ImWp- ∂ p- ≠ v . Cμp- t eJ (1889), e£vao-tI-ihw (1892) F∂o t\mh-ep-Iƒ DZml-c-W-ß-fm-Wv. Ch-bnse \mbn-I-am¿ Bﬂ-\n-

Nn{X-Ie- m-cw-KØv kv{XoI-fpsS A]q¿ΔX AP-b-Ip-am¿ FgpXnb "Nn{X-I-ebpw kmln-Xyhpw: Ccp]Xmw\q‰m- ≠ nse tIc- f o- b - m h- t em- I \w' F∂ teJ\Øn¬\n∂v {]i-kvXn- t\-Snb Nn{X-Im-cn-Iƒ tIc-f-Øn¬ hnc-f-am-bn-cp-∂p-sh∂p hy‡-am-Ip∂p (\-ΩpsS kmln-Xyw, \ΩpsS kaqlw 1901-˛2000, hmfyw 2, Xriq¿, 2000). CXn¬ FSpØp]d-™n-´p-≈Xv Sn.-sI. ]fln-\n-sb-°p-dn-®m-Wv. "hoSns‚bpw \mSn-s‚bpw kv{Xobp-sSbpw ]pcp-j-s‚bpw Imhns‚bpw Ipf- Ø n- s ‚bpw ]£n- b p- s Sbpw sNSn- b p- s Sbpw kv]μ-ßƒ B¥-cn-I-h¬°-cn-®p-sIm≠v ]fln\n cNn® Nn{X-ß-fn¬ Imhym-fl-IX Gsd-bp-≠v.' (]pdw 567).

]pXnb kmln-Xyw, ]pXnb Ie, ]pXnb kv{XoXzw

b-{¥-W-ap-≈-hcpw Iem-hm-k-\-bp-≈-h-cp-am-Wv. Cu DØ-a-kv{Xo-Iƒ°v Hcp khn-ti-j-X-bp≠v: kz¥w Iem-hm-k-\sb, Ign-hp-Isf, s]mXp-thZn-bn¬ Iø-Sn-t\-Sm-t\m Hcp sXmgn-emtbm A√ Ah¿ hf¿Øn- s b- S p- ° p- ∂ - X v . IpSpw- _ mw- K ßƒ°pw kplr-Øp-°ƒ°pw-th-≠n-am-{Xta Ch¿ kz¥w Ign-hp-Iƒ {]I-Sn-∏n-°mdp≈q. Iem{]-I-S\w\SØn Pohn-°p∂ kv{XoIƒ "NoØ-IfmsW'∂ [mcW B[p-\n-I-hn-Zym-`ymkw t\Snb-h¿°n-Sb - nepw ]c-ºc - m-KXkaq-lØ - nepw hym]I-am-bn-cp∂Ime-Øm-bn-cp∂p Cu IrXn-Iƒ cNn°-s∏-´-sX-∂-Imcyw Hm¿t°-≠-Xp-X-s∂. DØ-akv{Xo-Iƒ hoSns‚ ]cn-an-Xn-Iƒ°p-≈n¬, IpSpw_-Øns‚ AXn-cp-Iƒ°p-≈n¬, Xß-fpsS Iemhm-k-\-Isf t]mjn-∏n-°p-sa-¶nepw Ah¿ "B´°m-cn-Ifm'Im≥ ]pd-s∏-Sn√ F∂ ktμ-i-amWv t\mh-ep-Iƒ \¬In-bX - .v \rØw ˛ tamln-\n-bm´w ˛ "NoØ'bmƒ°m-cpsS hnt\m-Za - m-sW∂v ÿm]n°m-\p≈ {iaw ao\m£n (1890) F∂ t\mh-ens‚ Hcp IYm-k-μ¿`-Øn¬ \S-°p-∂p-≠v. "tamln-\nbm´w' Ie-b-√, ]pcp-j-∑msc hio-I-cn-°m-\p≈ hnZy-bm-sW-∂mWv hmZw: "s]Æp-ß-sf-s°m-≠p\-S∂p PmXym-Nm-c-hn-cp-≤-ambn {Zhyw kºm-Zn∏m≥ ae-bm-f-Øn¬ \mb-∑m-cmb \mw Hcp PmXn°m- s cm- g nsI Bcpw Hcp- ß n- h - c p- ∂ n- √ .' Cu t\mh¬ {]Xy- £ - s ∏- ´ - I m- e - Ø p- a m- { X- a - √ , ]ns∂bpw hf-sc-°m-e-tØmfw tamln-\n-bm´w "DØ-akv{Xo'Iƒ°v ]mtS \njn-≤-am-bn-cp-∂p. ]n∂o-S,v B XS w \oßm≥XpS-ßn-bt- ∏mgpw Hcp sXmgn-se-∂\ - n-eb - n¬ Iem-{]-h¿Ø-\w-\S- Ø - nb kv{XoIƒ°v [mcmfw FXn¿∏ns\ t\cn-tS-≠n-h∂n-cp-∂p. > ImWpI ]pdw 181 < kmln-Xy-hm-k-\-bpsS Imcy-sa-Sp-Ømtem? kmln-Xyhpw Iem-{]-h¿Ø-\hpw ssZ\w-Zn-\-Pohn-XØ - n¬\n∂v hf-sc-sbm∂pw AI-se-b√ - mØ Ime-am-bn-cp∂p CsX∂v Hm¿t°-≠-Xm-Wv. hoSpI-fn¬ kv{XoIƒ ssIsIm-´n-°-fn-∏m-´p-Iƒ ]mSpIbpw \n¿Ωn-°p-Ibpw sNbvXn-cp-∂p, Db¿∂ ˛ CS-Øcw PmXn-°m-cp-sS-bn-Sb - n¬. Iogm-fP - m-Xn-°mcp-sS-bn-S-bnse Km\-{]-]-©-Øns‚ kq£n-∏pIm¿ ]e-t∏mgpw kv{XoI-fm-bn-cp-∂p. F∂m¬ htc-Wy-km-ln-Xy-Øns‚ taJ-eI - f - nepw [mcmfw kv{XoI-fp-≠m-bn-cp∂p ˛ Chn-SsØ taem-fP - m-XnI-fnse kv{XoI-fn¬ ]ecpw kwkvIr-X-Ønepw ae-bm-f-Ønepw \√ ]mWvUn-Xy-ap-≈-h-cm-bncp∂p. Ah¿ Nºp-°fpw Imhy-ß-fpw-a‰pw cNn°p-Ibpw ]pcp-j-∑m-cmb Ihn-I-fpƒs∏´ kZ- pI-fn¬ t«mI-ßƒ Ah-X-cn-∏n-°p-I-bpw- sNbvXn]pXnb kmln-Xyw, ]pXnb Ie, ]pXnb kv{XoXzw

cp-∂p. 18-˛mw \q‰m-≠nse t]cp-tI´ hnZp-jn-bmbn-cp∂ "tImgn-t°m´v at\m-c-a- X-ºp-cmń'sb°pdn®v kmln-Xy-N-cn-{X-]-WvUn-X¿ Fgp-Xn-bn-´p-≠v. Infn-am-\q¿ Dam-tZhn Xºp-cmń (1797-˛1836), Aw_mtZhn Xºp-cmń (1802-˛1837), sIm®n-bnse C°mhΩ Xºp-cm≥ (1844-˛1921), Xncp-hn-Xmw-Iq-dnse \mK¿tIm-hn¬ AΩ®n (1839-˛1909) (Xn-cp-hn-XmwIq¿ alm-cm-Pm-hm-bn-cp∂ BbneywXncp-\m-fns‚ `mcy-bm-bn-cp∂p Ch¿ ˛ "AΩ®n' F∂Xv B ÿm\-sØ-°p-dn-°p∂ t]cm-bn-cp-∂p), Ipń°p™pX¶®n apX-em-b-h¿ ]sØm-ºXmw\q‰m≠n¬ kmln-Xy-c-N\ \S-Øn-bn-cp-∂p. CXp-IqSmsX a‰p ]e-cp-sSbpw t]cp-Iƒ BZy-Im-e-kmln-Xy-Nc - n-{X-ßf - n¬ ImWm-\p≠v ˛ C∂v Ahsc \mw Adn-bn-s√-¶n-epw. ]c-º-cm-KXkmln-Xy-cw-K-Øp-\n∂v B[p\nIkmln-Xy-Øn-te-°p≈ am‰-Øn¬ kv{XoIfpsS kmln-Xy-{]-h¿Ø\w GXp-hn-[-am-bn-cn-°W-sa∂ N¿® 1890-I-fnte Bcw-`n-®p-I-gn-™ncp∂p. ]sØm-ºXmw \q‰m-≠ns‚ Ah-km-\-Z-i- ns‚ cN-bn-XmI-Øn¬ kp`-{Zm¿÷p\w \mS-IØ sh-∂-\n-e-bn¬ {]i-kvX-bm-bn-Øo¿∂ tXm´bv°m´v C°m-hΩ - bv°pw CtX-Im-eØv kmln-Xyc-N\ - b - n-te¿s∏-ń-cp∂ (C-Xn-\p-ap-ºp-Xs∂ kmlnXy-]-cn-{iaw Bcw-`n-®n-cp-∂) Ipń-°p-™p-X-¶®nbpw kmln-Xy-cw-KØv kv{XoIƒ°v CSw Is≠tØ-≠n-bn-cn-°p-∂p-sh∂ A`n-{]m-b-°m-cm-bncp∂p. AhcpsS A⁄m-X-hmkw \mSIØns‚ Bcw-`-Øn¬ \Snbpw kq{X-[m-c\pw XΩn¬ \S°p∂ kw`m-jWw B hnj-b-sØ-°p-dn-®m-Wv. A⁄m-X-hmkw \mSIw A`n-\-bn®v kZ-kysc kt¥m-jn-∏n-°m-sa∂v \Sn kq{X-[m-c-t\mSp ]dbp-∂p. kq{X-[m-c≥ CXn-t\mSv tbmPn-°p-s∂¶nepw "At\Iw Ihn-t{i-jvT∑ - m-cpsS Ih-\ß - fn cns° Hcp kv{XobpsS Ihn-Xsb A{X «mLyambn hnNm-cn-®Xv `h-Xnbpw Hcp kv{Xobm-I-bmep≈ PmXym-`n-am-\Ø - m-e√ - tbm' F∂v \Sn-tbmSv tNmZn-°p-∂p. AØcw i¶ "Zp»¶'bmsW∂pw "{]_-‘Ø - nse Iem-NmXp-cy-sØ-am{Xw t\m°nbm¬ aXn-bt√m' F∂pw \Sn {]Xn-h-Nn-°p-∂p. kq{X-[m-c≥ tbmPn-°p∂p; "a‰p≈ kv{XoIƒ°pw Ihn-Xm-cN - \ - b - n¬ D’m-lsØ P\n-∏n-°p-∂X - n\v CXv Hcp am¿§-am-bn-Øocp'sa∂v kΩ-Xn-°p∂p! ("A⁄m-X-hmkw', Ipń-°p-™pX-¶-®n-bpsS IrXn-Iƒ, Xriq¿, 1979, ]pdw 239-˛40) C°m- h - Ω - b psS kp`- { Zm¿÷p\w \mS- I Øns‚ {]mcw-`w-Xs∂ [oc-amb {]Jym-]-\-am-bncp∂p:

171

a√m-cn-{]n-b-bmb `ma kacw sNbvXo-etbm? tX¿sX-fn˛ ®nt√ ]≠p kp`-{Z, ]mcn-Xp`-cn-°p-∂nt√ hnIvtSm-dnb? a√m-£o-a-Wn-Iƒ°p ]mS-h-˛ an-h-bvt°‰w `hn-®o-Sp-In¬˛ s®ms√gpw Ihn-Xbv°pam{X˛ anh-c-s√∂p h∂o-Sptam?

kmln-Xy-c-N-\-bn¬ kv{Xo ]p-cp-js‚ H∏wX- s ∂- s b∂v {]Jym- ] n- ® p- s Im- ≠ p≈ Cu {]thiw, kv{XoIƒ°v A¬∏w-am{Xw CS-a-\p-hZn-®n-cp∂ Hcp taJ-e-bn¬ Ah¿°v \ymb-amb ÿew e`n-°-W-sa∂ {]Jym-]\wIqSn-bm-bncp∂p. kmln-Xy-Øns‚ Cu D∂-X-ta-J-eIfn¬am{Xw hnl-cn-°p-∂-h-cm-bn-cp-∂n-√, BZy-Ime kmln-Xy-Im-cn-Iƒ. Ah¿ km[m-c-W-ambn Krlß-fn¬ ]mSn-bn-cp∂ Xncp-hm-Xn-c-∏m-´p-Ifpw IpdØn-∏m-´p-Ifpw Du™m¬∏m-´p-I-fpw-a‰pw cNn-®ncp-∂p. Cu Km\-im-JI - f - psS {]Nm-chpw Ccp-]Xmw \q‰m-≠n¬ {ItaW Ipd-™p-h∂ - p. Cu Km\-ßƒ "kZm-Nm-c-hn-cp-≤-ßfm'sW∂ hna¿i\w 19-˛mw \q‰m-≠nse anj-W-dn-amcpw B[p-\nI hnZym-`ymkw-t\-Snb kap-Zmb]cn-jv°¿Øm°fpw Db¿ Øm≥ XpS-ßn-bn-cp-∂p. kwkvIr-X-Ønepw aebm-fØ - nepw Imhy-\m-SI - m-Zn-Iƒ cNn-°m≥ klmb-Ia - mb hnZym-`ymkw kv{XoIƒ°v KpW-sam∂pw sNøn-s√∂ hmZhpw 19-˛mw \q‰m-≠ns‚ Ah-km\-Z-i-I-ß-fn¬ ]cn-Nn-X-am-bn-Øo¿∂n-cp-∂p. Cu hnZym-`ymkw kv{XoIsf Krl-`-c-W-Øn\p Xømdm-°p-∂n√; ]Tn-∏n-s‚-t]-cn¬ Al-¶-cn-°m≥ AX-hsc t{]cn-∏n-°p∂p... Cßs\ ]e Ip‰-

ßfpw CØcw ]T-\Ø - n-s\-Xnsc D∂-bn-°s - ∏´p. ao\m£n (1890) F∂ t\mh-en¬\n-∂p≈ Cu ]cm-a¿iw \√ DZm-l-c-W-amWv:

...-A\ - p-`h - Ø - nepw Ah-ÿb - nepw Adphj-fmbn°≠ irwKm-c-t«m-I-ßfpw sXΩm-Sn-∏m-´p-Ifpw sNm√n-∏n-Sn∏n®p _lp-hm-k-\-bp-≠m°pw. KuX-as‚ `mcy-bmb Al- e ysb tZth- { μ≥ ]≠p hy`n- N - c n- ∏ n- ® nt√? N{μ≥ Xs‚ Kpcp-\m-Ys‚ `mcy-bp-ambn can-®nt√?... F∂n-ßs\ At\Iw hj-f-Xz-ßƒ AS-ßnb ]®∏m-´p-Ifpw cl-ky-°m-tcbpw kw_-‘-°m-tcbpw hio-I-cn®p ]mń-em°n ]WwXń-∏-dn-°m-\p≈ Iuie- ß sf D]- t Z- i n- ° p- ∂ - X mb Nne t«mI- ß fpw s]Ïp-ń-Isf sNdp-∏-Øn¬ ]Tn-∏n-®p-h-cp-∂-Xn\mWv \ΩpsS \m´p-Im-cn¬ an°-t]cpw kv{Xohn-Zym`ym-k-sa-∂-t]¿ sImSp-Øn-´p-≈-Xv. AXp-sIm-≠mWv s]Ïp-ń-Iƒ Fgp-Øp-]-Tn-®m¬ hy`n-Nm-cn-Wn-am-cmbnt∏mIp-sa∂pw Ahsc FgpØp]Tn-∏n-°-cpsX∂pw a‰pw Nne hr≤-∑m¿ ]d-™p-h-cp-∂-Xv. (sN-dp-h-e-Øp -Nm-Øp-\m-b¿, ao\m£n, Xriq¿ (1890) 1990, ]pdw. 126)

B[p-\nIkv{Xohn-Zym-`ym-k-Øn¬ Iebpw kmln-Xyhpw Dƒs∏-Sp-Ø-W-sa∂p hmZn-°ptºmgpw IpSpw-_-Øn\v B\μw \¬Im-\p≈ kv{XobpsS Ignhv h¿≤n-∏n-°m-\p≈ am¿§-am-bn´mWv BZy-Imet\mh¬c-N-bn-Xm-°ƒ AXns\ I≠-X.v kv{XoI-fpsS hmb-\bpw C{]-Imcw IpSpw_n\nsb∂ -\n-ebv°v tbmPn-®-Xm-bn-cn-°-Wsa∂pw Ah¿ \njv°¿jn-®p. A√m-Ø-]£w Ah¿ ]gb hnZp-jn-IfpsS ]pXnb ]Xn-∏m-bn Øo-cp-sa-∂m-bn-cp∂p Bt£-]w. Cμp-te-Jsb ]cn-l-kn-®p-sIm≠v Fgp-X-s∏´ ]d-tßm-So-]-cnWbw (1892) F∂ Ir-Xn-bn¬ "e≠≥ ssSwkv'

ae-_m-dnse am∏n-f∏ - m-s´-gp-Øp-Im-cn-Iƒ ae-_m¿ am∏n-f-kv{Xo°v hnZym-`ymk{]th-i\w sshIn-am-{Xta e`n-®n-cp-∂p-≈p-sh∂p ]d-bp-tºmƒ Ah¿ B[p-\n-I-hn-Zym-`ymkw \ne-hn¬h-cp-wapºv am∏n-f-am-cp-sS-bn-S-bn¬ {]Nm-c-Øn-ep-≠m-bn-cp∂ "Ad-_n-a-e-bmfw' kv{XoIƒ°p hi-am-bn-cp-∂p-sh-∂-Imcyw \mw ]e-t∏mgpw Hm¿Ωn-°m-dn-√. Cu `mj-bn¬ [mcmfw IrXn-I-fpw ]{X-am-kn-I-I-fp-ap-≠m-bn-cp-∂p-sh∂v Hm¿t°-≠-XmWv; AXp-sIm≠v am∏n-fkv{Xo "hnZy-bn-√m-Ø-hfm'bncp∂p F∂ Ah-Im-i-hmZw icn-b-√. Kth-j-I-bmb jwjm-Zvlp-ssk≥ ]d-bp∂p: "Cu kwkv°m-c-Øns‚ `mK-ambn-Øs∂ ]m´p-Im-cn-Ifpw ]ms´-gp-Øp-Imcpw D≠m-bn-cp-∂p. hnhn[ NS-ßp-I-fn¬ Ch¿ kz¥-am-bp-≠m-°nb ]m´p-Iƒ ]mSn-bn-cp-∂p.' F√m hn`m-K-°mcpw CXn-epƒs∏-´n-cp-∂p-sh∂v jwjmZv Nq≠n-°m-´p-∂p. sImt≠m-´nbnse amfp-XmØ F∂ ]m´p-Imcn Xmc-X-tay\ Zcn-{Z-Ip-Spw-_-Øn¬\n-∂m-bn-cp-s∂-¶n¬, {]i-kvX-bmb Paoem-_ohn Db¿∂ hn`m-K-Øn¬s∏-´-h-cm-Wv. ap≥X-e-ap-d-I-fn¬ [mcmfw ]m´p-Im-cn-I-fp-≠m-bn-cp-∂p. ]m´p-ta-Je-bn¬ am{X-a-√, aXm-≤ym-]-\-cw-KØpw kv{XoI-fp-≠m-bn-cp-∂p. kv{XoIƒ \S-Øn-bn-cp∂ HmØp-]-≈n-Iƒ ]ebn-SØpw D≠m-bn-cp∂p ˛ a{Z-k-Iƒ hym]-I-amb ImeØv Ch A{]-Xy-£-am-bn. (jwjmZv lpssk≥, \yq\]-£-Øn\pw enwK-]-Z-hn-°p-an-S-bn¬, Xncp-h-\-¥-]p-cw, 2009) > ImWpI ]pdw 38 <

172

]pXnb kmln-Xyw, ]pXnb Ie, ]pXnb kv{XoXzw

173

PqX- s]¨]m-´p-]m-cº - cyw tIc-f-Ønse PqX¿°n-S-bn¬ kv{XoIƒ ]mSn-bn-cp∂ ]m´p-Iƒ [mcm-f-ap-≠m-bn-cp-∂p. "s]¨]m´p'Iƒ F∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp∂ Chsb tiJ-cn-°m≥ D’m-ln-®Xv dq_n Zm\n-tb¬ F∂ tIcfPqX-kv{Xobm- W v . C{km- t b- e n- t e°v IpSn- t b- d n- b - t ijw _m¿_dmtPm¨k¨ F∂ Kth-j-I-bp-ambn kl-I-cn®v Ah¿ s]¨]m´p-I-fpsS X¿÷-a-Iƒ Xøm-dm-°n. Cu ]m´p-I-fn¬ {]tXy-In®v kv{Xo]-£-ho-£-W-sam-∂p-an-s√-∂mWv Im¿Ip-gen F∂ kam-lmc-Øns‚ apJ-hp-c-bn¬ kvIdn-bm -k-°-dnb ]d-bp-∂-Xv. ]t£, kwth-Z-\-X-{¥-ß-fn¬ "s]◊-bpsS AS-bm-f-ßƒ' I-s≠-Øm≥ Ign- b p- s a∂v At±lw ]d- b p- ∂ p. "]d®nenemWv ]pXp- a bpw s]◊bpw' (]p-dw 27). ]e PqX-k-aq-l-ß-fnepw ]pcp-j-∑m¿ k∂nln-X-cm-Ip∂ kZ- p-I-fn¬ kv{XoIƒ°v ]mSm≥ A\p-hm-Z-an-√mbn-cp-s∂-¶nepw tIc-fØnse PqX-k-aq-l-Øn¬ Cu \nbaw \nehn-en-√m-bn-cp-∂p-sh∂v _m¿_dm tPm¨k¨ ]d-bp-∂p. (Im¿Ip-gen: PqX-cpsS ae-bmfw s]¨]m-´p-Iƒ, Pdp-kew, 2005)

]{Xw hmbn-°p-∂-hfpw ]cn-jvIr-X-a-\-kv°-bpamb kv{XobpsS lmky-Nn-{X-ambn "]d-tßm-Sn°pń' F∂ \mbn-Isb t\mh¬I¿Ømhv AhX-cn-∏n-°p-∂p-≠v. ]d-tßm-Sn-°p-ń°v kv{XoI-fpsS \mS≥I-em-hn-t\m-Zß - t- fmSv ˛ ssIsIm-ń-°fn apXem-b-h-tbmSv ˛ _lphntcm-[-am-Wv. k¿Δ{X Cw•njvab-amb kwkv°m-c-tØmSmWv {]Xn-]Øn. Cu ]d-tßm-Sn-°p-ń-sb-s°m≠v Krl-`-c-WØn-\p-sIm-≈n√ ˛ AXm-b-Xv, Km¿lnItPmen-Ifn¬ henb Xm¬∏cy-sam∂pwImWn-°msX hmb\-bn-epw-a‰pw {i≤-]-Xn-∏n-°p∂p ˛ F∂mWv ]cmXn. kmln-Xyhpw Ie-bp-a-S-°-ap≈ _p≤n-]-camb {]h¿Ø-\-cw-K-ß-fn-¬ kv{XoIƒ c≠mw-In-

S-°m¿ Bbn-cn-°p-sa∂pd-∏m-°nb Xo¿∏p-If - mWv 19-˛mw \q‰m-≠ns‚ Ah-km-\Z- i - I - ß - f - n-ep-≠m-bXv. Krl-amWv kv{XobpsS "kzm`m-hn-I'hpw {]IrXn \n¿Ωn-Xh - p-amb CS-sa∂ hmZ-Øn-eq-∂nb Xo¿∏pI-fm-bn-cp∂p Ch. Iem-˛-km-lnXy{]h¿Ø-\ßƒ°v Bh-iy-amb GIm-{KX IpSpw_ DØ-chm-Zn-Xz-ßƒ t]td-≠h - f - mb kv{Xo°v t\Sm≥Ignbn√; ]ns∂-tbm, CØcw {]-h¿Ø-\-ß-fn¬ Xm¬]cyw ImWn-°p∂ `¿Øm-hns\ {]oXn-s∏Sp-Øm-t\m As√-¶n¬ kz¥w Ip-Sp-w-_-Øn-\pam{Xw B\μw \¬Imt\m-am{Xw D]-I-cn-°p∂ Iem-{]-h¿Ø-\ta DØ-aI - p-Spw-_n-\n°v Bh-iyap≈q F∂pw ]e-hn-[-Øn¬ ÿm]n-°-s∏-´p. F∂n´pw Iem- k m- l n- X ymZn- { ]h¿Ø- \ - ß - f n-

ae-bm-fØ - nse BZy- t\mh-ep-Iƒ 19-˛mw \q‰m-≠ns‚ Ah-km-\sØ c≠p Zi-I-ß-fn¬ ae-bm-f-`m-j-bn¬ BZy-ambn t\mh-ep-Iƒ cNn-°-s∏-SpI-bp-≠m-bn. A∏p s\Sp-ßm-Sn-bpsS Ipμ-eX (1887)-bmWv BZy-ap-≠m-b-sX-¶nepw H. N¥p-ta-t\ms‚ CμpteJbmWv (1889) "e£-W-samØ BZyae-bm-f-t\m-hem'bn Icp-X-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv. XpS¿∂v Cμp-teJbpsS CXnhr-Ø-tØmSv kmayw-]p-e¿Ønb \nc-h[n t\mh-ep-Iƒ {]kn-≤o-I-cn-°-s∏´p ˛ sNdp-h-e-Øp- Nm-Øp-\m-bcpsS ao\m£n (1890), tImam-ń¬ ]mSpta-t\ms‚ e£vao-tI-ihw (1892), N¥p-ta-t\ms‚ imcZ (A-]q¿Æw). t\mh-ep-I-fp-≠mb as‰mcp am¿§w anj-W-dn-c-N-\-bm-bn-cp-∂p. tIc-f-Ønse AXn-{Iq-c-amb PmXn-hy-h-ÿ-bpsS A\oXn shfn-s∏-Sp-Øm\pw anj-Wdn{]h¿Ø\w Xpd-∂p-h® c£m-am¿§-sØ-°p-dn®p ]d-bm\pw ]ecpw t\mh¬ F∂ kmln-Xy-cq]w {]tbm-P-\-s∏-SpØn ˛ tImfn≥kv aZm-Ω-bpsS LmX-I-h[w (1877), tPmk^v aqfn-bn¬ cNn® kpIp-amcn (1897), t]mtØcn Ip™-ºp-hns‚ kc-kz-Xo-hn-Pbw (1892) F∂n-h-bmWv anjWdnt\mh-ep-I-fn¬ {][m-\-s∏-´-h. Ing-t°-∏m´p cma≥Ip-ń-ta-t\ms‚ ]d-tßm-So-]-cn-Wbw (1892) C°m-eØn-d-ßnb t\mh-ep-I-fpsS "]cn-jv°m-c-{à'sØ IW-°n\p ]cn-l-kn® IrXn-bm-bn-cp-∂p. F¶nepw ]cnjv°-c-W-hm-Z-Øns‚ hnimeN{I-hm-fw-X-s∂-bm-bn-cp∂p AXn-t‚-Xpw.

174

]pXnb kmln-Xyw, ]pXnb Ie, ]pXnb kv{XoXzw

te¿s∏-Sm≥ ]e kv{XoIfpw Xøm-dm-bn. Ah¿°v Hcp-]mSp XymK-ßƒ A\p-jvTn-t°-≠n--h-∂p. IpSpw-_-Øns‚ ]n¥p-W-bp-≠m-bn-cp-∂-h-cpsS ÿnXn-t]mepw adn-®m-bn-cp-∂n-√. Cu XS- -ßƒ C∂v ]q¿Æ-ambn amdnsb∂p ]d-bm≥ \ap°p Ign-bptam?

Fgp-Øn-te-°p≈ Ak-aa- mb hgn Fgp-Øns‚ cwK-tØ°p {]th-in® kv{Xosb BZy-Imekmln-Xy-hn-a¿i-I¿ I≠-sX-ßs\? ae-bm-f-km-ln-Xy-hn-a¿i\w AXns‚ ssii-hØn¬t∏mepw ]pcp-j-∑m-cpsS hnlm-c-cw-Kambncp-∂p. t\c-sØ-∏d™ XXzsØ apdp-°n-∏n-Sn°m-\mWv Ah-cn-e-[n-Iw-t]cpw {ian-®Xv: AXmbXv Krl-`c - W - a - mWv kv{XobpsS {]mY-anI ISa; AXns\ _m[n-°m-Ø-hn-[-Øn-ep≈ kmln-Xy]-cn-{i-a-amWv kv{XoIƒ°p ]‰n-bXv F∂ \ne]m-SmWv Ah-sc-Sp-ØX - v. Cu ]cn-an-Xn-Isf AwKoI-cn-®p-sIm≠v kmln-Xy-{]-h¿Ø\w \S-Ønb kv { XoIsf Nne- s cms° A`n- \ - μ n- ° p- I bpw sNbvXp. ]n. tKmhn-μ-∏n-≈-bpsS `mjm-N-cn{X Øn¬ (1881) Ipń-°p-™p-X-¶-®n-sb-∏‰n tN¿Ø A`n-{]mbw t\m°pI: "ssIsIm-ń-°-fn-bn-ep≈ hnZ-K≤ v X - bpw \qX-\k - {- º-Zm-bØ - n¬ Ah¿ D≠m°n-bn-´p≈ Ifn-∏m-´p-Ifpw AXn-i-bn-°-Ø-°-Xmbn-cn-°p-∂p. hne-tb-dnb ka-bsØ Ah¿ Krl`-cW - m-Zn-If - n-epw-a‰pw hybw-sN-øp-∂X - n-t\m-Sp-IqSn Ihn-Xm-cN - \ - b - nepw {KŸ{]Nm-cØ - nepw kwKoXkm-ln-Xym-Zn-I-fn-epw-IqSn D]-tbm-K-s∏-Sp-Øn-h-cp∂Xv hfsc B›-cyw.' F∂m¬ Cu ]cn-K-W\ kv{XoIƒ°v sImSp-°m-\m-hn-s√-∂m-bn-cp∂p kn.]n. ANyp-X-ta-t\ms‚ A`n-{]m-bw. tXm´-bv°m´v C°m-h-Ω-bpsS \mS-I-sØ-°p-dn-®p≈ \ncq-]-WØn¬ At±lw C°mcyw Xpd-s∂-gpXn ˛ Krl-`c-Wm-Zn-IƒsIm-≠p≈ k¬t∏-cp-sIm≠v Xr]vXcm-ImsX kmln-Xy-cw-KsØ Io¿Øn-IqSn B{Kln-°p∂ kv{XoIƒ {]tXyI ]cn-K-W\ A¿ln°p-∂n-s√∂pw D∂-Xk - m-ln-Xy-Øns‚ am\-ZW - U v ßƒ ]men-®m¬am-{Xta Ah¿°p {]ikvXn e`n°p-I-bp-≈p-sh∂pw At±lw hmZn-®p. Nºp-°ƒap-X¬ ssIsIm-ń-°-fn-∏m-´p-Iƒ hsc \o≠p-In-S∂ ]c-º-cm-KX kmln-Xy-c-N-\bpsS am\-Z-WvU-ß-f√ ]pXnb kmln-Xy-Ønt‚Xv F∂v kv{XoIƒ a\- n-em-°n-Øp-S-ßn-bncp-∂p. ]pcm-W-I-Y-I-sf-°p-dn-®p≈ Adn-hv, `mjbnepw kmln-Xy-Øn-ep-ap≈ ]cn-Nbw apX-em-bh-bp-≈h - ¿°v ]c-ºc - m-KX - k - m-ln-Xy-cN - \ - b - n-te°v ]pXnb kmln-Xyw, ]pXnb Ie, ]pXnb kv{XoXzw

{]th-i\wInń-bn-cp-s∂-¶n¬ B[p-\nI Ihn-X, t\mh¬, sNdp-IY apX-emb ]pXnb kmln-Xyim-J-I-fn-te-°p≈ {]th-i-\-Øn\v a‰p Ign-hpI-fmWv th≠-Xv. Cu imJ-I-fn¬ {]th-in-°m≥ ]pXn-b-Xcw Ign-hp-Ifpw kmaq-ly-kz-`m-h-ap≈ A\p-`-h-ßfpw (]p-cm-W-I-Y-Iƒ Adn-™m¬ t∏mcm Pohn-XsØ \nco-£n-®p-≠m-Ip∂ Dƒ°mgvNI - ƒ) D≠m-IW - s - a∂pw Ah¿°p t_m≤y-s∏´p-Xp-S-ßn-bn-cp-∂p. kwkvIr-X-]-WvUn-Xbpw ]gb-a-ń-ep≈ "hnZpjn'bpamb (A-Xm-b-Xv, Nºp°fpw ]m\-I-fpw-a‰pw cNn-®n-´p≈) sI.-Fw. Ip™p-e£ - van- sIń-eΩ 1915¬ Cßs\ FgpXn:

\ΩpsS tIc-fobaln-f-am¿ temI-_-lp-a-Xn°p A¿ ∞Ifm-I-Ø-°-hÆw kmln-Xy-cw-K-Øn¬ hnf-bm-tS≠-Xn∂p BZy-ambn Ah-Im-i-s∏-tS-≠Xpw B{im¥-]c - n-{i-aß - f - m¬ kºm-Zn-t°-≠Xpw BIp∂p kmapZm-bn-I-kzm-X-{¥yw... ...-kzm-X{¥yw a\- ns\ ip≤o-I-cn-°p-∂-Xmbn DZm-l-c-W-ßƒ [mcmfap≠v. {]tXy-In-®v, kmln-Xy{i-a-ßƒ GXp \ne-bnepw bYm¿∞-amb kzbkºmZn-X-]-cn-N-bsØ B{i-bn®p \n¬°p-∂p. CuhI ]cnN-b-kn≤n kv{XoIƒ°v Ct∏mƒ D≠m-Ip-∂Xp Ffp∏-a-√. ]pcp-j-∑m-cpsS kzmX-{¥yw Ah-cpsS hrØnIƒs°√mw ZrV-Xsb sImSp-°p-∂p. kv{XoI-fpsS ]cn-{i-a-h-Ip-∏p-Iƒ°v Zp¿e-`X D≠m-Ip-∂-Xn¬ apJyamb DØ-c-hm-ZnXzw InS-°p-∂Xv Ah-cpsS kzmX-{¥yk-t¶m-N-Øn-em-Wv. A\p-`-h-]-≤-Xn-Isf ]cn-jv°cn®p, Xcw-Xn-cn-®p, hna-eo-I-cn-°m≥am-{X-sa-¶nepw D]I-cn-°p∂ kmap-Zm-bn-I-kzm-X-{¥yw Ah¿°p-≠m-bncn-°-Ww. temI-K-Xn-bpsS "Np‰pw Np‰pw' "]‰pw ]S¿ ®bpw' \√-hÆw {Kln-°m-sX, shdpw A\y-{]m-]vXß- f mb A\p- ` - h - ß sf ASn- ÿ m- \ - s ∏- S pØn sNøp∂ DZy- a - ß ƒ Fßs\ ^e- h - Ø p- ° - f m- b nØocpw? ("kmln-Xyhpw kv{Xok-ap-Zm-bhpw', aln-fm-cXv\w (3) 1915)

]pcp-j∑ - m-sc-t∏mse sshhn-≤y-am¿∂ PohnXm-\p-`-h-ßƒ kv{XoIƒ°p-ap-s≠-¶nte Ah¿ kmln-Xy-cw-KØv hnfßq F∂-XmWv sIń-e-ΩbpsS hmZ- Ø ns‚ Npcp- ° w. ]t£, kv { Xo Iƒ°pw ]pcp-j-∑m¿°pw c≠p-Xcw ASn-ÿm \kz`m-h{- ]-Ir-Xß - f - m-Wp-≈s - X∂ ]pØ≥hnizmksØ apdp-sI-∏n-Sn-°p-∂-h-cm-bn-cp∂p C°mesØ Fgp-Øp-Im-cn-I-fn¬ ]e-cpw. ]pcp-js‚ "kzm`m-hn-I-amb temIw' hoń-\p-]p-d-ØmWv; kv{Xobp-tSXv AIØpw ˛ AXn-\m¬ hoń-\p≈n¬ kpJ-Po-hnXw Dd-∏p-h-cp-Øm≥ klm-bn-

175

176

°p∂ kz`m-hK - p-Wß - ƒ {]Ir-Xn-Xs∂ kv{Xo°p I¬∏n-®n-cn-°p-∂p-sh∂ [mc-WX - s∂ ]pXn-bX - mbn-cp-∂p. (hoSv/]pdw-temIw F∂ th¿Xn-cn-hpXs∂ 19-˛mw \q‰m-≠n¬ krjvSn-°-s∏-´-Xn-s\-°pdn®v apºp hnh-cn-®p-ht- √m). Cu [mc-Wsb B{ibn® Fgp-Øp-Im-cn-I-fn¬ ]ecpw "kv{Xok-l-PKp-Wß'fmbn FÆ-s∏´ kvt\lw, £a, Zb, hm’eyw apX-em-b-hsb {]Im-in-∏n-°p∂ cN\-I-fmWv kv{XoIƒ Fgp-tX-≠-sX∂ Hcp Ipdn∏Sn ]mkm°n! kmtcm-]-tZ-i-I-Y-Iƒ, \mtSm-Sn°-YI - f - p-sSbpw ]pcm-WI - Y - I - f - p-sSbpw ]p\-cm-Jym-

an-cp-∂p. sNdp-I-Ybpwa‰p-sa-gp-Xm≥ Ch-cn¬ ]ecpw {ian-®n-cp∂p; Ahn-sSbpw "\√ amXr-IIƒ' kmln-Xy-Øn-eqsS Ah-X-cn-∏n®v \√-h-gnIm-´m-\mWv Ah-c[ - n-Ihpw {ian-®X - .v A°m-esØ kmln-Xy-\n-cq-]-I-cn¬ ]ecpw Chsc Xß-fpsS "]cn[nad-°mØ Fgp-Øp-Im-cn-Isf'∂v hnfn-®`n-\-μn-°p-Ibpw sNbvXp. "kv{Xokzm-X-{¥y-{]kwKw' \S-ØmØ Fgp-Øp-Im-cn-Iƒ°v {]tXyI A`n-\-μ\w e`n®p; Aßs\ sNbvX-h¿°v \ncq]-Ic - psShI ]cn-lm-khpw In´n-bn-cp-∂p. Xc-hØv AΩm-fp-A-Ω-bpsS ac-W-sØ-Øp-S¿∂v kRvP-

\-ßƒ... CsXms° "kv{Xok-l-P-Kp-Wß'sf AwKo-I-cn-®p-sIm-≠p≈ kmln-Xy-{]-h¿Ø-\ambn Xncn-®-dn-b-s∏-´p. Ip´n-Iƒ°v \√ IY-Iƒ AΩ-am¿ ]d-™p-sIm-Sp-Øp-sIm≠v Ahsc \√ am¿§- Ø n- t e°p Xncn- ® p- h n- S p∂ {]h¿Ø- \ Øns‚ A¬∏w-IqSn hn]p-eo-I-cn® ]Xn-∏t√ CsX∂ \ymb-amb kwibw D∂-bn-°m-hp-∂XmWv. F¥m-bmepw A∂v Adn-b-s∏-´n-cp∂ ]e Fgp-Øp-Im-cn-Ifpw ˛ AºmSn Im¿Xym-b-\n-b-Ω, Xc-hØv AΩm-fp-A-Ω, _n. Ieym-Wn-AΩ XpSßn-b-h¿ CØcw kmln-Xy-c-N-\-bn¬ G¿s∏-´p-

b≥ (Fw.-B¿. \mb-cpsS Xqen-Im-\maw ˛ tIc-fØn¬ ]cs° Adn-b-s∏-´n-cp∂ \ncq-]-I\pw lmky-te-J\ - ß - f - psS I¿Øm-hp-am-bn-cp∂p Ct±lw) Fgp-Xnb A\p-kva-c-W-Øn¬ (1936) Cu ]pI-gvØepw CI-gvØepw ImWmw. Xc-hØv AΩm-fp-hΩ - b - psS ]pcm-W] - p-\c - m-Jym-\ß - s - f-∏‰n, Fgp-Øns‚ B amXrI ]n≥Xp-Sc - p-∂X - ns‚ sa®ß-sf-°p-dn®v Ab-hn-d-°n-b-tijw At±lw hmb\-°m-cn-Isf D]-tZ-in®p: "..._l-f-an-√msX Xßƒ hnNm-cn-t®-SØp Imcy-sa-Øn-°p-∂Xp kv{XobpsS {]tXyI kma¿∞y-hp-am-Wv... B

]pXnb kmln-Xyw, ]pXnb Ie, ]pXnb kv{XoXzw

ho´nse k{º-Zmbw Ah¿°v kmln-Xy-cw-KØntem as‰-hn-sS-bmWv Ah¿°p IS-∂p-sN-t√≠- s X- ¶ n¬ Ahn- s Stbm {]tbm- K n- ° p- I tb th≠q.' "-a-\p-kvar-Xn- I-Øn-°W'sa∂p {]kwKn-®p-\-S-°p∂ _l-f-°m-cn-I-fmb kv{Xok-a-Xzhm-Zn-Isf sXs√m∂v iIm-cn-®-Xn-\p-ti-j-amWv Cu D]-tZ-iw. ("{io-aXn Xc-hØv AΩm-fp-AΩ: Hc-\p-kva-cWw' (1936), kRvP-b≥ : 1936-˛se lmky-te-J-\-ßƒ, hmfyw 3, tImgn-t°m-Sv, 1970, ]pdw 164). Xc-hØv AΩm-fp-AΩ ]cn-`m-j-s∏-Sp-Ønb `‡-ame (1913)-bpsS Bap-Js - a-gp-Xnb ]n.-Pn. cmaø¿ Ahsc "I]-S-\m-Sy-°m-cn-'I-fn¬\n∂v AI‰n {]Xn-jvTn-®p:

]m›m-Xy-]-cn-jv°m-cw-sIm≠p hnZp-jn-Ifpw am\yIfpw Bbn-´p-s≠∂p \Sn-°p∂ At\Iw kv{XoIƒ Ct∏mƒ tIc-f-Øn¬ D≠v. F∂m¬ Ah-cpsS ]cnjv°m-chpw tbmKy-Xbpw \mSy-Øn-¬\n∂v bmYm¿ ∞yØnte°p IS-∂n-´n-s√∂v ]dbmsX \nhr-Ønbn-√m. Cuiz-c-`-‡n-hn´p Cl-tem-I-hym-]m-c-ßƒsIm≠p-am{Xw Imew-I-gn-®p-h-cp∂ kv{XoI-sf-∏‰n G‰hpw A\p- t im- N n- t °- ≠ n- b n- c n- ° p- ∂ p. km£m¬ ]cnjv°mcw _p≤n-hn-Im-k-Ønepw at\m-KpWØnepamWv {]Xn-jvTn-°-s∏-´n-cn-°p-∂-Xv. Aßn-s\-bp≈ ]cn-jv°mcw Cu {KŸ-Im-cn-°p-s≠∂v Cu ]pkvXIw hmbn-°p-∂-h¿°v kwi-bw-Iq-SmsX tXm∂p-∂-XmIp∂p... (-]p-dw. 5)

Xncp-hn-Xmw-Iq¿ k¿°m-cns\ sh√p-hn-fn-®Xn\v \mSp-IS- Ø - s - ∏´ {]kn≤ ]{X-{]-h¿Ø-I≥

kztZ-im-`n-am\n cma-Ir-jvW-]n-≈-bpsS `mcy-bmbn-cp∂ _n. Ieym-Wn-bΩ Xß-fpsS hnhm-lsØ-°pdn®v cNn® hymg-h-´-kva-c-W-Iƒ (1916) F∂ IrXn A°m-e-Øp-Xs∂ hf-sc-b-[nIw {]iw-kn-°-s∏-ń-cp-∂p. > ImWpI ]pdw 125 < alm-\mb `¿Øm-hns‚ kpJ-Zpx-Jß - f - n¬ kzbw Aen-™p-tN¿∂ XymK-aq¿Øn-bmb ]Xn-{h-XbpsS IY-bm-bn-´mWv \ncq-]-I¿ AXns\ hmbn®-Xv. F∂m¬ Cß-s\-b-√m-sX, `¿Xr-h-μ-\w-IqSm-sX, Hcp kv{Xo Ah-fpsS kz¥w A\p-`-h-ßsf-°p-dn-s®-gp-Xn-bXv ]e¿°pw ]nSn-®n√! 1930-Ifn¬ tIm®m-ń¬ Ieym-Wn-bΩ ˛ A≤ym-]n-I, hnZym-`ym-k-{]-h¿Ø-I, kv{Xokzm-X-{¥y-hm-Zn, P\-\-\n-b-{¥-W-Øns‚ h‡m-hv F∂o \ne-Ifn-e∂v Ah¿ {]i-kvXb - m-bn-cp-∂p ˛ Xs‚ bqtdm]y≥ bm{X-sb-∏‰n "Rm≥ I≠ bqtdm∏v' F∂ t]cn¬ Hcp bm{Xm-hn-h-cWw {]kn-≤o-I-cn-®p. CXns\ ]cn-l-kn-®p-sIm≠v kRvP-b≥ \n¿t±in-®p ˛ IrXn henb Ipg-∏-an-√, t]cn¬ sNdnsbmcp am‰w thW-sa-∂p-am{Xw ˛ "bqtdm-∏p-I≠ Ieym-Wn-°p-ń-bΩ' F∂m-°n-bm¬ `wKn-bmIpw! Fgp-Øn-eqsS kz¥w hy‡n-XzsØ Dd-∏n-°m≥ kv{XoIƒ {ian-°p-∂X - ns\ kwib-tØm-sS-bmWv \ncq-]-I¿ I≠-sX∂p hy‡w. C°m- e Øv sNdp- I - Y - t ]m- e p≈ ]pXnb kmln-Xy-cq-]-ß-fn-se-gp-Xm≥ kv{XoIƒ {ian-®pXp-Sß - n-bn-cp-∂p. _n. Ieym-Wn-bΩ - , Sn.-kn. IeymWn-b-Ω, AºmSn Im¿Xym-b-\n-bΩ XpS-ßn-b-hcpsS sNdp-I-Y-Iƒ B\p-Im-en-I-ß-fn¬ (kv{Xoam-kn-II - f - n¬ hnti-jn-®pw) {]kn-≤o-Ic - n-®n-cp-∂p. "DØ-ak - {v Xo-Xz'sØ hmgvØp-∂h - b - m-bn-cp∂p Chbn-e[ - n-Ih - pw. A°m-esØ ] - pXnb kv{XoXz-Øn\v

"Xe-t®m-dn-√mØ kv{XoIƒ' ae-bm-f-Øn¬ kv{XoI-sf-gp-Xnb BZysNdp-I-Y-I-fn¬ H∂ns‚ Xe-s°-´m-WnXv ˛ "Xe-t®m-dn-√mØ kv{XoIƒ'. `mjm-t]m-jnWnbn¬ Fw. kc-kzXn `mbn-bpsS t]cn¬ 1911-emWv CXp {]Xy-£-s∏-´-Xv. kv{XoIƒ°v _p≤ni-‡nbpw k¿§-ti-jn-bp-an-s√∂p ]d™v `mcysb \nc-¥cw ]cn-l-kn-°p∂ "_p≤n-Pohn'bmb `¿Øm-hns\ B `mcy \s√mcp ]mTw]Tn-∏n-°p-∂-XmWv IY-bpsS CXn-hrØw. Abmƒ Fgp-Øp-Im-c-\m-Wv. Abm-fpsS Fgp-Øns\ ho´n-se-√m-hcpw am\n-®p-sIm-≈-W-sa∂pw IpSpw_ DØ-c-hm-Zn-Ø-aS°ap≈ euIn-I-Im-cy-ßƒ ]d™v Abmsf Bcpw iey-s∏-Sp-Ø-cp-sX∂pw hmin-bp-s≈mcp k¿Δm-[n-]-Xn. `mcysb tPmen-°-b-bv°m≥ Abm-fn-jvS-s∏-Sp-∂n√; ImcWw `mcy-bpsS sNe-hn¬ Ign-bm≥ Abm-fp-sS A`n-am\w kΩ-Xn-°p-∂n-√. Cßs\-bp≈ `¿-Øm-hns\ kvt\l-]q¿Δw tkhn-°p-Ibpw F∂m¬ HSp°w Abm-tf-°mƒ kmln-Xy-hm-k\ X\n-°p-s≠-∂p sXfn-bn-°p-Ibpw sNøp∂p, ka¿∞-bmb Ieym-Wn-b-Ω. efn-Xmw-_nI A¥¿P\w ]n¬°me-sØ-gp-Xnb "CXv Bim-ky-amtWm?' F∂ IYbv°v "Xe-t®m-dn-√mØ kv{XoIfp'sS CXn-hr-Ø-tØmSv kmay-ap-≠v. Fw.-Fw. _jo¿ (k-ºm.) BZy-Ime kv{Xo-I-Y-Iƒ (tImgn-t°m-Sv, 2004) F∂ ]pkvX-I-Øn¬ Cu IY- tN¿Øn-´p-≠v.

]pXnb kmln-Xyw, ]pXnb Ie, ]pXnb kv{XoXzw

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ka-kvXt- I-cf- - km-ln-Xy-]c- n-jØv 1927¬ sIm®n-bn¬ Cu kwL-S\ cq]w-sIm-≠p. ae-_m¿-˛-sIm-®n-˛-Xn-cp-hn-Xmw-Iq¿ {]tZ-i-ß-fmbn NnX-dn-°nS∂ tIc-fsØ `mjm-Sn-ÿm-\-Øn¬ H‰-LS-I-am-bn-°m-Wm\pw amXr-`m-j-bpsS hf¿®-bv°p-X-Im-\pw-th-≠nbmWv CXv cq]-sa-Sp-Ø-Xv. kmln-Xy-sØ-°p-dn-®p≈ bmYm-ÿn-XnI[mc-W-Isf tNmZyw-sN-øm-\p≈ Hcp thZnbmbn 1930-I-fnepw 40-I-fnepw CXp amdn. "kmln-Xy-sa-∂m¬ IhnX' F∂ \ne amd-W-sa∂ Bhiyw 1931¬ Gsd N¿®-sN-ø-s∏-´p. ]n∂o-Sp≈ ktΩ-f-\-ß-fn¬ kmln-Xy-cw-KsØ AXn-Im-b-∑m¿ tNmZy-hn-t[-b-cmbn ˛ A∏≥X-ºp-cm\pw h≈-tØmfpw tkz—m-[n-]Xy{]h-WX {]Z¿in-∏n-°p-∂p-sh∂v ]ptcm-K-a-\-hm-Zn-I-fmb Fgp-Øp-Im¿ ]cm-Xn-s∏-´p. 1934¬ \ne-ºq-cn¬ IqSnb ktΩ-f-\-Øn¬ h≈-tØm-fn-s‚bpw tIkcn _meIrjvW]n≈-bp-sSbpw A`n-{]m-b-K-Xn-Iƒ XΩn¬ i‡-amb G‰p-ap-´-ep-≠mbn.

Ch¿ {]N-cWw \evIn ˛ Zpxkz-`m-hn-bmb `¿Ømhns\ t\¿h-gn-bn-se-Øn-°p∂ \√-h-fmb `mcy, kv{XoI-sf-°p-dn®v tamiw A`n-{]m-bw-sIm-≠p-\S-°p∂ `¿Øm-hns‚ ap∂n¬ Ign-hp-sX-fn-bn°p∂ `mcy XpS-ßn-b-h-bm-bn-cp∂p CXn-hr-Øßƒ. F∂m¬ ae-bm-f-km-ln-Xy-Øn¬ Nnc-{]XnjvTt\Snb kv{XoI-Ym-]m-{X-ßf - mcpw Ch-cpsS kmln-Xy-Øn-e√ krjvSn-°s - ∏-´s - X∂ hkvXpX FSp-Øp-]-d-tb-≠p-∂-Xp-X-s∂. N¥p-ta-t\ms‚ Cμp-teJ, Ipam-cm-\m-ims‚ Nn¥m-hn-jvS-bmb koX F∂n-h-bnse kv{XoI-Ym-]m-{X-ßƒ°v A∂sØ hmb-\° - m-cn-Iƒ°n-Sb - n¬ \√ kzm[o\-ap-≠m-bn-cp-∂p. A∂sØ A`y-kvX-hn-Zy-cmb kv{XoI-fpsS lrZ-b-ß-fn¬ \n»_vZw Db¿∂ph∂ tNmZy-ß-fmWv Bim≥ koX-sb-s°m≠v tNmZn-∏n-®-sX∂v ]n¬°m-eØv efn-Xmw-_nIm A¥¿P\w ]d-™n-´p-≠v. \ncq-]-I-cpsS "\√-Ip´n-Ifm'bncp-∂, "kv{Xok-lP - K - p-Wß - ƒ'°\p-krX-ambn Fgp-Xn-s°m-≠n-cp∂ an° kv{XoI-sfbpw C∂sØ hmb-\° - m¿ Hm¿Ωn-°p-∂n-s√-∂X - mWv hmkvXhw! t\sc-ad - n-®v, ]pcp-j∑ - m-tcmSv a’-cn®v kmln-Xy-cw-KØv CSwIs≠-Ønb Fgp-Øp-Imcn-I-sf-bmWv \man∂pw Hm¿°p-∂-Xv. ]pcp-jm-[n]Xyw I¬∏n-°p∂ "\√kv{Xoam-\Z- WvU'Øn\p hg-ßp∂ F√m kv{XoIƒ°pw Hcp ]mT-ap≠v CXn¬! B[p-\nIkmln-Xy-Øn\v hmb-\-°m-cn-Iƒ h¿≤n-®p-h∂ Imew-Iq-Sn-bm-bn-cp∂p CXv. CμpteJ, am¿Øm-WvU-h¿Ω apX-emb hnin-jvS-IrXn-I-fpsS \nc-h[n A\p-I-c-W-ßƒ hn]-Wn-bnep-≠m-bn-cp∂p; Ahbv°v \√ sNe-hp-ap-≠m-bncp-∂p. kv{XoI-fpsS t\mh¬hm-b\ Ahsc Ipgnbn¬ NmSn-°p-sa∂v ap∂-dn-bn∏p \¬Inb teJ\-ß-fpw-a‰pw C°m-eØv Xosc Akm-[m-c-W-a√m-bn-cp∂p ˛ t\mh¬hm-b\ Ahsc Ae-kI - fpw Al-¶m-cn-Ifpw X¿°-{]n-bI - fpw "A{]m-tbm-KnI

178

BZ¿i-ßf - p'sS h‡m-°f - p-am-bn-Øo¿°p-sa-∂mbn-cp∂p Cu ]cm-Xn-°m-cpsS A`n-{]m-bw. BZ¿iPo-hn-bm-bn-Øo-cp∂ hmb-\° - mcn hnhm-lØ - ns‚ bmYm¿∞y-ß-tfmSv s]mcp-Ø-s∏-Sn-s√∂v Nne teJ-I¿ `b-s∏-´p. hmb-\-aqew \h-]p-cp-jm-[n]-Xy-Øns‚ Nn´-Iƒ°v hg-ßm≥ kv{XoIƒ Ffp∏-Øn¬ kΩ-Xn-°p-∂n√ F∂-Xm-bn-cp∂p Cu ]cm-Xn-If - psS kmcmwiw! CsXm-s°-bm-sW-¶nepw hmb-\° - m-cn-If - psS FÆw IqSn-Ø-s∂-h-∂p-sh∂v A\p-am-\n°mw ˛ B\p-Im-en-Iß - f - nse kmln-Xy-N¿®-If - nepw a‰p hmZ-{]-Xn-hm-Z-ß-fnepw ]s¶-SpØ kv{XoI-fpsS FÆw h¿≤n-®p-sh-∂mWv kqN-\. ]{X-am-kn-Im{]-km-[-\-cw-KØv \nc-h[n kv{XoIƒ {]h¿Øn®p-Xp-S-ßn-bn-cp-∂p. _n. `mKo-cYnbΩ (alnf), A∂ Nm≠n ({ioaXn), _n. Ieym-Wn-bΩ (imcZ), Fw. leo-am-_ohn (ap…owh\nX) F∂n-h¿ C°q-´-Øn¬s∏´ Nne¿am-{X-am-bn-cp∂p. ]t£, "kv{XoKp-Wm-\p-km-cn-bmb' kmln-XyamWv kv{Xo°p `qj-W-sa∂v Dds° {]Jym-]n®n-cp-∂h - ¿t]mepw \n¿Æm-bI - m-hk - c - ß - f - n¬ amdn®-hn-´n-sb-∂-Imcyw Hm¿°m-sX-h-ø. 1932-˛¬ FdWm-Ip-f-Øp-h-®p-\-S∂ kmln-Xy-]-cn-jXv ktΩf-\-Øn¬ _n. `mKo-c-Yn-bΩ \S-Ønb \mS-Iob {]Jym-]\w Hcp-Zm-lc - W - a - m-Wv. "kv{XoKp-W'-ßƒ {]Im-in-∏n-°m-\p≈ Ign-hmWv kv{XobpsS kmlnXy-hm-k\ - bv°pw ]n∂n¬ F∂v ]e t- h-Zn-If - nepw (km-ln-Xy-]c - n-jXvthZn-If - n-epw) {]kw-Kn-®n-cp∂ Ch¿ ]pcp-j\pw kv{Xo°pw ]cn-jXvktΩ-f-\Øn¬ ka-amb ]¶m-fnØw A\p-h-Zn--°m-Ø-Xns\-s®m√n ]c-ky-{]-Xn-tj[w \S-Øn.

Fd-Wm-Ip-f-Øp-h®p kmln-Xy-]-cn-j-Øns‚ A\p-_‘-ambn \S-Ø-s∏´ aln-fm-k-tΩ-f-\-Øn¬ {]kwKn-®-t∏mƒ ]pcp-j-km-lnXysa∂pw kv{Xokm-ln-Xysa∂pw c≠p hn`m-K-ßƒ krjvSn-®v, Hcp kmln-Xy-

]pXnb kmln-Xyw, ]pXnb Ie, ]pXnb kv{XoXzw

k-Z- n¬ kv{Xo F∂pw ]pcp-j≥ F∂p-ap≈ hn`n-∂X {]Xy-£-s∏-Sp-tØ-W-sa∂v ]cn-jXv {]h¿Ø-I∑m¿ \n›-bn-®Xpw ]pcp-j-km-ln-Xy-k-Z- n¬ kv{XoIƒ°p {]kw-Kn-°m≥ ]mSn-s√∂p Xocp-am-\n-®Xpw Bh-iy-an-√mØ kwK-Xn-bm-sW∂p "alnfm' {]km[nI A∂p {]kvXm-hn-°-bp-≠m-bn... ("a-ln-fm-`m-j-Ww', alnf 12 (4,5), 1932, ]pdw 158)

kmlnXycwKtØ°p {]thin°p∂p "kv{XoKpW'sØ ssIhn´v Fgp-Øp-Im-cn-bm-hpI F∂ e£yw kv{XoIƒ°v Hcn-°epw Ffp-∏-ambn-cp-∂n-√. kv{XoIƒ Fß-s\-bn-cn-°-W-sa∂pw Ah¿s°-s¥ms° sNøm-sa∂pwa‰pw \n¿Æ-bn°p∂ i‡n-I-tfmSv ˛ kap-Zm-bw, aXw, `c-WIqSw, cmjv{So-b-i-‡n-Iƒ ˛ a√-Sn-°msX kz¥amb Bi-b-ßfpw ssien-bp-ap≈ Fgp-Øp-Im-

cn-bm-bn-Øo-cm≥ Ign-bn-√. A°m-eØ - m-sW-¶n¬ kv{XoIƒ s]mXp-cw-K-tØ°p IS-∂p-Xp-S-ßn-bncp-∂-tX-bp≈q; kz¥w-t]-cn¬ teJ-\-sa-gp-Xm≥t]mepw kv{XoIƒ `b-s∏-´n-cp-∂-Im-ew. A°meØmWv B[p-\n-I-a-e-bmfkmln-Xy-cw-K-tØ°v efn-Xmw-_nI A¥¿P\w, _mem-a-Wn-b-Ω, ISØ-\m´p am[-hn-bΩ - , tacn-tPm¨ IqØm-´p-Ip-fw, knÃ¿ tacn s_\o™ apX-em-b-h¿ IS-∂p-h∂-Xv. Cu IS-∂p-h-c-hn¬ A\p-`-hn® kwL¿jß-sf-°p-dn®v Ah-cn¬ ]e-cp-sa-gp-Xn-bn-´p-≠v. efnXmw-_nI A¥¿P\w CtX-°p-dn®v Cßs\ FgpXn:

Fs∂-t∏m-se-bp≈ Hcp kv{Xo°v Hcp Iem-Im-cn-Wnsb∂ _ncpZw In´pI A{X Ffp-∏-a-√. In´n-bm¬ Øs∂ AXp- h®p]pe¿ØpI A{X-bpw-IqSn Ffp-∏a-√. Hcp Iem-Po-hn-XsØ Nqgp∂ \nc-h[n kwi-b-

Xobn¬ Ipcp-Øh - ¿ ae-bm-f-Ønse BZy Fgp-Øp-Im-cn-I-fn-sem-tcm-cpØ¿°pw ]d-bm≥ A·n-]-co-£-I-fpsS IY-I-fp-≠v. Ahcn¬ Nne-sc-¶nepw AtX-∏‰n Xpd∂p]d-™n-´p-ap-≠v. kz¥w t]cn¬ FgpXn {]kn-≤o-Ic - n-®X - p-sIm≠v PmXnhne°ns‚ òj-Wnsb t\cn-´-h¿, ho´p-Im-cpsS Ie-i-emb FXn¿∏ns\ adn-I-S-∂-h¿, \m´p-Im-cpsS IpØp-hm°pw ]cn-lm-khpw G‰-h¿ ˛ F∂n´pw kmln-Xy-cw-KØv Ah¿ ]X-dmsX ]nSn-®p-\n-∂p. C∂v \ma-[n-I-sam∂pw {i≤n-°mØ ]gb Fgp-Øp-Im-cn-Iƒ°p-t]mepw henb t]mcm-´-ß-fpsS IY-bp-≠v. th≠mØ hnhm-lØn¬\n∂v c£-s∏´v hoSp-hn-t´m-Snb tacn-tPm¨ IqØm-´p-Ipfw (kz¥w ho´p-Im¿t]mepw X≈n-°-f™ Ah¿°v HSp-hn¬ Cugh kmaqly]cn-jv°¿Øm-hm-bn-cp∂ tUm. ]¬∏p-hns‚ hoń¬ A`bw e`n-®p. ]n∂oSv Xncp-hn-Xmw-Iq¿ A©¬ (t]m-Ã¬) hIp-∏n¬ tPmen-Inń. AXn-\p-ti-j-amWv Ah¿ kPo-h-ambn Ihn-Xm-cwK-tØ°p IS-∂-Xv), hnhm-l-Po-hnXw ths≠-∂p-h®v aT-Øn¬ tN¿∂-tijw AXns‚ ]cn-an-Xn-I-tfmSv ]Ss]m-cpXn Ihn-X-sb-gp-Xnb tacn-tPm¨ tXm´w ˛ Ch-cpsS IrXn-Iƒ ho≠pw hmbn-°-s∏-tS-≠-h-bm-Wv. Fgp-Øp-Im-cn-bpsS PohnXw "]cn-N-b-°m¿' Akm-≤y-am-°n-Øo¿ØXp-aqew Bfl-l-Xy-sN-tø-≠n-h∂ HscgpØp-Imcn ae-bm-f-Øn-ep≠v ˛ cmP-e-£van. Fgp-Øn-te-°p≈ hgn-bpsS ImTn-\y-sØ-°p-dns®gp-XmØ kmlnXy-Im-cn-Iƒ ae-bm-f-Øn¬ \t∂ Ipd-bpw. efn-Xmw-_nI apX¬ sI.-B¿. aoc hsc-bp-≈-h¿ B sh√p-hn-fnsb-°p-dn®v Fgp-Xn-bn-´p-≠v.

]pXnb kmln-Xyw, ]pXnb Ie, ]pXnb kv{XoXzw

179

]ptcm-Ka- \ - {- ]-ÿm\w kmln-Xy-Øn¬ C¥y≥ `mjm-km-ln-Xy-ß-fn¬ km¿Δ-eu-In-I-ho-£Ww hf¿∂p-sIm-≠n-cp-∂-Im-eØv cq]-sa-SpØ {]ÿm\-amWv "]ptcm-K-a\kmln-Xy'Øn-t‚-Xv. 1930-I-fnse temI-km-l-N-cy-ß-tfmSv kmln-Xy-Im-c-∑m¿ {Inbm-flI-ambn {]Xn-I-cn-°-W-sa∂ e£y-tØm-Sp-Iq-Sn-bmWv C¥y-bn¬ ap≥jn t{]wNμv A≤y-£-\mbn ]ptcm-Ka\kmlnXy-kwL-S\ cq]-sa-Sp-Ø-Xv. AXns‚ tIcfimJ-bn¬ A∂sØ {]ap-J-cmb Fgp-Øp-Imcpw \ncq]-Icpw Dƒs∏-ń-cp∂p: 1937 G{]n¬amkw Xriq-cn¬ IqSnb tbmK-Øn¬ "Poh¬kmln-Xy-kwLw' cq]-saSpØp. \ne-hn-ep-≠m-bn-cp∂ ]c-º-cm-KXkmaq-ly-{I-a-tØmSpw ]pXp-Xmbn Db¿∂p-h∂ \h-h-tc-Wyh¿§kº∂-Xt- bmSpw ISpØ FXn¿\ne ]men-°p∂ Fgp-Øp-Im-cpsS Iq´m-bvab - mbn AXp hf¿∂p. IΩyq-WnÃv cmjv{Sob-tØm-Sm-`n-apJyw ]pe¿Øn-b-hcpw ]ptcmK-a\hmZn-Ifmb, F∂m¬, IΩyq-WnÃv Bi-b-ßsf kwi-btØmsS kao-]n-®n-cp-∂h - cmb Fgp-Øp-Imcpw AXn-ep-≠m-bn-cp-∂p. 1939-\p-tijw \n¿÷o-ha - m-bn-cp∂ Poh¬kmln-Xy-kwLw 1944¬ ]ptcm-Ka - \kmln-Xy-kw-LS- \bmbn ]p\¿÷-\n-®p. {]ikvX\ncq-]I - \ - mb Fw.-]n. t]mƒ, A∂sØ {]apJ Fgp-Øp-Im-cm-bn-cp∂ ]n. tIi-h-tZ-hv, XIgn inh-i-¶-c-∏n-≈, s]m≥Ip∂w h¿°n, tPmk^v ap≠-t»-cn, kn. ANyp-X° - p-dp-∏v, Pn. i¶-c° - pdp∏v apX-em-bh - ¿ 1944se ktΩ-f\ - Ø - n¬ ]s¶-SpØp. cmjv{Sobkac-ß-fn¬ Fgp-Øp-Im¿ P\-ßƒs°m∏w \n¬°-W-sa∂ XXz-sØ-°p-dn®v s]mXpth tbmPn-∏p-≠m-bn-cp-s∂¶nepw Npcp-ßnb Ime-Øn-\n-S-bn¬ henb `n∂-X-Iƒ kwL-S\sb Xf¿Øn. {]ÿm-\-Øn¬ IΩyq-WnÃv ]m¿ń-tbmSpw {]ÿm-\-tØmSpw t\cn´v hnt[-b-cm-b-hcpw A√m-Ø-hcpw XΩn-ep≈ A`n-{]m-b-hy-Xymkw aqØ-tXm-Sp-IqSn kwL-S\ ]nf¿∂p. 1950-I-fpsS Bcw-`-Øn¬ A\p-c-RvP-\-{i-a-ßƒ \S-∂p-sh-¶nepw th≠{X ê-{]-Z-am-bn-√. ßƒ, Akzm-X-{¥y-ßƒ ˛ t]Sn-Iƒ ˛ ]pcp-j-\m-sW¶n¬ \n w-ibw Nhp-ń-sa-Xn-°m-hp∂ B apƒ∏-S¿∏pI-fn-eqsS Rßƒ kv{XoIƒ F{X Icp-X-tem-sS, `bmi-¶-I-tfmsS, \qgv∂p-I-b-dn-t∏m-I-Ww? Hcp Iem-lr-Zb-Øns‚ kz—-μ-hn-Im-k-Øn\v G‰hpw henb i{XphmWo `bw. ("IY-sb-¶n¬ IY', sXc-s™-SpØ IY-Iƒ, tIm´-bw, ]pdw. 74)

as‰m-cp-hn-[-Øn¬ ]d-™m¬ B[p-\n-I-kmln-Xy-c-N-\bv°v Bh-iy-sa∂v Ip™p-e£van sIń-eΩ Nq≠n-°m-ńb "kmap-Zm-bnIkzmX{¥yw' Fgp-Øp-Im-cn-Iƒ°v A[n-I-sam∂pw C√m-bncp∂p. B[p-\n-I-km-ln-Xy-cwKw GXm≠p apgph≥ ]pcp-j-∑m-cpsS IpØ-I-bm-bn-cp-∂p ˛ sI. kc-kz-Xn-b-Ω-bpsS kl-]m-Tn-bm-bn-cp∂ Fkv. Kp]vX≥ \m-b¿ Ah-sc-°p-dn-t®m¿°p-∂p-≠v, 1940I-fn¬ tImtf-Pnse kmln-Xy-ka - m-PØ - ns‚ N¿®bn-te°v Iqk-en-√msX Ib-dn-s®∂ s]Ïp-ńbmbn. Xm\pw IY-sb-gp-Xm-dp-s≠∂v {]Jym-]n®p-sIm-≠m-bn-cp-∂s{X AXv. F∂m¬ kmln-XyN¿®-bn¬ X\n-°¿l-X-s∏´ ]¶m-fnØw Bhiy-s∏´ kzX-{¥-hy-‡n-bm-bn-´√ Kp]vX≥\m-b¿ Ahsc Hm¿Ωn-°p-∂Xv ˛ Xs‚ Xpd∂ s]cp-am‰-sØ-°p-dn®v a‰p-≈-h-sc¥p Icp-Xp-sa∂ Nn¥bn-√mØ ip≤-K-Xn-°m-cn-bm-bn-´mWv At±lw Ahsc I≠-Xv. _mem-aW - n-bΩ - sbtbm A¥¿P\-sØtbm Cßs\ ip≤-K-Xn-°m-cm-°m≥ Ffp∏-am-bn-cp-∂n-√. Ah-cpsS kmwkvIm-cn-I] - ›m-Øehpw IpSpw-_\ - n-eb - pw-a‰pw IW-°n-se-Sp-t°-≠nh-t∂-s\. F∂n-´p-t]mepw FXn¿∏pw hna¿i-

180

\hpw [mcm- f - t a¬t°- ≠ n- h - ∂ p; {]tXy- I n®v A¥¿P-\-Øn-\v. F∂m¬ Ccp-h¿°pw "Fgp-Øp-Imcn' F∂ AwKo-Imcw kpe-`-am-bn-°n-´n-bn-cp-∂p. ]cn-an-Xamb hmb-\-bn-eqsS "kv{XoKp-W-ßfp'sS h‡m°- f mbn _mem- a - W n- b - Ω - s bbpw A¥¿P- \ sØbpw "HXp-°p∂' coXn-bmWv \S-∏n¬h-∂-Xv. A¥¿P\w "\ºq-Xn-cn-k{v Xo-If - psS IÆo-scm-∏nb IYm-Imcn'bmsW∂pw "amXr-a-ln-a-bpsS IYmImcn'bmsW-∂pw-a-‰p-ap≈ ]cm-a¿i-ßƒ \ap°v ]cn- N n- X - ß - f m- W v . _mem- a - W n- b - Ω - s bbpw "amXrXz'Øns‚ Ihn Fs∂m-s°-bmWv km[m-cW-K-Xn-bn¬ hnti-jn-∏n-°m-dv. F∂m¬ A¥¿P\-Øn-s‚tbm _mem-aW - n-bΩ - b - p-tStbm Nn¥m-{]]©w Hcn-°epw shdpw amXr-Xz-hm-gvØm-bn-cp∂n√; \ne-hn-ep-≠m-bn-cp∂ amXr-Xz-Z¿i-\-ß-fpambn "]mSn-∏p-I-gvØen's‚ _‘-am-bn-cp-∂n√ Ah-cpsS Fgp-Øn-\v. adn®v A°m-e-Øp-b¿∂ph∂ amXr-Xz-Z¿i-\-ßsf hna¿i-\-]-c-ambn ]cntim-[n-°p-∂, As√¶n¬ Ah-bpsS k¶o¿Æ-XI-sfbpw hnlz-e-X-I-sfbpw A\m-h-cWwsNøp∂, Fgp-Øm-bn-cp∂p Ah-cp-tS-Xv. > ImWpI ]pdw 120 < _mem-a-Wn-bΩ amXr-XzsØ hmgvØn IhnX-I-sf-gp-Xn-bn-cp∂p; B Ihn-X-bn¬ ]pXnb amXr-Xz-Øn¬\n-∂p≈ B\μw am{X-a-√, Bi¶-Ifpw sshcp-≤y-ßfpw sXfn-bp-∂p-≠v. ae-bmf-{_m-“-W-cpsS IpSpw-_-ß-fnse kv{XoI-fpsS \c-I-Po-hn-XsØ h¿Æn® \nc-h[n IY-Iƒ A¥¿P\w 1930-If - nepw 40-If - n-ep-sa-gp-Xn-bn-´p≠v; ]pXnb kmln-Xyw, ]pXnb Ie, ]pXnb kv{XoXzw

Ah¿ \ºq-Xn-cn-k-ap-Zmb]cn-jv°-c-W-Øn¬ hfsc Xm¬]cywImń-bn-cp-∂p. F∂m¬, Cu ]cnjv°-c-W-sØbpw AXp \S-∏m-°m≥ ap∂n-ń-dßnb ]pcp-j-∑m-cmb kap-Zmb]cn-jv°¿Øm-°sfbpw kq£va-ambn hna¿in-°p∂ a‰p-I-Y-Ifpw Ah-cp-tS-Xm-bn-´p≠v! AsXm∂pw A[n-I-amcpw N¿®-sNbvXpImWm-dn-s√∂pam{Xw. AXp-t]m-se, B[p-\nIIpSpw-_m-Z¿i-ß-fn¬ Db¿∂p-h∂ amXr- X z- Ø ns‚ amXr- I - s b ˛ "DØ- a - I p- S pw_n\n'sb ˛ hna¿in-°p∂ IY-Iƒ ]e-Xp-ap≠v Ah-cpsS Fgp-Øn¬. A°m-eØp \S∂ N¿®I-fn¬ DØ-a-am-Xr-Xz-ambn hmgvØ-s∏´ BZ¿ isØ ˛ IpSpw-_-Øns‚ ùXn-I-amb D∂-Xnbn¬am{Xw IÆp-\-´v, a°sf hf¿®-bp-sSbpw Io¿Øn-bp-sSbpw taJ-e-I-fn-te°v GXp-hn-[-hpsa-Øn-°m-\p≈ X{X-∏m-Sn¬ kvt\l-iq-\y-cm-bn, shdpw "A®-S-°-b-{¥-ambn' amdp∂ amXmhns\ ˛ Ah¿ XpS-sc-Øp-Ssc hna¿in-®n-´p-≠v. "Bfl\n-b{- ¥Ww' A[n-Ia - m-bX - p-sIm≠v kvt\l-iq-\ycm-bn-Øo¿∂, Pohn-X-Øns‚ B\μwapgp-h≥ \jvSs - ∏-Sp-Øn-b hy‡n-If - psS Nn{X-ßƒ Ah¿ kz¥wIY- I - f n¬ ]e- X - h W hc- ® n- ´ p- ≠ v . F∂n´pw A¥¿P-\sØ "\ncm-bp-[o-Ic - n®v' hyhÿm-]nX amXr-Xz-Z¿i-\-Øns‚ Ipg-eq-Øp-Im-cnbmbn Xcw- X m- g v Ø m- \ m- b n- c p∂p ]e¿°pw XnSp°w! Fgp-Øp-Im-cn-sb∂ AwKo-Imcw \¬Ip-

tºmgpw Ah¿ "kv{XoXz'Øn\p-≈n¬ Ign-™pIq-Sn-b-h¿Xs∂ F∂p ÿm]n-°m\pw Nne¿°v hy{K-X-bp-≠m-bn-cp∂p:

{]⁄m-]-c-amb {]h¿Ø-\-ß-fn¬ kv{Xoh¿§-Øn\v ]pcp-j-h¿§-tØmSp InS-\n¬°m≥ Ign-hn-s√-∂n-cp∂mepw efn-Xmw-_n-Isb C°m-cy-Øn¬ ]pcp-j-h¿§Øn¬\n-∂-I‰n \n¿tØ-≠... F∂mepw Hcp kv{Xo bpsS krjvSn-ssh-ZKv≤yw k¥m-\-ß-fpsS hmk-\m`m-h-\m-\n¿Ωm-W-ß-fn-em-sW∂v efn-Xmw-_nI hnizkn-°p-∂p. (h°w Fw. A_vZp¬ Jm-Z¿, Nn{X-Z¿in-\n, Xriq¿ 1946, ]pdw 82-˛83)

19- ˛ mw \q‰m- ≠ n¬ Ip´n°p™pX¶- ® n°v tKmhn-μ-∏n≈ \¬Inb A`n-\-μ-\-Øn¬\n∂v hf-sc-sbm∂pw hyXy-kvX-am-bn-cp-∂n√ CsX∂p hy‡w! 1930-If - nepw Fgp-Øp-Im-cn-Iƒs°-Xnsc sXdn{]-tbm-Kw-\-SØn Ah-cpsS hmb-S-∏n-°m-\p≈ {iaw XpS¿∂p-sIm-≠n-cp-∂p-sh-¶nepw AXn\p Np´ adp-]S- n-sIm-SpØ Fgp-Øp-Im-cn-If - p-ap-≠m-bn. B`m-k{- ]-tbm-Kß - sf adp-sX-dn-bn-eqsS t\cn-Sm≥ ss[cywIm´nb Fgp-Øp-Im-cn-If - p-≠m-bn. F∂m¬, Fgp-Øn¬ CSp-ßnb ssewKn-I-k-Zm-Nm-csØ FXn¿Øn-cp∂ ]ptcm-Ka - \ - {- ]-ÿm-\h - p-am-bn Fgp-

tZi-`‡n kv{XoI-fpsS Ihn-XI - f- n¬ `mc-Xob kzmX{¥yka-c-Øns‚ ]›m-Ø-e-am-bn-cp∂p ]e kv{XoI-sfbpw Ihn-Xm-cw-KØv {]tNm-Zn-∏n-®-Xv. IS-Ø-\m´p am[-hn-b-Ω-bpsS "Bﬂ-tcm-Z\w', "Fs‚ kz]v\w', "`mcXmw_' apX-emb Ihn-X-Iƒ tZim-`n-am-\-Øns‚ KoX-ßfmWv ˛ Km‘n-b≥ Bi-b-{]-N-c-W-Øns‚ am≤y-a-ßƒIqSn-bm-bn-cp∂p Ch. _mem-a-Wn-b-Ωbpw CtX e£y-ap≈ \nch[n Ihn-X-Iƒ Fgp-Xn-bn-´p-≠v. Km‘n-b≥kv{XoXzm-Z¿ißƒ kv{XoIƒ°p \¬Inb ta¬ss° kv{XoI-fpsS kmlnXy-{]-h¿Ø-\-ßƒ°v DtØ-P-\-am-sb-∂¿∞w. kv{XoI-fnte°p Km‘n- b - ≥ BZ¿i- ß - s f- Ø n- ° p∂ Ihn- X - I fpw A°m-eØv kv{XoIƒ [mcm-f-sa-gp-Xn-bn-cp-∂p. Ah-bn-sem∂m-bn-cp∂p _mem-a-Wn-b-Ω-bpsS "C\n-ta-en¬' (1934). C\n-ta-en¬ kmhn{Xn \n≥ X\-b-am-cn-h¿ \nP {]W-bn-Iƒ°-cnb Im¬s°-´p-I-fmIm C\n-ta-en¬ ]pXp-∏-´n¬ s]mXn™ s]m≥]m-h-I-fmbv aWn-ta-S-∏p-d-Øn-h¿ acp-hp-In√ a¿±n-Xcmw ]mh-ßƒX≥ A{ip-_n-μp-°-fm¬Øo¿Ø apØp-ame Nm¿Øn-°-gp-Øp-b¿Øp-I-bn-√.

181

A¥¿P-\ß - ƒ A¥¿P-\ßƒ°pth≠n D≠m-°nb \mSIw 1930-I-fnepw 40-I-fnepw \ºq-Xncnkap-Zm-b-Øn-\p-≈n¬ kv{XoI-fpsS Zpcn-X-a-b-amb Pohn-XsØ ITn-\-ambn hna¿in® \nc-h[n kmap-Zm-bnI]cn-jv°-cW\mS-I-ß-fp-≠mbn ˛ ASp-°-f-bn¬\n∂v Ac-ß-tØ-°v, ad-°p-Sbv°p-≈nse alm-\-c-Iw, EXp-aXn apX-em-b-h. F∂m¬ A¥¿P-\-k-am-P-Øns‚ ta¬°-øn¬ Ah-X-cn-∏n°-s∏´ sXmgn¬tI-{μ-Øn-te°v "A¥¿P-\-ßƒ A¥¿P-\-ßƒ°p-th≠n t_m[-]q¿Δw BZy-ambn \SØnb' \mS-I-sa∂v hnti-jn-∏n-°-s∏-´p. "c£-I-\mb ]pcp-j≥' lX-`m-Ky-bmb A¥¿P-\sØ c£n-°p∂ {]ta-b-am-bn-cp∂n√ CXn¬ ˛ c£-I-s\-Øpw-hsc ImØn-cn-°msX sXmgn¬sNbvXp Xs∂-Øm≥ Pohn-°m≥ ]pd-s∏-Sp∂ A¥¿P-\-ß-fm-Wv apJyIYm-]m-{X-ßƒ. Cu \mSIw sshZn-Im-[n-Im-c-Øn-\p-t\sc am{X-a-√, "]pcp-j-ta-[m-hn-Xz-'Øn-\p-t\¿°pIqSn-bmWv ssItbm-ßp-∂-sX∂v Ah-Xm-cn-I-bn¬ ]d-™n-cn-°p-∂p. ]t£, ]e-t∏mgpw cmjv{So-b-{]-ÿm-\-ß-fpsS ]n≥_-ew-sIm-≠p-am-{X-amWv Iem-Im-cn-Iƒ°p ]nSn-®p-\n¬°m\m-b-sX∂ Imcyw hnkva-cn-®p-IqS ˛ kap-Zm-b-Zr-jvSn-bn¬ Iem-{]-h¿Ø-I-bm-hpI F∂Xv A`n-e-j-Wo-b-ambn-cp-∂n-√. kap-Zm-b-Øns‚ tLmc-amb FXn¿∏ns\ I√n-s‚bpw shSn-bp-≠-bp-sSbpw cq]-Øn¬ t\cn-´psIm-≠mWv \ne-ºq¿ Abn-jsbt∏mep≈-h¿ \mS-I-cw-KØv Dd-®p-\n-∂-Xv.

Øp-Im-cn-Iƒ°v ]cn-an-X-hpw Nne-t∏mƒ Iep-jnX-hp-amb _‘-am-Wp-≠m-bn-cp-∂-Xv. 1940-I-fn¬ kPo-ha - m-bn-Øo¿∂ ]ptcm-Ka - \ - k - m-ln-Xy-{]-ÿm\sØ Xpd∂v A\p-Iq-en-®p-sIm≠v s]mXp-cw-KØp-h∂ Fgp-Øp-Im-cn-bm-bn-cp∂p A¥¿P-\w. ]t£, Ahsc Dƒs°m-≈m≥ B {]ÿm\w Xosc {ian-®n-√. am{X-a-√, ]ptcm-K-a-\-km-ln-XyIm-c-∑m-cpsS ssewKn-I-k-Zm-Nm-c-hn-cp-≤-X-bpsS s]m≈-Øc - sØ Nq≠n-°m-´n-s°m≠v Ah¿ IYsb-gp-Xn ("dnb-enkw' F∂ IY)sb∂Xv henb hnhm-Z-Øn-\n-S-bm-°n. XIgn inh-i-¶-c-∏n≈ Ah¿s°-Xnsc as‰mcp IY-sb-gpXn ˛ Ahsc hy‡n-]-c-ambn A[n-t£-]n® "BZ¿im-ﬂ-IX' F∂ IY! "kmln-XysØ Pohn-X-tØm-S-Sp-∏n-°pI' F∂ ]ptcm-K-a-\-km-ln-Xy- ap-{Zm-hm-Iy-Øn-eqsS Iogm-fk - v{Xo-Iƒ IYm-]m-{X-ßf - mbn {]Xy-£s - ∏´p-Xp-S-ßn-b- Im-eØv ˛ 1930-I-fn¬ ˛ a\x-i-‡nsb-°m-f-[nIw kpμckv{Xocq-]-ß-fpsS Xncn-®ph-c-hp-≠m-bn-sb∂p thW-sa-¶n¬ ]d-bmw. Nßºpg IrjvW-]n-≈-bpsS ca-W≥ tIc-f-Øn¬ G‰hpw P\-{]n-ba - mb cN-\b - m-bn-cp∂p ˛ AXnse kv{XoI-Ym-]m-{X-Øns‚ khn-ti-jX - X - s - ∂, a\xi-‡n-bpsS Ipd-hm-Wv. (\m-cn-bpsS A_-eX - zhpw N]-e-Xzhpw ]mSn-\-S-°p-∂-h-sc-°-≠n-´mWv sI. kc-kz-Xn-bΩ AXn\v ]n¬°m-eØv Hcp "adp-]Sn-°Y' Fgp-Xn-bXv ˛ "caWn' F∂ t]cn¬). kv{Xosb kpμ-chpw Imay-hp-amb F∂m¬ N©e-amb Hcp hkvXp-hmbn Nn{Xo-I-cn-®-Xn¬ Nßºp-gbv°v hen-sbmcp ]¶p-≠v. Cu {]h-W-Xsb t\cn´pw A√m-sXbpw hna¿in-®h - c - mWv A¥¿P\hpw kc- k z- X n- b - Ω - b pw. "amXrXz'Øns‚ Ip∏mbw kc-kz-Xn-b-Ωbv°v Xosc tNcm-Ø-Xp-

182

sIm-≠m-hmw, \ncq-]-I-temIw Ahsc ]q¿Æambpw Ah-K-Wn-®p. 1970-I-fn¬ Ah-cpsS acWw Gsd-°psd {i≤n-°-s∏-SmsX IS-∂p-t]m-bn. > ImWpI ]pdw 121 < 1990-I-fn¬ tIc-f-Øn¬ kv{Xo]-£-km-lnXyw i‡-am-b-tXm-sS-bmWv Ah-cpsS IrXn-Iƒ ho≠pw hmbn-°-s∏-´-Xv. 1950- I ƒ°p- t i- j hpw kmln- X y- c w- K Øv kv{XoIƒ s]mcp-Xn-Øs - ∂-bmWv \n∂-Xv. kmlnXy-cw-KsØ ]pcp-jm-[n-Imcw B[p-\n-I-Xm-{]ÿm-\-Øn-eqsS ]pXp-cq]w]q≠v D-b¿∂p-h∂ ImeØv am[-hn-°pń F∂ {]Xn-`mkw tIc-fØn¬ At∏m-tg°pw Dd-®p-I-gn-™n-cp∂ IpSpw_m-Z¿i-ß-sfbpw kv{Xo]p-cp-j-_-‘-ß-sfbpw Xs‚ Fgp-Øn-eqsS Iodn-ap-dn-®p-sIm-≠-n-cp-∂p. hoSp-ambn kv{Xosb _‘n-∏n-°p∂ kv{XoXz-Z¿i\-Øn\v Ah¿ FXn-cm-bn-cp-∂n√; F∂m¬ \nehn-ep≈ enwKm-Z¿i-Øn¬ hoSv kv{XobpsS XSh-d- am-{X-am-sW-∂pw Xosc kt¥m-jtam kuμcytam C√m-Ø, Hcn-°epw XocmØ tPmen-bpw Hcn-°e - p-sam-Sp-ßmØ `mc-ßfpw kv{Xobp-sS-ta¬ sIń-tb¬∏n-°p∂ Hcp ÿm]-\-am-WsX∂pw Xs‚ IY-I-fn-eqsS Ah¿ ho≠pwho≠pw \sΩ Hm¿Ω-s∏-Sp-Øn. AXp-t]m-se, kv{Xo]p-cp-jk - tv \lsØ Ah¿ hfsc hne-a-Xn-®n-cp∂p ˛ ]t£ kv{Xosb shdp-samcp hkvXp-hmbn Icp-Xp∂ ]pcp- j - X z- Ø n\v ta¬ss°- b p- ≈ n- S - t Ømfw kv{Xo]p-cp-j_ - ‘w kpμ-ca - m-hn-s√∂v Ah¿ Xd∏n-®p-]d - ™ p. kvt\l-sØbpw kuμ-cy-sØbpw GXp-co-Xn-bnepw kzoI-cn-°W - s - a-∂pw, AXn-\m¬ kaqlw ASn- t ®¬∏n- ° p∂ kZm- N m- c - Ø n\v bmsXmcp \ymbo-I-c-W-hp-an-s√∂pw Ah¿ aebm-fn-Isf ]Tn-∏n-°m≥ {ian-®p. Fs‚ IY F∂ Ah-cpsS Bfl-I-Ybv°v kam-\-amb H∂pw ae]pXnb kmln-Xyw, ]pXnb Ie, ]pXnb kv{XoXzw

Iem-aW - U v ew Ieym-Wn-°p-ń-bΩ 1915¬ ae-∏p-dw-Pn-√-bnse Xncp-\m-hm-b-bv°-SpØv Hcp bmYm-ÿn-XnI \mb¿X-d-hm-ń¬ P\n-®p. sNdp-∏-Øn¬ Imbn-I-hn-t\m-Z-ß-fn¬ henb Xm¬]-cy-am-bn-cp∂p; CXn-\p-]p-dsa kwkvIrX Imhy-\m-S-Im-Zn-Ifpw ]cn-Nbn®p. F∂m¬ \rØw Hcp hnZq-c-kz-]v\w-t]m-ep-am-bn-cp-∂n-√. 1937¬, Ccp-]-Øn-c≠mwhb- n¬ kwkvIr-X{K-Ÿ-ß-sf-°p-dn®v hnh-c-ßƒ Xnc-°n-bmWv Ah¿ Iem-a-WvU-e-Øn-se-Øn-b-Xv; A≤ym-]n-I-bm-Im-\p≈ ]co£-bv°n-cn-°m≥th≠n. B ka-bØv tamln-\n-bm´w hnZym¿∞n-\n-I-fn-sem-cmƒ hnhm-lw-I-gn-°m-\mbn ]cnio-e\w Dt]-£n-®n-cp-∂p. IpSpw-_-kp-lr-Øp-Iq-Sn-bm-bn-cp∂ alm-Ihn h≈-tØm-fns‚ t{]c-W-bn¬ IeymWn-°p-ń-bΩ \rØ-]-cn-io-e-\-Øn\p Xøm-dm-bn. ITn-\-amb ]cn-io-e-\-Øn-s\m-Sp-hn¬ 1939¬ Ac-tß‰w \S-Øn. CXn-\nsS IpSpw-_-Øn¬\n∂pw AXn-i-‡-amb FXn¿∏p-≠m-b-Xns\ Ah¿ ss[cy-am-bn-Øs∂ t\cn´p. Iem-a-WvUew IrjvW≥\m-b-cp-am-bp≈ {]Wbw {]iv\-ambn amdn ˛ ImcWw Iem-a-WvU-e-Ønse AwK-ßƒX-Ωn-ep≈ ASp-∏-ßsf h≈-tØmƒ Xosc t{]m’m-ln-∏n-®n-cp-∂n-√. 1940¬ hnhm-lw-I-gn® Ah¿ Hcph¿j-tØmfw C°mcyw cl-ky-ambn kq£n-®-tijw, Iem-a-WvUew hn´p. 1950-I-fpsS Ah-km-\w-h-scbpw ]e ÿe-ß-fn-embn Ah¿ \rØ-]-cn-io-e\w \¬In Pohn-®p. tamln-\n-bm-´-Øns‚ kap-≤m-c-I≥ F∂ _ncpZw h≈-tØm-fn-\mWv \mw \¬Im-dp-≈-sX-¶nepw C∂sØ tamln-\n-bm-´sØ Cu cq]-Øn-em-°nØo¿Ø-Xns‚ apgp-h≥ A`n-\-μ-\hpw Ieym-Wn-°p-ń-b-Ω-bv°m-Wv. `c-X-\m-Sy-Øn¬ cp‹n-Wo-tZ-hn°p I¬∏n°-s∏-Sp∂ ÿm\w Ieym-Wn-°p-ń-b-Ωbv°v tamln-\n-bm-´-Øn-ep-≠v. C°m-esØ \ho-\-kv{Xo-Xz-Øns‚ i‡-amb kzm[o\w Ah-cpsS tamln-\n-bm´ ]p\¿\n¿Ωm-W-Øn¬ ImWm-\p-ap-≠v. F¶nepw ipjvI-amb \ΩpsS kmaq-ly-N-cn-{X-Øn\p ]pd-ØmWv Ah-cn∂pw! AXn-t\-°mƒ AZr-iy-cmb as‰mcp Iq´-cp-≠v ˛ IeymWn-°p-ń-b-Ωbv°v tamln-\n-bm-´-sØ-°p-dn®v Adn-hp-\¬Inb ipNo-{μw, ]fl-\m-`-]pcw t£{X-Ønse tZhZm-kn-Iƒ! "NoØ-kv{Xo-I-fm'bn ap{Z-Ip-Ø-s∏´ Ah-cpsS Iem-ti-jnbpw Iem-]-cn-N-bhpw Du‰n-sb-Sp-Ø-tijw, Ahsc Ncn-{X-Øns‚ Ccp-ń-te°p X≈m-\mWv "]cn-jvIrX'hpw "am\y'hpamb \h-h-tc-Wy-k-aqlw ˛ \h-htc-Wy-kv{Xo-Xzhpw ˛ apXn¿∂-Xv.

]pXnb kmln-Xyw, ]pXnb Ie, ]pXnb kv{XoXzw

183

bm- f - Ø n- e n- √ . F¶nepw Ah- k m- \ w- h - s cbpw Ahsc ]e- X - c - Ø n¬ th´- b m- S m- \ mWv aebmfnkaqlw {ian-®-Xv. ]n¬°m-eØv A-Xn¬ Bfl-I-Ym-wi-an-s√∂pIqSn Ah¿ ]d-bp-I-bp≠mbn. B[p-\n-I-hn-Zym-`ym-kw e`n® BZy Xe-apd-°m-cn-I-fn¬ ]ecpw Bfl-I-Ym-c-N-\-bnte¿s∏ń-cp-∂p. DZm-l-c-W-Øn\v tIm®m-ń¬ Ieym-Wn°p-ń-b-Ω, kn. sI. tch-Xn-b-Ω, A∂m Nm≠n XpS-ßn-b-h¿. Ign™ \qdp-h¿j-°m-e-Øn-\n-Sbn¬ kv{XoI-fp-tS-Xmb kw`m-h\ XnI®pw A`n-

am-\I - c - w-Xs - ∂. Ch-bn¬∏-eXpw "hnhmlØns‚ Poh-Nc - n-{X'-ßf - m-bn-cp∂psh∂v Ncn-{X-Imcnbmb Pn. Acp-Wna A`n-{]m-b-s∏-ń-´p-≠v. F¶nepw kzm\p-`-h-ßsf Ime-Øns‚ hnZq-c-X-bn¬\n∂v hne-bn-cp-Øm-\p≈ {ia-ßfpw C°q-´-Øn-ep-≠v. am[-hn-°p-ń-sb-°q-SmsX cmP-e£van, ]n. h’-e, kpK-X-Ip-amcn XpS-ßn a‰p ]e-cp-ap≠mbn. 1980-I-fn¬ kv{Xo]-£-km-ln-Xy-c-N\ Fß-s\-bn-cn-°-W-sa∂ N¿®bv°v ]pXp-Po-h≥ ssIh-∂p. F∂m¬ Fgp-Øp-Im-cn-I-fpsS hgn Hcn-°epw Ffp-∏a - m-bn-cp-∂n-√. am[-hn-°pń IpSpw_-Øn-s‚bpw Ab¬h-°Ø - n-s‚-bpw-a‰pw ISpØ FXn¿∏ns\ t\cn-´p-sIm-≠mWv Fgp-Xn-b-Xv. CØcw FXn¿∏n\v Fgp-Øp-Im-cn-I-fn¬ Hcmsf sIm√m\pw Ign™p ˛ cmP-e-£van. sNdp-{]m-bØn¬Øs∂ henb AwKo-Imcw hmb-\-°mcn¬\n∂pw t\Sn-sb-SpØ Fgp-Øp-Im-cn-bm-bncp∂p Ah¿. \nc-h[n ]pc-kvIm-c-ßfpw Ah¿ t\Sn-°-gn-™n-cp-∂p. F∂n´pw XocmØ iey-s∏Sp-Ø¬ Ahsc Bfl-l-Xy-bn-te°p \bn-®p. N{μ-a-Xn, KoXm lnc-Wy≥ XpSßn C∂p {]ikvX-cm-bn-Øo¿∂n-´p≈ Fgp-Øp-Im-cn-Ifpw FgpXm≥th≠n Xßƒ°p \S-tØ-≠n-h∂ ka-cß - sf-°p-dn®v ]d-™n-´p-≠v. F¥n-\v, G‰-hp-a-Sp-ØIm-eØv Fgp-Xn-Øp-S-ßnb, C∂p {]kn-≤-bmb sI.-B¿. aoc-bpsS "Hm¿Ω-bpsS Rcºv' F∂ IY Fgp-Xm≥ Zln® Hcp kv{Xosb-°p-dn-®mWv ]d-bp-∂-Xv. C∂v tIc-fobkmln-Xy-ta-Je - b - n¬ [mcmfw kv{XoIƒ k∂n-ln-Xc - mWv. 1980-If - psS Ah-km\w kmdm tPmk-^ns‚ IY-I-fpsS hmb-\-bn-eqsS "kv{Xo]-£-km-lnXyw' AYhm "s]sÆ-gpØv ˛

]c-ºc- m-KX Ac-ßp-If- nse kv{Xokm-∂n≤yw hfsc ]g-°-ap≈ t£{X-I-e-bmb IqSn-bm-´-Øn¬ kv{Xo°v khn-ti-j-amb HcnSw I¬∏n-®n-cp-∂p. F∂m¬ NmIym¿kv{Xo-I-f√ kv{Xothjw Ah-X-cn-∏n-®n-cp-∂-Xv; Aº-e-hmknPmXn-bpsS D]-Pm-Xn-bmb \ºym¿PmXnbnse kv{XoI-sf-bmWv A`n-\bw A`y-kn-∏n-®n-cp-∂-Xv. PmXn-\n-b-a-ßƒ°p Iogvhgßnb kv{Xokm-∂n-≤yam-bn-cp∂p AsX∂p kmcw.- "\ßym-∑m¿' F∂p hnfn-°-s∏-´n-cp∂ Ch-cpsS khn-ti-j-amb Iem-{]-I-S-\amWv "\ßym¿IqØv'. kv{Xoth-j-an-√mØ IY-bm-sW-¶nepw \ßym-sc-°q-SmsX A`n-\bw ]mSn-s√∂v Hcp Nn´-bp-≠m-bn-cp-∂p. am¿Kn kXn-bpsS t\Xr-Xz-Øn¬ \ßym¿IqØv C∂v {]iw-k-\o-b-amw-hn[w ]p\¿÷\n-®n-cn-°p-∂p. IrjvW-I-Y-Iƒ°p ]pdsa cmam-b-W-I-Y-Ifpw IÆ-Io-N-cn-Xhpw Ac-ßn¬ Ah-X-cn-∏n-°-s∏Sp-∂p. ]pcp-j-∑m-cp-tS-Xmb \rØ-cq-]-ßƒ kv{XoIƒ A`y-kn®v Ah-X-cn-∏n-®-Xns‚ Nne DZm-l-c-W-ß-fpap≠v. am¿§w-Ifn ]{¥≠p ]pcp-j-∑m¿ tN¿∂v Ah-X-cn-∏n-®n-cp∂ \rØ-am-bn-cp-∂p-sh∂v Kth-j-I¿ A`n-{]mb-s∏-Sp-∂p. C∂v AXv kv{XoI-fpsS \rØ-cq-]-ambn amdn-bn-cn-°p-∂p. IYIfnbnepw kv{Xokm∂n≤yw h¿≤n ®n´p≠v. Nhd ]mdp°p´nbΩsb t]mep≈ {]kn≤cmb A`nt\{XnIsf ]n¥pS¿∂v C∂v \nch[n kv{XoIƒ B cwKtØ°p IS∂n´p≠v. (hn-h-c-ßƒ am[-h-ta-t\m≥ (F-Un.), lm≥Uv_p°v Hm^v tIcf, hmeyw 2, Xncp-h-\-¥-]pcw F∂ {KŸØn¬\n∂v)

184

]pXnb kmln-Xyw, ]pXnb Ie, ]pXnb kv{XoXzw

F∂ km≤yX Db¿∂p-h∂ - p. hyh-ÿm-]nX \ncq]-W-Øns‚ AXn-cq-£-amb iIm-chpw ]cn-lmkhpw "s]sÆ-gp-Øn's‚ h‡m-°ƒ°p klnt°-≠n-h-∂p. A¥¿P-\-Øn-s‚bpw am[-hn-°pń-bp-sSbpw Fgp-Øns\ hyh-ÿm-]nX enwKmZ¿i-ß-fn-te°pw kmln-Xy-{]-am-W-ß-fn-te°pw HXp-°m≥ apJy-[mcmhna¿i-\-Øn\p Ign-™ncp-∂p. F∂m¬ kc-kz-Xn-b-Ω-bpsS Fgp-Øns\tbm kmdm tPmk-^ns‚ (A°m-es - Ø-gp-Xnb) IY-I-sftbm AØ-c-Øn¬ HXp-°m≥ Ffp-∏-ambn-cp-∂n-√. apJy-[m-c-bn¬\n∂v AI-∂p-\n¬°p∂Xv _p≤n-]-c-a-s√∂ A`n-{]mbw Nne FgpØp-Im-cn-Iƒ°pap≠m-bn-cp-∂p. C°m-eØv IhnX-bnepw Xpd-∂-co-Xn-bn-ep≈ kv{Xo]-£-Øp\n∂pw B¨tImbvamhna¿i\w tI´p-Xp-S-ßn ˛ kmhn{Xn cmPo-h≥, hnP-b-e£van XpS-ßn-b-hcpsS Ihn-XI - f - n¬. IYm-cw-KØv KoXm lnc-Wy≥, N{μ-a-Xn, t{Kkn XpS-ßn-b-h-cpsS km∂n≤yw A\n- t j- ≤ y- a m- b n. Ch- c n¬∏ecpw "s]sÆgpØn's\°p-dn®v kwi-bm-ep-°f - m-bn-cp-s∂-¶nepw Xß-fpsS cN-\-I-fn¬ B¨tIm-bvam-cq-]-ßsf AXn-i-‡-ambn B{I-an-°m≥ aSn-®n√. s]sÆ gpsØ∂ BibsØ FgpØpImcnIƒXs∂ X≈n°f™Xv, hmkvXhØn¬ as‰mcp hn[ Øn¬ hmbnt°≠XmWv. A∂phtcbpw aebmfkmlnXyaWvUeØn¬ s\Sp\mbIXzw hln® ]pcpjm[nImcÿm]\amb kmlnXyhna¿ i\Øns‚ B[nImcnIXsbbmWv FgpØpIm cnIƒ X≈n°f™Xv. kv{XoIfpsS FgpØns\ t]cn´phnfn°m≥ hna¿iI¿°p≠mbncp∂ A[nImcamWv tNmZywsNøs∏´Xv. s]sÆ-gp Øns\ A\pIqen®hcpw- {]XnIqen®-hcpamb FgpØpImcnIsf√mhcpw tIcfØnse B¨ tImbvasb AXni‡ambn-Øs∂ FXn¿Øn´ps≠∂ Imcyw hfsc {]k‡amWv. kao-]-ImeØv ae-bm-fk - m-ln-Xy-cw-Kt- Ø°v kv{XoI-fpsS IS-∂p-I-b-‰w-Xs∂ D≠m-bn-´p≠v ˛ {]tXy-In®v sNdp- I - Y m- c w- K - Ø v . C∂h¿ t\Snb hnPbw apºp]d™ hna¿iIXnckv ° mchpambn _‘s∏´pInS°p∂psh∂v hmZn°mhp∂XmWv. Fgp-Øns‚ temI-tØ°v {]th-i\we`n°mØ kv{XoIfpw Bflm-Jym-\-ß-fn-eqsS cwK{]-thiw sNbvXp-I-gn™p. \fn\n Pao-e-bpsS Bfl-IY henb hnhmZw krjvSn-s®-¶nepw ]pXnb CS-ßƒ D≠m-bn-s°m-t≠-bn-cn-°p-∂p. "Fgp-Øp-Imcn' F∂ AwKo-Imcw ]nSn-®p-hm-ßm≥ Ah¿ \S-Ønb Dd®{iaw ae-bm-f-km-ln-XyØns‚ htc-Wy-Xsb shfn-®-Øp-sIm-≠p-h-cnIbpw sNbvXp. ]pXnb kmln-Xyw, ]pXnb Ie, ]pXnb kv{XoXzw

Iogm-fk - v{Xo-Iƒ°v {]th-i\ - a- n√! \mSIcwKØv C∂v Hcp kv{Xo]£w cq]s∏´p Ign™p. kp[n, cmtPizcn, kPnX, {ioP, {ioeX XpSßnb Ignhp‰ \mSI{]h¿ØI¿ C∂v kPohambp≠v. kv{Xo]£N¿®IfpsS A¥ co£w A`nt\{Xn t]mep≈ kwLßƒ°p P∑w \¬In. tIcf imkv{XkmlnXy-]cnjØns‚ h\nXmIemPmYIfpw 1980Ifnse kaX XpS ßnb kwLßfpw ]n∂oSp \S∂ kv{Xo]£ \mSIIymºpIfpw kv{Xo]£\mSIsa∂ Bi bsØ {]tXyIcoXnIfn¬ hymJym\n®p. hfsc°mesØ ]n≥\nesb X≈n°f™p sIm≠mWv C∂sØ Du¿÷w kv { Xo]£ \mSI{]h¿ØI¿ kºmZn®Xv. \mS-I-cw-KØv ]pcp-j-∑m¿ kv{Xoth-jw-sI-´p∂ ]Xnhv 1940-ItfmsS AI-∂p-Xp-S-ßn. 1940-I-fnse ae-bm-f- \mSIthZn-bn-te°v A`n-t\Xm°-fmbn \nc-h[n kv{XoIƒ IS-∂p-h∂p ˛ X¶w hmkp-tZ-h≥\mb¿, kn.-sI. cmPw, Hma-√q¿ sN√-Ω, Aº-e∏pg ao\m-£n-b-Ω, kn.-sI. kpa-Xn-°p-´n-b-Ω, sImSp-ß-√q¿ AΩn-Wn-bΩ XpS-ßn-b-h¿. Cu Zi-IØ - nse cmjv{So-b{- ]-t£m-`ß - f - psS `mK-ambn Db¿∂p-h∂ Iem-{]-h¿Ø\w \nc-h[n kv{Xo Isf Zriy-I-em-th-Zn-I-fn-se-Øn-®p. ]n∂o-Sv sI.]n.-F.kn. apX-emb {]ÿm-\ß - f - n-eqsS IqSpX¬ kv{XoIƒ A`n-\-b-cw-K-sØ-Øn-. \mS-I\ - S- n-If - psS ÿnXn CXm-bn-cp-s∂-¶n¬, \¿Ø-In-am-cpsS ÿnXn Zb-\o-b-am-bn-cp-∂p. "tamln-\n-bm´'sa∂ \rØ-cq]w Agn-™m´wam{Xam-sW∂ i‡-amb {]N-cW - sØ sNdp-Øp-sIm≠mWv alm-Ihn h≈-tØmƒ AXns\ ]p\-cp≤-cn-°m≥ {ian-®-Xv. CXn-\mbn At±-l-ta¿s∏Sp-Ønb "kZm-Nm-c-kw-hn-[m\'sØ°p-dn®v At±l-Øns‚ "tIc-fI - e - m-aWvUe'Ønse BZy-Ime {]h¿Ø-Ic - n-sem-cm-fm-bn-cp∂ hnJym-XI - Y - I - f - n-\S≥ Iem-a-WvUew IrjvW≥\m-b¿ Fgp-Xn-bn-´p≠v. ssewKn-I-amb F√m kqN-\-I-fn¬\n∂pw \rØ-Ie - sb hnap-‡a - m-°n-s°m-≠mWv AXns\ ]p\-cp-≤-cn-t°-≠-sX∂ [mcW A°m-eØv i‡-am-bn-cp-∂p. \mS-I-Øns‚ Imcy-sa-Sp-Øm¬, Im°m-cn-»n\m-S-Iw-t]m-ep≈ Iogm-f-I-em-cq-]-ß-fn¬ kv{Xo Iƒ A`n-\-bn-®n-cp∂p; A°m-eØv Im°m-cn»n \mS-I-Øn\v \√ P\-{]o-Xn-bp-≠m-bn-cp-s∂∂ kqN-\-I-fp-ap-≠v. At∏mƒ Cu Iem-cq-]-ß-fneqsS cwK-]-cn-Nbw t\Snb Iogm-f-I-em-Im-cnIƒ°v B[p-\n-I-\m-S-I-Øn-te°v Ffp-∏-Øn¬

185

{]th-i\w F¥p-sIm≠p In´n-bn√? PmXn-Nn-¥bvs°-Xnsc sh√p-hn-fn-I-fp-b¿∂ "\thm-∞m-\Ime'Øn¬ \mw CØ-c-samcp {]th-i\w F¥psIm≠p ImWp-∂n√? Btem-Nn-t°≠ Imcy-am-Wn-Xv. PmXn-hn-tcm[-Øns‚ thcp-Iƒ F{X-tØmfw Bg-Øn-emWv ÿnXn-sN-øp-∂-sX∂v \mw ]e-t∏mgpw Hm¿°mdn√ ˛ Iem-cw-KØv AsX-{X-tØmfw B≠p-In-S°p-∂p-sh-∂pw. B[p-\n-I-km-ln-Xy-cw-K-tØ°v Iogm-f-kv{Xo-Iƒ°v {]th-i\w e`n-®n-cp-∂n-√; A°m-eØv FgpØpw hmb-\-bpw-t]mepw Ah¿ °-[o-\-am-bn-cp-∂n-√. B[p-\nI \mS-I-cw-KØpw Ah-cpsS {]th-i\w Ffp-∏-am-bn-cp-∂n-√. htcWy-`mj Ah¿°v Ffp-∏Ø - n¬ hgßn√mbn-cp∂p F∂pthW-sa-¶n¬ hmZn-°mw. F∂m¬ PmXo-bamb ASn-®-a¿Ø-en¬\n∂v hen-sbm-c-f-hp-hsc c£-s∏´ Iogm-f¿ tIc-fØ - n-ep-≠m-bn-cp∂p ˛ anjW-dn-k-`-I-fn-eqsS {InkvXp-aXw kzoI-cn-®-h¿. sX°≥Xn-cp-hn-Xmw-Iq-dn¬ Ch-cpsS FÆw Ipdhm-bn-cp-∂n-√. C°q-´-cn¬\n∂pw Zriy-I-em-cw-KtØs°Ønb Hcp Iogm-f-kv{Xo-bpsS ˛ ae-bm-fkn-\n-a-bpsS BZy-\m-bn-I-bmb tdmkn-bpsS ˛ `oI-cm-\p-`hw Bscbpw Ccp-Øn-®n-¥n-∏n-°pw. Ccp-]-Øn-b-©p-Im-cn-bmb tdmkΩ Xncp-h\-¥-]p-c-Øn-\-SpØp P\n® Hcp Iogm-f-kv{Xo-bmbn-cp-∂p. Im°m-cn-»n-\m-S-I-ß-fn¬ A`n-\-bn-®n-

186

cp∂ tdmkn-°p-th≠n Im°m-cn»n\mS-I-kw-Lßƒ XΩn¬ ]nSn-hen \S-∂n-cp-∂t{X ˛ B cwKØv Ah¿ \√ Iem-Im-cn-bmbn Adn-b-s∏-´ncp∂p F∂¿∞w. {InkvXp-a-X-Øn-te°p amdnb Hcp ]pe-b-Ip-Spw-_mw-K-am-bn-cp∂ Ah¿ I¿jI-sØm-gn-em-fn-bpw-Iq-Sn-bm-bn-cp-∂p. Xncp-hn-Xmw-Iqdn¬ BZyw \n¿Ωn® Nn{X-amb hnK-X-Ip-amc \nse \mbn-I-bm-hm≥ \dp-°p-ho-WXv Ah¿ °mWv. Nn{X-Øns‚ \n¿Ωm-Xmhpw kwhn-[m-bI-\p-amb sP.-kn. Um\n-tb¬ {InkvXp-aXw kzoIcn® \mSm¿k-ap-Zm-bmw-K-am-bn-cp∂p ˛ kzØpw sIm´m-c-Øn¬ kzm[o-\-hp-ap-≠m-bn-cp∂ hy‡n. GXp-hn-[-Øn¬ t\m°n-bmepw A∂sØ Xncphn-Xmw-Iq-dnse \mb-∑m¿ ssIh-iw-h-®n-cp∂ PmXym-[n-Im-csØ sh√p-hn-fn® Hcp-Zy-aa - m-bn-cp∂p hnK-X-Ip-am-c≥. 1928¬ Xncp-h-\-¥-]p-c-Øp-h®v Cu kn\na BZy-ambn {]Z¿in-∏n-°s - ∏-´p. tdmknbpsS cq]w sh≈n-Øn-c-bn¬ sXfn-™-t∏msgms° kZ v A{I-am-k-‡-am-sb∂pw kn\nam-sIm-´-I-bv°-IsØ apX¬ \in-∏n-®p-sh∂pw A∂sØ ]{X-hm¿Ø-Iƒ ]d-bp-∂p. sP.-kn. Um\n-tbepw kn\n-a-Im-Wm-s\-Ønb Nne am\y∑mcpw s{]mP-IvS¿apdn-bn¬ Ib-dn-bm-Ws{X c£s∏-´-Xv. ]nt‰-Zn-h-kw-Xs∂ kn\nam{]Z¿i\w \n¿Øm≥ k¿°m-cp-Ø-c-hn-´p. ]t£, A{I-anIƒ tdmknsb ]n≥Xp-S¿∂p-sIm-t≠-bn-cp-∂p.

Um\n-tb-ens‚ {]tXyI At]-£-{]-Imcw AhcpsS ho´n-\p-ap-∂n¬ s]meokv Imh-te¿s∏SpØn. F∂m-en-Xp-sIm≠pw Imcy-ß-f-h-km-\n®n√. Ah¿ XpS¿∂pw B{I-an-°-s∏´p; HSp-hn¬ Iem-cw-K-Øp-\n∂v Ah¿°p ]q¿Æ-ambpw hnShm-tß-≠n-h∂ - p. 1940-If - n-sebpw 50-If - n-sebpw CSXp-]-£-\m-S-I-ß-fnepw kn\n-a-I-fnepw \nc-h[n Iogm-f-kv{Xo-I-Ym-]m-{X-ßƒ Ah-X-cn-∏n-°-s∏-´psh-¶n--epw Hcp Iogm-fkv{Xo B cwK-tØ°p {]thin-°m≥ {ian-®-t∏mƒ CXm-bn-cp∂p A\p-`hw! s]mXpsh ]d™m¬, IemcwKØp {]h¿ Øn® kv{XoIƒ, Ah¿ F{XXs∂ AwKoIm chpw cmjv{Sobam\yXbpw D≈hcmbncps∂ ¶nepw, kaqlØns‚ Hmcßfn¬ \n¬t°≠h cmsW∂ [mcW ASpØImewhscbpw i‡am bncp∂p. Be∏pgbn¬ G‰hpw P\{]oXn t\Snb IemImcnsb∂ _lpaXn°v F¥psIm≠pw A¿lbmb ]n.sI. taZn\nbpsS A\p`hw t\m°q.> ImWpI ]pdw 232 <

Bim-hl - a- mb hf¿® C∂v ae-bm-f-km-ln-Xy-cw-KØpw kn\nam-˛\mS-Ith-Zn-I-fnepw kv{XoIƒ°v tami-a-√mØ Zriy-Xbp-≠v. F∂m¬ Cu Zriy-X, kz¥-amb Xocp-am\-ßs - f-Sp-°m\pw \S-∏n¬h-cp-Øm-\p-ap≈ kzmX{¥y-am-sW∂v Icp-Xm≥ Ign-bn-√. Cu cwK-ßfn¬Øs∂ Nne {]tXyI \ne-I-fn¬am-{X-amWv kv{XoIsf IqSp-X¬ ImWm≥ Ign-bp-∂-Xv. Nne \ne-I-fn¬ kv{XoIƒ ]pd-tIm-´p-t]mbn F∂pXs∂ ]dbmw ˛ Cu \q‰m-≠ns‚ Bcw-`-Øn¬ kv{XoIƒ°p-th≠n kv{XoIƒ {]kn-≤o-I-cn® \nc-h[n B\p-Im-enI{]kn-≤o-Ic - W - ß - f - p-≠m-bncp-∂p. ]pXnb kv{XoXz-sØ-°p-dn®v kv{XoIsf ]Tn-∏n-°pI F∂ [¿Ωw am{X-am-bn-cp-∂n√ Ch \n¿Δln®n-cp-∂Xv ˛ kv{XoI-fpsS ]ucm-h-Im-iß-sf-°p-dn®pw kaq-l-Øn¬ Ah¿°v ]q¿Æ AwKXzw e`n-°m-\p≈ am¿§-ßs - f-°p-dn-®pw-a‰pw [mcmfw N¿®-Iƒ Ah-bn¬ {]Xy-£s - ∏-´n-cp-∂p.

kn\n-am-cw-KsØ kv{Xokm-∂n≤yw ae-bm-f-kn-\n-am-N-cn-{X-Øn-se-∂-√, temIkn\n-am-N-cn-{X-Øn¬Øs∂ kn\n-am-\n¿Ωm-Ww, Ombm{K-l-Ww, kwhn-[m-\w, A`n-\bw XpS-ßnb hnhn[taJ-e-I-fn-ep≈ kv{XoI-fpsS BZy-Ime]¶m-fn-Ø-sØ-°p-dn®v hfsc-°p-d®v Adnth \ΩpsS ]°-ep-≈q. kv{XoIƒ°pam{X-a-√, kn\n-abv°pw hfsc Imcy-amb Ncn-{X-sam∂pw Cs√∂ sX‰n-≤m-c-W-bm-bn-cp∂p CXn\p Imc-Ww. 1980-Iƒ°p-tijw kv{Xo]-£-Nn¥ i‡-am-bn´pw kn\nam-N-cn-{X-tØm-Sp≈ Ah-K-W\ XpS¿∂-tX-bp-≈p. ae-bm-f-Ønse BZy-Im-e-\-Sn-Iƒ \rØw, \mS-Iw, lcn-I-Y, IYm-{]-kwKw XpS-ßnb CX-c-I-e-I-fn¬ {]h¿Øn-®-h-cm-bn-cp-∂p. ]ﬂn\n (am¿Øm-WvU-h¿Ω, 1931), Fw.-sI. Iaew, Iuk-ey, e£van (_me≥, 1938), koXm-e£van (⁄m\mw-_nI, 1942) XpS-ßnb ]ecpw \mS-I-cw-KØv kPo-h-ambn {]h¿Øn-®n-cp-∂-hcm-Wv. Bd-∑pf s]m∂-Ω, _n.-F-kv. ktcm-P, efn-X˛]ﬂn-\n˛cmKnWn XpSßn ]n∂oSv kn\n-a-bn¬ kPo-hambn {]h¿Øn-®-hcpw \mS-Iw, \rØw XpS-ßnb cwK-ß-fn¬\n-s∂-Øn-b-h-cm-Wv. 1940-I-tfmsS kn\n-a-bpsS \thm-∞m-\-{]-h¿Ø-\-ß-fpsS `mK-ambn A`y-kvX-hn-Zy-bmb ankv Ipam-cn-sb-t∏m-ep-≈-hcpw A`n-\-bn-®p-XpS-ßn. BZyIme kv{Xot{]-£-I-scbpw Ah-cpsS kn\n-am-k-ao-]-\-sØ-bpw-Ip-dn-®p≈ hnh-c-ßƒ th≠{X e`ya√. 1926¬ sIm√w]´WØnse kn\n-am-im-e-I-fpsS {]h¿Ø\w Xß-fp-sS-IqsS kuI-cy-Øn-\m-hWsa∂v Bh- i y- s ∏- ´ p- s Im≠v ^mIv S - d n- s Øm- g n- e m- f n- I - f mb kv { XoIƒ ka- c w- s N- b v X - X mbn ae- b mf at\m- c a dnt∏m¿´psNbvXn-´p-≠v. 1940-I-tfmsS kv{XoI-sf-gp-Xnb kn\n-am-\n-cq-]-W-ßƒ hnc-f-am-sb-¶nepw B\p-Im-enI-ß-fn¬ I≠p-Xp-S-ßn. kn\n-asb BZyw-ap-X¬°p-Xs∂ kv{XoIsf tZmj-I-c-ambn _m[n-°p∂ Iem-cq-]ambn hna¿i-I¿, kn\n-am-\n¿Ωm-Xm-°ƒ apX-em-b-h¿ IW-°m-°p-∂-Xm-bn-°m-Wmw. adp-h-iØv kv{XoIsf bp‡n-Nn-¥bv°p Ign-hn-√m-Ø, hnIm-c-Po-hn-I-fmb t{]£-I-cmbn IW-°m-°p-∂Xpw ImWmw. \n¿Ωm-Ww, hnX-c-Ww, Ombm-{K-lWw XpS-ßnb Iyma-d-bv°p-]n-∂nse {]h¿Ø-\-ß-fn¬ kv{Xo]-¶m-fnØw \t∂ Ipd-hm-bn-cp-∂p. _me≥apX¬ ]e BZy-Im-e-kn-\n-a-I-fnepw FUn-‰-dm-bn-cp∂ ]n.-]n. h¿§o-kns‚ `mcy adn-bmΩ BZyw Akn-Ã‚ v FUn-‰-dmbpw ]n∂oSv hni-∏ns‚ hnfnbn¬ FUn-‰-dmbpw {]h¿Øn-®p. [Cu Ipdn∏v kv{Xo]£kn\n-am-K-th-jWw \S-Øp∂ _nμp tat\m≥ Fgp-Xn-b-Xm-Wv. "Malayalam Cinema and The Invention of Modern Life in Keralam' F∂ Kth-j-W-{]-_‘w \yqU¬lnbnse Ph-l¿em¬ s\{lp k¿Δ-I-em-im-e-bn¬ ka¿∏n-°m≥ Ah¿ Xøm-sd-Sp-Øp-sIm-≠n-cn-°p-∂p.]

]pXnb kmln-Xyw, ]pXnb Ie, ]pXnb kv{XoXzw

187

F∂m¬ CXn∂v GXm≠v ]q¿Æ-ambpw A{]-Xy£-am-bn-cn-°p-∂p. 1955-˛se IuapZn BgvN-∏-Xn∏nse h\nXm]w‡n-bn¬ Hcp teJnI Fgp-XnbXp hmbn-®m¬ B Zi-I-Øn¬Øs∂ Cu ]nt∂m-´Sn D≠m-bn-°-gn-™p-sh∂v Duln°mw:

kmln-Xy-{]-h¿Ø-\-cw-K-Øn¬t∏mepw h\n-X-Iƒ Ign-™-Im-eØp hnP-b-]-XmI ]mdn-®n-´p-≠v. C∂v kv{XoI-sf-gp-Xp∂ teJ-\-ßƒ GsX-¶nepw ]{X-ßfpsS h\n-Xm-]w-‡n-I-fn-te°v \mWw-sI´v FgpXn Ab-bv°-Ww. Chn-sS, Cu ae-bm-f-°-c-bn¬, s]Æpßƒ°m-bn´v s]Æp-ßƒ \√ s]Æp-ß-fpsS t\XrXz-Øn¬Øs∂ kz¥-ambn A¥-t msS ]{X-{]h¿Ø\w \S-Øn-bn-´p-≠v. AX-dn-b-W-sa-¶n¬ Kthj-W-_p-≤n-tbmsS ]pd-tIm´p t\m°-Ww. (F- v.-Un. cm[, "`ocp-Xz-a√ hnh-c-an-√mbva', IuapZn BgvN-∏-Xn∏v 6 (16), 1955)

F¶nepw Bibv°p hI-bp-s≠-∂p-Xs∂ ]d-bmw. F√m {]Xn-_-‘-ß-sfbpw t`Zn-®psIm≠v Fgp-Xm≥ Xøm-dm-hp∂ kv{XoIƒ an° kap-Zm-bß - f - nepw t{iWn-If - nepw D≠m-bn-hc - p-∂Xv Xo¿®-bmbpw ASn-sbm-gp-°p-Iƒ i‡-am-Ip-∂Xns‚ kqN-\-bm-Wv. hn]-Wn-bn¬ Fgp-Øp-Im-cnIƒ°v Unam‚ v IqSn-bX - p-sIm-≠p-am-{X-am-Wn-sX∂ hmZ-Øn¬ A¬∏w Ig-ºp-≠m-Imw, F∂mepw ap≥X-e-ap-d-bnse henb Fgp-Øp-Im-cn-I-fn¬ ]e-cp-ambn Fgp-Øn-eqsS kwhm-ZØ - n-te¿s∏-Sp∂ C∂sØ Fgp- Ø p- I m- c n- I - f psS Xe- a p- d sb Aßs\ X≈n-°-f-bm-\m-hn-√. tIc-f-Ønse Nn{X-I-em-cw-K-Øp-≠mb am‰-ßƒ kv{XoI-fmb Iem-Im-cn-Iƒ°p IqSp-X¬ Zriy-Xtbm kmº-ØnI-em-`tam {]Zm-\w-sN-bX v p-Xp-Sß - n-bn-´n-√. F¶nepw Cu cwKØv {]h¿Øn-°p∂ kv{XoI-fpsS FÆw h¿≤n-®p-sIm-≠p-Xs - ∂-bn-cn-°p-∂p-sh-∂Xv {it≤b- a m- W v . C\n "s]sÆ- g p- Ø n's‚ Xe- a pd Ign™pw kv{Xo]-£-c-N-\-bpsS ]pXnb \mºpIƒ D≠m-hp-∂Xv hn]-Wn-bpsS kzm[o-\w-sIm≠m-sW-¶n¬, AXp-t]mepw Bim-h-l-amb Hcp hf¿®-Xs∂!

188

IqSp-X¬ BtemN-\bv°v ]c-º-cm-KX htc-Wy-km-ln-Xy-Øns‚ £bhpw B[p-\n-I-km-ln-Xy-Øns‚ DZ-bhpw Ncn-{X-Im-c∑m¿ km[m-cW AS-bm-f-s∏-Sp-Øm-dp≈ {]{Inb-I-fm-Wv. cmjv{So-b-cw-K-Øp-≠m-Ip∂ Ne-\-ßfpsS {]Xn-^-e-\-amWv kmln-Xy-Ønepw Ie-bnep-ap-≠m-Ip-∂s - X∂ [mc-Wb - mWv "\njv]£'Ncn{X-Øn¬ ap¥n-\n¬°p-∂-Xv. s]mXpsh ]d™m¬, cmjv{So-b-P-\m-[n-]Xyw hnim-e-am-Ip-∂tXm-Sp-IqSn kmln-Xy-cw-K-tØ°p IS-°m-\p≈ XS- - ß fpw Ipd- ™ p- h - ∂ - X ns‚ Nn{X- a mWv \ap°p e`n-°m-dp-≈-Xv. F∂m¬ Cu Nn{XsØ ]p\x-]-cn-tim-[n-°-W-sa-∂t√ Cu A≤ym-bØns‚ ktμiw? kv{Xo]-£-Øp-\n∂p hne-bncp-Øp-tºmƒ B[p-\n-I-km-ln-Xy-cw-KØp \S-∏nemb P\m-[n-]-Xy-Øn\v ]cn-an-Xn-Iƒ ]eXpw ImWp-∂nt√?

tIcfØns‚ Ncn{XImcnIƒ

kmaq-ly-im-kv{X-]-T-\-K-th-j-W-cw-K-Øns‚ ta¬Ø-ń-se-Ønb BZy-a-e-bm-fn-kv{Xo-I-fn-semcm-fmWv tUm. sI. imc-Zm-aW - n. Ah¿ 1961 apX¬ U¬ln-bnse C¥y≥ Ãm‰n-Ãn-°¬ C≥Ãn-‰yqńs‚ πm\nMv hn`m-KØ - n¬ {]h¿Øn®p ˛ 1988¬ hnc-an-®p. tIc-f-Ønse ]pe-b-k-ap-Zm-b-sØ-°pdn-®p≈ BZy-Im-e-]-T-\-Øn-\p-tijw C¥y≥ kv{Xo-If - psS _lp-ap-J{- ]-i\ v ß - f - n¬ Ah¿ Imcyambn {i≤-bp-d-∏n-®p. 1980-I-fn¬ kv{Xo{]-ÿm-\Øn¬ kPo-hk - m-∂n-≤y-am-bn-cp-∂p. tIc-fØ - nse kv{Xo]£ At\z-j-W-ßƒ°v XpS-°w-Ip-dn® hy‡n-sb∂ \nebv°pw kv{Xo]£ Ncn-{Xm-t\zj-W-Øn\v {][m-\-s∏´ hgn-Iƒ Xpd∂ Kth-jI-sb∂ \nebv°pw BZ-co-W-b-bm-W-h¿. Xncp-hn-Xmw-Iq-dnse acp-a-°-Øm-b-Øns‚ ]cn-Wm-a-sØ-°p-dn®v Ah-sc-gp-Xnb ]pkvX-IØn¬, acp-a-°-Øm-b-k-ap-Zm-b-Øn¬ P\n-®p-hf¿∂, F∂m¬ t\cn´v B hyh-ÿ-bn¬ Ign™n-ń-√mØ Hcp ae-bm-fn-kv{Xo-sb∂ \nebv°mWv Xm≥ Cu At\z-j-W-Øn\v Hcp-sº-Sp∂-sX∂v Ah¿ kqNn∏n-°p-∂p. tIc-fØ - n¬ CSbv°nsS h∂p-t]m-bn-cp∂ Ch¿, Chn-SsØ kmaqly-Po-hnXw IqSp-X¬ CSp-ßn-b-Xm-bn-Øo-cp-∂psh∂v \nco-£n-®p ˛ kv{XoIfpw IqSp-X¬ hnt[b-Xz-ap-≈-h-cmbn amdn-s°m≠n-cn-°p-∂p-sh∂pw. Cu am‰-Øns‚ thcp-I-f-t\z-jn-°m-\mWv Ah¿ Xncp-hn-Xmw-Iq-dnse acp-a-°-Øm-b-Øns‚ Ncn-{XØn-te°p IS-∂-Xv. CtX-°p-dn®p \S-Ønb At\zjWsØ-°p-dn®v Ah¿ ]d-bp∂p:

tUm. sI. imc-Zm-aWn

AwKo-IrX Ncn-{X-]p-kvX-I-ßfpw \c-hw-i-im-kv{X⁄-cpsS FgpØpw hmbn-®p-sIm-≠mWv Rm≥ XpS°w-Ip-dn-®-Xv. Ah-bn-sem∂pw ]pXnb Dƒ°m-gvN-Iƒ Rm≥ I≠n-√. F¶nepw In´m-hp-∂n-S-tØmfw aebmfw, Cw•ojv `mj-I-fn-se-gp-X-s∏´ Ncn-{X-]p-kvXI-ßƒ hmbn-®p. an°hbnepw acp-a-°-Øm-b-sa∂ hm°p-Iq-Sn-bn-√m-bn-cp-∂p. Nne ]pkvX-I-ßƒ acp-a°-Øm-bsØ ]cn-jvI-cn-°m≥th≠n \S-∏n-em-°s∏´ \nb-a-ßƒ `c-W-IqSw ssIs°m≠ ]ptcm-K-a\-]-c-ß-fmb \S-]-Sn-I-fm-bn-cp-s∂∂v Ah-Im-i-s∏-´p. kv{XoIsf kw_-‘n-®n-S-tØmfw acp-a-°-Øm-bØn\v Fs¥-¶nepw {]k-‡n-bp-≠m-bn-cpt∂m F∂p tNmZn-°m≥ Ah-sbm∂pw {ian-®n-√. Cu tNmZyw t\cn´p tNmZn- ° - s ∏- ´ n√; kv { Xo]- £ - Ø p- \ n∂pw Db¿Ø-s∏-´n-√, ]t£, hnhm-lw, hnhm-l-tam-N\w F∂n-h-sb- w-_-‘n-°p∂ Imcy-Ønepw hnZym-`ymk-Im-cy-Ønepw Cu {]tZ-isØ kv{XoIƒ°v cmPyØns‚ CX-c-`m-K-ß-fnse kv{XoI-sf-b-t]-£n®v IqSp- X ¬ kzmX- { ¥y- a p- ≠ m- b n- c p- s ∂- ∂ pw- a - ‰ p- a p≈ {]kvXm-h-ßƒ ImWm-\p-≠m-bn-cp-∂p. kv{XoI-fpsS ssZ\w-Zn-\-Po-hn-X-ß-sf- w-_-‘n-®n-S-tØmfw ChbpsS {]k-‡n-sb-¥v F∂-Xn-s\-°p-dn®v Ch H∂pw ]d-™n-√... (Matriliny Transformed: Family, Law and Ideology in 20th Century Travancore, New Delhi, 1999, p.24)

Aß-s\-bmWv HSp-hn¬ Cu ]pkvXIw cNn-°m≥ Ah¿ Xocp-am-\n-®Xv!

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10 191

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IpSpw_n\ntbm ]uctbm? "tIc-f-am-XrI'bpsS Bcm-[-I¿ F{X-Xs∂ ]mSn- ∏ p- I - g vØn- b mepw tIc- f - Ø nse kv{XoI-ƒ°v C∂pw ]q¿Æ-]u-cXzw e`n®n- ´ n- s √∂ kXyw \ΩpsS apºn- e p- ≠ v . kv { XoIƒ°v sF.- F .- F kv ]co- £ bv ° v Fgp-Xm≥ Xpeym-h-Im-i-ap-≠v, kzmX-{¥ytØm-Sp-IqSn hgntb \S-°m-\hImi-an√ F∂ hnNn-{X-amb Ahÿ tIc-f-Øn¬ \ne- \ n¬°p- ∂ p- s h- ∂ Xv "tIc- f - a mXrI'bpsS h‡m-°fpw sas√ AwKo-I-cn®p-Xp-S-ßn-bn-cn-°p-∂p. F∂m¬ C∂v ae-bmfn-kv{Xo-Iƒ A\p-`-hn-°p∂ ]cn-an-X-amb ]ucm-h-Im-i-ßƒt]mepw hfsc i‡-amb Bi-b-k-a-c-ß-fn-eq-sSbpw kl-\-ß-fn-eqsSbpw t\Sn-b-Xm-sW∂ hkvXpX \ap°v Ah-K-Wn-°m≥ Ign-bmØ H∂mWv. ]ucmh-Im-i-ßƒ Bcpw h®p-\o-´p∂ kuP-\ya-s√∂ t_m[sØ apdp-sI-∏n-Sn-®p-sIm≠v Ah-bv°p-th≠n t]mcm-Snb ae-bmfnkv{Xo ]-£-Øns‚ BZy-X-e-ap-d-bpsS ss[cysØ Xncn-®-dn-tb-≠-Xp-≠v.

F¥mWo ]ucXzw? ]ucXzw (citizenship) F∂v tIƒ°ptºmƒ \mw km[mcW Hm¿°p∂Xv C¥y≥ ]ucXzw, Atacn°≥ ]ucXzw Fs∂m-s°bmWv. C¥y≥ ]ucXzaps≠¶nte C¥y-bn¬ thm´hImiw t\Sm≥Ignbq F∂pw \ap°-dnbmw. GsX¶nepw cmPyØv P\n°p-∂Xn-s\bm-tWm ]ucXzsa∂p ]dbp∂Xv? Bbn-s°m≈-Wsa∂n√. C¥ybn¬ P\n®v hntZi- Ø pt]mbn AhnSßfnse

193

]ucXzw kzoIcn®p-Ignbp∂ F{Xtbm C¥y °mcp≠v! ]ns∂ \ap°dnbmw, ]ucXzan√mØh¿°v thm´hImian√. ]t£ thm´-h-Im-iw-am-{X-a√ ]ucXzw. GsX¶nepw cmPysØ ]ucXzw \ap °ps≠¶n¬ B cmPysØ k¿°mcn¬-\n∂p≈ kwc-£-W-Øn\p \mw A¿l-cm-Ip-∂p. P\m-[n]-Xy-cm-Py-am-sW-¶n¬ k¿°m-cns\ sXc-s™-Sp°m\pw AXn¬ ]¶ptNcm\pw AhImiap≠mIpw. B \m´n¬ ÿncambn ]m¿°m\pw \ymbamb GXp tPmenbpwsNbvXv Pohn°m\pw AhImi-ap≠mIpw. AhnSsØ s]mXpkuIcyßƒ ]q¿Æ-ambpw {]tbm-P-\-s∏-SpØm\pw k¿°m-cns‚ t£a-{]-h¿Ø-\-ß-fpsS KpW-t`m-‡m-°-fm-Im\pw AhnSpsØ tImSXnIfn-¬\n∂pw \oXn e`n°m\pw ]q¿Æ amb AhImiap≠mIpw. AXm-bXv A¥-t mSp-IqSn Pohn-°m-\p≈ Ah-Imiw ˛ ]ucm-hI - miw (citizenship rights). F∂m¬ C¥y≥`cWLS\ hmKv Z m\wsNøp∂ A¥ p‰ ]ucXzw F√m ]uc-P-\ßƒ°pw e`n-°p-∂pt≠m? Znh-khpw ]{X-saSpØp t\m°n-bm¬a-Xn, F{X-sb{X ]ucm-hm-Imi-ew-L-\-ß-fmWv \m´n¬ \S-°p-∂Xv? kv{Xo]pcpj∑m¿°v Xpey]ucXzamWv C¥y≥`cWLS\ hmKvZm\wsNbvXn´p≈Xv. F∂nt´m? tIcfØns‚ ImcywXs∂sbSp°pI. tIcf Ønse s]mXpÿeßfn¬ ˛ AXmbXv tdmUp Ifn¬, s]mXp]m¿°pIfn¬, hmb\-imeIfn¬, D’h∏dºpIfn¬ ˛ kv{XoIƒ°v ]q¿Æamb

CSapt≠m? Cs√∂ k¶SIcamb-kXyw \ap t°h¿°padnbmw. CXv kv{XoIfpsS ]ucmhIm iewL\amWv. "th≠mØnSØv, th≠mØ kabØv s]Æpßƒ°v t]mIm≥ F¥mWn{X sImXn? Bhiyap≈ ÿeßfn¬ \√kabØv t]mbm¬t∏mtc?' ˛ Nnescms° tNmZn°mdp≠v. kv{XoIƒ°v Bhiyapt≠m AkabamtWm F∂sXm∂pa√ {]iv\w ˛ CsXm∂pw BWp ßfpsS ImcyØn¬ Bcpw Xnc°mdns√∂Xv thsd Imcyw. kv{XoIsf ]ucP\ßfmbn AwKo Icn°p∂pt≠m? Cs√∂XmWnhnsS {]iv\w. ]ucP\ßƒ°v AhcpsS \m´n¬ s]mXp-ÿ-eß-fn¬ Bhiyaps≠¶nepw Cs√¶nepw t]mIm \p≈ AhImiap≠v. AXv kv{XoIfpsS Imcy Øn¬ AwKoIcn°p∂pt≠m C√tbm F∂XmWv tNmZyw. tIcfØn¬ Cu AwKoImcw A{X Imcy ambns´m∂pan√. F∂m¬, ]ucmhI-mißƒ°p th≠n ChnSsØ -kv{XoIƒ i_vZapb¿-Øm ™n´√ Imcyßƒ Cu hn[ØnembXv. Ccp]Xmw \q‰m≠n\p apºp-Xs∂ Cu t]mcm´w XpSßn°gn™ncp∂p. C∂v tIcfØnse kv{Xo Iƒ ]pcpj∑m¿s°m∏w hnZym`ymkwsNøp∂p. ]ebnSØpw tPmen- t \m°p∂p. cmjv { Sob cwKØpw `cWcwKØpw Ipds®¶nepw kv{XoI fp≠v. ]cn-an-Xß - f - m- b Cu Ah-Im-iß - ƒt]mepw shdptX ssIbn¬°n´nbX√. Chbv°pth≠n Zo¿LImew hmZn® kv{XoIfpsS Hcp ap≥Xeapd \ap°p≠mbncp∂p. Ccp- ] Xmw\q‰m≠ns‚ BZy]IpXnbn¬ \S∂ AhcpsS t]mcm´ßsf °pdn®mWv Cu A≤ymbw.

C∂pw hyXy-kvXa- √ kv{XoIfpsS ]ucm-h-Im-i-ß-fpsS Im-cy-Øn¬ ae-bm-fn-I-fmb \mw hfsc aSn-Im-Wn-°p-∂p-sh-∂-XmWv ZpxJk-Xyw. 1999-˛2000 h¿j-ß-fn¬ tIc-f-Øn¬ tImfn-f-°-ap-≠m-°nb c≠p tIkp-Iƒ ]ecpw Hm¿°p-∂p-≠mhpw. H∂v, 2000Øn¬ tImgn-t°mSv k¿Δ-I-em-im-e-bn¬ tPmen-sb-Sp-°p∂ ]n.-C. Dj Xs∂-°p-dn®v {]Im-i≥ F∂ kl-{]-h¿Ø-I≥ A]-hm-Zw- {]-Nn-cn-∏n-°p-∂p-sh∂p t_m≤y-s∏-´-Xn-s\-Øp-S¿∂v A[n-Ir-X¿°v ]cmXn \¬In-b-Xn-s\-Xnsc s]mń-∏p-d-s∏´ tImem-l-e-am-Wv. ]ptcm-K-a-\-tI-cfw Dj-tbmSp Imńb A\o-Xnbpw Akln-jvWp-Xbpw Cu _l-f-Øn-ep-S-\ofw Zriy-am-bn-cp-∂p. 1997se kp{]ow-tIm-SXnbpsS \n¿t±i-{]-Imcw kv{XoIƒ°v kpc-£n-X-amb tPmen-ÿew Dd-∏p-h-cp-Øm≥ A[n-Ir-X¿ \n¿∫-‘-ambpw kzoI-cn-t°≠ \S]-Sn-{Ia-Øn-\-\p-k-cn®v Xßƒ {]h¿Øn-®p-sh∂v hcp-Øn-Øo¿°m≥ A[n-Ir-X¿ Imńb hy{KX, Djsb tXtPm-h-[w-sN-øm\pw òj-Wn-s∏-Sp-Øm\pw ]ptcm-K-a-\-h-‡m-°fpw kmwkvIm-cnI\mb-I-cpw Imńb Xm¬ ]cyw. CsXms° ae-bm-fn-kv{Xo-°mbn Chn-SpsØ ]ptcm-K-a-\-˛-]p-cp-jm-[n-Imcw Xo¿Øn-´p≈ e£va-W-tcJsb shfn-®-Øm-°n. c≠m-asØ tIkv sF.-F.-Fkv DtZym-K-ÿ-bmb \fn\n s\s‰m, a{¥n-bm-bn-cp∂ \oe-tem-ln-X-Zm-k≥ \mSm¿s°-Xnsc Db¿Ønb ]cm-Xn-bm-Wv. At±-l-Øn¬\n-∂v ssewKn-Im-Xn-{I-a-ap-≠mbn F∂mWv Ah¿ ]cm-Xn-bp-∂-bn-®-Xv. \nb-a-{]-Imcw kp{]ow-tIm-SXn Dd-∏p-X-cp∂ kwc-£Ww kv{Xo°p In´mXn-cn-°m≥ ]e Xe-aqØ cmjv{So-b-°mcpw InW™p{ian-°p∂ ImgvN-bm-bn-cp∂p At∏m-gpw. CØcw ewL\ßƒ Iogmfkv{XoIƒs°XnscbmIptºmƒ {]iv\w IqSpX¬ KpcpIcamIp∂psh∂pw kao]Im em\p`hßƒ \sΩ ]Tn∏n°p∂p.

194

IpSpw_n\ntbm ]uctbm?

Xncp-hn-Xmw-Iq-dn-sebpw sIm®n-bn-sebpw \nb-ak - `- I - ƒ 1888-emWv Xncp-hn-Xmw-Iq¿ \nb-a-\n¿ΩmW Iu¨kn¬ ÿm]n-°-s∏-´-Xv. tIhew D]-tZ-i-I-kz-`m-h-ap-≠mbn-cp∂ Cu F´w-K-k-`sb 1913¬ 13 AwK-ßfp≈ k`-bm°n ˛ F´v HutZym-Kn-Imw-K-ßfpw A©v A\utZym-Kn-Imw-K-ß-fpw. 1904¬ {ioapew {]Pm-k` Bcw-`n-®p. sXc-s™-SpØ A\u-tZym-Kn-Imw-K-ßƒ am{X-ap≠m-bn-cp∂ Cu k` h¿j-Øn-sem-cn-°¬ Znhms‚ A≤y-£-X-bn¬ IqSn. 1914¬ \qdv AwK-ß-fp≈ k`bmbn CXp hnI-kn-°-s∏-´p. CXn¬ 77 t]¿ sXc-s™-Sp-°-s∏-´-hcpw 23 t]¿ "Zp¿∫-e-hn-`m-K-ßfn'¬\n∂p \ma-\n¿t±iw sNø-s∏-´-h-cp-am-bn-cp-∂p. CXn-\p-ti-j-ap-≠mb ]co-£-W-ß-fn-emWv kv{XoIƒ cwK-{]-thiw sNbvX-Xv. sIm®n-bn¬ \nb-a-k` Bcw-`n-®Xv 1925-em-Wv. 45 AwK-ß-fp≈ k`-bn¬ 30 HutZym-Kn-Imw-K-ßfpw 15 A\u-tZym-Kn-Imw-K-ß-fp-am-Wp-≠m-bn-cp-∂-Xv.- 1930-I-fn¬ \nb-a-k`-bnse AwK-Xzw, thm´-h-Im-iw, A[nIm-c-ßƒ apX-em-b-h-sb- w-_-‘n-®p≈ \nc-h[n ]cn-jvIm-c-ßƒ Cu c≠p \m´p-cm-Py-ß-fnepw \S-∏n¬hs∂-¶nepw P\m-[n-]-Xy-Øn\pw kzmX-{¥y-Øn\pwth≠n ChnsS Db¿∂p-h∂ {]ÿm-\-ßsf Xr]vXn-s∏-SpØm≥ Ahbv°p Ign-™n-√. (]n.-sI.sI tat\m≥, The History of The Freedom Movement in Kerala, hmeyw 2, Xncp-h-\-¥-]p-cw, 1972)

]ucm-hI - m-iß - ƒ°p-th≠n thm´hImiØns‚ Imcyw BZysaSp°mw. {_n´njv C¥ybnse kv{XoIƒ°v e`n°pw apºpXs∂ XncphnXmwIqdnsebpw sIm®nbnsebpw kv { XoIƒ°v AXv e`n®pIgn™n cp∂p. > ImWpI ]pdw 63 < 1919se sXc s™Sp∏v ]cnjvImcØns‚ `mKambn \n›nX Icw k¿°mcnte°Sbv°p∂ kv{Xo ]pcpj ∑m¿°v thm´hImiw e`n®p. IqSmsX ChnS ßfnse P\{]Xn\n[n k`Ifn¬ AwKßfm bncn°m\p≈ AhImiw 1922¬ kv{XoIƒ°v e`n®p. XncphnXmwIqdnepw sIm®nbnepw kv{XoIsf {]tXyI P\hn`mKambn AwKoIcn®psIm≠v Ahsc {]Xn\n[oIcn°m≥ Nne {]apJ-h\nX Isf \ma\n¿t±iwsNøp∂ coXn \nehn¬ h∂p. XncphnXmwIqdnse \nbak`mIu¨- k ne¿ BtcmKyhIp∏ns\ {]Xn\n-[oIcn®p-sIm≠v tUm. tacn ]p∂≥ eqt°mkv 1924¬ \nbanX bmbn. CtXh¿jwXs∂ sIm®nbn¬ tXm´ bv°m´v am[hnbΩ \nba-\n¿ΩmW Iu¨kn¬ AwKambn. ]n∂oSv 1928¬ XncphnXmwIqdnse {ioaqew {]Pmk`bnte°v Fenk_Øv Ipcp hnf \nbanXbmbn. XpS¿∂p≈ h¿jßfn¬ kv{XoIfpsS AhImißƒ°pth≠n \nba k`bn¬ i_vZapb¿Ønb \nch[n kv{XoIfp ≠mbncp∂p ˛ Sn.\mcmbWnbΩ, Kucn ]hn{X≥, A∂mNm≠n, sI. tZhIn A¥¿P\w, X¶Ω tat\m≥ apXembh¿. a‰p {]tZißsfbt]£n®v ChnSsØ kv{XoIƒ°v Ignhpw hnZym`ymkhpw A[nI amsW∂pw Ah¿ kzX{¥cmsW∂pwa‰pw IpSpw_n\ntbm ]uctbm?

A∂sØ XncphnXmwIqdnse `cWm[nImcnIƒ hoºnf°nbncp∂p. acpa°Ømbkv { XoIƒ A\p`hn®ncp∂ kzØhImisØbmWv Ch¿ Cßs\ DuXns∏cp∏n®Xv. ]t£, ChnSsØ hnhn[hn`mK°mcmb kv{XoIfpsS\ne ]e hn[ambncp∂p. \ºqXncnkapZmbØnse kv{XoIƒ°pw {InkvXy≥kv{XoIƒ°pwa‰pw kzØhImiw hfsc IΩnbmbncps∂∂pthWw ]dbm≥. 1916se XncphnXmwIq¿ {InkvXy≥ ]n≥XpS¿®mhImi\nbaw kpdnbm\n-{InkvXym\nkv{XoIfpsS kzØ-hImiØn\v henb {]l camWv G¬∏n®Xv. 5000 cq]bv°∏pdw IpSpw_ kzØn¬ kv{Xo°v AhImian-s√∂p-h∂p ˛ AXn\paosX In´p∂Xp apgph≥ A∏-s‚bpw BßfamcpsSbpw HuZmcyw! 1980Ifn¬ tacn tdmbnbpw a‰pNne [oc-h\nXIfpw tN¿∂m-Wv Cu ISpØ A\oXn°v ]cnlmcw-I≠Xv. aebmfkv{XoIfpsS kzmX{¥ysØ°pdn®p hoºp]d™h¿ ad®p]nSn® G‰hpw {][m\s∏´Imcyw as‰m∂mbncp∂p. ITn\amb PmXn amaqepIƒ \ne\n∂ncp∂ tIcfØn¬ IogvPm Xn°m¿ hºn® ]ucmhImi\ntj[-sØbmWv t\cntS≠nh∂Xv. kzX{¥ambn s]mXphgnIfn eqsS k©cn°mt\m A¥ mbn hkv{Xw[cn °mt\m \√ hoSpIfn¬ am\yamb sXmgn¬ sNbvXv Pohn°mt\m Iogmfcnse kv{Xot°m ]pcpjt\m AhImian√mbncp∂p. Cu AhImi\ntj[Øns‚ ˛ PmXnamaqens‚ ˛ Imh¬°mcmbncp∂p ChnSpsØ cmPm°∑mcpw `cWm[nImcnIfpw F∂m¬ ]sØmº- X mw \q‰m≠n¬ IogmfP\ßƒ CXns\Xnsc kwL Sn®pXpSßn. anjWdnamcpsS ta¬ss°-tbmsS \S∂ amdpadbv°¬ Iem]sØ∏‰n ]d™p

195

tXm´-bv°m´v am[-hn-bΩ (1888-˛1968) kp`-{Zm¿÷p\w \mS-I-sa-gpXn {]i-kvX-bm-bn-Øo¿∂ tXm´-bv°m´v C°m-h-Ω-bpsS aIƒ. ae-bm-f-Øn-\p]pdsa kwkvIr-X-Ønepw Cw•n-jnepw a‰p bqtdm-]y≥`m-j-I-fnepw {]mhoWyw kºm-Zn-®p. Fd-Wm-Ipfw kv{Xok-am-P-Øns‚ kPo-h-{]-h¿Ø-I-bm-bn-cp-∂p. 1952¬ sIm®n \nb-a-\n¿ΩmW Iu¨kn-en-te°v \ma\n¿t±iw sNø-s∏-´p. \mb¿k-ap-Zmb kwL-S-\m-{]-h¿Ø-\-ß-fn¬ kPo-h-km-∂n-≤y-am-bn-cp-∂p. 1932¬ \mb¿k-ap-Zmbt\Xmhv a∂Øp ]ﬂ-\m-`s\ hnhm-lw-I-gn-®p.

ht√m. XpS¿∂p≈ ImeØpw PmXnbpsS Nn” ßfmb hkv{Xßfpw B`cWßfpw Dt]£n °m\pw A¥ p≈ hkv{Xw[cn°m\pw Iogv P mXnt\Xm°∑m¿ Blzm\wsNbv X p. CØcw AhiXIƒ \m´nse _lp`qcn]£w kv{XoIfpw A\p`hn°sh, Nne hn`mK°m¿am{Xw A\p`hn®ncp∂ ]cnanX-kzmX{¥ysØ Db¿Øn°m´n s]m≈b-mb AhImihmZßƒ AhXcn∏n°p-∂Xns‚ A¿∞iq\yX A°meØv Nnesc¶nepw Xncn®dn™ncp∂p. hgn\S°m\p≈ AhImiØn\mbn \nc h[n sNdpkacßƒ ]sØmºXmw \q‰m-≠nepw AXn\ptijhpap≠mbn. G‰hpa-[nIw {i≤ ]t£, e`n®Xv ssh°w-kXym{-Kl-Øn-\mbn cp∂p. kv{XoIsf {]tXyI P\-hn`mKambn Icp XWsa∂ hmZw (AXmbXv \mb¿, Cugh, ap…nw, {InkvXy≥ apXemb hn`mKßsft∏mse) C°meØv ]cnNnX-ambn-°gn™ncp∂p. ssh°w kXym{KlØn¬ ]s¶-SpØ Npcp°w aebmfn kv { XoIfn¬ Hcmfmbncp∂ hSt°®cp- h n¬ I√ymWn t£{X-ßƒ°v Np‰pap≈ hgn-Ifn¬ Iogmf-PmXn°mcpsS k©mc-kzmX-{¥yans√∂ hkvXpX IogvPmXn-°mcmb kv{XoIfp-sSbpw {]iv\am-sW∂v Nq≠n-°mWn®p. AXnep--]cn bmbn, IogvPmXn-°m¿°v k©mc-kzmX{¥yw \ntj[n-°p∂Xns‚ {]iv\sØ kv{XoIfpsS s]mXp{]iv\ambn IW-°m-°Wsa∂v Ah¿ hmZn®p.

{]nb ktlmZcnIsf, CubhkcØn¬ \ΩpsS IS asb¥mWv? k©mckzmX{¥yw B¿°pw e`nt° ≠X√tbm? hgn\St°≠Xv kv{XoIfptSbpw Bh iyamWt√m. kv { XoIfn¬ Hcp henbhn`mKØn \p≈ Cu AkzmX{¥yw \o°nsbSpt°≠Xv a‰p≈hcpsS ISabmWv. ("tIcfob lnμpkv{XoItfmSv Hc`y¿∞\', aebmfat\mca, 24 Pqsse 1924)

s]mXphgnIfnepw ]pdwtemIØpw A\p`hn®ph∂ AkzmX{¥yßƒ°p]pdsa IpSpw_ Ønepw AIØfßfnepw kv{XoIƒ°v,

196

{]tXyIn®v Db¿∂PmXn°mcmb kv{XoIƒ°v, ISpØ \nb{¥Wßsf t\cntS≠nh∂ncp∂p. kapZmb]cnjv°cW{]ÿm\ßƒ ]et∏mgpw Chsb hna¿in®ncp∂psh∂Xv t\cmWv. ]t£, kv{XoIfpsS Xpey]ucXzsØ Ah lrZb]q¿Δw kzmKXwsNbvXncpt∂m F∂Xv kwibamWv. tIcfØnse G‰hpw Db¿∂PmXn-°m cmbncp∂ \ºqXncn{_m“WcpsS-bnSbn¬ kv{Xo Iƒ hfsc ITn\amb \nb{¥W-Øn\p≈nemWv Ign™ncp∂sX∂p I≠t√m. 1920Ifn¬ Ch¿ °pth≠n kacwsNøm≥ "\ºqXncnbphP\ kwLw' Xømdmbn. \ºqXncnamcpsS kmapZmbn IkwLS\bmb "tbmKt£ak`'tbmSv Ch¿ \nch[n XhW G‰papń. Cu G‰papépIfnse \mbIÿm\Øv hn.Sn. `´Xncn∏mSv, Fw.B¿. `´Xncn∏mSv apXembhcmbncp∂p. > ImWpI ]pdw 84,87< \ºqXncnkv{XoIƒ°v B[p\nI hnZym`ymkhpw hkv { X[mcWcoXn Ifpw ]cnjvIrXhnhmlhpw t\Sns°mSp°m≥ Ch¿ hfsc ]Wns∏´p. CXpt]mse kv{Xo IfpsS \ne sa®s∏SpØm\pw Ahsc hnZym kº∂cm°m\pw H´pan° kmapZmbnI {]ÿm \ßfpw ]Wns∏´p. F∂m¬ kv{XoIsf ]q¿Æ ]ucXzØn\-¿lXbp≈ khntij-P\hn`mK ambn IW-°m°n, AhcpsS ]ucXzmh-ImiØn\pth≠n t]mcmSp∂ coXnb√ an° kmap ZmbnI-{]ÿm\ßfpw kzoIcn®Xv. ]ns∂tbm, kap-ZmbsØ \hoIcn°m\mhiyamb A¬∏w kzmX{¥yw kv{XoIƒ°v \¬IpIsb∂ ]cnanX e£yta Ah¿°p≠mbncp∂p≈p. 1916se {InkvXy≥ ]n¥pS¿®mhImi\nbaw kv{XoI tfmSp ImWn® A\oXns°Xnsc i_vZapb¿ Ønb {ioaXn sF.kn. Nmt°m > ImWpI ]pdw 106< 1927¬ ItØmen°mkapZmb ktΩf \Øn¬ kv{XoIfpsS lnXtam aXtam At\z jn°msX AhcpsS Xebn¬ C{X A\ymb amsbmcp \nbasØ sIńh® k¿°mcns\ i‡amb-`mjbn¬ A]e]n°pIbp≠mbn. Cu {]kwKw henb hnhmZamIpIbpw {ioaXn sF.kn. Nmt°mbv°v \nch[n òjWn °Øp Iƒ e`n°pIbpw sNbvXp. kv{XoIfpsS ]£wIpSpw_n\ntbm ]uctbm?

]dbp∂Xv IpSpw_sØbpw kapZmb sØbpw XI¿°m\p≈ KqVmtemN\bmsW ∂pt]mepw Nne kapZmbkvt\lnIƒ {]kvXm hn®p! 1920Ifn¬ P\{]Xn\n[nk`Iƒ°p≈n¬ kv{XoIƒ°p e`nt°≠ aXnbmb {]mXn\n[y Øn\pth≠nbp≈ hmZhpw [mcmfw tIƒ°m\p≠mbncp∂p. CXc-hn`mK°msc-bt]£n®v hen∏ap≈ hn`mK-amsW¶nepw, P\kwJybp sSXs∂ ]IpXn-bne[nIa-msW-¶nepw, kv{Xo Iƒ°v th≠{X {]Xn\n[nI- f n√mXmIp∂Xns\°pdn®v A\h[n ]cmXnIƒ Cu h¿jßfn¬ {]Xy£s∏´ncp∂p. AXn-sem∂v C{] Imcambncp∂p:

1921 se P\kwJymIW°p {]Imcw cmPyØv 1167 PqXkapZmb°mcmWp≈Xv. Ahcn¬Øs∂ 100 t]¿°pam{XamWv thm´hImiap≈Xv ! F¶nepw Ah¿°v [sIm®n \nba\n¿ΩmW] Iu¨knen¬ Hcp {]tXyI ko‰p≠v . hmWnPyhyhkmbcwK Øns‚ {]Xn\n[n°pw Hcp ko‰p≠v. 70 thm´¿am¿

°mWv Cusbmcp {]Xn\n[nsb sXscs™Sp°m \p≈ AhImiw. Cu cmPyØnse tXm´apSaIfpsS FÆw hncenseÆmt\bp≈p! shdpw Ggpt]¿am{X ap≈ Cu hn`mKØn\v sIm®n \nba\n¿ΩmWIu¨ knen¬ Hcp ko‰p≠v. ]t£, P\ßfpsS ]IpXn kv{XoIfmbn´pw 1500 kv{Xothm´¿am¿ D≠mbn´pw Iu¨knen¬ Ah¿°v aq∂v {]Xn\n[nIfn√. (`A Cochin Lady', aebmf at\mca, 28 am¿®v 1925)

XncphnXmwIqdnepw sIm®nbnepw kv{XoI fpsS cmjv{SobmhImißƒ h¿≤n∏n°p∂ ]e \S]SnIfpap≠mbXv A∂sØ P\Iob{]ÿm\ßƒ°v Xosc A`na- X a√mbn- c p∂ k¿°mcns‚ ]£Øp-\n∂mbn-cp∂p. XncphnXmwIqdnse \nh¿Ø\- { ]t£m`sØ ASn®a¿ØpIbpw P\m[n]XyacymZIsf apgph≥ Im‰n¬∏dØpIbpwsNbvX Znhm≥ k¿ kn.]n cmakzman AøcpsS B⁄m\ph¿- Ø nIfmbncp∂p "kv { Xo]£°m¿' Fs∂mcp A]JymXnbp≠mbncp∂p. ]t£, Cu P\Iob{]ÿm\ßtfm kmapZmbnI-{]ÿm\-ßtfm

[oc-h\ - n-XI - ƒ Ah-Im-iß - ƒ ]nSn-s®-Sp-°p∂p 1986 s^{_p-hcn 23\v kp{]ow-tIm-SXn Xncp-hn-Xmw-Iq¿ {InkvXy≥ ]n¥p-S¿®m-h-Im-i-\n-baw d±p-sN-bvXp. d±psN-ø-s∏´ \nb-a-{]-Imcw IpSpw-_-kz-Øn¬ Hcp aI-fpsS ]c-am-h[n Ah-Imiw shdpw 5,000 cq] am{X-am-bncp∂p. `¿Øm-hns\ kzbw sXc-s™-Sp-Ø, F∂m¬ ]n∂oSv H‰bv°p Pohn-°m≥ Xocp-am-\n® tacn tdmbn F∂ kv{Xo \o≠ \nb-a-bp-≤-Øn-\p-tijw t\Sn-sb-Sp-Ø-XmWv Cu hn[n. apºp-]-d™ \nbaw C¥y≥ `cW-L-S\ hmKvZm-\w-sN-øp∂ Xpeym-h-Im-i-Øn\p hncp-≤-am-sW∂p sXfn-bn-°m≥ Ah¿°p Ign-™p. ktlmZ-c-∑m-cpsS A\o-Xn-sIm≠p s]mdp-Xn-ap-´nb Ahn-hm-ln-X-cmb c≠p kv{XoIfpw Ah¿s°m∏w I£n-tN¿∂p. Aßs\ tIc-f-Ønse F√m {InkvXo-b-k-ap-Zm-b-ßƒ°pw 1925se C¥y≥ ]n¥p-S¿®m-h-Im-i-\n-baw _m[I-am-sW-∂p-h-∂p. C¥y≥ hnhm-l-tam-N-\-\n-b-a-Øn¬ Imcy-amb am‰w-h-cp-Ønb C¥y≥ hnhm-l-tam-N-\-\nbaw (2001) as‰mcp Nph-Sm-bn-cp-∂p.

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197

kv{XoIfpsS cmjv{Sobm-hImißƒ°v H´pw {]m[m\yw I¬∏n®ncp∂ns√∂Xpw t\cmbn cp∂p. AXpsIm≠v cmjv{Sob sXc-s™Sp∏p Ifn¬ kv { XoIƒ AhKWn°- s ∏Spsa∂pw k¿°mcns‚ \ma\n¿t±iØneqsS am{Xta kv { XoIƒ \nbak`IfnseØq F∂pap≈ tXm∂¬ kv { XohmZnIfmb \nco£- I cn¬ ]e¿°pap≠mbncp∂p. 1944se XncphnXmw-Iq¿ sXcs™Sp∏ns‚ ]›mØeØn¬ Cu AhKW\sb A]e]n®psIm≠v h\nXman{Xw F∂ kv{Xo{]kn≤oIcWØns‚ {]km[nIbmbncp∂ Sn.F≥. I√ymWn°p´nbΩ C{]ImcsagpXn:

198

s]mXp\ntbmPIaWvUeßfn¬ \n¬°p∂ kv{Xo ÿm\m¿∞nIƒ°v AhcpsS hy‡nalmﬂyw F{X A\ntj[yambncp∂m¬Øs∂bpw e`n°m- h p∂ ]n¥pW kwibmkv ] Zambn´mWv P\ßƒ°v tXm∂p∂Xv. kv{Xothm´¿amcpsS iXam\w ÿm\m¿∞nIƒ°v \n›nXamb hnPbw-e`n°Ø-°hÆw A\pIqeXcambncp∂- m epw kv { Xo- ÿ m\m¿∞nIsfØs∂ klmbn-°phm\p≈ I¿Øhyt_m[w D≠mIØ°hÆw h\nXmthm´-¿am¿°v XZznjbØn¬ th≠{X ap∂dnhpw DZvt_m[\hpw e`n®n´p s≠∂pw Rßƒ hnizkn°p∂n√. (]{Xm[n]°pdn∏v, h\nXman{Xw, 1(8), 1944, BKÃv)

C°mcWØm¬ IqSpX¬ kv { XoIsf \ma\n¿t±iwsNøm≥ k¿°m¿ XømdmIW sa∂ Bhiyap∂bn®psIm≠mWv Ah¿ Cu Ipdn∏v Ahkm\n∏n®Xv. kzmX{¥yw In´nbXn \ptijw XncphnXmwIqdpw sIm®nbpw tbmPn ∏n®v Xncp˛sIm®n bqWnb≥ kwÿm\amWv BZyap≠m°nbXv. bqWn-b≥ \nbak`bnepw kv{XoIƒ \maam{Xambncp∂p. 178 AwKßfp≈ k`bn¬ c≠p kv{XoItf D≠mbncp∂p≈p. Ah¿ \ma\n¿t±iw sNøs∏´hcmbn-cp∂p. ˛ B\n Xøn¬ Bbn-cp∂p Ah-cn¬ {][m\n. Ch¿ kv{XoIƒ°p-th-≠n kwkmcn®ncp∂p. kzmX{¥y-Øn\p-tijhpw kv{XoIƒ A[nIw cmjv{SobØ-nep≠m-tI≠ Imcyans√∂p ]dbm≥

aSn°mØ t\Xm°-∑mcp≠mbn, Cu kzX{¥ P\m[n]XytIcf-Øn¬ > ImWpI ]pdw 62 < CXns\Xnsc {]Xntj[n® A°Ω sNdnbm\v tIm¨{K v hntS≠nh∂p. 1952 se sXcs™ Sp∏n¬ a’cn® 126 tIm¨{K v ÿm\m¿ ∞nIfn¬ Hscm‰ kv{Xot]mep-ap≠m-bncp∂n√. 1953se D]sXcs™Sp∏n¬ A°mΩ tIm¨{K ns\ [n°cn®psIm≠v Im™nc-∏≈nbn¬ {]Xn]£]n¥pWtbmsS kzX{¥ÿm\m¿ ∞nbmbn a’cn®p. Ah¿ GItZiw ]q¿Æ K¿`nWnbmbncp∂t∏mgmbncp∂p {]NcWw. ISpØ A]hmZhpw ]cnlmkhpw- k ln®v Ah¿ {]NcWw\SØn. {]NcW-{]kwKßfn¬ Ah¿ kv{XoItfmSv t\cn´p-kwkmcn®p. A°m ΩbpsS hnPbw AhcpsS hnPbambncn°psa∂v {]Jym]n®p. samØw-thm´pIfpsS 43 iXam\w t\Snsb¶nepw A°mΩ ]cmPbs∏´p. {]Nc WØns‚ Ahkm\sØ c≠mgvN Ah¿ Bip ]{Xnbnembncp∂p. kv{XoIsf {]tXyI hn`m Kambn ˛ cmjv{Sob-kz`mhap≈ P\hn`mKambn ˛ IW°m°p-∂psh∂v \mhpsIm≠p≈ ]d®n¬ XpS¿∂p≠msb¶nepw {]mtbmKnIXeØn¬ AXp \ne®p. am{Xa√, "kv{XoIfpsS {]Xn\n[nIfm'bn kzbw AhXcn∏n°m≥ {ian®hsct∏mepw kapZmbmSnÿm\Øn¬ ho£n°p∂ {]hW XbmWv \nehn¬h∂Xv. 1931¬ A∂m Nm≠n > ImWpI ]pdw 64 < cmjv{SobØnendßnb

kap-Zm-bØ - ns‚ Xm¬∏cyhpw kv{XobpsS Xm¬∏-cyhpw kv{XoI-fpsS kwc-£-Whpw ta¬K-Xnbpw Dd-∏m-°p∂ \nb-a-ßƒ kap-Zm-b-Xm¬∏-cy-Øn-s\-Xn-cmtWm? kXyØn¬ AØcw \nb-a-ßƒ kap-Zm-b-Øns‚ A`n-hr-≤nsb klm-bn-°p-I-bnt√? C¥y-bnse ]e kap-Zm-bß-fnepw kv{XoIƒ Cu tNmZy-ßƒ Db¿Øn-Øp-S-ßn-bn-cn-°p-∂p. F∂m¬ Cu N¿® hfsc Ime-∏-g-°-ap≈-Xm-Wv. ]e-t∏mgpw kv{XoI-fpsS t£aw Dd-∏m-°m-\p≈ \nb-a-ßƒ kap-Zm-b-ß-fpsS Xm¬]-cy-ßsf l\n°p-∂p-sh∂v kap-Zm-b-t\-Xm-°ƒ ]d-™p. F∂m¬, Ah¿ kv{XoIƒ°v kap-Zm-b-Øn-s‚-bp-≈n¬ aXn-bmb ÿm\tam ]cn-K-W-\tbm \¬Im≥ an°-s∏mgpw Xøm-dp-a-√. kap-Zm-b-ß-fpsS AIØpw ]pdØpw kv{XoIƒ Cu at\m-`m-hsØ tNmZyw-sN-bvXn-´p-≠v. 1986¬ C¥y-bn-sem-´msI N¿®m-hn-j-b-amb H∂mWv jm_mt\m F∂ Fgp-]-Øn-c≠phb- p-Im-cn-bmb ap…nw-kv{Xo-bpsS kpc-£-bpsS {]iv\w. hnhm-l-tam-N-\-sØ-Øp-S¿∂v Ch¿°v sNe-hn-\p-In-´m≥ Ah-Im-i-ap-s≠∂v kp{]ow-tIm-SXn hn[n-®-Xn-s\-Øp-S¿∂v henb H®-∏m-Sp-≠mbn. kap-Zm-b-t\-Xm-°-fpsS kΩ¿±-sØ-Øp-S¿∂v A∂sØ k¿°m¿ ap…nw-kv{Xo-Isf {Inan-\¬ s{]mkn-Pyq¿ tImUnse 125-˛mw hIp-∏ns‚ kwc-£-W-Øn¬\n∂v Hgn-hm-°n-s°m≠v \nbaw ]m m-°n. Cu ]›m-Ø-eØn¬ {]tXyI kap-Zm-b-\n-b-a-ßƒ°p ]Icw F√m-h¿°pw _m[-I-amb GIo-IrX knhn¬ tImUv Bhiy-am-sW-∂mWv ]e-cpw -hm-Zn-®-Xv. C°q-´-Øn¬ lnμph¿§o-b-X-bpsS h‡m-°-fpsS i_vZw hfsc D®-Øn¬ tI´n-cp-∂p. F∂m¬ Ch-cpsS Dt±iyw A{X ip≤-a-s√∂p hy‡-am-bn-cp-∂p. ap…n-ß-fpsS kv{Xohn-cp-≤-X-sb°p-dn®v hmtXm-cmsX kwkm-cn-°p∂ Ch¿ kz¥w kap-Zm-b-Øns‚ kv{Xohn-cp-≤-X-sb-°p-dn® XnI™ A‘X-bmWv ]pe¿Øn-bn-cp-∂-Xv. kap-Zm-b-ßƒ°p-≈n¬\n-∂p-sIm-≠p-Xs∂ Xß-fpsS Ah-Im-i-ßƒ hnI-kn∏n-°m≥ kv{XoIƒ C∂v IqSp-X¬ Du¿÷n-X-ambn {ian-®p-h-cp-∂p. "ap…nw-kv{Xo-hmZw't]mse-bp≈ cmjv{Sob-cq-]-ß-tfmSv IqSp-X¬ Xm¬]cyw C∂p I≠p-h-cp-∂p-≠v.

IpSpw_n\ntbm ]uctbm?

199

t∏mƒ Ahsc kpdnbm\n {InkvXym\n ÿm\m¿ ∞nbmbn Nn{XoIcn°m\pw Ah¿s°-Xnsc A«oe-Np-h-sc-gp-Øp-Iƒ \S-Øm\pw Xøm-dmb Iq´¿ Xncp-h-\-¥-]p-c-Øp-≠m-bn-cp-∂p. A°mΩ sNdn bm≥ XncphnXmwIqdnse Znhm≥hncp-≤P\m[n ]Xy{]t£m`Øns‚ \mbnIbmb-t∏mƒ Ahsc "XncphnXmwIqdns‚ hnip≤ tPmhm≥ Hm^v B¿°v' F∂p {InkvXym\nIfpw "thep-ØºnbpsS ]n∑pd°mcn' F∂v lnμp°fpw Nn{XoIcn®p. > ImWpI ]pdw 217, 223 < CSpßnb kapZmbkzXzßƒ°∏pdw "kv{Xo' F-∂ kzXz Øn\v hfcm≥ Ign™-ns√-∂-Xm-Wv hmkvXhw. kv{XoIƒ°v DtZymKßƒ In´m\nSbmbXpw CXpt]mse henb hmZ{]XnhmZßƒ°v tijambncp∂p. AhnsSbpw hnPbw `mKnIam bncp∂psht∂ ]dbm≥ Ignbq. Ccp]Xmw \q‰m≠ns‚ XpS°Øn¬ XncphnXmwIqdnepw sIm®nbnepw kv { XoIƒ s]mXphnZym`ymk hIp∏n\p Iogn¬ A≤ym]nI-amcmbpw Akn Ã‚ v C≥s-k]vIv{S p-amcmbpw BtcmKyhIp ∏n¬ \gvkpamcmbpw a‰pw tPmen-t\m°n-ØpS ßnbncp∂p. Cu Imew apX¬-°pXs∂ "hnhm lnXIfmb kv { XoIƒ°v k¿°m¿ tPmen sImSp°cpXv' F∂ ]√hn ChnSßfnepw ae _mdnepw tI´pXpSßn bncp∂p. A∂p \m-b¿kapZmb-{]h¿Ø\-cwKsØ {]apJbpw DtZymKÿb-pambncp∂ sI. Nn∂Ωsbt∏mep≈h¿ CXn-s\ FXn¿Øv k¿°mcn\v \nthZ\w ka¿∏n®ncp∂p. > ImWpI ]pdw 155 < 1920Ifn¬ BtcmKyhIp∏nse \gvkpamcpsS tkh-\hyh ÿIsfs®m√n ho≠pw H®∏mSp≠mbn. Ahn hmlnXIƒt° tPmen-sImSp°mhq F∂ \nbaw A\m-hiya-msW∂v ]ptcmK-a\]-£°mcmb kv{Xo-]pcpj∑m¿ hmZn®p. C°mcyw 1926¬ XncphnXmwIq¿ \nba\n¿ΩmW Iu¨knen¬ N¿®mhnjbambn. ]t£, A∂v AtcmKy hIp∏ns\ {]Xn\n[oIcn®ncp∂ tUm. tacn ]p∂≥ eqt°mkv Cu \nbasØ \ymboIcn®p. IpSpw_Øn¬ DØchmZnXzap≈ kv{XoIƒ°v \gvknMv tPmen Imcy£aambn sNøm≥Ign bns√∂pw c≠n\pwIqSnbp≈ Du¿÷hpw kabhpw Ah¿°p≠mIm\nSbn√ F∂pambn cp∂p B alXnbpsS A`n{]mbw! F¥mbmepw 1933¬ Cu {]iv\w ho≠pw {ioaqew {]Pm k`bv°p ap∂n¬ Db¿∂ph∂p. F∂m¬, A∂v k`bnse h\nXm {]Xn\n[nbmb Sn.\mcmbWn bΩ Ipdn°psIm≈p∂ adp]Sn- s ImSpØp. KrltPmenIƒ hnhmln-XIƒ°pw AhnhmlnX

200

Iƒ°pw Hcpt]mse _m[Iamtb°msa∂v Ah¿ Nq≠n°mWn®p. CXpt]mse KpakvX∏Wn°v kv{XoIƒ ]‰ns√∂pw ]ecpw hmZn®p. ImcWw ]pcpj∑mcmb DtZymKÿ¿s°m∏w k¿°oń\pw-a‰pw t]mtI≠nhcpw. AXv kZmNmc{]iv\amIpsa∂ `bw. A\y]pcpj∑mtcmSv ASpØn- S ]gtI ≠nhcp∂ tPmensNøp∂ s]Æpßƒ "NoØ' bmsW∂ tXm∂epw \mń¬ s]cpIn. F¥m bmepw A`ykvXhnZycmb kv{XoIƒ DtZymKß ƒ°mbp≈ {iaw XpS¿∂p-sIm≠pXs∂bncp∂p. 1927¬ XncphnXmwIqdnse _ncpZ[mcnWnIƒ "XncphnXmwIq¿ _ncpZ[-mcnWnkwLw' (Travancore Lady Graduates Association) F∂ t]cn¬ kwLS\-bp≠m°n. kapZmb°m¿°v kwhcWw A\phZn®Xpt]mse kv{XoIƒ°pw {]tXyI kwhcWwthWsa∂v Bhiys∏´p. k¿°m¿ A¬∏w hgßpIbpw-sNbvXp. Aßs\ 1929¬ lPq¿It®cn (C∂sØ sk{It´dnb‰v), dh\yq hIp∏v, sslt°mSXn F∂nhnSßfn¬ \mep _n.F°mcnIƒ°v tPmenInń. CXv hensbmcp tImemleØnte°p \bn®p. A∂sØ sImesImº∑mcpw {]amWnamcpam bncp∂ ]ecpw henb H®∏mSp≠m°n. AXn semcmfmb kZkyXneIw Sn.sI. thep∏n≈ Adnbs∏´ ]WvUnX\pw k¿°m¿ A\pIq enbpw Xncph\¥]pcw \nbatImtfPv s{]m^ kdpw Bbncp∂p. At±lw CXns\s®m√n tLmcamb Hcp {]kwKhpw \SØn. Cu {]kw KsØ AXni‡amb adp{]kwKØneqsS A∂mNm≠n t\cn´p. > ImWpI ]pdw 63,64 < \nch[n tNmZyßƒ sXmSpØnhn´p-sIm≠mWv Ah¿ thep∏n≈bpsS hmZKXnIsf s]mfn®Xv:

hnhmlnXIfmb A≤ym]nIamcpw kvIqƒ AknÃ‚ v C≥kv]Iv{S pamcpw k¿°m-¿tP-men°v t]mIm≥XpSßnb ImetØm ZmºXy_‘-Øn¬ s∏´ ]cnNmcnIamcpw teUotUmIvS¿amcpw DtZymK XeØn¬ {]thin® ImetØm D≠mImØ kw{Km atImemlew Ct∏mƒ Bcp≠m°nsb∂mWv F\n°v a\ nemImØXv? hnhmlnXIƒ°v k¿°m¿ DtZymKw-sImSp°p-Ibn√sb∂ph∂m¬ h√hn[Ønepw hnhmlw XyPn®ns´¶nepw DtZymKw hln°Wsat∂ kv { XoIƒ hnNmcn°- p Ibp- ≈ p. IpSpw_ßfnse GI kv{Xok-¥m\-ßƒ DtZy-mK-Øn\mbn \nXyI\ymIXzw kzoIcn®m¬ AhcpsS IpSpw_ßƒ A\yw\n- ¬ °phm≥ CShcpIbn √tbm... ...DtZymKÿbmb `mcytbmSv hnkv I nbpsS

IpSpw_n\ntbm ]uctbm?

\m‰w bq°men]v ‰ kns‚ hmk\b- m sW∂v ]d ™m¬ hnizkn°pI-bn√mbncn°mw. `¿Ømhns‚ cm{Xnk©mcw DtZymKØn\mhiyap≈ IrXy\n¿ ΔlWsa∂p ]d™m¬ sN√pIbn- √ mbncn°mw. c≠pt]¿°pw kmºØnIkzmX{¥yw D≈t∏mƒ Hcmfns‚ a¿±\]camb Ielßfpw kp{Kohm ⁄Ifpw km[n°pIbn√mbncn°mw. ...kv { XoIsf DtZymKØnem°nbm¬ Ah sc√mw ]pcpj∑m¿°v am\t°Sv hcpØØ-°hn[ Øn¬ Ut^mZmc∑mcmbpw []yq¨] a‰pw \S°p ∂Xmbn ImtW≠nhcpsa∂p≈XmWv [thep∏n≈ bpsS] as‰-mcp -`bw. ]pcpj∑msc√mhcpw Ut^mZmc ∑mcm-Im-ØImetØmfw F√m kv{XoIfpw kv{Xo]yq¨a-mcmIn√. N{Ih¿ØnapX¬ Xq∏pImc∑m¿ hscbp≈h¿ ]pcpjh-¿§Ø-neps≠¶n¬ almdmWnapX¬ Xq∏pImcnhscbp≈h¿ kv{XoIfpsS CS bnepw ImWmw. F√m kv{XoIfpw almdmWnamcmI Wsat∂m lPq¿ sk{I´dnamcmIWsat∂m iTn °ptam... IqSmsX kv{Xo Umt^mZmc∑msc ImWp∂-XpsIm≠p≈ am\t°Sv F∂mWp XpSßnbsX∂v a\ nemIp∂n√. \nXyhrØn°mbn s\√pNpΩn Nme°-tºmfØnte-°p t]mbn´v Zp¿hrØcmb Nne ]pcpj∑mcpsS A[¿Ωkw`-mjWßfmepw a‰pw k¶Sa\p`hn®v Xncn®pt]mIp∂ At\- I mbncw kv{XoIsf I≠n´v tXm∂mØ am\t-°Sv, k-¶¬∏ temIØnse kv{X-oUt^mZ-mc∑mcpsS s]´nsbSp ∏psIm≠p-≠mIp∂pt]mepw. (A∂mNm≠n, "kv{Xokzm-X{¥ysØ]‰n', ktlmZc≥ -hntijm¬ {]Xn, 1929)

Cßs\t]mbn A∂mNm≠nbpsS hmKvt≤mcnWn. Cu {]kwKw henb tImfnf-°ap≠m°n. F¥mbmepw kv { XoIsf Kpakv X - I fmbn \nban°-cpsX∂ hmZw k¿°mcn¬ sNehm bn√. ]t£, hnhmlnXIfmb kv{XoI-ƒ°v ]ebnSØpw XS ßfp≠mbncp∂p. k¿°mcptZymKw kv{XoIƒ°v sImSp-°cp sX∂ hmZKXn sNehmImsX h∂t∏mƒ "]pcp jkz`mh'Øn\v ]‰nbsX∂p IcpX-s∏´ t]meokptZymKw Ah¿°v sImSp-°m≥]-mSns√-∂v Nne¿ hmZn®pXpSßn. F∂m-¬ Iøq°mWv t]meokpImcpsS {][m\KpWsa∂ hmZw A_ ≤amsW∂pw DZv t _m[\Ønepw kwba\ Ønepw thcq∂nb \nba]me\hyhÿbn¬ kv { XoIƒ°v Xo¿®bmbpw CSaps≠∂pw a‰p]ecpw hmZn®p. 1930Ifn¬ Cu kwhmZw XpS¿∂p. 1940Ifn¬ XncphnXmwIqdnse t]meokvtk\bn¬ h\nXIfp≠mbn. F∂m¬ AXnITn\amb ]cnlmkamWv BZyXeapd bn¬s∏´ t]meokp-ImcnIƒ t\cn´Xv. ]ucm hImi- I mw£nIfmb kv { XoIsf \nc¥cw IpSpw_n\ntbm ]uctbm?

201

]cnlkn®ncp∂ \mcZ¿ F∂ amknIbn¬ 1941¬ {]kn≤oIcn® "s]¨t]meokvKoX' hmbn®pt\m°pI:

duUnIsfms° kmthKw ˛ h©n˛ \mSphnt´mSpI thKw "sIm®pÆn't]mepw \Spßpw ˛ Im°n˛ s°m®Ωsbm∂p IpWpßn¬ irwKcns®m∂hƒ t\m°n¬ ˛ DS≥ "sN¶pfw aΩq' \Spßpw Npw_\sa∂v tI´oSn¬ ˛ GXp "Pw_penwKw' \SpßoSm AΩSntam¥ I≠oSn¬ ˛ k¿Δ sXΩmSnh¿§hptamSpw Np´ITmcn \n mcw ˛ Icn˛ °´s®mSnIƒ Xm≥ tLmcw sh∂mepw t]meokv ]nSIƒ ˛ \nß˛ sf∂mfpsam∂mwInSbn¬ BWpßsf°mƒ anSp° ˛ sc∂p ImWn°pta Chscms°.

F{X kv{Xohncp≤hpw AkqbmIep-jnX hpamb ]Zyw! BZyImeØv tPmenbp≈ kv{Xo Isf hnhmlwIgn°m\pw an° kapZmbßfn tebpw ]pcpj∑m¿ aSn®ncp∂p. Ah¿ NoØI fmsW∂ a\xÿnXn A{X hym]Ia-mbncp∂p. ]n∂oSv, kmº-ØnI-_p≤nap´pIƒ 1930Ifn¬ h¿≤n°pIbpw > ImWpI ]pdw 105 < 1940Ifn¬ cq£amIpIbpw sNbvXtXmsS A≤ym]nIamsc hnhmlwsNøm≥ Nnescms° Xømdmbn. F∂n´pw \gv k pam¿°v `¿Øm°∑msc°n´m≥ Ffp∏ambncp∂n√. kaqlØn¬ C{Xbpw ASnb¥ncamb a\pjytkh\w \SØp∂ HcpIq´¿ klnt°≠nh∂ A-]am\hp-w AhKW\bpw Nn√dbmbncp∂n√. t]meo kpImcnIsf am{Xa√, \gvkpIsfbpw ITn\ ambn A]am\n°p∂ ]Zyßƒ {]kn-≤o-I-cn°m≥ "lmky'{]kn≤oIcWßƒ aSn®pan√. CXp-t]mep≈ ISpØ FXn¿∏ns\ t\cn-´p sIm≠mWv \ΩpsS ap≥Xeapdbnse aebmfn kv{XoIƒ k¿°m¿tPmen sNøm\p≈ XßfpsS AhImiw ÿm]ns®SpØsX∂ Imcyw \mw Adn-bp∂p-t≠m? Cu \qdp\qdp XS hmZßfn¬\n∂v \msa ¥mWv a\ nemt°≠Xv? kv{XoIƒ°v IpSpw__m≤yXIfpw kZmNmc-_m≤yX-Ifpap≈Xp sIm≠v Ah¿°v ]q¿Æ]ucXzw \¬Im\mhn s√∂ Xo¿∏mWv kv{XoIfpsS k¿°mcptZym KsØ kw_‘n® XS -hmZßfn¬ apgßn

202

t°´Xv. ]t£, 1930Iƒ ISpØ kmºØnI _p≤nap´pIfpsS Imeam-bncp∂p. Iq´pIpSpw_ PohnXw Gsd°psd Ahkm\n®pXpSßnb tXmSpIqSn PohnXwXs∂ _p≤nap´mbn amdn ØpSßn ˛ {]tXyIn®v CSØc°m¿°pw ]mh s∏´h¿°pw. Cu kmlNcyØn¬ CSØc °mcnIƒ tPmen-°pt]mbnØpSßn. IpSpw_ Øn\v hcpam\-ap≠m°m\√msX ]ucmhImi sa∂ \nebv°√. tPmen°pt]mIp∂ s]Æpß fpsS kwc£W-Øn\mbn A—t\m Bßftbm Hs° IqsSt∏mbncp∂ HcpL´ap≠mbncp∂p; C∂pw AZriyamb IÆpIƒ \Ωsf tPmen ÿewhsc ]n¥pScp∂psh∂v \ap°dnbmw. s]mXp- h nSßfn¬ BWpws]Æpw amdnamdn \n¬°p∂Xv tIcf-Øns‚ khntijXbmWv. s]mXp-hnSßfn¬ {]thin°p∂ kv{XoIfpsS "]cn-ip≤n' k-wc£n°m\mbn DcpØncn™ph∂ G¿∏mSmWXv ˛ F∂pw ]pcpj_‘p°ƒ°v IqsShcm\mhn√t√m! s]mXpÿeßfn¬ BWpßƒ Idßn\S°ptºmse s]Æpßƒ°v ]mSn√; hnZym`ymkw, IpSpw_mhiyw (tPmen°p t]mIp∂Xv CXn¬s∏Spw) CXns\ms° am{Xta Ah¿ ]pdØndßmhq. as‰mcphn[Øn¬ ]d ™m¬, ]q¿Æ-kzmX-{¥ya\p`hn°p∂ ]ucP\ ßfmbn´√ \ΩpsS kv{XoIƒ s]mXphnSßfn¬ hcp∂Xv ˛ IpSpw_Øns‚bpw kapZmbØn s‚bpw kZmNmcw (H‰bv°v) t]dp∂ "Ipeo\ Ifm'bn´mWv. Cu ]cnanXnIsfms° A∂sØ Nne kv{XohmZnIƒ Xncn®dn™ncp∂p. 1930Iƒhsc XncphnXmwIqdn¬ kv{XoIsfbpw {_m“Wscbpw sIme°bdn¬\n∂v Hgnhm°nbncp∂p. CØcw HgnhpIƒ A\mhiyßfpw kv{XoIfpsS Xpey ]ucXzØns\XncpamsW∂v hmZn® A∂m Nm≠n Ahsb d±psNøWsa∂mhiys∏´p. `¿Ømhn¬\n∂v AI∂pIgnbm≥ \n›bn® kv{Xosb _eambn `¿Ømhn-t\¬∏n®p-sImSp °m≥ hIp∏p≈ XncphnXmwIq¿ knhn¬ tImUv kv{XoIƒ°v Xpey\oXnbmtWm {]Zm\wsNøp∂ sX∂v BtemNnt°≠Xp≠v F∂h¿ Hm¿Ωn ∏n®p. AXpt]mse ]e AhIm-ißfps≠ ¶nepw ChnSsØ kv { XobpsS kzmX{¥yw ]cnanXamsW∂v Xpd∂p]dbm≥ Ah¿ aSn®n√:

tIcfobktlmZcnamcn¬ ]e¿°pw kzØhImi ap≠v, kΩXnZm\mhImiap≠v, kmºØnIkzmX {¥yap≠v . F{Xt]¿°v kz¥w icocØn\pta¬

IpSpw_n\ntbm ]uctbm?

A[nImcap≠v? kv{Xoicocw ]pcpjkpJØn\p≈ Hcp]I-cWw-am{Xam-sW∂p≈ aqVhnizmkw F{X kv{XoI-sfbmWv A]I¿jK-¿ØØn¬ B]Xn∏n®ncn°p∂Xv? (A∂m Nm≠n, "Zu¿_eyt_m[w', aebmfat\mca hntijm¬{]Xn 1935)

sW¶n¬ taen¬ kv{XoIsf t£{XØn¬ {]thin ∏n°m≥ ]mSns√∂v DØchp≠mIWsa∂pw ImWn ®p-sIm≠v [tZhZmknIƒ] Hcp k¶Sl¿Pn A[nImcÿm]\ßfnte°b®ncp∂Xmbn Adnbn°p∂p. (aebmfat\mca, 8 BKÃv 1930)

]ucmhImißƒ°pth≠nbp≈ Cu hmZßƒ 1950IfmIptºmtg°pw sas√ \nebv ° m≥ XpSßnbncp∂p. sI. kckz-XnbΩsbt∏mep≈ NnecpsS i_v Zwam{Xta At∏mgpw tI´ncp ∂p≈p. > ImWpI ]pdw 121 < BZy-X-e-ap-dbnse kv{Xo]-£-hm-Zn-Iƒ A°meØv k¿Δi‡cmbnØo¿∂ cmjv{Sob{]ÿm\ßtfmSv tN¿∂p\n∂hcmbncp∂n√. IqSmsX, Chsc√mwXs∂ kaqlØns‚ D∂X t{iWnIfn¬ Dƒ s∏´hcmbncp∂p. a≤y- h ¿§kZmNmcsØ ˛ kv{Xo°pw ]pcp-j\pw c≠v Af-hp-tIm-ep-Iƒ \m´p∂ kZm- N m- c sØ ˛ Ch¿ ]e- t ∏mgpw hna¿in-®p. F∂m¬ Ah¿ AXns\ ]q¿Æambpw adn-I-St∂m? kwi-b-am-Wv. "am\yc√mØ' kv{XoIƒ AhcpsS Nn¥ma WvUeØn\p ]pdØmbncp∂p. tIcfØnse sXmgnemfnIfn¬ hensbmcphn`mKw kv{XoI fmbncp∂n´pw AhcpsS {]iv\ßsf kao]n°m≥ t]mepw BZyImekv{XohmZnIƒ°p Ign™n√. Ahsc "D≤cn°pI' F∂Xn\∏pdw, Ahcpambn Xpey\nebn¬ kwhZn°Wsa∂ tXm∂¬ Ah¿°p≠mbn√. F∂m¬ a≤yh¿§ Cc´kZm NmcØn\∏pdØv Pohn°p∂ kv{XoIƒ Xncp hnXmwIqdnep≠mbncp∂p. Ah¿ ]e Bhiyß fpambn k¿°mcns\ kao]n®ncp∂p. Ahcpambn _‘s∏´v kwLSn°m≥ Cu kv { Xo]£ hna¿iIkwLØn\v Ign™n√. "Ipekv{Xo'If √mØhcpsS Imcyw ]dbm≥IqSn Ignbn√mbn cp∂p. 1930¬ sX°≥-XncphnXmw-Iqdnse tZh Zmkn- k {ºZmbsØ \ntcm[n®t∏mƒ B kv{XoIƒ k¿°mcns\mcp k¶Sl¿Pn ka¿ ∏n®p:

tZhZmknIƒ a≤yh¿§kZmNmc{]Imcw "NoØ'bmbXpsIm≠v Ah¿°v ]cnKW\sImSp t°≠Xmbn taemfkv { XoIƒ°v tXm∂m\nSbn√mbncp∂p! Iogmfkv{XoIfpsS Bhiy ßsf k¿°m¿XeØnepw a‰pw Chcmcpw Xosc D∂bn®ns√∂√. DZmlc- W Øn\v 1940Ifn¬ sIm®n \nba-\n¿ΩmW-Iu¨knen¬ AwKambncp∂ Zm£mb- W n thembp[≥ ZfnXvkapZmbßfnse kv{Xo-Ifps-S Bhiy ßƒ k¿°mcns‚ap∂n¬ AhX-cn∏n°pbp≠mbn. > ImWpI ]pdw 159 < AhcpsS BZy{]kwKØn¬- Ø s∂ (1945¬) sIm®n s]mXp-P\m-tcmKyhIp∏ns‚ anUvssh^pam¿ Iogmf IpSpw_ßƒ Xmakn°p∂ CSßfn¬ sN√mdns√∂pw AXpsIm≠v Iogmf-kapZmb ßfn¬\n∂p≈hscØs∂ \nban°Wsa∂pw Bhiys∏SpIbp≠mbn. Zm£mbWnsbt∏mse hfsct∏¿ D≠mbncp∂n-s√∂XmWv hmkvXhw. "NoØ-kv{XoI-ƒ°p'th≠n hmZn°m≥, ]t£, Bcpw Xs∂bn√mbncp∂p. a≤yh¿§kZmNm csØ hμn°mØ kv{XoIƒ°v `mKnI]ucXzw t]mepap≠m-bncp∂ns√∂¿∞w. XßfpsS ]q¿Æ]ucXzImw£, "AanX kzmX{¥y'Imw£bs√∂v sXfnbn°m≥ BZy Imekv{XohmZnIfn¬ _lp-`qcn]£Øn\pw \√ Xm¬]cyap≠mbn- c p∂p. "am\yX'bv ° p ]pdtIt]mIptºmƒ ]q¿Æ-]ucXzw \jvSam Ipsa∂ hkvXpX Ahcn¬ ]ecpw I≠Xpt]m epan√. B[p\nI-hnZym`ymkw t\Snb kv{XoIƒ "B´amSm\pw' "]m›mXykv { XoIsft∏mse' BIm\pw {ian°p∂p-sh∂ Btcm]WØn\v AXv BWpßfpsS ioeamsW∂pw Xßfn¬ AXv Btcm]nt°s≠∂pw Nne kv { XoIƒ {]kvXm-hn®p. A∂sØ {]apJ _p≤n-Pohnbm bncp∂ ]ptØgØv cmatat\m≥ Cßs\ Hctcm]Ww D∂bn®t∏mƒ kn.]n. IeymWnbΩ At±ltØmSv {]XnIcn®Xv Cßs\bmWv:

kv{XoIƒ°v ]ªnIvk¿Δokn¬ {]thi-\w \¬In t{]m’ml\wsImSp°p∂ Cu AhkcØn¬ Xßsf kv { XoIfmbn´v ]cn- K Wn°m- s X ]ncn®p hnSp∂Xv \∂s√∂pw A{]-Imcw ]ncn®phnSpIbm

]pcpj∑m¿ F{Xtbmt]¿ Hcp kvIqfns‚ kao]Øp IqSn IS∂pt]mbn´ps≠t∂m, tPyjvT-∑mtcm AΩm h∑mtcm Cw•ojv ]Tn®n´ps≠t∂m h®v Xe t{Im∏v sNbvXv Npcpt´m _oUntbm hen®v Bscbpw Iq´m

]t£, kv { XoIƒ°nSbn¬t∏mepw CXv H‰s∏´ kzcambncp∂p, A°meØpw.

"Ipekv{Xo'IfpsS ]cn-an-Xn-Iƒ

IpSpw_n\ntbm ]uctbm?

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"tIc-f-am-Xm-hv', {ioaXn hnti-jm¬{]Xn, 1935

205

°msX.... \S°p∂p? Cßs\bp≈hcpsS `mcyam cmbncn∏m≥ tbmKwh∂ Nne kv{XoIfmbncn°pw sdbn¬thtÃj\nepw a‰pw Cdßn tkmUbpw seatWUpw Ign°p∂Xmbn anÃ¿ tat\m≥ I≠p F∂p]dbp∂Xv. (kn. ]n. IeymWnbΩ, "A\pIcW{`aw', e£vao`mbn 10(12), 1915)

Xßƒ°v ]m¿°pIfn¬ Np‰n°d-ßmt\-m \mSImimeIfn¬ t]mImt\m H∂pw B{Kl ans√∂pt]mepw Ch¿ ]d™pIf™p! AsXms° "]m›mXykv{Xo-IfpsS' ioeß fmWs{X! B¿°pw £Xap≠mImØ B\μ Ønt-e¿s∏Sm≥ Hmtcm ]uc\pw ]ucbv°pw AhImiap≠v . B AhImiamWv ChnsS ASnbdh®Xv. AXpt]mse kv{XoIƒ°v tPmen thWsa∂v hmZn®h¿t]mepw IgnhXpw hoSn\p Np‰psahnsS-¶nepw kv{XoIƒ°v tPmen sImSp °Wsa∂v k¿°mcnt\mSv Bhiys-∏´ncp∂p. kv{XoIfpsS kuIcywt\m°nbmWv Cu At] £-bp≠mbsX¶nepw "BZyw IpSpw_w, ]ns∂ tPmen' F∂ ]cnKW\m{IasØ Dd∏n°m\mWv CXp klmbIambXv. DZmlcWØn\v sIm®n bn¬ 1930Ifn¬ \nehnep≠mbncp∂ A≤ym]n IamcpsS kwLS\ ˛ "sIm®n D]m≤ymb\o kwLw' ˛ 1934se ktΩf\Øn¬ hnhmlnX Iƒ°v k¿°m¿tPmen \ntj[n°m\p≈ \o°sØ FXn¿Øp. ]t£, kv { XoIƒ°v AhcpsS hoSn\SpØp≈ ÿeßfn¬ tPmensImSp-°Wsa∂v Bhiys∏SpIbpw sNbvXp. kv{XoIsft∏mse ]pcpj∑m¿°pw IpSpw_Øn¬ DØchmZnXzaps≠∂ Imcyw hy‡amWt√m. F∂m¬ AhcpsS tPmen-°mcyØn¬ CØcsamcp ]cnKW\ D≠mI-Wsa∂v Bcpw \n¿t±in®n√. Cu B¥cnI_elo\XIƒ°p ]pdta cmjv { Sob{]ÿm\ßfpsS \ne]mSns\∏‰n ]d™pht√m. hmkvXhØn¬ kv{XoIsf AWn \ncØm≥ F√m cmjv { Sob{]ÿm\ßfpw Xømdmsb¶nepw kv{XoI-fpsS ]q¿Æ-]ucXzØn\pth≠n kacwsNøm≥ s]mXpth A[nIwt]cn√mbncp∂p. 1955¬ Cu Ipdhns\-°pdn®v Ipdn°psIm≈p∂ `mjbn¬ "Ipamcn kckzXn' (`mjm- s sien I≠m¬ sI.kckzX- n - b - Ω b t√sb∂p kwibn®pt]mIpw) FgpXn:

]pcpj∑m¿ C∂v `mKyhm∑mcmWv. ImcWw Rßƒ °n∂v Hcp kwLS\bn√. RßfptSXmb Hcp kwLS\ RßfpsS ASnaXzw am‰p∂Xn\pw Ah

206

iX\o°p∂Xn\pw IcpØpw Imcytijnbpap≈ Hcp kwLS\ C√Xs∂. ("h\nXmkwLS\', IuapZn BgvN∏Xn∏v, 9 sabv 1955)

tIm¨{K pImcpw IΩyqWnÃpImcpw kv{XokwLS\Iƒ D≠m°ps∂¶nepw ]m¿´nI fpsSbpw h¿§ßfpsSbpw {]iv\ßƒ°mWv ap≥Xq°sa∂v Ah¿ Nq≠n°mWn®p. Chbv°v _Zembn kv{XoIfpsS {]iv\ßƒs°Xnsc ˛ ]pcpjm[n]Xyw Ahcn¬ ASnt®¬∏n°p∂ `mcßƒs°Xnsc -˛ t]mcmSm≥ IcpØp≈ Hcp h\nXmkwLS\ sI´n∏Sp°Wsa∂v Ah¿ \n¿t±in®p. 1930se knhn¬ \nbaewL\- { ]t£m` ImeØv ae_mdn¬ Db¿∂ph∂ At\Iw kv{Xo kwLS\Ifnsem∂mbncp∂p "tIcf alnftZitkhnImkwLw'. Cu {]t£m- ` ImeØv hSIch®p \S∂ {]mtZinI-ktΩf\ Øn¬ tZiobX, Km‘nb≥- P ohnX- s sien F∂nßs\ ]e s]mXphn-jbßsfbpw Xm¬] cyßsfbpw ]n¥mßn-s°m≠v {]tabw ]mkm °nb kv{XoIfmb tZiob{]-h¿ØI¿, ]t£, kz¥w ]ucXzXm-¬]cyßsf ad∂n√. k¿°m cptZymKØn¬ kwhcWØneqsS kv{XoIƒ°v P\kwJym\p-]mXnIamb {]mXn\n[yw Dd∏m° Wsa∂ {]tabhpw Ah¿ ]mkm°n. AXp t]mse C¥ybnse A∂sØ {][m\s∏´ kv{Xo{]ÿm\ambncp∂ AJn-te¥ym kv{Xo kwLw ae_mdn¬ hf¿∂Xv A∂sØ tZio b{]ÿm\Øns‚ ap≥\nc°mcmb kv{XoIfn eqsSbmbncp∂p. 1930¬ Fw. Im¿Xymb\n AΩ bmbncp∂p sk{I´dn. Xet»cn, tImgnt°mSv, Xriq¿ F∂nhnSßfn¬ Cu kwLS\Sbv°v imJIfp≠mbncp∂p. tImgnt°mSp≈ tZiob {]h¿ØI¿ F√m-h¿jhpw kwLSn∏n®ph∂ "kztZin-{]Z¿i\ßfn¬' AJnte¥ym kv{Xo kwLw hfsc kPohambn ]s¶SpØncp∂p. XncphnXmwIq¿, sIm®n {]tZißtfmSp Xmc Xayw-sNøptºmƒ t\cn´p≈ hntZi`cW-Øn\p Iognembncp∂ ae_mdnse kv{Xo-{]h¿ØI¿ ]ucmhImißsf°mƒ {][m\w hntZi`cW Øn¬\n∂p≈ kzmX{¥yamsW∂p IcpXn. F¶n¬t∏mepw tZiob{]h¿Ø\Ønepw ]ucm hImißfpsS Bhiyw Db¿Øm≥ kv{Xo{] h¿ØI¿ {]tXyIw {i≤n®ncp∂p. Cu ZrV \n›bamWv 1950Ifmbt∏mtg°pw kv{XoI-ƒ°v \jvSambXv. At∏m-tg°pw kz¥w ]ucmhImi ßƒ A{X {][m\as√∂pt]mepw Nne¿°v tXm∂nbncp∂p. IpSpw_n\ntbm ]uctbm?

CXn\ptijw 1980IfnemWv ho≠pw kv{Xo IfpsS ]q¿Æ]ucXzan√mbv a sb°pdn®p≈ N¿® kPohambXv. kv{XohmZw ChnsS {]Xy £s∏´ kabambncp∂p AXv. kv{XoIsf Hcp {]tXyIhn`mKambn IW°m°msa∂pw Ah ¿°v {]tXyIambn Bhiyßfpw AhIm-i ßfpw t\SnsbSp°m\ps≠∂pap≈ hmZw ho≠pw kPohambn. 1990Ifn¬ P\Iobmkq{XWw, A[nImc hntI{μoIcWw F∂nhbneqsS kv{XoIƒ°v {]tXyI hnIk\^≠v (Women's Component Plan), 33 iXam\w ko‰v kwhcWw F∂nh \nehn¬h∂p. CXv ap≥ Imekv{XohmZnIfpsS Bhiyßƒ \ndth‰p ∂psh∂v {]Xy£Øn¬ tXm∂mw. ]t£, ^eØn¬ CXv kv{XoI-fpsS ]ucm-h-Im-i-ß-fpsS AwKo-Im-ca - m-IW - s - a-¶n¬ kv{XoIƒXs∂ Cdßn {]h¿Ønt® aXn-bm-Iq. kv{XoIfpsS Ncn{X]camb AhImiw F∂Xn\p]Icw hnI-k\Øn\pw IpSpw_ßfpsS t£aØn\pw kv{Xo Isf hn\ntbmKn°embn Cu P\m[n]Xy ]co£Ww A[x]Xn°mXncn°m≥ kv{XoIƒ Xs∂ ]cn{iant°≠-Xp≠v. C∂v G‰hpw\√ {]h¿Ø\w Imgv N h®v , IgnhpsXfnbn® h\nXm ]©mbØv A≤y-£Iƒt]mepw ]e t∏mgpw IpSpw_Øns‚ A\ymbamb ]nt∂m´p hen kln°p∂hcmWv; AXpt]mse kZmNmc°pcp°pIƒ Ahscbpw h√msX _‘n°p ∂p≠v. F{X ]tcm]Imcnbpw ka¿∞-bpamsW¶nepw Hcp ]©mbØv-{]h¿ØI "NoØ' bmsW∂v B \m´n¬ hcpØnØo¿Øm¬ AhfpsS cmjv{Sob`mhn AS™pt]mIpsa∂ Ahÿt]mepap≠v! ChnsSbmWv ]q¿Æ]u cXzØns‚ {]k‡n. kzImcyPoh- n XØn te°p≈ Hfn™pt\m´w ]ucXzew-L\amWv. a‰p≈h¿°v lm\nIcan√-mØn-StØmfw CjvS ap≈coXnbn¬ kzImcy-PohnXw-\bn°m\p≈ AhImiw Hmtcm ]ucbv°pw ]uc\pap≠v. AXv t\SnsbSp°m\p≈ a\xi‡n \ap°p≠mIm \nShcs´. s]mXpÿeßfn¬ t]SnIqSmsX GXpkabØpw k©cn°m\pw kv { XoIsf am{Xw A[nIambn Ipcp°p∂ Cc´kZmNm csØ X≈n°f™v ]q¿Æ- ] ucXz- Ø nseØm\pw \ap°p IgnbWw. Cu kacw Ct∂m C∂setbm XpSßnbX√ F∂mWv Cu A≤ym bØn¬ ]dbm≥ {ian®X;v _lpZqcw apt∂m´v t]mIm\ps≠∂pw.

IpSpw_n\ntbm ]uctbm?

IqSp-X¬ Btem-N\ - bv°v sXmgn¬cwKtØ°v kv { XoIƒ IS∂m¬, AXmbXv Ah¿ hoSn\p]pdØv {]Xn- ^ ew e`n°p∂ tPmenIfn¬ G¿s∏´m¬ ˛ ]ucm hImißƒ ]n∂mse h∂p- s Im≈pw F∂ [mcW \ΩpsSbnSbnepw kmaqlyimkv { X N¿®Ifnepw hnIk\- \ bßfnepw F√mbn SØpw C∂v k¿Δ-km[mc-Wbmbn ImWmdp≠v. kv{XoIƒ°mbn \S∏m-°p∂ hnIk\ ]cn]mSn Iƒ ]eXpw Cu [mcWsb ap≥\n¿Øns°m ≠p≈hbmWv. F∂m¬ Imcyßƒ A{X efnX as√∂mWv Cu A≤ymbØnse ]cntim[\ shfnhm°p∂Xv. kv{XoIƒ tPmensbSp°m≥ XømdmbXn\p ImcWw ]q¿Æ-]ucXzImw£am{Xam-bncp∂n-s√∂pw hy‡amWv. s]mXpcw KØv H∂ptN¿∂v kacwsNøp∂XneqsSbmWv kv{XoIfpsS AhImißƒ h¿≤n®sX∂pw A√msX, "ImeØns‚ am‰'Øn¬ Xs∂Øm≥ \S∏nembXs√∂pw temIkv{XoNcn{Xw sXfnbn°p∂p. "]ptcmKXn', "hnIk\w' apXemb \ΩpsS k¶¬∏ßsf CsXßs\ _m[n °p∂p?

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11 209

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kv{XoIfpw ka-cß - fpw Ccp-]Xmw \q‰m-≠nse aem-b-fn-k-aqlw I≠ henb ka-c-ß-fn¬ kv{XoIƒ ]¶mfn-I-fm-bn-´p-≠v ˛ ]et∏mgpw hfsc henb tXmXn¬. F∂m¬, "IpSpw-_n\n' F∂ \nebn¬ kv{Xosb Dd-∏n-®p-\n-dp-Øp∂ i‡nIsf Zp¿∫-e-s∏-Sp-Øm≥ Cu ]¶m-fnØw klm- b n- ® n- s √- ∂ - X mWv kXyw."kacw', "sNdp-Øp-\n¬∏v' apX-em-b-hsb IpSw-_Øn\p-]pdØp kw`-hn-°p∂ {]Xn-`m-k-ßfmbn Xncn-®-d-n-bp∂ coXn-bmWv C∂p \nehn- e p- ≈ - X v . kv { XoIsf kw_- ‘ n- ® n- S tØmfw klm-b-I-amb coXn-b-√n-Xv. ImcWw, IpSpw- _ - Ø n- s ‚bpw kap- Z m- b - Ø ns‚bpw D≈n¬\n- ∂ p- s Im≠v Ah¿ \SØnb ka-c-ßsf Cu coXn AZr-iy-am-°n°-f-bp-∂p. tIc-f-Ønse AIw-˛-]pdw CSß- f n¬ \S∂ ka- c - ß fn¬ kv { XoIƒ ]s¶-Sp-Øn-cp∂p

F¥mWo "kacw'? "kac'sa∂p tIƒ°p-tºmƒ \ap-t°m¿Ω-h-cp∂Xv s]mXp-h-gn-I-fmWv ˛ AhnsS \S-°p∂ PmY, _l-fw, t]meo-kv, ]ns∂ sImSn-Iƒ, Npasc-gp-Øv, ]Wn-ap-S-°v... s]mXpsh ]d-™m¬ ka-c-sa-∂m¬ hoSp-Iƒ°p]pd-Øp-\-S-°p∂ CSs]-S-em-Wv.... k¿°m-cp-I-tfm-Sp≈ {]Xn-tj-[amWv... kXy-Øn¬ "kac'sa∂m¬ ho´n-\p-]p-d-Øp-

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am{Xw \S-°p∂ {]{In-b-b-√. sImSn-]n-Sn-°epw PmY- b p- s am- ∂ p- a n- s √- ¶ nepw ka- c - a p- ≠ m- I pw. hoń¬ am{X-a-√, ]≈n-bnepw Aº-e-Ønepw kap-Zm-b-ß-fnepw F√m-bn-SØpw ka-c-ßƒ \S∂n-´p≠v; \S-°p-∂p-≠v. CSbv°pw apdbv°pw s]mń-∏p-d-s∏-Sp∂ kw`-h-ß-fmWv "ka-c-ßƒ' F∂mWv \ΩpsS [mc-W. ]t£, "\ni_vZkac-ßƒ' Cu ÿm]-\ß - f - nepw s]mXp-hn-Sß - f - nepw F√m-bn-SØpw \S-°p∂p! FhnsS Ak-a-Xz-apt≠m, AhnsS t\cnt´m A√m-sXtbm ka-c-ap≠m-Ipw. Xpd-∂c - o-Xn-bn¬ s]mń-∏p-ds - ∏-ń-s√-¶n¬ AXv \ni-_vZ-amb coXn-bn¬ XpS-cpw. kv{XoI-fpsS ka-c-]-¶m-fn-Ø-sØ-°p-dn®p ]d-bp-tºmƒ Ncn-{X-Øn¬ c≠p-Xcw Hgn-hm-°ep-I-sf-bmWv kv{XoN-cn{Xw t\cn-Sp-∂-Xv. H∂v, s]mXp-k-a-c-ß-fn¬ (AXm-bXv {_nńjv km{amPy-Xz-Øn-s\-Xnsc\S∂ tZiobka-c-ßƒ, P∑nØ-Øn\pw Nqj-W-Øn-\p-sa-Xn-sc-\-S∂ sXmgnemfn˛CS-Xp-]£ka-cß - ƒ XpS-ßn-bh - ) kv{XoIfpsS ]¶m-fn-Øs - Ø-∏‰n A[nIw hnh-cß - ƒ \ap°p≠m- b n- c p∂n- √ . t\Xr- X z- Ø n- t e- ° p- b ¿∂ Npcp°w kv{XoIsf \Ωƒ "ka-c\ - m-bnI'amcmbn Bcm-[n-°m-dp-s≠-¶nepw ka-c-ap-J-Øp-\n∂v t]meo-kn-s\bpw Kp≠-I-sfbpw t\cn´ kv{XoIsf-°p-dn®v \ap-°-[n-I-a-dn-bn-√. sI.-B¿.-Ku-cn-bΩsb \ma-dnbpw; Hc-f-hp-hsc A°mΩ sNdnbm-s\-bpw. F∂m¬ 1950-I-fnse sXmgn-emfnkac-ß-fpsS `mK-ambn \S∂ h≥{]I-S-\-ß-fnepw XI¿∏≥ ]n°-‰n-ßn-ep-sams° ]¶p-sIm-≠-hcn¬ `qcn-]£ - hpw kv{XoI-fm-bn-cp-∂p-sh-∂I - mcyw hf-sc-t∏¿ {i≤n-®n-´p-≠m-In-√. c≠m-a-Xm-bn, IpSpw-_-Øn-\p-≈nepw kap-Zm-b-ßƒ°p-≈nepw kv{XoIƒ \S-Ønb ka-cß - fpw ssZ\w-Zn\ sNdpØp-\n-¬∏p-Ifpw IqSp-X¬ {i≤b¿ln-°p-∂p. [mcmfw Kth-jWw C\nbpw Bh-iy-amb Hcp taJ-eb - m-Wn-Xv.

]e Xe-ßf - nse ka-cß - ƒ ]c-º-cm-KX IpSpw-_-cq-]-ß-fn¬ Iogv\ne-I-fn¬ Ign-tb-≠n-h∂ kv{XoI-fpsS sNdp-Øp-\n¬]p-Isf-∏‰n ck-I-c-ß-fmb ]e IY-Ifpw 19-˛mw \q‰m≠ns‚ Ah-km-\-Im-eØpw 20-˛mw \q‰m-≠ns‚ BZy-hpw P\n-®p-h-f¿∂-h-cpsS Bﬂ-I-Y-Ifn¬\n∂v \ap°p In´p-∂p-≠v. DZm-l-c-W-Øn-\v, kv{XoIƒ°v G‰hpw Ah-km-\w-am{Xw `£Ww Ign-°m≥ Ah-kcw In´n-bn-cp∂ \ºq-Xncn C√ß-fnepw \mb¿ Xd-hm-Sp-I-fnepw kv{XoIƒ Cu

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coXnsb t\cn´pw A√m-sXbpw sNdp-Ø-Xn-s\°p-dn®p ]e IY-Ifpw ChnsS Hm¿Ω-h-cp-∂p. `£Ww ]qgvØn-hb - v°¬ap-X¬ "{hX-a\ - p-jvTn®v' {]tXyI`£Ww Xøm-dm-°n-°-gn-°¬hsc ]e X{¥- ß fpw ssZ\w- Z n\Pohn- X - Ø n¬ Ah¿ {]tbm-Kn®p! \ºq-Xn-cn-Ip-Spw-_-ß-fnse kv{Xo Iƒ A\p`hn-t°-≠n-h∂ ISpØ ssewKn-Ia - ¿±\sØ Ah¿ sNdp-Øn-cp-∂-Xmbpw sXfn-hp-≠v. C√-ß-fnse \mb¿tPm-en-°m-cn-I-fpsS HØm-itbmsS cl-ky-ambn ]pdØp k©-cn-°p-Ibpw CjvSa - p≈ _‘-ßf - p-≠m-°p-Ibpw sNbvX \ºqXn-cn-kv{Xo-I-sf-°p-dn®v 20-˛mw \q‰m-≠ns‚ BZyZ-iI - ß - f - n¬\-S∂ kap-Zmb]cn-jv°c - W - N¿®-Ifn¬ [mcmfw ]cm-a¿i-ß-fp-≠m-bn-cp-∂p. Chcpw "sNdp-Øp-\n-∂-h¿'X-s∂. F∂m¬ ]c-ºc - m-KX - - ]p-cp-jm-[n-Im-cØ - n-s\Xnsc am{X-am-bn-cp-∂n√ Cu sNdp-Øp-\n-¬∏v. B[p-\n-I¿, ]cn-jv°m-cn-Iƒ Fs∂ms° kzba-`n-am-\n® A`y-kvX-hn-Zy-cmb ]pcp-j-∑m-cm-bncp∂p kap-Zm-b-ß-fn-sebpw IpSpw-_-ß-fn-sebpw kv{Xo]p-cp-j-_-‘-ßsf {_n´njvcoXn-I-fntem hS-t°-bn-¥y-bn-epw-a‰pw {]N-cn-®p-Xp-S-ßnb \h{_m-“W - c - o-Xn-Iƒ°-\p-kc - nt®m ]cn-j° v c - n-°m≥ D’m-ln-®-Xv. F∂m¬ Cu N¿®-Ifpw Xocp-am\-ßfpw kap-Zm-bØ - n-tebpw IpSpw-_Ø - n-tebpw kv{XoI-fpsS ]¶m-fn-Øt- Øm-sSbpw kΩ-Xt- ØmsSbpw Bbn-cn-°W - s - a∂ t_m[w Ch¿°n-Sb - n¬ hnc-f-am-bn-cp-∂p. "\√ ]cn-jv°mcw' F∂v kapZm-b-]-cn-jv°¿Øm-°ƒ hne-bn-cpØnb \S-]-SnIƒ ]e-t∏mgpw kv{XoI-fpsS lnXhpw aXhpw A\p-k-cn-®m-bn-cp-∂n-s√-∂-Xp-am-{X-am-bn-cp-∂n√ {]iv\w ˛ ]e-t∏mgpw Ah kv{XoI-fpsS kzmX{¥y-Øn\pw kzØ-hI - m-iØ - n\pwa‰pw F-Xn-cm-bncp-∂psh∂pw \mw I≠p-ht- √m. kzm`m-hn-Ia - mbpw Cu \S-]-Sn-Isf kv{XoIƒ BZy-L-´-ß-fn-se¶nepw t\cn-s´-Xn¿°p-I-Xs∂ sNbvXp. sI.]n.Fkv. tat\ms‚ Bﬂ-I-Y-bn¬ kn. IrjvW]n≈ F∂ \mb¿kap-Zmb]cn-jv°¿Øm-hns‚ IpSpw-_Ø - n¬ 20-˛mw \q‰m-≠ns‚ BZy-Zi - I - Ø - n¬ \-S∂ Hcp kw`hw hnh-cn-°p-∂p-≠v. IrjvW-]n≈bv°v hrØn-bn¬ henb ipjv°m-¥n-bm-bncp∂p. IpSpw-_-Ønse s]Æ-pßƒ Ime-sØ-gpt∂‰v Ipfn-®t- i-jta ASp-°f - b - n¬ Ib-dmhq F∂v At±lw \n¿t±-in-®p. CXv kv{XoIƒ°v hfsc _p≤n-ap´pw Aku-I-cy-hp-am-sW∂p tXm∂n; Ah¿ IrjvW]n≈sb A\p-kc - n-°m≥ Iq´m-°nbn√ ˛ kv{XoI-fpsS kwL-Sn-X-amb sNdp-Øp\n¬∏ns\ s]mfnt® ASßq F∂p IrjvW-]nkv{XoIfpw ka-cß - fpw

≈bv°pw hmin-bm-bn. At±lw A]-kvamcw _m[n-®-Xp-t]mse A`n-\-bn-®p. `b-∂p-t]mb IpSpw-_-°m¿ \m´p-\-S-∏-\p-k-cn®v IWn-bms\ hnfn-∏n-®p. IWn-bm≥ IrjvW-]n-≈-bpsS \n¿t±i-{]-Imcw {]h¿Øn®p; Abmƒ IhSn \nc-Øn, IpSpw-_Ø - nse kv{XoIƒ th≠{X "ip≤n']men°m-ØX - n-ep≈ tZho-tIm-]w-aq-ea - mWv IrjvW] - n≈bv°p "tcmKw'h∂-sX∂p hn[n-®p. `b-∂pt]mb kv{XoIƒ ImesØ Ipfn-®-ti-jw-am{Xw ASp-°-f-bn¬ {]th-in-°m-\pw- Xp-Sßn! B[p\nIcoXnbnep≈ hrØn AWp _m[sb Hgnhm°p∂Xcw {]tbmKßfpsS kzoImcsØbmWv Ipdn°p∂Xv. F∂m¬ "ip≤n' ]gb PmXnamaqens‚ `mKambncp∂p. PmXob

cp∂psh∂ kqN-\bpw Cu IY-bn-ep-≠v. Id-If™ ]cn-jv°c - W - h - m-Zn-bm-bn-cp∂ IrjvW] - n-≈bv°p-t]mepw kv{XoI-fpsS kwL-Sn-Xa - mb sNdpØp-\n-¬∏ns\ adn-I-S-°m≥ ]c-º-cm-KX`b-ßfp-W¿Øp∂ "the' {]tbm-Kn-t°-≠n-h∂p! Xncphn-Xmw-Iq-dn¬ 19-˛mw \q‰m-≠n¬ {]h¿Øn-®n-cp∂ anj-Wd - n-am¿°pw Chn-SsØ kv{XoI-fpsS "ZpximTy'-sØ-∏‰n ]e IY-Ifpw ]d-bm-\p-≠m-bn-cp-∂p. Iogm-f-kv{Xo-Iƒ anj-W-dn-am-cpsS ]e \n¿t±-ißfpw kzoI-cn-s®-¶nepw Ah¿ ]d-bp-∂Xp apgph-\ßp hngp-ßm≥ Xøm-dm-bn-cp-∂n-√s{X! 1820Iƒ°pw 1850-Iƒ°p-an-Sb - n¬ sX°≥Xncp-hn-XmwIq-dn¬\-S∂ "Nm∂m¿el-fI - fn'¬ "kv{XoI-fpsS Zp»mTyw' Hcp {][m\ ]¶p-h-ln-®n-´p-s≠∂p

amb hnip≤nsbs∂m∂ps≠∂pw AXn\p If¶ap≠mIpsa∂pw B If¶w am‰psa∂p Icp Xs∏Sp∂ {]tbmKßƒ A\pjvTnt°≠Xm sW∂pamWv "ip≤n'bn¬ hnizkn®ncp∂h¿ IcpXnbXv (AXmbXv apßn°pfn apXemb hbn¬). B[p\nI hrØnsIm≠p≠mIpsa∂p IcpIp∂ bmsXmcphn[ KpW^ehpw ip≤n {]tbmKw sIm≠p≠mIpsa∂v IcpXm≥ \n¿Δm lan√. ImcWw, c≠pw XΩnep≈ kmayw tIhew ]pdtabp≈Xp am{XamWv. kv{XoIsf "B[p-\n-I-h¬°-cn-°m≥' ]pds∏´ kmaq-ly-]-cn-jv°¿Ømhv Ah-cn¬ ]c-ºcm-K-X-`o-Xn-Iƒ DW¿Øn "]cn-jv°-cn-°p∂' Akw-_-‘-Im-gvN-bmWv Cu IY-bn¬! kv{XoIfpsS sNdp-Øp-\n¬∏v F{X-tØmfw i‡-am-bn-

tXm∂p∂p! anj-W-dn-am-cpsS ImgvN-∏m-Sn¬ apeIƒ ad-®p-sIm-≠p≈ hkv{X-[m-c-W-coXn "\√ kv{XoIfp'sS e£-Wß - f - n-sem-∂m-bn-cp-∂p. ChnsS-bm-sW-¶n-tem, B thjw "B´-°mcn'IfpsS e£-W-ambn FÆn-bn-cp∂p! F∂m¬ Ip∏m-bØn\p apI-fn-eqsS Hcp ta¬ap-≠p-IqSn [cn-°m\m-bm¬ PmXn-t{i-Wn-bn¬ Hcp Ib-‰w-In-´n-b-Xpt]m-se-bm-bn-cp-∂p-Xm-\pw. aXw-am-dnb Nm∂m¿ kv{Xo-Iƒ Ip∏mbw am{X-a√ - , ta¬ap≠pw [cn®p XpS-ßn ˛ CXmWv \mb-∑msc {]tIm-]n-∏n-®-Xv. \mb¿]pcp-j-∑m¿ Nm∂m¿kv{XoIƒs°-Xnsc A{Iaw Agn-®p-hn-s´-¶nepw {InkvXy≥ Nm∂m-´nam¿ XpS¿∂pw ta¬ap≠v [cn-®p-sh∂v anj-Wdn Ncn-{X-Im-c-\mb AKp¿ (Agur) tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øn-bncn-°p-∂p. \mb-∑m-cpsS A{I-a-Øn¬ {]Xn-tj-

kv{XoIfpw ka-cß - fpw

213

PmXn-hy-hÿ - b - psS Cc-Iƒ hSt° ae-_m-dnse sXø-ß-fnse kv{Xo-sØ-ø-ßƒ ]ecpw PmXn-hy-h-ÿ-bpsS Cc-I-fm-Wv. Ipfn®psIm≠p\n-∂-t∏mƒ B‰n-eqsS Hen-®p-h∂ a{¥-tbme Iøn-se-SpØ ka-bØv EXp-hmbn F∂ "Ip‰'Øn\v kap-Zm-bØn¬\n∂v ]pd-¥-≈-s∏´ Hcp A¥¿P\w acn-°p-Ibpw "I≠w-`{Z'sXø-am-hp-Ibpw sNbvXp-sh-∂mWv sFXnlyw. amhn-em≥ kap-Zm-b-Øn¬s∏´ Hcmsf t{]an-®p-sh∂ "Ip‰'Øn\v sIm√-s∏´ \mb¿kv{Xo-bmWv "alm-sIm-Sn®n'sØøw F∂mWv k¶-¬∏w. F∂m¬ DØ-c-tI-c-f-Ønse tXm‰w-]m-´p-I-sf-°m-tfsd "sX°≥ ]m´pIfn'¬ kv{XoIsf tI{μo-I-cn-®p-sIm-≠p≈ Km\-ßƒ IqSp-X-ep-s≠∂v Kth-j-I-\mb Sn.-Sn. {ioIp-am¿ A`n-{]m-b-s∏-Sp-∂p. "s]¨{]-Xn-tcm[w sX°≥ ]m´p-I-fn¬' F∂ teJ-\-Øn¬ (N-cn-{Xhpw B[p-\n-I-Xbpw, Xriq¿, 2001) At±lw ]d-bp-∂p.

sX°≥]m-´p-I-fpsS kmaq-lnI`qanI kv{Xo{][m-\-am-Wv. s]¨tem-I-Øn\p c≠m-a-Xmbnam{X-amWv B¨ temIw sX°≥]m-´p-I-fn¬ {]Xy-£-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv. kv{XobpsS {]W-bw, hnhm-lw, K¿`w, {]k-hw, Pohn-Xw, acWw, ac-Wm-\¥ - cPohnXw F∂n-ßs\ kv{Xotem-IsØ khn-ti-j{- i-≤t- bmsS hc-®n-Sp-∂Xv Nne sX°≥]m´p-I-fn¬ ImWp-∂Xv A]-hm-Z-am-bn-´-√, adn®v s]mXp-co-Xn-bm-bm-Wv. (]pdw 94) sX°≥tIc-f-Ønse IpSpw-_-hy-h-ÿbpw Zmb-{I-a-hpw-a‰pw Ch-tbmSp tN¿Øphmbn-°p-tºmƒ "s]¨{]Xntcm-[-Øns‚ Xo{h-Xbpw Xo£vW-Xbpw {]Im-in-∏n-°p∂ Ah-K-Wn-°m-\m-hmØ Ncn-{X-ap-lq¿Ø-ß-fpsS km£y-]-{X-ßfm'Wv Ch-sb∂v At±lw ]d-bp-∂p. (]p-dw 95)

[n® F¬.Fw.Fkv. anj-Wdn Nmƒkv aoUv Nm∂m- ∑ m- t cmSv CØcw "A\m- h iy {]tIm]\w'\S-Øc - p-sX∂pw Bh-iy-s∏-´s{X! AtX-kabw anj-W-dn-am¿°v {][m-\-am-bn-cp∂ hkv{Xk-Zm-Nm-cs - Ø-°mƒ Cu Iogm-fk - {v Xo-Isf kzm[o\n-®Xv PmXym-[n-Im-csØ Xpc-Øm-\p≈ Ahkcambn-cp-s∂∂pw kqN-\-bp-≠v. F¬.Fw. F p-Im¿ hnX-c-Ww-sNbvX Ip∏m-b-ßƒ "[cnt°≠coXn'bn¬ [cn-°m≥ Chn-Sp≈ kv{Xo Iƒ°v, {]tXy-In®pw {]mb-amb kv{XoIƒ°v, henb aSn-bmbncp-∂psh∂v anj-W-dn-bm-bn-cp∂ s{^U-dnIv s_bvenkv (Frederic Baylis) ]d-bp∂p≠v ˛ ]≈n-bn¬ hcp-tºmƒ Ah-cXv ta¬ap≠p-t]mse hrØn-bmbn aS°n tXmfn-en-Sp-am-bncp-∂s{X! hfsc ]Wn-s∏-´mWv anj-W-dn-amcpw ]n∂o-Sp-h∂ A`y-kvX-hn-Zy-cmb kap-Zm-b-]-cnjv°¿Øm-°fpw kv{XoIsf hkv{X-k-Zm-Nmcw ]Tn-∏n-®-sX∂p hy‡w! s]mXpsh ]d-™m¬ BZyw ]d-™-Xcw ka-c-ßƒ°v ˛ AXm-bXv ]c-º-cm-KXÿm]-\ß-fmb C√w, Xd-hm-Sv apX-em-b-h-bv°p-≈n¬ B[p-\nI ]cn-jv°m-c-Øn-\-\p-Iq-e-ambn kv{Xo Iƒ \S-Ønb ka-c-ßƒ°v ˛ Xmc-X-tay\ \√ {]m[m\yw \¬Im≥ hyh-ÿm-]n-X-N-cn-{X-c-N\ {i≤n-°m-dp-≠v. ]t£, B[p-\nI]cn-jv°m-csØbpw kv{XoIƒ sNdp-Øn-cp-∂p-sh∂ hkvXpXsb (c-≠m-as - Ø-Øcw ka-cß - f - n¬ ImWm-hp∂ sNdp-Øp-\n-¬∏v) kwi-bt- Øm-sS-bmWv Ncn-{X-Imc-∑m¿ ho£n-°p-∂X - v. DZm-lc - W - Ø - n\v X\n°pw

214

F{X-tbm-ap-ºp-Xs∂ ae-bm-f{- _m-“W (\-ºq-Xncn) kap-Zm-b-Øns‚ kv{Xohn-cp-≤-X-bvs°-Xnsc Pohn-X-Imew apgp-h≥ \nc-¥cw ka-cw-sNbvX ap≥X-ea - p-dI - f - nse kv{XoI-sf-∏‰n efn-Xmw-_nIm A¥¿P-\-Øns‚ Cu {]kvXm-h-\sb AwKo-Icn-°m≥ hyh-ÿm-]n-X-N-cn-{X-Im-c-∑m¿°p aSn-bp≠m-In√:

Ccp-ºp-tIm-´-sb-°mƒ _e-h-Ø-c-sa∂p Icp-X-s∏´Xpw Aew- L y- s a∂p hn[n- ° - s ∏- ´ - X p- a mb B hmXn¬∏-gp-Xn¬ sXm´-t∏m-g-sØ-t∏mse as‰m-cn°epw Fs‚ lrZbw hnd-®n-´n-√... Hc-Ω-bpsS aSn-bnte°v B™p-Nm-Sp∂ Ip™n-s\-t∏m-se-b-s√-¶n¬ Nnc- h n- b p- ‡ - c mb {]nb- P - \ - ß - f p- s S- b n- S - b n- t e°v Bth-i-]q¿Δw HmSn-sb-Øp∂ Iq´m-fn-sb-t∏m-se-bmbn-cp∂ Rm\-∂v. Hcn‰v A`n-am-\hpw HXp-°m-\m-hmØ ip`m-]vXn-hn-izm-khpw D≠m-bn-cp∂p F\n-°-∂v. CXpc≠pw anYy- b m- b n- c p- ∂ p. A`n- a m- \ n- ° - Ø - ° - h Æw F¥m- s Wm∂p sNbv X Xv ? B ]gIn Po¿Æn® hmXn¬ Xpd-∂p-am-‰-s∏-´Xv Fs‚ ssIIƒsIm-≠p-am{X-a-√, At\-I-\q-‰m-≠p-I-fpsS X]vX-\n-izm-k-ßfpw At\-I-a-t\Iw A_-e-I-fpsS Xe-X-√-ep-I-fp-ta-‰mWv AXv XI¿∂-Xv. ("Fs‚ Pohn-X-ho-£Ww', 1969, Bﬂ-IYbv°v Hcp BapJw Xriq¿, 1991, ]pdw 31-˛32)

]g-bXpw ]pXn-b-Xp-amb kZm-Nm-c-Øn\p \nc-°mØ {]hr-Øn-I-fm-bn-cp∂p Ipdn-tb-SØp Xm{Xn-bp-tSXv. Ah-scbpw ka-c-\m-bn-Ibmbn AwKo-I-cn-°m≥ kap-Zm-b-]-cn-jv°¿Øm-°fpw kv{XoIfpw ka-cß - fpw

hyh- ÿ m- ] n- X - N - c n- { Xhpw Xøm- d m- b n. Ah¿ "]XnX'bmsW∂p ]d-™p-sIm-≠p-Xs - ∂-bm-Wn-X.v ]Xn-X-sb-¶nepw \ºq-Xn-cn-am-cpsS ]c-º-cm-KX sshZn-Im-[n-Im-c-Øn-s\-Xnsc {]h¿Øn-®-hƒ F∂ (`m-Kn-I) AwKo-Im-ca - mWv ChnsS Xm{Xn°p e`n- ® - X v . Xm{Xn aqeap≠mb s]m´nsØdn \ºqXncnkapZmb]cnjv°¿Øm°ƒ cwKsØ Øpwapºv D≠mbXmWv. AXns‚ BLmXØn¬ \n∂mWv \ºqXncn]cnjv°cWw F∂ Bi bhpw Bhiyhpw hy‡amb cq]w ssIs°m ≠sX∂v hmZn°mhp∂XmWv. F∂m¬ (]n¬°m esØ) A¥¿P\w kap-Zm-b] - c - n-j° v ¿Øm-hmb ]pcp-js‚ A[n-ImcsØbmWv \ntj-[n-®-sX¶n¬ AXp am∏m-°m≥]-‰mØ ]mX-Ia-- m-bn-t∏mtbs\! Dam-tZhn \cn-∏‰ F∂ A¥¿P-\sØ∏‰n kap-Zm-b-]-cn-jv°¿Øm-hmb hn.-Sn. `´-Xn-cn∏m-Sv ˛ \ºq-Xn-cn-kv{Xo-Iƒ ]mc-ºc - y-Øn-s\-Xnsc Xpd∂ ka-c-Øn-\p-Xs∂ Xøm-dm-I-W-sa∂v hmZn® hy‡n ˛ I¿Ω-hn-]mIw F∂ Bﬂ-IYm-]-c-amb IrXn-bn¬ ]cm-a¿in-®Xv hmbn-®m¬ CXp hy‡-am-Ipw. > ImWpI ]pdw 84, 87 < kap-Zm-bsØ ]pØ≥coXn-I-fn¬ ]p\x-{I-ao-I-cn°p-Is - b∂ ]≤-Xn-°\ - p-kc - n®p \n¬°mØ DamtZhn "sIm≈-cp-Øm-Øh - fm'sW∂ hne-bn-cp-Ø-

emWv hn.-Sn.-bp-tS-Xv. \ºq-Xn-cn-`¿Øm-hns\ Dt]£n®v A\y-Pm-Xn-bn¬s∏-´-hsc hnhm-lw-I-gn-®psh-∂-XmWv {][m\ Ip‰w ˛ AXpw kz¥-an-jvS{]- I m- c w, kzbw Xocp- a m- \ n- ® v . Ipdn- t b- S Øp Xm{Xnsb kap-Zmb\ho-Ic - W - N - c - n-{X-Øn¬ Dƒs∏Sp-Øp-∂-h¿°pw Dam-tZhn A\-`n-a-X-bm-Ip∂p! acp-a-°-Øm-b-Ø-d-hm-Sp-I-fn¬ kv{XoIƒ°v IqSp-X¬ A[n-Im-c-ap-≠m-bn-cp-s∂-¶nepw AhnsSbpw kv{XoIƒ°p sNdp-Øp-\n¬∏v th≠n-h∂n-cp-∂p-sh-∂-Xn\v sXfn-hp-≠v. "AΩ-˛-A-Ωmh≥'t]mcp-I-fpsS hnh-cWw Ip©≥\ºym-cpsS IrXn-I-fn¬ (17-˛mw \q‰m-≠v) [mcm-f-am-Wv. s]ß∑m¿°v sNe-hn-\p-sIm-Sp-°mØ Bß-f-am¿, kv{XoIƒ°v A∂v A\p-h-Zn-®n-cp∂ ssewKn-Ikzm-X-{¥y-Øn\p XS-bn-Sm≥ {ian-®, As√-¶n¬ kv{XoIsf Ah-cpsS lnX-Øn\p hntcm-[-ambn kw_‘w Ign-∏n-°m≥ {ian® Imc-Wh - ∑ - m¿ apXemb A[n-Im-cn-Isf FXn¿Ø kv{XoI-Ym-]m-{Xßƒ \ºym¿Ir-Xn-I-fn-ep-≠v. ae-_m-dn¬ {_n´njv`-cWw \S-∏n¬h∂ BZy-h¿j-ß-fn¬ acp-a°-Øm-bØ - d - h - m-Sp-If - n-ep-Ss - e-SpØ X¿°-ßf - n¬ kv{XoIƒ°-\p-Iq-e-amb Xo¿∏p-≠m-bn. CØ-csamcp X¿°-Øn¬ (1817¬) Ih-f-∏m-d-aq-∏n¬\mb-cpsS s]ßƒ hen-b-Im-hv -t\-Xym-c-Ω-bv°-\p-

"Ipdn-tb-SØp Xm{Xn tIkv '\ºq-Xn-cn-kv{Xo-Iƒ hy`n-Nmcw sNøp-∂p-sh∂v kwi-bn-°-s∏-´m¬, Ahsc kap-Zm-b-hn-Nm-c-Wbv°p ]m{Xam-°n-bn-cp∂p: "kvam¿Ø-hn-Nmcw' F∂mWv Cu k{º-Zm-bsØ hnfn-®n-cp-∂-Xv. hy`n-Nm-c-°p‰w Btcm-]n-°s∏´ kv{Xosb IpSpw-_-°m-cn¬\n∂pw am‰n C√-Øns‚ as‰m-cp-`m-KØv ]m¿∏n®v Ahsf ISpØ tNmZywsN-ø-en\p hnt[-b-am-°n-bn-cp-∂p. kv{Xo Ip‰wkΩ-Xn-®m¬am-{Xsa hnNm-cW \S-Øp-∂-h¿°v Ahsf in£n°m≥ Ign-bp-am-bn-cp-∂p≈q; Ip‰-k-ΩXw \S-∂p-I-gn-™m¬ kv{Xosb kap-Zm-b-Øn¬\n-∂p-Xs∂ ]pd-Øm°n-bn-cp-∂p. CØ-c-samcp tIkv 20-˛mw \q‰m-≠ns‚ BZy-h¿j-ß-fn¬ sIm®ocmPyØv henb H®-∏m-Sn-\n-S-h-cp-Øn. 1905˛'06 Ime-Øm-bn-cp∂p AXv. "Ipdn-tb-SØp kmhn{Xn' F∂m-bn-cp∂p tZmjw Btcm-]n-°-s∏´ A¥¿P-\Øns‚ t]cv. kvam¿Ø-hn-Nmcw > ImWpI ]pdw 34, 35 < \S-°p-tºmƒ Ip‰wkΩ-Xn® kv{Xo Xs‚IqsS sX‰p-sNbvX ]pcp-j-∑m-cpsS t]cp-Iƒ shfn-s∏-Sp-Øp-Ibpw Ah-fp-sS-sbm∏w Ahcpw kap-Zm-b-Øn¬\n∂v ]pd-Øm-hp-Ibpw sNøp∂ coXn-bm-bn-cp∂p ]Xn-hv. F∂m¬ Cu Ipdn-tb-SØp Xm{Xn (km-hn-{Xn)-bpsS ImcyØn¬ Hcp hnti-j-ap-≠m-bn. Ah¿ H∂-√, 64 ]pcp-j-∑m-cpsS t]cp-Iƒ ]d-™p. Ah-tcm-sSm∏w 64-t]cpw ]pd-Øm-tI-≠n-bn-cp-∂p. Ch-cn¬ \ºq-Xn-cn, \mb¿, Aº-e-hmkn XpSßn ]e kap-Zm-b-ß-fnepapƒs∏´ ]pcpj-∑m-cp-≠m-bn-cp-∂p. sIm®o-cm-Py-Ønse henb C√-ß-fnse ]pcp-j-∑m¿ ]ecpw Xm{Xn-bpsS enÃn¬ D≠mbn-cp-∂-Xp-sIm≠v Cu tIkn¬ ]pcp-j-∑m-cpsS hiw-IqSn IW-°m-°-W-sa∂ A`n-{]m-b-ap-≠m-bn. sIm®o-cmPmhv AXn\v A\p-aXn sImSp-°p-IbpwsNbvXp. A¥¿P-\sØ sIm®n-bn¬ sIm≠p-h∂p ]m¿∏n-®p. AhnsS "]pcp-j-hn-Nmcw' kwL-Sn-∏n®p ˛ AXm-b-Xv, Xm{Xn t]sc-SpØp]d™ ]pcp-j-∑m-sc-s°m≠v Ahsc tNmZywsN-øn-∏n-®p. ]t£, bmsXmcp ^e-hp-ap-≠m-bn-√. Xßƒ Ipdn-tb-SØp Xm{Xn-bp-ambn kl-h-kn-®n-´n-s√∂p sXfn-bn-°m≥ Ch¿°m¿°pw Ign-™n-√s{X! Xm{Xn-tbm-sSm∏w Ah-sc√mw kap-Zm-b-Øn\p ]pd-Øm-bn. Ipdn-tb-SØp Xm{Xn°v ]n∂o-sS¥p kw`-hn®p F∂v \ap-°-dn-bn-√. Ah¿ tImb-º-Øq-cn-te°p Xoh≠nIbdnsb∂mWv ]d-™p-tIƒ°p-∂-Xv.

kv{XoIfpw ka-cß - fpw

215

216

Iq-e-ambn tImS-Xn-hn-[n-bp-≠m-bn. Ah¿°v Xdhm-ń¬\n∂p amdn IpSpw-_-Øns‚ If-∏p-c-I-fnsem-∂n-te°p aI-t\m-sSm∏w amdn-Øm-ak - n-°m≥ A\p-aXn e`n-®p-sh-∂pw Xd-hm-ń¬\n∂p XpS ¿∂pw Poh-\mwiw e`n-°m≥ A\p-hm-Z-ap-≠m-bnsb∂pw N-cn-{X-Im-cn-bmb Pn. Acp-Wna ]d-bp∂p. ]t£, Cu {]h-WX \o≠p-\n-∂n√ ˛ ImcW-h¿ Xd-hm-´w-K-ß-fpsS apgp-h≥ c£m-[n-Im-cnbm-sW∂v {_nńjv tImS-Xn-Iƒ hmZn-®p-Xp-S-ßn. Imc-W-hÿm-\-tØ°v Xd-hm-ńse Xe-aqØ kv{Xo A¿l-bm-Ip-∂n-s√-∂pw-h∂ - p. cmP-Ip-Spw-_ß-fn-sem-gn®v a‰p acp-a-°-Øm-b-Ip-Spw-_-ß-fnsem∂pw aqØkv{Xo Cu ÿm\-Øn-\¿l-bs√∂ Xo¿∏mWv 1870-If - n-ep-≠m-bs - X∂v Pn. AcpWna \nco-£n-°p-∂p. Iogm-fk - {v Xo-If - psS sNdp-Øp-\n¬∏p-Is - f-°pdn®p ]d-bp-tºmƒ km[m-cW \mS≥]m-´p-Is - fbpw ]g-¶-Y-I-sf-bp-amWv \mw B{i-bn-°m-dv. amdp-a-d-bv°¬Iem-]-Øns‚ tcJ-I-fn¬ Iogm-f-kv{Xo-I-fpsS sNdp-Øp-\n-¬∏p-Iƒ an∂na-d-bp-∂p-ap-≠v. F∂m¬ Cu hnj-b-sØ-°p-dn®v hf-sc-°p-d®p hnh-cta Ncn-{X-]-T-\-ß-fn-ep-≈p. Hcp- I mcyw Gsd- ° psd Dd- t ∏msS ]d- b m≥ Ignbpw. Iogm-f-kv{Xo-I-fpsS sNdp-Øp-\n¬∏v PmXo-b-amb D®-\o-N-Xz-Øn-s\-XnscIqSn-bm-bncp∂p. sX°≥Xncp-hn-Xmw-Iq-dnse \mb¿N-´-ºnIsf sh√p-hn-fn-®p-sIm≠v Ip∏m-bhpw ta¬hkv{Xhpw [cn-°m≥ Xøm-dmb Nm∂m¿ kv{XoIƒ, Aø≥Im-fn-bpsS Blzm-\w-tI´v I√bpwamebpw s]mń-s®-dn™ ]pe-b-kv{Xo-Iƒ, sshIp-WvTkzman, s]mbvI-bn¬ A∏-®≥ apX-emb Kpcp-°∑m-cpsS PmXn-hn-cp≤ Bi-b-ßsf Dƒs°m≠v sh≈-hkv{Xw [cn-°m≥ Xøm-dmb Iogm-f-h-\nX-Iƒ ˛ Ch-sc√mw PmXym-[n-Im-cØ - ns‚ ]n≥_e-ap-≠m-bn-cp∂ ]pcp-jm-[n-Im-c-tØm-SmWv a√-Sn®-Xv. AtX-k-abw kz¥w IpSpw-_-ßƒ°p≈nepw Iogm- f - k v { Xo- I ƒ kz¥w A[n- I m- c ßƒ°p-th≠n kPo-h-am-bn-Øs∂ t]mcm-Sn-bncp-∂p. ]pcp-j-∑m-tcm-sSm∏w A≤zm-\n-°p-Ibpw s]mXp-hn-S-ßƒ ]¶p-h-bv°p-Ibpw sNbvXn-cp∂ Ah-cpsS IpSpw-_-ß-fn¬ kv{XoIƒ ]pcp-j-∑mtcmSv FXn¿Øp-\n¬°m≥ aSn-Im-Wn-®n-cp-∂ns√∂v A°m-esØ anj-W-dn-te-J-Icpw \c-hwi-imkv{X⁄cpw tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øn-bn-´p≠v! kap-Zm-b-]-cn-jv°¿Øm-°ƒ, s]mXp-sh, kv{XoIsf c≠p-Xcw ka-c-ß-fn-te-°mWv B\bn-®-Xv. H∂v, kap-Zm-b-Øn-\p-≈n¬ Ac-tß-dnbh; c≠v, kap-Zm-bØ - n-\p-th≠n s]mXp-cw-KØp

217

\S- ∂ - h . Ch- b n- e m- Z ysØ C\- s Ø- ° p- d n®v A¬∏w ]d-™p-Ig - n-™p. kap-Zm-bØ - ns‚ AIØ-f-ß-fn¬ am‰w-h-cmsX kap-Zm-bsØ \ho-Icn-°m-\m-hn-√; AXn-\m¬ kv{XoIsf ]c-º-cmKXkap-Zm-b-h-g-°-ßsf sNdp-°m≥ {]m]vX-cm°n-Øo¿tØ ]‰q F∂ t_m[w kap-Zm-b-]-cnjv°¿Øm-°-ƒ°p-≠m-bn-cp-∂p. \ºq-Xn-c-nkv{XoI-fpsS ssZ\w-Zn\sNdp-Øp-\n-¬∏p-Iƒ, Xpd-∂co-Xn-bn-ep-≈, Dd-®, ka-cß - f - mbn amtd-≠Xv kapZm-b-\-ho-I-c-W-Øn\v A\n-hm-cy-am-sW∂ A`n{]m-b-am-bn-cp∂p hn.-Sn. `´-Xn-cn-∏m-Sn-t‚Xv. CjvSa-√mØ Imcy-ßƒ°v Hcn-°epw \n∂p-sIm-Sp-°cp-sX∂pw apXn¿∂-hc - psS B⁄-Iƒ ewLn-t°≠n-h-∂m¬ AXn\p Xøm-dm-bn-cn-°-W-sa∂pw At±lw \ºq-Xn-cn-kv{Xo-Isf D]-tZ-in®p:

...-A-Xp-sIm≠v Rm≥ ho≠pwho≠pw Du∂n-∏-d-bp-∂p, \nßƒ Hcp Dd® hnπ-h-Øn-\p-Xs∂ Hcp-ß-Ww. \nßƒ \√-hÆw hmbn-°-Ww. irwKm-c-c-k-{]-[m-\am-bmepw icn, \nco-iz-c-hm-Z-tIm-em-l-e-am-bmepw th≠n√ C∂sØ h¿Ø-am-\-]-{X-ßƒ A\p-Zn\w Ahiyw hmbn-®dnt™ Ignbq. X¬^-e-ambn \nß ƒ°p tXm∂p∂ Nne kwK-Xn-Iƒ shdpw\neØv N{aw-]-Sn-™n-cp∂v Bh-W-∏-eI tai-bm-°n... NneXp IpØn-°p-dn-®p-t\m-°msX A`n-{]m-b-{]-I-S-\-Øn\v C\n Xc-s∏-Sp-I-bn-√. Bsc¥p]d-™mepw kzX-{¥amb A`n-{]m-b-ßsf apJw-t\m-°msX Xpd∂p{]ISn-∏n-°-Ww... \nßƒ hnhm-l-h¿Ø-am-\-sØ-∏‰n h√Xp-sams° tI´m¬ ]cn-{`-an-°msX hcs‚ KpW-tZmj-ß-sf-∏‰n \√-hÆw Bcm-™-dn-b-Ww. CjvS-ambmepw A\n-jvS-am-bmepw A`n-{]mbw th≠-s∏-´hsc Adn- b n- ° - W w. \nß- f psS lnXhpwaXhpw t\m°msX h√Xpw IS-∂p-{]-h¿Øn-°phm≥ CS-hcp-∂-]£w \nß-fpsS hnk-ΩXw shfn-s∏-SpØn AXns\ A\p-k-cn-°m-Xn-cn-°-X-s∂-th-Ww... (hn.-Sn., "Hcp adp-]Sn', DÆn-\-ºq-Xn-cn, P\phcn 19, 1930, hn.-Sn.bpsS kºq¿Æ-Ir-Xn-Iƒ, tIm´-bw,2006,]pdw 562-˛563)

hnπ-hI - cw F∂p-Xs∂ hnti-jn-∏n-°m-hp∂ Cu \n¿t±-i-ß-fpsS BXy-¥nIe£yw \ºq-Xn-cn-kap-Zm-b-Øns‚ DS-®p-hm¿°-em-bn-cp∂p ˛ AXmbn-cp∂p Ah-bpsS ]cn-an-Xn-bpw. kap-Zm-bØ - ns‚ ]g-In-b\ - n-ba - ß - sf XyPn-®p-sIm-≠p-thWw kapZm-bsØ tkhn-°m≥ ˛ "B tNe-∏p-X-∏p-Xs∂ Not¥-≠n-hc - pw, kap-Zm-ba - m-Xm-hns‚ It]m-eß - fn¬°qSn In\n-™n-dß - p∂ IÆo¿ XpS-b° v m≥'˛ F∂v hn.-Sn. {]Jym-]n-°p-∂p. F∂m¬ Cu DS®p-hm¿°¬ kv{XoI-fpsS Ah-Im-iß - t- fm-S,v Bhiy-ß-tfm-Sv, ]q¿Æ-amb \oXn-Im-´ptamsb∂ Bi¶ \ºq- X n- c n- k - a p- Z m- b - { ]- ÿ m- \ - Ø nse

218

kv{XoIƒ ]e-t∏mgpw {]I-Sn-∏n-®n-cp-∂p. ]mc-ºcysØ FXn¿°m≥ kv{Xo Isf t{]cn-∏n® B[p\nINn¥m-K-Xn-°m-cmb ]pcp-j-∑m¿ ]pXn-b-Xcw \nb-{¥-W-ßƒ kv{XoI-fp-sS-ta¬ \S-∏n¬h-cpØp- ∂ - X ns‚ Nne Nn{X- ß ƒ efn- X mw- _ nI A¥¿P-\Ø - ns‚ IY-If - n-ep-≠v. ("CXv Bim-kyamtWm?' , "{]kmZw' XpS-ßn-b-h-bn¬). > ImWpI ]pdw 87 < c≠m-aXp kqNn-∏n®Xcw ka-cß - f - n¬ AXmb-Xv, kap-Zm-b-Øn-\p-th≠n \S-Ønb ka-c-ßfn¬, ]s¶-Sp-°m≥ kv{XoIƒ°v \√ t{]m’ml\w e`n-®n-cp-∂p. kap-Zm-b-Øn-\p-≈n¬ kv{Xo Iƒ \S-Ønb ka-cß - f - n¬ kv{XoIƒ ]e-t∏mgpw ]pcp-j-∑m-cmb kap-Zm-b-]-cn-jv°¿Øm-°-fpsS ta¬ss°sb \nin-X-ambn hna¿in-s®-¶nepw, kap-Zm-b-Øn-\p-th-≠n-bp≈ ka-c-Øn¬ Cu "A]-IS'km≤yX Xmc-X-tay\ Ipd-hm-bn-cp-∂p. "Xo{h-amb sNdp-Øp-\n¬∏v' ChnsS XmXvImenIwam{Xambn-cp-∂p. kap-Zmbw t\cn´ hn]-ØpIsf sNdp-°m≥ kv{XoIsf cwK-Øn-d-°p-I-bpw Ah AI-∂p-I-gn-™m¬ Ahsc ho≠pw IpSpw_- Ø ns‚ AXn- c p- I ƒ°p- ≈ n¬ Xf- b v ° pIbpwsNøp∂ coXn Hcp Aen-Jn-X\ - n-ba - w-t]mse {]h¿Øn-®p. B[p-\n-I-Kr-l-\m-bnI F∂ ]Zhn-bn-te°p aS-ßpI F∂Xv kv{XobpsS "kzm`mhn-I-I-Sa'bmsW∂ ]tcm-£-[m-cW CXn-\p-]n∂n¬ {]h¿Øn-®p. am{X-a-√, CØcw ka-c-ßfn¬ kv{Xo]-¶m-fnØw Ft∏mgpw s]mXp-cw-KØ - pX-s∂-bp-≠m-hW - s - a∂v (]pcp-j) kwLm-SI - ¿°pXs∂ \n¿_-‘-ap-≠m-bn-cp-∂n√! "IpSpw-_n\n' F∂ "kzm`m- h n- I - \ ne'bn¬\n∂v AWp- h nS \oßm-sX-Xs∂ kv{Xosb ka-c-Øn-epƒs∏-SpØm-am-bn-cp∂psh∂¿∞w. 1930-If - n¬ Xncp-hn-Xmw-Iq-dns\ {]I-º\ - w-sIm≈n® Ah-i-k-ap-Zm-b-ß-fpsS Ah-Im-i-t∏m-cm-´Øn¬ ˛ \nh¿Ø-\-{]-t£m-`-Øn¬ ˛ ]¶m-fn-Ifm-Im≥ kv{XoIsf £Wn-®p-sIm≠v sI.tKmaXn ae-bm-f -a-t\m-cabn¬ Fgp-Xnb teJ\w ˛ Cu ho£Ww apt∂m-´p-h-®p. kv{XoIƒ kap-Zm-b-Im-cy-ß-fn¬ th≠{X Xm¬∏cyw ImWn-°p-∂n-s√∂v ]cm-Xn-]-d-bp∂ tKmaXn Xß-fpsS CSp-ßnb I¿Ω-cw-KØ - p-\n-∂psIm-≠p-Xs∂ kv{XoIƒ°v kap-Zm-bt- k-h\w \SØm-sa∂v A`n-{]m-b-s∏-Sp∂p:

Xncp-hn-Xmw-Iq-dn¬ kv{Xok-ap-Zm-b-Øn¬... ]Tn-®-h¿ Ipsd-sbms° C∂p-s≠-¶nepw Ah-cpsS cmjv{So-b-

kv{XoIfpw ka-cß - fpw

Xncp-hn-Xmw-Iq-dnse Cug-h-˛-ap-…nw-˛-{In-kvXy≥ kap-Zm-b-ß-fpsS Ah-i-XIƒ ]cn-l-cn-°-s∏-S-W-sa-∂m-h-iy-s∏-´p-sIm≠v 1932¬ Bcw-`n® {]t£m`-sØ-bmWv "\nh¿Ø\{]t£m`w'F∂p hnfn-°p-∂-Xv. Xncp-hn-Xmw-Iq-dnse \nb-a-k-`-bnepw ]ªnIv k¿Δo-knepw P\-kw-Jym-\p-]m-Xn-I-amb {]mXn\n[yw Xßƒ°p-th-W-sa∂ Bhiyw Cu kap-Zm-b-ß-fpsS t\Xm-°∑m¿ D∂-bn-®p. A∂sØ Xncp-hn-Xmw-Iq¿ Znhm-\m-bn-cp∂ k¿ kn.-]n. cma-kzman Aø¿ {]t£m-`-Im-cn-I-tfmSv Xpd∂ i{Xp-X-tbm-sS-bmWv s]cpam-dn-b-Xv. ae-_m-dnse tZio-b-hm-Zn-Iƒ Agn-®p-hn´ "\n -l-I-cW'tam "knhn¬ \nb-a-ew-L\'tam A√ Xß-fpsS e£y-sa-∂pw k¿°m-cns‚ hnizkvXtkh-I¿ F∂ \ne-bn¬\n∂v hyXn-N-en-°m≥ Xßƒ°v Dt±iy-an-s√∂pw \nh¿Ø-\-{]-t£m-`-I¿ Bh¿Øn®p ]d-s™-¶nepw Znhm≥ AsXm∂pw sNhn-s°m-≠n-√. Cug-h-˛-{In-kvXob ˛ap…nw kap-Zm-b-ß-fpsS "kwbp-‡-cm-jv{Sob ap∂Wn' k¿°m¿hncp-≤-am-sW∂v Znhm≥ {]Jym-]n®p-sh-¶nepw HSp-hn¬ Ch-cpsS an° Bh-iy-ßƒ°pw k¿°m¿ hg-tß≠n-h-∂p. XpS¿∂p-≠mb sXc-s™-Sp-∏n¬ kwbp-‡-ap-∂Wn h≥hnPbwt\Sn (1937¬). {ItaW Xncp-hn-Xmw-Iq-dn¬ Znhm≥`-c-W-Øn-s\-Xnsc AXn-i-‡-amb {]ÿm-\w-Xs∂ cq]-s∏-Sp-I-bp-≠m-bn. Znhm≥ {InkvXy≥ kap-Zm-b-tØmSp Im´nb ISpØ Ak-ln-jvWpX, P\m-[n-]-Xy-tØmSv ]pe¿Ønb ]p—w, CsXms° "DØ-c-hm-Z-`-cW{]t£m`'Ønte°v \bn®p. 1938-emWv CXm-cw-`n-®-Xv. 1938¬ alm-cm-Pm-hns‚ ]nd-∂mƒZn-h-k-Øn¬ hen-sbmcp {]I-S-\sØ \bn-®p-sIm≠v A°mΩ sNdn-bm≥ k¿°m-cn\p \nth-Z\wka¿∏n-®p. {]t£m-`sØ ASn-®-a¿Øm≥ {i-an® Znhm-s\-Xnsc Xncp-hn-Xmw-Iq¿ tÃ‰v tIm¨{Kkv F∂ kwL-S\ \ne-hn¬h-∂p. tZiob-{]-ÿm-\hpw \m´p-cm-Py-{]-t£m-`-ß-tfm-Sp≈ kao-]-\-Øn¬ am‰whcpØn. CtXm-Sp-IqSn {]t£m`w i‡-ambn.

t_m-[hpw kmap-Zm-bn-I-Nn-¥bpw F√mw Aßs\ ASp-°-f-bn¬Ø-s∂-h®p kq£n-°p-I-bm-sW∂p ]d- t b- ≠ n- b n- c n- ° p- ∂ p. \ΩpsS kap- Z m- b - Ø ns‚ G‰hpw henb Ah-Imiw kzm[o-\-s∏-SpØn kwc£n- ° p- ∂ - X n\v Ct∏mƒ \S- ° p∂ \nh¿Ø- \ - { ]h¿Ø-\-Øns‚ hnP-b-I-c-amb \S-Øn-∏n\p \ap°p kXz-c-amb ]eXpw sNøp-hm≥ Ign-bpw. .... \nh¿Ø-\-{]-t£m-`Ww kam-[m-\-Øn-\p-S-hp≠m-°p∂p F∂p s]meo-kp-Im¿ dnt∏m¿´psNbvIbm¬ A[n-Im-c-ap≈ Unhn-j≥ DtZym-K-ÿ-∑m¿ cmjv{So-b-tbm-K-ßsf \ntcm-[n-®n-cn-°p-∂p... C\n k`Iƒ IqSn {]kw- K - ß ƒ sNbv X n´v Bh- i y- a n- √ . ASpØ Xnc-s™-Sp-∏n¬ Ah-i-k-ap-Zm-b-ß-fnse Hcmƒt]mepw thm´p-sN-øm-Xn-cn-°p-hm≥th≠ Icp-Xep-Iƒ sNbvXm¬a-Xn. B Imcyw s]Æp-ßƒ°p hoSp-I-fn¬ Ccp-∂p-Xs∂ \n¿h-ln-°m-hp-∂-Xm-Ip-∂p. kΩ-Xn-Zm-b-I¿ A[n-Ihpw ktlm-Z-c-∑m-cpw `¿Øm°-∑m-cpw a‰p c£-I¿Øm-°fpw Bbn-cn-°pw. Ahsc Ahiyw Ah-iy-amb Cu hnj-b-Øn¬ \ap°p hnPb-I-c-amb hn[-Øn¬ \nb-{¥n-°m-hp-∂-Xm-Wv. (sI. tKma-Xn, "kv{XoIfpw \nh¿Ø-\hpw' aebmf at\m-ca, G{]n¬ 20,1933)

kv{XoIfpw ka-cß - fpw

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\nh¿Ø\ {]t£m`w

B[p-\nIIpSpw-_n-\n°p kzXx-kn-≤-sa∂v kap-Zm-b-]-cn-jv°¿Øm-°ƒ I¬∏n® "kuaym[n-Imc'sØ \nh¿Ø-\-Øn-\p-th≠n {]tbm-P\-s∏-Sp-Ø-W-sa-∂mWv tKma-Xn-bsS \n¿t±-iw. > ImWpI ]pdw 76 < CXn\p {]tNm-Z-\-ambn Ah¿ Nq≠n-°m-Wn-°p-∂Xv Km‘n-b≥ ka-cß - fnse kv { Xo]- ¶ m- f n- Ø - s Ø- b m- W v . CXnepw kv{XobpsS "bYm¿∞'amb, As√-¶n¬ "{]Ir-Xn\n¿Æn-X-amb' CSw IpSpw-_-am-sW∂ [mcW ASn-ÿm-\] - c - a - mbn tNmZyw-sN-øs - ∏-´n-√. kap-Zmb-ßƒ°p-≈n¬ \S∂ tNmZyw-sN-øe - p-If - n¬ B km≤y-X, Hcp ]cn-[n-h-sc-sb-¶n-epw, \ne-hn-ep≠m-bn-cp-∂p. 1927se tIc-fob ItØm-en°m tIm¨{K-kns‚ \memw ktΩ-f-\-Øn¬ \S∂ kv{Xok-tΩ-f\w kv{XoIƒ XΩn-ep≈ Bi-bkwL-´\-Øns‚ cwK-am-bn-Øo¿∂Xv ae-bm-f at\m-ca hm¿Ø-bm-°n. CXn¬ {]kw-Kn-®-h-cn¬ ankv. F.-Sn. tacn F∂ {]mkw-KnI kwkm-cn-®Xv, "`¿Ør-ip-{iq-j, au\w, kv{Xo `¿Ømhns‚ lnXm-\p-h¿Ønbpw Btem-N-\-°m-cn-bp-an-bn-cnt°-≠X - ns‚ Bh-iy-IX - ' Ch-sb-∏‰ - n-bm-bn-cp-∂p.

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CXv "hfsc hfsc \∂m-bn-cp∂p' F∂m-bn-cp∂p teJ-Is‚ A`n-{]m-bw. F∂m¬ D]-kw-lm-cØn¬ Cu {]kw-KsØ as‰mcp {]mkw-KnI ITn\-ambn FXn¿Øs{X: "BZyw {]kw-KI - ¿{Xn-bmb ankv tacn-bpsS `mcy-am¿ `¿Øm-°-∑msc ip{iqjn-°-W-sa∂pw Ah¿ ]e kμ¿`-ß-fnepw au\w Ah-ew-_n-°-W-sa∂pw a‰p-ap≈ {]kvXmh-\I - ƒ Akw-_‘ - a - m-sW∂pw `mcy-am¿ A_eImfmIbm¬ Ah-sc-thWw `¿Øm-°∑ - m¿ ip{iqjn-t°-≠-sX∂pw `mcy-amsc `¿Øm-°-∑m¿ aZy]m-\w-sN-bvXp-sIm-≠p-h-∂pw- a‰pw {]l-cn-®m¬ knhn¬hy-hl - mcw sImSp-∏m≥ hIp-∏p-≠mIWsa∂pw-a‰pw (A-h¿) FXn¿Øp-kw-km-cn-®p-sh-∂Xpw {]tXyIw {]kvXm-ht- bm-Ky-am-Wv.' (ae-bm-f a - t- \mca, 7 sabv 1927) Cu sNdp-Øp-\n-¬∏ns‚ km≤y-X-bmWv kv{XoIƒ kap-Zm-bØ - n-\p-th-≠ntbm amXr-cm-PyØn-\p-th-≠ntbm "XymK-a-\p-jvTn-®'-t∏mƒ \jvSam-bXv. "kz¥w Imcy-ß-sf√mw' am‰n-h-®p-thWw kap-Zm-b-Øn\pw cmPy-Øn-\p-wth≠n kacw sNøm-s\∂ XXzw ]pcp-j-∑m¿°pw _m[-I-ambn-cp-s∂-¶n-epw, kaq-l-Øns‚ an° Xe-ß-fnte°pw {]th-i\w e`n-®p-Ig - n-™n-cp∂ htc-Wy]p-cp-j-∑m¿°v (Z-cn-{Z-cmb ]pcp-j-∑m-cpsS As√¶n¬ IogvPm-Xn-°m-cmb ]pcp-j∑ - m-cpsS \ne CXns\m-∏-am-bn-cp-∂n-√) [mcmfw sa®-ßƒ At∏mƒ Øs∂ ssIh-ia - p-≠m-bn-cp-∂p. IpSpw-_Ø - ntem kap-Zm-b-Øntem Xpey-\n-ebpw hnebpw e`n°mØ kv{XotbmSv B Bh-iy-ßƒ am‰n-h®v tZio-b-k-a-c-Øn¬, As√-¶n¬ kap-Zm-b-k-a-cØn¬, tNcm≥ ]d-™X - n¬ D≠m-bn-cp∂ s]mcpØ-t°Sv ]n≥Zr-jvSn-bn¬ hy‡-am-bn-Øs∂ ImWmw. A∂Xv A{X Zriy-am-bn-cp-∂n-cn-°n-√. ae-_m-dnse tZio-b-kzm-X-{¥y-k-a-c-Øn¬ ]s¶SpØ kv{XoI-fn-sem-cm-fm-bn-cp∂ C. \mcm-b-Wn°p-´n-bΩ CØ-c-samcp "XymK'amWv kv{XoIfn¬\n∂p {]Xo-£n-®Xv:

kv{XohnZym-`ym-k-sØ-∏-‰n-tbm, kv{Xokzm-X-{¥y-sØ∏-‰ntbm ]d-tb-≠p∂ Hcp Imew GXm≠p Ign-™pt]m-bn-cn-°p-∂p. hnZym-`ymkw ˛ shdpw Cw•ojv hnZym`ymkw am{X-a-√, kz[¿Ωw icn-bmbn \n¿Δ-ln-°phm≥ klm-bn-°p∂ B hnZym-`ymkw ˛ kn≤n® kv{XoI-fpsS C∂sØ ISa F¥mWv? kzKr-l-Ønep-≈-Xp-t]m-se-Ø-s∂, Hcp-]t£, AXnepw hepXmb Hcp IS-a-bmWv Ah¿°p kzcm-Py-tØm-Sp-≈Xv. shdpw cmjv { So- b tam kmap- Z m- b n- I tam Ah- s cs°m≠p hf- s c- s bm∂pw C∂sØ ÿnXn°p

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sNbvhm≥ km[n-°-bn-s√-∂p-h-cn-Inepw kmº-Øn-Iambn Ah¿°mWv amXr-`q-ansb A[nIw klm-bn°p-hm≥ km[n-°p-∂-Xv... (C. \mcm-b-Wn-°p-´n-b-Ω, "kv{XoIfpw JZdpw', ae-bmf amknI 1(1), 1931)

Xt∂mSv teJ-\-am-h-iy-s∏-Sp-I-bpw F∂m¬ cmjv{So-bI - m-cy-ßs - f-°p-dn-®m-hc - p-sX∂v \njv°¿jn- ° p- I - b pw- s Nbv X {]km- [ - I - t cmSv "cmPysØtbm cmPy-Im-cy-ßs - ftbm kw_-‘n-°m-ØXmb bmsXmcp Imcyhpw C∂p `mc-X-Øn¬ ImWp-hm≥ km≤y-a-√t√m' F∂p ]d-™p-sIm≠mWv Ah¿ teJ\w XpS-ßn-b-Xv. kv{XobpsS "Km¿ln-I-\ne'bv°v Cf-°ap≠m-°m-sX-Xs∂ Ahsf Krl-Øn\p ]pd-Øn-d°n ka-c-ß-fn¬ `mK-`m-°mIm-sa∂ kqN-\b - m-Wn-Xn¬. kzmX-{¥yk-ac - sØ kw_-‘n-®n-St- Ømfw Cu X{¥w ê{]-Z-am-bn-cp-∂p, henb Hc-f-hp-hsc ˛ ]t£ kv{XoI-fpsS A[-a-\n-esb ]cn-l-cn-°m≥ CsX{X-tØmfw DX-In-sb∂ tNmZyw Ah-ti-jn-°p∂p. A-ÿn-c-am-b "kuaym-[n-Imc'Øn\-∏pdw Ah¿s°-s¥-¶nepw Inńtbm F∂p kwi-ba- mWv! Cu Xncn-®-dn-hv A∂sØ ISpØ tZio-b-hm-ZnI-fmb kv{XoIƒ°pt]mep-ap-≠m-bn-cp-∂p-sh∂ hkvXp-Xbpw \mw ImtW-≠-Xp-≠v. 1930-I-fnse knhn¬\n-b-a-ew-L-\-{]-t£m-`-Im-eØv ae-_mdn¬ Db¿∂p-h∂ At\Iw kv{Xokw-LS- \ - I - ƒ°v C°m-cy-Øn¬ hy‡-amb ImgvN∏mSp-≠m-bn-cp-∂p. 1930¬ \-S∂ hS-I-c-k-tΩ-f-\-Øn¬ tZio-b-hm-Z]-c-amb {]ta-b-ßƒs°m∏w (J-Z¿, lnμn apXem-bh - b - psS {]N-cW - w, Km‘n-b≥ Pohn-Xs - sien F∂n hsb-°p-dn-®p≈ {]ta-bß - ƒ) kv{XoIƒ°v k¿°m¿tPm-en-bn¬ kwh-c-W-ap-≠m-bn-cn-°-Wsa∂ {]ta-bhpw ]mkm-bn. F∂m¬ {ItaW Cu t_m[w kv{Xo{]h¿Ø-I-cn¬\n∂v A{]-Xy-£-am-bn. 1950-Iƒ°ptijw "kap-Zm-b-Øn-\p-th≠n' \S∂ ka-c-ßfn¬ h≥-tXm-Xn-ep≈ kv{Xo]-¶m-fn-Ø-ap-≠m-bncp∂p ˛ {]tXy-In®v BZy -I-ayq-WnÃp a{¥n-k-`bvs°-Xnsc 1959-¬ s]mń-∏p-d-s∏´ "hntam-N-\-kac'Øn¬ [\m-Vy-I-fmb kpdn-bm\n {InkvXym\n-kv{Xo-Ifpw Xoc-tZ-i-ß-fn¬\n-∂p≈ ]c-a-Z-cn{Z-Ifpw s]cp-h-gn-bn¬ {]I-S\hpw {]Xn-tj-[-hpambn Cd-ßn. Bbn-c-°-W-°n\p kv{XoIƒ AdÃp-h-cn®p. ]ecpw ssI°p-™p-ß-sf-bpwsIm≠v Pbn-en-¬t∏m-bn. tIc-f-Ønse ItØmen-°m-k`- b - psS Blzm-\{- ]-Im-ca - mWv C{X-b[ - nIw kv{XoIƒ hoSp-hn-ń-dßn ka-cØ - n\p Xøm-dm-bXv. "Iayq-Wn-Ãp-Imsc Xmsg-bn-d° - pI' F∂ e£yw kv{XoIfpw ka-cß - fpw

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hntamN\kacØnse kv{Xo]¶mfnØw tIcfw Hcp enwKhnπhØns‚ h°nemsW∂ {]XoXn Dfhm°p∂ cwKßfmWv hntamN\kac°meØp ImWm\p≠mbncp∂Xv. sNdnbXpdshSnsh∏n¬ ^vtfmdnsb∂ K¿`nWnbmb bphXn acn°m\nSbmb Xns\ØpS¿∂v kacw i‡ambn. 1959 PqsseamkØn¬ tIcfØns‚ ]e `mKØpambn kv{XoIfpsS henb {]IS\ßfpw ]n°‰nßpw \S∂p. AwKamenbn¬ k¿°m¿ HmôkpIƒ°p ap∂nembn \S∂ ]n°‰nßn¬ 1564 kv{XoIƒ AdÃp hcns®∂v Zo]nI IWs°SpØp.Xriqcnepw ]membnepw tIm´bØpw Xncph\¥]pcØpw Fcptaenbnepw Im™qcpw a‰p ]e ÿeßfnepw CXpt]mep≈ ]cn]mSnIƒ \S∂p. AhnsSbpw CtX tXmXnep≈ AdÃpIƒ D≠mbn. tIm´bØv kv{XoIƒ Ip‰n®qepta¥n \SØnb {]IS\w Hcp]mSp {i≤]nSn®p]‰n. AhnsS 125 kv{XoIƒ AdÃnembnsb∂v Zo]nI ]d™p. Xncph\¥]pcØv kv{XoIƒ tbmKwtN¿∂v k¿°mcns\ ]pdØm°Wsa∂v Ahiyap∂bn®p. kacm\pIqenIfpsS IW°p{]Imcw kacØn¬ ]s¶SpØv Pbnen¬ t]mb kv{XoIfpsS FÆwam{Xw 40000 hcpsa∂v Cu kacsØ°pdn®p ]Tn® sI.Pn. tKm]meIrjvW≥ ]dbp∂p (hntamN\kacw Hcp ]T\w, Xncph\¥]pcw, 1994).icn°pw A{Iamk‡amb sXcphpkacwXs∂bmbncp∂p ChcptSsX∂v kact\Xm°fn¬ {]apJ\mbncp∂ ^mZ¿ hS°s\ D≤cn ®psIm≠v At±lw hmZn°p∂p. Xriqcn¬ \S∂ {]IS\Øn¬ kv{XoIƒ Cc®pIbdn t]meokns‚ s_¬‰n¬ ]nSn®pX≈nbXpw a‰pw hS°≥ hnhcn°p∂p≠v. kacØn¬ kv{XoIƒ hln® ]¶v ]cs° AwKoIcn°s∏´p ˛˛cmjv{SobcwKØp NphSpd∏n°m≥ Hcp kph¿ÆmhkcamWnsX∂p ]e h\nXIfpw IcpXnsb∂p tXm∂p∂p. XpS¿∂p \S°m\ncp∂ sXcs™ Sp∏ns\ e£ywsh®psIm≠v FdWmIpfØv tUm. H.sI. am[hnbΩbpsS A≤y£Xbn¬ kv{XoIƒ tbmKw tN¿∂v "AJnetIcfh\nXmkwLw' Fs∂mcp kwLS\ cq]oIcn®Xmbn Zo]nI dnt∏m¿´psNbvXp (22 HmKÃv 1959). sk]vXw_dn¬ Cu kwLS\ tImgnt°m´v imJ Bcw`n®p. Cu tbmKØn¬ h\nXIƒ kmaqlycmjv{Sob{]h¿Ø\ßfn¬ kPohambn ]¶phln°m≥ Xocpam\n°pIbpw tIcfØn¬ Bk ∂amb s]mXpsXscs™Sp∏n¬ kanXn kzoIcnt°≠ ]cn]mSnIƒ N¿® sNbvXpsh∂pw Zo]nIbpsS ]{X°pdn∏n¬ ]dbp∂p. F¥mbmepw Cu {iaØn\v êw hepXmsbm∂pap≠mbns√∂v hy‡amWv.Cu tbmKßƒ Ign™p Ss\bmWv kv{XoIsf hońte°pXs∂ B\bn® B ]{Xm[n]°pdn∏v ("kv{XoIfpsS kmaqlyZuXyw') {]Xy£s∏´sX∂ hkvXpX bmZr—nIa√mbncp∂nXn°mw. hntamN\kacØns‚ ap≥\nc{]h¿ØIcmb kv{XoIfmbncp∂p B tbmKßfn¬ ]s¶SpØh¿. HSphn¬ samØw 312 ÿm\m¿∞nIfn¬ shdpw BsI 13 t]¿ am{XamWv kv{XoIfmbp≠mbncp∂Xv. AXn¬ 7 t]¿ am{Xta Pbn®p≈q.

kv{XoIfpw ka-cß - fpw

221

am∏n-fI - e- m]w : kv{XoI-fpsS Hm¿Ω-Iƒ am∏n-f-I-em-]-Øns‚ hmsam-gn-]m-c-º-cysØ°pdn®v jwjZv lpssk≥ cNn®- {]-_-‘-Øn¬ am∏n-f-kv{XoIƒ Iem]ImesØ Hm¿°p∂ coXn-I-fpsS {]tXy-I-X-Iƒ hnh-cn-°p-∂p-≠v. Hc¿∞-Øn¬ apJy-[m-cm-N-cn{Xw Ah-K-Wn® Km¿ln-I-X-e-amWv CØcw hmsam-gn-I-fn¬ {][m-\-ambn hcp-∂-Xv. Iem-]-Øns‚ ssZ¿Lyhpw Ch¿ hne-bn-cp-Øp-∂Xv Km¿lnI]›m-Ø-e-Øn-em-Wv. D‰-h-cp-sSbpw _‘p-°-fp-sSbpw A`m-h-Øn¬ kzbw c£n-t°-≠n-h-∂-h-cmWv A[nIw kv{XoI-fpw. Iq´w-Iq-Sn-bp≈ sNdp-Øp-\n¬∏n\p Xøm-dm-b-hcpw sNdnb Iui-e-ß-fn-eqsS CXns\ t\cn-´-h-cp-ap-≠v. Iem-]-Im-eØv F´p hb- p≠mbn-cp∂ ]mØpΩ (\n-e-ºq¿ kztZin)bpsS Hm¿Ω-bn¬ A∂v Ah-cpsS hoSn-\-Sp-Øp≈ kv{XoIfpw Ipń-I-fp-sa-√mw-IqSn Ip™m° Fs∂m-cmfpsS hoń-emWv Xma-kn-®n-cp-∂-Xv. ]pcp-j∑m-sc√mw Hfn-hn-em-bn-cp-∂p. Ahn-sS-h-s®mcp kv{Xosb ]´mfw ]nSn-®p-sIm-≠p-t]m-Im≥ {ian-®Xpw F√mhcpwtN¿∂p _l-fw-h-®-t∏mƒ hn´p-t]m-bXpw Ah¿ Hm¿°p-∂p. {]k-hn®pInS-°p-I-bm-bn-cp-∂-Xn-\m¬ hoSp-hn-´p-t]m-hm≥ Ign-bm-Xn-cp∂ Ab¬]-°-°mcn kv{XobpsS IYbmWv aΩm-Xp F∂ kv{XobpsS BJym-\-Øn-ep-≈-Xv. ]´mfwh∂-t∏mƒ Ip™ns‚ Xo´-sa-SpØv Ah¿ tZlØp tX®p-]n-Sn-∏n-®s{X ˛ ]´m-f-°m-cn¬ Ad-∏p-f-hm-°m≥. Ic-bp∂ Ip™ns\ ae¿Øn-∏n-Sn®p \n¬°p∂ Ah-sc-°-≠-t∏mƒ "]mhwtXm∂n' D]-{Z-hn-°msX ]´m-f-°m¿ aS-ßn-sb-∂mWv aΩmXp ]d-bp-∂-Xv. BWp-ß-sf√mw Hfn-hn-emb kml-N-cy-Øn¬ IpSpw-_-Øns‚ kwc-£-W-ta-s‰-SpØ DΩ-sb-∏‰n ]c-∏\-ßm-Sn-bnse Ip™ohn F∂ Cºn-®ohn hnh-cn-°p-∂p-≠v. hne-s∏´ hkvXp-°ƒ \jvS-s∏-SmsX t\m°m\pw ]´m-f-Øns‚ IÆn¬s∏-SmsX Hfn-®n-cn-°m-\pw Hfn-hn¬ Xosc ]ń-Wn-bm-hm-Xn-cn-°m\pw Ah¿ \√ IcpX¬sN-bvXp. F∂m¬ ]´m-f-°m-tcmSv i{Xp-Xbpw òXnbpw ]cn-lm-khpw F√m-ap-s≠-¶nepw Ah-tcmSv Nnet∏m-sgms° Hcp-Xcw CjvShpw Cu kv{XoI-fpsS BJym-\-ß-fn¬ ImWp-∂p-sh∂v jwjmZv \nco-£n-°p-∂p. hyh-ÿm]nXNcn-{X-Øn¬ F√mw H∂p-In¬ Idpt∏m As√-¶n¬ shfpt∏m Bbn-cn-°-Ww. DZm-l-c-W-Øn\v {_nń-jpIm¿ apgp-h≥ NoØbpw tZiob{]ÿm-\-°m¿ apgp-h≥ \√Xpw Bbn-cn-°-Ww. Aß-s\-bp≈ Ncn-{X-c-N\sb Ipg-bv°p∂ tcJ-I-fm-Wnh F∂mWv jwjm-Zns‚ hmZw. ImcWw Ch-bn¬ ]´m-f-°m¿ {Iqc-∑m-cm-sW¶n¬ Nne-t∏mƒ Imcp-Wy-ap-≈-h-cp-am-Wv. Ah-tcmSv shdp-∏p-s≠-¶n¬ Nne-t∏mƒ Bcm-[-\-bpsS Awi-ß-fpap-≠v. tZio-b-{]-ÿm-\-Ønepw am∏nfIem-]-Ønepw kv{XoIƒ ]¶p-tN¿s∂-¶nepw Ah¿ F√m-bvt∏mgpw ]m¿iz-h¬°-cn-°-s∏-ń-cp-∂p-sh-∂-Xn-\m-emImw CXv. hy‡n-KX A\p-`-h-ambn Iem-]sØ Ah-X-cn-∏n-°m≥ kv{XoIƒ s]mXpsh {ian-°p-tºmƒ ]pcp-j-∑m-cpsS BJym-\-ß-fn¬ AsXmcp hn⁄m-\-hn-j-b-ambn amdp∂p-sh∂v jwjmZv ]d-bp-∂p-≠v. A[nIw Hu]-Nm-cnIhnZym-`ymkw e`n-®n-ń-√mØ ]e ]pcp-j-∑mcpw kv{XoIfpsS coXn Ah-ew-_n-°p-∂p-s≠∂pw AXp-sIm≠v kv{XoI-fpsS ]m¿iz-h¬IrX \ne-bmhmw Ah-cpsS BJym\-ßsf CØ-c-Øn-em-°p-∂-sX∂v Hcp-]t£ Icp-Xm-\m-Ipw. cmjv{S-Øn-s‚tbm P∑n-Ø-hn-cp-≤-{]-ÿm-\-Øns‚tbm alXzw ÿm]n-°p∂ _rl-Zm-Jym-\-ambn Ncn{Xw {]h¿Øn-°p-tºmƒ tIƒ°m-Xm-Ip∂ kzc-ßfmWv jwjm-Zns‚ {]_-‘-Øn¬. Ah-bn¬ \s√m-cp-]¶v kv{XoI-fp-tS-Xm-b-Xn¬ AXn-i-b-I-c-ambn H∂p-an√. ("ae-_m¿ Iem-]-Øns‚ hmsam-gn-]m-c-ºcyw' F∂ {]_-‘-Øn¬\n-∂p≈ hnh-c-ß-fmWv apI-fn¬ tN¿ØXv. jwjmZv lpssk≥ 2005¬ {ioi-¶-c -kw-kvIrXk¿Δ-I-em-im-e-bn¬ ka¿∏n® ]n.-F-®v.-Un. {]_-‘-am-WnXv.)

222

kv{XoIfpw ka-cß - fpw

-I-≠-Xn-\p-ti-jtam? BZyw Iq´ A`n-\-μ\w; ]n∂oSv "ho´o-t∏mSo' F∂ B⁄ ˛ \√ arZphmb `mj-bn¬! hntam-N-\-k-a-c-Øns‚ hnP-bØn-\p-Ø-c-hm-Zn-Iƒ kv{XoI-fm-sW-∂pw Ahsc hcp∂ Akw-ªn-sX-c-s™-Sp-∏n¬ th≠-hn[w BZ-cn-°W - s - a∂pw km£m¬ Cμn-cm-Km-‘n-hsc ]d-s™-¶nepw Chn-SsØ kap-Zm-bt- \-XrXzw hgßn-bn-√. 1959 BKÃv 2˛se Zo]nIbpsS ]{Xm[n-]-°p-dn∏v t\m°q:

\ΩpsS hntam- N - \ - k - a - c - Ø n- t e°v temI- Ø ns‚ {i≤sb {]tXyIw £Wn® Hcp hkvXpX kv{XoIƒ hln® ]¶m-Wv. Xß-fpsS BZ¿i-ßsf Ipdn-°p∂ ap{Zm-hm-Iy-ßfpw apg°n \n -t¶mNw ap≥t]m´p \oßp∂ tIc-f-h-\n-X-Iƒ \ΩpsS ]gb ]m´p-Isf A\p-kva-cn-∏n-°p-∂-Xm-Wv. C∂sØ {]_p-≤X Cu ASn- b - ¥ - c - L - ´ w- s Im≠p Fcn- ™ - S - t ß- ≠ - X √; \ΩpsS kmaq-ly-Po-hnXw sI´p-d-∏p-≈-Xm-°p-∂-Xn\v AXp \ne-\n-dp-Øp-I-Xs∂ thWw... ... F∂m¬ \√ ]mc-º-cyhpw `‡n-bp-ap≈ h\nX-Iƒ Xmt¥m∂nIfmbn amd-W-sa-∂√ CXns‚ A¿∞w... kv{Xo°v Ah-fp-tS-Xmb KpW-ßfpw ]cnan-Xn-If - p-ap-≠v... Ah-fpsS at\m-hym-]m-cØ - ns‚ ]›mØew ]pcp-j-t‚-Xn¬\n∂pw XnI®pw hyXy-kvXamWv. AXp-sIm≠p ]pcp-j\p tbmPn-°p∂ {]h¿Ø\-ß-fn-se√mw kv{XoIƒ FSp-Øp-Nm-Sp-∂Xp kmlk-am-bn-cn-°pw.... kv{XobpsS {]Ir-Xn-Z-Ø-amb kz`mh-Kp-W-ßƒ kmaqlykwcw-`-ß-fn¬ Ahƒ°v Hcp {]tXyIZuXyw {]Zm\wsNøp- ∂ p- ≠ v . ]pcp- j s‚ sshI-ey-ßsf Xncp-Øp-Ibpw k¬kz-`m-h-ßsf ]q¿Øo-I-cn®v t\cmb hgn-bn¬ Xncn-®p-hn-S-I-bp-amWv h\n-Xbv°p {]IrXn\¬Ip∂ {]tXyIZuXyw... ("kv{Xo-I-fpsS kmaq-ly-ZuXyw', BKÃv 2, 1959)

tdmUn¬ A{I-am-k-‡-amb D]-tcm-[-k-achpw Ip‰n-®q-ep-b¿Øn-∏n-Sn®v Iayq-Wn-ksØ XqsØ-dn-bp-sa∂ {]Jym-]\w \S-Øn-bXpw-a‰pw ]pcp-js‚ "k’z-`m-hsØ ]q¿Øo-Ic - n-°p-hm≥' th≠n-bm-bn-cp-s∂∂v Fßs\ hniz-kn°pw! F¥m- b mepw "kv { XobpsS {]tXyIKpWw', "{]tXyIZuXyw', kv{Xo°p ]pcp-j-\p-ta-ep≈ kzm[o\w XpS-ßnb ÿncwhmZ-ßƒ ˛ {]tbmKn-®p-sIm≠v ka-c-Øn-\n-d-ßnb s]Æp-ßƒ s]mXp-hn-SØ - n¬ \n¬t°-≠X - n-s√∂v bmYm-ÿnXnIkap-Zm-bi - ‡n Adn-bn®p! ]pd-tI-h∂ sXcs™-Sp-∏n¬ Cμn-cm-Km-‘n-bpsS hm°v Im‰n¬∏d∂p. (]-Xn-\© - p-iX - a - m\w Akw-ªn-ÿm-\m¿∞nÿm-\ß - ƒ kv{XoIƒ°mbn am‰n-hb - v°W - s - a∂ \n¿t±-isØ ChnsS tIm¨{K-kp-Im¿ 1956¬ Øs∂ \ncm-Ic - n-®p-Ig - n-™n-cp-∂p-sh-∂p-IqSn ]dkv{XoIfpw ka-cß - fpw

bs´ ˛ tIc-fm-{]-tZ-ivtIm¨{Kkv IΩn‰n A≤y£≥ sI. am[-ht- a-t\m≥ kv{Xoÿm-\m¿∞n-Iƒ apt∂m-´p-hc - m-ØX - mWv {]iv\s - a∂v A`n-{]m-bs - ∏Sp-Ibpw sNbvXp!) > ImWpI ]pdw 62 <

tZio-bk - a- c- Ø - ns‚ then-tb-‰Ø - n¬ kv{XoIƒ kv{XoI-fpsS ka-c] - ¶ - m-fnØw F∂ hnjbw Ncn{X-]p-kvX-I-ß-fn¬ kmam-t\y\ ImWm-dp-≈Xv C¥y≥ kzmX-{¥y-k-a-c-sØ-°p-dn-®p≈ `mK-ßfn-em-Wv. Km‘n-b≥ ka-c-ß-fmWv kv{XoIsf hoń- \ p- ] p- d - s Ø- Ø n- ® - s X∂v ]d- b m- d p- a p- ≠ v . F∂m¬ tIc-f-Øn¬ 1930-I-fnse knhn¬\n-b-aew-L-\-k-a-c-Øn¬ kv{XoIƒ [mcmfw ]s¶-SpsØ-¶nepw AXn\p-ap-ºp≈ km{am-Py-Xz-hn-cp-≤k-ac - ß - f - nepw Ah-cpsS km∂n-≤y-ap-≠m-bn-cp-∂p. 1921se am∏n-f-e-l-f-bn¬ kv{XoIƒ ]e-t∏mgpw G‰p-ap-´-ep-I-fn¬ ]s¶-Sp-Øn-cp-∂p-sh∂ kqN\ tcJ-I-fn-ep-≠v. 1921¬\-S∂ "]qt°m-´q¿bp≤w' F∂ G‰p-ap-é - n¬ {_nńjp-Imsc FXn-cn´ am∏nf-am-cpsS kwL-Øn¬ kv{XoI-fp-≠m-bn-cp-∂psh∂v k¿°m¿tc-JI - ƒ shfn-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂p. ]pcpj-∑msc Iøm-aw-h-bv°p-∂Xp XS-bm\pw Nne-bnSØv {_nń-jv]-´m-fsØ B{I-an-°m\pw am∏nf kv{XoIƒ Xøm-dm-bn-sb∂v HutZym-Kn-It- c-JI - ƒ ]d-bp-∂p. ]t£, Km‘n-b≥ ka-c-ß-fnse kv{Xo]¶m- f nØw CXn\p t\¿hn- ] - c o- X - a m- b n- c p- ∂ p. Alnwk kv{XoIƒ°v klPamsW∂pw AXn\m¬ Alnw-km-]-c-amb ka-c-ß-fn¬ kv{XoI ƒ°v ]pcp-j-∑m-sc-°m-f-[nIw Ign-hp-≠m-Ipsa∂pap≈ Km‘n-b≥ Bibw tZio-b-{]-ÿm\-Øn-te°v [mcmfw kv{XoI-sf, hnti-jn®pw A`y-kvX-hn-Zy-cmb ta¬Pm-Xn-°m-cn-I-sf, BI¿ jn-®p. \n -lI - c - W - {- ]-ÿm-\I - m-eØ - p-Xs∂ Cu Xe-ap-d-bnse kv{XoI-fn¬ ]ecpw tZio-b-k-a-cØn-te-°m-I¿jn-°-s∏-ń-cp-∂p. Ah-cn¬ ]ecpw k¿°m-cns‚ t\m´-∏p-≈n-I-fp-am-bn. 1921¬ Xncph-\¥ - ] - p-cØv kvIqf-≤ym-]n-Ib - m-bn-cp∂ e£van°p-ń-bΩ - b - vs°-Xnsc k¿°m¿ cl-kym-t\z-jW - Øn-\p-Øc - h - n-´Xv Cu ]›m-Øe - Ø - n-em-bn-cp-∂p. Ah¿ kv I qfn¬ kztZ- i n- {]- N - c n- ∏ n- ° p- ∂ p, kvIqƒap-dn-I-fn¬ Km‘n-sb-°p-dn®pw \n -l-Ic-Ws - Ø-°p-dn®pw ]d-bp∂p apX-emb ]cm-Xn-Iƒ k¿°m-cn\p e`n-®n-cp-∂p. ]n¬°m-eØv e£van F≥. tat\m≥ F∂-dn-b-s∏-´Xv Cu e£van-°pń-bΩ Bbn-cp-∂p.

223

Xncp-hn-Xmw-Iq-dn¬, ]t£, kv{XoIsf kac-cw-KØv FØn-®Xv tZio-b-{]-ÿm-\-a-√, PmXnhn-cp-≤k - a - c - a - m-bn-cp-∂p. Chn-SpsØ IogvPm-Xn-°mcpsS ]ucm-h-Im-i-ßƒ°p-th≠n ˛ s]mXp-h-gnbn-eqsS Ah¿°v kzX-{¥-cmbn \S-°m-\p≈ Ah-Im-i-Øn-\p-th≠n ˛ Ac-tß-dnb ssh°w kXym-{K-lsØ A\p-Iq-en-®p-sIm≠v Xncp-hn-XmwIq-dns‚ ]e-`m-KØpw 1924¬ \S∂ s]mXp-tbmK-ß-fn¬ hfsc kv{XoIƒ ]s¶-Sp-Øp. ssh°w kXym-{K-l-Øn¬ tbm-K-ß-fn-epw kXym-{K-lnIƒ°p-th-≠n-bp≈ kuP-\y-`£ - W - i - m-eI - f - nepw kv{XoI-fpsS km∂n-≤y-ap-≠m-bn-cp-∂p. aø-\m-´p≈ kv{XoIƒ "]nSn-bcn'kw`m-h-\-I-fn-eqsS \s√mcp XpI tiJ-cn®v kXym-{K-l^ - ≠ - n\p \¬In. ]n¬ °m-eØv Adn-bs - ∏´ kmaq-ly-{]-h¿Ø-II - f - m-bnØo¿∂ ]ecpw Cu ka-cØ - n-eqsS cwK-{]-thiw sNbvX-h-cm-Wv. tN¿Ø-e-bnse Ic-∏pdw Cugh-bp-h-P-\-kw-L-Øns‚ tbmK-Øn¬ {]kw-Kn® apXp-Ipfw ]m¿Δ-Xn-bΩ ]n¬°m-eØv Cug-hk-ap-Zm-b{- ]-ÿm-\Ø - ns‚ kPo-h{- ]-h¿Ø-Ibpw Adn-b-s∏´ Ihn-bp-am-bn-Øo¿∂p. 1930¬ Bcw-`n® \nb-a-ew-L-\-{]-ÿm-\-

Øn¬ ae-_m¿ {]tZ-isØ A`y-kvX-hn-Zy-cmb htc-Wy-h-\n-X-Iƒ kPo-h-amb ]¶p-h-ln-®p. Km‘n-b≥ Bi-b-ß-fm¬ t{]cn-X-cmb \nc-h[n kv { XoIƒ k¿°m- c n- s \- X nsc {]I- S \w \SØm\pw D]-tcm-[-k-a-c-ß-fn¬ ]¶p-tN-cm-\pw h¿jw-tXmdpw tImgnt°m´p \K-c-Øn¬ hnP-bI-c-ambn kztZ-in-{]-Z¿i-\-ta-f-Iƒ kwL-Sn-∏n°m\pw lnμn-`mj {]N-cn-∏n-°m-\pw-a‰pw ap∂n´n-d-ßn-bn-cp-∂p. 1930 BKÃv 30\v XS-hn-e-S-bv°s∏-´-h¿°p-th-≠n-bp≈ Zn\m-N-c-W-Øns‚ `mKambn IS-It- ºm-fß - f - S- ∏ - n-°p-∂X - n¬ kv{Xokw-Lßƒ D’m-l-tØmsS {]h¿Øn-®p. F∂m¬ t_mws_-bn¬ h\n-Xm-kX - ym-{K-ln-Iƒs°-Xnsc s]meokv AXn-{I-aa - g - n-®p-hn-´X - n¬ {]Xn-tj-[n-®psIm≠v tImgn-t°m-´p≈ kv{Xo{]-h¿Ø-I¿ \SØnb kacw tIc-fw-ap-gp-h≥ N¿®m-hn-j-b-am-bnØo¿∂p. {]apJ kv{Xo{]-h¿Ø-I¿s°-Xnsc k¿°m¿ \ntcm-[\m⁄ {]Jym-]n-®p-I-gn-™ncp-∂p. Aº-eØ - n¬t]m-Im-s\-∂a - ´- n¬ sh≈ (JZ¿) hkv { Xw[cn®v hgn- b n- e n- d - ß nb ap∏Xp kv{XoIƒ tZio-b-]-Xm-I-bp-ta¥n {]I-S\w \SØp-Ibpw k¿°m-cns\ Icn-s¶mSn ImWn-°p-

e£van F≥ tat\m≥ (1897-˛1994) tZio-b-cm-jv{So-b-Øn¬ hy‡n-ap{Z ]Xn-∏n-°m≥ Ah-kcw e`n® Npcp°w ae-bm-fn-kv{Xo-I-fn-sem-cm-fm-bncp∂p e£van F≥. tat\m≥. Xncp-h-\-¥-]p-cØv Xncp-hn-Xmw-Iq¿ k¿°m-cn¬ D∂X DtZymKw hln-®n-cp-∂, D¬∏-Xn-jvWp-hm-bn-cp∂ cma-h¿Ω Xºm-s‚bpw am[-hn-°p-ń-b-Ω-bp-sSbpw aI-fm-bn-cp∂p Ah¿. hnZym-`ymk-cw-K-ØmWv Ah¿ BZyw {]h¿Øn-®n-cp-∂-Xv. a{Zm-knepw eJv\u-hnepw A≤ym-]n-I-bm-bn-cp-∂p. ]n∂oSv \nb-a-cw-K-tØ°p amdnb Ah¿ AJn-te¥ym kv{XokwLØns‚ (All India Women's Conference) sk{I-´dn-bmbpw A≤y-£-bmbpw {]h¿Øn-®p. (C-¥y-bnse BZy-Im-e- kz-X-{¥kv{XokwL-S-\-I-fn-sem-∂m-bn-cp∂p AIWC). kzmX{¥yØn-\p-tijw Ah¿ cmPy-k-`mw-K-am-bn. sFIy-cmjv{SkwL-S-\-bnepw Ah¿°p {]h¿Øn°m-\n-S-h∂p ˛ 1949-˛50¬ sFIy-cm-jv{S-kw-L-S-\-bpsS h\n-Xm-in-ip-t£ahn`m-K-Øns‚ A≤y-£-bm-bn-cp∂p. 1950-I-fnepw 60-I-fnepw hntZ-i-h-Ip-∏ns‚ \nb-a-k`m sk{I-´-dn-bmbpw 1957-˛62-Im-eØv U]yqń a{¥nbmbpw ]n∂oSv Minister of State Bbpw {]h¿Øn-®p. 1957-˛¬ ]fl-`q-j≥ e`n-®p.

224

kv{XoIfpw ka-cß - fpw

Ibpw sNbvXp. Ah-cn¬ Fw. Im¿Øym-b\ - n-bΩ, C. \mcm-bW - n-°p-´n-bΩ - , t{Kkn Bc¨, Ip™n°m- h Ω apX- e m- b - h ¿ Ad- Ã n- e m- b n. "tImgnt°ms´ kv{XoI-fpsS {]Xn-tj-[{- ]-IS- \w' Zo]nI bpsS ]{Xm-[n-]-°p-dn-∏n\p hnj-b-ambn (21 \hw. 1930) ˛ t-- _mws_-bn¬ \-S∂ s]meo-km-{I-aWsØ A]-e-]n-s®-¶nepw kv{XoIƒ CØcw {]h¿Ø-\ß - f - n¬\n-∂v A-I∂p\n¬°p-∂X - mWv \√-sX-∂m-bn-cp∂p Zo]nIbpsS A`n-{]mbw! F¥m-bmepw tImgn-t°m-´p≈ kv{Xo{]-h¿ Ø-I¿ Cu D]-tZiw sNhn-s°m-≠n√ ˛ Km‘nb≥ka-c-Øn¬ kv{XoIƒ°v hy‡-am-sbm-cnSw e`n-®p-sh∂ tXm∂¬sIm-≠m-Imw. 1930 \hw-_dn¬ Ah-cpsS {]Xn-tj-[-ßƒ XpS¿∂p. Nme∏pdw tKƒkv sslkvIqƒ hnZym¿∞n-\n-Iƒ kac-Øn-\n-dßn; kv{XoØ-S-hp-Imsc ]m¿∏n-®n-cp∂ Pbn-en-\p-ap-∂n¬ {]I-S\w\S-Øn. 1930 Ah-km\-Im-eØv tIc-fm-{]-tZiv tIm¨{Kkv IΩn-‰nsb k¿°m¿ \ntcm-[n-®p. ]n∂o-Sp-≠mb ka-cØ - ns‚ then-tb-‰Ø - nepw kv{XoIƒ ap≥\n-cb - n¬Ø-s∂bp-≠m-bn-cp-∂p. 1931-˛32 Ime-b-f-hn¬ t{Kkn Bc¨, tZh-In-b-Ω, thZ-h-Xn-{]-`p, Cuiz-cn-AΩmƒ, am¿K-c‰v ]mh-aWn XpS-ßn-b-h¿ ka-cØns‚ "kap- ∂ Xt\Xm- ° fm'bn (dictators) Db¿Ø-s∏-´p. 1931 s^{_p-hcn 2˛mw XobXn tImgn-t°m´p IS-∏p-dØv D∏p-\n-b-a-ew-L\w \S∂p ˛ Cuiz-cn-b-Ωmfpw 14- h-b- p-Im-c-\mb aI\pw a‰-\-h[n kv{Xo{]-h¿Ø-Icpw Ad-ÃpsN-ø-s∏-´p. CXn-\nsS tZio-b-hmZkv{Xokw-Lßƒ ae-_m-dn¬ ]e-bn-S-Øp-ap-≠m-bn. hoSp-hoSm-¥-c-ap≈ JZ¿{]-N-c-Whpw a‰p Km‘n-b≥ \n¿Ωm-W{- ]-h¿Ø-\ß - fpw XIr-Xn-bmbn \S-∂p. 1931se Kpcp-hm-bq¿k-Xym-{K-l-Ønepw AXns‚ {]N-c-W-Ønepw kv{XoIƒ {][m\ ]¶p-h-ln-®ncp-∂p. ae-_m-dnse Km‘n-b≥k-a-c-ßƒ kv{XoI ƒ°v khn-ti-ja - m-sbm-cnSw \¬In-sb-¶nepw htcWy-kv{Xo-Xz-sØ-bmWv AXv ]mSn-∏p-Ig - vØn-bX - v. "DØ-a-Ip-Spw-_n\n'sb∂ ]pXnb Bi-b-Øns‚ ]cn-[n-Iƒ°-I-Øp-\n-∂p-sIm-≠mWv ChnsS kv{XoIƒ Km‘n-b≥ka-cß - f - n¬ ]¶p-tN¿∂Xv ˛ "IpSpw-_-kvt\-lhpw' "kuaym-[n-Im-chpw' IpSpw-_Ø - ns‚ Acn-Ip-Iƒ°-∏pdw hym]n-®p-sh∂p-am-{Xw. as‰m-cp-hn-[-Øn¬ ]d-™m¬, DØ-aIp-Spw-_Ø - n-\p-≈n¬ DØ-aI - p-Spw-_n\n \n¿Δ-lnt°≠ IS-a-Iƒ IpSpw-_-Øn\p ]pd-tØ°v, cmPy-Øn-te°v, hym]n-∏n-°-W-sa-∂mWv ChnsS Km‘n-b≥ kv{XoXzm-i-b-ßƒ DZvt_m-[n-∏n-®-Xv. kv{XoIfpw ka-cß - fpw

hnim-ec - m-jv{So-bc - w-KØv kv{XoI-fpsS Xpey]¶mfn-Øhpw ]q¿Æ-amb ÿm\hpw CXp-sIm≠v Dd∏m-hn-√m-bn-cp∂p ˛ Km‘n-b≥ kv{XoIƒ kPoh-cm-jv{So-bc - w-Kw-hn´v Km‘n-b≥ Bi-b{- ]-Nc - W - Øn-te-°pw-a‰pw tNt°-dn-bXv shdp-sX-b√ - . "DØakv{Xo'sb \n¿Æbn® {_m“-W-k-Zm-Nm-c-aqey hyh-ÿ-bv°p-≈n¬ \n¬°p∂ kv{XoIƒ°p-am{Xta \√ cmjv{So-b{- ]-h¿Ø\w km[n-°q, Ah¿ °p-am-{Xta Km‘n-b≥ ka-cß - f - psS ap∂-Wn-t∏mcm-fn-I-fm-Im≥ Ignbq F∂o imTy-ßƒ Km‘nb≥ kv{Xo{]-h¿Ø-\Ø - ns‚ apJ-ap-{Z-bm-bn-cp-∂p. 1932¬ Xe-t»-cn-bn¬\-S∂ Hcp D]-tcm-[-ka-c-Øn¬ Ad-Ãn-emb {ioaXn Iae {]`p-hns‚ Xmen k¿°m¿ Agn-®p-hm-ßn-b-Xn-s\-Øp-S¿∂p≠mb H®-∏m-Sn¬ CXp hy‡-am-Ip-∂p-≠v. Xmen ]mXn-{h-Xy-Øns‚ Nn”-am-sW-∂pw AX-gn-®pam‰p∂Xv kv{Xosb hn[-h-bm-°p-∂-Xn\p ka-amsW-∂p-am-bn-cp∂p tZio-bh - m-Zn-If - psS {]N-cW - w. Cu {]iv\w {_nńjv \nb-a-\n¿Ωm-W-k-`-hsc FØp-Ib - pw, HSp-hn¬ Xmen Agn-∏n® aPn-kvt{S´v am∏p-]-d-bp-Ibpw sNbvXp. Xmen F∂ B`-cWsØ hnhm-lnX Xs‚ Igp-Øn¬\n∂v Agn®p- a m- ‰ p- ∂ Xv A]- i - I p- \ - a m- s W∂ [mcW A∂sØ tIc-fØ - n¬ iq{Z-Pm-Xn-°m¿°n-Sb - nepw IogvPm-Xn-°m¿°n-S-bnepw A[n-I-sam∂pw {]Nmc-Øn-en-√m-bn-cp-∂p. F∂m¬ AXp Xo¿Øpw ]pd-Øp-\n-∂p-h∂ Bi-b-am-bn-cp-∂p-sh∂v ]dbm≥ Ign-bn-√. {_m“WcmWv Xmen [mcW Øn¬ IWniw A[nIw ImWn®ncp∂Xv . {_m“W Bi-b-ßƒ "tZiob' Bi-b-ß-fmbn ]cn-W-an-®-Xn¬ tZio-b-{]-ÿm\w hen-sbmcp ]¶p hln-®n-´p-≠v. IpSpw-_-Øns‚ Nn”-ßƒ hln-®p-sIm-≠mWv Km‘n-b≥ kv{Xo{]-h¿Ø-I¿ ka-c-ß-fn¬ ]¶p-tN¿∂Xv ˛ c≠p-amkw {]mbap≈ ssI°p-™n-t\-bpw-sIm≠v Pbn-en¬t∏mb F.-hn. Ipń-amfp AΩ-bpsS IY {]kn-≤-am-Wt√m. "cmPy-Øn-\p-th≠n kacw sNøp∂ kv{Xo' A√, "cmPy- Ø n- \ p- t h≠n kacw sNøp∂ amXmhv' Bbn-´mWv Ah¿ Nn{Xo-I-cn-°-s∏-´-Xv. Xncp-hn-Xmw-Iq-dnse \nh¿Ø-\-{]-t£m-`Ønepw AXn-\p-tijw \S∂ DØ-c-hm-Z-`-cW {]t£m-`Ø - nepw H∂mw-Xcw{]t£m-Ì - m-cn-Wn-Ifp-≠m-bn-cp∂p ˛ A°mΩ sNdn-bm≥, B\n akv{Io≥. 1938¬ {ioNnØn-c-Xn-cp-\m-fns‚ ]nd∂mƒZn\-Øn¬ A°mΩ sNdn-bm≥ \bn® {]IS-\sØ tIW¬ hm‰vIn≥kv XS-™-Xpw ]ncn™p-t]m-Im≥ hnk-ΩX - n® Ah¿°p-t\sc shSnsh-°p-sa∂p òj-Wn-s∏-Sp-Øn-bX - pw AXn-\p-apºv

225

F.-hn. Ip´n-amfp AΩ 1930se D∏p-k-Xym-{K-l-tØm-sS-bmWv F.-hn. Ip´n-amfp AΩ ae-_m-dnse tZio-b-{]-ÿm-\-Øn¬ kPo-h-amb-Xv. tImgn-∏p-dØp am[-h-ta-t\m≥ F∂ kPoh tIm¨{Kkv {]h¿Ø-Is\ hnhm-lw-I-gn-®- Ah¿ tZio-bk-a-c-Øns‚ ap∂-Wn-{]-h¿Ø-I-bm-bn. hntZ-i-h-kv{X-ßƒ hn¬°p∂ IS-Iƒ ]n°-‰p-sN-øp∂Xnepw JmZn-˛\q¬\q¬∏v {]N-c-W-Ønepw Ah¿ ap∂n-em-bn-cp-∂p. c≠mw \nb-a-ew-L-\-{]-ÿm-\-Im-eØv \ntcm-[-\m⁄ ewLn®v {]I-S\w\bn-®-Xn\v tImSXn Ah¿°v c≠p-h¿jsØ ITn-\X-S-hp-in£ e`n®p. amk-ßƒam{Xw {]mb-ap-≠m-bn-cp∂ Ip™n-s\-bpw-sIm-≠mWv Ah¿ Pbn-en¬ t]mb-Xv. 1940epw AXn-\p-tijw 1942se Izn‰v C¥ym-k-a-c-Ønepw kPo-h-ambn ]s¶-Sp-Øp. Km‘n-b≥ \n¿Ωm-W-{]-h¿Ø-\-ß-fpsS `mK-ambn tImgn-t°m´p {]h¿Øn® A\m-Ym-e-bhpw sh≈n-am-Sp-Ip-∂nse inip-a-μn-chpw ÿm]n-®Xv Ah-cpsS ta¬ss°-bn-em-bncp-∂p. kwL-S-\-bv°-IØpw t\Xr-ÿm-\-ßƒ Ah¿°p ssIh-∂p. ae-_m¿ (a-e-bm-f)-{]-tZiv tIm¨{Kkv IΩn‰n A≤y-£-bm-bn-cp-∂p. tImgn-t°m´p \K-c-k-`m-Iu¨kn-edmbn-cp-∂p. a{Zmkv \nb-a-\n¿Ωm-W-bn¬ c≠pX-hW AwK-am-bn-cp-∂p.

Xs‚ s\©n- t e°p \nd- s bm- g n- ° m≥ hm‰v In≥kns\ Ah¿ sh√p-hn-fn-®-Xp-sams° A∂v Xncp-hn-Xmw-Iq-dn¬ hoc-I-Y-I-fm-bn-cp-∂p. B\n akv{Io-\n-s\-°p-dn®v 1948¬ s]m≥Ip∂w h¿°n hc® "Xqen-Im-Nn{X'Øn¬ Cßs\ ]d-bp∂p:

...-cm-PysØ kvt\ln-°p-∂-Xn-\p≈ [oc-X-bn¬ Hcp kv{Xosb∂p≈ bmsXmcp Zu¿∫-eyhpw Ah¿ kΩXn-®p-X-cn-I-bn-√. cmPy-Øn-\p-th-≠n-bp≈ t¢i-`m-cßƒ Hcp ]pcp-j-t\m-sSm∏w ka--[o-c-X-tbm-Sp-IqSn Ah¿ Gs‰-Sp-°p-∂p. A\p-Kr-lo-X-amb buΔ-\Øns‚ Hcp \√-`mKw Ah¿ Pbn¬Po-hn-X-Øn\p \¬In-°-gn-™p. kam-[m-\-Im-e-Ø-√, ka-c-Im-eØmWv G‰hpw \√ tkh-t\m-’p-Ib - mbn Ah¿ ]co£n-°p-∂-Xv... Rß-fmWv \nßsf hep-Xm-°n-bXv F∂v Bsc-¶nepw _p≤n-lo-\-∑m¿ Ah-tcmSp ]d-Ibm-sW-¶n¬ DSs\ Ah¿ ]d-I-bmbn: \nß-f-√, Fs‚ tkh-\-ßƒam-{Xta Fs∂ hep-Xm°q F∂v. (s]m≥Ip∂w h¿°n, Xqen-Im-Nn-{X-ßƒ, tIm´-bw, 1999, ]pdw 94)

1949¬ Xncp- h n- X mw- I q- d nse Znhm≥`- c - W

226

hncp≤-k-acw Xo{h-am-bn-Øo¿∂-t∏mƒ Xncp-hnXmw-Iq¿ \nb-ak - `- m-aμ - n-cØ - n-\I - Ø - p-IS- ∂v Znhm≥ kn.- ] n. cma- k zman Aø- c psS "Ata- c n- ° ≥ tamU¬' `c-WL - S- \ - b - vs°-Xnsc ap{Zm-hmIywapg°nb Ip‰-Øn\v s]meokv Ad-Ãp-sN-bvXp-\o°nb \mep-t]-cn¬ c≠pt]¿ kv{XoI-fm-bn-cp∂p ˛ ]n.-sI. tacnbpw ]n.-sP. Gen-bm-Ω-bpw. B kabØv \nb-ak - `- mw-Ka - m-bn-cp∂ A°mΩ sNdnbm≥ Ahsc s]meo-kp-Im-cpsS a¿±-\Ø - n¬\n∂v > ImWpI ]pdw 229 < c£-s∏-Sp-Øn-b-s{X .> Npcp-°n-∏-d-™m¬ kv{XoI-fpsS ka-c-]-¶mfn-ØØ - ns‚ c≠p amXr-II - f - mWv tZio-b{- ]-ÿm\-Øn¬\n∂v Dcp-Øn-cn-™p-h-∂-Xv. H∂v "kv{Xo [¿Ω'sØbpw "kv{Xokz-`mh'sØbpw ASn-ÿm\-]-c-ambn tNmZywsNømØ coXn. B[p-\nI IpSpw-_n-\n-bpsS £a, Zb, kvt\lw, Alnwk BZn-bmb "kl-PK - p-Wß - sf' tZiob Xm¬]-cyØn-\p-th≠n hn\n-tbm-Kn-°p∂ coXn-bm-bn-cp∂p CXv . ]pcp- j - ∑ m- c n¬\n∂p hyXy- k v X - c m- b n, "kv{XoKpWw' XnI-™h - c - m-bn- kv{Xo{]-h¿Ø-I¿ {]Xy-£-s∏-´p. Cu "kv{XoKp-W-ßƒ' \n¿Δ-Nnkv{XoIfpw ka-cß - fpw

°m-\p≈ am\-ZW - vUß - ƒ apgp-h≥ kh¿W-{_m“W Bi-b-a-WvU-e-ß-fn¬ thcq-∂n-b-h-bm-bncp-∂p. Aßs\ "DØ-akv{Xo' Hc¿∞-Øn¬ "{_m“-Wa - q-ey-hy-hÿ - bv°p Iogvs∏-Sp∂ kv{Xo' bmbn-Øs∂ XpS¿∂p. cmjv{So-bc - w-KØv kv{XoIfpsS Xpey-Xsb CXp _m[n®p ˛ Imc-Ww, {_m“-W-kv{Xo-Xzm-Z¿i-{]-Imcw kv{XobpsS "bYm¿∞ CSw' IpSpw-_amWv; tZi-tk-h\ - w-am{Xw aXn- s b∂v Xocp- a m- \ n- ° p∂ kv { Xo ISpØ ssewKnIkZm-Nm-ch - n-e° - p-Iƒ°v Iogvs∏-´p-Xs∂ \n¬°Ww! kap-Zm-bØ - n-\p-th-≠n-bp≈ ka-cß - fnse kv{Xo]-¶m-fn-Øhpw CXn-t\mSp kmay-ap≈-Xm-bn-cp-∂p. kap-Zm-bØ - n\v B]-Øp-t\-cn-Sp∂ Ah-k-c-ß-fn¬ kv{Xosb ]pd-Øn-d-°p-I, AXp amdn-°-gn-™m¬ Ahsf ho≠pw AI-Øm-°pI ˛ kap-Zmbka-c-ß-fnepw tZio-b-k-a-c-Ønepw ]s¶-SpØ kv{XoI-fpsS A\p-`-h-an-Xm-bn-cp-∂p. c≠m-asØ coXn, Xncp-hn-Xmw-Iq-dnse \nh¿Ø\-{]-t£m-`\ - m-bn-Ia - m-cp-tS-Xm-bn-cp∂p ˛ AhcpsS {]h¿Ø- \ w, "kv { XoKpW'tØmtSm B[p\nIIpSpw-_n-\n-bpsS "kuaym-[n-Imc'tØmtSm _‘n-°-s∏-´n-cp-∂n-√. Ah¿ ]pcp-j-∑m-cmb t\Xm-°s - f-t∏mse Xe-aq-Øh - ¿X-s∂-bm-bn-cp-∂p. Chn-sSbpw ssewKnIkZm-Nmchne-°p-Iƒ H´pw Ipd-hm-bn-cp-∂n-√. ]t£, A°m-eØv ssewKnI kZm-Nm-c-hn-e-°p-Iƒ kv{XoIƒ°p am{X-am-bn-cp∂n√ ˛ F√m {]t£m`-Im-cn-Iƒ°pw _m[-I-ambn-cp-∂p. BZy-tØ-Xns\ At]-£n®v c≠m-asØ coXn-bn¬ kv{XoIƒ°v ]pcp-j∑ - m-tcm-sSm∏w A[nIm-chpw t\Xr-Xzhpw kwL-S-\m-ti-jnbpw ]¶nSm≥ IqSp-X¬ km≤y-Xb - p-≠m-bn-cp-∂p-sh-∂X - mWv hyXym-kw. Cu km≤yX Xosc hnI-kn-®ns√∂XmWv ZpxJ-I-c-amb kXyw. CS-Xp-]-£-{]-ÿm\-ß-fnepw Cu t]mcmbva CXp-t]m-se-Øs∂ \ne-\n-∂p.

CSXp-]£ - Øpw sXmgn-em-fnka-cß - f - nepw k - v{Xo-Iƒ kap-Zm-b-{]-ÿm-\-ß-fnepw tZiob{]ÿm-\Ønepw D∂XPmXn-°mcpw hnZym-`ym-ka - p-≈h - cpw kmam\yw [\-ÿn-Xn-bp-≈h - c - p-amb kv{XoI-fmWv ]s¶-Sp-Øn-cp-∂Xv; sXmgn-em-fn-kv{Xo-Isf ka-ccw-KØv FØn-®-Xn-\p≈ A`n-\-μ\w CS-Xp{]ÿm\ß-fm-W¿ln-°p-∂X - v. 1930-If - n¬Øs∂ Be-∏p-gP - n-√b - n¬ kPo-ha - mb sXmgn-emfnkwLS-\m-{]-h¿Ø\w sXmgn-emfnkv{XoI-tfbpw D∂wh-®n-cp-∂p. sI. ao\m-£n-sb-t∏m-ep≈ t\Xm-°kv{XoIfpw ka-cß - fpw

fpsS ta¬ss°bn¬ Be-∏p-g-bnse I¿j-IsØm- g n- e m- f n- k v { Xo- I ƒ ]Wn- a p- S - ° p- \ - S Øn; Ib¿sØm-gn-em-fn-I-fmb kv{XoIƒ Aº-e-∏pg Ib-dp-]n-cn-sØm-gn-em-fn-kwLw cq]o-Ic - n-®p. Ib¿˛-I-ip-h-≠n-ta-J-e-I-fnse sXmgn-em-fn-Iƒ _lp`q-cn-]-£hpw kv{XoI-fm-bn-cp-∂-Xp-sIm≠v AhcpsS ka-cß - f - n¬ hen-bt- Xm-Xn¬ kv{XoI-fp-≠mbn-cp-∂p. bqWn-b-\p-Iƒ hy‡-ambn cq]w-sIm≠-Xn-\p-ap-ºp-Xs∂ ka-cß - ƒ \S-∂n-cp∂p; AhbpsS ap≥\n-cb - n¬ sXmgn-em-fn-kv{Xo-Iƒ \nc-∂ncp-∂p. 1935¬ sIm√sØ C¥ym \´v ^mIvSdn (I-ip-h≠n ^mIvS-dn)-bn¬ \S∂ BZy-k-a-cØn¬ ]s¶-SpØ tXbn F∂ sXmgn-em-fnkv{Xo Hm¿°p∂p:

...Rm≥ B kacw Hm¿°p∂p; A∂v bqWn-b-\n-√mbn-cp-∂p. A∂v A≠n-s]m-fn-®p-I-gn-™n´pw apX-emfn kzman-\m-Y\p \n¿_-‘w, s]mńb A≠nsb apgp-h\mb A≠n-bn¬\n∂v sXc-™p-s]-dp-°n-s°m-≈-Wsa∂v. t\c-a-t∏m-tg°pw Ccpń; Rßƒ°v hoń¬ t]mI-W-am-bn-cp-∂p. ^mIvS-dn-bnse coXn Rßƒ s°ms° aSp-Øn-cp-∂p. s]s´∂v Hcp kv{Xo ˛- e-£vanbm-sW∂p tXm∂p∂p ˛ Aedn: ""Rßsf CXn\p Inń- √ . Rßƒ hoń¬ t]mIp- ∂ p. Iptd- ° qSn \∂mbn s]cp-am-dn-bmte Xncn-®n-tßm-´p-≈q.'' BZyam-bn-bmWv Rßƒ apX-em-fn-tbmSv FXn¿Øp ]d™-Xv. F√m-hcpw hoń¬t]m-bn. HØn-cn-\mƒ t]mbpan-√. ]ns∂ apX-emfn Bsf-hn-´-t∏mƒ Rßƒ aSßn ˛ Rß-fpsS hoń¬ Acn-bp-≠m-bn-cp-∂n-√... t\Xm°-fmbn ]e kv{XoI-fp-≠m-bn-cp∂p ˛ e£van, sN√Ω, `m¿§hn ˛ Ah-sc√mw acn-®p-t]m-bn-cn-°p-∂p. Rßƒ kzman-\m-Y-s\-°≠v Bh-iy-ßƒ ]d-™p. Rß-tfmSv acym-Z-bmbn s]cp-am-dWw; {]tXy-In®v Rß-fpsS Ipń-I-tfm-Sv, Hcp-sX‰pw sNøm-sXXs∂ Rßƒ A\p-`-hn-®ncp∂ ISp-Ø, A]-am-\n-°p-∂-hn[- Ø n- e p≈ in£- I ƒ AcpXv ; sNøp∂ tPmenIƒs°√mw Iqen... Rß-fpsS kacw h≥hnP-b-ambn-cp-∂p-sh∂v ]d-bm≥Ign-bn-√m-bn-cp-∂p-sh-¶nepw Rßƒ A¤p- X - s ∏- ´ p- t ]m- b n, Cßs\ sNøm≥ Rßƒ°v ss[cywh∂t√m Ft∂m¿Ø- t ∏mƒ. Ipd®p i‡n-Iq-Sn-b-Xp-t]m-se. Rßƒ°pw Ipd-®-[nIm- c - a p- s ≠∂v a\- n- e m- b n. As√- ¶ n¬ Rßsf Abmƒ Bf-b®p hnfn-∏n-®-sX-¥n\v? (A∂m en‚ v_¿Kn\p \¬Inb A`n-ap-JØn¬\n-∂v, Anna Lindberg, Experience and Identity, Lund, 2001, ]pdw 223-˛224)

a‰p PmXn-°m¿ D≠m-bn-cp-s∂-¶nepw sXmgnem-fn-kv{Xo-Iƒ A[n-Ihpw Iogm-f-Pm-Xn-°m-cm-bncp-∂p ˛ tXbn Ipd-h-k-ap-Zm-bmw-K-am-bn-cp-∂p.

227

s]mXpsh Iogm-f-Pm-Xn-I-fn¬ kv{XoIƒ IpSpw_-Øns‚ hne-°p-Iƒ°v A{X hnt[-b-cm-bn-cp∂n√ ˛ Iogm-f-Ip-Spw-_-ßsf {_m“-W-aq-ey-ßf√ `cn-®n-cp-∂-Xv. ]pcp-j-t\m-sSm∏w A≤zm-\n°p-I-sb-∂Xv tIhew km[m-c-W-Im-cyw-am-{X-ambn-cp-∂p. Ah¿ ^mIvS-dn-I-fnepw Irjn-bn-S-ßfnepw ]pcp- j - ∑ m- t cm- s Sm∏w ]Wn- s b- S p- Ø p. "_me- ] - c n- N - c Ww' apX- e mbh kv { XobpsS "klP'kz`m-h-am-sW∂ Bibw A°m-eØv sXmgn-em-fn-kv{Xo-Iƒ°n-S-bn¬ ]S¿∂p-]n-Sn-®n-´n√m-bn-cp-∂p. AXp-sIm-≠p-Xs∂ ka-c-ß-fpsS ap≥\n-cb - n¬ I-bd - n-\n¬°m≥ Ah¿°p Ign-™ncp-∂p. 1940-I-fnse I¿j-I-sØm-gn-em-fn-k-a-c-ßfn¬ kv{XoIƒ {]I-Sn-∏n® hocy-sØ-°p-dn-®v, Ah-cpsS {]tXyI ka-c-co-Xn-I-sf-°p-dn-®v, Ipds®ms° \ap-°-dn-hp-≠v. ]mS-Øns‚ \Sp°v P∑nsb hf-™p-h®v Xßƒ°p Int´≠ AhIm-i-ßƒ ]nSn-®p-hm-ßnb kv{XoI-sf-°p-dn®v Hm¿°p-∂h - c - n-∂p-ap-≠v. taem-fc - n¬\n∂v ssewKnI-]o-U-\-ta‰ kv{XoIƒ Nqfn ]n∑m-dmsX bqWnb-\p-I-fpsS klm-b-tØmsS [oc-ambn {]Xn-I-cn®n-cp-∂p-sh∂v ˛ AXm-b-Xv, {_m“W ssewKnI kZm-Nm-c-Øn\p Iogvs∏-SmsX {]Xn-I-cn-®n-cp-∂psh∂v ˛ BZy-Im-e-kw-L-S-\m-{]-h¿Ø-I-cn¬ ]ecpw Hm¿°p-∂p. 1940-I-fnse ae-_m-dn¬ `£W-Øn-\p-th-≠n-bp≈ ka-cß - f - n¬ {Kmao-Wk - {v XoIƒ hln® ]¶n-s\-∏-‰n-bp≈ Hm¿Ω-Iƒ C∂pw kPo-ha - m-Wv. P∑n-If - n¬\n∂v s\√p-]n-Sn-s®-Sp-°m\pw-a-‰p-ap≈ {]h¿Ø-\-ß-fn¬ Ahcpw ]¶m-fn-

I-fm-bn-cp-∂p. Iayq-Wn-Ãp-Im¿s°-Xnsc k¿°m¿ Agn-®p-hn´ AXn-{I-aß - f - n¬ ae-_m¿{Km-aß - f - n¬ kv{XoIƒ IW-°n-√msX IjvSs - ∏-Sp-Ib - p-≠mbn ˛ Hfn-hn-emb t\Xm-°sf Xnc-™p-h∂ s]meokv hoSp-Iƒ B{I-an®v k¿ΔXpw \in-∏n-®-th-f-Ifn¬ s]mńb ]m{X-ßf - psS Ah-in-jSv ß - f - p-ta¥n {]I-S\w \S-Øp-I, `£y-£m-a-Øn-s\-Xnsc "Hgn™Nń-'bp-ambn {]IS\w \S-ØpI XpS-ßnb ka-c-ap-d-Iƒ Ah¿ krjvSn-®p. BZy- I me sXmgn- e m- f n- b q- W n- b - \ p- I - f n¬ kv{XoI-fpsS ka-cu-’p-IysØ Hcp ]cn-[n-hsc AwKo-I-cn-®n-cp-∂p-sh∂v hy‡-am-Wv. ^mIvS-dnI-fn¬ kv{XoIfp-tS-Xp-am-{X-amb IΩn-‰n-Iƒ ]ebn-SØpw ÿm]n-®n-cp-∂p. Cu kwhn-[m-\-ØneqsS IpSpw-_-Øn-\p-≈n¬ kln-t°≠ A\oXn-Iƒ°v ]cn-lmcw ImWm-sa-∂p-h-∂p. sI. ao\m-£n-sb-t∏m-ep≈ kwLm-S-I¿°v Cu IΩn‰n-Iƒ cq]o-I-cn-°p-∂-Xn¬ henb ]¶p-≠m-bncp∂p. F∂m¬ Cu kwhn-[m-\sØ hn]p-eo-Icn®v ka-c-Øns‚ kz`m-hw, apt∂m-´p-h-bv°p∂ Bh-iy-ßƒ F∂n-h-bn¬°qSn Ahsc ]q¿Æ]-¶m-fn-If - m-°m-\p≈ {iaw \S-∂n-s√∂p ]d-bmw. sXmgn-em-fn-bq-Wn-b-\p-I-fn¬ Iayq-WnÃv ]m¿ńbpsS t\Xr-Xz-Øn¬ 1940-I-fn¬ ]T-\-¢m- p-Iƒ \S-∂p. kv{XoIfpw Ch-bn¬ ]s¶-Sp-Øn-cp-∂p. 1940Ifn¬ (1943-˛45¬) Xncp-hn-Xmw-Iq¿ Ib¿^mIvSd - n-sØm-gn-em-fn-bq-Wn-bs‚ hm¿jnIktΩ-f\ - ßƒs°m∏w sXmgn-em-fn-kv{Xo-k-tΩ-f-\-ßfpw \S-∂p. ]n∂o-Sv, k¿°m¿ Iayq-Wn-Ãp-]m¿ńsb

kv{Xok-Jm-°ƒ sXmgn-em-fn-I-f-√m-bn-cp∂ \nc-h[n kv{Xok-Jm-°-fpsS ]cn-{i-a-Øn\pw ChnsS \ntj-[n-°m-\m-hmØ {]m[m-\y-ap-s≠∂v ]d-tb-≠-Xm-Wv. kwLm-S-I-cmbn {]h¿Øn-®n-cp∂ kv{XoIƒ ]e-tcbpw \man∂v ad-∂p-I-gn-™n-cn-°p∂p ˛ 1930I-fnepw 40-I-fnepw Be-∏p-g-bnse kv{XosØm-gn-em-fn-Iƒ°n-S-bnse kPo-hkm-∂n-≤y-am-bn-cp∂ Imfn-°pń Bim-ńsb F{X-t]¿ Hm¿°p-∂p≠v? s]mXpsh ]gb kv{Xok-Jm-°sf \mw ad-∂p-I-gn-™n-cn-°p-∂p. C∂pw kPo-h-am-bn-ØpS-cp∂ Ipd-®p-t]-cn-s√-∂-√˛ DZm-l-c-W-Øn\v Iayq-WnÃv {]ÿm-\-Øns‚ IemIm-cn-bmb ]n.-sI. taZn-\n, ]n.sI A\-kqb F∂n-h¿. kJmhv sI. ao\m£n F∂ sXmgn-emfn kwLm-SI ]ns∂ A[n-I-ap-b¿∂p-h-∂n-√. F∂m¬ D∂-X-hn-Zym-`ymkw t\Sn-b-h-cp-amb kv{Xok-Jm-°ƒ ]m¿ń-bpsS ap≥]-¥n-bn-se-Øn. kJmhv Kucn-b-Ω-bmWv G‰hpw ]cn-Nn-X-amb DZm-l-cWw. CXp-Iq-SmsX ]d-tb≠ t]cmWv sI.-H. Bbn-jm-_m-bn-bp-tS-Xv. Imb-¶p-fØv 1929¬ P\n® Ah¿ _n.F. ]mkm-b-tijw \nb-a-hn-Zym-`ymkw t\Sn. AJnte-¥ym-hn-Zym¿∞n-k-tΩ-f-\-Øns‚ kwLm-S-I-bm-bn-cp∂p; 1953¬ IayqWnÃv]m¿ń-bn¬ AwK-am-bn. 1957se sXc-s™-Sp-∏n¬ ÿm\m¿∞n-bm-bncp∂p; BZy-I-ayq-WnÃv a{¥n-k-`-bpsS D]m-≤y-£-bm-bn-cp-∂p.

228

kv{XoIfpw ka-cß - fpw

]mS-Øn¬\n∂v/Xd-hm-´n¬\n∂v ^mIvSd- n-bn-te°v A°meØv Irjnbnepw Iiph≠n, Ib¿ t]msebp≈ hyhkmbßfnepw ]WnsbSpØncp∂hcn¬ hfsc hensbmcp iXam\w kv{XoIfmbncp∂p. I¿jIsØmgnemfnkv{XoIfmbncp∂p ^mIvSdnIfn¬ A[nIhpw FØnbncp∂Xv. ]peb˛IpdhkapZmb°mcmbncp∂p Chcn¬ A[nIwt]cpw. Cu NphSpam‰Øns‚ \s√mcp Nn{Xw en‚ v_¿Kv \SØnb A`napJßfn¬\n∂p sXfnbp∂p≠v. 1920Xn\SpØp P\n® IpdhkapZmbmw Kamb Hcp kv{XobpsS PohnXIYbn¬ \n∂v:

Rms\∏gmWv P\n®sX∂v F\n°dnbn√ ˛˛ At∏mƒ cmP`cWambncp∂p. P∑nbpsS hbense IpSnbn¬ A∏\ΩamtcmSpw ktlmZcßtfmSpw AΩqΩtbmSpsamØmWv Ipń°mew Ign™Xv. F√mhcpw ]mSØv ]Wn°pt]mbncp∂p. Rm\pw If]dn°m≥t]mbncp∂p. Iqenbmbn Inńbncp∂Xp s\√mWv. ... A∏\Ωam¿°v ]WnIn´msX IjvSs∏´ kabw... Rm≥ Ipńbmbncp∂∏w... Hm¿°p∂p. ]ns∂ Hcp Znhkw ˛ F\n°p Ggp hb p≈t∏mƒ ˛ AΩ Fs∂ A≠n^mIvSdnbn¬ sIm≠pt]mbn. IptdZqcw... \S∂mWv t]mbXv. Np‰ph´Øp≈ s]Æpßfpw IpńIfpw Ipd®mWpßfpw H∏ap≠mbncp∂p. an°hcpw RßfpsS PmXn°mtcm ]pebtcm Bbncp∂p. AΩ A≠nX√nbt∏mƒ Rm≥ ASpØncp∂p. AXpsNøm≥ AΩ Fs∂ ]Tn∏n®p, Rm≥ Znhkwapgph≥ A≠nX√n. ]t£ AΩbpsS ASpØmbn Nm°n¬ InS∂ncp∂ sIm®\pPs\ t\m°p∂ ]Wnbpw F\n°mbncp∂p. ... Rm\mZyw ]Wn°pt]mbXv Hcp hntZinbpsS ^mIvSdnbnembncp∂p. F\n°hnSw Xosc CjvSa√mbncp∂p ˛ `b¶c Nn´bpw in£bpw Hs°bmbncp∂p. Hcp Znhkw hni∏psIm≠v Rm≥ Hcp A≠n∏cn∏p Xn∂pt]mbn. Fs∂ DSabpsS Bƒ ]nSnIqSn, X√n, hen®ng®p ^mIvSdnbpsS ]pdØpX≈n. ]n∂p≈ c≠mgvN Rm≥ AΩ hcpwhsc ]pdØp ImØp\n∂p. Iqen Ipdhmbncp∂p, ]t£ ]Wambn´p In´pw... am{Xa√, F∂pw ]WnInń. hfsc°mew Rßƒ RmbdmgvNbpw ]Wn°pt]mIpambncp∂p. {]tXyIn®p tPmenkaban√mbncp∂p. Rßƒ shfp°pw apX¬ Ccp´pwhsc ]WnsbSpØp. aSßptºmtg°pw Ccpńbncn°pw, Nq´pwIØn®mWv t]mcp∂Xv... GXm≠ntX {]mbap≈ \mb¿ kapZmbmwKamb as‰mcp sXmgnemfnkv { XobpsS A\p`hw as‰mcp hn[Ønep≈XmWv:

....Rm≥ 1920¬ sIm√Øp P\n®p. \meph¿jw ]≈n°qSØn¬ t]mbn, ]t£ ]{¥≠mwhb n¬ hoń\SpØp≠mbncp∂ A≠n^mIv S dnbn¬ t]mbnØpSßn. A—\p ]Wnsbm∂pw C√mbncp∂p... AΩqΩbpsS ImeØv Hcp]mSp `qanbp≠mbncp∂p. AXp `mKwh®t∏mƒ HmtcmcpØ¿°pw Ipdt® Inńbp≈p... B `qanbn¬ A—≥ hoSp]WnXp. ]t£ Rßƒ Zcn{Zcmbn°gn™ncp∂p. AXpsIm≠mWv AΩbpw ktlmZcnamcpw Rm\pw A≠n^mIvSdnbn¬ t]mbXv ... RßfpsS PmXnbn¬s∏´ kv{XoIƒ CXpt]mep≈ ÿeßfn¬ t]mIp∂tX A]q¿Δambncp∂p. ]t£, 1930Ifn¬ `b¶c ]ńWnbmbncp∂p. an° \mb¿ kv{XoIfpw hońencp∂v Ib¿]ncn°pItbm Xbv°pItbm Hs° sNbvXncp∂p.

kv{XoIfpw ka-cß - fpw

229

ZfnXv an®-`q-an-ka- c- ß - f- n¬ kv{XoIƒ 1970-I-fpsS Bcw-`-Øn¬ \S-∏n-emb `q]-cn-jvI-cW-Øn-eqsS Irjn-`qan e`y-am-bXv A[nIhpw I¿j-I¿°mWv. I¿j-I-sØm-gn-em-fn-I-fm-bn-cp∂ Zfn-X¿°m-bn-cp∂p tIc-f-Ønse ]c-º-cm-KXIrjn-sb-°p-dn®v Adnhpw ]cnN-b-hpw. F∂m¬ Ah¿°v kz¥-ambn InS-∏m-S-Øn-\p≈ sNdnb Xp≠p-`q-an-Itf Inń-bp-≈q. k¿°m¿ an®`qan Zfn-X¿°p hnX-c-Ww-sN-øp-sa∂ hmKvZm-\-ßƒ \S-∏m-b-Xp-an-√. 1974¬ cq]o-Ir-X-amb tIcf lcn-P≥ sÛ-td-j≥ Zfn-X¿°v an®-`qan e`y-am-°m-\p≈ ka-c-ßƒ 1970-I-fn¬Øs∂ kwL-Sn-∏n®p XpS-ßn. I√d kpIp-am-cs‚ t\Xr-Xz-Øn¬ ]ocp-taSv Xmeq-°n¬ an®-`q-an-bn¬ {]th-in®p IpSn-ep-sI-´m-\p≈ {ia-ßƒ kPoh-am-bn-cp-∂p. Cu ka-c-ß-fpsS ap≥]-¥n-bn¬ [mcmfw kv{XoI-fp-ap-≠m-bn-cp-∂p. iymaf X¶-∏≥, cmPΩ inh≥, Im¿Xym-b\n Ip™p-tam≥, Ipń-bΩ X¶-∏≥ apX-emb kv{XoIƒ tIcf lcn-P≥ sÛ-td-j-\p-ambn tN¿∂p {]h¿Øn-®-h-cm-Wv. A°m-eØv CSp°n knhn¬tÃ-j-\p-ap-ºn¬ `qan-°p-th≠n 27 Znhkw \o≠p-\n∂ kac-Øn¬ Ch-sc√mw ]¶m-fn-I-fm-bn-cp-∂p. iymaf X¶-∏≥ ]Øp-Zn-hkw\o≠ \ncm-lm-c-k-acw \S-Ønb Hm¿ΩIƒ ]¶p-h-bv°p-∂p. CSp-°n-bpsS ]e `mK-ß-fn-embn IpSn-ep-sI-´m\pw Irjn-\-S-Øm\pw {ian-®Xpw \m´p-{]am-Wn-am-cp-sSbpw h\-]m-e-I-cp-sSbpw B{I-a-W-ßsf t\cn-´Xpw a‰pw Ah¿ Hm¿°p-∂p. ]pcp-j-∑m-tcm-sSm∏w F√m tPmen-I-fpw-sN-bvXv IpSpw_ DØ-c-hm-Zn-Xzßƒ \nd-th-‰n-b ka-c-Øn¬ kPoh]¶m-fn-I-fmbkv{XoIfm-W-h¿. ASp-Ø-Im-eØv \S∂ sNßd `qk-a-c-Ønepw BZn-hmkn `qk-a-c-ß-fnepw kv{XoIƒ kPo-h-amb ]¶p-Xs∂ hln-®n-´p-≠v. (tcJm cmPv \S-Ønb A`n-ap-J-ß-fn¬\n-∂v)

\ntcm-[n-®t- ∏mƒ {]ap-Jc - mb ]pcp-jt- \-Xm-°∑ - m¿ Hfn-hn-em-bn. sXmgn-em-fn-kv{Xo-If - psS kwLm-SI - bm-bn-cp∂ sI. ao\m£n bqWn-bs‚ P\-d¬ sk{I-´d - n-bmbn; te_¿I-Ωn-jW - ¿ hnfn-®p-Iq-´nb Btem-N-\-bn¬ Ah¿ bqWn-bs\ {]Xn-\n-[o-Icn®p; ka-c-ß-fpsS ap≥\n-c-kw-Lm-S-I-bm-bn. Cub-h-k-c-Øn¬ bqWn-b-\p-I-fpsS ]pd-ØpXs∂ kv{Xokw-LS- \ - b - p-≠mbn ˛ aln-fm-kw-Lw. 1943-˛¬ Aº-e∏ - pg Xmeq°v aln-fm-kwLw cq]oI-cn-°-s∏-´-t∏mƒ AhcXns‚ P\-d¬ sk{I-´dn-bm-bn. 1946¬ \ntcm-[n-°-s∏-Spw-hsc kwL-S\ hf¿∂p-sIm-≠p-Xs - ∂-bn-cp-∂p. ]t£, kam-[m-\Imew aS-ßn-h-∂-tXm-Sp-IqSn kv{XoIƒ°v bqWnb-\p-I-fn-epw-a‰pw e`n® ÿm\w ]n≥h-en-°-s∏´p.

230

F∂m¬, s]mXpsh C°m-e-sØ-°p-dn®v \ap°v e`y-amb Fgp-Øp-I-fn¬ as‰m-cp-Xcw kv{Xo]-¶m-fn-Ø-amWv ]mSn-∏p-I-gvØ-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv. kv{XoI-fpsS kl-\Øn\pw XymK-Øn\pw ap≥ Xq°w \¬Ip∂ IY-If - m-Wh ˛ IpSpw-_Ø - ns‚ ]cn-[n-Iƒhn-SmsX ]m¿ń-°p-th≠n kv{XoIƒ sNbvX tkh-\-sØ-°p-dn-®p-≈-h. Iayq-WnÃv ]m¿ń \ntcm-[n-°-s∏-´-th-f-bn¬ Hfn-hn-emb t\Xm-°-∑msc t]meo-kn¬\n∂p c£n®p ]m¿ ∏n-°p-I, cl-ky-kt- μ-iß - fpw ]Whpwa‰p-sa-Øn°pI apX-emb tPmen-It- f-s‰-Sp-ØXv kv{XoIfpw Ipń-I-fp-am-Wv. "a°-tfbpw t]m‰n, ]m¿ń-tbbpw t]m‰n' F∂mWv hS-t°-ae - _ - m-dn¬\n-∂p≈ Hcp ]g-b-Ime{]h¿ØI Xs‚ 1940-I-fnse ]m¿ńkv{XoIfpw ka-cß - fpw

{]-h¿Ø-\s - Ø-°p-dn®p ]d-™X - v. IpSpw-_ß - ƒ °p-≈n¬ kv{XoIƒ kln® XymKhpw ISpØ s]meokv a¿±-\-Øn-s\-Xnsc ]nSn-®p-\n∂ AhcpsS kl-\hpw Nne Bﬂ-I-Y-I-fn-se-¶nepw tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øn-bn-´p-≠v. ˛ tZh-bm\n Ip™-ºphns‚ tNmcbpw IÆocpw \\™ hgn-Iƒ Ahbn-sem-∂m-Wv. Pbn-en¬t]mb apXn¿∂ kv{Xot\Xm-°ƒ [\-i-‡n-bp-≈-h-cm-bn-´p-t]mepw a¿±-\Øn¬\n-s∂m-gn-hm-bn√ ˛ sI.-B¿. Kucn-b-Ω-

bpsS A\p-`-h-ßƒ AXp hy‡-am-°p-∂p. C{Xbpw ImWp-tºmƒ Hcp tNmZyw Xo¿®bmbpw \ΩpsS a\- n-e-h-ti-jn-°pw. tIc-fØnse ]c-º-cm-KX hyh-km-b-ß-fnse sXmgnem-fn-Iƒ _lp-`q-cn-]-£hpw kv{XoI-fm-sW-∂ncn-s°, sXmgn-em-fn-kv{Xo-I-fpsS ka-c-]m-c-ºcyw Cuhn[w D÷z-e-am-sW-∂n-cn-s°, sXmgn-em-fn-{]ÿm-\-Øns‚ Xe-∏Øv kv{XoIƒ F¥p-sIms≠-Øn-bn√? 1950-If - nse P\-bpKw ]{Xw sXmgn-

kpioem tKm]me≥ tIcfØnse IΩyqWnÃp{]ÿm\Øns‚ Ncn{XØn¬ KucnbΩbvs°m∏w \n¬°p∂ t]cmWv kpioem tKm]met‚Xv. kv{XosXmgnemfnIfpsS ho´pØchmZnXzßƒ°pw hoń\p≈n¬ Ah¿°p \StØ≠nh∂ sNdpØp\n¬∏pIƒ°pw sXmgnenSØv Ahc\p`hn® NqjWtØmfwXs∂ KuchwI¬]n°p∂ {]h¿Ø \ssienbpsS {]m[m\ysØ°pdn®v sXmgnemfn{]ÿm\Ønepw CSXpkv{Xo{]ÿm\Ønepw Zo¿LImew {]h¿Øn® Ah¿, Hcp]t£ a‰msc°mfpw, t_m[hXnbmbncp∂p. Ib¿sXmgnemfn sÛtdjs‚ {]knU‚mbncnt° 1983¬ aocm thembp[\v \¬Inb A`napJØn¬ Ah¿ C°mcyw Du∂n∏dbp∂p≠v. sXmgnemfnkv{XoIƒ kv{Xo{]ÿm\Ønepw kPohamtI≠Xps≠∂pw cmjv{Sobt\XrXzw kv{XoIfpsS khntij Bhiyßsf ]cnKWn°psa∂v Dd∏phcpØm≥ CXv hfsc BhiyamsW∂pw Ah¿ hmZn®p. kv{XoIfpsS cmjv{Sobh¬°cWw AhcpsSam{Xw Bhiyas√∂pw Hcp kv{Xo cmjvSobØn¬ Xm¬]cy saSpØpXpSßnbm¬ IpSpw_amsI cmjv{Sobh¬°cn°s∏Spsa∂pw Ah¿ \nco£n°p∂p. IpSp_Øn¬ kv{XoIƒsNøp∂ tPmenIƒ hoń\p]pdØv iºfØn\psNøptºmƒ kaqlw AXn\p aXnbmb hneI¬]n°m≥ XømdmIp∂ns√∂mWv AwKWhmSn Poh\°mcnIfpsSbpw kmaqlykpc£m cwKØpw hnIk\cwKØpw {]h¿Øn°p∂ At\Imbncw kv{XoIfpsSbpw A\p`hw. sXmgnemfnIsf∂ \nebv°pXs∂ C°q´sc kwLSn∏n°m≥ ap≥ssIsbSpØXv kpioem tKm]me\mWv. Xm≥ IS∂pt]mb ImeØv CSXpcmjv { SobØnte°ph∂ kv { XoIƒ IpSpw_Øns‚ hne°pItfmSpw kwLS\bnse B¨tImbvatbmSpw Hcpt]mse a√nSp∂Xv Ah¿ [mcmfw I≠ncp∂p. KucnbΩ, IqØm´pIpfw tacn XpS ßnb Npcp°w Nne¿ an° ISºIfpw ISs∂¶nepw a‰p]e¿°pw AXn\p Ign™n√. ]et∏mgpw PohnX Ønep≠mbncp∂ F√m kpc£bpw \jvSs∏´ ÿnXnhsc ]e¿°pap≠mbn. 1948¬ XncphnXmwIq¿ \nbak`bv°p≈n¬ Znhm≥`cWØns\Xnsc ap{ZmhmIyw apg°nb ]n. sP. GenbmΩ, ]n.sI. tacn F∂nh¿ sXmgnemfnkwLS\m{]h¿ØIcpw ^mIvSdn°Ω‰n AwKßfpambncp∂p. Cu kw`hØn\p tijw tacnsb AhcpsS `¿Ømhv hoń¬\n∂p ASn®nd°nhn´s{X. Ah¿ tcmKnbmbnØocpIbpw A[nIw XmaknbmsX acn°pIbpwsNbvXp. AdÃpsNøs∏´p Pbnenemb ImeØv ChcpsS a°sf kwc£n®Xv Aºe∏pg Xmeq°v alnfmkwLØns‚ {]knU‚mbncp∂ Imfn°pń Bimńbmbncps∂∂v aocm thembp[≥ ]dbp∂p.

kv{XoIfpw ka-cß - fpw

231

em-fn-ka - c - ß - s - f-°p-dn®p {]kn-≤o-Ic - n® hnh-cW - ßƒ ]cn-tim-[n-®m¬ Cu tNmZy-Øn\v DØcw Is≠-Øm-\m-Ip-sa∂v tIc-f-Ønse Iip-h-≠nsØm-gn-em-fn-k{v Xo-If - psS Ncn-{X-Im-cn-bmb A∂m en‚ v_¿Kv Nq≠n-°m-Wn-°p-∂p. ka-c-ß-fpsS CSw ]pcp-j-∑m-cp-tS-Xm-sW∂ \ni-_vZ-sa-¶nepw i‡-amb ASn-ÿm-\-[m-c-W-bmWv Cu hnh-cW-ßf - p-tS-sX∂v A∂ hmZn-°p-∂p. ka-cß - f - psS ap≥\n-c-bn¬ [mcmfw kv{XoI-fp-≠m-bn-cp-∂p-sh∂-Xn¬ bmsXmcp kwi-b-hp-an-√. DZm-l-c-WØn\v 1960-I-fn¬ Iip-h-≠n-ta-J-e-bnse sXmgnem-fn-I-fn¬ 90 -i-X-am-\-Øn-e-[n-Ihpw kv{XoI-fmbn-cp-∂p. F∂m¬ ka-c-ß-fpsS hnh-c-W-Øn¬ ]e-t∏mgpw Ah¿ "D]-L-S-I-'ambmWv Icp-X-s∏Sp-∂X - v. t\Xm-°∑ - m-cpsS {]kw-Kß - ƒ, t]meokv \S-]Sn apX-em-bh hnh-cn-®t- ijw "\qdp-IW - ° - n\v sXmgn-em-fn-kv{Xo-Ifpw ka-c-Øn¬ ]s¶-SpØp' sh∂v Hgp-°≥a-´n¬ ]d-™p-t]m-Ip∂ hnh-c-Wß-fmWv Ch-bn-e-[n-I-hpw. kv{Xok-a-c-ß-sf-∂pXs∂ hnti-jn-∏n-°m-am-bn-cp∂ Iip-h-≠n-sØmgn-emfn ka-c-ß-fn¬ C{X-b-[nIw ]pcp-j-∑m¿ Fßs\ IS-∂p-Iq-Sn-sb-∂X - n-s\-°p-dn®v 1940-IƒapX¬ Cu taJ-eb - n¬ kwL-S\ - m-{]-h¿Ø\w \SØnb tKmaXn, A∂m en‚ v_¿Kn-t\mSp ]dbp∂p:

... km[m-cW Rßƒ Hcp kXym-{Klw \S-Øptºmtgm As√-¶n¬ hgntbm ^mIvS-dn-hm-Xntem sIń-Stam D]-tcm-[n-°p-tºmtgm A≠n-X-√p-Ibpw sXmen-°p-Ibpw sNøp∂ kv{XoIfpw ]pcp-j-∑m-cpamb sXmgn-em-fn-I-fn¬ an°-hcpw ]s¶-Sp-°p-am-bn-cp∂p... \nßƒ ]{X-Øn¬ hmbn-®p-I≠ ]pcp-j-∑m¿, sXmgn-em-fn-I-fmb ]pcp-j-∑msc Hgn-®m¬, c≠p-X-cam-bn-cp-∂p. BZy-tØXv Rß-fpsS `¿Øm-°-∑mtcm ktlm-Z-c-∑m-tcm a°-tfm A—-∑m-tcm AΩm-a-∑mtcm Hs°. Ah-kcwIn´p-tºm-sgms° ˛ Ah¿°p Ahkcw In´m≥ ]e- t ∏mgpw {]bm- k - a n- √ m- b n- c p- ∂ p, ImcWw Ah-cn¬ ]e¿°pw sXmgn-en-√m-bn-cp∂p ˛ Ah¿ Rß-tfm-sSm∏w tN¿∂v hen-sbm-cmƒ°q-´-ap≠m-°n-bn-cp-∂p. at‰-X-c-°m¿ cmjv{Sob{]h¿Ø-I-cmbn-cp-∂p. hnZym¿∞n ˛ bph-P-\-kw-L-S-\-I-fnepw a‰p t{SUv bq-Wn-b-\p-I-fnepw ]m¿ń-bn-epw-a‰pw {]h¿Øn®-h¿. Ahcpw Rß-tfmSv sFIy-Zm¿Vyw Imń-bn-cp∂p. AXp-sIm-≠mWv kv{XoI-fpsS ka-c-Øn¬ C{Xb-[nIw ]pcp-j-∑msc \nßƒ I≠-Xv. (Experience and Identity, ]pdw. 275)

1950Ifn¬Øs∂ sXmgn-em-fn-kv{Xo-Isf "shdpw ho´-Ωa - m-cm'°n am‰p∂ {]{In-bI - ƒ kPoh-am-bn-Øp-Sß - n-sb∂v en‚ _ v ¿Kv \nco-£n-°p-∂p≠v. ]pcp-j-sXmgn-em-fn-Iƒ IpSpw-_-\m-Y-∑m-cmsW∂pw hoSp-t]m-‰p∂ DØ-ch - m-ZnØw Ah¿°m-

ASnb¥cmhÿbpsS Hm¿ΩIfpw Hm¿Ω\jvShpw ASnb¥cmhÿ°mesØ°pdn®v aebmfn°p≈ Hm¿ΩIƒ apgph≥ kact\Xm°∑mscbpw hoc\mbI∑mscbpw Np‰n \n¬°p∂hbmWv. B ImeØv k¿°mcns\ t\cn´p sh√phnfn°m≥ Xømdmbn Pbnen¬t]mb Iiph≠nkv{XoIƒ°v C∂pw Ncn{XØn¬ CSan√. Ah¿ AXns‚ t]cn¬ s]≥j≥ hmßm≥ BcpsSbpw ap∂n¬ ssI \o´mØXpsIm≠mImw! en‚ v_¿Kpambn \SØnb A`napJØn¬ A∂v shdpw ]Xns\´p hb pam{Xw {]mbap≠mbncp∂ cmPn F∂ sXmgnemfnh\nX Xs‚ A\p`hw ]¶phbv°p∂p: ]m¿´nbnse ]pcpjkJm°fn¬ Nne¿ RßtfmSv Iiph≠n sXmgnemfnIfpsS Hcp {]IS\w kwLSn∏n°m≥ Bhiys∏´p. IfIvStd‰n¬ sN∂v XShnem°s∏´ t\Xm°fpsS tamN\w Bhiys∏Sm≥ Ah¿ \n¿t±in®p. as‰√m Iiph≠n^mIvSdnIfn¬\n∂pw s]Æpßƒ h∂p. Ccp]Xpkv{XoIfSßp∂ _m®pIfmbn´mWv Rßƒ t]mbXv . Aßs\ Rßƒ IfIv S td‰ns‚ lmfn¬ kwLambn IS∂p, AdÃpsNøs∏´p. At∏mƒ t\Xm°ƒ ]pXnb]pXnb _m®pIsf Bb®psImt≠bncp∂p, HSphn¬ sIm√w Pbn¬ \nd™pIhn™p. Rßƒ°v t\Xm°sf ]n≥Xmßm≥ kΩXambncp∂p. t_mws_bn¬sIm≠pt]mbn thiyIfm°psa∂v t]meokpIm¿ `ojWns∏SpØnsb¶nepw Rßƒ t]Sn®n√. ...ASnb¥cmhÿ Xncn®phcWsa∂v Rm≥ ]dbn√, ]t£ HcpXcØn¬ AsXmcp alØmb Imeambncp∂p. As∂\n°p sNdp∏ambncp∂p, Cu cmjvSobbp≤Øns‚ HØ\Sp°p \n¬°m≥ Ign™Xv tImcnØcn∏n°p∂ A\p`hambncp∂p. F\ns°t¥m `b¶ci‡n ssIh∂psh∂ tXm∂embncp∂p. F\n°Xv henb B\μambncp∂p. Rm≥ Hcp {][m\s∏´ BfmsW∂p tXm∂n, Rm≥ Cu cmPyØn\p th≠n Fs¥¶nepw sNbvsX∂ tXm∂¬ ˛˛ B Imew Hcn°epw XocmXncps∂¶n¬ F∂p tXm∂nt∏mIp∂p. (Anna Lindberg, Experience and Identity,]pdw 236)

232

kv{XoIfpw ka-cß - fpw

sW∂pw AXn-\m¬ kv{XosØmgn-em-fnItf-°mƒ A[n- I - a mb IpSpw- _ - t h- X \w (family wage) Ah¿°p e`n-°-W-sa-∂p-ap≈ s]mXp-[m-cW sXmgnem-fn-t\-Xm-°∑ - mcpw DtZym-Kÿ - cpw ^mIvSdn-bp-Sa - I - fpw ]¶p-sh-®p-Xp-Sß - n-sb∂v en‚ v_¿Kv ]d-bp∂p. 1950-I-fnse Iqen Xocp-am-\n-°m-\p≈ IΩn-‰n-I-fpsS {]h¿Ø-\sØ A]-{K-Yn-®p-sIm≠mWv Ah-cnXp ]d-bp-∂-Xv. CtXmsS kv{Xo sØm-gn-emfn ho´n-te°v c≠mw-hc - p-am\w (secondary earning) am{Xw sIm≠p-h-cp-∂-h-fm-sW∂p h∂p. Xpey-Iq-en°v Xpey-th-X\sa∂ e£yw s]m≈-bmb ap{Zm-hm-Iyw-am-{X-am-bn-Øo¿∂p. F∂m¬, 1970-I-fn¬t∏mepw {_m“-W-aq-ey-ßƒ

sXmgn-em-fn-bp-h-Xn-sb-°p-dn®v Iip-h-≠n-ta-J-ebnse ka-cß - s - f-°p-dn-s®-gp-Xnb tIi-h≥\m-b¿ ]d-bp-∂p-≠v. sIm√-Øn-\S- pØp {]h¿Øn-®n-cp∂ Hcp A≠n-^m-IvSdn sXmgn-em-fn-Iƒ°p≈ B\pIq-ey-ß-f-{Xbpw ap∂-dn-bn-∏p-Iq-SmsX ]n≥h-en®-Xn-s\-Øp-S¿∂v sXmgn-em-fn-Iƒ kacw {]Jym]n-®p.- t]m-eokv cwK-sØØn ka-c-°msc ]ncn®p-hn-Sm≥ {iaw XpS-ßn. s]s´∂v Bbp-[t- a-¥nb t]meo-kp-Im-cpsS ap∂n-te°v Hcp sXmgn-emfnkv{Xo Xm≥ [cn-®n-cp∂ Ip∏mbw hen-®q-cn-°f-™p-sIm≠v NmSn-ho-Ws - {X. Xs‚ s\©n-eqsS shSn-bp≠ IS-Øm≥ ss[cy-ap≈ t]meo-kp-Imc≥ AXpsNøs´ F∂v Ah¿ sh√p-hn-fn-®p. (kn.-

]q¿Æ-ambpw ]nSn-ap-dp-°n-bn-cp-∂n-s√∂v sXfnhp≠v ˛ A°m-eØv ssewKn-I-]o-U-\-ßƒs°Xnsc \S-∂n-cp∂ "K¿`-k-Xym-{K-l-ßƒ'Xs∂! tZio-b-{]-ÿm\w kzoI-cn® Hcp X{¥-sa¶nepw sXmgn-em-fn-{]-ÿm-\hpw kzoI-cn-®n-cp∂p. kz¥w Ah-Im-i-ßƒ t\Sn-sb-Sp-°m≥ ka-cwsN-øp∂ sXmgn-em-fn-Is - f-∂X - n-t\-°mƒ IpSpw-_Øns‚ ]´n-Wn-am-‰m≥ sXcp-hn-en-dßn ka-cØn¬tN¿∂ AΩ-am-sc-∂-\n-ebv°v sXmgn-em-fnkv{Xo-Isf Nn{Xo-Ic - n-°p-∂- coXn 1950-If - nse P\bpKØn¬ [mcm-fa - p-≠v. F∂m¬ "kv{XoXz'sØ as‰m-cp-hn-[-Øn¬ ka-c-cw-KØp {]tbm-Kn® Hcp

sF.-Sn.bp ktμ-iw, 18(11), 1995, ]pdw 13-˛14). Cu kw`hw Xo¿®-bmbpw A[nIw ]mSn-∏p-Ig - vØs - ∏´n-´n-√mØ H∂m-Wv. F¶nepw "kv{XoXz'sØ kac-cw-KØv Fßs\ {]tbm-Kn-°m-sa∂ tNmZyØn\v H∂n-e[ - nIw DØ-cß - ƒ sXmgn-em-fn-{]-ÿm\-Øn-\p-≈n¬Øs∂ D≠m-bn-cp-∂p-sh∂ hkvXpX-bn-te-°mWv Cu kw`hw shfn®whoip-∂-Xv. 1960Ifn¬ tIcfØn¬ cq]saSpØ \Ivk sse‰v {]ÿm\Øn¬ Gsd ZriyX t\Snb kv{XoIfp≠mbncp∂p ˛ APnX, aμmIn\n \mcm bW≥. F∂m¬ B {]ÿm\Øn\p≈n¬ Ah¿ kv{Xo]£kzm[o\w sNepØnsb∂v ]d

kv{XoIfpw ka-cß - fpw

233

cmjv{So-ba- p-s≠-¶n¬ IpSpw-_P - o-hn-Xa- n√? Be-∏p-g-bnse Iayq-WnÃv Iem-{]-h¿Ø-I-bmb ]n.-sI. taZn\n Xs‚ hnhm-l-sØ-°p-dn®p ]d-™Xv: ....-cm-{Xn-Im-e-ß-fn¬ ]m´p-]mSn sNdn-sbmcp hcp-am-\-sams° Inń-Øp-S-ßn. ktlm-Z-c-∑m-scms° hnhmlw Ign-®p. kv{Xo[\w sImSpØp IeymWwIgn-°m≥ F\n°p \nhr-Øn-bp-≠m-bn-cp-∂n-√. Fs‚ hnhm-l-Øns‚ [\-ti-J-c-Wm¿∞w "\nß-sfs∂ Iayq-Wn-Ãm°n' F∂ \mSIw \S-Øm≥ Fs‚ ktlm-Z-c-∑m¿ πm\n-´p. AsX-\n°p henb hnj-a-ap-≠m-°n. F\n°v 21- h-b p {]mbw. CXn-\nsS Hcp-]mSp t{]a-ßƒ h∂p-sIm-≠ncp-∂p. H∂nepw \√PohnXw Inń-s√-∂p-d-∏m-b-t∏mƒ Rm\h Xnc-kv°-cn-®p. ]ns∂ Hcp Xocp-am-\-sa-Sp-Øp. Hcp tIm¨{K- p-Im-c-\mb Fs‚ Ikn≥, Cu hoSns‚ DS-a, Fs‚ Bß-f-am-cpsS kplr-Øm-Wv, hoń-set∏mgpw hcpw. hnZym-`ym-k-ap≈ Bfm-Wv. kpap-J\pw kpμ-c-\p-am-Wv. ]t£, Nne Btcm-Ky-{]-iv\-ß-fp≠v ˛ BkvXva. AXn-\m¬ hnhmlwIgn-°msX \S-°p-I-bm-Wv. F\n°v tN´s\ henb CjvS-am-bn-cp-∂p. \mSIw \SØn Ieym-W-s®-e-hp-≠m-°m≥ {ian-°p∂ Bß-f-am-tc-°mƒ F{X Db¿∂ a\p-jy-\m-W-t±-lw. At±-ltØmSp Rm≥ t{]am-`y¿∞\ \S-Øn... (A-`n-ap-Jw, ]®-°p-Xn-c, Pq¨ 2008, ]pdw. 36)

bm\mhn√. \Ivksse‰p{]ÿm\Øn¬ Xs‚Xmb kw`mh\ D≠mbn´ns√∂pw, a‰p≈ h¿s°m∏w Ignbp∂{X {]h¿Øn°m\mWv Xm≥ {ian®sX∂pw APnX ]n¬°meØv ]d ™n´p≠v. tIcfØn¬ ]n∂oSp≠mb kv{Xo ]£{]ÿm\ØneqsSbmWv Ah¿ kmaqly \oXn°pth≠nbp≈ Xs‚ t]mcm´w XpS¿∂Xv.

]m‰m-ap-cØ - n-bpsS IY "{_m“-Wk - v{Xo-Xzm-Z¿i-ßƒ F{X-tØmfw AIse-bm-tWm A{X-tØmfw kv{Xo]-¶m-fnØw kac-ß-fn-ep-≠mIpw' ˛ ae-bm-fn-kv{Xo-I-fpsS ka-cm\p-`-h-N-cn{Xw \sΩ ]Tn-∏n-°p∂ ]mT-ß-fn-sem∂m-W-Xv. kv{XoIsf kap-Zm-b-Øns‚ "Bh-iym\p- k - c Ww' cwK- Ø n- d °n Xncn- ® p- I - b - ‰ p∂ coXnsb ]q¿Æ-ambpw shSn-bm≥ Chn-SsØ ]ptcm-K-a\{]ÿm-\-ßƒ°p-t]mepw Ign-™n´n√. AX-¬∏-sa-¶nepw km[n-®n-´p-≈Xv {_m“W-aq-ey-ß-fn¬\n∂pw htc-Wy-enw-K-[m-c-W-I-

234

fn¬\n∂pw AI-∂p-I-gn-bp∂ BZn-hm-kn-k-aq-lØn-em-Wv. 19-˛mw \q‰m-≠p-ap-X¬ C∂phscbpw tIc-f-Ønse BZn-hm-kn-Iƒ AXn-I-Tn-\-amb Nqj-WØ - n\p hnt[-bc - m-W.v ]nSn-®p-\n¬°m≥th≠n-bp≈ t]mcm-´-ß-fpsS \o≠-N-cn-{X-amWv Ah¿°p-≈-Xv. 1970-Iƒ°p-tijw Zfn-Xv{]-ÿm\-ß-fpsS t\Xr-Xz-Øn¬\-S∂ an®-`qan ka-c-ßfnepw kv{XoIƒ ]q¿Æ-]¶ - m-fn-If - m-bp-≠m-bn-cp∂p ˛ F∂m¬ Cu ka-c-ß-sf-°p-dn®v hf-sc-°p-d®p hnh-c-ßƒam-{Xsa \ap°v C∂p-ap-≈q. ]m‰m-ap-cØn F∂ ]Wn-b-kv{Xo-bpsS kac-IY Bscbpw AXn-ib - n-∏n-°p∂ H∂m-W.v * hb\m-´n¬ I√q¿h-b-en-\p-k-ao]w ^e-`q-bn-jvS-amb `qan-bn-em-bn-cp∂p Ah-cpsS IpSn. \o≠p-In-S° - p∂ s\¬h-b-ens‚ a≤y-Øn¬ Db¿∂p-\n∂ `qan-bnt∑¬. ]Wn-b¿ Xe-ap-dI - f - mbn Irjn-sNbvX `qanbm-bn-cp∂p AXv; AXp-kw-_-‘n® tcJ-Iƒ * tUm. Fkv. im¥n-bmWv Cu IY ]d-™Xv kv{XoIfpw ka-cß - fpw

Ah-cpsS Iøn¬ C√m-bn-cp-s∂-¶n-epw. BZn-hmkn-I-fpsS `qan-ap-gp-h≥ \m´p-Im¿ ssI°-em°m≥Xp-S-ßnb Ime-am-bn-cp-∂p. ]m‰m-ap-c-ØnbpsS hbepw Ic-`q-anbpw Hcp \m´p-Im-c≥ ssIhi-s∏-Sp-Øn, AXn\p hymP-tc-J-bp-ap≠m°n. Ah¿ F√m cmjv{So-b-°m-scbpw kao-]n-®p. A∂sØ ]©m-bØv {]kn-U‚n-t\mSp ]cmXn ]d-™p. Hcp ê-hp-ap-≠m-bn-√. \m´p-Im-c≥ AhcpsS IpSn-en\p Xobn-´p. `qan Ah-cp-tS-Xm-sW∂p sXfn-hm-bn-bp-≠m-bn-cp∂ Htc-sbmcp ]p©-®o´v IØn-sb-cn-™p-t]m-bn. Cbmƒ a‰p-]-e-hn-[Ønepw ]Wn-bsc t{Zmln-®p. ]ecpw Hgn™p t]mbn. HSp-hn¬ Abmƒ ]Wn-bsc Ah-cpsS `qan-bn¬ ih-Zmlw \S-Øp-∂-Xn¬\n∂v XS-™t∏mƒ ]m‰m-ap-cØn Xpd-∂-k-a-c-Øn-\p-Xs∂ Xøm-dm-bn. ]©m-bØp {]kn-U‚ v a≤yÿyw ]d-bm≥h-∂p. `qan-bpsS ]IpXn Xncn-®p-sIm-Sp°m-sa∂v \m´p-Im-c≥ kΩ-Xn-®p. Hcn-©p-`q-ant]mepw sImSp-°n-s√∂ \ne-]m-Sn¬ ]m‰m-ap-cØn Dd-®p-\n-∂p. Ah-cpsS kap-Zm-bk - w-LS- \ - bpw ]e cmjv{So-bI - £ - n-Ifpw Cu {]iv\Ø - n¬ CS-s]-´p. Xs‚ \ne-]m-Sn¬ A¬∏w-IqSn Ab-hp-h-cp-ØW-sa∂v Ah-sc√mw ]d-™p. hf-sc-°mew Cu X¿°w \o≠p-t]m-bn. cmjv{So-b-°m-cpsS \ni-_vZ-k-lm-b-tØmsS \m´p-Im-c≥ ]©m-bØv ]Wn-b¿°-\p-h-Zn® InW¿ IpØp-∂Xp XS-™p. 1995¬ ]m‰m-ap-cØn Hcp-]-Sn-IqSn IS∂p {]h¿Øn-°m≥ Xocp-am-\n®p. apgp-h≥ `qanbpw hos≠-SpØv Irjn-Xp-S-ßn. h≥ cmjv{So-b] - n≥_-eap-≠m-bn-cp∂ \m´p-Im-c≥ tImS-Xn-bn¬t∏mbn; ]m‰m-ap-c-Ønbpw a‰v A©p]-Wn-bcpw Ad-Ãp-sN-ø-s∏-´p. ]t£, tImSXn Ahsc shdp-tX-hn-´p. t]meo-kns‚ klm-btØmsS \m´p-Im-c≥ Ahsc IpSn-sbm-gn-∏n-°m≥ {ian®p; B IpSpw-_w-ap-gp-h≥ t]meo-kns‚ ap∂n¬ \nc-∂p-\n∂v "shSn-h-bv°n≥, ss[cy-aps≠-¶n¬!' F∂v hnfn-®p-]-d-™p. t]meokv aSßn-t∏m-bn. AXn-\p-tijw Hcp {]_-e-cm-jv{So-bI-£n-bpsS bph-P\ - k - w-LS- \ - sb Iq´p-]n-Sn-®p-sIm≠m-bn-cp∂p \m´p-Im-cs‚ \o°w ˛ Cu kwL-S\-°m¿ IpSn B{I-an®v hoń-ep-≠m-bn-cp-∂-hsc apgp-h≥ s]mXnsc X√n. ]m‰m-ap-cØn shdpsX bncp-∂n√; Ah¿ t]meo-kn¬ ]cm-Xn-sIm-Sp-Øp. ]Xn-s\-´p-t]¿s°-Xnsc Pmay-an√mhmd≠v ]pds∏-Sp-hn-°-s∏-´p. CtXmsS cmjv{So-b-°m¿°p aSpØp. ]m‰m-ap-c-Ønbpw Iqćpw `qan-ap-gp-h≥ hos≠-SpØv Irjn-sN-øm≥ XpS-ßn. HSp-hnesØ {]tbm-K-sa-∂-\n-ebv°v \m´p-Im-c≥ hnekv{XoIfpw ka-cß - fpw

Ip-d™ aZyw-sIm-≠p-h∂v ]Wn-b-bp-hm-°sf ]mń-em-°m≥t\m°n ˛ AXpw A{X hne-t∏mbn√. B ]Wn-b-°p-Sn-bpsS t\Xm-hmbn ]m‰map-cØn Db¿∂p-I-gn-™n-cp-∂p. C∂pw B `qanbpsS ]´bw Ah¿°p Inń-bn-ń-√. F¶nepw hb\m-ńse ]Wn-b-kv{Xo-I-fpsS hoc-\m-bn-I-bmWv 80-˛mw hb- n¬, Zo¿L-amb ka-cØ - n-s\m-Sp-hn¬, acn-®p-t]mb Ah¿. ]m‰m-ap-c-Øn-bpsS IY `qX-Im-e-Øn-em-bn-cp∂p-sh∂v ]d-bm≥ Ign-bn-√ ˛ ]e Zi-I-ßƒ \o≠ ka-c-am-bn-cp∂p Ah-cp-tS-sX-¶n-epw. BZnhm-kn-kv{Xo-I-fpsS ]e Xe-ap-d-Iƒ \S-Øn-h∂ \nc-¥c - a - mb ka-cØ - ns‚ HSp-hn-esØ IÆn-Ifnsem∂mbn CXns\ ImWmw. B ka-c-ßƒ F√mw C{X ip`-ambn Iem-in-®-h-b-√. kao-]Im-eØv \S∂ BZn-hm-kn-˛-Z-fnXv ka-c-ß-fn¬ kv{XoIƒ Cuhn-[Ø - n-ep≈ tI{μ-ÿm\w hln®n-´p-≠v. kn.-sI. Pm\p-hn-s\-t∏mse at‰-sXmcp kv{Xobp-≠v tIc-fc - m-jv{So-bØ - n¬? F∂m¬ Cu {]Xn-tcm-[w, hmkvX-h-Øn¬, ]e Xe-apd ]n∂nte°p \o≠p-In-S-°p∂ H∂m-Wv. AXn-s\-°p-dn®p≈ Nne kqN-\-Itf \ap-°n-∂p-≈q. 1999¬ tIm´-bsØ Ipdn-®n-bn¬ Zfn-X¿ \S-Ønb "11 sI.hn.sse≥hn-cp-≤-k-acw', hnI-k-\-Øns‚ ]pd- t ºm- ° n¬t∏mepw Zfn- X ¿°n- S - a n- s √∂ k¿°m¿ kao-]\ - Ø - n-s\-Xnsc \S∂ hen-sbmcp s]mń-sØ-dn-bm-bn-cp-∂p. ]e cmjv{So-b-hn-izm-k°m-cmb kv{XoIƒ Hcp-an-®p-tN¿∂p \S-Ønb kac-am-Wn-Xv. BZn-hmkn˛ZfnXv kv{XoIsf kw_‘n-®n-S-tØmfw ssZ\w-Zn\ kpc-£n-X-Xz-Øn-\pth≠n \nc-¥cw ka-cw-sN-tø≠ Ah-ÿ-bmWv ˛ CXpw ASp-Ø-Im-e-Øp-am{Xw D≠mb hn]Ø√. 1970-I-fpsS HSp°w `qan-°p-th≠n Zfn-X¿ tIc-fl - c - n-P≥ sÛ-td-js‚ t\Xr-Xz-Øn¬ \SØnb ka-c-ß-fn¬ i‡-cmb kv{XoIƒ ]e-cpap-≠m-bn-cp-∂p. Ch-sc-°p-dn®pw \ap°v hf-sc-b[n-Is - am∂pw Adn-bn-√. C∂v Xncp-h\ - ¥ - ] - p-csØ sXcp-ho-Yn-If - n¬ \S-°p∂ ka-cß - f - n¬ kv{XoIfpsS i‡-amb km∂n-≤y-ap-≈Xv a’y-sØm-gnemfn ka-c-ß-fn-em-Wv. 1980-I-fn¬ i‡n-{]m-]n®, F∂m¬ AXn-\p-ap-ºp-Xs∂ thcp-I-fp-≈, Cu ka-c-]m-c-º-cy-Øn-s‚ Ncn-{Xhpw hos≠Sp-t°≠n-bn-cn-°p-∂p. tIc-f-Ønse kv{XoI-fpsS ka-cm-\p-`-h-ßfpsS Ncn-{X-Øn¬\n∂v \msa-¥mWv ]Tn-°p∂Xv? H∂m-aX - ,v C∂p \mw ssZ\w-Zn\Pohn-XØ - n¬ A\p-`-hn-°p∂ Nn√d kzmX-{¥y-ßƒt]mepw ap≥X-e-ap-d-°m-cpsS t\cn´pw A√m-sX-bp-ap≈

235

ka-c-ß-fn-eqsS e`n-®-h-bmWv ˛ Bcp-sSbpw kuP-\y-a-√. c≠m-a-Xv, \h-{_m-“-Wy-aq-ey-ßƒ kzmwio-I-cn® kap-Zm-b-ßfpw {]ÿm-\-ßfpw kv{XoIsf ka-c-cw-K-ß-fn-te°v `mKn-I-am-bn-am{Xsa {]th-in-∏n-®n-cp-∂p-≈q. "kap-Zmbw A]-IS-Øn¬', As√-¶n¬ "amXr-cmPyw A]-IS- Ø - n¬' F∂ ap{Zm-hm-Iy-ap-b-cp∂ thf-I-fn¬ sXcp-hp-Ifn-en-dßn s]mXp-{]-h¿Ø-\-Øn-te¿s∏-Sm≥ kv{XoIsf t{]m’m-ln-∏n® ]pcp-j-∑m¿Xs∂ B A]-I-S-ßƒ Hgn-™p-sh∂ tXm∂-ep-≠m-bt∏m-sgms° kv{XoIƒ ho´n-s‚-bp-≈n-te°p aSß-W-sa∂v Bh-iy-s∏-´p. kap-Zm-b-Øn-s‚-bp≈nepw cmjv{So-b-{]-ÿm-\-ß-fnepw ]q¿Æ-amb Ah-Im-i-ßƒ°mbn kv{XoIƒ \S-Ønb ka-cßƒ t{]m’m-ln-°s - ∏-´p-an-√. sXmgn-em-fn-{]-ÿm\-Øn¬t∏mepw kv{XoI-fpsS kwL-S-\m-kma¿∞y-Øn\pw ka-tcm-’p-I-Xbv°pw aXn-bmb AwKo-Imcw e`n-®n-√. sXmgn-em-fn-kv{Xo-Iƒ°v hnZym-`ym-kØ - ns‚ Ipd-hp-≠m-bn-cp-∂X - p-sIm-≠mWn-ßs\ kw`-hn-®-sX∂ hmZ-Øn¬ henb Igºn-√. hnZym-`ymkw Ipd-™-h-cmb ]pcp-j-∑m¿ ]e-t∏mgpw sXmgn-em-fn-bq-Wn-b-\p-I-fp-sSbpw cmjv{So-b-{]-ÿm-\-ß-fp-sSbpw Xe-∏-tØ°v Db¿∂n-cp-∂p-sh-∂Xv Hcp hkvXp-Xb - m-Wv. kv{Xo Isf ˛ sXmgn-em-fn-kv{Xo-Isf ˛ "]q¿Æ-sXm-gnem-fn-Ifm'bn AwKo-Ic - n-°m≥ {]ÿm-\ß - ƒ ]et∏mgpw ssha-\kyw Im´n. BZy-Ime sXmgn-emfn-bq-Wn-b\ - p-If - n¬ Bim-hl - ß - f - mb ]e k{ºZm-bß - f - p-ap-≠m-bn-cp∂p ˛ kv{XoI-fpsS {]tXyI ^mIvSd - n-°Ω - n-‰n-t]m-se. F∂m¬ Ah XpS¿∂pw hnI-kn-®n-√. 1940-I-fnse CS-Xp-]-£-{]-ÿm-\Øn\v "]n∂n¬\n∂v' kv{XoIƒ \¬Inb kw`mh-\-Iƒ I\-Ø-h-bm-bn-cp-∂p. \√ ss[cyhpw Iq¿Ω- _ p- ≤ n- b pw {]mtb- m - K nIkma¿∞yhpw IqSmsX Cu ]n¥pW\¬-Im≥ Ign-bp-am-bn-cp∂n√. F∂m¬ Chsb kvXpX-n° - p-Ib - √ - msX Cu kv{XoIsf ]n∂n¬\n∂v ap∂n-se-Øn-°m-\p≈ DZy-a-ß-sfm∂pw Imcy-ambn D≠m-bn-√. F∂m¬, ka-c-ß-fn¬ ]s¶-Sp-°p∂ kv{Xo Iƒ Ipd-™p-t]mbn F∂p ]d-bm≥ ]‰n-√. tIcf-Øn¬ C∂v ]m¿iz-h¬°-cn-°-s∏´ P\-hn-`m-Kß-fpsS k-ac - ß - f - n¬ ˛ `qan-°p-th-≠n, ]cn-ÿnXn k¥p-e-\-Øn-\p-th-≠n, amen-\y-ap-‡-amb ]cnk-c-ßƒ°p-th-≠n, Pe-Øn-\p-th≠n \S-∂p-hcp∂ ka-cß - f - psS ap≥\n-cb - n¬ ˛ [mcmfw kv{Xo Ifp- ≠ v . kn.- s I.Pm\p, abn- e Ω, skeo\m {]°m\w F∂n-h¿ IqSp-X¬ {]i-kvX-cm-b-XpsIm≠v \ma-hsc Adn-bpw. F∂m¬ F{Xtbm

236

A[n-Iw-t]¿ Adn-bs - ∏-Sm-Øh - c - mbp≠v. ka-cØ - neq-sS, _lp-P-\-ßsf kwL-Sn-∏n-°p-∂-Xn-eq-sSbmWv i‡-cm-tI-≠-sX∂ B Xncn-®-dn-hns\ C∂sØ Zpjv°-c-amb ]cn-Xx-ÿn-Xn-I-fnepw sI´p-t]m-ImsX kq£n-°p-∂h - c - n¬ \s√m-cp-]¶v kv{XoI-fp-s≠-∂-Imcyw A`n-am-\-tØm-Sp-IqSn ]dbmw.

IqSp-X¬ Btem-N\ - bv°v kv{XoIƒ ka-c-Øn\pw cmjv{So-b-Øn\pw ]pdØp-\n¬°p-∂Xv kzm`m-hn-II - mcywam{X-am-sW∂ ap≥hn[n {]_-e-N-cn{XcN-\m-co-Xn-I-fn¬ Hcp-ImeØv i‡-am-bn-cp-∂p. "\njv]-£-N-cn-{X'-c-N-\bn¬ Nne "al-Xn-Iƒ' am{Xsa {]Xy-£-s∏-´n-cp∂p≈q, `qcn-]-£-Øn\v A]-hm-Z-am-bn. "kv{XoIfpsS ka-c] - ¶ - m-fnØhpw cmjv{Sob]¶m-fn-Øhpw Ipd-™n-cn-°p-∂-sX-¥p-sIm≠v?' F∂ tNmZywXs∂ A{]-k-‡-am-sW∂ hmZw CXn-\p-]n-∂nep-≠v. kv{Xo]-¶m-fnØw Ipd-hm-bn-cp-∂p-sh∂ [mc-Wsb kv{XoN-cn{Xw hna¿i-\m-ﬂI - a - mbn ]cntim-[n-°p-∂p. F√m ka-c-ß-fnepw cmjv{So-b-{]ÿm-\-ß-fnepw kv{XoIƒ Hcp-t]mse Ipd-hmbn-cp-∂n-s√∂pw kv{Xo]-¶m-fnØw Gdp-∂Xpw Ipdbp-∂Xpwam{Xw t\m°msX AXn-\p-]n-∂n¬ {]h¿Øn® LS-I-ß-tf-Xv, AXns‚ ]›m-Ø-esa¥v XpS-ßnb tNmZy-ßƒ tNmZn-°-W-sa-∂pw kv{XoN-cn-{X-c-N-\-Iƒ Bh-iy-s∏-Sp-∂p. enwK-{]tXy-I-X-Iƒ A{]-k-‡-amb Hcp s]mXp-hn-S-a√, Bbn- c p- ∂ n√ Chn- S p- t Ø- s X- ∂ pw, AXns‚ Ncn{Xw ]Tn-°-W-sa-¶n¬, AXp cq]o-I-cn-°-s∏´-sX-ßs\ F∂-dn-bW - s - a-¶n¬, amdn-hc - p∂ enwK_-‘-ß-fpsS Ncn{Xw ]Tnt® aXn-bmhq F∂pw Cu IrXn-Iƒ {]Jym-]n-°p-∂p.

tIcfØns‚ Ncn{XImcnIƒ

A∂m en‚v_¿Kv

]e kmaqlyimkv { XimJIfn¬\n∂p≈ Dƒ°mgv®Iƒ Iq´nt®¿ØpsIm≠v Ncn{XcN\ \n¿hln°p∂ KthjIbmb A∂m en‚ v_¿Kv kzoU≥ kztZin BWv . enwK]T\ßƒ, hnIk\]T\ßƒ, \chwiimkv{Xw F∂nhbn¬ \n∂p {]tNmZ\w Dƒs°m≈p∂ ssienbmWv AhcptSXv. tIcfØn¬ hn]peamb tcJmtiJcWhpw A`napJßfpw \SØnbn´p≠v. tIcfØnse Iiph≠n sXmgnemfnIfpsS Ncn{XØnte°v Ah¿ \SØnb At\zjWw 2001 ¬ {]kn≤o-Icn°s∏´p. kzoU\nse epWvUv k¿ΔIem-imebnemWv Ah¿ KthjWw ]q¿Ønbm-°nbXv. tdmb¬ kzoUnjv A°mZan Ncn{X˛]pcmNcn{Xhnjbßƒ°mbn \¬In-hcp∂ tZiob]pckv°mcØn\v Cu IrXn A¿lambn. Atacn°bnse c≠p k¿ΔIem-imeIfn¬ A≤ym]nIbmbn {]h¿Øn®Xn\pti-jw Ah¿ 2007 ¬ epWvUv k¿ΔIemime B-ÿm\am°n {]h¿Øn°p∂ kzoUnjv-Kth-jIcpsS irwJ ebmb kmkvs\‰ns‚ Ub-dIvS-dmbn NpaXe tb‰p. tIcfØn¬ ÿncwkμ-¿iI-bmb A∂

Ct∏mgpw tIcfØn¬ kv{Xo-IfpsS `-q-X˛h¿Øam\Imem- h ÿIsf°pd®p ]Tn°m≥ XmXv]cyw ImWn-°p∂p.

C∂sØ°meØncp∂psIm≠v Ign™Ime sØ°pdn®p \msagpXp∂XmWp Ncn{Xsa¶nepw `mhnbnte°p {]tbmP\Icamb hn⁄m\-amWXv. tIhew ]pcmtcJIsf B{ibn®p Ncn{XsagpXp∂ coXnb√ Ft‚Xv. a\pjysc°-pdn®v Fs‚ Pn⁄mk hepXmbXp-sIm≠v Rm≥ A`napJßfneqsSbpw hmsamgn-IfneqsSbpw hkvXpXIƒ tiJcn-°m\pw {i≤n- ° p∂p. Ncn{XcN\bv ° v hntamN\Icamb ^eap≠v . IogmfP\ßfpsS hm°pIfpw A\p `hßƒ°pw AXv CSw\¬Ip∂p. A`napJßƒ Pohn®ncn-°p∂h¿°v kz¥w i_vZw Xncn®psImSp°p∂p. tIcfØnse P\ßƒ \¬Inbn´p- ≈ kvt\lhpw kulr-ZhpamWv Fs∂ ho≠pwho≠pw Ctßm´p hnfn°p∂Xv. Fs‚ sXmgnen¬ G¿s∏´n cn°p∂ kabØv Rm≥ Fs‚ enwK-kz`m-hsØ°pdnt®m¿°mdn√. ]t£ kv{Xobmb Rm≥ kv{XoI-sf°pdn®v ]Tn°m≥ Xm¬]cyw ImWn°p∂Xv tIhew bmZr—nIambn´√.

237

238

12 239

240

IqSp-X¬ hmb-\bv°v

Ncn-{X-sa∂ ]T-\h - n-js - b-sØ-°p-dn®v \ap-°n∂v Ffp-∏-Øn¬ In´m-hp∂ ]pkvX-I-ß-fn¬ A[nIhpw Cw•ojv`mj-bn-ep-≈-h-bm-Wv. Ah-bn¬ Nne {]tXyI]pkvX-I-ß-sf-°p-dn-®p-am-{Xsa ChnsS ]d-bp-∂p-≈q. AXp-sIm≠v Cu hmb-\m\n¿t±-i-ßƒ ]q¿Ætam ka-{Ktam A√. Cu ]pkvX-I-Øns‚ ap≥ A≤ym-b-ß-fn¬ kv]¿in®p-t]mb Ncn-{X-c-N-\m-k-{º-Zm-b-ßƒ, {]ta-bßƒ apX-em-b-h-sb-°p-dn®v IqSp-X-e-dn-hp-X-cp∂ Nne ]pkvX-I-ß-sf-°p-dn-®mWv ChnsS ]d-bp∂-X.v "Ncn-{X-c-N-\mcoXn-I-fpsS -N-cn{Xw' AYhm Historiography F∂-Xn-s\-°p-dn-®p≈ ]pkvX-Iß-fn¬ G‰hpw P\-{]oXn t\Sn-bXv {_n´njv Ncn{X-Im-c\ - mb E.H.Carr cNn® What is History (Cambridge, 1961) F∂ sNdnb cN-\-bm-Wv. "\njv]£-N-cn{X'Øn¬ t]mcm-bva-Isf \¿Ω-t_m-[tØmsS hna¿in-°p∂ Cu eLp-{KŸw Ct∏mƒ

241

_ncp-Z-X-e- hm-b-\-bpsS `mK-am-bn-´p-≠v. Carr\v "\njv]£Ncn-{X-Im-c∑m'¿ adp-]Snsbgp-Xp-Ibpw sNbvXp ˛ Ah-bn¬ G‰hpw {]ikvXw Geoffey Elton FgpXnb The Practice of History BWv. 1969¬ Cd-ßnb Cu ]pkvX-I-Øns‚ ]pXnb ]Xn-∏p-Iƒ e`y-am-Wv. Ncn-{X-c-N-\bv°pw kmaqly-im-kv{X-kn-≤m-¥ß - ƒ°pw ]c-kv]c - a - p≈ IS∏m-Sp-I-sf-°p-dn®v hni-Z-ambn {]Xn-]m-Zn-°p∂ ]pkvX-I-amb Peter Burke s‚ History and Social Theory (Cornell, 2005) _ncpZm\-¥cXe Ncn-{X]-T\ - Ø - n\v AXym-hiyw hmbn-®n-cn-t°-≠X - m-Wv. 1992-¬ {]kn-≤o-I-cn® Cu IrXn-bpsS 19-˛mw ]Xn∏mWv 2005¬ Cd-ßn-bX - .v Keith Jenkins 1991¬ FgpXnb Rethinking History (London 2002) Ncn{X-cN - \-bpsS Ncn-{XsØ G‰hpw kao-]-Ime Ncn-{Xc-N-\m-[m-c-I-fpsS ]£-Øp-\n∂v ]cn-tim-[n-°p∂p. DØ-cm-[p-\n-I- N-cn-{X-cN - \mk{º-Zm-bß - f - psS h‡m-hmb Jenkins hnZym¿∞n-Iƒ°p-th≠n Xøm-dm-°nb Cu ]pkvXIw hmbn-°m\pw Ffp∏-ap-≈-XmWv. "\njv]-£-N-cn{X'Øn\v ]e ]nXm-a-l-∑mcp-ap≠v. Ah-cn¬ G‰hpw {it≤-b-\mWv R.G. Collingwood. At±l-Øns‚ The Idea of History (1945) an° tImtfPv kne-_-kp-I-fnepw Dƒs∏Sp-∂p. as‰mcp {][m-\s - ∏´ IrXn Authur Marwick cNn® The Nature of History (London, 1970) BWv. "\njv ] - £ - N - c n{X'Øns‚ hna¿i- I - c p- a mbn At±lw \nc-¥-c-amb kwhm-Z-Øn-te¿s∏-Sp∂p ˛ Cu ]pkvX-I-Øns‚ ]pXnb ]Xn-∏p-I-fn¬ CXp XpS-cp-∂p. kv{XoN-cn-{X-Øns‚ ho£-W-Øn¬\n∂v Ncn-{X-c-N-\m-N-cn-{XsØ hne-bn-cp-Ønb BZyIme IrXn-I-fmb Mary R. Beard cNn® Woman as a Force in History (1946), Gerda Lerner cNn® The Majority Finds its Past (1979) F∂nh kv{XoNcn{Xw ]Tn-°p-∂-h¿ Ahiyw hmbn-t°≠ IrXnI-fm-Wv. kao-]-Im-eØv Bonnie Smith cNn® The Gender of History: Men, Women, and Historical Practice ( Harvard, 2000) Cu At\z-j-WsØ apt∂m-´p-sIm-≠p-t]m-Ip-∂p. kaq-l-Øns‚ Hmcß-fn-te°p X≈-s∏´hcpsS Ncn-{Xm-t\z-j-Wßsf hos≠-Sp-°m≥ C∂sØ Ncn-{X-]-WvUnX-∑m¿ XmXv]c - y-s∏-Sp-∂p-≠v. Keita Maghan cNn® Race and the Writing of History (London 2000) IdpØh¿§°m-cmb _p≤n-Po-hn-Iƒ \S-Ønb Ncn-{Xm-t\z-jW - ß - s - f-°p-dn-®mWv ˛ Ahsb {]_e-N-cn-{X-c-N-\m-[m-c-Iƒ Xa-kv°-cn-®-Xn-s\-∏-‰nbmWv Cu ]pkvXIw At\z-jn-°p-∂-Xv.

242

am¿IvknÃv Ncn-{X-c-N-\-bpsS Ncn-{X-sØ°p-dn®v Adn-hp-\¬Ip∂ \√ Bap-J-{K-Ÿ-amWv George Iggers cNn® Marxist Historiography (London, 1992). Ct±l-Øn-s‚-Xs∂ Historiography in the 20th Century: From Scientific Objectvity to the Post-modern Challenge (London, 1997) Ccp]Xmw \q‰m-≠nse Ncn-{X-c-N-\m-[m-c-Isf ka-{K-ambn Ah-Xc - n-∏n-°p-∂p. am¿IvknÃv Ncn-{X-cN - \ - m-coXn Cub-Sp-ØnsS Gsd hna¿in-°-s∏-´n-´p-≠v. Cu hna¿i-\-ßsf km{º-Zm-bnI am¿IvknÃv Ncn{X-c-N-\m-]£-Øp-\n∂v t\cn-Sp∂ IrXn-bmWv {]ikv X am¿Iv k nÃv Ncn- { X- I m- c - \ mb Eric Hobsbawm s‚ teJ-\k - a - m-lm-ca - mb On History (London, 1997). am¿IvknÃv sXmgn-em-fn-h¿§ Ncn{X-ß-fn¬h®v G‰hpw Bth-i-I-c-ambn Icp-Xs∏-Sp∂ c≠p IrXn-Iƒ E.P. Thompson cNn® The Making of the English Working Class (London, 1963), Eugene D. Genovese Atacn-°≥ ASn-a-hy-h-ÿsb-°p-dn-s®-gp-Xnb Roll Jordan Roll: The World that the Slave Made (1974) F∂nh-bm-Wv. c≠p IrXnIfpw C∂v kq£va-hm-b-\-bn¬ hna¿in-°-s∏-Sp∂p. CS-Xp-]£ Ncn-{X-c-N-bn-Xm-°-fp-am-bp≈ Zo¿L-kw-`m-j-W-ßƒ kam-l-cn®p {]kn-≤o-Icn® Visions of History (H. Abelove, E.P. Thompson, MARHO Manchester, 1983) F∂ ]pkvXIhpw XpS-°-°m¿°p ]‰n-b-Xm-Wv. kv{Xo]-£-N-cn-{X-c-N-\-bpsS sh√p-hn-fn-Isf-°p-dn®v \nc-h[n B[n-Im-cnI{KŸ-ßf - pw BapJ-]-T\ßfpw C∂v e`y-am-Wv. Joan Kelly bpsS Women, History, and Theory : The Essays of Joan Kelly (Chicago, 1984) hmb-\bv°v \s√mcp XpS°-am-Wv. 1970-I-fnepw 80-I-fnepw kv{XoN-cn-{X-cN\mN¿®-Isf teJ-\-ß-fn-eqsS Ah-X-cn-∏n°p∂ ]pkvX-I-amWv Feminism and History (Oxford, 1996). Natalie Zemon Davis XpS-ßnb {]apJ Ncn-{X-K-th-j-I-cpsS teJ-\-ßƒ Cu ]pkvX-IØn¬ tN¿Øn-cn-°p-∂p. kv{XoNcn-{X-Øn¬\n∂v "enwK-_-‘-ß-fpsS Ncn{X'Ønte-°p≈ am‰sØ-°p-dn®pw C∂v \nc-h[n ]pkvX-I-ß-fp-≠v. Ch-bn¬ Denise Riley bpsS Am I that Name? Feminism and the Category of 'Women' in History (Minnesota,1988) Cu Zni-bn¬ ]pXnb N¿®-Iƒ°v hgn-sbm-cp-°nb cN-\b - m-Wv. "enwK-_‘ - ß - f - psS Ncn{X'Øns‚ {]m[m-\y-sØ-°p-dn®v G‰hpw sXfn-®t- ØmsS Fgp-Xnb Ncn-{X-Im-cn-bmWv Joan V. Scott. AhcpsS Gender and the Politics of History (Columbia, 1988) Cu N¿®-bnse Hcp hgnØn-cn-hm-bn-cp-∂p. C¥y-bnse kv{Xo]-£-N-cn-

IqSp-X¬ hmb-\bv°v

{XsØ kw_-‘n-®n-S-tØmfw Kumkum Sangari, Sudesh Vaid F∂nh-cpsS ]pkvXIw (Sangari and S. Vaid (editors) Recasting Women: Essays in Colonial History (Delhi, 1989) G‰hpw {][m-\s - ∏´ \mgnI-°√m-Wv. ssewKn-I-X-bpsS Ncn-{X-sØ-°p-dn®p ]dbp-tºmƒ {^©v XXz-Nn-¥-I-\mb Michel Foucault bpsS History of Sexuality F∂ IrXn-bn¬\n∂mWv ]ecpw XpS-ßp-I. Ncn-{X-c-N-\-bpsS Ncn{XsØ ssewKn-I-\yq-\-]-£-ß-fpsS hi-Øp\n∂v At\z-jn-°p∂ a‰p cN-\-I-fp-≠v. Scott Bravmann cNn® Queer Fictions of the Past: History, Culture and Difference (Cambridge, 1997) F∂ ]pkvXIw Ah-bn-sem-∂m-Wv. kv{Xo]-£hm- Z hpw ssewKn- I - X bpw XΩn- e p≈ _‘Øns‚ Ncn-{X-]c - a - mb hnIm-ks - Ø-°p-dn®p {]Xn]m-Zn-°p∂ Sheila Jeffreys cNn® The Spinster and Her Enemies: Feminism and Sexuality, 1880-1930 (London, 1985); ]m›mXy"ssewKnI hnπh'Øns‚ kv{Xo]-£-hn-i-I-e-\-amb Anticlimax: A Feminist Perspective on the Sexual Revolution (New York, 1990), Chbpw {it≤b cN-\I - fm-Wv. kv{Xo]p-cpjhyXym-k-ß-sf-°p-dn-®p≈ hyh-ÿm-]n-X[ - m-cW - I - f - psS Ncn-{X-]c - n-Wm-asØ {Ko°p-kw-kvIm-cØ - ns‚ Imew-ap-X¬ B[p-\nI ]m›m-Xy-k-aq-lw-hsc ]n¥p-S-cp∂ Thomas Lacquer s‚ Making Sex: Body and Gender fron the Greeks to Freud F∂ Ncn-{X-]p-kvXIw (Harvard, 1992) sshZyim-k{v X-Ønepw ico-ci - m-k{v X-Ønepw kv{Xo]p-cp-j-∑m-cpsS ssewKn-Im-h-b-h-ß-sf-°pdn-®p≈ [mc-W-Iƒ amdn-h-cp-∂-sX-ßs\sb∂v hni-Za - mbn {]Xn-]m-Zn-°p-∂p. thiym-hr-Øn-bpsS Ncn-{XsØ kv{Xo]-£-Øp-\n∂p ]p\¿c-Nn°m\pw {ia-ßf - p-≠m-bn. Judith R. Walkovitz cNn® Prostitution in Victorian Society (Cambridge, 1982) Hcp-Zm-l-c-W-am-Wv. ssewKn-I-\yq-\-]-£-ß-fpsS ka-cN - c - n-{X-ßfpw C∂v [mcm-fw F-gp-Xs - ∏-Sp∂p: V.L. BulloughbpsS Before Stonewall: Activists for Gay and Lesbians Rights in Historical Context (London 2002) F∂ ]pkvXIw Ata-cn-°-bnse ssewKn-I\ - yq-\] - £ - m-hI - m-i{- ]-h¿Ø-Ic - psS PohN-cn-{X-ß-fpsS kam-lm-c-am-Wv. Martha Vicinus, George Chauncey, M.B. Duberman F∂nh¿ tN¿∂p kam-l-cn® sNdp-]-T-\-ß-f-S-ßnb Hidden from History: Reclaiming the Gay and Lesbian Past (New York ) F∂ ]pkvXIw temI-Øns‚ ]e-`m-Kß - f - nse ssewKn-I\ - yq-\] - £ - ß - f - psS Ncn{Xm-\p-`-h-ß-fn-te°p shfn-®w-ho-ip-∂p. Cu

IqSp-X¬ hmb-\bv°v

]pkv X - I - ß - f psS Xe- s °- ´ p- I ƒ BZy- I me kv{XoN-cn-{X-cN - \ - I - f - p-ambn kmayw-]p-e¿Øp-∂h - bmWv ˛ DZm-lc - W - Ø - n-\,v Sheila Rowbotham, Hidden History: Rediscovering Women in History from the 17th Century to the Present (New York), 1976); Renate Bridenthal (Claudia Koonz (editors), Becoming Visible: Women in European History (Boston, Massachuesettes, (1977); Anne Oakley and Juliet Mitchell (editors), The Rights and Wrongs of Women, (London, 1976). Ch-sb√mw {]_-e-N-cn-{X-[m-c-Iƒ Ah-KWn® Ncn-{Xm-\p-`h - ß - sf "hos≠-Sp-°m\p'≈ {iaß-fm-bn-cp-∂p. C¥y-bnse kao-]-Ime ssewKnI-\yq-\] - £ - N - c - n-{X-sØ-°p-dn®p ]c-ma¿in°p∂ IrXn-If - mWv Ruth Vanita bpsS Love's Rite: SameSex Marriage in India and the West (London, 2005); Ruth Vanita, Saleem Kidwai F∂n-h¿ tN¿∂p kam-lc - n® Same-Sex Love in India: Readings from Literature and History (London, 2001) F∂n-h. Annales Ncn-{X-Im-c-∑m-cn¬ G‰hpw {it≤b-\m-a-ßƒ Marc Bloch, Lucien Febvre, Fernand Braudel F∂n-h-cp-tS-Xm-Wv. Blochs‚ Feudal Society (Chicago, 1961) bqtdm∏nse ^yqU¬hy-hÿ-sb-°p-dn-®p≈ ¢mknIv ]T-\-ambn Icp-X-s∏Sp-∂p. The Historian's Craft (New York, 1953) F∂ ]pkvX-I-Øn¬ At±lw Ncn-{X-c-N-\-sb-°p-dn®p≈ Xs‚ Nn¥-Iƒ tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øn-bn-cn-°p-∂p. Lucien Febvre cNn® IrXn-I-fn¬ bqtdm-∏nse A®-Sn-bpsS Ncn-{Xw, am¿´n≥ eqY¿, dm_te XpS-ßnb Ncn-{X-]p-cp-j∑ - m-cpsS Nn¥-bpsS kmaqly-˛-kmw-kvIm-cnI ]›m-Ø-e-sØ-°p-dn-®p≈ ]T-\w, Ch {it≤-b-ß-fm-bn-cp-∂p. A New Kind of History (1973) F∂ IrXn-bnse teJ-\ß - f - n¬ At±lw Ncn-{X-cN - \ - b - psS coXn-im-kv{X-sØ-°pdn®v N¿®sNøp-∂p. Braudel "_rlXvNcn-{X-ßfp'sS \n¿Ωm-Xm-hm-bn-cp-∂p. Civilisation and Capitalism - 15th - 18th Centuries F∂ alm-N-cn{Xw aq∂p hmfy-ß-fn-embn \o≠p-In-S-°p-∂p. The Mediteranean World in the Age of Philip II (1949) F∂ IrXn-bn¬ At±lw "kºq¿W-Nc - n{Xw' (Total History) F∂ Bi-bsØ hni-Zo-I-cn-°p-∂p. On History (1982) F∂ IrXn-bn¬ At±lw Ncn{X-c-N-\-sb-°p-dn-®p≈ Xs‚ Nn¥-Iƒ tcJ-s∏Sp-Øn-bn-cn-°p-∂p. C¥y-bn¬ tZio-b-hm-Z-]-c-amb Ncn{Xw AXns‚ Bcw-`-Z-i-bn¬ ]e-t∏mgpw "lnμp-Ncn{X'ambn-cp-∂p. C¥y-bnse {]mNo\kwkvIm-csØ-°p-dn®v At\z-jW - ß - ƒ \S-Øn-b, kwkvIr-

243

X-˛-]m-en-`m-j-I-fn¬ ]mWvUnXywt\Snb bqtdm]y≥ "Hmdn-b‚-enÃv' Kth-j-I-cp-sSbpw {_nńjv `c-Wm-[n-Im-cn-I-fmb Ncn-{X-Im-c-∑m-cp-sSbpw kzm[o\w i‡-am-bn-cp-∂p, Ch-cpsS cN-\I - f - n¬. B¿.kn. aPpw-Zmdns\-t∏m-se-bp-≈h - c - psS sslμh-Xm-Xv]cyw kphy-‡-am-bn-cp-∂-t∏mƒ cm[m-Ia¬ apJ¿Pn, Xmcm-Nμv XpS-ßn-b-h¿ C¥y-bpsS C…m-an-I-ss]-Xr-IsØ Db¿Øn-°m-´m≥ aSn-®n√. ]t£ kv{XoIsf kw_-‘n®v BZy-Ime Ncn-{X-Im-c-∑m¿ s]mXpsh \nc-h[n sI´p-I-YIsf ]n¥m-ßm≥ Xøm-dm-bn-cp-∂p. C¥y-bpsS "thZ- I m- e - ] m- c - º cy'Øn¬ kv { XoIƒ "kzX{¥cm'bncp-∂p-sh∂pw a‰p-ap≈ {]kvXm-h-ßƒ Ncn-{X-K-th-j-W-Øns‚ kq£va-X-bn¬\n-∂-√, ip≤-tZ-i-`-‡n-bn¬\n∂v Dbn¿s°m-≠-h-bm-Wv. _n.-F-kv. A¬tX-°¿ F∂ {]i-kvX-\mb Ncn{X- I m- c s‚ "kv { XoN- c n{X'sØ kq£v a - a mbn hna¿in-°p∂ kv{Xo]-£-N-cn-{X-Im-cn-bmb DamN-{I-h¿Øn CsX-ßs\ kw`-hn-°p-∂p-sh∂v \ap°p ImWn-®p-Xc - p-∂p. (A-h¿ kao-]I - m-eØv {]kn-≤o-I-cn® Beyond the Kings and Brahmanas of 'Ancient' India, New Delhi, 2007se teJ-\ßƒ ImWp-I). C¥y≥ Ncn-{X-c-N-\bv°v ùXnI-hm-Z-]-c-amb (materialist) ASn-Ød \¬Im≥ ˛ ùXn-I-Po-hn-X-Ønepw kzØp-S-a-ÿ-X-bnepw D¬∏m-Z\ - {- I-aß - f - n¬ hcp∂ am‰-ßf - nepw sImSp°¬-˛-hm-ß¬k{º-Zm-b-ß-fn-ep-≠mb Ne-\-ßfnepw a‰pw C¥y≥ kaq-l-Øns‚ Ncn-{X-]-cnWm-as - Ø-°p-dn-®p≈ At\z-jW - sØ Dd-∏n-°m≥ {ian® ]pXn-sbmcp Xe-apd kzmX-{¥ym-\-¥-c-ImeØv hf¿∂p-h∂p ˛ Un.-Un. sImkmw-_n, B¿.F-kv. i¿Ω, C¿^m≥ l_o-_v, tdmanem Ym∏¿ XpS-ßn-b-h¿. am¿IvknÃv Bi-b-ßsf (Nnet∏mƒ \c-hw-i-im-kv{X-Øns‚ Dƒ°m-gvN-I-sf) Gdntbm Ipdt™m ISw-sIm-≠v, Ahsb ]mIs∏-Sp-Øn, Ncn-{X-K-th-j-W-Øn¬ {]tbm-Kn-®hcm-bn-cp∂p Ch-sc-√mw. Vinay Lal FgpXnb The History of History: Politics and Scholarship in Modern India (New Delhi, 2003) F∂ IrXn "lnμp-Ncn-{X-Imc'∑mcpw "am¿Ivkn-Ã˛v tZio-bh - m-ZN - c - n-{X-Imc∑m'cpw XΩn-ep≈ s]mcn™ X¿°sØ hnebn-cp-Øp-∂p. kzmX-{¥y-]q¿ΔIme-L-´-Øn¬ XpSßn kao-]-Im-ew-hsc Cu X¿°sØ ]n¥pS-cp-∂p-≠v, Cu IrXn. Dam N{I-h¿Øn-bpsS ap≥ kqNn-∏n® teJ\-k-am-lm-c-Øns‚ Bap-J-te-J-\-Øn¬ Ah¿ kzmX-{¥ym-\-¥c C¥y-bn¬ BZyw Ncn-{X-hnZym¿∞n-\n-bmbn "\njv]£ - N - c - n{X'Øns‚ tIm´-

244

I-fn-se-Øn-b-Xpw, ]n∂oSv A≤ym-]n-I-bmbn AhtbmsS-Xn¿Ø-Xpw-a‰pw hnh-cn-°p-∂p-≠v. Un.Un. sImkmw_n, tZhv cmPv N\m-\, B¿.-F-kv. i¿Ω, tdmanem Ym∏¿ apX-emb Ncn-{X-]WvUnX¿ X\n°v hgn-Im-´n-If - m-bX - n-s\-°p-dn®pw Ah¿ ]d-bp-∂p-≠v. kz¥w tUmIvS-d¬ Kth-j-W-{]_-‘-sØ-°p-dn®v Ah¿ ]d-bp∂p:

kmº-Øn-I-˛-km-aqlyNcn-{X-Øns‚ N´-°q-Sn-\p-≈nem-bn-cp∂p Fs‚ tUmIvS-d¬ Kth-jW{]_-‘w. LS-\-I-sfbpw {]{In-b-I-sfbpw th¿Xn-cn®v Bi-bßfpw ÿm]-\-ßfpw ]c-kv]cw _‘-s∏-´p-In-S-°p∂-sX-ßs\ F∂pw Ahsb krjvSn-®, Ah ÿnXnsN-øp-∂, khn-tij ]›m-Ø-e-ßƒ Fs¥ms° F∂p-amWv Rm≥ ]Tn-°m≥ {ian-®-Xv. ]t£, Ncn-{XØns‚ Nne L´-ß-fn¬ cq]w-{]m-]n® `uXnIkmlN- c y- ß tfm ÿm]- \ - ß tfm enwK- h - X v I r- X - a m- b nØo¿∂ coXn°v Rm\-[nIw {i≤-sIm-Sp-Øn-√... ...kaq-l-Ønse ]m¿iz-h¬Ir-X-cpsS Ncn-{X-Øn¬ t∏m-epw... enwK-t`Zw A]-{K-Y-\-Øn¬ {]tbm-Kn-°mhp∂ Hcp kwh¿§-am-bn-cp-∂n-√. (]pdw xxiii - xxiv)

F∂m¬ 1980-I-fnse kv{Xo{]-ÿm\w Cu \nesb ]cn-]q¿Æ-ambn am‰n-ad - n-®s - X-ßs\ F∂h¿ XpS¿∂p- hn-h-cn-°p-∂p. {]_-e-N-cn-{X-[m-cI-fn¬ kv{Xo]p-cp-j-hy-Xymkw Fßs\ {]Xy£-s∏-Sp∂p F∂ tNmZyw Db-cm≥ XpS-ßn. Ncn{X-c-N-\m-km-a-{Kn-Iƒ apgp-h≥ ]p\x-]-cn-tim-[\bv°p hnt[-ba - m-bn. DamN{I-h¿Øn-bpsS KWyamb kw`m-h-\-Iƒ 1980-I-fn¬Øs∂ Bcw-`n-®pI-gn-™n-cp-∂p. Ah¿s°m∏w {]mNo-\˛- a - ≤ - y-Ime C¥ym- N - c n- { XsØ kv { Xo]£Imgv N - ∏ m- S n¬ XncpØn Fgp-Xnb IpwIpw tdmbn XpS-ßn-b-h¿ cwK-Øp-h-∂p. tdmbn-bpsS Women in Early Indian Societies (Delhi, 2001) ]pcm-X\ C¥y≥ kaql-ßf - nse kv{XoI-sf-°p-dn-®p≈ ]g-bXpw ]pXnb-Xp-amb Ncn-{Xm-t\z-jW - ß - sf ka-{K-ambn AhX- c n- ∏ n- ° p- ∂ p. Dam- N - { I- h ¿Ønbpw IpwIpw tdmbnbpw tN¿s∂-gp-Xnb 'Breaking out of Invisibility: Rewriting the History of Women in Ancient India' F∂ teJ\w Cu N¿®-I-fpsS kw£n]vXhnh-cW - a - m-Wv. (Jay Kleinberg (ed.), Retrieving Women's History: Changing Perceptions of the Role of Women in Politics and Society, London, 1988 F∂ ]pkvX-I-Øn¬ tN¿Øn-cn-°p-∂p). a≤y-Im-ek - v{Xo-Nc - n-{Xhpw C∂p hf¿∂p-sIm-≠ncn-°p∂ imJ-bm-Wv. tcJm- an-{i-bpsS Women in Mughal India 1526-1748 (Delhi, 1967) XpS-ßnb BZy-Ime IrXn-Iƒap-X¬ h¿jm tPmjn-bpsS

IqSp-X¬ hmb-\bv°v

Polygamy and Purdah: Women and Society among Rajputs (New Delhi), 1995) XpS- ß nb IrXnIƒhscbp-≠v. `‡n-{]-ÿm-\Ø - nse kv{XoI-sf°p-dn®pw \nc-h[n ]T-\-ßƒ e`y-am-Wv. Richard M. Eaton cNn® Sufis of Bijapur, 1300-1700 (Massachusettes, 1978) F∂ IrXn-bn¬ kq^n-{]ÿm-\-Ønse kv{XoI-sf-°p-dn®v ]cm-a¿in-°p∂p-≠v. hnPbm cma-kzm-an-bpsS Divinity and Deviance: Women in Virasaivism (Delhi, 1996); theptNcn \mcm-bW dmhp-hns‚ 'A Ramayana of their Own: Women's Oral Tradition in Telugu' (Paula Richman (ed), Many Ramayanas: The Diversity of a Narrative Tradition in South Asia, Delhi, 1991 F∂ ]pkvXI - Ø - n¬ tN¿Øn-´p-≈X - )v F∂o cN-\I - fpw {it≤-bß - f - m-Wv. David Shulman (editor) Syllables of Sky: Studies in South Indian Civilization (Delhi, 1995) F∂ ]pkvX-I-Øn¬ tN¿Øn-´p≈ ]e teJ-\ß - fpw a≤y-Imecmjv{So-b˛- k - mw-kI v m-cn-Im¥-co-£-Øn¬ kv{Xo]p-cp-j-t`Zw cq]w{]m]n-®Xn-s\-°p-dn®v At\z-jn-°p-∂-h-bm-Wv. B[p-\n-IL - ´- sØ am¿Ivkn-Ãv˛tZio-bh - mZ-N-cn-{X-]-WvUn-X-cpsS cN-\-I-fn¬ kv{XoIfpw enwK-t`-Zhpw bmZr-—n-Ia - m-bn-am-{Xta {]Xy-£s - ∏´p-≈q. "kaqlNcn{Xw' (social history) 1980-If - m-bt∏m-tg°pw ]pXp-a-bn-√m-Xm-bn-Øp-Sßn; Cu kab-aØ - mWv kv{XoN-cn-{X-Øn-s\m∏w "Iogm-f]-T\ - ßƒ' (Subaltern Studies) cwK-{]-thiw sNbvXX - v. kv{XoN-cn-{X-Øns‚ ]e e£y-ßfpw ]¶p-h® {]ÿm-\a - m-bn-cp∂p CsX-¶nepw s]mXpsh enwKt`-Zw, enwKm-[n-Imcw, Ch-sb-°p-dn®v "Iogm-f]T\-ßƒ' A[n-Is - am∂pw ]d-™n-√. A©mw hmfyØn¬ cW-PnXv Kpl cNn® "Chandra's Death' F∂ teJ-\hpw Kmb{Xn N{I-h¿Øn-˛-kv]n-hm°ns‚ teJ-\hpw ]pXnb km≤y-X-Iƒ Xpd-∂n´p. AXn-\p-tijw Ia-em-hn-tiz-iz-c≥, kqkn-Xmcp, tXP-kzn\n \nc-RvP\, {]hoWm tImtSmØv apXem-bh - ¿ "Iogm-f] - T - \ - ß - fn'¬ Fgp-Xn-bn-´p-≠v. C¥y- b nse kv { XoN- c n- { X- Ø ns‚ thcp- I ƒ kv{Xo{]-ÿm-\Ø - n-em-W,v "Iogm-f]T-\ß - fp'ambn kv{XoN-cn-{X-Øn-\p≈ _‘w k¶o¿Æ-am-Wv. ]e-t∏mgpw hyXy-kvX-Zn-i-I-fn-te-°mWv Ah¿ bm{X-sN-øp-∂X - v. F¶nepw Chbv°v s]mXp-hn¬ XmXv]-cy-ap≈ {]ta-b-ß-fp≠v; e£y-ß-fp-≠v. AXp-sIm-≠p-Xs∂ ]c-kv]cw ]tcm-£-am-sb¶nepw A`n-kw-t_m-[\ sNbvXp-sIm≠v Cu c≠p [mc-Ifpw hf-cp-∂p. Sumit Sarkars‚ Modern India (Delhi 2002) F∂ P\-{]n-b-Ir-Xn, C∏d™ kwhm-Z-ßsf G‰hpw ^e-{]-Z-ambpw efn-

IqSp-X¬ hmb-\bv°v

- T - \ - ß - f - psS aeX-ambpw kw{K-ln-°p-∂p. Iogm-f] bm-f-]-cn-`mj 2006¬ ]pd-Øn-d-ßn. CXn¬ KplbpsS apºp kqNn-∏n® teJ\w Dƒs∏-Sp-Øn-bn´p-≠v. (Im-Wp-I, "N{μ-bpsS acWw', kqkn Xmcp, Fkv.k - R - vPohv (F-Un.), Iogm-f] - T - \ - ß - ƒ, tIm´bw, 2006) B[p-\nI Ime-L´- Ø - n¬ enwK-t`-ZØ - n\pw enwKm-[n-Im-cØ - n\pw kw`-hn® am‰-ßsf kq£vaambn ]cn-tim-[n-°p∂ H´-\h - [n IrXn-Iƒ C∂p≠v. t\csØ kqNn-∏n® Sangari-Vaid kam-lmcw-t]mse D]-tbm-K-{]-Z-amb a‰p kam-lm-c-ß-fpap≠v ˛ DZm-l-c-W-Øn-\v, `mcXn td kam-l-cn® From the Seams of History (New Delhi, 1995). hSt°-bn-¥y-bn¬ ap…nw-kv{Xo-If - p-sS-bn-Sb - nse ]cnjv°c - W - {- i-aß - s - f-°p-dn®v Gail Minault cNn® Secluded Scholars: Women's Education and Social Reform in Colonial India (Delhi, 1998); hS-t°-bn¥y-bnse lnμn-{]-tZ-iß - f - nse kmaq-ly-]c - n-j° v c- W - Ø ns‚ enwK- a m- \ - ß - s f- ° p- d n®v IpwIpw kwKmcn (Kumkum Sangari) bpsS teJ-\-ßƒ (Politics of the Possible, New Delhi, 1999); _wKmfnse kmaqly]cn-jv°-c-W-Øn¬ "`{Z-alnf'bpsS \ne-sb-°p-dn®v lnam\n _m\¿PnbpsS (Inventing Subjects: Studies in Hegemony, Patriarchy and Colonialism Delhi, 2002) teJ-\ßƒ; Rosalind O' Hanlon Xmcm-_mbv jn≥tU F∂ alm- c m- j v { S- ° m- c n- b mb teJn- I - b psS IrXnsb Bkv]Z- a - m°n cNn® A Comparison Between Women and Men: Tharabai Shinde and the Critique of Gender Relations in Colonial India (Delhi, 1994); C¥y≥ kv{Xohn-Zym-`ymk]cn-{i-aß - f - psS Ncn-{X-sØ-°p-dn-®p≈ teJ-\-k-am-lm-c-amb Socialisation, Education and Women: Explorations in Gender Identity (Karuna Chanana (ed), New Delhi, 1982). C°-tWm-anIv B‚ v s]mfn-‰n-°¬ ho°ven (EPW) F∂ {]kn-≤o-Ic - W - Ø - n-emWv BZy-Ime kv{XoN-cn-{X-te-J-\-ß-fn¬ H´p-an-°-hbpw {]kn≤o-I-cn-°-s∏-´-Xv. 1980-I-fn-sebpw 90-I-fn-sebpw EPW e°ßƒ kv{XoN-cn-{X-]-T-\-Øn\v Hgn-®pIq-Sm-\m-hmØ t{kmX- m-W.v AXp-t]m-se-Øs - ∂bmWv am\pjn (Manushi) F∂ kv{Xo]-£{- ]-kn≤o-I-c-W-hpw. Ch-Iq-SmsX Studies in History, Indian Economic and Social History Review, Modern Asian Studies, Indian Journal of Gender Studies apXemb A°m-Za - nI{]kn-≤o-Ic - W - ß - f - nepw [mcmfw Kth-j-W-te-J-\-ßƒ {]Xy-£-s∏-Sp-∂p≠v. amdn-h∂ \nb-a-hy-hÿ, kzØp-S-a-ÿX

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F∂n-hs - b-∏‰ - n-bp≈ IrXn-Ifpw C¥y≥ kv{XoNcn-{X-Øn¬ {]kn≤o-I-cn-°-s∏-Sp-∂p≠v. Pm\-In\m-bc - psS Women and Law in Colonial India (Delhi, 2006), _o\m AK¿hm-fns‚ A Field of One's Own: Gender and Land Rights in South Asia (Delhi, 1994) F∂o ]pkvXIßƒ {][m-\s - ∏´hbm-Wv. 19-˛mw \q‰m-≠n¬ i‡n-{]m-]n® PmXn-˛-a-X-t_m[-ßfpw kap-Zm-b-\n¿Ωm-W-{]-{In-b-Ifpw kv{Xo Isf Fßs\ _m[n-®p-sh∂p ]cn-tim-[n-°p∂ \nc-h[n {][m-\s - ∏´ IrXn-If - p-≠v. Tanika Sarkar cNn® Hindu Wife, Hindu Nation (Delhi, 2001); Charu GuptabpsS Sexuality, Obscenity, Community: Women, Muslims and the Hindu Public in Colonial North India (Delhi, 2001) F∂o IrXn-Iƒ hS-t°-bn-¥y-bnse lnμp-k-ap-Zm-b-Øns‚ ]cnWm-as - Ø-°p-dn®p ]Tn-°p-∂p. Patricia Uberoi(ed), Social Reform, Sexuality and the State (Delhi, 1996) F∂ teJ-\-k-am-lm-c-Øn¬ C¥y-bpsS ]e-`mK-ßf - nse kap-Zm-b]cn-jv°c - W - s - Ø-°p-dn-®p≈ ]T-\-ß-fp-≠v. tZio-b-{]-ÿm-\-sØ-°p-dn®v [mcmfw ]T\-ßf - p-s≠-¶nepw tZiob{]ÿm-\Ø - nse kv{Xo ]-¶m-fn-Ø-sØ-°p-dn-®p≈ ]T-\-ßƒ C\nbpw h¿≤n-t°-≠n-bn-cn-°p∂p ˛ _wKmƒt]m-ep≈ Nne {]tZ-i-ßsf tI{μo-I-cn®v [mcmfw {]_‘-ßfpw teJ-\ß - fpw h∂p-Ig - n-™p-sh-¶n-epw. Suruchi Thapar Bjorkert, Women in the Indian National Movement: Unseen Faces and Unheard Voices (Delhi, 2006) ASp-ØI - m-eØ - n-dß - nb ]T\-ßf - n¬ {i≤-b¿ln-°p∂ H∂m-Wv. Gail Pearon FgpXnb "Nationalism, Universalization and the Extended Female Space in Bombay City' (Gail Minault (ed), The Extended Family, (Columbus, 1981) F∂ kam-lm-c-Øn¬ tN¿Øn-´p-≈-Xv): Geraldine Forbess‚ Women in Modern India (XpS°-°m¿°p-]-‰nb ]pkvX-I-am-Wn-Xv). (Delhi, 2000); Leela Kasturi, Vina Majumdar F∂n-h¿ tN¿s∂-gp-Xnb Women and Indian Nationalism: Some Questions, (Occasional paper, Center for Women's Development Studies, New Delhi, 1994) F∂nh {]tbm-P\ - {- ]-Zß - f - m-Wv. C¥y≥ kv{XoIfpsS cmjv{Sobm-hI - m-i{- ]-t£m-`ß - s - f-°p-dn-®p≈ teJ-\-ß-fn¬ Barbara Southard cNn® 'Colonial Politics and Women's Rights: Woman Suffrage Campaigns in Bengal, British India in the 1920s', Modern Asian Studies 27(2), 1993; Anupama Roy, The 'Womanly Vote and Women Citizens: Debates on Women's Franchise in Late Colonial India', Contri-

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butions to Indian Sociology 36 (3), 2002 F∂nh {]m[m-\y-a¿ln-°p-∂p. Wendy Singer, A Constituency Suitable for Ladies and other Social Histories of Indian Election (Delhi, 2007) F∂ ]pkvXIw Cu At\z-j-WsØ kzmX-{¥ym-\-¥-c-Im-etØ°v \o´p-∂p. hn`-P\ - s - Ø-Øp-S¿∂p≈ AXn{I-a-ß-fn¬ kv{XoIƒ A\p-`-hn® Zpcn-X-ß-sf°p-dn-®pw AXv Ah-cpsS Pohn-X-ß-fn-ep-≠m°nb ASn-ÿm-\-]-c-amb am‰-ß-sf-°p-dn®pw EPW¬ 1993¬ h∂ teJ-\-ß-fn¬ (hmfyw 28, e°w 17) ]eXpw ]n¬°meØv ]q¿Æ-]-T-\-ßfm-bn. D¿Δio _p´m-en-b, dnXp ta\≥, Iaem `mkn≥ F∂n-h-cmWv Cu hnj-b-sØ-°p-dn®v {it≤-b-Ir-Xn-Iƒ cNn-®n-´p-≈-Xv. kv{XoI-fpsS sXmgn¬]¶m-fnØw sXmgn-emfn-kv{Xo-I-fpsS Ncn-{Xm-\p-`-h-ßƒ, Ch-sb-°p-dn®p≈ ]pkvX-I-ß-fn¬ J. Krishnamurthy (ed.), Women in Colonial India; Essays on Survival, Work and the State (Delhi, 1989); Samita Sen, Women and Labour in Late Colonial India: The Jute Industry (Cambridge, 1999) F∂n-hbpw lcym-\-bnse Im¿jn-I-hy-h-ÿ-bpsS B[p-\n-I-h¬°-cWw kv{XoI-fpsS sXmgn¬]-¶m-fn-ØsØ Fßs\ _m[n-®p-sh∂v ]cn-tim-[n-°p∂ Prem ChoudhrybpsS The Veiled Women: Shifting Gender Equations in Rural Haryana, 1880-1990 (Delhi, 1994) B[p- \ n- I - h ¬°- c - W w, kv { XoI- f psS sXmgn¬]-¶m-fnØw F∂n-hs - b-°p-dn-®p≈ hyhÿm-]nX [mc-WI - sf tNmZyw-sN-øp∂ IrXn-IfmWv. ZfnXvkv{Xohm-Z-Øn¬ ZfnXvkv{XoN-cn{XcN\bpw i‡-am-bn-cn-°p-∂p. Xangv\m´nse "kzm`nam-\-{]-ÿm\'Ønse kv{XoI-fpsS cN-\-I-fpsS kam-lm-c-amb The Other Half of the Coconut: Women Writing Self-respect History (K. Srilatha (ed.), Delhi, 2003) alm- c m- j v{S- b nse Awt_Zv°¿{]ÿm-\-Ønse kv{Xo{]-h¿Ø-I-cpsS hmsam-gn-Nc - n-{X-amb We also Made History: Women in the Ambedkarite Movement (Urmila Pawar, Meenakshi Moon, Delhi, 2008); Sharmila RegebpsS Writing Caste, Writing Gender (a-lm-cmjv{S-bnse ZfnXvkv{XoIfpsS Bﬂ-I-Y-I-fpsS ZfnXvkv{Xo]£hmb-\), (Delhi, 2006) Ch DZml-c-W-ßƒam-{X-am-Wv. C∂v C¥y≥ kv{XoNcn{XcN-\b - nepw kv{Xo]-T\ - ß - f - n¬ s]mXp-shbpw PmXn-a¿±-\hpw enwKm-[n-Im-chpw XΩn-ep≈ _‘w {]tXy-I-{i≤ t\Sp-∂p-≠v. hnZym¿∞nIƒ°p-th≠n Xøm-dm-°-s∏´, hn. KoX-bpsS Gender (Kolkata, 2002), Dam N{I-h¿Øn-bpsS IqSp-X¬ hmb-\bv°v

Gendering Caste-Through a Feminist Lens (Kolkata, 2003) F∂o ]pkvXI - ß - ƒ taev]d - ™ am‰-sØ°p-dn®v hni-Z-ambn ]d-bp-∂p-≠v. "]pcp-j] - T - \-ßfpw' C∂v kPo-ha - m-bn-´p-≠v. Mrinalini SinhabpsS Colonial Masculinity: The "Manly Englishman'' and the "Effeminate Bengali'' in the Late 19th Century (Manchester, 1995) Cu [mc-bnse BZy-Ir-Xn-I-fn-sem-∂m-Wv. ]m¿izh¬°-cn-°-s∏´ kv{XoI-sf-°p-dn-®p≈ ]T-\-ßfn¬ thiym-hr-Øn-bn-te¿s∏-´n-cp∂ kv{XoI-sf°p-dn-®p-≈h [mcm-f-ap-s≠-¶nepw ho´p-tPm-enbnepwa‰pta¿s∏- ´ n- c p∂ kv { XoI- s f- ° p- d n®v A[nIw ]T-\-ß-fn-√. Veena Talwar -Oldenberg s‚ 'Life Style as Resistance : The Case of Courtesans of Lucknow', Feminist Studies 16 (2) 1990; Amrit Srinivasan EPW bn¬ {]kn-≤o-I-cn® teJ\w (hmfyw 20, e°w 44, 1985); Kenneth Ballhatchet cNn® Race, Sex and Class Under the Raj (New York, 1989); Janaki Nair, Mary John (ed.) A Question of Silence, (Delhi,1999) Ch {]tbm-P-\-I-cß-fm-W.v kz]v\ Fw. _m\¿Pn ASp-ØnsS {]kn≤o-I-cn® Men, Women and Domestics: Articulating Middle-Class Identity in Colonial Bengal (Delhi,2004) ho´p-th-e° - m-cn-If - m-b kv{XoI-sf-°pdn-®p≈ BZy -N-cn{X]T-\-ß-fn-sem-∂m-Wv. C¥y-bnse kv{Xo{]-ÿm-\-Øns‚ Ncn-{XsØ- ° p- d n- ® p≈ hmb\ Bcw- ` n- ° m≥ \√ ÿew cm[m-Ip-am¿ cNn® The History of Doing: An Illustrated Account of Movements for Women's Rights and Feminism in India (1800-1990) (Delhi, 1993) BWv. F∂m¬ {_n´njv kv{Xohm-Zn-I-fpambn C¥y-bnse BZy-Imekv{Xohm-Zn-Iƒ°p≠m- b n- c p∂ k¶o¿Æ- _ - ‘ - ß - s f- ° p- d n®v Antoinette Burton cNn® Burdens of History (Chapel Hill 1994) Xo¿®-bmbpw hmbn-®n-cn-t°≠ ]pkvXI-am-Wv. P\-\-\n-b-{¥-W-N¿®-I-fn¬ CØcw k¶o¿Æ-X-Iƒ {]Xy-£-s∏-´-Xn-s\-°p-dn®v Barbara Ramusack Fgp-Xnb "Embattled Advocates: The Debate over Birth Control in India, 1920-1940' (Journal of Women's History 1 (2), 1989) {][m-\s∏´ hkvXp-X-Iƒ Ah-X-cn-∏n-°p-∂p. kv{XoIfpsS Btcm-Ky-sØ-°p-dn®pw {]khw apX-emb {]{In-b-I-fn¬ kw`-hn® am‰-ß-sf-°p-dn®pw C\nbpw ]T- \ - ß - f p- ≠ m- t I- ≠ n- b n- c n- ° p- ∂ p. Dagmar Englels cNn® "The Politics of Child Birth: British and Bengali Women in Contest 1890 - 1930' (Peter Robb (editor), Society and Ideology: Essays in South Asian History (Delhi, 1993) t]mep≈ teJIqSp-X¬ hmb-\bv°v

\-ßƒ e`y-am-Wv. C¥y≥ kv{Xo]-£-cm-jv{So-b-{]-ÿm\w kv{XoN-cn{XcN-\bv°p {]tNm-Z-\-am-b-Xn-s\m∏w kv{XoI-fpsS kmln-Xy-]-cn-{i-a-ß-sfbpw AflI-Y-I-sfbpw hos≠-Sp-°m-\p≈ {ia-ßƒ°pw B°w Iqń. kqkn Xmcp, sI. efnX F∂n-hcpsS _rlZvkwcw-à - mb Women Writing in India: 600 BC to the Early 20th Century Hcp \mgn-I-°√m-bn-cp-∂p. ]g-bI - m-e- kv{Xo-hm-Zn-If - p-sSbpw kmaqly-˛-cm-jv{So-b-{]-h¿Ø-I-cp-sSbpw IØp-Iƒ, teJ-\ß - ƒ, Bfl-IY - I - ƒ apX-em-bh - sb tiJcn®v ]cn-`m-j-s∏-SpØn {]kn-≤o-I-cn-°m-\p≈ {ia-ßƒ C∂v hfsc kPo-h-amWv ˛ C¥y-bpsS an°-`m-K-ß-fnepw CØcw {ia-ßƒ \S-°p-∂p≠v. C¥y-bnse {]apJ kv{Xo]-£{- ]-km-[I - c - mb Zubaan, Women Unlimited, Stree/Samya F∂nh¿°p-]p-dsa ]gb {]km-[-Icpw (Oxford University Press, Orient Blackswan) kv{XoN-cn-{X-ßfpw kv{XocN-\-I-fpsS ]cn-`m-j-I-fpw-a‰pw {]kn-≤oI-cn-°m≥ C∂p Xøm-dm-Wv. ap≥Ime ka-c-ß-fnepw-a‰pw ap≥]-¥n-bn¬\n∂n-cp∂ kv{XoI-fp-ambp≈ A`n-ap-J-ßƒ am\p-jn-t]m-ep≈ {]kn-≤oI-c-W-ßƒ tiJ-cn-®n-´p-≠v. Ah ]pkvX-I-cq-]Øn¬ {]Xy-£-s∏-Sp-∂p≠v; Ahsb Bkv]-Zam°n ]pkvXI - ß - fpw D≠m-Ip-∂p-≠v. sXep-¶m\ kmbp-[-k-a-c-Øns‚ ap∂-Wn-t∏m-cm-fn-I-fp-ambp≈ kw`m- j - W - ß - f n¬\n∂v B{‘- b nse kv{Xoi‡nkwL-S-\-bpsS {]h¿Ø-I¿ cNn® We were Making History F∂ ]pkvXIw C°q-´Øn¬ Xe-bp-b¿Øn-\n¬°p-∂p. C¥y≥ kv{XoN-cn-{X-c-N-\m-cw-KØv C∂v Zriy-am-bn-´p≈ Bth-iØ - ns‚ hfsc sNdn-sbmcw-iw-am-{Xta ChnsS kqNn-∏n-®n-´p-≈q. XpS-°°m¿°v {]tbm-P-\-{]-Z-ß-fmb ]pkvX-I-ßsf ]cn-N-b-s∏-Sp-ØpI F∂ ]cn-an-X-e-£yta Cu A≤ymbØn\p≈p. C¥y-bnse kv{XoN-cn-{X-]-T-\-cw-KsØ At]£n®v tIc-fØ - nse kv{XoN-cn{X]T-\c - wKw ipjv°a - m-sW∂p kΩ-Xnt® Xocq. 1990-If - n-emWv Cu cwKØv Aev]-kzev]w am‰w I≠p-Xp-S-ßnb- X v . kn.- F - k v . N{μn- I - b psS tIc- f - Ø nse kv{Xoap-t∂-‰ß - f - psS Ncn{Xw (Xr-iq¿, 1998) {]kn≤o- I - c n- ° - s ∏- ´ p- s h- ¶ nepw kq£v a - K - t h- j - W Øns‚ ]n≥_ew B IrXn°v A[n-I-an-√m-bncp-∂p. F∂m¬ ASp-ØI - m-eØv Cu ÿnXn amdnh-cp--∂-Xns‚ kqN-\-I-fp-≠v. kPnX aT-Øn¬ cNn® ae-bmf kv{Xo\m-SINcn{Xw (am-Xr-`qan _pIv k v , sk]v X w- _ ¿ 2010) B cwKsØ

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kv{XoI-fpsS A\p-`h - ß - f - n-te°v IqSp-X¬ shfn®w-ho-ip-∂p. F≥.-sI. cho-{μs‚ s]sÆ-gp-Xp∂ PohnXw (am-Xr-`qan _pIvkv, 2010) F∂ IrXn kmln-Xy-cN - \ - m-cw-KØpw s]mXp-aW - vUe - Ø - nepw kv{XoIƒ \S-Ønb FXn-sc-gp-Øn-s\-°p-dn®v \s√mcp Nn{Xw \¬Ip-∂p. Robin Jeffrey tIc-fam-Xr-I-sb-°p-dn-s®-gp-Xnb Politics, Women, and Well-being (Delhi 1993) F∂ IrXn kv{Xo]£Kth-jI - ¿°v Hcp sh√p-hn-fn-Xs - ∂-bmbn-cp∂p: tIc-fa - m-Xr-Im-k{v Xo-XzsØ {]Io¿Øn® Cu IrXn, ]t£, AXns‚ t]mcm-bva-I-sf-°pdn®v Gsd-°psd \n»-_vZa - m-bn-cp-∂p. 2003se ]cnjv°-cn® ]Xn-∏n¬ Cu \ne-]mSv Aev]w amdnb-Xm-bn-°m-Wmw. Cu Ime-bf - h - n¬ tIc-fØ - n-\p]p-dØp Kth-j-W-Øn-te¿s∏´ ae-bm-fn-kv{XoIfpw hntZ-i-cm-Py-ß-fn¬\n-∂p≈ Kth-j-Icpw Cu cwKØv Nne XpS-°-ßƒ \SØn. amXr-Zm-b{I-a-sØ-°p-dn®pw teJ-\-ßƒ h∂pXpSßn; ]pkvX-I-ßfpw. sI. imc-Zm-a-Wn-bpsS Matriliny Transformed (Delhi, 1999); Pn. Acp-Wn-a-bpsS There Comes Papa: Colonialism and the Transformation of Matriliny in Kerala (Hyderabad, 2003); {]hoWm tImtSm-Øns‚ "Framing Custom, Directing Practices: Authority, Property and Matriliny under Colonial Law in 19th Century Malabar' (Subaltern Studies Vol XI¬ Dƒs∏Sp-Øn-bXv Delhi, 2005) F∂nh amXr-Zm-b-Øns‚ ]n∑m-‰-sØ-°pdn®v kp{]-[m\ Dƒ°m-gvN-Iƒ \¬Ip-∂p. tIcf-Ønse kap-Zmb]cn-j° v c - W{ia-ßsf°pdn®pw hna¿i-\-]-c-amb ]p\-c-h-tem-I-\-ß-fp-≠mbn: Toshie Awaya bpsS "Women in the Nambutiri "Caste'' Movement' (T. Mizushima and H, Yanagisawa (editors), History and Society in South India Tokyo, 1996); sP. tZh-nI-bpsS En-Gendering Individuals : The Language of Re-Forming in Early 20th Century Keralam (Hyderabad, 2007); Meera Velayudhan, 'Changing Roles and Women's Narrative', Social Scientist 22 (1), 1994; Ah-cp-sS-Xs∂ 'Reform, Law, and Gendered Identity' (CughkapZm-b-sØ-°p-dn-®v) (M.A. Oommen (ed), Kerala's Development Experience Vol. I, Delhi, 1999 F∂ ]pkvX-I-Øn¬ tN¿Øn-´p-≈-Xv), T.K. Anandi bpsS 'Import of Changing Land Relations and Social and Political Movements on Nambutiri Women' F∂ Kth-jW {]_‘w (tIm-gn-t°mSp k¿ΔI-em-im-e, 2000) Chbpw kap-Zm-b-]-cn-jvI-cWsØ ]p\x-]-cn-tim-[n-°p-∂-h-bm-Wv. DZ-b-Ip-am-dns‚ 'Self, Body and Inner Sense:

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Some Observations on Sree Narayana Guru and Kumaran Asan', Studies in History 13 (2), 1997 F∂ teJ\w kv{Xo-Ncn-{Xm-t\z-jn-I-ƒ°p klm-b-Ic-amb kqN-\-Iƒ \¬Ip-∂p. sXmgn-em-fn-kv{XoI-sf-∏‰ - n-bp≈ ]T-\ß - f - n¬ Anna Lindberg cNn® Experience and Identity: A Historical Account of Class, Caste and Gender among the Cashew Workers of Kerala (Lund, 2001) ]pXnb Dƒ°m-gvNsIm≠pw coXn-im-kv{X-]-c-amb {]tXy-I-X-Iƒ sIm≠pw {it≤-b-amb IrXn-bm-Wv. ZfnXvkv{Xo Ncn{Xw C\nbpw hf-tc-≠n-bn-cn-°p-∂p. {]_-eN-cn-{X-[m-c-Isf Zfn-Xv-kv{Xo-]-£-Øp-\n∂p hnebn-cp-Øp∂ Sn.-Fw. tbip-Zm-ks‚ 'Caste, Gender and Knowledge: Towards a Dalit Feminist Perspective' (paper presented at Grassroots Politics Colloquium, Delhi, Mar 10-11, 1995) {][m\-s∏´ teJ-\-am-Wv. F∂m¬ tIc-f-Ønse ]{X-am-knI-If - nepw Kth-jW {]kn-≤o-Ic - W - ß - f - nepw C∂v kv { Xo]- T - \ - ß ƒ°v ap¥nb {]m[m- \ y- a p- ≠ v . ChnsS {]kn-≤o-Ic - n-°s - ∏-Sp∂ teJ-\ß - fpw ]T\-ßfpw Cw•o-jn¬ {]Xy-£s - ∏-Sm-ØX - p-sIm≠v tZio-b-X-e-Øn¬ {i≤n-°-s∏-Sp-∂n-s√-∂p-am-{Xw. F≥.-sI. cho-{μ≥, Sn.-Sn. {ioIp-am¿, kmdm tPmk^v apX-emb ]e-cp-sSbpw kv{XoN-cn-{X-kw-_‘ - nbmb teJ-\-ßƒ teJ-\-k-am-l-c-W-ß-fn¬ Dƒs∏-´n-´p-≠v. kv{XoI-fpsS Fgp-Øn-s\-°p-dn®mWv A[nIw ]T-\-ß-sf-¶nepw Ncn-{X-ho-£W-tØm-Sp-IqSn cN-\-°-s∏-´h Ipd-hm-Wv. Fw.F-kv.-F-kv. ]mWvUy≥ cNn® "sImtfm-Wn-b-enkhpw tZio-bX - bpw: sX°≥Xn-cp-hn-Xmw-Iq-dnse sshIp-WvT-kzman {]ÿm-\-sØ-°p-dn®v' (tIc-f]-T-\-ßƒ˛1, G{]n¬-˛-Pq¨ 1993) F∂ teJ\w amdp-ad - b - v°¬k-ac - I - m-esØ PmXn-˛e - nw-Kc - m-jv{Sob-Øn-te°v shfn-®w-ho-ip-∂p. DZ-b-Ip-am-dns‚ ap≥kq-Nn-∏n® teJ-\hpw ae-bm-f-Øn¬ {]kn≤o-I-cn-°-s∏-´n-´p-≠v. ("kzXzw, ico-cw, A¥x IcWw: {io\m-cm-bW - K - p-cp-hn-s‚bpw Ipam-c\ - m-ims‚bpw IrXn-I-sf-∏-‰n Nne \nco-£-W-ßƒ', kwhmZw 4, sk]vXw-_¿-˛-H-IvtSm-_¿ 2000) Cu ]T\-ßfpw teJ-\-ßfpw \ΩpsS Adn-hns‚ koa-Isf hn]p-e-am-°n-bn-cn-°p-∂p. DZm-l-c-WØn\v tIc-f-Ønse ap…nw-kv{Xo-I-fpsS Ncn-{Xm\p-`-h-ß-sf-°p-dn®v jwjmZv lpssks‚ KthjWw ("ae-_m¿ Iem-]-Øns‚ hmsam-gn-]m-cºcyw' 2005¬ {ioi-¶-cm-Nmcy kwkvIrX k¿ΔI-em-im-e-bn¬ ka¿∏n® {]_-‘w) hen-sbmcp hnS-hn-s\-bmWv \nI-Øp-∂-Xv. {IokvXo-b-h-\n-XI-fpsS Ncn-{X-sØ-°p-dn-®v, ]t£, C∂pw ]cn-

IqSp-X¬ hmb-\bv°v

an-X-amb Adnth \ap-°p-≈p. (A-°m-Z-anI{]kn≤o-I-c-W-ß-fn¬ {]hoWm tImtSmØv cNn® 'Gender, Community, and Identity in Christian Property Law Reform: The Case of 20th Century Tiruvitamkoor', Inter Asia Cultural Studies 3 (3), 2002; Jane Haggis s - X°≥Xn-cp-hn-Xmw-Iq-dnse anjWdn {]h¿Ø- \ - ß - f nse kv { Xokm- ∂ n- ≤ ysØ°pdn-s®-gp-Xnb 'Ironies of Emancipation: Changing Configuration of 'Women's Work' and the "- Mission of Sisterhood' to Indian Women', Feminist Review 65, 2000, F∂o teJ-\-ßƒ FSp-Øp-]d-bm-hp-∂h - b - m-Wv.) Cw•o-jn¬ sP. tZhnI cNn® Individuals, Householders, Citizens: Malayalis and Family Planning 1930-70 F∂ ]pkvXIw tIc-fØnse "IpSpw-_m-kq-{X-W-hn-P-b-Øns‚' enwKh¬Ir-X-am-\-ßfpw Ncn-{X-]-c-amb thcp-Ifpw At\z-jn-°p-∂p. (New Delhi, 2008). kv{Xo]-£Øp-\n-∂√ - msX cNn-°s - ∏-Sp∂ ]e IrXn-If - nepw kv{Xo]-£K - t- h-jW - Ø - n\v D]-Im-c{- ]-Za - mb hnh-

c-ßƒ [mcmfw D≠m-hm-dp-≠.v P.K.K Menon cNn® History of the Freedom Movement in Kerala, Vol.2 (Thiruvananthapuram, 1972) CØ-cØ - n-ep-s≈mcp IrXn-bm-Wv. Ign™Im-eß - f - n¬ tIc-fØ - n¬ kPo-hk - m∂n- ≤ y- ß - f m- b n- c p∂ kv { XoI- f p- a mbn Sn.- s I. B\μn, KoX XpS-ßn-b-h¿ \S-Ønb A`n-ap-Jßƒ Ncn-{X-hn-Zym¿∞n-Iƒ°p hne-s∏-´h - b - m-Wv. aocm them-bp-[≥ \S-Ønb ]e A`n-ap-J-ßfpw Cw•njn¬ {]kn-≤o-I-cn-°-s∏-´n-´p≠v ˛ am\p-jn, kmay-i‡n F∂o {]kn-≤o-I-c-W-ß-fn¬. am{Xa-√, A°m-esØ {]apJh\n-X-I-fpsS Bﬂ-IY-Ifpw Poh-Nc - n-{X-ßfpw Ncn-{X-]T - \ - Ø - n\v hnea-Xn-°m-\m-hmØ apX¬°q-´p-I-fm-Wv. tIc-fØnse k¿Δ-I-em-im-e-I-fnse Kth-jW {]_‘-ß-fn¬\n∂pw kv{XoN-cn-{X-Øn-\m-h-iy-amb hnh-c-ßƒ e`n-°p-∂p≠v ˛ F∂m¬ "kv{XoNcn{X'sa∂p hnfn-°m-hp-∂h Ch-bn¬ F{X-bps≠∂v ]d-bm-\m-hn-√.

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