The 33rd Issu of JEAN

東亞泉志

THE JOURNAL OF EAST ASIAN NUMISMATICS

中英雙語 - 電子季刊 Bilingual (English - Chinese) Digital Quarterly

《中國貨幣史》1954年第一版及1958年第二版書影

The copies of the first edition in 1954 and the second edition in 1958 of AMonetaryHistoryofChina

曾經珍藏“千斯倉鈔版”的“錢幣館”博物館 The museum that housed theQiansicang paper money plate

2024年柏林·世界錢幣展覽會熊貓紀念章 2024 World Money Fair Berlin Panda Medal

『 本期專題 | FEATURES 』

中國造幣史（下）

The History of Minting in China

上海烚赤金條在臺灣 Shanghai Xia Chi Gold Bar in Taiwan

霍華德·包克與耿愛德的通信（1950年5月- 6月）

Howard F. Bowker – Eduard Kann Correspondence (1950.5-6)

千斯倉故事圖背鈔版的出現與流向（上）

The Appearance and Destination of the Qiansicang Story Picture Paper Money Back Plate（Ⅰ）

2024年香港展会40周年熊猫纪念章

2024 Hong Kong Show Panda 40th Ann. Commemorative Medal

Hong Kong Coin Auction Returns to the Holiday Inn Golden Mile

3/15-16 Taipei Store

In 1984, Money Company held the first Hong Kong auction at the Holiday Inn Golden Mile and released the first Hong Kong show panda. The first Champion sale was in 1994, and the first Hong Kong auction was in 1996 at the Holiday Inn Golden Mile.

Now, the 2024 40th Anniversary Show (April 9-11) and Auction will be held at the legendary Holiday Inn Golden Mile where it all started on April 7. Prior to 40th Anniversary Show at the Holiday Inn Golden Mile, the auction will be jointly conducted by Hongkong International Coin Convention & Antique Watch Fair (HICC), Champion Auction and Collectibles Auction Asia (CAA). PleasecontactMr.Chouforspecialconsignmentrates forthisspecialauction.Tel:886-903937338/852-61650618/001-6462709988，Email: mhlchou@yahoo.com. (Pleaseseeinformation below)

There will also be an invitational 40th anniversary commemorative party at the Holiday Inn Golden Mile on April 6 inviting participants from the original 1984 show.

Champion Preview: First Floor Room 50, 163 Nanking West Road（14:00-18:00）

3/22-24 Singapore

Champion Preview: Singapore International Coin Convention-Champion Table

4/6 -Crystal Room 1

3/17-Mr. Brown Coffee

Champion Preview: No. 166 Section 1 Jianguo S Rd Daan District（12:00-15:00）

Top Chinese Coins Exhibit（11:00-18:00) Many of the rarities of Chinese numismatics will be on display.

Legend of Chu Liu Xiang Coin Series III Hong Kong Launch （13:30-15:00） Hong Kong Panda 40th Anniversary Medal First Release（13:30-15:00） Yu Min (winner of the Coin of the Year Lifetime Achievement Award for Design) and Lee Chi Ching (Hong Kong leading comic artist) will attend the first release ceremony.

Hong Kong Numismatics Market Seminar（15:00-18:00) Hong Kong Coin Auction 40th Anniversary Invitation Party (19:30-22:30） The seminar will be hosted by Ron Guth, former PCGS president and president of NLG. Mateo Zhao, King Chan and Ben Wengel are coming to the show. Many legendary numismatic titans and attendees of the 1984 Hong Kong show will make an appearance and give their accounts of the 1984 show and Hong Kong Show Panda release. The seminar will also include the development of Chinese numismatics since 1984. It is a party not to be missed

4/6 -Crystal Room 2

Auction Preview （10:00-18:00)

4/7- Crystal Room 1

HICC / Champion / CAA Auction（10:00-18:00)

◎ 1911 One Dollar Silver Coin Designer L. Giorgi's Drawings from the Arthur Coole Collection, 3 pieces in a set. (1) The first dragon pattern, with Arthur Coole collection label and the tie for tying to the memorial submitted to the emperor on the reverse; (2) The second dragon pattern, with Arthur Coole collection label; (3) The third dragon pattern, with Arthur Coole collection label.

Contact Us

Hong Kong (Hongkong International Coin Convention & Antique Watch Fair)

Mr. Simon Wong / Mr. Wayne Wong / Mr. Sam Hung

Add: Shop B-113A, Holiday Inn Golden Mile，50

Nathan Road, Kowloon, Hong Kong

Tel: 852-2366-9111

Email: info@hicc.hk

1. 張南琛中國機製幣收藏

1. Nelson Chang Collection Vintage Chinese Coins

2. 張叔馴中國古錢收藏

2. Nai-chi Chang Collection Ancient Chinese Coins

3. 包克/方藥雨中國古錢收藏

3. Bowker & Fang Yaoyu Collection Ancient Chinese Coins

4. 華人家族錢幣及懷錶收藏

4. Chinese Family Collection Coins

5. YIF 中國錢幣銅質樣幣收藏

5. YIF Collection of Chinese Vintage Coin Patterns

6. BWS Part II - Charm Coins, Tokens, Cash Coins

6. BWS花錢、代幣、古錢收藏（第二部分）

Mainland China, Macau, Taiwan, Japan, South Korea, USA, Europe

Mr. Michael Chou

Add: Avenida Da Praia Grande No.371 Edif. Keng

Ou 22 Andar A, Macau, China

Tel: 886-903937338

Email: championghka@gmail.com

Singapore, Malaysia, Thailand, Indonesia, Vietnam

Mr. Jeffrey Wai

Add: 101 Upper Cross Street, #03-78A，People's Park Centre, Singapore

Tel: 65-9638-7225

Email: cauctionasia@gmail.com

Champion 2024 2024

Coming Shows/Auctions

3/22-24——Singapore International Coin Convention

4/9-11——Hong Kong 40th Anniversary International Coin Convention (Holiday Inn Golden Mile）

4/25-28——Tokyo International Coin Convention（TICC）

10/31-11/03——China (International) Coin Expo (Beijing)

11/24-26 ——Macau Numismatic Society Annual Show (Macau Kam Pek Community Centre)

03.10

Shanghai WeChat Auction

Consignment Deadline: 02.28

05.19 04.07

Hong Kong Auction

Consignment Deadline: 2.23

Show Show

Shanghai WeChat Auction

Consignment Deadline: 05.01

08.27 06.19 12.13 7.21

11.10

Hong Kong WeChat Auction

Consignment Deadline: 06.01

Shanghai WeChat Auction

Consignment Deadline: 07.01

Auction

Auction

Hong Kong WeChat Auction

Consignment Deadline: 08.15

For more details, please contact us

Shanghai Office

Add：Room 1808, Bao Hua Building No. 1211, Changde Rd. Putuo District, Shanghai Tel：86-21-62130771

Email：jeanzg1994@163.com

Shanghai WeChat Auction

Consignment Deadline: 10.15 Macao Auction

12.01 Consignment Deadline: 11.01

Champion Shanghai Store：

Rm. East-09, 5/F, Yunzhou Antique City, No. 88

Damuqiao Road, Xuhui District

Opening Hours：Saturday 13:30-17:00 Tel: +86-19514623548

Taipei Store

Add：First Floor Room 50,163 NanKing West Road, Taipei Tel： 886-903937338

Email：championghka@gmail.com

Hong Kong WeChat Auction

Consignment Deadline: 11.30

JEAN Website: https://jeandigital.asia/

Hong Kong Store

Add：Rm. 219, 2/F Ho Mongkok Shopping Centre, No.169-173 Portland St. Mongkok Kowloon, Hong Kong

Tel：852-61650618

Email：championghka@gmail.com

香港錢幣拍賣 即將回歸

金域假日酒店

3月15日至16日-臺北店鋪

1984年，金錢公司在香港金域假日酒店舉行拍賣，併發行了首枚香港國際硬幣展覽會熊 貓紀念章。2024年恰逢香港展會40周年，香港錢幣拍賣將回到一切開始的地方——傳奇 的金域假日酒店，舉辦盛大的拍賣活動，併發行香港展會40周年熊貓紀念章。 此次拍賣會將在香港國際錢幣展40周年展期間（4月9日-11日）舉辦，由香港國際 錢幣展銷會暨古董錶交易會（Hongkong International Coin Convention & Antique Watch Fair）、冠軍拍賣（Champion Auction）及亞洲藏品拍賣（Collectibles Auction Asia），于4月7日在香港金域假日酒店聯合舉辦。冠軍自1994年舉辦拍賣以來，第一場 香港拍賣便是于1996年在金域假日酒店舉行。如有意進行委託，請聯繫周邁可先生以 瞭解這場特別拍賣的委託費用相關信息，電話：001-6462709988/852-61650618/886903937338，郵箱：mhlchou@yahoo.com。其他國家或地區請參見下方委託信息。

4月6日，我們還將在金域假日酒店舉辦40周年紀念特別邀請宴。宴會將邀請自1984年第 一場拍賣的參與嘉賓共襄盛舉，敬請期待！

冠軍拍賣預展：大同區南京西路163號1樓50室（14:00-18:00）

3月22日至24日-新加坡

冠軍拍賣預展：新加坡國際展銷會-冠軍拍賣展位

4月6日 -香港麗晶廳1

3月17日-伯朗咖啡店

冠軍拍賣預展：大安區建國南路一段166號伯朗咖啡店（12:00-15:00）

中國錢幣珍品展 （11:00-18:00）——展覽現場將有諸多中國錢幣大珍亮相 《楚留香傳奇》紀念幣第三套香港首發（13:30-15:00）

香港熊貓40周年紀念章首發（13:30-15:00） 世界硬幣大獎賽終身成就獎得主余敏、香港漫畫大師李志清將出席首發活動。

香港錢幣市場論壇（15:00-18:00) 香港錢幣拍賣40周年邀請晚宴(19:30-22:30） 原 PCGS 總裁、原錢幣文學公會主席古富將主持活動，CCG集團亞洲業務拓展副總裁趙振陽先生、NGC資深顧問陳景林先生以及NGC世界 錢幣總評級師本·文格爾(Ben Wengel) 先生親臨現場。此外，多位錢幣界的傳奇人物及出席了 1984年香港展會的錢幣界人士將參加此次活動， 並分享他們對於1984 年展會及展會熊貓紀念章發行的回憶，並分析中國錢幣自 1984年來到發展，不容錯過。

4月6日 -香港麗晶廳2 拍賣預展（10:00-18:00)

4月7日- 香港麗晶廳1 HICC / 冠軍 / CAA聯合拍賣（10:00-18:00)

◎ 宣統三年壹圓銀幣設計師L.GIORGI手稿一套三張,包括：（1）第一次行龍樣，面朝外，背 面有邱文明收藏標籤和用于系至奏摺的系帶；（2）第二次行龍樣，立龍，面朝左，右側貼有 邱文明收藏標籤，龍面後用于壹角、貳角及伍角幣；（3）第三次行龍樣，面朝右，龍右側貼 有邱文明收藏標籤，皆為邱文明藏品。

委 托 聯 系 信 息

香港地區·香港國際錢幣展銷會暨古董錶交易會 黃健輝 / 黃毅華/孔慶森

地址：香港九龍彌敦道50號金域假日酒店B113A 電話：852-2366-9111

郵箱：info@hicc.hk

1. 張南琛中國機製幣收藏

1. 張南琛中國機製幣收藏

6. BWS花錢、代幣、古錢收藏（第二部分） 拍 品

2. 張叔馴中國古錢收藏

2. 張叔馴中國古錢收藏

3. 包克/方藥雨中國古錢收藏

3. 包克/方藥雨中國古錢收藏

4. 華人家族錢幣及懷錶收藏

4. 華人家族錢幣收藏

5. YIF 中國錢幣銅質樣幣收藏

5. YIF 中國錢幣銅質樣幣收藏

6. BWS花錢、代幣、古錢收藏（第二部分）

中國內地、澳門、臺灣、日本、韓國、美國、歐洲 周邁可

地址：澳門南灣大馬路371號京澳大廈22樓A座 手機：886-903937338 郵箱：championghka@gmail.com

新加坡、馬來西亞、泰國、印度尼西亞、越南 魏亨泰

地址：101克羅士街上段珍珠大廈#03-78A室 電話：65-9638-7225 郵箱：cauctionasia@gmail.com

2024 2024 冠軍 展會/拍賣活動

3/22-24——新加坡國際展銷會

4/9-11——香港國際錢幣展40周年展(金域假日酒店）

4/25-28——東京國際錢幣展銷會（TICC）

10/31-11/03——北京國際錢幣博覽會

11/24-26 ——澳門錢幣學會年會展 (金碧文娛中心）

拍賣

活動

更多詳情

上海辦公室

地址：上海市常德路1211號寶華大廈1808室 電話：86-21-62130771

郵箱：jeanzg1994@163.com

徐匯區大木橋路88號雲洲古玩城5樓東09 營業時間：每週六13:30-17:00 手機：+86-19514623548

《東亞泉志》官方網站 : https://jeandigital.asia/ 冠軍上海店鋪：

臺北店鋪

地址：臺北市大同區南京西路163號1樓50室 手機：886-903937338

郵箱：championghka@gmail.com

香港店鋪

地址：九龍旺角砵蘭街169-173號好旺角商場219室 電話：852-61650618

郵箱：championghka@gmail.com

《東亞泉志》

2024免費訂閱 JEAN

中英雙語 - 電子季刊

Bilingual (English - Chinese) Digital Quarterly

《東亞泉志》為冠軍拍賣公司總裁周邁可先生和著名錢幣學 專家史博祿先生于1994年創辦，是一本學術性錢幣研究專業 雜誌。旨在讓廣大錢幣收藏家、研究學者更深入地瞭解錢幣 知識，讓世界各地的讀者更好地瞭解中國深厚的錢幣文化。

《東亞泉志》于1994年7月份問世，1999年停刊，發行了18 期。2015年5月，周邁可先生決定于2016年1月復刊《東亞 泉志》，聘請著名錢幣研究學者袁水清先生擔任主編。

以披露最新錢幣收藏研究成果、推介泉界成 功人士的事蹟為主。主要欄目有學術研究、 人物專訪、鑒賞爭鳴、拍賣回顧、重要信息等。

19世纪的山东青岛/Tsingtao,Shuntung,Provinceinthe19thCentury

THEJOURNALOFEASTASIANNUMISMATICS 東亞泉志

QINGDAO 1918年“喀什道尹朱瑞墀共庆升平纪念”章考 AStudyofthe1918KashgarIntendentZhuRuichiCommemorativePeaceMedal

『本期專題

珍藏裏的“十裏洋場”——包克收藏的民國郵票與代價券 and"TheMetropolisCrowdedwithForeignAdventurers"ShownintheCollection:Stamps CouponsoftheRepublicofChinafromtheBowkerCollectionTheGodofWealthandtheLocalSilver

TheR.B.WhiteChineseCopperCoinCollection R.B.懷特中國銅幣收藏

GoldOil,Gold,andtheDollar-SaudiArabia'sThree-in-oneCurrencySystemwith CoinsastheNationalCurrency 石油、黃金、美元——解讀沙特阿拉伯國家通貨金幣三合一貨幣體制

『本期專題

本期专题|FEATURES 纽埃《楚留香传奇》发行55周年纪念币及其北京、香港首发纪实 ofTheCommemorativeCoinCelebratingthe55thAnniversaryoftheIssue TheLegendofChuLiuXiangandItsLaunchinBeijingandHongKongTheHistoryofMintinginChina(PartI) 中国造币史（上篇）April2024HongKongCoinAuctionReturnstotheHolidayInnGoldenMile中德和约之中的抵偿债券香港钱币拍卖会将于2024年4月回归金域假日酒店 ofOffsettingBondsintheAgreementRegardingtheRestorationoftheState PeacebetweenGermanyandChina

1985年精製版壹圓熊貓紀念銅幣探源 CopperAnExplorationofthe1985One-YuanProofPandaCommemorative Coin HowardF.Bowker–EduardKannCorrespondence(1950.1-4)27YearsinAsianNumismatics 亞洲錢幣界的27年霍华德·包克與耿愛德的通信（1950年1月-4月）

INeverDreameditWouldComeTrue救國公債與新馬經驗做夢都想不到的竟然成真 TheExperienceofNationalSalvationBondsfromSingaporeandMalaysia CHAMPION2023/11/26——冠軍澳門拍賣 MACAUAUCTION

中英雙語-電子季刊 Bilingual(English-Chinese)DigitalQuarterly

纪念卡/CGCCGC10李志清签名香港首发 10LeeChiChingsignedHongKonglaunchcard

NGC1838-1850年臺灣老公銀壹圓 XF40，TCL藏品 金章，NGC袁世凱像第二屆共和紀念會銅鍍 古德曼/BWSUNCDETAILS 藏品

往期電子雜誌 1994-2024

MACAU

Hotel6FPromenade,Sofitel atPonte16

Reader are welcome to contribute articles

歡迎投稿!

Chinese /中文/ jeanzg1994@163.com

English /英文/ championghka@gmail.com

Advisors

顧問

Che-lu Tseng

曾澤祿

Technical Advisor

Hans-Henning Goehrum

漢斯 -亨寧 · 格魯姆

技術顧問 Marketing Advisor 市場顧問

Gu Jun 顧軍

Senior Editor

高級編輯

Bruce W. Smith

史博祿

Steve Feller

史蒂夫·費勒

Advertising & Circulation Manager

廣告與發行經理

Esther Zhao

趙婷婷

Mark Sutton 馬克·修頓

Chinese Editor 中文主編

Yuan Shuiqing 袁水清

Publisher & Editor in-Chief 出版人&總編輯

Michael H. Chou 周邁可

US Correspondent 美國通訊員

J. Matthew Brotherton 馬修 · 布拉澤頓

Design Director 美術設計

Tan Wanmei 譚婉梅

European Correspondent 歐洲通訊員

Oliver Strahl 奧利弗·斯特拉爾

Li Tingting 李婷婷

New Media Coordinator 新媒體协调员

Constance Hao

郝嘉薇

「 中英雙語 · 電子季刊 | Bilingual (English - Chinese) Digital Quarterly」

上海辦事處Shanghai Office

上海市普陀區常德路1211號寶華大廈1808室

電話 ：+86-21-62130771

手機 ：13701793363

郵箱 ：jeanzg1994@163.com

臺北辦事處Taipei Office

臺北市南京西路163號1樓50室

電話 ：+886-2-25551761

手機 ：+886-903937338

郵箱 ：championghka@gmail.com

香港店鋪 Hong Kong Store

九龍旺角砵蘭街169-173號好旺角商場219室 手機 ：852-61650618

郵箱 ：championghka@gmail.com

FOREWORD

Welcome to the 33rd issue of the Journal of East Asian Numismatics

One of the featured articles in this issue is Shanghai Xia Chi Gold Bar in Taiwan written by our friend Stephen Tai. The article tells how the Shanghai gold bars were transported to Taiwan, how they circulated in Taiwan, and their impact on the gold market in Taiwan. Our friend Alex NC Fung contributed another featured articleThe Appearance and Destination of Qian Si Cang Story Painting Paper Money Plate. This issue publishes the first part of the article, which focuses on the detailed information and records of the plate. This issue continues with the correspondence between Franklin Bowker and Eduard Kann from May to June 1950. The correspondence in these 2 months focuses on the discussion about the printing of Kann's new book, Illustrated Catalog of Chinese Coins. They also discussed the contents of the advance copy of Kalgin Shih's Modern Coins of China

This issue also continues with the third part of Edward Kann's History of Minting in China. This part describes the production of provincial mints.

Champion 2023 Macau 10th Anniversary Auction just came to a close. We have reviewed the auction in this issue. In addition, the auction was held during the annual show of the Macau Numismatic Society. The show had a student forum that attracted the active participation of local students, which we also covered in this issue. We also review the December 2024 Hong Kong International Numismatic Fair, while our US correspondent, J. Matthew Brotherton, reviewed the Florida Winter FUN Show just held. As the third series of the Legend of Chu Liu Xiang commemorative coins is being designed, we visited the studio of the famous Hong Kong comic artist Lee Chi Ching in November 2023. We wrote a report to review the visit. Our Chinese editor-in-chief, Yuan ShuiQing, interviewed the curator, Huang Chunming, on the occasion of the opening of the branch of the Chuanjiang Coin Museum, and the interview is also shared with all readers in this issue.

Issue 33 has an article by our friend Jeff Garrett,Red Book Changes Ownership. The article shared with our readers a recent event that has caused quite a stir in the numismatic world, that is Whitman Publishing, publisher of The Guide Book of United States Coins, was acquired by CDN Publishing. In addition, NGC has begun grading Chinese cash coins, and we have reprinted the story in this issue. We also republished the article Recent Platinum Bar and Coin Product Launches are Inspired byTimelessThemes while Delivering Cutting-edgeDesign by the World Platinum Investment Council.

Zhou Bian has written book reviews for the 2023 edition of the Macau Numismatic Society's annual journal and Gu Yongxin's Illustrated Catalog of the BiYuanTang Coin Exhibition. In addition, the origin of wu zhu coins that had been in circulation in China

for more than seven hundred years is introduced in the article Jun GuoWu Zh

We received 2 articles for this issue. One of them is The Reflection after Submitting theYuan Shih Kai Dollar with L.Giorgi Signature for Grading submitted by a famous collector (pen name Quan Hai Bu Xiao Sheng) from Taiwan. The other is a contribution from James Contursi, A 58-dollar QianmuTempleToken Set, received at the Taipei Numismatic Society Annual Meeting.

Our European Correspondent, Oliver Strahl, shared his thoughts on the upcoming 2024 Berlin World Money Fair Panda Medal and analyzed the current market for panda coins and medals in Europe in his latest article. I will also be attending the World Money Fair Panda Medal in Berlin from February 2nd to 4th, and I am looking forward to seeing you there.

We hope that every reader will find an article of interest in this issue.

Year 2024 is the 40th anniversary of the first coin show held in Hong Kong. The Hong Kong coin auction will return to the place where it all began - the legendary Holiday Inn Golden Mile. A grand auction co-organized by the Hong Kong International Coin Convention & Antique Watch Fair, Champion Auction and Asian Collectibles Auction will be held on Sunday, April 7th. Highlights of the auction include the Nelson Chang Collection of Chinese Vintage Coins; the Nai-chi Chang Collection of Chinese Ancient Coins; the Bowker/Fang Yaoyu Collection of Chinese Ancient Coins; the Chinese Family Collection of Vintage Coins, Fantasy Coins, and the YIF Collection of Chinese Pattern Coins (Part I); and the BWS Collection of Commemorative Medals, Charms, and Tokens (Part II). A number of events will be held during the period, including an exhibition of Chinese numismatic rarities; the launch of the third series of Legend of Chu Liuxiang commemorative coins and the 40th Anniversary Panda Medal of the Hong Kong Coin Show, the 40th Anniversary Forum of the Hong Kong Coin Show, Auction and Panda Medal, 40th Anniversary Invitational Dinner on June 6th. This will be followed by the Hong Kong International Coin Convention & Antique Watch Fair from April 9th to 11th. Michael Chou will be in the United States from January 2 to February 12, 2024, and in Taiwan from February 15 to 20, 2024. Consignments for the HICC/Champion/CCA Hong Kong joint auction on April 7, 2024 will be accepted during all of these periods. For information on the commission fees of this special auction or to make an appointment to meet during the show, please contact 86-13701793363 / 01-6462709988; email: mhlchou@yahoo.com.

Michael Chou Publisher & Editor-in-Chief

Review of Macau Banknotes – Numismatic Academic Annual 2023

The Illustrated Catalog of the Bi Yuan Tang Coin Exhibition

Review on Hong Kong International Numismatic Fair in December 2023

Students from Three Schools Participated in the Numismatic Exchange Forum of the Macau Numismatic Society

A Visit to Lee Chi Ching's Studio-Interpreting Chinese Kung Fu Culture in Comics

Review on Champion 2023 Macau Auction and Other Events

Interview with Chuanjiang Coin Museum Curator Huang Chunming

Jun Guo Wu Zhu - The Source of Wu Zhu Coins Circulating for Over 700 Years

Zhu Yanling〔Shanghai〕

The Reflection after Submitting the Yuan Shih Kai Silver Coins with L. Giorgi Signatures for Grading

A 58-dollar Qianmu Temple Token Set

Chyuan Hai Bu Siao Sheng〔Taipei〕

James Contursi〔Taipei〕

The History of Minting in China

Shanghai Xia Chi Gold Bar in Taiwan

Howard F. Bowker – Eduard Kann Correspondence（1950.5-6）

Eduard Kann〔USA〕

Stephen Tai〔 Taipei〕

Bruce W. Smith〔USA〕

The Appearance and Destination of the Qiansicang Story Picture Paper Money Back Plate（Ⅰ）

Alex NC Fung〔Hong Kong 〕

Year of the Dragon Brings New Opportunities for Numismatics as Winter 2024 FUN Show Arrives

NGC Shanghai Now Accepting Submissions of Chinese Cash Coins

The Red Book Changes Hands

The European Numismatic Panda Market

Recent platinum bar and coin product launches are inspired by timeless themes while delivering cutting-edge design

前 言 qian yan

歡迎大家閱讀《東亞泉志》第33期。

本期專題文章之一是我們的好友戴學文先生撰寫的《上海烚赤金條 在臺灣》。文章講述上海烚赤金條是如何運抵臺灣，又是如何在臺 灣流通的，及其對臺灣的黃金市場產生的影響。

而我們的朋友馮乃川先生則貢獻了另一篇專題文章——《千斯倉故 事圖背鈔版的出現與流向》。本期刊載了上篇部分，主要介紹了千 斯倉鈔版的詳細信息及其記載情況。

這期接續上期，刊載了包克和耿愛德在1950年5月至6月的通信。

這倆月的信件主要是耿愛德就其著作《中國幣圖說匯考》的印刷情 況與包克交換了意見。倆人還對施嘉幹《中國近代鑄幣匯考》先行 本中的內容進行了討論。

本期雜誌繼31期、32期之後，刊載了耿愛德的《中國造幣史》下篇。 該部分介紹了各省造幣廠的生產情況。

冠軍拍賣2023年澳門10周年拍賣剛剛落下帷幕。我們在本期就拍 賣情況進行了回顧。此外，拍賣正值澳門錢幣學會年會，舉辦了學 生專場論壇，吸引了當地學生的積極參與，我們也對其進行報道。

我們還與各位分享了2023年12月香港國際錢幣展銷會的盛況。本 刊的美國通訊員布拉澤頓先生則對剛剛舉辦的第 69屆冬季佛羅里 達聯合錢幣展進行了回顧。

隨着《楚留香傳奇》紀念幣第三套的設計工作有條不紊的進行，我 們於2023年11月造訪了香港著名漫畫大師李志清的工作室，特此 進行回顧。本刊中文主編袁水清先生在川江錢幣博物館新館開幕之 際，採訪了館長黃春明先生，採訪內容也在本期與各位讀者分享。 第33期雜誌中還刊載了我們的好友傑夫 · 加勒特先生的文章《紅皮 書易主》。文章與讀者分享了近期錢幣界頗為轟動的一件大事，即 《美國硬幣指南》出版商惠特曼出版社被 CDN 出版社收購。而

NGC 開始對中國銅錢進行評級，我們在本期轉載了相關報道。另 外，還轉載了世界鉑金投資協會撰寫的《中英兩國推出標誌性鉑金 投資產品》。

周邊先生為2023年的澳門錢幣學會年刊和顧永新先生的《幣緣堂館

藏精品圖鑒》撰寫了書評，均刊載在本期。此外，周延齡先生在《郡 國五銖》一文中，分析了這一中國流通七百餘年五銖錢的源頭。

我們本期也收到了2篇投稿。其中一篇是臺灣著名收藏家（筆名泉 海不肖生）的《6枚 L. Giorgi 簽字版袁大頭送評後的省思》。另一 篇是在臺北集幣學會年會上收到的來自詹姆斯 孔圖爾西的《一套 共計58元的廟宇錢錢母》。

本刊歐洲通訊員奧利弗 斯特拉爾先生就即將發行的2024年柏林世 界錢幣展覽會熊貓紀念章進行了分享，並且分析了目前歐洲熊貓紀 念幣章的市場情況。我本人將代表冠軍拍賣及其《東亞泉志》參加 2月2日至4日舉辦的柏林世界錢幣展覽會，我們期待與您在展會上 相見。

我們希望每位讀者都能在本期雜誌中找到感興趣的文章。

2024年恰逢香港國際錢幣展會40周年，香港錢幣拍賣將回到一切 開始的地方——傳奇的金域假日酒店，定於4月7日（周日）舉辦盛 大的拍賣活動。此次拍賣將在香港國際錢幣展40周年展前期，由香 港國際錢幣展銷會暨古董表交易會、冠軍拍賣及亞洲藏品拍賣，在 香港金域假日酒店聯合舉辦。本次拍賣亮點將有張南琛中國機製幣 收藏；張叔馴中國古錢收藏；包克 / 方藥雨收藏中國古錢；華人家 族收藏錢幣；華人家族收藏臆造幣；YIF 收藏中國樣幣（第一部 分）；BWS 收藏紀念章、花錢、代幣（第二部分）。期間還將舉辦 多場活動，包括4月6日的中國錢幣珍品展；《楚留香傳奇》紀念幣 第三套及香港錢幣展會40周年熊貓紀念章首發；香港錢幣展、拍賣、 展會熊貓40周年論壇；40周年招待晚宴。之後還將於4月9日至11 日參加香港國際錢幣展銷會暨古董表交易會。我2月1日至12日在美 國， 2月15日至20日在臺灣。期間均可接受2024年4月7日 HICC/ 冠軍 /CCA 香港聯合拍賣的委託。如欲瞭解該場拍賣委託相關費 用信息或在展會期間預約見面，可聯繫電話：86-13701793363 / 01-6462709988 ；郵箱 mhlchou@yahoo.com。

《東亞泉志》總編輯兼出版人 周邁可

目 錄 lu mu

砥礪前行 一路風景——《澳門錢鈔縱橫-2023年錢幣學術年刊》

私人館藏精華呈現 五卷圖鑒精品薈萃——《幣緣堂館藏精品圖鑒》 展銷、拍賣盛況空前——2023年12月香港國際錢幣展銷會回顧 三校學生參加澳門錢幣學會錢幣交流論壇 李志清工作室造訪記——以漫畫詮釋中國武俠文化 冠軍2023年澳門拍賣及活動回顧 川江泉緣——黃春明館長訪談錄 郡國五銖——流通七百餘年的五銖錢之源頭 6枚 L. Giorgi簽字版袁大頭送評後的省思 一套共計58元的廟宇錢錢母

中國造幣史（下）

上海烚赤金條在臺灣

周 邊〔上海〕

周 邊〔上海〕

王 洛〔澳門〕

冠軍研究室〔上海〕

冠軍研究室〔上海〕

冠軍研究室〔上海〕 部 門

袁水清〔西安〕

周延齡〔上海〕

泉海不肖生〔臺北〕

詹姆斯·孔圖爾西〔臺北〕

霍華德·包克與耿愛德的通信（1950年5月- 6月） 千斯倉故事圖背鈔版的出現與流向（上）

耿愛德〔美國〕

戴學文〔臺北〕

史博祿〔美國〕

馮乃川〔香港〕

第 69屆冬季佛羅里達聯合錢幣展為龍年錢幣收藏帶來新機遇 NGC上海宣佈即日起為方孔錢提供認證服務

紅皮書易主

歐洲熊貓紀念幣章市場

中英兩國推出標誌性鉑金投資產品

馬修·布拉澤頓〔美國〕

傑夫·加勒特〔美國〕

奧利弗·斯特拉爾〔德國〕

世界鉑金投資協會〔上海〕 NGC〔上海〕

Moving Forward The View from the Road

ReviewofMacauBanknotes–Numismatic AcademicAnnual2023

◎ Zhou Yanling〔Shanghai〕

Macau Banknotes - Numismatic Academic Annual 2023 (《 澳 門錢鈔縱橫 -2023年錢幣學術年刊 》) arrived on schedule. Compiled and published by the Macau Numismatic Society, the series of annual journals was launched in 2012 and has been published 12 years. Each issue has brought readers varied and colorful content.

The 2023 issue includes the Teaching Materials for Primary and Secondary School Students in Macau - An Introduction to Ancient Chinese Coins (《澳門中小學生教材 - 中國歷代古錢 簡介》) by Mr. Wang Jing ( 王璟 ). The article carries forward Chinese monetary history and culture of more than 3,000 years to young people through an in-depth introduction to the knowledge of ancient money. It is also a pioneer to use a simplified version of Chinese monetary history and numismatics as a teaching material for primary and secondary schools in Macau. For the Chinese numismatic community, this is an extremely meaningful and worthwhile event. The content of the textbook is concise, and the selected ancient coins are all authentic coins with clear patterns and inscriptions. The shortcoming is that some content needs complementation, such as an ancient coin of the State of Chu in the pre-Qin period. Additional introduction should be added to coins such as the ban liang [ 半兩 ], wu zhu [ 五銖 ], and kai yuan tong bao [ 開元通寶 ] to emphasize their place in the development of Chinese coinage. More interesting topics could also be added, such as the set coins. Some typos should be corrected, e.g. “ 三株 ” to “ 三銖 ”. The defects cannot obscure the strengths. It is a suitable and concise book about ancient Chinese coins for young people.

This issue also publishes some other interesting articles. The Special Coins Exhibition in Commemoration of the 130th Anniversary of the Birth of Mao Zedong (《 紀念毛澤東誕 辰130周年錢幣特展 》) by Mr. Zhu Xiang Fei Xiang ( 諸相 非相 ) and Mr. Fong Chon Chong ( 馮春松 ) introduces the currencies with the portrait of Chairman Mao Zedong issued by various revolutionary bases during the Sino-Japanese War and the War of Liberation. In Commemoration of 1000 Years

of the Birth of Banknotes (《 紀念紙幣誕生1000年學術論 文》) records the consensus on some issues concerning Chinese banknotes at the Academic Seminar in Commemoration of 1000 Years of Banknotes held in Chengdu. Mr. Che Chan’s ( 謝臻 ) Historical Changes of Macau Shown by the Coins (《錢幣背後 的澳門歷史變遷》), Mr. Chan Kot's ( 陳戈 ) Examination and VerificationoftheChopmarksonSzechuan-TibetanCoins (《四 川藏洋版式戳記考證 》) in the Sichuan Collection, and Mr. Wang Jing's the SpecialBackgroundandExistingVarietiesofQi Xiang Qian (《 祺祥錢特殊的時代背景與現存 》) shows the research result of Macau researchers. The Banknotes Issued by Mongolian Trade and Industrial Bank by Mr. Zhou Xu ( 周旭 ) detailed the denominations, serial numbers, and number of the banknotes issued by the Mongolian Trade and Industrial Bank in 1925, 1939, and 1941, enabling us to understand this obscure history. Mr. Xing Jia's ( 邢嘉 ) Currency Reform and Inflation during the Reign of the Kuomingtang (《 國統時期的幣制改 革與通貨膨脹 》) analyzes the three major currency reforms carried out during the reign of the Kuomintang and the results caused by the currency reforms. The reasons behind inflation and the implications of the KMT's decline are analyzed. In addition, Mr. Li Yao's ( 李堯 ) OntheBanknoteforthe100thAnniversary of Kim Il Sung (《 淺談金日成誕辰100周年紀念鈔 》) and Mr. Ye Zhenming's ( 葉真銘 ) The Mystery of the Producer of the Tai Ping Bai Qian (《“ 太平百錢 ” 鑄主之謎 》) have introduced and researched from different perspectives, which can broaden readers' horizons. This academic journal covers a wide range of subjects and is well-printed and photographed, making it a numismatic publication worth reading.

Macau Banknotes - Numismatic Academic Annual 2023 is published by the Macau Numismatic Society and sponsored by the Macau Fok Ying-tung Foundation and (Macau) Chinese Banknotes Exhibition Committee, with a print run of 1,000 copies. The first edition was published in November 2023. Email: MNS-1988@outlook.com. dcdesign772@yahoo.com.hk

Five Volumes of Illustrated Catalogs to the Present The Best of a Private Collection

TheIllustratedCatalogoftheBiYuanTangCoinExhibition

◎ Zhou Bian〔Shanghai〕

At the end of 2023, I saw the newly published 31st book of Gu QuanWen Ku Series [ 古泉文庫 , a series of book about ancient coins], namely, the five - volume set of The Illustrated Catalog oftheBiYuanTangCoinExhibition (《幣緣堂館藏精品圖鑒》) by Gu Yongxin ( 顧永新 ). Located in Wuwei, Gansu Province, the Bi Yuan Tang Coin Exhibition Hall exhibits ancient coins, banknotes, silver ingots, vintage coins and copper mirrors from the private collection of Mr. and Mrs. Gu, all of which have been authenticated and certified by domestic and foreign identification companies. As a window to show the culture of Wu Wei and a patriotic education base, the exhibition hall is open to the public free of charge, and it is famous in the domestic and foreign numismatic community for its complete series of coins and numerous rare items. The collectibles are now compiled into an illustrated catalog for the benefit of friends in the numismatic field and the general readers.

The ancient coin volume of the catalog covers all Chinese ancient coins in the exhibition according to the dynasty. The volume reflects the evolution of the shapes of coins, characters, and minting techniques of all times based on the ancient coins in the exhibition hall. In each chapter, there is an interpretation and introduction, so that the readers can have a look at the history of the development of Chinese coins in the process of enjoying the beauty of Chinese ancient coins.

The paper money volume has chapters on early paper money, paper money issued by the four major banks in the Republic of China, military bills of the Republic of China, banknotes issued by local banks, banknotes issued by commercial banks, notes issued by money changers, banknotes issued in China by foreign banks, and bonds and coupons in the Republic of China. With beautiful photographs and detailed explanations, it presents a complete picture of the development and evolution of Chinese banknotes. Readers will be able to understand the cultural and economic background behind the banknotes after enjoying them.

The volume on vintage coins shows us the quality and detail of the coins in the exhibition hall with clear or enlarged highdefinition images. This part covers most of the vintage coins issued in China from the Qing dynasty to the Republic of China. It is divided into three sections by material, that is, gold coins, silver coins, and copper and nickel coins. There are also some medals and fantasy gold and silver coins. It focuses on showing the development of Chinese vintage coins.

The copper mirror volume selects the quality collectibles from more than 1,000 kinds of copper mirrors. There are 12 chapters according to the dynasty, including mirrors from the State of Qi in early times to the Qing dynasty. At the beginning of

each chapter, there is a brief introduction as to the distribution range, manufacturing techniques, cultural functions, motifs, decorations, textures, and shapes of the mirrors. It also explains the technical features and cultural connotations of copper mirrors of different times. Therefore, we can learn more about the categories and history of copper mirrors. The ancient mirror was not only used as a tool for looking at oneself, but also had cultural functions such as rewarding, sacrificing, and exorcising evil spirits.

The rarity volume gathers the rarities of ancient coins, banknotes, vintage coins, and copper mirrors. As for the ancient coins, the three-hole spade and the six-character knife coin of the State of Qi are great rarities from the pre-Qin period. The guo bao jin kui [ 國寶金匱 ], jincuodao [ 金錯刀 ], and liuquanshibu [ 六 泉十布 ] of Wangmang’s Xin dynasty are also rare. The de yi yuanbao [ 得一元寶 ] and shuntianyuanbao [ 順天元寶 ] from the Tang dynasty and the tian ze fu bao [ 天策府寶 ] from the Ten Kingdoms are extremely rare as well. There are also large cash coins from Emperor Xianfeng’s reign, charm coins, coin models, and silver ingots. The banknotes in this volume include rare ones from the Yuan, Ming, and Qing dynasties as well as banknotes issued by banks in the Republic of China. As for vintage coins, there is a set of 1900 Peking Coins, and patterns of Hupoo “Chung” Tael Silver Coins, 1907 One Dollar Silver, and 1911 Silver Dollars. There are also gold and silver coins with portraits of warlords in the Republic of China and representative coins minted by Kiangnan, Peiyang, Sinkiang, Tibet, and other provinces. Copper mirrors have also been selected, which are characterized by their ages, fine ornamentations, and scarcity. This volume is so wonderful that readers will definitely enjoy it. It is not easy for collectors to collect, and it is even more difficult to collect rarities. The author of the book gathered the rarities in the exhibition into a catalog, to share and appreciate our long history and monetary culture with the public. It also provides a reference for researchers and collectors. The Illustrated Catalog of the Bi Yuan Tang Coin Exhibition in five volumes is a good teaching material that cannot be missed in this regard.

The first edition of the Illustrated Catalog of the Bi Yuan Tang Coin Exhibition (in five volumes) by Gu Yongxin was published by World Book Publishing Xi'an Co., Ltd. in August 2023. Pricing: RMB 2,490. ISBN 978-7-5232-0503-7. Size: 787mm x 1092mm.

Contact

Tel: 029-87214941, 029-87233647 (Marketing Department)

Website: http://www.wpcxa.com

E-mail: xast@wpcxa.com

砥礪前行

一路風景

《澳門錢鈔縱橫-2023年錢幣學術年刊》

《澳門錢鈔縱橫-2023年錢幣學術年刊》在期盼中如期而至。

由澳門錢幣學會編撰出版的系列年刊《澳門錢鈔縱橫》於 2012年問世，至今已出版12期，每期都會帶給讀者不一樣 的豐富多彩的內容與感受。

2023年學術年刊，值得讚譽的是全文刊載了王璟先生編寫 的《澳門中小學生教材-中國歷代古錢簡介》。這不僅是通 過深入淺出地介紹古錢知識，將我國三千多年的貨幣史與貨 幣文化得以在青少年中傳承發揚光大，也開創性地在澳門的 中小學裏，系統地將簡化的中國貨幣史錢幣學作為教材來學 習。對於中國錢幣界而言，這是一件極其有意義和值得提倡 的大事。教材內容簡潔，文字精煉，所選古錢都系歷代行用 錢的真品，形制文字清晰。不足的是，有些內容尚待修訂時 補充，如先秦時期的楚國古錢。對“半兩”“五銖”“開元通 寶”等錢幣應增加文字介紹，以突出它們在中國錢幣發展中 的地位。選題上也可增加一些趣味的內容，如康熙的“羅漢 錢”等。糾正一些錯字，如“三株”改成“三銖”。瑕不掩瑜， 但它不失為一本適宜青少年學習的中國古代錢幣簡明讀本。

2023年學術年刊發表的文章中，諸相非相、馮春松先生的 《紀念毛澤東誕辰130周年錢幣特展》較系統介紹了抗日戰 爭和解放戰爭時期各根據地發行的有毛澤東主席頭像的貨 幣。《紀念紙幣誕生1000年學術論文》記錄了成都召開的“紀 念紙幣誕生1 000年學術會議”對中國紙幣若干問題上形成 的共識。謝臻、陳戈先生的《錢幣背後的澳門歷史變遷》《四 川藏洋版式戳記考證》；王璟先生《祺祥錢特殊的時代背景 與現存的品種》等文章，使我們看到了澳門錢幣學者的研究 成果。周旭先生《蒙古貿易與工業銀行發行的紙幣》一文， 詳細地敘述了蒙古貿易與工業銀行1925年、1939年和1941

年發行紙幣的面值、冠號以及發行量，使我們能夠瞭解這段 比較生疏的歷史。邢嘉先生《國統時期的幣制改革與通貨膨 脹》則分析了國民黨統治時期進行的三次大的幣制改革，以 及幣制改革後造成的結果。分析了通貨膨脹背後原因及國民 黨走向衰敗帶來的啟示。另有李堯先生《淺談金日成誕辰 100周年紀念鈔》、葉真銘先生的《“太平百錢”鑄主之謎》 等文，從不同的視角作了介紹與研究，可使讀者開闊眼界。 總之，這期學術年刊涉及題材廣泛，印刷圖片精美，是一本 值得一讀的錢幣刊物。

《澳門錢鈔縱橫 -2023年錢幣學術年刊》由澳門錢幣學會出版， 澳門霍英東基金會、（澳門）中國歷代紙幣展委員會贊助，印數 1 000，2023年11月第一版。

電郵：MNS-1988@outlook.com.dcdesign772@yahoo.com.hk

◎ 周 邊〔上海〕

《幣緣堂館藏精品圖鑒》

◎ 周 邊〔上海〕

癸卯寒月，見到新出版的古泉文庫系列叢書之卅一種，即顧 永新編著的《幣緣堂館藏精品圖鑒》（全五卷）。幣緣堂展覽 館位於甘肅武威，展出的歷代古錢、紙幣、銀錠、近代機製 幣和銅鏡都是顧永新、王金紅伉儷私人藏品，所有藏品均經 國內外鑒定公司鑒定認證。展覽館作為武威地區的文化窗口 與愛國教育基地對外免費開放，因錢幣系列完備，珍稀品眾 多，在國內外錢幣界享有盛名。現又選館藏精品彙編成圖鑒， 以饗泉友及廣大讀者。

《幣緣堂館藏精品圖鑒》古錢卷，按朝代沿革將館藏中國歷 代古錢彙編成冊，通過古錢實物，反映了歷代錢幣的形制、 文字與鑄錢工藝的演化，在每一章節中，都有文字的解讀和 介紹，使讀者在領略中國古錢之美的同時，也通覽了一部中 國錢幣發展史。

《幣緣堂館藏精品圖鑒》紙幣卷，將館藏紙幣分早期紙幣、 民國四大銀行紙幣、民國軍用票、地方銀行紙幣、商業銀行 紙幣、錢莊票、外國在華銀行紙幣、民國時期公債票券等章 節。用精美的照片與文字解讀，較完整展現中國紙幣發展歷 程與演變脈絡。使讀者在欣賞紙幣後瞭解其背後的文化與經 濟背景。

《幣緣堂館藏精品圖鑒》機製幣卷，以高清的攝影，清晰或 放大的圖像，為我們展現藏品的質感與細節，涵蓋從清代到 民國中國發行的大部分的機製幣。按材質分為金幣、銀幣和 銅圓、鎳幣三個部分。並外延一些獎牌和紀念章，一些臆造 的金銀幣等內容。着重於展現中國機製幣發展的歷史。

《幣緣堂館藏精品圖鑒》銅鏡卷，編著者在館藏的1 000多 種銅鏡裏，選取其中的精品結集成冊，按時代分為早期的齊 家文化與商周銅鏡，春秋戰國、西漢、東漢銅鏡，隋、唐、 五代十國銅鏡，兩宋、遼金銅鏡，元、明、清代銅鏡等十二 章節。各章節前有這個時代銅鏡的分佈範圍、鑄造工藝、文 化功能、圖案紋飾、質地形狀等的簡述，並在每面銅鏡上詳 細描述其青銅澆鑄技術、圖案、紋飾、工藝特點與文化內涵。

使我們可以更多瞭解銅鏡的門類與歷史，獲知古鏡作為一個 照容工具之外，它另有賞賜、祭祀、辟邪、壓勝等文化功能。

《幣緣堂館藏精品圖鑒》精華卷,則是在已篩選古錢幣、紙 幣、機製幣、銅鏡四大類基礎上，薈萃精華，濃縮而成。卷 中古錢中的三孔布、齊六字刀是先秦大珍。新莽的國寶金匱、 金錯刀、六泉十布是難得一見的好泉。唐時的得一、順天元 寶，十國時天策府寶也極為稀見。清代咸丰大錢以及花錢、 錢範、銀錠等好錢呈出。紙幣中的元明寶鈔、清代官票、民 國各銀行珍稀紙幣令人目不暇接。機製幣中庚子京局一套， 戶部光緒元寶“中字”“丁未”“宣三”等的樣幣，民國軍閥 人像金銀幣，江南、北洋、新疆、西藏及各省鑄的具有代表 性的金銀幣熠熠生輝。銅鏡也挑選了有年代特徵、紋飾精美、 稀缺少見的展品入選。使該卷精彩紛呈，會令讀者愛不釋手。

藏家收藏不易，集珍更難。將館藏精品編撰成集，與大眾一 起分享欣賞我們悠久的歷史和貨幣文化，同時也為研究學者 與收藏愛好者提供參考與借鑒，《幣緣堂館藏精品圖鑒》五 卷在這方面是一部不可多得的好教材。

顧永新編著的古泉文庫系列叢書《幣緣堂館藏精品圖鑒》（全 五卷），由世界圖書出版西安有限公司出版發行，國際書號： ISBN978-7-5232-0503-7，開本：787mmx1092mm 1/8，購書 電話：029-87214941、029-87233647（市場行銷部），網址： http://www.wpcxa.com 郵箱：xast@wpcxa.com，2023年8月 第1版，定價：人民幣2 490元（全五冊）。

Review on Hong Kong International Numismatic Fair in December

2023

◎ Champion〔Shanghai〕

The Hong Kong International Numismatic Fair (HKINF) is a leading numismatic event in Asia and has been held twice a year since 2015, making it a renowned numismatic event in Asia. (Fig. 1)

Held at the Crystal Room B3 of the Holiday Inn Golden Mile, the show lasted three days from December 11 to 13, 2023 (Monday to Wednesday). This year, the show once again attracted top coin dealers, renowned collectors, and coin amateurs from around the world.

Michael Chou, President of Champion Auction, also attended the fair and met many old and new friends. (Fig. 2)

Another highlight of the show was the auction by St. James Auction. The auction featured many outstanding Sinkiang coins. (Fig. 3)

Among these coins, an 1890 Sinkiang five-mace silver coin (PCGS AU50, from the 1971 Eduard Kann Auction and the 1991 Goodman Auction) and an 1890 Sinkiang three-mace silver coin (PCGS EF45, from the 1974 Spink Auction) attracted great attention from collectors, realizing $386,000 and $280,000, respectively. They were both won by Taiwan buyers. The prices easily broke the record for modern Sinkiang vintage coins sold at public auctions. (Fig. 4)

Michael Chou also requested St. James Auction President Steve Fenton to sign an auction catalog for the buyers who won the five-mace coin. (Fig. 5)

The last time Michael Chou saw this Sinkiang five-mace silver coin was at the Goodman Auction held on June 3-4, 1991 at Beverly Hills. (Fig. 6) It was great to see old friend Steve Fenton and his advisor Andre de Clermont again this time, as well as the Sinkiang coins

Fig. 1 HKINF Poster & The show

Fig. 3 St. James December 11, 2023 Auction Catalog Cover

Fig. 2-4 Michael Chou (right) with Duan Honggang ( 段 洪剛 , middle), General Manager of Beijing Gongbo Coins Authentication Company and Singapore senior collector Ati

Fig. 2-2 Famous chopmark coin collector Colin Gullberg (1st from left), Ben Dalgleish, Hung Yau-lee ( 洪秀利 , 3rd from left), owner of Hong Kong Taisei and Michael Chou.

Fig. 2 Michael Chou (4th from left) with show organizer Kenneth Yung (1st from left), Mateo Zhao ( 趙振陽 , 2nd from left), Vice President of CCG Asian Business Development, and Adriel Fo (3rd from left) and Amos Fo (5th from left) of House of Collectibles, Singapore.

Fig. 2-3 Michael Chou with Steve Fenton (right), President of St. James Auction, who is holding the Sinkiang five-mace silver coin for auction.

Fig. 4 The Sinkiang five-mace silver coin and three-mace silver coin were hammered at $310,000 and $225,000, respectively

from the collection of David Spencer Smith. (Fig. 7)

Steve Fenton once had a 1933 U.S. $20 Double Eagle gold coin from the collection of King Farouk I of Egypt, which he later sold to the shoe designer Steve Whitman. This legendary coin was purchased by King Farouk in 1944 for $1,250 through famous coin dealer Hans Schulman. At Sotheby's in 2002, the coin was auctioned for $7.59 million, almost twice the previous record price for a single coin at auction. And in 2021, the coin realized $18.9 million, a new world record for a coin at auction.

Andre helped Steve with the auction catalog this time. He is the former director of the coin department at Spink's Auction and an advisor to the famous collector Eli Wallitt.

Sinkiang coins are the focus of David Spencer Smith. With the help of many famous coin dealers around the world, including Stephen Album and Scott Semans in the U.S., André de Clermont in London, and Ma Tok Ho in Hong Kong, David

Spencer Smith collected as many varieties of Sinkiang coins as possible, ultimately building up one of the most complete collections in the Sinkiang coin series.

We are excited to see these wonderful coins handled by a legendary coin dealer at this show.

Fig. 6 The Sinkiang five-mace silver coin in the 1991 Goodman Auction catalog

Fig. 5 Auction catalog signed by Steve Fenton

Fig. 7 From left: Steve Fenton, André de Clermont, Michael Chou (Taken in London in 2017)

2023年12月香港國際錢幣展銷會回顧

◎ 冠軍研究室〔上海〕

圖1 香港國際錢幣展銷會海報 / 展會現場

香港國際錢幣展銷會（HKINF）是亞洲領先的錢幣盛會， 自2015年起每年舉辦兩次，成為亞洲知名錢幣盛事。（圖1）

本屆展銷會於香港金域假日酒店B3麗晶廳舉行，從2023年 12月11日至13日（週一至週三）共為期三天，再次吸引了 全球範圍內的頂級幣商、著名藏家和錢幣愛好者參與。

冠軍拍賣總裁周邁可先生也參加了本次展銷會並見到了諸 多新老朋友。（圖2）

本屆展銷會的另一大亮點便是聖詹姆斯拍賣公司（St. James Auction）舉辦的拍賣會。該場拍賣推出了諸多精 品新疆錢幣。（圖3）

其中，一枚1890年新疆鑄光緒銀元伍錢（出自1971年耿愛 德舊藏拍賣及1991年古德曼舊藏拍賣，PCGS AU50）和一 枚1890年新疆鑄光緒銀元三錢（出自1974年Spink拍賣， PCGS EF45）受到藏家們的關注和追捧，分別以38.6萬美 元和28萬美元的價格成交，均被臺灣買家競得。其成交價 格輕鬆打破新疆近代機製幣公開拍賣的成交紀錄。（圖4） 周邁可先生還請聖詹姆斯拍賣主席史蒂夫·芬騰（Steve Fenton）為競得該幣的買家簽贈拍賣目錄。（圖5）

周邁可先生上一次見到這枚新疆伍 錢銀幣是1991年6月3日至4日 在比弗利山莊舉辦的古德曼 舊藏拍賣會上。（圖6）此次 很高興再次見到老朋友史 蒂夫·芬騰和他的顧問安 德烈·德·克萊蒙特（Andre de Clermont），以及此次 出自大衛·斯賓塞·史密斯先 生（David Spencer Smith）舊

圖2-1

周邁可先生（左4）與展會主辦方 Kenneth Yung（左1）、 CCG 集團亞洲業務拓展副總裁趙振陽先生（左2）及新加坡 收藏之家公司（House of Collectibles）的 Adriel Fo（左3）和 Amos Fo（左5）合影

圖2-3 周邁可先生與聖詹姆斯拍賣公司（St. James Auction） 主席史蒂夫 芬騰（Steve Fenton，右）合影，史蒂夫手持此 次拍賣的新疆伍錢銀幣

圖3 聖詹姆斯2023年12月11日拍賣目錄

圖2-2 周邁可先生（左4）與著名戳記幣藏家高林（Colin Gullberg，左1）、香港泰星公司的老闆洪秀利（左3）合影

圖2-4 周邁可先生（右）與北京公博古錢幣藝術品鑒定有限公 司總經理段洪剛先生（中）、新加坡資深收藏家 Ati 先生合影

圖5 簽贈拍賣目錄

圖6 1991年古德曼舊藏拍賣目錄上介紹的新疆伍錢銀幣

周邁可 (2017年合影於倫敦 ) 藏的新疆幣。（圖7）

史蒂夫·芬騰先生曾藏有埃及法魯克一世國王收藏的一枚 1933年美國20美元雙鷹金幣，後賣給了鞋子設計師史蒂夫· 惠特曼（Steve Whitman）。這枚傳奇錢幣是法魯克國王在 1944年通過著名幣商漢斯·舒爾曼（Hans Schulman）以 1 250美元的價格購得的。在2002年的蘇富比拍賣上，該幣 以759萬美元的價格成交，幾乎是之前單枚錢幣拍賣價格紀 錄的2倍。而在2021年，該幣更是以1 890萬美元的價格成交， 創下世界錢幣拍賣紀錄新高。

而安德烈此次幫助史蒂夫製作了拍賣目錄。他是原斯賓克 拍賣公司錢幣部門主管，同時也是著名收藏家伊萊·瓦力特 （Eli Wallitt）的顧問。

而此次新疆幣的出品人大衛·斯賓塞·史密斯先生專注於新 疆錢幣的收藏。他在美國的Stephen Album、斯科特·塞 斯曼（Scott Semans），倫敦的安德烈·德·克萊蒙特和香

圖7 左起：史蒂夫 芬騰、安德烈 德 克萊蒙特、

港的馬德和等世界各地許多著名幣商的幫助下，有條不紊地 收藏了每個年份的盡可能多的新疆錢幣品種，最終建立了新 疆錢幣系列中最全面的收藏之一。

我們很高興能在此次展會上見到這些由傳奇幣商經手的精 美錢幣。

Students from Three Schools Participated in the Numismatic Exchange Forum of the Macau Numismatic Society

Organized by the Macau Numismatic Society, the student forum of the Macau Numismatic Society Annual Show 2023 was held at the exhibition hall of the Kam Pek Community Centre on November 25 at 3:00 p.m. More than 100 people attended the forum, including students of Lou Hau School, Tong Nam School, Pui Va Middle School, and many residents of Macau. Numismatist Wang Jing ( 王璟 ) was invited to share the history and culture of ancient Chinese coins, and Loi Kam Chao ( 呂幹 洲 ), the vice president of the society, elaborated on the history of the issuance of coins before and after the handover of Macau, which was a rich and informative event.

The Ban Liang Coin of the Qin Dynasty was the First Unified Coin

Wang Jing provides an in-depth introduction to the development of ancient coins from various past dynasties. Taking a cowrie as an example, it was used as money from primitive societies to the Xia and Shang dynasties. With the continuous development of human civilization, humans slowly mastered the forging and smelting techniques, and the material of cowries changed from natural sea shells and mussel shells to stone, bone, and pottery in the shape of shells. Then, it was evolved into metal shells. Another case is the ban liang [ 半兩 ] of the Qin dynasty. King Ying Zheng ( 嬴政 ) of Qin initiated the centralized authority and absolute sovereignty. He unified writing, weights, measures, and currency, which made outstanding contributions to the unification of the country. The unified currency was the ban liang. The writing style on the ban liang is a small seal script, which is said to have been created by Prime Minister Li Si ( 李

斯 ). The coin is two inches in diameter and half tael in weight, pioneering the “round coin with a square hole” coin style for the later generation. The cash coin of this shape is also known as “Brother Square Hole”

No Official Currency for Macau after Becoming an Open Port

Lui Kon Chau mentioned that, more than 300 years after Macau served as an open port, the Macau government did not issue any official currency because the Qing government had not formally recognized the Portuguese right to govern Macau, and most of the currencies used in daily transactions were silver ingots, silver dollars, and copper coins issued by the Qing government as well as trade dollars of the Western countries. All the students present were interested and enlightened. Interactive sessions were held and the atmosphere was lively.

In addition, the long table meeting of international numismatic experts and scholars was held at noon on the same day in the conference hall on the sixth floor of the Sofitel Hotel. On the same occasion, Michael Chou, President of Champion Auction, and David Chio, Chairman of Macau Numismatic Society presented a number of ancient coins, banknotes, and booklets on ancient coins to Lou Hau School on behalf of the organizers, to support the school to carry out research. The donation was received by Un Io Teng ( 袁耀庭 ), Director of Moral Education of the school, on behalf of the school.

(Also reported in TouTiao, November 26, 2023)

◎ Wong Lok〔Macau〕

Students of the three schools and residents attended the forum

三校學生及居民出席學生專場論壇

由澳門錢幣學會主辦的“澳門錢幣展二○二三”系列之學生 專場論壇，11月25日下午3時假金碧文娛中心展覽廳舉行， 勞校中學、東南學校及培華中學以及多名居民共100多人參 加，特邀錢幣學者王璟分享中華古錢幣歷史文化，該會副理 事長呂幹洲闡述澳門回歸前後的錢幣發行史，內容豐富。

秦半兩開統一鑄錢先河

王璟深入淺出地介紹了中國各朝代古錢幣發展歷程。以貝幣 為例，始於原始社會到夏商時期，隨着人類文明不斷發展， 慢慢掌握了鍛造冶煉技術，使用“貝”作為貨幣的材質，也 從天然海貝、蚌貝、石貝、骨貝、陶貝等演變成鑄造的金屬 貝。另以秦半兩為例，秦王嬴政開創了封建君主專制中央集 權制度，統一文字，統一度量衡，統一貨幣，對國家的統一 作出卓越的貢獻。當中統一的貨幣就是秦半兩。秦半兩的 書體採用小篆，據說為丞相李斯所書，“徑寸二分，重十二 銖”，開後世“圓形方孔”的鑄錢形制之先河，故銅錢又雅 稱為“孔方兄”。

澳開埠無正式貨幣

呂幹洲提到，追溯至開埠300餘年，澳門政府因滿清政府未 有正式承認葡國對澳門之管治權，故澳門政府並無發行正式

貨幣，日常經商交易的貨幣大都是當時中國滿清政府流通的 銀錠、大清銀幣、民國銀圓、銅幣及西方各國的貿易貨幣。 在場學生皆感興趣，啟益良多。同場設互動環節，氣氛熱烈。

另外，作為錢幣展系列之國際錢幣專家學者長桌會議，同日 中午假索菲特酒店六樓會議廳舉行。同場，冠軍拍賣總裁周 邁可、澳門錢幣學會理事長趙康池代表主辦方向勞校中學送 贈多枚古錢幣、紙幣及古錢幣介紹小冊子等，支持該校有序 開展研究工作，由該校德育主任袁耀庭代表接收。

捐贈儀式

（2023年11月26日“今日頭條”亦作報道）

A Visit to Lee Chi Ching's Studio

——Interpreting Chinese Kung Fu Culture in Comics——

After four months, President of Champion Auction Michael Chou ( 周邁可 ) once again visited the studio of Mr. Lee Chi Ching ( 李志清 ), Hong Kong's leading comic artist, on December 12, 2023. This time, Chou's visit was accompanied by Mateo Zhao ( 趙振陽 ), Vice President of CCG's Asian Business Development.

Lee first introduced his new studio to visitors, which had just been relocated and furnished, giving us the chance to see many drawings that had never been seen before. (Fig. 1)

After that, we saw the line drawings of three female characters Li Hongxiu ( 李紅袖 ), Song Tian’er ( 宋甜兒 ), and Su Rongrong ( 蘇蓉蓉 ), which Lee composed for the third set of commemorative coins of Legend of Chu Liu Xiang (hereinafter referred to as Chu Liu Xiang's Commemorative Coins). (Fig. 2) Lee would color the line drafts later. Yu Min ( 余 敏 ), a former senior designerof the Shanghai Mint Co., Ltd. and the 2017 Krause Publication's Coin of the Year Lifetime Achievement Award for Design, has already started designing the commemorative coin of Li Hongxiu based on Lee's line art.

Previously, Lee had already shared his comic drawing of Song Tian'er with readers on Facebook.

Lee also autographed part of the second series of commemorative cards for the 55th Anniversary of the Issue of LegendofChuLiuXiang witnessed by Vice President of CCG’s Asian Business Development Mateo Zhao. These cards had been sent to CCG’s Shanghai office for grading. The cards are divided into 3 patterns of 1,000 cards each, of which the first 100 each have Lee’s autograph and 10 of each are samples. (Fig. 3)

Michael Chou visited CCG and CGC’s headquarters in Sarasota, Florida on January 2, 2024, to discuss the third collaboration of the series of Chu Liu Xiang’s Commemorative Coins in 2024, Year of KungFu

The Hong Kong Launch Commemorative Cards for the 55th Anniversary of the Issue of Legend of Chu Liu Xiang have been encapsulated by CGC, along with the special yellow label of the CGC Signature Series on the holders. (Fig. 4`)

From left: Lee Chi Ching, Michael Chou & Mateo Zhao

Fig. 2

At the end of the meeting, Lee signed on the latest 2023 drawing of Chu Liu Xiang for Mr. Song Deling ( 宋德令 ), the copyright owner of LegendofChuLiuXiang. (Fig. 5)

Reviewing the visit, besides surprisingly seeing the new series of comic characters of Chu Liu Xiang with our own eyes, it is our honor to see the comic drawing of the new version of TheFlying FoxoftheSnowyMountain that Lee is working on.

Kung fu comics have deep roots in Chinese kung fu culture. With the change of the times and the trend of kung fu movies and TV, kung fu culture has been classified into the scope of entertainment in Chinese culture, which lost a fair status in cultural status and social influence due to popularization.

However, popularization does not mean going with the flow. The spirit of justice, freedom, chivalry, hope, and righteousness conveyed by kung fu culture is deeply rooted in the hearts of Chinese people, and only by promoting multiple forms of the art can the resonance deep inside readers’ hearts be aroused.

Therefore, what kung fu comics need is not only to reproduce classic kung fu scenes comics to make readers feel the excitement of battles and action, but also to analyze and to show

the thinking of the characters, the society, and even the reality. In addition to the artists’ outstanding painting skills, this requires artists to possess the ability to create a pure kung fu world from the story, the picture, the style, and other aspects.

We felt this point in our interaction with Mr. Lee and his comic characters for the third set of Chu Liu Xiang’s Commemorative Coins.

The third set of Commemorative Coins consists of three pieces, with the image of Chu Liu Xiang drawn by Lee in 2023 on the obverse, and the three female characters in the story, Li Hongxiu, Song Tian ’ er, and Su Rongrong, on the reverse. Before Lee started to draw, we proposed to highlight the theme of kung fu with the side of Chu Liu Xiang, while use the female characters on the reverse to show techniques, using advanced techniques to embellish the characters’ clothing and ornaments, to make the third set of Commemorative Coins feature both story and artistry. When conceptualizing the character of Song Tian’er, we suggested that we could use the action of serving wine because she is good at cooking. However, after Lee re-reading Legend of Chu Liu Xiang, looking up information, and repeatedly deliberating, he suggested that Song Tian ’ er ’ s action could be changed to the gesture of issuing a secret weapon because her skill is excellent and even better than Chu Liu Xiang’ s. The change also illustrates the change in female social status, from being the foils of males in the “male world” of traditional kung fu novels to actually becoming part of the kung fu world, reflecting the unique style of females in Gu Long’s ( 古龍 ) kung fu novels. With the change, the third set of Commemorative Coins can reflect the spirit of kung fu more completely in the process of applying the image of characters to the design of Fig. 5

Fig. 3

Fig. 4

Commemorative Coins, which also makes female characters evolve from being an ornament for aesthetics to becoming an important element in conveying the spirit of kungfu

Lee particularly considers and highlights the qualities of each when drawing individual characters, which readers can surely learn the spirit of kung fu from the new comic version of The FlyingFoxoftheSnowyMountain with Lee’s style after issued.

The Year 2024 is the 100th anniversary of the birth of Jin Yong ( 金庸 ), the great master of kung fu novels. At that time, Jin Yong, his kung fu novels, and derivative cultural products will certainly usher in a new climax. But how can the “chivalry” of Chinese culture and the unique oriental aesthetics of the world of kung fu be passed on to the next generation and spread throughout the world through these derivative products? Just as “Wu” in “Wu Xia” (meaning kung fu) is the form and “Xia” is the connotation, so as in wuxia comics, comics are the form and wuxia is the connotation. Lee’s comics will undoubtedly become a good model.

Lee’s kung fu comics have impressed the previous generation of young readers with indelible youthful memories in their hearts. This generation of young people has seen too many love stories in movies and TV dramas, so when the heroes of the first generation become the main characters again in comics, young

readers who have not been exposed to the first generation of kung fu culture will surely feel the magnificent kung fu world in it. Popularizing the chivalry of kung fu culture among young people is both an attempt and a challenge. With development over decades, Lee ’ s painting style has also quietly changed, incorporating a Chinese painting style, which is more refined and more suitable for the aesthetic aspirations of modern people. We believe that the style can be combined with the core spirit of kungfu in the new era, realizing the innovative development and creative transformation of traditional culture.

We are confident that this new set of comics by Lee will reproduce the classic kungfu scenes with exquisite brushstrokes, presenting Jin Yong’s rich-imagined and twisted storyline in a new novel style, thus conveying to readers the spirit of chivalry and the affection towards family and nation in a more distinctive manner. We are also looking forward to the third set of Chu Liu Xiang’s Commemorative Coins drawn by Lee to have the opportunity to convey Chinese kung fu culture to overseas collectors on the international stage.

The legend is gone, and the road is far away. However, we believe that as long as more literati, aspirants, and artists like Lee, quietly work hard to develop the culture of kung fu, then the spirit of chivalry will live on forever.

時隔4月——2023年12月12日（週二），冠軍拍賣總裁周邁 可先生再度造訪香港漫畫大師李志清先生的工作室。此次偕 同前往者是CCG集團亞洲業務拓展副總裁趙振陽先生。

李先生首先向來訪者介紹了他剛剛搬遷並佈置完成的新工 作室，我們也由此得見諸多此前未曾見過的畫作。

之後，我們便看到了李志清先生為《楚留香傳奇》紀念幣第 三套所繪製的3位女性人物李紅袖、宋甜兒和蘇蓉蓉形象的 線稿。李先生之後將為這3幅作品上色。而原上海造幣有限 公司高級工藝美術師、世界硬幣大獎賽終身成就獎得主余敏 先生之前已經開始根據線稿，構思李紅袖款紀念幣的設計。

此前，李志清先生便已經在其Facebook上與讀者分享其 中的宋甜兒畫稿。

李志清先生還在CCG集團亞洲業務拓展副總裁趙振陽的見 證下，在小規格的《楚留香傳奇》發行55周年紀念幣第二 套紀念卡上簽名。這些卡片現已送至CCG上海辦公室進行 評級。卡片共分3款，每款1 000張，其中每款的前100張為

李志清先生手簽，另有每款10張樣品。

周邁可先生也將於2024年1月2日造訪CCG和CGC位於佛 羅里達州薩拉索塔的總部，就《楚留香傳奇》紀念幣系列在 2024年這一武俠之年的第三次合作事宜進行商討。

而《楚留香傳奇》發行55周年紀念幣第二套的香港首發紀 念卡此前已經由CGC認證，封裝並帶有CGC簽名系列的 特別黃色標籤。

此次會面的最後，李志清先生為《楚留香傳奇》的版權所有 者宋德令先生簽贈了其2023年最新繪製的楚留香人物漫畫。

回顧此次造訪，除了對親眼見到新的楚留香系列漫畫人物尤 為驚喜外，我們更是有幸見到了李志清先生正在創作的新版 《雪山飛狐》漫畫圖稿。

武俠漫畫植根於中國武俠文化。由於時代演變和武俠影視化的 風潮，武俠文化在中國文化中越來越被歸於娛樂化的範疇中， 其文化地位和社會影響因其通俗性而缺乏更為公正的評價。

然而通俗化並不意味着隨波逐流。武俠文化所傳遞的正義、 自由、俠義、希望、義氣等精神都深深根植於中國人的內心， 只有多種藝術形式進一步弘揚，才能引起讀者內心深處的 共鳴。

因此，武俠漫畫所需要的不僅是用圖像語言再現經典武俠場 景，讓讀者感受到刀光劍影、招式對壘帶來的暢快體驗，更 是抽絲剝繭，體會出對人物、社會乃至現實的思考或關照。

這便要求畫家在本身具有高超的繪畫技巧之外，還能夠從故 事本身、畫面、風格等多方面入手，塑造出一個純正的武俠 世界。

我們在與李志清先生繪製《楚留香傳奇》紀念幣第三套人物 的交流中也感受到了這一點。

第三套紀念幣共包含3枚，正面均為李志清先生2023年所畫 的楚留香形象，背面則分別以故事中的三位女性人物——李 紅袖、蘇蓉蓉、宋甜兒為主圖。在李志清先生動筆之前，我 們曾提出主要以楚留香面部凸顯武俠之主題，而背面的女性 人物則着重強調工藝，採用先進技術點綴人物衣飾部分，從 而使得第三套紀念幣兼具故事性和藝術性。在構思宋甜兒人 物動作時，我們曾提出因其善長廚藝，可以考慮採用侍酒的 動作。而李先生重新翻閱《楚留香傳奇》，並查閱資料後，經 反復斟酌，根據宋甜兒非常善長暗器，暗器功夫猶勝楚留香 這一特點，建議將其動作改為發出暗器的姿態。而這也正符 合傳統武俠小說格局從“男性天下”，從女性角色作為男性的 陪襯、錦上添花的點綴，實實在在地變為了江湖世界的一員 的這種轉變，同時也體現出了古龍武俠女性所獨有的風骨。

如此一改，在之後將人物形象運用於紀念幣設計的過程中， 第三套紀念幣也將能更加完整的體現出武俠的精神，女性角 色也從表現美感的陪襯，一躍成為傳達武俠精神的重要元素。

李志清先生在繪製單獨的人物畫像時尤能考慮到突出每個

人物身上所具有的武俠特質，待其正在繪製的《雪山飛狐》 漫畫發行時，讀者必定能從這本新的李氏風格武俠漫畫中， 感受到其中傳達出來的武俠精神。

2024年恰逢武俠小說巨匠金庸誕辰100周年。屆時，金庸及 其武俠小說相關衍生文化產品必將迎來新一輪高潮。那麼如 何通過這些衍生品，將中華文化中的“俠義精神”，以及武 俠世界中獨具風韻的東方美學，傳遞給下一代，傳遞給全世 界？正如“武俠”的“武”是形式，“俠”是內涵；武俠漫畫， 漫畫是形式，武俠是內涵。李志清先生的漫畫作品無疑將成 為一個很好的示範。

李先生的武俠漫畫曾在上一代年輕讀者心中留下了不可磨 滅的青春記憶。而這一代年輕人在影視劇中看過太多講兒女 情長的江湖故事，所以當初代英雄以漫畫的形式再度成為主 角時，未曾接觸過初代武俠文化的年輕讀者必將會從中感受 到原本波瀾壯闊的武俠世界。但將武俠文化中的俠義情懷在 年輕人中普及，這即是一種嘗試，也是一種挑戰。而在幾十 年的發展過程中，李志清先生的繪畫風格也已悄然發生改 變，融入了中式的繪畫風格，這種更加精緻且更加符合現代 人審美志趣的風格，想必可以和武俠在新時代煥發出的精神 內核相結合，實現傳統文化的創新性發展和創造性轉化。

我們深信，李先生的這套新漫畫會用精緻的筆觸再現經典武 俠場景，會用新穎的風格呈現金庸筆下想像豐富、跌宕起伏 的故事情節，從而更加立體且鮮明的向讀者傳達俠義精神、 家國情懷。我們也期待由李志清先生繪製人物畫稿的《楚留 香傳奇》第三套紀念幣，有機會可以在國際舞臺上，向海外 收藏愛好者傳遞中國武俠文化。

傳奇已去，江湖路遠。但我們相信，只要有更多像李志清先 生這樣默默耕耘，努力發展武俠文化的文人、志士、藝術家， 那麼俠義精神便會長存。

Review on Champion 2023 Macau Auction and Other Events

◎ Champion〔Shanghai〕

Champion 2023 Macau 10th Anniversary Auction succeeded on November 26th.

I Auction Review

The auction saw strong performances from the first-day cover and Japanese dragon dollars from the Chinese Family Collection, as well as the Empire Notes, medals, Szechuan horse tokens, and Shanghai tokens from the BWS Collection. The bidding was intense among floor bidders, phone bidders, online bidders, and bidders from mxiqi.com.

First-Day Covers from the Chinese Family Collection

Most first-day covers of the Chinese Family Collection were purchased in the 1960s in Hong Kong. The collection includes almost all Chinese first-day covers, making it one of the most complete and finest collections of first-day covers.

Two of the most sought-after first-day covers, LOT 061 and LOT 062, from Chung Tsiao-lu of Shanghai to Changsha, drew competing bidding between a Guangzhou phone bidder and a Beijing bidder on mxiqi.com. In the end, both of them went to the Guangzhou phone bidder at $3,360 (with a commission fee, same as below) and $3,600, respectively.

The initial bidding for the very rare LOT 083 – First-Day Cover with J94 Mei Lanfang Stamps (imperforate and perforated) was between a mail bidder and buyers on mxiqi. com. Once the bidding entered the $3,000 mark, the mail bidder withdrew and a number of buyers on mxiqi.com continued to bid. In the end, a Beijing buyer won the covers on mxiqi.com at $5,520.

Many of the first-day covers from the Chinese Family Collection went to a Canadian buyer through online bidding.

Lot 061

Empire Notes from the BWS Collection

The Empire Notes collected for the sake of research by BWS were widely used and had numerous endorsements. They are among the most consigned lots of this auction, setting off a small boom.

LOT 091 - 1853 500-Cash Empire Note (PMG VF10) stamped with the rare yu sheng qian pu [ 宇升錢鋪 ] aroused competed bidding among phone bidders and bidders on mxiqi.com. Two Shanghai phone bidders made spirited bidding. In the end, this lot of a particularly rare date went to a senior Shanghai collector at $9,000. LOT 092 (PMG VF25), LOT 093 (PMG Choice VF35), and LOT 094 (PMG VF20) realized $4,800, $5,040, and $8,400, respectively.

Medals from the BWS Collection

Several medals from the BWS / Goodman Collection all did well in this sale. These medals were purchased by BWS at the 1991 Goodman Auction. Most of them were purchased for $60 to $120, and this auction witnessed a huge increase in their value realized 30 years later.

LOT 168 - 1913 Yuan Shih Kai Gilt Special Medal (NGC UNC DETAILS) is the only known original variety, which led to intense competition between a Shanghai phone bidder and a US phone bidder. In the end, the U.S. phone buyer won at $15,000.

LOT 174 - 1939 Kweilin Mint Copper Silver Plated Anniversary Medal (NGC MS62) saw a competition between a Nanjing phone bidder and a Shanghai floor bidder. Finally, the Nanjing phone bidder won at $5,520.

LOT 176 - 1941 Kunming Mint Copper-Nickel Anniversary Medal (NGC MS63) saw a competition between two floor buyers after the mail bidder withdrew. A Guangdong buyer finally won at $5,160.

Lot 091

Lot 083

LOT 177 - 1940 Chiang Kai-shek Kweilin Mint 2nd Anniversary CopperNickel Medal (NGC MS64) was the lot received most consignments from bidders, and also the highest-priced lot. It is the only known copper-nickel variety. The phone bidders were competing actively. The final bidding was between a US phone bidder and a Taiwan phone bidder. The medal went to the senior collector who bid on the phone at $75,600.

LOT 178 is a dual-flag five-cash copper pattern from the Republic of China (NGC MS62), which also attracted several buyers to consign. The online buyers, a Shanghai phone buyer, and a US phone buyer made spirited bidding. The US phone buyer finally won the lot at $20,400, which was three times more than the price of the dual-flag five-cash copper pattern from the J.C. Lee Collection (NGC AU55) that sold at the Champion 2010 Hong Kong Auction.

Szechuan Horse Tokens from the BWS Collection

Many of the horse tokens in the BWS collection are from the 1991 Goodman Auction. They have been kept in envelopes until this auction.

A Shanghai phone bidder and Guangdong, Hong Kong, and Shanghai floor bidders showed great interest in these horse tokens. Among them, LOT 197 (NGC MS62) was won by a floor buyer from Taiwan at $7,200; LOT 196 (NGC MS63) and LOT 198 (NGC MS62) went to a Guangdong buyer at $3,000 and $9,000 respectively. LOT 199 (NGC MS62), LOT 200 (NGC AU58), and LOT 201 (NGC AU55BN) were won by a Shanghai phone buyer at $5,520, $3,120, and $4,080, respectively.

Shanghai Tokens from the BWS Collection

Although the Shanghai tokens were not sold at high prices, a number of buyers were actively bidding, including floor buyers from Hong Kong and Shanghai, phone buyers from Nanjing, and some online bidders. A senior Shanghai token collector who lives in the US also joined the competition. In the end, most Shanghai tokens went to a Hong Kong floor bidder.

Japanese Silver Dollars from the Chinese Family Collection

LOT 231 - Japan Meiji Year 7 One Dollar Silver Coin (NGC MS62) led to a spirited bidding between a US buyer and a Shanghai buyer on floor. In the end, the US buyer won the coin at $12,000.

LOT 232 – Japan Meiji Year 8 One Dollar Silver Coin (NGC AU DETAILS) saw intense bidding between a US phone bidder and a Taiwan bidder. In the end, the Taiwan buyer won the lot at $12,000. The coin acquired by the Chinese Family Collection in Taipei more than 30 years ago is now back with a senior Taiwan collector.

Lot 198

Others

LOT 096 (PMG Choice F15) and LOT 097 (PMG F12) are specimens of the 1914 Bank of Communications Zhangjiakou 10-dollar and 50-dollar banknotes. Though they were not in good condition, a number of floor bidders and bidders on mxiqi.com made spirited bidding because they were quite rare and came from the famous Bowker Collection, The 10-dollar specimen went to a Beijing buyer on mxiqi.com at US$3,000, and the 50-dollar specimen went to a Macau floor bidder at US$2,400.

Ⅱ NGC/ASG/CGC Reception Luncheon and Donation Ceremony

Prior to the auction, Champion Auction held a reception luncheon sponsored by NGC/ASG/CGC. The luncheon was hosted by NGC senior advisor King Chan ( 陳景林 ).

At the beginning of the luncheon, Michael Chou, President of Champion Auction, donated ancient coins and introduction booklets on ancient coins to the Macau Lou Hau School, witnessed by the Chairman of the Macau Numismatic Society, David Chio ( 趙康池 ). The donation came from the proceeds of the banknote, envelopes, and stamps from the Bowker Collection auctioned by Champion. The principal of the school and student representatives accepted the donation.

Then, Mateo Zhao ( 趙振陽 ), CCG's Vice President of Business Development in Asia, introduced the past cooperation between CCG and Champion Auction and the cooperation to be carried out afterward. He also introduced the following on-site grading activities. King Chan introduced the newly released second series of commemorative coins for the 55th anniversary of the issuance of the Legend of ChuLiuxiang

As there were many fine coins and medals from the 1991 Goodman Auction, the Chinese Family Collection, and the BWS Collection in this Macau auction, Champion Auction President, Michael Chou, made a presentation on the relevant highlights of the auction and the collections.

Lot 232

Lot 096

Introduction by King Chan

Speech by Mateo Zhao

Presentation by Michael Chou

Donation Ceremony

冠軍2023年澳門拍賣及活動回顧

◎ 冠軍研究室〔上海〕

華人家族收藏首日封

冠軍2023年澳門10周年拍賣於11月26日圓滿落幕。

一 拍賣回顧

本次拍賣中，出自華人家族收藏的精美首日封和日本龍銀，以及 BWS收藏的大清寶鈔、紀念章、馬蘭幣和上海代幣都取得了亮眼的 表現。現場、電話委託、網路和麥稀奇平臺上競價激烈。

華人家族收藏的首日封收藏大多數是60年代在香港地區買到的，涵蓋了所有中國 的首日封，是最為完整且最為精美的首日封收藏之一。

其中，最受矚目的拍品之一——LOT 061和LOT 062兩張上海鐘笑爐寄長沙首日 封，在來自廣州的電話委託買家和來自麥稀奇平臺的北京買家之間展開了激烈的 競爭。最終，兩張首日封分別以3 360美元（含傭金，下同）和3 600美元的價格， 花落來自廣州的電話買家。

而非常珍稀的LOT 083 - 梅蘭芳舞臺藝術J94郵票首日封（無齒版與有齒版，共 4張），最初的競價在書面委託買家和麥稀奇平臺買家之間展開。競價進入3 000 美元後，書面委託買家退出，麥稀奇平臺的多位買家繼續競價。最終，麥稀奇平 臺上的北京買家以5 520美元的價格將其收入囊中。

值得一提的是，本次拍賣上出自華人家族收藏的首日封中，有多項均被來自加拿 大的買家通過線上競價的方式競得。

冠軍澳門拍賣現場

BWS收藏大清寶鈔

BWS為了進行研究而收藏的大清寶鈔流用甚廣，有諸多背書，是本 場委託最多的幾項拍品之一，掀起了拍賣現場的一個小高潮。

LOT 091 - 1853年大清寶鈔伍百文（PMG VF10）加蓋了少見的“宇 升錢鋪”官號，開拍後，多位電話委託買家及麥稀奇平臺買家展開 激烈競爭，其中來自上海的兩位電話委託買家互不相讓。最終，這 張年份尤為少見的大清寶鈔被電話委託的上海資深藏家以9 000美 元的價格競得。LOT 092（PMG VF25）、LOT 093（PMG Choice VF35）和LOT 094（PMG VF20）則分別以4 800美元、5 040美元 和8 400美元的價格成交。

BWS收藏紀念章

出自BWS收藏/古德曼收藏的多枚紀念章均在本次拍賣中取得了不 錯的成績。這些紀念章是BWS在1991年古德曼拍賣上購得，當時 的成交價格大多在60至120美元，而本次拍賣見證了它們的價值在 30年後實現了巨幅的增長。

LOT 168 - 1913年袁世凱像大總統二屆共和紀念會鎏金特別贈章 （NGC UNC DETAILS）是僅見的原版，引發了來自上海和美國的 電話委託買家之間的激烈競爭。最終，美國的電話委託買家以15 000 美元的價格得標。

LOT 174 - 1939年財政部中央造幣廠桂林分廠銅鍍銀周年紀念章 （NGC MS62）的競爭主要在來自南京的電話委託買家和來自上海 的現場買家之間展開。最終，南京的電話委託買家以5 520美元的價 格得標。

LOT 176 - 1941年中央造幣廠昆明分廠銅鎳“還我山河”周年紀念章 （NGC MS63）的競價在書面委託買家退出後，在兩位現場買家之

Lot 091

Lot

間展開。廣東買家最後以5 160美元的價格競得該紀念章。

LOT 177 - 1940年蔣介石、孔祥熙像財政部中央造幣廠桂林分廠開 鑄二周年銅鎳紀念章（NGC MS64）是本場拍賣委託人數最多的拍 品，也是成交價格最高的拍品，為僅見的銅鎳版。現場的電話委託 競價非常激烈，最後的爭奪在來自美國和臺灣的電話委託買家之間 展開。該紀念章最終被來自美國電話委託的資深藏家以75 600美元 的價格收入囊中。

LOT 178是民國時期的雙旗五文黃銅樣幣（NGC MS62），也吸引 了多位買家進行委託。線上買家與來自上海和美國的電話買家互不 相讓，最終美國的電話委託買家以20 400美元的價格得標，成交價 格超出2010年冠軍香港拍賣拍出的J.C. Lee舊藏雙旗五文黃銅樣幣 （NGC AU55）成交價格的3倍。

BWS收藏馬蘭幣

BWS收藏中的很多馬蘭幣都是出自1991年古德曼舊藏拍賣。自其購 入後，便一直放在收藏信封中，直至此次拍賣。

競拍過程中，來自上海的電話委託買家和現場的廣東、香港、上海 買家都對這些馬蘭幣表現出了極大的興趣。其中，LOT 197（NGC MS62）以7 200美元的價格被來自臺灣的現場買家競得；LOT 196 （NGC MS63）、LOT 198（NGC MS62）分別以3 000美元和9 000 美元的價格收歸廣東賣家；LOT 199（NGC MS62）、LOT 200（NGC AU58）、LOT 201（NGC AU55BN）則分別以5 520美元、3 120美 元和4 080美元的價格被上海的電話委託買家競得。

BWS收藏上海代幣

上海代幣雖成交價格不高，但是現場的多位買家都積極競價，包括來自香港、上海的現場買家，來自南京的電話委託買家， 以及線上競價的買家。一位常住美國的資深上海代幣藏家也加入了競爭。其中，來自香港的現場買家是本次上海代幣拍品 的主要得主。

華人家族收藏日本銀元

LOT 231（NGC MS62）日本明治七年一圓銀幣引發了美國買家和上海買家在現場進行激烈的競價。最終，美國買家以 12 000美元的價格競得。

LOT 232（NGC AU DETAILS）日本明治八年一圓銀幣的競價則在現場的美國買家和臺灣買家之間展開。最終，臺灣買 家以12 000美元的價格競得。該幣乃是華人家族收藏在30多年前從臺北購得，現回到了臺灣資深藏家手中。

Lot 198

其 他

LOT 096（PMG Choice F15）及LOT 097（PMG F12）的1914年交通銀行張家口拾圓及伍拾圓樣本券雖品相不佳，但是 因其實為少見，且出自著名的包克收藏，引發了現場及麥稀奇平臺的多位買家激烈競價。其中，LOT 096的拾圓券被麥稀 奇平臺上的北京買家以3 000美元的價格競得；LOT 097則以2 400美元的價格被澳門的現場買家收入囊中。

二 NGC/ASG/CGC招待午宴及捐贈儀式

捐贈儀式

在拍賣前，冠軍拍賣舉辦了由NGC/ASG/CGC贊助的招待午宴。午宴由 NGC資深顧問陳景林先生主持。

午宴一始，冠軍拍賣總裁周邁可先生在澳門錢幣學會趙康池理事長的見 證下，向澳門勞校中學進行了捐贈古錢實物和古錢介紹小冊子。捐贈來 自冠軍拍賣對包克收藏的紙鈔、信封、郵票的拍賣所得。勞校中學校長 及學生代表上臺接受捐贈。

之後，CCG亞洲業務拓展副總裁趙振陽先生介紹了CCG與冠軍拍賣合作的歷史和之後將要進行的合作規劃，以及現場評 級活動。陳景林先生則介紹了剛剛發行的《楚留香傳奇》發行55周年紀念幣第二套。

鑒於本次澳門拍賣有諸多出自1991年古德曼拍賣、華人家族收藏和BWS收藏的精美幣章，冠軍拍賣總裁周邁可先生特別 介紹了相關拍賣和收藏亮點。

Lot 232

Lot 096

Interview with Chuanjiang Coin Museum Curator Huang Chunming

◎ Yuan Shuiqing〔Xi'an〕

H——Huang Chunming

Y——Yuan shuiqing

Huang Chunming ( 黃春明 ), born in 1971, also known as Xian Tang ( 峴堂 ), is a native of Heilongjiang. Huang has an associate’s degree, and he is the owner of Jianquanzhai Coin Shop ( 鑒泉齋 ). As a senior coin connoisseur, Huang has collected and researched ancient coins for more than four decades. Now he is the curator of the Chengdu Chuanjiang Coin Museum, the general manager of Chengdu Daan Collectibles Market, the executive vice president of Chengdu Jinniu Numismatic Research Association, and the advisor of the Currency and Securities Museum of Southwest University of Finance and Economics.

On September 8, 2023, when the arrival of white dew marked the transition from hot summer to cool autumn, the new branch of the Chengdu Chuanjiang Coin Museum opened. Visitors flocked to appreciate exhibits, and they indulged in pleasures without stopping. After the branch closed, I interviewed Mr. Huang Chunming.

Hello, Curator Huang! Today, the new branch of Chuanjiang Coin Museum opened. Many numismatists and guests from dozens of institutions came to visit and congratulate you. You must be overwhelmed with emotion. Please briefly introduce the planning process of this museum.

Fig. 1 Curator Huang Chunming introduced the establishment and collection of the museum and delivered a welcoming speech.

Thank you for your interest, Mr. Yuan This is the third time we have met in the Daan Collectibles Market. I did not reveal the plan to build a new branch for the museum before. The idea of building a branch started in 2005 when we organized an exhibition in cooperation with the Currencies and Securities Museum of Southwest University of Finance and Economics. With the support of friends who provided a space for the exhibition, we started to prepare for the construction of the Chuanjiang Coin Museum in 2013. Through nearly two years of application for approval, the museum was finally set up and opened in 2015. Although it has been a long time, I am very pleased to see such a good result. It fulfills my dream of “playing money” since I was a kid. Today, leaders, guests, and over 200 numismatists nationwide came to attend the opening ceremony of the new branch (Fig. 1 to 5). I am very excited and happy. I hope that they will enjoy the exhibits and continue to support the Chuanjiang Coin Museum. Let’s witness the inheritance and development of the Chinese numismatic culture together!

Fig. 3-1 Opening the door of the museum

From left to right: Gao Xinghua ( 高興華 ), Executive Chairman of the Private Museums Federation of the China International Culture Communication Center, Curator of Sichuan Sandu Museum; Yuan Yugao ( 袁愈高 ), Librarian of Sichuan Provincial Museum of Literature and History; Gao Wen ( 高 文 ), former Director of Cultural Relics Department of Sichuan Provincial Department of Culture; Curator Huang Chunming; Duan Honggang ( 段洪剛 ), General Manager of Beijing Gongbo Coins Authentication Company; Li Liang ( 李亮 ), Vice-President of Chengdu Collector Association; and Li Ke ( 李 可 ), Curator of Chengdu Gongpin Numismatic Art Museum

Fig. 4-2 Curator Huang Chunming introduced exhibits to an international visitor

Fig. 4-1 Part of the exhibition hall

Fig. 5-1 Pre-Qin and Han Coins

Fig. 4-3 Exhibits

Figure 3-2 Huang Chungming with his teacher Gaowen (first from left) and his students Zhao Kun ( 趙琨 , second from left) and Luo Yiyang ( 羅一洋 , third from left)

Fig. 2 Mr. Gaowen ( 高文 ) delivered a congratulatory speech

The museum is for the public and requires a lot of money and energy. What is its significance?

First of all, I would like to thank you for the care and support of the Chuanjiang Coin Museum by all sectors of society for such a long time. The museum is a place to show the development and culture of Chinese currency. Coins not only witness the history and development of the country but also reflect the social and economic changes and progress. The museum is set to let more people understand the evolution of coins and the stories behind them and deepen their understanding of Chinese history and culture. We are confident that the museum will become an important window to display the culture and history of coins and make a positive contribution to the development and exchanges of the numismatic culture in Chengdu.

The name of the museum was written by Ma Zhitu ( 馬識途 ) when he was 103 years old. He was a revolutionary, a famous contemporary writer, poet, calligrapher, and Honorary Chairman of the Sichuan Provincial Federation of Literature. Mr. Ma is still alive and is 109 years old. He is highly respected and modest and has always supported the development of traditional culture. I particularly like that couplet, as it shows my achievement in collecting ancient coins vividly.

In addition, I am from Heilongjiang. I settled in Chengdu, Sichuan Province in 1996 for work. Sichuan has become my second hometown. I have been collecting coins for more than 40 years. “Chuanjiang” has two meanings. First, most coins in my collection were collected from Heilongjiang and Sichuan, so “Chuanjiang” is a remembrance of these two places; Secondly, “Chuanjiang” is also the name of my son. I regard the museum as my own kid, and I hope that my children will carry on the legacy.

When I stepped into the third floor, the first thing I saw was a plaque and a couplet. The couplet in seal script reads “being old as autumn leaves, and being fond of ancient coins”. The couplet is neat and the writing is smooth. Is the couplet a reflection of your obsession with ancient coins in the first half of your life? What is the meaning of “Chuanjiang” in the name of the museum?

Is the Chuanjiang Coin Museum the first private coin museum in southwest China? How many exhibits are on display? How many categories are these in the museum? What are the major exhibits?

Fig. 5-2 Charm Coins

Fig. 5-3 Rare Numismatic Literature

It is not the first private coin museum in southwest China. At present, there are more than 3,000 pieces/sets of exhibits. The categories include ancient Chinese currency, modern Chinese currency, charm coin, foreign currency, and numismatic literature. Among these exhibits, the pre-Qin and Eastern Han coins are the highlights. The currencies of various periods in the Sichuan region and the related literatures are also the critical collectibles in the museum, and they are also an important target for acquiring collectibles in the future.

When did you first become involved with collecting coins? What is the most memorable about your career of collecting?

Are these coins all from your collection?

Yes, all the exhibits on display are from my personal collection, which has gathered my efforts for decades. In the future, the museum will organize joint exhibitions with collectibles from domestic and foreign collectors to present a variety of exhibitions for the audience. I hope that domestic and foreign numismatists will support me at that time.

When I was in elementary school, there were many ancient coins from the Qing dynasty and vintage coins from the Republic of China in my home. There was a qian yuan zhong bao [ 乾元重

寶 ] whose character qian is different from what I had learned, so I began to look up the dictionary. In this process, my interest was greatly aroused. I purchased and collected the first coin in 1981, that is, a hollowed double dragon charm coin of the Qing dynasty. Thus, I began the career of collecting coins. This hollowed double dragon charm is also on display in the museum.

What are the meanings of Jianquanzhai and Xian Tang?

I saw this charm at the display. It is very nice! Please tell us about your plans.

There are two significances of “Jianquan”. First, I used to collect copper mirrors and coins. Before the Western Han dynasty, copper mirrors were always called jian ( 鑒 ). Quan ( 泉 ) meant ‘coin’ in ancient times, as the coin circulates like water. Secondly, I have been doing coin identification and appreciation. Therefore, Jianquan shows double meanings, which simply summarizes my hobby and work.

I am also known as Xian Tang. Xian has two meanings. First, it refers to small but high mountains. It is also the name of a mountain in Hubei. I like the name Xian Tang. The mountain is not large, but high and overwhelming; The water is not vast, but deep enough to hide a dragon. I would like to be this small but high mountain that can look out farther.

In addition to the basic exhibition, I will make use of the collection in the museum and collectibles from other numismatists to set up two special exhibitions and seminars. Also, the museum will lend a hall free of charge to Chengdu Jinguancheng Primary School to hold exhibitions and give lectures on numismatic culture. I hope to cooperate with more schools so that numismatic culture can enrich students' extracurricular lives, and also practice numismatic culture in campus activities.

What have you achieved in numismatic research?

In terms of research, I have been involved in the compilation of works such as Sichuan Set Coins of the Qing Dynasty (《 清 寶川局鑄套子錢匯考 》), Sichuan Charm Coins (《 花重錦 官 四川民俗錢幣擷英 》), and Lo Boshao Numismatic Anthology (《 羅伯昭錢幣學文集 》). I pay more attention to Sichuan coins because I am in Sichuan. I put more effort into this field, and I have collected a lot of Sichuan coins with incused inscriptions. I am also doing research in this area.

What is your experience in collecting ancient coins?

My experience in collecting ancient coins is to appreciate more coins, especially the exhibits in various museums and those in the collection of numismatists. You also need to ask for advice from friends in the numismatic community.

There are still some new coins or varieties from Sichuan. Li Liang’s ( 李亮 ) new book Sichuan Coin Catalog - Ancient Coins Volume (《 巴蜀泉集 古幣卷 》) will be released on the Second Numismatic Culture Festive in Chengdu. The book discloses a variety of coins, such as the only known zhi bai wu zhu [ 直百五銖 ] with the two characters wei [ 為 ] on the reverse (Figure 6), 10-cash jia xi tong bao [ 嘉熙通寶背十 ], 10-cash iron mother coin [ 折十鐵母 ], zhi bai wu zhu copper mother coin with incused inscription on the reverse, a 1-cash trail iron mother coin of long xing zhong bao [ 隆興重寶 ], a 1-cash zhi dao yuan bao [ 至道元寶 ] iron mother coin, a 1-cash yuan you tong bao [ 元祐通寶 ] iron mother coin with a moon pattern on the reverse, and da shun tong bao [ 大順通寶 ] silver coin. I have also collected some of the newly discovered varieties, such as a 50-cash large coin. I have hardly found any new varieties of the Sichuan coins, but I did find some new types of notes of Sichuan.

Have you come across any ancient Sichuan coins found for the first time and not recorded in the catalogs?

Which coins are historically recorded but have not been seen to date?

H：

Fig. 6 Newly discovered Sichuan ancient coin - zhi bai wu zhu with wei on the reverse

The earliest paper money in the world, jiao zi of the Song dynasty, has not been seen in kind.

What do you predict for the future of the coin market?

Since I don't invest in coins, I'm not particularly clear about the market. However, I think the atmosphere for coin collecting will definitely get better and better in the future. I have been involved in the numismatic industry for more than 40 years, and I am also a senior ancient coin collector. I am very optimistic about the future market of ancient coins. At present, the cultural value of many ancient coins is underestimated, which is reflected in their prices. Therefore, it is a good opportunity to enter the coin market now. For those underestimated varieties, we should be brave to purchase and collect them.

As most ordinary coin collectors can't afford high-end coins, what should they do?

Thank you for the gift. I know that this book was exhibited at the 19th International Book Fair and has had a great influence. I will read it carefully, and this masterpiece will enrich the numismatic literature in my collection. H：

Everyone can participate in collecting coins. High-end coins are expensive and rare, so they are not the first choice of ordinary collectors or amateurs. Ordinary collectors should focus on the ordinary types and collect coins that they can afford. They should choose some fine and historically significant varieties for collecting.

Y：

Finally, in order to congratulate you on the opening of the Chuanjiang Coin Museum in Chengdu, I would like to present you with a copy of my book The Best of China's Currency History ( 《中國貨幣史之最》 ) published in May 2012 (Figure 7).

(All photos in this article are provided by the Chuanjiang Coin Museum and taken by Ms. Jiang Lang 蔣樃 , except Figure 6.)

Fig. 7-1 Author interviewed with Curator Huang Chunming (left)

Fig. 7-2 Author (right) presented the book to Curator Huang

川江泉緣——黃春明館長訪談錄

◎ 袁水清〔西安〕

黃春明，1971年生，黑龍江人，大專學歷。鑒泉齋主人， 號峴堂。資深錢幣鑒賞家，收藏研究歷代錢幣40餘年。

現為成都川江錢幣博物館館長，成都大安收藏品市場 總經理，成都金牛錢幣研究會常務副會長，西南財大 貨幣證券博物館顧問。

2023年9月8日，時值白露，暑去涼來，秋風送爽。成 都川江錢幣博物館新館開放，參觀者蜂擁而來,爭相參 觀一件件展品，流連忘返。閉館後筆者對黃春明先生 作了採訪。

袁：

黃館長好！今天川江錢幣博物館新館開放，幾十個單位的嘉 賓和眾多泉友前來祝賀並參觀，您一定感慨萬千。請簡要介 紹一下這個館的籌建過程。

黄：

謝謝袁老師關心！咱倆在大安收藏品市場是第三次見面，以 前沒有對您透露過在此建錢幣博物館新館的計劃。籌建博物 館的想法實際是從2005年與西南財大金融證券博物館合作 辦展時就有了。在朋友提供展場的支持下，從2013年開始 正式籌建川江錢幣博物館，經過將近兩年的申請報批、備案 等工作，於2015年經正式批准成立並開放。雖然經歷了漫 長的時間，但很欣慰終於有了一個結果，也圓了我小時候就 有“把錢玩出點名堂”的夢想。今天新館開館儀式有相關的 領導、嘉賓及全國各地的泉友200餘人前來參加（圖1至圖 5），我非常的激動和高興，希望他們能夠喜歡並繼續支持 川江錢幣博物館，共同見證中國錢幣文化的傳承和發展。

圖1

黃春明館長簡介博物館籌建及館藏，並致歡迎詞

袁：

您創辦博物館是在做公益事業，投入的資金、精力很大，其 意義何在？

圖3-1

開啟館門 從左至右：中國國際文化傳播中心民辦博物館 聯合會執行主席、四川省三都博物館館長高興華，四川省文史 館館員袁愈高，原四川省文化廳文物處處長高文，成都川江錢 幣博物館館長黃春明，北京公博評級公司總經理段洪剛，成都 市收藏家協會副會長李亮，成都市共品錢幣博物館館長李可

圖4-1 展廳局部

圖4-2 黃春明館長向國際友人介紹展品

黄：

首先感謝對長期以來社會各界給予川江錢幣博物館的關心 和支持！川江錢幣博物館是一個展示中國貨幣發展歷程和文 化的場所，錢幣不僅見證了國家的歷史和發展，也是反映了 社會經濟變革和進步的實物資料。目的在於通過參觀川江錢 幣博物館，讓更多的人瞭解錢幣的演變過程和背後的故事， 加深對中國歷史和文化的認識。我們有信心將川江錢幣博物 館打造成為展示錢幣文化和歷史的重要窗口，為推動成都錢 幣文化事業的發展和交流做出積極的貢獻。

我步入三樓，首先映入眼簾的是匾額和楹聯，光彩奪目。篆 書楹聯“一身霜浸秋葉老；半壁綠漆古泉癡”，對仗工整、 行筆圓轉，是對您前半生癡迷古錢的寫照嗎？另外請問館名 中“川江”二字何意？

圖5-1 展品之一：先秦貨幣、秦漢錢幣

5-3 展品之一：部分珍貴錢幣文獻

袁：

匾額上的館名是馬識途馬老103歲時給我題寫的。他是革命 家，當代著名作家、詩人、書法家，四川省文聯名譽主席。

馬老目前還健在，已經109歲了，他德高望重，為人謙和， 一直支持傳統文化事業。我非常喜歡館門旁那副楹聯，它形 象地概括了我投身古錢集藏取得的成就。

另外，我是黑龍江人，1996年因工作原因定居四川成都， 這裏成了我的第二故鄉。我“玩錢”40多年，“川江”有兩 層含義，其一，我的錢幣藏品大多數是從黑龍江和四川收集 所得的，“川江”也代表了我對兩地的紀念；其二，“川江” 也是我兒子的名字。我視錢幣博物館為自己的兒女，也希望 他們能夠接續傳承。

鑒泉齋和峴堂含義分別是什麼？

黄：

“鑒泉”之意有二，一是我過去玩銅鏡和錢幣，在西漢以前， 銅鏡一直被稱作為“鑒”；泉，古音與“錢”通，因貨幣如 泉水一樣流通，所以古錢幣又稱為“泉”；二是我一直在做 錢幣鑒定、鑒賞，“鑒泉”二字，一語雙關，兩字就簡單概 括了我的愛好和工作。

我的別號叫峴堂，峴有二意：指小而高的山；山名，在湖北。

我很喜歡朋友給我題寫的“峴堂”二字下的題跋：山不在大， 高而瞰遠 ；水不在廣 ，深則藏蛟。我願做這小而高的山，雖 小卻可以眺望更遠的地方。

川江錢幣博物館是西南地區第一家民營錢幣博物館嗎？博物 館目前展出的藏品有多少件，分幾類，其中主要的藏品有哪 些？

黄：

就性質而言，不是西南地區首家民營錢幣博物館。目前博物 館館藏藏品3 000餘件/套，分為中國古代貨幣、中國近現 代貨幣、民俗錢幣、外國貨幣、錢幣相關的文獻資料等幾大 類，其中先秦及蜀漢錢幣是館藏的亮點，巴蜀地區各時期的 貨幣及相關文獻資料也是博物館的重要館藏，同時也是未來 重要的藏品徵集目標。

您從何時起與錢幣結緣，收藏歷程值得回味的是什麼？

這些展品都是您收藏的嗎？

黄：

是的，本次展出的所有藏品都是我個人收藏的，凝聚了我幾 十年的心血。未來博物館將會利用國內外藏家的藏品聯合辦 展，為觀眾呈現多樣的展覽，希望國內外的泉友到時能給予 支持。 袁：

黄：

我與錢幣結緣是從我上小學開始的。當時家裏存有很多古代 錢幣，基本上都是清代民國時期的，其中有一枚乾元重寶 錢，因其乾字與所學乾字不同，便開始查字典、查年號，興 趣大起，後在1981年購藏了我人生第一枚藏品——清代鏤 空雙龍花錢，真正的錢幣收藏之路由此開始。並且此枚清代 鏤空雙龍花錢正在博物館展出。

我在展櫃中看到了這枚花錢，非常精美！請談談您下一步的 打算。

黄：

下一步除做好博物館的基本陳列展覽外，爭取利用館藏和泉 友的藏品，每年做兩次專題展並進行研討。另外，博物館免 費為成都市錦官城小學設廳辦展，並開設錢幣文化講座。我 希望同更多的學校合作，讓錢幣文化在豐富學生課外生活的 同時，也為錢幣文化進校園活動得到踐行。

圖6 新發現的巴蜀古幣之一直百五銖背雙為

袁：

您在錢幣研究上取得哪些成果？

黄：

我在研究方面，曾參與已出版著作《清·寶川局鑄套子錢匯 考》《花重錦官——四川民俗錢幣擷英》《羅伯昭錢幣學文 集》等的編撰工作。我比較關注蜀漢錢這個板塊，因為畢竟 是在四川嘛，所以我在這個板塊下了較多的功夫，收藏了很 多巴蜀錢幣中背陰鑄文品種，也正在做這方面的研究工作。

黄：

巴蜀地區新出的錢幣或版式還是有一些，馬上在成都舉行的 第二屆錢幣文化節將發佈由李亮主編的新書《巴蜀泉集·古 幣卷》，書中就披露有多種，如直百五銖背雙為（圖6，目前 僅見）、嘉熙通寶背十· 西一折十鐵母、直百五銖背陰紋銅 母範、隆興重寶小平試鑄鐵母、至道元寶小平鐵母、元祐通 寶小平背右月鐵母、大順通寶銀錢等。我也收集了一些首次 發現的版式，像大泉五十系列我就有很多首次發現的版式， 但是巴蜀地區綱目品種幾乎沒有新發現。而新面世的四川地 方的莊票、紙幣新的品種倒是發現不少。

袁：

您收藏古幣的經驗？

黄：

我收藏古幣的經驗就是多看，尤其是各博物館的展品要多 看、藏家手裏的實物要儘量上手，多向泉友請教。

袁：

哪些錢幣史料有但至今未見實物面世？

黄：

世界上最早的紙幣，宋代的交子至今未見實物。

巴蜀地區首次發現的錢譜未載的古幣你遇到過嗎？

袁：

您對錢幣市場行情走向如何預測？

黄：

因為我不做錢幣投資，所以說對市場的行情不是特別清楚， 但我認為未來錢幣的收藏氛圍肯定會越來越好。我接觸錢幣 行業40多年，也算資深的古錢幣愛好者，我非常看好古錢 幣的未來市場。目前，因為很多古錢幣的文化價值是被低估 的，被低估文化價值的古錢幣在價格上更沒有體現，所以現 在也是很好的進入機會，對於這類被低估的錢幣品種，要勇 於購藏。

袁：

作為大多數普通錢幣收藏者，高端錢幣買不起，路如何走？

圖7-1 筆者採訪黃春明館長（左）

黄：

錢幣是一個人人可以參與的收藏品種，高端幣畢竟幣少價 高，不是普通收藏者或愛好者的首選。普通收藏者肯定是以 普通綱目錢為主，量力而行，選擇一些品相精美的、具有歷 史意義的品種進行收藏。

袁：

最後，為了對您創建的成都川江錢幣博物館開館表示祝賀， 特贈送2012年5月出版的拙著《中國貨幣史之最》1本（圖7）。

黄：

非常感謝袁老師的饋贈！我知道這本書曾參展第19屆國際圖 書博覽會，影響較大。我會認真拜讀，獲此鴻篇巨制，豐富 了我館的館藏錢幣文獻。

圖7-2 筆者（右）贈書

（本文圖片除圖6外，其餘均為由川江錢幣博物館提供，蔣樃女 士攝）

JunGuoWuZhu - The Source of Wu Zhu Coins Circulating for Over 700 Years

◎ Zhou Yanling〔Shanghai〕

The Han dynasty inherited the enfeoffment system from the Qin dynasty. When Liu Bang ( 劉邦 ) set up the Han dynasty, he enfeoffed lands to seven vassals whose fiefdoms were called guo [ 國 , principality]. More than 740 people were assigned to the che hou [ 徹侯 , feudal lords]. Che hou’s fiefdoms called jun [ 郡 , commandery] were smaller at the same scale as the county, and the administrative status was equal to the county. Therefore, the literature from the Han dynasty called them junguo together.

Emperor Wu of the Han dynasty carried out the fourth coinage system reform in 118 B.C. He ordered jun guo to cast a wu zhu [ 五銖 ] coin, which led to a long era of wu zhu coins.

Jun guo wu zhu [ 郡國五銖 ] is also known as the yuan shou wu zhu [ 元狩五銖 ]. Compared with the earlier si zhu ban liang [ 四銖半兩 ] coins, the major change is the design. The obverse of wu zhu is rimless, while the reverse has a rim. The square hole at the center of the round coin also has an edge. The ping bei wu zhu [ 平背五銖 ] excavated at the Jianzhang Palace site in Xi'an is considered to be the earliest jun guo wu zhu because its shape is close to si zhu ban liang. The jun guo wu zhu is heavier and thinner, and its size and hole in the center are larger than si zhu ban liang, making counting and threading more convenient. The appearance of the rim around the coin and the edge around the square hole at the center not only prevented the coin edge from being cut to get bronze but also increased the technical difficulty of imitating. After that, it was hard to gain profit from clipping the coins. Therefore, counterfeiters thinned the coins or used cheap metals added to

Note：

the cast for profit. The technique of casting was developed in the process of counterfeiting and anti-counterfeiting. However, the phenomenon of aggravation and thickening of jun guo wu zhu coins that have been discovered so far is common.

Jun guo wu zhu had a great change in its design, while the patterns did not see so many changes. However, there were still some new marks used. Therefore, the wu zhu coins not only had a new design in shape but also made an innovation in the symbols and marks.

Most of the marks found on the jun guo wu zhu are around the central hole, such as the protrusion on the edge of a corner of the central hole, half star, stroke, moon, triangle, horn, etc. We have not been able to fully understand the true intent of such patterns on coins and the accompanying messages so far. However, there are at least a few things that we can be sure of. The marks have certain regional or temporal characteristics and they are correlated with the inscriptions on the coins, which is a fixed model. The assumption that these marks were used to mark batches or made privately by craftsmen is not always reasonable.

The marks found on the jun guo wu zhu include the horizontal stroke on the top or bottom, a triangle, half-moon, half-star, and/or protrusions on the edge of the upper or lower or four corners of the central hole. There is a difference in the size of the moon, star, and protrusion. These symbols are well cataloged in the books Coins in the Shanghai Museum (《 上海博物館 館藏錢幣 》) and Chinese Coin Encyclopedia - Qin and Han Dynasty Volume (《中國錢幣大辭典 秦漢卷》). 1The round

1 Shanghai Museum, Department of Bronzeware Research: CoinsintheShanghaiMuseum- CoinsoftheQinandHanDynasties (《上海博物館藏錢幣.秦漢錢幣》); Shanghai Calligraphy Press, 1994. Chinese Coin Encyclopedia Editorial Committee: ChineseCoinEncyclopedia-QinandHanDynastyVolume; Zhonghua Book Company, September 1998.

9. Jun guo wu zhu with a prominent vertical stroke in " 朱 "

8. Jun guo wu zhu with four protrusions and two strokes on the obverse

7. Jun guo wu zhu with four protrusions on the obverse

6. Jun guo wu zhu with a star on the obverse

5. Jun guo wu zhu with a triangle on the obverse

4. Jun guo wu zhu with a stroke on the obverse

3. Jun guo wu zhu with a moon on the obverse

2. Junguowuzhu without marks (obverse and reverse)

1. Jun guo wu zhu of Juncheng City

star found on jun guo wu zhu should be an exception, and it is almost impossible to find a second identical one. Some hold that it is a star, but its shape is not regular enough to be identified. In addition, Mr. Cheng Chia-tsiang's ( 鄭家相 ) Study of the Wu Zhu (《 五銖的研究 》) mentioned a mark featuring three vertical strokes which is also rare and should be related to the vertical stroke mark on the sizhubanliang

If a mark is a distinctive sign of a jun or guo, we have not found so many marks. According to historical records, during the reign of Emperor Wu, there were nearly 100 jun and guo. Not only did each guo cast wu zhu coins, but jun also cast coins. In addition, some wu zhu coins have two different symbols, which disproved this assumption. For example, some coins have both protrusion and an upper stroke, protrusion and a triangle, an upper stroke and a triangle, etc. However, some marks do represent specific institutions or departments. If the mark is discovered on the coins unearthed in a concentrated region, it can support the idea that the specific mark is probably used on the coin in this area. In 115 B.C., after the right to casting coins was withdrawn by the central government, the official shang lin san guan [ 上林三 官五铢 ] only has a mark of a horizontal stroke and a half star. It is assumed that the wu zhu coins cast by the central government have marks of the same kind. After the right to cast was withdrawn, the marks used by some jun and guo were discarded at the same time, while the mark on the coins cast by the central government continued to be used on shanglinsanguan

Due to the limitations of the times, The Encyclopedia ofAncient Coin (《 古錢大辭典 》) identified the wu zhu with dot and upper stroke shang lin wu zhu [ 上林五銖 ], the wu zhu with long and thin characters as the san guan wu zhu [ 三官五銖 ], and the wu zhu with protrusions at the four corners of the central hole as lin di wu zhu [ 靈帝五銖 ].2 Cheng Chia-Tsiang classified the wu zhu with a triangle and protrusions at the four corners of the central hole as zhao di wu zhu [ 昭帝五銖 ]. 3From the

analysis and study of the excavated coins and records in various places, these views and dates may be not true in view of our present understanding of the wu zhu coins.

The features of the characters are also an important factor in distinguishing and identifying jun guo wu zhu. The characters “ 五銖 ” are not as long and narrow as the later shang lin san guan wu zhu, and most of them appear to be thicker and shorter. The character “ 五 ” on most junguowuzhu has a curved crossstroke, but some may also have a straighter cross-stroke. The character “ 銖 ” has a triangular or lozenge-shaped “ 金 ”, and the lower four dots are usually round dots. Most of the “ 朱 ” are square. Although the writing style of the characters is not as unrestrained as that of the ban liang, they still have a lot of characteristics compared with that of the shang lin san guan wu zhu. The sizes of the characters“ 五銖 ” are different, and the “ 金 ” and “ 朱 ” are out of proportion. The writing of the characters is not standardized.

There is another type of “ 朱 ” in the character “ 銖 ”, which was mostly found in Shaanxi and is assumed to be cast locally. The characters and designs of jun guo wu zhu unearthed in different places have some different features. For example, many of those unearthed in Huzhou, Zhejiang Province, have rough edges, and the edge of the central hole is wider. The surface of these coins is dark and has parallel lines. Some of their characters are very characteristic. An example is one found in Chengcheng, Shaanxi Province. The character on this coin is long and wide, and the bent of the part “ 朱 ” in the “ 銖 ” is lower than the part “ 金 ” in the middle. The coins with the same obverse and reverse pattern have also been found. The differences in the writing style and the marks are led by the fact that these is no unified standard for jun guo wu zhu in different reigns. However, compared to the si zhu banliang in the Western Han dynasty, it has been much standard, as the decree of the central government could be better carried out after the weakening of principalities and commandries when

2 Ting Fu-pao, TheEncyclopediaofAncientCoin; Zhonghua Book Company, 1984.12.

3 & 4 Cheng Chia-tsiang: StudyoftheWuZhu, Ch'uanPi (《泉幣》), issue 2 to issue 22, Shanghai Bookstore, 1988.9.

Emperor Wen and Emperor Wu had weakened these kingdoms and suppressed related rebels.

As for the san zhu [ 三銖錢 ] coins, the records about the time of the casting and abolition are different. Historical Records (《史 記 》), by Sima Qian ( 司馬遷 ) held that san zhu was cast from 120 B.C., and wu zhu from 119 B.C. The wu zhu stopped casting in the same year, so its casting only lasted one year. But the chapter about Emperor Wu in the Book of Han (《漢書》) said, it started casting in 140 B.C. and stopped five years later. Given the quantity of unearthed san zhu, the casting time should have been very short. If they had been cast for four or five years as jun guo wu zhu, they would have been found in greater numbers today. Furthermore, Sima Qian was a contemporary of Emperor Wu, and it is unlikely that he could have made an error in recording the events of his contemporaries.

Therefore, the jun guo wu zhu was cast from 118 B.C. to 113 B.C. Then, shang lin san guan wu zhu was cast for 5 to 6 years under the order of Emperor Wu. However, after the chi ze wu zhu [ 赤仄五銖 ] started to be cast in 114 B.C., all coins cast in various places were chi ze wu zhu. The wu di wu zhu [ 武帝五 銖 ] is divided into san guan wu zhu and jun guo wu zhu, while the san guan wu zhu is divided into chi ze wu zhu and others. The conclusion is debatable, but if this is the case, the time of casting the junguowuzhu is even shorter.

Among the ancient Chinese coins that are mainly characterized by textual variations, the wu zhu coins have two characters less than the subsequent tong bao [ 通寶 ], so there is a relative lack of variations in the characters and their positions. This leads to fewer varieties, so the number of collectors and extent of preference may decrease accordingly.

Most of the studies on the jun guo wu zhu are scattered in various coin publications, and there are very few thematic

studies. Mr. Zhu Huo ( 朱活 ) and Mr. Jiang Ruoshi ( 蔣若 是 ) have made in-depth explorations on the theoretical study of the jun guo wu zhu. The Shaanxi Numismatic Society once held a symposium on the wu zhu coins in the 1990s, 5and also published a collection of papers on this topic. In 2009, a book written by Mr. Du Weishan ( 杜維善 ), A Catalog of Wu Zhu Coins (《 五銖圖考 》) was published, and Interests of Wu Zhu Coins written by Shinichi Yokuchi of Japan was published in 1989, both of which contributed to the classification of wu zhu coins. Today, there are more excavated wu zhu coins, and the numismatic research on cultural relics has gradually deepened. Coupled with the popularization of the Internet, those who are fond of collecting wu zhu coins from all over the country have set up WeChat groups for studying and expressing their opinions. All these have produced new opinions and new views in the study of the variety and date of the wu zhu coins, with fruitful achievements.

The wu zhu coins had moderate weight, in line with the requirements of the socio-economic development and price level for monetary units in ancient times. Therefore, they were cast in the Western Han, Eastern Han, Shu, Wei, Jin, Southern Qi, Liang, Chen, Northern Wei, and Sui dynasties after Emperor Wu, lasting for 739 years, as the most successful coins in the history of China with the largest number of coins cast over the longest period. Jun guo wu zhu was undoubtedly the source of this long river.

5 Zhu Huo, OntheJunGuoWuZhu (《郡國五銖論》); SichuanCulturalRelics (《四川文物》), 1992(04). Jiang Ruoshi, ArchaeologicalVerificationoftheJunGuoWuZhu, ChiZeWuZhuandSanGuangWuZhu (《郡國、赤仄與三官五銖之考古學驗證》); StudiesontheCoins oftheQinandHanDynasties (《秦漢錢幣研究》), Chinese Coin Series, Zhonghua Book Company, April 1974.

郡國五銖——流通七百餘年的五銖錢之源頭

◎

周延齡〔上海〕

漢承秦制,高祖劉邦建國後,分封了7個異姓王，其封地稱 國。又分封了140餘人為徹侯,徹侯封地狹小，地域僅一郡 與縣同級，地位等同於郡。故漢代文獻以“郡國”連稱。

漢武帝於元狩五年（公元前118年）進行了第四次幣制改革， 令郡國鑄造五銖錢，鑄幣進入了漫長的五銖計重貨幣時代。

郡國五銖，亦稱元狩五銖。與之前鑄的四銖半兩比較，其主 要特徵首先是錢幣形制上的變化。錢幣正面有輪無郭，背面 則輪郭俱備。錢背穿內郭四周大都是圓郭。西安建章宮遺址 出土和各地發現的平背五銖, 因在形制上與四銖半兩有溯源 關係，被認為是最早的郡國五銖。郡國五銖增加了錢的重量， 降低了錢的厚度, 錢形和錢穿都比四銖半兩大，使計數和穿 系都較前方便。錢幣面背內外郭的出現，錢面與背的準確 拼合,除了防止錢幣被磨礪取銅外，也給仿鑄增加了技術難 度。而內外郭的出現，使縮小錢徑以取利變得無機可乘。於 是，更多的是以錢幣厚度減薄減重，或在鑄錢成分上增加廉 價金屬取利。鑄錢技術在造偽和防偽中得以發展進步。但迄 今發現的郡國五銖中加重增厚的現象則較為常見。

郡國五銖相對之前鑄的四銖半兩錢而言,在形制上變化極 大。在錢幣符記上，卻沒有四銖半兩那樣多的符記變化，但 出現了一些新的標誌符記。因此說明五銖錢不光是在錢文形 制上另起爐灶，在標誌符記上也作了新的革新。

郡國五銖發現的符記大都是在錢穿的周邊展開的，如決紋、 半星、杠、月紋、三角、上尖等。（如圖）這類符記在錢幣 上的真正用意以及附帶的信息，我們迄今還不能完全瞭解， 但至少有幾點是可以肯定的，它帶有的一定的區域或時間特 點；另外就是它與錢幣文字特徵上的相關性。也就是眾所認 為的固定模式。而用爐次或工匠戲作等成因等來解釋郡國五 銖錢幣上的符記時，總是不能自圓其說。

注釋：

1 上海博物館青銅器研究部：《上海博物館藏錢幣·秦漢錢幣》；上海書畫出版社，1994。

中國錢幣大辭典編撰委員會：《中國錢幣大辭典》，秦漢卷；中華書局，1998.9。

2 丁福寶:《古錢大辭典》；中華書局，1984.12。

3 、4 鄭家相:《五銖的研究》；《泉幣》第二期至第二十二 期，上海書店，1988.9。

郡國五銖上的符記發見的有：穿上橫杠、三角、半月、半星； 穿下橫杠、三角、半月、半星；穿四角上決紋、下決紋、四 決紋。其中星月紋有大小之分，決紋也有長短之別。這類符 記在《上海博物館館藏錢幣》與《中國錢幣大辭典·秦漢卷》 兩書中收編甚詳。1郡國五銖上發現的標準圓形星紋應該是 個例外,我們幾乎很難找到相同的第二枚。有些認為是星紋 的，似乎並不規整而不能被確定。另外，鄭家相先生在《五 銖的研究》文中有枚穿上三豎杆符記，也是很少見的，與四 銖半兩的穿上豎杠應該是有同源的關係。

假如將一個符記視同為一個地區的特有標誌，理解為是一 個郡或一個國，那麼，我們沒有發現與郡國同樣多的符記； 根據史書記載，武帝時期，因為酎金律而被除國的就有近百 個。這裏有個問題需要說明的是，當時不只是同姓或異姓王 的“國”，各地的郡也在各自鑄錢。另外，一個五銖上同時 鑄有兩種符記的現象也在否定這種解釋。如發現有面四決穿 上杠、面四決穿上三角、上橫杠穿下三角、下橫杠穿上三角 等。但確實有的符記是有特定機構或部門特點的。固定符記 的出土和發現比較集中在某些地域，也可以佐證這個地區 鑄的錢上的特定符記可能比較大。在元鼎二年（公元前115 年），收回各郡國鑄幣權，由中央統一鑄幣後，鑄行的上林 三官五銖上符記只剩下穿上橫杠、下半星。可以推斷在各郡 國鑄五銖同時，歸屬皇家的少府應該在鑄同類符記的五銖 錢，因此在統一造幣後，原歸屬各郡國的鑄錢符記則被同時 廢棄；而代表皇家鑄錢上的符記，如穿上橫杠與下半星，則 被統一鑄幣權後的鑄錢機構上林三官沿用。

由於時代局限，《古錢大辭典》中將“圓珠點”和“上橫杠” 五銖，定為“上林”五銖，將瘦長字形五銖定為“三官”五 銖，將“面四決紋”五銖定為靈帝五銖。2鄭家相先生也將 穿上倒三角符記和面穿四決紋符記文字狹長的一種認為是 昭帝五銖。3從各地出土資料和考古發掘分析研究，以現在

9. 出頭朱

面四決紋，上下杠

7. 面四決紋

6. 面穿下半星

5. 面穿上三角

4. 面穿下杠

3. 面穿上月紋

2. 無符記郡國五銖（面 背）

1. 澄城郡國五銖

我們對五銖的認識和斷代來看，以上這些觀點是欠妥的。

文字上的特徵也是區分和辨別郡國五銖的一個重要因素。郡 國五銖“五銖”兩字不似之後的上林三官五銖狹長規整，而 多數顯得較豐碩粗短。“五”字交筆彎曲，也有交筆較直的。

“銖”字金字頭三角形或菱形，下四點一般為圓珠點。“朱” 頭大都呈方折型。文字書寫的隨意性雖然沒有半兩那樣的放 逸無羈，但與上林三官五銖相比,還是帶有許多個性的。五 銖兩字的大小不同，銖字金旁與朱兩者比例失調。文字書寫 不規範等問題。

另有一種銖字朱中豎特長的出頭朱，大都出土在陝西一帶， 應該為當地所鑄。各地發現的郡國五銖在文字和形制上都有 一些地域特徵。如浙江湖州出土的多有毛邊，或已搓磨邊 輪，背內郭較寬，錢幣地章發黑並有平行紋，個別文字極有 特點。陝西澄城發現的則長字廣穿，“銖”字中“朱”下彎 折高於“金”中橫。傳形與合背在郡國五銖中的也有發現。 錢文上的隨意和錢上符記的多樣性，是郡國五銖各地分散鑄 造，沒有統一標準的結果。但比較之前的西漢鑄錢，如四銖 半兩等，郡國五銖已經規範了一大步。這與文、景削藩及平 定吳越七國之亂，異姓諸王被剷除，同姓諸侯國也日益衰 弱，中央的政令得到各郡國貫徹是有關的。

三銖錢的鑄造與廢止年代，史書記載不一，《史記·平准書》 司馬遷的意思是鑄於元狩四年，元狩五年鑄五銖，停鑄於該 年，鑄期一年。但《漢書·武帝紀》說是：建元元年鑄，五 年停罷。但三銖從發現數量分析，鑄行時間應該很短。要是 和郡國五銖一樣鑄行了四五年，今天發現在數量上應該更 多。再則，司馬遷是與武帝同時代人，記載同時代發生的事 在時間上出錯可能是很小的。

因此, 郡國五銖的鑄期從元狩五年（公元前118年）始至元 鼎四年（公元前113年）漢武帝令上林三官集中鑄錢止計

五六年時間。但鄭家相先生認為：元鼎二年官鑄赤仄五銖後， 各地所鑄錢均為赤仄錢。武帝五銖有三官與郡國五銖之分， 而三官錢只有赤仄和非赤仄之分。4結論雖有待商榷，如果 這樣算來，郡國五銖鑄時則更短。

以文字變化為主要特徵的中國古錢幣中,由於五銖錢與其後 的“通寶”類錢幣在文字上少了兩字,所以在文字與字位上 會相對缺乏變化, 這類變化在收藏意義上謂之版別，錢文簡 單版別少從收藏的角度喜愛的人數和程度都會相應減少。

郡國五銖的研究大都散見於各種錢幣刊物，而專題研究極 少，前輩朱活、蔣若是先生在郡國五銖的理論研究上作了深 入的探索。5陝西省錢幣學會在20世紀90年代曾召開五銖專 題研討會，也出過專題論文集。2009年，杜維善先生編寫 的《五銖圖考》一書出版，日本的橫地真一編寫的《五銖興 趣》在1989年出版，都對五銖錢，其中包括郡國五銖的分 類做出了貢獻。時至今日，考古出土的五銖錢資料增多，文 物考古和錢幣專業的研究逐步深入；加上網路普及，全國各 地的銖兩愛好者組建有研究五銖的專業微信群，結合愛好與 收藏，各抒己見。這些工作，都使五銖錢版別與斷代研究， 有了不少的新見解和新觀點，取得了不少的成果。

五銖錢輕重適中，合乎古代的社會經濟發展狀況與價格水準 對貨幣單位的要求，因而在漢武帝以後的西漢、東漢、蜀、 魏、晉、南齊、梁、陳、北魏、隋均有過鑄造，歷時長達 739年，是我國歷史上鑄行數量最多、時間最長最為成功的 錢幣；而郡國五銖的鑄行無疑是這條長河的源頭。

5 朱活：《郡國五銖論》；《四川文物》，1992，(04)。

蔣若是：《郡國、赤仄與三官五銖之考古學驗證》；《秦漢錢幣研究》(甲種本)，中國錢幣叢書，中華書局，1974.4。

The Reflection after Submitting the Yuan Shih Kai Silver Coins with L. Giorgi Signatures for Grading

◎ Chyuan Hai Bu Siao Sheng〔Taipei〕

ⅠOrigin

A few years ago, I submitted six Yuan Shih Kai silver coins with signatures for grading on a whim, including a one-dollar coin with L. Giorgi (A), two half-dollar coins with L. Giorgi (B +B1), a 20-cent coin with L. Giorgi (C), a 10-cent coin with L. G. (D), and a 5-cent silver coin (E). However, only four of them were encapsulated. The one-dollar coin with L. Giorgi (A) and one of the half-dollar coins with L. Giorgi (B) of the Tientsin variety were unexpectedly not graded.

Ⅱ The Ways and Reasons for Proving Their Authentication

(1) To prove the authentication of coins A and B, the first thing that comes to mind is whether there is a channel to review or rehabilitate. Unfortunately, no mints, museums, academic institutions, or numismatic associations can provide such services. There is no way to ask for identification except for the commercial grading companies. I don’t think the company that refused to grade these two coins will reverse its identification result for me.

(2) The only thing left to do was to prove it to myself. I referred to some literatures. There are a lot of pictures of the signature varieties (there are so many varieties which is quite amazing). Some people use the arrangement of the teeth on the edge which are different from circulating coins as a means of identifying. However, there is very little written description except for Mr. E. Kann’s catalog. Kann’s way to identify is easy but practicable. When describing the difference between the signature variety and the Tientsin variety, he just said that the Tientsin variety does not have a signature. Two coins that were not graded are exactly the same as the description.

As far as the process of minting coins is concerned, in order to unify the coinage system in the early Republic of China (in fact, efforts had already been made during Emperor Xuantong’s reign), officials drew on collective wisdom and absorbed all useful ideas. A lot of patterns were engraved, and these patterns could be divided into chosen patterns and un-chosen patterns after submission for selection. The chosen one would be produced into a master die which will be used to make countless sub-dies. Then, blanks will be used to make circulating coins

Yuan Shih Kai One Dollar Silver with L. Giorgi Signature

with these sub-dies. Most of the unchosen patterns would be left to be almost unknown. Therefore, the chosen patterns and the circulating coins are in fact twin brothers, and the only difference is the signature. I agree with Mr. E. Kann on the difference between the Tientsin variety and the signature variety. It is good for diverse varieties to be identified, but I hope that the authentication of the patterns will not be denied.

(3) I mentioned this situation with Michael Chou in a private communication. He agreed with my view and encouraged me to write about it. He also told a long-time observation. Different from foreigner, the Chinese are particularly fond of the unchosen patterns such as the long-whisker dragon pattern and shortwhisker dragon pattern. He took the US Morgan Dollar as an

example. It has a wide range of varieties, and most unchosen patterns seem to be unappreciated.

(4) As for the coarse-hair variety of the half-dollar coin with L. Giorgi signature (B1), I have another reflection. This variety does exist, which proves that it was also submitted for selection. However, its quantity is much smaller than the Tientsin variety, so it was not a major variety for selection. Its birth was led by the fact that the mintage was too large or the dies were consumed too fast (like the Kirin coins), so more patterns were required for selection. The fastest way was to take the unchosen patterns for the secondary chosen. Otherwise, it would consume a lot of time and money to make the secondary pattern like the 1919 Yuan Shih Kai Dollar Pattern made by the Heaton Mint.

(5) Over a decade ago, someone mentioned in the discussion of a small society that there is a triangle Yuan [ 圓 ] variety with L. Giorgi signature, which is the only explanation for the source of the 1914 triangle Yuan variety. This may be the same case as the Tientsin variety with signature. I really hope to see the triangle Yuan variety with a signature in my lifetime. However, if I find it, will it be identified as a genuine coin? Who has the final say?

A+B+C+D were originally in the same collection. The 20cent coin (C) and the 10-cent coin (D) were encapsulated undoubtedly as the Tientsin variety with the signature, while the other two were not. It is really a case of brothers from the same source with different destinies. It is so heartbreaking, and I will not speak it any further.

(6) Also, don't forget the existence of the 5-cent Yuan Shih Kai silver coin with the signature (E). The signature variety of the 5-cent coin is silver, while the circulating one is nickel (E1)!

coarse hair variety of the half-dollar coin with L. Giorgi signature

Yuan Shih Kai 10 Cent Silver with L. G. signature

Tientsin variety of the half-dollar coin with L. Giorgi signature

6枚L. Giorgi 簽字版袁大頭送評後的省思

◎ 泉海不肖生〔臺北〕

一 緣起

數年前因一時的悸動，把多年收集的6枚L. Giorgi簽字版 袁大頭送某公司評級，6枚銀幣分別是，壹圓1枚(A)、中圓 2枚(B+B1)、貳角1枚(C)、壹角1枚(D)、伍分(銀幣)1枚 (E)。鑒評結果：其中4枚入盒，簽字的天津版壹圓(A)與中 圓(B)卻未能通過，意外“落榜”。

二 為其正名之途徑及理由

1. 為了要為(A)&(B)這兩枚錢幣請命，第一個想到：是否 有受理申覆為其“平反”的渠道？可惜造幣機構、博物館、 學術單位、錢幣協會都沒有提供這樣的服務，除了商業鑒定 機構外實在求救無門。試想，那家把我們擋在門外的機構會 為了我們自打嘴巴嗎？

2.接下來只有自救了。我查了一些文獻，關於袁大頭簽字 版的圖片不少(樣式也不少，真有圖不驚人誓不休的感覺)， 更有人以馬齒緣的排列與流通幣的不同做為真假的辨識依 據。但是文字描述得卻很少，只有耿愛德先生的說法，實而 不華，在描述簽字與天津版差別時，說得很簡單：天津版沒

L. Giorgi 簽字版袁大頭壹圆 L. Giorgi

L. G. 簽字版袁大頭壹角

有(少了)簽字，兩枚不入盒的錢幣，正是如此。

就鑄幣的流程來說，民初為了統一幣制(其實宣統年間就已 經在努力)，集思廣益，刻了很多版式(patterns)。經過遴 選後，樣幣就被分為被選用的(chosen pattern)與未被選 用的(un-chosen patterns) 兩種。被選用的就是主角會被 製成母模，翻刻成無數子模，然後打在幣胚上製成流通幣。

未被選用的大多數就成配角，被束之高閣沉寂一生。所以被 選用的樣幣與流通幣其實是孿生兄弟，二者只差簽字之有 無。所以E. Kann 先生的說法我予以認同。百家齊放固然 好，但希望黃鐘不要被毀棄，瓦釜不要雷鳴。

3.有一次在與周邁可先生私下交流(communication)時 提過此事，他贊成這個看法並鼓勵我寫成文章。而且周先生 還說，通過長期的觀察，他覺得華人與外國人不同，華人特 別喜歡未被選用的試鑄幣例如長須龍、短須龍，等等。他舉 例說，美國摩根一元銀幣也有很多樣式，除了被選用的樣幣 外，未被選用的似乎乏人問津。

4. 至於中圓粗發簽字版(B1)的出現似乎是另一個省思，粗

發版中圓流通幣(B2)確實存在，簽字版的存在也證明它也 是經過遴選產生。以存世數量來看，比起天津版真是九牛 一毛，可見它不是一開始的主角。他的出現意味着造幣數 量太大或錢幣模具消耗太快(與吉林省鑄幣一樣)，需要更 多的生力軍。最快的方法,就是把未被選用的版式二次選用 (secondary chosen)。不然就要像喜敦版的八年袁大頭一 樣，重新訂制(secondary pattern)再選用，耗時耗財。

5.10多年前一個小型社團討論中曾經有人提過三角圓簽字版 的存在。是否意味着相同的事況？這也是三年袁大頭第2大 版(三角圓版)來源唯一的交代，有生之年真希望再見此幣。 就是找到了，能被接受嗎？中國錢幣到底誰說了算？ A+B+C+D 原本是同組收藏品，貳角(C)與壹角(D)是以天 津版簽字之姿，無異議入盒。真是兄弟同源卻不同命，叫人 不勝唏噓，不再贅述。

6.不要忘了袁大頭還有伍分(E)的存在!!簽字是銀幣，流 通的是鎳幣(E1)！！

L. Giorgi 簽字版袁大頭中圓粗發版

A 58-dollar Qianmu Temple Token Set

◎ James Contursi〔Taipei〕

Introduction

Exonumia embraces many types of collections. In a relatively small niche is a grouping known as temple tokens. Within that is an obscure branch, called, in Mandarin, qianmu ( 錢母 ), “money mother”1(not to be confused with muqian ( 母錢 ), “mother money”2), and known, in Taiwanese, as tsînn bú.3

There are two types of qianmu. The first type, operating on the premise that money begets money, is meant to accrue wealth to its possessor. The devotee exchanges a larger sum for a smaller, blessed amount of money at his/her preferred place of worship. The expectation is that the sacred sum will elicit prosperity in the coming new year.

The money advanced is, typically, a trifling amount, not exceeding a few U.S. dollars. The related taboos dictate that the blessed funds cannot be sold, traded or gambled, and in all circumstances, must be kept in a safe place. Also, spending it is not permissible until after the year has passed, although, even then, many ardent believers are reluctant to spend this precious and consecrated gift.4

While this sort of qianmu is in the form of legal tender coins or currency, the second type is medallic and variously designated as: amulet, charm, good luck piece or temple token.

This second category carries its own restrictions. It should be prominently exhibited, however, in a mingcai ( 明財 ) position, i.e., at a 45-degree diagonal, left or right, to a common entry doorway. Additionally, this qianmu must not be put in a dirty or unclean place, e.g., on the floor, in a bathroom or in a couple’s bedroom. Deviations from these proscriptions, it is believed, would bring about most undesirable consequences.5

The number of type II tokens distributed and the manner of distribution varies from temple to temple. In some cases, as in larger, wealthier temples, worshipers will line up at the temple to obtain one of x-number, freely given by the temple. At other temples different methods may be employed. (The disposition of the set under discussion is explained below.)

Qianmu tokens appear in a range of sizes and in at least two shapes: round and flattened sycee- or yuanbao-form, alluding to the ancient Chinese gold and silver ingots; however, those most commonly found are the former, usually with a 40-millimeter diameter. Further, one of several deities-Caishen ( 財神 ), Guan Gong ( 關公 ), Jade Emperor ( 玉皇大帝 ), Shennong ( 神農 ) et al-may be portrayed on this second type of qianmu, although, Matsu is, by far, the most popular.

Matsu: the person, the legend6

Matsu (lit., maternal ancestor), the Queen of Heaven, reputedly started her earthly incarnation in 960 CE as Lin Mo ( 林夢 = lit., Lin the dreamy or visionary one) or Lin

Note：

1 Qianmu is also known as facai jin (發財進 = to get rich).

Moniang ( 林夢娘 = lit., Lin the dreamy or visionary young lady). Born into a fishing community on Meizhou Island ( 梅 州島 ), part of Fujian Province, she was well-apprised of the

2 Also known as a seed or matrix coin, used in the sand-casting method to produce cash coins in China and other Asian counties.

3 Taiwanese Hokkien, one of several varieties, derives from the coastal mainland Chinese province of Fujian.

4 See Qi.

5 See Qi.

6 Matsu (媽祖, 媽祖traditional and simplified characters, respectively) Wade-Giles transliteration, sometimes seen as Matzu; and Mazu in pinyin.

dangers confronting fishermen and other seafarers.

As a young teen, the gifts of fortune-telling, astral projection and others were, as the belief goes, imparted to her. She was propelled into a quasi-mythical status by an event which occurred in the mid-teens of her abbreviated life. As legend has it, while at home, word reached her that her father and brothers were caught offshore in stormy seas and were in

danger of drowning. There are several renderings of, and many accretions to, this story. The connective tissue through all these narratives is that she was able to save family members by the sheer force of her shamanic powers.

Word of her prowess was quickly spread by one or more family member, who was, supposedly, spared disaster due to Lin’s preternatural intervention.

Matsu Millenary Token

Accounts vary as to the precise date and way Lin departed the earthly realm, but her passing is traditionally set at the

Figure 1 (Matsu chengdao 1000 nian jinianzhang = Matsu enlightenment 1000th anniversary medal) / 987 (Matsu wearing ceremonial crown [ 冕冠 = mian guan]) 1987 / 平 安 (ping'an = peace) * 湄洲 (Meizhou) * 身保 (shen bao = body safety) // (blank). Lead, 23mm.

Chinese Double Ninth Festival, i.e., the ninth day of the ninth month of the lunar calendar, 987 CE. Matsu is, of course, the eponym of the archipelago, located in the East China Sea.

Custom has it that she (or a relic of hers) either was interred at the Palace of the Heavenly Empress ( 天後宮 = tainhou gong) in Matsu Village, Nankan Township/Island, Lienchiang County ( 連江縣南幹鄉馬祖村 ), Taiwan; or that she ascended to heaven from that location. A thousand-plus years later, she is still considered the protectress of fishermen and seafarers and is believed to come to the aid of adherents in distress.

Matsuism on Taiwan7

While on Taiwan the deified Lin is known primarily as Matsu, she is honored with a variety of epithets, including: Holy Heavenly Mother ( 天上聖母 = tianshang shengmu), Queen of Heaven ( 天後 = tianhou) and, endearingly, in Taiwanese, as Granny Matsu ( 媽祖婆 = Matsupo).

Although no written record exists, material culture suggests that Han Chinese had visited Taiwan at least by the mid-14th century. By the early 16th century, fishermen from Fujian Province were establishing seasonal fishing hamlets on Taiwan’s shores; and by the late 16th century, Han Chinese migrants began settling, permanently, along Taiwan ’ s southwestern coast.8 In any case, it is not unreasonable to assume that Matsuism was imported along with the earliest

Figure 2: Zhenlan Temple: 天上聖母 (tianshang shengmu = our lady of heaven) / (Matsu bust, wearing phoenix crown [ 鳳冠 = feng guan], between cash coin-headed key fret borders) / 大甲鎮瀾宮 (Dajia zhenlan gong = Dajia Zhenlan Temple) // 招財錢母 (zhaocai qian mu = lucky money mother) / (pig holding cash charm [ 招財進寶 (zhaocai jin bao = wealth and prosperity)], five sycee below, between cash coin-headed key fret borders) / 歲次己亥年 (sui ci jihai nian = jihai year [36th year of the 60-year cycle, i.e., 2019]). Brass, 40mm.

7 Although estimates vary, from a low of 400, Teng, quoting Taiwan’s Ministry of the Interior, claims there are“more than 1000 registered temples with Matsu as their main deity.”See CHEN and TENG. Further, it is estimated that, today, there are about 1500 Matsu temples in 26 countries-nearly two-thirds located on Taiwanincluding five in the US: one each in Austin, Honolulu, Los Angeles, and two in San Francisco.

8 Knapp, p. 10.

Chinese sea-goers whether transient or permanent in attempts to insure a safe transit of the Taiwan Straits.9

The oldest extant Matsu temple on what, today, is, territorially, part of Taiwan, is Penghu’s Tianhou Gong ( 天 後宮 ) or Heavenly Queen Temple, situated in the city of Magong ( 馬公 )10

Currently, early every March, there are two Matsu processions in Taiwan: one beginning at Zhenlan Temple, Dajia District, Taichung City ( 臺中市大甲區鎮瀾宮 );11 the other starting at Gongtian Temple, Baishatun section, Tongxiao, Miaoli County ( 栗縣通曉白沙屯拱天宮 ).12

Each is attendant with its own, separate and distinct temple festivities and ritual observances. The precise time and date of these events are determined, annually, by a religious ceremony called jiaogao ( 筊筶 ). This ceremony follows several protocols, one of which employs poe divination, known in English as casting moon blocks ( 跋桮 = poah poe, puah pue or bwa bwei, in Taiwanese; and 筊杯 or 珓杯 = jiaobei, in Mandarin).13

The Baishatun Gongtian Temple is the earlier of the two to divine its procession date, having its ceremony on the fifteenth day of the last lunar calendar month. The Zhenlan Temple’s pilgrimage date is decided a month later, on the day of the Lantern Festival ( 元宵節 = yuanxiao jie), which is the fifteenth day of the first lunar calendar month.

Of the two, the Zhenlan Temple procession attracts more adherents and is somewhat shorter in length. Carrying a palanquin bearing a statue of Matsu, the faithful make a 6- to 12-day, 100-plus-mile trip to Fengtian Temple in Xingang,

Figure 3: Gongtian Temple: 白沙屯媽祖 (= Baishatun Mazu) / (Matsu bust, wearing phoenix crown [ 鳳冠 = feng guan], between sycee-pointed key fret borders) / 歲次壬 寅年 (sui ci renyin nian, i.e., 39th year, 2022) // (border, clockwise: flower-cloud-flower, building and wave, crane, fish on waves, repeated) / 勇 (yong = brave, over geometric pattern) / 拱授證 (gong shou zheng = licensing)110-030. Brass, 40mm.

Chiayi County ( 嘉義縣新港的奉天宮 ) and return.14 En route, disciples pay deference to the object of their devotion at a hundred temples across a score of towns and districts, covering Taichung City, and the counties of Changhua, Yunlin and Chiayi.

Starting at Baishatun, the Gongtian Temple pilgrimage completes a nearly 250-mile roundtrip journey to Chaotian Temple, Beigang, Yunlin County ( 朝天宮 = Chao tiangong), 苗雲林縣北港朝天宮 = Yunlin xian Beigang Chaotian gong) and return. Its route passes through Taichung City and the counties of Miaoli, Changhua and Yunlin.

Each pilgrimage draws tens of thousands of worshipers,15 and, as with Spain’s Camino de Santiago, one can walk as much or as a little as one is inclined. En route, many local residents will line the street and, along with businesses, offer their vocal encouragement and support, frequently supplemented by the gifting of food or bottled water to supplicants.

9 See Keliher, pp. 49-50, 123-24, for contemporaneous acknowledgements of the reverence in which Matsu was held.

10 The city of Magong (馬公) has undergone three transliteration and two orthographic incarnations. Originally, it was Makeng (媽宮). In 1920, the Japanese colonial administration of Taiwan made the decision to rename several Taiwanese geographic locales, and in the succeeding year, Makeng (媽宮) became Makeng (馬公, pronounced Makō in Japanese). Although, in the Mandarin, the tones changed, the Romanized phonics of both pairs were identical. Note, by omitting the initial 女 (nü) female component of the original 媽 (ma), an abbreviation for Matsu, the remaining portion is modified to 馬 (ma), meaning horse; and the second character was transformed from 宮 (gong = palace, temple) to 公 (gong = coll. husband). One author suggested that the change was effected to evoke a stronger, more masculine sense, but no evidence to support this claim could be found. In 1945, the transliteration succumbed to the Wade-Giles system, going from Makeng to Makung, without any orthographic or phonetic alteration. Within the first decade of the twenty-first century, the city’s name realized the current Romanization of Magong, again, with no change of characters or pronunciation. See Huang, p.109.

11 Address: 158 Shuntian Road, Dajia District, Taichung City (臺中市大甲區順天路158號 = Taizhong shi Dajia qu shun tian lu 158 hao). The Dajia Matsu pilgrimage is the oldest such event on Taiwan, with some sources claiming a nearly 300-year history.

12 Address: 53 Xinmin Road, Xingang Township, Chiayi County (嘉義縣新港鄉新民路53號 = Jiayi xian xingang xiang xinmin lu 53 hao). By comparison, the Baishatun pilgrimage is a relative newcomer, but can still boast a 160-year history.

13 Also known as casting cups or bowls, a poah poe set is comprised of a pair of blocks, most often made of wood, in crescent-moon shape, one length rounded, the other flat, rather like a half donut, sliced evenly, lengthwise, are cast or dropped. Divine approval is indicated if the throw results in one of each side facing upward.

14 Because the precise route varies from year to year, the length of the journey may vary from six to twelve days.

15“[T]he Dajia Matsu pilgrimage procession is recognized by Discovery Channel as one of the world’s three largest religious activities, along with Christmas Mass in the Vatican and the Hajj.”See CHEN.

The Unusual Matsu Token Set

Although both the Zhenlan Temple and Baishatun Gongtian Temple have temple tokens minted, our primary concern is with the unusual token set, issued by the Chaoxing Temple,

Figure 4 沙鹿 (= Shalu [district], encircled, right and left) 朝興宮 (Chaoxing gong = Chaoxing Temple) / (phoenix, Matsu bust, wearing phoenix crown [ 鳳冠 = feng guan], dragon) / 天上聖母 (tianshang shengmu = holy heavenly mother) // 歲次己亥年 (sui ci jihai nian = 36th year of the 60-year cycle, i.e., 2019) / (sycee, pig) 諸事圓滿 (zhushi yuanman = everything complete) (sycee) / (sycee pile). Brass, 40mm. (formerly in the Huang Te-dai collection)

Shalu District, Taichung City ( 臺中市沙鹿區朝興宮 ), containing 58 New Taiwan dollars.

Figure 5 沙鹿 (= Shalu [district], encircled, right and left) 朝興 宮 (Chaoxing gong = Chaoxing Temple) / 天上 聖母 (tianshang shengmu = holy heavenly mother) / (stylized dragon) 典藏 (diancang = collection) / 招財龍圓 (zhaocai long yuan = lucky dragon dollar) (stylized dragon). Velour pouch, 80mm x 115mm.

Figure 6 沙鹿媽 [ 祖 ] (Shalu ma = Shalu Ma[tsu]) / 聖德湧施萬眾 (sheng de yong shi wan zhong = holy virtues are bestowed on all) / 賺大錢 (zhuan daqian = earn big money) / (through die-cut hole, (Matsu wearing ceremonial crown [ 冕冠 = mian guan] with depending bead strands [ 纓 = ying])16 / 錢換錢 (qian huanqian = money changes [into] money) / 慈悲普濟千秋 (cibei pu ji qianqiu = compassion for the future) / 04-26624662 [telephone number] / 臺中市 沙鹿區和平街18號 (Taizhong shi Shalu qu heping jie 18 hao = 18 Heping Street, Shalu District, Taichung City). Gilt-stamped, folded card stock (55mm x 90mm) with die-cut hole.

Figure 7 (sycee, clouds, sycee) / 賺大 錢 (zhuan daqian = earn big money) / (within encircling key fret pattern, bust of Matsu wearing ceremonial crown, clouds in background) / 錢換錢 (qian huanqian = money changes [into] money) / (sycee, clouds, sycee). Gilt-stamped foil insert (54mm x 84mm), glued to card stock (unfolded, 55mm x 125mm).

Figure 8 沙路 (= Shalu [district]) / 納福 平安 (nafu pingan = enjoy peace) / 朝興宮 (Chaoxing gong = Chaoxing Temple) / Shalu Chohung Palace. Five coins, totaling 58 New Taiwan dollars (one 50-dollar, one 5-dollar and three 1-dollar coins), glued directly onto gilt-stamped, card stock (folded, 55mm x 90mm).

Figure 9 Top half is figure 5, upside down, the giltstamped foil insert adhered to the reverse; bottom half, when folded over, appears as figure 3.

16 In antiquity, both nine and twelve were considered auspicious numbers. Therefore, traditionally, this crown is composed of nine strands of twelve beads, known as jiu liu guanmian (九旒冠冕 = nine-beaded crown) or jiu long tong tian guan (九龍通天冠 = crown of nine dragons). This present example, inexplicably, has eight strands of eleven beads.

Dispersement

As with determining the time and date of the processions, poe divination is here too employed to decide token distribution. Each time, the pair of a moon blocks is thrown, physically, there are three possible results: 1) both flat sides down; 2) both flat sides up; or 3) one side face up, the other down. In

order to be a fortunate recipient, the caster must obtain the third of the three achievable outcomes, and only one throw is permitted per person. Also of important note, is that a mere 100 of these sets were produced.17 The few awardees seemed to be in heaven’s favor on the day of drawing.

Why 58 Dollars?

Typically, a westerner would not attach any particular importance to the numeral “58,” although, it would certainly seem like an odd gift amount. On Taiwan, there is a perfectly sound reason for its usage. The 5 and 8, when spoken as single digits in Mandarin produce the sounds wu and ba,

and in Taiwanese: ngóo and pat (text version), gōo and bueh (spoken version).18 These pronunciations create a play on words, inferring the Mandarin wo fa ( 我發 ), i.e., I make a bundle of money.

The Meaning of Red

Since the Neolithic Age, red in Chinese culture has been considered a lucky or auspicious color. 19 Presents, in the form of money-filled red envelopes, are traditional new year and wedding gifts. Also, after Matsu’s death, she was

immortalized as a young woman, patrolling the seas, attired in red. Hence, when a Matsu token is accompanied with a card holder or a carry-pouch, these articles are always red.

References

1.“Grand Matsu Temple.”Atlas Obscura. atlasobscura.com/places/ grand-matsu-temple#:~:text=The%20goddess%20Matsu%20ranks%20 among,sits%20in%20downtown%20Tainan%20City. Accessed September 14, 2022.

2. CHEN, Kelvin.“Taiwan's annual Dajia Matsu pilgrimage begins.”Taiwan News, 2021-04-10.

3. COMMERCE Development Research Institute. Dajia Zhenlan. Tiapei : MOEA, Department of commerce, [c. 2022].

4. HUANG Yan, Huang Yuyuan et al. 臺灣歷史地圖 (Taiwan historical maps). Taipei City: Yuanliu, 2016.

5. KELIHER, Macabe. Out of China; or Yu Yonghe’s tale of Formosa. A history of seventeenth century Taiwan. Taipei: SMC Publishing, Inc., (2003).

6. KNAPP, Ronald G. China's Island Frontier: Studies in the historical

geography of Taiwan. Honolulu: The University of Hawaii, 1980.

7. QI Ruizhen 齊瑞甄.“一次看懂錢母攻略「2件事」千萬別做文”(Understanding the strategy of Qianmu and "2 things" not to do). 聯合新聞網 (United News Network), 28 January 2022. orange.udn.com/orange/story/121415/6064184. Accessed 10 January 2023.

8. TENG, Cathy.“Mazu: Taiwan’s Leading Goddess.”Taiwan Panorama. Taipei: Ministry of Foreign Affairs, 2022-04-07, p. 7.

9. WU Wei吳瑋.“A Cultural History of‘Redness’in Chinese Civilisation: the Origins: from the Neolithic up to the Qin”(中華文明中的「紅」色文化史— 其起源: 從新石器時代至秦代). Monumenta Serica Journal of Oriental Studies, Volume LXX (2022), No.1. Published online: 17 Jun 2022. Accessed 27 Jan 2023.

10. YANG Fang-ling (楊芳齡), Chaoxing Temple comptroller. Interview. Conducted by author. 3 January 2023.

17 Personal interview with Yang Fang-ling: tokens manufactured and sets assembled by Common Wisdom Co., Ltd., No. 37, Lane 420, Section 2, Wenchang Road, Dadu District, Taichung City (常智有限公司, 臺中市大肚區文昌路二段420巷37號).

18 The text version derives from the learning of various Chinese dynastic pronunciations of written Mandarin, attendant with gradual and natural changes over time. Because the imperial examinations were more standardized, the text phonological system of reading sounds was relatively stable and closer to Mandarin. The spoken represents vernacular development of the language, without having to bear the weight of traditional constraints.

19 See Wu.

一套共計58元的廟宇錢錢母

◎

詹姆斯·孔圖爾西〔臺北〕

代幣包含多種類型的藏品。其中一個相對較小的類別是 廟宇錢。還有一個不起眼的分支，通常稱為“錢母”1（不 要與“母錢”2混淆），臺語稱tsînn bú3。

錢母有兩種類型。第一種以“錢生錢”為前提，旨在為 擁有者積累財富。虔誠的信徒在自己喜歡的宗教場所用 面額較大的錢幣換取更多面額較小且經祈福的錢幣。人 們期望這筆神聖的錢幣能在來年帶來繁榮興旺。

用於兌換的錢通常不多，一般價值不超過幾美元。根據 相關禁忌規定，經祈福的錢幣不能用於出售、交易或賭 博，在任何情況下都必須妥善保管。此外，只有在兌換 的這一年之後才能花出這些錢幣，但即便如此，許多熱 心的信徒也不願花出這份珍貴而神聖的禮物4。

這類錢母是正在流通的法定貨幣或退出流通的錢幣，而 第二類則不同，它們是護身符、吉祥物或寺廟信物。

第二類錢母有其自身的限制。它應擺放在顯眼的明財位， 在大門的左側或右側，即與大門呈45度角的位置。此外， 這種錢母不得放在骯髒或不潔的地方，如地板、浴室或 夫妻臥室。人們認為，違反這些規定會帶來特別不良的 後果5。

第二類錢母的分發數量和方式因寺廟而異。在某些情況 下，比如在規模較大、較為富裕的寺廟，信徒會在寺廟 前排隊領取由寺廟免費發放的信物（由寺廟隨機發放）。 其他寺廟則可能會採用不同的方法。（下文將對其處理方 式進行說明）。

錢母大小不一，但至少有兩種形狀，即又圓又扁的“銀 錠”或“元寶”形，暗指中國古代的金錠和銀錠。但最 常見的是銀錠形狀的，直徑通常為40毫米。此外，第二 種錢母上還可能刻有財神、關公、玉皇大帝、神農等神 靈的形象，但其中以媽祖像最為常見。

媽祖其人及傳說6

據傳，媽祖於公元960年化身為林夢（名字意為夢幻或 富有遠見的人），或林夢娘（名字意為夢幻或富有遠見的 年輕女性）。她出生在福建省梅州島的一個漁民家庭，深 知漁民和其他船員面臨的危險。

據信，她在十幾歲的時候就具有預言、觀星等天賦。在 她短暫的人生中，發生在她十多歲時的一件事將她推向

注釋：

1“錢母”又名“發財進”。

2 又稱雕母或鑄母，在中國和其他亞洲國家用於通過翻砂法生產錢幣。

3 閩南語是多種福建話中的一種，源於中國大陸沿海的福建省。

4 見齊瑞甄著作。

5 見齊瑞甄著作。

6 媽祖威妥瑪式拼音法音譯為Matsu，有時也拼作 Matzu，中文拼音為 Mazu。

了近乎神話的地位。傳說她在家時，父親和兄弟們在海 上遭遇風暴，有被淹死的危險。關於這個故事，有多種 說法，也有許多補充。但所有這些敘述的共同點是，她 憑藉自己的法力拯救了家人。

她的神通很快被家人們傳播開來，說是由於林夢的神力 干預，他們才倖免於難。

媽祖成道1000年紀念章

圖1 媽祖成道1000年紀念章 鐫有987和1987紀年，主圖為 頭戴冕冠的媽祖，另有平安、湄洲、身保字樣，鉛質，直 徑23毫米。

關於林夢離世的確切日期和方式說法不一，但一般將她 的離世日期定在中國的重陽節，即公元987年農曆九月 初九。當然，媽祖是其在中國東海群島上所使用的名字。 媽祖這一信仰在東南沿海族群的生活中不可替代。

根據習俗傳說，她（或她的遺物）要麼是被埋葬在臺灣 連江縣南幹鄉媽祖村，要麼是從那個地方飛升。一千多 年後，她仍被視為漁民和海員的保護神，並被認為會在 信徒遇到困難時伸出援手。

臺灣的媽祖信仰7

被神化的林氏在臺灣一般被稱為“媽祖”，但她也被冠以 各種稱謂，包括天上聖母、天後 ，臺語則稱她為媽祖婆 (Granny Matsu = Matsupo)。

雖然沒有文字記載，但實物表明，漢族人至少在14世紀 中葉就已經到過臺灣。到16 世紀初，福建漁民開始在臺 灣沿海建立季節性漁村。到16世紀末，漢族移民開始在 臺灣西南沿海永久定居。8無論如何，假定媽祖信仰是與 最早的中國航海者（無論是短暫的還是永久的）一起傳 入的，以確保他們能夠安全渡過臺灣海峽，這是有道理 的。9

澎湖天後宮或天後宮是臺灣現存最古老的媽祖廟宇，位 於馬公市10。現在每年三月初，臺灣都會舉行兩次媽祖 遶境。一次是從臺中市大甲區鎮瀾宮開始11，另一次從 栗縣通曉白沙屯拱天宮開始。12

每座寺廟都有自己獨立且獨特的廟會和祭祀活動。每年， 這些活動的確切時間和日期都由一種名為“筊筶”的宗 教儀式決定。該儀式遵循幾種規程，其中一種規程採用

圖2 大甲鎮瀾宮天上聖母媽祖鳳冠半身像招財錢母 背面 為小豬抱招財進寶銅錢，下有5個銀錠及“歲次己亥年（即 2019年）”紀年，黃銅，直徑40 毫米。

圖3 拱天宮白沙屯媽祖廟鳳冠媽祖半身像歲次壬寅年（2022 年）錢母 背面中間為勇字，周圍團圖順時針為花朵、雲、 花朵、建築、波浪、仙鶴、波浪上的魚，下有拱授證編號 110-030，黃銅，直徑40毫米。

“跋桮”占卜，臺語稱 poah poe、puah pue 或 bwa bwei，普通話稱筊杯或珓杯。13

7 Teng Cathy的文章引用臺灣內政部的說法稱，“以媽祖為主要神靈的登記在冊的寺廟超過1000座”，但估計數字不一，最低的只有400座。此外見Teng Cathy和Huang Yan文章， 據估計，目前在26個國家約有1500座媽祖寺廟，其中近三分之二位於臺灣，美國有5座，其中奧斯汀、檀香山、洛杉磯各一座，三藩市兩座。

8 見那仲良著作，第10頁。

9 見科利赫·馬卡比著作，第49-50頁、第123-24頁，以瞭解當時人們對媽祖的尊崇。

10 馬公市的英文寫法經歷了三次音譯和兩次正音。最初是媽宮。1920年，臺灣的日本殖民當局決定將臺灣的幾個地理位置重新命名，翌年，媽宮變成了馬公，日語發音為 Makō。雖 然普通話中的聲調發生了變化，但這兩對音標的羅馬拼音卻完全相同。請注意，通過省略原“媽”（媽祖的縮寫）首字母“女”（nü）的女性部分，剩餘部分被修改為“馬”（ma），意 為馬；第二個字元從“宮”（gong = 宮殿、寺廟）轉變為“公”（gong=丈夫）。一位作者認為，這種變化是為了喚起一種更強烈、更男性化的感覺，但沒有證據支持這一說法。1945 年， 音譯屈從於威妥瑪式拼音法系統，從Makeng變為Makung，但未作任何正字法或語音上的改動。見Huang Yan著作，第 109 頁。

11 地址：臺中市大甲區順天路158號。大甲媽祖遶境是臺灣最古老的此類活動，有資料稱已有近300年的歷史。

12 地址：嘉義縣新港鄉新民路53號。相比之下，白沙屯的朝聖活動相對較新，但仍擁有160 年的歷史。

13 跋桮又稱筊杯或珓杯，由一對木塊組成，呈月牙形，一長一短，一圓一扁，頗似半個甜甜圈，縱向均勻切片。如果投擲的結果是兩邊各有一邊朝上，則表示得到了神的認可。

白沙屯拱天宮是兩個寺廟中遶境日期較早的，在每年農 曆最後一個月的十五日舉行。鎮瀾宮的遶境日期則要晚 一個月，在正月十五元宵節當天。

其中，鎮瀾宮的遶境吸引的信徒更多，時間也更短一些。

信眾們抬着一頂供奉着媽祖神像的轎子，歷時6到12天， 行程100多英里，前往嘉義縣新港的奉天宮，然後返回。14

途中，弟子們在臺中市、彰化縣、雲林縣和嘉義縣的數十 個鄉鎮和地區的100多座寺廟拜祭他們的信奉對象。

拱天宮遶境則以白沙屯為起點，往返苗雲林縣北港朝天 宮，全程近250裏。路線經過臺中市、苗栗縣、彰化縣 和雲林縣。

每次遶境都會吸引數以萬計的信徒，15而且與西班牙的 卡米諾-聖地牙哥朝聖一樣，信徒可以根據自己的意願 走很多路，也可以走很少的路。在遶境途中，許多當地 居民會在街上排起長隊，並與商家一起大聲鼓勵和支持 信徒，還常常會向信徒贈送食物或瓶裝水。

不同尋常的媽祖錢母

雖然鎮瀾宮和白沙屯拱天宮都有錢母，但我們要着重關注的是臺中市 沙鹿區朝興宮發行的一套不尋常的錢母，包含總價值58新台幣的硬幣。

圖4 沙鹿朝興宮天上聖母鳳冠媽祖半身像錢母 背面紀年“歲 次己亥年（2019年）”，鐫有“諸事圓滿”字樣，另繪有銀錠 圖案，黃銅，直徑40毫米。( 原為黃德棣藏品）

圖6 沙鹿媽（祖）冕冠16媽祖像秋折疊卡紙，有“聖德湧施 萬眾，慈悲普濟千秋”、“賺大錢，錢換錢”字樣 上有電話號碼04-26624662，地址臺中市沙鹿區和平街18號， 燙金，55毫米×90毫米，有模切孔

圖5 沙鹿朝興宮 / 天上聖 母典藏招財龍圓絲絨袋 繪有風格化的龍形圖案， 80毫米×115毫米

圖7 燙金箔插頁（54毫米×84毫米） 粘於卡紙上（卡紙展開後55毫米×125 毫米），主圖為冠冕媽祖半身像，背景 為雲彩，飾以銀錠和雲朵，有“賺大錢， 錢換錢”字樣

14 由於每年的確切路線都不一樣，因此行程可能從6天到12天不等。

15 大甲媽祖遶境被探索頻道評為世界三大宗教活動之一，與梵蒂岡的聖誕彌撒和朝覲齊名。見Chen Kelvin文章。

16 在古代，九和十二都被視為吉祥數字。因此，傳統上這頂皇冠由九股十二珠組成，被稱為九旒冠冕或九龍通天冠。令人費解的是，這件作品上的冠冕有八股十一珠。

圖8 沙鹿區朝興宮錢幣5枚 共價值 58元新台幣（1枚50圓、

1枚伍圓和3枚壹圓硬幣），直接粘貼在燙金的卡紙上（卡紙 折疊，55毫米×90毫米），有“納福平安”字樣自用

圖9 上半部分如倒置 的圖8，背面貼有燙金 箔插頁，下半部分對 折後如圖6

與確定遊行的時間和日期一樣，如何分配錢母也要用占 卜來決定。每次拋擲筊筶時，有三種可能的結果：1) 兩 面都朝下；2) 兩面都朝上；或 3) 一面朝上，另一面朝下。

擲筶者必須獲得三種結果中的第三種，才能成為幸運兒，

而且每人只能投擲一次。另外值得注意的是，這種錢母 僅生產100套。17抽籤當天，為數不多的幸運者似乎都得 到了上天的眷顧。

為什麼價值是58元新台幣

通常情況下，西方人不會特別重視“58”這個數字，但 它作為禮品金額，看起來肯定頗為奇怪。臺灣使用“58” 是有充分理由的。在普通話中，“5”和“8”作為個位數

發音時會發出“wu”和“ba”的音，而在臺語中則會 發出“ngóo”和“pat”（書面）、“gōo”和“bueh”（口 語）的音。18這些發音類似普通話中的“wo fa”（我發）。

紅色的含義

紅色自新石器時代以來，在中國文化中一直被視為吉祥 或幸運的顏色。19裝滿錢的紅包是傳統的新年禮物和結 婚禮物。此外，在媽祖死後，她身着紅衣在海上巡邏的

17 個人訪問楊芳玲：由常智有限公司製造，臺中市大肚區文昌路二段420巷37號。

年輕女子形象永垂不朽。因此，當媽祖信物附有卡紙或 袋子時，這些物品總是紅色的。

18 文字版發音源於對中國各朝代書面普通話發音的學習，隨着時間的推移而發生漸進和自然的變化。由於科舉考試更加規範，文字讀音的語音系統相對穩定，更接近普通話。口語代 表了語言的本土化發展，而不必承受傳統限制的重壓。 19 見吳瑋著作。

錢母分配

The History of Minting in China

◎ Eduard Kann〔USA〕

ANHWEI PROVINCE

The Mint of Anking was established in 1902. It followed another coinage plant which had been dismantled there in 1899. The new Anking Mint began its career by striking 5 and 10 cash pieces. The output of 5 cash coins was soon discontinued, but the production of 10 cash coppers continued for several years. The Anking Mint’s output of 10 cash copper coins during 1905 was estimated at 240 million pieces. During the year one silver dollar exchanged at Anking for 95 copper cents on an average. The production of coppers by the Anhwei provincial Mint had grown so prolific, that it had to close down in 1907, because the markets all over China had by that time been flooded with 10 cash coins. In the course of the following years the Anking Mint had a checkered career. In December 1919, it re-opened operations with a capacity of one million coppers per day.

In the summer of 1924 the Anking Mint became notorious when it attempted to supply the country with debased Yuan Shihkai dollars, marked “Eighth Year of the Republic of China.” The outcry against the authorities malpractices became so loud that the Maritime Customs had to prevent silver shipments, consigned to Anhwei, from passing Nanking. An investigation into the shady doings of the Mint authorities was demanded and promised towards the close of 1924. But as the Mint was then operating under the “protection” of the military, nothing tangible could be done in the matter. Apart from adulterated Yuan Shihkai dollars, the Anking Mint also supplied the country with debased 10 and 20 cent pieces.

In 1926 the Annking Mint had to close down once more, seeing

Note：

that there were far too many copper coins in circulation, as was evidenced by the constantly declining price in terms of the silver dollar.

From authentic sources, emanating from Customs reports, it is learned that the old Mint of Anking was opened in November 1897, for the coining of dragon dollars, as well as 50, 20, 10 and 5-cent coins. An attempt was made at the same timed to displace the Carolus dollar, so very popular in those regions, by putting it, by official proclamation, on a par with the Mexican dollar. But the attempt failed, since the Carolus dollar continued to circulate in the interior of Anhwei as the favourite medium of exchange.

The coins from the Anking Mint, known as “Lung Yang”, were always at a slight discount amongst bankers and large dealers, but were accepted by shopkeepers in small transactions, on a par with the Mexican dollar while the subsidiary silver coins made a welcome addition to the rather limited supply of fractional silver currency. But after having been in operations for less than two years, the Mint was permanently closed in August 1899, by the order of the imperial Commissioner Kang I. Opinions differed as to the motifs, some believing that it happened owing to excessive conservation, while others thought the enterprise to have proved unprofitable.

Neither the old, nor the new Mint of Anking has published records of its doings, so that its output has not been made available.19

KIANGSI PROVINCE

Authorised to be opened in 1901 the provincial Mint situated at

19 Between December 1919 and July 1920 silver dollars 1,217,068 were produced by the Anking Mint; and between December 1919 and June 1921 621,790,000 copper cents were struck there

20 The Customs Decennial Reports state that the first Wuchang Mint was established in 1895. They also assert that another Mint was opened in Wuchang in 1898 for the coinage of copper-cash, but soon was used for minting silver only

Nanchang was again closed in 1905 and remained idle for some time. More than twenty years after its inception the Nanchang Mint was converted into a semi-official concern, one of the chief-shareholders being the Kiangsi Provincial Bank. A novel scheme provided that the output of the Nanchang Mint should be lodged with the said bank, in order to form a specie reserve against its banknotes issue. But complications arose when the rights and duties of the parties concerned had to be determined. In 1922, during a riot, the Nanchang Mint was badly damaged, and repairs were only completed in 1925.

During the spring of 1925 the Mint at Nanchang, as also the Nanchang Provincial Bank, ceased to be semi-official concerns, returning to their old status of purely government institutions. In the summer of 1925 the director of the Kiangsi Mint was endeavouring to raise a loan for $500,000 for the purpose of reorganising the undertaking. It was then planned that the Mint should turn out silver coins.

The Nanchang Mint was at no time of much importance; it merely helped to bring about a super-abundance of copper coins on a saturated market. Reliable statistics as to its production figures are not available.

The Provincial Mint at Wuchang had contracted to deliver large supplies of silver dollars during the autumn of 1925. As its own plant was unable promptly to cope with the task, the authorities passed an order to the Mint at Nanchang, for the supply of 2,500,000 silver dollars. At that time the Nanchang Mint had a capacity of $100,000 a day. The order was completed by the end of September, 1925, whereupon work was suspended.

In the early part of 1926 the provincial Commissioner of Finance arranged that the control of the Nanchang Mint should be transferred to the Kiangsi Bank.

HUPEH PROVINCE

Hupeh’s provincial Mint is situated in the capital, Wuchang.

It was founded in 1893 by Viceroy Chang Chi-tung, who had been transferred from Canton to Hupeh province. Operations on coining dragon dollars were commenced in 1894.20 It was in 1900 that the Wuchang Mint began the production of copper cents. Modern equipment was purchased in 1902 for this particular purpose. At that time copper Mint in 1905 at Hanyang, as a branch establishment of the Wuchang Mint. It was, however, closed again in 1906.

Owing to its (and its sister institutions’) excessive production of copper coins the Wuchang Mint ceased working in 1909. But a year later it was reopened by the Peking authorities. After the outbreak of the revolution (October, 1911) the management of the Mint reverted to the governor of Hupeh, and though the Mint was supposed to have once more been under the control of the Central Government (since 1914) it was merely so in name.

The provincial Mint at Wuchang is responsible for the output of excessive quantities of one cent and since 1917-also of two cents copper coins. But it also produced large quantities of dragon dollars and Yuan Shih-kai dollars; the latter were struck in the course of 1924 and 1925 at the rate of $120,000 a day.

The Wuchang Mint was well equipped, boasting of 240 furnaces for smelting and beating. It owned 11 engines and boilers, 105 stamping machines, 23 rolling machines, two electric light and power plants, 29 chimneys, etc.

Due to the Sino-Japanese war a part of the Central Mint ’ s machinery was hurriedly shipped to Wuchang and installed there. During the first half of 1938 the Wuchang Mint was busy turning out copper and nickel subsidiary coins with a capacity of 900,000 pieces per diem. When Hankow fell in October of 1938, operations in the Wuchang Mint had to be halted.

Regarding output by the Wuchang Mint there is fairly satisfactory evidence available; according to Customs reports the following production was recorded from the outset.

From 1902 onward until 1928 coinage figures were recorded by the Ministry of Finance and are contained in the succeeding table:

The foregoing table is incomplete (and partly inexact) as far as the output of silver coins by the Wuchang Mint is concerned.

Judging from the resume given by the same source that supplied the table, the total production of silver coins was as follows:

These figures cover the period from 1902 to 1927 and are here indicated as pieces. Both particulars emanate from the book “Regulations of the Currency Department of the Ministry of Finance” (1929), published in Chinese.

The Mint at Wuchang, after working as branch of the Shanghai Central Mint (i.e. between November 1937 to July 1938), produced the following coins:

Pieces

1 cent copper 64,332,100

5 cents nickel 20,865,640

10 ” ” 38,845,060

20 ” ” 30,747,115

HUNAN PROVINCE

The Changsha Mint was opened in 1901 for the coinage of copper money. In 1906 it closed down, remaining in suspense until 1912. In March, 1918, it suffered by fire during fighting in Changsha. The Mint was primarily occupied with the output of copper coins, though it produced also some silver dollars. It was dependent on the Wuchang Mint.

The quantities of coppers turned out in Changsha, were so great, that the ratio between the silver dollar and the copper cent reached 1 to 300 in 1924, rising further to 580(in terms of the double cent) in 1931. This downward tendency, combined with accusations regarding “ squeeze ” made it advisable to cease work already in 1925.

In 1923 the Hunan Mint ’ s capacity was about three million double coppers in 24 hours. The average weight of these 20 cash pieces was 10 1/2 grammes, while the single coppers, produced during the same period, averaged 7 1/2 grammes. The difference of 3 1/4 grammes represented an extra profit to the Mint, a fact which found expression in the rapidly declining market rate for the double coppers.

In 1922 the Changsha Mint had been hired out to a leading merchant for some months, resulting in much suffering to the poorer population due to the flooding of the market with inferior

coins. In 1926 the coinage plant had to close down; in the summer of that year it was planned to have the Changsha Mint, together with the munition factory, removed to Chengchow, Honan province.

Regarding the Changsha Mint output only fractional records are available. According to these the following copper coins were produced from 1902 to 1918:

10 cash coins 11,084,937,625 pieces

20 cash coins 45,390,150 ”

KUANGSI PROVINCE

There were three Mints in Kuangsi. The first one was created in 1905 by imperial decree in Nanning. It was occupied mainly with the production of copper coins and, to a lesser extent, also silver subsidiary money. After having stood idle for some years the Mint resumed operations in 1919, but owing to lack of raw material, combined with hostilities with the neighbouring province of Kwangtung, operations were suspended in 1923.

A second provincial Mint was located at Wuchow. Same was created in 1920 for the purpose of turning out subsidiary silver coins. The larger part of the machinery arrived in January of 1921, but owing to the invasion of the province by the Kwangtung troops the problem of starting work was left in abeyance until 1923. Fairly large quantities of 20 cent pieces were produced by the Wuchow Mint for the purpose of supplying metallic reserves to the notes emitted by the Kwangsi Bank. However, no records have been made available as to the total amount struck. Work was suspended in 1929.

A third Mint was opened in 1905 in Kweilin, mainly with the object of striking copper coins.

Due to the Sino-Japanese war a part of the Shanghai Mint ’ s new machinery was transported to Kweilin and set up there. In April of 1938 work on subsidiary copper and nickel coins was commenced in Kweilin. The new minting plant and organization there was declared to be excellent.

The Mint at Kweilin, starting work in April, 1938, as branch of

the Shanghai Central Mint, turned out, until the end of March, 1939, the following coins:

KWEICHOW PROVINCE

The writer has no evidence that a Mint was ever functioning in Kweichow province. There exists a Kweichow dollar, marked 17th Year of the Republic (1928), showing on the reverse a motor car. The occasion for its issue was the opening for traffic of the first motor road. It is said that only 3,500 such coins were minted, a statement which is not easy to verify. Neither is it evident where the Kweichow dollar was coined.

YUNNAN PROVINCE

The provincial Mint of Yunnanfu (Kunming) was established in 1905, but did not begin operating before 1908. It produced copper coins, dragon dollars and subsidiary silver coins. Though nominally under the Board of Revenue’s control (Peking), the Kuming Mint soon became independent. Immediately after the 1911 revolution it openly began to follow its own policy.

One of the results of the World War was the embargo, in 1917, on the export of bullion from Indo-China and Hongkong. In this way sources of supply of precious metals were cut off from Yunnan. The melting of good dollars for the purpose of reminting these into bad dollars was the result. There were coins manufactured by the Kuming Mint which, starting from 1915, bore the effigy of the provincial governor, Tang Chi-yao. Due to the conditions just described the good Yunnan dollar, 0.862 fine, and especially by a half-dollar of a lesser fine content.

The Yunnan Mint was the first to strike, in 1919, gold coins in quantities and in denominations of $5 and $10. The motifs for this new policy were the inability of obtaining silver and the latter’s excessive price in 1919. As Yunnan province was a heavy exporter of tin, it took payment in gold and minted it into coins. But beside gold the Kunming coinage plant also turned out 5

considerable quantities of subsidiary silver pieces, mainly halfdollars, as well as 10 and 20 cash coppers. A remarkable feature of the subsidiary silver coins was that these were actually on a basis of decimal subdivisions of the Yunnan dollar. Ten coins of 10 cents, or 20 coins of 5 cents, exchanged for one dollar. This system could be fostered through the rigid observance of the embargo against the importation of other provinces ‘subsidiary coins.

In the autumn of 1924 the Yunnan Mint imported new German machinery. In September of that year it produced 5 and 10 cent nickel coins with a view to facilitating the circulation of small change. However, the experiment did not prove successful. The production of coppers ceased in 1926.

The Kunming Mint was capable of producing daily $30,000 worth of half dollars in silver, besides $4,000 in nickel coins. In 1931 it ordered new machinery of local make.

From evidence available it is noted that the Kuming Mint ’ s output between 1908 and 1907 was as follows:

1 dollar 2,950,570 0.900 fine

Besides, the following output of copper cents has been recorded: Between 1908 and 1916

There is no doubt that after 1916-17 minting of copper and brass coins was actively continuing; inter alia also 50 cash pieces.

The output of silver pieces also was enlarged while Tang Chiyao was in power, principally 50 cent and 20 cent coins. The latter also ordered the striking of gold coins with his portrait in denominations of $10 and $5, the total quantity of which, according to Customs reports, aggregated $9,000,000 face amount. With the rapid decline of silver prices in terms of gold these coins were exchanged against silver money and soon melted up.

The Yunnan Mint, which had been functioning independently, was turned over in the beginning of 1939 to the Ministry of Finance and was henceforth to be known as the Yunnan branch of the Central Mint of China.

SZECHUEN PROVINCE

There were three Mints in Szechuen province, namely at Chungking, Chengtu and Tachienlu.

The more important coinage plant was situated at Chengtu. It was founded in 1898, produced copper coins, and from 1902 onward also silver dollars, 20, 10 and 5 cent pieces, all of the dragon pattern. Until that time the currency of Szechuen consisted in old hole cash and sycee silver. The new dragon coins met with scanty success, notwithstanding the Viceroy’s proclamation ordering the acceptance of the new money by the mercantile community, as well as by tax offices. But it required years before the new coins began to circulate freely.

The Commissioner of Customs at Chengtu, reporting on the origin of the Mint there, writers as follows in the Decennial Reports:

“A complete plant for a Mint, capable of coining dollars and cash, was brought up to Chengtu during the summer of 1897. It arrived under the charge of a native deputy who had had instructions in coinage inAmerica; but a series of accidents and shipwrecks during the voyage from Ichang to the provincial capital caused a great deal of damage through the corroding of the dies by rust. Two experts from America, where the plant was purchased, engaged to set up the machinery, passed through Chungking; and it was confidently supposed that Szechuen would soon have its coinage of dollars and smaller silver coins. Owing to the necessity, however, of having to obtain a new supply of dies, to replace those damaged, not a single coin up to the present (end of 1901) has found its way down here, although the Mint is said to have been working satisfactorily for some time.”

At first the Chengtu Mint produced silver dollars and halfdollars on a small scale, and then copper cents of the 5-cash

and 10-cash denominations. In the last few years of the Manchu regime copper coins of the 20 cent denomination began to be minted. Immediately after the 1911 revolution the Provisional Government felt the pressure of heavy expenditure and found relief in (1)the discontinuance of minting copper cents of small denominations; (2)the introduction of coins in denominations of 50 and 100 cash; (3)the reduction in weight of the silver dollar from Kuping taels 0.72 to 0.71; and(4)the issue of military notes. In 1914, when the latter had depreciated to such an extent that they could hardly be circulated any longer in the province, the Chengtu Mint started to turn out 200 cash copper pieces, simultaneously reducing the weight of the dollar to Kuping taels 0.70, for the purpose of redeeming the depreciated notes.

In May 1938, it was announced that the Chengtu Mint was installing the new machinery, which had been dismantled at the Central Mint of Shanghai and shipped to Szechuen. Minting operations were begun in the summer of 1938, comprising the production of 1/2 and 1 cent coppers and 5, 10 and 20 cents nickel pieces from the Shanghai dies.

At some early period Chengtu worked on copper money for Yunnan province. The Chengtu Mint produced fairly large quantities of Tibetan rupee coins, but only fractional evidence is available regarding the output.

The following is a summary of the Chengtu Mint’s activities; but it is by no means a complete account of its doings:

Silver Dollars(Pieces)

Dragon dollars 9,338,410 1901-1911

Old Han Dollars 55,676,426 1912-1923

New Han Dollars 6,396,770 1928 71,411,606

Official sources indicate that, besides the above, the Chengtu Mint produced between 1903 and 1917 Peiyang $39,517,800.

Subsidiary Silver Coins (Pieces)

Subsidiary Copper Coins(Pieces)

More likely there was additional copper and brass coinage after 1928. Besides, a large quantity of Communist copper pieces were struck in Szechuen in 1934.

Itemised table regarding the Chengtu Mint’s output of silver money, arranged according to years:

6,920,340

5,715,745

Copper and brass coins produced by the Chengtu Mint between 1903 and 1928:

Since the advent of the Republic the Chengtu, as well as the Chungking Mint, have been supplying the province with numerous specimens of coins, the design of which is entirely different from the regular series, being characterised by the socalled Han design. Besides, their fine content is lower than that of the old coinage. The issues include the $1, 50, 20 and 10 cents in copper or brass.

In August 1925, during one of the then frequent civil wars, soldiers entering Chengtu looted the Mint there, carrying away all the silver and copper on which they could lay their hands.

The Chungking Mint was authorised in 1905, but it was only in 1913 that minting operations were initiated there. Probably the capital for the completion of the coinage plant was not forthcoming in time, as the initial capital procured by the governor was only 20,000 taels; this had to be taken from the Szechuen Railway Company’s funds. 1911

At first the Chungking Mint produced copper cents of 50 cash denomination only. In 1915 it produced also 20 cash coins. The 100 cash variety was struck there in 1922. A few years later, when the provincial monetary system was upset by the establishment of private Mints by some of the military leaders, the Chungking Mint followed suit by putting into circulation debased coppers of the 100 and 200 cash variety, as well as debased silver dollars. These adulterated coins, having an intrinsic value considerably less than face amount, were discounted in the market to such an extent, that it proved unprofitable to continue coining them. Consequently the Chungking Mint’s operations were suspended and its plant was converted into a small arms factory under the style of “Chungking Manufacturing Works.” At Chungking all the debased dollars disappeared from the market, the “big” dollar being the only standard money acceptable in business transactions, with copper cents of 200 cash and 100 cash denominations as subsidiary coins.21

21 See“Decennial Reports 1922/31”Chinese Maritime Customs, Vol 1, fol.477/78.

The output of the Chungking Mint appears to have been kept a secret. The dies used for coining were almost identical with the ones employed by the Chengtu Mint.

In 1938 the Chungking coinage plant acted as regional branch of the Central Mint of Shanghai, using a part of the latter ’ s machinery. Between June 5 and September 1, 1938, the following nickel coins were struck there.

4,480,000 pieces 20 cents $896,000

7,940,000 ” 10 ” $794,000

12,220,000 ” 5 ” $611,000

In order to procure funds for the maintenance of the Military certain commanders arrived at the decision to operate their own private Mints. Iron works and technical colleges in Szechuen province accepted and executed orders for the manufacture of minting machinery. The success obtained by those militarists spurred others to adopt the same devices, until every important military center had its own minting plant. By the end of 1927 the region round the capital Changtu alone had over 80 illicit military minting establishments.

Silver was obtained by melting the current dollar coins, supposedly 0.890 fine, as well as half-dollar coins of a legal fineness of only 0.700. From these new coins with an identical design were produced, but with a fineness of only 0.300 to 0.400. These new coins were accepted within Szechuen province at a discount from 20% upwards, while outside the province they were refused altogether.

Toward the end of 1927 the authorities in Chengtu prohibited the manufacture of these counterfeit coins. They ordered the searching of technical colleges and the confiscation of minting machinery where found, as well as the punishment of workmen met in producing such money. The same authorities also attempted to prevent the debased coins from circulating, but the Chengtu Chamber of Commerce petitioned that the financial market should not be further disturbed and that the inferior coins should be redeemed by the Government at par.

After two years of abnormality General Teng Shih-hou, who controlled the Chengtu Mint, took the lead to re-instate the big dollar as legal tender in all business transactions and ordered, in 1928, the suspension of minting of debased and depreciated coins, with a view to relieving the loss and inconvenience suffered by the people. Other military leaders, finding that the debased coins depreciated so much, that there was no longer a margin of profit, followed the example set up by General Teng and closed their Mints one after another. The monetary system of Szechuen province was thus standardised.

All the Szechuen silver coins with the Han design are dated first year of the Republic, but all of these were minted between 1815 and 1930. After China ’ s currency reform (November 1935) uniformity was sought, so that the Szechuen Mint were supposed to cease coinage altogether. Actually the Szechuen authorities agreed in 1936 to adopt the national dollar as unit of the country’s currency, and the plan promised every success, when the outbreak of the Sino-Japanese war intervened.

The regional Mint at Chengtu, since it had been working as branch Mint of the Central Mint, produced the following coins until March, 1939:

1 cent copper 5,255,870 pieces

5 cents nickel 3,296,500 ”

10 ” ” 65,241,769 ”

20 ” ” 22,846,734 ”

Another Mint, though one of minor importance, was situated at Kangting ( 康定 ), mainly for the manufacture of Chinese rupee coins for use along the Tibetan border. These coins were at first turned out by the Chengtu coinage plant, but later on Tachienlu took the matter up.

It was in the spring of 1926 that the Reclamation Commissioner on the Szechuen border laid plans for the erection of the Kangting Mint. Simultaneously another Mint was established at Yachow ( 雅州 ) for producing silver money in the Han design. The result of this Mint’s activities are not known, and probably never will be.23

23 The writer obtained from Szechuen dollar coins emanating from the Mint at Yachow Externally these are identical with the output of the Chungking and Chengtu Mints and almost impossible to distinguish from the latter.

There was, besides, extensive coinage within Szechuen province by the Chinese Communist armies. However, more will be said on this subject at a later stage.

SHANSI PROVINCE

During the World War the price of copper rose considerably, so that there was a tendency throughout China to collect the circulating copper cash coins and replace them by one cent copper pieces. The provincial authorities were quick in realising opportunities which were then offering. So they ordered their own coinage plant and started operating it in 1919.

In the beginning the Mint ’ s output was well received and proved useful in replacing the rapidly disappearing copper cash. However, there soon was an over-production of coppers, which found expression in the following quotations: during the first two years of the Shansi Mint’s career (in 1919/20) one dollar exchanged on an average for 150-160 coppers; by 1924 the ratio had exceeded 200 cents. During the early autumn of 1925 the supply of locally minted 1 cent copper coins had become so prolific that 300 exchanged for one dollar.

Also in this case only fractional evidence as to the size of the output is available. Between 1919 and 1922 the following quantities of copper coins were produced at Taiyuan:

10 cash coins

20 cash coins

421,138,994 pieces

200,861,123 ”

SHESI PROVINCE

The province is in possession of a copper Mint. Nevertheless, the government, in 1923, ordered from Germany minting machinery with a capacity of 500,000 coppers a day. The new Mint was to be erected at Sian. The plant arrived at Shanghai in the early summer of 1924 and was re-shipped to Hankow for transporting it to its final destination. However, at that time governor Liu of

Shensi Province decided to go on the war path. In order to obtain a supply of ammunition from the neighbouring province he had to pledge the mint machinery and equipment(then still lying at Hankow) to the governor of Shansi province. Liu lost his little war and simultaneously the new coinage plant.

Shensi, with its notoriously poor means of communications, always suffered from insufficient currency. A copper mine, situated at Chingan, proved useful as supplier of the basic material. Like so many other provinces Shebsi shunned publicity, so that the result of its minting activities remains a deep secret.24

KANSU PROVINCE

The province of Kansu has had its Mint for decades. Originally it produced silver subsidiary tael coins (partly with Turkish inscriptions), which were also current in the neighbouring dependency of Hsinkiang. Later the Mint at Lanchow devoted its energies to the manufacture of copper coins which were turned out in large quantities. However, statistics are not available.

In 1938 a part of the Shanghai Central Mint’s machinery was sent to Lanchow where uniform copper pieces were struck.

The branch Mint at Lanchow produced copper 1 cent pieces only. Between November 1938 and March 1939, altogether 12,970,936 pieces were struck at Lanchow, Kansu province.

HONAN PROVINCE

The only Mint ever operating in Honan was situated in Kaifeng. It was opened in 1901 and had the distinction of being practically the only Mint in China (with the possible exception of Shantung) which produced copper money only. The larger part of its output consisted of 10 cash coppers. The republican issue of this coin had the nine-pointed republican star on the obverse, and the Chiao-ho pattern on the reverse. A quantity of 20 cash pieces also was produced in 1913/14, but in November of the latter year the Kaifeng Mint closed its doors.

24 In 1921 the Mint at Sian produced 199,078,625 pieces @ 10 cash.(See Chinese Government Bureau of Economic Information, No.27 of April 28, 1923.)

SHANGTUNG PROVINCE

The Mint of Tsinan was inaugurated in 1905. It began its career by producing copper cents and during the first eighteen months of its existence, managed to realize a profit of about 30%. Deliberate over-production, combined with the influx of similar coins from neighbouring provinces, caused the exchange value of the 10-cash piece to drop from 100 to 130 to the dollar; this happened in 1907. The people objected to the gradual absorption of the old cash coins to which they had been accustomed for centuries.

The Mint closed down in 1906 and remained shut for years. Its administrative staff was transferred to Tientsin. In 1922 preparations were made for the re-opening of the Tsinan Mint, but in 1926 matters had not yet progressed sufficiently to permit of the resumption of work.

No figures are available regarding the output by the Shangtung Mint.

CHIHLI (HEPEI)PROVINCE

The Mint for Chihli province was established by imperial edict at Tientsin, in 1901, and began operations in 1904. It produced silver dollars and subsidiary coins, as well as copper money. The only specimen of 10 cash coins produced by the Tientsin Mint belongs to the Tai Ching Ti Kuo series.

Simultaneously with the promulgation of new national currency regulations in 1910 it was decreed that the Tientsin establishment should become the Central Mint for China. Its administration was placed under a Director-General styled Chiento. The moulds branch establishments in the provinces, thereby ensuring uniformity in the design of the coins. The outbreak of the revolution, in October of 1911, and the subsequent looting and burning by the mob of the Tientsin Central Mint(March, 1912) frustrated the realization of pre-arranged plans.

The Tientsin Central Mint was resuscitated in 1914. Provided with new and modern machinery it was responsible for the designing and production of the Yuan Shih-kai dollar, the dies

for which were supplied to the Mints situated in other provinces. The first years of the republic were characterised by general tendencies towards decentralisation, and so the provincial authorities soon became independent of the Central Mint at Tientsin.

Seeing that there was practically no profits to be derived from the minting of dollar coins, the Tientsin Mint, towards the close of 1923, turned its attention to the manufacture of 10, 20, and 50 cent coins. However, its activities soon resulted in overproduction and subsequent depreciation of auxiliary silver coinage, so that work on this particular line had to be stopped after a few months’ activity.

Then followed an attempt to turn out copper coins, notably 2 cent pieces(20 cash). In the beginning the venture proved very profitable, but an oversupply resulted in a depreciation of copper cents, the market price of which fell in the summer of 1925 to 300 cents to the dollar, declining further in 1931 to 380 cents, and still more in 1935, when 520 cents (in terms of double coppers) were quoted per silver dollar. Although the market had soon become saturated with the deluge of these double-cent pieces, the Mint continued to produce these, pledging them as security for an advance with local banks. In the autumn of 1924 work had to be stopped by the Central Mint, Tienstin.

In the late autumn of 1926 the Tientsin authorities decided to mint new fractional silver coins for the purpose of replacing the depreciated subsidiary coins on the market. At first it was planned to produce $2,000 worth of 10 cent pieces a day, to be followed later on by a corresponding supply of 20 and 50 cent coins. The new series were to circulate on the decimal system, namely 10 pieces @ 10 cents for one dollar. Fineness and weight were to be in accordance with the National Currency Regulations. This is another instance of good intentions having to remain unfulfilled.

Dealing with the history of the Central Mint of Tientsin, the annual Customs report for 1902(Tientsin)contains the following:

“The silver tael, which has so long been only an imaginary coin, is to take real shape and to become the standard unit.

A Mint has been built near the Viceregal Yamen....If the new tael becomes the accepted standard only in Chihli province, an immense benefit will already have been bestowed on trade. It remains to be seen whether the authorities in Peking and in the neighbouring provinces will follow the lead of the ruler of the metropolitanprovince.”

When the Mint was opened for work in 1902 a sample tael was struck. However, the said tael remained merely an essay, as its adoption as currency unit was frustrated. Instead the Tientsin Mint turned to the manufacture of copper coins, the production of which, while profitable in the beginning, soon became a losing proposition.

In the beginning of April 1936, a cable from Tientsin conveyed the news that a new director had been appointed for the Tientsin Mint. On the 15 th of that month this item was contradicted, but a day later a Chinese news agency published the following paragraph:

“Persuant to instructions of the Hopei-Chahar Political Council, the Tientsin Mint, after spending several days in putting its machinery in order, will start operations to-day, according to the local edition of the Ta Kung Pao. Several profits struck the day before yesterday were submitted by the director of the Mint to General Sung Cheh-yuan and were found to be satisfactory. The Mintwillbeginoperationswiththemintingofone-centpieces.”

It will thus be seen that, notwithstanding the National Government’s(Nanking) endeavours towards unification of the currency, North China attempted to act independently. It aimed not so much at creating opposition, than to derive monetary profits. Secret coinage of the new subsidiary currency undoubtedly was going on in Tientsin, for a cable from there, despatched by the United Press on June 29, 1936, reported as follows:

The mystery of who circulated $100,000 worth of subsidiary coins, in imitation of those coined by the Nanking Government, was cleared up here to-day.

General Sung Cheh-yuan, chairman of the Hopei-Chahar Political Council, was said to have learned that Mr.Hsian Chenying, former Mayor of Tientsin, prior to his resignation, sold the amount of coins made in the Tientsin Mint, to a private broker for $80,000.

Residents of Tientsin, believing the coins to be of Nanking manufacture, gladly accepted them in trade, but learned the truth when the government banks refused to accept them.

As will have been learnt the Central Mint, Tientsin, was destined to play a much more important role than fate and political conditions permitted it. Due to its intended mission its history was here outlined in precedence of another Tientsin Mint which was operating there at an earlier date, namely the Peiyang Mint. It was situated at the East Arsenal and began working in 1896. During that year it stamped only $7,600 worth of dollars, half dollars, 20 cent, 10 cent and 5 cent pieces. Although under full time in the three following years it minted respectively, $1,176,556, $3,030,950 and $ 1,645,789 worth of these silver coins; the dollars, however, formed the bulk of the output. Some of the earliest of these coins came upon the market so much lighter than the regular coins then in circulation, that they were discredited by two of the foreign banks. This immediately led to the recall of the light issue and its replacement by the new set minted to the proper standard of weight and touch. In 1898 and 1899 and Mint also produced some 580 million cash each year, representing, roughly, an annual value of taels 225,000. When the bombardment and capture of the Arsenal took place (June, 1900) further minting operations were temporarily checked.25

From 1902 onward copper coins were produced by the Peiyang Mint, which was treated as a branch of the Tientsin Central Mint.

In the Customs Decennial Reports for 1892/1901/05 an authentic and interesting statement is contained, in terms of which a Mint was to be established in Peking in 1905. This project was planned by the Hupu(Board of Revenue), at a time when unification of currency was beginning to be dreamt of. Happily the Peking Mint never came into being.

25 See Chinese Maritime Customs Decennial Reports 1892/1901/1905.

Regarding the output of the two Tientsin Mints it must be admitted that complete details are not available. From Customs Reports the production by the Central Mint of Tientsin for 1903 and 1904 was as follows:

1903 1904

20 cash pieces 1,288,725 3,997,710

10 cash pieces 51,109,757 81,946,060

5 cash pieces 2,594,020 1,077,120 Silver dollars - 1,405,017

The dollars minted in 1904 were made on private contract for some bankers who furnished the sycee silver and simply paid mintage for their coining.

The succeeding table, arranged from figures contained in the Chinese work “ Regulations of the Coinage System of the Ministry of Finance” by Hsu Kan, supplies particulars as to the output of the Tientsin Mint for the two decades 1909-1928. It must, however, be considered that minting was going on before and after that period, so that the evidence presented here is but fractional:

1 dollar dragon 77,153,042 a

1” Republic 84,698,554 b

1” Yuan Shih-kai 90,051,249 c

1” Memento 1,000 251,903,845

50 cents dragon 1,571,258 a

50 cents Republic 331,401 b

50 ” Yuan Shih-kai 908,022 c 2,810,681

25 cents dragon 1,410,000 a

20 cents dragon 7,797,642 a

20 ” Republic 1,245,973 b

20 ”Yuan Shih-kai 2,824,303 c

20 ”（12th section） 3,528,885 c 15,396,803

10 cents dragon 7,593,493 a

10 ” Republic 2,198,967 b

10 ” Yuan Shih-kai 3,599,112 c

10 ”（12th section） 4,124,138 c 17,515,710

Remark: Apart from the above silver coins the Tientsin Mint produced also 5 cent silver pieces, which are not mentioned here, possibly because their output had ceased by 1909.

20 cash dragon 77,969,798 d

20 cash republic 2,343,235,274 c 2,421,205,072

10 cash dragon 1,451,944,187 d

10 cash republic 1,063,022,598 c 2,514,966,785

5 cash dragon 2,170,122 d

2 cash dragon 13,353,877 d 1 cash dragon 92,126,149 d

50 cash republic 1,124,484 c

1 cent republic 9,574,254 c 1/2 cent republic 61,110 c

ADMINISTRATIVE AREA OF CHAHAR

In view of a scarcity of metallic currency the governor of Chahar petitioned in 1920 for the erection pf a Mint at Kalgan(Koupei). Same was opened in 1923, turning out copper coins, mostly double cents. In 1924 plans were made for the minting of silver dollars, but these did not materalise. In 1926 it was contemplated to convert the Mint into an arsenal.

No details as to output are available.

FENGTIEN PROVINCE

Mukden, the capital of Fengtien province(Manchuria) attempted to strike money already in 1899 at its arsenal. In 1901 the Peking

Government authorised the opening of a Mint at Mukden. Same started working in 1905, turning out silver dollars, fractional silver coins and coppers. Due to frequent and lengthy periods of closing down the production that Mint was rather moderate. In the early summer of 1926 silver dollars were produced by the Mukden Mint. At the same time it was proposed to strike copper coins at the Mukden arsenal.

As in almost all other instances only partial evidence as to output is available.26 Between 1908 and 1917 the following quantities of coins were produced by the Mukden Mint:

Dollar coins

11,709,259 1/2 dollars unstated

20 cent pieces 2,492,199 10 cent pieces 1,079,450

10 cash coppers 177,069,028

20 cash coppers 56,633,778

KIRIN PROVINCE

Officially the Kirin Mint was opened in the capital Kirin in 1901. But silver dollars were manufactured there (probably in the arsenal) already a few years earlier. Also Kirin taels and four subsidiary tael coins in silver. The Kirin Mint is noted for its production of dollars, half dollars, 20, 10 and 5 cent silver fractional coins, in never-ending varieties as regards deviation from the original design and inscriptions. Seemingly the dies were soon worn out, so that new dies, all slightly differing from each other, had to be made. The minting itself was very faulty, so that often the legend could scarcely be decyphered even on newly minted pieces. Also single and double coppers were produced. No particulars as to output are available.27

DEPENDENCY OF HSINGKIANG (TURKESTAN)

The outlying dependency of Chinese Turkestan has had a Mint in the capital of Tihwafu. In its time the coinage plant there was very active, producing tael coins and tael subsidiary pieces in

many species. All these are characterised by Turkish inscriptions on the reverse, the bulk of the population being Mohammedans. The Tihwa Mint struck also many kinds of copper coins. But finally all hard money disappeared from circulation in order to make room for irredeemable banknotes.

TIBET

Already during Chien Lung’s reign silver coins were produced in Tibet(1736-1796), but no particulars are available as to output, etc. Gradually Tibet used the Indian rupee and, in the eastern border districts, the Chinese rupees with two subdivision. In the summer of 1938 coining of more rupee coins was proceeding in Tachienlu(Kanting). These coins were of poor silver content, but nevertheless they were readily accepted in Tibet and in the Chinese border districts.

CHINESE COMMUNIST COINAGE

27 :

All the Communist coins show on the reverse the hammer and sickle. The first coin produced in 1931 in Hunan was the socalled Lenin Dollar. Very few specimen of this rare coin are known. In contradistinction to the usual Chinese practice during the republican regime all the Chinese Soviet coins used the Christian date(denoting the year of issue); in some cases the Chinese characters are actually written in Western style, from left to right.

The Communist silver dollar for Hunan, Hupeh and Honan exists in two different specimens, both of which bear the date “1932”. The first dollar says (in Chinese) “Minted in 1932 by the Labourers and Farmers Bank.” The second specimen states in Chinese “Minted in 1932”, and also “Soviet Chinese Republic” The latter legend appears in Russian script.

In Kiangsi province notes formed the principal issue. But besides, a silver 20 cent piece was coined in Shuikin(Kiangsi), beating 1933 as the year of issue. Also, a five and a one-cent copper coin were circulated by Communist forces in Kiangsi. All these coins show the hammer and sickle emblem.

26 Up to the end of 1917, it is estimated that $55,000,000 worth of subsidiary coins were minted by Mukden and Kirin. Of this yuan 49,500,000 represented the value of 20 cents pieces. The total of standard 1 yuan pieces at the end of 1917 was returned at 16,450,000. (See“North China Daily News”of 1st May, 1936.)

27 For detailed description see the article by Mr. G. Ducan Raeburn in the March 1937, issue of The China Journal, Shanghai.

The Soviet Government for Fukien, Chekiang and Kiangsi circulated banknotes and one-dollar bonds, but no minted coins.

On the other hand, Szechuen province saw the issue of silver dollars in quantities and with differing designs.28 Also coppers in denominations of 200 and 500 cash, besides banknotes. Naturally, no statistics are available as to the extent of the coins produced by the Chinese Communist armies.

MINT STATISTICS RELATIVE TO PRODUCTION

A persual of the foregoing description of Chinese modern Mints’activities will convince the reader that co-ordination was not amongst the characteristics of China’s coinage plants. Being largely provincial enterprises, the sundry Mints failed to report to the Ministry of Finance; only in some cases this was done, while with very few exceptions evidence supplied was merely of an incomplete nature. It is therefore a risky enterprise to even attempt to present a tabular statement of Mints production in China, notwithstanding the fact that modern Mints started activities (taking the average) with the beginning of the twentieth century only. Another factor mitigating against the correct estimation of the real output by China’s Mints is to be found in the melting down of high-grade silver pieces, with the object of re-minting these on a lower standard of fineness. Evidence in this respect is very scarce.

Taking these reservations into account, we arrive at the following figures relative to coins produced (all figures in pieces) by China’s Mints. It goes without saying that we are dealing here with an under-estimate, and certainly not with exaggerated figures:

Pieces

1 Dollar silver 1,941,742,000

50 Cents ” 201,257,000

25 ” ” 1,410,000

10 ” ”* 693,942,824

5 ” ”* 188,776,270 Tibet, 1 rupee 18,127,000

”1/2 ” 136,000

”1/4 ” 823,000

Pieces

20 ” ” 7,026,656,000 50 ” ” 741,390,000 100 ” ” 804,295,000

200 ” ” 1,036,883,000

500 ” ” 20,000,000

Apart from these quantities, which had partly been officially recorded, and partly conservatively estimated, there was production of silver tael coins in Kirin, Hsinkiang, Hunan and Chihli provinces. Although the total quantities turned out were not large, their existence nevertheless ought to be taken into consideration.

In view of the popularity of the nickel subsidiary coins the Chinese Mints could not cope with the demand. Therefore an order was placed with the Vienna Mint in 1937 for the striking of the following denominations.

Pieces

5 cents 20,000,000 10 ” 60,000,000 20 ” 40,000,000 120,000,00029

These coins, which were identical in design, weight and fineness with the Chinese coined specimens, were distinguished from the latter by a capital “A”

Apart from the foregoing quantities nickel blanks were ordered in Austria, but coined in China.

The foregoing particulars do not contain evidence of the coining of gold coins by Chinese Mints: in Yunnan 5 and 10 dollar

28 The writer had, by the end of 1938, 15 differing coins of the Szechuen one silver piece in his collection, but undoubtedly many more exist, possibly 25 varieties, all of which are dated 1934.

29 These 120,000,000 pieces are considered here as output of the Shanghai Central Mint.

pieces were struck in 1919, while a year or two earlier $20, and $10 pieces in gold were produced in Tientsin on behalf of the Yuan Shih-kai regime, though never actually circulated there. Many of the Chinese silver coins were also struck in gold, but not as legal tender coins. These were merely memorial pieces for presentation to high officials.

In order to support the foregoing table of production detailed statements follow here for the purpose of showing how these figures have arrived at.

Particulars Showing Composition of Mint Output.

Pieces

Dragon design, by all Mints Republican: 286,351,413

Canton 3,000,000+

Foochow 1,000,000+

Hangchow 591,180,000

Nanking 511,758,226

Shanghai 147,442,329

Anking 5,000,000+

Silver dollar:

50 cent pieces

25 cent pieces

20 cent pieces

Wuchang 120,000,000+

Chengtu 80,000,000+

Chungking 5,000,000+

Yachow 3,000,000+

Communists, etc. 3,000,000+

Tientsin 190,000,000+

Mukden 5,000,000+ 1,655,390,555 1,941,741,968

Canton 1890/1901 226,093

Nanking, 1898 100,000

Nanking, 1917/23 2,472,086

Anking, 1902/11 1,000,000

Wuchang, 1895/1901 1,500,000

Wuchang, 1902/1928 701,698

Kunming, 1908/17 129,389,174

Kunming, 1918/30 10,000,000+

Chengtu, 1902/28 40,057,473

Chengtu, 1929/35 3,000,000+

Chungking, 1921/35 2,000,000+

Tientsin, 1909/28 2,810,681

Mukden, 1908/17 1,000,000+

Kirin, 1901/08 7,000,000+ 201,257,205

Tientsin, 1909/11 1,410,000

Canton, 1890/1901 269,113,501

Canton, 1911 29,214,000

Canton, 1912/31 1,871,176,730

Other Kwangtung Mints 5,000,000+

Foochow Mints 75,000,000+

10 cent pieces

Nanking, 1898 7,000,000

Nanking, 1903/28 108,674,025

Shanghai, 1936 to March 1939 81,194,692*

Anking, 1897/1911 10,000,000+

Wuchang, 1895/1901 5,000,000+

Wuchang, 1902/28 57,846,156

Kwangsi, 1905/1930 and 1928 50,000,000+

Wuchang, 1938 30,747,115*

Kweilin, 1938 11,600,000*

Kunming, 1908/17 532,512

Kunming, 1920/35 1,000,000+

Chengtu, 1901/28 1,037,325

Chengtu, 1938 to March 1939 22,846,734*

Chungking, 1938 15,000,000+*

Tientsin, 1909/28 15,396,803

Mukden, 1905/08 100,000,000+

Mukden, 1908/17 2,492,199

Kirin, 1901/08 150,000,000+ 2,919,889,792

Canton 1890/1901 117,081,619

Canton, 1913/29 56,926,000

Foochow Mints 20,000,000+

Hangchow, 1901/11 5,000,000+

Hangchow, 1924/26 4,465,159

Nanking, 1898 8,000,000

Nanking, 1903/28 49,409,385

Shanghai, 1936 to March 1939 122,206,454

Anking 5,000,000+

Wuchang, 1895/1901 6,000,000+

Wuchang, 1902/28 54,961,793

Wuchang, 1938 38,845,060*

Kwangsi Mints, 1905/30 20,000,000+

Kweilin, 1938 to March 1939 19,380,000*

Kunming, 1908/17 902,822

Kunming, 1920/35 1,000,000+

Chengtu, 1902/28 1,927,603

Chengtu, 1938 to March 1939 65,241,769*

Chungking, 1938 20,000,000+*

Tientsin, 1909/28 17,515,710

Mukden, 1905/17 22,079,450+

Kirin, 1902/09 38,000,000+

Pieces

693,942,824

5 cent pieces

1 cash, copper

2 cash copper

Canton, 1890/1901

5 cash, copper

2,509,585

Foochow Mints, 1902/10 10,000,000+*

Hangchow, 1901/09 8,000,000+

Nanking, 1898 100,000

Nanking, 1903/28 891,391

Shanghai, 1936 to March 1939 88,594,274*

Anking, 1897/1909 5,000,000+

Wuchang, 1895/1901 1,000,000+

Wuchang, 1902/28 85,518

Wuchang, 1938 20,865,640

Kweilin, 1938 2,193,305

Chengtu, 1902/08 1,240,057

Chengtu, 1938 3,296,500*

Chungking, 1938 25,000,000+*

Kirin, 1902/08 20,000,000+ 188,776,270

Canton, 1890/1901 694,663,121

Wuchang, 1906/08 31,278,000

Tientsin, 1909/28 92,126,149

Kaifeng, 1909/11 20,000,000+

Nanking, 1909/11 20,000,000+ 858,067,270

Nanking, 1909/11 10,000,000+

Wuchang, 1906/08 844,000

Foochow, 1909/11 3,000,000+

Tsinan, 1909/11 3,000,000+

Tientsin, 1099/28 13,353,877

Kirin, 1902/08 10,000,000+

Hangchow, 1908/11 5,000,000+

Wuchang, 1909/11 15,000,000+ 60,197,877

Foochow, 1905/10 10,000,000+

Shanghai, 1936/37 64,720,000§ Anking, 1902 10,000,000+

Wuchang, 1906/08 9,846,000

Kweilin, 1938 10,000,000+*

Chengtu, 1938 5,000,000+*

Chengtu, 1903/11 85,048

Chengtu, 1912/28 471,073

Chungking, 1938 5,000,000+§

Hangchow, 1909/11 5,000,000+

Tientsin, 1903/04 5,286,435

Tientsin, 1909/28 2,170,122

Tientsin, 1920/28 61,110

Nanking, 1905/11 5,000,000+

Mukden, 1909/11 3,000,000+ 135,639,788

Canton, 1900/01

10 cash, copper

39,826,000§

Canton, 1902/11 300,000,000+

Canton, 1912/20 200,000,000+

Nanking, 1903/28 4,244,333,886

Soochow, Tsingkiangpu, 1902/11 370,000,000+

Shanghai, 1935/37 618,978,320§

Anking, 1902/20 3,000,000,000+

Nanchang 1902/18 2,000,000,000+

Wuchang, 1895/01 1,500,000,000+

Wuchang, 1902/28 3,282,183,943

Wuchang, 1938 64,322,100§

Changsha, 1902/18 11,084,937,625

Changsha, 1919/32

7,000,000,000+

Kuangsi Mints 2,000,000,000+

Kweilin, 1938 150,000,000+§

Kunming, 1908/16 36,701,057

Kunming, 1917/35 20,000,000+

Chengtu, 1903/11 665,640,698

Chengtu, 1912/28 83,876,104

Chengtu, 1938 50,000,000+§

Chungking, 1938 50,000,000+§

Taiyuan, 1919/22 421,138,994

Taiyuan, 1923/30 300,000,000+

Sian 750,000,000+

Lanchow 200,000,000+

Lanchow, 1938 to March 1939 12,970,936§

Kaifeng 400,000,000+

Tsinan 500,000,000+

Tientsin, 1903/04 133,055,817

Tientsin, 1909/28 2,514,966,785

Tientsin, 1920/28 9,475,254§

Kalgan, 1923/26 50,000,000

Mukden, 1908/17 177,069,028

Mukden, 1918/26 100,000,000+

Pieces

20 cash copper

Kirin, 1902/10 50,000,000+ 42,379,595,547

Nanking, 1924 58,500,000

Wuchang, 1906/28 3,282,183,943

Changsha, 1902/18 45,390,150

Changsha, 1919/32 100,000,000+

Chengtu, 1903/11 109,765,987

Chengtu, 1912/28 69,060,539

Chungking, 1915/30 100,000,000+

20 cash copper

50 cash, copper

Taiyuan, 1919/22

200,861,123

Taiyuan, 1923/30 200,000,000+

Kaifeng, 1913/14 50,000,000+

Tientsin, 1903/04 133,055,817

Tientsin, 1909/28 2,421,205,072

Kalgan, 1923/26

100,000,000+

Mukden, 1908/17 56,633,778

Mukden, 1918/26 50,000,000+

Kirin, 1902/10 50,000,000+ 7,026,656,409

Wuchang, 1927 2,564,000

Kunming, 1917/35 15,000,000+

Chengtu, 1912/28 373,826,326

Chungking, 1913/30

100 cash, copper

200 cash, copper

500 cash, copper

300,000,000+

Kaifeng, 1913/20 50,000,000+ 741,390,326

Chengtu, 1912/28 404,295,260

Chungking, 1918/30 400,000,000+ 741,390,326

Chengtu, 1912/28 404,295,260

Chungking, 1918/30 400,000,000+ 804,295,260

Szechuen, inclus, Communists 20,000,000+ 20,000,000

+ Estimated, $Inscription “Cent” instead of cash, * Nickel

FOREIGN COINAGE ON BEHALF OF CHINA

Already in the 15th century foreign silver coins were brought to China in payment of produce. But these were not minted expressly for China and, besides, they did not circulate by count, but merely by weight. These remarks relate to the old Spanish dollars, later on to the Mexican, American Trade, and British dollars, as well as to the Silver yen and the Saigon piastre.

Apart from sundry essays, both as regards and dollar pieces, there was coinage abroad for specific use in China, viz:

(a)For Germany’s colony in Kiaochow two coins were minted in Berlin, namely 5 and 10 cents, with dates of 1909-11 and 1913; both nickel.

(b)In 1937 the Osaka Mint struck nickel coins in denominations of 20, 10 and 5 cents, as well as coppers for 1 and 1/2 cent, on behalf of the then autonomous Government of Eastern Hopei.

The district as a separate unit was, however, soon abolished, so that the coins became obsolete after a very brief circulation.

(c)In 1937 a large order for Chinese nickel coins was placed with the Vienna Mint. Altogether 120 million pieces in denomination of 20, 10 and 5 cents arrived in China in the summer of 1938. Size, weight and design are analogous to the current Chinese nickel coins, from which they are distinguishable by a capital “A” below the ancient coin design.

(d)In 1936 an order was placed with the San Francisco Mint for the manufacturer of Chinese dollar and half dollar pieces of considerably less silver content than the former coins. The new money was meant to represent tokens. By the summer of 1938 altogether 3,240,000 pieces @ 1 dollar, as well as 6,480,000 coins @ 1/2 dollar were completed, and $1,500,000 worth of these coins was shipped to China, arriving at Hongkong at the end of August 1938. Due to the war which was then on, the coins were not yet put into circulation by March, 1939.

The first round coin bearing an inscription was issued during the rule of the Chou Dynasty(1122-252 B.C). The following characters are to be found on coins cast during those remote times: 寶化 , Pao hua, meaning “valuable coin”, 寶四化 , Pao Ssu Hua, denoting “valuable four coins” and 寶六化 ,Pao Liu Hua, signifying “valuable six coins,”by which is meant, coin equal in weight, respectively, to four, and six units of the first mentioned coin. These coins are interesting as being the first on which appears the character 寶 Pao, which became ultimately one of the terms in the combinations 寶通 , current valuable coin, which is still employed on the modern Chinese copper coins. 寶通 T’ung Pao is translated as meaning “ currency ” 30

The custom of inscribing the copper coins with the title of the period of the reign of the imperial family is a very old one. It dates back, to the Han Dynasty(140-7A.D), but at that time the inscription of the 年號 Nien Hao on coins was not a regular practice in China. It became such, however, from the

commencement of the rule of the T’ang Dynasty, in 618 A.D., and lasted without interruption until the end of the Manchu Dynasty, in 1911 A.D.

The copper coins issued during the Manchu regime (1644-1911 A.D), bear inscriptions which are fashioned after one pattern. On the obverse one reads: Shan Chih T’ung Pao, meaning “Currency of the Shun Chih period.”On the reverse one Chinese character indicates the Mint at which the coin was cast, for instance, 原 Yuan standing for 太原 Tai Yuan, the capital of Shansi Province.

Turning to the issue of modern coins, and especially those of the Tai Ching Ti Kuo series one observes that the date of issue is inscribed on the reverse, mostly by means of the symbols of the Ten Celestial Stems, combined with those of the Twelve Branches. The following list indicates those characters in numerical order:

FOREIGN COINAGE ON BEHALF OF CHINA31

Tiger

Serpent

Horse

30 Sir James H. Stewart Lockhart,“The Stewart Lockhart Collection of Chinese Copper Coins,”Kelly& Walsh, Ltd., Shanghai, 1915. 31 The present Cycle began in 1924, and the year 1926 is therefore ping yin, 丙寅, being the 3rd year of the 77th Cycle. Mr. A. Tracey Woodward in The China Journal of Science and Arts, May, 1926.

The issues of the T ’ ai Ching Ti Kuo series have one single character in the centre of the reverse of the coin, representing the province wherein it is meant to circulate. Coins intended for general circulation within the empire bore no character whatsoever.

When the T’ ai Ching Ti Kuo series was made, to be able to distinguish what coins were produced by each province, what is generally known as the abbreviated name of such particular province or of a particular place was placed in the centre of the obverse of the coin occasionally in relief, but generally incused, sometimes the literary name of a province was utilized, but not invariably. To enable the reader readily to identify to what province certain coins belong, a list of such descriptive characters will be found useful.

皖 Huan for Anhui( 安徽 ) Province.

浙 Che for Chekiang ( 浙江 ) Province.

直 Chi for Chihli ( 直隸 ) Province.

淮 Huai for Chinkiang( 清江 ) Province.

閩 Min for Fukien ( 福建 ) Province.

奉 Fung for Fengtien ( 奉天 ) Province.

汴 Bien for Honan ( 河南 ) Province.

湘 Hsiang for Hunan( 湖南 ) Province.

鄂 Ngau for Hupei ( 湖北 ) Province.

赣 Kung for Kiangsi ( 江西 ) Province.

蘇 Su for Kiangsu ( 江蘇 ) Province.

寧 Ning for Kiangnan ( 江南 ) or South Kiangsu.

吉 Chi for Kirin( 吉林 ) Province.

桂 Kuei for Kwangsi( 廣西 ) Province.

粤 Yueh for Kwangtung ( 廣東 ) Province.

黔 Chi’en for Kweichow( 貴州 ) Province.

晉 Chin for Shansi( 山西 ) Province.

陜 Shen for Shensi( 陜西 ) Province.

魯 Lu for Shantung( 山東 ) Province.

川 Chuen for Szechuen( 四川 ) Province.

滇 Tien for Yunnan( 雲南 ) Province.

川滇 Chuen Tien for Szechuen and Yunnan ( 雲南四川 )

川甘 Chuen Kan for Szechuen and Kansu( 四川甘肅 )

*Most provinces in China are known by a single literary name, but in minting coins, only a few such names were employed, the more practical character representing one syllable of the provincial name having been selected as appealing more to the masses, since those literary names are even to many students somewhat of an enigma.

Reprinted from The China Journal vol.XXX,pp.289-198,pp.361-366,vol.XXXI,pp.31-38,pp.81-90,pp.121-133,pp.167-172.

Note:

17 The author had the honour of being one of the members of the advisory committee.

18 Mint bars“A”were first made in September , 1933, but soon discontinued. Mint bars“B”were produced at the suggestion of the author from November, 1933; they proved very convenient and successful.

* There exist also sets of nickel coins, dated 24 th Year of the Republic, but these were minted by the Philadelphia Mint by way of essay, and about 15 sets altogether were sent to China for inspection.

◎ 耿愛德〔美國〕

安徽省

安徽銅元局成立於1902年。它是繼1899年安徽省銀元局被 拆除之後建造的另一座造幣廠。新的安徽銅元局最初鑄造五 文和十文銅幣。五文銅幣很快就停止生產了，而十文銅幣則 持續生產了幾年。銅元局1905年期間的十文銅幣產量估計為 2.4億枚。壹圓銀幣在安慶平均可以兌換成價值玖角伍分的 銅幣。中國當時的市場已經充斥着十文銅幣，而安徽銅元局 的銅錢生產量如此之大，以至於它不得不在1907年關閉。安 徽銅元局的命運在接下來的幾年裏一波三折。1919年12月， 安慶造幣廠分廠重新開始運營，產能為每天100萬枚銅幣。

1924年夏天，安慶造幣廠分廠試圖向全國供應“中華民國八 年”袁世凱像銀元，當時該種銀幣已經貶值，安慶廠因此臭 名昭著。民眾對分廠瀆職的抗議變得如此之大，以至於海事 海關不得不阻止托運給安徽的銀幣經行南京。1924年年底， 分廠受到要求並承諾對自己的不正當行為進行調查。但是， 由於分廠當時是在軍方的“保護”下運作的，因此在這個問 題上無法採取任何實際行動。除了摻假的袁世凱像銀元外， 分廠還在國內供應了貶值的壹角和貳角銀幣。

鑒於流通中的銅幣太多，銀元的價格不斷下降，分廠不得不 於1926年再次關閉。

我們可以從海關報告的真實來源得知，安徽銀元局於1897年 11月開業，鑄造即將發行的庫平七錢二分龍銀，以及三錢六 分、一錢四分四厘、七分二厘和三分六厘銀幣。同時，官方 還試圖通過公告，用這些龍銀代替在這些地區非常受歡迎的 卡洛斯銀元與墨西哥銀元。但發行龍銀的嘗試失敗了，因為 卡洛斯銀元仍然是作為最受歡迎的交換媒介，在安徽內部流 通。

注釋：

來自安徽銀元局的銀幣被稱為“龍洋”。這些銀幣在銀行家 和大經銷商眼中總是略遜一籌，但店家往往願意在小規模交 易中和墨西哥銀圓一樣，接受這些錢幣，而銀質輔幣為數量 有限的輔幣進行了補充，非常受到歡迎。但在運營不到兩年 後，根據安徽巡撫鄧熙華的命令，銀元局於1899年8月永久 關閉了。關於這個話題，眾說紛紜。一些人認為這是由於銀 元局受到過度保護造成的，而另一些人則認為這是因為銀元 局已經被證明無利可圖。

無論是安徽銀元局還是安慶造幣廠分廠，都沒有公佈其工作 記錄，因此其產出並沒有公開。19

江西省

位於南昌的省造幣廠於1901年獲准開業，但在1905年再次 關閉，並在一段時間內處於閒置狀態。江西南昌府局在成立 20多年後，轉為半官方機構，主要股東之一是江西省銀行。

新的制度規定，江西南昌府局的產出應存放在江西省銀行， 以作為貨幣儲備。但當必須確定有關各方的權利和義務時， 就出現了複雜的情況。南昌造幣廠在1922年的一次暴亂中遭 到嚴重損毀，直到1925年才完成修復。

1925年春天，江西南昌府局和南昌省銀行都不再是半官方機 構，而是回到了原來純粹的政府機構的狀態。同年夏天，江 西南昌府局的廠長努力籌集50萬美元的貸款，用於重組該造 幣廠。當時計劃該府局生產銀幣。

江西南昌府局在任何時候都不是很重要；它只是在一個飽和 的市場上超量供應銅幣。我們也無法獲得關於其產量的可靠 統計數字。

19 在1919年12月至1920年7月期間，安慶造幣廠生產了1 217 068枚銀元；在1919年12月至1921年6月期間，生產了621 790 000枚銅幣。

20《中國帝國海關十年報告》指出，第一家武昌造幣廠成立於1895年，並稱1898年在武昌開設了另一家造幣廠，用於鑄造銅錢，但很快就只用於鑄造銀幣。

1925年秋，武昌造幣廠承包了大量銀元的供應。由於武昌 造幣廠無法及時交付這項任務，當局向江西南昌府局發出了 供應250萬銀元的命令。當時，江西南昌府局的產能為每天 10萬銀元。該訂單在1925年9月底前完成，此後停工。

1926年初，省財政廳長安排將江西南昌府局的控制權移交 給江西省銀行。

湖北省

湖北省的造幣廠位於省會武昌。它於1893年由從廣東調到 湖北省的總督張之洞創建。武昌造幣廠於1894年開始鑄造 龍銀的業務。20武昌造幣廠從1900年開始生產銅幣，1902年 為生產銅幣購買了現代設備。漢陽兵工廠於1905年附設造 幣廠，也開始生產銅幣，作為武昌造幣廠的一個分廠。然而， 它在1906年被關閉。

由於武昌造幣廠及其相關機構生產了過多的銅幣，武昌廠於 1909年停止了工作。但一年後，北京當局重新啟用武昌造 幣廠。辛亥革命爆發（1911年10月）後，造幣廠的管理權

又回到了湖北省長手中。儘管造幣廠（自1914年起）被認 為再次處於中央政府的控制之下，但這只是名義上的。

位於武昌的省造幣廠負責生產了過多的壹分銅幣，自1917 年起也負責生產貳分銅幣。

但它也生產了大量的飛龍銀幣 和袁世凱像銀幣；在1924年和1925年間，每天生產的飛龍 銀幣和袁世凱像銀幣價值120 000元。

武昌造幣廠裝備精良，擁有240個冶煉電爐、11臺發動機和 鍋爐、105臺衝壓機、23臺軋機、2座電燈和發電廠、29個 煙囪等等。

中央造幣廠的一部分機器由於中日戰爭被匆匆運到武昌，並 安裝至武昌造幣廠。在1938年上半年，武昌造幣廠忙於生 產銅質和鎳質輔幣，每天的產能為90萬枚。當漢口在1938 年10月淪陷時，武昌造幣廠的業務不得不停止了。

關於武昌造幣廠的產量，有相當令人信服的證據；《海關十 年報告》從一開始就記錄其產量如下。

從1902年開始到1928年，財政部記錄的錢幣生產數據參加下表：

就武昌造幣廠的銀幣產量而言，上述表格是不完整的（而且部分是不准確的）。根據提供了上表的同一數據來源，銀幣的總 產量如下。

壹圓 96,307,458 伍角 701,698 ( 表中省略 )

贰角 57,864,156 ( 表中錯寫成 100,040)

壹角 54,961,793 ( 表中省略 )

伍分 85,518 ( 表中省略 )

這些數據涵蓋了從1902年到1927年這段時間的產量。這兩 個數據都來自於中文出版的《財政部貨幣司條例》（1929年） 一書。

武昌造幣廠在作為上海中央造幣廠的分廠運營後（即1937 年11月至1938年7月），生產了以下錢幣。

数量

湖南省

長沙造幣廠出產的銅錢數量如此之多，以至於1924年的銀 元和銅幣兌換比例達到了1比300，1931年時進一步上升到 1比580。銅幣這樣的貶值趨勢，再加上對“擠壓”的指責， 使得造幣廠在1925年就停止工作了。

1923年，湖南造幣廠日產能約300萬枚二十文銅幣。二十文 的平均重量為10.5克，而同一時期生產的十文銅幣平均為 7.5克。這當中3.25克的差額代表了造幣廠會獲得的額外利 潤，而這也體現在銅幣市場價格的迅速下降中。

長沙造幣廠與1922年被租給一個大幣商數月。由於劣質錢 幣充斥市場，給貧困民眾造成了很大的痛苦。1926年，造 幣廠不得不關閉；同年夏天，長沙造幣廠計劃和軍火廠一起 搬到湖南郴州。

長沙造幣廠成立於1901年，鑄造銅幣。1906年，長沙造幣 廠停運，直至1912年。1918年3月，它在攻湘之戰中遭受火 災。儘管該廠主要生產銅幣，但它也生產一些銀元。長沙造 幣廠的運營依賴於武昌造幣廠。

長沙造幣廠的產量目前只有零星的記錄。根據這些記錄可 知，1902年至1918年期間生產了以下銅幣。

拾文 11,084,937,625 枚

贰拾文 45,390,150 枚

廣西省

廣西有三座造幣廠。第一座是1905年在南寧奉旨建造，它 主要負責生產銅幣，但也生產銀幣。該造幣廠在閒置了幾年 之後，於1919年恢復了運作，但由於缺乏原材料，再加上 與鄰省廣東發生交戰，1923年又暫停運作。

廣西的第二家省級造幣廠位於梧州。該造幣廠成立於1920 年，旨在生產銀質輔幣。大部分機器於1921年1月運抵造幣 廠，但由於關東軍入侵廣西，投產一事便被擱置到了1923 年。為了給廣西銀行發行的紙幣提供儲備，梧州造幣廠生產 了相當數量的貳角錢幣。然而，沒有關於鑄造總量的記錄。 造幣廠於1929年暫停運營。

1905年，桂林開設了第三家造幣廠，主要是鑄造銅幣。

由於中日戰爭，上海造幣廠的一部分新機器被運到桂林，並 在那裏建立造幣廠。1938年4月，桂林造幣廠開始製造銅質 和鎳質輔幣。那家新的造幣廠據稱是一流的。

桂林造幣廠於1938年4月作為上海中央造幣廠的分廠開始運 作。至1939年3月底，共生產了以下數量的錢幣。

伍分鎳幣 2,193,305

壹角鎳幣 19,380,000

貳角鎳幣 11,600,000

貴州省

作者沒有證據證明曾經有造幣廠在貴州運作。現在有一種 鐫以民國十七年（1928年）的貴州銀元，背面是一輛汽車。 它是在第一條汽車公路通車時發行的。據說這種錢幣只鑄造 了3 500枚，但這種說法不容易核實，也不清楚貴州銀元是 在哪里鑄造的。

雲南省

雲南（昆明）造幣廠成立於1905年，但在1908年之前並沒 有開始運作。該廠主要生產銅幣、龍銀和銀質輔幣。雖然 它名義上受戶部控制，但昆明的這家造幣廠很快就獨立了。 1911年革命後，它立即表示將開始遵循自己的政策。

世界大戰造成結果之一是1917年對印度支那和香港的金銀 出口實行禁運。這樣一來，雲南的貴金屬供應來源就被切斷 了。其結果是導致人們熔化銀元，以便將這些銀元重新鑄造。 從1915年開始，昆明造幣廠製造的錢幣上印有滇系軍閥首 領唐繼堯的頭像。剛才提到的雲南庫平七錢二分銀元純度為 86.2%，三錢六分銀元的純度則更低。

1919年，雲南造幣廠率先鑄造了伍圓和拾圓面值的金幣， 其主要原因是因為當時雲南地區無法獲得白銀，且1919年 時白銀的價格過高。由於雲南省是錫的主要出口地，它接受 用黃金付款並將這些黃金鑄成錢幣。但除了黃金之外，昆明 造幣廠還生產了相當數量的銀質輔幣，以庫平三錢六分銀幣 為主，此外還有每元當制錢十文及每元當制錢二十文的銅 幣。銀質輔幣有一個顯著特點，那就是這些銀幣實際上是以 雲南銀元為基礎的，按十分位進行細分。10枚庫平七分二 厘銀幣，或20枚庫平三分六厘銀幣，可以兌換成一枚庫平 七錢二分銀幣。這種制度可以通過嚴格禁止其他省份的輔幣 進入雲南來實現。

1924年秋，雲南造幣廠進口了新的德國機器。同年9月，它 開始生產了伍分和壹角的鎳幣，以期促進小額零錢的流通。 然而，這一試驗並沒有成功。該廠於1926年停止生產銅幣。

昆明造幣廠每天能夠生產價值30 000元的銀元，以及價值 4 000元的鎳幣。1931年，該廠訂購了當地製造的新機器。

從現有的證據可以得知，昆明造幣廠在1908年至1907年間 的產量如下。

庫平七錢二分銀幣 2,950,570 純度 0.900

庫平三錢六分銀幣 129,389,174 純度 0.860

庫平一錢四分四厘銀幣 532,512 純度 0.800

庫平七分二厘銀幣 902,822 純度 0.750

此外，1908年至1916年間銅幣產量如下。

十文 36,701,057 枚

二十文 645,475 枚

毫無疑問，雲南造幣廠在1916-1917年之後仍在積極鑄造銅 幣；除此之外，該廠還鑄造五十文銅幣。在唐繼堯執政期間， 銀幣的產量也有所提高，主要是三錢六分和一錢四分四厘銀 幣。唐繼堯還下令鑄造帶有他肖像的金幣，面值為拾圓和伍 圓。根據《中國帝國海關十年報告》可知，這些金幣的總價 值為900萬元。

一直獨立運作的雲南造幣廠在1939年初被移交給財政部， 此後被稱為中國中央造幣廠雲南分廠。

四川省

四川省有三座造幣廠，分別位於重慶、成都和康定。

其中比較重要的那座造幣廠位於成都。它成立於1898年， 生產銅幣，從1902年開始還生產庫平七錢二分、一錢四分 四厘、七分二厘和三分六厘龍銀。

在那之前，四川的貨幣 主要是方孔銅幣和銀兩。儘管總督發佈公告，命令商業界和 稅務部門接受新的貨幣，但新龍銀並未大獲成功，而是知道 多年後才開始自由流通。

成都海關專員在《中國帝國海關十年報告》中報告了四川造 幣廠的機器來源。

1897 年夏天，一座能夠鑄造銀元的完整的造幣廠在成都落 成。它由一位曾在美國接受過錢幣指導的本地代表負責，但 在從宜昌到省會的航行中發生了一系列事故，導致模具生銹 腐蝕，造成了很大的損失。兩位來自美國的專家從購買工廠 的地方經過重慶，參與安裝機器；人們滿懷信心地認為，四

川很快就會有銀元了。然而，由於必須獲得新的模具供應， 以取代那些損壞的模具，到現在（1901 年底）為止，那裏 沒有生產出一枚錢幣，儘管該廠據說已經成功地運作了一段 時間了。

起初，成都造幣廠小規模地生產銀元，然後開始生產從伍分 和十文銅幣。在滿清政權的最後幾年，該廠開始鑄造貳角面 值的銅幣。1911年革命後，臨時政府立即感受到了沉重的 開支壓力，並試圖從以下方面緩解壓力：（1）停止鑄造小面 額的銅幣；(2)推出五十文和一百文面額的錢幣；(3)將銀元 的重量從0.72兩減少到0.71兩；(4)發行軍票。1914年，軍 票貶值到幾乎無法再在省內流通，成都造幣廠開始生產二百 文銅幣，同時將銀元的重量減少到庫平0.70兩，以贖回貶值 的紙幣。

1938年5月，成都造幣廠宣佈正在安裝新的機器。這些機器 是在上海中央造幣廠拆卸的，並被運到四川。造幣業務於 1938年夏天開始，包括用上海的模具生產半分和壹分銅幣 以及伍分、壹角和貳角鎳幣。

成都在某個早期階段為雲南省製造了銅幣。成都造幣廠生產 了相當多的西藏盧比錢幣，但只有零星的關於產量的證據。

以下是對成都造幣廠生產活動的總結；但非對其運作的完整 描述。

銀元(枚)

龍銀 9,338,410 1901-1911

舊版漢字銀元 55,676,426 1912-1923

新版漢字銀元 6,396,770 1928

71,411,606

官方資料顯示，成都造幣廠除此之外還在1903年至1917年 期間生產了價值39 517 800元的北洋銀幣。

銀質輔幣（枚）

40,057,473

庫平一錢四分四厘龍銀 941,375 純度 0.820

貳角漢字銀幣 95,950 1912 純度 0.820 1,037,325

庫平七分二厘龍銀 1,556,952 純度 0.820

壹角漢字銀幣 370,651

0.820 1,927,603

庫平三分六厘龍銀 1,240,057 純度 0.820

西藏盧比

大清盧比 11,084,246 純度 0.935

民國盧比

3,042,408 1912/13 純度 0.750 14,126,654

大清 1/2 盧比 122,956 純度 0.935

民國 1/2 盧比 13,380,1912 純度 0.750 136,336

大清 1/4 盧比 804,465 純度 0.935

民國 1/4 盧比 18,340 1912 純度 0.750

822,805

銅質輔幣（枚）

二十文

十文

五文

兩百文

一百文

五十文

109,765,987 1903-1911

大清

665,640,698 同上 同上

85,048 1903-1904 同上

775,491,733

736,883,353 民國

404,295,260 1912-1928

373,826,326

二十文 69,060,539 漢字

十文 83,876,104

五文 471,073

1,668,412,655

四川造幣廠可能在1928年之後還生產了更多的銅幣。此外，四川在1934年鑄造了大量的銅幣。

以下是按年份排列的成都造幣廠的銀幣產量。

1913 3,815,291 62,900

1914 6,926,211 26,200

1915 6,786,100 69,100

1916 5,426,750 150,000

1917 5,253,750

1918 4,522,730

1919 6,920,340

1920 4,853,350

1921 5,170,890

1922 2,791,890 1,677,950

1923 342,170 5,171,460

1924 5,579,700

1925 2,984,200 1926 8,226,600

1927 13,852,560 1928 7,684,370 1,594,289 5,715,745

成都造幣廠在1903年至1928年間生產的銅幣。

1916

1925 146,931,000

1926

1927 140,417,677

1928 135,945,000

成都以及重慶造幣廠一直為四川省呈送了大量的樣幣，其設 計與常規系列完全不同，設計特點是所謂的漢字銀幣。此外， 它們的含銀量也低於舊版錢幣。發行的錢幣還包括壹圓、伍 圓、貳角和壹角的紫銅或黃銅錢幣。

1925年8月，內戰頻發，在一次內戰中，進入成都的士兵搶 劫了那裏的造幣廠，帶走了他們能拿到的所有銀和銅。

重慶銅元局於1905年獲得授權，但直到1913年才開始造幣。

鑒於總督最初批准的資金只有2萬兩，因此銅元局的資金沒 有及時到位，於是不得不從四川鐵路公司的資金中提取。

重慶銅元局最初只生產五十文銅幣。1915年起，它還生產 二十文銅幣。1922年在那裏鑄造了一百文銅幣。幾年後， 一些軍閥建立的私營造幣廠擾亂了省裏的貨幣體系，重慶銅 元局也紛紛效仿，將一百文和二百文的貶值銅幣以及貶值銀 元投入流通。這些摻假錢幣的內在價值遠低於面值，在市場 上大幅貶值，繼續鑄造這些錢幣將無利可圖。因此，重慶銅 元局的業務暫停，其工廠被按照重慶機器製造廠改造為小 型兵工廠。所有貶值的銀元都從重慶的市場上消失了，“大” 銀元是商業交易中唯一可接受的標準貨幣，二百文和一百文 面額的銅幣則作為輔幣。21

由於重慶銅元局用於鑄造錢幣的模具與成都造幣廠使用的 模具幾乎相同，因此重慶銅元局的產量似乎一直是個秘密。

21 見《中國帝國海關十年報告》第一卷之《1922-1931年十年報告》，第477-478頁。

22 見1938年10月5日《商報》，上海，第276頁。

1938年，22重慶造幣廠作為上海中央造幣廠的地區分廠，開 始使用上海中央造幣廠的部分機器。1938年6月5日至9月1 日期間，重慶造幣廠鑄造了以下鎳幣。

4,480,000 枚貳角 896,000 元

7,940,000 枚壹角 794,000 元 12,220,000 枚伍分 611,000 元

為了獲得維持軍隊運作的資金，某些軍閥決定經營自己的私 人造幣廠。四川省的鋼鐵廠和技術學院接受製造造幣機的訂 單並進行製造。這些軍閥在造幣方面取得的成功促使了其他 人使用同樣的設備，直到每個重要的軍閥勢力範圍都有自己 的造幣廠。到1927年底，僅成都一帶就有80多個非法軍閥 造幣機構。

這些造幣廠的銀是通過熔化現有的錢幣獲得的，壹圓銀幣的 純度據說是0.890，半圓為0.700。另外產生了和這些新的錢 幣具有相同設計的錢幣，但其純度只有0.300至0.400。這些 新錢幣在四川省內折價20%以上才被接受，而在省外則完 全被拒用。

1927年底，成都當局禁止製造這些劣質錢幣，下令搜查技 術學院，沒收造幣機器，並且懲罰生產這種錢幣的工人。當 局還試圖阻止貶值的硬幣流通，但成都商會要求不要進一步 擾亂金融市場，並請求政府按面值贖回這些劣質錢幣。

經過兩年的不正常情況後，控制着成都市造幣廠的鄧錫侯將 軍率先恢復了銀元在所有商業交易中的法定貨幣地位，並在 1928年下令暫停鑄造貶值和折舊的錢幣，以減輕人民的損 失和不便。其他軍事領導人發現錢幣貶值得厲害，不再有利 潤空間，於是紛紛效仿鄧將軍的做法，相繼關閉了各自的造 幣廠。四川省的貨幣體系由此得到了規範。

所有帶有“漢”字四川銀幣的紀年都是民國元年，但這些銀 幣是在1912年至1930年期間鑄造的。在中國貨幣改革（1935 年11月）之後，人們尋求貨幣統一，因此四川造幣廠完全 停止了鑄幣活動。實際上，四川當局在1936年同意採用“元” 作為國家的貨幣單位，而且該計劃有望取得圓滿成功，但中 日戰爭的爆發使之受到干預。

位於成都的地區造幣廠，一直作為中央造幣廠的分廠運營， 在1939年3月之前共生產了下列錢幣。

壹分銅幣 5,255,870 枚

伍分鎳幣 3,296,500 枚

壹角鎳幣 65,241,769 枚

貳角鎳幣 22,846,734 枚

另一個造幣廠位於康定，雖然它並不是重要，但它主要是製 造中國的盧比錢幣，供西藏邊境使用。這些錢幣起初是由成 都造幣廠製造的，但後來由康定造幣廠接手製造。

1926年春天，四川巡撫計劃建造康定造幣廠，並在雅州建 立了另一個造幣廠，生產“漢”字銀幣。這個造幣廠的鑄造 情況不詳，並且可能永遠不會為人們所知。23

此外，中國共產黨的軍隊在四川省內也生產有大量的錢幣。

不過，關於這個問題之後再做更多討論。

山西省

在世界大戰期間，銅的價格大幅上漲，因此在中國各地出現 收集流通銅錢的趨勢，並以一分銅幣取而代之。山西省當局 迅速意識到這是一個機會。因此，他們命令自己的造幣廠在 1919年投入運營。

山西省的造幣廠一開始受到歡迎，並迅速取代正在消失的銅 錢。然而，很快就出現了銅幣生產過剩的情況。以下表述對 此有所體現：在山西造幣廠成立的頭兩年（1919-1920年）， 一元平均可以兌換150-160個銅幣；到1924年，兌換比率已 超過200個；1925年秋初，當地鑄造的一分銅幣的供應已經 變得如此之多，以至於300枚銅幣才能兌換一元。

在這種情況下，產量只有零星的記錄。1919年至1922年間， 太原造幣廠生產的銅幣數量如下。

十文 421,138,994 枚 二十文 200,861,123 枚

陝西省

陝西省原本擁有一個銅元廠。然而，政府在1923年從德國 訂購了每天可生產50萬枚銅幣的造幣機，在西安建造了新 的造幣廠。該工廠所需機器於1924年初夏運抵上海，並被 轉運往漢口，再運往最終目的地。然而，當時陝西原鎮嵩軍 統領劉鎮華決定參戰。為了從鄰省獲得彈藥供應，他不得不 將造幣廠的機器和設備（當時仍在漢口）抵押給山西省省 長。劉鎮華輸掉了戰爭，同時也輸掉了新的造幣廠。

陝西省的通信手段是出了名的落後，因此總是貨幣不足。位 於慶安的一個銅礦被證實可以有效的提供基本材料。與其他 許多省份一樣，陝西也避免宣傳其鑄幣情況，因此其鑄幣活 動的產出仍然是一個深藏的秘密。24

甘肅省

甘肅省擁有自己的造幣廠已經有幾十年了。最初，它生產銀 質輔幣（部分帶有突厥語銘文），這些輔幣也在鄰近的新疆 地區流通。後來，蘭州造幣廠將其精力投入到銅幣的生產中， 並大量生產銅幣。然而，沒有相關統計數據。

1938年，上海中央造幣廠的一部分機器被送到蘭州，在那 裏鑄造統一的銅幣。

蘭州造幣廠只生產一分銅幣。在1938年11月至1939年3月期 間，在甘肅蘭州造幣廠共鑄造了12,970,936枚。

23 作者從四川獲得了來自雅州造幣廠的錢幣。從外觀上看，這些錢幣與重慶和成都造幣廠的錢幣相同，幾乎無法與後者區分。 24 1921年，西安造幣廠生產了199,078,625枚十文（見中華民國經濟發展部1923年4月28日第27期檔）。

河南省

河南唯一的造幣廠位於開封。它於1901年開業，是中國唯 一 一個只生產銅錢的造幣廠（山東可能是例外），具有特殊 意義。其產出的主要部分包括十文銅幣。這種民國時期的錢 幣正面是九顆民國星，背面是其他圖案。1913-1914年，該 也生產了一定數量的二十文銅幣，但在後一年的11月，開 封造幣廠關停。

山東省

濟南造幣廠成立於1905年。它最初生產銅幣。在其運營的 前18個月中，成功實現了約30%的利潤。但由於其有意地 生產了過多的錢幣，加上鄰省類似錢幣的湧入，導致該廠十 文銅幣兌換壹圓銀幣的比率在1907年從100降至130。人們 反對逐漸取締他們幾個世紀以來一直習慣使用的舊銅錢。

造幣廠於1906年關閉，並持續關閉了多年。其行政人員被 轉移到天津。1922年，濟南造幣廠準備重新開張，但在 1926年，事情還沒有取得足夠的進展，無法恢復運作。

目前還沒有關於山東造幣廠產量的數據。

直隸省（河北省）

直隸省的鑄幣廠於1901年奉旨在天津建造，並於1904年開 始運營。它生產銀元、輔幣，以及銅錢。天津造幣廠生產的 十文幣的唯一樣幣為大清銅幣。

在1910年頒佈《幣制則例》的同時，還頒佈了天津造幣廠 為造幣總廠的法令。它的行政管理由幣制局總裁負責。各 省建立制模分廠，確保錢幣設計保持統一。1911年10月， 革命爆發，隨後暴徒對天津中央造幣廠進行了搶劫和焚燒 （1912年3月），預先制定的計劃受挫，未能實現。

天津造幣總廠在1914年恢復運營，配備了新的現代化機器， 負責設計和生產袁世凱像錢幣，其模具提供至位於其他省份 的造幣廠。民國最初幾年裏，有普遍權利下放的趨勢，因此 各省當局很快就獨立於天津的造幣總廠。

由於鑄造銀元幾乎沒有利潤可言，天津造幣廠在1923年年 底將注意力轉向壹角、貳角和伍角錢幣的製造。然而，其生 產活動很快就導致了生產過剩、銀質輔幣貶值，因此，這一

特殊生產線的工作在幾個月的活動後不得不停止。

隨後，該廠又嘗試生產銅幣，特別是貳分錢的銅幣（貳拾 文）。在開始時，這項冒險的嘗試最終利潤頗高，但供應過 剩導致了銅幣的貶值，其市場價格在1925年夏天下降到300 枚當壹圓，在1931年進一步下降到380枚當壹圓，1935年更 進一步下降到520枚當壹圓。儘管市場上很快就到處是這些 錢幣，但造幣廠仍在繼續生產，並將其作為向當地銀行預付 款的抵押品。1924年秋天，天津造幣總廠不得不停止運作。

1926年深秋，天津當局決定鑄造新的銀幣，以取代市場上 貶值的輔幣。起初，計劃每天生產價值2 000元的壹角錢幣， 隨後再生產相應價值的貳角和伍角錢幣。新的貨幣將按十進 位兌換，即壹圓等於10枚壹角。幣值和重量應符合《國幣 則例》。而這一善意的初衷最終又未能實現。

談到天津造幣總廠的歷史，1902年的海關年度報告（天津） 涉及了以下內容。

以兩為單位的錢幣長期以來只是一種構想，現將真正成形， 並成為標準單位。總理衙門附近建造了一個造幣廠 如果 新的銀幣只在直隸省成為公認的標準，那麼就已經將給貿易 帶來巨大的好處。至於北京和鄰近省份的當局是否會跟隨首 都省的統治者的步伐，這還有待觀察。

1902年造幣廠開工時，鑄造了一枚一兩樣幣。然而，上述 的一兩銀幣仍然只是理論上的東西，因為將它作為貨幣單位 時受到了挫折。因此天津造幣廠轉而生產銅幣。雖然一開始 生產銅幣有利可圖，但很快就造成了虧損。

1936年4月初，一份來自天津的電報傳達了天津造幣廠任 命新廠長的消息。當月15日，這條消息被撤回，但一天後， 一家中國報社發表了以下內容。

根據冀察政務委員會的指示，天津造幣廠在花了幾天時間將 其機器整理好後，將於今天開始運作。前天鑄造的幾枚錢幣 由造幣廠廠長提交給宋哲元將軍，宋將軍表示滿意。造幣廠 將開始鑄造壹分錢幣。

由此可見，儘管（南京）國民政府努力統一貨幣，但華北地 區仍試圖獨立行事。它的目的與其說是為了提出反對意見， 不如說是為了獲取金錢上的利益。新的輔幣無疑是在天津秘 密鑄造，因為聯合通訊社於1936年6月29日從天津發出了如

下電報報道。

是 誰 流通仿照南京政府 錢幣 的 輔幣？ 這 些 輔幣總價 值 10 萬 美元。今天，這一謎團在此揭曉。

據說，冀察政務委員會主席宋哲元將軍獲悉，前天津市市長 韓複榘先生在辭職前，將天津造幣廠製造的錢幣以8萬美元 的價格賣給了一個私人經紀人。

天津的居民認為這些錢幣是南京製造的，在交易中欣然接 受，但當政府銀行拒絕接受這些錢幣時，他們才知道真相。

正如我們已經知道的那樣，天津造幣總廠註定要發揮比命 運和政治條件所允許的更重要的作用。由於其既定的使命， 它比另一家天津造幣廠，即北洋造幣廠，更早地在天津投 入運作。它為東廠，於1896年開始工作。在那一年裏，它 只鑄造了了價值7,600元的壹圓、半元、貳角、壹角和伍分 的錢幣。在接下來的三年裏，它鑄造錢幣的總價值分別為 1,176,556元、3,030,950元和1,645,789元；其中絕大部分 是壹圓銀幣。這些錢幣中最早鑄造的那些被投放到市場中， 但比當時流通的普通錢幣要少得多，以至於它們不被兩家外 國銀行接受。於是這種少量發行的錢幣被立即召回，並由被 按照適當重量和純度標準鑄造的新錢幣所取代。在1898年 和1899年，造幣廠每年還生產了總價值大約5.8億文的錢幣， 大致相當於每年生產22.5萬兩銀幣。當兵工廠被轟炸和佔領 時（1900年6月），這些造幣業務暫時停滯。25

從1902年起，北洋造幣廠開始生產銅幣。該廠被視為天津 造幣總廠的分廠。

在1892年、1901年-1905年發佈的《中國帝國海關十年報告》 中，有一份真實而有趣的聲明。根據該聲明，北京將在1905 年建立一個造幣廠。這個項目是由戶部計劃的，因為當時人 們正開始追求統一貨幣。令人高興的是，北京造幣廠從未建成。

我們必須承認，沒有關於兩個天津造幣廠的產量的完整的細 節。根據《中國帝國海關十年報告》，天津造幣總廠1903年 和1904年間產量如下。

拾文（枚） 51,109,757 81,946,060

伍文（枚） 2,594,020 1,077,120

壹圓 - 1,405,017

1904年鑄造的銀元是根據一些銀行家的私人合同制造的， 這些銀行家提供銀兩，並支付鑄幣費用。

以下表格是根據徐堪的中文版《幣制則例》中的數據編寫 的，展示了了1909-1928年二十年間天津造幣廠的產量細節。 然而，必須考慮到鑄幣在這一時期之前和之後都在進行，所 以這裏提供的證據只是部分的：

1909-1928年天津造幣廠產量(枚)

壹圓龍銀 77,153,042 a

壹圓民國幣 84,698,554 b

壹圓袁世凱像幣 90,051,249 c

壹圓紀念幣 1,000 251,903,845

伍角龍銀 1,571,258 a

伍角民國幣 331,401 b

伍角袁世凱頭幣 908,022 c 2,810,681

貳角伍分龍銀 1,410,000 a

貳角龍銀 7,797,642 a

貳角民國幣 1,245,973 b

貳角袁世凱頭幣 2,824,303 c

貳角（第 12 部分） 3,528,885 c 15,396,803

壹角龍銀 7,593,493 a

壹角民國幣 2,198,967 b

壹角袁世凱頭像幣 3,599,112 c

壹角（第 12 部分） 4,124,138 c 17,515,710

注：除上述銀幣外，天津造幣廠還生產了伍分銀幣，但這裏 沒有提及，可能是因為他們在 1909 年就已經停止生產了。

25 見1892年、1901年、1905年《中國帝國海關十年報告》。

二十文龍銀 77,969,798 d

二十文民圖幣 2,343,235,274 c 2,421,205,072

十文龍銀 1,451,944,187 d

十文民圖幣 1,063,022,598 c

2,514,966,785

冀察行政區域

鑒於冀察地區缺乏金屬貨幣，該行政區長官於1920年申請 在該地建立一個造幣廠。該造幣廠於1923年開業，生產銅 幣。1924年，制定了鑄造銀元的計劃，但這些計劃沒有實現。

1926年，人們考慮將造幣廠改為兵工廠。

目前還沒有關於產量的詳細資料。

奉天省

奉天省（滿洲）的省會在1899年就試圖在其兵工廠中鑄錢。

1901年，北京政府授權在奉天登開設了一個造幣廠。造幣 廠於1905年開始工作，生產銀元、銀質輔幣和銅幣。由於 頻繁和長時間的停工，該造幣廠的產出很少。1926年初夏， 奉天造幣廠生產了銀元。同時，有人提議在奉天兵工廠鑄造 銅幣。

正如在幾乎所有其他省份的情況，我們只有部分關於該省產 量的數據。26在1908年至1917年期間，奉天造幣廠生產了以 下數量的錢幣。

錢幣（枚） 11,709,259

半圓銀幣 未知

貳角 2,492,199

壹角 1,079,450

十文銅幣 177,069,028

二十文銅幣 56,633,778

五文龍銀 2,170,122 d

二文龍銀 13,353,877 d

一文龍圖幣 92,126,149 d

五十文民國幣 1,124,484 c

一分民國幣 9,574,254 c

半分民國幣 61,110 c

吉林省

吉林於1901年正式開設吉林造幣廠。但早在幾年前，吉林 地區就開始生產銀元了（可能是在兵工廠生產）。此外，還 有吉林廠平一兩和四種銀質輔幣。吉林造幣廠生產的銀幣有 庫平七錢二分、三錢六分、一錢四分四、七分二和三分六， 但各版別設計和銘文與原版各有不同，變化良多。這似乎是 因為吉林銀幣的模具很快就有所磨損了，因此必須製造新的 模具，這些模具彼此之間都略有不同。然而原版錢幣本身就 有很大的缺陷，因此，即使是新鑄的錢幣，也幾乎無法解讀 其銘文的含義。此外，吉林還生產了一文和兩文銅幣。沒有 關於產量的具體數據。

新疆（突厥斯坦）屬地

新疆的週邊屬地中，在迪化首府建有一個造幣廠。當時，那 裏的造幣廠非常活躍，生產了許多種類的錢幣和輔幣。所有 這些錢幣的背面都有突厥語銘文，因為當地大部分人口是穆 斯林。迪化造幣廠還鑄造了許多種銅幣。但最後所有的硬通 貨都從流通中退出，以此為不可贖回的紙幣騰出流通空間。

西藏

在乾隆統治時期，西藏已經開始生產銀幣（1736-1796）， 但沒有關於產量等方面的詳細資料。漸漸地，西藏開始使 用印度盧比，並在東部邊境地區使用中國盧比。1938年夏， 康定地區鑄造了更多的盧比錢幣。這些錢幣的含銀量很低， 但儘管如此，它們在西藏和中國邊境地區還是很容易被人們 接受。

26 據估計，截至1917年底，奉天和吉林鑄造了價值55,000,000元的輔幣。其中貳角幣價值總計49,500,000元。1917年底，標準銀元的總數為1645萬枚。(見1936年5月1日的《華北日報》）。

蘇區錢幣27

所有蘇區錢幣背面都有錘子和鐮刀的圖案。1931年在湖南 生產的第一款錢幣是所謂的列寧幣。這種稀有錢幣非常少 見。與民國時期中國政府的慣用做法不同，所有中國的蘇維 埃錢幣都使用西曆紀年；而在某些情況下，幣面上的漢字實 際上是西式的從左到右書寫的。

湘鄂贛革命根據地的銀元有兩個不同的版本，都有“1932” 的日期。第一種銀元的中文銘文意為1932年工農銀行鑄造。

第二種的中文銘文為1932年鑄造和蘇維埃政府，另有一句 俄文銘文。

當時江西省發行的主要是紙幣。但江西除紙幣外還發行了貳 角銀幣，紀年為1933年。此外，共產黨軍隊在江西流通的 銅幣有伍分和壹分。這些錢幣上都有錘子和鐮刀的圖案。

閩浙贛革命根據地流通的為紙幣和壹元的債券，沒有鑄造硬 幣。

另一方面，四川省的銀元發行量和設計都不一樣。28除紙幣 外，還有面額為二百文和五百文的銅錢。關於中共軍隊生產 的硬幣沒有統計數據。

與生產有關的造幣廠統計數據

前文對中國現代造幣廠活動的描述可以使讀者確信，中國造 幣廠的運作並不協調。由於大體上都是省級造幣廠，各家造 幣廠並未向財政部報告其生產情況。它們只有在某些情況下 才會向財政部報告，而且除了極少數例外情況，省級造幣廠 所提供的數據也是不完整的。因此，儘管現代造幣活動基本 是從20世紀初開始的，試圖以表格的形式介紹中國的造幣 生產，也是一種冒險的行為。另一個不利於正確估計中國造 幣廠實際產量的因素是，造幣廠會熔化高純度的銀幣，以便 按照較低的純度標準重新鑄造。而這方面的資料非常少。

保守估計，我們得出了以下與中國造幣廠生產的錢幣有關的 數據（所有數據都是以枚為單位）。因而我們在這裏得到的 是數據無疑是低估的，而非高估。

枚数

壹圓銀幣 1,941,742,000

伍角銀幣 201,257,000

貳伍角銀幣 1,410,000

貳角銀幣 2,919,889,792

壹角銀幣 * 693,942,824

5 銀幣 188,776,270

西藏盧比 18,127,000

1/2 盧比 136,000

1/4 盧比 823,000

枚数

一文銅幣 858,067,000

二文銅幣 60,198,000

五文銅幣 135,640,000

十文銅幣 42,379,595,547

二十文銅幣 7,026,656,000

五十文銅幣 741,390,000

一百文銅幣 804,295,000

二百文銅幣 1,036,883,000

伍佰文銅幣 20,000,000

除了這些部分由官方記錄、部分保守估計的數量之外，吉 林、新疆、湖南和直隸等省也有生產銀兩幣。雖然總數量 不多，但還是應該考慮到它們的存在。

鑒於中國的造幣廠無法滿足鎳質輔幣的流通需求。因此， 中國在1937年向維也納造幣廠下單，要求鑄造以下面值的 錢幣。

枚数

伍分 20,000,000

壹角 60,000,000

貳角 40,000,000 120,000,00029

27 詳情見雷伯恩先生1937年3月在上海發行的《中國研究》上的文章。

28 作者到1938年底，收藏了15枚不同的四川銀幣，但無疑還有很多品種。四川銀幣的種類可能多達25個品種，所有這些都紀年1934年。 29 這120,000,000枚被認為是上海中央造幣廠生產的。

這些錢幣在設計、重量和純度上與中國錢幣相同，但有一個 大寫的“A”與後者區別開來。

除了上述數量外，中國還在奧地利訂購鎳坯以在中國製造鎳 幣。

上述細節並不包含中國造幣廠鑄造金幣的資料：1919年在 雲南鑄造了伍圓和拾圓的金幣，而在一兩年前，天津為袁世

凱政權生產了貳拾圓和拾圓的金幣，然而這些金幣從未在那 裏實際流通過。中國還有許多銀模金打幣，但不作為法定貨 幣。這些銀幣僅僅是贈送給高級官員的紀念品。

為了證實上述生產情況表的真實性，這裏詳細說明了這些數 字是如何得出的。

下表是造幣廠產量構成的具體情況。

銀幣

伍角錢幣

貳角伍分（枚）

枚数

所有造幣廠生產的龍銀 286,351,413

廣州 3,000,000+

福州 1,000,000+

杭州 591,180,000

南京 511,758,226

上海 147,442,329

安慶 5,000,000+

武昌 120,000,000+

成都 80,000,000+

重慶 5,000,000+

兗州 3,000,000+

蘇區 3,000,000+

天津 190,000,000+

奉天 5,000,000+ 1,655,390,555 1,941,741,968

廣州，1890-1901 年 226,093

南京，1898 年 100,000

南京，1917-1923 年 2,472,086

安慶，1902-1911 年 1,000,000

武昌，1895-1901 年 1,500,000

武昌，1902-1928 年 701,698

昆明，1908-1917 年 129,389,174

昆明，1918-1930 年 10,000,000+

成都，1902-1928 年 40,057,473

成都，1929-1935 年 3,000,000+

重慶，1921-1935 年 2,000,000+

天津，1909-1928 年 2,810,681

奉天，1908-1917 年 1,000,000+

吉林，1901-1908 年 7,000,000+ 201,257,205

天津，1909-1911 年 1,410,000

廣州，1890-1901 年

269,113,501

廣州，1911 年 29,214,000 1,871,176,730

贰角（枚）

壹角（枚）

其他廣東造幣廠 5,000,000+

福州造幣廠 75,000,000+

南京，1898 年 7,000,000

南京，1903-1928 年 108,674,025

上海，1936-1939 年 3 月 81,194,692*

安慶，1897-191911 年 10,000,000+

武昌，1895-191901 年 5,000,000+

武昌，1902-1928 年 57,846,156

廣西，1905-1930 和 1928 年 50,000,000+

武昌，1938 年 30,747,115*

桂林，1938 年 11,600,000*

昆明，1908-1917 年 532,512

昆明，1920-1935 年 1,000,000+

成都，1901-1928 年 1,037,325

成都市，1938-1939 年 3 月 22,846,734*

重慶，1938 年 15,000,000+*

天津，1909-1928 年 15,396,803

奉天，1905-1908 年 100,000,000+

奉天，1908-1917 年 2,492,199

吉林，1901-1908 年 150,000,000+ 2,919,889,792

廣州，1890-1901 年

117,081,619

廣州，1913-1929 年 56,926,000

福州造幣廠 20,000,000+

杭州，1901-1911 年 5,000,000+

杭州，1924-1926 年 4,465,159

南京，1898 年 8,000,000

南京，1903-1928 年 49,409,385

上海，1936 年至 1939 年 3 月 122,206,454 安慶 5,000,000+

武昌，1895-191901 年 6,000,000+

武昌，1902-1928 年 54,961,793

武昌，1938 年 38,845,060*

廣西造幣廠，1905-1930 年 20,000,000+

桂林，1938 年至 1939 年 3 月 19,380,000*

昆明，1908-1917 年 902,822

昆明，1920-1935 年 1,000,000+

成都，1902-1928 年 1,927,603

成都，1938 年至 1939 年 3 月 65,241,769*

重慶，1938 年 20,000,000+*

天津，1909-1928 年 17,515,710

伍分（枚）

壹文，銅幣

貳文，銅幣

伍文，銅幣

奉天，1905-1917 年 22,079,450+

吉林，1902-1909 年 38,000,000+ 693,942,824

廣州，1890-1901 年 2,509,585

福州造幣廠， 1902-1910 年 10,000,000+*

杭州，1901-1909 年 8,000,000+

南京，1898 年 100,000

南京，1903-1928 年 891,391

上海，1936 年至 1939 年 3 月 88,594,274*

安慶，1897-1909 年 5,000,000+

武昌，1895-1901 年 1,000,000+

武昌，1902-1928 年 85,518

武昌，1938 年 20,865,640

桂林，1938 年 2,193,305

成都，1902-1908 年 1,240,057

成都，1938 年 3,296,500*

重慶，1938 年 25,000,000+*

吉林，1902-1908 年 20,000,000+ 188,776,270

廣州，1890-1901 年

694,663,121

武昌，1906-1908 年 31,278,000

天津，1909-1928 年 92,126,149

開封，1909-1911 年 20,000,000+

南京，1909-1911 年 20,000,000+ 858,067,270

南京，1909-1911 年 10,000,000+

武昌，1906-1908 年 844,000

福州，1909-1911 年 3,000,000+

濟南，1909-1911 年 3,000,000+

天津，1099-1928 年 13,353,877

吉林，1902-1908 年 10,000,000+

杭州，1908-1911 年 5,000,000+

武昌，1909-1911 年 15,000,000+ 60,197,877

福州，1905-1910 年 10,000,000+

上海，1936-1937 年 64,720,000§

安慶，1902 年 10,000,000+

武昌，1906-1908 年 9,846,000

桂林，1938 年 10,000,000+*

成都，1938 年 5,000,000+*

成都，1903-1911 年 85,048

成都，1912-1928 年 471,073

重慶，1938 年 5,000,000+§

杭州，1909-1911 年 5,000,000+

天津，1903-1904 年 5,286,435

天津，1909-1928 年 2,170,122 61,110

伍文，銅幣

拾文，铜币

貳拾文，銅幣

南京，1905-1911 年 5,000,000+

奉天，1909-1911 年 3,000,000+ 135,639,788

廣州，1900-1901 年

廣州，1902-1911 年

39,826,000§

300,000,000+

廣州，1912-1920 年 200,000,000+

南京，1903-1928 年 4,244,333,886

蘇州，清江浦 1902-1911 年 370,000,000+

上海，1935-1937 年 618,978,320§

安慶，1902-1920 年

3,000,000,000+

南昌 1902-1918 年 2,000,000,000+

武昌，1895-1901 年 1,500,000,000+

武昌，1902-1928 年

3,282,183,943

武昌，1938 年 64,322,100§

長沙，1902-1918 年 11,084,937,625

長沙， 1919-1932 年

7,000,000,000+

廣西造幣廠 2,000,000,000+

桂林，1938 年 150,000,000+§

昆明，1908-1916 年

36,701,057

昆明，1917-1935 年 20,000,000+

成都，1903-1911 年 665,640,698

成都，1912-1928 年 83,876,104

成都，1938 年 50,000,000+§

重慶，1938 年 50,000,000+§

太原，1919-1922 年 421,138,994

太原，1923-1930 年 300,000,000+

西安 750,000,000+

蘭州 200,000,000+

蘭州，1938 年至 1939 年 3 月 12,970,936§

開封 400,000,000+

濟南 500,000,000+

天津，1903-1904 年 133,055,817

天津，1909-1928 年 2,514,966,785

天津，1920-1928 年 9,475,254§

張家口，1923-1926 年 50,000,000

奉天，1908-1917 年 177,069,028

奉天，1918-1926 年 100,000,000+

吉林，1902-1910 年 50,000,000+ 42,379,595,547

南京，1924 年 58,500,000

武昌，1906-1928 年 3,282,183,943

長沙，1902-1918 年 45,390,150

貳拾文，銅幣

壹佰文，銅幣

貳佰文，銅幣

長沙，1919-1932 年 100,000,000+

成都，1903-1911 年 109,765,987

成都，1912-1928 年 69,060,539

重慶，1915-1930 年 100,000,000+

太原，1919-1922 年 200,861,123

太原，1923-1930 年 200,000,000+

開封，1913-1914 年 50,000,000+

天津，1903-1904 年 133,055,817

天津，1909-1928 年 2,421,205,072

張家口，1923-1926 年 100,000,000+

奉天，1908-1917 年 56,633,778

奉天，1918-1926 年 50,000,000+

吉林，1902-1910 年 50,000,000+ 7,026,656,409

武昌，1927 年 2,564,000

昆明，1917-1935 年 15,000,000+

成都，1912-1928 年 373,826,326

重慶，1913-1930 年 300,000,000+

開封，1913-1920 年 50,000,000+ 741,390,326

成都，1912-1928 年 404,295,260

重慶，1918-1930 年 400,000,000+ 741,390,326

成都，1912-1928 年 404,295,260

重慶，1918-1930 年 400,000,000+ 804,295,260

伍佰文，銅幣 四川 20,000,000+ 20,000,000

標有 + 的為估計值，標有§的銘文為分而非文，標有 * 的為鎳幣

在中國流通的外國錢幣

外國銀幣早在15世紀就被帶到了中國，用於購買農產品。

但是，這些銀幣並不是專門為中國鑄造的，而且，它們並不 是按數量流通的，而只是按重量流通。這種銀幣包括古老的 西班牙銀元，後來又有墨西哥銀元、美國貿易銀元、英國銀 元、日本銀元和西貢銀元。

除了各種文章，包括關於和銀元有關的文章，國外還有專門 在中國使用的錢幣，即：

（a）德國在柏林為其膠州殖民地鑄造了兩種錢幣，即伍分 和壹角，紀年為1909-1911年和1913年，均為鎳幣。

（b）1937年，大阪造幣廠為當時冀東防共自治政府鑄造了

面值為貳角、壹角和伍分的鎳幣，以及壹分和1/2分的銅幣。 然而，該地區很快便不再作為一個獨立的自治區，因此這些 錢幣在非常短暫的流通之後就被淘汰了。

（c）1937年，中國向維也納造幣廠下了一大筆鎳幣的訂單。 1938年夏天，共有1.2億枚面值為貳角、壹角和伍分的硬幣 運抵中國。其尺寸、重量和設計類似於目前的中國鎳幣，但 在其下方有一個大寫的“A”以便與之區分。

（d）1936年，中國向三藩市造幣廠下了一個訂單，要求製 造比以前的錢幣含銀量低得多的中國壹元和半元錢幣。到 1938年夏天，總共製造了3,240,000枚壹圓硬幣和6,480,000 枚半圓硬幣，這些價值總計1,500,000元的錢幣被運往中國， 並於1938年8月底運抵香港。由於當時正在進行的戰爭，這 些錢幣直到1939年3月都還沒有投入流通。

中國第一枚帶有銘文的圓形錢幣是在周朝（公元前1122252年）統治時期發行的。 在那個遙遠的時代，鑄造的錢幣 上可以看到以下字樣：“賹化”意為“有價值的錢幣”，“賹 四化”意為“有價值的四枚錢幣”；“賹六化”意為“有價值 的六枚錢幣”。（這裏指的是重量分別等於四和六個單位的第 一種錢幣。）這些錢幣很有意思，因為它是第一個出現“賹” 字的錢幣，最終成為術語“賹通”，即目前有價值的錢幣， 這在現代中國銅錢上仍被採用。“賹通”即意為“貨幣”。30

在銅錢上刻上皇帝年號是一個非常古老的習俗。它可以追溯 到漢代（140-7A.D），但在當時，在錢幣上刻上年號並不是 中國的常規做法。然而，從公元618年唐朝統治開始，它就

變成了一種慣例，並一直持續到公元1911年滿清王朝統治 結束。

在滿清政權（公元1644-1911年）統治期間發行的銅錢，其 上的銘文都是按照一種模式書寫的。正面寫着順治通寶，意 思是“順治時期的貨幣”。在背面有一個漢字表示該幣的鑄 造地，例如，“原”代表山西省會太原。

至於發行的現代錢幣，特別是那些大清系列的錢幣，我們會 發現，其發行年份被刻在背面，且大部分是通過十大天干結 合十二地支紀年。下面的列表按數字順序列出了這些干支。

干支循環31

戊 1874 1875 1876 1877 1878 1879 1880 1881 1882 1883 辰 龍 1934 1935 1936 1937 1938 1939 1940 1941 1942 1953

1884 1885 1886 1887 1888 1889 1890 1891 1892 1893 午 馬 1944 1945 1946 1947 1948 1949 1950 1951 1952 1953 辛 午

30 詹姆斯·斯圖爾特·洛克哈特爵士，《斯圖爾特·洛克哈特收藏的中國銅幣》，Kelly & Walsh有限公司，上海，1915年。

31 本週期始於1924年，因此1926年是丙寅年，是第77個週期的第3年。伍德華，《中國科學與藝術雜誌》，1926年5月。

大清帝國系列發行的錢幣背面中央有一個單一的字元，代表 它要流通的省份。用於帝國內部普遍流通的錢幣則沒有任何 字元。

在製作大清系列時，為了能夠區分各省生產的錢幣，一般被 稱為該省或某地的縮寫的名字被放在錢幣正面的中央，有時 會使用陽文，但一般是陰文，有時也會寫上省份的全名，但 這些不是一成不變。為了使讀者能夠容易地識別某些錢幣屬 於哪個省份，在此列出這樣的描述性文字。

皖為安徽省。

浙為浙江省。

直為直隸省。

淮為清江省。

閩為福建省。

奉為奉天省。

汴為河南省。

湘為湖南省。

鄂為湖北省。

贛為江西省。

蘇為江蘇省。

寧為江南。

吉為吉林省。

桂為廣西省。

粵為廣東省。

黔為貴州省。

晉為山西省。

陜為陜西省。

魯為山東省。

川為四川省。

滇為雲南省。

川滇為雲南四川。

川甘為四川甘肅。

*中國的大多數省份都有一個單字的簡稱。但在鑄造錢幣時， 只採用了幾個這樣的簡稱，更多是選擇了省份名稱中的一個 更常用的字，英文這種簡稱對許多研究者來說都是頗為費解 的。

（全文完）

Shanghai Xia Chi Gold Bar in Taiwan

◎ Stephen Tai〔Taipei〕

From the end of 1948 to May 1949, the Central Bank's gold was shipped out of Shanghai in batches. It is estimated that more than four million taels of gold were shipped to Taiwan. There were different types of gold bars either made by the government or merchants. In addition to the commonly known U.S. gold bricks, Central Mint gold bars and bricks, there were also gold reserves for the issuance of Sinkiang provincial banknotes, and gold turned over by individuals and state-run businesses. Shanghai xia chi [ 烚赤 , which means pure gold] gold bars, (Fig. 1) each of which contains 10 taels of gold and is .990 in purity, were the commercially minted gold bars of the largest quantity in the treasury of the central bank.

Quantity of Gold Bars Shipped to Taiwan

According to the record of the Central Bank of Shanghai on May 22, 1948, the Shanghai xia chi gold bars in stock totaled about 700,000 taels, including the confiscated enemy's property (497,339.031 taels), privately cast gold bars (193,055.577 taels), and a small portion of gold bars minted by the Central Mint (8,875.323 taels).1

However, when gold bars were shipped, the central bank actually had a larger number of Shanghai gold bars in its possession, more than 700,000 taels in its original record. It is clear that the number of gold bars shipped to Taiwan is larger than the record states, as the gold which was later redeemed on May 22, 1948 from the public with the gold yuan note ( 金圓券 ) was not included in the record of the Central Bank. Therefore, there is a gap between the actual number and the record of 700,000 taels.

This gap was mainly led by the fact that the record failed to

Note：

Fig. 1 Ten-tael Shanghai Xia Chi Gold Bar inscribed with dafenghengxiachi [ 大豐恒烚赤 ]

include a large number of gold bars from the public. Ten-tael xia chi gold bars, which began to circulate in Shanghai as early as the end of the Qing dynasty and early Republican period, were cast in various periods. However, most xia chi gold bars were cast in the Shanghai Gold Boom Period (Mar. 1946 - Feb. 1947). These gold bars were cast under the order of the central bank, and they were also the target that the central bank was eager to redeem. At that time, the central bank commissioned to recast a large number of U.S. pure gold bricks into Shanghai gold bars and then sold these gold bars to suppress the price

1 The gold in the treasury of the Central Bank on May 22, 1948. Data source: Central Bank Archive. See: Stephen Tai, TheCentralMintGoldCastingProjectandthe GoldShippedfromMainlandtoTaiwan (《中央造幣廠鑄金案與大陸運臺黃金》), Chapter 5: Shipments of Gold to Taiwan. Studio Boduoxi, November 2021.

of gold. However, the plan was declared a failure in the end. When the “Emergency Economic Measures” were announced in mid-February 1947 to stop the release of gold, the central bank had already been in a desperate situation. It had released more than 3.5 million taels of gold, with only 1.5 million taels of gold left in its treasury. After that, the central bank turned to redeeming gold actively, prohibiting the jewelry shops from buying and selling gold and formulating the “Central Bank Gold Redemption Measures”. The policy was designed to withdraw the Shanghai gold bars released earlier by redeeming them at 4.8 million legal tender each.2 However, the effectiveness was limited. Most gold redeemed was in the form of rings, locks, bracelets, and 1-tael small gold bars from the people in distress.3

The Shanghai gold bars that the central bank wanted to redeem were either smuggled out of China, recast, or hidden. Through the redemption in a year and a half, when the gold yuan note was to be issued and the gold was to be nationalized, only 1.2 million taels of gold were increased in the treasury. The gold totaled to 2.76 million taels, with very few Shanghai gold bars being returned. After the issuance of the gold yuan notes, most of the gold that had not been withdrawn was forcibly redeemed. By the end of October 1948, 66 branches of the central bank had redeemed a total of more than 1.67 million taels of gold,4 most of which had not been counted. Some of the Shanghai xia chi gold bars must have been mixed into the redeemed gold and shipped to Taiwan.

Channels for the Shanghai Xia Chi Gold Bars Circulating in Taiwan

Before a large number of Shanghai gold bars appeared in Taiwan in 1949, there were no so-called xia chi gold bars in Taiwan. In the early years, the gold bars in Taiwan were known as zu chi gold bars, whose purity was similar to that of Shanghai xia chi gold bars, that is, 99.0%. Therefore, the Shanghai xia chi gold bar immediately entered into the market shortly after arriving in Taiwan and soon became one of the most common gold bars locally. At that time, they were also officially used as the raw material for ornamental gold to be supplied to jewelry

shops all over Taiwan. (Fig. 2)

Fig. 2 The guarantee slip of the zu chi gold ring from the Taiwan Jin Ruei Shan Jewelry Shop dated February 13, 1948. At that time, xia chi gold bars had not yet appeared in Taiwan.

The Shanghai xia chi gold bar, also known as the hai tiao [ 海 条 , which means Shanghai gold bar], became one of the two earliest gold bars to be listed for trading on June 27, 1949, when the Taiwan Gold Market opened. The first day's closing price for hai tiao was 14 million old Taiwan dollars (NT$350) per tael for purchasing; 14.5 million old Taiwan dollars (NT$362.5) per tael for selling. The other kind of gold bar listed for trading was gang tiao [ 港条 , which means Hong Kong gold bar]. The first day’s closing price was 14.8 million old Taiwan dollars (NT$370) per market tael for buying; 14.4 million old Taiwan dollars (NT$360) per market tael for selling. This reflects the real market price of gold bar trading. The price of NT$280 per tael was much higher than the gold price in Taiwan. (Fig. 3)

Fig. 3 Quotation list of Taiwan's gold market on the opening day of June 27, 1949 (TaipeiCentralDailyNews)

2 DataontheCurrencyintheHistoryoftheRepublicofChina (《中華民國貨幣史數據》), Series II, pp. 749-750. See: Stephen Tai, TheGoldArchivesoftheRepublicof China (《民國黃金檔案》), Chapter 4: The Shanghai Mint Period, pp. 107, Boduoxi Studio, January 2020.

3 TaKungPao (《大公報》), Shanghai, February 25, 1947.

4 FinancialWeekly (《金融週報》), Vol. XIX, No. 20, Shanghai, November 17, 1948.

All hai tiao were transferred by the central bank and released into the market by the Bank of Taiwan. Lai Changsheng ( 賴長 生 ), manager of the Jinruishan Jewelry Shop, was elected by the Taipei Gold and Silver Commercial Association, to be the silver and gold appraiser of the Bank of Taiwan. Hai tiao gold bars had only been on the Taiwan market for a short time, and some of the gold bars have been identified by Lai as being below standard. The Bank of Taiwan decided to pick out those below the standard and identified their purity to be .988. The Bank of Taiwan also commissioned the Taipei Central Mint to weigh and chop them separately.5 In the three months from November 1949 to February 7, more than 36,700 hai tiao gold bars were chopped, with a total weight of about 360,000 taels5, which can also be seen that the number of hai tiao handled by the Bank of Taiwan was large. After reclassifying the purity, the hai tiao gold bars were officially listed and traded in the Taiwan market under the names “hai tiao 990”and “hai tiao 988” from (Fig. 4) December 16 of the same year. 6

Widely Used by Jewelry Shops in Taiwan

Initially, not so many people in Taiwan had access to hai tiao except major gold dealers and a few large families. However, after the Bank of Taiwan began to allocate gold to jewelry shops, the supply of hai tiao expanded to a wider range of customers and soon became popular, circulating throughout

the province. At that time, in order to solve the problem of rising prices due to the shortage of gold sources for the jewelry industry, the Bank of Taiwan launched the "Gold Deposit and Loan Scheme by Bank of Taiwan" (《 臺銀黃金存貸辦法 》) for the first time on October 18, 1949, with the approval of the provincial government, The bank accepted applications from the jewelry industry for the allocation of gold. Upon approval, the Bank of Taiwan would allocate the gold first and settle the payment ten days later. The amount allocated was not allowed to exceed 700 taels per day. The Bank of Taiwan lent gold at a monthly interest rate of 1‰, while the jewelry stores that deposited gold had at an annual interest rate of 1%.7 The implementation of the scheme allowed the hai tiao to be widely used in the jewelry gold market, which was closely related to the people of Taiwan.

From then on, especially from the year 1950, a lot of pure gold jewelry made of melted hai tiao appeared in the markets all over Taiwan. The existence of the hai tiao was so well known that even the jewelry shops made no secret of it. For example, on February 11, 1950, the Jin Ruei Fa Jewelry Shop in Tainan sold two broken gold nuggets, insured as “two Shanghai gold nuggets”, weighing 5.47 mace. (Fig. 5) On April 18 of the same

Fig. 5 Tainan Jin Ruei Fa Jewelry Shop's guarantee slip on February 11, 1950, insured as“two Shanghai gold nuggets

5 February 7, 1950, the Central Mint“is proposed to adjust the price to NT$1.2 per bar from February onwards”. Central Mint Archives. Archives Administration. See: Stephen Tai, TheGoldArchivesoftheRepublicofChina, Chapter 6: Gold Bars chopped with characters during the Taiwan Mint Period, pp. 178 ff.

6 For details, please see: Stephen Tai, WhatYouDon'tKnowAbouttheGoldintheGovernmentTreasury (《你所不知道的國府黃金》), Chapter 4: The Transection of the Gold from the Government Treasury in the Taiwan Market, pp. 227 ff, Studio Boduoxi. April 2018, second edition.

7 CentralDailyNews (《中央日報》), Taipei, October 19, 1949.

Fig. 4 Hai tiao 988 chopped with characters which mean “Taiwan” , “purity 988”, and“9.678 taels”

difference with the local zu chi gold.

Fig. 6 Keelung Jin Bao Shan Jewelry Shop's guarantee slip on February 11, 1950 for“one gold ring made of hai tiao”

Fig. 7 Taichung Ruei Ming Jewelry Shop's guarantee slip on February 11, 1950 for“Shanghai zu chi bracelet”

It is worth noting that in addition to the use of hai tiao, Taiwan jewelry shops were also influenced by Shanghai's gold jewelry culture, and the aforementioned pure gold Shanghai ring may be an example. The “Shanghai bracelet” may be a popular style of bracelet in Shanghai. This phenomenon could be traced to the earlier Taiwan gold jewelry in kind. A gold bracelet symbolizing eternal love with the design of mandarin ducks and the Chinese character “ 囍 ” is inscribed with “Songshan” ( 松山 ), “ zu chi” and “100” in its inner circle. Songshan was a jewelry shop opened in Pingtung, Taiwan, which was shut down in the 1970s after being closed down for alleged smuggling, so this would be a gold ring made by Songshan jewelry shop before the 1970s. (Fig. 8) The design on the face of the ring was not based on the gold and silverware patterns commonly used by local jewelry shops8, but followed the style of those made by Chiu Tian Pao

year, Keelung's Jinboshan Jewelry Shop, made a guarantee slip that read “one gold ring made of hai tiao” (Fig. 6), which made a clear indication that the source of ornamental gold was hai tiao. Taichung’s Ruiming Jewelry Shop, which also made gold jewelry for their customers, made a guarantee slip that stated “commissioned to make jewelry with xia chi gold bars”, which used xia chi to replace the term zu chi. One of the commissioned gold ornaments is the “Shanghai zu chi bracelet” (Fig. 7), which also shows that the word xia chi had penetrated into the Taiwan society, and was accepted by all walks of life. There was no

Fig. 8 Eternal long gold ring following the style of Shanghai rings made by Taiwan Pingtung Jewelry Shop in the 1960s

and other jewelry shops, which were popular in Shanghai in the 1940s (Fig 9). It can be seen that in addition to the hai tiao, there are more Shanghai elements related to gold integrated into the Taiwanese society along with the population mobility and the inflow of jewelry businessmen from Jiangsu and Zhejiang jewelry.

Fade-out from the Taiwan Market

After more than a year of constant depletion, the tai tiao in the treasury of the Central Bank was nearly exhausted. On July 10, 1950, hai tiao 990 and hai tiao 988 were finally delisted, and the supply had been ended since then. The spot gold on the market continued to decrease. By April 10, 1951, Taiwan entered an era of financial control, and the private sector was banned from selling and purchasing gold bars of all kinds, 9 which also included the hai tiao that still existed on the market. Consequently, all were forced to be hidden. As for the gold required by jewelry shops, this was also temporarily replaced by that produced by the gold mine of Jinguashi. The unexpected journey of the hai tiao came to an end.

8 TheGoldArchivesoftheRepublicofChina, Chapter 7: Folk Gold Jewelry and Gold Policies Record Book, pp. 209 ff.

9 See Note 6.

Fig. 9 Eternal love gold rings made by Chiu Tian Pao and Laoruntai Jewelry Shops in Shanghai in the 1940s

上海烚赤金條在臺灣

◎ 戴學文〔臺北〕

1948年底起至來年5月止，央行黃金分批運離上海。後來， 估計有400多萬市兩輾轉到達臺灣。這些黃金，類型各有不 同，官鑄商鑄都有。除了一般所知的美國金磚，中央造幣廠 廠條、廠磚之外，還有項目代管的新疆省鈔發行準備金以 及民間與國營事業所兌交的黃金等。其中的上海烚（xiá）赤 （也稱足金）金條（圖1），每條十兩，成色99.0%，是央行 庫存之中為數最多、單一類型的商鑄金條。

【運臺金條的數量】

根據上海中央銀行1948年5月22日的記錄，當時庫存上海 烚赤金條庫存數量約70萬兩左右，包括稍早收繳的敵產 (497,339.031)、民間金號烊制(193,055.577)，還有一小部 分是由中央造幣廠所鑄(8,875.323)。這批上海烚赤金條， 在1948年12月1日成為運往臺灣第一批央行黃金的一部分1。

不過，在黃金運臺行動展開時，央行實際上握有的上海烚赤 金條數量已有增加，不止是原先記錄的70萬兩而已。因此， 運台數量顯然大於此數。這是央行1948年5月22日的記錄無 法納入後來因發行金圓券自民間收兌的上海烚赤金條所致， 所以70萬兩的說法，與實際數量仍存在着落差。

這個差異，主要是與未能包含隱匿於民間的大量金條有關。

烚赤十兩金條，早在清末民初即在上海通行，各時期均有 鑄造，但數量最多者，莫過於上海黃金風潮時期(1946.31947.2)央行所委鑄者，事後也成為央行急於回收的目標。

當時，央行是以大量美國純金金磚委託上海金號改制，再 進行拋售，藉以平抑金價，最後卻宣告失敗。當1947年2月 中旬發佈《經濟緊急措施》，停止釋金之時，央行已是元氣 大傷，釋出黃金超過350萬兩，庫存黃金則僅剩150多萬兩。

隨後，央行轉而積極收回黃金，一面禁止銀樓業買賣黃金，

圖1 上海烚赤金條：“大豐恒烚赤”，十兩

一面制定《中央銀行黃金收兌辦法》，鎖定先前釋出的上海 烚赤金條，以每條法幣480萬元進行收兌2。但，成效有限， 出兌的黃金，多為戒指、鎖片、手鐲及一兩重的小金條等對 象，主要來自遇有急難的百姓3，央行在意的上海烚赤金條 不是被偷渡出境、改鑄，就是被隱匿起來。收兌了一年半， 到了發行金圓券、宣佈黃金國有化前夕，央行庫存黃金水位

注釋：

1 1948年5月22日央行庫存黃金。數據源：《中央銀行檔》，參見：戴學文：《中央造幣廠鑄金案與大陸運臺黃金》，第五章 歷次運臺黃金。波多西工作室，2021年11月出版。 2《中華民國貨幣史數據》第二輯，頁 749-750。參見：戴學文：《民國黃金檔案》，第四章 上海廠時期。頁 107 以下。波多西工作室。2020年1月出版。

3 1947 年2月25日，上海《大公報》。

圖2 臺北金瑞山銀樓 1948年2月13日保單： “足赤”手只 ( 戒指 )。 當時，烚赤尚未在臺 灣出現。

也只增加120多萬兩，總數達到 276萬兩，上海烚赤金條仍鮮少 回籠。只是，金圓券開始發行 後，多數漏網之魚恐怕難逃被 強制收兌的命運。截至1948年 10月底，央行全國66行處收兌 黃金總數167萬多兩4，這些黃 金大多未經清理統計，其中勢 必混入部分上海烚赤金條，一 併被運往臺灣。

【在臺流通的管道】

早年臺灣民間黃金，特別是 1949年上海金條大量出現之 前，並無烚赤一種，而是以“足 赤”為准。不過，臺灣早期足 赤，與上海“烚赤”的純度相 當，都是99.0%。因此，上海烚赤金條剛到臺灣不久，得以 無縫接軌，很快就融入市場，成為本地主流黃金條塊之一， 隨後也被官方當作飾金原料供應全省各地銀樓（圖2）。

上海烚赤金條，以海條為名，先是在1949年6月27日臺灣黃 金市場開市時，成為最早掛牌交易的兩種黃金條塊之一。當 天收盤價：海條，每市兩買進舊台幣1 400萬元(合新台幣 350元)；賣出舊台幣1 450萬元(合新台幣362.5元)，另一 種則是港條，每市兩買進舊台幣1 480萬元(合新台幣370 元)；賣出舊台幣1 440萬元(合新台幣360元)。由於反映 出的是黃金條塊交易的真實行情，因此比起臺銀黃金牌價每 市兩新台幣280元，都高出了一大截（圖3）。

海條，均系央行所移交，由臺灣銀行在市場釋出。金瑞山銀 樓經理賴長生，受臺北市金銀商業同業公會推舉，是當時臺 銀的金銀鑒定人，海條在臺上市不久，經其鑒定有部分低於 標準，臺銀決定挑出低潮的部分，改定成色為988，臺銀另 委託臺北中央造幣廠為另行秤重列印，從1949年11月至來 年2月7日，三個多月期間就已完成了3萬6千7百多條，總重 約36萬多兩5，由此亦可看出臺銀經手海條數量之大。配合 部分海條成色的改定，從同年12月16日起，海條在臺灣市

圖3 1949 年 6 月 27 日臺灣黃金市場開市當日行情表 ( 臺北《中央日報》)

圖4 海條 988 ：加蓋“臺銀”“成色 988”“市兩 9.678 ” 等印記

場正式改以“海條990”與“海條988”（圖4）兩種名義掛 牌交易6。

【廣為臺灣銀樓使用】

初期，在臺灣有機會接觸海條的人不多，只有主力金商與少 數大戶等特定人士。不過，隨着臺銀開始對銀樓進行配金之 後，海條的供應對象不斷擴增，知名度很快就打開，海條開 始在全省各地流行。當時，為了解決銀樓業飾金來源短缺以 致價格不斷上漲的問題，1949年10月18日，臺灣銀行在省 府核准下首次推出《臺銀黃金存貸辦法》，接受銀樓業申請 配金，獲准後，臺銀先支付黃金，滿十天後結算，惟每日不 得超過七百兩。臺銀貸出黃金，每月收息千分之一，銀樓存 入黃金，可得年息百分之一7。辦法的實施，讓海條進一步 打進與臺灣百姓息息相關的飾金市場。

4 1948 年11月17日，上海《金融週報》第十九卷第 20 期。

5 1950 年2月7日，中央造幣廠，“為代臺行衡量打字金條擬自 2 月份起調整為每條新 台幣 1.2 元”。《中央造幣廠檔》。檔案管理局。參見：戴學文：《民國黃金檔案》，第六 章 臺廠時期 衡量打字時兩金條。頁 178 以下。

6 詳閱：戴學文：《你所不知道的國府黃金》，第四章 國府黃金在臺灣 臺灣黃金交易 市場。頁 227 以下。波多西工作室。2018年4月二版。

7 1949 年10月19日，臺北《中央日報》。

圖5 1950年2月11日臺南金瑞發銀樓保單： 上海金塊貳件

圖6 1950年4月18日基隆金寶山銀 樓保單：赤上海條手只壹膠

從此，特別是在1950年這一年，臺灣各地市場上都出現了 許多以海條鎔鑄而成的足赤金飾。海條的存在，已是眾所皆 知，連銀樓本身也不加隱諱。例如，1950年2月11日，臺南 的金瑞發銀樓賣出兩塊碎金塊，保單上寫着“上海金塊貳 件”，重五錢四分七厘（圖5）。又，同年4月18日，基隆的 金寶山銀樓，開給客戶的足赤保證單，品名寫着“赤上海條 手只壹膠”（圖6），意即，以海條鎔鑄的金戒指一件，明確 表明飾金來源就是海條。臺中瑞明銀樓，是同一時期以代客 打造金飾為號召的業者，印製的“委制烚赤保證單”，選擇 以“烚赤”取代“足赤”，受託打造的一件金飾則為“足赤 上海環”（圖7），這也說明了烚赤已深入臺灣社會，並為各 界所接受，在使用上與本地足赤並沒有區別。

值得注意的是，除了使用海條之外，臺灣銀樓同時受到上 海金飾文化的洗禮，上述的“足赤上海環”，可能就是一例。

上海環所指，不排除是上海流行的手環款式而言。這種現象， 其實在較早之前的臺灣金飾實物上，也可找到蛛絲螞跡。有

一件帶有鴛鴦圖案與囍字，象徵永浴愛河的金戒指，內款為

8 《民國黃金檔案》，第七章 民間金飾與飾金政策打金簿。頁 209 以下。

圖7 1950 年間，臺中瑞明銀樓委制 烚赤保證單：足赤上海環

“松山”“足赤”“100”。其中的松山，是一家開設於臺灣 屏東的銀樓，因涉嫌走私遭送辦，在1970年代已宣告停業， 所以這枚應是松山銀樓在此之前打造的一臺錢金戒（圖8）。

戒面上的圖案設計，並非出於本地銀樓常用的金銀細工花樣 圖案8，而是模仿1940年代在上海流行一時，由裘天寶等銀

樓所打造過的款式(圖9)。可見除了海條之外，有更多有關 黃金的上海元素，也隨着同一時期的人口流動，以及江浙一 帶銀樓者紛紛前來展業等，已融入臺灣社會之中。

【淡出臺灣市場】

經過一年多的不斷消耗，央行庫存海條已近用罄。1950年7 月10日，海條990與海條988終告同時除牌下市，供應自此 中斷，市面上的現貨因此持續減少。到了1951年4月10日， 臺灣進入金融管制時代，民間禁止所有黃金條塊的買賣9， 其中也包括市面尚存的海條在內，都被迫藏匿。至於銀樓所 需的飾金原料，也暫改以金瓜石金礦取代，海條在臺灣的意 外旅程，可說就此告一段落。

圖8 1960 年代臺灣屏東松山銀樓仿上海 款永浴愛河金戒

圖9 1940 年代上海裘天寶、老潤泰銀樓永浴 愛河金戒

9 同 注 6。

Howard F. Bowker – Eduard Kann Correspondence

（1950.5-6）

F. Bowker Kann

Dear Mr. Kann:

◎ Notation by Bruce W. Smith〔 USA〕

The parcel of photographs which you had mentioned in your last letter came to hand the first of the week following its dispatch, and I am very grateful of those you sent for me. Am having the negatives reproduced for myself and Ritchie. Was at his house Friday evening, and we experimented with reproducing both the negative and positive paper prints of those most interesting items on photographic paper. As we are both very amateurish when it comes to photography, I for one, am not sure that the results will be satisfactory. So far I have not seen the finished products excepting in the dark room. If they do not turn out successfully I will take them to the U of C for them to work on.

I am enclosing herewith a plate of coin reproductions which were taken from an auction catalog of Henry Grunthal. This is the type of reproduction which I think is most successful, even with coins which are unusually flat or worn, and are made by means of the plaster of paris casts like I described to you when I was in Los Angeles. Perhaps you might care to write to Grunthal and make inquiry about the cost of such reproductions. I am including his address.

The list of spelling errors found on the Kirin coins is certainly an extensive one and must have entailed the expenditure of many hours of your time. It is presumed that you intend incorporating it in your book, but nevertheless I

1716 Gouldin Road，Oakland 11, Calif. 7 May 1950

am grateful for the advance copy. One so seldom sees these errors offered by dealers here, or at least I have never come onto many of them, and whom they do ask extremely high prices if they happened to notice the error. I have only a very few of them, and those or a most minor sort.

Thanks for the sheet of corrections to Shih’s English text, such as where he says cast when he means struck, etc. I have gone thru most of the text and made corrections in my copy. I don’t think either Shih or his friend Professor Li would appreciate having this most serious defect called to their attention.

I have recently had a letter from a collector of Chinese coins in Sydney, Australia, and he sent a crude pencil rubbing of two gold Sinkiang coins which he has in his collection which I have never previously seen, tho I have a record of Seaby offering the pair twice in London in their circular in the early 1940s. The have the two crossed flags on the obverse which are characteristic of the silver and copper coins which were issued in Sinkiang in 1912. The obverses are similar to the two Ching gold coins of Sinkiang. I don’t recall having seen these two among the gold you showed me, and I wondered if you include them in your manuscript. He claims he had them direct from a correspondent in Sinkiang, but the fact that he mentions that he also has the half-dollars with the SYS Memento, and the Li half-dollars with and without the cap, all of which I understand are fakes.

was interrupted yesterday by the arrival of a large number of friends and relatives, who stayed all the rest of the day, in consequence I did not have an opportunity to finish this letter.

Had another letter from Keefer in which he reports having survived his third operation, and antioipates having at least two more, if and when he is in sufficiently good shape. He certainly is having a siege of physical troubles. Of course he never puts out much numismatic information in his letters so I was especially glad to have the photostats of the Tai Ping gold piece. I concur with you that this is most probably the thing which Mesny mentions in his periodical. Fow seem to have survived, tho perhaps they are to be found in England or France, from which countries most of the Europeans came from which were in touch with the Taipings. It seems strange that Woodward never reported having this coin or knowing about it when he wrote his article for New China Review on gold coins.

A friend in Hongkong has sent me a lot of some 60 rubbings of some Chinese silver, copper, and lead coins for which some Shanghai dealer wants $950 US. There are a number of scarce or even rare coins among the silver pieces mostly

from Tibet and Sinkiang.

Monday the 8th

Dear Mr. Bowker,

I am replying to your letters of April 30 and May 7 and 8.

The milling on the original Shanghai taels is the same on the 1 and the 1/2 tael pieces; I only have one single piece of the latter category at home. If you deem it of interest, I might include the method of producing the reeding (which you say, you found) in my catalogue by giving the source.

These include a number of the crude early pieces, including the large one of Chien Lung, a silver piece somewhat like Tsiang’s number 28 but the inner circle on the side having the Tibetan characters is single line instead of dates, and the device at the center of the side with the Chinese characters has a four-leaved flower. The rubbings are very fine, and I should like to keep them, but my man says the dealer wants them back. There are also a number of Tibetan pieces I have never seen any record of before. If you would like to see the rubbings, I will send them to you, to be returned as soon as possible. Ritchie and I tried to make some dIans of the silver pieces but I have not yet heard how they come out.

With best wishes, Yours very truly

F. Bowker

You did not say what were your reactions to the circular I sent printed by Edward Bros.

Note: RepublicanSinkianggoldcoinsofferedin1940sbySeaby.

Los Angeles May 11, 1950

Re supposed mistake in Shih’s book I know perfectly well that Sinkiang C2-3 was made in Lanchow, and I cannot understand why I made this slip. I not only have your photostat, but had Bushell’s original article for many years. There is a second lot of errors contained in the book which I have scribbed down but not yet typed out. When I do so I shall send you copy.

I don’t know why you want to reproduce photos of the last

batch I sent you. I meant these for you to keep and only return the negatives after Ritchie made photostatic copies (which are much cheaper), provided he wants these.

The University of Michigan Press writes to me very amiably that the University of Michigan Press have no printing facilities; it acts only as publishers and contracts outside for printing. They add that they never had Japanese characters printed from type; one of their publications had Japanese reproduced by the offset process, often lettered by hand. So this source is negative. Had two offers from Hongkong, but both advise to have the illustrations produced in USA. There is an interesting process I saw recently, namely produced on the Vari-Typewriter, a machine which reproduces copy like a printed book, and in many sizes of type. The machine costs from $500 to $1900 according to model. But the trouble is

the typing without mistakes; this means that I would have to hire an experienced typist and have the Chinese characters filled in by hand. And than the whole thing reproduced by offset process. I fear this would work out too dear. I agree with you that the casting of coins in plater and thereafter photographing would be sound. But, having spent already thousands of dollars for bad photos, I would go crazy over the work and time involved.

It would interest me very much to see the Shanghai rubbings re Tibet/Sinkiang. I undertake to return them to you within 1 or 2 days after receipt.

Best regards from

Yours sincerely,

Dear Mr. Bowker,

I wrote you only today. As I do not come down the hill every day, I hurriedly handed the letter for posting to my wife, who went out for bridge. And I forgot to enclose Gruenthal’s illustrations, which I am doing herewith.

I also wish to revert to your remarks re a Sydney collector’s findings of Chinese gold coins. The Sinkiang pieces with crossed 5-barred flags at the back I have seen with one collector in Shanghai, and though they seemed genuine, they do remain under suspicion. The 1/2 Sun Yat sen or 1/2 Li Yuan hung are definitely bogus, irrespective of the metal in which they are struck.

The Kirin errors (in which I specialize and which I own to the extent of 97%) could not have been recorded in hours. It

Los Angeles May 11, 1950

took years to note them down, as I discovered them piece by piece. Indeed I wish to incorporate them into my catalogue.

You are writing about rarities of Chinese coins at a Schulman auction in January 1931; probably you mean 1950.

In a hurry I have typed out the 2 nd list of Shih’s errors and omissions; all points on which, I feel, I cannot be challenged as to accuracy. I enclose a list for you, and another one for Ritchie; do not return to me.

With compliments I remain.

Cordially Yours,

Note: Reeding on 1856 taels and half taels, see 30 April 1950.

Second List of Errors and Omissions, contained in Kalgan Shih’s Catalogue.

fol 23 C4-1A You say:......Tung Chi(1884). Should read 1864. This was the year when the Taiping Rebellion ended.

fol.18 C2-7. You call it an exceedingly rare specimen. I bought many in Shanghai for between 50 cts and $1.

fol.31 02-9 You call the date 1920(1902) From the photo the date cannot be made out. However, I think 1310(1893) was the first date when this model was produced. Please investigate.

fol.19 02-17 You say:1320-1324. I only saw dates 1321 to 1325. Investigate

fol.20 02-30 You say: there is a 3-mace piece, but no 2-mace. In this you are mistaken. I have the 2-mace (tail turned to the right) and also 2 types of the 1-mace of this group.

fol.23 Type C4-1 (last line) you say: weight 25 grams or Kuping(?) a little less than 1 mace. The meaning is unclear. Probably you wanted to say: a little less than 1 $. 1 mace weights 3.7 grams only.

fol.24 C4-5A You say: similar to foregoing with additional inscription: Chia Yih district. But you forgot to state that it is dated 1 st year of Tung Chih = 1881 (whereas C4-5 was issued 1837)

fol.31 C10 Shanghai Taels. You say: On the cake were incused the name, etc. The inscriptions appear in relief and not incused.

fol.39 C15-78: Worth mentioning: Only 2 specimens known. Collections of Ching Tse-wei and E. Kann.

fol.40 C 17-25. Unquestionably a mint sport. Should not be catalogued.

fol.40 C 17-26. You say 1915. Actually dated 1925 (14 th Year)

fol.42 C20-3 You say: Same as above. Actually it is quite different from the preceding model.

fol.44 C24-1 Your opinion is that these coins were made by a private firm in Shansi. This does not sound logical to me. I recommend that you look up the article by Giuseppe Ros in the Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of 1917, fol.137. I own 4 entirely different models of this interesting coin.

fol.45 025-3 You ascribe this nickel coin to Kansu. Why? I feel almost certain that it was made in and for Hupeh. Ask Mah.

fol.50 D3-15 Sun Yat-sen 21st year. You say that: Those already on the market were not many. But actually 51,000 were left in circulation. Altogether 2,260,000 such coins were struck. I then was member of the Mint Commission and am quite sure of my official figures.

fol.54 E2-7 You say: On February 2, 1912......and on the lection of Yuan Shih-kai to the presidency, Tientsin Mint struck this coin for the celebration, etc... This is not correct. Possibly Yuan was then elected provincial president. His election as President took place on October 6, 1914, and it was in 1914 that this coin was produced. Proofs thereof: The Tientsin mint was burned down and looted on March 12, 1912; I witnessed the disaster personally. Besides, Giorgi was not in China in 1912.

fol.54 E.2-9 You say: In the spring of 1916 Yuan Shih-kai ascended the dragon throne. This is not correct since he only prepared to ascend the throne, The event never took place (Those damned foreigners try to teach us Chinese history) You also forgot to mention that the coin was issued in 1917 or 1918 only.

E2-21 Sun Yat-sen Commemorative (1928). I am almost certain that this dollar was the first Sun Yat-sen dollar, made

in Canton in 1912 (and possibly later in Tientsin). E2-18 was produced in and after 1927 in Nanking and (to a larger extent) in Hangchow. Investigate please. Ask Mah.

Correction of my own mistake:

In the first list of errors I mistakenly pointed out the first

item, fol.18 C2-2 as having been minted in Kashgar. This was my oversight. The coin was struck in Lanchow. Delete the item.

Note: C15-78 = K 983 MintageforBirdsoverJunk.

Dear Mr. Kann:

Your two letters of the 11th arrived simultaneously. It was not necessary to bother return the sheet of plates from the catalog, as I have no particular interest in them other than to show you the type of illustrations I think give the best results.

With regard to the reply you had from the University of Michigan, I did not recommend that you write to them as I well knew that the university did not have any printing facilities but had their books done by other publishers. I did say that the books which were advertised in the circular done in the combination of English and Chinese type which would be most desirable for you to use, and that the work on the particular Japanese book mentioned was done by Edwards Bros. Of Ann Arbor, Mic. This is done by means of an electric typewriter, space for the insertion of the Chinese character by hand in the finished copy, after which the page are reproduced by an offset process by photography. In work in which the right-hand margin of the line is irregular the work is done by an ordinary elect: typewriter, while in the style in which the type justified so that the right-hand margin is even as ordinary printing the work is done by another style of a machine called the Vari-typer. I do not understand the mechanical differences in the two types machines other than

1716 Gouldin Road，Oakland 11, Calif. 14 May 1950

that there is an intermediately step between the typing of the copy and the printing in the latter machine which takes care of the just ing the lines evenly.

In neither of these machines is it necessary for one to purchase the machines. Edwards do the typing and insertion of the Chinese character from your copy, and other firms who use the Vari-typer do likewise.

No the Schulman catalog which I mention was in 1931, in Molland, not N.Y. The uncle of the follow in NY.

I notice you make use of the term milling with regard to the Shanghai tael. I trust that you do not indiscriminately confuse the two terms “reeding”and “milling” in your book. If you will take a look in a dictionary you will note that the synonymous, the first referring to the edge or the coin, while the letter refers to the edge made by the dies on the marginal face of the coin. I note that Shih makes the mistake of calling reeding milling, and I trust that you will not do likewise.

Am very appreciative of the copy of your further remarks on Shih’s errors, a copy of which I will transmit to Ritchie. While on the subject of Shih’s book, I do not think that the large silver piece C2-1 is from Kashgar. Apparently he thinks it is because it has the initial letter which is found on coins

coming from Kashgar. But this arabic letter appears on coins from Kabul, and any number of other places. My reason for thinking that this piece is not one of Yakcub Beg and not from Kashgar is that the arabic following the initial letter does not in any way agree with the balance of the inscription for Kashgar. While I do not feel competent to express an opinion on where this coin was minted. I am positive it is not Kashgar, but perhaps some Indian issue. Once again Shih is just confused. I think I will write to Clark and ask him for his opinion on this point. I note your comment on number C8-7, a coin which I should like a few specimens of. Lately I obtained four small silver pieces of Yakob Beg in this size but so far have been unsuccessful in obtaining those with the Chinese and Manchu characters on them. For a while I thought that Shih had something unknown to me in his C2-1, as I had never seen a piece of silver of Yakoob Beg so large, but now I don’t think he has anything pertinent to Chinese

issues in this piece.

With regard to his C2-6, which has all the characters reversed, I would venture that this is a forged piece, made by someones haking use of a genuine piece for a pattern to make a mould from which this piece was cast. I don’t recall his having this piece with him when he was here. He gave me photographs he had made in Brooklyn of this series and this is not in it the C2-5 is. Something he has picked up lately since his return to Shanghai perhaps. I am enclosing two lots of the rubbings received thru Hongkong, 33 in one and 13 in the other. The later lot has some coppers in it, which do not interest you, but which I have sent as I want to keep the lots together as received. I hope that you find something interesting in them.

Very truly,

Dear Mr Bowker,

Your letter of 14th inst reached me yesterday, and as promised I am returning the rubbings herewith with thanks. The Sinkiang pieces are mediore to good, but nothing to brag about. The 3 mace Aksu (as far as one can judge from a rubbing) appears to be a forgery.

Of more interest are the Tibetan pieces. I should strongly advise you to have one photostat picture taken of the entire lot of Tibet; this cost only 1 $. Firstly for your own files; secondly, to send and lend the negative to W.Clark, who is still engaged in writing a book on Tibetan coins. You might argue that he prefers to take to giving and that he is not co-operative. True. But, after all, if and when his book will appear, it ought to be as complete as possible and to serve posterity. And then, you will better be able to quote

Los Angeles May17, 1950

appropriately from the bible...... And, lastly, thereafter lend the negative to me for a day or two, with Clark’s remarks and explanations.

I am writing today to Ann Arbor, asking for their estimates. I have seen the Vari-typewriter which undoubtedly does excellent work. But for one book to buy a machine which, with accessories and extra type, will cost $600, would be folly, because I cannot type the stuff myself, being liable to make many mistakes. And outside (I inquired yesterday) they charge per octavo size for typing 35 per page. This is far too dear.

Thanks for drawing my attention to the difference between milling and reeding; I do not think that I confounded these in my manuscript.

I fully agree with you that coin C2-1 is not Sinkiang, in fact, from the very first day I saw it, I was convinced in this regard.

Of C2-7 I have a few pieces, but each different; otherwise I should have sent them to you. There are many corruptions and inversions of the Chinese characters. This is not due to forgers, but to the Turki designer, who simply did not know Chinese, just as the Kirin designers were so funny in their English legends.

I have quite a number of such inverted or corrupted Chinese inscriptions appearing on the 5-fen Sinkiang of Yakub-Beg’s rule, or shortly thereafter. Recently Shih wrote me that he bought 60 in Shanghai of those small silver coins; I am sure he did not pay more than 50 cents a piece. I agree that this is dirt cheap, but the fact remains.

When you were here last you kindly took some unbound chapters of my writings along, suggesting that you would

bind it. Recently I needed to look up one or the other subject; in fact, I do need reference to contents from time to time. So, if opportunity offers, please send the pages along (unbound).

Many thanks.

With best regards I remain,

Very truly Yours,

S. In his last catalogue of gold coins. Schulman offers a 10$ Hung Hsien gold piece with initials of L. Glorgi for $75. I have offered to buy same, if still available.

Smith and Son (Wheaton, III) write me with regard to Keefer: Don Keefer is recovering OK. He is around and able to see his girls.

(Let’s hope this is true.)

Note:Smithandson,Keefer.

Dear Mr. Kann:

As Ritchie has now returned the photostats of the Austrian lot of essays and these of Szechuan and Kiaochow, I am sending them back together with our combined thanks. He got excellent prints from the Austrian lot, as well as the others and is very pleased with them. The prints which we made by the reflex process of the rubbings which I sent you did not turn out so well.

I recently had letters from Shanghai, mostly from book dealers whom I had previously dealt with, and also one from Lieu the paper money man. He promises to send selections, but to date nothing has yet arrived. It is not clear to me just

1716 Gouldin Road，Oakland 11, Calif. 19 May 1950

how I am to remit to him at Shanghai for such things as he sends, but I guess that will straighten itself out in time. If you have any good ideas as to how one can remit there, I would be glad to hear about it.

Thanks for your comment on the reeded edges of the Shanghai tael and 1/2 tael pieces. As you say you have only one of them at your home, I am to understand that your remarks were made from memory. While I would not ask that you get additional specimens out of the safety deposit vault just to answer my inquiry, I would like to have you look at your specimens the next time you have access to them just to verify the facts about this matter. I am enclosing a print made from two specimens, a tael and a 1/2 tael

piece. You will no doubt agree with me that the reeding was placed on the two coins by the same process, but from two different sizes of dies. I should like to verify whether or not the reeding on your specimens of the tael agree with the “B” impression, and if those on any of your 1/2 tael pieces agree with the reeding as “A”

The data on the making of the taels is contained in William Lockhart ’ s “ The Medial Missionary in China ” , London,

1861, pages 80-82. It will be published shortly in one of the numismatic Journals in an article which I have had in preparation for some months past.

With best regards,

Messrs. Edwards Bros. Inc. Ann Arbor, Mich.

Dear Sirs, Attention Mr. John B. Leidy:

Thanking you for your estimate of 22nd inst. I must admit that being unskilled in your technical trade expressions-I do not see clearly. Formerly my books were published by publishers, so that I had nothing to do with printing or costs. You say you are enclosing samples of paper, but this was actually omitted at your end. In order to get a clearer understanding I am giving my version of the estimate supplied by you. “Direct reproduction”means that I should have to send the vari-typed and Chinese interspersed clean manuscript, for you to reproduce by the offset process. By quoting for 500 pages I take it for granted that any number less than this would be deducted, while any number above 500 would be added in exact proportion?

Note:1856taeland1/2taeledge.

Bowker

Los Angeles May 24, 1950

Now regarding cost of reproducing the illustrations: when speaking of half-tone reproductions, do you mean the photooffset method? If not, which other system? I cannot at this stage know the exact number of pages for the illustrated coins, but there ought to be no difficulty in quoting “ per page”. By page I mean one side of a leaf, and both sides to be utilized. You say that $3 is to be charged for each full page for stripping each individual camera setting. This last provision again is not clear to me. There are no enlargements, or reductions, of my pictures required. The coins are photographed in their original sizes and ought to remain so. The illustrations will occupy approximately 5*7 inches of the folio’s space.

Am I right in assuming that under such circumstances there would be no charges for camera setting?

If I understanding your indications correctly, a rough estimate would as follows:(1000 books)

(1) 500 pages direct reproduction...... $1,740

(2) 500 ” Vari-typed in Los Angeles, $5 2,500

(3) 100 ” Illustrations $3 for full page... 150 (50 leaves, both sides)

(4) 100 ” ” interleaved into the text 25

(5) Insertion of Chinese characters, in Los Angeles 100

(6) Binding 1000 copies @ 75 cts per volume

(7) Special types for errors cut, say

(8) Packing, shipping, insurance, incidentals

(9) My cost of original photos, at least 1,000 $6,500

This estimate does not take into account my own work throughout four years; and neither the 20-25% commission to bookshops and other sellers of the catalogue. I mention this merely to familiarize you with actualities and am aiming at assisting you in seeing that a catalogue on a single country’s coinage cannot stand such costs. However, I shall be grateful at your final comments. Am also enclosing one page from my manuscript which, after perusal, kindly return to me.

Finally I should like to ask whether you would care to quote for reproductions of the illustrations only; by which process and at what page per leaf (2 pages)? 1,000 copies of each page wanted.

Very truly Yours,

Dear Mr Bowker,

Your letter of 19th inst has only come to hand, and so have the photo negatives and the unbound Central Bank essays; many thanks.

I went specially to the bank to inspect the 1/2 tael Shanghai pieces, but as so many coins are thrown into one large box, I only fished out one specimen; perhaps I own no more than two.

The reeding is in the same pattern as the one at home, viz. sample B, identical (only smaller)to the 1 tael coins.

Naturally I shall be interested in your article about the Shanghai taels. If it will appear in the “Numismatist”, then I shall see it. If it is being contributed to another periodical, I shall count on your sending me a copy.

Just to show you what good photos they make in Vienna, I am enclosing a picture of the Mausoleum dollar. You

Los Angeles May 26, 1950

and Ritchie are at liberty of taking copies in photostat or photography; then please return the original to me.

Seeming this is a photo from the only existing piece which is made mat and greyish, now in my collection.

Kalgan Shih’s son now is in New York. As to remittances to Shanghai I find that there is no difficulty. Simple send an order Check crossed, so that the beneficiary there should sell it to either the Bank of China, or to the black market. The other alternative is that you ask the people: how and where do you want payment?

Best Regards from both of us to you and Mrs. Bowker.

Cordially Yours,

For curiosity’s sake I am sending you herewith my answer to the estimate from Edwards Bros. Instead of being the cheapest, they are so far the dearest.

An American officer send me the enclosed rubbing. It represents a coin which he recently bought from Mr. Mosher, the editor of the Numismatist; the seller has held it for 20 years.

To my mind it is a bogus coin. Have you bu chance met it before?

Note: Shanghai18561/2tael. UniquematterproofMausoleum.

Dear Mr. Kann:

I despatched the parcel of the articles I had from you for binding as requested a couple of days ago, and I trust that they came to hand in good order. I regret very much that I did not get them bound as I had expected when I first took them, but at that time I could not anticipate that I would be having that long siege in the hospital and the great letdown in my energies after coming home from the hospital, which seem to cause one to make great delays in doing the many things one wants to do.

Am taking the liberty of sending you herewith the rough draft of the first sheet of an article I have under preparation on which I should like to have your comment as something which you published is referred to. Should like your comment before publication rather than afterward, particularly in case my surmise is not correct.

In connection with the 1856 Shanghai taels and 1/2 taels, do you have in your collection a specimen of either denomination with the name of the engraver stated as Wong Shu as in Tsiang’s number 80, but with the raised rim surrounding both inscriptions and a properly knurled edge? If you have such a specimen in the 1/2 tael size, does it have the character for “5” written with four strokes as, or with six strokes as?

1716 Gouldin Road，Oakland 11, Calif. 28 May 1950

Personally I am skeptical of the genuineness of any of the specimens with whatever inscription which do not have the raised bordering rim. Think they are most probably the forgeries which were issued almost immediately after the originals were coined. I am, of course referring to Shih’s number C10-4 as well as Woodward’s type E, and any others which may exist of this rimless type.

I got the UofC to make the photostats of the greater part of the rubbings I had from China and which I sent to you a short time ago, as you suffested. They came out exceedingly well, excepting in the case of the Tai Ping gold piece of which you sent me the photostat negatives from Keefer’s specimen, which I included in the job. Its reverse came out entirely black and the inscription could not be seen at all, but that is a minor matter. Am sending off the Tibetan ones to Clark for his comment as you also suggested, and will transmit any comment he may have to you together with a set of the prints if you wish them.

What is your understanding of the Tao Huang “cash” style piece of Aksu which was in the lot which had the Chinese script “yin” for silver alongside it? All of the copper pieces of Tao Kuang I have or have seen are marked Pa Nien for 8 th year above the hole on the reverse, and have the Turki characters for Aksu written differently than in this piece. All of the pieces I have which have the upper part of the Turki

inscription written with the forked style for the first or upper strokes are on the coins of Chien Lung or Chia Ching. Do you suppose silver cash such as this were actually circulated in Sinkiang during the Tao Kuang period?

Was greatly surprised to receive a letter from Mr.M.M. Liu from Shanghai a short time ago, and then a couple of days ago I received a letter from Mr. Wang from Pt.Bayard, Kwangtung.

I finally found a circular I had advertising that fine magnifyer I had when I was there. Unfortunately it did not have the name of the dealer from whom I procured it on the circular, but I have written off to Bausch & Lomb in Rochester, N.Y and enclosed the circular and inquiring if it is still made. I will let you know what I find out when I hear from them.

I hope you got the gold Hung Hsien coin with the L.Georgi

inscription on it which you mentioned in your letter. That would be a nice addition to your gold series. Whatever became of L.Georgi? Did he go back to the Rome mint after he left China? I have noted that the 2 lire coins of Italy dated 1923 have his name on them and they were made in the Rome mint. Perhaps you will want to take notice of this in connection with some of the coins he designed for China in your book if you have not already done so.

Yours very truly,

H.F. Bowker

Note:

1856Shanghai1/2tael. Keefter’sTaipingGold. TaoKuangSinkiangSilverCash. HungHsiengoldcoinwithL.Giorgi. L.Giorgi2lira1923[ThiswastheotherGiorgi.]

Dear Mr. Kann:

Receipt is acknowledged of your letter of the 26 th and its enclosure, which I thank you for including.

With regard to the purported Hunan tael, I saw this piece some time ago, but do not recall exactly where it was. It did not appeal to me to be authentic because it was too small to be really intended for a silver tael, and I never heard of Hunan having any gold to mint. I thought it just a fanciful piece gotten up along the lines of the Hunan small circular sycees which are well known. It is just possible that I saw it in Philadelphia in the place of business of a Mr. Reed, whom Bullova later bought out, tho I am not sure. It is probably something of the same sort as the little silver piece which Smith had which you formerly owned in imitation

1716 Gouldin Road，Oakland 11, Calif. 20 May 1950

of the uniface gold piece of Yunnan, I don’t remember if it was XMXX Tsiang number 10 or 17. It is to my mind, just another of those curiosities one buys if cheap, but taken no stock in as an authentic coin. I am returning the rubbing herewith.

The photograph of the SYS 16 th year dollar from Vienna is surely a thing of beauty. Just goes to show what can be done to reproduce a coin graphic when all conditions are most favor able. I think it should be described as a proof made on a sandblasted blank. It is certainly a nice addition to your collection, as I note that it is much better struck than the China-struck specimen I have, one of the purported 480 issue. I think you should ask Mr. Placht to send you the negative of this piece, as I know many of your friends would like to have prints taken from it. I know I would. I will show

it to Ritchie and return it later.

Could you let me have Shih’s son’s present address. I have several requests for copy of Shih’s book and should like to send them to him direct.

Edward ’ s estimates seem to be all out of reason, if your interpretation which you have sent is correct. For one thing, they do beautiful work, or at least the examples which I have see are certainly first class, but of course I do not know what they could do with your material. I certainly hope that you will be able to work out something soon with respect to publishing your manuscript, for I have no doubt but what will put in the shade anything which has come before.

I thank you for having checked up on the knurled edges

appearing on the 1856 Shanghai coins, as you confirm my own theories regard this feature, regarding which regretfully I have so little material in my own collection. I only wish that you were nearer so that we could check up more frequently on things regarding coins which continually come up.

Please remember both Mrs.Bowker and myself to your wife.

Yours very truly,

Note:

Misdated.Shouldbe30May. Hunangoldcoin(soldbyMosher) YunnansilverpiecestolenfromKann.

H.F. Bowker

Dear Mr Bowker,

Owning to the intervening holiday your letter of 28th inst came today. Meanwhile mine to you must have crossed in the mail.

As I mentioned before, I am poorly off in the 1/2 $ Shanghais. I have only 2, one at home with the capital “5” 伍 , (Tsiang 78), and one in the bank. Both have raised rims.

Sorry that I cannot be of much service in this regard. There are many forgeries around in China.

Shall be glad to get the comments from Clark if and when he send them to you. Photos only of Tibetan silver coins which are new varieties or discoveries.

Los Angeles May 31, 1950

I never heard of an Aksu Tao Kwang silver cash-style coin. If it existed I ought to have heard from same. So I believe it must be bogus.`

I did not get the gold Yuan Shih-kai piece from New York, as same had been sent out on approval to another client. This is always the case when I want to buy a coin, especially with Seaby’s in London, where I keep a monetary deposit. I did not know Giorgi personally and therefore cannot say whether he still is active.

Herewith I am returning your rough essay sketch. I don’t know whether I read correctly; however, the remarks in my book do not refer to the locally minted 1 and 1/2 tael pieces (1856), but to 1 tael sycees in flat round shape. Shanghai was

opened to foreign trade about 1841, and those silver cakes were used there before that juncture.

An acquaintance sends me photo of the very scarce 30 cash Szechuen copper coin, which he bought from a dealer Yang, the partner of the swindler Bing(dead); of course, a forgery(Jade Bazar). I do not collect coppers; so you need not return the photo.

Yesterday I wrote to Ritchie, but forgot to answer one of his questions. He asked me about the whereabouts of Lt. Siebert. When you meet Ritchie please tell him that I located Sibert, who has had a very serious airplane accident in Hawai, necessitating a long convaescence. Lt.Sibert wrote me very desperately, expressing no more interest in life. Through long illness he had to sell his Chinese gold collection at very low prices. I don’t know to whom? However, he is again on active service, and while in poor spirits, he is alive. His

address is:

Dennis W. Sibert, 1st Lt. CMP 8456 Mp Co. Sandia Base, Albuquerque, New Mexico.

With best regards I remain.

Very truly Yours,

Note:

KanndidnotknowGirogi.Doesn’t know whether active. Fake Szechuan 30 cash around in 1950.

Sibert plane accident (crash?) in Hawaii. Now in New Mexico.Soldhisgoldcoins.

Dear Mr Bowker,

In answer to your letter of 20th inst(?) in which you acknowledge receipt of mine, dated May 26, this is the address of Shih’s son:

Chen-chong SHIH, Apt.6 D, 75 Prospect Park W. BROOKLYN, 15, N.Y.

Regarding the negative of the Mausoleum $, I am almost certain that same exists in form of a glass plate and not as film. The recent photos made in Vienna, which I sent you,

Los Angeles June 3,1950

also were made on glass. As I paid rather heavily for those photos, I asked that they be sent to me. Mr. Placht would be quite willing to send them along, but as they are on glass plates, and as the censor in Vienna still unwraps all postal matter, they would arrive here in splinters only.

I believe here is a way out: Have a good photo made from the specimen sent you; same should not cost more than 1 $; if 4 people get copies, the price per piece should be 30 cts each, and you retain the negative.

Compliments from Yours very truly,

SHIH Kalgan Translation of Modern Coin of China, Shanghai, 1949, 96 pp., paper bound.

The promised English version supplementing the strictly Chinese edition titled “ MODERN COINS OF CHINA ” , CHUNG-KUO CHIN-TAI CEU-PI HUI-KIAO, which was noticed in the last issue of NUMISMATIC LITERATURE, as now come to hand, and will be of much more assistance to collectors interested in the gold, silver, and nickel coins of China who are not proficient in the Chinese language. However, it is not of much use without the Chinese edition, as it is only in that edition that the many plates are to be found.

With the assistance of Professor F.I.Lee of the National Chiao Tung University, the author has here provided an English key to the Chinese text, which despite its occasional curious phraseology and a multiplicity of factual and typographical errors, too long to enumerate here, is of

use because it is the longest list of Chinese struck coins published to date. The use of the book has been greatly facilitated by the inclusion of a table of contents.

It is astonishing to note that so typically Chinese an object as the Juli depicted on the dollars C4-6, should be called a “lady’s hair ornament”, when it was probably here used as a scepter indicative of Imperial authority. Throughout there is a lamentably frequent misuse of caehnical terms, such as cast for engraved, reindeer for deer, star for rosette, incused for inscribed, milled for reeded, autocratic for autonomous, to mention only a few of the many present. In several cases, palpable mint sports or mules are included as “ rare”coins when they are really worthy of no consideration in a serious numismatic work. Eight out of ten coins in plate 19 which are those of Nepal are presented to be those of Tibet. The silver piece, C2-1, represented as an issue of the rebel Yakoob Beg is actually on of Cabul.

Dear Mr. Kann:

Many thanks for your last letter and the permission to copy the photograph of the specimen of the matte surface proof of the Sun Yat-sen dollar of the 18 th year. I hope it turns out half as good as the print you obtained of it from Veienna.

For your information I am enclosing a letter I have received from the Bausch & Lomb Optical Co., together with one of their circulars, regarding the magnifier which you asked me to obtain for you. It appears that the one like I have is no longer in production, but they offer their number 81-34-9720 as a near substitute. If you wish I will send in the order as they suggest in their letter and have it delivered direct to you. If I understand their letter correctly, the one offered is

1716 Gouldin Road，Oakland 11, Calif. 12 June 1950

the same as the one I showed you, excepting that the scale has 1 mm divisions instead of 3 mm divisions, and the metal skirt of the base is tubular and not cut away at the sides to permit light to fall upon the object being measured. I think the magnifier they now make is one which is intended to be used by photographers to examine images falling upon ground glass screens in which the light is transmitted thru the screen. However, it would be simple to file away the sides of the tube in order to let light fall upon the filled from above as in my glass. As a matter of fact the mount which I have was originally full tubular and has been milled away, leaving only the three supporting legs at the side. I am also enclosing the small circular descriptive of the glass I have, which shows how it is made. They seem to have hoisted the price greatly since I bought my glass.

I would appreciate the return of the enclosures when you are thru with them.

Very truly,

Bowker

Dear Mr Bowker,

Enclosed I am returning with thanks the circular from Bausch & Lomb; the price for what, after all, is not a necessity, is too high.

I am sending you herewith for your interpretation a letter from Edwards Bros, whom I had asked to quote only for reproduction of the illustrations. They are doing so, but I am not sure whether the job will cost $119.60, or $11,960. What I asked and wanted to know is: How much will you charge to reproduce for me (about) 100 pages (=50 leaves) of coin illustration by the half-tone process, for altogether 1,000 copies of the book?

Congratulations on your election as Chairman of the Chia Nan Chapter of the China Stamp Society.

Los Angeles June 17, 1950

How do you read their answer? I want no extra printing, since I would type at the bottom of every illustrated page: PLATE KIRIN. I want no stripping in, since I would send the whole material to the printers at Hongkong (tentatively), who would do the stripping in. So, how to read Edwards Bros. tender?

Please return the letter to Yours sincerely,

Dear Mr. Kann:

Yours of the 17th duly received, and have read with interest the Edwards letter. Taken with your own letter there are several things which have occurred to me with regard to the project, aside from the cost, which may or may not have

1716 Gouldin Road, Oakland 11, Calif. 22 June 1950

previously occurred to you. I will first make mention of them.

It appears that you propose to have Edwards or some other American firm print the illustrations, and then send the plates to Hongkong to be assembled into the books, the text of which is to be printed there. Edward’s estimate includes

cutting and assembling the plates and saddle stiching with wire. All this beyond the printing of the plates in signatures of eight pages should not be done if, as you state in your letter to me that the stripping in would be done there. It is my understand that that term indicates the printing of titles on the illustrations. If you intend to have the printer in Hongkong print the titles, if you let Edwards make up the sheets into sections, all of the staples will have to be taken out the double pages will have to be reshuffled, and the proper titles printed on each sheet. I find chance to mention the unnecessary work of breaking down the sections. If it is your intention to send the plates to Hongkong, they should be sent in sheets, not cut up, folded, assembled and sticheded. The press work of inserting the printed titles on the sheets will be much less, 1/4 as much as a matter of fact, if they are left in sheets.

Another thing, I think it will be a mistake to send out the plates to Hongkong to be assembled with the text and bound into books, if I am correct in assuming that that is your intention. In this way you will get a strictly Chinese job. If you have the text shipped here IN SHEETS, not cut up or assembled, you will find that the custom duty on the sheets is much less than the tariff on finished books. Publishers in NY always get their editions of books which originally are set up in England in sheets and bind them here. Take a look at the volume by Sirin on Chinese Gardens. The sheets were printed in Sweden, the book was published in London, the American edition was bound in the US for the same sheets with an appropriate NY title page. Only the binding was done in the US. There are outfits in LA who could do this binding. Perkins had his reprinting of the Laufer book on Jade printed and bound by the Westwood Press in LA. This was a litho copy of a book originally published in Chicago by the Field Museum in 1902, and is a really good printing job, tho I think the material used in the cover is lousy, but that is because of Perkin’s lack of taste in the selection of the binding.

If you have the text printed in Hongkong, I hope you have proofs sent to you to read before it is printed. Chinese printers are notoriously careless about proof reading, and also care

less about making corrections after the proof is corrected. I hope you have in advance an ironclad guarantee that they will make the corrections indicated. Coole thought the printer was making the corrections for his Bibliography, but the printer just ignored the whole thing, and there are literally thousands of errors in the volume of only about 400 pages. In this connection, I have done a lot of proof reading in my time, and will volunteer to proofread your book for free, if you will furnish a set of proofs to me. Then you could reconcile my proofs with your own before sending back the corrected proofs to the printer, and perhaps lessen the chances of error. What you did not find, I might, and vice versa.

Now with regard to the estimate. I do not follow you as to the figures $119.60 or $11,960. My calculation of their estimate for the text reproduction is as follows:

500 pages of text, more or less, in multiples of 8 pages, printed 4 on sheets, at the rate of $17.30 per 8 pages, comes to approximately $1,089.90. For the purpose of this estimate I am figuring on 504 pages, as that number is a multiple of the 8-page sheets which they supply, 8 goes into 504, 63 times. Therefore there will be 63 different sheets of the text at $17.30 per 8 pages, makes the above figure for 1,000 copies, as they have already been paid for the reproduction costs, and the setting up of the printing machinery, and the difference between the cost of 500 copies and 1,000 copies should represent only the additional cost of paper, ink, and press work.

Another thing, you should have it understood in advance that the plates belong to you, and are to be shipped to you with the printed matter, so that in case you should wish to have a second edition printed at some future time, you would have the plates all set up, and would have to figure only on the printing thereafter.

Recently I have been in correspondence with the man who went to Chengtu, Szechuan, to install the mint machinery. He says that the dies for the first silver coins, the dollar, 1/2 dollar, 20, 10, and 5 pieces, as well as for the holed cash

pieces, were made in the US mint a Philadelphia. He also states that his company made the mint machinery for the mints at Wuchang, Hupeh, and Kaifeng, Honan, tho he did not have the installation of these outfits.

Have a set of the 1/2 dollar, 20 and 10 proofs of the 3d year silver pieces of Yuan Shih-kai with L.Giorgi on the 1st and L.G. on the other two pieces. They are in mint fine condition, FDC, and on approval. What do you consider a fair valuation of these pieces? I already have the dollar, but don’t remember where I got it or how much I paid for it.

Keefer sent me such of the tael and 1/2 tael 1856 Shanghai as he has for study in connection with some investigation of these coins. Previously he said he had 15 or 20 pieces, but when the lot was received it turned out that 3 were obvious forgeries, which of course he knew, and had euphoneously

labeled “restrikes”. He had 2 specimens of the commonest tael, both good, and one doubtful, 1 each of the Shih C101and C10-3. He had 1 each of C10-2 and C10-4. Three of the taels and one of the 1-2 taels have different reeding than I have ever seen before, and I don’t know what to think of them. They are also too heavy, being respectively 570.9, 574.0, and 572.5 grains. Woodward’s average was 564.85 grains. The 1/2 tael weighs 293.2 grains, which is also too high. I’m glad he owns the lot and not me, as they all are made, that is the 3 doubtful taels, are struck from different dies than the photos I have from Shih.

Am returning the Edwards letter herewith.

With best wishes,

Very truly,

Dear Mr Bowker,

Thank you for your letter of 22nd inst. To be frank, I am now more confused than before.

There is no question at all as to the printing of the text; this will be done either at Hongkong (have estimates from a British shop and also from a Chinese shop there) or by a Jap printing shop at Los Angeles. Edition to be 1,000.

What I wanted to hear from Edwards is: How much will they charge me for actually printing 100 pages (50 leaves) of coin illustrations, i.e. altogether 100,000 pages? These I would ship to Hongkong and have them inserted into the text according to my indications. I want no stripping or temporary binding. For the American copies I am

Los Angeles June 24, 1950

considering to hold the requisite number of illustrations here and have the binding done in this country. For your guidance I am enclosing copy of today’s letter to Edward Bros.

I gratefully accept your offer to assist me in proofreading; four eyes see clearer than two.

Regarding your inquiry as to the Yuan Shih-kai coins with L.Giorgi (or initials) I give you hereby the following sellers prices, which prevailed in Shanghai in spring 1949:

Bowker

I have the entire set. Of the 1 $ I own 3 different specimens; either different in Yuan Shi-kai’s portrait, or in the size of L.Giorgi (letters).

What you write about Keefers coins is not new to me. He has an enormous amount of hotchpotch mixtures and appears anxious to swallow up all forgeries or bogus pieces, as long as they are cheap. Yet, I must say that he sometimes buys good coins ridiculously cheap, I wonder what is the state of his health now? Kalgan Shih wrote me that(from information obtained through his son) Keefer also has business troubles.

What you write about the mint installation of certain Chinese provinces is of interest to me; partly for my chapter (you have the booklet) History of Minting in China. The man’s name and address is of no concern to me. But probably you have the name of the factory which made the machinery. I should like to insert that name into my essay. This is no secret, I’m sure.

When you say that the Philadelphia mint made the first dies for the Szechuen set, you mean of course the very rare

set. I don’t own a single one. The unfortunate part is that the Philadelphia mint could give out a bundle of valuable information. Though I am on very friendly term with the director Dressel, I cannot get a thing. It is “verboten” by Washington, except with the permission of the Chinese authorities. It amused me when Ritchie wrote me that he will ask for a rubbing in Philadelphia of the 1948 essay Chinese $2 coin, which was struck in my presence there, but not adopted. I bet he will not succeed.

Ritchie was not sure whether he will be enabled to end his tour via Los Angeles. I shall be pleased to see him here, but hope that he would write beforehand.

To Keefer I also sent the Vienna coin copies, as well as photos of the Kiouchou differences and the Austrian nickels. But he never thought it worth while to acknowledge recent. Are you under the impression that he got over his illness?

Greetings from

Yours sincerely,

Messrs Edwards Brothers, Inc.

An Arbor, Michigan

I want to thank you for your letter of 9th inst. Although I am academically educated person with a great deal of uncommon sense. I must admit that I have not the slightest notion of what the estimated costs of a planned reproduction of 100 pages(50 leaves) would be. In my embarrassment I sent your letter to a friend, who is experienced and practical, for interpretation. But his answer leaves me still more confused.

Los Angeles June 24, 1950

I shall therefore attempt to one more a very plain question, resting you to kindly give me your plain reply. In doing this, please state whether you propose to base your estimate on the half-tone, or the photo-offset process, i.e. whether there would be metal plates, or none? If there were plates, would these automatically revert to me as my property?

What I wish to be enlighted upon is this:

I am asking for an estimate of cost for 100 pages (50 leaves) of Chinese coin photos reproduced by you 1,000 times, as

the first edition of my catalogue in to be 1,000.

Possibly there will be more than 100 such pages; if so, am I correct in assuming that the extra cost (above 100 pages) will rise in proportion? Or will the excess be cheaper in price? Size of the actual picture space will be 5*7 inches.

I propose to type at the bottom of each page: Table XXX (or so) on the lower left, and the title, on the lower right. Therefore no strip-ins would be needed. As the reproduction are to be in original size of existing photos, no enlargements or reduction are required. No saddle stitching or binding would be needed; and not even the cutting into single sheets would be required, as these (16 pages on a large sheet) would be shipped to Hongkong, there to be inserted into the

catalogue which Hongkong printers would set up by type, much cheaper than I could obtain the printing in this country.

On the basis of these plain questions it ought to be possible to give me a plain and unambiguous reply as to what it would cost me f.o.b. Ann Arbor, to have 100,000 pages (in 100 different varieties) printed or lithographed by you in entire sheets of 16? I then shall be able to decide whether to go on with the project, seek other means, or abandon it.

Thanking you for your attention, I am.

Very truly Yours,

Dear Mr. Kann:

Your letter of the 24th with enclosure, was received today. Sorry my remarks were not of much assistance in clearing up your understanding of the Edwards Bros. Estimate.

I am returning herewith the photograph of the SYS 16 th year dollar, and I thank you for having sent it to me.

Am all enclosing a photograph of the 1 dollar Sinkiang piece of 1949. This was received from Clark of the ANS, which was made it is so much better than a photograph which you sent to Ritchie, I thought that you would wish to obtain a copy for your own use. Please return the present copy at your convenience. Clark tells me he will be on vacation throughout July, and will go into the matter of the Tibetan rubbings when he returns.

1716 Gouldin Road, Oakland 11, Calif. 27 June 1950

Am very appreciative of your information relative to the L.G and L.GIORGI proofs. Guess I shall have to buy them, as the quotation is considerably below your estimates.

Had not intended to make any secret of anything with regard to the Szechuan mint matters of which I spoke. In fact, I mentioned the matter to you so that you could indicate whether or not you were interested, I sometimes think my detailed interest in such matters bores others. You may be correct in your surmise that the dies which were made in Philadelphia for the Szechuan installation were for the rare type of silver coins, but I do not think so. I am enclosing herewith a blueprint of what appears to be a display board which is in the possession of the firm which made the minting machinery, Ferracute Machine Co., of Bridgeton N.J. The coins there on displayed are made from the dies from the Philadelphia Mint, and are definitely not of the rare type.

As is usual, the cash pieces are inverted, the upper pair being the Szechuan issue, while the lower pair are the Hupeh issue. With regard to the latter, the dies supplied by Philadelphia were not used in Wuchang, but they made their own dies for a smaller and lighter weight coin for circulation. I happen to have a specimen of the circulated variety, and received specimens of the two varieties pictured herewith from Mr.Janvier, See his article, item 750 of my Bibliography, which is more of a travelogue than a description of the mint or the minting of the coins. However, I expect to receive shortly a newspaper clipping of an article which was published in the local newspaper in Bridgeton which he wrote, which may have something of interest in it, in which case I will send it to you if you wish. You will find the enclosed blueprint printed in the January 1927 issue of the Numismatist.

Keefer had not mentioned the state of his health in his recent letters, so I assumed that he felt that he was improving. Previously he had written at great length to either Ritchie or myself, detailing all of his symptoms and the details of his several operations, but of late has said nothing on those subjects.

With best regards,

Bowker

霍華德·包克與耿愛德的通信

（1950年5月- 6月）

◎ 編注：史博祿〔美國〕

霍華德 包克 耿愛德

尊敬的耿愛德先生：

您在上一封信中提到的那批照片在寄出後的第一周就到 了。我非常感謝您為我寄來的那些照片，現在正在為自 己和裏奇（Ritchie）複製底片。我週五晚上去了他家， 我們嘗試在相紙上複製這些最有趣物品的底片和照片。

由於我們對攝影都很外行，我不確定拍攝的效果是否會 令人滿意。到目前為止，我除了在暗室裏，還沒有見過 成品。如果結果不理想，我將把它們送到加州大學，讓 他們繼續處理。

隨信附上亨利·格倫塔爾（Henry Grunthal）拍賣目 錄上錢幣的複製品。我認為這種複製方式是最成功的， 即使是那些異常扁平或磨損的錢幣，也能像我在洛杉磯 時向您們描述的那樣，通過石膏模型製作出來。也許您 可以寫信給格倫塔爾，詢問這種複製品的價格。我將隨 信附上他的地址。

在吉林銀幣上發現的拼寫錯誤肯定非常多，這一定花費 了您很多時間。人們推測您是打算把它納入您的書中， 但無論如何，我還是很感激能收到您的試行本。這裏的 人很少看到幣商提供這樣的錯版幣，至少我從來沒有發 現過很多這樣的錯版幣。如果他們偶然發現了錯版，也 會開出極高的價格。我只有極少數的幾種，而且還是不 太重要的幾種。

感謝您對施嘉幹的英文文本所做的更正，比如他說 cast，其實意思是機製幣的鑄造所用的單詞struck等 等。我已經閱讀了大部分文本，並在我的副本中做了更 正。我想，無論是施嘉幹還是他的朋友李教授，都不會

1950年5月7日

加州奧克蘭古爾丁路1716號

樂意看到這個最嚴重的缺陷，這會引起他們的注意。

我最近收到澳大利亞悉尼一位中國錢幣收藏家的來信。 他寄來了他收藏的兩枚新疆金幣的拓片。我以前從未見 過這兩枚錢幣。不過我有記錄顯示，上世紀40年代初， 塞拜（Seaby）曾在倫敦的廣告信函中兩次出售這兩枚 錢幣。它們的正面有兩面交叉的旗幟，這是1912年在新 疆發行的銀幣和銅幣的特徵。其正面與新疆的兩枚金幣 相似。我不記得在您給我看的金幣中見過這兩枚，我想 知道您是否把它們寫進了您的手稿。他聲稱這些錢是他 直接從一位駐新疆的記者那裏得到的，但事實上，他提 到他還有孫中山像開國紀念半圓銀幣，以及黎元洪像無 帽和戴帽半圓銀幣。據我所知，所有這些都是贗品。

8號（週一）

昨天有許多親朋好友來訪，他們在此逗留了一整天，打 斷了我的工作，因此我沒有機會寫完這封信。

我收到基弗（Keefer）的另一封信。他在信中報告說， 他已經挺過了第三次手術。如果身體狀況足夠好，他希 望至少再做兩次手術。當然，他的身體也受到了困擾。

他從來沒有在信中提供過多少錢幣信息，所以我特別高 興能得到太平（天國）金幣的影印件。我同意您的看法， 這很可能就是梅斯尼（Mesny）在他的期刊中提到的那 枚。它們似乎倖存下來了，可能可以在英國或法國找到， 因為大多數與太平天國有聯繫的歐洲人都來自這兩個國 家。奇怪的是，伍德華（Woodward）在為《新中國評論》 （New China Review）撰寫關於金幣的文章時，從未 提及他擁有或瞭解這枚金幣。

香港的一位朋友給我寄來了一批大約60枚中國銀幣、銅 幣和鉛幣的拓片，上海的一些幣商對這些拓片要價950 美元。銀幣拓片中不乏一些稀有甚至罕見的錢幣，主要 來自西藏和新疆。

其中有一些早期製作的粗糙圖片，包括乾隆時期的大銅 錢，一枚有點像蔣仲川目錄28號幣的銀幣。那枚銀幣的 藏文一側的內圈是單行的文字而不是日期，漢字一側的 中心是一朵四葉花。這些拓片非常精美，我想留着它們， 但我的代理人說幣商想要回它們。此外，還有一些我從 未見過記錄的西藏錢幣。如果您想看拓片，我會寄給您， 但請儘快歸還。裏奇和我試圖製作一些銀幣的底片，但

我還不知結果如何。

祝好

此致 敬禮

尊敬的包克先生：

謹回復您4月30日、5月7日和8日的來信。

上海製造的壹兩和五錢的花邊是一樣的。我家裏只有一 枚五錢銀餅。如果您有興趣，我可以將您發現的齒邊製 作方式的問題列入我的目錄，並注明出處。

關於施嘉幹一書中所謂的錯誤，我很清楚編號為C2-3 的新疆幣是在蘭州製造的。我不明白我為什麼會犯這樣 的疏漏。我不僅有您的影印件，還有布希爾（Bushell） 多年前的原稿。我還記下了書中的第二批錯誤，但還沒 有打出來。打出來後，我會寄給您。

我不知道您為什麼要複製我上次寄給您的那批錢幣的照 片。我的意思是讓您保留這些底片，如果他想要這些 底片，可以在裏奇製作了影印件的影本之後再歸還底片 （複印件的成本要低得多）。

密歇根大學出版社非常友好地寫信給我說，密歇根大學 出版社沒有印刷設施。它只是作為出版商，與外部簽訂 印刷合同。他們還補充說，他們從未用鉛字印刷過日文。

包克

另外，您沒有回應我寄出的由愛德華兄弟公司印製的廣 告信函。

注：塞拜在20世紀40年代出售民國新疆金幣。

1950年5月11日 洛杉磯

他們的一份出版物是用膠印工藝複製的日文，上面的字 通常是手工刻的。因此，我們無法通過密歇根大學印刷。 有兩份來自香港的報價，但都建議在美國製作插圖。我 最近看到了一種有趣的工藝，即在Vari-Typewriter這 個打字機上印刷。這種機器可以像印刷書籍一樣複製副 本，而且有多種字體大小。機器的價格根據型號從 500 美元到1 900美元不等。但麻煩的是打字時不能出錯，這 意味着我必須聘請一名有經驗的打字員，然後讓人手工 填寫漢字。然後通過膠印工藝進行整體複製。我擔心這 樣做會過於昂貴。我同意您的觀點，即用石膏翻鑄硬幣， 然後進行拍照，這樣照片效果會很好。但是，我已經花 了數千美元來拍這些糟糕的照片，我對這所需要的工作 量和時間感到瘋狂。

我非常有興趣看到來自上海的西藏/新疆幣的拓片。我 保證在收到後一到兩天內還給您。

致以最誠摯的問候

謹啟

尊敬的包克先生：

我今天才給您寫信。因為我不是每天都下山，所以我匆 忙地把信交給了我的妻子，她出去打橋牌了。我之前忘 了附上格倫塔爾（Gruenthal）的插圖，現隨信附上。

我還想再談談您提到的關於悉尼一位收藏家發現中國金 幣的事。我曾在上海的一位收藏家那裏見過背面有五條 杠交叉旗幟的新疆錢幣。雖然看起來是真品，但仍值得 懷疑。孫中山像半圓或黎元洪像半圓錢幣，無論其材質 如何，都肯定是假的。

錯版吉林銀幣不可能在數小時內記錄下來（錯版吉林幣 是我的專長，我差不多有其中的97%）。我花了好幾年 時間才把它們記下來，因為我是一點一點發現它們的。

事實上，我希望將它們納入我的目錄。

1950 年 5 月 11 日

洛杉磯 您寫的是1931年1月舒爾曼（Schulman）拍賣會上的 中國錢幣珍品，但您可能是想指1950年那場。

我匆忙之中把第二份施嘉幹書中錯誤和疏漏之處的清單 打了出來。我覺得我在清單中提及的所有問題都是準確 無疑的。我給您和裏奇各附一份清單，請不要將其寄還 給我。

此致 敬禮

謹啟

注：關於1856年上海壹兩及五錢齒邊的問題，詳見1950年4 月30日通信。

施嘉幹目錄中所載的第二份錯漏表

fol 23 C4-1A 您說年份是同治（1884），但應該是1864 年。這一年太平天國運動剛剛結束。

fol.18 C2-7 您說它是極其罕見的樣幣。但我在上海買到 過很多這種樣幣，面值在伍角至壹圓之間。

fol.31 02-9 您說的年份是 1920年（1902年），但從照片 上看不出年份。不過，我認為回曆1310年（1893年）是 第一年生產這種錢幣。請調查一下。

fol.19 02-17 您說年份為1320-1324，而我只看到過年份 為1321-1325的。請調查一下。

fol.20 02-30 您說有一枚三錢銀幣，但沒有二錢銀幣。

這一點您錯了。我有二錢銀幣（龍尾向右），也有其兩 種版別的一錢銀幣。

fol.24 C4-5A 您說與前述相似，但增加了銘文察冀區。 但您忘了說明它的年份是1881年（而 C4-5 是1837年發 行的）。

fol.31 C10您說上海壹兩的坯餅上陰刻名字等。但名字 的銘文為浮雕，並非陰刻。

fol.39 C15-78 值得一提的是該幣僅知 2枚樣幣，出自秦 子幃和耿愛德收藏。

fol.40 C17-25 這無疑是造幣廠私下做的，不應編入目 錄。

fol.40 C17-26 您說它的年份是1915年，實際上是1925年 （民國十四年）。

fol.23 C4-1 您（在最後一行）說道，重量 25 克或庫平 （？）略少於一錢。意思不清楚。您可能想說的是重量 略少於壹圓，一錢僅重3.7克。

fol.42 C20-3 您說如前所述，但它實際上與前面的版別 截然不同。

fol.44 C24-1 您認為這些錢幣是由山西的一家私人公司 製造的。我認為這不符合邏輯。建議查閱1917年《皇家 亞洲學會雜誌》第137卷中羅斯（Giuseppe Ros）的文 章。我擁有4枚完全不同版別的這種有趣錢幣。

fol.45 025-3 您將這枚鎳幣歸於甘肅。為什麼？我幾乎可 以肯定，它是在湖北製造的，也是為湖北製造的。可以 詢問Mah先生。

fol.50 D3-15 您是這麼描述這枚民國二十一年孫中山 像銀幣的：已經投入市場的數量並不多。但實際上還有 51 000枚該種銀幣在市場上流通。當時總共鑄造了226 萬枚這樣的錢幣。我當時是造幣委員會的成員，我對 官方數字非常確定。

fol.54 E2-7 您說是在1912年2月2日，在袁世凱就任大 總統之際，天津造幣廠鑄造了這枚錢幣以示慶祝，等等。 這是不正確的。袁世凱當時可能被選為省主席。他當選 總統的時間是1914年10月6日，而這枚錢幣正是在1914 年製造的。證據是在1912年3月12日，天津造幣廠被燒 毀和洗劫一空，我親眼目睹了這場災難。此外，1912年

時，L. Giorgi並不在中國。

fol.54 E2-9 您說袁世凱在1916年春正式稱帝。這是不正 確的，因為他只是做了稱帝的準備。該事件從未發生過 （那些外國人試圖篡改我們中國的歷史。）您還忘了說這 枚錢幣僅發行於1917年或1918年。

E2-21 我幾乎可以肯定，這枚孫中山像紀念幣（1928年） 是第一枚孫中山像紀念幣，於 1912 年在廣州製造（也 可能是後來在天津製造的）。1927年前後，E2-18在南 京和杭州（更大程度上）生產。請進行調查，可以詢問 Mah先生。

我需要糾正自己以下這點錯誤：

在第一份錯誤清單中，我錯誤地指出第一項，即 fol.18 C2-2 是在喀什格爾鑄造的。這是我的疏忽。這枚錢幣是 在蘭州鑄造的。刪除該項。

注：

C15-78即 K 983。

勘誤中提到了帆船銀幣的鑄造量。

尊敬的耿愛德先生：

您11日的兩封信同時到達。您無需把目錄中的那些圖片 退還給我，因為我對它們沒有特別的興趣，只是想向您 展示我認為效果最好的插圖類型。

關於密歇根大學給您的答復，我沒有建議您寫信給他們， 是因為我很清楚該大學沒有任何印刷設施，他們的書籍 是由其他出版商印刷的。我確實說過，廣告信函中登載 的書籍是中英文結合的，最適合您使用，而提到的那本 日文書籍其實是由愛德華兄弟公司（Edwards Bros）

1950年5月14日 加州奧克蘭古爾丁路1716號 完成的。這是一家位於美國密歇根州安娜堡市的印刷廠， 他們有一臺電動打字機。書是通過一臺電動打字機完成 的。他們在完成的副本中留出了手工插入漢字的空間， 然後通過攝影膠印工藝複製頁面。如果印刷出來的右側 邊距不統一，那麼它便是由普通的電子打字機完成，而 如果要將字體對齊，使右側邊距與之相同，則需要由另 一種名為Varityper（Varityper是一個專業的打字機 品牌）的打字機完成。我不明白這兩種機器在機械上有 什麼不同，只知道後者在打字和列印之間有一個中間步 驟，可以使每一行的行距變得均勻。

這兩種方法都不需要購買機器。您可以根據您的影本輸 入和插入漢字，其他公司使用 Vari-typer打字機的公司 也可以做到。

我提到的舒爾曼目錄是1931年在莫蘭出版的，而不是 紐約。

我注意到您在談到上海壹兩時使用了花邊一詞。我相信 您不會在書中不加區分地混淆邊齒和花邊這兩個術語。

如果您翻翻字典，就會發現這兩個詞是同義詞，前者指 錢幣的邊緣，而後者則指錢幣上由模具製作的邊緣。我

注意到施嘉幹犯了一個錯誤，他把邊齒稱為花邊，我相 信您也不會這樣做。

非常感謝您就施嘉幹的錯誤所做的進一步回復的副本， 我將把副本轉交給裏奇。關於施嘉幹的書，我不認為 C2-1銀幣來自喀什噶爾。顯然，他這麼認為是因為幣上 有喀什噶爾錢幣上的首字母。但這個阿拉伯字母也出現 在喀布爾和其他許多地方的硬幣上。我之所以認為這枚 錢幣不是阿古柏下令鑄造的，也不是喀什噶爾的，是因 為首字母後面的阿拉伯文與喀什噶爾碑文的內容完全不 符。雖然我覺得自己沒有能力對這枚幣的鑄造地發表意

見，但我肯定這不是喀什噶爾的，也許是印度的。施嘉 幹又一次被弄糊塗了。我想我會寫信給克拉克（Clark）， 問問他對這一點的看法。我注意到您對C8-7號錢幣的評 論，我想得到一些該錢幣的樣幣。最近，我得到了四枚 這樣大小的阿古柏銀幣，但迄今為止，我還沒有發現印 有漢字和滿文的這種銀幣。有一段時間，我以為施嘉幹 在他的C2-1中發現了我不知道的東西，因為我從未見過 這麼大的阿古柏銀幣。但現在我認為，他在這枚錢幣上 沒有發現任何與中國發行錢幣相關的東西。

至於他的C2-6，上面所有的字元都顛倒了，我敢說這是 一件偽造品，是有人用一件真品做樣板，用它來製作鑄 模，再用鑄模來鑄造這枚錢幣。我不記得他在這裏的時 候有這枚幣。他給了我他在布魯克林拍攝的這一系列照 片，其中沒有這張，C2-5才是他的錢幣。也許這是他回 到上海後的新發現。我隨信附上從香港收到的兩批拓片， 一批33張，另一批13張。後一批中還有一些銅幣，您可 能對它們並不感興趣，但我還是把它們寄來了，因為我 想把收到的這些幣放在一起。希望您能從中發現有趣的 東西。

致以最真誠的問候

尊敬的包克先生：

您本月14日的來信已於昨日送達。我按照約定，在此將 拓片歸還，並表示感謝。拓片上的新疆銀幣屬於中上等， 但沒什麼值得誇耀的。（根據拓片判斷，）阿克蘇三錢銀 幣似乎是偽造的。

更令我感興趣的是西藏的錢幣。我強烈建議您為整枚西 藏銀幣拍一張照片，這只需花費1美元。首先，照片可 供您自己存檔；其次，您可以將底片寄給克拉克，他仍 在撰寫一本關於西藏銀幣的書。您可能會說，他更喜歡 索取而不是給予，並且他還不配合。沒錯。但畢竟，如 果他的著作問世，也應該盡可能完整，為後人服務。然

1950年5月17日

洛杉磯 後，您就能更好地適當引用他的著作。最後，請您把底 片借給我一兩天，並附上克拉克的評論和解釋。

我今天寫信給安娜堡的那家印刷廠，詢問他們的報價。 我見 Vari-typewriter 打字機，它無疑是非常出色的打 字機。但是，為了一本書而購買一臺機器，加上配件和 額外的打字機，需要花費600美元，這就太愚蠢了，因 為我不能自己打字，這樣容易出錯。我昨天在外面問了 一下，打八開的頁面，每打一頁收費35美元。這太貴了。

謝謝您提醒我注意花邊和齒邊之間的區別。我想我在手 稿中沒有混淆這兩者。

我完全同意您的看法，C2-1 錢幣不是新疆幣。事實上， 從我看到它的第一天起，我就確信這一點。

我有一些C2-7的錢幣，但每一枚都不一樣，否則我應 該把它們寄給您。

幣上的漢字有許多訛誤和顛倒。這 不是因為造假，而是因為這些錢幣的設計者根本不懂 中文，就像吉林銀幣設計者的錢幣上的那些英文一樣 可笑。

在阿古柏統治時期或其後不久的五分新疆銀幣上，有不 少這樣的顛倒或篡改的漢文題刻。最近施嘉幹給我寫信 說，他在上海買了60枚這種小銀幣。我相信他每枚花 的錢不會超過五角。

您上次來的時候，把我著作中一些未裝訂的章節帶走 了，我建議您裝訂成冊。最近，我需要查閱一個或幾個

尊敬的耿愛德先生：

鑒於裏奇已經歸還了奧地利樣幣照片的影印件以及四川 和膠州錢幣的影印件，我現將它們一併寄還給您，並表 示感謝。他獲得了這批奧地利樣幣以及其他錢幣的極好 的照片，並對它們非常滿意。我寄給您的那些照片是我 們製作的拓片，效果不太好。

我最近收到了來自上海的信件，大部分是我以前打過交 道的書商寫來的，還有一封是紙幣商Lieu寫來的。他 答應寄來選集，但迄今為止還沒有任何選集寄來。我還 不清楚如何就他寄來的這些東西匯款給上海的他，但我 想時間長了就會知道了。如果您有任何關於如何向那裏 匯款的好主意，我將樂於傾聽。

感謝您對上海壹兩和五錢銀餅齒邊的回復。既然您說您 家裏只有一枚，那麼我可以理解為，您的話是憑記憶說 的。雖然我不會為了讓您回答我的詢問，而要求您從保 險箱中取出更多的銀餅，但我希望您在下次遇到這種銀

章節。事實上，我不時需要參考內容。因此，如果有機 會，請一併寄來（未裝訂的內容）。非常感謝。

致以最誠摯的問候

在舒爾曼最後一本金幣的目錄中，對一枚拾圓洪憲金幣 報價75美元，上面有雕刻師L. Giorgi的首字母縮寫。

如果仍然有貨，我願意購買。

史密斯父子（惠頓三世）就基弗的情況寫信給我道： 唐·基弗（Don Keefer）恢復得很好，他現在可以去 看他的女兒們了。

（但願這是真的）。

注：信中提到了史密斯父子談到了基弗的情況。

1950年5月19日

加州奧克蘭古爾丁路1716號

餅時能看一看，以核實此事的真實情況。我隨信附上用 兩枚銀餅（壹兩和五錢）製作的照片。您無疑會同意我 的觀點，即這兩枚銀餅上的齒邊是通過相同的工藝製作 而成的，只是模具的尺寸不同而已。我想核實一下，您 們這兩枚銀餅上的刻槽是否符合人們對銀餅B的印象， 以及您的五錢銀餅上的齒邊是否符合人們對銀餅A的印 象。

製作壹兩銀餅的資料載於威廉·洛克哈特（William Lockhart）於1861年在倫敦出版的《在中國的醫學傳 教士》（The Medial Missionary in China）的第80-82 頁。我準備了幾個月的一篇文章不久將發表在一本錢幣 期刊上。

謹致問候

包克

注：信中提到了1856年上海壹兩和五錢銀餅。

1950年5月24日

洛杉磯

致密歇根州安娜堡市愛德華兄弟公司

尊敬的先生們，

約翰·萊迪先生請注意（. John B. Leidy）：

感謝您本月22日的估價。我必須承認，由於我對您的技 術性貿易表述不太熟悉，我無法準確地瞭解。以前我的 書都是由出版社出版的，因此我不負責印刷並且不了解 它的成本。您說您附上了紙張樣本，但實際上這是您方 疏漏的。為了更清楚地瞭解情況，我就您提供的估價提 出我的看法。“直接再版”是指我應將vari-typed打字 機列印的東西和有中文穿插的稿件寄給您們，由您們用 膠印工藝複製。您提到了500頁。我是否可以認為，少 於 500 頁的任何數字都會被扣除，而多於 500 頁的任何

數字都會按比例增加？

關於複製插圖的成本問題，您說的半色調複製是指照相 膠印法嗎？如果不是，那是哪種方法？現階段我還不知道 錢幣目錄的確切頁數，但按每頁報價應該沒有問題。我 說的頁是指紙頁的一面，兩面都要利用。您說，除了每 個需要單獨相機設置的圖片，每整頁收費3美元。你提 到的最後一條規定我也不清楚。我的照片不用放大或縮 小我的照片。錢幣均按原尺寸拍攝，並應保持原尺寸。

插圖約占對開本 5*7 英寸的空間。

我假設在這種情況下不會收取相機設置費，這是否正確？

如果我對您做的說明理解正確，粗略估計如下：（1 000 本圖書）

(1) 500 页 直接複製 ...... 1 740（美元，下同）

(2) 500 页 洛杉磯的 Vari-typed 打字機，5 美元

(3) 100 页 插圖整頁 3 美元

(4) 100 页 插圖穿插在正文中

(5) 在洛杉矶插入汉字

(6) 装订 1 000 册，每册 75 美分

(7) 错误剪切的特殊类型

(8) 包装、运输、保险、杂费

(9) 我的原始照片的價格至少是

（兩臺打字機，各 50 頁）

6 500 美元 這一估算不包括我自己四年來的工作，也沒有考慮給書 店和其他目錄銷售商的 20-25% 的傭金。我提到這一點 只是為了讓您瞭解實際情況，目的是幫助您認識到單一 國家的錢幣目錄無法承受這樣的成本。不過，我將對您 的最終意見表示感謝。我還附上我手稿中的一頁，請您 在閱讀後將其退還給我。

我最後想問一下，您是否願意只為複製插圖報價。請問 每一頁（2面）將使用哪一種工藝流程？每頁需要1 000 份。

謹致

尊敬的包克先生：

您19日的來信已收到，照片底片和未裝訂的中央銀行樣 幣照片也已收到，非常感謝。

我特意去銀行檢查了上海五錢銀餅，但由於這麼多錢幣 被放在一個大箱子裏，我只找出了一枚。也許我擁有的 數量不超過兩枚。

其齒邊的樣式與國內的相同，即同樣幣B，與壹兩錢幣 相同（只是小一些）。

當然，我也對您關於上海壹兩的文章感興趣。如果它能 出現在《錢幣學家》（Numismatist）雜誌上，那我就 能看到了。如果它被投稿給其他期刊，我希望您能寄給 我一份副本。

為了向您展示維也納造幣廠錢幣的照片有多漂亮，我隨 信附上一張孫中山像陵墓壹圓銀幣的照片。您和裏奇可 以隨意複印照片或拍照，然後請將原件還給我。

這似乎是唯一一件現存錢幣的照片。該錢幣為磨砂材質， 呈灰色，現為本人收藏。

尊敬的耿愛德先生：

我幾天前按照您的要求寄出了文章裝訂冊。我相信它們 將完好無損。我非常後悔，沒有在我拿到它們之初，便 如預期的那樣裝訂好它們。但當時我也無法預料到，我 將被困在醫院很長時間，從醫院回家後精力衰竭，這似 乎會極大地耽誤一個人做許多想做的事情。

謹隨函附上我正在撰寫的一篇文章的第一頁初稿，希望

1950年5月26日

洛杉磯

施嘉幹的兒子現在紐約。至於向上海匯款的問題，我認 為沒有任何困難。您僅需寄出一張支票，讓那裏的收款 人將其賣給中國銀行或黑市。另一種選擇是，您可以詢 問對方，您希望以何種方式、在何處獲得付款？ 我們向您和您的太太致以最誠摯的問候。

謹上

出於好奇，我隨函附上我對愛德華兄弟公司估價的答復。 它們不是最便宜的，而是迄今為止最昂貴的。

一位美國軍官給我寄來了所附的拓片。這枚錢幣是他最 近從《錢幣學家》雜誌編輯莫瑟先生（Mosher）手中 買來的。莫瑟先生持有這枚錢幣已有20年之久。

在我看來，這是一枚假幣。您以前見過它嗎？

注：

信中提到了1856年上海五錢銀餅。

信中提到了僅見的磨砂精製陵墓銀幣。

1950年5月28日

加州奧克蘭古爾丁路1716號 您能發表意見，因為其中提到了您發表的一些文章。我 希望您在文章發表前而不是發表後發表評論，特別是萬 一我文中的假設不正確的話。

關於 1856 年上海壹兩和五錢銀餅，我想知道您的藏品 中是否有這兩種面額的銀餅，其雕刻者的名字與蔣仲川 目錄的80號一樣為王永盛，但兩個銘文的周圍都有凸緣， 並且邊緣有一些刻痕？如果您收藏有這樣的五錢銀餅， 它的五字是用四筆寫成的，還是用六筆寫成的？

我個人對沒有凸起輪廓的銘文樣幣的真實性持懷疑態 度。我認為它們很可能是偽造的，幾乎是在原版錢幣發 行後立即發行的。當然，我指的是施嘉幹的C10-4號和 伍德華的E種錢幣，以及其他可能存在的無輪廓的錢幣。

我讓加州大學為我從中國獲得的大部分拓片製作了影印 件，並在不久前寄給了您，您已經收到了。除了那枚太 平（天國）金幣，影印件的效果都非常好。您給我寄來 了基弗樣幣的影印底片，我把它放在了我的書中。它的 背面完全是黑色的，根本看不清銘文，但這只是小事一 樁。我正按照您的建議，把西藏銀幣的照片寄給克拉克， 請他發表看法。如果您需要，我會把他的任何意見連同 一套印刷品一併轉給您。

您如何理解拍品中道光銅錢樣式的阿克蘇銀幣？我擁有 或見過的所有道光銅錢背面的孔上方都標有“八年”的 字樣，上面“阿克蘇”的維文書寫方式也與這枚不同。

我手頭所有維文首筆或上筆有此特徵的都是乾隆或嘉慶 時期的銅錢。您認為這種銀幣在道光年間真的在新疆流 通過嗎？

不久前，我非常驚訝的收到了劉先生從上海寄來的信。

幾天前，我又收到了王先生從廣東寄來的信。

尊敬的耿愛德先生：

您26日的來信及其附文已收悉，感謝您將其附上。

關於所謂的“湖南壹兩”，我曾在一段時間前看到過， 但不記得具體是在哪里看到的。我不認為它是真品，因 為它太小了，不可能真的是一兩銀幣，而我也從未聽說 過湖南有鑄造金幣的地方。我以為這只是按照眾所周 知的湖南小銀錠臆造出來。我有可能是在費城裏德先生

我終於找到了我在那裏時的那份精美的放大鏡廣告。遺 憾的是，廣告函上沒有我購買它所通過的經銷商的名字， 但我已寫信給紐約州羅切斯特的博士倫公司，並附上了 通函，詢問是否還生產這種產品。一旦有了他們的消息， 我會告訴您。

我希望您能獲得您在信中提到的那枚刻有L. Giorgi字 樣的洪憲金幣。這對您的金幣收藏來說是個不錯的補充。

L. Giorgi後來怎麼樣了？他離開中國後回到羅馬造幣廠 了嗎？我注意到意大利1923年的2里拉硬幣上有他的名 字，而且是在羅馬造幣廠製造的。如果您還沒有注意到 他在您的書中有一些為中國設計的錢幣，也許您之後會 注意到這一點。

謹啟

注：

信中提到了1856年上海五錢銀餅。

信中提到了基弗的太平天國金幣。

信中提到了道光新疆銀幣。

信中提到了帶 L. Giorgi 簽字的洪憲金幣。

此處設計了1923年2里拉硬幣的 L. Giorgi 是另一位。

1950年5月20日 加州奧克蘭古爾丁路1716號 （Reed）的店裏看到它的，後來布洛瓦收購了它，但我 不確定。它可能與史密斯（Smith）的那枚小銀幣是同 一類。您以前擁有的那枚小銀幣是仿雲南的單面金幣， 我不記得那是蔣氏目錄的10號還是17號了。在我看來， 它不過是又一枚如果價格便宜，便可能會購買的稀奇錢 幣，但並不是真幣。我在此歸還這枚拓片。

這張來自維也納的民國1916年壹圓的照片確實可以看出 它十分美麗。這恰恰說明，即便在所有條件都十分有利

包克

的情況下，複製硬幣圖片也十分困難。我認為它應該被 描述為，在磨砂坯料上製作的樣幣。它無疑是您收藏中 的一個亮點，我注意到它比我收藏的中國鑄造的樣幣要 好得多，據說是480枚中的一枚。我想您應該讓普拉特 先生（Placht）把這幅作品的底片寄給您，因為我知道 您的很多朋友都想從這幅作品中獲得它的照片。我會把 它給裏奇看，然後再歸還。

請告訴我施嘉幹兒子現在的地址。我有想要索取幾份施 先生的著作，希望能直接寄信給他。

如果您的解釋是正確的，愛德華兄弟公司的估價似乎完 全不合理。首先，他們的作品很漂亮，至少我看到的作 品肯定是一流的，但我當然不知道他們能為您的材料做 些什麼。我當然希望您能很快想出辦法出版您的手稿， 因為我毫不懷疑，一旦它出版，以前出版的任何錢幣著 作都將黯然失色。

我感謝您對1856年上海銀幣上的齒邊進行了檢查，因為 您證實了我自己關於這一特徵的理論。遺憾的是，我自 己的收藏中關於這一特徵的材料太少了。我只希望您能 離我們近一些，這樣我們就能更經常地瞭解不斷出現的 有關錢幣的事情。

請代我和我太太向您的妻子問好。

此致

敬禮

注：

日期錯誤，應為5月30日。

信中提到湖南金幣（由莫瑟出售）。

信中提到了耿愛德被偷的雲南銀幣。

包克

尊敬的包克先生：

您28日的來信由於假期原因，直到今天才收到。與此同 時，我給您的信也已寄出。

正如我之前提到的，我擁有的上海五錢銀餅數量很少。

我只有兩枚，一枚放在家裏，上面的漢字是大寫的伍（同 蔣氏目錄第78號幣），一枚放在銀行裏。兩個都有凸起 的輪廓。我對在這方面幫不上什麼忙感到很抱歉。中國 有很多這種錢幣的贗品。

如果克拉克向您發送評論，我們將很高興收到他的評論。 照片僅提供了新版別或新發現的西藏銀幣。

我從未聽說過阿克蘇道光銀幣。如果有的話，我也應該 聽說過。所以我相信這一定是假的。

我並沒有從紐約買到袁世凱像金幣，因為它是發給另一

1950年5月31日

洛杉磯

個客戶的報價。當我想買一枚幣時，總是會遇到這種情 況。尤其是在倫敦的塞拜。我在他那裏存了一筆錢。我 不認識L. Giorgi本人，因此無法斷定他是否還在工作。

隨信附上您的文章初稿。我不知道我是否正確地閱讀了， 不過，我書中的注釋並不是指當地鑄造的（1856年）壹 兩和五錢銀餅，而是指扁圓形的壹兩銀餅。上海大約在 1841年對外貿開放，在那之前，這些銀餅就已經在那裏 使用了。

一位熟人給我發來了一枚非常稀有的四川當三十銅幣的 照片。這枚銅幣是他從一位已故的騙子賓（Bing）的合 夥人楊（Yang）那裏買來的。當然，這枚銅幣是偽造的。 我不收藏銅幣，所以您不必把照片還給我。

昨天我給裏奇寫了信，但忘了回答他的一個問題。他問 我丹尼斯·希伯特中尉（Lt. Siebert）的下落。當您見 到裏奇時，請告訴他我找到了希伯特，他在夏威夷發生

了非常嚴重的飛機事故，需要長期休養。希伯特非常絕 望地寫信給我，表示對生活不再感興趣。由於長期患病， 他不得不以極低的價格賣掉自己收藏的中國金幣。我不 知道是對誰說的？不過，他又開始服役了，雖然精神不 佳，但他還活着。他的地址是：

新墨西哥州，阿爾伯克基 桑迪亞基地 第一中尉營 丹尼斯·希伯特

尊敬的包克先生：

您在本月 20 日的來信中確認收到我5月26日的來信。以 下是施嘉幹兒子的地址：

施成昌

布魯克林，紐約州

展望公園西面75號

6D單元

關於陵墓銀幣的底片，我幾乎可以肯定它是以玻璃底片 製作的，而不是膠片的形式。我發給您的最近在維也納 拍攝的照片也是用玻璃底片製作的。由於我為這些照片 花了大價錢，我請求把它們寄還給我。普拉特先生非常

致以最崇高的敬意

謹致

注：

耿愛德不認識 L. Giorgi，不知道他是否還在工作。

20世紀50年代左右出現了四川當三十贗品。

希伯特在夏威夷遇到了空難（可能是墜毀？）。現在在新墨 西哥州。他出售了自己的金幣。

1950年6月3日

洛杉磯

願意把它們寄過來，但由於它們外面是用玻璃製成的， 維也納的檢查員仍然會拆開所有郵寄物品的包裝，所以 寄到這裏時只能是碎片。

我覺得有一個解決辦法，就是寄還給我一張您用底片製 作好的照片，同樣的成本不會超過1美元。如果有4個人 想要照片，每件的價格差不多只要30美分，這樣您也能 保留底片。

致敬

此致 敬禮

施嘉幹《中國近代鑄幣匯考》譯本，上海，1949年，96 頁，紙質裝訂。

該書預計為英文版本，並補充了嚴格的中文版本，題 為《中國近代鑄幣匯考》。我是在上一期《錢幣文獻》 （NUMISMATIC LITERATURE）中注意到這本書的。

現在手頭的這本《中國金銀鎳幣圖說》，對不精通中文 但對中國金銀鎳幣感興趣的收藏者幫助更大。然而，如 果沒有中文版，這本書就沒什麼用了，因為只有在那個 版本中才能找到許多版別。

在國立交通大學李教授（F.I.Lee）的協助下，作者在此 提供了中文文本的英文釋義，儘管其中不時出現奇怪的 用語以及大量事實和排版錯誤，無法在此一一列舉，但 還是很有用，因為這是迄今為止出版的最長的中國已鑄 造錢幣清單。本書附有目錄，極大地方便了讀者使用。

令人吃驚的是，C4-6 錢上所描繪的鳩杖這樣典型的 中國物品竟然被稱為“女士發飾”，而它在這裏很可 能被用作象徵皇權的權杖。令人遺憾的是，這些作品 中經常出現誤用術語的情況，如將澆鑄（cast）誤用

為雕刻（engraved）、將馴鹿（reindeer）誤用為 鹿（deer）、將星形（star）誤用為花環（rosette）、 將陰刻（incused）誤用為銘文（inscribed,）、將 花邊（milled）誤用為齒邊（reeded）、將專制 （autocratic）誤用為自治（autonomous），等等。

這只是眾多錯誤中的一小部分。在一些情況下，可能是 造幣臆造的或騾幣被列為“稀有”錢幣，而它們不應被 納入一部嚴肅的錢幣著作中。在第19類幣中，10枚尼 泊爾錢幣中有8枚被認為是西藏錢幣。C2-1這枚銀幣說 是叛軍阿古柏發行的，但實際上是在喀布爾發行的。

尊敬的耿愛德先生：

非常感謝您上次來信，並允許我複製民國十八年孫中山 像精製磨砂樣幣的照片。我希望它的效果能有您從維也 納那裏拿到的照片的一半好。

隨信附上博士倫眼鏡公司寄給我的一封信，以及他們的 一份通知，供您參考。這封信是關於您讓我為您購買的 放大鏡的。我手上的這一款似乎已經停產，但他們提供 了編號為 81-34-97-20 的類似替代品。如果您願意，我 會按照他們在信中的建議寄出訂單，直接交給您。如果 我對他們的信理解正確的話，他們提供的儀器和我給您 看的儀器是一樣的，只是刻度是1毫米而不是3毫米，而 且底座的金屬邊是管狀的，兩側沒有切掉，以便光線可 以照射到被測物體上。我認為他們現在製造的放大鏡是 一種攝影師用來檢查落在磨砂玻璃螢幕上的圖像的放大

1950年6月12日 加州奧克蘭古爾丁路1716號

鏡，光線通過放大鏡的玻璃傳播。不過，要像我的玻璃 那樣讓光線從上方照射到填充物上，去掉管子的側面也 很簡單。事實上，我所擁有的東西的安裝原來是全管， 並已去掉，只留下三個支持腿在一邊。我還附上了我所 擁有的放大鏡的玻璃的描述圖，上面顯示了玻璃的製作 過程。自從我買了我需要的一件博士倫眼鏡公司的產品 後，他們似乎把那件產品的價格抬得很高。

如果您用完後能把它們還給我，我會很感激的。

非常感謝

尊敬的包克先生：

隨信附上博士倫公司的廣告函，在此一併致謝。放大鏡 畢竟不是必需品，它的價格太高了。

我隨信附上愛德華兄弟公司的來信，請您過目。我曾要 求他們只提供複製插圖的報價。他們正在這樣做，但

祝賀您當選為中國郵票學會臺南分會主席。

包克

1950年6月17日 洛杉磯

我不確定這項工作的費用是 119.60 美元還是 11 960 美元。我想知道的是，用半色調工藝為我複製（大約） 100 頁（=50 張）錢幣插圖，共1 000冊，您要收多少錢？

您如何理解他們的回答？我不需要額外的印刷，因為我 會在每頁插圖的底部打上“吉林版”字樣。我不需要裱 卡，因為我（暫定）會把全部材料寄給香港的印刷商，

由他們加印。那麼，愛德華兄弟公司的報價看起來怎麼 樣？

請將信件寄回。

尊敬的耿愛德先生：

您17日的來信已收到，並且我饒有興趣地閱讀了愛德華 兄弟公司的來信。結合您的來信，我想到了費用問題之 外關於這個項目的幾件事。您以前可能想到過這些事， 也可能沒有想到。我首先談談這些問題。

看來您打算讓愛德華兄弟公司或其他美國公司印刷插 圖，然後把印刷版送到香港，再把插圖組裝成書，書的 文字則在香港印刷。愛德華兄弟公司的估價包括裁切和 組裝印刷版以及線裝。正如您在給我的信中所說的那樣， 如果將在香港進行裱卡，那麼所有這些工作都不應包括 簽名的那八頁的。據我所知，這表示要在插圖上印刷標 題。您打算在香港用印表機列印標題，那如果您讓愛德 華兄弟公司把紙張分成幾部分，就必須把所有的訂書釘 取出來，雙頁必須重新排列，並在每張紙上列印適當的 標題。我發現這將會造成拆分章節這樣不必要的工作。 如果您打算將印版寄往香港，則應成片寄送，而不是進 行裁切、折疊、組裝和裝訂。將印刷好的標題插入印張 的印刷工作量會大大減少，實際上是印張工作量的 1/4。

還有一點，如果我沒有猜錯您的意圖，我認為把這些印 刷版送到香港與文字內容一起裝訂成冊是個錯誤。這樣， 嚴格來說，就是完全是在中國製作的。如果您將文字內 容以紙張形式運到這裏，而不是剪開或組裝，您會發現 紙張的關稅比成品書的關稅要低得多。紐約的出版商總 是把原本在英國印製的書籍在當地裝訂成冊。請看西林 （Sirin）的《中國園林》（Chinese Gardens）一書。

紙張在瑞典印刷，書在倫敦出版。美國版則在美國裝訂， 紙張與紐約扉頁相同，只有裝訂是在美國完成的。洛杉

謹啟

1950年6月22日

加州奧克蘭古爾丁路1716號 磯有一些公司可以做這種裝訂工作。珀金（Perkins） 讓洛杉磯的韋斯特伍德出版社再版了勞弗（Laufer）關 於珠寶的書。這本書是菲爾德博物館1902年在芝加哥出 版的原版書的平裝印刷本，印刷效果非常好，但我認為 封面使用的材料很糟糕，這是因為珀金在選擇裝訂材料 時缺乏品味。

如果您在香港印刷文本，我希望您在印刷前能收到校樣 供您閱讀。中國印刷商在校對方面是出了名的粗心，校 對後也不太在意修改。我希望您能事先得到一個保證， 那就是他們一定會改正大家所指出的錯誤。邱文明以為 印刷商是在為他的參考書目做更正，但印刷商卻置若罔 聞，在這本只有約400頁的書中，錯誤多達數千處。在 這方面，我曾經做過很多校對工作，如果您願意提供一 套校樣給我，我將自願免費為您校對您的書。這樣，您 就可以在把改好的校樣寄回印刷廠之前，把我的校樣和 您自己的校樣進行核對，也許就能減少出錯的機會。您 沒有發現的，我可能會發現，反之亦然。

關於估價是119.60美元還是11 960美元，我太不明白您 的意思。我對他們複製文本的估價計算如下：

500頁左右的文本，以8頁為倍數，每頁印4張，每8頁為 17.30美元，約合 1 089.90美元。出於估算的目的，我 以504頁進行估計，因為這個數字是他們提供的8頁紙的 倍數，504除以8等於63。因此，按每 8 頁 17.30 美元的 價格計算，將有63張不同的文字內容，使上述數字與1 000冊的數字相等，因為他們已經支付了複製費用和印 刷機器的安裝費用，500份和1 000份之間的成本差異應 該只代表紙張，墨水和印刷工作的額外成本。

還有一點，您應該事先瞭解，印刷版屬於您，將與印刷 品一起運給您。這樣，如果您希望在將來某個時候印刷 第二版，您就可以把印版都準備好，只需計算之後的印 刷費用。

最近，我一直在與前往四川成都安裝造幣機器的人通信。

他說，第一批壹圓、伍角、貳角、壹角、伍分銀幣，以 及帶孔幣的銅幣模具都是在美國費城造幣廠製造的。他 還說，他的公司為湖北武昌和河南開封的造幣廠製造了 造幣機械，但他沒有安裝這些設備。

有一套1914年袁世凱像半圓、貳拾圓、拾圓樣幣，第一 枚有L. Giorig簽字，後兩枚的簽字為L. G.它們都處 於完好無損的狀態並獲得認可。您認為這些錢幣的合理 估價是多少？我已經有了1914年袁世凱像壹圓，但不記 得在哪里買的，也不記得花了多少錢。

基弗給我寄來了他所擁有的 1856 年上海壹兩和五錢銀 餅供我研究。之前他說他有15或20枚那種錢幣。但當

收到這批錢幣時，我發現其中3枚是明顯的贗品。他當 然知道這一點，但他還是裝出一副這些是“重打幣”的 樣子。他有兩枚最普通的錢幣，兩枚都很好，還有一 枚可疑，分別是施嘉幹C10-1和C10-3。他有C10-2 和C10-4各一枚。其中一些的齒邊與我以前見過的不 同，我不知道該如何看待它們。它們也太重了，分別為 570.9、574.0 和572.5克。伍德華擁有的一兩錢幣的平 均值是564.85克，五錢重293.2克，這也太重了。我很 高興這批錢幣是他的而不是我的，因為它們都是製造出 來的。也就是說，那三枚可疑的幣是用不同的模具鑄造 的，與我從施嘉幹那裏得到的照片不同。

隨信寄回您上次的來信。

致以最美好的祝願

謹啟

尊敬的包克先生：

感謝您22日的來信。老實說，我現在比以前更困惑了。

文字內容的印刷（據一家英國商店和一家中國商店估計） 毫無疑問將在香港完成，或者由洛杉磯的一家日本印刷 廠完成。印刷量為 1 000冊。

我想聽聽愛德華兄弟公司的意見。實際印刷100頁（50 張）硬幣插圖，即總共100 000頁，他們會向我收取多 少費用？我將把它們運到香港，然後根據我的要求將它 們插入文本中。我不想裱卡或臨時裝訂。對於美國的版 本，我考慮在這裏保存必要數量的插圖頁，並在美國進 行裝訂。隨信附上今天寫給愛德華兄弟公司的信的副本， 以供參考。

包克

1950年6月24日

洛杉磯

我非常感激您願意協助我進行校對；四只眼睛比兩只眼 睛看得更清楚。

關於您詢問的帶有 L. Giorgi（或首字母縮寫）的袁世 凱像錢幣，我在此向您提供1949年春上海賣家的報價。

壹圓 120美元

半圓 25美元

貳角 150美元

壹角 150美元

我有一整套。在這壹圓的袁世凱像錢幣中，我擁有3 個 不同的樣幣。它們要麼是袁世凱的肖像不同，要麼是 L. Giorgi（字母）的大小不同。

您寫的關於基弗錢幣的內容對我來說並不陌生。他有大 量的雜幣，似乎急於吞下所有贗品或假貨，只要它們便 宜就行。然而，我不得不說，他有時會買到便宜得離譜 的好錢幣，不知道他現在的健康狀況如何？施嘉幹在信 中告訴我（通過他兒子獲得的信息），基弗在生意上也 遇到了麻煩。

我對您寫的關於中國某些省份的鑄幣廠的文章很感興 趣，其中一部分是為了我的章節（您有這本小冊子）《中 國造幣史》（History of Minting in China）。人名和 地址無關緊要。但您可能知道製造這些機器的工廠的名 字。我想把工廠的名字寫進我的文章裏。這肯定不是什 麼秘密。

當您說費城造幣廠為四川套幣製作了第一批模具時，您 指的當然是那套非常罕見的套幣。我一枚也沒有。遺憾 的是，費城鑄幣廠可能會洩露大量有價值的信息。雖然

致密歇根州安娜堡市愛德華兄弟公司

感謝您9日的來信。雖然我受過良好的學術教育，但有 時也缺乏常識。我必須承認，我絲毫不知道計劃複製 100 頁（50 張）的估計成本是多少。窘迫之餘，我把您 的信寄給了一位經驗豐富、實事求是的朋友，請他為我 解讀。但他的回答讓我更加困惑。

因此，我想再提一個非常簡單的問題，請您給我一個簡 單的答復。在這樣做時，請說明您是建議根據半色調工 藝還是照相膠印工藝進行估價，即是否有金屬印刷版？ 如果有金屬版，是否會歸我所有？

我希望知道：

我要求貴方提供複製1 000次100頁（50張）中國錢幣照

我和德雷塞爾廠長（Dressel）關係很好，但我什麼也 得不到。因為除非得到中國當局的許可，這是美國政 府所“禁止”的。裏奇在信中說，他將要求在費城對 1948 年文章中提到的中國貳圓錢幣進行拓印。我當時 在場，但沒有採納他的說法，因為我賭他不會成功的。

裏奇不確定他是否能在洛杉磯結束他的旅程。我很高興 在這裏見到他，但希望他能事先寫信來。

我還給基弗寄去了維也納錢幣的複製品，以及奧地利鎳 幣的照片。但他認為這不值得一提。您覺得他是否已經 走出了病痛的陰影？

問候

謹啟

1950年6月24日

洛杉磯

片的估價，因為我的目錄第一版將是1 000本。

這樣的頁數可能會超過100頁。如果是這樣，我是否可 以假定額外費用（超過 100 頁）會按比例增加？還是超 出部分的價格會更便宜？實際圖片大小為 5*7 英寸。

我建議在每頁的底部打上字：左下方打上表 XXX，右下 方打上標題。因此不需要進行裱卡。由於複製的是現有 照片的原始尺寸，因此無需放大或縮小。這些頁面不需 要裝訂，甚至不需要裁成單張，因為這些單張（一大張 上有16頁）將被運往香港，在那裏插入目錄，而香港的 印刷商將按類型編制目錄，這比我在國內印刷便宜得多。

基於這些簡單明瞭的問題，應該可以給我一個簡單而 明確的答復，告訴我在安娜堡市印刷或平版印刷10萬頁 （100中不同的版本，每頁16張）的離岸價是多少?屆

時，我將能夠決定是繼續實施該項目，還是尋求其他途 徑，或者放棄該項目。

感謝您的關注。

尊敬的耿愛德先生：

您24日的來信及附文已於今天收到。很抱歉，我的回復 對您對理解愛德華兄弟公司估價的幫助不大。

隨信附上民國十六年錢幣的照片，感謝您將它寄給我。

隨信附上一張1949年壹圓新疆幣的照片。這是從克拉克 那裏收到的，它比您寄給裏奇的照片要好得多，我想您 會希望得到一份副本供自己使用。請在方便時寄回本副 本。克拉克告訴我，他整個7月都在度假，回來後會繼 續研究西藏拓片的問題。

非常感謝您提供有關 L.G 和 L. Giorgi簽字樣幣的信息。 我想我必須買下它們，因為報價大大低於您的估價。

關於我所說的四川造幣廠的事情，我並不想隱瞞什麼。

事實上，我向您提及此事是為了讓您表明是否感興趣， 我有時覺得我對這些事情細節的興趣會讓別人厭煩。您 的猜測可能是正確的，即在費城為四川再次製作的模具 是為稀有類型的銀幣製作的。但我不這麼認為。我隨信 附上一張似乎是樣幣的圖稿。該樣幣圖稿由製造造幣機 械的公司——新澤西州布裏奇頓的費拉庫特機械公司所 擁有。這樣幣是用費城造幣廠的模具製造的，絕對不屬 於稀有類型。按照慣例，這些錢幣是倒置的，上面一對

謹致

1950年6月27日

加州奧克蘭古爾丁路1716號 是四川發行的，下面一對是湖北發行的。關於後者，費 城提供的模具並未在武昌使用，但他們自己製作了更 小更輕的流通錢幣模具。

我恰好有一枚流通品種的樣 幣，並從詹偉爾先生（Janvier）那裏收到了本文所附 的兩個品種的樣幣。詳情參見他的文章，這篇是我的參 考書目第 750項。這篇文章更像是一篇遊記，而不是對 造幣廠或硬幣鑄造的描述。不過，我希望不久後能收 到他寫的一篇文章的剪報，這篇文章發表在當地的報紙 上，其中可能有您感興趣的內容，如果您願意，我可以 寄給您。所附圖稿刊登在1927年1月出版的《錢幣收藏家》 （Numismatist）雜誌上。

基弗在最近的信中沒有提到他的健康狀況，所以我猜想 他覺得自己的健康狀況正在好轉。此前，他曾給裏奇或 者給我寫過一封很長的信，詳細描述了他的所有症狀和 幾次手術的細節，但最近他對這些話題隻字未提。

順致問候

耿愛德

The Appearance and Destination of the Qiansicang Story Picture Paper Money Back Plate（Ⅰ）

◎ Alex NC Fung〔Hong Kong 〕

【Purpose】

I This is the first time for the qiansicang paper money plate ( 千斯倉鈔版 , hereinafter referred to as the ‘plate’) held in the collection of the Currency Museum Bank of Japan to be published and confirmed.

II This is the first time that the image and content of the plate covered in the Yi Lin Ten-Day Journal (《藝林旬刊》) has been published.

【Keywords】qiansicang, paper money back plate, Tsun Ku Chai Antique Shop ( 尊古齋 ), Tanaka Sempeikan Museum, Coin Museum

Chapter I Preface

I Preface

The birth of Chinese paper money resulted from the difficulty in transporting heavy iron coins to the Yizhou State in the Sichuan Basin. The merchants of Yizhou “used notes made from paper mulberry with obvious and hidden marks and printed in red and black” 1 Later, the people of Szechuan made private notes which circulated freely. This is the background for the invention of paper money. As more people used paper money, 16 rich

Note：

1 2 Fei Zhu (費著), TheCatalogofPaperNotes (《楮幣譜》).

families2 set up private jiao zi [ 交子 ] shops to exchange paper money. However, the poor operation and management resulted in much litigation at the end of Emperor Taizong’s ( 太宗 ) reign during the Northern Song dynasty.

During Emperor Taizong ’ s reign, three officials in Yizhou, namely, Xue Tian ( 薛田 ) 3, Kou Zhou ( 寇瑊 ) 4, and Zhang Ruogu ( 張若谷 ) 5, submitted a proposal to set up the Jiao Zi Bureau [ 交子務 , hereinafter referred to as ‘the Bureau’] to the imperial court separately. Eventually the proposal was finally approved.6 At first, Yizhou Transportation Official Xue Tian, applied to the court for the establishment of the Bureau7 for the

3 Xue Tian (dates are unknown), also named Xue Xiji (薛希稷), was a native of Hezhong Hedong (present-day Yongji, Shanxi Province). He was recorded in the History oftheSongDynasty,Volume301,Biographies60-XueTian (《宋史·卷三百零一·列傳第六十·薛田》) as the Father of JiaoZi.“Xue Tian, also named Xiji, was a native of Hezhong Hedong. He was engaged in farming and grazing when he was young, and he was a close friend of Wei Ye (魏野). Later, he became a successful candidate in the highest imperial examinations and then went to Danzhou to be an official. Li Yunzheng (李允正), the governor of Yanzhou State, found Xue was smart and diligent, so he recommended Xue to be the governor of Zhongjiang County. When Emperor Zhezong (真宗) sacrificed in Fenyin, Xue was in the mourning period for his father. Then, he was appointed to be the Chief Judge of Shanzhou State. After that, he became an official in charge of the discipline of public functionaries, but he left the position due to the death of his mother. After the mourning period, he assumed the Chief Judge of Bozhou State and then was promoted to be imperial censor, Chief Judge, the Yizhou Transportation Official. At that time, people produced jiao zi notes to facilitate the trade as the iron coins were too heavy. However, most notes were produced by wealth families, which led to many litigations. Against this background, Xue Tian came up with an idea to set the JiaoZi Bureau to cope with related affairs, but the proposal was not submitted. When Kou Zhou came to be the governor of Yizhou State, he submitted the proposal of Xue to facilitate the transaction in Szechuan. At this time, Xue Tian turned to assume the governor of Shaanxi and then the governor of Henan. After that, he became an official in charge of the nation's finances. Then, he served as an envoy to Khitan. After his return, he became the staff officer for the emperor and was in charge of the Tian Xiong Army. Soon, he became the governor of Kaifeng, and then he was in charge of the Case Review Court. When the Qiangs rebelled, he was distributed to Yanzhou as a governor. Long after, he was appointed to be the governor of Tongzhou State and then was in charge of the Yong Xing Army. He requested to resign but was not approved and died on duty. Xue Tian was kind and smart, and appreciated by many ministers. However, due to frequent change in position, he was not well known for his administration.” 4 Kou Zhou (birth year was unknown - 1031), also named Kou Cigong (寇次公), was a native of Linru, Ruzhou (present-day Ruzhou, Henan). In 1020, he assumed the governor of Yizhou State (present-day Chengdu, Szechuan). At the end of Emperor Taizong’s reign, he requested to ban the circulation of jiao zi and close jiao zi shops, but his request was not approved. In April 1023, he was transferred to Dengzhou State. He was demoted to Jinzhou as he recommended an inappropriate candidate. Coincidentally, the Yellow River burst and he was transferred to Huazhou State (now Huaxian County, Henan Province) as the governor. In September 1030, he was appointed as the magistrate of Kaifeng Prefecture. In September 1031, he passed away as the magistrate of Kaifeng Prefecture. Kou Zhuo was listed in the HistoryoftheSongDynasty,Volume301,Biographies60–KouZhou (《宋史·卷三百零一·列傳第六十•寇瑊》).

management of jiao zi, but the application was not adopted. Later, Kou Zhou, the governor of Yizhou, requested the court to abolish the private paper money and close jiao zi shops, which were not approved.8 Later, after Xue Tian took over the position of governor of Yizhou from the Kou Zhou, he applied together with Zhang Ruogu to set up the Bureau by explaining the pros and cons. Finally, the court issued an edict, ordering Wang Jiming ( 王繼明 ) 9, the Chief Judge of Zizhou, to discuss the matter together with Xue Tian and Zhang Ruogu. Finally, the

Chapter II The Appearance of the Qiansicang Paper Money Plate

The original paper money bronze plate and printing copy of the plate, from the Currency Museum Bank of Japan Collection12

court approved the establishment of the Bureau.

On January 11, 102410, Xue Tian set up the Bureau in Yizhou (present-day Chengdu, Szechuan). On April 1, 1024 11 , the plates were made to produce jiao zi, and the denomination of notes would be filled by hand ranging from 1 kuan [ 贯 ] to 10 kuan, totaling 1,256,340 kuan. It is the earliest officially-issued banknote in the world.

II The Earliest Report and Inscription on the Qiansicang Paper Money Plate

Data on the qiansicang paper money back plate:

1. Title: Qiansicang Story Painting Paper Money Plate

2. Denomination: 1 kuan.13

3. Material: Bronze.

4. Shape: Vertical block without feet.14

5. Size: 16.1 centimeters long, 9.1 centimeters wide.15

6. The text on the plate: “The note is allowed to circulate and use in all the prefectures and counties in both official and private transactions as 770 mo [ 陌 ] except for Szechuan.”16

7. Area of circulation: all other areas except for Szechuan.

8. Period: from late Northern Song dynasty to Southern Song dynasty.17

9. Time of excavation: before 1928.18

5 Zhang Ruogu (dates are unknown), also named Zhang Deyao (张德繇), was a native of Shaxian, Nanjiang. Zhang Yong (946-1015), also named Fuzhi (張複之), was a native of Yincheng, Fuzhou. They are two official in different times in the Northern Song dynasty. They were recorded in History of the Song Dynasty, Volume 203,Biographies58–ZhangRuogu (《宋史·卷二百九十九·列傳第五十八·張若谷》) and Biographies52–ZhangYong (《宋史·卷二百九十三·列傳第五十二·張詠》) respectively. From the end of Emperor Taizong’s reign to Emperor Renzong’s reign, Zhang Ruogu assumed the Yizhou Transportation Official. In Emperor Taizong’s reign, Zhang Yong was the Yizhou Governor, but he passed away before the Jiao Zi Bureau was set up. In April 999, Zhang Yong transferred from the Imperial Minister to the governor of Hangzhou. In September 1048, Zhang Ruogu was transferred from the magistrate of Long To Pavilion to Hangzhou. Since both of them had been officals in Yizhou and Hangzhou, both of their family names were Zhang, and Zhang Yong was a famous official in the Song dynasty, people often mistaken Zhang Yong for Zhang Ruogu to be the official who requested to set up the JiaoZi Bureau with Xuan Tian as the“Father of JiaoZi”.

6 The Transportation Official Xue Tian was the first to request to set up the Jiao Zi Bureau and he contributed to the birth of the Jiao Zi Bureau and official jiao zi. Therefore, he is the veritable“Father of Jiao Zi”.

7 8 Fei Zhu, TheCatalogofPaperNotes

9 Wang Jiming was an Investigator of the Northern Song dynasty. It was a position set in the early Song dynasty by the central government to be dispatched to various regions in charge of the judiciary, prisons, and supervision. The Investigators also managed agriculture and forestry. They were also responsible for supervising and managing the judicial affairs under their jurisdiction, reviewing the case files, inspecting the prison system, and impeaching state officials who neglected their duties in prison. The court sent Wang Jiming from Zizhou to discuss with Xue Tian and Zhang Ruogu about setting up the JiaoZi Bureau to make a final decision by supervising and understanding the situation. After understanding the actual situation, the court approved the establishment of the JiaoZi Bureau.

10 Li Xiao (李攸), TheFactsoftheSongDynasty (《宋朝事實》), Volume XV, Finance.

11 Fei Zhu, TheCatalogofPaperNotes

12 I once wrote to the Currency Museum Bank of Japan in the name of the Hong Kong Chinese Antique Paper Money Association to inquire about its collection of qiansicang paper money plate and to apply for the use of its image for writing and publication. Then, I was pleased to receive a confirmation from the museum on August 22, 2023, stating that the plate is in its collection. The museum also provided me with an image of the plate for writing and publishing, as well as a colorful photo and a rubbing of the obverse of 2-kuanzhiyuantongxingbaochao note.

13 Peng Hsin-wei, AMonetaryHistoryofChina, 1954.

14 15 Masahiro Okudaira, ToaSenshi, 1938.

16 The pause of the sentence is made by the author.

17 TheRecordoftheSouthernSongdynasty

18 19 YiLinTen-DayJournal published by the Shanghai Painting Research Society in 1928, Volume X, page 3, bound volume.

Ⅲ The Earliest Report and Inscription on the Qiansicang Paper Money Plate

1. The image was first reported in the Yi Lin Ten-Day Journal (《艺林旬刊》) in 1928.

A rubbing of the plate “unearthed recently and requesting for name ” was published in the 10th issue of the Yi Lin Ten-Day Journal by the Shanghai Painting Research Society on April 1, 1928.19 This is the first time that an image of the plate was ever published.

2. The earliest annotation was made in 1928 which was revealed at the Auction for the Rubbing Collection of Jiashutang ( 嘉樹堂 ).

A rubbing of the qian sic ang paper money plate was auctioned at the Guardian 2021 Autumn Beijing Auction of the Rubbing Collection of Jiashutang. It is annotated that the plate was originally in the collection of Huang Jun ( 黃 �� ), owner of Tsun Ku Chai Antique Shop. The rubbing was annotated by Sun Zhuang ( 孫壯 ) in 1928 and Chen Mengjia ( 陳夢家 ) in 1948.20

ⅣOpinions on Publications and Writings of the Qiansicang Paper Money Plate

1. The rubbing of the plate was first shown in the 10th issue of the Yi Lin Ten-Day Journal published by the Shanghai Painting Research Society in 1928. (The note printed by the plate was called hui zi in the report.)

The Third Page in the 10th Issue of the YiLinTen-DayJournal

The rubbing of a qiansicang paper money plate from the Northern Song dynasty was revealed on the third page of the 10th issue of the Yi Lin Ten-Day Journal published by the Shanghai Painting Research Society on April 1, 1928. This is the first time the image of the plate had been revealed. Below is the whole report.

"This is a plate for hui zi notes from the Southern Song dynasty. Chinese paper money came into being in the early Song dynasty. The people of Szechuan felt that cash coins were too heavy, so they privately made paper notes to facilitate transactions. Later, the government set up the Jiao Zi Bureau to manage the related affairs and forbade the people from making private notes. In the year of Shaoxing Emperor’s reign, an imperial edict was issued to the Ministry of Revenue to produce jian qian guan zi [ 見錢 關子 ]. In the sixth year of Emperor Taizong’s reign, guan zi notes were produced for the transaction of specific goods. In the 30th year of Emperor Taizong’s reign, Qian Duanli ( 錢端 禮 ), the assistant Minister of Revenue produced hui zi zhuang jian qian [ 會子樁見錢 ]. The paper notes circulated inside and outside of the city, and then gradually spread to Huaizhe, Hupeh,

The copy of the Yi Lin Ten-Day Journal in 1928

20 CatalogoftheRubbingCollectionofJiashutangAuction in Beijing in Autumn 2021.

and Jingxi. These notes were not only allowed to be used to pay tributes but also to purchase houses, livestock, and vehicles. However, due to the excessive issuance, their value became very low. The government attempted to appreciate their value, but it did not work until the end of the Song dynasty. Iron coins were used nationwide except for Szechuan. When it came to the Emperor Huizong’s ( 徽宗 ) reign, jiao zi was replaced by qian yin [ 錢引 ]. Since copper is more expensive than iron, they were not used together. The unit of 770 mo began in the Northern Han dynasty. At that time, Wang Zhang ( 王章 ), the ambassador of the three divisions, confiscated people's money violently. According to the old system, the handover and handout of money were both in the unit of 80 mo. However, Zhang ordered to hand over in unit of 80 mo and hand out in unit of 77 mo. The Song dynasty followed the system. In the fifth year of Emperor Yaizu’s ( 太祖 ) reign, it was decided that the unit of handover and handout was both 77 mo, which is equal to 1 kuan. This bronze plate for the paper note was unearthed in recent years. Someone is requesting a name for the plate with its rubbing. I have made a poem for the plate as follows. Hui zi and jiao zi have circulated since ancient times, and their issuance should be decided on the shortage or surplus. There are four major methods for printing notes, and now we have a bronze plate for study.21"

The Yi Lin Ten-Day Journal, founded by the Chinese Painting Research Society on January 1, 1928, was published on the 1st, 11th, and 21st of each month. There are two special features of the journal. First, a famous painter would be invited to write the name of the journal. The other feature is that each issue has some reports on antique objects that are related to the text although it was an art journal.

2. The rubbings of the obverse and reverse of the plate are published in Toa Senshi (《東亞錢志》, A Numismatic Record of Far Eastern Coins) by Masahiro Okudaira ( 奧平昌洪 ) in 1938. (The note printed by the plate was called hui zi in the book.)

Toa Senshi

Masahiro Okudaira (1865 – death year is unknown) was born in Japan and later received a bachelor's degree in law. He was a member of the Osaka Coin Society and a researcher of ancient coins. He was familiar with Tanaka Keibun ( 田中啟文 , owner of Sempeikan Museum). His books include A History of Japanese Lawyers, published by Toppu Pezi Studio in 1914, and Toa Senshi, published by Iwanami Shoten Publisher in 1938. Masahiro Okudaira was famous for his book, Toa Senshi. The book published the qiansicang paper money plate in the Tanaka Sempeikan Museum.22 This provides an important basis for the pedigree of the plate.

Toa Senshi has eighteen volumes, and it was issued on June 20, 1938, by Iwanami Shoten Publishing, Tokyo. It contains various ancient coins from the various dynasties of China, Japan, Korea, and Annam, edited in the form of a combination of rubbings and textual descriptions. Among them, Volume I to XIII are Chinese ancient coins, including a record of qiansicang paper money plate; Volume XIV to XVI are ancient coins of Japan, Korea, and Annam; Volume XVII to XVIII are various kinds of charms of China, Japan, Korea, and Annam.

The rubbings and scale of the plate was first revealed in Toa Senshi in 1938

21 YiLinTen-DayJournal published by the Shanghai Painting Research Society in 1928, Volume X, page 3, bound volume. 22 Masahiro Okudaira, ToaSenshi. (There is a photo of Masahiro Okudaira.)

3. Masahiro Okudaira recorded in Toa Senshi published in 1938 that the qiansicang paper money plate was housed in the Tanaka Sempeikan Museum. (The note printed by the plate was called hui zi in the book.)

Below is the translation from the Japanese description of the plate:

The bronze plate for hui zi is 5.3 inches high by 3 inches wide. The text on the plates says, “This paper money is allowed to be used in all lu, zhou, and xian as 770 mo cash coins except for Szechuan”. A hui zi note can be printed by the plate, and the reverse of the plate is flat. According to the record of the Southern Song dynasty, “in the fourth year of Emperor Lizong’s ( 理宗 ) reign, the disadvantages of Szechuan chuan yin [ 川 引 ] and yin hui [ 銀會 ] notes were led by the private printing and utilization of the notes, which made the government only made expenditure with no revenue. Now, the right to print and manufacture should be detained and returned to the imperial court. The hui zi privately made across the province should be taken out of the circulation under the order of the emperor and made Szechuan hui zi which is equal to 770 mo for public and private use in prefectures and counties in Szechuan. However, it is unexpected that almost all chuan yin notes have been taken out of the circulation, while there are still yin hui notes in existence. With most old notes taken out of the circulation and limited numbers of new notes issued, the value of notes would not depreciate, and the price of goods would be fair. It will be convenient for the public and private. The order was well practiced.” The rare plate is now in the collection of the Tanaka Sempeikan Museum.23

It provides an important basis for the pedigree of the qiansicang paper money plate. It is a bronze vertical block without feet, 16.1 centimeters in height and 9.1 centimeters in width. The text on the plate indicates this paper money is allowed to be used in all lu, zhou, and xian as 770 mo cash coins except for Szechuan.24

4. The article The Complementary and Remark on the Letter from Mr. Chiang this Spring (《補錄春間蔣君來函並跋》) by Wong Yin-jia ( 王䕃嘉 ) was published in the 9th issue of Chuan Pi (《泉幣》) in November 1941. (The note printed by the plate was called jiaozi in the article)

There are three references to the opinion that the qiansicang paper money plate is for jiaozi:

a. In the 28th year of the Republic of China, Sun Zhuang named it as the bronze plate for the jiaozi of the Southern Song dynasty when he annotated the rubbing of the qiansicang paper money plate for Mr. Yousheng ( 友聲 ).25

b. In the ninth issue of Chuan Pi issued in Shanghai in 1941, Wang Yinjia supplemented his correspondence with Chiang Botsun ( 蔣伯壎 ) of Lishui, Zhejiang Province, in The Complementary and Remark on the Letter from Mr. Chiang this Spring, which analyzed the market situation of antiques, paintings, calligraphy, and coins. The correspondence mentioned that Chen Rentao ( 陳仁濤 ) purchased the xingzaihuiziku [ 行 在會子庫 ] paper money plate from the Southern Song dynasty.

23 24 Masahiro Okudaira, ToaSenshi, Volume X, 1938. 25 CatalogoftheRubbingCollectionofJiashutangAuction in Beijing in Autumn 2021.

The description about the plate in Volume X of Toa Senshi by Masahiro Okudaira in 1938

The content in the article TheComplementaryandRemarkon theLetterfromMr.ChiangthisSpring published in the 9th issue of Chuan Pi in 1941.

In the content, Wang Yinjia emotionally mentioned that the qiansicang paper money plate had left China and gone overseas in the early years for a long time. 26

c. In the first edition of A Monetary History of China (《 中國 貨幣史 》) published in 1954, Peng Hsin-wei argued that “the qiansicang plate was for the official jiao zi or qian yin of the Northern Song dynasty” 27 Later, in the second edition issued in 1958 and the third edition in 1964, the content was revised as “the qiansicang plate was probably for the qian yin beyond Szechuan in Emperor Huizong’s reign.”28

5. A rubbing in AMonetary History of China by Peng Hsin-wei published in 1956. (The note printed by the plate was called qian yin in the book)

AMonetaryHistoryofChina

In the first edition of A Monetary History of China published in 1954, Mr. Peng Hsin-wei mentioned that “ the qiansicang plate was for the official jiaozi or qian yin of the Northern Song dynasty.”29 Later, in the second edition issued in 1958 and the

The copies of the first edition in 1954 and the second edition in 1958 of AMonetaryHistoryofChina

third edition in 1964, the content was revised as “the qiansicang plate was probably for the qianyin beyond Szechuan in Emperor Huizong’s reign”, which defined the note printed by the plate to be qianyin.30

Peng Hsin-wei (1907-1967), a native of Anfu County, Jiangxi Province, studied at Nankai Middle School in Tienhsin. In 1928, he studied in Japan at his own expense, and in 1935, he traveled to England. In 1937, he became an assistant to the Bank of China, Hong Kong, and in 1941, he taught at the National Chongqing University and the Fudan University, where he published his bookBanking (《銀行學》).

The first edition of Peng Hsin-wei's A History of Chinese Currency was published in 1954, the second edition was published after substantial revision in 1958, and the third edition was published in 1965. In this book, Peng combines the categories of monetary systems of past dynasties, the purchasing power of currency, prices, monetary theory, monetary history, numismatics, and credit organizations into an integral whole, as a pioneer in the study of China's monetary history and numismatics with modern economic theories.

26 TheComplementaryandRemarkontheLetterfromMr.ChiangthisSpring by Wang Yin-jia published in the 9th issue of Chuan Pi in 1941.

27 28 Peng Hsin-wei, AMonetaryHistoryofChina, 1954, the first edition.

29 30 Peng Hsin-wei, AMonetaryHistoryofChina, 1958, the second edition.

6. The rubbing was published in The Illustrated Catalog of Chinese Ancient Banknotes (《 中國古鈔圖輯 》) by the editorial department of the Chinese Numismatic Society published in 1987. (The book does not name the plate.)

The photo of The Illustrated Catalog of Chinese Ancient Banknotes published in 1987

ⅤAppearance of“Printed Copies”and “Rubbings”of Qiansicang Paper Money Plate

Because the qiansicang paper money plate has not been seen for nearly 100 years since its appearance in 1928, there are only a few rubbings of it, quite rare and precious. It has always been an important and sought-after goal for amateurs fond of collecting ancient banknotes and researchers of currencies. The rubbings that have appeared in recent years are as follows:

1. In the permanent exhibition of the Currency Museum Bank of Japan, there is a reproduction of the printed copy of the qiansicang paper money plate noted in Japanese and English in the section on Chinese currency, in addition to reproductions of the printed copies of the 1-kuandaimingtongxingbaochao [ 大 明通行寶鈔 ] and the 2-kuan zhi yuan tong xing bao chao [ 至 元通行寶鈔 ].32 In the exhibition, only the reproductions of the printed copies of the original banknote plates are displayed.

TheIllustratedCatalogofChineseAncientBanknotes

In 1987, the editorial department of the Chinese Numismatic Society co-edited The Illustrated Catalog of Chinese Ancient Banknotes with the Inner Mongolia Museum. It is a book about ancient banknotes, covering ancient notes from the Song, Jin, Yuan, Ming and Qing dynasties. The catalogue lists the past designations of the qiansicang paper money plate. The information contained in the book is short and simple because the plate does not have the name of the note. The designation for the note printed on the plate is various, including jiao zi, qian yin, hui zi, and xiao chao. However, there was no uniform name. Therefore, there was no conclusion and the designation was not determined.31

2. At the auction for the Kaiping Coin Museum Collection by Shanghai Duoyunxuan Auction Co., Ltd. on July 8, 201333, there was a precious rubbing of the qiansicang paper money plate. The lot had two parts. The upper part is the rubbing of the obverse of the plate, and the lower part is the rubbing of the reverse and the four sides of the plate, without any inscriptions or seals. It is from the collection of Mr. Huang Chung-Chang ( 黃仲長 ), the owner of Kaiping Coin Museum. Mr. Huang (1900-1987), a native of Shanghai, preferred photographing and collecting, and had an outstanding reputation and brilliant achievements. His photographs were exhibited in more than thirty countries and have won numerous international awards. In addition to photography, Mr. Huang also specialized in collecting ancient paintings, calligraphy, jade, and inkstones, also known for

31 TheIllustratedCatalogofChineseAncientBanknotes, 1987.

32 The permanent exhibiton in the Currency Museum Bank of Japan.

33 I once observed the rubbing of the plate auctioned by Shanghai Duoyunxuan in the spring of 2013 on-site (the rubbing does not have any inscription.) The rubbing has the obverse, reverse, and four sides of the plate on rice paper. It is in a lot together with nearly 1000 small rubbings of other ancient coins, and one of these rubbings has the inscription of Lo Chen-yu. The lot was realized at a price that broke the record of the rubbings in the end.

his collection of ancient coins. During the Republic of China period, Huang's family co-organized The Eastern Times (《 時 報 》) with Huang Bohui ( 黃伯惠 ), as one of the three major newspapers in Shanghai (the other two being the Shen Pao 申報 and The News 新聞報 ). In 1926, he was also the deputy editorin-chief of The Eastern Times - Pictorial (《時報畫報》).

3. A critically important rubbing of the qiansicang paper money plate from the Rubbing Collection of Jiashutang appeared in the 2021 Guardian Auction Co. in Beijing.34 (This rubbing is annotated as a bronze plate for jiao zi from the Song dynasty, and the original plate was in the collection of Tsun Ku Chai Antique Shop of Huang Jun. The annotation was made by Sun Zhuang in 1928 and by Chen Mengjia in 1948.)

4. In June 27-29, 2023, I was invited by collector Sun Binglu ( 孫炳路 ) to attend the seminar of “A Millennium of Szechuan Banknotes ” that he hosted in Chongqing. 35 At the seminar, ancient coin researcher Mr. Song Jie ( 宋捷 ) showed me his precious rubbings of qiansicang paper money plate (his version does not have any annotation), a plate for zhen you [ 貞祐 ] note, a plate for xing ding bao quan [ 興定寶泉 ] note, and a plate of zhi yuan tong xing bao chao [ 至元通行寶鈔 ] note. These rubbings were highly appreciated by experts at the seminar. After the seminar, Mr. Song provided me with the dimension of the rubbing of qiansicang paper money plate, that is, 16.2 centimeters long and 9.2 centimeters wide, which is very close to that recorded in the Toa Senshi by Masahiro Okudaira in 1938. The size published in Toa Senshi is five inches (16.1 centimeters) long and three inches (9.1 centimeters). ” 36 The minor differences may be led by the stretch of the paper that the rubbings were made on.

ⅥTwo Processes for Copying the Qiansicang Paper Money Plate

1. Rubbing37 (Most known copies of the plate were made by rubbing.)

A rubbing needs to put a wet tensile and thin paper on top of a plate, and then tap the paper gently with a brush to let the paper fall into the groove of the plate. When the paper dries, a brush dipped in ink will be used to tap the paper gently to spread the ink evenly. When the paper is taken off, a rubbing is completed.

2. Printing (Only seen in the Currency Museum Bank of Japan).

The woodblock printing from the Tang and Song dynasties is to dip a brush in ink and then brush the plate with ink.38 Next, white paper will be used to cover the plate, and a clean brush will be used to brush the paper gently. When the paper is taken off, a copy will be completed. As this method of printing is to print on an engraved wood or bronze plate, it is known as woodblock printing.

ⅦRubbing of the Qiansicang Paper Money Plate from the Rubbing Collection of Jiashutang

The Rubbing of the plate from the Rubbing Collection of Jiashutang auctioned by Guardian Auction in Beijing in the autumn of 2021.

The annotations on the rubbing of the plate from the Rubbing Collection of Jiashutang are as follows.

34 There was a rubbing of qiansicang paper money plate with important annotations in the CatalogoftheRubbingCollectionofJiashutangAuction in Beijing in Autumn 2021. However, I did not attend the auction on-site and obverse the rubbing in person due to the epidemic. I bided on the phone but did not win the lot.

35 In commemoration of the 1000th anniversary of the birth of Chinese banknotes, Mr. Sun Binglu, a collector from Szechuan Province, held the“Seminar of A Millenium of Szechuan Banknotes”and Szechuan Banknote Exhibition at the Chongqing Financial Museum in June 27-29, 2023. Over 50 experts and collectors attended the seminar, including Wang Jijie, Ms. Zuo Jinghua, Principal Jin Yong, Duan Honggang, Liu Jihui, Zhang Ansheng and his wife, Feng Naichuan, Ma Changhai, Wang Xuanrui and his wife, Yu Tingming, Shao Qinbang, Chen Yaoguang, Zhang Wenlong, Guo Changchun and his wife, Niu Quanxi, Song Jie, Huang Chunming, Xu Anmin, Wang Tianyang, Wang Liang, Wang Jie, Xia Tong, Chen Suqing, Ma Ruijun, Xie Zhiwei, Feng Ning, Zheng Mingyuan, Liu Qingxing, Xie Aili, Liu Pei, Liu Hai, and Yin Jian.

36 Masahiro Okudaira, ToaSenshi, Volume X, 1938.

37 Xiao Dongfa (肖東發), OntheHistoryofChineseBookPublishingandPrinting (《中國圖書出版印刷史論》), page 49.

38 Xiao Dongfa, OntheHistoryofChineseBookPublishingandPrinting, page 50-53.

1. A bronze plate for the jiaozi of the Song dynasty.39

2. “ It is from the collection of the owner of Tsun Ku Chai Antique Shop, named by friend Yousheng, annotated by Sun Zhuang of Peking, and sealed as Sun Boju ( 孫伯巨 ).”40

3. “ The existing plates are mainly from the Jin and Yuan dynasties. This bronze plate for the jiao zi of the Southern Song dynasty is a rarity. In the early Song dynasty, the people of Szechuan produced jiao zi notes for trade as the iron money was too heavy. The government then set up an official bureau to produce paper notes and private production was forbidden. In the second lunar month of the sixth year of Emperor Gaozong’s ( 高宗 ) reign, the government set up the Jiao Zi Bureau and the Ministry of Revenue began to produce jian qian guan zi. In the 30th year of Emperor Gaozong’s reign, the Ministry of Revenue cast hui zi zhuang jian qian. The paper notes circulated inside and outside of the city, and then gradually used in Huaizhe, Hupeh, and Jingxi. These notes were not only allowed to be used to pay tributes but also to purchase houses, livestock, and vehicles in public. These notes had not been abolished until the fall of the Song dynasty. Iron coins were used nationwide except for Szechuan. When it came to Emperor Huizong’s reign, jiao zi was replaced by qianyin. Since copper is more expensive than iron, they were not used together. The above information was recorded by Shang Yi ( 商逸 ) in April 1928. The rubbing has a seal of Sun Zhuang.”41

4. “This plate from the Song dynasty is valuable for the study of ancient banknotes. The calligraphy, engraving, and painting on the plate are also that from the Song dynasty. Annotated by Chen Mengjia of Shangyu in March 1948, and sealed by Chen Mengjia.”42

Rubbing of the plate from the Rubbing Collection of Jiashutang annotated by Sun Zhuang in 1928 at the 2021 autumn auction shows the earliest annotation of such rubbing. Sun Zhuang’s annotation named the plate as the bronze plate for the jiao zi of the Song dynasty. 44

Rubbing of the plate from the Rubbing Collection of Jiashutang annotated by Sun Zhuang43

ⅧAbout those Who Annotated on the Rubbing of the Qiansicang Paper Money Plate from the Rubbing Collection of Jiashutang

The rubbing of a qiansicang paper money plate with Sun Zhuang’s annotation in 1928 from the Rubbing Collection of Jiashutang was auctioned by Guardian Auction in Beijing in the autumn of 2021. The annotation mentioned that the rubbing is from a bronze plate for jiao zi of the Song dynasty. It is a useful information. Other annotations by famous collectors on the rubbing also contain critical information. The rubbing reveals that the plate was from the collection of Huang Jun, which gives an answer to the centuries-old mystery of the source of the plate.

Collectors mentioned in the annotations by Sun Zhuang in 1928 are as below.

1. The collector of the plate is Huang Jun.

Huang Jun (1880-1952), also known as Huang Baichuan ( 黃 百川 ), was a native of Yunmeng, Hupeh. He was the owner of Tsun Ku Chai Antique Shop at the Glass Factory in Beijing. He was also a cultural relics connoisseur, known as “Millionaire Huang”. He set up the Tsun Ku Chai Antique Shop at the Glass Factory in Beijing, excelled in identifying, and had many collectibles . He had written The Collection of Tsun Ku Chai (《尊古齋古鉥集林》) and The Collection of Pottery Buddha in Tsun Ku Chai (《 尊古齋陶佛留真 》). Baichuan is his courtesy name, so he was commonly called Huang Baichuan in the collecting community.45

2. The rubbing was annotated by Sun Zhuang.

Sun Zhuang (1879 - death year is unknown), also known as Sun Boheng ( 孫伯恒 ), Xueyuan ( 雪園 ), was a native of Daxing, Chihli. His study is called Teng Qiu Guan ( 邆秋館 ). He was a student of the Imperial College, and he had understudied at the School of Combined Learning and the Imperial University of Peking. Later, he became the manager of the Commercial Press in Beijing and the manager of the Society for the Study of Chinese Architecture. He wrote The Catalog of Seals of the Xueyuan’s Collection (《雪園藏吉語印譜》) and The Catalog ofSacrificeUtensilinTengQiuGuan (《澄秋館吉金圖》). 46

3. Chen Mingjia also made annotations on the rubbing.

Chen Mengjia (1911 - 1966), formerly known by his pen name Chen Manzai ( 陳慢哉 ), a native of Shangyu, Zhejiang Province, was a poet of the Crescent Moon School, and he was also a famous paleographer, archaeologist, and poet. He was enrolled in Sun Yat-sen University in 1927. In 1931, he edited the Collection of Poems by Mengjia (《 夢家詩集 》). He became a postgraduate student of Yanjing University in 1934.47

4. Yousheng was mentioned in the annotation on the rubbing.

You Sheng (unknown, to be researched).

【 To be continued by The Appearance and Destination of the QiansicangStoryPicturePaperMoneyBackPlate(ll).】

Alex N C Fung

【 About Author】

Title:

President of the Hong Kong Chinese Antique Paper Money Association

Secretary of the Exhibition Committee of Exhibition of Historical Chinese Paper Money

Focus: Collecting and researching Chinese banknotes, plates, commercial seals, etc.

Correspondence: G. P. O. Box 7246, Central, Hong Kong Email: tellfnc@gmail.com

Co-authored works:

1. The Exhibition of Historical Chinese Paper Money Album《中國歷代紙幣展圖集》，2009.

2. The Second Exhibition of Historical Chinese Paper MoneyAlbum《第二屆中國歷代紙幣展圖集》，2015.

3. A Collection of Chinese Commercial Seals (《中國商印 雅匯》), 2015.

【 Appreciation】

Currency Museum Bank of Japan.

46 47 Rong Geng (容庚), RongGeng'sDairyinPeking (《容庚北平日記》), from January 1921 to February 1946.

千斯倉故事圖背鈔版的出現與流向（上）

◎ 馮乃川〔香港〕

提要 】

一

首次披露及證實“千斯倉鈔版”版藏日本銀行金融研究所貨幣博物館。

二

首次披露“千斯倉鈔版”在1928年《藝林旬刊》報道的內容及圖像。

關鍵詞 】千斯倉 背印鈔版 尊古齋 田中清岳堂 錢幣館

第一章 前言

一【前言】

紙幣的誕生，是因為身處盆地的益州地區，使用鐵錢累重， 難於運輸。使益州的商民，“制楮為券，表裏印記，隱密題號， 朱墨間錯”1。蜀民私自為券，輾轉流通，發明了紙幣。後來， 使用紙幣的人多了，商民便成立私交子鋪做兌換業務，有富 民十六戶2，成立私交子鋪，做兌換業務。而後，因經營和 管理出現問題，導致訴訟四起，這是在北宋大中祥符未年以 前發生的事情。

大中祥符年間，益州有三位官員，薛田3、寇瑊4和張若谷5， 把設置交子務的建議，分別向朝廷提出，最後獲得朝廷批 准6。起初，益州路轉運使薛田，奏請朝廷官置交子務7，以 權其出入，未獲採納。後來，益州知州寇瑊奏請朝廷廢除 私交子，並將交子鋪封閉，未獲批准8。其後，薛田接任寇 瑊的益州知州職務後，聯合益州路轉運使張若谷，再度奏請 朝廷官置交子務，並陳說利害。終於，朝廷下詔，命梓州路

注釋：

1、2 費著《楮幣譜》。

3 薛田（生卒年份不詳），字希稷，河中河東(今山西永濟)人。《宋史·卷三百零一·列傳第六十·薛田》記載“交子之父”薛田的原文：“薛田，字希稷，河中河東人。少師事種放， 與魏野友善。進士，起家丹州推官。李允正知延州，辟為從事，向敏中至，亦薦其材。改著作佐郎、知中江縣。真宗祀汾陰，田時居父喪，經度制置使陳堯叟奏起通判陝州。還，拜監 察禦史，以母憂去。會祀太清宮，又用丁謂奏，起通判亳州。遷殿中侍禦史、權三司度支判官，改侍禦史、益州路轉運使。民間以鐵錢重，私為券以便交易，謂之“交子”，而富家專之， 數致爭訟。田請置交子務，以榷其出入，未報。及寇瑊守益州，卒奏用其議，蜀人便之。就除陝西轉運使，進直昭文館、知河南府，複入度支為副使。使契丹還，擢龍圖閣待制、知天 雄軍。未幾，擢知開封府，以樞密直學士知益州，累遷左司郎中。代還，知審刑院。羌人內寇，特遷右諫議大夫、知延州。久之，以疾徙同州，又徙永興軍，辭不行，卒。田性頗和厚， 初以幹敏數為大臣所稱，後屢更任使，所治無赫赫名。”

4 寇瑊（出生年份不詳 —1031年），字次公，汝州臨汝（今河南汝州）人。天禧四年（1020年）任益州（今四川成都）知州，大中祥符末，曾向朝廷奏請取締交子，並將交子鋪封閉， 未獲批准。天聖元年（1023年）四月，調知鄧州。因薦舉不當，降為少府監、知金州，複任右諫議大夫。適逢黃河決口，被調往滑州（今河南滑縣）任知州。天聖八年九月（1030年）， 以樞密直學士權知開封府。天聖九年（1031年）九月，卒於開封府尹任上。寇瑊名列於《宋史·卷三百零一·列傳第六十•寇瑊》。 5 張若谷（生卒年份不詳，字德繇，南劍沙縣人。）與張詠（公元946年- 1015年，字複之，濮州鄄城人。）他們是北宋兩位不同時期的官員，分別被記錄在《宋史·卷二百九十九·列傳 第五十八·張若谷》及《宋史·卷二百九十三·列傳第五十二·張詠》。張若谷在大中祥符未至天聖年間, 曾任益州路轉運使；張詠在淳化年間，曾任益州知州，並在官置交子務之前去世。 鹹平二年(999年)四月時任禦史中丞的張詠知杭州，康定元年(1048年)九月時任龍圖閣直學士的張若谷知杭州。因兩人均在益州、杭州當過官員，而且同是姓張，張詠是宋代一位著 名的官員。在社會上，常見有網路錯把張詠，當作是與薛田聯合上書，成功奏請朝廷官置交子務的益州路轉運使張若谷。誤把在淳化年間鎮蜀的益州知州張詠（網路亦見寫為“張泳”） 冠以發明紙幣的“交子之父”的稱號，情況出現錯亂。

6 轉運使薛田是第一位向朝��奏請官置交子務及印造官交子的官員，並最終促成官交子務及官交子的誕生，薛田是名符其實的“交子之父”。 7、8 費著《楮幣譜》。

提刑王繼明9，會同益州知州薛田與益州路轉運使張若谷共 同相議。最後獲得朝廷批准，置交子務。

天聖元年十一月二十八日（公元1024年1月11日）10，薛田

在益州（今四川成都）設置交子務。天聖二年二月二十日 （公元1024年4月1日）11，雕版印造交子，面額以書填方式， 發行從一貫到十貫面額的官交子，合共發行一百二十五萬 六千三百四十貫，這是世界上最早的官方紙幣。

第二章 千斯倉鈔版的出現

二【千斯倉故事圖背印鈔版的數據】

“千斯倉故事圖背印鈔版”的數據:

1. 名目：千斯倉故事圖背印鈔版。

2. 面額：壹貫13。

3. 材質：青銅。

4. 形制：豎式方塊不帶足14。

5. 尺幅：豎 16.1 釐米，橫 9.1 釐米15。

6. 鈔版文字內容：“除四川外，許於諸路州縣，公私從便， 主管並同見錢，七百七十陌，流轉行使。”16

7. 流通區域：除四川以外的所有其他地區。

8. 時期：北宋末-南宋17

9. 出土時間：1928年以前18。

“千斯倉故事圖背印鈔版”的“印刷本” ( 日本銀行金融研究所貨幣博物館收藏銅鈔版的原件及提供原 鈔版的“印刷本”)12

9 王繼明的職稱“提刑”，全稱“提點刑獄公事”，北宋的官名。北宋初設於各路，中央派往各路的司法機構，主管所屬各州的司法、刑獄和監察，兼管農桑，其官署稱提點刑獄司。負 責監督管理所轄州府的司法審判事務，審核州府卷案，可以隨時前往各州縣檢查刑獄，舉劾在刑獄方面失職的州府官員。朝廷派梓州路刑獄王繼明前來會同薛田和張若谷相議官置交子 務，目的是監督和瞭解實況後，才作出決定。瞭解實際情況後，朝廷批准置交子務。

10 李攸《宋朝事實》卷十五 財用。

11 費著《楮幣譜》。

12 筆者以香港中國古鈔學會的名義，致函日本銀行金融研究所貨幣博物館，向他們查詢“千斯倉鈔版”的收藏情況和申請使用於寫作和出版的“千斯倉鈔版”圖像。其後，筆者很高 興於2023年8月22日獲得日本銀行金融研究所貨幣博物館回覆證實:“千斯倉鈔版”是該館的其中一件藏品。並向我提供用於寫作和出版的“千斯倉鈔版”的印刷本圖像，及元代“至元 通行寶貳貫鈔版”正面彩色照片和拓印本的圖像。

13 彭信威《中國貨幣史》1954年。

14、15 奧平昌洪《東亞錢志》1938年。

16 筆者主張：“除四川外，許於諸路州縣，公私從便，主管並同見錢，七百七十陌，流轉行使。”

17《宋史·食貨志》

18、19 中國畫學研究會《藝林旬刋》1928年，合訂本，第十期第三版（頁）。

三【千斯倉鈔版最早的記載、報道與題記】

1.《藝林旬刊》1928年圖像首次報道 1928年4月1日中國畫學研究會出版的《藝林旬刊》第十期 第三版面的一篇圖文並茂的報道，披露一件“銅版近年出 土，有人持拓本乞題”19鈔版的拓本。這是“千斯倉鈔版” 圖像首次的報道。

2.《嘉樹堂藏金石小品》拍賣專場，1928年最早的題記 在中國嘉德2021年北京秋季拍賣《嘉樹堂藏金石小品》專 場, 出現一件嘉樹堂舊藏“千斯倉鈔版”拓片, 題記原器為 尊古齋主人黃 �� 藏。有民國戊辰(1928年)孫壯題跋、1948 年陳夢家題跋。20

四【“千斯倉鈔版”出版物與著述觀點】

1.拓片首現1928年中國畫學研究會出版的《藝林旬刊》第 十期第三版（頁），“千斯倉鈔版”拓片首次面世的報道。（ 稱“會子”）

《藝林旬刊》第十期第三頁的版面

中國畫學研究會於民國十七年（1928年）4月1日出版的《藝 林旬刊》第十期第三頁版面，刊出一件北宋時期使用的“千 斯倉鈔版”，這是“千斯倉鈔版”拓片圖像首次面世的報道。 內容全文：

此南宋會子版也，我國紙幣之興，始於宋初。蜀人以鐵錢質重， 私為楮券。以便貿易，謂之交子。後官為置務，禁民私造。紹 興初，詔戶部造見錢關子，六年罷行在交子務。令榷貨務樁垜 見錢，造關子。三十年，戶部左侍郎錢端禮，造會子樁見錢。

於城內外流轉，漸乃通行淮浙湖北京西諸路。不特上供等錢許 用，即民間典賣田宅牛畜車船，亦許全用。雖亦時因濫發錢缺， 以至低價。然朝庭（廷）設法稱提，以迄宋亡，未之或廢。其

20 北京2021年秋季拍賣《嘉樹堂藏金石小品目錄》。

21 中國畫學研究會《藝林旬刋》1928年，合訂本，第十期第三版（頁）。

《藝林旬刊》，由中國畫學研究會在民國十七年(1928年) 一月一日創刊，逢每月的1日、11日、21日出版。《藝林旬刊》 有兩個特色，每期均邀請一位在世名家題寫《藝林旬刊》的 刊物名稱；另一個特色是，雖為藝術期刊，每期皆有穿插報 道一些與文字有關的古董物件。

1928年，中國畫學研究會《藝林旬刊》書影 於四川除外，則以川用鐵錢。大觀時改交子為錢引，鐵賤銅貴， 不相通也。七百七十陌，始於北漢。隱帝時，王章為三司使， 聚斂刻急，舊制。錢出入皆以八十為陌，章令入者八十，出者 七十七，謂之省陌。宋因之，幹德五年，始定出入皆以七十七 陌為貫焉。銅版近年出土，有人持拓本乞題，曾賦一絕曰：會 子交鈔古已行，流通泉貨酌虛盈，漫誇印楮四來法，銅版分明 示後生。21

2. 拓片正面及背面刊在1938年日本奧平昌洪編著《東亞錢 志》書內。（稱“會子”）

《東亞錢志》

奧平昌洪（Masahiro Okudaira, 1865年 - 卒年不詳 ），日 本出生，法學學士，大阪小泉會的成員，研究古泉，與田中 啟文（清岳堂主人）熟稔。著作有《日本辯護士史》，1914 年有斐閣書房出版，《東亞錢志》1938年由岩波書店出版。

奧平昌洪因其著作《東亞錢志》而聞名，書內披露出“千斯 倉鈔版”為“田中清岳堂珍藏”22，為“千斯倉鈔版”的流 傳有緒提供了重要的依據。

《東亞錢志》，全書十八卷，奧平昌洪著，1938年6月20日 由東京岩波書店發行。分別收錄中國、日本、朝鮮、安南 四國曆朝代的各種古錢幣，以拓片和文字描述的方式結合編 輯。其中卷一至卷十三為中國古錢幣，當中包括對一件“千 斯倉銅鈔版”的記錄；卷十四至卷十六為日本、朝鮮和安南 三國的古錢幣；卷十七至卷十八為中國、日本、朝鮮、安南 四國各類的花錢或厭勝錢等。

1938年，《東亞錢志》書內首次披露“千斯倉鈔版”的正面 及背面拓本和尺幅

3. 1938年日本奧平昌洪編著《東亞錢志》，記載鈔版珍藏於 “田中清岳堂”。（ 稱“會子”）

“千斯倉鈔版”日文描述的中文譯本：

右會子銅版，高五寸三分，寬三寸。文稱“除四川外許於諸路 州縣公私從便主管並同見錢七百七十陌流轉行使”為傳形而作。 若印造之，則得正文之會子，背為夷漫。宋史食貨志見“寶祐四 年臺臣奏，川引、銀會之弊，皆因自印自用，有出無收。今當拘 其印造之權，歸之朝廷，仿十八界會子造四川會子，視淳祐之 令，作七百七十陌，於四川州縣公私行使。兩料川引並毀，見 在銀會姑存。舊引既清，新會有限，則楮價不損，物價自平， 公私俱便矣。有旨從之。”此被作傳世絶少（之品）田中清岳堂 珍藏23 。

為“千斯倉鈔版”的流傳有緒提供了重要的依據。形制為銅 質材質，豎式方塊不帶足。尺幅為是：豎 16.1釐米，橫 9.1 釐米。鈔版文字內容：“除四川外許於諸路州縣公私從便主 管並同見錢七百七十陌流轉行使。”24

1938

年，日本奧平昌洪《東亞錢志》卷十對“千斯倉鈔版”的描述

22 奧平昌洪《東亞錢志》（奧平昌洪有小像世存）。

23 感謝 Mr Otoku Wado 的協助，將日文原文翻譯為中文。

24 奧平昌洪《東亞錢志》卷十 1938年。

4.民國三十年（1941年）十一月出版，《泉幣》第九期， 王䕃嘉在《補錄春間蔣君來函並跋》的內容。（

對“千斯倉鈔版”提出為“交子”的，見有三處：

a. 民國戊辰(1928年) ，孫壯為友聲先生題跋“千斯倉鈔 版”，時稱“宋交子銅版”25 。

b. 民國三十年（1941年）上海《泉幣》雜誌第九期，王䕃 嘉補錄與浙江麗水蔣伯壎之間的通訊《補錄春間蔣君來函並 跋》，分析市場古董、書畫、錢幣行市情況。期間，陳仁濤 購得南宋“行在會子庫鈔版”，王䕃嘉在內容中感慨提到早 年已離開國土至海外的“千斯倉鈔版”, 曰：“如交子版之 久離國土耶”26 。

c. 彭信威先生在《中國貨幣史》1954年第一版稱“千斯倉 鈔版”是“北宋的官交子或錢引”27。後來，在1958年第二 版及1964年第三版再版時，修改內容，改稱“千斯倉鈔版” 為“可能是崇寧、大觀年間四川以外各路所行的錢引”28 。

5. 拓片刊在1956年彭信威著《中國貨幣史》。（ 稱“錢引”）

《中國貨幣史》，中國著名的貨幣史學家和錢幣學家彭信威 著，1954年書成面世時，書內稱“千斯倉鈔版”為“北宋 的官交子或錢引”29。 1958年第二版，修改內容，書內稱 千斯倉鈔版為“可能是崇寧、大觀年間四川以外各路所行的 錢引”30，把“千斯倉鈔版”認定稱為“錢引”。

彭信威（1907年 - 1967年），江西省安福縣人，曾就讀於天 津南開中學。於1928年自費至日本留學。 1935年，赴英國 遊學。 1937年，彭信威任香港中國銀行襄理。 1941年在國 立重慶大學及復旦大學任教，出版過《銀行學》。

1954年，彭信威的《中國貨幣史》初版面世，1958年大幅 度修改後出版第二版，1965年出版第三版。《中國貨幣史》 一書中，他將歷代貨幣制度、貨幣購買力、物價、貨幣理論、 貨幣史、錢幣學、信用機關等類內容組合為一體，是用現代 經濟理論研究中國貨幣史和錢幣學的先行者。

1941年，《泉幣》第九期《補錄春間蔣君來函並跋》內容 《中國貨幣史》1954年第一版及1958年第二版書影

25 北京2021年秋季拍賣《嘉樹堂藏金石小品目錄》。

26 1941年《泉幣》第九期，王䕃嘉補錄與浙江麗水蔣伯壎之間的通訊《補錄春間蔣君來函並跋》。

27、28 彭信威《中國貨幣史》1954年第一版。

29、30 彭信威《中國貨幣史》1958年第二版。

6. 拓片刊在1987年中國錢幣學會編輯部著《中國古鈔圖輯》 （未定名目）

《中國古鈔圖輯》

1987年，中國錢幣學會的中國錢幣雜誌編輯部與內蒙古博 物館聯合編著的《中國古鈔圖輯》，圖錄宋金元明清各朝古 鈔，詳盡殷實。圖錄列出歷來各界對“千斯倉鈔版”的定 稱看法, 由於“千斯倉鈔版”內沒有鈔名，訊息簡短，在社 會上對“千斯倉鈔版”的定位稱呼計有“交子”“錢引”“會 子”“小鈔”。然而，說法沒有得到統一。因此，當時沒有下 定位結論, 未定名目31。

1987年，《中國古鈔圖輯》書影

五【“千斯倉鈔版”的“印刷本”“拓印本” 的出現】

由於“千斯倉鈔版”在1928年以前面世後，實物原件至今近 100年一直未見露面，它的拓片亦廖廖可數，相當稀缺和珍 貴，向來是貨幣研究及收集古鈔的愛好者和學者所重視及追 求的目標。國內外已知拓片實物出現過如下：

1.日本銀行金融研究所貨幣博物館的常設展覽，中國貨幣 部分，除大明通行寶鈔壹貫紙幣和至元通行寶鈔貳貫鈔版 “印刷本”的複製件外，尚有一件“千斯倉鈔版”的“印刷 本”複製件，附帶有日文和英文注釋，標注是由“千斯倉鈔 版”原件的重印件32。常設展出時，僅以原鈔版“印刷本” 的複印本展出。

2.在2013年7月8日上海朵雲軒拍賣有限公司春季拍賣會 “開平泉館藏泉幣專場”33，出現一件“千斯倉鈔版”珍貴 鈔版原拓，該拓片分為兩部分，上部分為鈔版的正面圖案拓 印，下部分份為鈔版的背面及四邊的圖案拓印，沒帶有任 何題記或印章。為開平泉館主人黃仲長先生所藏。黃仲長 (1900年-1987年)，開平泉館主人，上海人，喜好攝影和收 藏，名聲卓著，成就輝煌。其攝影作品曾巡展三十多個國家， 多次榮獲國際大獎。除了攝影，黃仲長先生還擅長收藏古代 字畫、玉器和文房硯具，更以收藏古錢而聞名泉壇。民國時 期，黃仲長家族與黃伯惠合辦上海三大報刊之一的《時報》 (另兩大報為《申報》及《新聞報》)。 1926年兼任《時報 畫報》副總編輯。

3. 在2021年，極為關鍵重要的嘉樹堂舊藏“千斯倉鈔版” 拓片出現在中國嘉德秋季拍賣會《嘉樹堂藏金石小品》拍賣 專場34(此件題記為宋代交子印刷銅版拓本，原器為黃濬尊 古齋舊藏。1928年孫壯題跋、1948年陳夢家題跋。) 。

4. 在2023年6月27日- 29日，筆者應收藏家孫炳路先生之邀 請，出席孫先生在重慶主辦的“故紙千年巴蜀歷代紙幣研討 會”35。會上，感謝與會的收藏家宋捷先生向筆者提供“千 斯倉鈔版”（此拓本沒有帶任何題記）及“貞祐鈔版”“興 定寶泉鈔版”“至元通行寶鈔版”等數款珍貴拓片實物供量 度。“千斯倉鈔版”的尺寸, 為豎16.2釐米，橫9.2釐米。這 與1938年奧平昌洪《東亞錢志》內公佈的尺幅“豎五寸三分 （16.1釐米），幅三寸（9.1釐米）36”十分接近，宣紙拓本 紙張擴散的誤差極微。

31《中國古鈔圖輯》1987年。

32 日本銀行金融研究所貨幣博物館的常設展覽。

33

上海朵雲軒2013年春季拍賣會，筆者曾到現場觀察實物，該張“千斯倉鈔版”拓片（此拓片沒有任何題記），拓印包括正面、版背、版四邊在一張宣紙上。此件拓片連同一大批古錢 幣拓片，接近1000件大小拓片，組合為一組拍品，當中有一件拓片，帶有羅振玉的題跋。最後，整組拓片，以創拓片拍賣成交紀錄價格成交。

34 中國嘉德北京2021年秋季拍賣會《嘉樹堂藏金石小品目錄》，出現一件帶有重要訊息題記的”千斯倉鈔版拓片”。當時，正值疫情期間，筆者未能親自前往現場觀察實物及參加現場 競拍，僅以電話委託方式競投。最終，擦肩而過。

35 為紀念中國紙幣發行1000周年，2023年6月27-29日，四川地區收藏家孫炳路先生在重慶金融博物館舉辦了“故紙千年巴蜀歷代紙幣研討會”暨四川紙幣展覽活動，與會的專家、收 藏家有王紀潔、左京華女士，金永校長，段洪剛、劉繼輝、張安生伉儷、馮乃川、馬長海、王宣瑞伉儷、於廷明、邵欽邦、陳耀光、章文龍、郭長春伉儷、牛全喜、宋捷、黃春明、徐 安民、王天揚、王亮、王潔、夏彤、陳蘇慶、馬瑞均、謝志偉、馮寧、鄭明遠、劉慶星、謝艾力、劉沛、劉海、尹健等五十多人。 36 奧平昌洪《東亞錢志》卷十 1938年。

六【“千斯倉鈔版”影本的兩種複製工藝】

1.“拓印”複製工藝37（ 目前世存所見到的複製件，多為拓 印工藝。）

“拓印”就是把一張堅韌的薄紙事先浸濕，敷在朝上的印版 上面，用刷子輕輕敲打，使紙入字口，待紙張乾燥後用刷子 蘸墨，輕輕地、均勻地拍刷，使墨均勻地塗布紙上，然後把 紙揭下來，一張文字圖案的拓片就複製完成了，這種複製文 字的方法，稱為“拓印”。

2.“印刷”複製工藝（ 僅見於日本銀行金融研究所貨幣博 物館一例。）

現今稱的“印刷”工藝，即為唐、宋時期的“雕版印刷術”38， 方法是先用一把刷子蘸一下墨，雕好的板或鑄版朝上，刷上 墨。接着，用白紙覆在板上，另外拿一把乾淨的刷子在紙背 上輕輕刷一下，把紙拿下來，就印好了，一張一張印好。這 種印刷方法，因為是在木板上雕好或銅版上鑄好文字圖案， 再印的，稱為“雕版印刷術”(即現今稱的“印刷”)。

七【 嘉樹堂舊藏“千斯倉鈔版”拓片 】

中國嘉德2021年北京秋季拍賣會拍品——嘉樹堂舊藏“千 斯倉鈔版”拓片。

嘉樹堂舊藏“千斯倉鈔版”拓片拓印題文如下：

1.“宋交子銅版。”39

2.“尊古齋主人所藏。友聲仁兄屬。北平 孫壯題。鈐印：孫 伯巨。”40

3.“傳世鈔版金元為多。此南宋交子銅版，至為可珍。我國 紙幣之興，始於宋初，蜀民以鐵錢質重，私為楮券以便貿易，

謂之交子。逡官為置物，禁民私造。高宗紹興六年二月詔置 行在交子務，命榷貨務椿垛見錢造關子。卅年戶部造會子見 錢於城內外流轉，漸乃通行淮浙、湖北、京諸路。不特上供 等錢許用，即民間典賣田宅、牛畜、車船亦許全用。以迄宋 亡，未之或廢。其除四川外者則以川用鐵錢。大觀時改交子 為錢引，鐵賤銅貴不相通也。戊辰（1928年）四月，商逸記。 鈐印：孫壯印。”41

4.“此宋鈔版，固與研究歷代鈔法大有價值，即其書法、刻 畫亦可視作宋板書與宋畫也。民國三十七年（1948年）三月， 上虞陳夢家。鈐印：陳夢家印。”42

嘉樹堂舊藏“千斯倉鈔版”拓片 , 民國戊辰 (1928年 ) 孫壯題記43

2021年秋季拍賣市場出現的嘉樹堂舊藏“千斯倉鈔版”拓 片, 有民國戊辰(1928年)孫壯題記。為“千斯倉鈔版”拓 片最早的題記, 稱“宋交子銅版”，孫壯題記。44（ 稱“交子”）

37 肖東發《中國圖書出版印刷史論》第49頁。

38 肖東發《中國圖書出版印刷史論》第50-53頁。

39、40、41、42 北京2021年秋季拍賣《嘉樹堂藏金石小品目錄》。

43、44 2021年中國嘉德拍賣有限公司《嘉樹堂藏金石小品目錄》。

八【“嘉樹堂舊藏“千斯倉鈔版”拓片題記上 人物的資料】

中國嘉德2021年北京秋季拍賣《嘉樹堂藏金石小品》專場 出現的一件嘉樹堂舊藏“千斯倉鈔版”拓片,有民國戊辰 (1928年)孫壯題記的“千斯倉鈔版”拓片，稱“千斯倉鈔版” 為“宋交子銅版”，訊息內容很好，有多處名家題跋，極為 關鍵重要的，是拓片內透露了“千斯倉鈔版”的收藏主人是 黃濬，讓百年以來源流之謎得到答案。

民國戊辰(1928年), 孫壯題記“千斯倉鈔版”拓片，拓片題 記上的人物:

1.“千斯倉鈔版”的收藏者黃濬

黃�� ( 1880年 - 1952年)，字百川，湖北雲夢人。琉璃廠尊 古齋主人，文物鑒藏家，譽稱“黃百萬”。在北京琉璃廠開 設尊古齋古玩鋪，識鑒精確，收羅宏富，著有《尊古齋古鉥 集林》《尊古齋陶佛留真》等多種古器物著作。百川是黃 �� 的字，當時業界多稱呼黃��時，多以黃百川稱之。45

2. 拓片題跋者孫壯

孫壯（1879年 -卒年不詳），子伯恒，號雪園，室名邆秋館， 直隸大興人。國子監學生，肆業同文館、京師大學堂。後任 北京商務印書館經理、中國營造學社校理等職。著有《雪園 藏吉語印譜》《澄秋館吉金圖》等。46

3. 拓片題跋者陳夢家

陳夢家 (1911年 - 1966年)，曾用筆名陳慢哉，浙江上虞人， 新月派詩人，著名古文字學家考古學家、詩人。1927 年入 中山大學, 1931 年編成《夢家詩集》。1934 年入研燕京大 學。47

4. 拓片題跋囑題者友聲仁兄

友聲（ 不詳，待考 ）。

（未完，《千斯倉故事圖背鈔版的出現與流向（下）》待續。）

45、46、47 容庚《容庚北平日記》1921年1月-1946年2月。

馮乃川

【 筆者簡介

職務: 香港中國古鈔學會會長 中國歷代紙幣展委員會秘書

領域：收集和研究中國歷代紙幣及鈔版、商業印章等 通訊: 香港中環郵政總局7246號信箱 電郵：tellfnc@gmail.com

聯合著作有：

1.《中國歷代紙幣展圖集》2009年

2.《第二屆中國歷代紙幣展圖集》2015年

3.《中國商印雅匯》2015年

Year of the Dragon Brings New Opportunities for Numismatics as Winter 2024 FUN Show Arrives

◎ J. Matthew Brotherton〔USA〕

Happy New Year and I hope that all are in good health and spirits as we enter into 2024 and the lucky Year of the Dragon. This year marked the 69th Annual Winter Florida United Numismatists (“FUN”) show which took place from January 4-7 at the Orange County Convention Center in Orlando, Florida. The 2024 Winter FUN show’s theme was “Coins & Kids” and contained over 600 booths and 1500 dealers from all over the world. While much of the United States is experiencing cold Winter weather this time of year, the Winter FUN show located in sunny Florida provides nice warm weather break for those dealers and collectors that attend. As the annual bellwether show for our numismatic industry, the 2024 Winter Fun Show set a good tone by being another sellout show attended by thousands of collectors over the four day event.

The theme for this year’s show was “Coins & Kids” because young numismatists are the future of our industry and will be collectors and dealers of the future. It is important to inspire and encourage these active young collectors. The 2024 Winter FUN show focused on this by having an extended Coins and Kids booth, ANA’s Treasure Trivia, Design a Coin, World Coin Hunt, panning for gold, educational programs, and other events to help young numismatists learn the basics of coin collecting. The FUN Young Numismatist) “YN” is for coin collectors between the ages of 5 and 18 and teach young numismatists that coin collecting can be a fun hobby and exciting career. With the help of the U.S. Mint, young numismatists attended a free educational program at the FUN show that taught youth about the coins they carry in their pockets. What is great is that each youngster in attendance received a welcome bag containing items to start their very own coin collection along with folders, books, various coins, tokens and medals! This year, I set up for the Winter Fun Show with my business partner Rick Stelzer (Vintage Collectibles Group of Sarasota, Florida), Michael Chou (President of Champion Auctions), Ron Dickenson (Dickenson Collectibles of Abingdon, Virginia), and Mark Kingsley, a bullion dealer from Fargo, North

Dakota. New to our table this year was Patrick Sun, a world paper money specialist from China who verifies foreign notes for PMG and Adriel Fo (House of Collectibles) from Singapore who deals in world coins and banknotes with a specialty in banknotes of Singapore, Malaysia and Brunei. Both Patrick and Adriel are very charismatic and intelligent young numismatists who have a bright future in our industry.

Most of the coin and currency dealers at the show were extremely pleased with the collector attendance and sales for the show. Although the premiums for gold and silver bullion have recently started to come down from record highs, public demand for precious metals continue to be steady. Collectors still seek high grade vintage gold and silver coins, and key date U.S. type coins. For currency collectors, large size federal U.S. paper money (which is getting harder to find in any condition) and large denomination currency continue to lead the sector. For international coins and currency, vintage Chinese gold and silver coins continue to be the most requested by customers. For international coins, I also have seen a rise in interest for 18th and 19th century Spanish 8 reales coins and early vintage Japanese Silver Yen “dragon” coins. For international currency, vintage Chinese notes and vintage Philippine notes continue to be the most requested at our booth. This year’s Platinum and Signature Heritage Auctions held at the FUN show featured the David T. Miller #1 PCGS Registry Set for DMPL/PL Morgan Dollars. Finding the proof-like “PL” or 曾 “DMPL” designation for many dates and mintmarks in the U.S. Morgan Silver Dollar series can be almost impossible, however this collection contained many of the best of the best. Highlighting the auction was the amazing key-date 1893-S graded PCGS MS 63 which realized $444,000 and an 1881-CC graded PCGS MS67+DMPL which realized $228,000.

This Winter FUN Show offered a wide variety of activities for collectors of all ages besides just buying and selling numismatic

collectibles. Grading service appraisals, educational seminars, auctions, collectors meetings, events for young numismatists such as panning for gold, scout merit badge programs, and other events were featured at this year’s show. Some interesting seminars at this year ’ s Winter FUN included “ Counterfeit Detection Insights” by William T. Jones that showed the audience how to apply certain techniques to tell the difference between counterfeit coins and the real items, the ever popular “Top 10 Numismatic Predictions for 2024” by David Harper who focused on speculating whether gold coins and silver dollars will soar to higher levels this upcoming year along with other topics for the industry in 2024. For international coins, the presentation “ Wonderful World Coins ” by Bob Hurst, a long-time well respected dealer in world coins, discussed his favorite world coins of all-time. The FUN Show always has an incredible display of numismatic exhibits and this year was no exception. Particularly interesting was the “United States Space Program Medallions and Commemoratives” exhibit featuring medallions and modern

commemorative coins highlighting the U.S. Space Program including the 50th anniversary of the Apollo Space Mission, the Challenger space shuttle, and classified shuttle missions. Another exhibit, “Sealing the Deal of the United States E Pluribus Unum

The Great Seal of the United States” showed how the Latin phrase meaning “one from many” became the motto of the Great Seal of the United States and outlined the phrase’s significance, history and usage on US medals, coins and currency. “ The Historically-Significant Two Cent Piece 1864-1872” exhibit focused on this popular U.S. type coin series and how it was the first U.S. coin with the words “In God We Trust” engraved on it. “Engraved by Paul Revere” was a display focusing on the famous patriot Paul Revere and how he was commissioned to engrave and print several colonial currencies about the time of the American Revolution. For international exhibits, “Feline Paper Money Type Set” focused on paper currencies of the world that used vignettes of cats (big and small) on their money … just a purrrrfect exhibit!

This year’s 2024 Winter FUN Show was another success and the Year of the Dragon brings many opportunities to those of us in the numismatic industry. While we enjoy friendships we

have made, let the theme of this year’s FUN show take hold and let us strive to encourage and assist the younger and newer members to the hobby we all enjoy! I look forward to seeing my good friends, Michael Chou, Jeffrey Wai, Adriel Fo and others at the 40th Anniversary Hong Kong Coin Show and Auction in April at the legendary Holiday Inn Golden Mile. This will be a special show as the first one was held in 1984 and will be a joint effort organized by the Hongkong International Coin Convention & Antique Watch Fair, Champion Auction, and Collectibles Auction Asia. The auction highlights include a unique set of artist drawings for the Arthur Coole Collection, NGC graded coins from the Nelson Chang and Chinese Family Collections, NGC graded BWS Collection of Chinese Medals, Tokens and Charms (Part II), Howard Bowker Collection of Chinese Numismatic Books from the Chinese Family Collection, Bowker / Fang Yaoyu Collection Ancient Chinese Coins, YIF Collection Chinese Pattern Coins, and much more!!! This should be an amazing show in April 2024 in Hong Kong where hopefully many participants from the original 1984 show will be able to make it, and I cannot wait to attend. Until next time, I wish you all the best in your numismatic pursuits and wish all our readers overseas a prosperous and healthy 2024!

第 69屆冬季佛羅里達聯合錢幣展為龍年錢幣收藏 帶來新機遇

◎ 馬修·布拉澤頓〔美國〕

第69屆冬季佛羅里達聯合錢幣展，於2024年1月4日至7日 在美國佛羅里達州奧蘭多市奧蘭多國家會展中心舉行。本 屆錢幣展的主題是“錢幣與兒童”，共有來自世界各地的 600多個展位和1 500名幣商參展。每年的這個時候，美國 大部分地區都在經歷寒冷的冬季，而佛羅里達州卻陽光明 媚，為參加的幣商和藏家提供了溫暖的好天氣。本屆錢幣 展作為我們錢幣行業的年度風向標，為2024年的錢幣市場 奠定了良好的基調。在為期四天的活動中，有數千名收藏 家參加，場場爆滿。

本屆展會的主題是“錢幣與兒童”，因為年輕的錢幣愛好者 是我們行業的未來，他們未來會成為收藏家和幣商。激勵 和鼓勵這些活躍的年輕收藏家非常重要。為此，錢幣展的 重點是擴大“錢幣與兒童”主題展位，包括美國錢幣學會的 “小小寶藏”展位、“設計一枚錢幣”展位、“世界錢幣尋寶” 展位、“淘金”展位，此外還有教育項目和其他活動，旨在 幫助青少年錢幣收藏者學習錢幣收藏的基礎知識。美國冬 季佛州錢幣展青年錢幣收藏家項目面向5至18歲的錢幣收藏 者，向青年錢幣收藏者傳達錢幣收藏是一項有意義和令人 興奮的事。在美國造幣廠的幫助下，年輕的錢幣愛好者參 加了美國冬季佛州錢幣展上的免費教育活動。活動向年輕 人介紹他們口袋裏的錢幣。最棒的是，每位到場的青少年 都收到了一個歡迎禮品袋，裏面裝有可以供他們自己開始 收藏錢幣的物品，如檔夾、書籍、各種錢幣和紀念章。此 次，我和商業夥伴瑞克 · 斯特拉爾（Rick Stezler，佛羅里 達州薩拉索塔古董收藏品集團 Vintage Collectibles Group

of Sarasota, Florida）、周邁可（冠軍拍賣總裁）、羅恩 迪 肯森（Ron Dickenson 佛吉尼亞州阿賓登市的迪克森收藏 品公司 Dickenson Collectibles of Abingdon,Virginia）以 及來自北達科他州法戈的金屬交易商馬克 · 金斯利（Mark Kingsley） , 一起為美國冬季佛州錢幣展做準備。此屆的新 成員有來自中國的世界紙幣專家孫先生，他為 PMG 鑒定 外國紙幣；來自新加坡的 Adriel Fo （新加坡收藏之家公司 House of Collectibles），他是世界錢幣和紙幣專家，專門 研究新加坡、馬來西亞和文萊的紙幣。孫先生和 Adriel 都 是非常有魅力且聰明的年輕錢幣收藏家，他們在我們的行 業中前途無量。

大多數參加展會的幣商都對此次展會的藏家參與程度和銷 售額感到非常滿意。儘管金銀的溢價最近已開始從歷史高 位回落，但公眾對貴金屬的需求依然保持穩定。收藏家仍 在尋找高品質的機製金銀幣，以及有重要年份的美國錢幣。 對於紙幣收藏者來說，大面額的美國聯邦紙幣（這種紙幣 在任何條件下都越來越難找到）和大面額紙幣仍然是這一 領域的領頭羊。在國際錢幣方面，中國機製金銀幣仍然是 客戶需求最多的。在國際錢幣方面，我還發現人們對18和 19世紀西班牙銀幣和早期日本龍銀越來越感興趣。在國際 貨幣方面，中國古鈔和菲律賓古鈔仍然是我們展位上最受 歡迎的產品。在此次展會上舉行的海瑞得拍賣會上，大衛 米勒（David T. Miller）在 PCGS 套幣註冊系統（PCGS Registry Set）中的1號 DMPL/PL 摩根銀元套幣成為一 大亮點。在美國摩根銀幣系列的許多日期和造幣廠印記中，

要找到類似於“PL”（proof-like，類精製）或“DMPL”

（deep mirror proof-like，深鏡面類）品相的樣幣幾乎是 不可能的，但這一藏品卻包含了許多精品中的精品。拍賣 會的重要年份銀幣亮點是一枚1893-S 年銀幣，經評 PCGS

MS 63，成交價為44.4萬美元；一枚 1881-CC 年銀幣， 經評 PCGS MS67+DMPL 級，成交價為22.8 萬美元。

除了買賣錢幣收藏品之外，本次錢幣展還為各年齡段的收 藏者提供了豐富多彩的活動，包括評級鑒定服務、教育研 討會、拍賣會、收藏家會議、為年輕錢幣愛好者舉辦的活動 （如淘金）、童子軍徽章計劃以及其他活動，都是本屆展會 的特色。錢幣展上舉辦了一些有趣的研討會，包括威廉 · 瓊 斯（William T. Jones）的“假幣檢測透視”，他向觀眾展示 了如何運用某些技術來辨別假幣和真幣；大衛 哈珀（David Harper）所作的“2024 年錢幣界十大預測”，他重點預測 了金銀幣是否會在2024年飆升到更高的水準，以及2024年 該行業的其他主題，受到觀眾歡迎。在國際錢幣方面，久 負盛名的世界錢幣交易商鮑勃 赫斯特（Bob Hurst）發 表了題為“奇妙的世界錢幣”的演講，討論了他最喜愛的 世界錢幣。美國冬季佛州錢幣展總是能展出令人難以置信 的錢幣展品，此屆也不例外。特別有趣的是“美國太空計 劃紀念章和紀念幣”展覽，展出的紀念章和現代紀念幣重 點介紹了美國太空計劃，包括阿波羅太空任務50周年紀 念、挑戰者號太空梭和保密的航太飛行任務。另一個展覽 “美國國徽”展示了國會上意為“合眾為一”（E Pluribus

Unum）的拉丁短語如何成為美國國徽上的格言，並概述 了這個短語的重要性和歷史，以及它在美國紀念章、硬幣 和紙鈔上的使用情況。“具有重要歷史意義的1864-1872年 兩美分硬幣”展覽的重點是這一美國流行的錢幣系列，以 及它如何成為第一枚刻有“我們相信上帝”字樣的美國硬幣。

“保羅 裏維爾的雕刻”展示的重點是著名的愛國者保羅 裏維爾（合眾為一），以及他是如何受託雕刻和印刷美國獨 立戰爭時期的幾種殖民地貨幣的。在國際展品方面，“貓科 動物紙幣類型集”集中展示了世界上使用大小貓科動物圖

案的紙幣，這真是一個完美的展覽！

總之，此屆錢幣展再次取得成功，龍年為我們錢幣行業帶 來了許多機遇。在沉浸友誼、享受錢幣展無窮樂趣的同時， 讓我們努力鼓勵和幫助年輕的新成員加入我們共同的愛好 之列！我期待着與我的好朋友周邁可、魏亨泰、 Adriel Fo 和其他人在4月於金域假日酒店舉辦的香港錢幣展40周年紀 念拍賣會上相見。這將是一個特殊的展會，因為第一屆香 港錢幣展會是在1984年舉辦的。 40周年紀念拍賣會將由香 港國際錢幣展銷會暨古董表交易會、冠軍拍賣和亞洲收藏 品拍賣會聯合舉辦。拍賣重點包括一套獨一無二的的邱文 明收藏設計師手稿、NGC 評級的張南琛和華人家族收藏錢 幣、 NGC 評級的 BWS 收藏中國紀念章、代幣和花錢（第 二部分）、包克收藏中國錢幣著作、包克 / 方藥雨收藏中國 古錢、 YIF 收藏中國樣幣等。2024 年 4月在香港舉辦的這 屆展會應該會非常精彩，希望1984年展會中的許多參與者 都能參加，我已經迫不及待地想參加了。下次再見，祝願 大家在錢幣收藏的道路上一帆風順，也祝願我們所有的海 外讀者在2024年一切順利、身體健康！

NGC Shanghai Now Accepting Submissions of Chinese Cash Coins

Certain Chinese cash coins are now eligible for grading at the NGC Shanghai office, and an attractive special label is available to complement these coins.

Numismatic Guaranty Company® (NGC®) is pleased to announce that it is now certifying a limited range of Chinese cash coins through its affiliate, NGC Shanghai Business Information Consulting Co., Ltd. (NGC Shanghai). A special label celebrating these historic coins can be requested at no extra charge.

For centuries, China has been the cradle of cash coin production, and in contemporary times, these coins have evolved into an iconic representation of the nation. Primarily crafted from bronze or copper, cash coins are characterized by a unique feature: a central hole that allowed them to be threaded together, streamlining larger transactions. Initially cast, these coins eventually transitioned to being struck.

"NGC is excited to expand our certification services to cash

coins, an important part of China ’ s extensive numismatic heritage. This once again demonstrates our ongoing commitment to a secure and vibrant numismatic marketplace in China,” said Steven R. Eichenbaum, CEO of Certified Collectibles Group, which includes NGC. “We are proud to have certified nearly 5 million Chinese coins and to have earned the trust of coin collectors and dealers in China.”

Currently, NGC certifies cash coins of five emperors of the Qing dynasty: Shunzhi (1644-61), Kangxi (1662-1722), Yongzheng (1723-35), Qianlong (1736-95) and Jiaqing (1796-1820). Cash coins can be certified as “Genuine,” or with an adjectival grade such as Extremely Fine or About Uncirculated. NGC can encapsulate these coins in individual holders or as a five-coin set, with either the NGC Standard Brown Label or a special Qing Dynasty Label at no additional cost. Both labels are available in standard and NGC Oversize Holder sizes.

Submissions of Chinese cash coins are eligible for the Bulk

This is a cast cash coin in Uncirculated condition. Adjustment marks are often seen on Qing dynasty cast cash coins

Common indicators of circulation are evident on this cash coin.

This is a special variety that is called an Arhat coin. According to lore, it was made of a melted Arhat statue, so it is seen as auspicious.

Vintage grading tier. Numeric grades will not be assigned to cash coins. In addition, cash coins that have been unearthed or have evidence of dirt, rust or other archaeological indications of being buried are ineligible for certification.

NGC has demonstrated a steadfast commitment to the Chinese coin market through its unwavering dedication to providing high-quality and reliable coin grading services. With a meticulous approach to evaluating coins’ authenticity and grade and protecting genuine ones in high-quality holders, NGC plays a pivotal role in instilling confidence among collectors and investors in the Chinese numismatic market. This commitment extends beyond grading to encompass educational initiatives, fostering a deeper understanding of numismatics within the Chinese coin collecting community.

Please note: At this time, cash coins may only be submitted to NGC’s office in Shanghai and cannot be submitted to NGC’s other locations.

About Chinese Cash Coins

The first standardized coins were produced more than 2,000 years ago during the Qin Dynasty, under the reign of Emperor

Qin Shi Huang. Round, with a square hole in the center, these coins were known as "banliang" coins. Over the centuries, various types of cash coins were minted in China. The inscriptions on the coins typically included the emperor's title or reign name, the mint location and sometimes auspicious symbols or legends. The designs evolved with different dynasties, and the inscriptions often provide valuable historical information.

With the arrival of foreign trade and the development of modern banking systems in the 19th century, traditional cash coins faced challenges. The Qing Dynasty introduced modern coinage and paper money systems, gradually phasing out cash coins. By the early 20th century, they were mostly replaced by more convenient forms of currency.

Chinese cash coins appeal to collectors worldwide due to their historical significance and artistic value. Numismatists study the different coin types, inscriptions and minting techniques to understand ancient Chinese history, economics and culture. Collecting cash coins provides a tangible connection to China's rich numismatic history, and NGC Shanghai looks forward to protecting and preserving them.

原刊載於 ngc.com

NGC上海宣佈即日起為方孔錢提供認證服務

◎ NGC〔上海〕

上海恩頡藏商務信息諮詢有限公司（NGC 上海）很高興 地宣佈，從2023年12月19 日起，為“五帝錢”提供認證服 務。同時， NGC 還為這些方孔錢推出了一款精美的特殊 標籤，以增添意趣。NGC 上海是 Numismatic Guaranty Company （NGC）位於中國上海的關聯公司。此外，提 交者亦可申請選用一款專為這些具有歷史意義的方孔錢而 設計的特殊標籤。

中國是方孔錢的發源地。時至今日，方孔錢已逐漸演變為 中國錢幣史的標誌性象徵。方孔錢主要由青銅或黃銅鑄成， 其顯著特點之一便是有用於穿繩的中心孔，古人在進行大 額交易時通常會使用成串的方孔錢以提升結算效率。隨着 時代的發展，方孔錢最終為機製幣所取代。

Certified Collectibles Group （即 CCG 集團，旗下成員 公司包括 NGC）首席執行官史蒂芬 ·R· 艾森鮑姆（Steven R. Eichenbaum）先生表示：“NGC 很高興能將認證服 務範圍拓展至方孔錢，因其為中國錢幣史的重要組成部分。

正如我們所承諾的，NGC 始終致力於在中國營造一個更為 安全且充滿活力的錢幣市場。 NGC 現已認證近500萬枚中 國硬幣，對此我們深感自豪。與此同時， NGC 也贏得了廣 大中國收藏者與經銷商的信賴。”

目前， NGC 已開始為清代“五帝錢”提供認證服務，這 五種方孔錢上所鐫刻的皇帝年號分別是：順治（1644年 -1661年）、康熙（1662年 -1722年）、雍正（1723年 -1735 年）、乾隆（1736年 -1795年）和嘉慶（1796年 -1820年）。

NGC 會為經其認證為真品的“五帝錢”標注“Genuine （真品）”或描述性評級，例如：“Extremely Fine （尤為 精美）”或“About Uncirculated （幾乎未流通）”。而後， NGC 可以將其單獨封存於 NGC 標準尺寸封裝盒中，亦 可將成套的五枚悉數封存於 NGC 大型多幣封裝盒（NGC Large Multi-Coin Holder）中。此外，您可以免費申請選 用 NGC 標準棕色標籤 #377 （適用於 NGC 大型多幣封 裝盒的標籤編號為 #488）或 NGC 方孔錢特殊標籤 #2204 （適用於 NGC 大型多幣封裝盒的標籤編號為 #2207）。

這是一枚未流通品相的乾隆通寶，銼痕常見於清代方孔錢之上

這枚雍正通寶存在常見的流通痕跡

您可以通過 NGC 機製幣批量型（Vintage Bulk）評級層 級來提交方孔錢。請知悉方孔錢無法獲得 NGC 數值評級 等級。此外，若您手中的方孔錢為出土物件或者幣身存在 泥土、銹蝕以及其他考古學跡象表明其曾被埋藏於地底， 則不符合提交認證資格。

NGC 致力於提供高質量且備受信賴的硬幣評級服務，從而 彰顯其對於中國硬幣市場所作出的堅定承諾。NGC 通過嚴 謹細緻的方法來評估硬幣的真實性與評級等級，並將真品 封存於先進的 NGC 封裝盒之中，故而其在為中國錢幣收 藏者與投資者樹立信心方面發揮着至關重要的作用。 NGC

所作出的承諾在覆蓋評級領域的同時亦拓展至教育層面， 助力中國錢幣收藏群體提升其對於錢幣學的認知。

請知悉：目前，僅 NGC 上海辦公室可接收“五帝錢”的 提交，其他 NGC 辦公室暫時無法接收該提交。

關於方孔錢

方孔錢的歷史可追溯至2 000多年前的秦朝，秦始皇為統一 貨幣制度而在全國範圍內發行圓形方孔的“秦半兩”。而後， 不同類別的方孔錢相繼誕生於中國的各個朝代之中。這些 方孔錢的幣面往往鐫有皇帝的年號以及鑄造地點，有時也 會出現一些帶有吉祥寓意的符號或銘文。方孔錢的樣式隨 着朝代的更迭而不斷演變，其幣面銘文往往蘊含着寶貴的 歷史信息。

這枚方孔錢是康熙通寶中的特殊版別，俗稱“羅漢錢”。相傳， 此特殊版別是用熔鑄羅漢雕像後所得的金屬鑄成，故而被認為 具有吉祥的含義

近幾個世紀以來，隨着中國對外貿易以及現代銀行體系的 發展，傳統方孔錢面臨諸多挑戰。清朝於19世紀晚期引進 了現代機製幣鑄造工藝，並且優化了紙幣流通體系，從而 導致方孔錢逐漸被市場所淘汰。在20世紀初期，方孔錢已 基本被流通方式更為簡易的貨幣所取代。

中國方孔錢因其歷史意義與藝術價值而受到全球收藏者的 青睞。錢幣學家能夠通過研究不同類別的方孔錢及其銘文 與鑄造工藝來瞭解中國古代的歷史、經濟和文化。您所收 藏的方孔錢與中國悠久的錢幣史頗有淵源，NGC 上海期待 能為這些方孔錢提供妥善的保護。

WThe Red Book Changes Hands

hat is the impact of the CDN buying Whitman Publishing, and what does it means for the numismatic community?

About two weeks ago, the numismatic world was stunned to hear the announcement of the sale of Whitman Publishing to CDN (Coin Dealer Newsletter, publisher of Greysheet). The storied brand has been serving the numismatic community since 1947, and its history closely mirrors the evolution of the hobby through the decades. A huge majority of serious collectors started by filling a Whitman album in their youth. My own numismatic journey started in 1969, with a Whitman Lincoln Cent folder for coins 1941 to date.

Since 2003, when the Anderson family purchased Whitman Publishing, they have greatly expanded the number of specialty numismatic books for United States and World coins. They have published hundreds of titles, of which many have been widely acclaimed and award-winning. Their prodigious output has meant a boon of information for modern collectors and has undoubtedly stimulated the rare coin market over the last two decades.

Several years ago, after being sold to its current owners, the long-running Coin Dealer Newsletter (Greysheet) went through a radical restructure and update. They decided to eliminate the weekly sheets of years past and publish magazines: one for retail

pricing and another with the standard wholesale prices they have published for decades. The new formats have been well received and the current form of Greysheet is greatly improved, with vastly more pricing information. The Greysheet has transformed from a simple weekly flyer to a suite of numismatic publications. CDN has also invested considerably to develop an internet strategy.

The Guide Book of United States Coins (the Red Book) is the crown jewel of Whitman Publishing. It is by far the most widely distributed numismatic book and is available in bookstores around the country. Nearly everyone who starts collecting coins starts with a Red Book in hand. Its basic information about numismatics is vital to anyone new to the hobby.

I have been the Senior Editor of Red Book since 2019; however, my involvement with Red Book dates back another decade before that, when I started helping Ken Bressett with the annual pricing. His mentorship has prepared me for the role as caretaker of one of the most important brands in the hobby.

Although surprised by the announcement, I am excited to see what the next chapter brings for Whitman Publishing. In an ever-changing world, even the most iconic brands need to adapt to remain relevant. It will be thrilling to see what new tools and ideas CDN can bring to the table for Red Book and its dozens

of other products and brands. Information is one of the most impactful elements in the hobby today and, together, Whitman and CDN have become the new powerhouse for numismatic information.

There is a long history of information impacting the hobby. Some of the oldest rare coin price guides for US coins began in the mid- to late-1800s. There was a boom of collector interest in US coinage when the Mint stopped making Large Cents. A few of the greatest collections ever assembled were started at this time. Over the generations, rare coin price guides changed very little. Slowly, conditions became more of a factor in pricing, but with only one or two grades listed for most coins.

In late 1946, the first A Guide Book of United States Coins was published. This became the bible of numismatic pricing for the next 75 years or so. I remember times in the 1970s when dealers would not price coins in inventory until the latest edition of the Red Book was distributed. Most of my early knowledge of rare coins came from memorizing as much as possible of the Red Book.

We now live in the information age, and coin collectors have been a huge beneficiary of this new trend. Because of the many price guides, auction records and population information, the hobby is now more transparent than ever before. In my opinion, this has been one of the biggest drivers for increased collector demand in the last 20 years.

Regardless of their budget, collectors want accurate pricing information before making a purchase. This may sound simple, but I can assure you it is not. For one thing, rare coins are not commodities. Nearly every rare coin is different in appearance, even in the exact same grade. We have discussed this many times over the years. Eye appeal and general appearance can greatly impact the value of a coin. This is very hard to convey in price guides.

Most price guides list prices for the imaginary "average" coin for the grade. Therefore, actual coins can trade in a wide range based on appearance. This can be easily observed by attending any major rare coin auction.

There is also much discussion about what constitutes wholesale and retail prices for rare coins. Many have a hard time defining the term "retail" pricing. Because of the abundance of pricing information available to most retail collectors, the standard markups of times past are hard to sustain for many retail companies. I can safely state that there has been a huge blurring of the line between what is wholesale and what is retail in today's marketplace.

Many consider price guides to be a problem for the hobby, and I have heard dealers complain about too much information being available to collectors. In my opinion, it is not much different than the pricing pressures nearly every retail company in the United States faces. Consumers can price-shop with a few clicks of their phone for everything from socks to automobiles. In the long run, this transparency will greatly increase volume for many players, but profit margins will continue to be squeezed. Rare coin consumers are the winner.

There are now more tools than ever for the average or advanced collector. With the purchase of Whitman Publishing by CDN, there will undoubtably be new and improved pricing information available to collectors at all levels. Because of the resources being devoted to numismatic information, now is the best time in the history of the hobby for collectors to buy coins at the lowest possible markup. Be sure to use the information you now have available to your fullest advantage.

幣交易商通訊出版社（Coin Dealer Newsletter Publishing, LLC，以下簡稱 CDN）收購惠特曼出 版社（Whitman Publishing）有何影響，對錢幣界又意味 着什麼？

大約兩周前，惠特曼出版社宣佈將出售給 CDN（Greysheet 的出版商）時，錢幣界震驚不已。惠特曼出版社是個歷史悠 久的品牌，自 1947 年以來一直為錢幣界服務，其歷史密切 反映了錢幣這一愛好在過去幾十年中的演變過程。大多數收 藏家都是從年輕時，將惠特曼錢幣集裝滿開始自己的收藏生 涯的。我自己的錢幣收藏之路始於1969年。當時，我收藏 了一本1941年至1969年林肯輔幣的惠特曼收藏集。

自2003年安德森家族收購惠特曼出版社以來，他們出版的 美國和世界錢幣專業書籍的數量大大增加——計有數百部 作品，其中許多廣受讚譽，屢獲殊榮。他們的諸多作品為現 代收藏家提供了豐富的信息，這無疑在過去20年中刺激了 珍稀錢幣市場的發展。

在歷史悠久的 CDN 於幾年前被出售給目前的所有者之後， 它經歷了一次徹底的重組和更新，決定取消過去發行多年的 Greysheet 週報，並開始出版雜誌。其中一本雜誌是零售價 目錄，另一本則是幾十年來一直出版的標準批發價。這種新 形式廣受好評，而目前 Greysheet 的形式已經有了很大的改 進，提供了更多的價格信息。Greysheet 已從一份簡單的每

◎ 傑夫·加勒特〔美國〕

週價格單轉變為一套錢幣出版物。 CDN 還斥鉅資制定互聯 網戰略。

《美國硬幣指南》（紅皮書）是惠特曼出版社的鎮社之寶。 這是迄今為止發行量最大的錢幣書籍，在全國各地的書店均 有銷售。幾乎每個收藏錢幣的人都會從一本紅皮書開始。紅 皮書中有關錢幣的基本信息對任何新手來說都至關重要。

我從2019年開始擔任紅皮書的高級編輯。不過，我與紅皮 書的合作可以追溯到十年前，那時我開始幫助肯 佈雷西特 （Ken Bressett）進行年度定價。在他的指導下，我為成為 業餘愛好中最重要的品牌之一的管理者做好了準備。

我雖然對這一消息感到驚訝，但很期待惠特曼出版社的下一 個篇章。在一個瞬息萬變的世界裏，即使是最具代表性的品 牌也需要不斷調整，以保持其相關性。CDN 將為紅皮書及 其他數十種產品和品牌帶來哪些新工具和新理念，我們拭目 以待。信息是當今錢幣愛好中最具影響力的要素之一，而惠 特曼和 CDN 已共同成為錢幣信息的新動力。

價格信息對錢幣收藏這一愛好的影響由來已久。美國最古老 的錢幣價格指南始於19世紀中後期。當造幣廠停止製造大 美分硬幣時，收藏者對美國錢幣產生了濃厚的興趣。一些有 史以來最偉大的收藏就是在這個時候開始的。歷經幾代人的 努力，稀有錢幣價格指南幾乎沒有什麼變化。慢慢地，品相 原刊載於 ngc.com

成為影響定價更多的因素，但大多數錢幣只會列出一到兩個 品相等級的定價。

1946 年底，第一本《美國錢幣指南》出版。在接下來的 75 年左右時間裏，這本紅皮書成為錢幣定價的權威著作。我還

記得20世紀 70 年代，幣商不會在最新版紅皮書發行之前， 為其庫存的錢幣定價。我早期對稀有錢幣的瞭解大多來通過 盡可能多地記住紅皮書裏的內容來獲得的。

我們現在生活在信息時代，錢幣收藏者是這一新趨勢的巨大 受益者。由於有了許多價格指南、拍賣記錄和數量信息，這 一愛好現在比以往任何時候都更加透明。在我看來，這是過 去20年來藏家需求增加的最大驅動力之一。

無論收藏者的預算是多少，他們在購買前都希望獲得準確的 價格信息。這聽起來似乎很簡單，但我可以向你保證，事實 並非如此。首先，稀有錢幣不是商品。即使他們的評級完全 相同，幾乎每一枚稀有錢幣的外觀都不盡相同。多年來，我 們曾多次討論過這個問題。味道和總體外觀會極大地影響一 枚錢幣的價值。這在價格指南中很難體現。

大多數價格指南列出的是該等級錢幣預計的平均價格。因

此，實際錢幣的交易價格會因其外觀而有很大差異。這一點 能在任何大型珍稀錢幣拍賣會上很容易地觀察到。

關於什麼是稀有錢幣的批發價和零售價，也有很多討論。許 多人很難定義“零售”定價。由於大多數通過零售購買錢幣 的收藏者都能獲得大量的定價信息，許多零售公司很難再維 持過去的標準加價。我可以肯定地說，在當今的市場上，批 發和零售之間的界限已經變得非常模糊。

許多人認為價格指南對收藏愛好來說是個問題，我也聽到 過幣商抱怨收藏者獲得的信息太多。在我看來，這與美國 幾乎所有零售公司面臨的定價壓力並無太大區別。消費者 只需點擊幾下手機，就可以對從襪子到汽車的各種商品進 行貨比三家。從長遠來看，這種透明度將大大增加許多參 與者的交易量，但利潤空間將繼續受到擠壓。稀有錢幣買 家才是贏家。

對於普通或資深收藏者來說，現在的工具比以往任何時候都 要多。CDN 收購惠特曼出版社後，無疑將為各級收藏者提 供新的、更好的定價信息。由於資源正在不斷投入錢幣諮詢 中，現在是收藏愛好者以盡可能低的價格購買錢幣的最佳時 機。請務必充分利用您現在掌握的信息。

The European Numismatic Panda Market The European Numismatic Panda Market

◎ Oliver Strahl〔Germany〕

Chinese coins from China, especially the panda, have found their way into the hands of collectors. The cute panda, which changes its design every year, is more popular than it has been for a long time. In times of crisis, precious metals are in high demand as they serve as a hedge against inflation. Many of the panda coins are made of the precious metals platinum, palladium, gold or silver.

Older issues up to 2009 also have a relatively low circulation, sometimes only a few hundred pieces. Issues from 2010 onwards tend to be in the millions and are therefore a pure precious metal investment. It is therefore profitable to have the older panda coins professionally graded by NGC. With a good result, this increases the value considerably and facilitates a later sale. Purchased Chinese coins should at least be in the original mint foil.

A few years ago, the auction houses were still littered with genuine rarities, but today almost all of them have ended up in long-term collections. With a bit of luck, some Chinese coins may come onto the market as a result of a collection liquidation, although this is very rare as many transactions take place privately in the background.

Pandas that are sold regularly reach new record prices and generally move back to China, so that the domestic market is increasingly thinning out.

There are also brass pandas from 1983 to 1985, these 1 yuan pieces are as expensive as gold in weight. The 1985 issue with a mintage of only 50 pieces even costs $25,000. Compared to the prices of US coins,

the Chinese coins are still more than affordable and worth an investment right now.

There are also officially licensed medals of the pandas. An extremely popular series is the World Money Fair Panda Berlin, which once again stands out in 2024 with a brilliant design and a small mintage of 200 pieces. With an issue price of 99 euros at the time, the 2023 version achieved the proud price of 250 euros just one year later. This year's edition at the Kuenker booth is highly likely to sell out within a few hours or even minutes.

The obverse features two pandas and a colorful dragon, which stands for the Year of the Dragon 2024. The World Money Fair logo is the new logo of the fair, which was recently changed. The Roman coin shows the portrait of Brutus, who used the coin to celebrate the murder of Gaius Julius Caesar and portrayed himself as the savior of freedom and the Republic. The coin is the most expensive Roman silver issue and can achieve a value of up to $500,000 depending on its condition. The reverse depicts the 22 meter high rotunda as the centerpiece of the Altes Museum in Berlin, which opened in 1830.

來自中國的錢幣，尤其是熊貓紀念幣，已經成功進入了收藏 者的手中。幣上的可愛熊貓圖案每年都會更換，其受歡迎程 度超過了以往任何時候。在危機時期，貴金屬因其保值作用 而受到追捧。許多熊貓紀念幣都是由貴金屬鉑、鈀、金或銀 製成的。

2009 年之前的舊版熊貓紀念幣發行量相對較低，有時只有 幾百枚。2010年以後的發行量往往高達數百萬枚，因此是 一種純貴金屬投資。這讓NGC對舊版熊貓紀念幣進行專業 評級是有利可圖的。如果評級結果良好，則會大大提高其價 值，並有助於日後的銷售。而購買的中國錢幣至少應有原始 出廠包裝。

幾年前，拍賣行裏還有着真正的中國錢幣珍品，但如今幾乎 所有的珍品都被長期收藏。運氣好的話，一些中國錢幣可能 會因清盤藏品而流入市場，不過這種情況非常罕見，因為許 多交易都是在後臺私下進行的。

定期出售的熊貓紀念幣價格屢創新高，而且一般都會流回中 國，因此德國國內市場熊貓紀念幣交易量日益萎縮。

此外，還有1983年至1985年的黃銅熊貓紀念幣，這些壹圓 面值幣的價格不亞於黃金。1985年發行的僅有50枚，價格 甚至高達25 000美元。與美國錢幣的價格相比，中國錢幣的 價格還是比較實惠的，值得現 在投資。

此外，還有官方授權的熊貓紀 念章。柏林世界錢幣展覽會熊 貓紀念章是一個非常受歡迎 的系列，它將於2024年再次 脫穎而出，設計精美，發行量 僅為200枚。2023版當時的發 行價為99歐元，僅一年後就 達到了250歐元的傲人價格。

2024年昆克拍賣公司展位上的柏林展會熊貓紀念章極有可 能在幾小時甚至幾分鐘內售罄。

這次熊貓紀念章的正面圖案：主景為柏林阿爾特斯博物館中 央圓頂大廳內景圖，圓頂大廳高22米，它是1830 年開放的 柏林舊博物館的中心建築；下部中間為2024世界錢幣展覽 會新近更換的標誌。背面圖案：主景為兩只大熊貓，上部為 一條彩色的龍，代表2024年是中國龍年。背景為柏林阿爾 特斯博物館珍藏的古羅馬時期凱撒大帝“刺殺”紀念幣，錢 幣正面是“弑君者”布魯圖的頭像。這枚錢幣意在慶祝蓋烏 斯·尤利烏斯·凱撒被刺殺，並將布魯圖描繪成自由和共和 國的救世主。這枚錢幣是最昂貴的羅馬銀幣，價值可達50 萬美元。

柏林阿爾特斯博物館外景

Investors and coin enthusiasts alike have reason to celebrate with the launch of The Royal Mint’s 2024 Britannia 1oz platinum coin earlier December 2023. Struck in 999.5 fine platinum to the mint’s bullion standard, with a face value of £100, the coin joins the 2024 Britannia Collection, following the earlier release of the full gold editions and the 1oz silver edition. The 2024 1/10 oz platinum bullion Britannia completes the collection when it arrived in early 2024.

Britannia has long featured on British coins and has been The Royal Mint’s flagship bullion coin collection since it was first introduced in 1987. The now iconic design was created by sculptor Philip Nathan whose bold concept includes carefully chosen symbols to reflect the UK’s national values - a shield for protection, an olive branch for peace and a trident to represent maritime links.

Commenting on the recent launch, Andrew Dickey, Director of Precious Metals for The Royal Mint, said: “Distinguished by its advanced security features and traditional design, the Britannia provides a distinctive appeal for those looking to enrich their portfolios with a timeless investment.”

According to The Royal Mint, the 2024 Britannia bullion coin redefines security in the market, leading the way as the most visually secure bullion coin in the world by incorporating special features. These include a latent image which switches between a trident and a padlock when the coin is rotated, as well as surface animation that creates a wave motion behind Britannia when the coin is moved.

Originally published on WPIC® 60 SECONDS IN PLATINUM

ICONIC INVESTMENT

Recent platinum bar and coin product launches are inspired by timeless themes while delivering cutting-edge design

Setting a precedent

Meanwhile, in China, the first platinum bar product from China Gold Coin Group Limited (CGCG) was recently unveiled at the Beijing International Coin Expo.

Crafted from 99.9 per cent pure platinum, The Year of the Dragon Platinum Bar is available in two specifications: 10g and 100g, with the former designed to be worn as a pendant.

Its launch is the first time that platinum has been included in CGCG ’ s annual precious metals bar collection based on the twelve signs of the Chinese zodiac. It also sets a new precedent regarding the issuance of platinum bars by institutions affiliated to China ’ s central bank-such as CGCG-conferring a quasiofficial status on them that aligns them with the way similar gold and silver products are viewed by investors in China.

The design of the Year of the Dragon Platinum Bar showcases long-established Chinese zodiac culture and is inspired by the mystery and agility of the iconic dragon, utilising elements of a seven-piece puzzle toy to create a modern dragon-shaped pattern with geometric shapes.

◎ World Platinum Investment Council 〔Shanghai〕

The Royal Mint's Britannia 2024 1oz platinum bullion coin - reverse

圖1 英國皇家造幣廠 2024年 “不列顛女神”1盎司鉑金幣 - 背面

轉載自 WPIC® 60 SECONDS IN PLATINUM

中英兩國

推出標誌性鉑金投資產品

英國皇家造幣廠於2023年12月初推出2024年“不列顛女 神”1盎司鉑金幣。這枚硬幣以99.95%純鉑金按照造幣廠 的貴金屬產品標準鑄造，面值為100英鎊，它緊隨早前發行 的黃金版和10盎司白銀版加入了2024年的“不列顛女神” 貴金屬幣系列。另外，2024年的1/10盎司鉑金“不列顛女神” 也已於2024年年初發行，從而完成了整個系列的發行。(圖1)

“不列顛女神”系列是英國的傳統特色硬幣，自1987年首 次推出以來，它一直是英國皇家造幣廠的貴金屬幣旗艦系 列。這個標誌性的設計是由著名雕塑家菲利普·內森(Philip Nathan)創作的，他的大膽設計概念包括精心挑選的象徵， 以反映英國的國家價值觀——代表保護的盾牌，代表和平的 橄欖枝，以及代表海洋力量的三叉戟。

英國皇家造幣廠貴金屬部門主管安德魯·迪基在不久前的發 佈會時表示：“‘不列顛女神’系列以其先進的防偽功能和 傳統的設計而聞名，其獨特的魅力吸引了希望通過永不過時 的投資來豐富其投資組合的人士。”

根據英國皇家造幣廠的說 法，2024年的不列顛女神 投資幣重新定義了市場上 的安全性，通過融入特殊 功能，成為世界上視覺安 全性最高的貴金屬投資幣。

這些特殊功能包括一個潛 在圖像，當硬幣旋轉時會 在三叉戟和掛鎖之間切換，

以及表面動畫效果，硬幣在動時會在不列顛尼亞女神背後創 造出波浪動作。

與此同時，在中國市場，中國金幣集團(CGCG)生產的第 一款龍年投資鉑金條在2023北京國際錢幣博覽會上亮相。

該龍年投資鉑金條由99.9%純度的鉑金製成，產品有兩種 規格：10克和100克，前者被設計成可佩戴的吊墜。(圖2)

龍年鉑金條的面市是鉑金首次被中國金幣集團納入中國 十二生肖的年度貴金屬投資條系列。這也為中國央行下屬機 構（如中國金幣集團）發行鉑金條開創了先河，讓它具有准 官方的地位，使得這些鉑金條在中國投資者眼中具備了與投 資黃金條和銀條的同等地位。

中國金幣集團龍年鉑金條的設計以龍的神秘和敏捷為靈感， 展示了中國悠久的生肖文化，並利用七巧板的元素，創造出 具有幾何形狀的現代龍形圖案。

Hong Kong Store Shanghai Store

Opening Hours: Saturday 13:30 to 17:00

Add.Rm. 219, 2/F Ho Mongkok Shopping Centre, No.169-173 Portland St. Mongkok Kowloon

Tel：+852 60234282 (Ms. Tang)

Tel：+852 61650618 （Mr. Chou）

Sales Info

Series Ⅰ- Hong Kong

Regular Set (Mintage 600) ——HKD 1,298

Opening Hours: Saturday 13:30-17:00

Add. Rm. East-09, 5/F, Yunzhou Antique City, No. 88 Damuqiao Road, Xuhui District

Tel: +86-19514623548 (Ms. Li)

Email: jeanzg1994@163.com

NGC PR70 with designer Yu Min's hand signature (Only 100 holder) HKD 1,888

NGC PR70 Silver Sample with designer Yu Min's hand signature (Mintage 30)

——HKD 6,000

NGC PR70 Silver Gold Gilt Sample with designer Yu Min's hand signature (Mintage 30)

——HKD 8,000

CGC 10 Lee Chi Ching signed Hong Kong launch card (Only 100 signed)

Series Ⅰ

Silver

Hu Tiehua/Wu Hua, Mintage 300, RMB 1298

NGC PR70

NGC PR70 Silver Coin with designer Yu Min's hand-signed label - Hu Tiehua/Wu Hua, 100 pieces in holder (including 30 first strike coins)

Contact Us

Room 1808, Bao Hua Building, No.1211, Changde Rd, Shanghai 200060, People's Republic of China

Email: championghka@gmail.com The Comemorative Coin Celebrating the 55th Anniversary of the Issue of 'The Legend of Chu Liu Xiang' (Series Ⅰ &Ⅱ )

Tel: (86) 021 62130771

Email: championghka@gmail.com

錢幣、鈔票、古董錶、 珠寶、懷舊品

Coins, Banknotes, Watches, Jewellery, Collectibles

逾百位來自二十多

國參展商

Over 100 exhibitors from more than 20 countries

數千收藏家與 業者進場交易

Thousands of collectors & dealers attending 亞洲唯一免稅 錢幣古董錶展

The only duty-free coin & watch show in Asia

逾四十年同一個 市中心場地

Over 40 years in the same downtown location

香港國際錢幣展銷會暨古董錶交易會

Hongkong International Coin Convention & Antique Watch Fair

日期 DATE

地點 LOCATION TUE 9 THU 11/4 2024

早鳥人士

Early Birds

公眾人士

General Public

主辦商 Organiser

入場費 Admission

香港國際錢幣展銷會暨古董錶交易會有限公司 Hongkong International Coin Convention & Antique Watch Fair Limited www.hicc.hk

香港九龍尖沙咀彌敦道50號金域假日酒店地庫B-113A舖

Shop B-113A, Holiday Inn Golden Mile, 50 Nathan Road, Tsimshatsui, Kowloon, HK 852 2366 9111 / 852 6717 6617 info@hicc.hk

香港九龍尖沙咀彌敦道50號 金域假日酒店麗晶殿及麗晶廳 Crystal Ballroom & Crystal Rooms, Holiday Inn Golden Mile, 50 Nathan Road, Kowloon, Hong Kong

WeChat 08:30-18:00 10:00-18:00

早鳥人士 Early Birds

三日通行票 3 Days Pass HK$300

公眾人士 General Public

一日通行票 1 Day Pass HK$20

追蹤我們了解更多 Follow us

Buy & Sell China，Worlds Coins, Paper Notes. We specialise in Freak Notes & Same Serial Number Banknotes .

Mish International Monetary Inc.

Mish国际钱币公司

Specialists in 专营

Pandas since 1982 1982年起发行的熊猫币

China Modern since 1979 1979年起发行的中国现代金银币

World Coins since 1964 1964年起专营世界钱币

Looking To Buy?想买？

Our inventory and knowledge has been available to both our colleagues and collector clients since coins of the People’s Republic of China first reached the world market in 1979.

自1979年中国现代金银币首次进入国际市场后，Mish 国际的员工及其藏家客户积累了丰富的库存和专业 的钱币知识。

If you are looking for a particular China coin, chances are we have it, or may be able to recover it from an original buyer we sold it to years ago at first distribution.

想买中国币？我们或许恰好有；也许多年前我们卖过，现在或许还能从原始买家手中买回来。

Looking To Sell?想卖？

In this world of instant experts and brokers, Mish International is still your best choice to handle the purchase of your prized coins in this fast-changing market. Well-capitalized, truly knowledgeable and accommodating, we buy both single pieces and major collections at fair value with no delay, no limits and no excuses. 瞬息万变的市场环境，Mish 国际仍是助您销售钱币的最佳选择。雄厚的资金实力，专业的钱币知识，出 色的协调能力，我们同时收购单枚币和大型收藏，价格合理，快速付款。

Since 1964 始于1964

Here today. Here tomorrow 携手今日 共赢明天 Mish International Monetary Inc Mish国际钱币公司

1154 University Drive

Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA

美国加州门罗帕克大学路1154号 ， 邮编94025

Phone(电话):(650) 324-9110

Email(邮箱):robert@mishinternational.com

精彩纷呈的世界钱币展览会，欢迎您的加入

我们期待重逢老友，并结识新的朋友。多年来，世界钱币展览会为常到的 330 位 展商与16,000位观众提供了特别的机遇。

展览会有大约 1 万平方米的展览空间，是世界钱币交易和铸币事业最重要的平 台。和其他同类公司一样，我们的客户对技术发展和最新趋势这方面的信息需求甚 高。

我们期待在即将开幕的柏林世界钱币展览会上看到多元化的内容，并利用展览会 完善的配套体系，与国际造币厂的代表们、供应行业的行家以及数百个投资金币界的 专家和币商们沟通交流。

例如，在年度的坤克拍卖会上，不仅有国际币商对拍品感兴趣，还有热忱的钱币 收藏家和投资者。或在星期五举办的媒体论坛上，那些国际运营的造币厂获得了向国 际行业和国际行业媒体展示他们最新年度项目的平台。

世界钱币展览会的技术论坛将在周四举行，这是特别为与铸币技术有关的所有专 业人士设计的。

目前我们拥有的出色的演讲者和学识渊博的专业观众已超过 400 人。这些业界精 英以及关于技术革新话题的深讨将首次登陆展览会的技术论坛，这不仅使论坛成为界 内的大事件，还使它成为过去几年中世界铸币行业里最重要的会议。

我们期待和你相遇，并见证我们共创的成功。世界钱币展览会——钱币学界的脉 搏，在这里你可以和世界钱币界的专业人士建立联系。

联系方式

地址：World Money Fair Berlin GmbH

Ollenhauerstr. 97 13403 BERLIN GERMANY

电话：+49 30 32 76 44 01

电邮：Info@worldmoneyfair.de

B.H. Mayer´s Kunstprägeanstalt GmbH

The Journal of East Asian Numismatics

In 1994, The Journal of East Asian Numismatics (JEAN) was founded by Michael Chou, the CEO of Champion Auction and Bruce Smith, a noted numismatist. It is a professional numismatic academic journal whose mission is to educate collectors and researchers on the subjects of Chinese numismatics, culture and history.

Bruce Smith, the chief editor of JEAN, was born in 1951 in St. Louis, MO. He received his BA in history from the University of Missouri St. Louis; and his MA in China studies from Harvard University. In 1974-1977, he worked for Krause Publications as Editorial Assistant on World Coin News and as cataloger for Standard Catalog of World Coins and Standard Catalog of World Paper Money. He was a full time coin dealer 1977-1987. In 1988-1989, he studied in China as a student of China Studies in Chengchow (Zhengzhou) University, Henan province. In 1991-1993, Mr. Smith was a graduate student at Harvard University. In 1994-1998, he was the editor of The Journal of East Asian Numismatics (JEAN). Bruce Smith has been a collector and researcher of Chinese coins for over 30 years. His published research in JEAN has added immensely to the body of knowledge for Chinese coins. The first issue of JEAN was released in July 1994, and the last issue (18th issue) in 1998. Most articles were written in English, and the remainder in Chinese. The journal was distributed in over 20 countries, and remained a mainstay on many important library shelves, including the Smithsonian Institution, the British Museum, the Harvard Yenching Library, Harvard University, Yale University, Columbia University, Stanford University, Cornell University, the ANS (American Numismatic Society), and the ANA (American Numismatic Association). The journal enjoyed great popularity and many important articles were published in JEAN, including Peking Coins of 1900 by James Sweeny, More on the Hsu Shih-Chang Pavillion Medalswithengravednames and ThetruestoryofChina’s1936and1937

JEAN Online Links

Issue

Issue

Issue 10th Issue 11th Issue 12th Issue 13th Issue 14th Issue 15th Issue 16th Issue 17th Issue 18th Issue 19th Issue 20th Issue 21st Issue 22nd Issue 23rd Issue 24th Issue 25th Issue 26th Issue 27th Issue

28th Issue

29th Issue

30th Issue

31th Issue

32th Issue

Silver Dollars by Bruce Smith, TheApparentRelationshipbetween1897 Chekiang5CentsPatternand1899Anhwei5-CentsCirculationStrike by Tom Keener, andAForgeryofTaiwan’sOldManDollar by Dr. Che-lu Tseng. In May 2015, Michael Chou decided to start issuing the journal again starting in January 2016. The famous numismatic researcher Mr. Yuan Shuiqing will be Chinese chief editor. He is a member of the China Numismatic Society, serving as executive director of the Shenxi Numismatic Society and executive vice president of the Xi’an Collectors Association. As a numismatic researcher, he was chief editor of Collections and China Numismatics. He has published over 100 numismatic research articles and the masterpiece TheEliteofMonetaryHistoryofChina. Other distinguished contributors from home and abroad are numismatists, collectors and coin dealers, including Bruce Smith (author of Howard Franklin Bowker-Numismatic Pioneer), Colin Gullberg (Canada, author of Chopmarked Coins-A History), Chinese American senior numismatist Dr. Che-lu Tseng, Steve Feller former international banknote society editor, senior numismatic scholar of China modern gold and silver commemorative coins King L. Chan (Hong Kong), senior numismatist Chien Fu Chou (Taiwan) and CEO of Beijing Coins website Richard Guo. It will be a quarterly, bilingual e-journal, covering the latest numismatic researches, interviews with famous collectors, auction reviews, and general news. The Journal's distribution is now over 1,000, including over 3,000 in Greater China region.

Starting in 2017, The Journal of East Asian Numismatics is a co-sponsor of Krause's Coin of the Year Award Ceremony in World Money Fair, Berlin. You are welcome to subscribe, submit articles for publication, and advertise in the upcoming JEAN. The 2023 subscription is free of charge. Please send your email to jeanzg1994@163.com

issuu.com/jean388/docs/the_first_issue_of_jean issuu.com/jean388/docs/the_second_issue_of_jean issuu.com/jean388/docs/the_third_issue_of_jean issuu.com/jean388/docs/the_fourth_issue_of_jean issuu.com/jean388/docs/the_fifth_issue_of_jean issuu.com/jeandigitala1/docs/the_sixth_issue_of_jean issuu.com/jeandigitala1/docs/the_seventh_issue_of_jean issuu.com/jeandigitala1/docs/the_eighth_issue_of_jean issuu.com/jeandigitala1/docs/the_ninth_issue_of_jean issuu.com/jeandigitala1/docs/the_tenth_issue_of_jean issuu.com/jeandigitala1/docs/the_eleventh_issue_of_jean issuu.com/jeandigitala1/docs/the_twelfth_issue_of_jean issuu.com/jeandigitala1/docs/the_thirteenth_issue_of_jean issuu.com/jeandigitala1/docs/the_fourteenth_issue_of_jean issuu.com/jeandigitala1/docs/the_fifteenth_issue_of_jean issuu.com/jeandigitala1/docs/the_sixteenth_issue_of_jean issuu.com/jeandigitala1/docs/the_seventeenth_issue_of_jean issuu.com/jeandigitala1/docs/the_eighteenth_issue_of_jean issuu.com/jeandigitala1/docs/the_nineteenth_issue_of_jean issuu.com/jeandigitala1/docs/the_20twentieth_20issue_20of_20jean issuu.com/jeandigitala1/docs/the_twenty_first_issue_of_jean issuu.com/jeandigitala1/docs/the_twenty-second_issue_of_jean issuu.com/jeandigitala1/docs/the_twenty-third_issue_of_jean issuu.com/jeandigitala1/docs/the_24th_issue_of_jean issuu.com/jeandigitala1/docs/the_twenty-fifth_issue_of_jean issuu.com/jeandigitala1/docs/the_twenty-sixth_issue_of_jean issuu.com/jeandigitala1/docs/the_twenty-seventh_issue_of_jean issuu.com/jeandigitala1/docs/the_28th_issue_of_jean issuu.com/jeandigitala1/docs/jean_29th issuu.com/jeandigitala1/docs/the_30th_issue_of_the_journal_of_east_asian_numism issuu.com/jeandigitala1/docs/the_31st_issue_of_jean?fr=xKAE9_zU1NQ issuu.com/jeandigitala1/docs/the_32rd_issue_of_jean?fr=xKAE9_zU1NQ

2024 JEAN Advertising Rate

Contact JEAN Shanghai Office

Tel: 021-62130771 Email: jeanzg1994@163.com

Add: Room 1808, Bao Hua Building No. 1211, Changde Rd.

2021.5.30 NC Collection Auction Highlights

(100 NC Lots Setting Over 60 Auction Records And USD 18 Million Sold )

CHINA-EMPIRE 1911 One Dollar Silver, Long-Whiskered Dragon, NGC MS64, Incused Leaf, Finest Known

Starting: US $150,000

Realized: US $1,344,000

CHINA-KIANGNAN 1898 One Dollar Silver, Circlet-like Scales, NGC MS65, NC Collection, Finest Known

Starting: US $100,000

Realized: US $996,000

CHINA-KIANGNAN 1897 One Dollar Silver, herring bone edge, NGC UNC DETAILS, superb example, Hsi/NC Collection

Starting: US $50,000

Realized: US $612,000

CHINA-KIANGNAN 1898 One Dollar Silver, Reeded Edge, NGC UNC DETAILS, One of Two in Uncirculated, NC Collection

Starting: US $60,000

Realized: US $468,000

CHINA-EMPIRE 1911 (Year 3) Long Whisker

Dragon Dollar Silver, Pointed Petals, PCGS

SP61, WL Collection

Starting: US $200,000

Realized: US $1,164,000

CHINA-HUPEH 1904 One Tael Set of Three Patterns in Copper and Brass, Possibly Unique, NC Collection. ( ① Brass, Large Character, NGC MS64; ② Copper, Large Character, NGC MS62 BN; ③ Copper, Small Character,NGC AU50 BN)

Starting: US $200,000

Realized: US $912,000

CHINA-REPUBLIC 1914 Yuan Shi Kai One Dollar Silver with Signature L.GIORGI, NGC SP65, Finest Known

Starting: US $150,000

Realized: US $504,000

CHINA-EMPIRE 1906 One Tael Gold, large Clouds, Plain Edge

NGC MS64, Finest Known

Starting: US $100,000 Realized: US $462,000

CHINA-CHIHLI 1907 One Tael Silver Pattern, 3 Tiny Dots On Flame-Ball Arranged in A Straight Line, NGC MS63

Starting: US $200,000

Realized: US $1,104,000

CHINA-REPUBLIC ND(1916) Yuan Shi Kai

One Dollar Silver with Flying Dragon, with L.GIORGI, NGC MS64, Ex. Kann Collection, Finest Known

Starting: US $200,000

Realized: US $672,000

CHINA-REPUBLIC ND (1916) Yuan Shi Kai

One Dollar Silver with Flying Dragon, hat touching rim, NGC MS64, Finest Known example, Kann/NC Collection

Starting: US $60,000

Realized: US $504,000

CHINA-REPUBLIC ND(1912) Yuan Shi Kai (Named Chin The Chuen before) One Dollar Brass Trial, NGC UNC Details, Ex. Kann Collection, Unique

Starting: US $60,000

Realized: US $462,000

2021.5.30

冠軍澳門春季拍賣會NC收藏拍賣亮點

（100項拍品超過60項創下拍賣記錄，成交總額高達1.3億元）

1911 年（宣統三年）長須龍大清銀幣 NGC MS64，陽葉版，已知品相較好的一枚， 原耿愛德收藏

起拍價：US 150 000

成交價：US 1 344 000

1898 年（戊戌）江南省造光緒元寶庫平七錢二 分銀幣，凹眼龍，珍珠龍，龍尾 6 根尾鰭 NGC MS65，已知品相較好的一枚，原 Hsi 收藏

起拍價：US 100 000

成交價：US 996 000

1897 年江南省造光緒元寶庫平七錢二分銀幣 老江南，人字邊，NGC UNC DETAILS，品相較 好的一枚，席德柄 /NC 收藏

起拍價：US 50 000

成交價：US 612 000

1898 年江南省造光緒元寶庫平七錢二分銀幣 齒邊，NGC UNC DETAILS，原光，好味道。該 幣好品相者非常少，已知僅兩枚為未流通等級

起拍價：US 60 000

成交價：US 468 000

1911 年（宣統三年）長須龍大清銀幣壹圓，陽葉版， PCGS SP61，WL 收藏

起拍價：US 150 000

成交價：US 1 164 000

1904 年（光緒三十年）湖北省造大清銀幣庫平 一兩樣幣 , 可能是僅見的一套，分別為一枚黃銅、 兩枚紅銅。①黃銅，大字版，NGC MS64；②紅 銅，大字版 , NGC MS62 BN; ③紅銅，小字版，

NGC AU50 BN

起拍價：US 200 000

成交價：US 912 000

1914 年（中華民國三年）袁世凱像壹圓銀幣 L.GIORGI 簽字版，NGC SP65，

已知品相較好的一枚

起拍價：US 150 000

成交價：US 504 000

1906 年丙午大清金幣庫平一兩光邊大雲版 NGC MS64，已知品相較好的一枚

起拍價：US 100 000

成交價：US 462 000

1907 年（光緒三十三年）北洋造光緒元寶庫平一 兩銀質樣幣 火球上三個小圓點成一條直線，NGC MS63 起拍價：US 200 000 成交價：US 1 104 000

1916 年中華帝國袁世凱像洪憲紀元飛龍銀幣 L. GIORGI 簽字版，NGC MS64， 已知品相較好的一枚，可能為原耿愛德收藏 起拍價：US 200 000 成交價：US 672 000

1916 年中華帝國袁世凱像洪憲紀元飛龍銀幣 沖天冠版，NGC MS64，已知品相較好的一枚 起拍價：US 60 000 成交價：US 504 000

1912 年中華民國袁世凱像（舊譜稱程德全）大 鬍子壹圓開國紀念幣黃銅試打幣 NGC UNC DETAILS，原耿愛德收藏，非常稀少 起拍價：US 60 000

成交價：US 462 000

the Holiday Inn Golden Mile

2024 HICC/Champion/CAA

Auction Highlights

1898 CHINA-EMPIRE Anhwei One Dollar Silver, Small Rosette, NGC MS66, Hsi/NC Collection

Starting: USD 100,000

1912 CHINA-REPUBLIC Sun Yat Sen "MEMENTO" 10 Cent Silver Pattern, NGC MS66, NC Collection

Starting: USD 50,000

1910 CHINA-EMPIRE Sinkiang 5 Mace Silver, NGC MS66, Ex. Kann/NC Collection

Starting: USD 10,000

1897 CHINA-EMPIRE Szechuan One Dollar Brass Pattern, US Ferracute Mint, NGC SP61, YIF Collection

Starting: USD 10,000

1898 CHINA-EMPIRE Anhwei One Dollar Silver, A.S.T.C, NGC MS65, Hsi/NC Collection

Starting: USD 80,000

1923 CHINA-REPUBLIC Tsao Kun Civilian Clothes One Dollar Copper Pattern, NGC MS63BN, Ex. Kann/Goodman/YIF Collection

Starting: USD 30,000

1914 CHINA-REPUBLIC Kansu Yuan Shih Kai One Dollar Silver, NGC AU50, YIF Collection Starting: USD 10,000

1897 CHINA-EMPIRE Kiangnan 50 Cent Uniface Copper Pattern, NGC MS63BN, NC Collection

Starting: USD 5,000

Contact us

1868 Queen Victoria of Hong Kong One Dollar ，NGC PF62

Starting: USD 65,000

1866 Queen Victoria of Hong Kong Half Dollar，PCGS MS63

Starting: USD 30,000

CHINA-EMPIRE Fengtien 20 Cent Brass Pattern, "Teng-Tien", Otto Beh, NGC MS62

Starting: USD 10,000

1941 CHINA-REPUBLIC Sun Yat Sen 20 Cent Copper-Nickel Pattern, NGC MS65, Ex. Kann/Goodman/YIF Collection

Starting: USD 5,000

Room 1808, Bao Hua Building, No.1211, Changde Rd, Shanghai 200060, People's Republic of China

Tel: (86) 021 62130771

Email: championghka@gmail.com

Rm. 219, 2/F Ho Mongkok Shopping Centre, No.169-173 Portland St. Mongkok Kowloon, Hong Kong

Tel：852 61650618 / 86-13701793363

Email：championghka@gmail.com