The 35th Issue of JEAN

東亞泉志

THE JOURNAL OF EAST ASIAN NUMISMATICS

中英雙語 - 電子季刊

Bilingual (English - Chinese) Digital Quarterly

司徒美堂 /Situ Meitang

富蘭克林·羅斯福 Franklin Roosevelt

波士頓唐人街 /Boston China Town

孫中山 /Dr. Sun Yat Sen

周年刊30

“勳勞卓著”金質勳章/ "Outstanding Service" Pure Gold Medal

（1994-2024）

愛國僑領司徒美堂與“勳勞卓著”金質勳章 Patriotic Overseas Chinese Leader Situ Mei-Tang and the "Outstanding Service" Gold Medal

臺灣金業傳奇——高天成及其《金銀細工實用圖畫大全》 The Legend of Taiwan's Gold Jewelry Industry——Gao Tian-Cheng and His Book ACompleteWorksofDrawingsofWorkmanshipinGoldandSilverFineJewelry 九天四國——海外資料搜集成果分享 Nine Days in Four Countries - The Process of Searching Information Overseas

絲路風雲·倭馬亞王朝貨幣改革與唐幣開元

Abd al-Malik's Currency Reform and the Kaiyuan Tongbao of the Tang Dynasty

雜談一個跨世紀的中國錢幣收藏

A Cross-Century Chinese Coin Collection

A Reflection on the Founding of PMG and the Early Days of Paper Money Grading PMG創立及早期紙幣評級回顧

《東亞泉志》

2024免費訂閱 JEAN

中英雙語 - 電子季刊

Bilingual (English - Chinese) Digital Quarterly

《東亞泉志》為冠軍拍賣公司總裁周邁可先生和著名錢幣學 專家史博祿先生于1994年創辦，是一本學術性錢幣研究專業 雜誌。旨在讓廣大錢幣收藏家、研究學者更深入地瞭解錢幣 知識，讓世界各地的讀者更好地瞭解中國深厚的錢幣文化。

《東亞泉志》于1994年7月份問世，1999年停刊，發行了18 期。2015年5月，周邁可先生決定于2016年1月復刊《東亞 泉志》，聘請著名錢幣研究學者袁水清先生擔任主編。

以披露最新錢幣收藏研究成果、推介泉界成 功人士的事蹟為主。主要欄目有學術研究、 人物專訪、鑒賞爭鳴、拍賣回顧、重要信息等。

TurpinHsi,QiaoJinliang,WeiXianzhang-ThreeDirectorsoftheCentral MintduringtheWar

MarcoPolooftheNumismaticCommunity:ItalianCoinEngraverLuigiGiorgiandEmpire1911DollarPatterns 中华钱币协会历史

Bilingual(English-Chinese)DigitalQuarterly

本期专题|FEATURES 纽埃《楚留香传奇》发行55周年纪念币及其北京、香港首发纪实 ofTheCommemorativeCoinCelebratingthe55thAnniversaryoftheIssue TheLegendofChuLiuXiangandItsLaunchinBeijingandHongKongTheHistoryofMintinginChina(PartI) 中国造币史（上篇）April2024HongKongCoinAuctionReturnstotheHolidayInnGoldenMile中德和约之中的抵偿债券香港钱币拍卖会将于2024年4月回归金域假日酒店 ofOffsettingBondsintheAgreementRegardingtheRestorationoftheState PeacebetweenGermanyandChina

25th

MuseumLettheWorldKnowmoreAboutChineseCoins:AnInterviewwithChinaNumismatic DirectorZhouWeirong

No.33202401/Issue51

1985年精製版壹圓熊貓紀念銅幣探源 CopperAnExplorationofthe1985One-YuanProofPandaCommemorative Coin 27HowardF.Bowker–EduardKannCorrespondence(1950.1-4) YearsinAsianNumismatics 亞洲錢幣界的27年霍华德·包克與耿愛德的通信（1950年1月-4月）

INeverDreameditWouldComeTrue 做夢都想不到的竟然成真 救國公債與新馬經驗 TheExperienceofNationalSalvationBondsfromSingaporeandMalaysia

THEJOURNALOF ASIANNUMISMATICSBilingual(English-Chinese)DigitalQuarterly PaperTheAppearanceandDestinationoftheQiansicangStoryPicture MoneyBackPlate（Ⅰ） 千斯倉故事圖背鈔版的出現與流向（上） 中國造幣史（下） TheHistoryofMintinginChina HowardF.Bowker–EduardKannCorrespondence(1950.5-6) 霍華德·包克與耿愛德的通信（1950年5月-6月）

HowardF.Bowker-EduardKannCorrespondence(1950.7-12)

冠軍2024年12月澳門拍賣不設買家傭金/冠軍HICC聯合拍賣圓滿落幕CelebritiesGatherTogether-Champion-HICCAprilEventReview ChampionTheUntoldStoryabouttheGoldIngotsTrademarkedwith寅(Yin)December2024MacauAuctionwithoutBuyer'sCommission-Champion-HICCJointAuctionSuccessfullyConcluded CHINA-REPUBLIC1912BirthofRepublicofChinaMemento SilverSample10Cents,NGCMS66,NCCollection

纪念卡/CGCCGC10李志清签名香港首发 10LeeChiChing signedHongKonglaunchcard

CHINA-SINKIANG1910RationSilver5Mace,DotinCenter NGCMS66,Ex.Kann/NCCollection

往期電子雜誌 1994-2024

Reader are welcome to contribute articles

歡迎投稿!

Chinese /中文/ jeanzg1994@163.com

English /英文/ championghka@gmail.com

Advisors

顧問

Che-lu Tseng

曾澤祿

Technical Advisor

Hans-Henning Goehrum

漢斯 -亨寧 · 格魯姆

技術顧問 Marketing Advisor 市場顧問

Gu Jun

顧軍

Senior Editor

高級編輯

Bruce W. Smith

史博祿

Steve Feller

史蒂夫·費勒

Advertising & Circulation Manager

廣告與發行經理

Esther Zhao

趙婷婷

Mark Sutton 馬克·修頓

Honorary Senior Editor

名譽資深編輯

Yuan Shuiqing

袁水清

Publisher & Editor in-Chief

出版人&總編輯

Michael H. Chou

周邁可

US Correspondent

美國通訊員

J. Matthew Brotherton 馬修 · 布拉澤頓

Design Director 美術設計

Tan Wanmei

譚婉梅

European Correspondent 歐洲通訊員

Oliver Strahl 奧利弗·斯特拉爾

Li Tingting 李婷婷

New Media Coordinator

新媒體协调员

Constance Hao

郝嘉薇

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FOREWORD

Welcome to the 35th issue and 30th Anniversary Special Edition of the Journal of EastAsian Numismatics.

This printed version of this issue will be distributed in August at the ANA Chicago World's Fair of Money, and we will also attend the show at Table 1822 from August 6th to 9th. In addition, we will issue the journal at the HICC, HKCS, MNS Annual Meeting, FUN, NYINC, WMF, Tokyo Kotsu Kaikan Show, and many other important coin shows in South Korea, Singapore, Taiwan, and other countries and regions.

In celebration of the 30th anniversary, a number of researchers and collectors have contributed articles to us, sharing their experiences of collecting over the past 30 years and the changes in the fields that they have focused on. Zhou Bian has written Congratulations on the 30th Anniversary of the Journal of EastAsian Numismatics, reviewing the development of the domestic numismatic community; Stephen Tai contributed A Thirty-Year Journey of a Numismatics Researcher about his own feelings from the contact with gold and silver ingot collecting until now; J.C. Lee's ACross-CenturyChineseCoin Collection reveals the J.C. Lee Collection he created with his father; As a collector of Chinese panda coins and medals from Europe, our European correspondent Oliver Strahl talked about his own collecting experience, from which we could also have a glimpse of the ups and downs of the overseas panda coins and medal market; Richard Stelzer, one of the founders of PMG, has written A Reflection on the Founding ofPMGandtheEarlyDaysofPaperMoneyGrading. Our U.S. correspondent J. Matthew Brotherton has written ChampionHICC Events in Hong Kong Turn into an International Celebration for Numismatics, sharing the important role that the event is playing in the global numismatic market. In addition, we have an article for Yuan Shuiqing, who has just been appointed as the Senior Honorary Editor of the journal, sharing the achievements of his thirty-year numismatic career.

This issue features the article Patriotic Overseas Chinese Leader Situ Mei-Tang and the "Outstanding Service" Gold Medal by Chinan Fan and William Wei-Yu Ho. The article tells the story of Mr. Situ, who followed Mr. Sun Yat-sen, the Father of the Nation, and united with overseas Chinese associations to launch a fund-raising campaign to save the country against the Japanese invasion under the background of those turbulent times. Stephen Tai has written The Legend of Taiwan's Gold Jewelry Industry——Gao Tian-Cheng and His Book A Complete Works of Drawings of Workmanship in Gold and Silver Fine Jewelry, which introduces this widely spread sample book in the Taiwan gold jewelry industry, and its little-known author. In addition, Mr. Tai's new English book——Gold Bars of the Central Mints, 19451950 is about to be published, and he introduces his vision for the publication of the book, that is, he hopes to share the significance of the gold bars by the Central Mints in the mintage history of the Republican period. Another feature article is Abd al-Malik's Currency Reform and the Kaiyuan Tongbao of the Tang Dynasty by Dr. Tseng Che-lu, which shows the influence of the Tang dynasty on the currency system of the countries along the Silk Road. Dr. Tseng also contributes the article Bruce W. Smith: An Outstanding Scholar in the Field of Oriental Numismatics, which reviews the numismatic career of our senior editor Bruce Smith.

We also continue in this issue with the correspondence between Howard F. Bowker and Eduard Kann in the first half year of 1951 and the second part of The Coins of Shanghai: An Unwritten Chapter in the History of the "Capital of The Far East".

In this issue, Steve Feller contributes A Visit to the Jerome and Rohwer, Arkansas Japanese-American Relocation Camp Sites, which describes the currencies used in the Japanese Relocation Camp in the United States.

FOREWORD

Recently, we have been collecting information for the update of Top Chinese Coins - Fourth Edition (silver coin edition), and we went to Japan, South Korea, Austria, the United Kingdom, the United States, and many other places to communicate with museums and mints. A review is provided in this issue. In addition, the Tokyo International Coin Convention in April was also bustling, which we also review in this issue. The Currency Gallery of the Shanghai Museum has moved with other permanent galleries from the People Square to the Shanghai Museum East in the Pudong New District. We share the change of the gallery after its move in this issue as well.

In addition to the new articles, we have selected some excellent articles from past issues for the 30th Anniversary Special Edition.

First of all, Yuan Shuiqing, the Senior Honorary Editor of the journal, has interviewed a number of famous experts in the numismatic community, so we republished the wonderful interviews with Huang Xiquan, an expert in ancient coins, David Chao, chairman of Macau Numismatic Society, and Zhou Weirong, director of the Chinese Numismatic Museum.

In terms of ancient coins, Recognition and Interpretation of Inscriptions on Bai Jin San Pin focuses on the earliest silver coins in China. The Coin Collection of a Famous Financier during the Republic Period: The Coins in the NC collection from the Former Central Mint Director Turpin Hsi and The StoryandDestinationofAncientCoinsBroughttotheUnited States by Nai-chi Chang introduce the legend of Nelson Chang, who established the famous NC collection, and his father, Nai-chi Chang, the "King of Chinese Ancient Coins", respectively. TheValueofChineseCopperCoins analyses the purchasing power of Chinese copper coins in its era. Another article, Review of the Jiangkou Chenyin Historic Site in JiangkouTown and the Salvaged Currency tells the story of a

historical mystery that was once merely regarded as a legend. The Sycee of the Song Dynasty Jingtang County 50 Taels introduces the birth of the sycee of the Song dynasty.

Among the articles on vintage coins, we have selected Hidden Dragons of Hunan: The 1898 Dollar and Half Dollar and 27 Years inAsian Numismatics.

Kann's Paper Money Collection Found, The WorldFamous American Bank Note Company, and Sun Yat SenRevolutionary Bonds were among the banknote articles that received enthusiastic responses.

As for foreign currencies, we republished InitialCoinMinting in Korea 1886 - 1888 and Establishment of a Modern Mint with the Help of German Specialists, and Macau Exhibit of 1897-1898 Otto Beh Coin Dies - Unveiling a Centennial MysteryofChinesePatternCoins

In addition, there is TurpinHsi,QiaoJinliang,WeiXianzhang

- Three Directors of the Central Mint during the War which tells the history of the changes in the Central Mint of the Republic of China and coins and gold bars issued during this period. Bowker Collection Donated to the Shanghai Mint Museum recalls the story of the third donation of rare coins from the Bowker Collection to the Shanghai Mint Museum. There is also an article by King Chan about the rare 1985 China copper panda coin.

We hope that every reader will find an article of interest in this issue. We will continue to adhere to the original intention of the founding of the journal, to communicate between the Eastern and Western numismatic communities, and to make new contributions to the development of the numismatic industry.

Michael Chou Publisher & Editor-in-Chief

前 言 qian yan

歡迎大家閱讀《東亞泉志》第35期暨創刊30周年特刊。

本期紙質版雜誌將於8月在美國 ANA 芝加哥國際錢幣 展銷會上發行，我們也將於8月6日至9日在1822展位 參展，歡迎各位前來交流。此外，我們還將在香港國 際錢幣展銷會暨古董表交易會（HICC）、香港國際錢 幣展銷會（HKCS）、澳門錢幣學會（MNS）年會、 美國佛州錢幣展（FUN）、美國紐約國際錢幣展銷會 （NYINC）、德國柏林世界錢幣展覽會（WMF）、東 京交通會館錢幣展，以及韓國、新加坡、臺灣等國家 和地區的重要錢幣展會上發行。

為了慶祝雜誌30周年，多位錢幣界的學者和藏家向我 們供稿，分享了他們在過去30年中的收藏經歷，以及 在此期間各自收藏領域的變化。周邊先生撰寫了《而 立之年賀泉志 泉學繁榮遍神州》，回顧了國內錢幣界 的發展；戴學文先生撰寫了《一個貨幣研究工作者的 三十年人生》，講述了自己從接觸金銀錠收藏至今的感 悟；李正民先生的《雜談一個跨世紀的中國錢幣收藏》 向我們揭秘了他與父親共同創造的 J.C. Lee 收藏；本 刊歐洲通訊員奧利弗 · 斯特拉爾作為來自歐洲的中國熊 貓幣章藏家，講述了自己的收藏經歷，從中也可一窺 海外熊貓幣章市場的起起落落；PMG 創辦人之一的瑞 克 斯特拉爾撰寫了他创建 PMG 的过程及早期纸钞评 级的情况；本刊美國通訊員馬修 布拉澤頓則就 HICC 成為國際錢幣盛會撰文，分享其如今在全球錢幣市場 上的重要作用。此外，冠軍研究室也為剛剛被聘任為 資深榮譽編輯的袁水清先生撰文，分享其三十年錢幣 生涯的成就。

這一期最重要的專題文章是何緯渝、范治南夫婦撰寫的

《海外僑領司徒美堂和“勳勞卓著”金質勳章》。文章 講述了在那個動盪的時代背景下，司徒先生追隨國父 孫中山，聯合僑界社團為抗擊日本侵略發動募捐救國 活動的故事。

此外，戴學文先生撰寫了《臺灣金業傳奇⸺高天成 及其金銀細工實用圖畫大全》，介紹了這一廣為臺灣業 界流傳的花簿，及其鮮為人知的作者。

同時，戴先生英文新書“Gold Bars of the Central Mints, 1945-1950”（中文譯名《廠條， 1945-1959》） 即將出版，他也在本期介紹了該書出版的願景⸺希 望借該書，和讀者分享廠條在民國造幣歷史上的重要 意義。

本期的另一篇專題文章是曾澤祿醫生撰寫的《絲路風 雲⸺倭馬亞王朝貨幣改革與唐幣開元》，從中可一窺 盛唐時期對絲路國家貨幣的影響。曾醫生還為本刊資 深編輯史博祿先生撰寫了《史博祿：東方錢幣研究領 域的傑出學者》一文，回顧了他的錢幣生涯。

我們還在這期繼續刊載了包克與耿愛德在1951年上半 年的通信以及《上海銀幣：“遠東之都”歷史上的未普 篇章》的第二部分。

斯蒂夫 · 費勒則在本期貢獻了《阿肯色州傑羅姆 · 羅威 爾日裔集中營參觀記》，介紹了當年在這座美國日裔集 中營所使用的代價券。

我們近期正在為《中國近代機製幣精品鑒賞 第四版（銀 幣版）》的更新搜集資料，前往了日本、韓國、奧地利、

前 言 qian yan

英國、美國等多地的博物館和造幣廠進行交流，本期 就此進行了回顧。另外， 4月的日本國際錢幣展銷會也 熱鬧非凡，我們也在此進行分享。

上海博物館錢幣館與其他常設展覽從人民廣場搬遷至 位於浦東新區的東館，我們也在本期分享了錢幣館在 搬遷之後的變化。

除了新文章外，我們還從往期的雜誌中，挑選了多篇 精彩的文章。

首先，《東亞泉志》資深榮譽編輯袁水清先生曾為本刊 採訪了多位泉界名家，本次重刊了對古錢專家黃錫全 先生、澳門錢幣學會理事長趙康池先生、中國錢幣博 物館館長周衛榮先生的精彩訪問。

古錢方面，《白金三品 銘文辨識與解讀》聚焦於中國 最早的銀幣“白金三品”；《民國著名金融家的錢幣收 藏⸺NC 收藏中來自前中央造幣廠廠長席德柄先生 的錢幣》和《眾裏尋他千百度⸺張叔馴攜美古錢的 經歷與歸宿》，分別介紹了建立了著名的 NC 收藏的 張南琛先生及其父親⸺古錢大王張叔馴先生的傳奇 故事；《中國銅錢的價值》分析了中國銅錢在其所屬時 代的購買力；另有《張獻忠江口沉銀及出水貨幣綜述》 一文，講述了這一曾被民間認為僅僅只是傳說的歷史 謎題；還有《懷安軍金堂縣免夫折納銀每鋌重伍拾兩》 解讀了北宋銀鋌的歷史背景之由來。

在機製幣的相關文章中，我們選取了頗具代表性的研 究文章《1898年湖南省造七錢二分和三錢六分銀幣》， 以及回顧性文章《中國錢幣界的27年》。

《耿愛德紙幣的收藏與發現》、《大名鼎鼎的美國鈔票 公司》和《孫中山簽發的中華革命軍軍需債券》則是 往期紙鈔部分中反響熱烈的文章。

在外幣方面，我們重刊了《1886-1888年間朝鮮首鑄機 製幣⸺德國專家相助創建現代造幣廠》和《奧托 · 拜 赫德制中國機製樣幣》。

此外，還有《席德柄、喬晉梁、韋憲章⸺戰亂時期 的三位中央造幣廠廠長》講述了民國中央造幣廠的變 遷歷史，以及在此期間錢幣和廠條的發行情況。《包克 收藏37枚珍稀錢幣捐給上海造幣博物館》回顧了第三 次向上海造幣博物館捐贈包克收藏珍品的故事。陳景 林先生的《1985年精製版壹圓熊貓紀念銅幣探源》則向 我們揭秘了這一珍稀的熊貓銅幣。

我們希望每位讀者都能在本期找到自己感興趣的文章。 同時我們也希望繼續堅持創刊的初心，溝通東西方錢 幣界，為錢幣行業的發展做出新的貢獻。

《東亞泉志》總編輯兼出版人

周邁可

01 News·Interviews

30th Anniversary Journal of East Asian Numismatics

Congratulations on the 30th Anniversary of the Journal of East Asian Numismatics

A Thirty-Year Journey of a Numismatics Researcher

Mr. Stephen Tai's new English book: TheGoldBarsoftheCentralMints,1945-1950 is about to be published

A Cross-Century Chinese Coin Collection

A Trip to Japan: A Visit to the Tokyo International Coin Convention and the Currency Museum Bank of Japan

Nine Days in Four Countries - The Process of Searching Information Overseas

Editing Numismatic Journal with Concentrated Attention: Appreciation for Yuan Shuiqing, Chinese Editor of the JEAN

The Shanghai Museum East Reopened on June 26

Champion-HICC Events in Hong Kong Turn into an International Celebration for Numismatics

Bowker Collection Donated to the Shanghai Mint Museum

Macau Exhibit of 1897-1898 Otto Beh Coin Dies—Unveiling a Centennial Mystery of Chinese Pattern Coins

Huang Xiquan Discusses Issues Regarding Pre-Qin Currency

David Chio: Must Greatly Maintain the Macau Numismatic Society

Let the World Know more About Chinese Coins: An Interview with China Numismatic Museum

Director Zhou Weirong

27 Years in Asian Numismatics

The European Numismatic Panda Market

An Exploration of the 1985 One-Yuan Proof Panda Commemorative Copper Coin

02

The Legend of Taiwan's Gold Jewelry Industry——Gao Tian-Cheng and His Book ACompleteWorks ofDrawingsofWorkmanshipinGoldandSilverFineJewelry

Abd al-Malik's Currency Reform and the Kaiyuan Tongbao of the Tang Dynasty Turpin Hsi, Qiao Jinliang, Wei Xianzhang-Three Directors of the Central Mint during the War

Recognition and Interpretation of Inscriptions on Bai Jin San Pin

Review of the Jiangkou Chenyin Historic Site in Jiangkou Town and the Salvaged Currency

The Value of Chinese Cash Coins From the Expedition Diaries of Ferdinand Von Richthofen between 1869 and 1872

Sycee of Northern Song Dynasty Jintang County 50 Taels

03 Vintage Coins

Howard F. Bowker – Eduard Kann Correspondence（1951.1-6）

Bruce W. Smith: An Outstanding Scholar in the Field of Oriental Numismatics

The Coins of Shanghai: An Unwritten Chapter in the History of The "Capital of the Far East" (Part II)

Patriotic Overseas Chinese Leader Situ Mei-Tang and the "Outstanding Service" Gold Medal

Hidden Dragons of Hunan: The 1898 Dollar and Half Dollar

Li Hung Chang: His Visit to America on His Grand World Tour

The Story and Destination of Ancient Coins Brought to the United States by Nai-chi Chang

The Coin Collection of a Famous Financier during the Republic Period: The Coins in the NC collection from the Former Central Mint Director Turpin Hsi

04 Ingots·Ancient Money

Banknotes·Others

A visit to the Jerome and Rohwer, Arkansas Japanese-American Relocation Camp Sites

A Reflection on the Founding of PMG and the Early Days of Paper Money Grading

An Education in the Coin Business

Dr. Albert J. Beck (1935-2024)

Kann's Paper Money Collection Found

The World-Famous American Bank Note Company

Sun Yat Sen-Revolutionary Bonds

Initial Coin Minting in Korea

1886 - 1888 and Establishment of a Modern Mint with the Help of German Specialists

01 新聞·採訪

《東亞泉志》創刊30周年 而立之年賀泉志 泉學繁榮遍神州 一個貨幣研究工作者的三十年人生 戴學文先生的英文新書《廠條，1945-1950》即將出版 雜談一個跨世紀的中國錢幣收藏

日本之行——東京國際錢幣展銷會及日本銀行金融研究所貨幣博物館造訪活動 九天四國——海外資料搜集成果分享 細緻用心編泉刊 遍訪名家述泉學——記《東亞泉志》中文主編袁水清 上海博物館東館6月26日重新對觀眾開放

冠軍-HICC在港舉辦聯合活動，共築國際錢幣盛事 包克收藏37枚珍稀錢幣捐給上海造幣博物館 1897-1898年德製幣模澳門特別展——揭開中國珍稀錢幣百年之謎 黃錫全談先秦貨幣的有關問題

趙康池：“我一定要扛好澳門錢幣學會這面大旗”

讓世界更多地瞭解中國錢幣——中國錢幣博物館館長周衛榮訪談錄 亞洲錢幣界的27年

歐洲熊貓紀念幣章市場 1985年精製版壹圓熊貓紀念銅幣探源

02 金銀錠·古錢

臺灣金業傳奇——高天成及其《金銀細工實用圖畫大全》 絲路風雲·倭馬亞王朝貨幣改革與唐幣開元

席德柄、喬晉梁、韋憲章—戰亂時期的三位中央造幣廠廠長 白金三品 銘文辨識與解讀 張獻忠江口沉銀及出水貨幣綜述

中國銅錢的價值——基於費迪南·馮·李希霍芬1869年至1872年間旅華日記研究 北宋“懷安軍金堂縣免夫錢折納銀每鋌重伍拾兩”銀鋌

03 機製幣

霍華德·包克與耿愛德的通信（1951年1月- 6月） 史博祿：東方錢幣研究領域的傑出學者

上海錢幣:“遠東之都”歷史上的未譜篇章（Ⅱ） 愛國僑領司徒美堂與“勳勞卓著”金質勳章 1898年湖南省造七錢二分和三錢六分銀幣 欽差大臣驚世之旅——記李鴻章訪美破冰之行

眾裏尋他千百度——張叔馴攜美古錢的經歷與歸宿

民國著名金融家的錢幣收藏——NC收藏中來自前中央造幣廠廠長席德柄先生的錢幣

04 紙鈔·其他

阿肯色州傑羅姆-羅威爾日裔集中營參觀記 PMG創立及早期紙幣評級回顧 錢幣生意中的教益經歷 柏林世界錢幣展覽會創辦人阿爾伯特·J·貝克博士逝世（1935-2024） 耿愛德紙幣的收藏與發現 大名鼎鼎的美國鈔票公司 孫中山簽發的中華革命軍軍需債券 1886-1888年間朝鮮首鑄機製幣德國專家相助創建現代造幣廠

Anniversary Journal of 30 th

East Asian Numismatics

◎ Oliver Strahl〔Germany〕

This year marks a major anniversary.

The Journal of EastAsian Numismatics is proud to celebrate its 30th anniversary! Invaluable knowledge has been distributed to readers free of charge over the last few decades. My story is also associated with many of the following anniversary dates.

The 1980s

I was born in 1982, the year of the dog, which was the first year of the famous panda coins. The first mintage in gold was still without a nominal value. The 1 oz was also minted in platinum, with a circulation of only 4 pieces. Such special mintings in a different material can still be found today, as with the Berlin pandas. The mintage of the pandas of the 1980s was relatively high, but there were some special rarities. A very special sample at the time was a single gold panda set with a different design. This set from 1984 was sent as a specimen minting and was never returned to the China Mint. It is rumored that the value of this set is in the millions. In 1983, the first silver panda coin with a face value of 10 yuan was issued for a first issue price of just $10. The first Show Panda Medal from Hong Kong was released in 1984 and celebrates its 40th anniversary this year with a new

one. From 1983 to 1985, a 1 yuan brass panda was released. The 1985 issue served as a gift to a delegation and was therefore only minted 50 times. At the end of the 1980s, other precious metals such as platinum and palladium followed for the general minting of pandas. Many of the panda coins were imported to Germany by the company MDM, which is why there is still a large selection of originally packaged pieces in this country.

The 1990s

The 1990s were tough for the panda, precious metals were more unpopular than ever before and the price continued to fall. Palladium coins were discontinued and platinum coins were only available in small quantities. At the same time, the mintage figures of the golden pandas fell drastically with this price slide. This is why panda gold coins from 1994 onwards are highly sought-after and coveted, as they are rare. The first issue of the Journal of East Asian Numismatics was published in 1994 and is celebrating its 30th anniversary this year. In the same year, I traveled to the United States for the first time as a child and started collecting circulation coins. A popular show panda series

was the Munich Panda, which caused a real stir in Germany and, in contrast to the general market, was able to record price increases through buyback campaigns even back then.

The 2000s

In 2002, the panda design was repeated for the first time and met with rejection. Sales were low at the time and demand is therefore high today. A fine ounce of gold cost $275. In the same year, after my first real income, I switched to collecting precious metal coins. I can still hear my parents' words today: "Don't collect gold, because the price will continue to fall". I didn't let myself be put off back then and collected everything

I could afford. This is also where the first gold panda came into my collection. I often had the right instinct and was rarely talked out of it. In 2007, the price of gold gradually began to rise faster and higher. The demand came back and so the circulation of the pandas also increased. From this year onwards, the cute gold pandas are therefore only traded at the price of gold. The last wanted issue with a collector's value is the Panda from 2006.

The 2010s

The price of gold rose and rose and so did the number of coins issued. The 2010s issues of gold pandas are common. In 2014, I sold my collection in favor of a property that serves as a home for me, my wife and my son. However, once infected with a passion for collecting, it remains the whole life. I started collecting again and therefore looked for a specialty. My wife always found the pandas in my collection extremely attractive and appealing, so we decided to start collecting Chinese coins. This was absolutely the right decision. Chinese coins were still cheap and frequently found at that time. When I started my new collection, I even found the 1985 brass panda in a jewelry box at a flea market. I spent countless nights reading many books on Chinese coin collecting and discovered the Journal of EastAsian

Numismatics for the first time, which contained very interesting topics on gold pandas. The office of the grading service provider NGC opened in Munich and I started grading my Chinese coins.

Fascinated, with a great general knowledge and expertise in the field of Chinese coins, I started writing articles for the Journal of East Asian Numismatics as a European correspondent in 2018. At the same time, I published well over 100 articles in my newly founded Facebook group "NGC Grading & China Coins". This decade was the golden age of show pandas, there were countless issues and series, but few of them remained or became more valuable. A particular highlight is the Berlin Show Panda, which will celebrate its 10th anniversary in 2025.

The 2020s

My Facebook group is now very well known in Europe and brings together over 800 collectors of Chinese panda coins and friends of grading. I am passionate about writing articles about panda coins and current coin fairs. Next year will be the first time I will officially report from the World Money Fair in Berlin as a press representative for the Journal of East Asian Numismatics. The weight of the gold pandas was changed from ounces to grams. After a long break, the Panda in platinum again was released to mark the 40th anniversary of the Panda series. Pandas from earlier years up to the 2006 issue have become extremely rare and regularly fetch top prices. The supply is

becoming increasingly scarce and collectors more numerous. Variants and proof versions are more in demand than ever. Nowadays, it is extremely expensive and time-consuming to put together a Panda collection like the one from 10 years ago. Bargains are hard to come by, as everyone has now recognized the value of Pandas. The new issues of gold pandas are merely bullion coins due to the high mintage, but they are traded at a record price of $2,300 per ounce of fine gold. Current collector's issues with small mintages are no longer available, with the exception of the coveted Berlin Show Panda.

《東亞泉志》創刊 周年 30

◎ 奧利弗·斯特拉爾〔德國〕

2024年是一個重要的周年紀念。

今年是《東亞泉志》創刊30周年！在過去的幾十年裏，雜誌免費向讀者傳播了寶貴的知識。

我接下來要講的故事也與以下許多周年紀念有關。

20世紀80年代

1983年，第一枚面值10元的熊貓銀幣發行，發行價僅為 10美元。首枚香港展會熊貓紀念章於1984年發行，今年也 發行了一枚用以紀念該章發行40周年的紀念章。 1983年至 1985年，中國發行了1元熊貓銅幣。 1985年發行的熊貓銅

20世紀90年代對熊貓幣來說是艱難的時期。因為在這一時 期，貴金屬產品比以往任何時候都更不受歡迎，價格持續 下跌。鈀金幣已經停產，鉑金幣也只有少量供應。同時， 隨着價格的下滑，熊貓金幣的發行量也急劇下降。因此， 1994年以後的熊貓金幣因其稀有性而備受追捧和人們的垂 涎。《東亞泉志》創刊於1994年，今年是其創刊30周年。 1994年那一年，我還是個孩子。那一年，我第一次前往美 國旅行，並開始收集流通的錢幣。當時很受歡迎的一個熊 貓幣章系列是慕尼黑熊貓紀念章。該紀念章在德國引起了 我出生於1982年狗年，這也是著名的熊貓金幣發行的第一 年。首次發行的金幣並沒有面值。其中1盎司鉑金紀念幣的 發行量僅為4枚。這種用不同材質金屬特別鑄造的錢幣至今 難尋，正如現今的柏林展會熊貓紀念章一樣。熊貓幣在20 世紀80年代的發行量相對較高，但其中也有一些特別稀有 的熊貓幣。當時非常特別的一版是一套設計不同的熊貓金 幣。這套1984年發行的紀念幣是作為樣幣鑄造的，並且從 未被中國造幣總公司回收。據傳，這套幣價值數百萬美元。

幣是贈送給一個代表團的禮物，因此只鑄造了50枚。 20世 紀80年代末，如鉑金和鈀金等貴金屬也被用於鑄造熊貓紀 念幣。許多熊貓幣都是由 MDM 公司進口到德國的，因此 在德國仍有大量原始包裝的熊貓幣。

20世紀90年代

轟動，而且與一般市場情況不同的是，即使在當時，它們 的價格在回購中不斷上漲。

21世紀初

2002年的熊貓幣首次使用了重複的圖案，但不為人們接受。

當時熊貓幣的銷售情況不佳，由此導致了目前人們對這一 年熊貓幣的需求量很高。同年，一盎司黃金的價格是275美 元。而我也在那一年有了第一筆真正意義上的收入，轉而 開始收藏貴金屬紀念幣。今天，我仍然能聽到我父母這樣說： “不要收藏金幣，因為金價會繼續下跌”。而當時的我並沒 有因為他們的話而放棄，而是收集了所有我買得起的金幣。

2002年熊貓金幣也是我收藏的第一枚熊貓金幣。我的直覺 常常很準確，也很少會被別人說服。 2007 年，金價逐漸開 始快速上漲。人們對黃金的需求回升了，熊貓金幣的流通 量也隨之增加。從這一年開始，這些可愛的熊貓金幣將只 能以金價交易，因此最後一批具有收藏價值的是2006年發 行的熊貓金幣。

21世紀10年代

21世紀第二個十年，黃金價格不斷上漲，金幣發行量也隨 之增加。這段時期裏發行的熊貓金幣非常常見。 2014年， 我賣掉了我的收藏，轉而購買了一處房產，作為我、妻子 和兒子的家。然而，一旦產生了收藏的熱情，這種熱情就 會伴隨我的一生。我又開始收藏了，並且開始尋找自己擅 長的領域。我妻子一直覺得我收藏的熊貓幣非常有吸引力， 所以我們決定開始收藏中國錢幣。這絕對是一個正確的決 定。當時的中國錢幣還很便宜，而且還很容易能找到。當 我開始新一輪的收藏時，我甚至在跳蚤市場的一個首飾盒 裏發現了1985年的黃銅熊貓幣。我花了無數個夜晚閱讀了 許多關於中國錢幣收藏的書籍，並第一次發現了《東亞泉

志》，裏面有一些關於熊貓金幣的有趣話題。同時，評級服 務提供商 NGC 在慕尼黑開設了辦公室，我便開始對收藏 的中國錢幣提交評級。

由於我對中國錢幣領域的常識和專業知識非常着迷，我從 2018年開始作為歐洲通訊員為《東亞泉志》撰寫文章。與 此同時，我在新成立的臉書群組“NGC 評級與中國錢幣” 中發表了100多篇文章。這十年是熊貓幣大放異彩的黃金時 代，發行了無數的品種和系列，但其中很少有能夠保值或 者升值的。而柏林展會熊貓紀念章將於2025年迎來其10周 年紀念，這將是一個特別的亮點。

21世紀20年代

目前，我的臉書群組在歐洲非常有名，彙集了800多名中國 熊貓幣收藏者，以及會對錢幣提交評級的朋友。我熱衷於 撰寫關於熊貓幣和當前幣展的文章。明年將是我第一次作 為《東亞泉志》的媒體代表正式報導柏林世界錢幣展覽會。

此外，熊貓金幣的重量單位也從盎司改為了克。時隔多年 後，鉑金熊貓幣再次發行，以紀念熊貓紀念幣系列問世40 周年。 2006

年前發行的熊貓幣現在已經極為罕見，並經常 在拍賣中拍出高價。供應越來越稀缺，收藏家卻越來越多。

人們對不同的錢幣和精製幣的需求也比以往任何時候都高。 如今，要像10

年前那樣集齊一個熊貓系列的幣章，那麼會 是一件既昂貴又耗時的事情。由於現在每個人都認識到了 熊貓幣章的價值，所以很難再買到便宜貨了。新發行的金 質熊貓幣章只是投資型產品，但由於發行量大，其價格卻 創下了每盎司2 300美元的紀錄。除了令人夢寐以求的柏林 展會熊貓紀念章之外，目前已不再發行鑄造量較小的珍藏 版幣章了。

Congratulations on the 30th Anniversary of the JournalofEastAsianNumismatics

◎ Zhou Bian〔Shanghai〕

The 1st issue in 1994 & the 34th issue in 2024

It has been 30 years since Michael Chou, President of Champion Auction Company, and Bruce Smith, a famous numismatist, founded the Journal of East Asian Numismatics in 1994. As Confucius said, "At fifteen, I applied myself to learning. At thirty, I was independent. At forty, I had no more doubts." When a person reaches the age of thirty, he should be self-reliant in personality, in learning, and in career, and so is this journal.

The journal was born at a time of unprecedented development of numismatic organizations and activities in China. In June 1982, the Chinese Numismatic Society was established, and in 1983, the journal China Numismatics was launched. Numismatic societies were set up in various provinces, cities, and autonomous regions. By 1990, numismatic societies had been established in all provinces and autonomous regions. In 1992, the Chinese Numismatic Museum was officially established.

In October 2002, the new Chinese Numismatic Museum in Beijing was inaugurated. Subsequently, provincial numismatic museums were set up at the provincial and municipal levels in Hubei, Guangxi, Gansu, Xi'an, Shandong and Ningbo. These organizations with extensive facilities have played a powerful

role in uniting professionals, amateurs, scholars, collectors, and enthusiasts. The numismatic culture and knowledge have been promoted and popularized in an unprecedented way.

The systematic study of Chinese coins has also been in full swing around China. Many works were published during the period. For instance, the Shanghai Numismatic Society organized and published The Great Series of Chinese Currency Through the Ages. The series was edited by Ma Feihai and published by the Shanghai People's Publishing House. The first volume, Pre-

Qin Currency, was published in 1988, and the twelfth volume, Numismatics and Monetary Culture, in 2016, with 15 books in 12 volumes. In 1995, the Henan Numismatic Society published the Dictionary of Chinese Coins and Pre-Qin Compilations. The series was published by the Zhonghua Book Company in 10 compilations and 18 volumes. Other numismatic works include the Chinese Numismatic Society's Chinese Numismatic Series, with 29 academic monographs and 5 intellectual readings. In addition, the Chinese Numismatic Society produced 6 volumes of Chinese Numismatic Theses. The editorial board of China Numismatics and Inner Mongolia Numismatic Research Society co-edited the Catalog of Chinese Ancient Notes and China's Numismatic Bibliography Series which began to be published in 1993, with 15 books in 11 volumes.

Monographs on the study of Chinese coins by dynasty, reign title, and variety have been published as well. The major publications include The Pre-Qin Currency Research, Research on Qin and Han Coins, Research and Discovery of Ban Liang Coins, Iron Coins of the Northern and Southern Song Dynasties, Cash Coins of the Northern Song Dynasty, Cash Coins of the Southern Song Dynasty, The New Catalog of the Shunzhi Tongbao Cash Coins, and TheVariety of Xianfeng Cash Coins –ACatalogofXianfengCoinCollection.

In 1991, the Academic Committee of the Chinese Numismatic Society was established, and in 1994, the first Gold Coin Prize was awarded, enhancing the academic atmosphere of the numismatic community and contributing to the construction of the discipline of Chinese numismatics. Various symposiums have been held in different places, such as the symposium on the iron coins of the northern and southern Song dynasties hosted in Shaanxi in 1998, the symposium on Chinese Pre-Qin Coins held in Taiyuan, Shanxi in 2001, the symposium on the Bai Jin San Pin ( 白金三品 , a set of three types of coins: Dragon, Horse and Turtle issued in the Han dynasty) coinages of the Western Han dynasty held in Hanzhong, Shaanxi in August 2003, the symposium on currency and coin minting process of the Six dynasties held in Nanjing in the fall of 2003, and so on.

At the same time, in cooperation with the cultural departments and museums, a number of difficult issues on ancient coins were solved through formal archaeological exploration and scientific excavation. For example, the inscriptions and characteristics on the wu zhu [ 五銖 ] coins of the Wei state of the Three Kingdoms

Great Series of Chinese Currency Through the Ages

Period were identified in 1996, based on the wu zhu coins excavated from the tomb of Zhu Ran of the Three Kingdoms in Maanshan, Anhui Province, and the tomb of Gao Rong of the Three Kingdoms in Nanchang, Jiangxi Province. In 2002, the coin molds of yonglongtongbao [ 永隆通寶 ] in 939 A.D. were unearthed at the site of Chengtian Temple, Quanzhou City in the Ten Kingdoms Period. These efforts and achievements have raised the theoretical level of Chinese numismatics and monetary history.

The JEAN benefits from the above good situation and is designed to let the majority of coin collectors, researchers, and scholars have a more in-depth understanding of the numismatic knowledge so that readers around the world can better understand China's profound numismatic culture. Since its inception in 1994, it issued 18 issues and ceased publication in 1999. It resumed publication in January 2016. It has published many in-depth treatises on numismatic research and interesting historical articles on coins, and interviewed many leaders and experts in the numismatic community. It has also promoted many books and information on numismatic conferences and auctions. The bilingual journal facilitates exchanges and communication between scholars and collectors of East and West, as the only bilingual numismatic journal at present.

The Chinese Numismatic Society has also held many seminars on Silk Road currencies in Xinjiang and Gansu and seminars on historical currencies of Southeast Asia and currencies of the Maritime Silk Road in Guangdong, and Fujian. Its members traveled overseas to exhibit Chinese coins, participated in

The

international coin shows, and attended various events such as the General Assembly of the International Committee for Money and Banking Museums to publicize the culture of Chinese currencies and to exchange experience in a wide range of activities. Through the research and exchange of coins of the ancient countries along the Silk Road, the members of the Society work to contribute to the cooperation and development of the Belt and Road Initiative.

In order to provide scholars and collectors from the East and West with a better understanding of the latest numismatic research results from Western countries, China, and Asia, the journal translates articles from Chinese into English and from English into Chinese, greatly enhancing communication between East and West numismatic communities. The journal has been distributed in more than 20 countries, and is in the collections of the Smithsonian Institution, the British Museum, Harvard University, Yale University, Columbia University, and other world-renowned institutions.

Collecting, markets, identification, and research are the four major parts of numismatic activity. Scientific archaeological research and social numismatic collecting and research, together with the numismatic activities over the decades, have produced a number of influential numismatic publications and websites, such as Shaanxi Finance – Numismatic Research, Inner Mongolia Financial Research - Numismatic Special Issue, Anhui Numismatics, Xinjiang Numismatics and other numismatic journals with a great reputation in the numismatic

field. The deepening of research, the expansion of its scope, and the further communication and understanding with foreign countries, all lead to a broader path for numismatic research in the future. CHCOIN, COIN SKY, HUAXIA COIN AUCTION, and other websites for coin collecting and exchanges, as well as Beijing Chengxuan, Shanghai Hosane, and other auction houses also have a big influence among collectors. These publications together with numismatic websites, auction companies, and cultural relics markets have raised the level of collecting and appreciation, creating a group of numismatic experts and scholars, and opening up and protecting the normal trading activities of the coin cultural relics market. They also help to protect coin cultural relics, educate numismatists, and combat smuggling. The future development of China's numismatic collecting has a solid foundation and growth potential, but it also faces challenges such as standardization, the development of the grading system, and market risk management. The diversified market will gradually mature and develop healthily in the long run. With the improvement of the cultural quality of the masses, the deepening of research, the continuous standardization, and the healthy development of the market, new achievements in research and the new situation of collecting will surely appear.

On the occasion of the 30th anniversary of the Journal of East Asian Numismatics, I would like to deliver my best wishes to the journal. I congratulate the JEAN on its 30th anniversary. I hope the journal never changes its initial aims and continue to have new achievements after 30 years of progress.

The coin auction

而立之年賀泉志 泉學繁榮遍神州

◎ 周 邊〔上海〕

東亞泉志

冠軍拍賣公司總裁周邁可先生和著名錢幣學專家史博祿先 生在1994年創辦了《東亞泉志》，至今已經30年了。孔子 說：“吾十有五而志於學，三十而立，四十而不惑。”人到了 三十歲應該是人格自立、學識自立、事業自立的年齡，一本 雜誌亦然。

《東亞泉志》誕生之時，也是國內錢幣組織和活動空前發展 的時候。1982年6月中國錢幣學會成立， 1983年《中國錢 幣》雜誌創刊，各省市自治區紛紛成立錢幣學會。至1990年， 全國各省市自治區都有了錢幣學會。1992年中國錢幣博物 館正式成立。2002年10月，北京的中國錢幣博物館新館落 成。其後湖北、廣西、甘肅、西安、山東、寧波等省市也設 置省級錢幣博物館。組織建設與硬體設施的完備，發揮了強 大的作用，團結了社會專業與業餘的專家、學者、藏家和愛 好者。使錢幣文化和知識的研究普及得以有了前所未有的促 進與推廣。

對中國歷代錢幣的系統研究也如火如荼地在各地開展起來， 期間出版的大型辭書有：1988年，由馬飛海主編，上海錢 幣學會組織，上海人民出版社出版的《中國歷代貨幣大系》， 1988年出版第一卷《先秦貨幣》，至2016年出版第十二卷 《錢幣學與貨幣文化》。成書12卷15冊。1995年由河南錢幣 學會組織，中華書局出版的《中國錢幣大辭典》《先秦編》，

北京中國錢幣博物館

《中國歷代貨幣大系》

出版至今成書10編18冊。各類錢幣著作如：中國錢幣學會 的“中國錢幣叢書”，其中甲種本（學術專著）至今出書29 本，乙種本（知識性讀物）成書5本。中國錢幣學會的《中 國錢幣論文集》第一至第六輯，《中國錢幣》編輯部和內蒙 古錢幣研究會合編的《中國古鈔圖輯》，“中國錢幣文獻叢 書” 1993年開始出版，成書11輯，共15冊。

對中國歷代錢幣的按朝代、年號與種類版別的專題研究專著 也紛紛出版。《先秦貨幣研究》《秦漢錢幣研究》《半兩錢研 究與發現》《兩宋鐵錢》《北宋銅錢》《南宋銅錢》《新編順治 通寶錢譜》《咸豐錢的版式系列 自藏自拓咸豐錢集》等。

1991年，成立了中國錢幣學會學術委員會， 1994年，第一 屆金泉獎頒獎。提升了錢幣界學術氛圍。為中國錢幣學的 學科建設做出了貢獻。各地也舉辦了各種專題研討會，如 1998年陝西主辦的兩宋鐵錢研討會， 2001年山西太原中國 先秦貨幣學術研討會， 2003年8月陝西漢中全國西漢“白金 三品”學術研討會， 2003年秋南京“六朝貨幣與鑄錢工藝” 研討會等。同時，與文博部門合作，通過考古正式探測與 科學發掘，解決了古代錢幣上的一些難題，典型的有1996 年對安徽馬鞍山三國朱然墓和江西南昌三國高榮墓出土五 銖錢等的研究，認定曹魏五銖的錢文與製作特徵。2002年， 泉州市承天寺五代十國閩“永隆通寶”鑄錢遺址出土的錢範 研究等。這些工作的開展與成績的取得，提高了中國錢幣學、 貨幣史的理論水準。

《東亞泉志》得益於以上這個良好的局面，以旨在讓廣大錢 幣收藏家、研究學者更深入地瞭解錢幣知識，讓世界各地 的讀者更好地瞭解中國深厚的錢幣文化這個辦刊宗旨。自

1994年創刊，發行了18期1999年停刊。2016年1月又復刊 發行至今。刊登了許多有深度的錢幣學研究論述，有趣的錢 幣史料與記敘文章，採訪了眾多錢幣界領導和專家。並推介 了很多書評與錢幣學術會與交流拍賣會的信息。採用中英雙 語，便於東西方錢幣研究學者與收藏家的交流與溝通，也是 目前唯一一份中英雙語的錢幣雜誌。

中國錢幣學會還在新疆、甘肅多次召開絲綢之路貨幣研討 會，在廣東、福建召開東南亞歷史貨幣暨海上絲綢之路貨幣 研討會，赴國外展出中國錢幣，參加國際錢幣學大會，出席 國際博物館委員會暨國際錢幣與銀行博物館委員會大會等各 種活動，宣傳中國貨幣文化，交流經驗。通過絲綢之路古國 的錢幣研究與交流，以絲路古國錢幣這個歷史符號，為促進 “一帶一路”的合作發展做出錢幣界的貢獻。

《東亞泉志》為了讓東西方的學者、收藏家更好地瞭解西方 各國、中國乃至亞洲最新的錢幣研究成果，將中文文章翻譯 成英語、將英文文章翻譯成中文，大大增強了東西方錢幣界 的交流。在20多個國家發行，包括史密森尼學會、大英博 物館、哈佛大學、耶魯大學和哥倫比亞大學等世界著名學府。

錢幣收藏、錢幣市場、錢幣鑒定、錢幣研究是錢幣活動的四 個要素。科學的錢幣考古研究與社會錢幣收藏研究統一，幾 十年來的錢幣活動的開展，使全國各地產生了一批有影響的 錢幣刊物與收藏拍賣網站，如《陝西金融 錢幣研究》、《內 蒙古金融研究 錢幣專刊》、《安徽錢幣》、《新疆錢幣》等錢 幣雜誌，在錢幣界有極大的聲譽。錢幣研究的深入和範圍的 拓展，與國外的進一步交流和瞭解，使錢幣研究今後的道路 更寬廣。古泉園地、錢幣天堂、華夏古泉等錢幣收藏網站、 北京誠軒、上海泓盛等錢幣拍賣公司，也在錢幣收藏者中有 很大的影響。這些刊物的出版與錢幣網站、錢幣拍賣公司、 錢幣文物市場的出現和存在，使錢幣的收藏、鑒賞提高了層 次，造就了一批錢幣專家與學者，而開放和保護錢幣文物市 場正常的交易活動，也為保護錢幣文物，培養錢幣愛好者， 打擊走私等作了許多工作。中國錢幣收藏的未來發展具有堅 實的基礎和增長潛力，但同時也面臨着規範化、評級體系發 展情況和市場風險管理等挑戰。多元化的錢幣收藏市場，從 長期看，會逐步成熟健康發展的。隨着群眾文化素質的提高， 錢幣研究工作的深入，錢幣市場不斷規範和健康發展，錢幣 研究的新成就、錢幣收藏的新局面必將出現。

在《東亞泉志》發行30周年之際，寄語刊物：三十年砥礪 前行。初心不改。三十年華誕快樂，再譜新篇！

A Thirty-YearJourney of a Numismatics Researcher

◎ Stephen Tai〔Taipei〕

Stephen Tai

Everyone knows that one of the best ways to sabotage someone is to persuade them to start a magazine! General interest magazines easily lose money, and numismatics magazines are even more challenging. Yet, in the blink of an eye, the Journal of East Asian Numismatics has been running for almost thirty years! Editor-in-chief Michael Chou told me that, in his career, this magazine represents not profit and loss, but his contribution to the numismatics community and society at large.

I have been writing for the Journal of East Asian Numismatics for several years. On the occasion of the magazine's thirtieth anniversary, the editor-in-chief specifically requested an article. I couldn't refuse, so I decided to reflect on my parallel journey over these thirty years in numismatics.

My interest in numismatics began around the age of four or five. However, it was not so much the coins themselves that fascinated me, but rather their role in witnessing history. Coins that didn't cost much could reveal many stories not recorded in

texts or even known to history teachers. For me, this was one of life's greatest pleasures.

Despite numismatic history never being a mainstream field, with very few researchers involved, I always enjoyed examining official historical narratives through the lens of currency. This approach represents a "proven basis" spirit that cannot be distorted, providing new perspectives or insights into history.

We can also discover that currency itself, including gold, silver, silver dollars, copper coins, banknotes, and bonds, forms a complete knowledge system with intricate connections to society at the time. This knowledge universe is truly marvelous!

In 1994, thirty years ago, my research focused on saddle sycee. At that time, the discourse on this subject was almost entirely dominated by foreigners, such as Americans Michael Mitchiner, Philip Butler and German Li Haoran. However, their understanding was limited, and their research was still superficial. I was working day and night but had already carved out time to clarify the historical context of saddle sycee and its associated valuation system. I completed a paper and sent it to China Numismatics in Beijing. To my surprise, I received letters of appreciation and invitations for contributions from Yao Shuomin and Jin Deping. Encouraged by this, I published my first monograph on saddle sycee, "Legendary Currency of Late Qing: An Research of Yunnan saddle sycee," two years later. Renowned sycee expert Zhang Huixin aptly noted in the preface that this book employed the "double evidence method" of material evidence history. Indeed, this book used empirical methods to place saddle sycee back into its historical framework, and it remains valuable nearly thirty years later.

Around the year 2000, I had expanded the same method to research other types such as square-trough sycee, horseshoe

sycee, gold bars from the Central Mint of the Republic of China, and early Chinese government bonds. These were all obscure but highly challenging areas. However, my legal work at a semiconductor company was becoming increasingly demanding, and I faced a tough decision.

After years of struggle, I finally decided to leave my legal job and establish Studio Potosi, focusing exclusively on the research and writing of gold and silver currency and bond history. My accomplishments include "Legendary Currency of Late Qing: An Research of Yunnan Saddle Sycee," "An Exploration of Historical Silver Ingots: A Study of Square-Trough Sycee", "Old Shanghai and New Sycee of Foreign Concessions", "New Studies on Saddle Sycee", "Review of Early Chinese Foreign Debts", "From Taiwan Coastal Defense Loans to Patriotic Bonds: Early Chinese Foreign Bonds 1874-1949", "From Commercial Loans to Patriotic Bonds: Early Chinese Domestic Bonds 1894-1949", "The Untold Nationalist China's Gold 19371950", "Republic of China Gold Archives", "The Central Mint's Gold Casting Cases and the Mainland-to-Taiwan Gold Transfer" and the soon-to-be-published English book "The Gold Bars of the Central Mints, 1945-1950" along with over a hundred articles for various magazines.

This life choice, much like Mr. Chou's founding of the Journal of East Asian Numismatics, is not about financial rewards. The effort and cost involved are disproportionate to any monetary gain, but it is a form of giving back to the numismatics community and society. I have no regrets and find joy in it!

一個貨幣研究工作者的三十年人生 ◎ 戴學文〔臺北〕

大家都知道，想陷害一個人， 最好的方法之一，就是勸他 辦雜誌！綜合性雜誌容易賠 錢：錢幣雜誌，更不用多說。 一轉眼，《東亞泉志》已持 續辦了快三十年了！總編輯 周邁可告訴筆者，在他的事 業版圖中，這份雜誌所代表 的意義，不是盈虧，而是他 對於錢幣界以至社會的回饋。

為東亞泉志供稿已有好幾年了，值此《東亞泉志》創刊 三十年之際，總編特別囑咐為文一篇，筆者說甚麼也不能 推卻，只好應景閒談：在一樣的三十年，平行時空下筆者 選擇的不同人生。

話說，對於錢幣產生興趣，是從4、 5歲左右開始的。但， 與其說是筆者對於錢幣本身的興趣，倒不如說是着迷於錢 幣見證歷史的角色，因為不用花大錢買的錢幣，卻可勾串 出許多不見諸文字記載、連歷史老師也未必清楚的許多故 事；對筆者來說，這是人生一大樂趣。

儘管貨幣史從來就不是歷史研究的主流，相關工作者少之 又少，不過，筆者總喜歡從貨幣的角度檢視“官史”說法。

因為這所代表的，是一種不會被扭曲的“實證”精神，能 為自己帶來對於歷史的新視野或體悟。我們也進而可發現， 貨幣本身，包含黃金、白銀、銀元、銅錢、鈔票與債券等等， 其實，都是自成知識體系，而且彼此之間以及與當時社會 都存在着千絲萬縷的關聯性…這個知識宇宙妙不可喻了！

1994年，也就是三十年前的現在，筆者的研究重心是牌坊錠 （Saddle Sycee），當時這個題目的話語權，幾乎是掌握在 外國人手中，如美國 Michael Mitchiner、 Philip Butler, 德國李浩然等，只是他們的瞭解有局限性，研究仍處於皮 毛階段。筆者當時正在沒日沒夜地工作着，不過，在此之 前已撥出空檔厘清牌坊錠的歷史脈絡及其配套的公估制度，

並完成論文寄到北京《中國錢幣》，沒想到隨即接獲當時雜 誌姚朔民、金德平等先生的來函嘉許與約稿。在此激勵下， 兩年後，筆者出版了第一本牌坊錠專著《晚清傳奇貨幣－雲 南牌坊錠考》。知名銀錠專家張惠信先生在書中序言一語道 破：這書用的就是以物證史的「二重證據法」！的確，這本 書用實證手法讓牌坊錠回到其歷史架構上，至今近三十年 依然受用。

到了公元2000

年前後，筆者已將同樣方法擴展至方槽、馬 蹄銀其他兩種類型，民國中央造幣廠金條，以及早期中國 公債等不同題目的研究上，這些全都是過去乏人跨越，冷 門卻極富挑戰性的領域。但，苦於當時半導體廠法律工作 過於繁忙，筆者也開始面臨抉擇。

經過幾年掙扎，筆者最後決定離開法律工作，創辦波多西 工作室，專門從事金銀貨幣與公債史的研究與著作。至今 交出的成績單有：《晚清傳奇貨幣 雲南牌坊錠考》、《一種歷 史銀錠的探索 方鏪考》、《舊上海 夷場新》、《牌坊錠新考》、 《算舊帳 歷數早期中國對外債券》、《從臺灣海防借款到愛 國公債 歷數早期中國對外公債 1874-1949》、《從息借商款 到愛國公債 細說早期中國對內公債 1894-1949》、《你所不 知道的國府黃金 1937-1950》、《民國黃金檔案》、《中央造 幣廠鑄金案與大陸運臺黃金》以及即將出版的英文版“The Gold Bars of the Central Mints, 1945-1950”一書，還有 百餘篇為各雜誌所寫的文章。

這個人生抉擇，就像周先生創辦《東亞泉志》的心態一樣， 從金錢報酬的角度來看，辛苦與代價之間根本不成比例， 但，這是對於錢幣界以至社會的一種回饋，我無怨無悔且 樂在其中！

Mr. Stephen Tai's new English book

TheGoldBarsoftheCentralMints 1945-1950

is about to be published !

◎ Champion〔Shanghai〕

Recently, at the invitation of Mr. Michael Chou, President of the Journal of East Asian Numismatics, Mr. Tai authorized iAsure Group to publish his dedicated English monograph, "The Gold Bars of the Central Mints, 1945-1950". The book is currently in the editing and printing stage and is expected to be released soon.

Mr. Tai is renowned for his research on gold and silver currency and early government bonds. Over the past thirty years, his works include several books (in Chinese): "Legendary Currency of Late Qing: A Research of Yunnan Saddle Sycee," "An Exploration of Historical Silver Ingots: A Study of SquareTrough Sycee," "Old Shanghai and New Sycee of the Foreign Concessions," "New Studies on Saddle Sycee," "From Taiwan Coastal Defense Loans to Patriotic Bonds: Early Chinese Foreign Bonds 1874-1949," "From Commercial Loans to Patriotic Bonds: Early Chinese Domestic Bonds 1894-1949," "The Untold Nationalist China's Gold 1937-1950," "Republic of China Gold Archives," and "The Central Mint's Gold Casting Cases and the Mainland-to-Taiwan Gold Transfer." He has also authored countless articles published in major magazines in Mainland China and Taiwan.

Before becoming well-known to Chinese readers, Mr. Tai had already established a high reputation in Western society. In 1999, he established the English website "Sycee-on-line" under his English name Stephen Tai. Due to its rich and comprehensive content, it has been popular among Western audiences for many years, becoming a must-visit site for studying Chinese silver ingots. It is listed as an external reference resource on the British Museum's website and, in 2002, attracted an interview from the National Geographic Channel. Later, due to his involvement in setting up Studio Potosi, Mr. Tai switched to creating in Chinese and stopped updating the website content after 2004. However, due to numerous requests from fans worldwide, the web service company has preserved the Sycee-on-line website in its entirety to this day.

"The Gold Bars of the Central Mints, 1945-1950" marks Mr. Tai's return to publishing research in English after twenty years. The book not only compiles the essence of his recent works on the related subject but also includes new content. It is expected to once again lead Western society's perspective on this topic and is also worthy of continued attention from Chinese readers.

戴學文先生的英文新書——

《廠條，1945-1950》

即 將 出 版！

◎ 冠軍研究室〔上海〕

日前，在東亞泉志總裁周邁可先生的邀請下，戴學文先生 將其傾力完成的英文專著“The Gold Bars of the Central Mints, 1945-1950”（中文譯名：《廠條，1945-1950》）授 權愛秀集團（iAsure）出版。該書目前已進入 編印階段， 預期不久之後即可面世。

戴先生素以金銀貨幣、早期公債的相關研究聞名。近三十年 的作品，專著部分包括：《晚清傳奇貨幣 雲南牌坊錠考》、《一 種歷史銀錠的探索 方鏪考》、《舊上海 夷場新》、《牌坊錠新 考》、《從臺灣海防借款到愛國公債 歷數早期中國對外公債 1874-1949》、《從息借商款到愛國公債 細說早期中國對內 公債 1894-1949》、《你所不知道的國府黃金 1937-1950》、 《民國黃金檔案》、《中央造幣廠鑄金案與大陸運臺黃金》等 書，文章更是不計其數，見載於中國大陸與臺灣各大雜誌。

早在為中國讀者熟悉之前，其實，戴先生已在西方社會建

立起高知名度。1999年以其英文名字 Stephen Tai 成立的 “Sycee-on-line”英文網站，由於內容豐富充實，多年來 深受西方人士歡迎，是學習研究中國銀錠的必訪聖地，名列 大英博物館網站之中的站外參考資源， 2002年並吸引美國 國家地理頻道 (National Geographic Channel) 前去採訪。 後來，戴先生因籌辦了波多西工作室 (Studio Potosi)，並改 以中文創作，從2004年以後不再更新網站內容。然而，在 無數來自各地粉絲的要求下，網路服務公司一直將 Syceeon-line 網站完整保留至今。

“The Gold Bars of the Central Mints, 1945-1950”一書， 是20年後戴先生再度以英文發表研究成果，書中集結了近 年創作的《你所不知道的國府黃金 1937-1950》、《民國黃 金檔案》、《中央造幣廠鑄金案與大陸運臺黃金》等書精華之 外，也增加了更多新內容，勢必再度引領西方社會對於此一 主題的視角，也值得中國讀者朋友的繼續關注。

A Cross-Century Chinese Coin Collection

My first introduction to collecting coins came in my junior high school days in Singapore. In 1959, my late father asked me to go to his study where I was surprised to see coins all over the desk. I did not understand any of the writing on these coins, but I particularly liked some of those with horses in different poses. My father said, "We are about to move to Hong Kong, so I am arranging them. You can look". Little did I realize that this brief contact would doom me to a lifelong penchant for coin collecting. Many years later, my father informed me of the ins and outs of these Sichuan horse and orchid coins. In the late 1930s, my father returned from the United States to China with a master's degree in industrial management from the University of Illinois. Since he had studied chemical engineering at the National Central University, he founded a dry cell factory in Nanjing. From then on, he began to collect coins in full swing. During this period, my father met many members of the Chinese Numismatic Society, including Ting Fu-Pao ( 丁福 保 ), Luo Bo-Shao ( 羅伯昭 ), and Tai Pao-Ting ( 戴葆庭 ). He had several meetings with Eduard Kann. Soon after the breakout of the Sino-Japanese War, the national government moved its capital to Chongqing, and my parents followed them to take refuge. Unexpectedly, this move brought him a good opportunity to collect coins!

◎ J. C. Lee〔USA〕

At that time, the Chongqing Arsenal was built in a cave, with poor equipment, backward management, and a lack of resources. Yu Da-Wei ( 俞大維 ), the general in charge of the military industry in the national government, invited my father to be the management consultant. At that time, most of the copper used for casting guns and cannonballs came from ancient cash coins and copper coins collected from the folk. They were piled up in caves to be melted down into the required cartridges. My father took two soldiers with him every night to look for rare varieties among the piles of coins. The soldiers did not know these coins, so my father taught them a pithy formula, "To find the big (20 cash), the small (5 cash), and the portraits"! After the victory of the war, my father left Chongqing and returned to Nanjing. Before leaving, the factory director gave a box of copper coins to my father to thank him for his help. When my father opened it, he found that the box contained dozens of copper coins of different sizes with a horse on the obverse and an orchid on the reverse. At that time, there was no record of the origin of these copper coins. Since they did not have denominations, my father assumed they were locally minted rounds. However, after more than 70 years, they realized nearly 3 million RMB at the Champion 2010 Hong Kong Auction after the metal composition was verified and measured by NGC. My father's spirit

in heaven must be very happy. Before he died, he asked me to set up an educational fund with the proceeds of selling these coins to pay for his great-grandchildren's college education in the United States. That seems to be more than enough now!

Another unexpected coin is a 1932 Chinese Soviet 20-cent silver coin. My father bought it in Chongqing from a merchant from the Red Army Region in northern Sichuan during the SinoJapanese War. At that time, almost no one had heard of the existence of the "Chinese Soviet Republic", let alone the coins issued by this "Republic". My father held the belief that "a coin is a piece of history". His intuition told him that this was an unusual coin. This was the beginning of a new world for my father's coin collecting. At that time, ordinary people in Chongqing would be killed if they possessed items from the Soviet Area. But my father didn't have to worry about that due to his special status. As a result, he purchased a lot of silver, copper, paper, and cloth coins issued in the old revolutionary bases of the Chinese Soviet Republic. The 20-cent coin is shown as Fig. 1, NGC MS64, the finest known with mint lust. Fig. 2 shows a 1934 Chinese Soviet 500-cash copper coin, NGC VF 35, as a double struck error coin. (Fig. 3 is the correct variety.) At that time, the coins of the Soviet areas were made by arsenals under strict examination, so it

was a very rare error variety.

When he returned to Nanjing, he brought dozens of pounds of ancient cash coins and copper coins with him. My father continued to search for coins around Shanghai after work. I was born in Nanjing in 1946. Three years later, China was in turmoil, so our family moved to Taiwan via Hong Kong. As a result, my

father purchased some privately minted silver cakes of Taiwan of the late Qing dynasty from a coin dealer from south Taiwan. A few years later, my father received an offer of appointment from the Nanyang University in Singapore to head the Department of Business Administration. A few years later, he moved on to become a professor at the Chinese University of Hong Kong. Due to the limitations of the environment, he hardly purchased any coins in this period of time, while he taught me about coin collecting and asked me to read magazines and catalogs. Therefore, it was the first time for me to read the original Illustrated Catalog of Chinese Coins by Kann.

After graduating from high school in Hong Kong in 1966, I embarked on a long journey to study in the United States with 20 kilograms of belongings.

I flew for two days and two nights before arriving at the University of Kansas in the Midwest. Outside the campus are endless wheat fields. There are no birds here, not even a single bird. I couldn't help but think, "Where am I going to find Chinese coins here?" The thought was a big mistake! I drove to towns a hundred kilometers away every vacation in search of coin stores. At that time, coin collecting was much more popular in the United States than anywhere else in the world, and there were many coin stores in almost every town. At first, when I asked the store owners if they had any Chinese coins, they would just shake their heads. I once drove to a small town almost 200 kilometers away and saw a not-sosmall coin store on the main street. "Do you have any Chinese coins?" I asked as I entered. He took out a box and said, "These are all Chinese copper coins with a dragon. The large ones (20 cash) are 5

Fig. 1 1932 Soviet China 20c, NGC MS64

Fig. 2 1934 Szechuan-Shensi Soviet China 500c Double Struck, NGC VF 35BN

Fig. 3 1934 Szechuan-Shensi Soviet China 500c

dollars each, the small ones (5 cash) are 2 dollars each, and the medium ones (10 cash) are 1 dollar each. At that time, a meal at McDonald's cost less than one dollar. I selected a dozen or so. Most of them were common varieties, but all were in very good condition. After paying, the store owner smiled, apparently because something that had gone unnoticed for so long had sold so much at once. As I walked away, I thought I should be the one laughing, as one of the 20-cash coins I bought was inscribed with "made in Anhwei"! I experienced countless coin transactions like this until the end of China's Cultural Revolution and the Reform and Opening-Up. Is it fate or providence that I started to collect coins in such an opportunity that is hard to find in a hundred years? During this period, I also bought some rarities such as Guangxi 10-cash copper, Guangdong five-goat coin, one-cent copper coin with a Chinese character ping [ 平 ] below the spade coin pattern, and Yuan Shih-Kai 10-cash copper, for the cost of eating a meal at McDonald's. There was always a question in my mind at the time. Why did these Chinese copper coins show up in towns and cities in this agricultural state in the Midwest? I found the answer a few years later. It turns out that the American coin collector, Mr. Tracy Woodward, collected a large number of Chinese gold, silver, and copper coins in China from 1916 to

1936. In terms of copper coins, he even published the first copper coin catalog in China, namely, The Minted Ten-Cash Coins of China (1936). Upon his return to the United States, he took up longterm residence in his hometown in the Midwest with his family. He passed away in 1938, and the entire collection was sold by his widow in batches in the United States. The whereabouts of the coins were not known for more than 10 years thereafter. It was not until 1950 that some of his collectibles appeared on the world coin auction market. Where did the rest go? At that time, the Midwest lived on agriculture, was backward in industry and commerce, and not easily accessible. It is unlikely that anyone would have come to the state with large quantities of old Chinese coins. I judge that it was brought back home by Woodward and partially sold by his widow after his passing. I was lucky enough to buy some of them.

After four years of searching for and buying Chinese coins in the Midwest, I graduated from college in 1969 and went to attend graduate school near New York, the largest city in the United States. Despite a heavy school load, I went to coin auctions nearby at every possible opportunity. In the 30 years since then, although I have not bought any coins at a huge bargain, I did have many good deals. In the 20 years after I graduated from graduate school, I returned to Hong Kong almost every two to three years to discuss with my father his recent achievements and interesting events. These unforgettable days continued until 2002. At that time, my father said that the coin market was full of high-quality fakes recently, and his eyes were not good so he decided to stop collecting. He handed

over his collection to me and let me bring it to the United States. Soon after, my father passed away peacefully at the age of 94. These decades of interaction with my father are precious memories.

New York has always been the largest market for coin collecting in the world. Many international coin shows and auctions, large and small, are held here every year. These occasions are not only for coin trading but also for connecting with those in the numismatic community. It was at these shows and auctions that I became acquainted with Michael Chou of Champion Auction many years ago. From the early 2000s, when I first visited the Champion Auction office in Taipei, to the present, I have commissioned Champion to auction my collection in Hong Kong and Macau many times. All came to a successful conclusion. Since my father and I collected these coins for our interest with spirit and perseverance under such difficult conditions, why did I sell them? The answer is very simple. Permanent collectibles can only belong to cultural museums. I am now over 70 years old, and it is time to hand over the baton to the next generation of young collectors. I looked at the black and white photos I left behind from my Singapore days and said, "Kid, it's your turn!"

In the 1970s, I was honored to serve as a member of the East Asian Numismatic Division of the American Numismatic Society in New York. Founded in 1858, the Society is a non-profit institution dedicated to the minting and researching of coins and medals. Its library contains more than 100,000 catalogs, documents, and journals across the world. The ones about China fill one shelf. The number of

its collectibles is closer to two million. Its Chinese coin collection was composed of donations by American collectors over the past century. However, these donations have not been systematically identified and archived for many years. At that time, my spare time was limited, and I did not have enough knowledge about ancient coins and paper money, so I put my focus on gold, silver, and copper vintage coins. I sorted out some great rarities such as the Empire Gold Tael, Short-Whiskered Dragon Dollar Silver, Long-Whiskered Dragon Silver, Shanghai Customs One Tael Silver, and Yuan Shih-Kai 10-Cash Copper, totaling dozens in a short period of time. The worthiest mentioning is that I found from the piles of the 1911 Empire Silver Dollars and Yuan Shih-Kai Silver Dollars a signature variety of each! It was also a privilege to meet collectors Dr. Tseng Che-Lu ( 曾澤祿 ) and Dr. Li Huihua ( 李輝華 ), who are also members of the East Asian Numismatic Division, the coin dealers Scott Semans, J.S. Lee ( 李 振興 ), and Yao Chin-Ling ( 姚慶林 ) and other consultants. I have the opportunity to exchange my knowledge of coin collecting with them for many years, and I have access to the collectibles of the

Society to see all kinds of hard-to-find rare coins in person. All these had helped me in my coin collecting. Nearly half a century has passed since then, and when I look at the coins I got during this period, I can still recall the excitement I felt at the time when I got them.

In June 2012, the dies of rare 1897 Chinese coins appeared at the Künker Auction in Germany, solving a mystery that has plagued the Chinese numismatic community for more than a hundred years, the origins of the Heilongjiang Silver Dollar Series. It is gratifying to note that Michael Chou went to Germany before the auction to persuade Künker to withdraw the coin dies from the auction. Then, we worked to donate a whole lot of coin dies to the Mortizberg Museum in Halle, Germany, with a joint effort. I would also like to express my special thanks to Michael for inviting me to Germany to visit FOBA Company in Hagen City with Ulrich Künker to witness the confirmation, arrangement, cleaning, and handover of these dies. One of FOBA's main businesses is the design and manufacture of laser engraving equipment and the supply of

Conclusion

laser die-cutting services. The company has customers from all over the world, including the Shenyang and Shanghai Mints. FOBA was also commissioned to make the dies for the Euro coins. We saw the process of engraving the "OB" on the coin dies with laser and computerized images, which is an amazing example of modern high-tech minting technology. OB stands for Otto Beh, which was the company that contracted with the Qing government to mint the dies. I also saw a contract between the Qing government and Otto Beh during the visit, with three big characters signed above the Chinese party: Li Hung Chang ( 李鴻 章 )! Afterward, Michael also asked me to visit the Bode Museum in Berlin, the Numismatic Museum of the Franklin Deutsche Bank, and the Mortizberg Museum in Halle, which was an eyeopening experience for me. In 2015, Michael "invited" the dies to the Macau Numismatic Society Annual Show so that Chinese numismatists could view these treasures. It is hoped that these national treasures will be returned to the motherland one day. Michael's dedication is worthy of our admiration!

It is the 30th anniversary of the founding of the Journal of East Asian Numismatics (JEAN). I believe that all of us in the numismatic community have gained a great deal from it over the years. To expand the scale and prospect of Chinese coin collecting sustainably, publications like the JEAN are indispensable pillars in the past and present. I remember that when I was young, relied on Chuan Pi (《泉幣》) edited by the Chinese Numismatic Society to improve my knowledge and interest in collecting coins. I benefited greatly at that time. Nowadays, the content of the JEAN is even broader, and its readers span the world, making it a must-read publication for friends in the numismatic community. Here let us express our highest respect to Michael Chou, the publisher of the JEAN, and all the editors, advisors, staff, and contributors of the journal!

雜談一個跨世紀的中國錢幣收藏

◎ 李正民(J.C. Lee)〔美國〕

個人首次接觸到錢幣收藏是在新加坡 的初中時代。1959年先父在書房叫我 進去，當時我很驚訝的看到書桌上佈 滿了錢幣。我看不懂它們上面的文字， 但是特別喜歡有些繪有不同姿態馬匹 的銅幣。先父說：“我們就要搬到香 港去了，我正在整理，你可以看看”。 萬沒想到，這個短暫的接觸就註定了 我一生對錢幣收藏的嗜好。多年後先 父才將這批四川馬蘭幣的來龍去脈告 知於我。1930年代末先父在美國伊利 諾州立大學取得工業管理碩士返國， 由於大學是在中央大學念的化工系， 就在南京創辦了一個乾電池工廠。從 此就全面開始了他錢幣收藏的嗜好。 這段期間先父結識了許多“中國泉幣

學社”的成員，其中包括丁福保，羅 伯昭，戴葆庭等前輩。並且與耿愛德 （Eduard Kann）有數次會面之緣。

不久日軍侵華，國民政府遷都重慶， 先父母也跟隨避難。但未料到此舉卻 給他帶了一個收集錢幣的良機！

當時重慶兵工廠建在山洞中，設備簡 陋，管理落後，資源奇缺。國民政府 主管兵工的俞大維將軍邀請先父出任 管理顧問。當時鑄造槍彈，炮彈所需 的銅多來自民間收來的古錢和銅板。 它們堆滿了許多山洞,以便熔鑄成所需 的彈殼。先父每晚帶着兩個士兵，到 堆積如山的錢幣中尋找稀少的品種。 士兵們不懂，先父教給他們一個口訣

“看大（20文），看小（5文），看 人頭”! 抗戰勝利，先父離開重慶返回 南京，臨走，廠長拿出一盒銅板贈與 先父以致幫忙管理的謝意。先父打開 一看，裏面裝有數十枚大小不一的馬 面背蘭花的銅板。當時沒有任何的記 載說明這些銅板的來歷。它們上面沒 有幣值，先父就當它們是地方鑄的遊 戲錢。豈知70多年後經由香港冠軍拍 賣交給NGC驗證及測出它們的金屬成 分後，於2010年拍出，整體成交價近 3百萬人民幣！先父在天之靈一定非常 欣慰。他生前囑咐我要將這些錢幣拍 賣所得成立一個教育基金，留給曾孫 們在美國上大學用。現在看來是綽綽 有餘了！

萬萬沒想到抗戰時期，先父在重慶從 一位來自川北紅區的商人購得一枚 1932年中華蘇維埃2角銀幣。當時幾 乎沒人聽過祖國大地上有個“中華蘇 維埃共和國”的存在，更不知道它還 鑄有錢幣。先父遵照“一枚錢幣:一 段歷史”的信念，直覺告訴他這是一 個不尋常的收藏。至此先父錢幣收藏 時又開闢了一個新天地。要知道當時 的重慶，普通百姓如果藏有“蘇區” 出來的文物，會招來殺身之禍。但先 父身份特殊，無此顧忌，因此收得不 少蘇維埃“紅區”發行的銀，銅，紙， 和布幣。圖1就是那枚2角銀幣。

NGC評級MS64，並帶出廠時的原光， 是同幣中已知的最高品相。圖2是一 枚1934年中華蘇維埃500文銅幣。

NGC評級VF35，並加注複打鑄幣錯 誤。圖3是正確的版本。當時“紅區” 硬幣都是由兵工廠製作，出廠時它們 都受到嚴格的檢驗。如此大的錯誤目 前亦屬僅見之品。

回到南京，身邊還帶着數十斤的銅板 古錢。工作之餘，先父繼續在大上海 一帶尋購錢幣。而我也於1946年在南 京出生。3年後，中國風雲變色，我們 舉家經香港遷移至臺灣。先父因此從 南部上來的一名錢幣商收得一些清末 臺灣自鑄的一套銀餅。數年後，先父

圖3 1934

年中華蘇維埃共和國500文銅幣

接到新加坡南洋大學的聘書，就任工 商管理學系主任。數年後又轉任香港 中文大學教授。由於客觀環境的限制， 這段時間可說是他錢幣收藏的空白期。 而對我而言，剛好相反。期間先父不 斷傳授我錢幣收藏方面的知識，教我 看有關雜誌和目錄。也因此讓我第一 次讀到原版耿愛德氏的《中國幣圖說 匯考》。

1966年在香港高中畢業，我提着20 公斤的全部家當，踏上赴美留學的長 征。飛了兩天兩夜，才抵達美國中西 部的堪薩斯大學。校園外是一望無際 的小麥田。甭說這裏鳥不生蛋，就是 鳥都看不到一只。我不禁聯想：“在 這兒我哪里去找中國錢幣？”。大錯！ 每到學校放假，我都會開車到百公里 以外的城鎮尋找錢幣店。當時美國收 集錢幣的風氣遠高世界其他地方，幾 乎每個城鎮都有不少錢幣專賣店。開 始的時候，我問店老闆有沒有中國錢 幣時，對方都是搖頭。有一次開車到 了近2百公里外的一個小鎮，看到主 街有間不小的錢幣專賣店。“老闆， 有沒有中國錢幣？”我進門就問。他 拿出一個盒子說：“這裏面都是有龍 的中國銅幣，大的（20文）5元一個， 小的（5文）2元一個，中的（10文） 1元一個。”相對比較，當時在麥當勞 吃一餐不到1元。我檢出10幾枚，品 種普通，但品相都非常好。付錢後， 老闆滿臉笑容，顯然因為許久無人問 津的東西，一下子賣了好多。我一邊走， 一邊想該笑的是我。因為我買的幾枚 20文中，有枚上面打着“安徽省造”！ 類似這樣的錢幣交易，我經歷了無數 次，直到中國文革結束，改革開放為 止。一開始集幣就碰上百年難求的機 遇，這是命運還是天意？在這段時期， 我用吃麥當勞的代價還收到一些名譽 品如“廣西十文”，“廣東五羊”，“平 字一分”，“袁像十文”等等。當時

心中一直有個疑問：為什麼這些中國 銅幣會出現在美國中西部農業州的城 鎮？數年後我找到答案了。原來1916 年-1936年間，有位美國錢幣收藏家 伍德華先生（Tracy Woodward）在 中國收集了大量的中國金銀銅幣。在 銅幣方面，他更出版了中國第一本銅 幣目錄: 《中國機製十文銅元1936》 （The Minted Ten-Cash Coins of China）。回國後，一家人就長居美 國老家中西部。1938年去世，其藏品 全數交由其遺孀在美國分批處理。此 後10餘年這些藏品的動向無法得知。 一直到1950年後，世界錢幣拍賣市場 才陸續出現他的部分藏品。其他的都 去了哪里？要知道當時美國中西部以 農為生，工商業落後，交通不便，不 可能有外人帶着大量的中國舊錢幣入 境。我個人判斷是伍德華本人帶回老 家，過世後部分由其遺孀散出。我幸 運的收得其中一部分。

經過4年在中西部尋找和收藏中國錢 幣的曆練，1969年大學畢業，我轉學 到美國第一大城市紐約市附近研究所 學習。雖然課業繁重，我一有機會就 去附近的錢幣拍賣會。此後30年雖然 沒撿到大漏，小漏卻也不少。從研究 所畢業後的20幾年我幾乎每兩三年就 回香港一次，與先父切磋近來的收穫 和趣事。這段使我終生難忘的日子一 直延續到2002年。當時先父說近來錢 幣市場上高假充市，他眼睛又不好， 決定放手，不玩了。並將一生的收藏 轉交給我帶回美國。不久先父以94歲 高齡安然辭世。這段數十年父子切磋 同好的情景也只能從記憶中去追尋了。 紐約市一直是世界錢幣收藏最大的市 場。每年都有許多大大小小的國際錢 幣展銷會和拍賣會在這裏舉行。這些 場合不僅是錢幣交易，也是與圈內人 士和泉友聯繫結識的地方。多年前，

我與冠軍拍賣的周邁可先生就是在這 些錢幣收藏展銷會結識的。從2000年 代初，第一次到訪臺北冠軍拍賣辦公 室至現在，我已多次陸續在香港和澳 門委託冠軍拍賣拍我個人的藏品。每 次都圓滿收場。既然當年在那麼艱苦 的條件下，憑着精神和毅力去收集這 些藏品來滿足自己的愛好，為什麼如 今要將它們出讓了？其實答案很簡單： 永久的藏品只能屬於文化博物館。自 己現已年過古稀，長江後浪推前浪， 是該交棒給下一代青年收藏家了！對 着我在新加坡時期留下的黑白照片說 一聲：“小子，又輪到你了！”。

1970年代，個人榮任位居紐約市的美 國造幣學會(American Numismatic Society)東亞錢幣部的委員之一。該 學會1858年成立，是非營利，專門致 力錢幣，徽章的鑄造和品種方面研究 的機構。其圖書館藏跨世界的目錄、 文件，及雜誌超過十萬件。有關中國 的就擺滿了一個書架。實物藏品更近 兩百萬。其中中國的錢幣藏品都是百 年來美國藏家們捐贈的。但這些捐贈 多年來都沒經過系統性的辨認，入檔。

當時個人業餘時間有限，古錢和紙幣 的功力尚淺，因此主力都放在金銀銅 機鑄幣方面。記得開門見山的珍品如 大清金幣、短須龍、長須龍、關平一兩、 袁像十文等短時間內就整理出數十枚。

但值得我最驕傲的是從成堆的宣三和

袁像銀元中各找出一枚簽字版！同時， 這段時間也有幸認識了同是東亞錢幣 部委員的藏家曾澤祿醫師和李輝華博 士，和錢幣商斯科特·西曼斯（Scott Semans），李振興，和姚慶林等顧問。

有多年的機會同他們切磋錢幣收藏的 知識，加上不時進入造幣學會藏品的 錢庫中上手各類難得一見的珍品，都 對我以後在錢幣收藏上起了莫大的幫 助。一晃就過了近半個世紀，如今翻 出這段時期收到的藏品，都會追憶起 當時“得寶”時的興奮。

2012年6月，1897年系列中國彌 足珍貴錢幣的幣模驚現於德國昆克 （Künker）公司拍賣會上，一舉解 開了困擾中國錢幣界一百多年的世紀 謎題，其中包括黑龍江省造光緒銀幣 系列的來歷。值得欣喜的是香港冠軍 總裁周邁可先生於拍賣會之前，赴德 說服昆克公司撤拍，並共同出資出 力，最後得以將幣模整批捐給德國哈 裏市的莫裏茨堡博物館（Mortizberg Museum）。個人在此也要特別感謝 當時周邁可先生邀請我到德國，會同 烏爾裏希·昆克（Ulrich Künker）先 生同哈根市的FOBA公司見證這批幣 模的確認，編排，及清理等移交等工作。 FOBA公司主要業務之一是設計製造 鐳射鐫刻設備和提供鐳射開模的服務。 顧客遍佈全球，其中包括瀋陽和上海 造幣廠。歐元的幣模也是委託FOBA 製作的。當時我們現場看到用鐳射接 配電腦圖影將“OB”刻上幣模的過 程令人歎為觀止的現代高科技鑄幣技 術。OB是奧托·拜赫（Otto Beh）公 司的縮寫。它是當年與清廷簽約鑄模 的公司。過程中我看到一份滿清政府 與奧托·拜赫的合約，中方簽證人上面 寫着3個大字：李鴻章！事後，周邁 可先生還約我去參觀柏林的博德博物 館（Bode Museum），富蘭克林德 意志銀行的錢幣博物館，哈裏市的莫 裏茨堡博物館使我大開眼界！2015年 周邁可先生將幣模“請”到澳門國際 錢幣年展，使國內泉友得以觀賞這批 國寶。希望有朝一日，這些國寶能永 歸祖國。而周邁可先生對此的付出， 實在值得大家欽佩！

《東亞泉志》創刊30年的今天，相信我們泉友對它多年來提供的信息都 收益不淺。要永續擴展中國錢幣收藏的規模和前景，類似東亞泉志的刊 物是不可缺少的支柱。現在是，過去也是。記得年輕時，為了提升自己 集幣的知識和興趣，倚靠的是中國泉幣學社主編的“泉幣”。當時受益 匪淺。而如今東亞泉志的內容更加寬廣，讀者跨越世界，是泉友們不可 不讀的刊物。在這裏讓我們對東亞泉志的出版人周邁可先生，刊物的所 有主編，顧問，工作者，和投稿人致出最高的敬意！

A Trip to Japan：

A Visit to the Tokyo International Coin Convention and the Currency Museum Bank of Japan

◎ Champion〔Shanghai〕

Tokyo International Coin Convention

The Tokyo International Coin Convention (TICC) is the largest and most important international numismatic event in Japan, supported by the Japan Mint and National Printing Bureau, Japan. Its reputation is internationally recognized by the world-wide mints and dealers.

TICC 2024 was organized by the Japan Numismatic Dealers Association April 26-28 at the Royal Park Hotel in downtown Tokyo, just a block away from the Tokyo Airport Terminal.

According to the results of questionnaires from previous TICC shows, more than 90% of the exhibitors are satisfied with the results of their transactions at the show, where numismatists converge to find both newly released and very rare coins.

The 2024 show opened promptly at 10:30 a.m. on April 26th. After the launch, coin collectors from all over the world queued up to enter.

Upon entering the venue, visitors first passed through a small exhibition hall that gathered the top mints from all over the world. In addition to the Japan Mint and National Printing Bureau, Japan, the Royal Mint of the United Kingdom, the Monnaie de Paris, the China National Gold Group Corporation, the Royal Mint of Spain, the Singapore Mint, and the Royal Thai Mint all came to participate in the exhibition. Some well-known grading companies gathered here as well.

The exhibition attracted dozens of overseas exhibitors from France, the United Kingdom, the United States, Germany, Sweden, Switzerland, Thailand, South Korea, Malaysia, and Hong Kong, China.

Michael Chou, President of Champion Auction, participated in the TICC at the N7 table.

During this convention, we also received orders in Japan for the third series of Legend of Chu Liu Xiang commemorative coins and the medal celebrating the 40th anniversary of the Hong Kong Show Panda Medal.

We met with the team of the World Money Fair, Berlin, to discuss the project and new

Poster of TICC 2024

Royal Park Hotel

Guest speakers and ribbon cutting ceremony

promotional plans for the 10th Anniversary Panda Medal in 2025.

Michael Chou met friends from all over the world at the show, including Winston Koike, and distributed the latest issue of the Journal of East Asian Numismatics. Winston Koike has a strong connection to the Japanese numismatic community, as his father helped Gunji Isao ( 郡 司勇夫 ), the former curator of the Currency Museum Bank of Japan, acquire many notes and coins from the numismatic department of the Spink's Auction in 1985.

Currency Museum Bank of Japan

The second part of the article The Appearance and Destination of the Qiansicang Story Picture Paper Money Back Plate (《 千斯倉鈔版的 出現與流向 》) written by Alex NC Fung ( 馮乃川 ) was published in the 34th issue of the Journal of East Asian Numismatics. The subject of the article, the Qiansicang Paper Money Plate, is now in the Currency Museum Bank of Japan.

Michael Chou was introduced by Alex NC Fung to the Museum and met the curator Ms. Sekiguchi ( 關口 ). We visited the Museum under her guidance.

The museum is divided into ancient times, medieval times, early modern

New Japanese banknotes to be released in July

From left: Steve Fenton (president of St. James Auction), Joe Lang (president of Steve Album Auction), and Michael Chou

From left:

Jeff Sams, Michael Chou, and Johan Berner (president of CIT Coin Invest)

Michael Chou with his friend Winston Koike

Exhibition site

Currency Museum Bank of Japan

times, and modern times in a chronological sequence, allowing visitors to get a clear picture of Japan's monetary history.

There is also a thematic exhibition that introduces the collection from various perspectives related to coins (manufacturing techniques, folklore, customs, overseas currency, etc.).

We also got to see the recent anti-counterfeiting techniques of Japan and the new Japanese banknotes to be released in July.

The exhibits are of great attractions, including a gold scale, Oban and Koban gold coins, Japanese banknotes, and the rare Wado Khaichin ( 和同開珎 ) coin.

The core of the collectibles in the Museum came from Tanaka Keibun's ( 田中啟文 ) Sempeikan Collection ( 錢幣館 ). Concerned that his collection would be affected by the war, Tanaka Keibun donated more than 100,000 coins and related items from his collection to the Bank of Japan through Shibusawa Keizo ( 澀澤敬三 ), the then president of the Bank of Japan, from December 1944 to January 1945.

As mentioned above, during Gunji Isao's tenure as curator, he contributed to the building of the collection in the museum through many coin collectors. One of those who must be mentioned is the famous coin collector Norman Jacobs. Jacobs Collection grew while he served in Tokyo with occupation forces. He spent hours sorting through all the coins and paper money. His education was assisted by Isao Gunji, a friend of a friend of a fellow officer. Along with other numismatic colleagues, Jacobs secured some of the Osaka Mint coins and patterns that would have otherwise been melted by the U.S. forces.

Jacobs authored the book Japanese Coinage and had many famous Japanese coins in his collection, including the Meiji Yr. 3 10-yen gold pattern from the auction of King Farouk's Palace Collections of Egypt in 1954.

The museum also has games that are fun and educational.

At the end of our visit, we presented Ms. Sekiguchi with the 33rd and 34th issues of the journal, which contained articles about the Qiansicang paper money plate.

Michael Chou presented Ms. Sekiguchi with the 33rd and 34th issues of the Journal of East Asian Numismatics.

Norman Jacobs

The relationship between the Sempeikan Collection and the Currency Museum Bank of Japan Collectibles in the Museum

日本之行

東京國際錢幣展銷會及日本銀行金融研究所貨幣博物館造訪活動

◎ 冠軍研究室〔上海〕

東京國際錢幣展銷會

東京國際錢幣展銷會（Tokyo International Coin Convention，簡稱 TICC） 是日本規模最大、最重要的國際錢幣盛會，由日本鑄幣局和日本國家印刷局官方 支持舉辦，在世界各地鑄幣廠和幣商中享有盛譽。

2024年的 TICC 展會由日本幣商協會於4月26日至28日在東京市中心的皇家公 園酒店組織舉辦，舉辦地點與東京空港總站僅一街之隔。

根據往屆 TICC 展會的問卷調查結果，超過90% 的參展者都對展會上的交易結 果感到滿意，因為錢幣愛好者總是能在此彙聚，尋找新發行的錢幣以及非常少見 的錢幣。

2024年的展會於4月26日上午10:30準時開幕。開展後，世界各地的錢幣愛好者 有序排隊入場。

入場後，錢幣愛好者們會先經過彙集了世界各地頂尖造幣廠的小展廳，除了日本 造幣局和印刷局之外，英國皇家造幣廠、法國造幣廠、中國金幣總公司、西班牙 皇家造幣廠、新加坡造幣廠、泰國造幣廠均前來參展。另外，此處還彙集了多家 知名評級公司。

展會吸引了來自法國、英國、美國、德國、瑞典、瑞士、泰國、韓國、馬來西亞、 中國香港的數十家海外展商。

冠軍拍賣總裁周邁可先生在 N7展位參加了東京國際錢幣展銷會。

此次展銷會期間，我們也在日本收到了《楚留香傳奇》紀念幣第三套和香港展會 熊貓40周年紀念章的訂單。

此外，我們還和柏林世界錢幣展覽會團隊進行了會面，就2025年世界錢幣展覽 會熊貓10周年特別紀念章的項目及新的宣傳計劃進行了討論。

2024年東京國際錢幣展銷會海報 皇家公園酒店

開幕儀式上嘉賓發言並剪綵

左起：聖詹姆斯拍賣總裁史蒂夫 芬騰 （Steve Fenton）、Steve Album 拍賣公 司總裁喬伊 朗（Joe Lang）、周邁可

左起：傑夫 山姆斯（Jeff Sams）、周邁可、 CIT 硬幣投資公司總裁約翰 · 伯納爾（Johan Berner）

周邁可先生還在現場見到了來自世界各地的好友，並向錢幣愛 好者發放了最新一期的《東亞泉志》，其中包括溫斯頓 小池 先生（Winston Koike）。溫斯頓與日本錢幣界淵源頗深，他 的父親澤維爾 小池（Xavier Koike）曾在1985年幫助日本貨 幣博物館前館長郡司勇夫先生從斯賓克拍賣公司的錢幣部門購 入諸多紙幣和錢幣。

日本銀行金融研究所貨幣博物館

《東亞泉志》第34期中刊載了馮乃川先生撰寫的《千斯倉鈔版 的出現與流向》的下篇。文章的主題⸺千斯倉背故事圖鈔版 現藏於日本銀行金融研究所貨幣博物館。

周邁可先生經馮乃川先生的介紹，前往了日本銀行金融研究所 貨幣博物館，見到了館長關口女士。我們在她的引導下，參觀 了貨幣博物館。

博物館以年代為序列，分為古代、中世、近世、近代部分，使 參觀者可以清晰地瞭解日本的貨幣歷史。

另外還有一個主題展，從和貨幣有關的各種角度（製造技術、 民俗、習慣、海外貨幣等）出發，對於藏品加以介紹。

展會現場

周邁可先生與好友溫斯頓 小池（Winston Koike）合影

日本銀行金融研究所貨幣博物館

將於7月推出的新一版日本紙鈔

貨幣博物館藏品

錢幣館與日本貨幣博物館的淵源

互動體驗

我們還見到了日本近代的防偽技術以及即將於7月推 出的新一版日本紙鈔。

博物館的展品不乏看點，包括令人炫目的黃金秤砣， 歷代大判金、小判金，有序陳列的歷代日本銀行券， 日本古錢大珍和同開珎。

博物館的核心藏品來自田中啟文的“錢幣館”。田 中啟文擔心“錢幣館”的藏品受到戰爭波及所累， 1944年12月至1945年1月，將“錢幣館”收藏的10 萬多件錢幣及相關物品，經由當時的日本銀行總裁澀 澤敬三捐贈給日本銀行。

此外，如前文提到的，在郡司勇夫任職館長期間，也 通過諸多錢幣藏家，為博物館的建設做出了貢獻。其 中不得不提的一位便是著名的錢幣收藏家諾曼 雅克 仕先生（Norman Jacobs）。雅克仕的收藏在其駐日 期間不斷增加。當時，他花費大量時間整理他能找到 的所有硬幣和紙幣。他通過同僚的友人結識了郡司勇 夫，並為其提供幫助。雅克仕和其他錢幣界同仁一 起，搶救了一些原本會被美軍熔化的大阪鑄幣局造硬 幣和樣幣。雅克仕撰寫了《日本貨幣史》（Japanese Coinage）一書。而他的收藏中也有很多著名的日本 錢幣，包括1954年埃及法魯克國王宮廷收藏拍賣會 上的那枚明治三年10日元金質樣幣。

貨幣博物館中也有一些寓教於樂的互動遊戲，令人感 到耳目一新。

在造訪的最後，我們還向關口女士贈送了刊載了文章 上下篇的第33期和第34期《東亞泉志》雜誌。

Nine Days in Four Countries - The Process of Searching Information Overseas

◎ Champion〔Shanghai〕

Michael Chou, publisher and editor-in-chief of the Journal of EastAsian Numismatics and president of Champion Auction, traveled overseas to search for information to update the fourth edition of Top Chinese Coins (Silver Coin Edition), which is scheduled to be published in the first half of 2025.

In just nine days from May 29 to June 7, Michael Chou has already traveled to four countries and made in-depth exchanges with relevant numismatic figures and institutions.

Japan 1

This overseas trip began on Wednesday, May 29, with the first stop at neighboring Japan.

Michael had an important meeting in Japan with Winston Koike, son of the famous collector Xavier Ken Koike.

Xavier's collection is diverse and covers all periods from colonial times.

Xavier was born in London, England in 1922 to a Japanese dentist father and an English mother. Xavier lived in London until he was nine years old. Xavier's father opened a dental practice near the Japanese Embassy, serving many people and making many friends.

Initially, he specialized in Japanese coins and banknotes, and helped Isao Gunji, former curator of the Currency Museum, Bank of Japan, to acquire many coins from the coin department of Spink Auction in 1985.

In the 1960s, Xavier became the first person to collect a complete set of proof patterns of the Meiji Year 3 gold and silver coins struck by the Japanese Mint. They bought them from Douglas Gerard Liddell, the former head of the coin department at Spink Auction.

A complete set of proof patterns of the Meiji Year 3 gold and silver coins from the Xavier Collection

Then, he followed Liddell's advice to collect British crown coins in the 1970s and built a world-class collection of British crown coins. In 1977, Xavier published the book, The British Crown Coins, with a foreword by Takeshi Fukuda, then Prime Minister of Japan, and Sir Michael Wilford, then British Ambassador to Tokyo. Xavier became acquainted with Takeshi Fukuda in the 1930s when Fukuda was working for the Japanese Ministry of Finance. Xavier and Sir Michael Wilford became close friends when Michael was the British Ambassador to Tokyo.

According to the book, Xavier's collection includes a King

Charles II Petition Crown. The Petition Crown is the most expensive British and Roman coin in existence. At Heritage's auction on January 8, 2024, a Petition Crown graded NGC MS 62 realized $960,000, a new record price at the time. Just a few months later, another NGC MS63+ one realized in May 2024 for more than $1 million, once again setting a new price record for a British silver coin. Another rare crown coin in Xavier's collection is the 1839 Una and Lion pattern coin.

In 1991, Xavier also published the Large Size Paper Money of the United States, which covers many of the rare notes in his

British Charles II Petition Crowns from the

1839 Una and Lion Pattern coin from the Xavier Collection

collection, including the famous U.S. 1890 $1,000 Treasury Note (known as the "Great Watermelon" because the three large zeros on the reverse look like watermelons). This note became the first million-dollar note when it realized $2.04 million at the Stack's Bowers auction in Baltimore, Maryland on October 25, 2018. There are only seven known banknotes of this type, three of

Other British Crown Coins in the Xavier Collection

which are privately owned, and the one in the Xavier collection is in the best condition.

In this meeting, Koike showed Michael photographs of rare Japanese patterns that his father had purchased in the 1960s from Douglas Gerard Liddell. (Andrew de Clemont, nephew of Douglas Gerard Liddell, later succeeded him as head of Spink's coin department.) Michael also received the original negatives of the photos in his book, which is a great harvest.

On this trip to Japan, Michael also saw the famous Akiyama Collection of Chinese coins at the Nihon Coin Auction and attended the famous Nihon Kotsu Kaikan Exhibition near Yurakucho Station. Michael Chou first participated in this exhibition in 1990. Champion Auction was honored to share a table with Hann Boom, President of the famous Trigometric Auction of Malaysia.

The U.S 1890 $1,000 Great Watermelon Note from the Xavier Collection

Takeshi Fukuda and Michael Wilford's forewords to the book

Xavier Collection

2 Korea

Michael flew to Seoul, South Korea on Sunday, June 2, and met J.C. Lee, former President of the Hwadong Poongsan Group and now an advisor to the Group, the new President Woon Gyeong Ko and the Chairman Jin Roy Ryu, at the Poongsan Building. He also had lunch with company's managing director Jay Lee and manager Carey Kim. Hwadong was once a leading coin company in South Korea before it was acquired by one of the South Korean largest groups, the Poongsan Group. Jin Roy Ryu is also the chairman of the Federation of South Korean Industries (FKI), the largest business lobby in South Korea. They analyzed the current situation of the South Korean coin market.

Michael had to cancel the meeting with K.I. Lee, the founder of Hwadong, in the afternoon, due to Lee's health problems.

Lee once led Hwadong to carry out the 1988 South Korean Olympic coin project. The license of the project was sold to Seibu Holdings for more than $100 million, which still holds the record price for the license of Olympic coins.

Mr. Lee also helped Mr. Kun Hee Lee, the President of Samsung Corporation in South Korea, to establish the famous Samsung

Austria 3

Michael ended his trip in Asia on June 4 and traveled to Vienna, Austria.

On the morning of June 5, Michael walked a few minutes from the Austrian Intercontinental Hotel to visit the Austria Mint.

He was led by Ms. Andrea Lang, Director of the Marketing and Sales Department of the Austria Mint, to the workshop of Helmet Andexlinger, the Chief Designer of the Austria Mint, to meet this statement modern coin designer and his assistants. It has been 5 years since Michael Chou met with him at the 2019 Beijing International Coin Exposition.

Helmet Andexlinger is one of the most accomplished coin designers of our time, and he has designed many Coin of the Year wins. For example, he designed the 100 Euro Gold of the

Museum Collection. Champion Auction helped to find a number of Chinese coins for the collection from 2002 to 2004. The coins in the collection were later divided into the Paramount Collection and the Pinnacle Collection for auction in Hong Kong in 2021, both of which achieved good results.

The important coins auctioned included an 1867 Hong Kong two mace silver (PCGS SP62+, realizing $264,000), an 1889 Guangdong 50-cent copper pattern (PCGS SP65, realizing $144,000), and an 1897 Fengtian "Tientien" One Dollar aluminum pattern (PCGS SP60, realizing $108,000), and all these three rare coins came from the 1996 Champion Hong Kong Auction.

Pharaohs Coin, winner of the 2022 Coin of the Year Award. The three category wins from Austria in 2022 and the best gold and bimetallic coins in 2020 are all from his designs. He is the designer who has won the most Coin of the Year awards in recent years and he is still very young.

Helmet Andexlinger went over his design concepts of using the traditional clay and plaster techniques and modern computer design software for a balance in his final designs. He also showed how he does drawings of some key design elements, such as portraits, on coins before making the clay. However, he also mentioned that it is difficult to find design school graduates with the ability to work on the traditional process, so he has to train all the new designers in this process. We hope to have the opportunity to collaborate with him in the future.

Champion June 1996 Auction Catalog

Meanwhile, Michael Chou discussed with Helmet Andexlinger and Ms. Andrea Lang about visiting Beijing again this year. The Austria Mint will attend the Beijing International Coin Exposition and deliver a speech this year as the guest of honor.

In addition, Michael is expected to meet again with Ms. Andrea Long at the COTY Ceremony on August 8 at 11:00 at the ANA World's Fair of Money in Chicago.

Andexlinger also led through the production process of producing and hand polishing of the dies in the Austria Mint. Michael Chou saw the process of producing blanks of platinum, silver, and one-cent copper coins, while Michael saw the copper blanks produced by the Korean Poongsan in Seoul just a few days earlier.

Andexlinger took Michael to the Museum of History, which has one of the largest coin collections in the world.

After the trip to the Austria Mint, Michael visited Professor Hubert Emmerig of the Department of Archaeology at the University of Vienna, which has a special area of numismatic research.

Michael became acquainted with Professor Hubert six years ago. At that time, Ulf Drager, the curator of the Moritzburg Museum, where Michael Chou donated Otto Beh Chinese coin dies and more than 6,000 East Asian coins from the Howard Bowker Collection, hosted a conference on medieval coins at Martin Luther University in Halle. Michael Chou was invited to the conference and met Professor Hubert.

Professor Hubert helped Michael find a book on Richard Placht, which documents the work of this Austrian designer up to 1938.

Richard Placht designed many Republic of China coins of key dates, including the 1927 Sun Yat-sen Mausoleum Dollar, 1929 Sun Yat-sen Junk Dollar, and 1935 Sun Yat-sen Junk Dollar. Later, many of which were sold by him to Eduard Kann, which was documented in Eduard Kann's Illustrated Catalog of Chinese Coins published in 1954.

A catalog of the coins and medals of the Vienna Mint was also Trophies won by Helmet Andexlinger for the Austria Mint

Helmet Andexlinger's drawings and clay

The Austria Mint

From left: Helmet Andexlinger, Michael Chou, Andrea Lang On the table are drawings and busts by Helmet Andexlinger

One-cent copper coin

Michael presented the latest issue of the Journal of East Asian Numismatics to Professor Hubert Emmerig

The descriptions and pictures of Chinese coins designed by Placht in the book

found in Austria. It contains information on an 1885 Chinese coin designed by the chief designer of the mint.

Prof. Hubert said that he had gone to the Mint's archives for many years to gather information, but that the person in charge of the archives had now retired and the Mint's archives were kept in the Mint and another department of the Government. All the dies used for minting Chinese patterns are kept in the Museum of History, while the Chinese patterns are in another department. Given that the archives, dies, and patterns of the Austria Mint are housed in three different places, it would be best to ask Prof. Hubert to help us confirm the information on where these materials are located.

We would like to thank Professor Hubert for continuing to help gather important information about Austrian and Chinese coins. Professor Hurbert and Michael Chou plan to meet again this fall.

Illustrated Catalog of Chinese Coins & A catalog of the coins and medals of the Vienna Mint It documents an 1885 Chinese coin designed by the chief designer of the mint

Coins at the Austrian Museum of History

England 4

In the early hours of Thursday, June 6, Michael left Vienna for London, England, to meet with Andre de Clemont, former head of the coin department at Spink's Auction, for an interview about the dealings with Xavier Ken Koike, Eli Wallitt, and Douglas Gerard Liddell.

Clemont told many stories about Xavier Ken Koike and Eli Wallett. He also shared stories about his uncle Liddell, who was the head of Spink's coin department until 1980, and about his joining Spink in 1968 and taking over as the head of the department upon his uncle's retirement. In addition, he shared more information about his meeting with D.C. and his adventures in the field of Chinese and Asian coins, beginning with coin shows in Los Angeles in the 1970s. The stories involve D.C. in the U.S., Chang Huang（張璜）in Hong Kong, and J.S. Lee（李振興） in Taiwan. In the meantime, we have found out more details about Eli Wallett based on the information provided by Clemont and D.C.

The British Museum has a collection of all patterns produced by the Royal Mint and is an important archive of the history of coins in Hong Kong and China.

Later that afternoon, Michael saw the silver ingots that the museum purchased in 1978 from the Kann Collection and other Chinse coins in the study room of the Coin and Medal Department of the museum.

On Thursday, June 7, Michael met with Joe Cribb, former curator of the coin department at the British Museum. Cribb introduced the ongoing projects of the museum. The Chinese silver ingots from the Eduard Kann Collection in the Museum mentioned above were all purchased by the British Museum in the 1970s with the help of Joe Cribb and Bruce Smith, the Senior Editor of the JEAN

Michael shared with Cribb the new projects that the JEAN was working on in Japan and other regions, and Cribb was very interested in them.

Cribb said he was teaching an online course at Hebei Normal University's numismatic center with Professor Dai Jianbing, vice president of the university.

The meeting was very fruitful. Michael plans to start planning for a synergistic collaboration between the JEAN and the British Museum during his next trip to London.

Coins in the British Museum

A Catalogue of Sycee in the British Museum by Joe Cribb

coins,

Other 5

Ms. Ellen Feingold, Curator of the National Numismatic Collection at the Smithsonian National Museum of American History, helped contact the curator of the Currency Museum, Bank of Japan, on the status of the Qiansicang Paper Money Plate, an extremely important item in the history of Chinese numismatics, in person, and do more analysis about it.

Afterward, Michael will also travel to the National Numismatic Collection, Smithsonian American National Museum of History to discuss the improvement of the Bowker Gallery with Ms. Ellen Feingold.

We will arrange the information collected during this trip and publish the results of our research in the following JEAN issues and the new edition of the TopChineseCoins. Please Stay tuned.

Chinese silver

ingots, and labels in the British Museum

Rubbing of the Qiansicang Paper Money Plate

九天四國

海外資料搜集成果分享

◎ 冠軍研究室〔上海〕

近日，《東亞泉志》出版人兼總編輯、冠軍拍賣總裁周邁可先生前往海外搜集資料， 用於更新計劃於2025年上半年出版的《中國近代機製幣精品鑒賞 第四版》（銀幣版）。

在5月29日至6月7日的短短9天時間內，周邁可先生便已前往四國，與相關錢幣 界人士和機構進行了深入的交流。

這次的海外之行始於5月29日（週三），第一站是一衣帶 水的日本。

周邁可先生在日本與著名收藏家澤維爾·肯·小池（Xavier Ken Koike）的兒子溫斯頓·小池先生（Winston Koike） 舉行了的一次重要會面。

澤維爾收藏品種類繁多，涵蓋了從殖民時代開始的各個時期。

1 澤維爾收藏的整套明治三年金銀幣精製樣幣

澤維爾1922 年出生於英國倫敦，父親是日本人，是一位牙 醫，母親是英國人。澤維爾九歲之前一直住在倫敦。澤維爾 的父親後來在日本大使館附近開設牙科診所，服務了很多 人，交友甚廣。

起初，他專通日本錢幣和紙鈔，曾在1985年幫助日本貨幣 博物館前館長郡司勇夫先生從斯賓克拍賣公司的錢幣部門 購入諸多錢幣。

20世紀60年代，澤維爾從斯賓克拍賣公司部門主管道格拉 斯·傑拉德·利爾德（Douglas Gerard Liddell）處買到了日 本造幣廠鑄造的一整套明治三年金銀幣精製樣幣，成為第一 個收藏了整套該種樣幣的人。

之後，他根據利德爾先生的建議，從20世紀70年代開 始收藏英國克朗幣，並建立了世界級的英國克朗幣收藏。 1977年，澤維爾出版了《英國克朗幣》（The British Crown Coins）一書，由時任日本內閣總理大臣的福田 赳夫和時任英國駐東京大使邁克爾·威爾福德爵士（Sir Michael Wilford）作序。澤維爾先生結識福田赳夫是在 20世紀30年代，當時福田正在為日本財務省工作。而澤維 爾和邁克爾·威爾福德爵士則是在邁克爾擔任英國駐東京大

使時成為好友的。

從書中可以看到，澤維爾的收藏包括一枚查爾斯二世國王 “請願克朗”（Petition Crown）。“請願克朗”是目前 最為昂貴的英國和羅馬錢幣。在2024年1月8日舉辦的海 瑞得拍賣會上，一枚評級等級為NGC MS 62的“請願克 朗”以96萬美元的高價成交，創下了當時的成交價格新記 錄。而時隔僅數月，另一枚NGC MS63+的“請願克朗” 在2024年5月以超過100萬美元的價格成交，再次刷新英 國銀幣的價格紀錄。此外澤維爾還收藏有1839年“尤娜與 獅子”樣幣等英國克朗珍品。

澤維爾收藏的英國查爾斯二世 “請願克朗”

福田赳夫和邁克爾 威爾福德為《英國克朗幣》一書作序

澤維爾收藏的1839年“尤娜與 獅子”樣幣

澤維爾收藏美國1890年大西瓜1 000美元國庫券

1991年，澤維爾還出版了一本《美國大尺寸紙幣》（Large Size Paper Money of the United States），書中囊括了他 收藏的許多稀有紙幣，包括著名的美國1890年大西瓜1 000 美元國庫券（因其背面三個大大的0形似西瓜，故而被稱為 “大西瓜”）。2018年10月25日斯塔克·鮑沃斯拍賣（Stack's Bowers）在馬里蘭州巴爾的摩市舉辦的拍賣會上，這張紙鈔 以204萬美元的價格拍出，成為第一枚百萬美元紙鈔。該種

澤維爾收藏的英國克朗幣

紙鈔已知僅七張，私人更是只有三張，且澤維爾收藏的這張 還是保存最完好的一張。

在此次會面中，小池先生向周邁可先生展示了其父親20世 紀60年代從斯賓克拍賣公司部門主管道格拉斯·傑拉德·利 爾德那裏購買的珍稀日本樣幣的照片。（道格拉斯·傑拉德·利 爾德的侄子安德魯·德·克萊蒙特(Andre de Clemont)後來 接替他成為了斯賓克錢幣部門的主管。）周邁可先生還收到 了他書中照片的原始底片，可謂是不小的收穫。

在此次日本之行中，周邁可先生還在日本錢幣拍賣 （Nihon Coin Auction）看到了著名的秋山中國錢幣收藏 （Akiyama Collection），並參加了在有樂町站附近舉辦 的著名的日本交通會館展覽。而周邁可先生首次參加這個 展覽是在1990年。冠軍拍賣此次有幸與馬來西亞著名的 Trigometric拍賣行總裁Hann Boom先生共用一個展位 參展。

周邁可先生於6月2日 （周日）飛往韓國首爾， 在豐山大廈見到了原華東 豐山集團總裁、現華東豐 山集團顧問J.C. Lee先生， 以及新任總裁高元經先生（音， Woon Gyeong Ko）、董事長劉金榮先 生（音，Jin Roy Ryu），並與該公司的常務董事李先生（Jay Lee）以及經理金女士（Carey Kim）一起共進午餐。華東 錢幣公司曾是韓國首屈一指的錢幣公司，後被韓國最大的 集團之一——豐山集團收購。而劉金榮先生同時也是韓國 最大商業遊說團韓國工業聯合會（FKI）的主席。眾人就目 前韓國錢幣市場的情況進行了分析。

周邁可先生原計劃於當日下午與華東公司創辦人李健一先 生（K.I. Lee）見面，但因李先生的身體原因未能如願。

李健一先生曾帶領華東錢幣公司開展1988年韓國奧運紀念 幣項目，後來該項目的授權以超過1億美元的價格賣給了 日本西武控股公司（Seibu Holdings），至今仍保持着奧 運紀念幣授權價格的紀錄。

他還曾幫助韓國三星公司總裁李健熙先生建立了著名的三

奧地利 3

周邁可先生於6月4日結束亞洲的行程，前往奧地利維也納。

次日上午，周邁可先生從其暫住的奧地利洲際酒店步行幾分 鐘，前往了奧地利造幣廠進行造訪。

他在奧地利造幣廠行銷和銷售部門負責人安德裏亞·朗女士 （Andrea Lang）的帶領下，前往了奧地利造幣廠首席設 計師赫爾穆特·安德斯林格先生（Helmet Andexlinger） 的工作室，見到了這位聲明顯赫的現代幣設計師及其助手。

這是周邁可先生在2019年的北京世界硬幣博覽會之後，時 隔五年，再次與其見面。

赫爾穆特·安德斯林格先生可以說是當代成就最為矚目的硬 幣設計師之一，每年的世界硬幣大獎賽獲獎幣的背後總是少

星博物館收藏。冠軍拍賣在2002年至2004年間，為該 收藏搜集了諸多中國錢幣珍品，該收藏後在2021年分為 Paramount藏集和Pinnacle藏集在香港上拍，都取得了 不錯的成績，其中重要的錢幣包括1867年香港貳錢銀幣 （PCGS SP62+，成交價26.4萬美元）、1889年廣東省三 錢六分銅質樣幣（PCGS SP65，成交價14.4萬美元）、 1897年奉天省“天天”錯版七錢二分鋁質樣幣（PCGS SP60，成交價10.8萬美元），這三枚珍稀幣都曾出現在 1996年的冠軍香港拍賣會上。

冠軍1996年6月拍賣目錄

不了他的身影，如2022年最佳硬幣大獎得主“法老王的黃 金”100歐元金幣便是由其設計。2022年奧地利的三枚單 項獎得獎幣和2020年最佳金幣、最佳雙金屬幣也均是出自 其設計。他是近年來斬獲世界硬幣大獎賽獎項最多的設計 師，並且非常年輕。

赫爾穆特·安德斯林格先生向周邁可先生講解了將傳統黏土、 石膏技術和現代電腦設計軟體相結合，並在最終的設計中尋 求三者之間的平衡的設計理念。他展示了自己在製作粘土前 所繪製的硬幣上的重要設計元素，如人物肖像。但是他也提 到，現在很難找到有能力從事傳統工藝的設計學院畢業生， 所以他必須培養新的設計師。我們希望將來有機會與他進行 合作。

同時，周邁可和赫爾穆特·安德斯林格先生、安德裏亞·朗女 士討論了今年再次造訪北京的事宜。而奧地利造幣廠預計今 年將作為北京展會的榮譽嘉賓參展併發表演講。

此外，周邁可先生預計與安德裏亞·朗女士於8月8日 11:00在芝加哥ANA國際錢幣展銷會上舉辦的世界硬幣大 獎賽頒獎典禮上再次見面。

安德斯林格還帶領參觀了奧地利鑄幣廠的模具生產和手工 拋光模具流程。還在現場見到了生產造幣坯料、鉑金幣、銀 幣和1分銅幣的過程，而周邁可先生幾天前剛剛在首爾看 到了韓國豐山公司生產的銅質坯料。

隨後，安德斯林格先生帶周邁可先生去了歷史博物館，那裏 有世界上最頂尖的錢幣收藏之一。

結束奧地利造幣廠之行後，周邁可先生造訪了維也納大學考 古系的休伯特·艾默瑞格教授（Hubert Emmerig），該考 古系有專門的錢幣研究領域。

周邁可先生與休伯特教授結識於6年前。當時莫裏茨堡博物 館館長烏爾夫·德雷格爾（Ulf Drager）在哈裏的馬丁·路德大 學（Martin Luther University）舉辦了一場中世紀硬幣會議。 此前，周邁可先生向莫裏茨堡博物館捐贈了奧托·拜赫德制中 國幣模和6 000多枚霍華德·包克收藏的東亞錢幣，因此受邀 參加會議，並結識了休伯特教授。

休伯特教授幫周邁可先生找到了一本關於理查德·普拉特 （Richard Placht）的書，裏面記錄了這位奧地利設計師 直到1938年之前的工作情況。

左起：赫爾穆特 安德斯林格、周邁可、安德裏亞 朗 桌上是安德斯林格的手繪圖稿和人物黏土雕塑

奧地利造幣廠

赫爾穆特 安德斯林格為奧地利造幣廠贏得的獎盃

赫爾穆特 安德斯林格的手繪圖稿和黏土

1分銅幣

奧地利歷史博物館的錢幣展品

理查德·普拉特設計了很多民國錢幣，包括民國十六年孫像 背陵墓壹圓、民國十八年孫像背帆船壹圓、民國二十四年孫 像背帆船壹圓等在內的多個重要年份的錢幣均有他設計的 版本。後來，這些樣幣中有很多被他賣給了耿愛德，這段經 歷的通信資料被記載於耿愛德1954年出版的《中國幣圖說 匯考》。

在奧地利所找到的資料中，還有一份《維也納造幣廠主要硬 幣和紀念章目錄》。裏面收錄了一位奧地利造幣廠首席設計 師設計的1885年中國錢幣的資料。

休伯特教授表示，他曾前往造幣廠檔案室搜集資料多年， 但負責檔案室的人員現已退休，而鑄幣局的檔案保存在鑄 幣局和政府的另一個部門。所有用於鑄造中國樣幣的模具 都保存在歷史博物館，而中國樣幣則在另一個部門。鑒於 奧地利造幣廠的檔案、模具、樣幣分別位於三個不同的地方， 最好的辦法便是請休伯特教授幫助我們確認這些資料保存 的位置信息。

周邁可先生向休伯特 艾默瑞格教授贈送 最新一期的《東亞泉志》

休伯特教授幫忙找到的關於理查德 普拉特的資料 《中國幣圖說匯考》和 《維也納造幣廠主要硬幣和紀念章目錄》 目錄記錄了奧地利造幣廠首席設計師設計1885年中國錢幣的資料

我們在此感謝休伯特教授繼續幫助周邁可先生搜集有關奧地 利和中國錢幣的重要信息。倆人約定於今年秋天再次會面。

6月6日（週四）淩晨，周邁可先生離開維也納前往英國倫敦， 與原斯賓克拍賣公司錢幣部門主管安德魯·德·克萊蒙特先生 見面，就澤維爾·小池、伊萊·瓦利特（Eli Wallitt）、道格拉斯·傑 拉德·利爾德之間的交易情況進行採訪。

克萊蒙特先生在此過程中講述了很多關於澤維爾·小池和伊 萊·瓦利特的故事，並補充了他的叔叔利爾德先生在1980年 前擔任斯賓克錢幣部門負責人，以及他自己在1968年加入 斯賓克並於其叔叔退休後接任該部門負責人的故事。此外， 他還分享了與D.C.會面的更多信息，以及從20世紀70年 代洛杉磯的錢幣展開始，在中國和亞洲錢幣領域的許多冒險 經歷，故事涉及美國的D.C.、香港的張璜、臺灣的李振興 等人。同時，我們可以根據克萊蒙特先生和D.C.提供的信息， 瞭解更多關於伊萊·瓦利特的詳細信息。

大英博物館收藏了所有過去由皇家造幣廠生產的樣幣，是香 港地區和中國錢幣歷史的重要檔案。

當天下午，周邁可先生在大英博物館的錢幣和紀念章研究室 看到了該博物館在1978年購得的耿愛德銀錠收藏以及博物 館收到的其他中國錢幣。

次日（6月7日，週四），周邁可先生與大英博物館前錢幣 部門負責人喬·克力布先生（Joe Cribb）見面。克力布先生 介紹了許多博物館正在進行的項目。上文提到的博物館館藏

大英博物館中的錢幣藏品

耿愛德舊藏中國銀 錠皆是喬·克力布和 本刊高級編輯史博 祿先生在20世紀 70年代幫助大英博 物館購入的。

周邁可先生則向克 力布先生分享了 《東亞泉志》在日 本及其他地區正在 進行的新項目，他 非常感興趣。

喬 克力布著《大英博物館的銀兩目錄》

克力布先生表示，他正在與河北師範大學副校長戴建兵教授 共同在該大學的錢幣中心教授線上課程。

這次會議收穫匪淺。周邁可先生也計劃下次前往倫敦時，開 始籌畫《東亞泉志》與大英博物館開展協同合作。

大英博物館收藏的中國銀幣、銀錠及收藏標籤

其 他 5

史密森美國國家歷史博物館國家錢幣收藏館長艾倫·費恩戈 爾德女士（Ellen Feingold）幫助我們聯繫了日本銀行貨幣 博物館館長，瞭解千斯倉鈔版這一在中國錢幣史上極其重要 的藏品的具體情況。

之後，周邁可先生還將前往美國史密森國家歷史博物館國家 錢幣收藏，與館長埃倫·費恩戈爾德女士一起商議包克展館 改進項目。

我們將就此次海外之行所搜集到的資料進行整理，相關研究 結果會發表在之後出版的《東亞泉志》和新一版的《中國近 代機製幣精品鑒賞 第四版》中，敬請期待。

千斯倉鈔版拓印

Editing Numismatic Journal with Concentrated Attention: Appreciation for Yuan Shuiqing, Chinese Editor of the JEAN

◎ Champion〔Shanghai〕

The book The Best in Chinese Currency History (《中國貨幣 史之最》) exhibited at the 19th International Book Fair is a masterpiece by the numismatic researcher Yuan Shuiqing ( 袁水 清 ) through 8 years of efforts. In the winter of 2011, the famous numismatist Dai Zhiqiang ( 戴志強 ) commented after reading the book, "Yuan Shuiqing has long been engaged in grassroots financial work, and he is also passionate about collecting and researching coins. He is good at learning and analyzing, diligent and dedicated, and makes great effort in writing. After retirement, he took over the responsibility of editing books and journals about coin collecting, which made his experience richer and his vision broader. This is a book which will not only benefit the present day but will certainly benefit future generations."

Born in 1948, Yuan Shuiqing of Shaanxi has been involved in the field of numismatics for nearly 30 years, from 1996 to the end of April 2024 when he resigned from the post of Chinese editor of the Journal of East Asian Numismatics (JEAN) due to illness.

His outstanding numismatic achievements have been manifested in three aspects: editing the numismatic publications to produce fine works for the readers, recommending the successful people in the numismatic community to set up role models for future generations, and contributing to academic exchanges between China and foreign countries through writing and attending the international numismatic forums.

Editing the Numismatic Publications

Yuan is a rare talent in journal editing. He has a wide range of financial knowledge, historical knowledge, numismatic knowledge, strong writing skills, and is well versed in the editing process. He is knowledgeable and modest and treats his colleagues well. He is highly responsible for the editing work, extremely serious and meticulous. He insists on the principle of "three-level review and three-times proofreading" and rationalization of deletions and additions, striving for perfection. He never lets go of a minor mistake. He is good at finding problems in manuscripts and correcting them promptly, thus ensuring the quality of the publication.

Yuan had been the responsible editor of the journal Collections (《收藏》) for 10 years (2004-2014), accumulating rich experience in editing. He also served as the editor of Western

Finance - Coin Research (《西部金融•錢幣研究》) for 4 years and the deputy editor of Coin Research (《錢幣研究》) series, handling a large number of coin manuscripts. He never used any manuscripts with incorrect or doubtful coin pictures, even if the author was senior and influential. After that, he assumed the position of editor-in-chief of China Numismatics Community (《中國錢幣界》) for more than two years. He reviewed the manuscripts with great care and wrote an article for the Editor-in-chief column in each issue, which was well received by the readers.

Yuan Shuiqing had assumed the Chinese editorship of the JEAN for nearly 10 years, and he had edited a total of 34 issues with a great deal of effort. Yuan was also the first to propose the online edition. Champion Auction is an efficiently

run numismatic company, and the editorial department of the JEAN, under the leadership of its editor-in-chief, Michael Chou, is staffed by employees who are multi-tasked but competent and highly efficient. Yuan Shuiqing took the lead in reviewing each proposed article, proofreading both the simplified Chinese and traditional Chinese versions. He not only participated in domestic numismatic activities with the editor-in-chief but also wrote articles for the journal and interviewed famous

numismatists. He edited the Chinese version of Top Chinese Coins (《中國近代機製幣精品鑒賞》, the third edition), the Chinese edition of Coin of the Year (《世界硬幣大獎賽》), and the Shenyang, Singapore-Hong Kong, and Taiwan special editions of the JEAN. After his strict editing and reviewing, there were very few errors and the quality was constantly improving. He has done his work with great care and the utmost seriousness, and his contribution to the JEAN is very important.

Introducing Famous Numismatists

"Famous Numismatists" is an important and highly regarded column of the JEAN. All the famous numismatists recommended are successful Chinese numismatists who have had profound numismatic careers, and their successes are significant for the enlightenment of future generations. After Yuan Shuiqing and Michael Chou decided on the interviewees, Yuan would prepare the outline of the interview, and collect and understand the relevant information of the interviewees and their activities.

Yuan Shuiqing once wrote articles in memorial of Chen Danong ( 陳達農 ) in 2016, followed by the numismatic master Ma Dingxian ( 馬定祥 ) and Du Weishan ( 杜維善 ). He interviewed 15 famous numismatists with different focuses. Huang Xiquan ( 黃錫全 ) talked about pre-Qin currencies; Wang Guichen ( 王貴忱 ) about numismatic literature and his collection of books by famous authors; Sun Zhonghui ( 孫仲匯 ) about coin collecting, appreciation, and markets; Zhang Peilin ( 張 培林 ) about Chinese copper coin collecting and exploration; and Wang Haiyan ( 王海燕 ) about his collection of Tibetan coins; David Chio about his ambition where he stated "I must

maintain the Macau Numismatic Society"; Wang Shihong ( 王 世宏 ) about the problems of Chinese modern precious metal coins; Sun Keqin ( 孫克勤 ) about the collecting and study of modern Chinese circulating coins; Zhao Yansheng ( 趙燕 生 ) about his experience in exploring the modern Chinese precious metal coin market; and Li Tiesheng ( 李鐵生 ) about the COTY and the cultural history of translating materials of foreign coins (especially Silk Road coins). Yuan Shuiqing also made interviews Wang Shengduo ( 汪聖鐸 ), an expert on the history of coins of the Song dynasty; Duan Honggang ( 段洪 剛 ), General Manager of GBCA and expert on copper coins, Jiang Peilin ( 姜培林 ), a numismatic expert of Northeast China; Huang Chunming ( 黃春明 ), the curator of Chuan Jiang Coin Museum, and Zhou WeiRong ( 周衛榮 ), the curator of the Chinese Numismatic Museum. Yuan Shuiqing originally intended to interview 100 famous experts in the field, but now it is only up to others to take over.

Research and Report on International Forums

Yuan Shuiqing, as a member of the Chinese Numismatic Society, a director of the Shaanxi Numismatic Society, and an academic advisor of the Macau Numismatic Society, attaches great importance to the collecting and study of coins, with the motto of "making studies honestly, and writing articles with true feelings". He has been working hard on the writing for several decades. He released his first numismatic article To Engage in Coin Collecting and Investment on March 18, 1997, in the City Financial (《城市金融報》). Since then, he has published nearly 100 articles in many newspapers and periodicals such as China Numismatics, Collections, Western Finance - Coin Research, and Asian Coins Newsletter under his real name or pen name.

These numismatic articles are roughly divided into three categories, one is academic research, such as the Origin of Chinese Currency and the Study of Cowrie Coins, Three QuestionsofCowrieCoins,Twenty-FourVarietiesofHuiChang Kai Yuan [ 会昌开元 ], How toAppreciation the Foreign Coins, A Brief Overview of Modern Chinese Error Coins, Olympic Coins Issued By China, and Types and Varieties of the 1995 1 oz Silver Panda Coins. The second category is news, such as the donation from the Bowker Family to the Shanghai Mint Co., Ltd., the first release of the Chinese edition of the Coin of the Year in Beijing, the donation from Michael Chou to Chengdu Banknote Printing Co., Ltd., the launch of the coins celebrating the 55th anniversary of the Legend of Chu Liuxiang in Beijing and Hong Kong, reports on shows and auctions nationwide. The third one is the special interview of famous numismatic experts.

Yuan Shuiqing has been invited to speak at the Macau International Numismatic Forum five times, which is a highlight of his numismatic career. He spoke at the forum about his book The Best in Chinese Currency History, The Origins of Chinese Currency and the Study of Cowrie Coins, the special exhibition of the Bowker East Asian Numismatics in Macau, the Chinese version of the book Coin of the Year, and an overview of the

commemorative banknotes issued in China. He worked to facilitate the exchange between China and foreign countries.

The book The Best in Chinese Currency History is the concentrated achievement of his numismatic research. It enables people to swim in the ocean of numismatic knowledge and grasp the major results of his study. The book has become a reference book for many researchers and collectors, and the print run of 2,000 copies has long been sold out.

Yuan Shuiqing is over 70 years old, but he is still busy with numismatic research and journal editing. What he has done is admirable. We wish Mr. Yuan a fast recovery.

On May 20, 2024, Michael Chou, President of Champion, Editor-in-Chief and Publisher of the JEAN, visited Yuan Shuiqing in hospital in Zhouzhi County, Xi'an, Shaanxi. Michael Chou granted Yuan a certificate of appointment as senior honorary editor of the journal and brought the condolences and blessings of all colleagues and friends.

——記《東亞泉志》中文主編袁水清

曾參展第19屆國際圖書博覽會的鴻篇巨制《中國貨幣史之 最》，是錢幣學者袁水清先生歷時 8 年、數易其稿完成的精 品力作。辛卯（2011年）冬，著名錢幣大家戴志強先生在看 完書稿後評價說，“袁水清先生長期從業基層金融工作，同 時又熱衷於錢幣的集藏和研究。他好學習、善分析，勤奮 敬業，用功筆耕。退休後，又接任有關錢幣和收藏類書刊 的責任編輯，閱歷更加豐富，視野更加開闊。”這本書，“它

不僅有益於當今，也一定會造福於後人”。生於1948 年的陝 西袁水清先生從1996 年涉足錢幣領域，至 2024 年 4月底因 病辭去《東亞泉志》中文主編職務期間將近 30 年，他在錢 幣領域的突出成就主要表現在三個方面：精心編輯泉刊， 為讀者奉獻精品力作；推介泉界成功人士，為後學樹立學 習榜樣；撰文著書出席國際錢幣論壇，為中外錢幣學術交 流作出了應有的貢獻。

精心編輯泉刊

袁水清先生是一位不可多得的期刊編輯人才。他金融知識、 歷史知識、錢幣知識面寬，文字功底厚實，諳熟編輯流程。

他博學謙虛，善待同事。對編輯工作高度負責，極為認真 細心，他堅持“三審三校”原則，刪增理調，精益求精，即 使一個標點符號差錯也不放過。他善於發現文稿中的問題 並及時糾正，從而確保了刊物的品質。

水清先生從 2004 年起曾任《收藏》雜誌責任編輯10 年，積 累了豐富的編輯工作經驗。期間兼任《西部金融 錢幣研究》 欄目編輯 4 年，還任《錢幣研究》叢書副主編，受理了大量 錢幣稿件，堅持凡有不對或存疑的錢幣圖片的稿件不用的 原則，即使作者資歷深，有影響。之後在任原《中國錢幣界》 主編 2 年多時間裏，除嚴格審稿外，每期為“主編線上”撰 文一篇，深受讀者歡迎。

在任《東亞泉志》中文主編的近10 年裏，是先生首先提議 創辦電子期刊。他共編輯了34 期《東亞泉志》，付出了大量 心血。冠軍拍賣公司是一個高效運行的錢幣企業，旗下的 《東亞泉志》編輯部在總編周邁可先生的帶領下，員工雖身 兼多職，但個個精幹，工作效率極高。水清先生率先垂範， 他既對每篇擬發稿嚴格審核，還要校對中文簡體版和中文 繁體版。既要隨同總編參加全國民間大型錢幣活動，還要 為雜誌撰文報道，採訪泉界名家。編輯《中國近代機製幣 精品鑒賞（第三版）》《世界硬幣大獎賽》中文版，以及《東 亞泉志》瀋陽特別版、新加坡 / 香港特別版、臺灣特別版 等書刊。書刊經過他的嚴格編審，差錯極少，品質不斷提高。 他做事毫不敷衍，極為認真，為《東亞泉志》作出了重要 貢獻，功不可沒。

“泉界名家”是《東亞泉志》的一個重要欄目，關注度高。

推介的泉界名家均為中國泉界成功人士，他們的錢幣生涯 歷經艱難，其成功的經驗對於啟迪後學意義重大。每次採 訪對象由水清先生與周邁可總編敲定後，他即編寫採訪提 綱，搜集、瞭解被採訪者的相關資料、活動史實。

水清先生在 2016 年發表《陳達農與古錢幣》，之後又寫了《從 錢幣大師馬定祥晚年致韓有政信函看其大家風範》，以及《我 心目中的錢幣學家杜維善》。他先後對 15 位名家就不同重點 做了專訪：1. 黃錫全談先秦貨幣的有關問題。2. 王貴忱談 錢幣文獻和名家書紮收藏。3. 孫仲匯談錢幣收藏、鑒賞及

市場。4. 張培林談中國銅元收藏與探究。5. 王海燕的西藏 錢幣收藏歷程。6. 趙康池：“我一定要扛好澳門錢幣學會這 面大旗”。7. 王世宏談中國現代貴金屬幣若干問題。8. 孫 克勤談中國現代流通硬幣收藏與研究。9. 趙燕生對中國現 代貴金屬幣市場基本規律的探索。10. 李鐵生談世界硬幣 大獎賽評選及譯介外國錢幣（特別是絲路錢幣）文化歷程。 11. 兩宋錢幣史專家汪聖鐸訪談錄。12. 北京公博總經理、 銅元專家段洪剛訪談錄。13. 東北錢幣專家姜培林訪談錄。 14. 川江泉緣⸺黃春明館長訪談錄。15. 讓世界更多地瞭 解中國錢幣⸺中國錢幣博物館館長周衛榮訪談錄。先生 原打算採訪100 位泉界名家，現在只有靠別人接續了。

研究報道，走上國際論壇

先生作為中國錢幣學會的一員，陝西省錢幣學會理事，澳門 錢幣學會學術顧問，十分重視錢幣的收藏與研究，他以臥 室掛的“老實作學問，真情著文章”行書五言聯為座右銘， 幾十年來，筆耕不輟。從1997年3月18日在《城市金融報》 發表第一篇錢幣文章⸺《搞一點錢幣收藏投資》以來，以 實名、筆名圓方、雅號泉癡，累計在多家報刊⸺《中國錢 幣》《收藏》《西部金融

錢幣研究》《亞洲錢幣通訊》《江南 時報 大江南收藏》《遼錢》《中國錢幣界》《東亞泉志》《銀 行博物》《金融時報》《三秦都市報》《西安晚報》《信息早報》 《舟山錢幣通訊》《齊魯錢幣》等報刊發表文章近百篇。

這些錢幣文章大體分為三類，一類是學術研究，如《中國 貨幣起源及貝幣研究》《貝幣三題》《 24 種會昌開元背紀地 錢》《外國錢幣怎麼玩⸺從大唐西市博物館珍稀特外幣展 說起》《中國近現代錯版金屬幣略覽》《中國發行的奧運紀 念幣》《1995 年1盎司熊貓銀幣品種及版別》《“和”字書法 系列首枚普通紀念幣賞析》等。一類是通訊報道。例如，《包 克家族向上海造幣有限公司第三次捐贈錢幣》《〈世界硬幣 大獎賽〉中文版在京首發及其逸聞》《中國造幣業引進國外 先進設備技術的一個縮影⸺周漢倫錢幣及文獻資料藏品 捐贈儀式在蓉城舉行》，紐埃《楚留香傳奇》發行55周年紀 念幣及其北京、香港首發紀實。以及多屆北京國際錢幣博 覽會、全國銅元研討會、全國錢幣收藏博覽會、錢幣文化節、 冠軍在澳拍賣活動的深入報道。第三是泉界名家專訪。

受邀在澳門國際錢幣論壇演講是先生泉幣生涯的一個亮 點，先後五次在論壇上就實體錢幣圖書及《中國貨幣史之

最》，中國貨幣起源及貝幣研究，包克東亞錢幣收藏澳門特 別展，推介一本值得擁有的譯著《世界硬幣大獎賽》中文版， 中國發行的紀念鈔綜述等。促進了中外錢幣交流。

著書立說是先生錢幣研究的高度昇華，《中國貨幣史之最》， 泉海遨遊，探驪得珠。成為不少研究者、收藏者案頭的參 考書。2 000本印量早已售罄。

袁先生雖已過古稀之年，然他七十陽春豈等閒，還一直在 為錢幣研究、為刊物編輯、為公司發展忙碌工作，令人敬 佩感歎 ! 在此祝願先生早日康復，時光如梭，歲月如歌， 松柏之茂，長青不老。

2024年5月20

日，冠軍總裁、《東亞泉志》總編兼出版人周邁可 先生至陝西西安周至，看望病中的中文主編袁水清先生。授予 他《東亞泉志》資深名譽主編聘書，並帶去了全體同仁和友人 的慰問與祝福。

The Shanghai Museum East

Reopened on June 26

◎ Zhou Bian〔Shanghai〕

At the beginning of this year, the Shanghai Museum East, located at Century Square on the east bank of the Huangpu River, was completed and put into operation after 6 years of construction. The East Museum covers an area of 46,000 square meters, with a total construction area of 113,200 square meters, with 6 floors above ground and 2 floors underground. The interior is divided into display areas, public service areas, and supporting functional areas. The appearance of the museum is rectangular, and the facade is wrapped with marble, winding like the undulating waves. The design symbolizes Shanghai's motto of "Welcome people from all over the world as the sea where all the rivers flow".

On February 2, the Ancient Chinese Bronze Gallery was put into trial operation in the East Museum. At the same time, the exhibition, Stars over China: The Ancient Shu Civilization of Sanxingdui and Jinsha, was also launched in the first and second special exhibition halls. It is the third exhibition of the cultural relics and archaeology exhibition series The Essence of China.

On March 16, the Ancient Chinese Sculpture Gallery, the second permanent exhibition in the East Museum, was also opened on a trial basis. There were so many people around that it was hard to get a ticket. It became one of the hottest cultural landmarks in Shanghai, and it received nearly one million visitors during the

trial operation. The exhibitions achieved unprecedented impact and success.

On May 21, the Shanghai Museum East suspended its opening to the public. After more than a month of arrangement, it was relaunched on June 26, with 10 new galleries. Among them, the Chinese Currency Gallery is on the 3rd floor, with an area of nearly 1,000 square meters, displaying more than 6,000 coins, nearly twice as many as the original display. More than two hundred notes have been added to the display, and two new sections have been added, namely, the currency of the Republic of China and the currency of the revolutionary base areas. The display with a comprehensive expansion and upgrading shows the history of Chinese currency and finance.

The Shanghai Museum is a world-renowned museum of ancient Chinese art, with the most complete museum of ancient art in China. It has the most complete display of the general history of ancient Chinese art at home and abroad, as an important window for displaying ancient Chinese art and culture. We are looking forward to the new exhibits and experiences brought to us by the reopening of the Shanghai Museum East, and wish its new exhibitions great success!

上海博物館東館

6月26日重新對觀眾開放

◎ 周 邊〔上海〕

今年年初，坐落在浦江東岸世紀廣場邊歷時6年建造的上海博物館東館落成並啟用。東館占地46 000平方米，總建築 面積11 3200平方米，地上建築6層，地下建築2層。內部分為陳列展示區，公共服務區和配套功能區。整體造型呈矩形， 外牆立面用大理石蜿蜒包裹如波濤起伏。象徵上海“海納百川”的精神。

2月2日，上海博物館東館的“中國古代青銅館”率先試開放。同時，“何以中國”文物考古大展系列第三展“星耀中國： 三星堆 金沙古蜀文明展”也在東館第一和第二特展廳開展。3月16日，東館的第二個常設展廳中國古代雕塑館經創 新設計也開始試開放。一時觀者如雲，一票難求，成為上海最熱門的文化地標之一，接待觀眾近百萬人。展覽取得空 前的影響和成功。

5月21日，上海博物館東館暫停對外開放。經過一個多月的布展，於6月26日重新開展，新增10個展廳。其中“中國 歷代貨幣展”位於東館3層，面積近1 000平方米，展示館藏錢幣6 000餘件，為原展陳的近兩倍。增加了兩百多件紙幣， 新增民國時期貨幣和革命根據地貨幣兩個內容。隨着展陳內容的擴充和提升，全面地反映了一部中國貨幣金融史。

上海博物館是享譽世界的頂級中國古代藝術博物館，也是國內古代藝術門類最齊全的博物館。擁有海內外最完整的中 國古代藝術通史陳列，是展示中國古代藝術和中華文化的重要窗口。期待上海博物館東館重新開放帶給我們的新內容 和新體驗，也祝東館新展成功！

Champion-HICC Events in Hong Kong Turn into an International Celebration for Numismatics

◎ J. Matthew Brotherton〔USA〕

I hope this article finds all our readers doing well and staying cool, as we are experiencing record heat waves to the start of our summer here in Florida. Earlier in April, I was fortunate to attend the Champion Auction-HICC Joint Auction held at the Holiday Inn Golden Mile in Hong Kong. Prior to the actual auction, several prominent events were held to bring many notable figures of the numismatic industry together. On April 6, the numismatic celebration kicked off when the Legend of Chu Liu Xiang Commemorative Coin Series III – Li Hongxiu and the Medal Commemorating the 40th Anniversary of the Hong Kong Coin Show were first released. The highly anticipated First Release Ceremony of these commemoratives was met with high reviews and praise from those in attendance. I was surprised to learn that 2024 is not only the Year of the Dragon, but also the Year of Chinese Kung Fu coinciding with the 100th anniversary of the birth of Mr. Jin Yong, the master of kung fu novels. To kick-off the coin releasing ceremony, Mr. King Chan, Senior Advisor of NGC, discussed the background of The Legend of Chu kung fu novel and introduced Mr. Lee Chi Ching, Hong Kong's well-renowned and most famous comic

artist. Mr. Lee Chi Ching has worked closely with Mr. Jin Yong and is connected with Chinese Kungfu Inc., the copyright holder of The Legend of Chu Liu Xiang kung fu novel series. Also speaking at the First Release Ceremony was Mr. Yu Min, who shared his design concept of the commemorative coin using Mr. Lee's artistic rendition of the character Li Hongxiu from The Legend of Chu Liu Xiang novels. Both, Mr. Lee Chi Ching and Mr. Yu Min, shared their participation in the crossborder commemorative coin project and afterwards signed commemorative cards and took photos with those in attendance.

Mr. Lee Chi Chang even drew some characters from the The Legend of Chu Liu Xiang novels on commemorative cards for those in attendance which was really amazing to see his artistic talents in person. Next, Mr. David Camire, President of NCS and NGC Finalizer, gave a brief company history of NGC and the role it serves in the coin grading industry while praising the quality of the The Legend of Chu Liu Xiang Coin Series.

Concluding the First Release Ceremony, Mr. Mateo Zhao, Senior VP of Asian Business Development of CCG Group, discussed the continuing cooperation of CGC and NGC with Chu Liu

Mr. Lee Chi Ching and Mr. Yu Min signed cards for the audience

Mr. Lee Chi Ching and Mr. Michael Chou

Senior collectors filled in the surveys

Xiang Coin Series.

After the First Release Ceremony, The Forum on the 30th Anniversary of the Journal of East Asian Numismatics, the 40th Anniversary of the Hong Kong Coin Show, Auction, and Show Panda Medal took place and was hosted by Mr. King Chan. To start the Forum, Mr. Michael Chou, President of Champion Auction, with its editorial committee members, announced the official launch of the Fourth Edition of the Top Chinese Coins (silver coin edition). Mr. Duan Honggang, General Manager of Gongbo Beijing Coin Authentification Co., Ltd, then discussed how he became involved with the Top Chinese Coins book series. During the Forum and dinner, myself along with numismatic collectors all over the world filled out a survey voting on their top Chinese silver coins with the top 12 choices to be featured in the fourth edition released at the annual show later in the year. Next, Mr. David Chio, President of the Macau Numismatic Society, discussed upcoming changes to the Macau Show. Mr. Stephen Tai then introduced the Chinese Central Mint's gold bars and discussed their importance in the numismatic industry. Mr. Tai is a renowned expert on sycee, a type of gold and silver ingot currency used in Imperial China from the Qin Dynasty until the fall of the Qing Dynasty in the 20th Century. To conclude the Forum, Mr. Colin Gullberg, a numismatic expert on chopmarked coins, gave a small presentation on the history of chopmarked coins and their rise in the numismatic industry. The audience found the presentations by Mr. Tai and Mr. Gullburg very informative and several members could be consulting and asking them questions after the Forum.

It is hard to believe, but this is the 30th anniversary of the Journal of East Asian Numismatics how time flies!!! The Journal of East Asian Numismatics ("JEAN") was founded in 1994 by Mr. Michael Chou and Mr. Bruce Smith and under their guidance has become a top numismatic publication providing information and academic articles to collectors all over the world. To commemorate JEAN's 30th Anniversary, a special Chinese Coin Rarity Exhibition was displayed. This special exhibition included L. Giorgi's manuscripts of the 1911 Empire Dollars (last coins of the Qing dynasty), and the manuscript of the Dragon and Phoenix Dollar (first coin of the Republic of China) with L. Girogi's signature as well. Also part of the exhibit were some of China's rarest fractional coins, a complete

set of uniface lead patterns of the 1910 Empire coins (made by Vienna Mint), a complete set of 1910 proof Empire Coins, 1927 Chang Tso-Lin One Silver Dollar, a restrike variety of 1900 Peking dollar, and a U.S. variety of the 1929 Sun Yat-sen Junk Silver Dollar. This was truly a worthy exhibit filled with Chinese numismatic rarities to honor JEAN's 30th Anniversary.

For the culmination of events, the Champion-HICC joint auction took place on April 7, 2024 at the famous Holiday Inn Golden Mile in Hong Kong. This incredible auction had it all from Warring States Knife coins from the Bowker/Fang Yao-yu Collection, Spade coins from the K.I. Lee Collection in South Korea, to vintage coins from the famous Mr. Nelson Chang Collection. Highlights of the auction included two (2) Anhwei

One Silver Dollar Coins (the first in NGC MS66, and the other A.S.T.C. variety in NGC MS65) which brought $252,000 and $204, 000, respectively. One of Mr. Nelson Chang's favorite coins, a 1912 Sun Yat Sen 10 Cent Silver Pattern (NGC MS66), a true numismatic treasure, realized $186,000. As an American collector, the auction even had a wide selection of better GSA Morgan Dollars, including the elusive 1879-Carson City GSA which realized $6,300.

From the First Release Ceremony, the Forum to the ChampionHICC joint auction, my whole time in Hong Kong this past April was a numismatic blast. I got to see and catch up with many of my friends and colleagues in the industry such as Jeffrey Wai, Michael Chou, Adriel Fo, and Mateo Zhao just to name a few.

The venue at the Holiday Inn Golden Mile in Hong Kong is first class and I highly recommend to all our readers to attend next time a numismatic event is held there as they will not be disappointed. I wish all our readers a prosperous summer and all the best in your numismatic pursuits!

The auction site

冠軍-HICC在港舉辦聯合活動

共築國際錢幣盛事

◎ 馬修·布拉澤頓〔美國〕

李志清先生和余敏先生簽繪

李志清先生給周邁可先生簽繪

資深收藏家填寫問卷

我希望這篇文章能給所有讀者帶來好運並感到一絲涼意， 因為我們正在佛羅里達州經歷創高溫紀錄的初夏。四月 初，我有幸參加了冠軍拍賣在香港金域假日酒店舉行的冠 軍 -HICC 聯合拍賣會。正式拍賣之前有幾場重要活動， 將錢幣行業的許多知名人士聚集在一起。4月6日，楚留香 傳奇紀念幣系列 III 之李紅袖紀念幣和香港錢幣展會熊貓 紀念章40周年紀念章首發，拉開了此次錢幣慶典的序幕。 這些紀念幣章的首發儀式備受矚目，受到了與會者的高度 評價和讚揚。我驚訝地發現，2024 年不僅是龍年，還恰逢 武俠小說大師金庸先生誕辰100周年。在紀念幣發行儀式 上，NGC 資深顧問陳景林先生介紹了《楚留香傳奇》的創 作背景，並介紹了香港著名漫畫家李志清先生。李志清先 生與金庸先生密切合作，並與《楚留香傳奇》系列武俠小說 的版權持有者真善美出版社有所聯繫。在首發儀式上發言 的還有余敏先生，他分享了自己設計該紀念幣的理念。他 表示該紀念幣採用了《楚留香傳奇》小說中李紅袖的人物 形象。（注：李志清先生為《楚留香傳奇》紀念幣第三套繪 製了3 位女性人物的形象，包括李紅袖、宋甜兒和蘇蓉蓉形 象。）李志清先生分享了和余敏先生跨界參與紀念幣項目的 經歷，隨後在紀念卡上簽名，並與在場人員合影留念。李 志清先生還將《楚留香傳奇》小說中的一些人物繪製在首 發紀念卡上贈送給在場的人，我親眼目睹了他的藝術才華， 實在令人驚歎。接着，NCS 總裁兼 NGC 定分評級師大 衛 卡梅爾先生（ David Camire）簡要介紹了 NGC 公司 的歷史及其在錢幣評級行業中的作用，並對《楚留香傳奇》 系列紀念幣的品質給予了高度評價。在首次發行儀式的最 後，CCG 集團亞洲業務拓展高級副總裁趙振陽先生就 CCG 和 NGC 與《楚留香傳奇》系列錢幣的持續合作進行 了分享。

首發儀式後，由陳景林先生主持的《東亞泉志》三十周年 暨香港錢幣展、拍賣、熊貓紀念章四十周年論壇隆重舉行。 論壇伊始，冠軍拍賣總裁周邁可先生攜編委會成員宣佈《中 國近代機製幣精品鑒賞》第四版（銀幣版）正式啟動。隨後， 北京公博古錢幣藝術品鑒定有限公司總經理段洪剛先生講 述了他是如何與《中國近代機製幣精品鑒賞》叢書結緣的。

在論壇和晚宴期間，我本人和世界各地的錢幣收藏者填寫 了一份調查問卷，投票選出心目中最喜愛的中國銀幣，問 卷結果排名前12位的銀幣將於今年晚些時候在澳門十六浦 索菲特大酒店舉辦的 NGC 招待午宴上揭曉。接下來，澳 門錢幣學會會長趙康池先生討論了澳門展即將發生的變化。 隨後，戴學文先生介紹了中國中央造幣廠的金條，並討論了 其在錢幣行業中的重要性。戴先生是研究金銀錠的知名專 家。金銀錠是中國自秦朝至 20 世紀清朝滅亡期間使用的一 種貨幣。在論壇的最後，錢幣專家高林先生就戳記幣的歷 史及其在錢幣行業的興起做了一個小型演講。聽眾認為戴 先生和高林先生的演講內容非常豐富，論壇結束後，幾位 聽眾還向他們發起諮詢和提問。

時間過得真快。很難相信，今年是《東亞泉志》創刊 30 周 年。《東亞泉志》由周邁可先生和史博祿先生於1994 年創辦， 該雜誌在他們的指導下，已成為向全世界收藏家提供信息 和學術文章的頂級錢幣出版物。為紀念《東亞泉志》成立 30周年，還特別舉辦了中國錢幣珍品展。這次特別展覽包 括帶有 L. Giorgi 簽名的宣統三年大清銀幣（清朝最後一枚 錢幣）的手稿，以及帶有 L. Giorgi 簽名的龍鳳銀幣（中華 民國第一枚錢幣）的手稿。展品還包括一些中國最稀有的 輔幣、一套完整的由維也納造幣廠製造的1910 年宣統年造 大清銀幣單面鉛樣，一套完整的1910 年宣統年造大清銀幣 精製樣幣，1927年張作霖像壹圓銀幣，1900 年庚子京局銀

元重鑄版，美國版1929 年孫像船洋壹圓。這確實是一次值 得一看的展覽，展出的都是中國錢幣珍品，以紀念《東亞 泉志》成立 30周年。

2024年4月7日，冠軍 -HICC 聯合拍賣會在香港著名的金 域假日酒店舉行，將活動推向高潮。這場精彩的拍賣會囊 括了從包克 / 方藥雨收藏的先秦刀幣、韓國 K.I. Lee 收藏 的布幣到著名的張南琛收藏的機製幣珍品。此次拍賣會的 亮點包括兩枚安微省造庫平七錢二分銀幣（第一枚為 NGC MS66，另一枚為 A.S.T.C. 版，NGC MS65），分別拍得 252 000美元和204 000美元。張南琛先生最喜歡的錢幣之

一⸺1912年孫中山壹角銀幣（NGC MS66），是真正的 錢幣珍品，拍賣的成交價為18.6萬美元。作為一名美國藏家， 這次拍賣會上甚至有許多不錯的 GSA 摩根銀元，其中包括 一枚1879年 C.C. GSA 摩根銀元，成交價為6 300美元。

今年 4月在香港的時光，從首發儀式到論壇再到冠 軍 -HICC 聯合拍賣會，是一次精彩的機製幣盛宴。我見 到了很多業內的朋友和同行，如魏亨泰、周邁可、新加坡藏 家 Adriel Fo 和趙振陽等等。香港金域假日酒店的會場是 一流的，我強烈推薦讀者一定要去參加那裏舉辦的錢幣活 動，因為活動一定不會令他們失望。最後，祝所有讀者夏 日愉快，錢幣事業蒸蒸日上！

展品 拍賣會現場

1898年二十四年安徽省造光緒元寶銀幣庫平七錢二分， A.S.T.C. 版，NGC MS 65，席德柄 / 張南琛藏品 成交價：204,000美元 Lot 066 Lot 067

Originally

Bowker Collection Donated to the Shanghai Mint Museum

◎ Champion〔Shanghai〕

On March 23rd 2015, the Bowker Family members Marilyn Dorman (Mr. Bowker's grandaughter), Robert Bowker (Mr. Bowker's grandson) and Catherine Govindankutty (Mr. Bowker's great-granddaughter) on behalf of the Bowker family (Pic. 1, 2) attended the ceremony celebrating the donation of 37 rare Chinese coins from Howard Franklin Bowker's famous collection to the Shanghai Mint Museum (a subsidiary of the Shanghai Mint). The distinguished attendees included Michael Chou (CEO of iAsure Group), David Camire (president of NCS), Gu Jun (Secretary of the Mint Party Committee), Tian Jun (Vice-Secretary of the Mint Party Committee), Chen Liyun (Chairman of the Labor Union), Zhang Jianjian (former Secretary of the Mint Party Committee), Zhou Xiang (National Committee of Cultural Relics member, Researcher of the Shanghai Museum) (Pic. 3).

Gu Jun, the Secretary of the Mint Party Committee, was thankful for the Bowker family's generous donation (Pic. 4). This was the second donation from Bowker's collection. In 2010, the Bowker family donated 139 rare coins and coin dies to the Shanghai Mint Museum. Marilyn Dorman expressed her thanks to the Shanghai Mint Museum. Her family was most pleased with the exhibit. Meanwhile, she also thanked Michael for his great help in realizing her grandfather's unfilled wish to donate his collection for public service. Michael said he was grateful for the Bowker family allowing him to assist with the donation. David Camire said it is his honor to conserve and encapsulate the collection. Zhou Xiang introduced the numismatic significance of the collection. Among the donation of 37 coins, 35 of which were sent to NGC's Shanghai office for grading except the ChinaQing Dynasty Kiangsi 50 Taels Square Silver Sycee issued by Wan Zai County and China-Qing Dynasty Hopeh 50 Taels Silver Sycee issued at Kaizhou, Hebei in April 1898. Thanks for the great support of NGC and NCS.

Later, the Shanghai Mint issued the Certificate of Donation and Certificates of Appreciation to the Bowker Family (Pic. 5), iAsure Group and NGC respectively. Gu Jun together with members

of the Bowker Family conducted the Donation Ceremony of Bowker Collection (Pic. 6).

Other distinguished guests included: Yang Changgen, Xie Wenyu (officials of Shanghai Branch of People's Bank of China), Shen Mingdi (Deputy Secretary-General of the Shanghai Numismatic Society), Wang Chunli (deputy director of the numismatic collection committee of the China Association of Collectors), King Chan (Senior numismatic scholar of China modern commemorative coins), Yuan Shuiqing (deputy director of the Xi'an Collection Association), Zhang Ronghua (president of Shanghai Yintai), senior collectors including David Chau, Yang Ruicheng and Gao Huaibin. After the ceremony, they visited the Howard Franklin Bowker Donation Hall which includes the 37 coins of this donation and 139 coins of last donation and the Shanghai Mint Museum. The Shanghai Mint was also chosen as the right place for the next stage of donation.

Rarities from the donated 37 coins include the following:

1. CHINA-KIANGNAN ND (1897) One Dollar Silver, old Kiangnan, ornamental edge, NGC MS63;

2. CHINA-KIANGNAN 1898 One Dollar Silver, NGC MS63;

3. CHINA-KIANGNAN 1898 One Dollar Silver, circlet-like scales, NGC MS65 ;

4. CHINA-KIANGNAN 1900 One Dollar Silver, NGC MS64;

5. CHINA-KIANGNAN 1901 One Dollar Silver, thick dragon with dots as eyes, NGC MS63;

6. CHINA-KIANGNAN 1902 One Dollar Silver, NGC MS62;

7. CHINA-KIANGNAN 1904 One Dollar Silver, CH and dot, NGC MS65;

8. CHINA-KIANGNAN 1904 20 Cash Copper, CCC213, extremely rare, NGC MS63BN. Only 2-3 examples known to exist ;

9. CHINA-CHEKIANG ND (1899) 50 Cents Silver, Chinese legend in "Wei Stele" Style, NGC MS61;

10. CHINA-SHANGHAI 1856 One Tael Silver, issued by Wang

Certificate

Yung Sheng, NGC MS62 ;

Donation to

11. CHINA-SHANGHAI 1856 5 Mace Silver, issued by Ching Cheng Chee, made by Wan Chuan, NGC AU53;

12. CHINA-SHANGHAI 1856 5 Mace Silver, issued by Yu Shen Sheng, made by Wang Shou, NGC AU53;

13. CHINA-SHANGHAI ND (1868) Martime Customs One

Tael Silver Pattern, NGC AU50. Extremely rare, only 5-7 examples known to exist ;

14. CHINA-EMPIRE Taiping Rebel Tian Guo Sheng Bao Silver Coin, carved by hand, NGC AU Details;

15. CHINA-REPUBLIC 1929 Sun Yat Sen One Dollar Silver Pattern, made in Italy, NGC MS63.

Pic. 1 (From Left) Marilyn Dorman, Robert Bowker, Catherine Govindankutty, Michael Chou, David Camire

Pic. 3 (From Left) Michael Chou, Yuan Shuiqing, Zhou Xiang, Shen Mingdi

Pic. 2 Members of the Shanghai Mint and the Bowker Family

Pic. 6 Unveiling Ceremony by Gu Jun and representatives of the Bowker Family

Pic. 5 Gu Jun issues a

of

Ms. Marilyn Dorman

Pic. 4 Shanghai Mint Party Secretary Gu Jun delivers the opening speech

Highlights of the Bowker Collection donated to the Shanghai Mint Museum

1.

CHINA-KIANGNAN ND(1897) One Dollar Silver, old Kiangnan ornamental edge, NGC MS63

5.

CHINA-KIANGNAN 1901 One Dollar Silver, thick dragon with dots as eyes, NGC MS63

10.

CHINA-SHANGHAI 1856 One Tael Silver, issued by Wang Yung Sheng NGC MS62

3.

CHINA-KIANGNAN 1898 One Dollar Silver, circlet-like scales NGC MS65

8.

CHINA-KIANGNAN 1904 20 Cash Copper, CCC213, 2-3 examples known to exist, NGC MS63BN

13.

CHINA-SHANGHAI ND (1868) Martime Customs One Tael Silver Pattern, NGC AU50

4.

CHINA-KIANGNAN 1900 One Dollar Silver, NGC MS64

9.

CHINA-CHEKIANG ND (1899) 50 Cents Silver, Chinese legend in "Wei Stele" Style, NGC MS61

14.

CHINA-EMPIRE Taiping Rebel Tian Guo Sheng Bao Silver Coin carved by hand, NGC AU Details

◎ 冠軍研究室〔上海〕 原刊載於《東亞泉志》第

包克收藏37枚珍稀錢幣捐給上海造幣博物館

2015 年3月23日上午10 點，已故美國著名錢幣收藏家霍華 德 • 佛蘭克林 • 包克先生收藏的37枚珍稀中國錢幣捐給上 海造幣有限公司下屬單位上海造幣博物館，上海造幣有限 公司為此舉行了隆重的捐贈儀式。霍華德 • 佛蘭克林 • 包 克先生的孫女 Marilyn Dorman、孫子 Robert Bowker、 曾孫女 Catherine Govindankutty 代表包克家族前來參 加捐贈儀式（圖1、2），愛秀集團總裁周邁可先生、NCS 總裁 David Camire 先生，上海造幣有限公司黨委書記顧 軍、副書記田俊、工會主席陳立耘，原上海造幣有限公司 黨委書記張健健，中國國家文物鑒定委員會委員、上海博 物館研究館員周祥出席了儀式（圖3）。

首先，上海造幣有限公司書記顧軍先生致辭（圖4），感謝 包克家族慷慨捐贈的37枚中國珍稀錢幣，這也是包克家族 繼 2010 年將139 枚珍稀錢幣及錢範捐給上海造幣有限公司 後的第二次捐贈。包克先生孫女 Marilyn Dorman 發言 感謝上海造幣有限公司及上海造幣博物館員工的辛勤工作， 將這些藏品展示得非常美觀得體，他們非常滿意。同時她 也代表包克家族感謝愛秀集團總裁周邁可先生與中國幾家 博物館的協商溝通，最終幫助實現了她祖父的遺願。愛秀 集團總裁周邁可則表示感謝包克家族的信任，感謝上海造 幣有限公司的精心布展。NCS 總裁 David Camire 則表 示很榮幸為這些錢幣提供保養、評分、封裝工作，這些事 情很有意義。上海博物館研究館員周祥先生介紹了這些錢 幣的重要歷史意義和價值。此次捐贈的37枚錢幣，除清光 緒年江西萬載縣伍拾兩方錠和光緒二十四年四月河北開州 五十兩銀錠外，其他 35 枚均在捐贈儀式後送至 NGC 上 海辦公室進行了評級入盒，評分工作高效精准，非常感謝 NGC 和 NCS 的支持！

隨後，上海造幣有限公司向包克家族頒發捐贈證書（圖5）， 向愛秀集團和 NGC 頒發感謝證書。顧書記和包克家族成 員共同為此次捐贈的錢幣進行了揭幕儀式（圖 6）。

出席捐贈儀式的還有：中國人民銀行上海分行貨幣發行處 領導楊長根、謝文渝；上海市錢幣學會副秘書長沈鳴鏑先 生，中國收藏家協會錢幣收藏委員會副主任王春利先生，

中國現代貴金屬幣資深研究學者陳景林先生（香港），西安 市收藏協會副會長袁水清先生，上海銀泰公司董事長張榮 華先生，資深收藏家周大為、楊瑞城、高懷賓等。儀式結 束後，大家又參觀了包克藏品捐贈廳和上海造幣博物館。

這次捐贈的37枚錢幣將與之前捐贈的139 枚陳列在包克藏 品捐贈廳。包克收藏的下一步捐贈意向單位初步也定為上 海造幣有限公司。

此次捐贈的37枚錢幣中不乏珍品，其中包括：

1. 1897 年江南省造光緒元寶庫平七錢二分銀幣，老江南， 人字邊，NGC MS63 ；

2. 1898 年（戊戌）江南省造光緒元寶庫平七錢二分銀幣， NGC MS63 ；

3. 1898 年（戊戌）江南省造光緒元寶庫平七錢二分銀幣， 珍珠龍，NGC MS65 ；

4. 1900 年（庚子）江南省造光緒元寶庫平七錢二分銀幣， NGC MS64 ；

5. 1901 年（辛丑）江南省造光緒元寶庫平七錢二分，帶 HAH ，粗龍，龍眼為圓點，NGC MS63 ；

6. 1902

年（壬寅）江南省造光緒元寶庫平七錢二分銀幣， NGC MS62 ；

7. 1904 年（甲辰）江南省造光緒元寶庫平七錢二分銀幣， HAH 和 CH 版，兩邊帶點，NGC MS65 ；

8. 1904

年（甲辰）江南省造光緒元寶當製錢二十文， CCC213，存世非常稀少，NGC MS63BN，已知 2-3 枚 存世；

9. 1899 年浙江省造光緒元寶庫平三錢六分銀幣，魏碑體尔 寶，NGC MS61 ；

圖 1 左起 ： Marilyn Dorman 、 Robert Bowker 、 Catherine Govindankutty 、 周邁可 、 David Camire

圖 3 左起 ： 周邁可 、 袁水清 、 周祥 、 沈鳴鏑合影

圖 5 顧書記為包克家族代表 Marilyn Dorman 女士頒發 捐贈證書

10. 1856 年（咸豐六年）上海縣號商王永盛匠萬全壹兩銀 餅，NGC MS62 ；

11. 1856

年（咸豐六年）上海縣號商經正記匠萬全造伍錢 銀餅，NGC AU53 ；

12. 1856

年（咸豐六年）上海縣號商郁森盛重五錢銀餅， 匠王壽造，NGC AU53 ；

圖 2 上海造幣有限公司領導與包克家族合影

圖 4 上海造幣有限公司黨委書記顧軍致辭

圖 6 顧書記和包克家族代表為此次捐贈錢幣 舉行揭幕儀式

13. 1868

年中外通寶關平銀壹兩試鑄銀幣，NGC AU50，

已知 5-7枚存世；

14. 太平天國天國聖寶，半兩，銀質，手工雕刻，NGC AU Details ；

15. 1929

年（民國十八年）孫中山帆船壹圓銀質樣幣，意 大利版，NGC MS63 。

包克收藏捐贈上海造幣博物館錢幣亮點

1.

1897 年江南省造光緒元寶庫平 七錢二分銀幣，老江南，人字邊 NGC MS63

5.

1901 年（辛丑）江南省造光緒元 寶庫平七錢二分，帶 HAH，粗龍， 龍眼為圓點，NGC MS63

10.

1856 年（咸豐六年）上海縣號商 王永盛匠萬全壹兩銀餅 NGC MS62

3.

1898 年（戊戌）江南省造光緒 元寶庫平七錢二分銀幣，珍珠龍 NGC MS65

8.

1904 年（甲辰）江南省造光緒元 寶當製錢二十文，存世非常稀少， NGC MS63BN

13.

1868 年中外通寶關平銀壹兩試 鑄銀幣，NGC AU50

4.

1900 年（庚子）江南省造光緒元 寶庫平七錢二分銀幣 NGC MS64

9.

1899 年浙江省造光緒元寶庫平三 錢六分銀幣，魏碑體爾寶 NGC MS61

14. 太平天國天國聖寶，半兩，銀質 手工雕刻，NGC AU Details

Macau Exhibit of 1897-1898 Otto Beh Coin Dies —Unveiling a

Centennial Mystery of

Chinese Pattern Coins

◎ Champion〔Shanghai〕

This portfolio of 42 dies and 36 letter punches used by the Otto Beh Company of Esslingen, Germany to produce coins for China in 1897-1898 is an important document of Chinese numismatic history and of the close economic ties between Germany and China at the end of the 19th century. Before 2012, where the five provinces (Heilungkiang, Chekiang, Anhwei, Feng-Tien and Sinkiang) extremely rare pattern coins were struck was a numismatic mystery. This portfolio of 42 dies and 36 letter punches were auctioned in June 2012 unveils this centennial mystery of Chinese pattern coins, which became an important discovery in Chinese numismatic history.

Closely linked with the Otto Beh Company (established in 1884) was the firm of Louis Schuler (established in 1839) from neighbouring Göppingen. Today the world's leading producer of coining machines, Schuler specialized in the 19th century in manufacturing sheet metal working machines - and presses in particular. Schuler obtained the order to supply coin presses in 1895 - in all probability at the Leipzig Trade Fair. This order was probably an achievement of mutual agreement by the Qing imperial court envoy Li Hung-chang and Otto Bismarck, the former chancellor of Germany. The Otto Beh company archive retains the original order.

Schuler, in turn, commissioned Otto Beh, who specialized in the production of seals and dies, with manufacturing the coining dies. Otto Beh supplied Schuler with over 200 dies for Chinese coins in 1897 and 1898. At the time this was by far the largest order for Otto Beh. The company celebrated its 125 year anniversary in 2009. To mark this occasion, numismatist Gerhard E. Kümmel from Esslingen drafted a history of the company with a catalogue of the medals, badges and pins brought out by Beh (Gerhard E. Kümmel; 125 Jahre Gravier-und Prägeanstalt Otto Beh, Esslingen, Medaillen-Plaketten-Anstecknadeln, Esslingen 2011), with Heilungkiang, Chekiang, Anhwei, FengTien and Sinkiang coin dies included . Unfortunately, the catalog gained little attention from Chinese numismatists due to its limited print size.

The 42 coin dies and 36 letter punches were offered for sale at Künker Auction No. 211, June 18-19, 2012 as lot 2528, but they were withdrawn from sale because of its particular

Otto Beh Coin Dies

David Chio, director of the MNS, introduces the Otto Beh Dies to the VIP guests

historical importance and so it could be donated to a museum to be studied by numismatic specialists. The dies were purchased by Michael Chou of Champion Auction. According to the terms of the purchase agreement, the dies will be donated to a museum without compensation and Michael Chou has the final decision on which museum shall be the recipient of the dies.

In June 2014, Michael Chou and independent observer, J.C. Lee, travelled to Germany and evaluated possible candidates for a permanent home for the dies. In March 2015, Moritzburg Halle (Saale) - Museum of Art of the State of Saxony-Anhalt was selected as the final home for the Otto Beh dies. After the Macau special exhibit on December 3-6 2015, the dies and letter punches will be displayed at the Berlin World Money Fair on February 5-6 2016, and transferred from Michael Chou to the

1897 Sinkiang (Sungarai) 1 Mace Brass Pattern, NGC SP63 only 2-3 examples known to exist

Museum on February 6, after which they will enter the museum for permanent display.

Five rare Chinese prototype coins displayed are listed as follows:

1897 Sinkiang (Sungarai) 1 Mace Brass Pattern, NGC SP-63, only 2-3 examples known to exist;

1897 Feng-Tien Province One Dollar Brass Pattern, NGC MS62, unique;

1897 Heilungkiang Province 20 Cents Brass Pattern, NGC PF61, only 2 examples known to exist;

1897 Feng-Tien Province One Dollar Brass Pattern, NGC MS62 unique

1897 Heilungkiang Province 10 Cents Brass Pattern, NGC PF64 unique

1897 Heilungkiang Province 20 Cents Brass Pattern, NGC PF61 only 2 examples known to exist

1897 Hunan Province 10 Cash Copper Pattern NGC PF63 RB, unique

1897 Heilungkiang Province 10 Cents Brass Pattern, NGC PF64, unique;

1897 Hunan Province 10 Cash Copper Pattern, NGC PF-63 RB, unique.

The Otto Beh Company sold its 9 trial specimens through Künker Auctions during 2012-2015. Besides the abovementioned five rare Chinese patterns, the other four rare patterns are 1897 Anhwei One Dollar Silver-plated Brass Pattern, only 2-3 examples known to exist; 2 1897 Feng-Tien Province 20 Cents Brass Pattern, only 3-4 examples known to exist; 1897 Heilungkiang Province 20 Cents Brass Pattern, only 2 examples known to exist.

Lot 2528 Chinese coining hubs, dies, and letter punches (L&M numbers refer to the Illustrated Catalog of Chinese Gold & Silver by Lin Gwo Ming & Ma Tak Wo)

Anhwei Province

1. 7 Mace and 2 Candareens (Dollar) Year 23 (1897): Patrix of reverse die with name of province in Latin-alphabet letters. L./M. die of 192.

2. 1 Mace and 4.4 Candareens (20 Cents) Year 23 (1897): Matrix of obverse die with name of province in Chinese characters. L./M. die of 194.

3. 1 Mace and 4.4 Candareens (20 Cents) Year 24 (1898): Matrix of reverse die with name of province in Latin-alphabet letters. L./ M. die of 201.

4. 1 Mace and 4.4 Candareens (20 Cents) Year 23 (1897): Matrix of obverse die with name of province in Chinese characters. Large characters. L./M. die of 194.

Chekiang Province

5. 7 Mace and 2 Candareens (Dollar) Year 23 (1897): Matrix of obverse die with name of province in Chinese characters. L./M. die of 271.

6. 7 Mace and 2 Candareens (Dollar) Year 23 (1897): Matrix of reverse die with name of province in Latin-alphabet letters. L./M. die of 271.

7. 3 Mace and 6 Candareens (50 Cents) Year 23 (1897): Matrix of obverse die with name of province in Chinese characters. L./M. die of 272.

8. 3 Mace and 6 Candareens (50 Cents) Year 23 (1897): Patrix of reverse die with name of province in Latin-alphabet letters. L./M.

die of 272.

9. 3 Mace and 6 Candareens (50 Cents) Year 23 (1897): Matrix of reverse die with name of province in Latin-alphabet letters. L./ M. die of 272.

10. 7.2 Candareens (10 Cents) Year 23 (1897): Matrix of obverse die with name of province in Chinese characters. L./M. die of 273 A.

11. 7.2 Candareens (10 Cents) Year 23 (1897): Patrix of reverse die with name of province in Latin-alphabet letters. L./M. die of 273 A.

12. 7.2 Candareens (10 Cents) Year 23 (1897): Matrix of reverse die with name of province in Latin-alphabet letters. L./M. die of 273 A.

13. 3.6 Candareens (5 Cents) Year 23 (1897): Matrix of obverse die with name of province in Chinese characters. L./M. die of 274.

14. 3.2 Candareens (5 Cents) Year 23 (1897): Patrix of reverse die with name of province in Latin-alphabet letters. L./M. die of 274.

15. 3.2 Candareens (5 Cents) Year 23 (1897): Matrix of reverse die with name of province in Latin-alphabet letters. L./M. die of 274.

16. 3.2 Candareens (5 Cents) Year 23 (1897): Matrix of reverse die with name of province in Latin-alphabet letters. L./M. die of 274.

Fengtien Province (Fungtien)

17. 7 Mace and 2 Candareens (Dollar) n.d. (1897): Matrix of obverse die with name of province in Chinese characters. L./M. die of 467.

18. 7 Mace and 2 Candareens (Dollar) n.d. (1897): Matrix of reverse die with name of province in Latin-alphabet letters: FENG-TIEN. L./M. die of 467 (as TENG-TIEN there).

19. 3 Mace and 6 Candareens (50 Cents) n.d. (1897): Matrix of obverse die with name of province in Chinese characters. L./M. die of 468.

20. 3 Mace and 6 Candareens (50 Cents) n.d. (1897): Matrix of reverse die with name of province in Latin-alphabet letters: L./M. die of 468.

21. 1 Mace and 4.4 Candareens (20 Cents) n.d. (1897): Matrix of obverse die with name of province in Chinese characters. L./M. die of 469.

22. 1 Mace and 4.4 Candareens (20 Cents) n.d. (1897): Matrix of reverse die with name of province in Latin-alphabet letters: TENG-TIEN. L./M. die of 469 (as FENG-TIEN there).

23. 7.2 Candareens (10 Cents) n.d. (1897): Matrix of obverse die with name of province in Chinese characters. L./M. die of 470.

24. 7.2 Candareens (10 Cents) n.d. (1897): Matrix of reverse die with name of province in Latin-alphabet letters: TENG-TIEN. L./ M. die of 470 (as FENG-TIEN there).

25. 7.2 Candareens (10 Cents) n.d. (1897): Matrix of reverse die with name of province in Latin-alphabet letters: TENG-TIEN. L./ M. die of 470 (as FENG-TIEN there).

Heilungkiang Province

26. 7 Mace and 2 Candareens (Dollar) n. d.: Patrix of obverse die with name of province in Chinese characters. L./M. die of 585.

Sin Kiang Province (Sungarai).

27. 4 Mace n. d. (1897): Patrix of reverse die with name of province in Latin-alphabet letters. L./M. die of 830.

28. 2 Mace n. d. (1897): Matrix of reverse die with name of province in Latin-alphabet letters. L./M. die of 831.

Plain patrices, no province.

29. 7 Mace and 2 Candareens (Dollar): Patrix of obverse die with dragon.

30. 7 Mace and 2 Candareens (Dollar): Patrix of reverse die with Chinese value.

31. 3 Mace and 6 Candareens (50 Cents): Patrix of obverse die with dragon.

32. 3 Mace and 6 Candareens (50 Cents): Patrix of reverse die

with Chinese value.

33. 1 Mace and 4.4 Candareens (20 Cents): Patrix of obverse die with dragon.

34. 1 Mace and 4.4 Candareens (20 Cents): Patrix of reverse die with Chinese value.

35. 7.2 Candareens (10 Cents): Patrix of obverse die with dragon.

36. 7.2 Candareens (10 Cents): Patrix of reverse die with Chinese value.

37. 3.6 Candareens (5 Cents): Patrix of obverse die with dragon.

38. 3.6 Candareens (5 Cents): Patrix of reverse die with Chinese value.

Plain matrices, no province

39. 3.6 Candareens (5 Cents): Matrix of obverse die with dragon.

40. 3.6 Candareens (5 Cents): Matrix of reverse die with Chinese value.

Sin Kiang Province Kwang Hsu, 1875-1889-1908.

41. 10 Cash: Matrix of obverse die.

42. 10 Cash: Matrix of reverse die.

Letter punches.

36 punches for Chinese characters.

42 stamps and 36 letter punches.

Outstanding object of extraordinary significance for Chinese monetary history.

Macau Exhibit of 1897-98 Otto Beth Coin Dies

Macau Numismatic Society Annual Expo Ribbon-Cutting Ceremony Special Guests and Macau Numismatic Society officers.

1897-1898年德製幣模澳門特別展

◎ 冠軍研究室〔上海〕

澳門錢幣學會理事長趙康池先生在向來賓介紹幣模

德國埃斯林根市奧托拜赫公司的這42 個中國珍稀錢幣幣模 和36 個漢字沖頭記錄了中國錢幣史發展歷程的重要階段， 是中德兩國在19 世紀末經濟往來密切的歷史見證。2012 年之前，二十三年（1897年）浙江光緒元寶、二十三年安 徽光緒元寶、無紀年奉天造 TENG-TIEN 版及 FENGTIEN 版光緒元寶，無紀年黑龍江、新疆等五省錢幣在哪 裡鑄造，一直是中國泉界的未解之謎。這五省樣幣是中國 最稀少的錢幣品種。2012 年 6月，這些幣模和漢字沖頭出 現在德國昆克拍賣會，一舉揭開謎底，成為中國錢幣史上 的重大發現。

德國奧托拜赫公司成立于1884 年，與鄰近的格平根市的舒 勒公司業務往來密切。舒勒公司成立於1839 年，從事金屬 片加工成形尤其是壓印機的生產，目前是世界上最主要的 造幣機供應商。1895 年，舒勒公司可能是在萊比錫貿易展 銷會上接到了一份製作硬幣壓印機的訂貨單，這可能是中國 特使李鴻章和德意志“鐵血宰相”俾斯麥協商的一項重要 成果，至今仍保留在奧托拜赫公司檔案室。

舒勒公司接到訂單后，轉而委託專門生產印章和模具的奧 托拜赫公司生產模具。1897-1898 年，奧托拜赫公司共交 付舒勒公司200 多個中國錢幣的幣模。這是當時奧托拜赫 公司接到的最大訂單。2009 年，奧托拜赫公司成立125週 年之際，埃斯林根市錢幣學家柯米爾為此撰寫了一部公司

歷史和公司產品（紀念章、獎章和胸針）目錄冊，目錄冊名 為《柯米爾：125 年雕刻及鑄幣工廠奧托拜赫，埃斯林根》， 其中包括奉天、黑龍江、新疆、安徽及浙江樣幣之幣模。 可惜目錄冊為限量發行，未引起中國廣大藏家的注意。

這套幣模和漢字沖頭曾在德國昆克拍賣2012 年 6月18-19日 211屆拍賣會上進行拍賣，拍品號 2528 ，因其具有重要的 錢幣歷史價值，應存放在博物館進行錢幣學研究，因而最 終撤拍。經過奧托拜赫公司和昆克拍賣協商，這套幣模賣 給了冠軍拍賣總裁周邁可先生。周邁可先生與昆克拍賣、奧 托拜赫公司達成協議，將幣模無償捐獻給博物館，周先生 保留捐贈博物館的最終決定權。周邁可先生和獨立觀察員 李正民先生對德國幾家候選博物館進行了參觀考察，最後 確定德國萨克森 - 安哈尔特州哈雷莫里茨堡藝術博物館為 最終捐贈單位。2016 年2月5-6日，世界最大的錢幣展⸺ 柏林世界錢幣展覽會上也將展出這些幣模，6日周邁可先生 会將幣模移交給哈雷莫里茨堡藝術博物館；該館設專櫃暫 時展示，之後將永久展示。

Otto Beh 德製幣模

1897 年新疆省造光緒銀元 庫平重一錢銀幣銅樣，NGC SP63，估計存世 2-3 枚

1897 年奉天省造光緒元寶 七錢二分銀幣銅樣，NGC MS62，可能是僅見品

1897 年黑龍江省造光緒元 寶七分二釐銀幣銅樣，NGC PF64，可能是僅見品

同時展出的 5 枚珍稀中國樣幣也是出自奧托拜赫公司，分別 是1897年新疆省造光緒銀元庫平重一錢銀幣銅樣，NGC SP-63，估計存世 2-3 枚；1897年奉天省造光緒元寶七錢 二分銀幣銅樣，NGC MS-62, 可能是僅見品；1897年黑 龍江省造光緒元寶一錢四分四釐（NGC PF-61, 估計存世 2 枚）與七分二釐銀幣銅樣（NGC PF-64, 可能是僅見品）； 1897年湖南省造光緒元寶當十鏡面紅銅樣幣，NGC PF63 RB，可能是僅見品。奧托拜赫公司曾于2012-2015 年 將試鑄樣幣檔案庫存委託給昆克拍賣，先後拍出了9 枚樣 幣。除上述 5 枚外，還有另外 4 枚：1897年安徽省造光緒元 寶七錢二分銅鍍銀樣幣，估計存世 2-3 枚；2 枚1897年奉天 省 (FENG TIEN) 造光緒元寶一錢四分四釐銀幣銅樣，估 計存世 3-4 枚；1897年黑龍江省造光緒元寶一錢四分四釐 銀幣銅樣，估計存世 2 枚。

1897 年黑龍江省造光緒元寶一 錢四分四釐，NGC PF61 估計存世 2 枚

1897 年湖南省造光緒元寶當十 黃銅鏡面樣幣，孤品 NGC PF63 RB

Lot 2528 中國錢幣模具（陽模和陰模）和漢字冲頭

【備註：LM192是指林國明與馬德和編著的《中國金銀幣 目錄》中編號為192 的錢幣，以此類推。】

安徽省

1. 1897年（光緒二十三年）安徽省造光緒元寶庫平七錢二 分背面陽模，書英文紀地文字，LM192 幣模。

2. 1897年（光緒二十三年）安徽省造光緒元寶庫平一錢四 分四釐正面陰模，書中文紀地文字，LM194幣模。

3. 1898 年（光緒二十四年）安徽省造光緒元寶庫平一錢四 分四釐背面陰模，書英文紀地文字，LM201幣模。

4. 1897年（光緒二十三年）安徽省造光緒元寶庫平一錢四 分四釐正面陰模，書中文紀地文字，大字版，LM194幣模。

浙江省

5. 1897年（光緒二十三年）浙江省造光緒元寶庫平七錢二 分正面陰模，書中文紀地文字，LM271幣模。

6. 1897年（光緒二十三年）浙江省造光緒元寶庫平七錢二 分背面陰模，書英文紀地文字，LM271幣模。

7. 1897年（光緒二十三年）浙江省造光緒元寶庫平三錢六 分正面陰模，書中文紀地文字，LM272 幣模。

8. 1897年（光緒二十三年）浙江省造光緒元寶庫平三錢六 分背面陽模，書英文紀地文字，LM272 幣模。

9. 1897年（光緒二十三年）浙江省造光緒元寶庫平三錢六 分背面陰模，書英文紀地文字，LM272 幣模。

10. 1897年（光緒二十三年）浙江省造光緒元寶庫平七分二 釐正面陰模，書中文紀地文字，LM273A 幣模。

11. 1897年（光緒二十三年）浙江省造光緒元寶庫平七分二 釐背面陽模，書英文紀地文字，LM273A 幣模。

12. 1897年（光緒二十三年）浙江省造光緒元寶庫平七分二 釐背面陰模，書英文紀地文字，LM273A 幣模。

13. 1897年（光緒二十三年）浙江省造光緒元寶庫平三分六 釐正面陰模，書中文紀地文字，LM274幣模。

14. 1897年（光緒二十三年）浙江省造光緒元寶庫平三分二 釐背面陽模，書英文紀地文字，LM274幣模。

15. 1897年（光緒二十三年）浙江省造光緒元寶庫平三分二 釐背面陰模，書英文紀地文字，LM274幣模。

16. 1897年（光緒二十三年）浙江省造光緒元寶庫平三分二 釐背面陰模，書英文紀地文字，LM274幣模。

奉天省

17. 1897年（光緒二十三年）奉天省造光緒元寶庫平七錢二 分正面陰模，書中文紀地文字，LM467幣模。

18. 1897年（光緒二十三年）奉天省造光緒元寶庫平七錢 二分背面陰模，書英文紀地文字 FENG-TIEN，LM467 （TENG-TIEN 版）幣模。

19. 1897年（光緒二十三年）奉天省造光緒元寶庫平三錢六 分正面陰模，書中文紀地文字，LM468幣模。

20. 1897年（光緒二十三年）奉天省造光緒元寶庫平三錢六 分背面陰模，書英文紀地文字，LM468幣模。

21. 1897年（光緒二十三年）奉天省造光緒元寶庫平一錢四 分四釐正面陰模，書中文紀地文字，LM469 幣模。

22. 1897年（光緒二十三年）奉天省造光緒元寶庫平一 錢四分四釐背面陰模，書英文紀地文字 TENG-TIEN， LM469（FENG-TIEN 版）幣模。

23. 1897年（光緒二十三年）奉天省造光緒元寶庫平七分二 釐正面陰模，書中文紀地文字，LM470 幣模。

24. 1897年（光緒二十三年）奉天省造光緒元寶庫平七分 二釐背面陰模，書英文紀地文字 TENG-TIEN，LM470 （FENG-TIEN 版）幣模。

25. 1897年（光緒二十三年）奉天省造光緒元寶庫平七分 二釐背面陰模，書英文紀地文字 TENG-TIEN，LM470 （FENG-TIEN 版）幣模。

黑龍江省

26.（無紀年）黑龍江省造光緒元寶庫平七錢二分正面陽模， 書中文紀地文字，LM585幣模。

新疆省

27.（無紀年）1897年光緒銀元庫平重四錢背面陽模，書英 文紀地文字，LM830 幣模。

28.（無紀年）1897年光緒銀元庫平重二錢背面陰模，書英 文紀地文字，LM831幣模。

陽模，無紀地信息

29. 庫平七錢二分正面龍圖陽模

30. 庫平七錢二分背面中文面值陽模

31. 庫平三錢六分正面龍圖陽模

32. 庫平三錢六分背面中文面值陽模

33. 庫平一錢四分四釐正面龍圖陽模

34. 庫平一錢四分四釐背面中文面值陽模

35. 庫平七分二釐正面龍圖陽模

36. 庫平七分二釐背面中文面值陽模

37. 庫平三分六釐正面龍圖陽模

38. 庫平三分六釐背面中文面值陽模

陰模，無紀地信息

39. 庫平三分六釐正面龍圖陰模

40. 庫平三分六釐背面中文面值陰模

新疆省造光緒通寶銅元，1875-1889-1908

41. 十文正面陰模

42. 十文背面陰模

字母沖頭

36 個漢字冲頭

共計42 個幣模和36 個漢字沖頭，對研究中國錢幣歷史具有 重要意義。

◎ Yuan Shuiqing〔Xi'an〕

On a beautiful day of lunar January 2016, the author was commissioned by The Journal of East Asian Numismatics to interview the famous Chinese paleography and currency expert Professor Huang Xi-Quan about preQin currencies. Professor Huang once worked as the vice chairman of the archaeological team of Hubei Province and taught students in the departments of History, Archaeology and Museology, at Wuhan University. In Beijing, he served as the director of the China Numismatic Museum, and the Vice President and Secretary General of the China Association of Numismatics (ICOMON). After retirement, he continued to serve as a member of the National Commission for Cultural Relics Identification, the

deputy director of the China Numismatic Society (CNS) and the editorial director of journal China Numismatics

Firstly, Dr. Huang, we know that you have made in-depth study of paleography, archeology, history and culture of the Chu kingdom as well as the identification of cultural relics, and you have published many academic works. How did you become so interested in this difficult field and continue to scale new heights?

Huang Xiquan: I graduated from

Peking University and my major was archaeology. After graduation, I was assigned to work at the Hubei Provincial Museum and presided over the archaeological excavations of ancient tomb in Ji'nan City, Jingzhou County, Hubei Province and the tomb of Marquis Yi of Zeng. During the process of archaeology, you may encounter ancient writing materials, such as bronze, bamboo and silk manuscripts, if you have no basic knowledge in ancient philology, it will be difficult to interpret and understand ancient texts. In 1978, China reinstated graduate education, so I applied to the postgraduate program in paleography at Jilin University and studied under the tutelage of the famous philologist, Professor Shengwu Yu. In early 1985,

Chinese paleography and currency expert, Ph.D in history, Professor Huang Xiquan

I was assigned to teach at Wuhan University in Hubei Province, which is the birthplace of culture and history of the State of Chu. The cultural relics are very rich there and the education of the college also focuses on study of the history and culture of the State of Chu. In 1992, the People's Bank of China set up the China Numismatic Museum where researchers were needed, so I was transferred to work at the China Numismatic Museum. Most Chinese pre-Qin currencies have inscriptions and the nature of my work and profession required me to focus on the pre-Qin currencies. For exhibitions and research the museum needed to collect the physical currencies and then comes to the question of identifying the authenticity of the relics. Therefore, the scope of my research that included all aspects of what you have mentioned. Through my professional learning and training and the guidance of well-known teachers and hard work, the problems encountered in practice are generally easy to resolve, and some achievement has been made, some papers have been published - but not that much - the contribution is not so significant.

important part of the development history of world currency, and also has a long history of development. The research of the economy, culture, technology, politics and other fields of ancient China and the world can't be done without the research of currency, especially the early currency. However, due to various reasons, there are not many early written records of Chinese currency and a lot of difficult problems about currency in the history haven't been resolved. Therefore, the study of the early history and developments of Chinese currency encounters many difficulties. For example, how long is Chinese currency history? How can we correctly calculate the historical eras of the Chinese currency? Were cowrie shells used as money? Did some products function as money? How did the various currencies evolve? None of these problems can be ignored to understand the history of Chinese currency. The record of pre-Qin currencies in the literature is limited, so research needs to rely on the physical currency. And since there are not many surviving currencies, we only hope that new physical currencies can be found and new relevant material becomes available.

to currency lack systematic collection, collation and research.

Secondly, we all know that the preQin Dynasties have a long history and are so distant from now, and there were very few written records of the currency of that time. Why did you still choose to study the pre-Qin currency?

Huang Xiquan: Chinese currency is an

There are still many problems about the research of the pre-Qin currency and some links are not very clear, so we need to constantly sum up experience and explore. The current difficulties are as follows: First, the reference materials are not enough. Second, some characters on the currency cannot be interpreted and understood well at the moment. Third, the current research is not deep enough. The biggest problem is that reference materials which we have that are related 2 3

Thirdly, it is known that the preQin currencies include the primitive money, metal barter, and cast metal coins as well as other things. What's your opinion about their origins and development in history?

Huang Xiquan: Pre-Qin currency includes primitive money, metal barter and cast metal coins and they all emerged before Emperor Qinshi Huang unified China. The primitive money was the physical currency that included the commodities that were often in circulation and became the main media of the exchange. According to documents and archaeological discoveries, as well as academic research, we all know that, during pre-Qin Dynasty China, production tools, food, cloth, livestock, leather, teeth, shells, and beads all served as a medium of exchange. Later in China, the most important exchange media was still concentrated in food, cloth, livestock and other goods and foreign seashells. Since the physical currencies have many disadvantages: they are too cumbersome, difficult to divide up, are inconvenient to carry, easy to rot or wear, in short supply or suffer from inappropriate storage, therefore, with the expansion of society and social development and a commodity economy, commodity money was gradually replaced by metallic currency.

The metal barter was born with the invention and improvement of metal smelting technology and epoch-making change in the production of tools. In China, the first metallic currency that appeared was copper or bronze barter objects in shapes which later developed into cast coinage. Meanwhile, with the development and expansion of productivity of commodity exchange, gold and silver that had many advantages also become a currency.

According to available information, we know that the production level of the bronze making in the Xia Dynasty was already very high. The Chalcolithic era (circa 2000 BC) already had copper and bronze, and copper would have been a very precious and valuable item at that time. The use of the metal barter lasted until the Spring and Autumn period (771-476 BC). At the early stage, they coexisted with cowrie money, and at the late stage, they coexistedwith cast coins. The period of metal barter was close to the period when slavery was established, so it is estimated that the coins would have existed in the Xia Dynasty (20701600 BC) and now the period we can find the first (?) physical coins is in late Shang Dynasty. The unearthed copper from Yin Dynasty ruins in Anyang is the evidence. Copper spade coins were shaped like a spade or weeding tool, and probably began to be used in the Yin and Zhou Dynasties. Gold and silver bartering occurs in the middle Spring and Autumn Period. The minted gold of this period, which was of various sizes, could have served as money, with inscriptions consisting of square or round stamps in

which there are one or two characters. China also had long used silver ingots as a medium of exchange and these two kinds of currency were mostly used in the Chu state, the Three Jin states (Han, Wei and Zhao) and the Zhongshan state.

As for the beginning of the history of Chinese currency, some Chinese academics claim that it starts from the coins of the Spring and Autumn period, while others think it should be calculated from the period of metal barter. How to calculate the history of Chinese currency still needs to be discussed. We believe that the history of currency should include two stages: metal currency and physical currency. When it comes to the history, we cannot omit the physical currency stage. If we make the emergence of ‘coins' as the standard, we can call the period after the metal currency period the ‘narrowly defined monetary history stage' and the period before the emergence of the original currency or physical currency the ‘generalized defined monetary history stage'.

The Xia Dynasty (2070-1600 BC) existed for a few hundred years, so we can't imagine what it would be like without an intermediate medium for exchange, whether for domestic or foreign exchange. According to the above discussion, it seems that the commodity money (such as cowrie shells) originated from the Xia Dynasty or the late Neolithic Age before the Xia Dynasty (this is only speculation and needs to be confirmed). If commodity money could be traced back to the late Neolithic period, it would be accompanied by the emergence of an

original city, country and civilization. It seems that, the history of Chinese currency is not only a history of the development of economics but also an important part of the history of Chinese civilization. Of course, this problem can also be discussed in depth. Based on the above discussion, it seems we can make following assessments about the history of Chinese currency:

Cast coinage - early Spring and Autumn period, dating back about 2,700 years;

Metal barter - late Shang Dynasty, dating back about 3200 years;

Commodity money - Xia Dynasty or before Xia Dynasty, dating back about 4,000 - 5,000 years.

Huang Xiquan: The social change during the Spring and Autumn period was very intense; it was also the most interesting period for the pre-Qin currency. The predominant coins issued by the royal families of the Central Plains and the Three Jin states, were spade coins, round currency and knife coins (such as in the State of Zhao). The most common coin in the state of Yan in the northern China and state of Qi in the region of Shandong Province was the knife coin, in the latter 4

Fourthly, what about the distribution and development of all kinds of cast coinage? How should we carry out the research?

period it was accompanied by spade and round coins. The most common coins in the state of Chu in southern China were copper shell coins (ant nose), gold and silver coins, spade coins, as well as copper plaque coins. The round coins were the most prominent ones in the state of Qin in western China. The state of Wu and Yue in southeast China and state of Chu in southwest China were also at the same stage of social development, so their currencies should have different characteristics, but we are still unsure and it is believed that the bronze dagger-axe and bronze bridge were the currencies that were mostly used at that time. After the middle Warring States period, the shape of the coins gradually became smaller and more convenient, so the round coin became the best form of money and many countries began to mint coinage. Finally, the state of Qin unified the Chinese currency with the half-liang money and laid a solid foundation for the economic development of China's feudal society.

The bronze coinage which contains four main kinds of coins including cowries, spade coins, knife coins and round coins gradually came into being and developed from the late Shang Dynasty, forming a distinctive coinage culture. Copper shell coins were produced in the Shang Dynasty and declined in the Warring States period. The use of copper and shell coins started from the state of Chu and remained until late period of Warring States period. Spade coins may have arisen in the early Spring and Autumn period, because they were popular in the middle of the Warring States period and

served as the major currency in the royal court and the Three Jin states. Knife coins may have been produced in the Spring and Autumn period, prevailed until late Warring States period and served as the major currency among the Baidi people and in the states of Zhongshan, Yan, Qi, Zhao and other countries until the Qin Dynasty unified the six states and abolished the currency. Round money generated in the Warring States period served as the major currency in the state of Qin, in the Three Jin states, and in the states of Yan and Qi. Round money had always been the main form of ancient Chinese coins until it was abolished in the early Republic of China.

As for the research of the pre-Qin currency, it should focus on: 1. the origin of the currency; 2. the discovery, distribution and related issues about metal barter; 3. the generation time of the spade coin; the evolution of spade coins with various shapes and the relationship between them; 4. the original of the knife coins and the relationship between different kinds of knife coins; 5. issues relating to the spade coin of the state of Chu and the gold coins; 6. The origin and circulation of round coins; 7. the relationship between the name of the currency and historical geography; 8 the function of Qin Shi Huang's unification of the currency.

character and some features that can't be interpreted completely?

Huang Xiquan: Pre-Qin currency inscriptions refer to the words cast or engraved on pre-Qin commodity money including copper, tin, lead, gold, silver and jade, silk, etc., all of which belong to a branch of ancient Chinese texts, usually attributed to the content of the Warring States period character research. Similar to contemporary seals, pottery, stone, treaty of alliance, bamboo, silk manuscripts inscriptions, the characteristics are full of features. However, due to the limitations of the scope of the writing and the different writing styles used in different states, the texts have different configurations and the interpretation of the text becomes more difficult. In my book Characteristics of Pre-Qin Currency Characters , I summarized as follows: 1. simple text form; 2. form changes; 3. make full use of the strokes of Chinese characteristics; 4. present different font styles; 5. make the best of the font style and shape, and all of these have been incorporated into my book Research of Pre-Qin Currency, which you can read.

Fifthly: Can you talk about the characteristics of the pre-Qin currency

The majority of the currency texts that have already been found have been properly interpreted by scholars of paleography. As for the remaining texts, the glyph of some is not clear enough, some are too simple to identify, some are not so easily interpreted today, some can be interpreted but the context cannot be understood, so new findings and related materials are needed to provide new information. For example, although the

texts on the spade and the copper coins of the State of Chu can be interpreted, interpretation of the meanings are divergent. Another example, a few years ago, there was a round coin with an uncertain inscription and context. Later, I found some useful information from a Chu bamboo book at Tsinghua University, I identified the inscription as ‘Yingze', located in Hua County of Hebei Province belonging to the State of Wei. Then I wrote an article Analysis of a Rare Ancient Round Coin: An Excavated Inscription and a Traditional Text Verify Each Other, which was published in the fourth series of Qinghua University's magazine Excavated Inscriptions , published by the West Publishing House, 2013. Those interested can refer to it.

Huang Xiquan: Coin collecting is similar to other forms of collecting, and is an interesting cultural activity. People collect coins for joy or to gain specialized knowledge. Whatever the outcome, the growth of the collecting activities increases the knowledge of coins for the collector, promotes the culture of collecting and promotes in-depth relevant academic research.

Collecting and research cannot be equated. Collecting needs study, while research aims to understand a collection. The two complement each other. Collectors can gain experience and increase their knowledge by collecting, if there is no in-depth study, it is difficult to verify the authenticity, which can't improve the quality of the collection, but would result in large economic losses.

Sixthly, coin collecting continues to become more and more popular among people. What's your opinion about coin collecting, currency research and today's coin market?

a Warring State Period round coin(obverse) with the design of " 環 ", 43mm, 13g

In fact, collecting is one kind of art, even a learned skill. Faced with the popularity of collecting and some non-standard market phenomenon, collectors should know how to collect rationally, how to tell truth from falsehood and how to combine collecting and research. All of these questions need to be thought about.

I think the main purpose of collecting is to cultivate character, increase knowledge and preserve heritage for the state or nation. A minority of people collect for money, and strictly speaking, this behavior is not really ‘collecting', because it is different from the essence of collecting. Currently, the overall situation of coin collecting is quite normal, but also has exposed some worrying phenomenon which makes many collectors confused. If some person or company wants to use hype for making money and have some quick success, to some extent, the impact of this negative impact would influence the activity of the collectors and would potentially fuel speculative reselling or wrongdoing, and also to some extent interfere with the normal market order, affecting social harmony.

For a long period of time, basic research on coinage has focused on the shape, writing style, weight and fineness of the metal which belongs to the category of epigraphy. In fact, we can uncover the history of a number of phenomena through research of coins of all ages. We can't simply research the money, but we also should combine it with economy, finance, archaeology, history, ancient writing, science and technology. Only in this way will the unresolved questions on ancient coins receive scientific validation and interpretation.

原刊載於《東亞泉志》第

黃錫全談先秦貨幣的有關問題

◎ 袁水清〔西安〕

丙申年（2016年）孟春榖旦，筆者受 《東亞泉志》編輯部之托，就“先秦 貨幣的有關問題”採訪了著名的中國 古文字與古代貨幣研究專家、歷史學 博士黃錫全教授。黃教授曾擔任過湖 北省文物考古隊副隊長、執教過武漢 大學歷史系考古文博專業，進京後曾 擔任中國錢幣博物館館長、中國錢幣 學會副理事長兼秘書長、國際錢幣與 銀行博物館委員會執委（ICOMON） 等，退休後繼續擔任國家文物鑒定委 員會委員、中國錢幣學會學術委員會 副主任、《中國錢幣》編委會主任等。

這次訪談重點圍繞以下幾個問題進行：

一、黃先生，您在古文字學、考古學、 楚史楚文化、文物鑒定及先秦貨幣等 方面都有深入的研究，先後出版過不 少學術論著，成果頗豐。你是如何對 這一艱難的領域產生興趣並不斷攀登 高峰的？

黃錫全： 我本來是學考古的，畢業於 北大考古專業，分配至湖北省博物館 工作，先後參與主持過湖北荊州楚故 都紀南城遺址和隨州曾侯乙大墓的田 野考古發掘工作。考古工作經常會遇 到古文字材料，如青銅器、竹簡、帛 書之類，沒有古文字學基礎難以釋讀 及解決有關問題。1978年正好趕上研 究生恢復招生，我就報考了吉林大學 古文字專業的研究生，師從著名古文 字學家于省吾教授。1985年初分配至 武漢大學任教。湖北是楚國歷史文化 的發源地，地上地下文物極為豐富，

中國古文字與古代貨幣研究專家、歷史學博士黃錫全教授

教學之余偏重于楚史楚文化的研究。 1992年，中國人民銀行成立了中國錢 幣博物館，需要研究人員，於是我就 被調到中國錢幣博物館工作。由於中 國先秦貨幣多有銘文，因工作與專業 的需要又側重於先秦貨幣的研究。博 物館陳列展覽及研究需要徵集實物， 涉及到文物辨別真偽的問題。故我的 研究涉及的範圍就包括了您所說的諸 方面。經過系統的專業學習與訓練， 又有名師指導，加之刻苦勤奮，在實 踐中遇到有關問題一般多能應對並有 所收穫，發表了一些論著，但不算多， 貢獻還不夠大。

二、我們知道，先秦時期經歷時間長， 跨度大，離現在久遠，幾乎沒有多少 關於當時貨幣情況的記載。我們為什 麼還要研究這個時期的貨幣？有哪些

困難點？

黃錫全： 中國貨幣是世界貨幣發展史 中的重要組成部分，歷史悠久，源遠 流長，研究中國乃至世界的經濟、文化、 科技、政治等諸多領域離不開歷代貨 幣，尤其是早期貨幣。然而，由於種 種原因，記錄中國使用貨幣的早期文 獻不是很多，不少貨幣史中的疑難問 題未能得到解決。因此，研究中國早 期貨幣的歷史及其發展變化，就會遇 到不少困難。比如中國貨幣歷史究竟 有多久，或者如何計算中國貨幣的歷 史，海貝究竟是不是貨幣，實物貨幣 算不算貨幣，各種貨幣是如何演變的？ 等等這些問題，是瞭解、研究中國貨 幣歷史不能回避的問題。先秦文獻涉 及貨幣的記載有限，需要依賴貨幣實 物進行研究，傳世的實物還不是很多，

所以寄希望於不斷有新的貨幣實物發 現，新的有關材料面世。

研究先秦貨幣還有不少問題與環節不 是很清楚，需要不斷的總結與探究。

目前的困難主要有：一是新材料還不 是很多；二是有些貨幣文字一時還不 能準確釋讀、理解；三是各方面的研 究還不夠深入。尤其是對已經發現的 涉及貨幣方面的材料還缺乏系統的收 集、整理與研究。

三、先秦貨幣包括原始貨幣、金屬稱 量貨幣、金屬鑄幣等，對它們的起源 與發展以及貨幣歷史有何見解？

黃錫全： 先秦貨幣，就是秦始皇統一 中國以前出現的貨幣，包括原始貨幣、 金屬稱量貨幣和金屬鑄幣等。原始貨 幣即實物貨幣，就是由那些經常處在 流通中並成為主要交換對象的商品來 充當。在我國先秦時期，根據文獻和 考古發現，以及學術界的研究，生產 工具、糧食、布帛、牲畜、皮革、齒角、 龜殼、珠玉、海貝等都充當過交換媒介。

後來因交易不便，有的逐漸被淘汰。

在中國，後來最主要的可能還是集中 在糧食、布帛、牲畜等和外來交換物 品海貝上。由於實物貨幣多有缺點， 或過於笨重，或不易分割，或攜帶不便， 或易於腐爛磨損，或供不應求，或不 宜儲藏等，因此，隨着社會的發展和 商品經濟的擴大，實物貨幣逐漸被金 屬貨幣所取代。

金屬貨幣是冶煉技術發明和提高、生 產工具發生劃時代變革以後的產物。 在我國，最先出現的金屬貨幣是銅或 青銅，先出現稱量貨幣，然後又發展 為鑄幣。同時，隨着生產力的發展和 商品交換的擴大，具有很多優點的金 和銀也成為貨幣的一種。

根據目前的材料，金屬稱量貨幣的出 現只能推到商周，但其開始產生很可 能在夏代，而且還有可能發生在“銅 石並用”時代，“只是簡單的按重量 交換罷了”。這是因為夏代的銅器製 作已具有相當高的水準，“銅石並用” 時代已出現紅銅和青銅，銅在當時應 是非常貴重而有價值的物品。金屬稱 量貨幣一直延續至春秋，早期與貝幣 並行，晚期與鑄幣並行。金屬鑄幣時期， 大致在奴隸制完全確立時期，估計夏代 應該有鑄幣，目前能夠見到實物者為 商代後期。安陽殷墟出土的銅鑄貝是 其物證。銅布幣來源於農具鏟，很可 能萌芽于殷周時期。金、銀屬於稱量 貨幣，大約始於春秋中期。黃金稱量 貨幣有冶煉澆鑄的金版、金餅、金貝 等；白銀稱量貨幣有冶煉澆鑄的銀鏟、 銀版、銀餅，及銀布幣、銀貝等，主 要流通于楚，並見於三晉及中山國等。

學術界或主張中國貨幣歷史應從春秋 鑄幣算起，或主張應從金屬稱量貨幣 時算起，見仁見智。怎樣計算中國貨 幣的歷史，還需要討論。我們認為， 貨幣歷史應包括金屬貨幣及實物貨幣 兩個階段。談其歷史，不能割斷實物 貨幣階段。如以鑄幣的出現劃線，似 可將金屬鑄幣以後的階段稱之為狹義 的貨幣歷史階段，將原始貨幣或實物 貨幣出現以後的階段稱之為廣義的貨 幣歷史階段。

夏代作為一個存在數百年的王朝，無 論是國內經營還是對外交往，如果沒 有交換的中間媒介是不可想像的。根 據上面論述，似可將實物貨幣（包括 海貝）的時間暫且推定在夏代或夏代 以前的新石器時代晚期（這一推測還 要根據中國文明史的確認而定）。實 物貨幣如可追溯至新石器時代晚期， 與原始城市、國家的出現、文明的起

源相伴隨。似乎可以這樣認為，中國 貨幣的歷史，就是一部中國經濟發展 史，也是中國文明史中的重要組成部 分。當然，這個問題還可以深入討論。 根據以上論述，目前似可將中國貨幣 歷史作如下估定：

金屬鑄幣——春秋早期前後，距今約 2700年左右;

金屬稱量貨幣——商晚期前後，距今 約3200年左右;

實物貨幣——夏代或夏代以前，距今 約4000－5000年左右。

四、各種金屬鑄幣的分佈區域及起止 情況如何？需要在哪些方面開展研 究？

黃錫全： 春秋戰國時期的社會變革最 為激烈，也是先秦貨幣中最為多姿多 彩的時期。中原的王室、三晉主要流 行布幣，也流行圜錢和刀幣，如趙國。 北方的燕和山東的齊主要流行刀幣， 後期伴行布幣和圜錢。南方的楚主要 流行銅貝幣和金、銀幣，以及布幣和 銅錢牌。西方的秦以流行圜錢為主。 東南的吳越及西南的巴蜀，當時也都 處於大致相同的社會發展階段，各自 應具有不同特點的貨幣，但目前的情 況還不是很清楚，或以為青銅戈和橋 形銅器是當時使用的貨幣。戰國中期 以後，幣形、幣制逐漸向輕小便利的 方向發展，圜錢成為最佳的形式，各 國紛紛鑄行圜錢。最後，秦以方孔圜 錢“半兩”統一中國貨幣，為以後中 國封建社會的經濟發展奠定了堅實的 基礎。

以貝幣、布幣、刀幣和圜錢四大貨幣 體系為主的青銅鑄幣自商末起便先後

逐漸產生和發展，形成了別具特色的 鑄幣文化。銅貝產生于商代，衰亡于 戰國，楚國沿用至戰國末年。布幣可 能產生於春秋早期，盛行于戰國中期 前後，主要流通于周王室及三晉地區。

刀幣大約產生於春秋中期以前，盛行 至戰國晚期，主要流通于白狄、中山、 燕、齊、趙等國，至秦統一被廢止。 圜錢產生于戰國中期，主要流通于秦、 三晉及燕齊地區。秦統一後圜錢一直 成為中國古代鑄幣的主要形態，直至 民國初年廢止。

有關先秦貨幣的研究方面，大家 可側 重：1. 貨幣起源問題；2. 金屬稱量貨 幣的發現、分佈及有關問題；3. 布幣 的產生時間及各種形制布幣的演變及 相互關係問題；4. 刀幣起源及各種刀 幣的關係問題；5. 楚國布幣與黃金貨 幣問題；6. 圜錢的起源與流通問題；7. 各 種地名貨幣與歷史地理的關係問題； 8. 秦始皇統一貨幣的作用問題，等等。

五、能否談談先秦貨幣文字具有哪些 特點，還有哪些不能釋讀？

黃錫全： 先秦貨幣文字，是指鑄或刻 在先秦貨幣實物上的文字。這些實物 質地包括銅、錫、鉛、金、銀及玉、 帛等，屬於中國古文字的一個分支， 一般歸屬于戰國文字研究範疇。其與 同時代的璽印、陶文、石刻、盟書、 竹簡、帛書等類似，具有較濃的時代 特色。然因受到書寫範圍的局限及國 別不同，文字構形有別等因素，增加 了釋讀的困難。我曾撰有《先秦貨幣 文字形體特徵舉例》，將有關特點大 致歸納為：1. 形體簡省；2. 變化形體； 3. 借用筆劃；4. 筆劃穿出與收縮；5. 借 筆、重形、合書等，已收進我的《先 秦貨幣研究》文集，大家可留意參閱。

目前發現的貨幣文字，經過古文字學 界的共同努力，多數已得到正確釋讀。 餘下者，或字形不夠清晰，或簡省厲 害一時難以確定，或新見之字一時不 易釋讀，或文字能夠釋讀但文義不明 等，這些還有待新的發現與相關文字 材料提供新的信息。比如，楚國布幣、 銅幣上的文字，雖能夠釋讀，但對其 含義理解則分歧較大。又如，前幾年 見到的一枚圜錢，文字釋讀及文義不 明。後來清華大學藏戰國楚簡中出現 了重要信息，我據此考證其為地名“環 （bó）”，即“熒澤”，位於河北 滑縣，屬衛。遂撰寫了《解析一枚珍 稀圜錢―出土文獻、傳世文獻、古幣 文字互證之一例》，刊於清華大學《出 土文獻》第 4 輯，由中西書局 2013 年 刊出。有興趣者可以查閱。

戰國“環 ”圜錢（正面）， 直徑 43mm，重 13g

六、目前收藏不斷升溫，大有全民收 藏之勢，對於錢幣收藏與研究以及當 今錢幣市場有何看法？

黃錫全： 錢幣收藏與其他收藏一樣， 也是一種高雅的文化活動。或出於愛 好，或為了學習某一方面的知識，或 為了某種追求、達到某種目的去收藏 錢幣。不論結果如何，其收藏活動客 觀上增長了收藏者的錢幣知識，宣傳 了貨幣歷史文化，促進了相關學術研

究的深入。

其實，收藏還是一門藝術，更是一門 學問。面對目前社會出現的“收藏熱” 及市場中一些不規範的現象，收藏界 如何進行理性收藏，怎樣辨別真偽， 怎樣將收藏與研究有機地結合起來， 則是需要大家冷靜思考的問題。

我認為，收藏主要是陶冶情操、增長 知識、為國家或民族保存文物。至於 只是為了賺錢而去搞所謂的“收藏”， 那是少數，嚴格說，這種行為並不是 真正的“收藏”，其與一般所說的收 藏品可以增值有本質的不同。目前， 錢幣收藏領域總的情況還算正常，但 暴露出的某些現象也令人擔憂，使不 少收藏者感到困惑。如有的人或公司 為賺錢而刻意炒作，急功近利，這種 負面影響一定程度影響到一般收藏者 的積極性，無形中助長了投機倒賣者 的不法行為，也一定程度干擾了市場 的正常秩序，影響了社會的和諧。

收藏與研究不能等同。收藏需要研究， 而研究需要懂得收藏，二者相輔相成， 有機結合。收藏者通過收藏，可以積 累經驗，增長知識，倘若沒有深入的 研究，就難以辨別真偽，不僅提高不 了收藏的檔次，而且還會造成較大的 經濟損失。

在相當長的一段時間裡，研究錢幣基 本停留在對其形制、書體、重量、金 屬成色的考證上，屬於金石學的範疇。 事實上，我們透過歷代錢幣實物，可 以揭示歷史上若干現象，不能單純的 就錢論錢，而應該與經濟學、金融學、 考古學、歷史學、古文字學、科學技 術等方面結合起來。只有這樣，以往 一些難以明斷的古錢才能得到科學的 驗證和解釋。

David Chio: Must Greatly Maintain the Macau Numismatic Society

◎ Yuan Shuiqing〔Xi'an〕

The Macau Numismatic Society was founded in 1988, and since then has become a major player in the Greater Chinese collecting sector. The Society's leading figure is David Chio.

David Chio was born in 1957 in Macau. After much hard work, he obtained a diploma in Interior Design from the Chinese University of Hong Kong in 1976. Later in his career he received an EMBA degree from Tsinghua University in 2007, obtained a Master of Business Administration (MBA) from the University of Wales in 2008, and achieved a national level certificate in Psychological Counseling in China in 2011. Currently he works as both Design Director and Head of the Board of Directors of David Chio Design Firm, Supervisor of the Macau Institute of Psychology, Chairman of the Interior Designers Association, Director of the Philatelic Association, President of the Association of the Institute of painting, President of the Macau Numismatic Society and other positions (13 titles in total). Chio has won the Macau Design Competition three times, as well as the Australian quick shot shooting and standard pistol championship in 2012. In 2016, he was appointed as the third National Numismatic Collection Expo's presidium consultant.

From David Chio's many titles, it's not difficult to see that he is a busy and energetic man with wide-ranging interests. Yet out of all of his jobs, he focuses mainly on numismatics and leading the Macau Numismatic Society.

On September 7, 2012, David Chio led a delegation to the Xi'an Numismatic Society on an academic exchange. This is where I had the honor of meeting him (Pic. 1). I was impressed by his open-mind and how warm yet professional he was. We met multiple times after that while participating in national numismatic activities. I saw his exhibit of rare banknotes, witnessed his organizational skills, and listened to his wonderful speeches. So I think I've come to understand Macau's leading numismatic figure. He is responsible for introducing the finer

points of numismatic collection to his peers, and that's why I included him in my book, 100 Top Chinese Numismatic Collector Interviews. On December 5, 2016, I had the privilege of an exclusive interview with Mr. David Chio, which I've shared with you below.

David Chio, Chairman of the Macau Numismatic Society, today's interview is focused on collecting for numismatic purposes and its research aspects.

Pic. 1-1 (from left) David Chio, Yuan Shuiqing and Lv Ganzhou (vice president of Macau Numismatic Society) on September 7, 2012

Pic. 1-2 A photo of the author and David Chio, taken on July 22, 2017

Yuan Shui Qing (YSQ): I would like to ask you now as the leader of the Macau Numismatic Society, how have you managed to keep the association going so consistently? In addition, how did you start your own numismatic collection?

David Chio (DC): First of all, no matter how difficult it is, I must keep raising up the Macau Numismatic Society. I think in order to carry out this job consistently, one must set an example and take the lead in numismatic research. One can constantly enrich one's own collections to produce more research results. On the other hand, unit members need to start exhibiting more often, so that the work and collection of the entire society can expand together.

I used to collect stamps since when I was a student; many people collected stamps at that time. After working and having a stable income, I liked to seek out potential items for my collection during my free time. These items could include lighters, ink pens, refined handicrafts, and stamps. Once, under the Macau Ruins of St. Paul's at Travessa do Armazém Velho's market, I saw a white, unused 1972 $100 past banknote and bought it. From then on, I was in love with the ancient Macanese banknotes, and have collected them all the way until today.

YSQ: How do you systematically collect Macau banknotes and coins? What is the focus of your collection? How do you plan it out?

DC: First, I find out the history of the issuance of the currency in question, then I collect them by series. Macau currency can be divided into three series: the first series is the official issue of the Macau government, the second series goes from the year 1902 to the present, and the third series includes past banknotes issued by local civilian banks. Macau coins can also be a separate collectible series, but they have less variety. There are only a few dozens series, so they are relatively easy to collect.

Collecting Macau banknotes is comparably difficult. After all, it has less circulation and a high recycling rate, leaving very few past banknotes still extant. But they do have a lot of varieties. For example, the five dollar and 10 dollar banknotes from before Macau's reunification have seven to eight different signature editions; a complete collection would consist of two to three hundred different versions. My collection of Macau's first set of banknotes is very precious, it joined the second annual National Numismatic Collection Expo at Xiamen in 2015. Please enjoy these two 25 dollar banknotes issued by Macau Banco Nacional Ultramarino in 1907 (Pic. 2) and this 10 dollar banknote issued in 1941 (Pic. 3).

In 2017, we plan to publish the Complete Collection of Macau Circulated Banknotes , a reference work in two volumes published in the name of the Macau Numismatic Society. The compilation has already begun. There are about 700 pages, with each banknote described with as much detailed information

Pic. 2 The 25 dollar banknote (both sides) issued by Macau Banco Nacional Ultramarino on January 1, 1907, 20cm×12.6cm

Pic. 3 The 10 dollar banknote (both sides) issued by Macau Banco Nacional Ultramarino on December 26, 1941, 20cm×12.6cm

as possible. But Macau banknotes have little data in this area, especially for earlier issues. These are more difficult to find, collect, and research. This is both the focus and the hardest part of my collecting.

YSQ: It is known that you have collected misprinted banknotes from all over the world for more than 10 years, especially misprinted banknotes from China and the United States, so far more than anyone else. Collectors called you the "top collector of today's rare banknotes". Please tell us about your collection progress.

DC: The first misprinted banknote I ever collected was an American banknote. I saw it during a trip to the America during the 90s in the 20th century. I found it very special, and thought that if I can collect all kinds of misprinted and error banknotes, then I can enjoy and study them in detail. I can also improve banknote printing technology and make suggestions to quality control, so this would be a very meaningful subject. Thus I began collecting misprinted banknotes, and at this point I have more than a thousand pieces in my collection and have invested around 10 million dollars in it.

I think misprinted money is produced due to the design, the printing or even the papermaking process. It is based on human negligence, mechanical error or malfunction, having passed by chance through any and all quality checkpoints to enter the market. Misprinted banknotes can be divided into 15 categories, including folding white, folding, cover white, corner ear, shift, reverse printing, inverted cover, wrong number, leak cover, overprint, print through, wrong version, water through print and other errors. For example, here I have a 50 dollar Chinese People's Bank of China banknote issued in 1990. It has an inverted watermark (Pic. 4). Here, a United States 1935 edition of the one dollar banknote has its number and signature printed on the reverse as the result of folding (Pic. 5).

Senior Li An Shen is a famous collector of Chinese banknotes. He is also one of the first collectors of misprinted money, known as the "King of Strange Money". He loved to collect these banknotes so much that he spared no expense. I want to learn his spirit and persistence.

YSQ: How many of your books have been published? Please talk about the contents and the objectives of these books.

DC: Over the years I carefully researched and studied the items in my collection. Based upon this intense interest, I compiled and officially published three books (Pic. 6).

The first book is called the Daqing Hand-Painted Postcards Art Appreciation and Collection . It was published in conjunction with the Associacao de Artes e Pintura Hang Ian de Macau, the Macau SAR Government Cultural Affairs Bureau, and the Macao Foundation in September 2012. Like I said earlier, when I was young I had a collection of stamps, and I really enjoyed early Chinese postcards. This first book introduces the early Chinese hand-painted postcards produced during the Qing Dynasty, which feature very detailed and beautiful Chinese paintings.

Pic. 4 A 50 dollar Chinese People's Bank of China banknote with an inverted watermark (obverse) issued in 1990

Pic. 5 An United States 1935 edition of the one dollar banknote with its number and signature printed on the reverse as the result of folding

They were sold to foreigners to mail back home. It advertises Chinese culture, so it is a very good method.

The second book is called Huayang Strange Banknotes: Chinese and Foreign Misprinted Notes Appreciation. It is coauthored by myself and the Chairman of the Macau Chinese Banknote Association, Chen Yaoguang. He has collected a lot of misprinted banknotes from the Qing Dynasty and the Republic period, and I have a lot of misprinted RMB and US banknotes, so we really hit it off compiling this book. It was published by the Macau Numismatic Society in December 2015. You might have seen it before - it was the first publication in China that introduced misprinted money. The book features thorough descriptions of the causes of the misprintings, their historical backgrounds, their values, and how to distinguish between genuine and fake banknotes. I believe it allows readers to completely understand this field of banknote collecting.

The third book is called the Xiang Yin Ji Yu - Chinese Modern Hat Emblem Album . It was co-authored by the Macau Numismatic Society's Overseas Executive Director Huang Xiao Tan and published by Associacao de Artes e Pintura Hang Ian de Macau in November 2016. This book describes the folk hat flower. In the past, after a child was born, he or she wore a hat with a decorative cap flower; rich adults' hats have gems. This custom is popular along the Jiangnan area, and is most common in the Northeast. Hat decoration is a craft and a folk art, and such studies have not been seen before.

YSQ: According to the evaluation from a Macau Numismatic Society vice president, you are a rare kind of contributor due to your selfless dedication of people, money, effort, time - which is the main reason for the Macau Numismatic Society's rapid development in such a short period of time. I would like to ask you, what major contributions have you made since you were elected as president of the Macau Numismatic Society?

DC: The Macau Numismatic Society was established in 1988 under the club's first chairman, Chen Meng. I joined the Society in 2011 and was recommended and elected as the president. With the support of the Macao SAR government and help from the Board of Supervisors, my six years of major work include:

1.) Organizing the annual academic exchange with Chinese mainland provincial and municipal numismatic societies. From 2012 onwards, we have visited numismatic clubs in Xi'an, Beijing, Shanghai, Hefei, Kunming and other places. In 2017, we will go to Hangzhou and Zhejiang Province to exchange with

Pic. 6 Three books of David Chio

Pic. 7 Macau Money Aspect 2012-2016 issue

their numismatic societies.

2.) Holding an annual numismatic exhibition, exchange, and auction week in Macau. Over the past three years we have worked together quite happily with Macau Champion Auction company's president Michael Chou. While our society is a nonprofit club, in 2016 we tried to add business elements into it and the effect has been a good one. Macau citizens have good reactions to it, and citizens from the mainland China, Taiwan and Hong Kong also have good reactions to it.

3.) From 2012 onwards, publishing the annual exhibition special issue of Macau Money Aspect. It includes the latest research and studies from our members (Pic. 7). These initiatives have contributed greatly to the numismatic collection and to academic exchanges, expanding the influence of the club.

YSQ: What is different about the current Macau Numismatic Society compared to the past? What are your plans for the future?

DC: There have been three main changes.

First the board became bigger. Previously, there were only a few dozen members; now we have 600 members from all over the country. Many well-known collectors have joined, as well.

Second, the club holds more activities. Each month there are members' auctions (Pic. 8), member exchanges, and numismatic

forums held by the club. At each event there are over 100 members participating. By the end of each year we sum up all the recognitions (Pic. 9), so that the club's organization is greatly enhanced.

Third is how we solved the problem of funding the club's activities. In other regions, a lack of funding can be a bottleneck that restricts a club's healthy development. Our activities can resolve or greatly reduce such problems. The Macau Foundation and the Culture Bureau have focused on our activities since 2012. We have received funding for support. Although it's not a lot, this monetary support shows that the SAR Government recognizes us. Plus, a number of the club's honorary presidents donate generously to the club and the Macau Champion Auction Company helps us organize charity auctions. Add in membership fees from club members, and our activity funds are doing well.

About the club's future: I plan to unite the members, and to enhance the research value of its numismatic collections--this is the Macao Numismatic Society's mission. Maintaining this club is part of my career, therefore I must do my best while serving as chair, sparing no effort. I am confident this club will do better in the future. Of course, it also depends on the development of the national economy, as well as the development of Macau. Our main goals are to collect and study money, to increase the growth and scope of our collection, to publish more studies and books, to run the annual exhibition, to compile the special issue of Macau Money Aspect , and to join the ranks of the world's most advanced numismatic societies.

Pic. 8 The member auction of the Macau Numismatic Society held in June 2016

Pic. 9 The 2015 annual meeting of Macau Numismatic Society

原刊載於《東亞泉志》第 8 期

趙康池：“我一定要扛好澳門錢幣學會這面大旗”

◎ 袁水清〔西安〕

1988年誕生的澳門錢幣學會，以其獨特的生存方式，穩步 向前發展，並在大中華泉界嶄露頭角。這支隊伍現在的舉旗 人，名叫趙康池。

趙康池，1957年出生於澳門。經過刻苦求學，1976年取得 香港中文大學室內設計文憑，2007年獲清華大學高級管理 人員工商管理碩士（EMBA）學位，2008年獲英國威爾士 大學工商管理碩士（MBA）學位，2011年取得中國國家一 級心理諮詢師證書。現身兼趙康池設計事務所設計總監、董 事總經理，澳門心理研究學會監事長、室內設計師協會會長、 集郵協會監事長、行隱畫藝學會會長、錢幣學會理事長等 13個職務。三次榮獲澳門設計大賽獎項，2012年奪得全澳 射擊速射及標準手槍比賽總冠軍。2016年被聘為第三屆全 國錢幣收藏博覽會主席團顧問。

從趙康池的諸多頭銜不難看出，他是一位興趣廣泛、精力充 沛的大忙人，而專注澳門幣鈔和世界錯體鈔收藏，當好澳門 錢幣學會舉旗人，則是他最為重要的工作之一。

2012年9月7日，趙康池率團到訪西安錢幣學會並進行學 術交流，我倆有幸相識（圖1-1），他豁達、熱情、穩健、

專業的特點，給我留下深刻印象。之後，我俩又多次在全國 性的錢幣界活動中見面，看到了他參展的珍稀紙幣，目睹了 他的組織能力，聆聽了他的精彩演講，於是，全面瞭解這位 澳門錢幣界領軍人物，把他在錢幣收藏方面的閃光點介紹給 同行，便鎖定在我撰寫“百位中國錢幣收藏名家訪談錄”計 劃之中。2016年12月5日，我在澳門對趙康池先生進行了 專訪；2017年7月22日，我又在武漢·第四屆全國錢幣收 藏博覽會上，與趙先生進一步作了交流(圖1-2)。現將兩次 訪談整理如下，與同道分享。

一 趙理事長，今天着重就錢幣收藏與研究方面的內容採訪 您。請問，您現在作為澳門錢幣學會的舉旗人，怎樣才能把 這面旗扛穩舉高？另外，您是如何與錢幣收藏結緣的？

趙康池：首先表示，我一定要扛好澳門錢幣學會這面大旗， 無論遇到多大困難。我認為，這面旗要扛穩舉高，一方面要

圖 1-1 左起：趙康池、袁水清、呂幹洲（澳門錢幣學會副 理事長）——2012.9.7 攝

圖 1-2 在武漢·第四屆全國錢博會上採訪趙康池 2017.7.22 攝

率先垂範，在錢幣收藏研究中做出表率，不斷豐富自己的藏 品，多出研究成果。一方面團結會員，多開展活動，使錢幣 學會的工作有聲有色。

我本來是在學生時代收藏郵票，那時收集郵票的人多。參加 工作以後，有了經濟收入，業餘時間喜歡去找收藏品，打火 機、墨水筆、精製工藝品、郵票都玩過。有一次在澳門牌坊 腳下的爛鬼樓小市場看到有一張白色的、流通過的1972年 壹佰圓紙幣，便買下了。由此愛上澳門的老紙幣，一路收藏 到現在。

二 您是如何系統收集澳門紙幣和硬幣的？收集的重點是哪

圖 2 澳門大西洋國海外匯理銀行貳拾伍圓券（正、反），20cm×12.6cm，1907 年 1 月 1 日簽發

圖 3 澳門大西洋國海外匯理銀行拾圓券（正、反），20cm×12.6cm，1941 年 12 月 26 日簽發

些品種？有何計劃？

趙康池：我首先弄清了澳門貨幣的發行歷史，然後系統收集。

澳門紙幣的收藏可分為三個系列：第一個系列是澳門政府正 式發行的紙幣，即從1902年到現在全部流通過的紙幣。第 二個系列是1902年到現在的樣票。第三個系列是以前民間 銀號發行的銀票。澳門流通硬幣也可單獨系列收藏，不過品 種少，大概有幾十種，還是比較容易集齊。

澳門紙幣的收集比較困難，畢竟發行量少，回收率高，留存 到現在的數量很少，但是品種很多，好像回歸前一個同面值 的伍圓、拾圓券分別都有七到八個不同的簽名版，集齊後 有二三百個不同的版別。我收藏的澳門第一套紙幣很珍貴， 2015年在廈門參展第二屆全國錢幣收藏博覽會錢幣展。請 您今天先欣賞這兩張澳門大西洋國海外匯理銀行1907年發 行的貳拾伍圓券（圖2）和1941年發行的拾圓券（圖3）。

我們計劃2017年出版《澳門發行流通鈔票大全》，以澳門 錢幣學會名義出版。編撰工作已經開始，大概有700頁面， 每張紙幣儘量找到詳細的相關資料，但澳門紙幣這方面的資 料實在太少了，尤其是早期紙幣，實物更難收集，資料非常 難找。這是收集的重點和難點。

三 據瞭解，您收藏世界各國錯體鈔十多年，特別是收集的 人民幣和美元錯體鈔數量和品種之多，迄今無人超越，被泉 友稱為“當今怪鈔收藏第一人”。請介紹一下您收藏錯體鈔 的概況。

趙康池：我收藏的第一張錯體鈔是美元紙幣。是20世紀90 年代我在美國旅遊時見到的，當時感覺很特別，心想若能集 齊各類錯體鈔，既可提高欣賞趣味又可進行研究，還能為改 進印鈔技術和質檢提出中肯的建議，將是一件十分有意義的 事情。遂對錯體鈔四處收集，目前已集有千餘張，投資過千 萬元。

我認為錯體鈔是由於設計、印刷乃至造紙過程中，基於人為 的疏忽，機械的誤差或故障形成，僥倖通過質檢關卡進入市 場的紙幣。錯體鈔可分為15類，包括摺白、摺印、遮白、 福耳、移位、倒印、倒蓋、錯號、漏蓋、疊印、透印、錯版、 浮水印錯體和其他錯體。例如我手中的這張中國人民銀行 1990年版伍拾圓券就是倒浮水印（圖4）、這張美國1935 年版壹元銀元券就是摺疊導致號碼和簽字背印了（圖5）。

前輩李安深是中國集鈔名家，也是最早收藏錯體紙幣的大 家，被稱為“怪鈔大王”，他對所愛品種，更是不惜重金。 我要學習他收藏紙幣的執着精神，繼續努力。

圖 4 中國人民銀行

圖 5 美國 1935 年版壹元銀元券摺疊導致號碼和簽字背印 四 您的哪幾本著作已經出版？請談談編著的起因及各本書 的內容提要。

趙康池：我這幾年對收藏的實物作了認真研究，在此基礎上， 興趣使然，編著了3本書，均正式出版（圖6）。

第一本是《大清手繪明信片藝術欣賞與收藏》，系我獨著， 澳門特區政府文化局、澳門基金會贊助, 由澳門行隱畫藝學 會於2012年9 月出版。我年輕時喜歡收藏郵品，對中國早 期明信片喜愛有加。這本書主要介紹清朝中國早期手繪明信 片，明信片上的中國畫非常精美，賣給外國人後他們再寄到 自己的家鄉，宣傳了中國文化，所以是一種很不錯的邮品。

第二本是《華洋怪鈔——中外錯體紙幣賞析圖鑒》，系我和 澳門中國紙幣學會主席陳耀光合著，他收藏有不少清朝和民 國錯體紙幣，我藏有大量人民幣和美元錯體紙幣，編著這本 書二人一拍即合，澳門錢幣學會2015年12月出版。袁老 師應該看過。這是中國首本介紹錯體紙幣的著作。該書對每 種錯體紙幣的成因、歷史背景、收藏價值，以及如何分辨真 假錯體紙幣均有詳細介紹，可使讀者對這類紙幣有一個全面 透徹的瞭解。

第三本是《祥銀吉語——圖說中國近代帽飾》，系澳門錢 幣學會海外常務理事黃孝覃和我合著，澳門行隱畫藝學會 2016年11月出版。這本書介紹了民間帽花，以前小孩出生 後，頭戴的帽子上有裝飾帽花；富貴人家成年人的帽子上有 寶石，這種風俗江南一帶流行，東北最為普遍。帽飾是民間 手工藝。這類書以前未見過。

五 據澳門錢幣學會一位副理事長評價，您是一個難得的能 為學會無私奉獻的人，出錢、出力、出時間，付出最多，這 也是學會這幾年能快速發展的主要原因。請問您當選本屆錢 幣學會理事長以來，做了哪幾件大事？

圖 6 趙康池的 3 本著作

趙康池：澳門錢幣學會1988年成立，首任理事長陳萌。我 是2011年聯繫申請加入並被推選為理事長的。在澳門特區 政府的支持和理監事會的幫助下，六年來做的主要工作： 一是每年組團與中國大陸省市級錢幣學會進行學術交流， 從2012年起，先後到訪過西安、北京、上海、合肥、昆明 等地的錢幣學會，2017年5月會去杭州與浙江省錢幣學會 交流。二是每年在澳門舉辦一次錢幣展覽、交流、拍賣活動 周。近三年與冠軍拍賣公司總裁周邁可先生攜手聯辦，合作 愉快。我們學會是非營利性社團，2016年嘗試加上商業元素， 效果不錯，澳門市民反映很好，大陸及港臺同行也反映不錯。

三是從2012年起，每年出版一本《澳門錢鈔縱橫》，作為 當年年展特刊，收錄會員錢幣研究最新成果（圖7）。這些 舉措推動了錢幣收藏和學術交流，擴大了學會的影響力。

2017年11月將首次舉辦“兩岸四地”錢幣競賽展，推動錢 幣文化活動更上一層樓。

六 請問澳門錢幣學會的現在和以前比，有什麼變化？您今 後有何打算？

趙康池：變化有三點：首先是隊伍發展壯大了。以前會員僅 幾十個人，現在600人，且遍佈全國各地，許多有名的收

藏家都加入了。其次是學會的活動多了。會員藏品拍賣（圖 8）、交流，錢幣論壇基本每月都舉行，每次有100多人參加； 每年年末進行總結表彰（圖9），使學會的凝聚力大大增強。

第三是活動經費基本解決。從其他地區看，經費缺少是制約 錢幣學會健康發展的瓶頸。我們的活動能夠如願開展，主要 是較好地解決了經費問題。澳門基金會和文化局從2012年 起開始關注我們的活動，我們申請資助獲得支持，雖然數額 不是很多，但說明特區政府認同我們。加上多位名譽會長的 慷慨解囊，冠軍拍賣公司義拍捐獻，以及會員繳納的會費，

活動經費比較充足。

關於今後的打算：團結會員，提升錢幣收藏研究品位，是澳 門錢幣學會的使命。辦好學會是我的事業，我一定要在任期 內盡職盡責，鞠躬盡瘁。有信心以後搞得更好，當然，也要 看全國經濟的發展，還有澳門的發展情況。我們的主要目標 是錢幣收藏與研究，在收藏上加大步伐，在研究上多出幾本 書，繼續辦好年展，編好特刊，躋身世界先進錢幣學會行列。

Let the World Know more About Chinese Coins：

An Interview with China Numismatic Museum Director Zhou Weirong

◎ Yuan Shuiqing〔Xi'an〕

Zhou Weirong, Director of the Chinese Numismatic Museum (2014.10-2024.02), Researcher, Doctoral Supervisor. He is the Secretary General of the Chinese Numismatic Society and Chairman of the Academic Committee of the Chinese Numismatic Society. He is also a Doctoral Supervisor of the University of Chinese Academy of Sciences and a Guest Professor of the University of Chinese Academy of Social Sciences, Nanjing University, University of Science and Technology Beijing, and Hebei Normal University.

Chinese currency, with its long history, is one of the most wonderful currencies. Chinese coins, with their great profundity, are known around the world. One of the major tasks of the bilingual Journal of East Asian Numismatics is to promote the exchange of numismatic cultures between China and the West, introduce Chinese coins to foreign countries, and introduce foreign numismatic culture to China. To this end, I conducted an interview with Mr. Zhou Weirong, the director of the Chinese Numismatic Museum on January 26, 2024. (Fig. 1)

Zhou——Zhou Weirong

Yuan——Yuan shuiqing

Yuan:

Hello, Mr. Zhou! We are old acquaintances. Two years ago, I accompanied Mr. Michael Chou, President of Champion Auction and Editor-in-Chief and Publisher of the Journal of East Asian Numismatics, to visit you twice. The first visit was to listen to your suggestions for further development of the journal, and the second was to ask for your opinion on the Top Chinese Coins - Third Edition (Fig. 2). After we sat down, you answered the questions with clear points of view. Although the conversation was short, I had a deep impression.

Fig. 2 Group photo taken in the office of Zhou Weirong on August 19, 2020.

From left: Yuan Shuiqing, Zhou Weirong, Michael Chou

Fig. 1 Recent photo of Mr. Zhou Weirong

Zhou:

First of all, thank you for the interview. Michael Chou has spared no effort in promoting the international exchange of numismatics over the years and has been regarded as the "Overseas Chinese Coin Digger" by the numismatic community. He has been traveling in Mainland China, Hong Kong, Macau, and Taiwan and countries in Europe, North America, and Southeast Asia for many years, participating in numismatic activities and promoting Sino-foreign numismatic exchanges, which are well recognized in the numismatic community. JEAN is well-run and has its own style. There will be opportunities for more cooperation in the future.

Yuan:

Thank you! This interview will be divided into four parts. First, please give an introduction to the Chinese Numismatic Museum, the Chinese Numismatic Society, and the museum journal 'Chinese Numismatics' (《 中國 錢幣 》). Also, please introduce a few major events you have done during your term of office in terms of reform as well as your personal academic achievements.

Yuan:

The Chinese Numismatic Museum is the main window to show Chinese coins to the world. Although the official website has a brief introduction to the museum, people would like to know more about it. I know that Dai Zhiqiang ( 戴志強 ) was the first director of the museum, the second was Huang Xiquan ( 黃錫全 ), the third was Li Ming ( 李明 ), and you are the current one. May I ask when your museum was founded and where is the original site? Which institution was housed in the current site of the museum in the Republic of China?

Zhou:

Zhou:

Okay. The numismatic museum is a place for collecting, protecting, researching, and displaying items that have witnessed human monetary culture and monetary and economic activities. Then I'll start by introducing the Chinese Numismatic Museum. What do you want to know?

The Chinese Numismatic Museum was founded in 1992 in the building of the People's Bank of China, and later moved to No.17 Xijiaominxiang Alley which was a financial district in the late Qing and Republican periods. The current exhibition building is the former site of the Commercial Guarantee Bank of Chihli. (Fig. 3)

Fig. 3 Chinese Numismatic Museum

Yuan:

It is reported that the National Museum of China has a collection of 200,000 coins, including 1,800 rarities. I have visited its special exhibition, the ancient Chinese coin exhibition. Your museum is directly affiliated with the People's Bank of China, as a top national-level numismatic museum in the industry, with more than 300,000 pieces (sets) of coins from all ages. All the best coins are gathered there. The number and variety of collectibles top domestic numismatic museums. The 'Selected Collection of the Chinese Numismatic Museum' (《中國錢幣博物館藏品選》), compiled by the museum, shows some of the finest pieces in the collection. How many pieces (sets) of them are rare? Please introduce the rarities of the ancient coin collection first.

Our museum has not formally announced a rare collection, but according to my understanding over the years, there are no less than 1,000 rare coins in the collection. For example, we have a hollow-head spade coin inscribed with zhong yi huang jin [ 重以黃釿 ], knife coins of yin yang [ 圁陽 ] area, six-character knife coin from the State of Qi, a copper plate coin inscribed with shijinyizhu [ 視 金一朱 , the value of the plate coin is equal to 1 zhu], gold and silver shell coins of the Warring States, horseshoeshaped gold ingots of the Qin and Han dynasties, gold wu zhu [ 五銖 ] coins of the Han dynasty, silver ingot issued by Yang Guo-Zhong ( 楊國忠 ) in the Tang dynasty, boatshaped silver ingots of the Tang dynasty, gold ingots inscribed with su zhai han wu lang [Hang Wu-lang of the Su's], silver ingots inscribed with cheng an bao huo [legal tender in the Empire Cheng'an's reign] of the Jin dynasty, a bronze paper money plate inscribed with sheng zhi hui yi jiao chao [ 聖旨回易交鈔 , paper notes issued under the imperial edict] (Fig. 4) of the Jin dynasty (Fig. 5).

Fig. 4 Copper plate for the paper money of the Jin Dynasty

Fig. 5 The mold of gong shi nv qian (公式女 錢 ) of the Southern Dynasty unearthed from Nanjing

Yuan:

What are some of the rare vintage coins in the museum collection?

The vintage coin is a specialty collection of our museum with a large number of rarities. For example, a Sun Yat-sen Founding of the Republic of China One Dollar Silver Coin Gold Pattern (Fig. 6), a 1914 Yuan Shikai Gold Dollar, a Yuan Shikai Republican Commemorative One Dollar Silver Coin Gold Pattern, Tang Chi-Yao Commemorative gold coins, a 1920 Nye Sze Chung Commemorative Gold Coin minted by the Anching Mint, 1921 Hsu Shih-Chang Medals, a Tuan Qi-Jui Commemorative Silver Dollar Gold Pattern, a Civil Tsao Kun Constitution Gold Coin, a Military Tsao Kun Cross-Flag Gold Coin, 1906 and 1907 Empire Gold Taels, a 1911 Empire Short Whisker Dragon Dollar Silver, and 1 mace and 2 mace Sinkiang Ration gold coins.

Zhou:

Zhou:

Yuan:

What are the key collections of modern coins issued by the People's Bank of China? Is the first set of RMB in your museum complete? Is there a 2000 10 kg millennium commemorative gold coin?

Zhou:

Almost all the coins issued by the People's Bank of China are in our museum. The first set of RMB is complete, and the other sets of RMB are also complete. We have the 2000 10 kg millennium commemorative gold coin and also a 5kg Gold Coin Commemorating the 10th Anniversary of the Gold Panda Coin. In terms of the modern precious metal coins, our museum is the top domestically.

Zhou:

Fig. 6 Gold pattern of the Sun Yat Sen One Dollar Silver Commemorating the Birth of the Republic of China

According to the information, the National Numismatic Collection of the National Museum of American History has 1.6 million coins, including Chinese coins. The American Numismatic Society also has a number of Chinese coins in its collection. Your museum has coins from more than 100 countries. How many pieces are there in your museum? What are some of the well-known coins?

Our museum has more than 3,000 foreign coins from more than 120 countries, among which there are also some famous and rare coins, such as 1588 and 1641 Spanish gold coins, 1682 and 1788 British gold coins, a 1741 Dutch gold coin, 1808 and 1834 Italian gold coins, a 1838 French gold coin, 1774 Mexican gold coins, 1826 Peru gold coins, a Portuguese Cross Silver Cake, a Spanish Phillip III silver coin, Spanish pillar dollars silver coins, Spanish Carlos III silver coins, and Dutch rider coins.

Yuan:

Please introduce the source of the museum collection. I learned from the auction market that famous Chinese coins have come out one after another. There are some unique ones and highly rare coins, breaking auction records. Most of these coins went to private collectors. For example, a mother 500-cash xian feng yuan bao cash coin [ 咸豐元 寶寶泉當五百雕母 ] realized RMB 11.8 million (Fig. 7), a trial coin of 100-cash Gansu xian feng zhong bao [ 咸 豐重寶背寶鞏當百 ] realized RMB 4.37 million (China

Fig. 7 A mother coin for 500-cash xian feng yuan bao cash coin, 58.57mm in diameter and 65.93 grams in weight, realized 233 million Yen at Taisei Auction on Apr. 29, 2022.

Yuan:

Guardian 2023 Spring Auction), the Fengtien Tael realized RMB 46.575 Yuan (Chengxuan 2022 Spring Auction, as the sixth highest price for a coin to realize at a public auction), and a 5kg Gold Coin Commemorating the 10th Anniversary of the Gold Panda Coin realized over RMB 10 million (auctioned by Taisei on April 30, 2010, with a hammer price of RMB 127.6 million). Does your museum have any plans to buy such top coins and enrich the collection?

Zhou:

The coins in our museum come from a variety of sources, including those allocated by the People's Bank of China, those transferred by cultural institutes and museums, those purchased from the public, those donated by the public, and those bought from auctions. As far as the collection is concerned, our museum first considers its cultural relic value and academic value rather than its market value. At present, there is no plan to buy top coins that are sought after by the market. In fact, many of the patterns in our museum are among the top coins in the industry.

Yuan:

The collection is for display for appreciation and for research. The exhibits of your museum are divided into the Basic Chinese Currency Hall and the Special Exhibition Hall. By visiting the exhibition, you can learn about history, gain knowledge, and enjoy art. How many parts does the General Chinese Currency History Exhibition have? (Fig. 8) What special exhibitions have been organized?

8

Fig.

A partial of the General Chinese Currency History Exhibition

The General Chinese Currency History Exhibition we are now launching is a complete system from pre-Qin currency to the first set of RMB. It is arranged with time as the main line. In each period, the coins and currencies are integrated with the corresponding history. The whole exhibition covers iron coins, cash coins, gold and silver coins, coin molds, and casting techniques, in a continuum. The most notable feature of our exhibition is that it fully draws on the new achievements of the academic community and fully showcases the rarities in the collection. Therefore, most of the rarities in the collection mentioned above can be seen in this exhibition. The exhibition competed in the 2021 China Top 10 Exhibitions Competition and won a Merit Award.

In the past decade, we have organized more than 30 special exhibitions, including a specialized exhibition commemorating the millennium of the birth of paper notes, World Exotic Coin Exhibition, Arduous and Brilliant - Precious Metal Commemorative Coin Exhibition in Celebration of the 100th Anniversary of the Founding of the Communist Party of China, Remembering the Beginning, Keeping the Mission in Mind - Red Financial History Exhibition, Witnessing History - Sun Yat-sen Coin Exhibition in Commemoration of the 110th Anniversary of the Revolution of 1911, Glorious Years - Exhibition of Specialized Financial Purchase Certificates Issued by the People's Bank of China since the Founding of the People's Republic of China, Beautiful China - the Beautiful Land on the RMB, Revisiting History - People's Bank of China 70th Anniversary Exhibition, Exhibition of Coins of the State of Qi, Welcoming the 19th National Congress – Exhibition of Personal Collection of the Staff in the People's Bank of China, International Coin and Seal Art Exhibition, Choice Chinese Copper Coin Exhibition, A Great View - Exhibition of Choice Coins of Peking Mint Bureau of the Qing Dynasty, Chinese Folk Coin Exhibition, The Glory of the Overseas Chinese – Exhibition of Oversea Chinese from Wuyi, Jiangmen in Modern Times, The Silk Road Currency Exhibition, Exhibition of World Railway on Coins, Chinese Coin and Calligraphy Art Exhibition, Bank Card 30th Anniversary Exhibition, Retrospective Exhibition on the 30th Anniversary of the Issuance of China's Ordinary Commemorative Coins, and Exhibition on the Establishment of the People's Bank of China.

Your museum is a national center for the study of numismatic culture, with many talented people, strong research power, and a rich collection of numismatic objects, 13,000 books, and 5,000 journals. How many books have been compiled by your museum? What have been the new achievements in academic research in the past five years?

In the early years, the Chinese Numismatic Museum and the Chinese Numismatic Society devoted themselves to editing and publishing complete catalogs, numismatic dictionaries, and series of books. We have organized or participated in the compilation of a series of books, including 'Currency History of the Chinese Revolutionary Bases' (Financial Publishing House), a 'Chinese Numismatic Dictionary' (Chung Hwa Book Co.), 'Archive of Precious Chinese Financial Relics' (Central Party Literature Press), 'Chinese Numismatic Series' (Chung Hwa Book Co.), 'Essays on Chinese Numismatics' (Series 1-6,

Zhou:

Zhou:

Yuan:

Financial Publishing House), and 'Selected Collections of the Chinese Numismatic Museum' (Cultural Relics Press). In recent years, we have focused on encouraging and promoting the publication of scholarly works and published more than 10 books, including 'Numismatics and History of Casting' (Science Press, 2015), 'Scientific Study of Ancient Chinese Silver Ingots' (Science Press, 2017), 'Chinese Copper Coin Exhibition' (Science Press, 2017), 'History of Ancient Chinese Material CultureCurrency' (Kaiming Press, 2018), 'Research on the Casting Process of Ancient Chinese Coins' (Science Press, 2022), 'Historical Currency in China' (Science Press, 2022), and 'Coins Issued by the Red Regime: The Legend of the Red Purse' (Workers' Publishing House, 2023).

In the past five years, we have made new achievements in academic research. For instance, we made an in-depth study of early coins and the origin of coins, put forward the theory that Chinese currency originated from jewelry and gifts, and we made an in-depth study of ancient Chinese gold and silver coins. In addition, we clarified the time and background of the generation of ancient Chinese gold and silver coins, interpreted the names and connotations of horseshoe gold ingot and unicorn gold ingot unearthed from the Tomb of Marquis Haihun ( 海昏侯 ), and argued for the evolution and connotations of ancient Chinese silver ingots. In-depth research was conducted on the causes, timing, and impact of early jiao zi [ 交子 ] paper notes, the authenticity and identity of the qiansicang [ 千斯倉 ] story painting paper money plate was verified, and the Consensus of Chengdu Conference (an academic consensus commemorating the 1,000th anniversary of the birth of paper notes) was released. On the basis of systematic research on the casting process of ancient Chinese coins, we published the book 'Research on the Casting Process of Ancient Chinese Coins'. We have published representative articles, including 'A New Look at the Origins of Currencies', 'On the Nature of Currency and the Origin of Chinese Coin' ('Chinese Numismatics', June 2023), 'A Study of the Gold Cake Types of the Warring States, Qin and Han Dynasties' ('Journal of National Museum of Chinese History', November 2018), 'Study on the Problems of Early Gold and Gold Currency in Ancient China' ('Journal of National Museum of Chinese History', March 2021), 'A Treatise on Silver Coins in Ancient Chinese Silver Ingots: Form and Connotation' ('Study on the Problems of Silver Coins and Historical Changes in China', China Financial Publishing House, 2021), 'The Origins of Silver Currency in Ancient China' ('Palace Museum Journal', September, 2023), 'Counterfeiting of Qiansicang Paper Money Plate in Song Dynasty', 'Identification of Plates of the Qiansicang Paper Money and Hui Zi Paper Money in the Southern Song Dynasty' ('Chinese Numismatics', March and April 2023), 'Identification of the GengShiWuZhu' ('Chinese Numismatics', May 2022), and 'Sphere and Triangle Patterns on Gold Jewelry in the North During the Warring States Period' ('Ancient Civilization Research Newsletter', June 2023).

Yuan:

By the way, how many other state-owned numismatic museums are there in the country? Which ones are relatively well-run and have publications?

Zhou:

At present, there are about 40 state-owned numismatic and banking museums in China. The Shanghai Banking Museum, the Qilu Coin Museum, and the Ningbo Numismatic Museum have their own publications and are well-run.

Yuan:

Next, please introduce the general situation of the Chinese Numismatic Society. On June 26, 1982, the Chinese Numismatic Society, the first numismatic society since the establishment of the People's Republic of China, was founded in Beijing. What is its nature and purpose? Who has assumed chairman and secretary-general of the society? I also wonder about the number of existing members and directors. What is its relationship with provincial and municipal numismatic societies?

Zhou:

The Chinese Numismatic Society is a national, academic, and non-profit social organization formed voluntarily by institutes and individuals engaged in the study of numismatics, monetary history, banking, and financial history. To put it simply, the purpose of the society is to organize and promote national research on numismatics and monetary history under the guidance of national policies, to inherit, protect, and give full play to the historical value of coins and financial cultural relics, to carry forward the excellent traditional culture, and to provide professional services for the relevant decision of the state.

Geng Daoming ( 耿道明 ) and Yang Bingchao ( 楊秉超 ) were the first chairman and general secretary respectively; Tong Zengyin ( 童贈銀 ) and Dai Zhiqiang ( 戴志強 ) were the second and third; Yin Jieyan ( 殷介炎 ) and Dai Zhiqiang were the fourth; Shi Jilaing ( 史紀良 ) and Dai Zhiqiang were the fifth; Ma Delun ( 馬德倫 ) and Huang Xiquan ( 黃錫全 ) were the sixth; Jin Qi ( 金琦 ) and Li Ming ( 李明 ) were the seventh. I am the eighteen general secretary and the position of chairman is currently vacant. There are more than 70 institute members and more than 1,700 individual members, including 139 directors. It is a business guidance relationship with provincial and municipal numismatic societies.

Yuan:

The Chinese Numismatic Society is now in its eighth session, and the Secretariat of the society and the China Numismatic Museum work in the same place. What is their relationship?

Yuan:

What international numismatic exchanges has the Chinese Numismatic Society carried out? Are there any new plans?

Zhou:

The Chinese Numismatic Museum is the affiliated institute of the Chinese Numismatic Society, and the Secretariat of the society is a department of the Museum, which is mainly responsible for the daily affairs of the society, and also for some of the work of the Museum.

Zhou:

The Chinese Numismatic Society has always attached great importance to international numismatic academic exchange activities, and has maintained long-term contacts with the International Numismatic Council, the French Numismatic Society, the British Royal Numismatic Society, the American Numismatic Society, and most of the numismatic organizations in Southeast Asian countries. We also keep in touch with quite a number of famous numismatic museums (departments) in the world. We go global mainly through the exchange platforms of the two international organizations. One is the International Numismatic Council, which holds a general meeting every six years. Since our establishment, we have organized Chinese delegations to attend almost every meeting. The other is the International Committee for Money and Banking Museums, an organization that holds an annual conference once a year, and the Chinese Numismatic Museum is one of the initiators of the organization. Chinese Numismatic Museum and the Chinese Numismatic Society of China organize a Chinese delegation to participate in every annual conference. In addition, the Chinese Numismatic Society organizes special visits and exchanges according to the needs of thematic research and international exchanges. This year, we plan to organize a delegation to attend the 2024 Annual Meeting of the International Committee for Money and Banking Museums (ICOMON). We also invited foreigners to exchange in China mainly through the platform of the Beijing International Coin Expo.

Yuan:

The Gold Coin Award established by the Chinese Numismatic Society was the highest academic award for the Chinese numismatic community, and it was very popular. However, it was later canceled, and I want to hear the reason for its cancellation.

Yuan:

Zhou:

The Chinese Numismatic Society has held the Gold Coin Award for four years. It was discontinued during the seventh session of the Board of Directors (2013) in response to the requests to reduce all kinds of awarding activities nationwide.

The third part is about 'Chinese Numismatics'. This journal is the first modern Chinese numismatic journal. This national scholarly numismatic journal with wide influence was founded in 1983 (Fig. 9), as the first numismatic publication to be publicly circulated both at home and abroad. The first editor-in-chief was Qian Jiaju ( 千家駒 ). I have an inaugural issue in my collection and purchased the early CD-ROMs. The successive editors-in-chief were Dai Zhiqiang, Huang Xiquan, Yao Shuomin ( 姚朔 民 ), Zhou Weirong, and Gao Congming ( 高聰明 ). I have read every issue over the years. Can you tell me about the features of the journal and its current prints? Is it possible to place advertisements?

Fig. 9 The inaugural issue of the 'Chinese Numismatics', with the journal name written by Shu Tong

Zhou:

The journal has set columns such as a numismatics forum, monetary history research, numismatic rarities, excavation and discovery, banks and banknotes, red finance, foreign coins, numismatic events and other columns. Scholarship is the major feature of this journal. Over the years, we have always insisted on reflecting the new achievements and discoveries of numismatics and monetary history research in our publications, striving to open up new fields on the basis of inheriting and carrying forward the traditions of numismatics, constantly advancing the scientific nature of numismatic research, and giving due consideration to the publicity and popularization of numismatic knowledge in the arrangement of contents. As a professional academic journal, it does not publish commercial advertisements, but it occasionally introduces some specialized cultural and creative products on the cover page. The current annual issuance is over 12,000 copies.

Yuan:

After the change from a quarterly to a bimonthly journal, the 'Chinese Numismatics' has increased its content and research portion. Some high-level long scholarly articles account for a large percentage of the total. I participated in several national seminars on the Song dynasty coins, Sichuan coins, Silk Road coins, and copper plates last year. The speakers shared the latest research results, most of which are novel and insightful. Shandong's 'Qilu Coins' also has high-level articles. In the future, will the "Chinese Numismatics' choose such research results to publish, so that the journal will be closer to the public and reach a wider audience?

Zhou:

Zhou:

Absolutely. Over the years, we've been very focused on incorporating good articles from national academic conferences.

Yuan:

The last part is about you. You are an excellent administrator and a numismatic expert and scholar. During your previous term of office, what reforms and advances have you made to advance the Chinese Numismatic Museum to 'lead in China and be first-rate in the world', to promote Chinese numismatic culture, and to facilitate exchanges between Chinese and foreign coins?

Since I took office, I strengthened the concept of founding a museum with academics given the numismatics originated from the ancient coins science which has both essences and errors. With the requirements of specialization, academization, and scientization, I vigorously promoted the construction of the discipline of numismatics and numismatic history. The first is to require the museum exhibition to absorb new academic achievements in a timely manner, especially new archaeological achievements. Second, I requested that 'Chinese Numismatics' should view manuscripts, and published articles should be firmly prevented from using incorrect terms and corrected terms into standard ones such as qifahua [ 齊法化 ], yingyuan [ 郢 爰 ] and so on. The way to cite literature was also regulated. Third, I requested to review the topics of the Chinese Numismatic Society, and we must be strict with academics and abandon the thinking of sharing the cake equally. Fourth, I strengthened communication with the archaeological and financial communities and endeavored to promote the integration and sharing of cross-border and interdisciplinary academic achievements. For example, we organized academic conferences with the Qin-

Han Archaeological Specialized Committee of the Chinese Archaeological Society, and we invited well-known archaeologists to the museum to do lectures and thematic academic exchanges. We also made academic lectures and reports at economic and financial institutes. Fifth, I took the lead to do some important academic topics, such as the study of the casting process of ancient Chinese coins, the scientific study of ancient Chinese silver ingots, the origin of coins, etc. Sixth, I maintained contact with the International Numismatics Council (INC), ICOMON, and its members. I took an active part in the relevant academic activities of the international numismatic organizations and some of the world's leading museums and universities. Overall, the results are obvious.

Yuan:

Please introduce your academic research results and share your writings.

My academic study focuses on numismatics and monetary history, bronze culture and smelting and casting history, and brass and zinc refining history. In my academic career of more than thirty years, I have mainly worked in the following aspects:

First, I have done systematic research on the history of brass and zinc refining in ancient China. It is proved that Chinese zinc refining was born in Wanli's reign of the Ming dynasty and that it was a self-invented technique rather than one that was passed down from India. The conclusion is expounded with the Triple Evidence Method from the perspective of the history of science and technology and science and technology archaeology. The paper on "Brass Coin Part" was awarded the Gold Coin Award by the Chinese Numismatic Society.

Second, I have made a systematic study on the alloy composition of ancient Chinese coins (covering more than 2,000 examples from the Spring and Autumn and Warring States Periods to the Qing dynasty), including the main components and trace elements. On this basis, scientific methods and quantitative criteria for assessing the quality of ancient coins were proposed, and a monograph, 'Research on the Alloy Composition of Ancient Chinese Coins' (Chung Hwa Book Co., 2004), was published, which was awarded the Gold Coin Award by the Chinese Numismatic Society.

Third, I have made a systematic study of the casting process of ancient Chinese coins. I demonstrated the direction of the evolution of the casting process (lowering the cost as much as possible, while improving the efficiency and increasing the degree of standardization as much as possible), and proposed that the stacked casting, the sand casting, and the later banknotes were the three great inventions in the field of monetary and financial affairs in ancient China. I have published a monograph, 'Research on the Ancient Chinese Coin Casting Process', and the related subject was awarded the second prize of the National Bank (Finance) Science and Technology Development Award (2006).

Fourth, I have made a systematic study of the ancient Chinese silver currency (silver ingots of all dynasties). I demonstrated the development of the ancient Chinese silver currency and the nature of the changes in the form of silver ingots and put forward a complete scientific methodology for the identification of the ancient silver ingots. I have published a book 'Scientific Research

Zhou:

on the Ancient Silver Ingots of China', and the relevant subject was awarded the first prize in the National Bank (Finance) Science and Technology Development Award (2015).

Fifth, I examined early currencies from the perspective of archaeology and human history and put forward the theory that Chinese currency originated from jewelry and gifts.

Over the past 30 years, I have published more than 110 academic papers (including co-authored papers) in academic journals at home and abroad. I have published academic works (including co-authored works) such as 'Numismatics and History of Smelting and Casting' (Chung Hwa Book Co., 2002), 'Study on the Alloy Composition of Ancient Chinese Coins' (Chung Hwa Book Co., 2004), 'Numismatics and History of Smelting and Casting (II)' (Science Press, 2015), 'Scientific Research on Ancient Silver Ingots of China' (Science Publishing House' 2016), and 'Study on Casting Process of Ancient Chinese Coins' (Science Publishing House 2022). (Fig. 10).

Yuan:

I would like to thank Director Zhou for accepting my interview in your busy schedule.

Zhou:

You're welcome. Let's keep in touch.

Fig. 10 Mr. Zhou Weirong's Writings

原刊載於《東亞泉志》第

讓世界更多地瞭解中國錢幣

——中國錢幣博物館館長周衛榮訪談錄——

◎ 袁水清〔西安〕

圖1 周衛榮先生近照及簡介

周衛榮，1964年1月生，江蘇丹陽人。中國錢幣博物館館長（2014.10-2024.02）、研 究員、博士生導師。中國錢幣學會秘書長，中國錢幣學會學術委員會主任委員；中 國科學院大學博士生導師，中國社會科學院大學、南京大學、北京科技大學、河北 師範大學等客座教授。

中國貨幣，源遠流長，最為精彩；中國錢幣，博大精深，世界矚目。促進中西方貨幣文化交流，把中國錢幣推介給國外， 把外國錢幣文化引介中國，是中英雙語期刊《東亞泉志》的一項重要任務。為此，2024年1月26日，筆者對中國錢幣博物 館館長周衛榮先生作了專訪。（圖1）

周館長好！咱倆是老熟人了。兩年前，我陪同冠軍拍賣總裁兼《東亞泉志》總編 暨出版人周邁可先生拜訪過您兩次，一次是聽取您對進一步辦好《東亞泉志》的 建議，一次是徵求您對我們編撰《中國近代機製幣精品鑒賞（第三版）》的意見 （圖 2）。坐定後，您打開記事本，逐一回答了我們提前預約的事項，言簡意賅， 觀點明確。雖交談時間不長，而您處事果斷，辦事效率極高給我留下深刻印象。

圖

首先謝謝袁先生採訪！周邁可先生這些年在推進國 際錢帀交流方面不遺餘力，被泉友喻為“海外中國 錢幣挖掘機”。他常年穿梭於中國內地及港澳臺與 歐美、東南亞各國之間，參加錢幣活動，促進中外 錢幣交流，泉界有目共睹。《東亞泉志》辦得很好， 有特色。以後有機會多多合作。

謝謝！此次採訪內容分四部分，請您對中國錢幣博物 館、中國錢幣學會及其館（會）刊《中國錢幣》雜 誌作一介紹，您任期中在改革推進方面所做的幾件 大事以及個人的學術成就。

好的。錢幣博物館是收藏、保護、研究、展示人類 貨幣文化、貨幣經濟活動見證物的場所。那我就先 介紹一下中國錢幣博物館。先生想知道哪些內容？

中國錢幣博物館是向世界展示中國錢幣的主要窗口。

雖然官方網站對中國錢幣博物館已有簡介，但大家 想瞭解的更深入一些。我知道，中國錢幣博物館首 任館長戴志強，二任是黃錫全，三任李明，先生為 現任。請問貴館成立於何時，原址在何處？現館址 是民國時哪家金融機構舊址？

圖3 中國錢幣博物館門景

中國錢幣博物館成立於1992年，成立之初在中國人 民銀行大樓，後來搬遷至西交民巷17號院。西交民 巷是清末民國時期的金融街區，我們現在的主展樓 即是原北洋保商銀行舊址。（圖3）

據悉，中國國家博物館館藏錢幣20萬件，其中珍品1,800件。其專題陳列是中國古代錢幣，我參觀過。而貴館是直屬 於中國人民銀行的國家級錢幣博物館，屬行業類博物館，擁有30餘萬件（套）歷代錢幣，精品雲集。藏品數量之多、 種類之全居國內各家錢幣博物館之首。貴館編著的《中國錢幣博物館藏品選》公佈了部分館藏精品。請問其中珍品 級的有多少件（套）？請先介紹一下古代錢幣中的館藏珍品。

我館沒有正式公佈過珍品級藏品，但據我這些年來的瞭解，珍品級實物藏品不下1,000件。如，“重以黃釿”空首布， 圁陽刀幣，齊國六字刀幣，視金一朱銅錢牌，戰國金貝、銀貝，秦漢蹄形金，漢代金五銖錢，唐代楊國忠銀鋌，唐 代船形銀鋌，宋代“蘇宅韓五郎“金鋌，金朝承安寶貨銀鋌，大型大布黃千銅範，金代聖旨回易交鈔銅鈔版（圖4）， 等等（圖5）。

圖4 金代聖旨回易交鈔銅印版 圖5 南朝蕭梁“公式女錢” 疊鑄陶範包（南京出土）

館藏的近現代機製幣珍稀品有哪些？

近現代機製幣是我館的一個特色藏品，有大量珍稀品。如，孫中山像開國紀念壹圓銀幣金樣（圖6），民國三年袁世

凱像金幣，袁世凱戎裝像共和紀念壹圓銀幣金樣，唐繼堯像擁護共和紀念金幣，民國九年安慶造幣廠造倪嗣沖像紀 念金幣，民國十年徐世昌像仁壽同登紀念金幣，段祺瑞像執政紀念銀幣金樣，曹錕像憲法成立紀念金幣，曹錕戎裝 像背雙旗紀念金幣，以及丙午大清金幣、丁未大清金幣，大清銀幣（短須龍），新疆餉金一錢、餉金二錢金幣，等等。

袁：

中國人民銀行發行的當代錢幣重點收藏有哪些？第一 套人民幣齊全嗎？有2000年10公斤千年紀念金幣嗎？

中國人民銀行發行的貨幣我館基本上都有收藏，第

一套人民幣齊全，其他套人民幣也齊全。我館有 2000年10公斤千禧年金幣，也有熊貓金幣發行10周 年5公斤紀念金幣，應該說建國以來發行的貴金屬 幣，我館的收藏在國內是最多最全的。

袁：

資料介紹，美國國家歷史博物館錢幣館擁有160萬件 錢幣，其中有中國錢幣；美國錢幣學會也收藏有不 少中國錢幣。貴館收藏有100多個國家的錢幣，請問 有多少件？其中名品都有哪些？

圖7 咸豐元寶寶泉當五百雕母 直徑58.57毫米 重65.93克

日本泰星2022年4月29日錢幣專場拍賣成交價 2.33億日元（約合人民幣1 180萬元）

圖6 孫中山像開國紀念壹圓銀幣金樣

我館收藏有120多個國家3,000多件外國貨幣實物， 其中不乏名品珍品，如1588、1641年的西班牙金 幣，1682、1788年的英國金幣，1741年的荷蘭金幣， 1808、1834年的意大利金幣，1838年的法國金幣， 1774年的墨西哥金幣，1826年的秘魯金幣，葡萄 牙十字架銀餅，西班牙菲利普三世銀幣，西班牙雙 柱雙球銀幣，西班牙卡洛斯三世銀幣，荷蘭馬劍銀 幣等。

請介紹一下貴館藏品來源。我從拍賣市場獲悉，中國錢幣名品迭 出，不乏僅見品、高端稀缺品，拍賣屢創紀錄，且多被民間藏家收 入囊中。例如，古幣單枚成交過千萬元的咸豐元寶寶泉當五百雕母 1,180萬元（圖7）、咸豐重寶背寶鞏當百試樣成交價437萬元（中國 嘉德2023年春拍）、成交價4,657.5萬元的近代機製幣“奉天癸卯一 兩”（2022年誠軒春拍，列世界錢幣公開拍賣成交價第六名）、逾1 千萬元的5公斤中國熊貓金幣發行10周年紀念金幣（日本泰星2010 年4月30日拍賣，落槌價1.276億日元），等等。貴館有無徵集頂尖 錢幣、充實館藏的計劃？

袁：

我館藏品來源比較豐富，有中國人民銀行劃撥的，有文博單位調撥轉讓的，有向社會徵集的，有接受社會捐贈的，

也有從拍賣公司拍賣品中買來的。就藏品而言，我館首先考慮的是其文物價值與學術價值，不片面追求市場價值。

目前暫無徵集市場追捧的頂尖錢幣的計劃。其實，我館的許多近代機製幣樣幣，也是業內的頂尖錢幣。

藏品一是為了陳列展示供參觀，二是為了研究。貴館展品陳列分為“中國貨幣基本陳列”館和專 題展覽館。通過參觀，可以感知歷史，收穫知識，享受藝術。請問“中國貨幣通史展”分哪幾部 分（圖8），貴館舉辦過哪些專項展覽？ 袁：

我們現在推出的“中國貨幣通史陳列”是一個從先秦貨幣至第一套人民幣的完整體系，大致以時代為主線，各個時 期，實物與歷史融合一體，銅錢、鐵錢、金銀貨幣互現，錢範與鑄造工藝參插，沒有明確劃分為幾個部分。我們這 個展覽最顯著的特點是充分汲取學術界新成果，充分展示館藏珍品，所以，上面提到的館藏珍稀品，大都可在這個 展覽中看到。該展覽參加2021年度全國十大精品展覽評選，並榮獲優勝獎。

近十年來，我們先後舉辦過30餘場專題展，主要有，紀念紙幣誕生千年專題展、世界奇特貨幣展、艱辛與輝煌—— 慶祝中國共產黨成立一百周年貴金屬紀念幣展、不忘初心，牢記使命——紅色金融歷史展、見證歷史——紀念辛亥 革命110周年孫中山貨幣展、光輝歲月——建國以來人民銀行發行的金融類票證展、美麗中國——人民幣上的錦繡 山河、重溫歷史——中國人民銀行成立70周年紀事展、齊國貨幣精品展、喜迎十九大——中國人民銀行職工個人 收藏展、國際幣章藝術展、“銅”心“銅”德——中國銅元精品展、精品薈萃，蔚為大觀——清朝京局錢幣精品展、 吉金雅藏——中國歷代民俗錢幣展、金山伯的榮耀——近代江門五邑僑匯展、海陸通絕域——絲綢之路貨幣展、錢 幣上的世界鐵路展、金鑄筆墨——中國歷代錢幣書法藝術展、銀行卡發行30周年展、中國普通紀念幣發行三十周年 回顧展、中國人民銀行成立紀事展，等等。

貴館是全國研究錢幣文化的中心，人才濟濟，研究力量雄厚，錢幣實物 和館藏13,000冊文獻圖書和5,000餘冊錢幣期刊得天獨厚。請問貴館先後 編撰過哪幾部著作？近5年在學術研究上的新成果都有哪些？ 袁：

早年，錢幣博物館和錢幣學會致力於編輯出版大部頭圖譜、大辭典和叢書，先後組織或參與編撰了《中國革命根據 地貨幣史》叢書（金融出版社）、《中國錢幣大辭典》（中華書局）、《中國金融珍貴文物檔案大典》（中央文獻出版社）、 《中國錢幣叢書》甲種本與乙種本（中華書局）、《中國錢幣論文集》（第1-6輯，金融出版社），以及《中國錢幣博物 館藏品選》（文物出版社）等。近些年，我們着重鼓勵和推動學術著作的出版，出版的著作有：《錢幣學與冶鑄史》（科 學出版社，2015）、《中國古代銀錠科學研究》（科學出版社，2017）、《中國銅元精品展》（科學出版社，2017）、《中 國古代物質文化史·貨幣》（開明出版社，2018）、《中國古代錢幣鑄造工藝研究》（科學出版社，2022）、《中國歷史 貨幣》（科學出版社，2022）、《赤幣：紅色錢袋子傳奇》（工人出版社，2023）等十餘部。

近5年來學術研究新成果主要為：深入研究了早期貨幣與貨幣起源問題，提出貨幣源於飾品禮品論；深入研究了中

國古代黃金貨幣與白銀貨幣，明確了中國古代黃金貨幣、白銀貨幣產生的時間及背景，詮釋了以海昏侯墓為代表出 土的馬蹄金、麟趾金的名稱與內涵，論證了中國古代銀錠形態的演變與內涵；深入研究了早期紙幣（交子）產生的 原因、時間及其影響，考證了“千斯倉”鈔版的真偽與身份，發佈《成都會議共識》（紀念紙幣誕生1000年學術共識）； 在對中國古代錢幣鑄造工藝系統研究的基礎上，出版了《中國古代錢幣鑄造工藝研究》，等等。代表性的文章有：《貨 幣起源新探》《論貨幣本質和中國貨幣的起源》(《中國錢幣》2023-06)、《戰國秦漢金餅貨幣類型考略》（《中國國家 博物館館刊》，201811）、《中國古代早期黃金與黃金貨幣問題研究》（《中國國家博物館館刊》，2021-3）、《中國古代 白銀貨幣榷論》《中國古代銀錠：形態與內涵》（載《白銀貨幣與中國歷史變遷問題研究》中國金融出版社，2021）、《中 國古代白銀貨幣起源考略》（《故宮博物院院刊》（2023-09）、《“千斯倉”宋代鈔版辨偽》《“千斯倉”版、“行在會子庫” 版考辨》（《中國錢幣》2023-03/04)、《更始五銖考辨》（《中國錢幣》2022-05）、《戰國時期北方金飾品中的球體與 三角紋造型》（《古代文明研究通訊》2023-06）等。

順便問一下，全國公有錢幣博物館還有哪幾家？辦 得相對好且有刊物的有哪幾家？

袁：

目前全國公有錢幣銀行類博物館大概有40多家。上 海市銀行博物館、齊魯錢幣博物館、寧波錢幣博物 館等都有自己的刊物，辦得都不錯。

下邊請您介紹一下中國錢幣學會的概況。1982年6月26日，新中國建立以來第一家錢幣社團——中國錢幣學會在京 成立，它的性質，宗旨，歷任理事長、秘書長？現有會員數，其中理事數？與各省市錢幣學會的關係等？

中國錢幣學會是由從事錢幣學、貨幣史、銀行與金融史研究的單位與個人，自願結成的全國性、學術性、非營利性 的社會組織。簡單地說，學會宗旨是在國家政策指導下，組織推動全國的錢幣學、貨幣史研究，傳承、保護併發揮 錢幣、金融類文物的歷史價值，弘揚優秀傳統文化，為國家的相關決策提供專業服務。第一屆理事會理事長耿道明、 秘書長楊秉超，第二和第三屆理事會理事長童贈銀、秘書長戴志強，第四屆理事會理事長殷介炎、秘書長戴志強， 第五屆理事會理事長史紀良、秘書長戴志強，第六屆理事會理事長馬德倫、秘書長黃錫全，第七屆理事會理事長金 琦、秘書長李明；第八屆理事會理事長目前暫缺，秘書長周衛榮。現有單位會員70餘家，個人會員1,700餘人，其 中理事139人，與各省市錢幣學會是業務指導關係。

袁：

中國錢幣學會現在是第八屆，秘書處與中國錢幣博物館在一個院子辦公，請問 二者是什麼關係？

中国钱币博物馆是中国钱币学会的挂靠单位，学会 秘书处是博物馆的一个部門，主要承担学会的日常 事务，也承担博物馆的一些工作。

中國錢幣學會都開展了哪些國際錢幣交流活動？有 新的打算嗎？ 袁：

中國錢幣學會對國際錢幣學術交流活動一直非常重視，與國際錢幣學委員會、法國錢幣學會、英國皇家錢幣學會、

美國錢幣學會、美國錢幣協會，以及大多數東南亞國家的錢幣組織，還有世界上不少著名的錢幣博物館（部）都長 期保持有聯繫。走出去，主要通過兩個國際組織的交流平臺。一個是國際錢幣學委員會，每6年一次大會，中國錢 幣學會自成立以來，幾乎每屆會議都組織中國代表團出席會議。另一個是國際錢幣與銀行博物館委員會，這個組織 每年召開一次年會，中國錢幣博物館是該組織發起單位之一，每屆年會，錢幣博物館與錢幣學會都組織中國代表團 參會。此外，中國錢幣學會還會根據專題研究與國際交流的需要，組織專門的出訪交流。今年，我們計劃組團出席 國際錢幣與銀行博物館委員會2024年會。請進來，目前主要通過“北京國際錢幣博覽會”平臺。

“金泉獎”是中國錢幣學會設立的最高錢幣學術獎 項，很受歡迎。但後來取消了，我想聽聽取消的原因。

圖9《中國錢幣》創刊號，刊名題寫：舒同

中國錢幣學會一共作過四屆“金泉獎”評選，在第 七屆理事會期間（2013年），因回應政策層面要求 壓減全國各類評獎活動的精神而停止。

第三個內容是關於《中國錢幣》雜誌。《中國錢幣》 是中國當代第一本錢幣雜誌，這本影響廣泛的全國 性錢幣學術期刊創辦於1983年（圖9），是最早在國 內外公開發行的錢幣刊物，首任主編千家駒。我收 藏有“創刊號”，購有早期光碟。之後主編依次是戴 志強、黃錫全、姚朔民、您、高聰明。這些年我是 每期必讀。請問雜誌的特色，目前的發行量？可以 刊登廣告嗎？

《中國錢幣》雜誌我們設有錢幣學論壇、貨幣史研究、錢幣精華、出土與發現以及銀行與紙幣、紅色金融、外國錢 幣、泉界動態等欄目。學術性是本刊最大的特色。這些年，我們始終堅持在刊物中及時反映錢幣學、貨幣史研究新 成果、新發現，在繼承發揚錢幣學傳統的基礎上，努力開拓新的領域，不斷推進錢幣研究的科學性，並在內容安排 上適當考慮錢幣知識的宣傳與普及。作為一本專業學術刊物，不刊登商業廣告，只是偶爾在封頁上介紹一些專業性 強的文創產品。目前全年發行量在一萬兩千多冊。

周：

當然可以。這些年我們非常注重吸收全國學術會議 上的好文章。

《中國錢幣》由季刊改為雙月刊後，內容增多，研 究份量加大。一些層次高、篇幅長的學術文章占比 多。我去年參加過幾次民間全國性的宋代錢幣、川 蜀錢幣、絲路錢幣、銅元研討等學術會，發言者分

享了最新研究成果，其中大部分觀點新穎，見解獨 到；山東的《齊魯錢幣》也刊有水準很高的文章。

以後《中國錢幣》能否選增這類研究成果，使雜誌 更接近地氣，受眾面更廣?

周：

最後一個內容是關於您個人。您是一位優秀的管理 者，又是錢幣專家學者。請問您在之前的任期內， 在把中國錢幣博物館辦成“國內領先，國際一流” 水準，弘揚中國錢幣文化，促進中外錢幣交流方面 做了哪些改革和推進？

我上任以來，鑒於錢幣學源於傳統古泉學，精華與訛誤並存的特點，強化學術立館理念，以專業化、學術化、科學 化的要求，大力推進錢幣學貨幣史學科建設與各項業務工作。一是要求博物館的展覽要及時汲取新的學術成果，尤 其是考古學新成果。二是要求《中國錢幣》雜誌嚴格規範審稿，刊用的文章要堅決防止並糾正諸如“齊法化”“郢爰” 等等學界已經正名的概念術語，以及文獻引用方面的規範性。三是要求中國錢幣學會的課題立項與結項審核，嚴把 學術關，摒棄均分蛋糕思維。四是加強與考古界、金融界的交流與溝通，努力促進跨界跨學科學術成果的融合、共用。

如，我們與中國考古學會秦漢考古專委會聯合舉辦學術會議，邀請知名考古學家來館做講座和專題學術交流；走進 經濟、金融類單位做學術講座和學術報告等。五是帶頭做一些有份量的學術課題，如中國古代鑄錢工藝研究、中國 古代銀錠科學研究、貨幣起源等。六是保持與國際錢幣學委員會（INC）、國際錢幣與銀行博物館委員會（ICOMON） 及其成員單位的聯繫，積極參與行業國際組織及一些世界知名博物館和大學的相關學術活動。總體來說，成效還是 明顯的。

請介紹一下您的學術研究成果，分享一下您的著述。

我的學術領域主要是：錢幣學與貨幣史，青銅文化與冶鑄史，黃銅與煉鋅史。三十多年的學術生涯，主要作了如下 幾方面的工作：

一、系統研究了中國古代黃銅和煉鋅史，證明中國煉鋅術誕生於明代萬歷年間，是自身發明的技術而非傳自印度， 並從科技史和科技考古角度闡述了“三重證據法”。關於“黃銅錢部分”的論文獲中國錢幣學會“金泉獎”。

二、系統研究了中國古代錢幣的合金成分（涵蓋自春秋戰國至清代的2,000多件樣例），包括主成分和微量元素。在

此基礎上，提出了評定古錢幣品質的科學方法和定量判據，出版專著《中國古代錢幣合金成分研究》（中華書局 2004），獲中國錢幣學會“金泉獎”。

三、系統研究了中國古代錢幣鑄造工藝，論證了中國古代鑄錢工藝的演進發展方向（盡可能降低成本提高效率和盡 可能提高標準化程度），提出，疊鑄技術、翻砂技術及後來的紙幣是中國古代貨幣金融領域的三項偉大發明，出版

專著《中國古代錢幣鑄造工藝研究》，相關課題獲“全國銀行（金融）科技發展獎二等獎”（2006年）。

四、系統研究了中國古代白銀貨幣（曆朝銀錠），論證了中國古代銀兩貨幣的發展歷程和銀錠形態變化的本質，並

對古代銀錠的真偽鑒定提出了完整的科學方法，出版著作《中國古代銀錠科學研究》，有關課題獲“全國銀行（金融） 科技發展獎一等獎”（2015年）。

五、從考古學與人文歷史角度深入考察了早期貨幣，提出“貨幣起源飾品禮品論”。

30多年來，我在國內外學術刊物發表學術論文110餘篇（含合著）；主要學術著作有（含合著）：《錢幣學與冶鑄史 論叢》（中華書局 2002）、《中國古代錢幣合金成分研究》(中華書局 2004)、《錢幣學與冶鑄史（二）》（科學出版社 2015）、《中國古代銀錠科學研究》(科學出版社，2016)、《中國古代錢幣鑄造工藝研究》（科學出版社，2022年）等 （圖10）。

感謝周館長在百忙之中接受我的採訪。 袁：

不客氣，以後多聯繫。

27 Years in Asian Numismatics

◎ Ron Guth〔USA〕

Over the past 30 years, the market for Asian coins, particularly those of China, has experienced an unprecedented explosion in demand and popularity. Long ago, few people envisioned the possibility of a $100,000 Asian coin, yet now many Chinese coins have broken the million dollar mark. Through a series of fortunate events, and thanks to my good friend, Michael Chou of Champion Auctions, I have been blessed with the opportunity to participate in this exploding market for Chinese coins, not so much as a purveyor of the coins, but as a facilitator for those who want to collect and deal in these fascinating pieces of numismatic history. The following narrative is derived in large part from the forewords in the second and third editions of Top Chinese Coins, two incredible coffee table books that have helped promote and document the rise of the Asian and Chinese coin markets.

In the foreword to the third edition of Top Chinese coins, I recounted my initial exposure to the much smaller market of the 1990:

"I have been fortunate to experience the rise in Chinese numismatics firsthand. My inaugural trip to Hong Kong was in 1996, when Michael Chou asked me to serve as an auctioneer for his first sale and to review the grades of the coins in the auction. Keep in mind that Hong Kong was still under British control in 1996. Pre-handover and post-handover Hong Kong were two very different places – both were bustling centers of commerce but with completely different vibes. When China entered the World Trade Organization in 2001, the economy took off like a rocket, the Chinese middle class grew, the entire country prospered, and China became the economic powerhouse that it is today. Collectors in China, flush with disposable income, began repatriating coins that had been taken overseas byWestern collectors and tourists decades earlier.This is why Chinese coins have risen so dramatically in price – Chinese collectors are feverishly hungry to own relics of their country's numismatic history."

One major change since I wrote those words is that the traffic for some Chinese coins is now one way: for instance, it remains perfectly legal to import coins into China, but it is now illegal to export classic, pre-modern coins from China. This makes it increasingly difficult for collectors outside of China to assemble meaningful collections of Chinese rarities. It also means that a worldwide hunt for important Chinese coins is underway.

My recollections in the foreword to the second edition (2010) of TopChineseCoins were similar:

"As of this writing, the market for China coins is ‘on fire.' Everyonewantstogetinontheaction,especiallyinareaswhere the true rarity of some of the coins is now being recognized. Collectors pay attention to (and big premiums for) coins that are condition-rarities – coins where high-grade examples are either very rare or are vastly superior to all other survivors. The increasing wealth of collectors in Asia creates exceptional demand for all coins, but especially for the finest and the rarest. In the search for quality, grading services help establish rigorous grading standards and identify both actual rarity and conditionrarity coins. Increased demand draws coins from collections all over the world back to their source. In recent years, large numbers of individual, high-grade rarities and exceptional collections have made their way back to China.The same is true in the modern market, where coins that were once exported are nowbeingrepatriatedbyeagercollectors."

Thus, it can be seen that the one-way traffic in Chinese coins has been a reality for many years. Now, it has been codified into Chinese law.

Coin grading in China, now seemingly ubiquitous, was not always so. From the foreword in the third edition:

"In 2007 and 2008, Michael Chou hosted third-party coin grading seminars in Shanghai, Hong Kong, Beijing, and Taipei

whereexpertssuchasKarlStephens,BruceSmith,BobJohnson,

Zhou Xiang (of the Shanghai Museum), Chou Chien Fu (of the TaipeiNumismaticSociety),andIintroducedthird-partygrading to the Chinese market. One of the biggest benefits of third-party grading has been consumer protection, particularly in the area of anti-counterfeiting. This, in turn, has inspired confidence in the market, which brings in more collectors and helps to create higherpricesandincreasedliquidity."

The trips in 2007 and 2008, where I represented the Professional Coin Grading Service, were revolutionary, as third-party coin grading was yet unknown in China. During those trips, we held seminars in Beijing and Shagnhai, met with the Beijing Chengxuan Auction Company and the China Gold Coin, Inc., and attended meetings of the Hong Kong and Taipei numismatic societies. We also visited the Shanghai Museum and saw many rare coins in the vault. As a result of those efforts, revenues from the grading of Chinese and other Asian coins comprise significant portions of revenues enjoyed by the grading companies. The synergy of online auctions and third-party grading benefitted from Michael's early experience with Ebay on their Taiwan and Eachnet sites.

When coin grading companies first established connections with the Asian market, collectors and dealers shipped their coins to America for certification or the grading services sent staff to Hong Kong and China for special grading events. Now, the major certification services have standalone operations in China, partly to satisfy local demand for coin grading, and partly to comply with the one-way traffic laws previously mentioned. In addition, home-grown Chinese certification companies compete for a piece of the grading pie.

In the intervening years since the first trip to Hong Kong in 1996, Michael has asked me to work with him on several books, primarily as an editor. Typically, Michael and his wonderful staff provide an English version that was translated from the original Chinese. This leads to some interesting "losses in translation". For instance, when editing the first Top Chinese Coins book, I came across a Silver Dollar described as having a "Bountiful Harvest" on the reverse. Not having ever run into that term used to describe a coin in the English language, I was at a loss to figure out what it meant. However, when looking at

an image of the actual coin, the answer became obvious. The "Bountiful Harvest" was the wreath, which represented the different agricultural products gathered at harvest time. Other, similar terms appeared in the text, most of which were resolved with a quick analysis or an email or phone call to Michael's staff. Converting the Chinese terms, which tended to be effusive and uplifting, into English, which is more dispassionate, was both challenging and enjoyable. And, of course, it became easier with each new book.

One of the more interesting books I worked on with Michael was the 2014 biography of Howard Bowker. The Bowker collection had lain dormant for decades, only to be discovered by Michael through a pure stroke of luck. Though Bowker was well-known as a scholar in Asian numismatics before his death in 1970, he might have become a footnote in history were it not for this serendipitous event. Bowker's amazing collection has since been disbursed via generous donations to various museums throughout the world, including the Shanghai Mint Museum, China Banknote Printing and Minting Museum, Shenyang Mint, Art Museum of Moritzburg Halle, and the National Museum of American History at the Smithsonian Institution. Select rarities in the collection were sold over several auctions. Bowker's library was one of the largest and most important in the world and he himself was a prolific writer. To preserve the Bowker legacy, Michael asked me to write a biography that eventually turned into a book entitled Howard Franklin Bowker: Numismatic Pioneer. The Bowker heirs generously provided background information, images, and personal stories that became the basis for the book. After writing the book in English, I turned it over to Michael's staff, who probably encountered the same problems in translation that I described earlier. This time the tables were turned. However, as a result of their superb work, this book received the Numismatic Literary Guild's "Extraordinary Merit" Award in 2015.

Another fun book was the 2019 catalog of Show Panda Medals co-edited with King Chan of Hong Kong. Unlike regular Panda coins, which bear a denomination, Show Pandas have no face value and were made to commemorate various events -- usually numismatic conventions - throughout the world. First issued in 1984, Show Pandas have become an extremely popular collecting area. Most have very low mintages. Several of the Show Pandas with high intrinsic gold and silver values feature

mintages in the single or double-digits. As the editor of this book, I was struck by the variety of creative designs that separate Show Pandas from their regular-issue sisters.

In 2021, Michael began a book project to promote the incredible collection of Chinese rarities formed by Mr. Nelson Chang. Again, I was asked to edit the book. This was a particularly enjoyable project because Mr. Chang collected only the rarest of the rare, the best of the best, and the finest of the finest. Mr. Chang knew his collection better than anyone else, he knew the stories of the coins he had purchased, so it was logical that he become the lead author. Though the collection was small in terms of the total number, the coins themselves were stunning. In many cases, they were coins that had been off the market for so many years that few people even knew they existed.

Subsequently, Michael sold the collection through Champion Auctions, where the coins set numerous price records, including the highest per-lot prices ever realized in an auction of Chinese and Asian coins – a record that still stands today. The Chang book went on to become the Numismatic Literary Guild's Best World Coin Book (1500 to date), making it the first Chineseauthored book to win an NLG award.

Later in 2021, work began on the third edition of Top Chinese Coins, this time focusing on the Silver Coinage. This book includes sixty of the finest and rarest Chinese coins, ranked in order based on a 2009 survey in which 102 numismatic experts

and collectors participated. This bilingual (Chinese and English) book is both an important reference work for collectors but also a visually impressive work that impresses even non-collectors with its vibrant designs and images.

It is hard to believe that it has been 27 years since my first trip to Hong Kong. None of this would have been possible without the support and insistence of Michael Chou, who continues to be a force in Asian and Chinese numismatics. In recent discussions with Michael, it is clear that he has no intention of slowing down. You will soon hear and learn of his new projects and I look forward to working with him and his staff for many more years come. Thank you Michael and thank you Champion Auctions.

Chinese Show Panda Catalogue (1984—2019) & 2021 Top Chinese Coins: Third Edition (Chief Editor)

Ron Guth is a recognized authority on United States and German coins. He is a licensed Certified Public Accountant who has been involved professionally in numismatics for over fifty years as a collector, dealer, researcher, and writer. His books and articles have earned numerous awards, including the American Numismatic Association's Heath Literary award and the Olga & Wayte Raymond awards, the Numismatic Literary Guild's Best Numismatic Investment Book and Best Book of the Year awards, and the Professional Numismatic Guild's Best Book of the Year award. In 2003, Ron received the prestigious President's Award from the American Numismatic Association in recognition of his numerous contributions to numismatics. In 2021, Coin World named Ron as one of the Top Ten Most Influential People in Numismatics for the sixty-year period from 1960-2020.

Ron created the CoinFacts website (now PCGS CoinFacts) in 1999 and sold the website to Collectors Universe in 2004 (where it is now presented as PCGS CoinFacts. Ron served in various capacities at

Collectors Universe, including Director of Numismatic Research, President of the Professional Coin Grading Service, and President of PCGS CoinFacts.

Currently, Ron serves as Chief Investigator at the Numismatic Detective Agency, providing expert provenance on high-end coins.

Ron is a familiar face in the Chinese coin market, having served as auctioneer for many of Champion Auctions beginning in 1996. In 2007 and 2008, Ron represented PCGS and certified coin grading at numismatic seminars hosted by Champion Auctions/iAsure in Hong Kong, Shanghai, Beijing and Taiwan.

Ron has been a contributor for many years to Krause Publications' Standard Catalog of World Coins, with emphasis on German coins.

Ron Guth

OTHER BOOKS BY RON GUTH

2021 Top Chinese Coins：Third Edition (Chief Editor)

2021 A Legacy of Collection-The NC Collection of Chinese Coins

2019 Chinese Show Panda Catalogue: 1984-2019 (Editor)

2015 100 Greatest Women on Coins

2014 Howard Franklin Bowker: Numismatic Pioneer (Chief Editor)

2013 Auction Prices Realized for Certified German Coins, 2nd Edition

2012 Auction Prices Realized for Certified German Coins, 1st Edition

2011 Auction Prices Realized for PCGS-graded German Coins, 2nd Edition

2011 Top Chinese Coins: Silver Coinage (Chief Editor)

2010 Auction Prices Realized for PCGS-graded German Coins, 1st Edition

2008 100 Greatest U.S. Coins, 3rd Edition (with Jeff Garrett)

2008 Coin Collecting For Dummies, 2nd Edition (with Neil S. Berman)

2008 Encyclopedia of U.S. Gold Coins 1795-1933, 2nd Edition (with Jeff Garrett)

2006 Encyclopedia of U.S. Gold Coins 1795-1933, 1st Edition (with Jeff Garrett)

2005 100 Greatest U.S. Coins, 2nd Edition (with Jeff Garrett)

2005 United States Coinage - A Study By Type (with Jeff Garrett)

2003 100 Greatest U.S. Coins, 1st Edition (with Jeff Garrett)

2002 United States Proof and Mint Sets 1936-2002 (with Bill Gale)

2001 Coin Collecting For Dummies, 1st Edition

Schedule of April, 2024 Events in Hong Kong

Date Time Place Event Introduction

11:00-21:00

13:30-15:00

Apr. 6

15:00-18:00

Holiday inn Golden Mile B3

Crystal Room 1

Top Chinese Coins Exhibit

Legend of Chu Commemorative Coin Series III Launch

40th Anniversary Hong Kong Show Panda Launch

Many of the rarities of Chinese numismatics will be on display.

Yu Min (winner of the Coin of the Year Lifetime Achievement Award for Design) and Lee Chi Ching (Hong Kong leading comic artist) will attend the first release ceremony.

40th Anniversary Hong Kong Show, Auction and Show Panda Seminar.

The seminar will be hosted by Ron Guth, former PCGS president and president of NLG. Many legendary numismatic titans and attendees of the 1984 Hong Kong show will make an appearance and give their accounts of the 1984 show and Hong Kong Show Panda release. The seminar will also include the development of Chinese numismatics since 1984. It is a party not to be missed.

Apr. 7

Apr. 8

Apr. 9-11

19:00-22:00

10:00-18:00

10:00-18:00

Holiday inn Golden Mile B3

Crystal Room 2

Holiday inn Golden Mile B3

Crystal Room 1

9:00-12:00 Holiday inn Golden Mile B3

15:00-20:00

Crystal Room 2

Holiday inn Golden Mile B1

Shop B113 (HICC Office)

Holiday inn Golden Mile B3

HICC Show

Hong Kong Show 40th Anniversary Party

HICC/Champion/CAA Auction Preview

HICC/Champion/CAA Auction

HICC/Champion/CAA Auction Preview

HICC/Champion/CAA Auction Pickup

HICC/Champion/CAA Auction Pickup

Daily drawings of prizes include 2024 40th anniversary Hong Kong show panda medal.

◎ 古 富〔美國〕

亞洲錢幣市場，尤其是中國錢幣市場的需求和受歡迎程度， 在過去30年間，出現了前所未有的爆炸式增長。很久以前， 很少有人設想過，亞洲錢幣的單枚拍賣成交價可以達到10 萬美元，但現在許多中國錢幣的價值已經突破了百萬美元大 關。我因為一系列幸運的事件，以及我的好朋友、冠軍拍賣 的周邁可的關係，有幸參與到這個呈爆炸式增長的中國錢幣 市場中。與其說我提供了錢幣，不如說我幫助了那些想要收 藏和交易這些錢幣史上無比迷人錢幣的收藏者。下面的敘述 大部分源自《中國近代機製幣精品鑒賞》銀幣版和第三版的 前言，這兩本精彩的書籍促進並記錄了亞洲和中國錢幣市場 的崛起。

在《中國近代機製幣精品鑒賞 第三版》的前言中，我講述 了自己在20世紀90年代最初接觸這個規模比現在要小得多 的市場的經歷：

我有幸 親 身 經歷 了中 國錢幣 的 騰飛。我第一次去香港是在 1996年，當時周邁可邀請我擔任他第一屆拍賣會的拍賣師並 對拍賣錢幣品相進行復核。我記得1996年的香港仍處于英國 的 統 治之下。回 歸 前和回 歸 後的香港是 兩個 截然不同的地 方——都是繁華的商業中心，但氛圍完全不同。2001年，中 國加入世界貿易組織，經濟如火箭般起飛，中產階級迅速壯 大，整個國家繁榮昌盛，中國成為了今天的經濟強國。可支

配收入迅速增 長 的中 國 收藏家 開 始 讓幾 十年前被西方收藏 家和遊客帶到海外的中國錢幣回到中國。這就是中國錢幣價 格 戲劇 性 飛漲 的原因——中 國 收藏家 極為 渴望 擁 有中 國錢 幣歷史中的這些文化遺產。

在我寫下這些文字之後，發生了一個重大變化，那就是現在 一些中國錢幣的流通是單向的。例如，現在向中國進口錢幣 仍然是完全合法的，但從中國出口古錢幣和近代以前的錢幣 是非法的。這使得中國以外的收藏家越來越難以收集到具有 歷史意義的中國錢幣珍品。這也意味着全球範圍內都正在追 尋重要的中國錢幣。

我在《中國近代機製幣精品鑒賞 銀幣版》（2010 年）的前 言中也有類似的回憶：

本書出版之際，中國錢幣市場正在如火如荼的發展中。每個

人都希望有所作為，特別是一些真正珍稀的錢幣已受到關注 和重視。收藏家對那些頂尖品相的珍品視如至寶，並且投入 鉅資。頂尖品相的錢幣比其他錢幣更為罕見，或擁有更高的 地位。亞洲收藏家手中不斷增長的財富創造了更多的錢幣需 求，但最受歡迎的錢幣則是那些品相最好最稀有的珍品。在 尋 找高 質 量 錢幣 的 過 程中， 評級機構 建立了 嚴 格的 評級標 準，以幫助收藏家甄選出既存世稀少又品相優良的錢幣。旺 盛的需求使錢幣從世界各地流回到原產地。近年來，大量的 好品相珍品和優質收藏品回到了中國。現代機製幣市場也同 樣如此，曾經流傳在外的中國現代幣如今被熟情的收藏家回 收到中國。

由此可見，中國錢幣的單向流通情況已經存在多年。而現在， 這也被寫入了中國的法律。

中國的錢幣評級現在似乎無處不在，但情況並非總是如此。

以下評述摘自第三版前言：

2007-2008年，周 邁 可在上海、香港、北京和 臺 北 舉辦 第三 方錢幣評級研討會，一些專家如卡爾斯蒂芬(Karl Stephens)、 史博 祿 (Bruce Smith)、 鮑 勃·詹森(Bob Johnson)、周祥(上 海博物 館 )、周建福( 臺 北 錢幣學會 )和我 將 第三方 錢幣評 級 引入中 國 市 場。第三方 評級 的最大好 處 之一是保 護 消 費 者，尤其是在防偽領域。這也為中國錢幣市場注入了新的活 力，增添了購買信心，從而吸引更多的收藏家，有助于創造 更高的成交價格以及有益的流動性。

2007年和2008年的中國之旅是革命性的。當時第三方硬幣 評級在中國還鮮為人知，因此我代表PCGS前往中國。期 間，我們在北京和上海舉辦了研討會，會見了北京誠軒拍賣 公司和中國金幣總公司負責人，並出席了香港和臺北錢幣學 會的會議。我們還去參觀了上海博物館，見到了博物館庫藏 的很多珍稀錢幣。經過這些努力，中國和其他亞洲硬幣的評 級收入佔據了評級公司收入的很大一部分。而線上拍賣和第 三方評級能夠產生協同效應也得益于周邁可早年合作Ebay 臺灣和Ebay 易趣網站項目的經驗。

當錢幣評級公司首次與亞洲市場建立聯繫時，藏家和幣商還 需要將他們的錢幣運送到美國進行認證，或者評級服務機構

派工作人員到香港和中國大陸參加特別評級活動。現在，主 要的認證服務機構在中國都有獨立的業務，一方面是為了滿 足當地對錢幣評級的需求，另一方面也是為了遵守前面提到 的單向流通的法律。此外，中國本土的認證公司也爭相分一 杯羹。

自我在1996年第一次香港之行後的幾年間，周邁可邀請我擔 任編輯，與他合作出版了幾本書。通常情況下，周邁可和他 出色的員工會提供從中文原文翻譯過來的英文版本。這導致 了一些有趣的“翻譯損失”。例如，在編輯《中國近代機製 幣精品鑒賞》第一版時，我看到一枚銀幣的描述是，背面描 繪了“豐收”。在英語中，我從未見過用這個詞來形容錢幣， 因此不知道它是什麼意思。然而，當看到一枚錢幣的實物圖 片時，答案就顯而易見了。“豐收”是指錢幣上一個類似花 環的嘉禾形狀，代表着收穫時節收穫的各種農產品。文本中 還出現了其他類似的描述，但其中大部分都可以通過快速分 析或給周邁可的工作人員發郵件或打電話來解決。中文用語 往往熱情洋溢、振奮人心，而英文用語則比較冷靜，因此將 中文用語轉換成英文用語既具有挑戰性，又令人愉快。當然， 隨着新書一本一本的出版，編輯也變得越來越容易了。

我與周邁可合作過的一本非常有趣的書是2014年出版的《霍 華德·佛蘭克林·包克——錢幣學研究先驅者》。包克藏 品沉睡了幾十年，直到周邁可偶然發現了它。儘管包克在 1970年去世前已是亞洲錢幣學界的知名學者，但如果不是 這次偶然事件，他可能已成為歷史的一個註腳。此後，包克 的偉大收藏被慷慨捐贈給世界各地的多家博物館，包括上海 造幣博物館、中國印鈔造幣博物館、瀋陽造幣有限公司、德 國莫裏茨堡哈勒藝術博物館和史密森學會美國國家歷史博 物館。藏品中的部分珍品通過幾次拍賣會售出。包克的圖書 收藏是世界上最大、最重要的圖書收藏之一，他本人也是一 位多產作家。為了保護包克的遺產，周邁可請我為他寫一 本傳記，最終寫成了《霍華德·佛蘭克林·包克——錢幣學 研究先驅者》。包克的繼承人慷慨地提供了包克的背景資料、 圖片和他的個人故事，這些都是創作這本書的基礎。用英文 寫完這本書後，我把它交給了周邁可的工作人員，他們在翻 譯過程中可能也遇到了我之前描述過的問題。這一次，形勢 發生了逆轉。然而，由于他們出色的工作，這本書在2015 年獲得了錢幣文學公會的“傑出成就獎”。

我們和香港的陳景林合作的另一本有趣的著作是2019年的 《中國熊貓紀念章目錄 1984-2019》。與有面值的熊貓幣不 同，熊貓紀念章沒有面值，而是為紀念世界各地的各種活動 （通常是錢幣展）而製作的。熊貓紀念章于 1984年首次發 行，現已成為一個極受歡迎的收藏領域。大多數熊貓紀念章

的發行量都很低。有幾枚熊貓紀念金章和銀章的內在價值很 高，發行量低至一位數或兩位數。我作為這本書的編輯，被 各種創意設計所震撼，這也是它與一般發行的熊貓紀念幣的 不同之處。

2021 年，周邁可開始了一個圖書項目，旨在宣傳張南琛先 生的中國珍品錢幣收藏。我再次受邀編輯這本書。因為張先 生只收集最稀有的、最好的和最優秀的錢幣，這次這個項目 格外令人愉快。張先生比任何人都更瞭解自己的收藏，知道 自己購買的硬幣的故事，所以他成為了本書的主要作者，這 合情合理。雖然其藏品數量不多，但那些錢幣本身卻令人歎 為觀止。裏面的許多錢幣已多年未曾見諸市場，甚至很少有 人知道它們的存在。之後，周邁可通過冠軍拍賣出售了這批 錢幣，這些錢幣創下了多項價格紀錄，其中包括中國和亞洲 錢幣拍賣中的最高單筆成交價，這一紀錄至今仍保持着。而 這本關于張南琛收藏的圖書也榮獲了錢幣文學公會“最佳世 界錢幣書籍”獎（1500年至今），這也是第一本華人作者所 著的圖書獲得錢幣文學公會的獎項。

《中國機製幣精品鑒賞 第三版》的編撰工作在2021 年下 半年開始啟動，這一版的重點是銀幣。本書收錄了60枚最 精美、最稀有的中國錢幣，而排名是根據2009年版的問卷 修改後，經102位錢幣專家和藏家投票排出的。這本中英文 雙語書籍既是收藏者的重要參考書，也是一本極佳的欣賞 書，其精美的設計和圖片甚至給非收藏者留下了深刻印象。

我的第一次香港之行已經過去了27年，這簡直難以置信。 沒有周邁可的支持和堅持，這一切都不可能實現。周邁可一 直是亞洲和中國錢幣學界的一股重要力量。通過最近與周邁 可的討論可以明顯感受到，他無意放慢腳步。大家很快就會 聽到並瞭解到他的新項目，我期待着與他和他的員工在未來 更多的歲月裏共事。感謝周邁可，感謝冠軍拍賣！

古富

古富是美國和德國錢幣領域方面公認的權威。他擁有註冊會 計師執照，在錢幣業擁有超過50年專業經驗，進行錢幣收藏、 交易、研究和寫作。他的錢幣著作和文章贏得無數獎項，包

括美 國錢幣協會 的Heath文 學獎 和Olga & Wayte Raymond 獎、錢幣文學公會的最佳錢幣投資書籍和年度最佳書籍、錢 幣文學公會的年度最佳書籍獎。2003年，他獲得美國錢幣協

會的主席榮譽獎，以表彰他對錢幣業界的出色貢獻。2021年， 《世界硬 幣》（Coin World）雜誌提名古富 為“1960年至2020 年六十年錢幣界十大最具影響力人物”。

1999年，古富創建了CoinFacts網站，2014年將網站出售給美 國 上市公司收藏家世界（Collectors Universe）， 現為 PCGS 旗下CoinFacts公司。古富在收藏家世界任多 種職 位，包括 錢幣 研究 總監 和 專業錢幣評級 服 務 公司（PCGS） 總 裁， PCGS旗下CoinFacts欄目主席。

古富 現 在 擔 任 錢幣 探索 機構 （Numisamtic Detective Agency）的首席研究員，為高端錢幣提供專家鑒定。

古富從1996年開始擔任冠軍拍賣多場拍賣會的拍賣師。 對 中 國錢幣 市 場來說 ，古富是一 個 熟悉的面孔。2007 年-2008年，古富代表PCGS 參 加了由 愛 秀集 團 和冠 軍 拍 賣 在香港、上海、北京和臺灣舉辦的錢幣評級研討會。

多年以 來 ，古富一直 參與 克 勞 斯出版社《世界 錢幣標準 目 錄》出版工作，尤其在德國錢幣研究方面貢獻巨大。

古富主編與撰寫的部分書籍

《中國近代機製幣精品鑒賞 第三版》（主編，2021年）

《收藏傳奇——張南琛中國錢幣收藏》（2021年）

《中國熊貓紀念章目錄1984-2019》（編輯，2019年）

《錢幣界最偉大的100位女性》（2015年）

《霍華德·佛蘭克林·包克——錢幣學研究先驅者》

（主編，2014年）

《德國認證錢幣拍賣成交價格 第二版》（2013年）

《德國認證錢幣拍賣成交價格 第一版》（2012年）

《PCGS認證德國錢幣拍賣成交價格 第二版》（2011年）

《中國近代機製幣精品鑒賞 銀幣版》（主編，2011年）

《PCGS認證德國錢幣拍賣成交價格 第一版》（2010年）

《100枚最偉大的美國錢幣 第三版》（2008年）

《錢幣收藏入門 第二版》（2008年）

《1795-1933美國金幣百科全書 第二版》（2008年）

《1795-1933美國金幣百科全書 第一版》（2006年）

《100枚最偉大的美國錢幣 第二版》（2005年）

《美國錢幣類別研究》（2005 年）

《100枚最偉大的美國錢幣 第一版》（2003年）

《1936 - 2002美國鏡面精製錢幣》（2002年）

《錢幣收藏入門 第一版》（2001年）

2024年4月香港活動日程

日期 時間 地點 活動 介紹

11:00-21:00

13:30-15:00

4 月 6 日

金域假日酒店 B3 麗晶廳 1

15:00-18:00

19:00-22:00

4 月 7 日

中國錢幣珍品展

《楚留香傳奇》紀念幣第三套及 香港錢幣展會 40 周年熊貓紀念章 首發

展覽現場將有諸多中國錢幣大 珍亮相。

世界硬幣大獎賽終身成就獎得 主余敏、香港漫畫大師李志清 將出席首發活動。

香港錢幣展、拍賣、展會熊貓章 40 周年論壇 原 PCGS 總裁、原錢幣文學 公會主席古富將主持活動。多 位錢幣界的傳奇人物及出席了 1984 年香港展會的錢幣界人士 將參加此次活動，並分享他們 對于 1984 年展會及展會熊貓 紀念章發行的回憶，並分析中 國錢幣自 1984 年來到發展， 不容錯過。

40 周年招待晚宴

10:00-18:00 金域假日酒店 B3 麗晶廳 2 HICC/ 冠軍 /CAA 聯合拍賣預展

10:00-18:00 金域假日酒店 B3 麗晶廳 1 HICC/ 冠軍 /CAA 聯合拍賣 9:00-12:00 金域假日酒店 B3 麗晶廳 2 HICC/ 冠軍 /CAA 聯合拍賣預展 15:00-20:00 HICC/ 冠軍 /CAA 聯合拍賣提貨

4 月 8 日 金域假日酒店 B1 HICC 香港店鋪 B113 HICC/ 冠軍 /CAA 聯合拍賣提貨

4 月 9 日 至 11 日

金域假日酒店 B3 HICC 展會

展會期間將有抽獎活動，獎品 包括 2024 年香港錢幣展會紀 念章發行 40 周年熊貓紀念章。

The European Numismatic Panda Market The European Numismatic Panda Market

◎ Oliver Strahl〔Germany〕

Chinese coins from China, especially the panda, have found their way into the hands of collectors. The cute panda, which changes its design every year, is more popular than it has been for a long time. In times of crisis, precious metals are in high demand as they serve as a hedge against inflation. Many of the panda coins are made of the precious metals platinum, palladium, gold or silver.

Older issues up to 2009 also have a relatively low circulation, sometimes only a few hundred pieces. Issues from 2010 onwards tend to be in the millions and are therefore a pure precious metal investment. It is therefore profitable to have the older panda coins professionally graded by NGC. With a good result, this increases the value considerably and facilitates a later sale. Purchased Chinese coins should at least be in the original mint foil.

A few years ago, the auction houses were still littered with genuine rarities, but today almost all of them have ended up in long-term collections. With a bit of luck, some Chinese coins may come onto the market as a result of a collection liquidation, although this is very rare as many transactions take place privately in the background.

Pandas that are sold regularly reach new record prices and generally move back to China, so that the domestic market is increasingly thinning out.

There are also brass pandas from 1983 to 1985, these 1 yuan pieces are as expensive as gold in weight. The 1985 issue with a mintage of only 50 pieces even costs $25,000. Compared to the prices of US

coins, the Chinese coins are still more than affordable and worth an investment right now.

There are also officially licensed medals of the pandas. An extremely popular series is the World Money Fair Panda Berlin, which once again stands out in 2024 with a brilliant design and a small mintage of 200 pieces. With an issue price of 99 euros at the time, the 2023 version achieved the proud price of 250 euros just one year later. This year's edition at the Kuenker booth is highly likely to sell out within a few hours or even minutes.

The obverse features two pandas and a colorful dragon, which stands for the Year of the Dragon 2024. The World Money Fair logo is the new logo of the fair, which was recently changed. The Roman coin shows the portrait of Brutus, who used the coin to celebrate the murder of Gaius Julius Caesar and portrayed himself as the savior of freedom and the Republic. The coin is the most expensive Roman silver issue and can achieve a value of up to $500,000 depending on its condition. The reverse depicts the 22 meter high rotunda as the centerpiece of the Altes Museum in Berlin, which opened in 1830.

歐洲熊貓紀念幣章市場

◎ 奧利弗·斯特拉爾〔德國〕

來自中國的錢幣，尤其是熊貓紀念幣，已經成功進入了收藏 者的手中。幣上的可愛熊貓圖案每年都會更換，其受歡迎程 度超過了以往任何時候。在危機時期，貴金屬因其保值作用 而受到追捧。許多熊貓紀念幣都是由貴金屬鉑、鈀、金或銀 製成的。

2009 年之前的舊版熊貓紀念幣發行量相對較低，有時只有 幾百枚。2010年以後的發行量往往高達數百萬枚，因此是 一種純貴金屬投資。這讓NGC對舊版熊貓紀念幣進行專業 評級是有利可圖的。如果評級結果良好，則會大大提高其價 值，並有助於日後的銷售。而購買的中國錢幣至少應有原始 出廠包裝。

幾年前，拍賣行裏還有着真正的中國錢幣珍品，但如今幾乎 所有的珍品都被長期收藏。運氣好的話，一些中國錢幣可能 會因清盤藏品而流入市場，不過這種情況非常罕見，因為許 多交易都是在後臺私下進行的。

定期出售的熊貓紀念幣價格屢創新高，而且一般都會流回中 國，因此德國國內市場熊貓紀念幣交易量日益萎縮。

此外，還有1983年至1985年的黃銅熊貓紀念幣，這些壹圓 面值幣的價格不亞於黃金。1985年發行的僅有50枚，價格 甚至高達25,000美元。與美國錢幣的價格相比，中國錢幣的 價格還是比較實惠的，值得現 在投資。

此外，還有官方授權的熊貓紀 念章。柏林世界錢幣展覽會熊 貓紀念章是一個非常受歡迎 的系列，它將於2024年再次 脫穎而出，設計精美，發行量 僅為200枚。2023版當時的發 行價為99歐元，僅一年後就 達到了250歐元的傲人價格。

2024年昆克拍賣公司展位上的柏林展會熊貓紀念章極有可 能在幾小時甚至幾分鐘內售罄。

這次熊貓紀念章的正面圖案：主景為柏林阿爾特斯博物館中 央圓頂大廳內景圖，圓頂大廳高22米，它是1830 年開放的 柏林舊博物館的中心建築；下部中間為2024世界錢幣展覽 會新近更換的標誌。背面圖案：主景為兩只大熊貓，上部為 一條彩色的龍，代表2024年是中國龍年。背景為柏林阿爾 特斯博物館珍藏的古羅馬時期凱撒大帝“刺殺”紀念幣，錢 幣正面是“弑君者”布魯圖的頭像。這枚錢幣意在慶祝蓋烏 斯·尤利烏斯·凱撒被刺殺，並將布魯圖描繪成自由和共和 國的救世主。這枚錢幣是最昂貴的羅馬銀幣，價值可達50 萬美元。

柏林阿爾特斯博物館外景

An Exploration of the 1985 One-Yuan Proof Panda Commemorative Copper Coin

King Chan〔Hong Kong〕

The 1985 One-Yuan Proof Panda Commemorative Copper Coin is one of the rarest new Chinese coins, and it is also one of the most valuable and legendary varieties of panda commemorative coins. The authenticity of this coin was questioned by the collectors when it first appeared, as it was not documented in any issuance announcement or official catalog. A coin of this kind presented as a souvenir without formal circulation has been appreciated by about 250,000 times (NGC PF68, realizing $30,000 at the Heritage Auction in December 2022) after 37 years. Another 1985 Panda Commemorative Copper Coin graded NGC PF69 was sold for 500,000 yuan at an auction in the mainland in 2022. The following is a report of my tracking and research on this coin over the past 20-plus years.

Published by the Encyclopedia of China Publishing House in October 2000, the Complete Catalog of Modern Chinese Gold and Silver Coins (《中國現代金銀紀念幣大全》), with detailed information and exquisite pictures, is a tool for many gold and silver coin enthusiasts, and its authority is indisputable. However, when compared with the Illustrated Catalog of Precious Metal Coins of the People's Republic of China (19791985) (《中華人民共和國貴金屬紀念幣圖錄》) published by Southwestern University of Finance and Economics Press, it is

found that among the pictures of panda commemorative coins of 1985, the Illustrated Catalog records 5 gold coins, 1 silver coin, and 1 copper coin, while the Complete Catalog records 5 gold coins and 1 silver coin, without copper coin.

In addition to the Complete Catalog of Modern Chinese Gold and Silver Coins, the record of the Panda Commemorative Copper Coins from 1983 to 1985 in various official catalogs is as follows:

The first volume of the Catalogue of Modern Chinese Gold and Silver Commemorative Coins and Medals (《 中國現代金 銀紀念幣章圖錄 》) published in 1988: only 1983 and 1984 commemorative copper coins are recorded, with no record of the 1985 coin;

The Chinese Panda Copper Coin Chapter in the Chinese Panda Gold and Silver Coin Catalogue (《 中國熊貓金銀幣圖錄 》) published in 1991: only 1983 and 1984 Panda Commemorative Copper Coins are recorded;

The Chinese Modern Commemorative Coins and Medals (《中 國現代紀念幣附紀念章》) published in 1991: only 1983 and 1984 Panda Commemorative Copper Coins are recorded;

ACatalogue of the Currencies of the People's Republic of China (《中華人民共和國貨幣圖錄》) published in 1993: only 1983 and 1984 Panda Commemorative Copper Coins are recorded;

The Complete Book of Modern Chinese Gold and Silver Coins (《中國現代金銀幣大全》) published in 2000: only 1983 and 1984 Panda Commemorative Copper Coins are recorded;

The Illustrated Catalog of Precious Metal Coins of the People's Republic of China published in 2006: it documents the images

1985 One-Yuan Panda Commemorative Copper Coin made by the Shanghai Mint in a green paper clip

and specifications of the 1985 Panda Commemorative Copper Coin, as well as the mintage of the proof copper coin, that is, 1,000 pieces;

The part about China in the Krause Standard Catalog of World Coins 1901-2000 published in 2009: only 1983 and 1984 Panda Commemorative Copper Coins are recorded;

It was not until 2006 that the Illustrated Catalog of Precious MetalCoinsofthePeople'sRepublicofChina began to officially document the 1985 Panda Commemorative Copper Coin. The following is what I know about this copper coin.

The 1985 One-Yuan Panda Commemorative Copper Coin was hard to find on the market over the years so that many coin collectors only know about the 1983 and 1984 copper coins. I have heard from the "the King of Chinese Panda Coins" (collector Mr. Yuan Xiong 袁雄 ) mentioned in 2003 that there is a third "copper panda". However, I had never seen one before, so I could not be sure of its existence.

Around 2003, a small number of 1985 Panda Commemorative Copper Coins appeared in the market, and only occasionally 1 piece came out from time to time. I saw some without covers or in poor condition, but there are also some with the original green paper clip from the Shanghai Mint of the China Mint Company.

At that time, the coin in the worst condition was about 6000 yuan, while the perfect condition could be sold at 12 000 yuan, which shows the great influence of the condition on the price of the coin.

In 2005, during the preparatory stage of the Illustrated Catalog of Precious Metal Coins of the People's Republic of China, I was invited to participate in the symposium on editing and publishing, and I submitted a list of disputed coins to the China Gold Coin Corporation, requesting that they should be examined one by one, which included the 1985 Panda Commemorative Copper Coin. Through the assistance of various parties, it was confirmed that the Shanghai Mint did produce this copper coin with a mintage of 1,000, and the Illustrated Catalog was able to "recover" the missing panda coin absent from the Complete CatalogofModernChineseGoldandSilverCoins!

After an in-depth study, China Gold Coin Corporation found that there was no plan to issue the 1985 Panda Commemorative

Copper Coin. In May 1985, in order to celebrate the cooperation between the Shanghai Mint and the Canadian Sherritt Company for the introduction of production equipment, the Shanghai Mint struck a small number of 1985 Panda Commemorative Copper Coins after modifying the 1984 coin dies and presented them to Canadian guests. The rest of the coins were used as gifts to the leaders of the Shanghai Mint as gifts when visiting Japan and the British Mint. Only 50 coins were minted.

Due to the scarcity of this coin and the lack of official records, it is not recorded in the U.S. Krause Catalog of World Coins (1901-2000). When I sent it to NGC for grading, it was returned by NGC. To this end, I submitted the coin to NGC again via the Mr. Robert of the US together with the verification letter from China Gold Coin Corporation about this coin, Mr. Huang Ruiyong's auction records, and the picture of the coin. Through great efforts, NGC finally agreed to certify the 1985 Panda Commemorative Copper Coin in the future.

Looking back on this experience, I feel that the China Gold Coin Corporation has paid sufficient attention and concern to the study of these controversial coins by sending its staff to assist in the investigation and verification. The conscientious attitude will be of great benefit to the restoration and recording of the information on modern gold and silver coins!

In addition, the 1994 and 1995 platinum 1/20-ounce small panda coins were not commonly seen on the market and were once suspected not to have been issued. After contacting the China Gold Coin Corporation, I verified that these two small platinum panda coins did have a production record, but they were minted by the Australian Mint with platinum purchased locally. Some of these coins were designed into necklaces to be sold, so it is no wonder that platinum coins are rare! Later, I specially collected a platinum panda necklace as a souvenir.

As for the 1983 and 1984 proof Panda Commemorative Copper Coins, the Panda American Company gifted them to those who purchased gold and silver panda coins, so the customers did not purchase them specially. Their retail price was very cheap at 1 dollar. Its packaging is very interesting, that is, the copper coins were encapsulated in a postcard with panda patterns. Black card packages were also available in Europe, and most are in good condition.

原刊載於《東亞泉志》第

中國造幣公司上海造幣廠1985年壹圓綠卡裝幀熊貓紀念銅幣

1985年精製版壹圓熊貓紀念銅幣探源

◎ 陳景林〔香港〕

1985年精製版壹圓熊貓紀念銅幣可以說是新中國錢幣家族 中的一朵奇葩，是熊貓紀念幣中最為貴重和富傳奇色彩的品 種之一。此幣最初出現時，因為沒有任何發行公告或官方目 錄記載，以致真偽性受到收藏界的質疑。作為一枚呈贈紀念 品而未經正式流通的銅質熊貓紀念幣，經歷了37年的沉澱 與價值再發現後，竟然升值約25萬倍（NGC PF68完美，見 2022年12月海瑞得拍賣會成交價3萬美元），而另一枚品相 完美NGC PF69分的1985年熊貓紀念銅幣，2022年在中國 大陸某拍賣會中成交價50萬元。以下是過去20多年來筆者 對此幣的跟蹤與研究報告。

由中國大百科全書出版社于2000年10月出版的《中國現代 金銀紀念幣大全》，資料詳實、圖片精美，是眾多金銀幣愛

好者的收藏工具書，其權威 性毋容置疑。然而，再與 西南財經大學出版社出版的 《中華人民共和國貴金屬紀 念幣圖錄》（1979-1985）對 照，細心的朋友會發現在收 錄的1985年版的熊貓紀念幣 圖片中，《圖錄》記載了5枚 金幣、1枚銀幣、1枚銅幣。而《大全》記錄了5枚金幣、1 枚銀幣，卻缺少了1枚銅幣。

實際上，不只《大全》，對比各官方圖錄，1983-1985年版 熊貓紀念銅幣記載情況如下：

1988年《中國現代金銀紀念幣章圖錄》第一輯：僅記錄 1983、1984年熊貓紀念銅幣，無記錄1985年版；

1991年《中國熊貓金銀幣圖錄》中國熊貓銅幣篇：僅記 錄1983、1984年熊貓紀念銅幣；

1991年《中國現代紀念幣附紀念章》：僅記錄1983、 1984年熊貓紀念銅幣；

1993年《中華人民共和國貨幣圖錄》：僅記錄1983、 1984年熊貓紀念銅幣；

2000年《中國現代金銀幣大全》：僅記錄1983、1984年 熊貓紀念銅幣；

2006年《中華人民共和國貴金屬紀念幣圖錄》：有記載 1985年熊貓紀念銅幣圖片、規格，以及精製銅幣的發行量： 1 000枚；

2009年《克勞斯世界硬幣目錄1901-2000》中國篇：僅 記錄1983、1984年熊貓紀念銅幣。

細看這些記錄，會發現直到2006年《圖錄》才開始正式記 載1985年熊貓紀念銅幣。以下是筆者所記關于這枚銅幣的 一點往事。

1985年熊貓紀念幣中的一枚壹圓銅幣，多年以來市場難見 蹤跡，以至很多幣友只知1983、1984“銅貓”兩枚紀念幣 而已。到2003年左右，筆者曾聽“中國貓王”（收藏家袁雄 先生）提到有第三枚“銅貓”，唯一直未見實物，不敢肯定 其存在。

直到2003前後，市場陸續出現小量1985年“銅貓”，最初流 出來的並不多，僅偶爾1枚而已。筆者所見有些無封套，有 些品相很差，但也有一些是帶有中國造幣公司上海造幣廠 綠色紙質原裝幣夾的（見圖）。當時市場上的成交情況：最 差品相的約在6,000元，而完美品相的則可12,000元間成交， 可見品相對其價格的影響之大。

2005年《中華人民共和國貴金屬紀念幣圖錄》籌備階段， 筆者應邀參與編輯出版座談會時，曾提交一份具爭議幣清 單交給中國金幣總公司，請求一一查考，其中就包括1985 年“銅貓”。通過各方協助考證，中國造幣公司上海造幣廠 當年確曾生產這枚銅幣，發行量為1,000枚，《圖錄》也得以

“尋回”《大全》失蹤之“貓”矣！ 中國金幣總公司深入研究後，發現當年原本並無1985年“銅 貓”的發行與立項計劃。直至1985年5月，為慶祝上海造幣 廠與加拿大Sherritt公司合作引進生產設備，中國造幣公 司上海造幣廠用1984年“銅貓”模具修改後鑄造了少量的 1985年號“銅貓”贈予加拿大外賓。其餘的幣用作送贈上 海造幣廠領導和作為出訪日本、英國造幣廠的饋贈禮品。實 鑄量僅50枚。

同樣由于此幣鮮有出現，也沒有官方紀錄，美國克勞斯世界 硬幣目錄（1901-2000年）並未記載，以致筆者送呈NGC 進行評級時，卻被對方因故退回。為此，筆者搜集中國金幣 總公司有關此幣核實信函、黃瑞勇先生的拍賣成交記錄和實 物圖片，經由美國Robert先生的推薦，轉發給NGC審閱， 經多方努力，終得到NGC認可，同意開放今後1985年版熊 貓紀念銅幣的認證服務。

回顧這段經歷，筆者感到中國金幣總公司方面對于該枚爭議 幣的研究給予了足夠的重視和關注，並派員協助調查和核 實，這種認真仔細的態度對現代金銀幣資料的還原和記錄將 有莫大裨益！

其外，1994年、1995年鉑金1/20盎司小熊貓紀念幣市場上 不常見到，也一度被懷疑並未發行。筆者經過和中國金幣總 公司方面聯繫，核實此二枚“小鉑貓”確有生產記錄，不過 是由澳大利亞造幣廠在當地購入鉑金並且鑄造，而且部分設 計成項鏈出售，難怪鉑幣少見！筆者其後特別收藏一枚鉑貓 項鏈，以資紀念。

至于1983、1984年精製銅貓紀念幣，美貓公司當年銷售時， 多隨“金銀貓”的訂購而贈送給老客戶，並不需要特別購買 的，即使零售價格也非常相宜，象徵式的1美元，其包裝也 很有意思，是把銅幣塑封在一張印有熊貓圖案的明信片卡 中。歐洲方面也有黑卡封裝，大部分品相精美。

The Legend of Taiwan's Gold Jewelry Industry——

Gao Tian-Cheng and His Book ACompleteWorksof DrawingsofWorkmanshipinGoldandSilverFineJewelry

◎ Stephen Tai〔Taipei〕

In traditional societies, people used to exchange their wealth in the form of currency for gold jewelry for preservation for several reasons. First, gold can retain its value and protect the gold's owners from inflation. Second, it can be made into jewelry for decoration and to show off the identity of the owners. In addition, gold has its cultural significance. Gold jewelry has always played the role of a messenger of blessings in various folk customs, and is gifted on important occasions such as the 1st birthday of a child, graduation, adulthood ceremonies, engagements, marriage, childbirth, promotions, and birthday congratulations.

In this process, jewelry shops have always played a key role, providing money exchange services, leading fashion, and being the guardians of traditional culture.

However, with the change of times, especially after the end of the WWII, gold has flown out of Britain, France, and other countries in large quantities. Gold bullion has become an investment target in various countries, which has impacted traditional Chinese jewelry shops. In

response to the trend, many jewelry shop owners shifted their focus from making gold jewelry to trading gold bullion.

On the other hand, the conservative style of the early jewelry shops was a problem as well. Historically, the designs of gold ornaments were dependent on the craftsmen preserved from generation to generation, which were secrets of shops. For this reason, some of the designs were lost at a later date. In addition, people prefer the new designs to the old ones, so the old-style gold ornaments were either recast or sold to smelt. Some designs disappeared together with the finished

products. The culture of gold jewelry declined. To turn the situation around, Gao Tian-Cheng ( 高天成 ), the owner of the Gao Cheng-Xing Gold Store in Taipei decided to break the traditional concept and made public his long-term collection of gold jewelry designs from various periods. Thus, he compiled A Complete Works of Drawings of Workmanship in Gold and Silver Fine Jewelry (《金銀細 工實用圖畫大全》) which was issued on August 26, 1930 (Showa 5) in Taipei.1

1. The Background of the Publication

Note

1 The book was republished by the Kwangwen Bureau in February 2023, 93 years after its first publication.

Fig. 1 The cover and the title page of the book

This unprecedented book covers 1,300 common jewelry designs in Taiwan. It became a public gallery and workbook for goldsmiths, the catalogue of jewelry shop, and a reference for customers instantly after its publication. It had a farreaching impact on the manufacturing, sales, and consumption of the jewelry industry in Taiwan.

The book was priced at 70 cents per copy, which was about a day's salary for an ordinary person at the time. 2 It was widely circulated and became a musthave reference book for people in the industry, standing the test of time ever since.

In Gao's time, Taiwan jewelry shops were generally an industry that made gold and silver jewelry for customers, earning wages for their skills. Therefore, all of them employed goldsmiths in their stores, and many goldsmiths were also the owners of shops. Gao was an example, as he was the owner of the Gao Cheng-Xing Gold Store.

The upbringing of the traditional goldsmith took the master-apprentice system. Various designs of gold ornaments were made with reference to the drawings of their predecessors, commonly known as hua bu [ 花簿 , sample book]. For traditional workmanship in gold jewelry, the sample book containing the design drawings was indispensable. In the early years, when customers came to the jewelry shop, they had to refer to the style of gold jewelry in the display case

before commission. When making gold ornaments, the goldsmith would find out the pattern chosen by the customer from the sample book and draw it on waxed paper. Then, the goldsmith would chisel the tracing on an adhesive board to make a mold. Finally, a flat gold plate would be heated and softened and then placed on the adhesive board to be struck and modified.3

Sample books had always been passed

down from master to apprentice. However, there were so many kinds of jewelry, such as various hairpins, bracelets, necklaces, brooches, ear hooks, cufflinks, collar clips, gold medals, etc. Few sample books could cover all their designs. Therefore, it was not easy to obtain all the designs, which was a major obstacle to the inheritance of the traditional culture of jewelry shops.

In order to break through the present

2 In the 1930s, the monthly salary of a Japanese official in Taiwan was about 40 TWD, while the monthly income of Taiwanese people was generally around 20 TWD. See: Family Property - An Official (Communications Department) With a Monthly Salary of Forty-Eight Yen. Taiwan Patriotic Woman, Vol. 1, No. 4. September 1934.

3 Stephen Tai, HundredYearsofJewelryShopsandtheVoiceofFilialPiety, China Collections. April, 2020.

Fig. 2 Tracing of a gold flower-style hairpin

Fig. 4

Fig. 3 Adhesive board

Fig. 5

situation, Gao Tian-Cheng compiled this book and said in the preface: "The workmanship of the gold and silver fine jewelry is also a part of fine art. In previous times, it was taught orally by the predecessors, and everything has always been done according to the old rules. But in modern times, people prefer novelty.

I have a view of this and strive for progress. I spare no expense to purchase them, research them, and compile them into a wonderful model. I am not afraid of trouble, processing the drawings to bind them in one volume to publish. With all these efforts, I hope to promote the development of the workmanship of the gold and silver fine jewelry in Taiwan."

The sample book was not only the spirit that was upheld by the industry in the early days, but also an honor of the masters, following exactly the precepts of those who came before them. Although it emphasized craftsmanship, it was lack of innovation. As long as the workmanship is good enough, it is hard to differentiate the ornaments made according to the same design drawing by different goldsmiths at different times. The expense of being stuck in a rut is high, which led the traditional jewelry shops to be eliminated by machines and computers in the later years.

This book was published when Taiwan was ruled by the Japanese colonial government. Since Japanese society did not have the culture of the jewelry shop, the jewelry designs in the book were mainly derived from the Qing dynasty in China. To be more precise, this book records the design drawings from the time when the people crossed from the mainland to Taiwan to its publication,

Fig. 6

Fig. 7

Fig. 9

Fig. 4-Fig. 9 Various types of gold jewelry by Taiwan jewelry shops from the 1930s to 1970s according to the drawings in the book

Fig. 8

Fig. 10 A book by a practitioner of the gold jewelry industry in Taiwan. It was compiled based on Gao's book, so the author was unnamed.

4

and it was published during the Japanese colonial period. During this period, the types and appearances of jewelry circulating in Taiwanese society varied. Tracing the origin of the gold jewelry styles in Taiwan, it was generally spread from the early Fujian and Guangdong immigrants. Because of the significance of the cultural aspects of the wedding and funeral rituals, the people of Taiwan followed the traditions, and the style of gold jewelry remained roughly the same, retaining the characteristics of those in the Qing dynasty or even earlier. However, some of the designs had long been out of fashion in mainland, China.

In addition, new elements that were added during the period of Japanese colonialism can also be found in the book. Such new elements include Western designs and styles that began to be introduced or influenced Taiwan through Japan, such as watch chains, tie clips, cuff links for suit accessories, and jewelry inlaid with jewels and jade. There were also some ornaments with a strong sense of Japanese colonial culture. Reinterpreted from a modern perspective, this book is not only a catalog of gold processing but also a first-hand historical material for appreciating the old-fashioned and innovative aspects of gold jewelry in Taiwan during the great era of change.

The impact of this book was far-reaching. It was not until around the 1970s that the book was phased out with the transition of the Taiwan gold jewelry industry from being hand-make to machine cast. The

book enjoyed a high reputation and it could not be surpassed for a long time over nearly half a century. Although there were a variety of similar books printed, most of them were compiled based on A Complete Works of Drawings of Workmanship in Gold and Silver Fine Jewelry, and most of them were compiled by the practitioners of the industry for private use, so none of them had the name of the author.

II. About Gao Tian-Cheng

There is little information about the Gao Tian-Cheng, and the existing materials can only be used as a profile. However, we can still get a glimpse of his personality as well as the rise and fall of his career.

Gao Tian-Cheng was the owner of the Gao Cheng-Xing Gold Store in Dadaocheng, Taipei. In 1948, Taiwanese officials forced all gold stores [ 金鋪 , jin pu] to change their name to jewelry shops [ 銀樓 , yin lou]. There was limited information about Gao Tian-Cheng and the Gao Cheng-Xing Gold Store he founded, including his age, background, and the time he founded the gold store. However, it can be confirmed that Gao Cheng-Xing Gold Store is one of the earliest jewelry shops in Taipei, inheriting the traditional workmanship of the gold and silver fine jewelry, and focusing on the business of gold jewelry. It was mainly engaged in the gold jewelry business like those in Guangzhou and Hong Kong, rather than a gold store that

sold gold bullion. In the late 1920s, Gao Cheng-Xing Gold Store had already made a name for itself in the industry, along with time-honored brand jewelry shops such as Jin Rui-Shan ( 金瑞山 ), He Cheng-Fang ( 合呈芳 ) and Jin He-Gui ( 金和貴 ). In addition to being the owner of the jewelry shop, Gao Tian-Cheng was also a skilled craftsman, specializing in gold and silver jewelry, as well as clocks and watches.

In 1930, AComplete Works of Drawings of Workmanship in Gold and Silver Fine Jewelry was published. According to the copyright page, the location of the Gao Cheng-Xing Jewelry Shop was at No.12, Street 1, Daqiao Town, Dadaocheng business district (present-day North Yanping Rd. near East Minzu Rd.). Later, it was moved to No. 69, Street 4, Taiping Town (present-day No. 163, Section 2, North Yanping Road). This new site was located in the center of the same business district, opposite Jin Rui-Shan Jewelry Shop, the largest jewelry shop in Taipei (No. 168).4 The move might have been due to its booming business.

According to records, the Taipei Gold and Silver Jewelry Association, the predecessor of the Taipei Gold and Silver Jewelry Commercial Association, was established on October 25th, 1931. Gao Cheng-Xing Jewelry Shop (owned by Gao Tian-Cheng) and Jin Rui-Shan Jewelry Shop (owned by Lai YangCheng), He Cheng-Fang Jewelry Shop (owned by Chan Wu-Long), Jin He-Gui Jewelry Shop (owned by Liu San-Gui),

Directory of early gold and silver fine jewelry shops in Taiwan (January 1948).

Fig. 11 Copyright page of the first edition of the book

Fig. 12 The design of the gold medal commemorating the third anniversary of the Association

Fig. 13 The design of the gold medal praying for divine protection made in the name of Hsintien Troupe

and Lao Kun Yu Jewelry Shop and Jin He-Chun, which had been closed before liberation and never resumed business, were listed as the six major launchers of the Association.5

However, ACompleteWorksofDrawings of Workmanship in Gold and Silver Fine Jewelry disputes the above statement about the founding date of the Taipei Gold and Silver Jewelry Association.

On page 106 of the book there is a gold medal commemorating the third anniversary of the Association. Since the book was published in 1930, it indicates that the Association was actually founded as early as 1927, four years earlier than the general statement. At this time, Gao Tian-Cheng's jewelry shop was thriving.

Gao Tian-Cheng valued tradition, was enthusiastic about public welfare, which can be seen not only in the preface of the

Fig. 14 On June 18, 1959, the Hsintien Troupe participated in the Xiahai Shing Wong's Circumambulation Festival. Photograph by Li Shoukang.

book but also in his support for the affairs of the Taipei Gold and Silver Jewelry Association and the folk association Hsintien Troupe ( 萃英社 ).

After the establishment of the Taipei Gold and Silver Jewelry Association, the "God of Gathering Treasure', namely, the God of Wealth, Bi Gan [ 比幹 ], was worshiped as the god of the industry. Gao Tian-Cheng, as the initiator of the Association, contributed money and effort to organize the Hsintien Troupe, which performed zi di opera [ 子弟戲 ] during the Spring and Autumn Festivals to thank the gods. Since then, the Hsintien Troupe

5 Taipei Gold and Silver Jewelry Commercial Association website.

has been active in the area of Xiahai Shing Wong Temple in Taipei and often attended in the folk ceremony welcoming the gods. The book A Complete Works of Drawings of Workmanship in Gold and Silver Fine Jewelry also covers a pattern of gold medal praying for divine protection made in the name of Hsintien Troupe, which is a witness to this history.

To summarize, it is clear that Gao TianCheng had already occupied a significant position in the industry a little earlier than 1927, when the Taipei Gold and Silver Jewelry Association was established. Later on, ACompleteWorks of Drawings of Workmanship in Gold and Silver Fine Jewelry was published in 1930. The longterm support for the Hsintien Troupe and the relocation to the commercial hotspot of Taiping Town took place at the peak of Gao's career, no later than 1937 around the Sino-Japanese War.

After the outbreak of the war, the Taiwan Governor's Office announced the implementation of the ‘Rules of the Use of Gold' on December 28, 1937. The rule limited the purity of gold for public use, which made the Taiwan jewelry shops suffer a major blow. Later, gold and gold ornaments were compulsorily levied at official prices, and the jewelry shop runners had to sell their stocks of finished products, semi-finished products, and raw materials to the Bank of Taiwan and then declare their closure. Gao Cheng-Xing and Jin Rui-Shan were the only jewelry shops that survived the crisis with their part-time business such as groceries and

watches until the Japanese surrendered.6

However, after the Restoration of Taiwan, the business of Gao Cheng-Xing Jewelry Shop did not return to glory but deteriorated gradually.

After the Republic of China's government came to Taiwan, the Taipei Gold and Silver Jewelry Commercial Association was approved for establishment on April 18, 1948. The response was enthusiastic, and there were 74 7 founding members. However, the status and influence of the Gao Cheng-Xing Jewelry Shop was not the same as that in the past, and it did not undertake the affairs of the Association. At this time, the Taipei Gold and Silver Jewelry Association was disbanded.

At the beginning of the Restoration, Taiwan society was suffering from serious inflation, and the people rushed to buy gold bullion to keep their wealth.

Since gold jewelry became less popular due to the costly labor, Gao Cheng-Xing's adherence to traditional workmanship made its business harder. Especially in mid-June 1949, the "Gold Savings Scheme of the Bank of Taiwan" set off a boom, which led old and new jewelry shops to buy and sell gold bullion. The gold jewelry was relatively unattractive. At this time, the news of the shortage of raw materials for decorative gold jewelry spread. Later, the officials had to roll out the "Gold Deposit and Loan Scheme of the Bank of Taiwan" on October 18, 1949. The scheme was designed to lend gold to jewelry shops to let them survive,8 but Gao Cheng-Xing's business did not improve.

The slack business was perhaps the reason why the gold jewelry made by Gao Cheng-Xing Jewelry Shop after the Restoration is hard to find nowadays, while a few pieces of gold jewelry made

6 Xiao Jing-Wen, The Island of Gold:AMemoir of Gold in Formosa, Jade Agency, 2006.

7 Taipei Gold and Silver Jewelry Commercial Association website.

8 Stephen Tai, ShanghaiRefinedRedGoldBarinTaiwan, the Journal of EastAsian Numismatics, issue 33. January 31, 2024.

9 Thanks to Zhong Chun-Zhong of Taipei Jin He-Gui Jewelry Shop for providing the drawing.

Fig. 15 The wild goose brooch made by the Gao Cheng-Xing Jewelry Shop and its design drawing in 1933.9

streets were dominated by practitioners from Taiwan and other regions, China respectively. The jewelry shops on Hengyang Road were mostly run by those who came from other regions, while jewelry shops in Dadaocheng were dominated by jewelry shops run by local practitioners. The cross-border relocation of the Gao Cheng-Xing jewelry shop is particularly unusual.

After more than a year, the name of Gao Cheng-Xing Jewelry Shop appeared again in a case of illegal trading of gold bullion, which reveals the mystery of its relocation.

It turned out that Gao Tian-Cheng had no intention of running the business for a long time, so he lent the license to the jewelry shop. That is the reason why there was a change of business address in the early 1950s, which is in line with the tenant's requirements. However, Gao was later implicated, and the license of Gao Cheng-Xing Jewelry Shop was revoked.

during the period of Japanese rule have survived now.

Gao Tian-Cheng and the Gao ChengXing Jewelry Shop finally had a new location after a long period of silence. On January 26, 1950, Gao Tian-Cheng made a request to the provincial Construction Department to relocate Gao ChengXing to No. 74 Hengyang Road, and the request was approved two days later.

Hengyang Road and North Yanping Road are two of the major streets for jewelry shops. However, the black market for gold was also the most rampant there, attracting a large number of legal and illegal jewelry shops. At that time, the two

According to a newspaper article, 10 the Taipei police station received a tip-off on August 29, 1952, that they had uncovered a case of an illegal business involving gold and banknotes and tax evasion by Gao Cheng-Xing Jewelry Shop and Long Chang Commercial Merchant at No. 74 Hengyang Road. He Jin-Tang ( 賀金堂 ), the manager of the jewelry shop, and He Ken-Tang ( 賀肯堂 ), the manager of the commercial merchant, were cousins. He Jin-Tang used to be the commissioner of a police bureau of a county in Fujian. The jewelry shop's license was rented from Gao Tian-Cheng. In April 1951, after Taiwan announced that it would ban the trading of gold bullion, He Jin-Tang and He Ken-Tang continued to trade illegally under the name of Gao Cheng-Xing Jewelry Shop, so they were seized and brought to justice.

Gao Tian-Cheng failed to make a comeback after the calamity, but he did not leave the jewelry field either. In February 1955, the Taipei Jewelry Shop Association held a general meeting. There are 46 shops and 67 people in its membership. The president was He Cheng-Fang (Chan Wu-Long), and Gao Tian-Cheng was the accounting director and an individual member,11 in charge of the accounting of the Association. This is also known to be the final information of Gao Tian-Cheng.

It is saddening to see that the Hsintien Troupe, which Gao Tian-Cheng actively organized in his early years, did not survive the difficulties later. It had declined from 1960 and eventually collapsed. The status of two deities of the troupe, Clairvoyant and Clairaudience, have been placed in Taipei Cisheng Temple up to now, while A Complete Works of Drawings of Workmanship in Gold and Silver Fine Jewelry has been handed down to the world.

10 United Daily News, Taipei. September 13, 1952.

11 Minutes of the meeting of the Taipei Jewelry Shop Commercial Association on February 26, 1955.

Fig. 16 Gao Tian-Cheng applied for the relocation of Gao Cheng-Xing Jewelry Store

臺 灣 金 業 傳 奇

高天成及其《金銀細工實用圖畫大全》

◎ 戴學文〔臺北〕

傳統社會，百姓習慣將貨幣形式的財 富換作為金飾保存，論原因，有多個 方面。一是因為黃金具有保值性，可 對抗通貨膨脹；再者，打造成飾品還 可裝飾儀錶、彰顯身分。除此之外， 還有一個文化層面的重要意義：一直 以來，金飾在各種民間習俗之中扮演 着傳遞祝福的信使角色，是度晬（滿 周歲）、畢業、成人、文定、結婚、生子、 升遷、祝壽等人生重要場合的禮數。

在這個過程中，銀樓一直扮演着關鍵 角色，既提供金錢兌換服務，又引領 時尚，也是傳統文化的守護者。

不過，隨着時代改變，特別是歐戰結 束之後，黃金大量從英法等國流出， 黃金條塊（Gold Bullion）在各國成 為投資目標，對於中國傳統銀樓造成 衝擊，因應趨勢，不少業者開始將經 營重點從打造金飾轉向買賣金條上。

另一方面，早期銀樓作風保守，也形 成問題。歷來金飾樣式，都是依賴匠 師世代相傳而得以保留至今，是屬於 各家的不外傳之秘，也因為這個原因， 部分樣式設計到了後來因故失傳；加 上民眾喜新厭舊，舊金飾不是被翻新

改鑄，就是早早變賣，難逃被鎔毀的 命運，部分樣式連成品也消失，金飾 文化就如此走向式微。為了扭轉局面， 臺北高成興金鋪鋪主高天成決定打破 門戶概念，將長期收集而來的各時期 金飾樣式對外公開，於是編著《金銀 細工實用圖畫大全》， 1930年（昭和五 年） 8月26日在臺北發行1 。

一《金銀細工實用圖畫大全》 出版背景

這本圖錄，可說史無前例，彙集當時 臺灣各種常見首飾樣式1300餘幀於一 冊，立即成為打金師傅的公用圖庫與

工金簿，銀樓的商品目錄，以及客戶 的選購參考，從此對於臺灣銀樓業的 製造、銷售與消費關係產生深遠影響。

這本書，每本定價金七角的價格，約 為當時一般百姓的一日薪資2，隨即廣 為流傳，成為業界人士必備的工具書， 而且曆久不衰。

在高天成的年代裏，臺灣銀樓普遍是 一種代客打造金銀飾物，以技藝賺取 工錢的行業，因此無不聘請打金師傅 駐店服務，其中有不少是由業主自兼。

高天成本身就是一例，是高成興金鋪 的鋪主。

圖1 《金銀細工實用圖畫大全》與封面內頁

注釋：

1 該書問世後93年，才由廣文書局於2023年2月再版。

2 1930年代臺灣日籍官吏每月月俸約為40多元，臺民每月收入一般是在20元左右。參閱：《本俸四十八円の官吏（通信部）の家計》。《臺灣愛國婦人》第1卷第4號。1934.9.

傳統金工的養成，採取師徒制，各種 金飾款式，則無不參照前人的繪圖樣 稿，俗稱“花簿”，按圖索驥。因此， 對於傳統金工而言，花簿，就是設計 圖，是不可或缺之物。早年，客人到 銀樓時，必先參考展示櫃中的金飾樣 式，再委託打造。製作金飾時，打金 師傅會從“花簿”上找出客人選定的 式樣圖案，用“蠟紙”描繪，再以鑿 子將描圖點刻在“膠板”製成模子， 最後將一塊扁平金片加熱變軟後置於 其上敲打、修飾而成3 。

一直以來，花簿是以師徒相傳的方式 傳世。但，首飾種類繁多，如簪、釵、 金花（簪頭）、手鐲、項鏈、配頭（項 墬）、胸針、手指、耳鉤、耳墬、袖扣、 領夾、金牌等，不一而足，少有花簿 能面面俱到。因此，圖樣取得不易， 花簿難以齊全，也就成為傳統銀樓文 化傳承的一大障礙。

為了突破現況，高天成編著此書，並 在自序中稱：“金銀細工，亦美術之 一份子。曩昔系承先賢前輩口傳心授， 歷來率由舊章，現代競尚新穎。鄙人 有鑒及此，力求進步，不惜重貲，購 及名人花譜，潛心研究，編成奇妙模 型，不憚勞煩，加工繪畫，著為一冊， 公諸同人…庶幾增進我全臺金銀細工 技術之發展。”

不過，花簿，是早期秉持的精神，也 就是尊師重道，蕭規曹隨，重視手藝， 但缺點就是缺乏創新。同一圖樣，雖 然製造年代、師傅有別，只要手藝到 位，作品難以區別。故步自封，代價 過高，這是傳統銀樓到了後來被機器 與電腦淘汰的重要原因。

3 戴學文，《百年銀樓孝心聲》，《中國收藏》。 2020.4.

圖2“金花（簪頭）”描圖

圖4

圖6

圖3 點膠成模

圖5

圖7

圖8

圖9

圖4- 圖9 1930-70年代臺灣銀樓依據該書圖樣打造的各種金飾

圖10 1962年台湾金工业者，以该书为基 础，增删后所印行，编者不具名的圖集

這本圖錄成書於日治時期，但由於日 本社會並不存在着銀樓文化，書中所 呈現的首飾樣式，主要還是源自於清 代中國。更精准地說，這本書所記錄 的，是從先民自大陸渡臺，到日治期 間圖錄出版之際為止。這段期間臺灣 社會所流通的首飾種類、樣貌及其時 代遞嬗。追溯臺灣金飾源流，大致與 早期閩粵移民有關，因具有婚喪禮俗

等文化層面的意義，臺灣百姓遵循傳 統，樣式大致維持不變，普遍保有清 代甚至更早的時代特徵，但，其中有 部分早已在中國大陸退出流行。

除此之外，從書中也可發現日治時期 才加入的新元素。包括西方設計與風 格，開始透過日本引進或影響臺灣， 如西裝配件的錶鏈、領帶夾、袖扣， 以及鑲嵌珠寶玉石的首飾等；以及部 分帶有濃厚日本殖民文化色彩的飾物。 以現代角度重新詮釋，這本書已不只 是一本金工圖錄，更是領略大時代變 遷下臺灣金飾的守舊與創新的第一手 史料。

多種類似圖集印行，但多是在其基礎 上增減而成，其中大多又是金工業者 所為，概系作為私人使用，因此不見 具名。

二 編者高天成其人

有關編者高天成的事蹟與存世資料均 少，只能作為側寫（Pro le），難以詳 盡，但仍可從中窺略其人格特質、事 業興衰的浮光掠影。

高天成是臺北大稻埕高成興金鋪的業 主， 1948年間，臺灣官方強制所有金 鋪改名為銀樓。對於高天成及其創立 的高成興金鋪，外界所知有限，包括 年籍、出身背景，以及創立金鋪的時 間等，均無所悉。但，可以確定的是， 高成興金鋪是臺北最早的銀樓之一， 承襲金銀細工傳統，執着於金飾的經 營業務，其性質，相當於同一時期廣 州、香港一帶的“金飾鋪”，而不是供 應黃金條塊的“金鋪”。

1920年代後期， 高成興金鋪在業界已闖出名號，與金 瑞山、合呈芳、金和貴等老字型大小 銀樓齊名。高天成本人除了銀樓業主 身分之外，還是一位能工巧匠，專精 金銀飾，也兼通鐘錶。

1930年，《金銀細工實用圖畫大全》出 版。根據版權頁所載，高成興銀樓店址 是在大稻埕商圈的大橋町一丁目十二 番地（今延平北路靠近民族東路一帶）。 後來，不知何時又遷移至太平町4-69 （今延平北路二段163號），此一新址， 地處同一商圈內的“蛋黃區”，對面正 是臺北最大銀樓金瑞山（168號）4，這 或許是與其生意蒸蒸日上有關。

這本圖錄的影響極其深遠，直到1970 年代左右，臺灣金飾從手工過渡到機 器鑄造才逐漸被淘汰。由於著負盛名， 久久無人超越，近半世紀以來，雖有

據記載，臺北金銀珠寶商業同業公會 的前身“臺北金銀聚寶協會”成立於 民國二十年（1931） 10月25日。高 成興銀樓（業主高天成）與金瑞山銀 樓（業主賴養成）、合呈芳銀樓（業主

圖11 《金銀細工實用圖畫大全》 初版版權頁

圖12 “聚寶協會三周年紀念”金牌樣式 圖13“萃英社”謝神金牌樣式 陳烏龍）、金和貴銀樓（業主劉三貴）， 以及光復前已廢業從此未再複業的老 昆玉及金合春兩家，並列六大發起人5 。

歸納說來，稍早於1927年聚寶協會成 立之際，高天成顯然已在業界佔有舉 足輕重的地位。後來，1930年出版《金 銀細工實用圖畫大全》，長期大力支持 萃英社，與遷往太平町的商業熱點等， 也都應是發生在其事業巔峰期，時間 下限不晚於1937年日本發動侵華戰爭 前後。

戰爭爆發後，1937年12月28日臺灣總 督府宣佈實施“金使用規則”，限制民 生用途的黃金成色，臺灣銀樓生意大 受打擊，後來更以官價強制徵收民間 持有黃金及金飾，業者紛紛選擇向臺 銀售出成品、半成品及原料等存貨後 宣告歇業。高成興與金瑞山則分別以 其兼業，即經營雜貨、鐘錶，挺過危 機直到日本投降的極少數銀樓6 。

圖14 1959年6月18

日，萃英社參加臺北霞海城隍出巡繞境祭典。 李壽康攝影，公共領域。

不過，臺灣光復之後，高成興銀樓的 經營狀況並未重返榮景，反倒是每下 愈況。

國民政府來臺後，“臺北市銀樓商業同 業公會”於1948年4月18日獲准成立， 反應熱烈，創始會員人數就有74家7之 多，但高成興銀樓，地位、聲量均不 復以往，也未再承擔會務。此時，臺 北金銀聚寶協會也已功成身退。

光復初期，臺灣社會陷入嚴重通膨，

4 臺灣早期金銀細工商鋪名錄（1948年1月）。

5 臺北市金銀珠寶商業同業公會網頁。

6 蕭景文，《黃金之島 福爾摩沙追金記》，玉山社，2006年。

7 同注5。

百姓搶購黃金條塊保值，金飾則因耗 費工錢，客人變少。在這種環境背景 下，高成興堅持傳統金工路線的理念， 自然受到考驗。尤其到了1949年6月 中旬，《臺銀黃金儲蓄辦法》在民間掀 起熱潮，新舊銀樓紛紛轉向買賣黃金 條塊，金飾相對乏人問津，偏偏這時 飾金原料又接連傳出來源短缺的消息。

後來，官方不得不在1949年10月18日 祭出《臺銀黃金存貸辦法》，針對銀樓 出借黃金應急8，不過高成興的業務並 未因此好轉。

生意清淡，或許是在光復後高成興銀 樓的金飾作品現今難覓的原因，反倒 是在日治時期所打造歷經搜刮之後， 仍有幾件存留至今。

高天成及其高成興銀樓，在沉寂許久 之後，終於傳出新動向。1950年1月 26日，高天成向省府建設廳提出高成 興遷址衡陽路74號營業的申請，並於 兩日後獲准。

衡陽路與延平北路，是臺北兩條主要 的銀樓街，金鈔黑市也最為猖獗，各 自吸引大批合法、非法銀樓聚集。當時， 兩地分屬外省與本省業者的地盤。衡 陽路上的銀樓外省人經營居多，有別 於大稻埕是以本省銀樓為主。高成興 銀樓的跨界遷移，就顯得格外不尋常！

此後，又經過一年多，高成興銀樓的 名稱，在一樁非法買賣黃金條塊的案 件意外出現，謎底才告揭曉。

據報載10 ， 1952年8月29日，臺北市警 察局接獲密報在衡陽路74號破獲高成 興銀樓與隆昌委託商行非法經營金鈔 及漏稅案。銀樓與商行經理人賀金堂、 賀肯堂，兩人系兄弟關係，其中賀金 堂過去在福建曾作過某縣警察局長。 銀樓牌照則是向高天成租借。1951年

4月臺灣宣佈開始禁止黃金條塊買賣之 後，賀某仍繼續以高成興銀樓名義進 行非法交易，於是遭查獲、移送法辦。

圖15 高成興銀樓打造的“歸雁”胸針與其1933年圖樣9

8 戴學文，《上海烚赤金條在臺灣》，《東亞泉志》第33期。2024年1月31日。

9 感謝臺北金和貴銀樓鐘春忠先生提供圖樣。

10 臺北《聯合報》。1952年9月13日。

11 臺北市銀樓商業同業公會1955年2月26日會議記錄。

原來，高天成早已無意經營，決意出 借銀樓牌照，所以才有1950年初變更 營業地址的動作，這是配合承租人的 要求，不意後來遭受牽連，高成興銀 樓執照因此遭吊銷。

劫難過後，高天成未能東山再起，但似 乎也沒離開銀樓界。1955年2月間，臺 北市銀樓同業公會召開會員大會。會 員共46家、67人，理事長為合呈芳（陳 烏龍），高天成則是以個人會員身分擔 任會計理事11，掌管公會會計業務。這 也是目前可知高天成的最後落腳。

令人不勝噓唏的是，高天成早年積極 籌辦的萃英社，後來也沒渡過難關。

1960年後漸趨沒落，終致倒社，兩尊 神將千里眼與順風耳被安厝於臺北慈 聖宮正殿內至今，獨留經典《金銀細 工實用圖畫大全》傳世。

圖16 1950年1月26日高天成提出 高成興銀樓遷址營業之申請

Abd al-Malik's Currency Reform and the Kaiyuan Tongbao of the Tang Dynasty

◎ Che-lu Tseng〔USA〕

[Fig. 1] Umayyad Dynasty: Copper Coinage (3.99g) (22.6mm),

Badakhshan [Badakhshan], ND [No Date], Zeno-209686, Tang Dynasty-style Square Hole Coin: Kaiyuan Tongbao (in Chinese) / muhammad rasul Allah darb badakhshan (in Arabic), VF, RRRR [Rare].

Arabic can simplify the phrase "مُحَمَّدٌ

without diacritical marks to

which is more in line with numismatic academia. The complete text should read in Arabic;

The term ضرب (darb) in Arabic more loosely translates as struck, thus the legend more accurately reads as “Muhammad is the messenger of Allah, struck in Badakhshan [Region]. Please note that this coin is in Arabic, not Persian. Persian language did not appear on coins until after the Mongol invasion.

I. Geographic Location of Badakhshan and the Wakhan Corridor: A Hub of the Silk Road

The Badakhshan region, located in northeastern Afghanistan, not far from Xinjiang, China, is the only area in which the Umayyad dynasty minted and issued Tang-style square-hole copper coins. Badakhshan borders Tajikistan to the north and east and has a narrow strip of land known as the Wakhan Corridor that borders northern Pakistan and connects with Xinjiang at its easternmost end. Historically, it was an important trade route connecting Central Asia and South Asia, geographically unique at the crossroads of three major mountain ranges: the Hindu Kush, Karakoram, and Pamir ranges, as seen in [Fig. 2].

The Umayyad dynasty primarily minted gold (Dinar) and silver (Dirham) coins, usually featuring Arabic inscriptions proclaiming Islamic faith and the authority of the caliph. The "darb Badakhshan" in Central Asia served as a bridge connecting East and West. The issuance of Tang Kaiyuan-style square-

1 Kaiyuan Tongbao ( 開元通寶 , in Chinese), inscribed with muhammad rasul Allah darb Badakhshan (in Arabic)

2 Geographic Location of Badakhshan

hole copper coins with Arabic inscriptions by the Umayyad dynasty in this region highlights the coexistence and exchange of currencies. This practice not only facilitated regional trade but also reflected the cultural and religious interactions and integrations of the time, particularly in trade hubs along the Silk Road, where Badakhshan was a crucial point of East-West civilizational exchange.

II. The Relationship Between the Umayyad Dynasty and the Tang Dynasty

The Umayyad army conquered Badakhshan around 680 AD. Muawiyah II of the Umayyad dynasty ascended to the caliphate

Fig.

Fig.

in 680 and appointed Ziyad ibn Salih as the governor of Khorasan. Ziyad continued to advance eastward, conquering important cities north of the Amu Darya such as Bukhara, Samarkand, Khwarazm, Ferghana, and Tashkent, including Badakhshan, thereby expanding the Umayyad Empire's influence. Therefore, I speculate that the Kaiyuan Tongbao coins with Arabic religious inscriptions were minted in Badakhshan after 680 AD.

A. Trade Exchange and Cultural Influence

The Umayyad dynasty and the Tang dynasty played significant roles in the Silk Road trade network, which connected East Asia, South Asia, Central Asia, and West Asia, extending to Europe. Tang dynasty goods like silk, porcelain, and tea were transported westward via this trade route, while Umayyad spices, jewelry, and glassware flowed into China. The currencies of both empires circulated in these key trading locations.

This period's cross-cultural exchanges also facilitated the transmission of technologies and knowledge. For instance, papermaking technology spread from the Tang dynasty to the Arab world, significantly impacting Islamic culture. Simultaneously, Arab astronomical, mathematical, and medical knowledge was introduced to China via the Silk Road.

B. Historical Records and Diplomatic Interactions

Formal diplomatic relations existed between the Tang dynasty and the Umayyad dynasty. According to the "New Book of Tang" and the "Old Book of Tang," both sides exchanged envoys multiple times. These diplomatic activities enhanced mutual understanding and interaction, promoting economic and cultural exchanges.

In Chinese literature, the Umayyad dynasty is referred to as "Baiyi Dashi" ( 白衣大食 ). The term "Dashi" originates from the Persian word "Syr," which referred to the Arab region. "Baiyi" (white-clothed) likely relates to the Umayyad rulers' preference for wearing white garments. The "Old Book of Tang" records: "Baiyi Dashi, originally residing east of Seleucia, called Dashi. The customs of Dashi were originally all Hu (Western) clothing, but only Baiyi Dashi wore all white, hence the name

Baiyi Dashi."

The "Old Book of Tang" in the "Biography of Foreign Countries" mentions: "Dashi, west of Daqin (Rome), has an army of 200,000, all armored and mounted, known as the 100,000-strong army." This record describes Dashi (the Arab Empire) as a powerful military state.

The "New Book of Tang" also mentions the political system of Dashi: "The ruler of Dashi is called Caliph, ordained by heaven, called the messenger of the true lord. All his officials have titles, such as prime minister, deputy prime minister, marshal, governor, and various kings." This passage indicates that Dashi was an Islamic caliphate with the Caliph as the supreme ruler.

C. When Did the Umayyad Dynasty Conquer Badakhshan?

The Umayyad conquest of Afghanistan was a long and complex process, beginning in the mid-7th century and concluding in the early 9th century, involving repeated wars with various local ethnic groups and regimes. When Muawiyah II ascended to the caliphate in 680, he appointed Ziyad ibn Salih as governor of Khorasan, who then advanced eastward, conquering vast areas north of the Amu Darya, including Badakhshan. By the 680s, Umayyad rule in Badakhshan was essentially established.

D. Abd al-Malik's Currency Reform

Before Abd al-Malik, the Umayyad dynasty indeed imitated Byzantine and Sassanian coins, demonstrating their ability to draw from different cultural currency forms to enhance their economy. Abd al-Malik (r. 685-705), the fifth caliph of the Umayyad dynasty, carried out significant reforms of the currency system, issuing coins independent of Byzantine and Sassanian styles. Here is the historical background and related literature:

1. Abd al-Malik's Currency Reform: Around 696 AD, Abd al-Malik began issuing standardized gold (Dinar) and silver (Dirham) coins inscribed in Arabic, completely replacing the previous imitations of Byzantine and Sassanian coins. These new coins featured simple designs and religious Arabic inscriptions, such as the religious phrase "Muhammad is the Messenger of

Allah" on the reverse of the Kaiyuan Tongbao.

2. Coin Design: Before Abd al-Malik, Umayyad coin designs primarily borrowed from Byzantine and Sassanian styles, featuring images of Byzantine emperors or Sassanian monarchs and symbolic motifs. Abd al-Malik's reform replaced these images with Arabic religious inscriptions, often quoting the Quran. For example, the Kaiyuan Tongbao's reverse inscription

(Muhammad is the Messenger of Allah).

3. Kaiyuan Tongbao in Badakhshan: The Umayyad dynasty, the first Arab empire, ruled during the Tang dynasty's golden age. To consolidate its rule, the Umayyad dynasty implemented various measures, including currency policies. Influenced by the Tang dynasty's economic and cultural power, Tang Kaiyuan Tongbao coins were widely accepted in Central and Western Asia.

The Umayyad minting of Kaiyuan-style coins with Arabic inscriptions in Badakhshan indicates their intention to leverage the Tang dynasty's economic prestige to strengthen their rule and trade in the region. These coins not only stabilized the local economy but also facilitated trade with the Tang dynasty and surrounding areas. The Arabic inscriptions asserted their ruling legitimacy. Thus, by imitating Kaiyuan Tongbao, the Umayyad dynasty not only declared sovereignty over the region but also acknowledged and utilized the Tang dynasty's cultural and economic influence. Consequently, such bilingual coins were more readily accepted by diverse cultural groups in the area.

Badakhshan, located in northeastern Afghanistan, historically served as a center of East-West civilizational exchange. During the Tang dynasty, the region was influenced by Tang culture,

resulting in the appearance of many Chinese-character copper coins. For instance, in the 19th century, British archaeologists discovered numerous Tang-era copper coins in Badakhshan, including ordinary Kaiyuan Tongbao coins.

Moreover, Badakhshan was also a crucial conduit for the eastward spread of Islam. During the Umayyad period, Islam had already reached Badakhshan. Therefore, it is not surprising to find Arabic inscriptions on local coins.

Abd al-Malik ibn Marwan, during his reign (685-705), reformed the currency system, issuing coins with Arabic inscriptions and Islamic motifs to distinguish them from previous imitations. Thus, the Umayyad dynasty may have been influenced by Tang currency and reflected this influence in their coin designs.

The Umayyad family, originally merchants, had extensive commercial and cultural exchanges with neighboring regions, including the Tang dynasty. For instance, the second caliph Umar ibn al-Khattab had diplomatic contacts with the Tang emperor Taizong, leading to mutual political, cultural, and commercial exchanges. This cultural interaction would have provided the basis for the Tang-style coin designs.

In summary, the Umayyad dynasty's issuance of Kaiyuan Tongbao-style coins with Arabic inscriptions in Badakhshan reflects their effort to leverage the Tang dynasty's economic and cultural prestige, facilitate regional trade, assert their ruling legitimacy, and reflect the profound cultural exchanges between the two empires. These coins, while serving economic functions, symbolize the convergence and mutual influence of Eastern and Western cultures during this period.

III. Conclusion

Kaiyuan Tongbao-style coins with Arabic religious inscriptions appeared in Badakhshan after the Umayyad dynasty conquered it around 680 AD. The Umayyad dynasty's currency policy reform during Abd al-Malik's reign (685-705 AD) further standardized and distinguished Umayyad coinage from Byzantine and Sassanian influences. The adoption of Tang-style coinage in Badakhshan likely reflects the region's significance as a cultural and economic bridge on the Silk Road, as well as the Umayyad dynasty's strategic efforts to consolidate rule and facilitate trade by integrating culturally familiar and economically prestigious coin designs.

絲路風雲·倭馬亞王朝貨幣改革與唐幣開元

◎ 曾澤祿〔美國〕

圖1 開元通寶：背面銘文是 muhammad rasul Allah darb badakhshan（阿拉伯文）

唐幣開元留跡深，巴達赫尚傳新鑄。

阿文銘文聖經語，伊斯蘭光輝千秋。

借鑒東西謀治策，繁榮經濟立豐酬。

歷史交流無邊際，光耀中亞夢一體。

[圖1 ]倭馬亞王朝：紅銅鑄造（3.99g）（22.6mm）， Badakhshan[巴達赫尚]，ND[無年份]，Zeno-209686， 唐朝風格的方孔錢：開元通寶（中文）/muhammad rasul Allah darb badakhshan（阿拉伯語），VF，RRRR[稀罕]。

錢背muhammad rasul Allah darb badakhshan[阿拉伯 文 محمد رسول الله]翻釋中文是“穆罕默德是安拉的使者”。而 darb badakhshan，“達爾巴達赫尚”中的“Darb”是一 阿拉伯文詞[ضرب ]意為“Struck”鑄造。 所以，達爾巴 達赫尚的銘文中的“達爾”（darb）在阿拉伯文中可以翻譯為 “鑄造於巴達赫尚”。“巴達赫尚”是中亞地區的一個歷史和 地理區域，它位於阿富汗和塔吉克之間。是一個有悠久歷史 和文化傳統的地區，以其美麗的風景和豐富的礦藏聞名。

一 巴達赫尚的地理位置與瓦罕走廊

[Corridor de Wakhan]：絲綢之路的樞紐

巴達赫尚地區位於阿富汗東北部，離中國新疆不遠，是倭馬 亞王朝唯一在這地區鑄造發行的開元通寶方孔式銅幣。因為 巴達赫尚的北面和東面與塔吉克接壤，東面又有一長條狹隘

圖2 巴達赫尚在阿富汗的地理位置

之路徑,被稱為瓦罕走廊[Corridor de Wakhan]，這裏與 巴基斯坦北部接壤，而它的最東邊一端與新疆相接。在古代 歷史上它是重要的貿易路線，因它連接著中亞和南亞，地理 上是非常獨特，正位於世界三大山脈：興都庫什山脈、喀喇 昆侖山脈和帕米爾山脈的交匯處，見圖2。

倭馬亞王朝的鑄幣主要是金幣（Dinar）和銀幣（Dirham）， 幤上面通常會有阿拉伯文的銘文，宣示伊斯蘭教信仰和哈 裏發的權威。位於中亜“達爾巴達赫尚”正是連接東西方 的紐帶，從倭馬亞王朝在這地區鑄幣發行唐開元方孔式背 有阿拉伯文銅幣的情況來看，正表現貨幣的雙銘文並存方

式和交流，不僅僅是為了地區性交易之媒介，也反映了當 時不同文化和宗教之間的碰撞和融合。這種情況在絲綢之 路沿線的貿易站點尤其明顯，尤其是巴達赫尚是東西方文 明交流的重要樞紐。

二 倭馬亞王朝[Umayyad dynasty] 與唐朝的關係

倭馬亞軍隊約在680年左右征服巴達赫尚。倭馬亞哈裏發穆 阿維葉二世（Muawiyah II）在680年即位，他任命齊亞德· 伊本·薩利赫（Ziyad ibn Salih）為呼羅珊總督。齊亞德率 軍繼續向東進發，征服了阿姆河以北的布哈拉、撒馬爾罕、 花剌子模、費而幹納和塔什干等重要城市, 包括巴達赫尚， 擴大了倭馬亞王朝的勢力範圍。所以，我推測巴達赫尚鑄造 開元通寶背有宗敎阿拉伯銘文是在680年之後。

A.貿易交流與文化影響

倭馬亞王朝和唐朝在絲綢之路的貿易網路中扮演了重要角 色。絲綢之路連接了東亞、南亞、中亞和西亞，並延伸至歐 洲。唐朝的絲綢、瓷器、茶葉等商品通過這條貿易路線輸往 西方，而倭馬亞王朝的香料、珠寶、玻璃製品等也通過這條 路線流入中國。雙方的貨幣也在這樣的關鍵地點貿易活動中 流通。

這一中古時期的跨文化交流也帶來了技術和知識的傳播。例 如，造紙術通過唐朝傳入阿拉伯世界，這對伊斯蘭文化的發 展產生了深遠的影響。同時，阿拉伯世界的天文學、數學和 醫學知識也通過絲綢之路傳入中國。

B. 歷史記載與外交互動

唐朝和倭馬亞王朝之間有正式的外交往來。據《新唐書》和 《舊唐書》記載，雙方曾多次互派使節。這些外交活動加強 了雙方的理解和交流，並促進了經濟和文化的互動。

中文文獻中，倭馬亞王朝[Umayyad dynasty].被稱為“白 衣大食”。“大食”一詞源自波斯語“Syr”，按:古埃及人知 道在遠處的東方有個波斯。故意為“東方”是用來指代阿拉 伯地區。“白衣”則可能與奧瑪雅王朝統治者喜穿白色衣物 有關。

《舊唐書》是中國唐朝官修的二十四史之一，記載了自西晉

至唐朝中期約四百年的歷史。有關《舊唐書》中與白衣大食 相關的記載原文：“白衣大食，其先居塞琉西之東，號曰大 食。大食之俗，本皆胡服，而獨白衣大食，衣皆白衣，故號 為之。” 這段文字的意思是：白衣大食，原本居住在塞琉西 （今敘利亞）的東方，稱為大食。大食的習俗，原本都是穿 胡服，而只有白衣大食，衣服都是白色的，所以稱之為白衣 大食。

《舊唐書》的《外國傳》中，有一段關於大食的記載，其中 提到“大食，在大秦之西，勝兵二十萬，皆被甲乘馬，號稱 十萬眾。”這段記載說明了大食（即阿拉伯帝國）是一個強 大的軍事帝國。

《新唐書》中還提到大食的政治制度：“大食之主號曰哈裏 發，受命於天，號稱真主之使。其官屬皆有號，號曰宰相、 曰丞相、曰元帥、曰都督、曰諸王。”這段記載說明了大食 是一個伊斯蘭教哈裏發國，哈裏發是國家的最高統治者。

C.倭馬亞王朝何時征服巴達赫尚？

倭馬亞王朝對阿富汗的征服是一個漫長而複雜的過程，始於 7世紀中期，終於9世紀初。在這一過程中，倭馬亞軍隊與 當地的各個民族和政權進行了反復的戰爭。倭馬亞哈裏發穆 阿維葉二世（Muawiyah II）在680年即位，他任命齊亞德· 伊本·薩利赫（Ziyad ibn Salih）為呼羅珊總督。齊亞德率 軍繼續向東進發，征服了阿姆河以北的廣大地區，包括巴達 赫尚。7世紀80年代，倭馬亞王朝在巴達赫尚的統治基本上 是可以確立的。

D.阿蔔杜勒·馬里克一世的貨幣改革

倭馬亞王朝在阿蔔杜勒·馬里克之前，確實曾仿造拜占庭和 薩珊王朝的錢幣。 這表明他們善於借鑒不同國家貨幣之文 化形式，以增強自身經濟。

阿蔔杜勒·馬里克（685-705年 在位）是倭馬亞王朝的第五任哈裏發，他對貨幣系統進行了 重大改革，發行了獨立於拜占庭和薩珊樣式的伊斯蘭貨幣。 以下是與此相關的歷史背景和文獻：

1.阿蔔杜勒·馬里克的貨幣改革：阿蔔杜勒·馬里克在西 元696年左右開始發行以阿拉伯語書寫的獨立標準化的金幣 （Dinar）和銀幣（Dirham）。徹底取代了之前模仿拜占庭 和薩珊硬幣的做法。

這些新幣種以其簡潔的設計和宗教性 的阿拉伯文銘文為特徵。例如在開元通寶背文有宗教性的阿

拉伯文“穆罕默德是安拉的使者”。

2. 貨幣設計：在阿蔔杜勒·馬里克之前，倭馬亞王朝的硬幣 設計主要借鑒了拜占庭和薩珊的硬幣風格，這些硬幣上有拜 占庭皇帝或薩珊君主的肖像，以及象徵性的圖案。 阿蔔杜 勒·馬里克的改革將這些圖案替換為阿拉伯文的宗教銘文， 通常引用《古蘭經》內容。例如此枚開元通寶背面銘文“ مُحَمَّدٌ رَسُولُ ٱللَّٰهِ ”muhammad rasul Allah darb badakhshan （阿拉伯語）翻釋中文是“穆罕默德是安拉的使者”。

3. 巴達赫尚地區的開元通寶：倭馬亞王朝是阿拉伯帝國的 第一個王朝，其統治時期正是唐朝盛世。為了鞏固其統治， 倭馬亞王朝採取了一系列的措施，其中有包括貨幣政策。在 當時因受唐朝的經濟和文化影響力,唐朝的開元通寶在中亞 和西亞地區已被廣泛接受。

倭馬亞王朝在巴達赫尚地區鑄造帶有阿拉伯文宗教銘文的 開元通寶，表明他們希望利用唐朝的經濟聲望來增強自己在 當地的統治和貿易，有助於穩定當地經濟，並促進與唐朝及 其周邊地區的貿易。在錢幣上用阿拉伯文正是來宣示它的統 治合法性。因此，通過仿造開元通寶，倭馬亞王朝不僅宣示 了對該地區的統治權，還表達了對唐朝文化和經濟影響力的

認同和利用，因此, 這種雙銘文的貨幣更容易被當地的不同 文化群體接受。

巴達赫尚地區位於阿富汗東北部，歷史上曾是東西方文明 交匯的中心。 在唐朝時期，巴達赫尚地區受唐朝文化影響， 出現了大量漢文銅錢。

例如，在19世紀，英國考古學家在 巴達赫尚地區發現了大量唐代銅錢，其中包括開元通寶普 通錢。

此外，巴達赫尚地區也是伊斯蘭教東傳的重要通道。 在倭 馬亞王朝時期，伊斯蘭教已經傳入巴達赫尚地區。 因此， 在當地的貨幣上出現阿拉伯文並不奇怪。

阿蔔杜勒·馬里克（Abd al-Malik ibn Marwan）在位期間 （685-705年）針對貨幣進行了改革，開始發行帶有阿拉伯 文和伊斯蘭教意象的硬幣，以區別於之前的仿造幣。 因此， 倭馬亞王朝有可能會受到唐代貨幣的影響，而在銅幣之設計 正好有反映這樣方孔式之模型。

倭馬亞家族本身是商人，他們有高度重視商業之發展，並且 有著敏銳的政治觸覺。這使得他們在治理和經濟政策上更具 靈活性和適應性。

三 結論

總之，在阿蔔杜勒·馬里克的錢幣改革之後，倭馬亞 王朝的硬幣上出現了阿拉伯文的宗教銘文，如《古蘭 經》中的經文，並取消了人物圖像。這種改革不僅是 為了統一貨幣體系，也是為了強調伊斯蘭教在國家事 務中的核心地位。考慮到倭馬亞王朝善於借鑒其他文 化的貨幣形式，並在征服新領土後進行本地化操作， 他們在擴張到巴達赫尚地區時，仿造開元通寶並在其 背面加上阿拉伯文的做法是有可能的。這種操作方式 不僅符合當時的經濟需求，還能在新征服的領土上更 有效地推廣和鞏固伊斯蘭教的影響力。

至於仿造“開元通寶”並加上阿拉伯文的鑄幣，雖然

沒有具體文獻直接記載，但從倭馬亞王朝的貨幣策略 來看，這是有可能的。巴達赫尚地區曾在不同歷史時 期受到不同文化的影響，因此貨幣上的多元文化特徵 是符合歷史邏輯的。這體現了該王朝在貨幣政策上的 靈活性和適應性。

開元通寶錢是採用翻砂鑄造的，而翻砂鑄造的工藝是 一種比較複雜的鑄造枝術，需要專門的鑄造工匠。因 此，在巴達赫尚地區這樣比較偏遠的地方，鑄造開元 通寶錢是有困難的，數量少時間短，或許不久改為古 典絲路錘打形制。也就是以一個幣胚，放在上下兩個 模具間，用重錘打製而成圖案和形狀的錢幤。

Originally published in the JEAN 23

Turpin Hsi, Qiao Jinliang, Wei Xianzhang-Three Directors of the Central Mint during the War

Stephen Tai〔Taipei〕

In 1928, the Central Mint, the highest minting institution of the Central Government during the Republican period, was restructured from the former Shanghai Mint. In the early days of its establishment, its primary task was to mint silver dollars as silver dollars came to be widely used in China; especially after the announcement of "abolish the Tael and adopt the Yuan" on March 1, 1933, a large number of Sun Yat-sen junk silver dollars were produced. However, affected by the Sherman Silver Purchase Act , international silver prices skyrocketed, and a large amount of silver flowed into the United States. Chinese silver dollars were melted into silver bullion because the price of silver was higher than their denomination. As a result, China plunged into a period of deflation and business decline. This

unprecedented financial crisis forced the Central Government to use inventory silver as a bargaining chip to reach an agreement with the U.S. government to exchange silver for gold and U.S. dollars as government reserves and issue fiat currency.

Fiat currency is a kind of non-convertible currency that is guaranteed by government credit and decoupled from gold, silver, and other precious metals. As a currency, fiat currency is only a value symbol, and its form was mainly banknotes issued by the Bank of China, the Bank of Communications, and later the Agricultural Bank of China; then, there were also coins minted by the Central Mint as a fractional currency.

[History of the Central Mint]

However, just 9 months after the issuance of the fiat currency, the War of Resistance against Japan broke out, and the Central Government was forced to pay for the huge military expenditures with increased printing of banknotes. As a result, the fiat currency continued to depreciate. In total, during the eight years of war, it was eventually worth 1/2000th the original value 1. In the process, banknotes were increased in denominations to catch

up with the prices; coins had no such flexibility. Also, because the price of materials exceeded the face value of the currency, they were often hoarded by people once they were issued or the minting was suspended due to the lack of circulation benefits. For this reason, the coins minted by the Central Mint's various factories quickly lost circulation benefits, and the types and quantity of coins became less and less.

1 Yang Ge, China's Finance and Inflation in the Wartime, 1937-1945.

the Central Mint in Shanghai in the Republican period

Born in a financial family in Suzhou, Turpin Hsi ( 席德柄 ), the grandson of HSBC's second comprador Zhengfu Hsi ( 席正甫 ), was the soul of the Central Government's currency and foreign exchange policies. He served as director of the Central Bank's Foreign Exchange Bureau, director of the Business Bureau, general manager of the Bank of China. Many major financial policies and measures, such as the replacement of foreign exchange listing transactions with customs bonds, and the stability of the fiat currency exchange rate in the initial period of issuance, were implemented under his leadership. In June 1942, he proposed to solve the problem of inflation that severely eroded China's finances: only when the gold was released could it be truly welcomed by the public. This proposition, not long after, was indeed adopted. After the U.S. government promised to sell gold worth of 220 million U.S. dollars, the Central Government began to release the gold in September 1943.

With the expansion of gold release targets, in order to meet different needs, the US gold bricks had to be recast into small strips. The Central Mint, which originally minted coins, was the only official institution capable of doing the job. However, it was unpredicted that the War of Resistance was followed by the Civil War between the Kuomintang and the Communist Party, and inflation was back at an even greater scale, and the gold policy has become a countermeasure again. The work of gold casting, therefore, became an indispensable business of the Central Mint.

Turpin Hsi, Qiao Jinliang ( 喬晉梁 ), and Wei Xianzhang ( 韋憲

章 ) served as directors of the Central Mint from the eve of the War of Resistance against Japan to the relocation of the Central Government to Taiwan. During this extraordinary period, the task of casting gold replaced minting coins. The archives of the trio made up for a chapter that was not available in modern history.

【Director Turpin Hsi】

Term of office: from June 1937 to June 22, 1944

Turpin Hsi (1892-1968), born in Wu County, Jiangsu Province, was the younger brother of Hsi De-mao ( 席德懋 ). He studied at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology in the United States in his early years and obtained a bachelor's degree in engineering. Then he went to the University of Birmingham in the United Kingdom to study business. After returning to China, he served successively as secretary of the Ministry of Finance, deputy director of the Jianghaikou Taxation Bureau, and supervisor of Jianghan Customs. In June 1937 on the eve of the War of Resistance Against Japan, he was appointed director of the Central Mint.

After the outbreak of the Anti-Japanese War, the Mint immediately moved out of Shanghai, and workers, machinery, and equipment were evacuated. Later, branch factories were established in Wuchang, Chengdu, Guilin, Lanzhou, and Kunming. Most of the fractional coins, which are also the most common coins of the Republican period, were produced during the war.

In the late stage of the AntiJapanese War, inflation increased. In 1942, Turpin Hsi was ordered to sell a large amount of the original production equipment such as boilers to the Yunnan Iron and Steel Plant 2

At this moment, it has become an established policy that the minting business was going to be reduced or even suspended. Not long after, the 1943 Half Dollar nickel coins became the last type of coin produced during the Anti-Japanese War.

On June 22, 1944, as no coins needed to be struck, Turpin Hsi, who had been in office for seven years, chose to resign as the director. At that time, the gold release policy strongly advocated by his brother Hsi De-mao was being gradually implemented. However, for Turpin Hsi, who was interested in coin collecting and dedicated to the coinage business 3, this was nothing more

2 February 26, 1942, Engineering Office of Yunnan Iron and Steel Plant, Yunnan (31) Submission No. 0305.

3 Zhoubian, Coin Collection of a Famous Financier in the Republican times-Coins from the former Central Mint Director Mr. Turpin Hsi in the NC Collection, Issue 22 of the Journal of East Asian Numismatics. April 2021.

Director Turpin Hsi

than saying goodbye to the Central Mint.

On October 23 of the same year, the Ministry of Finance announced that gold trading would be adjusted from at least 10 taels to 400 taels to expand the transaction level and increase the effect of gold release. After that, cutting and recasting the gold bricks into small pieces became routine work and new business of the Chongqing Central Mint (hereinafter referred to as the Chongqing Mint) in the later period of the Anti-Japanese War. This was also the subject that Turpin Hsi left for the new director to face.

The last coin made under Turpin Hsi's supervision, 1943 Sun Yatsen Half Dollar spade nickel coin

【Director Qiao Jinliang】

Term of office: from June 22, 1944, to August 31, 1945

Qiao Jinliang, who took over the position of the director, was the great-grandson of the famous Shanxi merchant Qiao Zhiyuanb ( 喬致遠 ). He graduated from Oberlin University in the United States with a master's degree. After returning to China, he served as secretary of the Ministry of Finance and director of the Jiangsu Provincial Tobacco Taxation Bureau. He was highly regarded by Minister Kong Xiangxi ( 孔祥熙 ), and then became the director of the Central Mint 4

However, Qiao Jinliang's term of office was not long, only lasting only one year and two months. At the end of August 1945, when the Central Mint was still casting a large number

of gold bars, he was suddenly replaced. The reason for this situation has not become clear until the relevant files had been made public in recent years.

The Republican gold bar cast by the Chongqing Mint for Central Bank was proposed during Qiao's tenure.

The gold bar was first designed to redeem gold deposits maturing on March 15, 1945. These gold bars were mentioned in the Chongqing Mint's internal approval 5 and the received documents from the Chongqing Bank of China 6. However, according to the Chongqing Mint's complete report on casting and turnover of gold bars submission to the Ministry of Finance 7 from August 1945 to mid-February 1946, there was no record of these gold bars, in that the Central Mint lacked experience. This problem was not resolved until the Minister of Finance Yu Hongjun（ 俞鴻鈞 ) issued an instruction on July 26 8: Afterwards, the Central Mint needed to number the gold bars and report to the Ministry. Therefore, the report of the delivery of gold bars from the Chongqing Mint started in August, there was no report before that.

However, since the redemption from March 15, 1945, was the gold deposit in September 1944, there is still a record of the total

4 Wang Baomin, Fan Aiming, WangZhi,AprominentShanxiMerchant-QiaoZhiyong'sWayofEmployingPeople,DoingBusiness,andBeingintheWorld. Page 307, Tsinghua University Press.

5 June 12, 1945, Signed and submitted by the Workers Office of the Central Mint.

6 March 22, 1945, Chongqing Bank of China, No. 220. CompilationofHistoricalDataontheBankofChina, page 1180.

7 Please refer to the GoldBarsCastingReport submitted by the Chongqing Mint to the Ministry of Finance.

8 The Central Mint Yuzao Zongzi No. 123 on July 26, 1945.

The Central Mint in 1931

gold deposit in that month, which is equivalent to 9,336 taels of pure gold 9. The Chongqing Bank of China, which received the largest deposit of the banks, received only 191 taels. Therefore, it is estimated that there were only in the range of a few thousands of taels delivered at first.

The aforementioned documents of the Bank of China in Chongqing also recorded that the gold bars ran out soon, and in April 1945, payment had to be suspended. Since then, gold deposits that were maturing could only be continuously deferred until the beginning of June when a large number of American gold bricks finally arrived.

In order to stabilize the uneasy circumstances, the Central Government immediately announced a large-scale method for the redemption of maturing gold: all unpaid gold deposits due at the end of July and gold bars due in November of the previous year (1944) would be paid from July 31.

The Central Mint was commissioned to cast gold bars. At the request of the Central Bank, half of the bars should be cast into five taels, one quarter should be ten taels, and one quarter should be one tael 10. Due to the huge amount of gold and the promise announced, the Ministry of Finance issued a special order in order to ensure the completion of the project on schedule on June 23, 1945: The Chongqing Mint must cast 10,000 taels of gold every day 11

However, the Chongqing Mint did not know the actual situation and the seriousness of the matter. In the beginning, from the point of view of coinage, it was recommended that they should produce coin-shaped gold cakes instead of casting gold bars to avoid irregular purity, irregular weight, and inconvenient circulation, but it ignored the urgency of the matter. Confronted with repeated reminders and urges by the Central Bank and the Ministry of Finance, the mint declined owing to insufficient equipment and manpower, and even simply responded: please ask the private mint to cast 12 or transfer the gold to Chengdu or Kunming

branches to cast 13

The attitude of the mint finally angered Yu Hongjun, Minister of Finance, he warned in a sternly written letter: "...The case of gold casting is of vital importance to the government's implementation of the gold policy and credit. The Chongqing Mint did not take actions to cast gold bars on time. The deadline for the release of gold at the end of July cannot be delayed any longer. The director of the mint is instructed to deal with the case and no more mistakes are accepted. The previous suggestion that the two mints in Chengdu and Kunming should also cast gold is infeasible, and should not be discussed again..." 14

Surprised that the situation was so serious, the mint began to prepare for casting. On the one hand, the mint borrowed five hundred large balances, pressing machines, and other machinery and equipment from the Chengdu Mint to finalize the casting method of gold bars. First, the gold bricks were rolled into gold pieces with a thickness of two, four, or six centimeters respectively, and cut into various gold bars of less than five taels; then the leftover edge chips were used to cast ten tael pieces with a muffle furnace 15. As the Chongqing mint lacked the sheet rolling equipment, it contacted the Ordnance Department's 20th Arsenal to roll the gold sheet for the mint.

It was not until July 29 did the casting officially start, with only two days left before the release date. In addition, according to the objective approved by the Ministry of Finance, the Chongqing Mint must cast 200,000 taels by August 15, including 80,000 one tael pieces, 13,333 three taels pieces, 12,000 five taels pieces, and 2,000 ten taels pieces 16, which was almost an impossible task.

On July 30, the Supreme Council of the Ministry of National Defense announced the Donation Measures of Gold, which forced gold depositors and gold redeemers to donate 40% of their total to the military if they redeemed more than one teal of gold. The unexpected regulations reduced the amount of gold

9 CompilationofArchivesontheHistoryoftheRepublicofChina Series V, Part 2, Finance and Economy (4), p.604.

10 June 12, 1945, signed and submitted by the Central Mint Workers Office.

11 June 23, 1945, Ministry of Finance Order No. 5592.

12 June 28, 1945, Chongqing Zongwen No. 2431.

13 June 30, 1945, Chongqing Zongwen No. 2495.

14 July 7, 1945, Ministry of Finance No. 458.

15 On July 11, 1945, the Central Mint submitted a document to the Ministry of Finance (the document number is unclear).

16 August 4, 1945, the Department of Currency, Ministry of Finance (quoted from the Central Mint Letter No. 2730 on August 4, 1945):

redeemed and caused frustrating operational problems. The smallest gold bar minted by the Chongqing Mint was originally one tael. After the donation, there was a remainder when redeeming it, and smaller gold bars were needed to make up for it. These small gold bars were cast temporarily, but it was very time-consuming and labor-intensive.

At the beginning of August, the Ministry of Finance, the Central Bank, and the Chongqing Mint had an emergency meeting for this and decided to adjust the proportion of the 200,000 taels of gold bars originally scheduled to be minted by the Chongqing Mint before August 15. On the one hand, the six tael and ten tael pieces were replaced with five tael pieces that were being cast; on the other hand, 5,000 taels were transferred to make two mace pieces, and 10,000 taels were re-produced into four mace pieces. Both types of small gold bars could not be cast by machines and must be cut by hand. The work started on the 11th 17. Ten days later, only 670 pieces of two mace and 564 pieces of four mace had been completed 18

On August 31, there were only approximately 76,000 taels of gold bars that were delivered to the Central bank from the Chongqing Mint, including 2,977 pieces of two maces, 2,814 pieces of four maces, 7,140 pieces of one taels, 264 pieces of three taels, 2,814 pieces of five taels, and 2,567 pieces of ten

taels 19. This was not only far below the target of 200,000 taels approved by the Ministry of Finance before August 15, but also made the payment deferral become the norm. The situation had not been improved by the end of the year 20. Public grievances had already boiled over.

On September 1, Qiao Jinliang's was replaced as director, and the original deputy director Wei Xianzhang was promoted to fill the vacancy. The official did not provide any explanation for the change, but the reason is clear. Qiao moved to the United States with his family a year after he was dismissed.

【Director Wei Xianzhang】

Term of office: from August 31, 1945, to December 25, 1955

Wei Xianzhang (1890-?), born in Zhongshan, Guangdong, graduated from Shanghai's St. John's College and went to the United States to study, then graduated from the Philadelphia Textile College in 1916, and received a master's degree in business administration from the University of Pennsylvania in 1917. After returning to China, he served at Shenchang, Nanyang Brothers Tobacco, Taikoo Shipping, and many other foreign merchants for many years until he entered the Central Mint 21

He was also a man in the early Chinese sports arena. In 1910, China imitated the Olympic Games to hold the first National Games. As a student of St. John's University, he won the gold medal in the 220-yard and 100-yard race in the national advanced group; in 1913, he represented Jiangsu to participate in the first Far East Games in Manila, the Philippines, and won consecutive 120-yard high hurdles and high jump men's gold medals and 220-yard low hurdle silver medal 22 .

17 On August 10, 1945, the Workers Office forwarded the report to the director.

18 March 2, 1946, Chongqing Zi No. 1352 submission. TheCentralMint'sGeneralReportonGoldReceiptandConsumption(July1945toFebruary1946)

19 ibid.

20 December 2, 1945, ChongqingBusinessDaily

21 History of Shanghai St. John's University.

22 Luo Shiming, TheOlympicsCometoChina, Tsinghua University Press Co., Ltd., 2005, p. 46.

Gold bars of five tael in Chongqing Mint in early August 1945 during Qiao Jinliang's tenure

Wei had served as the deputy director for 16 years since 1929 until he was promoted to the mint director, and he was the longest-serving deputy director in the history of the mint. The primary task after his promotion is to take over the unfinished work of the predecessor and cast a large number of gold bars.

From September 1945 to mid-February 1946, the Shanghai Mint produced more than 1,364,400 taels of gold bars in Wei's tenure 23. In addition to the six types of bars that were cast by his predecessor, that was two-mace, four-mace, one-tael, threetael, five-tael, and ten-tael, the mint has also used the edge chips to cast six taels, thirty taels, sixty taels, and one hundred taels; the latter three types being more than 108,800 taels, 195,600 taels, and 6,000 taels in total, which were produced based on the second item of the Gold Redemption Measures: "... if the mint fails to mint enough gold bars, the purchaser or depositor must make up for the full amount by themselves and receive the whole piece from the original bank office..." In addition to the more than 76,000 taels of gold bars completed during Qiao's tenure from July 29 to August 31, 1945, and the Kunming Central Bank also commissioned the Kunming Mint to cast in September (although the contract was terminated soon), the casting amount reached approximately 80,000 taels of gold bars 24; the total amount reached 1.52 million taels. Before the Central Mint returned to Shanghai from Chongqing, it had already met the demand for supply and redemption, and the crisis was finally resolved.

Since then, Wei experienced the Shanghai gold turmoil, the secret gold coin and bullion production plan 25, gold and silver deposits and redemption, and the issuance of silver dollar notes. He was entrusted to cast gold bars and silver dollars in Shanghai, Chengdu, Taiwan and other places. After the government moved to Taiwan, he served for the reform of the Taiwan dollar and the gold deposit method; He was behind all major policies related to gold and silver. The gold bars from the Central Mint, whether in Chongqing, Shanghai, Chengdu, or Taiwan, or even the silver, copper, and aluminum coins issued early in Taiwan, were all completed within his term. He also became the director of the Central Mint with the longest tenure in history.

There were two major deeds in his tenure, which are worthy of reading.

During the Shanghai gold turmoil, the Central Bank decided to recast and release a large number of gold stocks through the gold companies in Shanghai. The action immediately aroused the opposition of Finance Minister Yu Hongjun, Wei Xianzhang, and others, urging that the deposit should be handed over to the Shanghai Mint for recasting. Later, although the Central Bank did not change its decision, the Shanghai Mint was given the opportunity to cast gold bars of ten taels with 99% purity at the end of 1946 with Wei's continued communications and the

23 March 2, 1946, Chongqing Zi No. 1352 submission. TheCentralMint'sGeneralReportonGoldReceiptandConsumption(July1945toFebruary1946)

24 Stephen Tai, GoldArchivesoftheRepublicofChina, Chapter 3, Section 3 The beginning and end of Kunming mint. Potosi Studio, January 2020. Page 95 below.

25 Stephen Tai, SeventyYearsofDust,1949GoldCoinsCastingPlan, The Journal of EastAsian Numismatics, Issue 22, published on May 1, 2021.

Year 37 of the Republic China (1948)

Shanghai Mint gold bars of five tael, in the gold and silver deposit and redemption period (November 1948-February 1949) during Wei Xianzhang's tenure

support of the Ministry of Finance. However, it was too late. When the Central Bank announced that it would stop releasing gold on February 15, the Shanghai Mint only cast around 1,000 pieces, weighing no more than 10,000 taels, much less than 3.5 million taels released by the Central Bank 26. However, when the relevant people were brought to justice after the internal information that some of the Central Bank officials colluded with the gold companies was exposed shortly afterward, Wei was reported to the Ministry of Finance for rewards for his performance in defending national interests. The case was reviewed and passed on March 3, 1948, Wei was awarded the fifth-class Jingxing Medal 27.

The other problem happened after the relocation. In order to handle the gold and silver deposit and redemption, the Shanghai Mint was forced to collect miscellaneous gold from the private sector from November 1948 to February 1949, and directly cast the gold into a large number of gold bars, resulting in a disorderly decline in fineness.

Due to military failure, the Central Government had no time to take care of the currency. The Central Bank, which had moved to Guangzhou, announced to various branches on July 10, 1949: the gold purity would change to 98% as the transaction standard 28. At that time, the Central Bank had no intention of raising the standard but chose to adapt to the reality.

However, Wei did not give up the fineness of 99%, the gold standard derived from the Shanghai Mint. When the Central Mint was ordered to continue to make gold bullion at the end of the same month, Wei immediately advocated that the gold bullion should adopt the gold standard of .990 fineness of the Shanghai Mint, which was later supported by the president of the Central Bank 29.

The importance of 99% fineness was not only because it was the gold standard of Shanghai, it was also the popular standard

among Taiwanese. Later, although it could not be applied to the mainland, it was started to be implemented in Taiwan in November. Taiwan gold bars fully evolved to 99.1% fineness, which eliminated Taiwan people's doubts about the quality of official gold bars since the outbreak of the June 21 incident 30

When the Central Government moved to Taiwan, Wei Xianchang became the first director of the Central Mint in Taiwan, and his tenure in Taiwan far exceeded that in Shanghai, Guangzhou, or other places. However, most of the relevant information about him after he came to Taiwan has now disappeared. The most surprising thing is that we can't even find his name on the website of the Central Mint.

The author finally found a clue through arduous work. A document abstract in the database of the Academia Sinica's Post-War Taiwan History Chronology records: "On December 25, 1955, Wei Xianzhang, the director of the Central Mint was dismissed due to illegal act and dereliction of duty". "Illegal act and dereliction of duty" should be the reason why he suddenly disappeared. The problem is what law was violated and how did he derelict his duty? There was no exact answer. So far, the mint that has gone through the stormy years has already been a history.

26 Stephen Tai, GoldArchivesoftheRepublicofChina, Chapter 4, Shanghai Mint Period, p. 99 below.

27 Ji Xun Committee, March 3, 1948, Xun Zi No. 61.

28 July 10, 1949, the Central Bank Business Bureau Guangzhou Tong No.27.

29 July 22, 1949, Sui Ding No. 106, submitted by Wei Xianchang.

30 Stephen Tai, GoldArchivesoftheRepublicofChina, Chapter 6, Tai Mint Period, p. 164 below.

Taiwan gold bars of five taels with 99.1% fineness in 1950 during Wei Xianzhang's tenure.

原刊載於《東亞泉志》第 23 期

席德柄、喬晉梁、韋憲章

―戰亂時期的三位中央造幣廠廠長

戴學文〔臺北〕

中央造幣廠，為民國時期的中央最高鑄幣機構，在 1928 年 由前上海造幣廠所改制。成立初期，由於中國通用銀元，籌 鑄銀元遂成為首要任務；尤其在 1933 年 3 月 1 日宣佈“廢 兩改元”之後，大量鑄造國父像帆船銀元，造幣工作也進入 高峰期。不過，受美國購銀法案實施之影響，國際銀價暴漲， 白銀大量流入美國，中國銀元也因含銀價格高於其面值， 不斷被鎔成銀塊外銷，國內因而陷入通貨緊縮，工商凋敝。

這個前所未見的財經危機，迫使國民政府以庫存白銀作為籌

法幣，是一種以政府信用作為保證、與金銀等貴金屬脫鉤的 不可兌現貨幣。作為一種貨幣，法幣僅是一種價值符號，其 形式，主要就是中國銀行、交通銀行及後來的中國農民銀行 所發行的鈔票；再後來，才是中央造幣廠所鑄造，作為輔幣 之用的硬幣。

民國時期的上海中央造幣廠 碼，與美國政府達成協議，以白銀交換黃金、美元，作為政 府儲備，發行法幣。

【風雨歲月中的中央造幣廠】

不過，就在法幣發行 9 個月之後，對日抗戰爆發，國民政 府被迫以增印鈔票支應龐大軍費，法幣因此不斷貶值，總計 八年戰爭期間，貶值了約 2 000 倍之多 1。過程中，紙鈔， 尚可加大面額追逐物價；硬幣，則無此彈性，而且常因材料 價格超過幣值，一經發行即被人收藏起來，不然就是因已無 流通效益而停鑄。因此之故，中央造幣廠及各廠鑄造的硬輔 幣，很快就失去流通效益，種類、數量都愈來愈少。

出身於蘇州金融世家，滙豐銀行第二任買辦席正甫之孫的席 德懋，是國民政府金銀、外匯政策的靈魂人物，歷任央行匯 兌局、業務局局長，紐約中國銀行總經理，央行董事等職， 許多重大金融政策與措施如以關金券取代外匯掛牌交易、發 行初期法幣匯率的穩定等，背後均可見其身影。他於 1942 年 6 月首先提出要能解決通貨膨脹嚴重侵蝕財政的問題， 唯有釋出黃金，才真正受到民眾歡迎，進而產生立竿見影之

1 楊格：《中國的戰時財政與通貨膨脹，1937-1945》。

效。這個主張，不久之後，果真獲得採用。隨着美國政府先 後承諾出售總數價值 2 億 2 千萬美元的黃金之後，國民政 府從 1943 年 9 月起開始展開釋金行動。

隨着釋金對象的擴大，為了符合不同的需求，美國金磚必須 被改鑄成小條。原本鑄造錢幣的中央造幣廠，儘管大材小用， 卻是唯一有能力勝任的官方機構。只是，令人難以預料的， 抗戰結束，國共內戰接踵而來，通膨再起，規模尤甚於前，

而黃金政策又成為對付手段。鑄金工作，也因此成為中央造 幣廠欲罷不能的本業。

席德柄、喬晉梁、韋憲章三人，從抗戰前夕到國府遷臺，先 後擔任中央造幣廠廠長，在這一段非常時期裏，“鑄金”任 務取代了“造幣”本業，這三人的檔案資料，正好彌補了近 代史所不及備載的篇章。

【席德柄廠長】

1937年6月起，迄1944年6月22日

席德柄 (1892-1968 年 )，祖籍江蘇吳縣，席德懋之胞弟， 早年留學美國麻省理工學院，獲工科學士學位，再赴英國伯 明翰大學，轉習商業。歸國後，歷任財政部秘書、江海口內 地稅局副局長、江漢關監督等職。抗戰前夕的 1937 年 6 月， 就任中央造幣廠廠長。

抗戰爆發後，造幣廠隨即遷離上海，人員、機器設備緊急後 撤。後來，相繼於武昌、成都、桂林、蘭州及昆明成立分廠。 法幣的系列輔幣，也是目前最常見的民國時期的硬幣，大多 是在戰火間隙下艱難完成的。

到了抗戰後期，通貨膨脹加劇。1942 年間，席德柄奉命將 廠內原有的大批鍋爐等生產設備，售予資委會雲南鋼鐵廠 2 ， 此刻，造幣業務走向縮減以至暫停，已成定局。果然，不久

之後，1943 年半圓鎳幣便成為了抗戰期間出廠的最後一批 鑄幣。

1944 年 6 月 22 日，在無幣可鑄的情形下，席德柄選擇辭 去擔任已屆七年的廠長一職。當時，其胞兄德懋大力主張的 釋金政策正在逐步推展中，但，對於志不在此，熱衷於錢幣 收藏並執着鑄幣事業的席德柄 3 而言，這不啻是告別造幣廠 的時刻。

同年 10 月 23 日，財政部宣佈黃金現貨交易起碼從 400 市 兩調降至 10 市兩，以擴大交易層面，增加釋金效果。此後， 將金磚切割、改鑄小塊，就成為抗戰後期重慶中央造幣廠 ( 下 稱重慶廠 ) 的例行工作與新業務，這也是席德柄留給新任去 面對的課題。

席德柄任內的最後一種鑄幣：民國三十二年半圓孫像 布圖鎳幣

2 1942.2.26，資委會雲南鋼鐵廠工程處，滇(卅一)處第0305號呈文：“……中央造幣廠前托西南運存遮庫其16%編號二十鍋爐三具，182件，43.830噸，已售予資委會雲南鋼鐵廠…… 中央造幣廠標售存放臘戌之新式200匹馬力臥式鍋爐三座，當即函電商購……。” 3周 邊：民國著名金融家的錢幣收藏，NC 收藏中來自前中央造幣廠廠長席德柄先生的錢幣，載《東亞泉志》第22期。2021年4月。

【喬晉梁廠長】

1944年6月22日起，迄1945年8月31日

接任廠長職的喬晉梁，是著名晉商祁縣票號喬致遠的曾孫， 畢業於美國歐柏林大學，獲碩士學位。歸國後，擔任財政部 秘書兼江蘇省印花煙稅局局長，深受部長孔祥熙器重，繼而 出任中央造幣廠廠長 4 。

不過，喬晉梁任期不長，歷時僅一年零两个月。1945 年 8 月底，當中央造幣廠仍在為黃金現貨、存款趕鑄大量金條之 際，突然遭到撤換。其原委，直到近年相關檔案公開，才告 明朗。

民國廠條，即央行委託重慶廠鎔鑄的金條，起始於喬任內。

最早一批，是為了兌付 1945 年 3 月 15 日到期的黃金存款 之用。這批金條，在重慶廠內部簽呈 5 及領取的重慶中國銀 行的文件 6 均有提及，但，根據重慶廠後來提交財政部有關 鎔鑄、解交金條的完整報告 7，起自 1945 年 8 月終於 1946 年 2 月中旬，並無這一批金條的記錄。

1931 年的中央造幣廠

其原因，應與中央造幣廠初次承鑄金條，欠缺經驗有關。這 個問題，直至 7 月 26 日財政部長俞鴻鈞面諭 8：爾後中央 造幣廠應為所鑄金條編號並報部，才獲得解決。因此，重慶 廠的鎔鑄解送金條表報，最早就是從 8 月份開始，更早之前， 則是一片空白。

不過，由於 1945 年 3 月 15 日兌付者是 1944 年 9 月的黃 金存款，該月黃金存款總額仍有紀錄可查，折合純金 9 336 市兩 9，各行局之中承辦存款最多的重慶中行也僅領得 191 兩，由此估算，第一批金條為數不多，僅在數千兩之譜。

重慶中行的前述文件又記載，金條不久即告用罄，到了 1945 年 4 月，只好暫停兌付。此後到期的黃金存款，就只 能不斷遞延，直至 6 月初起，大批美國金磚終於陸續抵達。

為安定民心，國民政府隨即公佈一項大規模的兌付到期黃金 的辦法：所有 7 月底到期的黃金存款及上年 (1944)11 月應 付而未付的黃金現貨，均將在 7 月 31 日開始兌付。

中央造幣廠受託鎔鑄金條，央行囑咐，半數鑄成五兩條， 四分之一為十兩條，四分之一為一兩條 10。由於黃金數量 極大，並已對外界作出承諾，為了確保如期完工，財政部 於 1945 年 6 月 23 日特別下達訓令：重慶廠每日必須鎔制 一萬兩 11 。

然而，廠方顯然不清楚實際狀況與事情的嚴重性。於伊始， 先以鑄幣觀點，建議生產幣型金塊，不應鑄造金條，以避免 成色重量不規整、流通不便云云，卻無視於做法的緩不濟急。 面對央行、財政部一再提醒與催促，廠方則是以環境、儀器 設備、人力等條件欠缺為由推託，甚至索性回覆：改請民間

4 王保民、範愛明、王智：《晉商翹楚——喬致庸用人、經商、處世之道》。第 307 頁，清華大學出版社。

5 1945.6.12.中央造幣廠工務處簽呈。

6 1945.3.22，重慶中國銀行，業字第220號。“為轉渝行函陳：第一批到期黃金，計191市兩，已向國行領到，並於3月15日開始兌付，請察洽備案由”。“總處鈞鑒：接渝行儲 行第1292號函稱：敝處自三月十五日至卅日，應交付到期之黃金191市兩(內計渝行158市兩，廟處22市兩，坊處11市兩)，已於三月十三日，向國行如數領到。其成色996.4至 999.8不等，且以一兩上下之小條為多，每枚重量亦不均，其尾差最大者，約四分左右。此批請領191市兩(129枚)共計尾差一兩一錢零四厘，實領純金189.896。此項尾差，按現在 牌價，每市兩2萬元計算，折合國幣22,080元，連同利息，國幣66 850元，均由國行撥來。所有到期黃金，敝處已於本月十五日開始兌付等由。理合函陳，敬請鈞察備案為禱。此頌 鈞綏 儲蓄部 通啟”。《中國銀行史資料彙編》，頁1180。

7 參見重慶廠歷次呈送財政部的《中央造幣廠鎔鑄金條旬報表》。

8 1945.7.26 中央造幣廠渝造總字第123號文：“......本廠頃奉部長面諭：中央銀行發行黃金原塊飭由本廠列印編號，並製成紀錄備查......”。

9 《中華民國史檔案資料彙編》第五輯 第二編 財政經濟(四)，頁604。

10 1945.6.12 中央造幣廠工務處簽呈。

11 1945.6.23 財政部財錢甲字第5592號訓令。

爐坊代工 12，或轉交蓉昆兩分廠鑄造 13 。

廠方的態度，終於激怒了財政部長俞鴻鈞，以書面嚴詞警告： “

關於鎔鑄黃金一案關係政府執行黃金政策暨信用至 為重要，迭經由部令飭該廠迅為籌備開始鎔鑄，迄已多日仍 未決定切實辦法實現，距預定七月底發放黃金之期為時已迫 不容再事延宕，貽誤要政，合再電仰該廠廠長等迅速進行即 日鎔鑄，並以此事責成該廠長等全力辦理，勿再貽誤於咎。 至原建議由蓉昆兩分廠鎔解一節，跡涉推諉且緩不濟急，應 勿庸議 。”14

驚覺事態嚴重之後，廠方才開始籌備調度，一面向成都分廠 借調五百兩大天平及砝碼、印花機等機器設備，敲定各式金 條的鎔鑄工法，先將金磚輾成二、四、六釐米厚度的金片， 分別裁切成五兩以下各種金條；再用切剩的邊屑，以馬夫爾 爐鎔鑄十兩條 15。由於重慶廠欠缺軋片設備，於是洽請兵工 署第二十兵工廠代軋金片事宜。

當正式開鑄之時，已是 7 月 29 日，距發放日僅剩兩天。又， 根據財政部所核定的目標，重慶廠必須於 8 月 15 日以前鑄 解二十萬兩，包括一兩條 8 萬兩，三兩條 4 萬兩，五兩條 6 萬兩，十兩條 2 萬兩等 16，幾乎已是不可能的任務。

7 月 30 日，國防部最高委員會公佈《黃金購戶存戶獻金辦 法》，強制黃金存款及現貨的存戶或購戶，兌領黃金超過一 兩者，應捐獻其中的 40%，作為充實軍費之用。突乎其來 的規定，雖使兌出的黃金數量減少，致生的作業問題，卻令 人挫手不及。重慶廠所鑄的最小金條原本為一市兩，獻金後， 兌付時將出現尾數，需要更多更小的金條，以供找補。這些 小金條，必須臨時增鑄，卻非常費時費工。

8 月初，財政部、央行、重慶廠為此緊急會商，決定對於重 慶廠原定應於 8 月 15 日之前鑄解的二十萬兩大小金條調整

比例。一方面，為了爭取時效，以正在鑄造的五兩條取代六 兩、十兩條；另一方面，則挪出 5 千兩改製二錢小片，一 萬兩改製四錢小片。兩種小金片，都無法鑄造，必須手工剪 切而成。11 日起開工 17 ，10 天後，也僅完成二錢 670 片、 四錢 564 片 18 。

到了 8 月 31 日，重慶廠解交央行的金條，共有：二錢 2 977 片，四錢 2 814 片，一兩 7 140 條，三兩 264 條，五 兩 2 814 條，十兩 2 567 條，總數僅 7 萬 6 千多市兩 19 ， 不僅遠低於財政部所核定 8 月 15 日之前應鑄解 20 萬兩的 目標，嚴重落後的進度，也使得兌付遞延成為常態，到了年 底仍存在 20。外界不明就裏，但民怨早已沸騰。

喬晉梁任內，1945 年 8 月上旬，中央造幣廠五兩金條

9 月 1 日，喬晉梁的廠長一職遭到撤換，遺缺由原副廠長韋 憲章升任遞補。對於這項人事異動，官方未多做解釋，但原 因已明。喬於離任一年多之後，即舉家移居美國。

12 1945.6.28渝總文第2431號文。

13 1945.6.30 渝總文第2495號文。

14 1945.7.7財政部財錢甲字第458號文。

15 1945.7.11 中央造幣廠呈財政部文(文號不清)：“......決定採用機械方法，輾成相當厚度，切成一兩、二兩、三兩、五兩小塊，切餘邊屑，再用馬夫爾爐鎔鑄十兩小條......” 16 財政部錢幣司1945.8.4文 (引自中央造幣廠1945.8.14 渝總文第2730號覆函) ：“...... 查此次兌付黃金辦法，業經明令公佈並核定應於8月15日以前鑄解二十萬兩在案......據 稱存戶在五兩以內者甚多，依照獻金辦法須多制一兩及二錢、四錢小片方可應付。經照此次核定二十萬兩商定分配數量，於一兩金條百分之四十，八萬兩，內中以五千兩改制二錢金片， 三兩金條，百分之二十，四萬兩，內中以四千兩改制四錢金片，六兩金條，百分之三十，六萬兩，內中以六千兩改制四錢金片，十兩金條，百分之十，二萬兩。惟查現在舂制者系五兩 金條，為節省時間，免除換制舂模起見，並經商定用以代替搭配六兩及十兩者。其一兩三兩二錢四錢者，應照上開比例搭鑄重量，務求準確......迅即依照搭鑄並依限照解......”。

17 1945.8.10工務處轉呈廠長，技正司徒得；“......廠座手諭剪切二錢、四錢金條由......職負責辦理，本月十一日在鄒容路開工.......”。

18 1946.3.2渝盛字第1352號呈文。中央造幣廠收解金料及耗損總報告(34年7月至35年2月)。

19 同上。

20 1945.12.2，《重慶商務日報》：“ ......黃金存款，按半年到其順延一月，如十月份到期，統於十一月付，十一月何時付現？必須按號碼順序，故手續甚煩。每行號碼，當有每日 只付百號者，故存戶均怨氣沖天......至於蓉昆蘭州西安貴陽之兌現，更為困難”。

【韋憲章廠長】

1945年8月31日起，迄1955年12月25日

韋憲章 (1890-? 年 )，祖籍廣東中山，上海聖約翰書院畢業， 赴美留學，1916 年畢業於費城紡織學院，1917 年再獲賓州 大學工商管理系碩士學位。自美學成返國後，於慎昌、南洋 兄弟菸草、太古輪船等多家洋商工作多年，直至進入中央造 幣廠 21 。

其人，同時也是早期中國體壇的風雲人物。宣統二年 (1910 年 ) 中國模仿奧運舉辦的第一屆全運會，他以聖約翰大學學 生的身份獲得 220 碼、100 碼競跑全國高等組金牌；民國 二年，再代表江蘇參加菲律賓馬尼拉舉辦的第一屆遠東運動 會，連獲 120 碼高欄、跳高男子金牌及 220 碼低欄銀牌等 佳績 22 。

至升任廠長為止，韋從 1929 年起已擔任副廠長達 16 年之久， 是該廠歷來資歷最久的副廠長。升任後的首要任務，便是接 手前任未完成的工作，趕工鎔鑄大量待鑄金條。

自 1945 年 9 月起至 1946 年 2 月中旬，滬廠在韋任內鑄解 出 136 萬 4 千 4 百多市兩的各式金條【注 23】。除了前任 已鑄過的二錢、四錢、一兩、三兩、五兩、十兩等六種類型， 1945 年 10 月起，又利用切割金塊所累積的邊屑，增鑄六兩、 三十兩、六十兩、一百兩等四種；其中後三種分別鑄有 10 萬 8 千 8 百多市兩、19 萬 5 千 6 百多市兩與 6 千多市兩， 都是依據《黃金現貨及存款兌付辦法》第二項：“……造幣 廠分鑄不及，得由購戶或存戶自行拼湊足額，向原經辦行局 整塊領取”的規定所鑄造，藉以減少其他小型金條的供應壓 力。加上喬任內於 1945 年 7 月 29 日至 8 月 31 日所完成 的 7 萬 6 千多市兩，以及昆明央行 9 月間亦向昆明分廠委鑄， 雖不久即解約，仍鑄出約 8 萬兩金條 24；加總後到達 152 萬兩之多，在該廠自渝返滬之前，已足敷供應兌付之需，危 機終告解除。

此後，韋任內又經歷了上海黃金風潮、秘密籌鑄金幣金塊計 劃 25、金銀存兌、銀元券發行，在上海、成都、臺灣等地受 託鑄造金條與銀元。隨政府遷臺後，繼而為台幣改革及黃金

民国 37 年（1948 年）中央造幣廠

上海廠五兩金條

儲蓄辦法效力；金銀有關的重大政策，無役不與。出自中央 造幣廠的金條，無論重慶、上海、成都或臺灣，乃至臺灣早 期發行的銀、銅、鋁質輔幣等，無不是在其任內完成。他也 同時成為歷來任期最久的中央造幣廠廠長。

21 上海聖約翰大學校史。

22 羅時銘：《奧運來到中國》，清華大學出版社有限公司， 2005，頁46。

23 1946.3.2渝盛字第1352號呈文。《中央造幣廠收解金料及耗損總報告(34年7月至35年2月)》。

24 筆者：《民國黃金檔案》，第三章第三節 昆廠廠條鑄造始末。波多西工作室，2020年1月。頁95以下。

25 筆者：《塵封七十載 1949年金幣金塊鑄造計劃》《東亞泉志》第二十二期，2021年5月1日出版。

在上海風潮期間，央行決定透過上海金號改鑄並釋出大量庫存黃金，此 舉立即引起財政部長俞鴻鈞與韋憲章等人的反對，力主存金應交由滬廠 鎔鑄。後來，雖未能使央行改變決定，不過，在韋的持續周旋奔走與財 政部的支持下，滬廠於 1946 年底獲得承鑄成色十兩 990 的廠條的機會， 只是為時已晚，2 月 15

日宣佈停止釋出黃金時，滬廠亦僅鑄出千條左右， 重量不超過一萬兩，相較於央行釋出的 350 萬兩，可說微乎其微 26。不過， 當央行部分官員勾結金號的內情不久後被曝光，相關人等遭到法辦之際， 韋則因其捍衛國家利益的表現，被財政部報請獎勵，案經審核通過，於 1948 年 3 月 3 日獲授五等景星勳章 27 。

另一件，是發生在遷臺之 後。由於為了辦理金銀存 兌，滬廠於 1948 年 11 月至 1949 年 2 月止，被 迫鎔化收兌自民間的雜 金，直接鑄成大批廠條， 以致成色紊亂走低。

因軍事的失敗，國民政府已無暇他顧，繼上海廠條之後，已 遷往廣州的中央銀行於 1949 年 7 月 10 日通電各地分行： 市面黃金改采 98 作為交易標準 28。當時的央行已無意提升 標準，選擇遷就現實。

不過，韋卻未放棄 990 成色此一源自上海廠的鑄金標準。 當中央造幣廠於同月底奉命繼續籌鑄紀重金塊時，韋立即主

韋憲章任內，1950 年間，中央造幣廠成色 991 五兩金條

張金塊應採用該廠成色 990 的鑄金標準，後來獲得央行總 裁的支持 29 。

990 成色，所代表的意義，除了就是回復被破壞之前的標準， 即上海通用的烚赤，這個成色正好也是臺灣民間普遍採用的 足赤，後來，雖無法運用於大陸，從 11 月起卻開始在臺灣 落實，臺條更是全面進化至 991 成色，大幅消除 621 事件 爆發以來臺民對於官方金條品質的疑慮 30，此功勞非其莫屬。

隨中央政府遷臺後，韋憲昌成為中央造幣廠的開台廠長，在 臺任期也遠超過在上海、廣州或其他地方。不過，其來臺以 後的有關資料，於今卻大多無端消失，最令人詫異的是，連 中央造幣廠網頁也找不到他的名字。

經過一番努力，筆者終於找到一絲線索！中研院“戰後臺 灣歷史年表”的資料庫中一份文件摘要記載：“1955 年 12 月 25 日，中央銀行造幣廠長韋憲章因違法失職，遭公懲會 以撤職與停止任用八年處分。”“違法失職”，應該就是他 突然銷聲匿跡的原因了。只不過，違反何法？如何失職？就 不得而知。行文至此，那個走過風雨歲月的造幣廠，早已隨 人物走遠了。

26 筆者，前揭書，第四章 上海廠時期，頁99以下。

27 稽勛委員會 1948.3.3，勛字第61號。“為財政部請授韋憲章一員勛章案，業經審核決定授勛，請查照行知由。”

28 1949.7.10 中央銀行業務局廣州通27號 央行駐臺代表辦公室譯電。“各分行處關於逐日電報金銀外幣行是應注意事項......(3)黃金市價應以市兩為單位，按九八成色折算並應將折 算公式報局備查”。

29 1949.7.22 穗鼎第106號，韋憲昌呈文。“查本年三月 間，奉鈞座面諭籌鑄金幣，經將式樣、重量級含金成色呈奉鑒核......查金幣與金塊，性質不同。金幣已定有固定面值，而金 塊價值須視中央銀行牌價決定，故金塊成色，應較金幣為高。茲擬依照鑄金條辦法規定金塊含金成色亦以990為標準......”，經1949.7.30，廣秘第1163號文，總裁批：“照辦。” 30 筆者，前揭書，第六章 臺廠時期 頁164以下。

Recognition and Interpretation of Inscriptions on Bai Jin San Pin

A set of three types of coins: dragon, horse, turtle pattern coin.

Zhou Yanling〔Shanghai〕

The dragon pattern cake coin has over 100 years' history, it was recorded in the Shen Zhou Da Guan written by the late Qing dynasty poet Zheng Wenzhuo in 1913. Thereafter, several cake coins have been found and reported in several places. In the 1990s, it was discovered that, in addition to the dragon pattern cake coins, horse pattern cake coins and turtle-shaped cake coins had been unearthed in Liu'an County, Anhui Province and Mei County, Shaanxi Province. The shape and features of these cake coins were consistent with the records written in the Records of the Grand Historian-Pinghuai Treatise and the Book of Han - Food Culture, hence it is commonly believed these dragon pattern cake coins, horse pattern cake coins and turtle-shaped cake coins were three kinds of cake coins (collectively named Bai Jin San Pin in Chinese, a series of three coins with different denominations: dragon, horse and turtle) minted during the reign of Emperor Wu ① . Most of them were found today at the original site of Han City or the tomb of the Western Han dynasty. Sometimes they were unearthed together with half-tael cash coins weighing four zhu. Therefore, the speculation is correct - these three kinds of cake coins should have been minted during the Western Han dynasty.

cake coins were minted and understanding the characters, seals, patterns and shapes of the cake coins, the China Numismatic Society and the Shaanxi Numismatic Society held a national academic seminar on the topic of these three kinds of cake coins in August 2003 in Hanzhong, Shaanxi Province. The seminar achieved great progress, and new discoveries on these cake coins were found shortly after the seminar. At that time, I wrote two articles about the dragon pattern cake coin, horse pattern cake coin and turtle-shaped cake coin of the Western Han dynasty ② . My main points and new understandings about Bai Jin San Pin can be summarized as below.

In order to discuss further and research on the problems that have not been solved yet, such as by which institution these

In the winter of the fourth year of Emperor Wu's reign (119 B.C.), Emperor Wu of the Han dynasty issued three kinds of cake coins collectively named Bai Jin San Pin after suggestions by Zhang Tang. The Records of the Grand Historian - Pinghuai Treatise has more detailed records. Its author Sima Qian lived during the Han dynasty under Emperor Wu's reign. When the three kinds of cake coins were issued and circulated, Sima Qian was about 30 years old, he should have seen or used these cake coins. While the Records of the Grand Historian was written in 104 B.C., the author's record should not have too many inconsistencies. Therefore, we may conclude that the descriptions and records of these cake coins in the Records of

① Li Yongdeng: Three Metalwares (cake coins) Dragon Pattern Cake coin, Horse Pattern Cake coin and Turtle-shaped Cake coin Discovered in Liu'an County, 1st issue, 1994, Anhui Numismatics, page 17.

② Zhou Yanling: Reanalyze and Research on Cake coins Minted in the Western Han Dynasty, 4th issue, 2004, page 62; Zhou Yanling: Analysis and Research on the Inscriptions of the Cake coins Minted in the Western Han Dynasty, 2nd issue, 2004, Anhui Numismatics, page 6.

Bai Jin San Pin - dragon pattern cake coin

the Grand Historian are credible and accurate.

So you might wonder, what is Bai Jin? Is it made of lead-tin alloy or silver-tin alloy?

It was commonly believed that the component of the cake coins was lead-tin alloy after being certified. But according to ExplainingGraphsandAnalyzing Characters, "silver, iron fetters and cupronickel all can be recognized as Bai Jin". According to the definition described in Er Ya, "Bai jin normally refers to silver, but if it is in extremely fine condition, it is named iron fetters". In addition, Guangya - Shiqi which is a glossary that has records on cupronickel.

However, laws of the Western Han dynasty speculated coins could not be minted using base metals such as lead or iron. The Western Han dynasty legally could not use the base metal such as lead-iron to cast money. In the numismatic history, the Western Han dynasty is the dynasty most widely using precious metals. Gold was normally used when granting a reward, storing treasures, or paying a formal visit to the emperor. The Kirin fingernailshaped gold and the horseshoe-shaped gold were created by Emperor Wu of the Han dynasty. Here is the description on gold from the Book of Han - Food Culture: "Gold can be divided into three levels. The yellow gold has the best quality (level 1), the white gold has the middle level quality (level 2) while red copper has the lowest level quality (level 3)".The book also attached a note about this description: "Bai Jin refers to silver". The Grand Historian - Pinghuai Treatise has the similar record: "there are three levels of golds. Bai Jin was minted using silver-

tin alloy".

We may see from above that Bai Jin refers to silver or silver-tin alloy; it is impossible that it is made of lead-tin alloy.

In 2007, a silver horse pattern cake coin was discovered near the Maoling Mausoleum of Xingping, Shaanxi Province. The silver horse pattern cake coin and the lead horse pattern cake coin have the same pattern and shape, but the former has no chopmark on the reverse. In 2011, another silver horse pattern cake coin was found in a batch of Han dynasty half-tael coins unearthed in Lintong, Shaanxi Province, it has a chopmark on the reverse. Later, a silver turtleshaped cake coin was found under the Gudu Bridge, which situated in the northern suburb of Xi'an, Shaanxi Province. The silver turtle-shaped cake coin and the lead turtle-shaped cake coin have the same pattern, inscriptions and shape ③

According to the Grand Historian-PinghuaiTreatise and the third volume of the Book of Han - Food Culture, "In the five years the Bai Jin San Pin and Wu Zhu cash coins were minted, hundreds and thousands of people were sentenced to death due to pirated and privately minted coins. A large number of people were sentenced to death secretly. There were more than one million people who were released from punishment by paying a ransom. However, fewer than half of the people could afford the ransom. If everybody could afford the ransom, the private minting situation would have been out of control." The private producer used lead-tin alloy to disguise the officially making silver-tin alloy to attain huge profits. As a result, Bai Jin

③ Zhang Jibao: Re-discussion of Bai Jin San Pin – Analyzed from Silver Turtle-shaped Cake coin Discovered in the Western Han Dynasty, written in the Western Finance and Numismatic Research 2011 Supplement Issue, page 36.

Bai Jin San Pin - horse pattern cake coin

Bai Jin San Pin - horse pattern silver cake coin

cake coins were stopped to be used gradually. This was why the three kinds of cake coins Bai Jin San Pin were abolished in less than four years after their circulation. The discovery of silver horse pattern cake coin and turtle pattern cake coin confirmed that these cake coins minted by Emperor Wu of the Han dynasty were silver cake coins. While the lead-tin alloy cake coins were pirated and minted privately.

After interpreting and researching the inscription which is within the circle on the reverse of the dragon pattern cake coin, Chinese and foreign scholars think the characters are the language from the Parthian Empire, Kharosthi (an ancient language of Central Asia) or mutated Greek letters. Some people think the inscriptions have Greek letters originated from the Central Asia influenced by the Western Region culture. The basis of this saying is it has the mutated Greek letters as the inscription, and after certification it did prove the coins were minted and circulated by the Parthian Empire. Some people think the inscription is a miswriting of ancient Greek, but it can be concluded that the coins were from Central Asian. Some people think these cake coins were relics passed down from the Kushan Empire.

The inscription of the dragon pattern cake coin is composed of 32 letters (see Chart 1), actually 12 basic letters (Chart 1). Please see the list of letters from Chart 1; you will find the letters are correct no matter from which direction you read it. To read the script in a clockwise or counterclockwise direction it is correct.

For example, if we rotate letter 4 from up to down, it becomes letter 6 (the same with letter 7 and 11 in Chart 2); if we rotate the left side of letter 10 to the right side, it becomes letter 12. Except for letter 7, all other letters in Chart 1 can be changed into other letters after rotation.

Of course, this change will only be meaningful when the letter can be understood and read as a word, i.e.,to read from obverse it is readable, and when is reversed by 180 degrees it is still readable.

What is more, letter 5,10, 11, and 12 are unique letters used in Eastern China and its surrounding areas, same letters cannot be found in the Greek language.

In addition, Chart 2 has all the inscriptions of the dragon pattern cake coin and it is the combination of letters from Chart 1. We can find some interesting letter combinations in Chart 2. As shown in Chart 2, the combination of letters 1 and 2

Chart 2: The 32 letters of the dragon pattern cake coin.

Chart 1: The number of the 12 letters.

Bai Jin San Pin - turtle-shaped cake coin

appears three times in the inscription; there are also some other combinations of Chart 1 characters which appear in Chart 2, such as the combination of letter 4 and letter 6 or the combination of letter 6 with letter 4 and with letter 6; the combination of letter 4 and 4,5,5,6,6 or the combination of letters 6,6,5,5,4,4.

The above letters all appear on the cake coins and can be read rotating in any direction. The magical combination between different letters reflects the ingenious idea of the designer. The discovery of these interesting combinations may provide extremely important information to us to finally reveal the mysterious veil behind the inscriptions.

If the inscriptions are Greek letters, first of all, there is one question about the inscription, why do most Greek-like letters such as Σ, φ, ψ, Δ not appear in the inscription. In addition, if the inscription can be read and understood from any direction, it cannot be a Western alphabet. Secondly, the odd letter combination, especially after combination of letters 4, 4, 5, 5, 6, 6 or the combination of letters 6, 6, 5, 5, 4, 4, will produce problems in spelling.

We found some carved symbols from pottery, bone tablets, bamboo chips and wood chips unearthed from Xi'an Banpo, the fifth floor of Maqiao Relics Park in Shanghai, the Liangzhu Site

Chart 3: Inspections on the dragon pattern cake coin and their corresponding written style in other languages.

Inspections on the dragon pattern cake coin

Greek letters

Carved symbols of Yangshao culture

Character components of the Yi minority language

Carved symbols of currencies

Carved symbols unearthed from the Eastern Han dynasty tombs in Guangxi Province

Chart 4: Books recording the inscriptions of the coins in the Pre-Qin dynasty, most of them are numbers.

符記

釋義

先秦貨幣符記所載書籍

（六） 《古泉匯》李佐賢

（幺） 《河北倉縣肖家樓刀幣》原拓本 （吕） 《古今錢略》倪模

（六） 《續泉匯》

（一） 《古泉匯》李佐賢、《古今錢略》倪模 （五） 《歷代古泉圖說》丁福保《續泉匯補遺》 （己） 《古金志存》李光庭《泉布統志》孟逸岡 （五） 《續泉匯》李佐賢《洛陽附近地區出土古錢幣》原拓本

未考 《河北倉縣肖家樓刀幣》原拓本

未考 《古泉匯》李佐賢

未考 《河北倉縣肖家樓刀幣》原拓本 （四） 《古泉匯》李佐賢

in Zhejiang Province, Fengbi Mountain in Taiwan, Ledu Liuwan in Qinghai Province and Banshan Machang in Gansu Province. These carved symbols are very similar to the inscriptions of the dragon pattern cake coin (see Chart 3). In the ethnic minority areas of China, stone plaques such as the stone plaques of the Shang dynasty Zhuang residential area unearthed in Nage Village, Dasi Town, Qinzhou, Guangxi, there are some similar symbols as the inscriptions of the dragon pattern cake coin, such as letter 2, 3, 4, 8, and 11 of the dragon pattern cake coin ④

The carved symbols were very popular in the Shang dynasty. Another example, the language used by the Yi ethnic minority living in Liangshan in Sichuan Province, Guizhou Province and Yunnan Province borrowed from many ancient Chinese characters and regular script calligraphy of the six countries of the Warring States Period.

script known as ‘Li Shu'. In the early years of the Eastern Han dynasty, the cursive script emerged." It can be seen that since the Qin dynasty unified China, there have been many kinds of calligraphy. You can find a lot of letters or characters similar to the inscriptions of the dragon shaped cake coin in the PreQin dynasty currency and the Chinese four bahts and a half tael cash coins. Chart 4 lists the symbols used on the Pre-Qin dynasty currency that are similar to the inscriptions on the cake coins. From Chart 4 we can see that these characters are mostly numbers.

In order to express the syllables, the 26 character components in the Methods of Checking the Yi Ethnic Minority Language ⑤ , are the same as the inscriptions of the dragon pattern cake coin. In addition, in the pictographic characters of the Naxi minority and the Shui minority characters, there are also many letters that appear the same as the inscriptions on the dragon pattern cake coin.

According to the records in Explaining Graphs and Analyzing Characters, "there are eight kinds of calligraphy in the Qin dynasty, the first is the big seal style, the second is the small seal style, the third is the carved symbols, the fourth is the insect script, the fifth is the ancient imperial seal script, the sixth is the ancient imperial seal script, the seventh is Mo Shu (a special script engraved on weapons), and the eighth is official

Some Chinese and foreign scholars think TLV-shaped decorative patterns have astronomical meanings ⑥ They believe the astrolabe unearthed from the tomb of Wang Yu, the sundial and the Han dynasty bronze mirror have similar TLV-shaped decorative patterns. When we come to the sundial, the letter ‘L' and ‘V' represent time; ‘ L' represents the summer solstice, the autumn equinox and the spring equinox in the Chinese lunar calendar;‘V' represents the beginning of the four seasons; and T represents outer space. In addition, words engraved on gold cake cake coins from the Warring States period often represented outer space. The dragon pattern combined with astronomy and each of the 32 letters represented a galaxy, or a group of letters forming a galaxy. The 32 letters are fixed on the cake coin. So maybe the 12 letters have astronomical meaning after being combined. But what the astronomical meaning is, is still a riddle to be solved.

These cake coins all have square chopmarks, there are two chopmarks on the dragon pattern cake coin, and normally one chopmark on the horse pattern cake coin and one on the turtle-

④ Guan Yuesheng (chief editor): Chinese National Characters and Calligraphy Dictionary, Encyclopedia of China Publishing House, October 2001, pages 270, 344.

⑦ Huang Xiquan: Brief Discussion on Seal Inscriptions of Bai Jin San Pin and the Related Questions, 3rd issue, 2003, China Numismatics

⑤ Guizhou Bijie District Civil Affairs Committee Yi Language Translation Group: Yi Language Dictionary, June 1978.

⑥ Kong Xiangxing, Liu Yiman: Ancient Chinese Bronze Mirrors, Cultural Relics Publishing House, December 1984, page 81.

Bai Jin San Pin - turtle-shaped silver cake coin

shaped cake coin. However, there is a silver horse pattern cake coin without a chopmark, but which engraved with the Chinese character "shao", meaning "Shaofu", one of the nine official positions of the Western Han dynasty and who was responsible for the emperor's personal finances and life affairs. Emperor Wu of the Han dynasty authorized the power of minting coins to the Shaofu for the intention of controlling the issuing rights of the currency, thus the issuing rights of the currency could be concentrated in the hands of the emperor.

The turtle-shaped cake coin has the turtle pattern on one side and two artistic inscriptions on the other side, arranged from top to bottom. The top letter has the left and right structure, consisting of the Chinese character ‘li' ( 力 )on the right side, but the left side is uncertain. It has been speculated that it is the word ‘chui' ( 垂 ) or ‘gong' ( 功 ). The bottom letter is ‘guang' ( 光 ). Combining the top letter with the bottom letter it reads ‘Chui guang' or ‘gong guang', meaning praise for the extraordinary achievements of Emperor Wu during his reign ⑦

The Grand Historian - Pinghuai Treatise said the dragon pattern cake coin was commonly known as or referred to as ‘Baixuan', meaning ‘Bai Jin' and weighting eight taels. Perhaps because of the influence of the Bai Jin San Pin minted by the Emperor Wu of the Han dynasty, Baixuan became the representation of silver or silver coins.

Analyzed from the shape, the pattern, the chopmark and the inscription, Bai Jin San Pin are completely the product of traditional Chinese culture. The gold cake, the gold bar of the Chu state, and the copper, lead or muddy paper money burned with the dead were mostly round, turtle, square (or rectangular) in shape. The patterns and chopmarks on the cake coins also originated from Chinese culture. The inscriptions on the dragonshaped cake coins formed a circle shape, the same as the inscriptions on the bronze mirror, the eave tiles and the charms in the Pre-Qin dynasty, Qin dynasty or Han dynasty. The concept of the design emphases heaven, earth and people reflecting the

ideology of the Chinese emperor.

Generally speaking, we can conclude the following:

1) The Bai Jin San Pin minted by Emperor Wu of the Han dynasty was made of silver, and the lead-tin alloy cake coins were counterfeits and minted privately;

2) The inscriptions on the dragon-shaped lead cake coins are not mutated Greek characters or other letters, but ancient Chinese characters, and most of them are related to numbers, their meanings are yet to be interpreted;

3 The chopmark on the reverse of the cake coins is engraved with the Chinese character "shao", meaning "Shaofu", one of the nine official positions of the Western Han dynasty. The character at the top of the turtle-shaped cake coin is yet to be translated, but the characters at the bottom is ‘guang'.

4) The dragon pattern cake coin was commonly known as or referred to as ‘Baixuan', meaning ‘Bai Jin weighting eight taels'.

5) The Bai Jin San Pin minted by Emperor Wu of the Han dynasty are the earliest silver coins (or currency containing silver) issued in China.

Image source: http://wemedia.ifeng.com/91715225/wemedia.shtml

⑦ Huang Xiquan: Brief

白金三品 銘文辨識與解讀

周延齡〔上海〕

龍紋鉛餅自1913 年晚清詞人鄭文焯在《神州大觀》上披露 以來，已有百餘年。其後，各地屢有發現的報道。上世紀 90 年代安徽省六安縣與陝西省眉縣發現除龍紋鉛餅外，同 時出土的還有馬紋與龜形鉛餅，其性質形態與《史記 平准 書》《漢書

食貨志》記載一致，因此認為這類鉛餅就是漢 武帝所鑄的“白金三品”。①而它們大都發現在漢城故址、西 漢墓中或與漢代四銖半兩錢同時出土，所以，鉛餅的年代 應該與西漢同期的推論是可以 成立的。

由於對發現的鉛餅由誰鑄造， 鉛餅文字、印章、圖案與形 制上的許多問題沒有得到解 決，為了深入討論與研究。中 國錢幣學會與陝西省錢幣學 會於 2003 年 8月在陝西省漢中 市召開的全國西漢“白金三品” 專題學術研討會，取得了不小的進步。其後“白金三品”又 有了新的發現。我期間寫過兩篇關於鉛餅的文章，②現綜合 主要觀點與新認識闡述如下 : 漢武帝在元狩四年冬（公元前119 年）根據張湯的建議發行 “白金三品”，《史記 平准書》對它的記載比較詳細。作者 司馬遷生活在漢武帝時代，“白金三品”發行與流通的年間， 他正值三十歲左右的青壯年，應該見過或使用過白金三品。 而《史記》又撰寫於其間不遠的太初元年（公元前104 年），

作者的記憶不會出現大的偏差，因此，《史記》中有關“白 金三品”的描述與記載是可信和準確的。

對發現的“白金三品”實物經檢測其成份均為鉛錫。白金 到底是記載中的銀錫，還是鉛錫合金？被《說文解字》稱 作白金的有銀、鐐與鋈。《爾雅》中釋“白金謂之銀，其美 者謂之鐐。”“鋈”是白銅，其解釋可見《廣雅 · 釋器》。西 漢法定是不能用鉛鐵等賤金 屬鑄錢的。同時它又是中國貨 幣史上使用貴金屬最盛行的 時代，賞賜、平賈、庫藏、朝 覲等大都使用黃金。麟趾金 與馬蹄金也都是漢武帝所創。

“白金三品”——龍紋鉛餅

《漢書 食貨志》言：金有三等， 黃金為上，白金為中，赤金為 下。下注曰：白金銀也。司馬 遷在《史記 · 平准書》先記有 司言金有三等，再言以銀錫造白金。可見白金在這裡就是 指銀或銀錫合金；而決不是鉛錫合金。

2007年，在陝西省興平漢武帝茂陵附近，發現銀質馬幣一 枚。其圖案形制與鉛質馬幣一致，只是背面無印戳。2011 年陝西省臨潼在出土的一批漢代半兩錢中又發現一枚銀質 馬幣，錢幣背面有印戳。其後，在陝西省西安市北郊改道 後乾涸的渭河古渡橋下發現了一枚銀質龜幣。圖案文字和 形制與鉛質龜幣相同。③

① 李勇等：《六安發現三枚龍、馬、龜型金屬器（幣）》；《安徽錢幣》1994 、1 ；P17。 ② 周延齡：《西漢鉛餅相關問題再探》；《西安金融》2004 、4 ；P62 。周延齡：《西漢鉛餅銘文考析》；《安徽錢幣》2004 、2 ；P6 。 ③ 張吉保：《再論“白金三品 - 從陝西發現白金三品之銀質馬幣說起”》；《西部金融 錢幣研究 2010 增刊》2010 ；P36 。張吉保：《陝西再次發現西漢“白金三品”之銀質馬幣》；《西部 金融 錢幣研究 2011增刊》2011 ；P40 。

根據《史書 平准書》與《漢書 食貨志 下》中記載：“自 造白金五銖錢後五歲，赦吏民之坐盜鑄金錢死者數十萬 人。其不發覺相殺者，不可勝數，赦自出者百余萬人，然 不能半自出，天下大氐無慮皆金錢矣。”民間盜鑄者用鉛錫 合金冒充官鑄的銀錫合金以取暴利，使“白金稍賤，民不 寶用”。也是“白金三品”使 用不到四年就廢止的重要原 因。銀質馬幣與龜幣的發現， 證實了漢武帝官鑄的“白金三 品”是銀質的。而鉛錫合金的 龍、馬、龜鉛餅，则是當時民 間的盜鑄品。

變化了位置；編號10 與12 左右向起了變化；編號 7與11上下 向有了顛倒（見附表 2）。只有附表1編號 7的字母，把它作 為文字在識讀上有極大的變異外，其他字母並不會有變化。

附表1所占字數若改為外向旋讀則編號4 、5 、6起相應變化。 當然，這種變化也只在我們把它作為一種文字時，在拼讀 與表意上才會有變化和意義。

“白金三品”——馬紋鉛餅

對龍紋鉛餅背面圓圈銘文字 母的考釋，中外學者目前大都 認為它是安息文、佉盧文或變 異的希臘文字母。是漢武帝受 西域文化影響下，用中亞一帶 希臘化時代文字來鑄造的錢 幣；依據鉛餅上有“失傳變形 的希臘文字”，考證是”帕提 亞”( 古安息 ) 鑄造和發行的 貨幣。或認為面文是古希臘文 字的錯寫，推斷是希臘化的中亞西亞國家的貨幣。也有識 讀鉛餅為“貴霜遺物”的。

“白金三品”——馬紋銀餅

經辨認龍紋鉛餅銘文是由12個基本字母共32個字數構成 的（見附表1）。從環旋的字母圈中隨機截取起始段，並順 時針方向排列展開後，又發現了一個新的問題，即這段銘 文在鉛餅的排列上不管內向旋讀或外向旋讀（就是按序排 列展開後將字母顛倒180 °認讀），它的字母除位置變化外， 銘文都能成立。

改變內外向旋讀方向，附表1中的編號4和 6 的字母上下尖

表1 符記編號與銘文字數

另外，在附表 2 的排列中，發 現有下列幾處有趣的字母組 配。如表1編號“1、2 ”字母 組配在銘文中發現三處；另 外還有編號4 、6 、4（或 6 、4 、 6）字母組配；編號

等較奇異的字母組配。

以上鉛餅銘文可內外向旋讀 均能通識，符記之間的奇異 組配，更多地連想到銘文的 製作設計者的細緻用心與含 意。而銘文字母與組配這些 有趣的問題的發現，可能為 我們最終解開鉛餅銘文之迷 提供極為重要的信息。

首先，對識讀為希臘文的疑點是，最具希臘文字母特點的 如：Σ、φ、ψ、Δ等字母在鉛餅中沒有出現。另外，銘文 可以內外或顛倒，都能通讀，西方拼音文字是沒有這種可 能的。其次，奇特的字母組配，特別是編號4 、4 、5 、5 、6 、 6（或反之）組配，作為拼音文字，在拼讀中會出現問題。

我們從西安半坡、上海馬橋遺址第五層、浙江良渚，臺灣 鳳鼻山、青海樂都柳灣及甘肅半山馬廠等各地出土的陶 器、骨片、竹片與木片上，都發現了一些刻符，而許多字母

字母編號 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12

符 號

所占字數 5 4 1 7 4 4 1 1 2 1 1 1

表2 龍紋鉛餅32個符記內外旋讀排列表

由內旋讀

由外旋讀

與龍紋鉛餅上的字母極相似（見附表 3）。在我國少數民族 地區，如廣西欽州大寺鎮那葛村出土的商代壯族地區的石 磬上即刻有類似鉛餅編號 2 、3 、4 、8 、11等符號；④ 說明 這種符號在商代仍在流行。生活在我國四川省涼山、貴州 及雲南的彝族，其彝文在發展過程中借用了不少戰國時代 六國的古漢文和後世的楷書。

為表達音節，《彝文檢字法》 二十六個部首中 , ⑤ 即有不少 與龍紋鉛餅銘文相同的字母。 另外，納西族的象形字、水 族的水書中，也有不少與鉛 餅銘文相同的字母出現。編 號 5 、10 、11、12 的字母， 是東方中國及周邊地區所特 有的，在希臘文中找不到相 應的字母。

《說文解字》中記載“自爾秦 書有八體，一曰大篆、二曰 小篆、三曰刻符、四曰蟲書、 五曰摹印、六曰署書、七曰殳書、八曰隸書。漢興有草書”。

母是表示時間。L 表示夏至、秋分、春分；V 表示四季的 開始；T 則含有空間的意義。另外，戰國的餅金上也常刻 有天干、地支和方位詞。白金龍幣即以“天用莫如龍”的 思想鑄造的。龍紋與天文結合，三十二個字母或各表示一 個星宿，或幾個字母組配成一個星系。各字母在鉛餅中圓 形排列中被相對固定在相同的 方位上。那麼，銘文中的十二 個符記，它們之間的組配會產 生那些天文學意義上的內容， 這仍是有待解決的問題。

“白金三品”之一——龟纹铅饼

可見自秦統一文字後，文字仍有許多種的書寫方法。在先 秦貨幣及漢四銖半兩錢上，也能找到不少與龍紋鉛餅符記 極類似的字母。將鉛餅銘文與先秦貨幣上的類似符記對應，

排列製成附表4 。從表中我們可以見到這些字母大都是代表 數位。

中外學者根據王盱墓出土的占星盤上有 TLV 形紋飾，以 及漢化的日晷上與漢規矩鏡上均有相似的 TLV 紋飾。認 為該紋飾具有天文學上的意義 ⑥。根據日晷推測 L 和 V 字

鉛餅上均有方戳印，龍紋鉛餅 上有兩戳印，馬、龜紋鉛餅上 為一個戳印（發現的一枚銀質 馬幣上沒有戳印）。其璽文為一 “少”字。考證為西漢政權中 九卿之一“少府”之印章。少 府是主管皇帝個人財政與生活 事務的官職。《漢書 百官公卿 表 顏師古注》：“大司農供軍 國之用，少府以養天子也。”漢武帝將鑄造錢幣的權力不 歸大司農而歸屬少府，是為了最大程度控制貨幣的發行權， 將鑄幣權力集中在皇帝一人手中。

龜幣一面為龜甲紋，另一面有兩個藝術化的陰文篆字，上 下排列。上一字左右結構，右為“力”也可確認。左側偏 旁釋讀有難度；因為在篆書中“工、王、萬、蟲、正、巨、么” 等字都可有類似結構寫法。有考證它為為“垂”字或“功”。

其下一字可確定為“光”字。“垂光”或“功光”，是讚譽漢 武帝功業光大⑦ 。

表3 龍紋鉛餅符記與其他文字對照表

龍形鉛餅符記 希臘文字母 仰紹文化刻符 彝文部首 貨幣刻符 廣西戰國東漢墓葬出圖刻符

④ 關樂昇主編：《中國民族文字與書法寶典》，中國大百科全書出版社；2001、10 ；P344 ；P270 。

⑤ 貴州畢節地區民委彝文翻譯組：《彝文字典》；1978 ；6 。 ⑥ 孔祥星 劉一曼：《中國古代銅鏡》，文物出版社；1984 、12 ；P81。 ⑦ 黃錫全：《“白金三品”篆文及有關問題略議》，《中國錢幣》2003 年3月。

《史書 平准書》稱龍幣為“白選”。《漢書 食貨志 下》中 則將“選”寫為“撰”字。“白”字可解釋為銀的顏色。“選” 字古時“撰”、“饌”的發音與字意均可通“選”，兩字作“選” 時不讀 Zhuan ，而讀 xuan 音。但史籍上明確記載“白選” 重八兩，而“饌”才六兩，饌為戰國乃至更早的計量單位， 當時一饌為六兩。由於西漢 時計重每兩的實際重量要重 于戰國，饌的計量可能因此 而改變。“白選”重八兩。按 字面與史籍記載去理解，“白 選”即是民間簡稱或俗稱， 就是：“白金八兩”。《漢書 · 蕭望之傳》中“甫刑之罰，小 過赦，薄罪贖，有金選之品。” 這裡的“金選”是指黃金和白 銀。以“選”替代了銀。

或許是由於漢武帝鑄行白金 三品的影響，“選”成了銀或 銀幣的代稱。

與泥質的冥幣，其形制也大都是圓餅、龜版與方（或長方） 形的。鉛餅上的紋飾，戳印等也源于中國文化。龍紋鉛餅 上的銘文成圈狀，都可以從先秦、秦或漢朝的銅鏡、瓦當 與花錢上的環繞銘文中找到它的影子。天、地、人用的發 行理念也體現了華夏統治者的思想意識。

“白金三品”之一——龟纹银饼

“白金三品”從形制、文飾、印戳和文字上分析，完全是 中國傳統文化的產物。先秦時期的餅金、楚爰金，銅、鉛

符記

從以上的分析來看，漢武帝鑄 的“白金三品”應該是銀質的， 發現的鉛餅是當時的盜鑄品。 龍紋鉛餅上的銘文字母不是變 異的希臘文或其它拼音字母， 是中國的古文字。大都與數字 有關。其含義有待識讀。背戳 印中的“少”字提示是西漢政 權中九卿之一的少府。龜幣上 的文字第一字仍有爭議，後一 字為“光”。龍幣稱“白選”字 義是“白金八兩”。漢武帝的 “白金三品”是我國最早發行 的銀幣（或含銀成分的貨幣）。

圖片來源：網路文章《“白金三品”原是張騫出使西域用的 盤纏》。

表4 先秦貨幣上類似符記所載書籍一覽表

釋義

先秦貨幣符記所載書籍

（六） 《古泉匯》李佐賢

（幺） 《河北倉縣肖家樓刀幣》原拓本 （吕） 《古今錢略》倪模

（六） 《續泉匯》 （一） 《古泉匯》李佐賢、《古今錢略》倪模 （五） 《歷代古泉圖說》丁福保《續泉匯補遺》

（己） 《古金志存》李光庭《泉布統志》孟逸岡 （五） 《續泉匯》李佐賢《洛陽附近地區出土古錢幣》原拓本

未考 《河北倉縣肖家樓刀幣》原拓本

未考 《古泉匯》李佐賢

未考 《河北倉縣肖家樓刀幣》原拓本

（四） 《古泉匯》李佐賢

Review of the Jiangkou Chenyin Historic Site in Jiangkou Town and the Salvaged Currency

Zhou Bian〔Shanghai〕

Zhang Xianzhong (1606-1646), a native of Dingbian Town, Shaanxi Province, was the leader of the peasant revolutionary army in the late Ming dynasty. In the third year of Chongzhen reign (1630), Zhang gathered peasants in the Eighteenth Stockade Villages to revolt, and fought in Shaanxi, Shanxi, Henan, Sichuan and other provinces. Then, he left Sichuan to fight against the Ming army in Hubei, Anhui and Huguang (currently Hunan and Hubei provinces). In 1640, Zhang marched toward Sichuan again, and in 1644, he set up the Daxi regime in Sichuan where Zhang declared himself emperor with the reign title of Dashun. When the Qing army advanced toward the south in 1646, Zhang led his army against the Qing army, but was shot dead with arrows on Fenghuang Mountain, Xichong County.

In 1644, the Qing army fought its way into Sichuan. When Zhang Xianzhong withdrew from Chengdu after his failure to defend against the Qing, he hid the treasure of Daxi Regime. Then spread a riddle, that stated, "150-million-taels of silver is hidden in the place where the stone bull is opposite to the stone drum. If you can find the place, you will get a treasure worthy of the whole of Chengdu Prefecture." Zhang marked the treasure with a stone bull and stone drum with the intention that he would come back for it later. Local legend in Jiangkou says that when Zhang and his army fled away from Chengdu south on a ship carrying vast amounts of treasure, they were attacked by a/the local army at Tiger Beach, Jiangkou Town, Pengshan County, Sichuan Province, and the treasure was sunk into the river together with the fleet. The incident is recorded in many sources of local literature and historical records. ①

Since 2005, a body of cultural relics have been salvaged from the Minjiang River, Jiangkou Town, Pengshan District (previously Pengshan County), Meishan City, Sichuan Province. These include a gold imperial edict which is used to confer a title of seignior on a prince and engraved with reign title, silver ingots held in wooden sheaths, Xi Wang Shang Gong coins and numerous silver decorations and scrap silver. In 2010, the area, east and west to the dikes, south to the Minjiang Bridge, and north to the intersection of the Fuhe River and the Nanhe River, covering an area of 1 million square meters, was listed as the third number of the municipal cultural relics protection unit by the Meishan government. On December 16th, 2015, experts identified the site to be Jiangkou Chenyin (literally, ‘dumping silver at river mouth') Historic Site where Zhang Xianzhong dumped silver at the seminar in Pengshan District, and the seminar focused on the protection and

archaeological study of Jiangkou Chenyin Historic Site held.

The relic is sited in the Minjiang River, and it has been robbed many times since 2013. In October 2016, a major case of the robbery and the selling of 300 million CNY of treasure salvaged from Jiangkou Chenyin Historic Site which was solved. Many precious cultural relics were recovered, including the gold seal with tiger knob and 50 tael gold ingot which have both been evaluated to be national cultural relics.

In order to avoid the historic site from being further robbed and destroyed, to fully understand the distribution range of the site and the preservation of cultural relics underwater, and to roll out a proper protection plan in a scientific way, a salvage and archaeological study was formally launched in Pengshan District, and the whole activity lasted for three months.

Zhang Xianzhong

① The Record of Pengshan County, Peng Zunsi: To Weep for Sichuan: Biography of Yang Zhan, Fei Mi: The Book of the Great Disorder, Shen Xunwei: A Brief Record of the War Disaster in Suchuan, etc.

The review on the coins and silver ingots discovered at Jiangkou Chenyin Historic Site is as below.

In 2011, there were cultural relics salvaged when the infrastructure at the Jiangkou Section of the Minjiang River was constructed, but the relics were plundered. Among some of relics recovered was a Xi Wang Shang Gong gold coin as well as a silver one. This was the first time for Xi Wang Shang Gong coins to be found. In 2017, a number of gold and silver coins of this kind were salvaged at the site. According to the expert analysis, it was concluded that these coins which are of a large size and have a wide edge and plain reverse are characterized by relief regular-style characters, round coins with square holes in the center, and the figure is densely covered by horizontal filing. Their craftsmanship is of various levels, with quality ones having elegant workmanship and interior ones covered by tiny holes. The coins are basically consistent in diameter, but the thickness, weight and fineness vary from one to another. ②

In terms of the time and place of minting, Gu Cheng, Mao Peiqi and some other scholars hold that they were struck after Zhang Xianzhong fought his way into Sichuan but before he declared himself emperor. Scholar Huo Hongwei further reasoned after analyzing the material and 200 pieces of uncirculated Xi Wang Shang Gong gold and silver coins salvaged at Jiangkou that they were minted in Chengdu in the first year of the Dashun reign (1644), as Zhang Xianzhong had no way to strike coins unless

he had already built a relatively stable regime in Sichuan. Thus, the coins are believed to have been minted no earlier than the year when Daxi was established by Zhang Xianzhong. The

Jiangkou Chenyin Historic Site

50 Tael Gold Ingot issued in the first year of the Tianqi reign by Changsha Prefecture

Site of Archaeological Study

② Huo Hongwei: Discussion on Gold and Silver Coins Granted for Merits by the Emperor of the Daxi Regime at Jiangkou Relics, Pengshan District, Sichuan Province, the Journal of National Museum of Chinese History, (2018) issue #8

coins are supposed to have been manufactured by the Daxi regime for the purpose of awarding successful generals and other military leaders. ③

As The Brilliant Millennium: Silver in the History of Chinese Currency records, over 300 silver ingots stuck in the Ming dynasty were salvaged at the Jiangkou site in the two archeological activities from January to April, 2017 and from January to April, 2018. Most of these ingots are engraved with inscriptions such as the age, place, weight, minter, tax type, etc., and some of them are also engraved with the name of officials related to the minting affair. In terms of the time of minting, the ingots found were mostly struck in the late Ming dynasty, from the Wenli reign to the Tianqi reign to the Chongzhen reign. As for the place of minting, a total of 54 prefectures, states and counties and eight chief secretaries are involved. These ingots are for 10-plus kinds of tax, including tax for food, tax for officials' salary and tax for soldiers' pay and provisions. It is more noteworthy that the 50 tael silver ingot produced in the Daxi reign was also salvaged, and such ingot shows no difference from the officially minted silver ingots in shape and minting craft from the Ming dynasty. According to the inscription on the silver ingots such as "50 tael silver ingot issued in Chongzhong in the first year of the Dashuan reign", "50 tael silver ingot for food tax issued in Meizhong in the first year of the Dashuan reign" and "50 tael silver ingot for soldiers' pay and provisions tax issued in Hanzhong in the first year of the Dashuan reign", all these are the silver for taxes of the Daxi reign. The numismatic world used to believe that the silver ingots which Zhang Xianzhong used were gained by pillage,

but the silver ingots mentioned above were all struck in the Daxi reign indeed.

In addition to silver ingots of diverse sorts, Xi Wang Shang

Gong gold and silver coins and Da Shun Tong Bao copper coins, another extremely significant discovery is a valuable gold seal of the lord in Sichuan, and it is the first discovered gold seal of a seignior from the Ming dynasty. According to the historical record of the Ming dynasty, once the prince was titled to the seignior with his own land by feudal grant, a gold imperial edict of title conferring and gold seal will be granted. When the son of a seignior inherits the title, only the gold imperial edict will be granted, and the gold seal will be

③ Huo Hongwei: Discussion on Gold and Silver Coins Granted for Merits by the Emperor of the Daxi Regime at Jiangkou Relics, Pengshan District, Sichuan Province, the Journal of National Museum of Chinese History, (2018) issue #8

A Xi Wang Shang Gong Silver Coin Salvaged from Jiangkou Chenyin Historic Site

Gold Ingots Salvaged from the Jiangkou Chenyin Historic Site

Silver Ingots Salvaged from the Jiangkou Chenyin Historic Site

Generalissimo Yong Chang Gold Seal with Tiger Knob

A Gold Button in the Figure of a Child

inherited, which means, every seignior palace only houses one gold seal. Therefore, gold seals are more precious and rarer than gold imperial edicts of title conferring. The edict salvaged this time suffers some damage, but the seal character " 蜀 " which means Sichuan can still be clearly identified on its surface, so it should be from the palace of the seignior in Sichuan based on textual evidence.

Moreover, thanks to cracking down on the robbery and the sale of relics from Jiangkou Chenyin Historic Site, many cultural relics have been recovered by the public security and historic relics department, including Xi Wang Shang Gong silver and gold coins, 50 tael silver ingots and many other rare coins. It is worthy of noting that the "50 Tael Gold Ingot issued in the First Year of the Tianqi reign by Changsha Prefecture", the gold for the annual supply for seignior palace which in engraved with "50 Tael Gold Ingot for Seignior Palace issued on the Spring Festival Eve of the First Year of the Tianqi reign by Changsha Prefecture, Official Yang Xu, Craftsman Zhao", is among the rarest ingots existing, as it is the largest known ingot minted in the Ming dynasty.

As experts indicate, the discovery of Jiangkou Chenyin Historic SIte has found the truth of the history about Zhang Xianzhong after his uprising and it has also provided abundant original materials for the study on the wars of the peasant revolutionary army, establishment of the reign and economic construction; in addition, it is of great significance for us to have a better understanding of the social and economic condition, practical culture and the overall historical as well as social trends in the late Ming and early Qing dynasties. The Jiangkou Chenyin Historic Site, the most important archeological discovery of the Ming dynasty after the discovery of the Dingling Tomb, is one of the few massive treasures in the world, as a world-

A Gold Imperial Edict of Title Conferring

class archeological site and was honored in 2017 as a top 10 archeological discovery in China. The Pengshan District government also has made great efforts to protect this site. For this end, local government is stepping up its efforts to build the Zhang Xianzhong Jiangkou Chenyin Museum, the first "treasure" museum in China. The early-stage planning and preparation has already started, and it is estimated to be completed within five years. The museum will be an extremely valuable research base for archaeologists as well as a tourist attraction for the public to know about this fascinating and important history.

Website, media and report reference People's Daily Online www.people.com.cn

Xinhuanet www.nens.cn

Sina Collection collection.sina.com.cn

Sohu Net www.sohu.com

Sichuan Radio and Television

Sichuan Radio and Television Online

The Sichuan Provincial Cultural Relics and Archeology Research Institute: Liu Zhiyan: The Silver will not be Eroded even if Being Dumped: The Discovery Record of Jiangkou Relics, The Brilliant Millennium: The Silver in the History of Chinese Currency, Shanghai Painting and Calligraphy Press, (April, 2018) version 1.

原刊載於《東亞泉志》第 16 期

張獻忠江口沉銀及出水貨幣綜述

張獻忠畫像

張獻忠（1606-1646年），陝西定邊縣人，明末農民起義軍領袖。明崇禎三年（1630年），在家 鄉聚集十八寨農民暴動，曾轉戰於陝、晉、豫、川等地。之後出川與明軍在鄂、皖、湖廣一 帶激戰。1640年進兵又入四川，1644年在成都建立大西政權，即帝位，號大順。1646年，清

軍南下，張獻忠引兵拒戰，在四川西充鳳凰山中箭而死。

清兵入川，張獻忠兵敗退出成都時，把“大西國”的金銀財寶秘藏起來了。成都民間流傳有一 首民謠：“石牛對石鼓，銀子萬萬五。有人識得破，買盡成都府。”用石牛和石鼓暗作藏寶記號， 以便今後能找到這批神秘寶藏。當張獻忠攜帶財寶乘船從成都順水南下，在四川彭山縣江口鎮 “老虎灘”一帶遭到地方武裝的突襲，財寶絕大都分隨船隊沉落江中。這段歷史，當地相關的 文獻史籍中均有記載。①

2005 年以來，四川省眉山市彭山區江口鎮岷江河道內陸續 發現大量文物，這些文物包括銘刻年號的金冊、裝於木鞘 中的銀錠、“西王賞功”錢幣以及大量的銀質飾品、碎銀等。

2010 年該區域被眉山市政府公佈為第三批市級文物保護 單位。遺址保護範圍為東西各至河堤，南至岷江大橋，北 至府河、南河交匯處，面積約100 萬平方米。 2015 年12月 16日，在彭山召開的江口沉銀遺址保護和考古研討會上， 經專家確認其為張獻忠“江口沉銀遺址”。

江口沉銀遺址位於岷江水下，自2013 年以來，遭到多次 盜掘。 2016 年10月，公安部門成功破獲江口沉銀盜賣大

江口沉銀遺址

①《彭山县志》、彭遵泗《蜀碧 杨展传》、费密《荒书》、沈荀蔚：《蜀难叙略》等。

案，涉案人民幣計3 億元，並追繳回多件珍貴文物，其中 虎鈕金印、五十兩金錠經鑒定為國寶級文物。

為避免江口沉銀遺址遭到進一步的盜掘和破壞，充分瞭解 遺址的分佈範圍以及文物在水下的保存狀況，為制定保護 規劃提供科學依據， 2017年12月26日，彭山江口沉銀遺 址水下考古發掘正式啟動，開始為期 3 個月的考古發掘。

現就江口沉銀遺址發現的各類錢幣、銀錠等作一綜述：

2011年，岷江河道江口段的建設施工中，在出水文物被哄 搶後追回的部分文物中，有“西王賞功”金、銀幣各一枚， 這是首次在江口遺址發現“西王賞功”錢幣。 2017年，江 口遺址考古發掘出水大批“西王賞功”金銀幣。專家對這 些錢幣進行分析後，總結出水的“西王賞功”錢的基本特 點是，陽文楷書，圓形方孔，錢體較大，闊緣素背，錢幣 輪郭上密佈縱向銼痕，鑄造工藝水準良莠不齊，優質者做 工精整，拙劣者沙眼遍佈。錢幣直徑基本一致，但厚度、 重量與製作水準卻相差懸殊。②

關於西王賞功幣的鑄造時地，顧誠、毛佩琦等學者認為， 其鑄造時間大約在張獻忠入川以後至稱帝之前。學者霍宏

② 霍宏伟：《四川彭山江口遗址出水西王赏功金银币探讨》，载《中国国家博物馆馆刊》2018 年 08 期。

江口沉銀考古現場

偉進一步推斷其始鑄時間與地點在大順元年（ 1644 年）的 成都。從江口遺址出水 200 餘枚未曾動用的西王賞功金銀 幣的材質與數量上分析，只能是在張獻忠進入四川成都， 建立一個相對穩定的政權之後才能做到。始鑄時間不應早 於張獻忠建立大西政權之後的這一年。製作西王賞功幣應 該是大西政權所屬的鑄局。③其功能主要是賞賜之用。

根據《熠熠千年⸺中國貨幣史中的白銀》一書記載，在 2017年1-4月與 2018 年1-4月的考古發掘中，江口遺址總 計出水明代銀錠 300 餘枚，大多數銀錠上刻有年代、地點、 重量、鑄匠和稅收種類等銘文，部分銀錠上還刻有與鑄錠 相關的官員名字。發現的銀錠主要是明代晚期的萬曆、天 啟和崇禎三個王朝的，從地域來看，涉明朝 8 個布政司的 54 個府州縣，記錄了明代糧銀、宗祿銀、軍餉銀在內的10 餘個稅收種類。此外更為人矚目的是還出水了大西政權鑄 造的五十兩銀錠，從銀錠形制和鑄造工藝上看，與明代官 鑄銀錠沒有區別。從銀錠上刻字記載看，均為大西政權稅 銀，如：“大順元年崇州五十兩銀錠”“大順元年眉州大糧 銀五十兩銀錠”“大順二年漢州軍餉銀五十兩”等。過去 錢幣界普遍認為張獻忠使用的銀錠都是擄掠所得，此說並 不客觀。這些出水銀錠就是大西政權自鑄銀錠的例證。

在江口沉銀遺址的發掘中，除了發現各種銀錠、“西王賞 功”金銀幣和大順通寶銅幣外，極為重要的是發現了一枚 蜀王金寶，這也是國內首次發現明朝藩王金寶實物。據明 史記載，皇子封親王，授金冊金寶。世子承襲王位，止授 金冊，傳用金寶，也就是說每個藩王府只有唯一壹枚金寶， 因此較之金冊顯得更為稀少和珍貴。本次發掘出水的這枚 金寶，雖然殘損，但仍可清楚地辨識出印面的篆書“蜀”字， 考證應當來自蜀藩王府。

長沙府天啟元年伍拾兩金錠

虎鈕永昌大元帥金印

童子形金扣子

③ 霍宏伟：《四川彭山江口遗址出水西王赏功金银币探讨》，载《中国国家博物馆馆刊》2018 年 08 期。

出水金錠

從江口沉銀的打擊盜掘倒賣文物案中，公安與文物部門追 繳了許多在遺址中盜掘的文物，其中也有“西王賞功”金、 銀幣和 50 兩銀錠等不少珍稀的錢幣。值得一提的是有“長 沙府天啟元年五十兩金錠” 1枚，上有銘文“長沙府天啟元 年分歲供王府足金五十兩正，吏楊旭，匠趙”，是1621年 長沙府上供藩王王府的歲供黃金，是已知的明朝金錠中的 最大錠形，存世稀少。

四川省眉山市江口沉銀遺址的發掘，正如專家所說，為了 解張獻忠農民起義後的這段歷史提供了科學依據，也為 起義軍的征戰歷史、政權建設、經濟建設等方面的研究提 供了豐富的原始資料；同時，江口沉銀遺址的發掘將對認 識明末清初的社會經濟狀況、物質文化形態，乃至明末清 初以來的社會歷史走向等都將產生重要的意義。江口沉銀 遺址的發現是世界範圍內所發現的為數不多的批量寶藏， 屬於世界級的考古發現，是定陵之後最重要的明朝考古發 現。因此獲得了“ 2017年度全國十大考古新發現”的殊榮。

銀“西王賞功”錢出水

參考網站、媒體與報道： 人民網 www.people.com.cn

新華網 WWW.Nens.cn

新浪收藏 collection.sina.com.cn

搜狐網 www.sohu.com

四川廣播電視臺

四川網路廣播電視臺

出水銀錠

彭山將江口沉銀地作為歷史遺址予以大力保護，當地正積 極籌建張獻忠江口沉銀博物館，目前前期規劃和策劃工作 已經展開，預計 5 年內將建好國內首家的“寶藏”博物館。

為歷史考古專業人員提供了一個極為寶貴的研究基地，也 為廣大人民群眾多了一處瞭解歷史的旅遊勝地。

四川文物考古研究院：劉志岩：《折戟沉沙銀未消：江口沉銀遺址發掘記》，《熠熠千年 - 中國貨幣史中的白銀》，上海書畫出版社，2019 年 4月第一版。

The Value of Chinese Cash Coins

From the Expedition Diaries of Ferdinand Von Richthofen between 1869 and 1872

Thomas Ulhmann〔Germany〕

In the 19th century, the cash coins known since pre-Christian times were still circulating in China as general currency. There is not much known about the purchasing power of the coins at that time.

Money changer on a market in China. On the table you can see several stacked boards with several rows of coins. To be protected from general access a cage was put over the board. It is not possible to tell whether the coins are cash coins or possibly already minted 10 cash coins. The storage of the counted coins on boards served the faster exchange of silver coins into small change.

The travelogue of the geographer Ferdinand von Richthofen about his trip to China gave us some information. 1 In his published diaries, he not only deals with everyday situations, but also describes in many places the wages and prices that he learned about on his expedition.

Ferdinand von Richthofen was born on May,5, 1833 in Carlsruhe in Upper Silesia. He studied geology in Breslau and Berlin and received his doctorate with a thesis on metaphyr, a volcanic rock. After successful completion of his studies, he worked for the Royal Imperial Geological Institute in Vienna from 1856. In 1860, he accompanied the Prussian envoy Count Friedrich Albrecht zu Eulenburg to East Asia. 2 The official Prussian legation had the task of concluding a treaty of friendship and trade with the nations of the far east. Richthofen left the legation, but stayed in the area. Later he travelled to the USA in 1862-1868, where he became well known in precious metal prospecting, particularly in California. In 1868, he received

Source: Postcard - around 1900, private collection, photo Andreas Uhlmann

an offer from the Bank of California to explore and examine China's coal deposits. The Shanghai Chamber of Commerce became a further partner in the financing of the trip. In addition to the trip, from 1869-1872, the Chamber of Commerce also promoted the scientific and regional geographical surveys until 1875. On his expedition he visited 13 of the 18 provinces and

1 Tiessen, E. (Hrsg.), Ferdinand von Rochthofen's Tagebücher aus China, Band 1 und 2, Berlin, 1907.

2 Zögner, Lothar, Ferdinand von Richthofen – Neue Sicht auf ein altes Land in Tsingtau – Ein Kapitel deutscher Kolonialgeschichte in China 1897-1914, München, 1998, S. 72/73.

Fritz Junghuhn and Ferdinand von Richthofen at Lake Telaga Patengan in Indonesia around 1861/1862

Figure 22 from "Gedenkboek Franz Junghuhn 1809-1909", 's-Gravenhagen Nijhoff, 1910. Photo Thomas Uhlmann

Sketch of a map of China around 1912 - at the end of the empire. You can see the different provinces.

According to a map by J.G. Bartholomew published by National Geographic Magazine in 1912, digitized by the Harward College Library

was the first European to enter some areas.3 After his expedition, Richthofen worked as professor of geography in Bonn from 1875, in Leipzig from 1883 and in Berlin from 1886, where he finally died in 1905.4 Due to his expeditions, he was regarded as "the German Empire's expert" for China, who ultimately also

Ferdinand von Richthofen around 1880; source: wikipedia.de after a photo by Herrmann Joop

laid the foundation for the selection of the later colonial area of Qingdao.5

The two-volume work of the diaries of China was published in 1907 and is based on the actual notes of Ferdinand von Richthofen. They were compiled by his wife, companions and former students.

The descriptions of the use of [the] coins also illustrate the problem of value relations between wages and prices, the consequences of failed harvests, differences in supply and demand between regions and the problem of the constantly changing regional interpretations of weight units of the same name.

An excellent example of the problems of trade in that time is the description of cotton prices. For example, one pound in the harvest area cost 380 cash. At the market 360 li away (160-180 kilometers) the pound cost 300 cash although the transport cost an additional [cost] of 20 cash per pound.

The solution is simple to this seemingly strange situation was the

3 Zögner, Lothar, a.a.O. S. 74.

4 Wardenga, Dr. Ute, www.archiv.uni-leipzig.de/geschichte/beruehmter-forschungsreisender-in-china-ferdinand-von-Richthofen/

5 Gründer, Horst, Tsingtau – eine deutsche Musterkolonie in China?, in Die Deutschen und ihre Kolonien, Berlin, 2018, S. 125.

6

7

8

Picture of Emperor Tongzhi (27.04.1856-12.01.1875) Emperor since 11.11.1861 under guardianship of mother Cixi.

Source Palace Museum, Beijing - from Wikipedia.de

Portrait Plaque on the occasion of the 70th birthday of Ferdinand v. Richthofen.

Lower Saxony State Museum Hannover Inventory number: 2014:000:0415, photo Ursula Bohnhorst from www.kenom.de, 136 mm x 91.5 mm

pound in the producing region weighed 22 ounces and the pound in the market was 6 ounces lighter at 16 ounces. So the price per ounce of cotton actually rose from 17.3 cash to 18.75 cash.6

Payments with cash coins were described as follows:

Smaller payments up to 100 cash were made in exact amounts, i.e. the number of coins was actually counted and handed over. Larger payments were settled with strings, where each string was 100 cash. However, the value of the strung coins varied depending on the area and money changer. Richthofen found that mostly there where between 70 and 90 coins on a string. For example, on June 12, 1871, during a stop in the province of Shanxi he received a string of 100 cash, which consisted of 83 coins.7

From the description one can conclude that the coins were not simply 1,000 pieces on a string but 10 times 100 pieces or as already described 70 to 90 pieces each. This can also be found pictured on the early banknotes of China. Here, for example, on a note with a value of one Kuan (equivalent to 1,000 cash) 10 coin strings were shown to illustrate the value of the banknote. So one string should correspond to 100 cash coins. It also becomes clear in the description of Richthofen that during a money exchange from silver to cash, a government official came along with a "[...] load of copper cash over his shoulder [...]". 8Here it becomes clear that there could not only be 100 cash

Kulturstiftung Sachsen-Anhalt, Kunstmuseum Moritzburg Halle (Saale), inventory number MOMK82467, collection Howard Franklin Bowker, 22 mm, Photo Falk Wenzel

1 Cash, Avers: 同治通寶 - "Tong Zhi tong bao" - "valid money of the epoch Tongzhi", Lapel: Mint "

" - "Boo chiowan" - "Ministry of Finance Beijing".

Tiessen, a.a.O., Band 2, S. 168.

Tiessen, a.a.O., Band 2, S. 168.

Tiessen, a.a.O., Band 1, S. 390.

Museum August Kestner, Hanover from the Richard Schlö sser Collection Inventory number 2011.101, photo Christian Tepper,

1000 Cash banknote from the Ming Dynasty between 13681399. For a better understanding of the banknote, 10 strings of 100 Cash each were printed on the note.

each. This one would only have a length of 10-15 cm, which would have made it impossible to carry it over the shoulder.

Conversely, a 1,000 cash line would have a length of 1-1.5 meters, which is very easy to shoulder.

Travelers, like von Richthofen, usually carried silver in the form of small bars or mostly Mexican 8 Reale pieces, which were checked and chopped by money changers. If necessary, these were exchanged at banks, money changers or local businessmen for cash coins to cover their daily expenses. Banknotes were not a common means of payment in China in the 19th century and were rarely used, even though the country is considered the cradle of paper money.

From a travel report of the Austrian frigate Novara from the years 1857-1859 , almost 20 years before Richthofen, another interesting piece of information emerges.9 In a marginal note

Source: Cultural Foundation Saxony-Anhalt, Moritzburg Art Museum, Halle (Saale), inventory number MOMK35700, 40 mm Photo Falk Wenzel

8 Reales, minted in Mexico City, Spain, Charles IV 1798-1808 - due to circulation in China several times counterstamped (choped). Each stamp represents the authenticity check of the silver in a Chinese money changer.

it is described that around 1850 for one Mexican dollar you got 3,600 bad cash or 1,300 selected cash. Despite the ban on sorting individual coins, coins of equal [face] value were valued differently. Around 1863 one received 1,050 - 1,100 cash for one silver dollar. Here one can assume that the population did not fully comply with the requirement that all coins, regardless of

their weight, were of equal value.

The price fluctuations of flour also show how relevant environmental influences were at that time. The price of 10 liters of flour is quoted as 1,500 cash in 1870 in Shaanxi province because of the drought that caused the harvest to be so small. In

31×45 cm

9 Scherzer, Karl von, Reise der österreichischen Fregatte Novara um die Erde, 2. Band, Wien, 1865

1871, the same quantity cost only 350 cash.

The following table is intended to give an overview of the relationship between wages and prices and to show the value of the cash coins at the time of their creation. At the same time it is clear that no generally valid information can be given about the value of a coin in its time. The often asked question: "What could one buy for a cash at that time" depends on too many different influences, which are usually not all visible in the sources.

1 Mu (area) = 667 square meters

1 Li (length) = ca. 500 meters

1 Catty (or Kin) = ca. 500 grams

1 ounce (Liang) = ca. 38 g (varies according to region)

Goods Region Price

1 Mu farmland north Jiangsu Province 1,000 Cash

1 Mu farmland before the Taiping Rebellion Zhejiang Province 40,000 Cash

1 Mu farmland after theTaiping Rebellion Zhejiang Province 1,000 Cash

1 Mu farmland

Anhui Province 800 Cash to 2 Dollar

1 Mu farmland Mongolia 0.1 Tael silver

1 Mu farmland southwest region of the Shanxi Province 18,000 Cash

1 Mu building land southwest region of the Shanxi Province 135,000 Cash

large basket of fresh oysters between Yantai and Bejing

1 pound of baked oysters between Yantai and Bejing

2 solid bamboo baskets region around Jingdezhen, Jiangxi Province 180 Cash

1 Kin of tea - dealer purchase Jiangxi Province

1 catty of salt Hunan Province

1 catty of salt Guangzhou (Canton)

1 catty of dried tea Hunan Province

1 catty of green tea Hunan Province

1 pound of coal Hubei Province

1 pound of cotton Henan Province

1 ounce of cotton Henan Province

1 Catty of rhabarber Henan Province

1 rhabarber root Henan Province

1 Catty of crude iron Henan Province

100-120 kin. pound of coal (75 kg)

pears

1 paper of 18 inches Anhui Province

1 Antelope

1 Kin of butter

1 Pikul of potatoes

1 Catty of salt

meat (quantity unknown)

Zhangjiakou, Hebei Province

Zhangjiakou, Hebei Province

Zhangjiakou, Hebei Province

region of Taiyuan, Shanxi Province 18

south west region of Shanxi Province

meat (quantity unknown) Mongolia

1 egg

1 pound of grapes at the harvest

1 Kin of fish

south west region of Shanxi Province

south west region of Shanxi Province

Shanxi Province

1 Kin of salt south west region of Shanxi Province

1 Kin of salt at the manufacturing site unknown

3 kaki or persimmon

5 kaki at harvest

10 Liter of flour 1870

10 Liter of flour 1871

1 imported drinking glass

few pieces of stearin candles

1 bottle of wine

1 big oranges

2-3 small oranges

1 iron boiler

daily wages of a glass/ stone grinder

daily wages of a cart rider at 30 to 40 Li per day

daily wage of a worker in a coal mine above ground

daily wage of a worker in a coal mine

Shaanxi Province

Shaanxi Province

Shaanxi Province

Shaanxi Province

Chengdu, Sichuan Province

Chengdu, Sichuan Province

Chengdu, Sichuan Province

Sichuan Province

Sichuan Province

Shaanxi Province

Jiangxi Province

Shandong Province

Shandong Province

north of Jiangxi Province

1/2

of pork daily wage of a carrier

wage of a farmer

daily wage of a farmer

daily wage of a farmer

monthly wage of a kitchen assistant (who spent 600 cash on opium a month)

wage of a veterinarian for healing a mule

daily fee of a student at the university

north of Jiangxi Province

Hubei Province

Henan Province

Hupe Province

Shanxi Province

south west region of Shanxi Province

Hunan-Province

travel expenses

2 carts for an 11-day trip

Region

Shandong Province

additional rest day from Qingjiangpu (Jiangsu) to Jinan (Shandong)

detours from the main road per day region of Jinan (capital of Shandong)

Price

30 Taels silver

1200 Cash

2000 Cash daily rent of a cart region of Jinan (capital of Shandong)

daily rent of a cart between Yantai and Bejing

Overnight stay in a bad hostel between Yantai and Bejing

960 Cash

1600 - 2400 Cash

250 Cash a meal in a bad hostel between Yantai and Bejing

a very good hostel including a meal between Yantai and Bejing

daily rent of a boat region of Jiujiang, Jianxi Province

150 Cash

250 Cash

1400 Cash boat trip from Tunki ? to Hangzhou for Chinese people Jiujiang, Jiangxi Province

1200 Cash boat trip of Richthofen and 2 other passengers Jiangxi Zhejiang Province

10 Li boat trip

Zhejiang Provinceho

daily rent of a boat Yangtze at the Anhui Province

5 Dollars = 5,000-6,000 Cash

800 Cash

1000 Cash daily rent of a horse south west of the Shanxi Province

350 Cash

other things

Region Price

Special tax in Ping-Yang and Hungtun on opium fields mountain area of Hunan Province

Special tax for horses imported from Mongolia to China

License for the sale of salt region of Ping Yang, Shanxi Province

When a soldier smoked opium twice, he was decapitated.

The soldier who carried out the sentence received 500 cash.

Exchange rates between cash and other currencies

1,200 Cash - 1 Dollar (silver)

30 Cash - 15 Prussian pennies / 2 Cash - 1 penny

19 Tael Silber - 43 German Taler // 1 silver-Tael – 2.26 Taler

50 Cash - 1 Prussian silver groat

20 Cash - 9 Prussian pennies // 2.22 Cash - 1 penny

10 Cash - 4 Prussian pennies // 2.5 Cash - 1 penny

1,800-2,040 Cash - 1 Tael (silver)

1,600 Cash - 1 Tael (silver)

400 Cash per Mu

600 Cash

3,000-4,000 Tael Silber

原刊載於《東亞泉志》第 19 期

中國銅錢的價值

基於費迪南·馮·李希霍芬1869年至1872年間旅華日記研究

托馬斯·烏爾曼〔德國〕

中國人自公元前便開始使用銅錢，直至19世紀，銅錢仍然 在中國作為通用貨幣使用。但是當時人們對這些銅錢的購買 力卻不甚瞭解。

中國市場上的錢幣兌換商。可以看到桌上疊着一些板子，板 子上面放着幾排硬幣。為了防止他人接觸，還在板子上放了 一個籠子。這裡無法辨別這些硬幣是古代銅錢還是經機鑄的 10文銅幣。板子上的硬幣數量已經數好，這樣的擺放方式 可以更快地將銀兩兌換成小額銅錢（見右圖）。

地理學家費迪南 馮 李希霍芬（Ferdinand von Richthofen） 的旅華遊記為我們提供了相關資料。1李希霍芬出版的日記 中，不僅提到了他處理的日常事務，還介紹了他在旅行中所 瞭解到的各地的工資和物價。

1833年5月5日，費迪南 馮 李希霍芬生於德國上西里西亞 地區的卡爾斯魯赫。他曾在佈雷斯勞和柏林學習地理學並獲 得博士學位。在其完成學業後，李希霍芬從1856年開始在 維也納的皇家地質研究所工作。1860年，他和普魯士大使 艾林波公爵 (Count Friedrich Albrecht zu Eulenburg) 一 起出使東亞。2普魯士官方公使館的任務是與遠東各國締結 友好貿易條約。李希霍芬離開公使館後留在了當地。之後於 1862年至1868年間旅美，並在美國，尤其是加利佛尼亞地 區的貴金屬勘探領域變得尤為知名。1868年，他收到加利 佛尼亞銀行的工作邀約，勘探並檢查中國煤田。上海商會與 其進一步合作，為其旅華提供資助。除了資助其1869年至 1872年間的旅行之外，商會還在1875年積極推動科學和地 區地理調查。李希霍芬前往了中國18個省中的13個省，他 甚至是首次前往其中某些地區的歐洲人。3李希霍芬旅華之 後，便開始從事地理學教授的工作，從1875年開始任教于

參考文獻

1 蒂森（Tiessen），《費迪南 馮 李希霍芬旅華日記》，卷1及卷 2 ，柏林，1907年。

來源：1900年私人收藏明信片，圖片由安德莉亞斯 烏爾曼 （Andreas Uhlmann）拍攝。

波恩地區，1883年開始任教於萊比錫地區，於1886年開始 任教于柏林地區，最終於1905年去世。4李希霍芬也因他的 這次遠征而被視為德意志帝國的中國通，他也為德國之後選 擇青島作為殖民地奠定了基礎。5

2 澤格納（Zögner），洛塔爾（ Lothar），《費迪南德 馮 裏希霍芬：青島新大陸⸺1897年至1914 年間中國的德國科隆尼斯基特》，慕尼黑，1998 年，72-73頁。

3 澤格納，洛塔爾，同上，74頁。

4 沃登加（Wardenga），尤特博士（ Dr. Ute），網站：www.archiv.uni-leipzig.de/geschichte/beruehmter-forschungsreisender-in-china-ferdinand-von-Richthofen/。

5 格倫德（Gründer），霍斯特（ Horst），《青島：德國在中國的野馬》，柏林，2018 年，第125頁。

1861/1862年，弗裡茨 榮胡恩（Fritz Junghuhn）和費迪 南 馮 李希霍芬在印尼特拉加帕滕根湖邊。

圖片出自格拉文哈根 · 尼霍夫（Gravenhagen Nijhoff）1910年 所著《弗利茨 榮胡根紀念錄1809-1909》，由安德莉亞斯 烏 爾曼拍攝。

費迪南 馮 李希霍芬攝於1880年。

來源：wikipedia.de，圖片由赫爾曼 喬普（Herrmann Joop） 拍攝。

1912年中國地圖概況，此時正值民國初。圖中可以看到各省份。該圖根據巴薩羅繆（J.G. Bartholomew） 1912年出版於《國家地理》雜誌的地圖，經由霍華德學院圖書館數位化。

李希霍芬的兩冊中國日記基於他實際的旅行筆記，經由其妻 子、朋友和學生編纂，于1907年出版。

而日記中對硬幣使用方面的內容描述也說明了工資和物價 之間的關係問題、農業欠收的結果、地區之間的供給差異，

以及各地區對同名重量單位的解釋不斷變化這一問題。

棉花的價格便是描述當時貿易問題的一個很好的例子。比 如一磅棉花在豐產地區價值380文。而在360裡之外的市場， 儘管運輸一磅棉花還會產生20文的費用，但是其價值只有

同治皇帝像（1856年4月27日至1875年1月12日）。慈禧太后 自1861年11月11日起攝政。

圖片來源：自北京故宮博物館 -Wikipedia.de。

費迪南 馮 李希霍芬70歲生日時的肖像雕版。

下薩克森州立漢諾威博物館，庫存編號：2014:000:0415。 照片由烏蘇拉 博恩霍斯特（Ursula Bohnhorst）拍攝，來自 www.kenom.de，136毫米 x 91.5毫米

300文。

而這種看似奇怪的情況，實則是因為在產地，一磅等於22 盎司，而在該市場，一磅等於16盎司，較之輕6盎司。因此 每盎司的價格實際上從17.3文漲至了18.75文。

採用銅錢支付的具體情況如下：

不超過100文的小額款項會按照確切的金額支付，銅錢的數 量會逐枚數出來進行交付。而數額較大的情況下，會用繩子 將銅錢穿起來，每吊100文。然而，每吊錢的價值會根據地 區和錢幣兌換商的不同而有所變化。李希霍芬發現，一吊錢 大多有70到90枚硬幣。比如1871年6月12日，在其經停山 西期間，曾收到一吊錢，有83枚硬幣。7

從上述描述中可以知道，這些銅錢並不會簡單地用繩子串 起1 000枚硬幣，而是串成10吊，每吊100枚，或是如前文 所述的，每吊70到90枚。這也繪製在了中國早期的紙幣上。 比如這裡的這張價值一貫（ 1 000文）的紙幣上畫了10吊 100文硬幣，以此說明這一紙幣的價值，這表明一吊錢等於 100文硬幣。從李希霍芬的的描述中也可以清楚地知道，在 將銀子兌換成銅錢的過程中，政府官員通常“肩扛一堆銅 錢”。8而這裡的銅錢也無疑不止100文。因為100文，銅錢 的長度只有10至15釐米，不足以扛在肩上。反之，如果將 1 000文錢串成一貫，其長度將在1到1.5米之間，這就很容 易抗在肩上了。

薩克森 - 安哈爾特博物館，庫存編號：MOMK82467，包 克收藏藏品，直徑22毫米，照片由福爾克 · 溫澤爾（Falk Wenzel）拍攝

1文銅錢，為同治皇帝執政期間的貨幣；正面“同治通寶” 為同治皇帝執政期間的貨幣，背面為滿文，意為戶部。

6 蒂森，同上，卷 2 ，168頁。

7 蒂森，同上，卷 2 ，168頁。

8 蒂森，同上，卷1，390頁。

奧古斯特 科斯特納博物館，理查 敕勒蘇收藏，庫存編號 2011.101，照片由克利斯蒂 泰勃（Christian Tepper）拍攝。

明朝1000文紙幣。為了更好地明白其價值，幣上印有10吊 100文銅錢。

李希霍芬等旅行者慣於攜帶小的銀條或者經錢幣兌換商檢 查並加蓋戳記的墨西哥8里爾硬幣。在有需要的時候再向銀 號、錢幣兌換商或當地商人兌換成銅錢，以此進行日常支 付。雖說中國被視為紙幣的發源地，但是在19世紀時，紙 幣並不是中國常用的支付方式，甚至可以說很少被使用。

奧地利護衛艦諾瓦拉號1857年至1859年的航行報告中還有 另一條有趣的信息，這大約是在李希霍芬旅華之前20年。9 在報告的旁注中寫道，在1850年前後，1枚墨西哥銀元可以 兌換3 600枚品相較差的銅錢或是1 300枚品相較好的銅錢。

儘管有規定禁止挑選硬幣，但是面值相同的硬幣，其價值依 然會有所不同。1863年前後，一個銀元可以換到1 050到1 100文銅錢。我們可以在此假設，民眾並未完全遵循所有硬 幣不論其重量多少，都價值相同之規定。

麵粉的價格浮動也可以說明當時相關的環境是如何影響物 價的。1870年，陝西省因遭受旱災而欠收，導致10升麵粉 價值1500文。而在1871年，同樣量的麵粉僅值350文。

來源：薩克森 - 安哈爾特文化基金會莫里茨堡藝術博物館，庫存編號 MOMK35700， 直徑40毫米。照片由福爾克 · 溫澤爾拍攝。

西班牙查理四世執政時期（1798-1808），墨西哥城鑄造8里爾銀元，因在中國流通， 故加蓋戳記。每個戳記代表經中國錢幣兌換商認證檢查過此幣。

下表旨在為薪酬和物價之間的關係提供一個概覽，並且說明 銅錢在當時創造的價值。同時，我們也可以清楚知道，表中 並沒有能夠說明一枚硬幣在當時的價值的一般有效信息。人

們常常問，“當時1文錢可以買什麼”，這個問題的答案受到 很多不同因素的影響，而這些因素並不能從中得見。

9 舍爾澤（Scherzer），卡爾 馮（ Karl von），《奧地利“諾瓦拉”號護衛艦環球旅行》，卷 2 ，維恩，1865 年。

1畝（面積）= 667平方米

1裡（長度）= 500米

1斤 = 500克

1盎司（兩）= 38克（各地區之間有所不同）

商品 地區 價格

1畝農田 江蘇省北部 1 000文

太平天國革命前的1畝農田 浙江省 40 000文

太平天國革命後的1畝農田 浙江省 1 000文

1畝農田 安徽省 800文到2銀 元

1畝農田 蒙古 0.1兩銀子

1畝農田 山西省西南部 18 000文

1畝建築用地 山西省西南部 135 000文

一大籃新鮮牡蠣

煙臺和北京之間的地 區 30文

一磅熟牡蠣 煙臺和北京之間的地 區 30文

2個堅固的竹籃 江西省景德鎮 180文

1斤茶葉 - 貿易商購買

1斤鹽

江西省 300文

湖南省 50文

1斤鹽 廣州 10文

1斤幹茶葉

1斤綠茶

1磅煤

1磅棉花

1盎司棉花

1斤大黃莖

1個大黃根

1斤粗鐵

湖南省 100文

湖南省 10文

湖北省 5文

河南省 380文

河南省 17-19文

河南省 500文

河南省 850文

河南省 20文

100-120斤煤（75公斤） 陝西省煤礦地區 10文

100斤煤

陝西省煤礦地區以外 30文

薪酬

玻璃 / 石材研磨工日工資

馬車夫行30至40裡的日工資

地上煤礦工日工資

下煤礦工人日工資

搬運工日工資

江西省

山東省

山東省

江西省北部

江西省北部

100斤煤 20里处 100文

100斤煤 60里处 200文

100个梨 陕西省 250文

1张18寸纸张 安徽省 3-4文

1 只羚羊角 河北省張家口 600文

1斤黃油 河北省張家口 400文

1 袋土豆 河北省張家口 400文

1斤鹽

山西省太原 18文

肉（重量未知） 陝西省西部 200文

肉（重量未知） 蒙古 130文

1個蛋

山西省西南部 10文

豐年的1磅葡萄 山西省西南部 10文

1斤魚 山西省 240文

1斤鹽

山西省西南部 30文

產地的1斤鹽 未知 13文

3個柿子 陝西省 1文

豐年的5個柿子 陝西省 1文

1870年的10升麵粉 陝西省 1 500文 1871年的10升麵粉 陝西省 350文

1個進口的飲料瓶 四川成都 600文

幾個硬脂蠟燭 四川成都 1 600文

1瓶紅酒 四川成都 300文

1大個橘子 四川省 1文

2-3個小橘子 四川省 1文

1鐵鍋 四川成都 每斤20文

地區 價格

200文

300-400文

100文

150文加上1/2磅豬肉

500文

農民日工資

農民日工資

農民日工資

幫廚月工資（該工人每月花600文抽鴉片）

醫治騾子的獸醫的工資

大學生的日常費用

湖北省

河南省

湖北省

山西省

山西省西南地區

湖南省

70文

50文

40-50文

1 000文

2 000文

60文

旅費

2輛馬車行11日所花費用 山東省

30兩銀子 額外的休整日所花費用

江蘇清江浦至山東濟南

1 200文 每天從主幹道繞行所花費用 濟南地區（山東省會）

馬車日租 濟南地區（山東省會）

2 000文

960文 馬車日租

煙臺和北京之間的地區

1 600 - 2 400文 較差的旅館一夜住宿費 煙臺和北京之間的地區

250文 較差的旅館一頓餐費 煙臺和北京之間的地區

150文 較好的旅館一夜住宿費加一頓餐費 煙臺和北京之間的地區

250文 一艘船的日租 江西九江地區

1 400文 中國人屯溪至杭州的船費 江西九江地區

1 200文 李希霍芬和其他兩名乘客的船費 浙江省江西地區

5個銀元 = 5 000-6 000文 10裡船程所花費用 浙江省

800文 船隻日租 安徽省長江流域

1 000文 馬匹日租 山西省西南地區

350文

其他物品

平陽和湘潭地區對鴉片田徵收的特別稅 湖南省山區

地區

每畝400文 對從蒙古進口到中國的馬匹徵收的特別 稅

鹽賣許可證

600文

山西省平陽地區

3 000-4 000兩銀子 士兵吸食鴉片兩次則將判斬首 執行判決的士兵將獲得500文

價格

1,200文 – 1個銀元

30文 - 15普魯士便士 / 2文 - 1便士

銅錢和其他貨幣的匯率

20文 - 9普魯士便士 // 2.22文 - 1 便士

10文 - 4普魯士便士 // 2.5文 - 1 便士

19兩銀子 – 43德國 塔勒 // 1個銀兩 – 2.26 個塔勒 1

50文 - 1普魯士銀格羅特

1,600文 - 1兩銀子

Sycee of Northern Song Dynasty Jintang County 50 Taels

◎ Che-lu Tseng〔USA〕

In 1944, an English brochure "A Research on Sycee Inscriptions of the Northern Song Dynasty" was published by the American Numismatic Society (ANS) in New York, with Chang Naichi(Zhang Shuxun) as the author. After going to the United States during the Anti-Japanese War, Chang Naichi, the recognized king of ancient Chinese coins kept great enthusiasm about coin research. He also joined the American Numismatic Society as a member. The ANS issued a brochure discussing Chinese sycee, in which Chang only made an understatement and English explanation for the inscriptions on the "exempt from service" 50 Taels sycee from Jintang County in the early Northern Song Dynasty, without depicting the historical background of this sycee.

of the Northern Song Dynasty. The sycee was flat and straight on two ends, its overall width is thick, but with a thin waist. The obverse of sycee is larger than the back. The sycee of "exempt from service" 50 Taels was a special form of taxation in the Song Dynasty. During the Northern Song Dynasty, people have to participate in the military service such as transferring war materials and constructing the walled cities during the wartime. If you can't go to the war in person, you must pay the state to hire people to do your job. Converting the paid copper coins into silver and casting into sycee, this is the so-called "sycee of exempt from service", which can also be called "exemption silver".

In 965, Houshu was annexed by the Northern Song Empire, two years later, the "Huai'an Army" was established to rule Jinshui County and Jintang County. It is inferred that the 50 Taels sycee, which shows a typical sycee shape of the early Northern Song Dynasty, was cast during the Gande period

"Sycee of exempt from service" is another method of taxation invented by the Song Empire. It was not until the Southern Song Dynasty that the sycee was gradually eliminated.

"Sycee of exempt from service" was an extremely heavy burden on the people of the Song Dynasty, people must pay as many as 16 strings of "exemption

tax" for exempting one person from military service!

The Song Dynasty lasted for more than three hundred years. Because of the resistance to foreign enemies of Liao, Jin and Mongol, there was such a heavy "tax dollars". As a result, more than tens of millions of babies were killed by their parents, which was absolutely against human nature. When Su Dongpo was exiled in Hupeh, he saw that "ordinary family in Huangzhou gave birth to a child but was too poor to raise him, so they drown the newborn in a basin..." "Generally, peasant in Hunan and Hupeh only raises two sons and one daughter, if more children were born, they will be killed." This phenomenon was also common in Kiangsi. Zhu Xi's father, Zhu Song, discovered that: "(Kiangsi people) usually have two children, if more children were born, regardless of boy or girl, they will be thrown into a water basin and killed."Fukien was even more serious, people in Fukien only had three sons at most. The sons who were born later were drowned in a water basin as soon as they landed. History has been repeating this kind of policy that violates human nature, it is hard to explain why there is a saying that "the common people in the Song Dynasty lived a prosperous and happy life".

I recently saw an unidenti ed sycee of 50 taels on the website, the inscriptions are similar to the ANS inscriptions, but the imitation inscription has a

few words di erent, such as Conversion [Tax] was revised to Conversion [Silver], [Tael] was revised to [Liang]... and the sycee of the Northern Song Dynasty mostly have narrow waists, but the left side of the engraved inscription of this sycee was straight. These are points for doubt.

北宋“懷安軍金堂縣

免夫錢折納銀每鋌重伍拾兩”銀鋌

◎ 曾澤祿〔美國〕

1944 年紐約美國錢幣學會（ American Numismatic Society）出版，張乃驥著《北宋銀鋌銘文考》英文版一 冊，中國古錢大王張乃驥（張叔馴）於抗戰期間赴美後， 對研究錢幣仍十分積極熱心，並加入美國錢幣學會為會

員，該會發行一本討論中國銀錠的小冊子。張氏對此件 北宋“懷安軍金堂縣免夫錢折納銀每鋌重伍拾兩”（北 宋早期的銀鋌）只有輕描淡寫的敘述和中文字的英文解 釋而已，並未解讀這種北宋銀鋌的歷史背景之由來。

按：北宋幹德三年 (965) 滅後蜀。幹德五年，立懷安軍，治 金堂縣（四川金堂縣淮口鎮洲城村），隸屬西川路。管轄金 水、金堂二縣。元代至元十三年（1276），於懷安軍改置懷洲， 隸屬成都路，二十年，省懷洲入金堂縣 。由此推測這伍拾 兩銀鋌可解為北宋幹德年間鑄造，是北宋早期主流典型

的造型；兩端平直，中間束腰，總體寬厚，板狀，鋌面 呈有冷凝形成的凹陷。鋌面比鋌背面大。至於這伍拾兩 銀鋌的免夫錢是從身丁夫役演化而來的，是宋代的一種 另類之賦稅。北宋時期老百姓是沒有勞役的，但到戰爭 時才會去參與運送戰爭需要的物資、修築城寨等勞役。

如果不能親赴戰時徭役，就要交錢給國家雇人代役。在 用繳納的銅錢折算成銀兩鑄成銀鋌，這就是所謂的免夫 錢。也可以說是老百姓向政府繳納的是免役錢。

免夫錢就是大宋帝國發明出來的又一種搞錢稅務方法， 一直到南宋年間，南方各地的身丁錢才逐步取消，但像 閩南地區的身丁錢，則是一直到了宋朝滅亡為止。

按免夫錢對宋代人民負擔極重，比如“京東一路之差夫一 萬六千人，為錢二十五萬六千餘貫”，算下來，平均老百姓 免一個人的勞役就要交免夫錢十六貫之多！

宋朝歷時三百多年，因抵杭遼金蒙外敵，而有這麼沉重 的身丁錢、免夫錢。因而被親生父母殺害的嬰兒何止千 萬？沖著這冤死的千萬嬰兒，違背人性。蘇東坡被流放 湖北時，他親眼見到：“黃州小民，貧者生子多不舉，初生 便於水盆中浸殺之……”“……嶽、鄂間田野小人，例只養二 男一女（筆者注：出土的唐代壓勝錢永安五男，五男二女， 已不再流行，）過此輒殺之……”江西地區這種現像也普 遍存在，朱熹的父親朱松就發現：“（江西百姓）多止育兩 子，過是不問男女，生輒投水盆中殺之。”福建更是“不舉子” 的重災區，當時的福建百姓最多只生三個兒子，之後再 出生的兒子，一落地就直接放到水盆裏溺死。歷史一直 重演著像這種違背人性政策，以“宋朝百姓文化生活水 準高”？不知如何解釋。

近在網站看到有一枚身份不明的五十兩銀鋌，因為只能

看到跟美國錢幣學會的銘文是相類似而抄文同意，但是 仿的銘文有幾個字不同，例如折納銀，作為折納錢，兩 改作倆……而且北宋銀鋌多是瘦腰，但它鑒刻字文之左 旁沿是直的，這很怪異，令人疑問多多。

Howard F. Bowker – Eduard Kann Correspondence

F. Bowker Kann

Dear Mr. Bowker,

◎ Notation by Bruce W. Smith〔 USA〕

For 10 days we were vacationing at Palm Springs from where we returned 2 days ago. It is indeed a marvelous place.

Regarding the passage from Sirr's book I concur with you that it could only refer to Tsiang's No.82 and 83. The characters for soldier's Pay are in Chinese; not in Manchu. Peculiar as it might sound: No.82 is so rare that there is only a single specimen known to exist in China; same was offered to me at $500. But I resisted and now got 3 good specimens at a very much lower figure. No.83 is not so rare.

While on the subject of those early Chinese coins: I heard opinions that most of these were struck on Spanish dollars, after the original inscriptions were removed. Possibly this might correspond to facts. You might find it of interest to investigate.

Thanks for your reference to Prof. Kennedy. Though I remain completely pessimistic, I might write to him. However, courtesy demands that I use his initials, and perhaps it is possible for you to ascertain these.

In my last letter to you I asked an opinion. You merely overlooked to answer same. Being determined to add prices to every coin in my intended catalogue, is it wise to adjoin

Los Angeles January 4, 1951

these to every coin described (like in stamp catalogues), or to append a list with numbers and prices?

Do you possess a list of Wayte Raymond's coin boards? I am thinking of replacing mine and should like to know what sizes Wayte Raymond stocks and whether there would be a discount for quantities?

Thanks for your letter of December 13. I realize that it is difficult for laymen to determine the various issues of the early 5 cts Sinkiang. I often called at the ANS in New York, but never met a Mr. Miles. Do you know his initials? Should like to write to him. Mr. Clark wrote me recently that his essay on Tibet still is unfinished; and that he does not know when it will appear in print.

I have noticed that the 1 $ essay Sinkiang exists in 2 or 3 deviations, though I possess only one.

Recently a friend of mine, living in Austria, Dr. Josef Hans, issued a book, titled "Zwei Jahrhunderte Maria-Theresier Thaler, 1751-1951." Octavo size, 60 pages. Translation: Two Centuries of the Maria-Theresia Thaler. He gives a complete history and statistics about the 200 year career of the M-T. Thaler. Possibly you might want to add this brochure to your bibliography. Upon your request shall supply further details, or else send the booklet to you for perusal. The ANS has a copy.

When do you expect to come down to L.A.?

Best regards from Yours very truly,

Kann

P.S. I bought from Schulman (out of the Woodward collection) 2 coins which I thought might be Tibet. I paid $12 for the pair. Rubbings herewith. Upon inquiry W.L. Clark writes me: "The one with 2 holes was struck at Patan by Yoga Narendra Malla in 1688; the other (larger) was struck by Jaya Prakasa Malla at Kathmandu in 1753. These coins undoubtedly circulated in Tibet and Sinkiang, but are definitely Nepalese." As I collect Tibet, but not Nepal, I hereby inquire whether you want to acquire them from me, say at $8 for the pair?

Note:

1.Tsiang 82 only one known in China. Kann later found three.Kannagreesshouldbedatedto1840s[but1860sdates appearinhisbook.]

2.Kann mentions rumor Hangchow dollars struck over Spanishdollars.

3.Coins from Woodward Collection Kann bought as Tibet turned out to be Nepal. Must be direct sales from Schulman fromWoodwardsalewasApril1951.

Dear Mr. Kann:

Was glad to have your letter of the 4th and hope that you feel refreshed by the Palm Springs interlude.

I am of the opinion that it would be a mistake to include prices in the text of your proposed Book on Chinese numismatics. While this feature is of considerable importance it would greatly detract to the permanent value of the book as

1716 Gouldin Road Oakland 11, Calif 7 January 1951

a contribution to the record of numismatics. When an author goes on record as to coin values or even relative scarcity of a piece he places in circulation a more or less permanent record which at best is only of transitory value and is merely his estimate of a factor which varies because of factors of which he knows nothing. As an instance, Woodward states that he has an "Unique" 10c piece struck in white copper. Well I find the same thing in the 10c tray of a San Francisco dealer. Of course the item was not unique, tho he only know of one

specimen, and suppose he had valued it at say $50. What possible sense would there have been to that. Also, the case you mention regarding Tsiang's numbers 82 and 83. Suppose you had said in your book that the price of it should be $500, as you had been offered one 66r that amount which was supposed to be unique. Well you now have three of them, so it was not unique, and certainly there are few or no collectors of Chinese coins who would pay anything like $500 for a specimen if it were known that there wore four authentic specimens. Perhaps it would be worth that amount, but there has to be the additional factor of a number of wealthy collectors who would compete for a specimen be bring the going price up to that figure, and I do not think that they exist.

I believe the better way to give valuations is that which is largely used in this country of printing a separate sheet which lists the serial number and a figure representing the compiler' s estimate of their value in dollars. In this way the transient monetary valuation does not encroach upon the text which has a more or less permanent value. Only last week I saw an example of this in the shop of a SP dealer. It was Davenport's book on the crown sized pieces of the German States. The coins were pictured and briefly described in the body of the book and the valuations were printed on a separate sheet which could be tipped in at the back of the book or not, as the dealer who sold the book or the owner saw fit. Altho I have not yet seen Bolender's book on US dollars, I think he also uses this device.

I believe that Professor Kennedy's given name is Raymond. However, Raymond Kennedy was killed in Java in April 1950, according to the newspaper accounts. There is another Kennedy connected with Yale University, and perhaps he is the one who has to do with the publications. He is George A. Kennedy and I note that he wrote the preface to one of of Yale's booklets on Chinese characters, in which his address is given as Department of Oriental Studies, Yale University.

It is logical to assume that the underweight pieces of coins or Tsiang's types 82 and 83 might have been struck on Spanish dollars which had been smoothed of their original striking,

but if the coins weigh approximately 72 candarins they may have been overstruck without first removing the Spanish device. If a machine would strike dollars from smooth blanks it would also strike over already minted dollars with little or no trace of the first strikes. Witness the many George III Bank of England silver token dollars which were struck over Spanish dollars. Few show traces of the original striking. Of course the Chinese would probably go to the trouble of smoothing of the Spanish devices just to get the silver whether the authorities in charge of the restriking of the dollars wished it or not. This is very probable as I have seen it stated that this type of dollar gradually diminished in weight, so it seems likely that the lighter dollars are of the later issues.

Miles' full name is George C. Miles. I believe you have had a number of copies of his publications from the ANS in which you will note that he is particularly good on the transliteration of Arabic and allied scripts.

I do not happen to have a copy of W. Raymond's list, but I know that he has coin boards measuring 7 1/2" x 14", which are approximately the same size as you use, but as to the size and number of holes I know nothing. I think I can get them for you at wholesale, but I scarcely think he would sell them to you as a collector at discount. Could work it thru a local dealer.

I also noted that the specimen of the Sinkiang dollar I received from you is from a different die than the one which was illustrated in the Numismatist as being in the ANS collection. This feature alone indicates that it is not an essay but a piece which went into production. I think Clark wrongly described it as an"essay".

Clark is correct in stating that the two coins of which you sent tin foil impressions are those of Nepal. I don't think, however, that his statement is correct that they circulated in Tibet. Coins such as these which did get into Tibet in small numbers were cut up by the Tibetans as fractional pieces. See Walsh's "The coinage of Tibet ". Thanks for the offer of

them, but I would not care for the one which is holed, as is indicated from the copy you sent of Clarks note. However, if you wish to price them separately and send them up here, someone at the coin club might wish them. While I have a few Nepalese coins, the only ones I am particularly interested in are the ones which can be shown were made for actual circulation in Tibet.

With best wishes for the New Year, very truly,

Dear Mr. Bowker,

Thanks for your letter of 7th. A few minutes after dispatching my last communication to you I received the ANS book by Mr. Miles. I am communicating with him and hope to learn something authentic about the 5-miskals.

What 10 cents piece is it you found cheaply in white metal? Probably Yuan Shih-kai. I should like to embody it in my catalogue. I have repeatedly paid $1,000 for a coin which is not unique. Until 1948 the Hong Kong 1867 essay Shanghai Tael was unobtainable at any price, and collectors would have gladly paid $1,500 each. And there are at least a dozen of these known to exist. It is a very un-Chinese coin, having the British emblem on the obverse. And yet ... A Chinese friend paid for the 20 cents Shensi in Shanghai: $1,200. The dealer Mah of Shanghai recently went on an exploration tour to Shensi; so there must be paying customers left in China?

I have to send some coins to Ritchie; so I make use of the opportunity to despatch to you the 2 Nepal coins through his intermediary, asking you to try and sell them, if possible. As I said I paid $12 to Schulman and am willing to sell for $8, or near. I also enclose a tiny Khokand silver coin, say $3.

Bowker

Note: 1949 (?) Sinkiang Dollar. Bowker notes die varieties suggest ifisnotanessaybutwasmadeforcirculation.

Los Angeles, Jan 18,1951

The l $ Sinkiang of 1949 is no more than an essay, made in 3 dies. Before the coin had a chance to get into circulation, the Communists were on the spot and abolished metallic money.

I am now seriously studying motor car driving and am having today the third lesson. I am determined to learn it, for otherwise I would continue to finance the local Yellow Taxi Co. Los Angeles is not yet so advanced as to use pedicabs.

Kind regards from Yours very truly, E. Kann

Note:

1.Kann was wrong about the 1949 Sinkiang dollar being a pattern.

2.Kannlearningtodrive.

3.Saysatleastadozenknown1867HKtaels.

4.Shensi20centssold$1,200inShanghai.

5.Kann assumed 10 cents white metal Woodward collected uniquewasaYSKcoin.Actuallyiswasa10cash.

Dear Mr. Kann:

Have been neglecting numismatics during the past few months due to the press of other things, which included sickness of both Mrs. B. and myself and just previous to that having the house full of relatives, so have had nothing of interest to write about.

I am returning the three coins which were sent via Ritchie. To takers, due perhaps to the poor condition of the Nepalese specimens. Few noted that an error was made in the date attributed to one of them and have corrected it in pencil, as well as added the numbers given in Walsh's article. The coin which you attributed to Kokand has been stated by collectors here who have it and who have some knowledge of Indian coins, to be an issue of Travencore. Personally I have no knowledge on the subject, but am merely transmitting what was said for what it may be worth.

In one of my letters I mention: having obtained a specimen of a ten cash piece which Woodward stated in his book: on those coins to be "unique". I guess I did not make it clear just what it is, as you presumed that it was a Yuan Shi-kai piece. It is only a TEN CASH piece of Kiangsu in that Woodward describes as "white copper". He lists it as number 826, page 103, of his book. It is nothing that I should suppose you would want to list in your book, but I shall be glad to send it to you if you wish, but am making - the above explanation first in order that you might know more definitely what it is.

Seaby listed a couple of 5 candarin pieces of Sinkiang in his April bulletin, but I failed to get them as it seems that they were sold prior to the receipt of my air mail letter. I should have liked to have had them, particularly the one inscribed as from the Yarkand mint. Could by any chance you have been the successful purchaser? I was successful in obtaining another specimen of the till in gold of Yakub Beg. The obverse is identical to one I already have, but the reverse in of an entirely different die froms my other specimen, the

1716 Gouldin Road Oakland 11, Calif 16 May 1951

main difference being that it has some additional decorative leaves which do not appear in the other specimen. It is dated AT 1203, i.e. 1876/97. Unfortunately it is not as well a struck as any of the others I have, but the feature is only in the decorative border and not in tho center where it would cause the inscription to be in distinct.

I did not bid on anything the Schulman sale. I have certainly lost any slight amount of confidences I have in Schulman since seeing that catalog and his descriptions and estimates. The flaunts the cut of that fake gold piece on the cover, estimates the fake silver 3 mace and 5 candareens. Piece of Peking at $125, gives further currency to the fake gold pieces attributed to Schulman which Widler's brother made, and offers the fakes in gold such as lots 3265,3274,3275, and Lord knows only how many more. I guess you must have obtained most of the pieces he had from the Woodward collection, for certainly there was little in the sale said to be from that collection which was of any particular importance.

Last week I attended the meeting of the East Bay Coin Club, for the first time, and there saw a copy of the Calcoin News with an account of your talk before the Orange County Coin Club on Chinese coins. I believe that there are a number of collectors in that area who collect Chinese coins, altho I am not informed of their names. I hope your talk there was productive of some additional interest in Chinese numismatics.

What are the prospects of your book coming out soon?

I hope it will not be too long delayed.

Very truly,

Note:

1.Woodwardunique10cashwhitemetalKiangsu. 2.BowkerobtainsecondvarietyofYakubBeggoldtilla.

Bowker

3.WilderfakedSzechuangold?

1925 E. Widler Harrisons, King & Irwin Ltd. tea merchants Shanghai.

1933Shanghai,onlyWilder.

Agnes Wilder – Fine Arts (her brother could have different

last name); Emile Widler – China Producer, silk, jade, jewelry Emile Published a stamp catalog in 1942. Same business address 1147, Bubbling Well run by T.A. Wilder. None listed 1940.

Dear Mr. Bowker,

I was glad to have heard from you again. Thanks for trying to dispose of my Nepal coins.

Strange as it might sound, I sent inter alia a photo of the tiny silver coin to the A.N.S and was told that it is Yarkand.

Indeed I also wrote to Spinks for the small denominations of Sinkiang: and I also was told that: Sorry, they had been sold already. This is, at least to the extent of 90% of the cases so.

Interesting to hear that you obtained another Sinkiang gold piece. May I ask you to kindly send me at your convenience a good rubbing, so that I might catalogue the new type and eventually include it in my illustrations?

Schulman's Sale: I sent in bids for 3 Chinese gold coins, giving high limits. However, I obtained neither the coins, nor even a reply. The Woodward gold coins were never sent to me for evaluation; I have not seen them. As regards his silver coins, I did buy a fairly large lot, but I have sent you a true list of what I acquired; so you can judge for yourself. Probably Keefer bought much, mostly gold. So his business and health must be good.

Catalogue: Having been very busy with Loyola, I have

Los Angeles, May 18, 1951

done practically nothing in the matter of my catalogue. This also in view of the situation prevailing in the Far East. My principal market would be Shanghai which, under prevailing conditions, appears to be inaccessible.

What do you think of this? Would it be worth while for you to write to Mr.Wayte Raymond, saying that you approach him at my suggestion, with regard to the publication of my catalogue? I would be prepared (a) to contribute one-half of the cost; ( b ) allow his firm to recoup its actual outlay before drawing on proceeds myself. If he is interested, I shall be pleased to write to him, giving all details. I think it is worth trying. So please let me know whether you deem the matter worth trying? Do you happen to know who printed Wayte Raymond's catalogues?

Thank you for mailing to me the Numismatic Bulletin. I have not been considering to join as a member, because there is one single member there collecting and understanding Chinese coins; and this is you. And with you I can and do elicit problems by simple correspondence.

On the other hand, should you deem it desirable that I contribute from time to time short articles on various aspects of Chinese coinage, I shall be pleased to do this. My summer holidays begin about June 15, when I shall be having more leisure at my disposal.

I have been asked by the University to continue my lectures on the Far East throughout the coming school year. As the college is about 14 miles distant from our house. I have to drive there in heavy traffic. Though my wife insists that I always take a baby sister along. I am getting on O.K., though realizing clearly that I am far from a good driver as yet. Let us hope that this aim might be reached once upon a time.

Since I do not list any copper coins, or cash pieces, in my catalogue, I must abstain from taking note of the unique coin you refer to as having bought. Thanks anyway.

Recently the Watkins Coin Co. advertised a special sale of Chinese dollars. In sending a list, at my request Mr. Hoffecker writes that he felt honored by my application. When seeing the list, I was shocked by the large number of bogus coins and forgeries offered there. I don't know whether to ignore the matter, or whether to write to him what I think of the list? I know that I am not diplomatic enough to express myself in the neutral way. Of the Peiyang 33th Year, he writes that, in Mukden, he searched 10 bags and found only 4 such coins; the error was discovered and promptly remedied. Actually all the issue says 33th Year; none exist with 33rd Year. I believe that the man was formerly President of the A.N.A. Naturally, much harm is done to the realm of

Chinese numismatics if so many bogus coins and forgeries are being offered and sold under false pretences.

There is very little news to report from our side. Kind regards to you and Mrs. Bowker from both of us.

Sincerely Yours, Kann

Note:

1.Kann says Woodward gold was not sent to him for cataloging – he had not seen them. Did buy a lot of silver coins – a list of which he sent to Bowker.

WoodwardsaleApril1951andApril1952.

Must refer to list from Nov. 1950 – Coins Kann bought before the Woodward sales.

2.Loyola asks Kann to lecture again in 1951-1952 school year.

3.Hoffecker (Watkins Coins Co.) list Chinese coins for sale. Many fakes and lies – says he searched 10 bags of Peiyang Dollars and found only 4 with "33rd year". Says the mint when learning offeror changed to 33rd. No such coin exists. All are 33rd.

4.FormerANAPresident?

Dear Mr. Kann:

Your letter of the 18th duly received and noted. With regard to the small silver coin which you had attributed to Kokand and which now is attributed by the ANS to Yarkand, but which local friends say is from Travancore, I took rubbings of all of the small silver coins the ANS then had when I

1716 Gouldin Road Oakland ll, Calif 22 May 1951

was last in NY, and they did not have anything like that at that time among the Sinkiang pieces. I have only one small silver piece, 5 fen, from Yarkand. It is of the conventional type for that denomination having the four characters Kuang Hsu Yin Ch'ian on one side and 5 fen above and below on the reverse. It has the date (AH)1295 at the left and a part cf the name "Yeriyang" in Turki at the right. The ANS had a

specimen with the date at the right. The latter has the Turki inscription the same, but much plainer, than my specimen, and I send it to you herewith. I do not think that it resembles in any way the inscription on your coin, unless my memory has failed me, but I did not compare them while I had your specimen. They also has six specimens of another type with only one Chinese character, Kuang, on one side and a lot of dots and strokes below which perhaps represent Turki. None of these had inscription in Turki on their reverses resembling the inscriptions on your coin. I still think yours in an Indian piece, but of course and open to a change in opinion if facts are presented, not opinions. I don't think they made such small coins in Sinkiang.

I would be very pleased if you would contribute something for the Bulletin. As you can well imagine it is hard to get things to publish within the limitations of the space available. I have tried to get the local members to contribute short articles on subjects which interest them, but as none have been forthcoming I am going to print things which interest me from now on. The first several issues I edited had nothing on oriental coins because I thought that I should give the space to subjects which interested them. As this has failed to work, I'll now please myself.

I had a letter from Kosoff inviting me to give a talk on oriental coins at the ANS convention in August at Phoenix. Have declined as I do not expect to be there. Perhaps you would do that if you intend attending.

I had not expected you to become a member of the PCMS and there was no such implied suggestion that you should in my sending you copies. To get the mailing rate we have to send out 200 copies or more. That is more than our membership, so I have placed some names on the mailing list, but usually rotate them by not sending every issue every month to all, in order to make up the 200 mailing.

Will send you rubbings of the Yakub Beg gold piece as soon as I can get around to making it, or perhaps you would like to have all of those I have (5 in number) sent to you. It

would be better to have them to examine than to just have rubbings.

I have been all thru that matter of the fakes that "Hoffaker"sells thru his front of the Watkins Coin Co. I have roasted him in articles, talks at coin meetings, and in personal letter both to him and others, but it has no impression on him. You would be just wasting your time in trying to straighten him out as he knows what he is doing but don't care so long as he can make a profit. While on this subject, how about Schulman? What a lot of fakes in gold and silver he had in his sale. In particular that 50c Peking which we valued at $125. I have one of them I picked up in Shanghai when I was therefor 16c. Same thing. And he knows it is a fake. Also that fake large gold piece he pictured on the cover and described as a great rarity. I guess Woodward was probably the "angel" who subsided the Hangchow mint into making those fakes. Keefer exhibited one of them at SF convention, but at least I can thank Schulman for illustrating the reverse in his catalog, as I never had an opportunity to see it from the specimen Keefer had in his case.

I will write to Raymond as you suggested in your letter about the publishing of your catalog. From what I know of him and the little I actually know of your manuscript, I would think that he would, if he undertakes to publish it, want to shorten it up by limiting it to the principal types and eliminating most lengthy descriptions of minor varieties. He would also want to limit the number of plates. But it would be worth a try never the less.

I came onto a copy of a booklet entitled "The Tourist's Guide to Canton, the West Riverand Macao," in which there is a large map which shows the location of the Kwangtung mint just outside the city wall to the north of the East Gate. It was published in 1898: Also, W.E.Geil's book entitled "Eighteen Capitals of China" has a picture of the Anking mint opposite page 226.

With best regards, Bowker

Note:

1.Bowkerhas5YakubBeggoldcoins.

2.BowkerhasexposedWatkinsCoinCo.fakesbutHoffecker did not care.

3.AnkingMing,CantonMintlocation.

Dear Mr. Kann:

In replying to your last letter I find that I failed to furnish you with the name of the printer who prints Wayte Raymond's publications. It is the Wilson Press,175 Varick St., New York 14, N.Y. In this connection, it is suggested that you do NOT write them with regard to printing your book for you until AFTER we have some sort of a reply from Raymond in the matter.

What sort of a reply did you received from the Earth Science

4.Large gold pieces in Schulman Sale (Woodward Collection, 26-28 April 1951) is the 25 tael 1871 fantasy with 14 arm goddess. Says keefer also had one. Mentioned again28May1951.

Dear Mr. Bowker,

I have for acknowledgement two of your kind letters of May 22 and 26.

Meanwhile I did get 2 gold coins from Schulman's auction, namely 1 tilla gold Sinkiang, dated 1293, an exact replica of the piece you have had for some years (I have a rubbing);

1716 Gouldin Road Oakland ll, Calif. 26 May 1951

Publishing Co. of Revere, Mass, who are supposed to be getting out a book on Japanese coins? Ritchie said he had furnished you with their name as a lead for a possible publisher for your book.

I certainly hope that you will be able to arrange with a publisher in the not too far distant future to get out your book.

Yours very truly,

Bowker

Los Angeles May 28, 1951

price $22. Then I got the (hitherto still missing) 1 mace gold Sinkiang, which cost me $83. I was bidding also for the 1 rupee (Szechuen - Tibet gold) piece, namely up to $ 110, but did not obtain same. No other bids were submitted by myself.

I quite agree with you regarding the doubts you have that the tiny silver coin you returned to me is of Sinkiang issue,

as Sinkiang Never had such a format. My information hails from the two experts of the A.N.S. Seaby's tell me that the 5- fen Sinkiang, Shih' No.C2-6 is Khotan. May one reliably accept the fact that whenever the Arab sign 3 (like figure 3) appears that Khotan is involved?

In your letter of May 22 you say that inter alia that you are sending me a 5-fen Yeriyang for perusal. I have not received same, and most likely you omitted to enclose it.

I shall be pleased to send you a brief article for the bulletin on hitherto, still unpublished comments on Chinese gold coinage; this I plan to do after school recess, say middle of June. I am not going to Phoenix,. Ar. So my topic will be silence.

Please do not send the tilla gold pieces in natura. The risks are too great. Good rubbings will do; or when you come in person to L.A. and care to cart them along ......

I have expressed my conviction to Schulman that many of the coins, even coming from Woodward, are fakes. Woodward was not the party who had the forgeries (bogus) large pieces made at Hangchow. He himself clearly confessed to me that he had been cheated. He and another friend of mine were induced to pay something like $10,000 for the set. I wrote this to Schulman and Mrs. Woodward, and directed the latter's anger to my nonentity. This is between us, and not for publication. I knew the party who had the bogus pieces coined at Hangchow; he was a Rumanian, living in Shanghai. But after decades passed, I mercifully forgot his name. I believe that meanwhile his timely death occurred.

Regarding publishing of the catalogue: Some months ago I wrote to the Earth Science Publishing Co., as suggested by Ritchie; but I failed to get even a reply, though I offered to go 50-50.

I shall certainly not write to the printers of Wayte Raymond before getting the green light. Meanwhile I do not think that,

if Wayte Raymond makes undue restrictions as to subject matter, or illustrations, I would be game. I might leave out unimportant varieties, but would not agree to being ordered about, contrary to my own conviction. In fact, while trying, I am convinced that if the catalogue will be published at all, this will happen under my own auspices and entirely at my expense.

Though neither urgent, nor even important: If it can conveniently be done, please have at your convenience a photostat made of the Anking mint from Geil's book "Eighteen capitals of China" sending me the negative; shall be glad to refund expenses.

On May 23, when making a right turn (which I had previously made 50 times without incident), probably by giving too much gas and letting the clutch go, my car run away like a wild pony, rammed some trees and got badly smashed up; result a $300 repair bill. But no scratch on my own skin. So there is something to be grateful for in times of accidents.

With kind regards I remain, Very sincerely Yours, Kann

Note:

Woodward duped on 25 tael 1871 gold fantasy (offered in Schulman saleApril 1951). Kann says he knew person who had them made – a Romanian.

Dear Mr. Kann:

Your letter of the 29th duly to hand. With reference to the Earth Science Publishing Co., today I have learned that the Japanese coin book which they advertised in the Scrap Book will not be published as the "Editor and Publisher" has been "inducted into the U.S. Army." I doubt that they could have done anything on your book in any event. Incidently, I note that the letter I have from them is signed by a S. Albert Eisensberg, whom I met in Boston several years ago as the proprietor of the Royal Coin Co., then of that city but of late of Revere, Mass. I take it that the "publisher" is his brother or some other relative. Of course I know nothing of the brother, but understand that the repute of the above mentioned signer of the letter is not of the best.

As for the matter of whether Shih's C2-6 is from Khotan, frankly I don't know. I might say in passing that I have little or no confidence in the attributions made by Seaby's "expert" on oriental coins - I have found too many wrong. I have only one piece which I have reason to believe is of Khotan, a red copper cash of Ch'ien Lung. I am sending you a rubbing of the reverse inscriptions, both Manchu and Turki, and there

Dear Mr. Bowker,

Thank you for your letter of 9th with enclosures. I have had a photostat taken of the Antung Mint and am returning hereby the original.

The various rubbings of the 1/2 miskal Sinkiang coins was quite instructive, especially for comparison and confirmation.

1716 Gouldin Road Oakland ll, Calif. 9 June 1951

is little resemblance to the inscription on Shih's coin. I don't know if that town ever had a mint. I might say in passing that, Valentine had no knowledge of any mint there as none are listed in his "Modern Copper Coins of the Muhammadan States," which is supposedly based on the British Museum collection. If any museum should have had coins from all the central Asian states, the BM should have been the one.

The only specimen of what I believe to be Yarkand which I have in silver is the one indicated by the X on one of the sheets I am enclosing. You will note that my specimen has the date 1295 at the left, while the ANS specimen has its date on the right. The remaining characters are the same in both coins, tho mine is not as good a specimen as theirs, in as much as the Turki inscription is missing in part. I do not have any coins of Yanghisar, only the 4 rubbings of the ANS coins which I am enclosing. I also have a rubbing of one of their coins, on the enclosed card, which might well be Khotan.

Note: Secondpagemissing.

Los Angeles June 20, 1951

You do not say whether you wanted these back, being part of your records. I shall be glad to return them to you upon request without inconvenience to me. So please let me know.

I have now regrouped the 1/2-miskal coins of Sinkiang; the bulk correctly and a minority: no save. The ANS expert had to often state:"No Mint", i.e. no place discernible. This refers to coins which on both sides have Turki script only.

You will be interested to hear that, after long hesitation, I am now changing the expression "tentacles" to "spines", as advised by you. This means many hundred times pasting over the word. But I am listening to your counsel.

In my manuscript I have deleted from 10 to 12% of varieties, as one or two of such are deemed sufficient in most cases. But I am not cutting explanatory text, as I find that none of this is too much.

The Sinkiang coins with the B definitely is Khotan. Just as the 1/2-miskal with the large 光 is Aksu.

In accordance with your request I have pleasure in sending you herewith a brief article on China's gold coinage, contents of which are authentic. Should it not suit your requirements for one reason or another, please return it to me without

ceremony. I have a request for it from another side, but certainly give you preference.

If you so want, I can let you have, at a moment's notice, a follow-up article on Chinese gold forgeries, bogus and mint sports, an article which is a little shorter than the one sent herewith.

With compliments and best wishes I remain,

Very truly Yours,

Kann

Note:

Anking Mint – he means Anhui Mint. Earlier Bowker had offeredtosendimageofmintfromGeil'sbook.

Dear Mr. Kann:

I am very happy to have your article on the Chinese gold coinage for the BULLETIN of the PCNS, and shall run it in an early issue, perhaps that for July. Also, please let me have the "follow-up" article on the forgeries of the gold series. Taken with your present article, it will pretty thoroughly cover the many numismatic questions regarding the gold issues of China, and will I believe constitute a big feather in the cap of our local society for its publication. Will be very pleased to furnish you with any reasonable number of copies of the issues containing your article for your personal use. Just let me know how many copies you wish in advance of publication.

As you may have noted, we are beginning to run a listing of

1716 Gouldin Road Oakland ll, Calif. 24 June 1951

the books in the Society's Library, but as the list which was turned in to me requires considerable editing and revision to make it worth while, I really need your article until I can get the above-mentioned work done. I suppose you have no objections to our publishing your article in two sections. Our paper is small and articles must necessarily be rather short if we are to record the Society's activities also, tho I try to make that part short, as you may have noted, giving precedence to articles and notes which appear to me to be of some worth.

In reading over your article I note that you have omitted any reference to the gold coins of 1 and 2 mace from Sinkiang dated the lst year of the Republic with the crossed flags and the Chinese cyclical dates between them. Was this an oversight on your part, or do you consider these in your

article on the forgeries? If they merely were omitted by an oversight, could you give me a short paragraph on them for insertion in the article already furnished?

The rubbings which I sent with my last letter were my only record of those particular varieties, and I should certainly like to have them back after you have had an opportunity to study them.

Your mention of the Sungarei coin in gold comes as a surprise to me, and is I believe the first mention of it that I have seen.

I have several rubbings of the 1/2 miskal silver coins of Sinkiang which have the Turki inscriptions only on both sides. Some I have been unable to determine what they are, but a couple of them are definitely from Kashgar. These are from the ANS collection. I have always supposed them to be issues of one of the neighboring native states such as Bukhara, across the border of what is now considered to be Russian Turkestan.

Recently I received the enclosed pencil rubbing on pink paper from a correspondent in Australia. This appears to be an issue of Yarkand, and I am sending it herewith together with 3 other rubbings for your checking and information. Please return them.

I am glad to hear that you have accepted my suggestion and are changing the term "tentacles"to "spines". I think the change will be for the better, and will certainly eliminate an incorrect usage of a word which might well be criticized when your completed book appears.

Am also glad to know that you now consider the small coins with the character similar to 3 to be those from Khotan.

With best regard,

Note:

Sungarei in gold. Perhaps mentioned in Kann's article for Bowker.

Bowker

霍華德·包克

霍華德·包克與耿愛德的通信

（1951年1月- 6月）

◎ 編注：史博祿〔美國〕

耿愛德

尊敬的包克先生：

我們在棕櫚泉度了10天的假，兩天前才從那裏回來。那 裏確實是一個好地方。

我同意您關於西爾（Sirr）書中的這段話的看法，即它 只能指蔣氏目錄中的第82和83號錢幣。幣上的軍餉一 詞是中文，而不是滿文，這聽起來很奇怪。第82號幣非 常罕見，目前中國國內已知僅存一枚，有人向我提出以 500美元的價格賣給我，但我拒絕了。現在，我以低得 多的價格買到了3枚品相頗佳的這種錢幣。而83號錢幣 並不罕見。

說到這些早期中國錢幣，我聽過一些說法。說是這些錢 幣大多是在去掉了原來西班牙銀圓上的銘文的基礎上鑄 造的。事實可能就是如此。您可能會有興趣對此進行研究。

感謝您介紹肯尼迪教授。我可能會給他寫信，但是對他 是否會回復感到不甚樂觀。不過出於禮貌，我必須寫上 他姓名的首字母縮寫，而您也許會知道他名字的縮寫。

在我給您的上一封信中就以下問題徵求了您的意見，只 是您可能有所忽略。我決心在我打算出版的目錄中為每 枚錢幣添加價格，我是應該將這些價格附在每枚錢幣的 描述之後（就像郵票目錄一樣），還是附上一份包含編 號和價格的清單？

您有美國收藏家韋特·雷蒙德錢幣收藏板的產品清單嗎？ 我正在考慮更換我的錢幣收藏板，因此想要知道韋特·

1951年1月4日

洛杉磯

雷蒙德庫存的收藏板尺寸。如果購買的數量多，是否會 有折扣？

感謝您12月13日的來信。我意識到，外行人很難確定早 期各種五分新疆幣的發行量。我經常拜訪紐約的美國錢 幣學會，但從未見過邁爾斯先生（Miles）。您知道他名 字的首字母嗎？我想給他寫信。克拉克（Clark）最近寫 信給我說，他關於藏幣的文章尚未完成。他也不知道這 本書什麼時候會出版。

雖然我只有一枚新疆錢幣，我注意到這種壹圓新疆錢幣 會有2到3個版別。

最近，一位居住在奧地利的朋友約瑟夫·漢斯博士（Dr. Josef Hans）出版了一本書，書名是《兩個世紀裏的瑪 利亞·特蕾莎銀幣，1751-1951》（Zwei Jahrhunderte Maria-Theresier Thaler, 1751-1951），八開，60頁。 該書介紹了瑪麗亞·特蕾西亞銀幣在這200年中的完整歷 史和相關統計數據。您可能希望參考這本小冊子。我們 將應您的要求提供更多細節，或者將這本小冊子寄給您 閱讀。另外美國錢幣學會有一本該書的副本。

最後，請問您打算什麼時候來洛杉磯？ 致以最誠摯的問候

謹致問候

耿愛德

另外，我還從舒爾曼那裏買了（出自伍德華收藏的）兩 枚幣，我認為它們可能是西藏幣。我花了12美元買這2 枚錢幣。隨函寄送這兩枚幣的拓片。經詢問，克拉克給 我寫道：有兩個孔的一枚是尤加納蘭德拉·馬拉國王於 1688年在帕坦鑄造的；另一枚（較大的）是雅佳·普拉 卡薩·馬拉國王於1753 年在加德滿都鑄造的。這些錢 幣無疑曾在西藏和新疆流通，但肯定是尼泊爾的錢幣。” 由於我只收集西藏的古錢幣，但不收集尼泊爾的古錢幣， 我在此詢問您是否想從我這裏買下它們？2枚報價8美元。

注：

1. 信中提到蔣氏目錄中的第82號錢幣是中國國內僅見的一 枚。之後耿愛德發現了3枚該種錢幣。耿氏贊同該幣為19世 紀40年代鑄造的觀點。（但是耿氏目錄中的紀年仍為19世紀 60年代）。

2. 耿愛德提及杭州製造的銀幣是在西班牙銀幣上重打的傳 言。

3. 耿愛德當做西藏幣買到的一枚伍德華舊藏錢幣被證實為尼 泊爾錢幣。該幣肯定是1951年4月伍德華直接賣給舒爾曼的。

尊敬的耿愛德先生：

很高興收到您4日的來信，希望您在棕櫚泉的短暫旅行 令您神清氣爽。

我認為不應把價格放在您擬發行的中國錢幣書籍的正 文。雖然價格相當重要，但它將大大降低這本書作為錢 幣記錄的永久價值。當一位作者將某枚錢幣的價值甚至 相對稀缺性記錄在案時，他就等於在市場上發行了一份 或多或少永久的記錄，而這份記錄充其量只是具有階段 性價值，裏面只有他對一個因素的估計，而這個因素會 因一些他並不知道的因素而發生變化。例如，伍德華說 他有一枚用白銅鑄造的“獨一無二”的壹角錢幣，而我 在三藩市一位幣商那裏發現了一枚相同的壹角錢幣。由 此可以斷定，這枚錢幣並不是孤品。他只知道有這樣一

1951年1月7日

加州奧克蘭古爾丁路1716號

枚錢幣存世，並假設他估價為50美元。這有什麼意義呢？ 另外，您提到的關於蔣氏目錄第82和83號錢幣。假設您 在書中說，它的價格應該是500美元，因為有人向您報 出了這樣一個價格，而這個價格應該是基於他是孤品的 基礎上作出的。而您現在有三枚，所以它不是獨一無二 的。當然，如果知道這種錢幣有四枚，那就很少或沒有 中國錢幣收藏家會花500美元買下其中一枚。可能它也 可以值那麼多錢，但這一定是因為有一些富有的收藏家 競價購買，把現行價格提高到那個數字，而我認為並沒 有這樣的藏家。

我認為更好的估價方法是像國內廣泛使用的那樣，單獨 印製一張紙，在上面列出序列號和數字，數字代表編者 以美元估算的價值。這樣短暫的貨幣價值就不會侵蝕或 多或少具有永久價值的書籍。我上周就在一位商人的

店裏看到了這樣一本書。那是達文波特（Davenport） 關於德意志各州克朗幣的書。錢幣的圖片和簡要說明 都在書的正文中，而估價則印在另一張紙上，出售這 本書的商人或所有者可以根據自己的喜好，將其夾在 書的背面或不夾在書的背面。雖然我還沒有看到博蘭德 （Bolender）關於美國古錢幣的書，但我認為他也採用 了這種方式。

肯尼迪教授的名字可能是雷蒙德。但是，根據報紙的報 道，雷蒙德·肯尼迪於1950年4月已經遇害。還有一位 肯尼迪教授與耶魯大學有聯繫，也許他就是與這些出版 物有關的人。他叫喬治·肯尼迪，我注意到他為耶魯大 學一本關於漢字的小冊子寫了序言，序言中他的地址是 耶魯大學東方研究系。

我們可以合乎邏輯地推斷，重量不足的錢幣或蔣氏目錄 的第82和83號錢幣可能是將西班牙錢幣上的圖案磨除之 後鑄造的，但如果這些錢幣重約72克，則可能是在未去 除西班牙錢幣的圖案的情況下就重新打製。如果一臺機 器可以在光滑的坯餅上打製銀元，那麼它也可以在已經 鑄造好的銀元上打製，並且很少會留下第一次打製的痕 跡，甚至是完全沒有第一次打製的恒基。許多英國銀行 喬治三世像銀幣都是在西班牙銀幣的基礎上鑄造的。極 少數錢幣上有原始打製的痕跡。當然，不管負責重新製 作銀元的當局願不願意，中國很可能不嫌麻煩地磨平了 西班牙銀幣，以得到銀料。事實很有可能是這樣，因為 我看到有人說這種銀元的重量會有所減輕，所以較輕的 銀元很可能是後來發行的。

邁爾斯的全名是喬治·邁爾斯（George C. Miles）。我

相信您已經從美國錢幣學會獲得了一些他的著作。您通 過他的著作會注意到，他在阿拉伯文和相關文字的音譯 方面尤其出色。

我沒有韋特·雷蒙德收藏板的產品清單，但我知道他有 尺寸為7.5英寸x 14英寸的錢幣板，與您使用的尺寸大致 相同，但我並不知道每個板子上孔的大小和數量。我想 我能以批發價幫您買到，但我認為他不會打折賣給您這 個收藏家。您也可以通過當地的經銷商買到這種收藏板。

雜誌上介紹的美國錢幣學會收藏的錢幣不同。僅從這一 特點就可以看出，它不是一枚試鑄幣，而是一枚已經投 產後生產的錢幣。我認為克拉克把它稱為“試鑄幣”是 錯誤的。

克拉克說您寄來的兩枚錫質硬幣是尼泊爾的，這一點是 正確的。不過，我認為他關於這枚幣曾在西藏流通的說 法有誤。因為只有少量尼泊爾幣曾進入西藏流通，可參 見沃爾什的《西藏錢幣》一書。感謝您提出可以出售這 些錢幣，但我不是很喜歡有孔的錢幣，您寄來的克拉克 的注釋副本也提到了這一點。不過，如果您願意把它們 分開定價並寄到這裏，錢幣俱樂部的一些人可能會希望 買下它們。雖然我有一些尼泊爾的錢幣，但我唯一特別 感興趣的是那些可以證明是在西藏實際流通的錢幣。

衷心祝願您新年快樂！

謹致問候

我還注意到，我從您那裏收到的新疆銀幣與《錢幣學家》

注：

1. 信中提到1949年（？）新疆銀圓。包克根據其模具版 別，認為該幣不是樣幣，而是為流通鑄造的。

包克

尊敬的包克先生：

感謝您本月7號的來信。在我給您寄出上一封信幾分鐘後， 便收到了從美國錢幣學會寄來的邁爾斯先生的書。我正 在與他聯繫，希望能瞭解有關這枚五分幣的真實情況。

您找到的便宜的白銅壹角是什麼幣？我想它可能是袁世 凱銀幣。我認為應該在我的目錄中提到這枚幣。我曾 多次花1 000美元購買一枚並非獨一無二的錢幣。直到 1948年，“香港1867年試鑄幣”上海壹兩仍是無價之寶， 收藏者願意以每枚1 500美元的價格購買。而這種幣目前 已知的至少有十幾枚。這是一款中國錢幣，但是非常不 似中國幣，因為它的正面是英國國徽。然而，一位中國 朋友在上海為一枚一錢四分四厘的陝西銀幣付了1,200 美元。上海幣商馬先生（Mah）最近還為它去了趟陝西。 那麼中國一定還有其他客人願意付出個價格吧。

我要寄一些錢幣給裏奇，所以我利用這個機會，通過他 的中間人把這兩枚尼泊爾錢幣寄給您，如果可能的話， 請您設法賣掉它們。正如我所說，我向舒爾曼支付了12 美元，願意以8美元或差不多的價格出售。我還隨函附 上一枚小小的浩罕汗國銀幣，價格約3美元。

尊敬的耿愛德先生：

我和我太太在過去的幾個月裏，由於其他事情的壓力都 生病了。並且那段時間家裏住滿了親戚，我便一直忽視 了錢幣研究，因此沒有什麼值得寫的東西。

我隨函歸還裏奇寄來的三枚錢幣。也許是由於尼泊爾錢 幣的狀況不佳吧，很少有人注意到其中一枚幣的日期有 誤，因此我用鉛筆進行了更正，並添加了沃爾什文章中

1951年1月18日 洛杉磯

1949年的壹圓新疆幣不過是一種樣幣，用了3種模具製 造。這種幣還沒來得及流通，金屬貨幣就被廢除了。

我現在正在認真學習開車，今天是第三節課。我決心學 好開車，否則我將不得不坐計程車。而洛杉磯還沒有發 達到可以騎三輪車的程度。

此致

敬禮

謹致問候

耿愛德

注：

1. 耿愛德錯以為1949年新疆壹圓為一枚樣幣。

2. 耿愛德當時正在學車。

3. 他說至少有十幾枚1867年香港鑄造的上海一兩。

4. 當時上海有一枚陝西省造庫平一錢四分四厘賣到了1,200 元。

5. 耿愛德以為伍德華舊藏的那枚白色金屬材質的孤品是袁 世凱像壹角，其實那是一枚十文銅幣。

1951年5月16日

加州奧克蘭古爾丁路1716號 給出的年份。您說的那枚幣是浩罕汗國的。據這裏的收 藏家和對印度錢幣有所瞭解的人說，這枚幣是特拉凡科 的。就我個人而言，我對這一問題並不瞭解，我只是轉 述一下可能有價值的話。

我在一封信中提到，我得到了一枚壹角幣，伍德華在他 的書中稱這枚幣是“獨一無二的”。我想我沒有說清楚 它到底是什麼，因為您推測它是一枚袁世凱像銀幣。這 只是一枚被伍德華描述為“白銅”材質的江蘇十文銅幣。

他在書中將其列為第826號，載於第103頁。我想您不會 想它列在您的書裏，但如果您願意，我很樂意把它寄給 您，不過，為了讓您更清楚地知道它是什麼，我先做上 述解釋。

塞拜（Seaby）在他四月份的簡報中列出了幾枚可供出 售的五分新疆錢幣，但我沒能買到，因為它們似乎在收 到我的購買意向信之前就已經被賣出了。我很想擁有它 們，尤其是刻有新疆造幣廠字樣的那枚。您會不會是那 個買到這枚幣的買家？我買到了另一枚阿古柏金幣。幣 的正面與我已有的一枚幣相同，但背面與我的另一枚樣 幣用了完全不同的模具鑄打，主要區別在於它多了一些 裝飾性的葉子圖案，而另一枚則沒有。該幣的年份為回 曆1203年，即1876/97年。遺憾的是，它的鑄打效果不 如我手上的其他任何一枚，但弱打的部分只是錢幣的裝 飾性邊緣上，而不是在錢幣的中央，因為如果在錢幣的 中央弱打的話會導致銘文不清晰。

我沒有競拍舒爾曼拍賣會上的任何東西。自從看到那本 目錄以及他的描述和估價後，我對舒爾曼的信心肯定大 打折扣。封面上的是那枚浮誇的假金幣，估計是依據三 錢和五分的銀幣製作的假幣。那枚以125美元出售的京 局銀幣為舒爾曼購買到贗品金幣提供了資金。這些贗品 金幣是維德勒兄弟製作的，拍品中的3265、3274、3275 號金幣也是贗品，天知道還有多少贗品。我猜您一定是 買到了伍德華收藏中的大部分錢幣，因為這次拍賣中出 自伍德華收藏的錢幣沒有什麼特別重要的品種。

上周，我第一次參加了東灣錢幣俱樂部的會議，並在會 上看到了一份《加州錢幣新聞》（Calcoin News），上 面刊登了您在橙縣錢幣俱樂部就中國錢幣發表的演講。 我相信該地區有許多收藏者收藏中國錢幣，但我不知道 他們的名字。我希望您在那裏的演講能讓更多的人對中 國錢幣感興趣。

您的新書即將出版，前景如何？

希望它的出版不會被耽擱太久。

謹致問候

包克

注：

1. 伍德華的孤品十文銅幣是江蘇的。

2. 包克買到了第二個版別的阿古柏金幣。

3. 是維德勒鑄造了假的四川金幣嗎？

1925年時 Harrisons, King & Irwin Ltd. 公司有一位在上海 的茶商維德勒（E. Wilder）。

1933年時上海只有一家姓維德勒。

艾格妮絲 · 維德勒（Agnes Wilder）是一位藝術商人，她哥 哥的姓可能和她的不同；埃米爾 維德勒（Emile Wilder） 是一位中國絲綢、翡翠、珠寶的製造商，他在1942年出版了 一本郵票目錄。兩人生意的地址相同，都是 Bubbling Well 大街1147號上 T.A. 維德勒經營的商店，但是該店在1940年 就不在了。

尊敬的包克先生：

很高興再次收到您的來信。感謝您嘗試幫助出售我的尼 泊爾錢幣。

我把這枚銀幣的照片寄給了美國錢幣學會之後，被告知 它就是新疆幣。這似乎聽起來很奇怪。

1951年5月18日

洛杉磯

事實上，我也曾寫信給斯賓克公司詢問這枚新疆輔幣的 事情，但是也被告知：對不起，它們已經售出。至少在 90%的情況下是這樣。

聽說您又獲得了一枚新疆金幣，真有意思。可否請您在 方便的時候寄給我一張完整的拓片，以便我將新版式編 入目錄，並在最後把它加進在我的圖錄中？

我在舒爾曼的郵拍中競拍了三枚中國金幣，出價很高。

然而，我沒有買到，甚至也沒有得到回復。伍德華的金 幣從未交給我進行評估，我也沒有見過它們。至於他的 銀幣，我確實買了一大批，但我已經給您寄去了我所購 銀幣的全部清單，您可以自己判斷。基弗可能買了很多 錢幣，其中主要是金幣。因此可以看出他的生意和健康 狀況都不錯。

而在目錄編撰方面，由於忙於處理洛約拉大學的事情， 我的目錄幾乎毫無進展。這也有一部分是受遠東局勢影 響的原因。我的目錄的主要銷售市場將是在上海，而在 目前的條件下，目錄似乎無法進入上海。

您對此有何看法？您是否應該給韋特·雷蒙德先生寫封 信，說您是在我的建議下就出版目錄一事與他接觸的？ 我將承擔一半的出版費用，讓他的公司先收回實際支出， 然後再提取收益。如果他有興趣，我很樂意寫信給他， 告訴他所有細節。我認為值得一試。請告訴我您是否認 為此事值得一試？另外，請問您知道誰印刷了韋特·雷蒙 德的目錄嗎？

感謝您寄給我的《錢幣簡報》。我一直沒有考慮加入會員， 因為那裏已經有您這位收藏中國錢幣並瞭解中國錢幣的 會員了。有了您，我可以通過簡單的書信往來提出問題。

另一方面，如果您認為我應該時不時地就中國錢幣的各 個方面發表一些短文，我會很樂意這樣供稿。我大約從 6月15日開始休暑假，那時我將有更多的閒暇時間。

大學要求我在下一學年繼續講授遠東課程。因為學院離 我們家大約有14英里遠。我必須在擁擠的交通中開車前 往。而我妻子堅持要我帶一個保姆。雖然我清楚地認識 到自己還遠遠不是一個好司機，但我的駕駛技術還不錯。 我也希望自己能早日成為一位好司機。

由於我的目錄中沒有列出任何銅幣，因此我必須放棄 記錄您提到的所購買的那枚獨特的錢幣。不過還是要 謝謝您。

最近，沃特金斯硬幣公司打出了特價銷售中國銀幣的廣

告。在我的請求下，霍費克先生（Hoffecker）寄來了 一份清單。他寫道，他對我索請他的銷售清單感到榮幸。 當看到這份清單時，我對其中列出的大量的假幣感到震 驚。我不知道是該置之不理，還是該寫信告訴他我對這 份清單的看法？我知道自己不夠老練，無法中立地表達自 己的看法。在光緒三十三年北洋造銀幣的部分，他寫道， 他在奉天省查看了10個袋子，只找到4枚這樣的錢幣。他 及時發現了錯誤，並立即進行了補救。實際上，所有寫 着三十三年造的銀幣中沒有一枚是三十三年的。我相信， 此人曾是美國錢幣協會的主席。如果有這麼多假幣和贗 品以假亂真，自然會對中國錢幣界造成很大傷害。

我們這邊可以向您報告的消息很少。在此向您和您夫人 致以親切的問候。

謹上

耿愛德

注：

1. 耿愛德表示伍德華沒有把金幣寄給他編目。他未曾見過這 些金幣。但他確實買了很多伍德華舊藏的銀幣。他曾把購買 的清單寄給包克。

伍德華收藏銷售的時間是1951年4月和1952年4月。

耿愛德所指的清單應該是指1950年11月寄出的那份。這些銀 幣必然是耿愛德在伍德華出手其錢幣前買下的。

2. 洛約拉大學讓耿愛德再次在1951-1952學年講課。

3. 沃特金斯硬幣公司的霍費克列出了中國錢幣銷售清單，但 是裏面有很多假幣。他說他找了10袋奉天省造銀幣，只找到 4枚光緒三十三年造的銀幣。他說自己及時發現了錯誤，並立 即進行了補救。實際上，所有寫着三十三年造的銀幣中沒有 一枚是三十三年的。

4. 前任 ANA 主席是指哪一位？

尊敬的耿愛德先生：

您18日的來信已收悉。您認為那些小銀幣是浩罕汗國發 行，但現在美國錢幣學會認為是新疆發行的，但當地朋 友說它來自葉爾羌。我上次在紐約時拓印了當時美國錢 幣學會收藏的所有小銀幣，他們當時的新疆銀幣中沒有 類似的品種。我只有一枚來自葉爾羌的五分小銀幣。它 的設計符合伍分銀幣的傳統設計，一面有四個字“光 緒銀錢”，背面有上下五分的字樣。左側有年份（回曆 1295 年），右側是維語“葉爾羌”的一部分。美國錢幣 學會有一枚這種錢幣，年份在右邊。後者的維語銘文與 我的那枚基本相同，但比我的樣幣簡單得多，我把它隨 信寄給您。除非是我記錯了，不然我不認為它與您錢幣 上的銘文有任何相似之處，但我拿到您的錢幣時也沒有 將它們進行比較。他們還發現了六枚另一種類型的銀幣， 其中一面只有一個漢字“光”，下面有很多點和筆劃，或 許是維文。這些錢幣的背面都沒有類似您錢幣上的維語 銘文。我仍然認為您的錢幣是印度地區製造的。當然， 如果您能提供事實依據而不僅僅是自己的觀點，我也願 意改變我的看法。但我不認為新疆會製造這麼小的錢幣。

如果您能為《錢幣簡報》投稿，我將非常高興。正如您 所想的那樣，在有限的版面上發表文章是很困難的。我 曾試圖讓當地成員就他們感興趣的主題撰寫短文，但由 於沒有人投稿，我打算從現在開始刊登我感興趣的內容。

我編輯的前幾期沒有關於東方錢幣的內容，因為我認為 應該把版面留給讀者感興趣的主題。既然這樣做行不通， 那我現在就自娛自樂吧。

科索夫（Kosoff）來信邀請我在8月於鳳凰城舉行的美國 錢幣學會的大會上發表關於東方錢幣的演講。因為我預 計自己不會出席這次活動，便拒絕了他。如果您打算參 加，也許您可以進行演講。

我並不是想讓您成為《錢幣簡報》的會員，我在向您寄 送副本時也沒有暗示您應該成為該雜誌的會員。我們為 了達到郵寄率，必須寄出200份或更多。這比我們的會 員人數要多，所以我把一些名字放在了郵寄名單上，但

1851年5月22日 加州奧克蘭古爾丁路1716號

通常會輪換着寄，不是每個月都寄給所有人，以湊足 200份的郵寄量。

一旦我製作完成阿古柏金幣的拓片，我就會把它寄給您， 或者我也可以把我有的所有金幣（共 5枚）都寄給您。

有了這些金幣，您就可以進行檢驗了，這比只看拓片要 好得多。

我已經詳細瞭解了霍夫通過他的沃特金斯錢幣公司銷售 假幣的事情。我在文章中、在錢幣會議上的講話中、在 給他及其他人的私人信件中，都對他進行了抨擊，但對 他沒有任何影響。您試圖糾正他的錯誤，這是在浪費時 間，他知道自己在做什麼，但他不在乎，對他來說，他 覺得只要自己能賺錢就行。在這個問題上，舒爾曼怎麼 樣？他出售的金銀幣贗品真不少。特別是那枚京局庫平 三錢六分，我們估價為125美元。我在上海時買到了一 枚一樣的。他知道那是假的。還有他封面上的那枚大金 幣也是贗品，可是他卻將其描述為稀世珍品。我猜伍德 華很可能就是那位“天使”，是他說服了杭州造幣廠製造 這些贗品。基弗在三藩市召開的展會上展出了其中一枚 幣，但至少我可以感謝舒爾曼在他的目錄中向人們描述 了幣的背面，因為我從來沒有機會在基弗收藏的錢幣中 看到过它。

我將按照您在信中的建議，就您的目錄出版事宜寫信給 雷蒙德。根據我對他的瞭解，以及我對您的手稿的一點 瞭解，我想，如果他要出版這本書，他會把它的篇幅縮 短，只保留主要類型，並刪除對大多數不重要品種的冗 長描述。他可能還會限制錢幣圖片的數量。不過，這還 是值得一試的。

我發現了一本名為《廣東和澳門旅遊指南》（The Tourist's Guide to Canton, the West Riverand Macao）的小冊子，其中有一張大地圖顯示了東門以北 城牆外的廣東造幣廠位置。該書出版於1898年。此外， 威廉·埃德加·蓋洛（W.E. Geil）的《中國十八省府》 （Eighteen Capitals of China）一書第226頁對面的那 一頁有一張安慶造幣廠的圖片。

誠摯的問候

包克

注：

1. 包克有5枚阿古柏金幣。

尊敬的耿愛德先生：

在回復您的上一封信時，我發現沒有向您提供印刷韋 特·雷蒙德出版物的印刷商的名字。它叫做是威爾遜出 版社，位於紐約州紐約市瓦裏克街175號。為此，我們 建議您在得到雷蒙德對此事的答復之前，不要就為您印 刷書籍一事給他們寫信。

馬薩諸塞州裏維爾市的地球科學出版公司打算出版一本

2. 包克曝光了沃特金斯硬幣公司的假幣，但是霍費克並不在 意。

3. 信中提到了安慶造幣廠和廣東造幣廠的位置。

4. 舒爾曼銷售目錄中的大規格金幣（伍德華舊藏，1951年4 月26只28日）是1871年彌勒佛像25兩金幣。據說基弗也有 一枚。此事在1951年5月28日的信件中再次提及。

尊敬的包克先生：

您5月22日和26日的來信已收悉。

同時，我還從舒爾曼的拍賣會上拍到了兩枚金幣，一枚 是1293年新疆1鐵剌金幣。這枚金幣與您收藏多年的那 枚一模一樣（我有一張拓片），價格為22美元。然後， 我得買到了（但至今尚未拿到的）新疆餉金一錢，花了

1951年5月26日 加州奧克蘭古爾丁路1716號

關於日本錢幣的書，您收到他們的回復了嗎？裏奇說他給 您提供了他們的名字，作為可能出版您的新書的出版商。

我當然希望在不遠的將來，您能與出版商達成合作，出 版新書。

謹致問候

包克

1951年5月28日

洛杉磯 83美元。我還競拍了一枚1盧比（四川-西藏金幣），我 的出價沒超過110美元，但沒有拍到。其他的都沒有參 與競拍。

我非常同意您的看法。您懷疑別人說您還給我的那枚銀 幣是新疆發行的，您覺得這一說法有問題，因為新疆從 未有過這種形式的銀幣。我的信息則是來自於美國錢幣 學會的兩位專家。塞拜告訴我，新疆五分銀幣和施嘉幹

的C2-6號銀幣都是來自于闐王國。人們是否可以接受這 樣一個事實？只要出現阿拉伯符號3（如數字3），那麼這 枚幣就一定與于闐有關。

您在5月22日的信中說，您還將寄給我一枚五分的銀幣。

我沒有收到，很可能是您沒有隨信寄出。

我將很高興為您的簡報撰寫一篇簡短的文章。文章是我 迄今為止尚未發表的關於中國金幣的評論。我計劃在學 校休課後，比如說6月中旬這樣寫給您。我不會去鳳凰 城的，所以也無法進行演講。

請不要直接把1鐵剌金幣寄過來，因為風險太大。如果 您有完整的拓片也可以寄給我，或者當您親自來到洛杉 磯時把它帶過來。

我已經向舒爾曼表達了自己深信的觀點。那就是他出售 許多錢幣，甚至是來自伍德華的錢幣，都是假幣。伍德 華並沒有在杭州製造大量偽造品（假幣）。他向我承認， 他也被騙了。他和我的另一位朋友被勸說支付了大約 10,000美元購買這套設備。我把這封信寫給舒爾曼和伍 德華的夫人，並把後者的憤怒歸咎於我自身的原因。這 是我們之間的秘密，不對外公布。

我知道在杭州製造假 幣的人是誰，他是一個住在上海的羅馬尼亞人。但幾十 年過去了，我已經忘記了他的名字，而且我認為他也已 經去世了。

關於目錄的出版問題。我在幾個月前按照裏奇的建議給 地球科學出版公司寫了一封信，在信中提出各自承擔五 成成本的事情，但沒有得到回信。

我肯定不會在得到許可之前給韋特·雷蒙德的印刷商寫 信。與此同時，如果韋特·雷蒙德在內容或配圖上會進 行過多的限制，我想我不會願意接受。我可能會省略一

些不重要的內容，但不會同意別人對我指手畫腳，違背 自己的想法。事實上，在努力尋找出版商的同時，我深 信，如果要出版這本目錄，那一定是在我的支持下進行 的，費用也完全由我承擔。

儘管下面這件事並不緊急，甚至也不太重要，但我還是

在此提一下。如果方便的話，請將威廉·埃德加·蓋洛 的《中國十八省府》一書中安慶造幣廠的照片複製一份， 並將底片寄給我，我很樂意為此支付費用。

我5月23日開車向右轉彎時（之前我已經順利轉了50次 彎），可能油門加得太大，離合器鬆開了，車像脫韁的野 馬一樣沖了出去，撞到了幾棵樹，車嚴重受損。結果是 我收到了300美元的維修賬单。但我自己沒有擦傷。所以， 在發生意外的時候，我們還是要心存感激的，感激事情 沒有變得更壞。

謹致問候

謹啟

耿愛德

注：

伍德華也是被騙才買了1871年25兩臆造金幣（1951年4月舒爾 曼出售的那枚）。耿愛德說他知道是誰製造的臆造幣——是 一個羅馬尼亞人。

尊敬的耿愛德先生：

我已收到您29日的來信。我在今天得知，地球科學出版 公司將不會出版此前刊登廣告的日本錢幣書，因為“編 輯和出版人”已“被徵召加入美國陸軍”。我懷疑他們 在任何情況下都不可能對您的書做任何修改。順便提一 下，我注意到他們給我的信上有阿爾伯特·艾森伯格（S.

Albert Eisensberg）的簽名。我幾年前在波士頓遇到過 他，他是皇家錢幣公司的老闆，當時他住在波士頓，後 來搬到了馬薩諸塞州的裏維爾。我認為他提到的“出版 人”是他的兄弟或其他親戚。當然，我對他兄弟的信息 一無所知，但我知道上述信件簽署人的聲譽並不是很好。

老實說我並不知道施嘉幹目錄中的C2-6號錢幣是否來 自于闐。順便說一句，我對塞拜“東方錢幣專家”之名 毫無信心——我發現他的錯誤太多了。我只有一枚自己 認為是于闐的錢幣，那是一枚乾隆年間的紫銅幣。我

寄給您該幣反面帶銘文的拓印，上面既有滿文，也有 維文，與施嘉幹那枚錢幣上的銘文幾乎沒有相似之處。

尊敬的包克先生：

感謝您9日的來信及附件。我已複印了安慶造幣廠的照 片，現將原件寄回。

各種新疆半分錢幣的拓片對我很有啟發性，尤其是在對 比和確認方面。您沒有在信件裏說是否想要回這些錢幣。

我很樂意應您的要求將它們歸還給您，而且這也不會給 我帶來不便。所以請告訴我您的想法。

我現在重新將新疆的半分錢幣分類，而我原來的大部分

1851年6月9日 加州奧克蘭古爾丁路1716號

我不知道那裏有沒有造幣廠。我想順便說一下，瓦倫 丁對那裏的任何造幣廠都一無所知，因為在他的《穆 罕默德國家的現代銅幣》（Modern Copper Coins of the Muhammadan States）中沒有列出任何造幣廠。

據說該書是根據大英博物館的藏品編寫的。如果說哪家 博物館藏有所有中亞國家的錢幣，那就應該是大英博物 館了。

我所擁有的唯一一枚我認為是新疆的銀幣樣幣，就是我 附上的一張紙上用X標記的那枚。您會注意到，我的樣 幣左邊是1295年的日期，而美國錢幣學會的樣幣的日期 在樣幣的右邊。兩枚錢幣上的其餘文字相同，但我那枚 的品相不如他們的好，因為維文銘文有部分缺失。我沒 有任何葉爾羌的錢幣，只有隨信附上的4枚美國錢幣學 會的錢幣的拓片。我還有一張他們錢幣的拓片，附在卡 片上，很可能是來自于闐的。

注： 該信缺第二頁。

1951年6月20日

洛杉磯 分類是正確的，但也有少數沒有保留原來的分類。美國 錢幣學會的專家經常不得不將這種錢幣標注為：“無造 幣廠”，即無法辨別鑄造地。這種通常指的是兩面都只 有維文文字的錢幣。

我在猶豫了很久之後，按照您的建議，把龍鰭的描述由 “tentacles”一詞的改為了“spine”，我想您會很樂於 聽到這個消息。這意味着我在修改時要把這個詞粘貼上 幾百遍，但我聽取了您的意見。

我刪除了原稿中10%到12%的版別，因為在大多數情

況下，一兩個版別便已經足夠了。但我並沒有刪減解釋 性文字，因為我覺得這些解釋都不多餘。

帶有B字樣的新疆錢幣肯定是于闐的。就像帶有大的 “光”字的錢幣是阿克蘇的一樣。

根據您的要求，我很高興隨函附上一篇關於中國金幣的 簡短文章，文章內容真實可信。如果它因某種原因不符 合您的要求，請您毫不客氣地退還給我。也有其他人向 我索稿這篇文章，但我當然會優先考慮給您。

如果您需要，我可以隨時向您提供一篇關於中國金幣的

贗品、假幣和造幣運動的後續文章，這篇文章比隨信寄 來的文章稍短一些。

致以最崇高的敬意和最良好的祝願。

謹致

耿愛德

注：

信中的安慶造幣廠指的是安徽的造幣廠。此前包克曾提出將 蓋洛書中造幣廠的照片寄給他。

尊敬的耿愛德先生：

我很高興能收到您為《錢幣簡報》撰寫的關於中國金幣 的文章。我們會儘早發表，有可能就發表在7月份的那 一期。另外，請向我提供有關金幣系列贗品的“後續 ” 文章。後續文章連同您當前的這篇文章，將相當全面地 涵蓋有關許多中國金幣的問題。我相信這篇文章的出版 將成為我們本地協會的一大亮點。請在出版前告訴我您 想要多少份刊載了您文章數量的刊物，只要數量合理， 我們非常樂意向您提供。

正如您可能已經注意到的，我們正在着手編制協會圖書 館的圖書目錄，但由於交給我的目錄需要大量的編輯和 修改才能發揮作用，在我完成上述工作之前，我非常需 要您的文章。我想您不會反對我們將您的文章分為兩部 分發表吧。我們的報紙篇幅較小，同時還要記錄學會的 活動，因此文章就必須相當簡短，但正如您可能已經注 意到的，我在儘量使活動部分的內容變得簡短，優先刊 登我認為有一定價值的文章和說明。

1951年6月24日

加州奧克蘭古爾丁路1716號 在閱讀您的文章時，我注意到您遺漏了所有關於民國最 後一年新疆雙旗一錢和二錢的內容。這是因為您有所疏 忽，還是您考慮在關於贗品的文章中提到這些？如果只 是因為疏忽而遺漏了，您能否給我一個關於它們的一小 段落，以便我插入到您已提供的文章中？

我隨上一封信寄去的拓片是我對這些特殊版別的僅有記 錄，我希望您在研究它們之後能把它們還給我。

您提到的新疆金幣讓我很吃驚，我相信這是我第一次看 到有人提到它。

我有幾枚新疆半分銀幣的拓片，只有兩旁有維文銘文。

有些我無法確定是什麼，但有幾枚肯定來自喀什。這些 是美國錢幣學會的藏品。我一直認為它們是鄰近的一個 土邦發行的，比如現在被認為是俄屬突厥斯坦邊界外的 布哈拉。

最近，我收到了隨函附上的一份拓印，這份拓印是一位

澳大利亞的記者用鉛筆在粉色紙上製作的。這似乎是新 疆那邊的錢幣，我將它與另外三張拓片一起寄給您，供 您核對和參考。核對和參考完畢後，請將它們寄回。

我很高興聽到您接受了我的建議，把“tentacles”的表 達改為了“spines”。我認為這樣改了會更好，而且肯 定可以消除一個詞的錯誤用法，因為當您完成的書出版 時，之前錯誤的用詞表達很可能會受到人們的批評。

我也很高興瞭解到，您現在認為帶有類似3這個字元的 錢幣是來自于闐。

包克

注：

此處的新疆金幣可能是在耿愛德提供給包克的文章中提到 的。

Bruce W. Smith: An Outstanding Scholar in the Field of Oriental Numismatics

◎ Tseng Che-lu〔USA〕

Bruce W. Smith is a renowned American numismatist, scholar, and writer with a deep interest in oriental coins. His passion for oriental numismatics began in the 1960s, leading him to collect and study these coins, eventually becoming an expert in the field. Mr. Smith has published numerous academic papers and books on oriental coins and has held various positions in academic organizations related to oriental numismatics, making significant contributions to the field.

Early Life

Bruce W. Smith was born on November 8, 1951, in St. Louis, Missouri, USA. He was initially interested in science and mathematics, but developed a strong passion for history during high school. After his first year of college, he had to suspend his studies due to financial difficulties and joined the Navy, serving for six years. After graduating from the University of Missouri in 1974, he moved to Wisconsin to work, studying Chinese for a year at the University of Wisconsin while also working on the StandardCatalogofWorldCoins. In 1979, he relocated to Fort Wayne, Indiana. In the 1990s, he studied East Asian Languages and Literature at Harvard University, earning a master's degree, and spent a year studying history at Zhengzhou University in China.

Research in Oriental Numismatics

Mr. Smith's interest in oriental coins began in the 1960s when his father brought him a Qing Dynasty coin from China. This sparked his collection and research into oriental coins, leading him to become a leading expert in the field. He has published numerous academic papers and books on oriental coins and has served in various academic organizations, making significant contributions to the field of oriental numismatics. His passion

for oriental coins is matched by his extensive knowledge and deep research background, actively engaging in scholarly exchanges in the discipline.

Major Achievements

Established the English journal "Dongya Tongbao" (East Asia Journal《東亞通寶》）at the end of 1981, promoting knowledge of oriental coins and facilitating academic exchanges in the field.

In 1994, transformed "Dongya Tongbao" into the bilingual journal "Dongya Quanzhi" (The Journal of East Asian Numismatics《東亞泉志》） , which has been published for 30 years and has become a vital academic journal in the field of oriental numismatics.

Contributed to the catalogs of major coin auctions, writing articles that explore the historical and cultural significance of coins.

Organized the collection of prominent numismatist Zhang Nancheng (Nelson Chang, 張南琛 ) and authored a dedicated book.

Examined the Bowker collection and wrote a book on it.

Conclusion

Bruce W. Smith is a significant scholar in the field of oriental numismatics, whose research has greatly enhanced our understanding of the history and culture surrounding oriental coins. His passion and dedication to the study of oriental numismatics are worthy of respect and emulation.

史博祿：

東方錢幣研究領域的 傑出學者

◎ 曾澤祿〔美國〕

史博祿（布魯斯·W·史密斯，Bruce W. Smith）是一位美 國知名的東方錢幣愛好者、學者和作家。他對東方錢幣的興 趣始於1960年代，從此便開始收藏和研究東方錢幣，並逐 漸成為該領域的專家。史博祿先生發表了多篇有關東方錢幣 的學術論文和書籍，曾擔任多個東方錢幣學術組織的職務， 為東方錢幣學術研究做出了重要貢獻。

早年經歷

史博祿出生於1951年11月8日，美國密蘇裏州聖路易斯。早 年對科學與數學感興趣，但在高中時對歷史產生了濃厚的興 趣。大學第一年後因經濟拮据而中斷學業，轉而加入海軍服 役六年。1974年在密蘇裏大學畢業後，他搬到威斯康星州 工作，同時在威斯康星大學學習中文一年，並在《世界硬 幣標準目錄》（Standard Catalog of World Coins）工作。 1979年，他搬到印第安那州韋恩堡。90年代，他曾在哈佛 大學進修東亞語言文學，獲得碩士學位，並曾在中國鄭州大 學歷史系遊學一年。

東方錢幣研究

史博祿先生對東方錢幣的興趣始於1960年代，當時他父親 帶回了一枚中國清朝錢幣給他。從此便開始收藏和研究東方 錢幣，並逐漸成為該領域的專家。史博祿先生發表了多篇有 關東方錢幣的學術論文和書籍，曾擔任多個東方錢幣學術組 織的職務，為東方錢幣學術研究做出了重要貢獻。他對東方 錢幣充滿熱情，學識淵博，研究功底深厚，積極參與東方錢 幣學術交流。

主要成就

1981年底創辦《東亞通寶》英文期刊（圖1），介紹東方錢 幣知識，促進東方錢幣學術交流。

1994年將《東亞通寶》改為中英文《東亞泉志》（圖2）， 至今已出版30年，成為東方錢幣研究領域的重要學術刊物。

參與多場重要錢幣拍賣活動的圖錄編撰工作，撰寫相關文 章，深入探討錢幣的歷史和文化價值。

整理著名錢幣收藏家張南琛的藏品，並著述專書。

鑒賞包克藏品，並著述專書。

圖 1 圖 2

結語

史博祿是東方錢幣研究領域的重要學者，他的研究成果為我 們瞭解東方錢幣的歷史和文化做出了重要貢獻。他對東方錢 幣的熱情和奉獻精神，值得我們尊敬和學習。

史博祿

Continued from the end of the 34th issue

THE COINS OF SHANGHAI:

AN UNWRITTEN CHAPTER IN THE HISTORY OF THE "CAPITAL OF THE FAR EAST" (Part II)

◎ M. Tracey Woodward〔France〕

GOVERNMENT NOTIFICATION

The following copy of a Despatch from His Excellency the Viceroy of the Two Kwangs, received from Her Majesty's Consul at Canton, conveying the approval of the Board of Foreign Affairs at Peking to the reception of the Hong Kong Dollar in payment of Government dues, is published.

By Order

T.

MERCER, Colonial Secretary Colonial Secretary's Office, Hong Kong 8th May, 1867

The Viceroy Sui Lin to Her Majesty's Consul. Canton, 1st May, 1867

On the 23rd of April the Viceroy received by Board of War Express a Despatch from the Board of Foreign Affairs to the following effect:

"On the 25th February the Board received Your Excellency's Despatch stating that it had been represented by the British Consul that a Mint had been established at Hong Kong for the coinage of a new Dollar, and that (on application for) the appointment of officials for an assey of this coin Your Excellency, together with the Superintendent of Customs, had appointed officers for this purpose, by whom, on an assey being held, it was ascertained that (the new Dollar) was equal to the Standard of 9/10 as compared with the pure Silver (Sycee) of the Custom's Department, and was equal (in purity or value) to the Mexican Dollar at present used as currency, whence it resulted that Taels 110.1.1. in the new coinage of Hong Kong equals Taels 100 in Haikuan Sycee, an authentication to which effect was accordingly drawn up in testimony thereof. The Dollar should therefore be permitted hereupon to be used in payment of duty and in ordinary currency, as a convenience to the mercantile and other classes; and the Viceroy hereupon issued a proclamation, conjointly with the Governor of Kwang-Tung and the Superintendent of Customs, notifying the same to the public. Copies of the authentication, proclamation, etc., were forwarded annexed to this despatch. On receipt hereof, the Board have to observe that, in as much as it appears on an assay on the quality of the new coinage referred to that it is equal to the Standard of 9/10, and may pass current on equal terms with the

present Eagle (Mexican) Coinage, and may also, on payment of the due amount of premium as against Sycee, be used in the discharge of Government duties, it is certainly proper that such privileges be conceded to it. It is at the same time necessary that evil doers be stringently prohibited from counterfeiting this coinage or perpetrating (other) acts of fraud by means thereof, to the end that (the arrangements now made) may be obeyed in perpetuity. Should, however, the intrinsic value of the coin hereafter become depreciated, or the trading class be averse to making use of it, or should irregularities occur entailing injury to the public interests, the Dollar may not in such cases be insisted upon as a valid tender in payment of Government dues. It is impossible not to take into account the possibility of the various objections above enumerated; and the Board in addition to communicating with the British Minister, have to address this despatch to your Excellency and to request that it may be duly noted. Enclosed is a copy of the Board's Despatch to the British Minister."

On receipt of the foregoing the Viceroy, in addition to communicating its purport to his colleagues, has to acquaint the honourable Consul with its contents and begs him to take note thereof. He avails, etc.

Tung Chih, VI.3-27.

True Copy. (Signed) ALEX. FRASER.

Translated by: (Signed)WM. FREDK MAYERS

Government House

Hong Kong, 22nd October, 1867

Sir,

I beg to recall Your Excellency's attention to my Despatch No.258A of the 11th May16 last, in which I forwarded eleven specimens of Tael pieces manufactured at the Mint here in the hope that notwithstanding the discouraging opinion conveyed to me in yours of the 18th last December17 as to any prospect then of Imperial sanction for circulation of the Hong Kong Dollar in China--there might be some hope of greater favour being extended to a coin assimilating in value and name to a weight already recognized in the Chinese Empire as a medium of Exchange.

2. I should now be glad to learn whether those Tael pieces safely reached Your Excellency, and whether the Imperial Government exhibits any greater favour towards them than towards the Dollar.

3. The latter coin at least is, I presume, receivable at all the open ports in payment of duties on a par with the Mexican Dollar in accordance with the communication received by the Viceroy of Canton from the Board of Foreign Affairs and transmitted by him to Consul Robertson on the 1st May last as notified in the Hong Kong Government Gazette of the 11th of that month of which I enclose a copy.

4. I now transmit a communication from Mr. Kinder, Master of the Mint, giving his views as to an improved tael piece and subsidiary coinage of the same, the idea of which appears to have been suggested to him by Mr. Wade, when Mr. Kinder was returning from Japan where I had sent him on a special mission to Her Majesty's Minister Sir Harry Parkes.

5. All that Mr. Kinder says as to the superiority of a legitimate currency over the present barbarous and uncertain practice of China which makes weight the medium of Exchange, leaving the touch or purity of the Silver a matter of debate on every transaction has already been repeatedly said, and must be as obvious to Your Excellency as to others. The possibility of inducing the Chinese to take the same view is, however, a matter in which Your Excellency's judgment must be held conclusive.

6. There is, however, amongst much that is over sanguine in expectation, and something that is obviously erroneous in deductions-sufficient matter of an interesting nature in Mr. Kinder's letter to justify me in forwarding a copy of it for your information, as possibly an opportunity may be afforded of ascertaining decisively how far Mr. Wade's calculations, alluded to by Mr. Kinder, as to the wish of the Chinese for some coinage such as that proposed, is founded on fact.

7. If there be reason to suppose that the Imperial Authorities can be induced to adopt a recognized Imperial Coinage, although declining to have it struck at Hong Kong, it is still most desirable to ascertain whether they would be inclined to purchase the plant and machinery of the Mint here, because in that case if Her Majesty's Government decides on closing it, I would be prepared to send Mr. Kinder to Peking with a list of all the necessary plant and drawings etc., so as to furnish Your Excellency on the spot with whatever information might be requisite in conducting the negotiations.

8. I shall, however, in any case be much obliged by the matter receiving your early consideration.

I have the honour to be.

Your Excellency's most obedient servant.

(Signed) SIR

RICHARD GRAVES MACDONNELL, C.B Governor& Commander in Chief

The Mint

Hong Kong, 19th October, 1867

Sir,

I have the honour to inform you that during the period I have been absent from the Colony, through the assistance of His Excellency Sir Harry Parkers, Her Majesty's Minister at Yedo, I had an interview with Ouri-Kod-Saks, the Minister of Finance to the Tycoon's Government, and also had an opportunity of visiting the Japanese Mint with the Acting Colonial Secretary.

The Minting Appliances of the Japanese for the coinage of silver are of the crudest description, and similar to those adopted in Europe prior to the reign of Queen Elizabeth. With reference to the question of the establishment of a modern mint in Japan, from all I could learn, the Tycoon is not in a position to incur the expense at present, and the machinery reported to have been ordered from France only consists I believe of some presses to be worked by hand and to supersede the present mode of impressing the coins by a punch and hammer.

I gathered that it is proposed shortly to issue a new coin of the value of 4 Ichibus, and as the Japanese Minister (of Finance) admitted that without including the salaries of the officials the cost of minting was 3 1/4 to 3 1/2 per cent, it may be desirable to ascertain through the British Minister, how far the Japanese Government would be disposed to enter into arrangement for having the new coinage struck at the Hong Kong Mint at a Seignorage, to be agreed on. I casually mentioned 2 per cent. It is not improbable that rather than incur the necessary outlay for a Minting Establishment in accordance with the European system, the Japanese Government might be induced to employ the Mint of Hong Kong for the greater part of its coinage in the same manner that the Imperial Mint of France and the private Mints of Birmingham are employed by the Government of various countries.

I left with the Minister a complete set of the Hong Kong currency.

During my visit at Shanghai I was fortunate in meeting Mr. T.F. Wade, the Chinese Secretary of Legation at Peking. I consulted him first as to the prospects of any change in the monetary system in China, secondly as to the best description of currency to meet the requirements of trade and thirdly, obtained his opinions as to the most suitable designs for such coins.

On the first point he considers not only is it desirable but necessary that some better defined monetary system should be adopted without delay. The altered state of trading operations, payment of Customs dues, and the intercourse with the Chinese calling for some more creditable system than that at present in use in the various ports.

The absence of a silver coinage for transactions below the value of a tael or Dollar causes serious loss and inconvenience more especially to foreign residents and the Chinese themselves to whom he has mentioned the matter, are equally aware of the advantages supposing a silver subsidiary coinage could be introduced.

On the second subject, Mr. Wade is of opinion that any local tael such as the specimen Shanghai Tael would be too restricted in its operation and that the coin to be adopted should be a Haikuan Tael with such a design and standard as may be approved and recognized by the Imperial Government of China with a decimal subsidiary coinage consisting of a five Mace and two Mace, one Mace and five Kandreends. These latter coins to be of similar standard to the subsidiary coins of Hong Kong, viz, 800/1000 so as to admit of a profit to the Imperial Government of China on their introduction and also repay the Government of Hong Kong for their coinage.

On the third question the designs recommended by Mr. Wade (after consulting with some leading Chinese) are as follows:

Obverse of Tael

(Here a rough design is given as shown by Type K)

Inscription.

"Currency of China" the central figures showing the value of the coin, viz, "One Tael." The subsidiary coins to be precisely similar in the design with the exception of the central figures which will delineate their value as follows:

5 Mace 五錢

2 Mace 二錢

1 Mace 一錢

5 Kandreens 五分

Reverse of Tael

(Here Type K shows the design that was given)

The inscription is coined in the reign of Tung Chi. In the garter 2 small dragons as on the Chinese gold medals.

The edges of all the coins to be milled as to the best means of detecting forgery.

Mr. Wade recommends that an application should be addressed to His Excellency The Governor of Hong Kong, to His Excellency Sir Rutherford Alcock, Her Majesty's Minister of Peking, to the following effect: a copy of the document to be also forwarded to Mr. Hart, the Imperial Commissioner of Customs at Peking, and his good offices solicited to bring about the desired result with the Chinese Authorities, viz:

"That the Imperial Government of China be requested to supply a stamped piece of metal of the true weight of a Haikuan tael. The weight to be such as would be accepted at all the Treaty Ports as a Tael of Silver of a certain regular touch or standard to be fixed on by the Chinese Authorities say for example 980/1000 ths."

Then should follow the details and designs of the coins proposed to be struck and request that the Imperial Government of China may be moved to authorise the reception of this coin of the proposed, or of any other design, more amicable which they may suggest, for all Imperial Customs, receiving each coin so struck at the Mint of Hong Kong as a legal tender for a tael and taken as a coin and not by the mere weight of silver. The Government of Hong Kong guaranteeing that each coin shall be true to the desired weight and standard (the usual legal remedy for each excepted of 2 parts per mille in either direction).

Power should also be applied for to issue, and the Chinese authorised to accept, a subsidiary decimal coinage of the tael for all payments not exceeding in amount five or even ten taels, consisting of pieces respectively of 5 mace, 2 mace, 1 mace and five kandreens as before stated, and the weights of each piece being as follows:

The 5 mace to weigh half the weight of the tael;

The 2 mace one-fifth of the tael;

The 1 mace one-tenth of the tael;and

Five kandreens one-twentieth of the tael.

Should the Chinese Government require the new taels to be struck for its own use, I should recommend that the Seignorage charge be 2 per cent, the coins to be delivered to the Imperial Commissioners of Customs either at Canton or Shanghai. But it is presumed that it would be necessary for the Imperial Government to entail this expense as the Foreign Merchants would certainly find it to their advantage to procure this coinage from Hong Kong, if it could be made current,

as they would more than save the cost of coinage in the advantages of a defined and admitted tael, to be accepted as such in contra-distinction to the present uncertain system of "squeezing" adopted in making payment in Sycee or Dollars, whereby not only a sufficient deduction is made for conversion into Haikuan Sycee (a process which costs as much as coinage) but a considerable margin against the Merchant on some excuse or other is made in addition.

Another great advantage not only to the Mint of Hong Kong but the Imperial Government of China would be the introduction of the silver subsidiary coinage, the limits of which it is impossible to conjecture, but Mr. Wade considers the demand would be enormous when once it was understood.

Presuming the standard of the tael to be 98/100ths and that of the subsidiary 80/100 and the profits to be divided say 9 per cent to the Hong Kong Government, and a commission of 9% allowed to the Imperial Government of China for the introduction of this coinage, they would find a great advantage in entering on the question as it is hoped the increase of available funds into the Imperial Treasury would be sufficiently large to ensure the active assistance of the Chinese Authorities.

To show that in the Treaty Ports a small silver coinage is much required, I may mention that not only franc pieces but Hong Kong 20 cents pass freely at Shanghai for quarter dollars.

Mr. Wade suggested that it might expediate matters if I proceeded to Peking, but in the absence of any authority to enter into the negotiations or to incur the expenses of the journey, such a course could not there be adopted, but I incline to the opinion that more is to be done by personal interviews than the delays that must result in correspondence.

Possibly some course might be taken to show the Chinese Government the advantages that would accrue by the adoption of a Mint to strike their own subsidiary coins and induce them to purchase the plant at Hong Kong if it should be decided to close the establishment.

Pending any decision from Home on this point, I beg to suggest that His Excellency the Governor may with advantage transmit the views of Mr. Wade and such others as may be contained in this letter of which he approves, and to His Excellency, Sir Rutherford Alcock, for his consideration and assistance.

I have the honour to be, Sir, Your most obedient servant,

(Signed) F.W.KINDER Master of the Mint

The records available terminate here, and it will be observed that there is nothing mentioned as to why the coins, whether in the design only or in trial pieces, were rejected by the Chinese Government. The fact remains that the proposed currency never came into existence, and the reason advanced by my old minthand informant above mentioned is a plausible one.

The official communications mention Mr. F.W. Kinder as Master of the Mint, and show that he had been on a journey to Japan in

connection with minting matters in that country. The Hong Kong Mint was, as a matter of fact, sold to the Japanese Government during 1870, but the "Kobe Chronicle Jubilee Number" speaks of a Major P.M. Kinder as having been engaged by the Japanese Government for the Osaka Mint on February 16th, 1871.

It may be noted from the table which appears later in this paper, that, although it was originally intended to make subsidiary coins respectively of 5, 2 and 1 Mace and 5 Candareens, a trial

So much for the records that caused the creation of these trial coins. But there is a detail regarding which writers and numismatics have so far lived under a misapprehension. The plausible and universal conclusion that these coins were made for use in Shanghai was generally looked upon as final, owing to their inscription of "SHANGHAI", and in the lecture18 above mentioned it was categorically stated that "there was a tael made for Shanghai in the short lived Hong Kong Mint in 186667." It is evident that, if we consider the official records, these tael pieces were not intended for circulation in Shanghai only, but for all over China as well. What was intended to convey to the minds of the public was that the tael piece weighed the equivalent of a Shanghai tael of 565.65 grains. Indeed, just underneath the garter encircling the Royal Arms we find the cyphers 982-G.566. The legend "ONE TAEL SHANGHAI," however, was wrongly inscribed, since it should have been "ONE SHANGHAI TAEL." Thus the interpretation of the entire legend is that the coin represents "One Shanghai tael in weight of a silver fineness of 982 millimes, weighing 566 grains and minted at Hong Kong in 1867."

Regarding the 2-mace piece, which so far has only been casually alluded to, only two pieces are known to be in existence. At the time this and the tael pieces were minted as trials it appears that only five 2-mace pieces were made, and when this denomination together with the tael piece without rays were immediately rejected, the Colonial Secretary retained one 2-mace piece as a memento, while the remaining four were returned to the mint to be destroyed, but there are no records available definitely to establish whether this was actually done or not. The retained piece was brought to London and subsequently offered at auction at Sotherby's. It was secured by the late J.B. Caldecott, upon whose demise the piece was went a second time under the hammer on June 12, 1912, and was sold to a British nobleman numismatist. Upon the decease of this nobleman the piece was a third time put up at auction by Sotherby, Wikinson & Hodge on March 3, 1922. It was knocked down to my agent after a spirited contest with a large London firm, which was acting for a buyer in the United States of America. It would seem, however, that one or more of the four pieces that were returned to the mint for destruction were not really melted, for in 1928 I was fortunate in obtaining a second piece.

Our table of the "Foreign Issues" show the following particulars:

K 1 Tael

Was only made in the design stage, no coin struck.

1 grain=0.0648 grams

上海錢幣:

“遠東之都”歷史上的未譜篇章（Ⅱ）

◎ 伍德華〔法國〕

政 府 通 知

以下是兩廣總督收到的來自英國駐廣州領事處收到的一份電報。電報轉達了北京外務部批准接受用香港本地銀元支付 政府稅費。現予以公佈。

輔政司茂叟（W.T. Mercer）奉命 香港輔政司辦公室 1867年5月8日

香港總督 廣東，1867年5月1日

4月23日，總督通過兵部收到了外務部的一份電報，其內容如下：

“2月25日，兵部收到閣下的信件，稱英國領事表示已在香港建立了一個造幣廠，用於鑄造新的銀元，並且（在 申請）任命官員對這種硬幣進行檢驗。閣下與海關總署署長一起為此任命了官員，由他們進行鑒定，確定（新銀元） 達到海關總署對純銀標準的九成，並且（在純度或價值上）與目前作為貨幣使用的墨西哥銀元相當，由此110兩新的 香港銀元等於關平100兩，還為此制訂了一份證明文件。因此，應允許銀元在此用於支付關稅和充當普通貨幣，以方 便商人和其他階層使用。港督與兩廣總督和海關總署署長共同在此發佈公告，向公眾進行通告。認證書、公告等的 副本已轉發，附在本函後。在收到此信後，提請兵部注意，經對上述新幣品質檢驗確認，其純度相當於九成的標準銀， 並可與目前的（墨西哥）銀元同等流通，而且在支付了適當數額的溢價後，還可用於繳納政府稅費，因此應該給予 它一定特權。同時，必須嚴格禁止偽造這種錢幣或利用這種錢幣實施（其他）欺詐行為，以使其能按現有的價值長 期使用。但是，如果此後銀幣的內在價值貶值，或者交易者不願意使用它，或者發生損害公共利益的違規行為，該 種銀元可能不會被繼續用作支付政府稅費的有效貨幣。上述各條可能會收到反對意見。兵部除了與英國公使溝通外， 還必須將此信送給閣下，並請閣下注意。隨函附上兵部給英國公使的信函副本。”

香港總督在收到上述信件後，除了需要將內容傳達給他的同事外，還必須讓領事瞭解其內容，並請他注意這些 內容。

同治VI. 3-27。

副本

傅瑞憲（簽名）

譯者： 馮德倫·馬耶斯（簽名）

總督府

香港，1867年10月22日

閣下，

我想提醒您注意我在上一封5月11日的第258A號函件16。我在該函件中轉交了11枚在這裏的造幣廠製造的樣幣。

儘管去年12月18日的函件17向我傳達了關於當時清政府批准香港銀元在中國流通的前景堪憂的看法，但我仍有希望

有一種價值和名稱被清政府認可且重量相似的銀幣，以用交易媒介。

2.我現在很想知道這些樣幣是否安全送達閣下手中，以及與普通銀元相比，清政府是否更加青睞它們。

3.根據兩廣總督收到並在年5月1日轉交給羅伯遜領事的外務部信函，我推測後者至少可以在所有開放的港口與 墨西哥銀元一樣用於支付關稅。隨信附上附上了5月11日的香港政府公告副本。

4.我現轉達造幣廠廠長金德先生的來信，介紹了他對改進後的壹兩幣及其輔幣的看法。這些看法似乎是韋德先 生向他提出的。當時金德先生即將從日本回來，我派他參加了造訪巴夏禮爵士的特別使團。

5.金德先生認為中國以重量作為交換媒介單位的做法非常粗糙且具有不確定性，因為在每次交易中，白銀的觸 感或純度會成為爭論焦點，而使用合法貨幣較之具有一定的優越性。這些都已經反復說過了，閣下和其他人肯定都 很清楚。然而，是否有可能促使中國人採用同樣的觀點，這必須由閣下作出決定。

6.然而，較之許多過分樂觀的期望和一些明顯錯誤的推斷，金德先生信函中的內容非常有趣，我有理由將其抄 送一份供您參考。我認為這可能可以用以確定，基於現實情況，金德先生提到的韋德先生關於中國人有望發行一些 鑄幣的願望要多久才能實現。

7.如果我們有理由相信，清政府可以被勸說採用通用的大清鑄幣，那麼即便他們拒絕在香港鑄造，但仍可以確 定他們是否傾向於購買這裏的造幣廠設備和機器。在這種情況下，如果英國政府決定關閉香港造幣廠，我將準備派 金德先生帶着所有必要的設備和圖紙的清單到北京，以便當場向閣下提供談判所需的任何信息。

8.然而，無論結果如何，我將非常感謝您可以考慮此事。

此致

敬啟

總督兼總司令：麥當奴（簽名）

造幣廠

香港，1867年10月19日

閣下，

我榮幸地通知你，我在離開香港期間，通過江戶的夏巴禮爵士的幫助，與日本政府財政大臣Ouri-Kod-Saks進 行了會談，並有機會與代理布政司一起訪問了日本造幣廠。

日本的銀幣鑄造設備是最粗糙的，與歐洲在伊莉莎白女王統治前使用的設備相似。關於在日本建立現代造幣廠 的問題，根據我所瞭解到的情況，日本政府目前沒有能力承擔這筆費用。據說他們從法國訂購了機器。我相信這些 機器只是一些手工壓機，以取代目前用衝床和錘子鑄造硬幣的方式。

我瞭解到，日本擬在短期內發行一種新錢幣，由於日本（財政）大臣承認，在不包括官員工資的情況下，鑄幣 成本為 3.25%至3.5 %，因此最好通過英國大臣確定，日本政府讓香港造幣廠以商定的鑄幣稅率鑄造新硬幣的意願。

這個稅率可以是2%，但這只是隨口一提。與其花費必要的費用按照歐洲的制度建立造幣廠，不如促使日本政府雇用 香港造幣廠來生產大部分的硬幣，就像各國政府會雇用法國皇家造幣廠和伯明翰私人造幣廠鑄造硬幣一樣，這也不 是不可能的事情。

我給部長留下了一套完整的香港銀幣的樣幣。

在造訪上海期間，我有幸見到了中國駐北京公使銜秘書韋德先生。我首先詢問了他關於中國貨幣體系變化的前 景，其次是瞭解最能滿足中國貿易需求的貨幣是怎樣的，第三是就最適合這種硬幣的設計尋求其意見。

關於第一點，他認為中國貨幣體系不僅是有望發生變化，更是必須進行改變，中國應該毫不拖延地採用一些更 明確的貨幣制度。貿易業務的改變、關稅的支付，以及與中國人的交往，都需要一些比目前在各港口使用的貨幣制 度更為可信的制度。

韋德提到，特別是對外國居民和中國人自己來說，在價值低於壹兩或壹元的交易中，沒有銀幣會造成嚴重的損 失和不便。這些人同樣意識到引入銀幣的好處。

關於第二個問題，韋德先生認為，任何地方性的壹兩銀幣，如上海壹兩銀幣，在操作上都會受到太多限制，所 採用的錢幣應該是關平壹兩，並配以五錢、貳錢、壹錢和五分輔幣，其設計和標準可能會得到清政府的批准和認可。

輔幣的成色標準應當與香港輔幣相當，即80%，以便讓中國政府在引進這些錢幣時獲得利潤，並償還香港政府的鑄 幣費用。

關於第三個問題，韋德先生（在詢問了一些中國官員之後）建議進行如下設計：

壹兩銀幣的正面

（其設計大致粗略地類似於圖中的K型）

銘文

“中華通寶”，中間的數字是硬幣的面額，即“壹兩”。輔幣的設計除中心表示面額的數字外與其相似，輔幣面 額劃分如下：

5 Mace 五錢

2 Mace 二錢

1 Mace 一錢

5 Kandreens 五分

壹兩銀幣的反面

（其設計大致粗略地類似於圖中的K型）

銘文是“同治年造”。幣上有2條和中國金幣上一樣的小龍。

所有硬幣的邊緣都要有齒邊，因為這是檢驗贗品的最佳方法。

韋德先生建議向香港總督下、北京公使阿禮國爵士提出申請，使其將該文件的副本交給北京的大清海關專員赫 德爵士，並請他進行斡旋，以便與中國當局達成預期的結果，即：

“請清政府提供一塊蓋有印章的金屬片，其真實重量為壹兩。該重量將被所有條約港口接受為標準銀兩，其純 度由中國當局確定，例如純度可為98%。”

然後，應遵循擬鑄硬幣的細節和設計鑄造，並請求中國政府授權所有大清海關接受這種擬鑄的硬幣。清政府或 可建議任何其他設計，這樣在香港造幣廠鑄造的每一枚硬幣將作為法定貨幣，而非僅僅是按銀的重量計價。香港政 府保證每枚硬幣的重量和純度都符合標準（通常法律允許的重量和純度誤差在2‰）。

此外還應申請發行權，並讓中國人授權接受十進位輔幣，用於支付金額不超過五兩甚至十兩的交易，輔幣包括 前述的五錢、貳錢、壹錢和五分，每種硬幣的重量如下： 五錢的重量為壹兩的一半； 貳錢為壹兩的五分之一； 壹錢為壹兩的十分之一； 五分為壹兩的二十分之一。

如果中國政府要求鑄造新銀幣供其使用，我建議將鑄幣稅定為2%，硬幣應交付給廣州或上海的海關專員。但我 認為，清政府有必要承擔這筆費用，因為外國商人肯定會發現從香港採購這種硬幣對他們有利。如果這種硬幣可以 流通的話，他們便可以通過使用這種明確且公認的硬幣節省更多的成本，因為使用目前的銀元付款時所採用的制度 具有不確定性且各有不同，不僅要扣除足夠比例的費用以將其兌換成以關平為單位的銀兩重量（這一過程的成本與 鑄幣一樣高），而且還要通過一些藉口向商人收取相當大的保證金。對香港造幣廠和中國政府來說，這樣做還有另一

個巨大的好處就是可以引入銀質輔幣。輔幣的使用範圍無法猜測，但韋德先生認為，一旦人們瞭解了使用輔幣的好處， 對輔幣的需求將是巨大的。

假設壹兩錢幣的標準純度是98%，輔幣的標準純度是80%，並分配部分利潤給香港政府，例如9%，並允許其 向中國政府收取9%的傭金用來鑄造這種硬幣，香港政府便會發現他們在這個過程中有利可圖，因為他們希望清政 府的國庫能增加足夠的可用資金，以確保中國當局能夠提供積極協助。

為了說明條約港口非常需要小額輔幣，我想舉一個例子，那就是不僅是法郎，還有香港的貳角銀幣，都可以在 上海進行自由兌換。

韋德先生認為，如果我可以親自前往北京，這可能會加快事情的進展，但在沒有得到任何授權進行談判或獲得 差旅費的情況下，我不能採取這種做法。我贊同這一觀點，與其因為往來通信而拖延進度，不如親自面談。

我們也許可以採取一些措施，向中國政府展示聘請造幣廠鑄造中國輔幣所能帶來的好處，並如果我們決定關閉 香港工廠，也可以促使他們購買該廠。

在英政府就這一問題作出任何決定之前，我建議總督閣下可以將韋德先生的意見以及他這封信中提到的他所贊 同的其他意見一併轉達給轉交給阿禮國爵士閣下，供他考慮。

此致

謹啟

造幣廠廠長：金德（簽名）

以上是現有的記錄。我們可以注意到，函件中沒有提到為什 麼中國政府沒有接受其設計亦或是試鑄幣。事實是，信中提 議鑄造的貨幣從未實際鑄造，而上文提到的那位受雇於香港 造幣廠的先生所提出的理由是可信的。

官方信函中的金德先生（F.W. Kinder）是造幣廠廠長，根 據信件可知他曾因造幣事務而前往日本。事實上，香港造 幣廠在1870年賣給了日本政府，但《神戶紀事報》（Kobe Chronicle Jubilee Number）中提到，日本政府於1871 年2月16日為大阪造幣廠聘請了一位金德少校（P.M. Kinder）。

從本文後面的表格中可知，儘管最初打算製造五錢、貳錢、 壹錢以及五分輔幣，但實際只製造了貳錢輔幣的試鑄幣。

以上就是關於為何要鑄造這些試鑄幣的記錄。但有一個細 節，作家和錢幣學家至今都對其有所誤解。由於這些錢幣上 刻有“上海”字樣，人們普遍認為這些錢幣是為在上海使用 而製造的，這一合理而普遍的結論被認為是最終定論。但 上文通信明確提到，“在1866-67年，香港鑄幣廠曾為上海 製造過一枚錢幣。”18如果我們查看官方記錄，那便可以明確 地知道，這些壹兩錢幣並不是只打算在上海流通，而是要 在全中國流通。當時告知公眾的是，這種壹兩銀幣的重量

相當於關平565.65格令。事實上，就在環繞皇家盾徽的圖 案下面，我們發現了底部刻着“982 566格令”。然而，銘文 “ONE TAEL SHANGHAI”有誤，因為它本應該是“ONE SHANGHAI TAEL”。因此，對幣上銘文的完整的意思是 “1867年在香港鑄造的上海壹兩銀幣，純度為98.2%，重 566格令。”

至於到目前為止只是略有提及的貳錢銀幣，目前只知道僅有 兩枚存在。在貳角和壹兩銀幣試鑄時，似乎只製造了五枚貳 錢銀幣。在貳角銀幣和兩種壹兩銀幣（有射線版和無射線 版）被拒絕時，政輔司保留了一枚貳錢作為紀念，而其餘四 枚則被送回造幣廠銷毀，但沒有記錄可以確定是否真的銷毀 了。保留下來的那枚被帶到了倫敦，隨後在蘇富比拍賣行進 行了拍賣，被已故的卡德克特得標。在他去世後，該錢幣 於1912年6月12日再次上拍，買到該幣的藏家是一位英國貴 族。這位貴族去世後，該錢幣第三次被“蘇富比，威爾金 森及霍奇拍賣”於1922年3月3日拍賣。我的代理人與一家 倫敦的大公司進行了激烈競爭，並買到了這枚幣，而那家公 司則是一位美國買家的代理。然而，在被退回鑄幣廠銷毀的 四枚幣中，似乎有一枚或更多枚並沒有真正被熔化。因為在 1928年，我有幸買到了第二枚貳錢銀幣。

“外國發行銀幣”詳情如下表：

尺寸（毫米） 純度 鑄造年份 齒邊

（1格令=0.0648克）

注釋： 16 17 貝雷斯福德小姐在倫敦的檔案中未找到這些信件。 18 羅斯。同上。

Patriotic Overseas Chinese Leader Situ Mei-Tang and the "Outstanding Service" Gold Medal

◎ Chinan Fan / William Wei-Yu Ho〔USA〕

The end of the Qing dynasty was a period of hardship for all the Chinese. The Taiping Rebellion and the two Opium Wars led to people's livelihood being in dire straits, especially in the southern coaster regions of China. In order to find better lives, many young people choose to leave their home. The stories of Asan and Lin Xian (ref. JEAN 15 and 18) described in our previous articles also happened in this era. Young people leave their hometowns to seek for human dignity and a better life and more than often they choose to return home only after they become successful and famous.

In this article, we will tell the story of a famous person, his success and his early years in Boston.

This famous painting by Dong Xiwen has been modified multiple times due to political and historic reasons. In the movie version, there are scenes of Situ standing next to Chairman Mao, but there is controversy over the accuracy. However, it cannot be denied that Situ did meet with Chairman Mao and Premier Zhou after he became a member of the CPPCC National Committee in September 1949 as photos exist of this meeting. It is said that when Chairman Mao saw the elderly Situ, Mao asked Situ to be seated on Mao's own sofa. The bronze statue at the Situ Meitang Memorial Hall in Zhongshan was based on this scene.

Situ Meitang ( 司徒美堂 , April 3, 1868 to May 6, 1955), whose given name was Xianyi, also name Jizan, was born in a poor peasant family in Chikan, Kaiping County, Guangdong Province. He lost his father and raised by his mother. She borrowed 50 silver dollars and sent him to San Francisco when he was at a tender age of 12.

He attended a private school at home for a short period of time, served as an apprentice and worked as a handyman. Like many local people, he learned some local martial arts as a child. It was said that at the age of 12, he was able to protect himself and avoid being bullied by others.

According to records, he worked as a kitchen worker in a cafeteria named "Hui Xian Lou" in San Francisco in March 1882

Fig. 2-1 Situ Meitang

This is a photo often used by Mr. Situ Meitang. It was taken around 1935. The other photo was also taken around the same time with his family. The photographer was Mr. Li Zhen-Chi.

Fig. 2-2 Family photo

Fig. 1 Founding Ceremony

3-1 This is the famous postcard picture of Harrison Avenue from 1907 to 1915 after the remodeling done in 1894

The postcard shows people on the street still wearing traditional Chinese clothes of that time. There are horse carriages and small carts on the side of the streets. One can imagine that Mr. Situ was pushing one of these street carts to sell merchandise and collect information. (*)

Fig. 3-2 Boston's Chinatown: Past and Present

The poster collected by the author is an illustration of the past and present (1900, 1928, and 2015) of the Harrison Avenue in Boston Chinatown. The poster was illustrated by Thomas Wang (王子中) in 2015.

and joined the "Hong Men Zhi Gong Tang" （ 洪門致公堂） in San Francisco in1855. It was a common practice for many overseas Chinese to join a group like this in order to work, to make a living and to protect their own interest. The Hong Meng organization began in China under the banner of anti-Qing and restoration of the Ming dynasty. Zhi Gong Tang is a business oriented civil society that mainly protects each other based on the principle of solidarity and mutual assistance.

In 1886, he was 19. He punched a diner who refused to pay to death accidentally while working in a cafeteria. He relied on a lawyer from Zhi Gong Tang in court to avoid the death penalty and was sentenced to 10 months in prison.

After that, it was not easy for him to find a job in any restaurant, so he had to do odd jobs here and there. In 1894, when he was 26 years old, he hid name and his criminal records and boarded a U.S. military escort ship to work as a cook. He traveled to Boston as well as in countries such as South America and Europe. He and other sailors established the "An Liang Tang" ( 安良堂 ) in Boston with the banner of eradicating violence and restoring peace for China town. It did not take long, with the development of railways, the organization spread to many cities in the United States and in Canada. At the time, there were at least twenty thousand members, spreading across 31 cities.

In 1898, he and his sailor friends left their jobs on the ship and returned to Boston to lead An Liang Tang officially. By this time, he was 30. He pushed a street cart selling goods while collecting intelligence. In people's eyes, he was no different from gangsters. Boston Chinatown at this time was very small and had only a few streets. Even today, we can still see the scale at that time. Maybe this is the reason that gave him the opportunity to develop and become the leader of the group in the United States.

In the autumn of 1904, when Situ was 34 years old, he met Dr. Sun Yat Sen, the funding father of the Republic of China, through Mr. Huang San De, the leader of Zhi Gong Tang in San Francisco. This became a turning point in Mr. Situ's life.

Dr. Sun Yat Sen founded the Xing Zhong Society ( 興 中 會 ) in Honolulu in 1894, when he was 29. At that time, Honolulu was part of the Kingdom of Hawaii. In order to collect the funds for the Chinese revolution, he knew it was necessary for him to go to the American continent. Through his brother Sun Mei and his Uncle, he joined the Hong Men, Zhi Gong Tang in Honolulu and obtained a status of "Hong Gun" ( 紅棍 ). Unfortunately, he exposed his identity on the ship to America and was imprisoned in Angel Island. He finally landed in San Francisco after relying on his wit and the help of some Chinese Christian. He

Fig.

raised around four thousand dollars as the beginning for the revolutionary fund. After knowing Mr. Situ and the leader of Zhi Gong Tang in San Francisco, he changed the old banner to the "Revival of China", "Founding of the Republic", and "Equal Land Rights". The party was no longer an underground organization. Two days after Sun and Situ met, they boarded the train to Boston and visited more than thirty halls of the Zhi Gong Tang along the railways. It is worth mentioning that many of the people participating here were all from a small area near the southwest of Guangzhou on the west bank of Pearl River. This area also became one of the largest hometown regions of overseas Chinese.

In Boston, Dr. Sun Yat-sen stayed in a hotel for only a few days. Most of the time he lived in Situ's home or stayed in the Zhi Gong Tang. Situ not only took care of his daily life, but also served as his bodyguard. During these months, Dr. Sun Yat Sen penetrated into Chinese society and set a foundation for the revolution. Mr. Situ Meitang also changed from an illiterate person into a hardcore member for the revolutionary cause. During these months, Situ Meitang changed An Liang Tang into a legal organization.

In 1905, Dr. Sun Yat-sen left Boston. Situ left immediately after him. He went to New York City to establish his An Liang Tang, setting up the main hall and calling himself the leader of the organization. People called him "Big Boss" ( 大佬 ), and some respectfully call him "Uncle Wu" ( 五叔 ). By this time, he was

35. At the same time, he hired Franklin Delano Roosevelt, who had just graduated from Harvard, as his legal consultant.

In 1910, Dr. Sun Yat-sen was invited to New York City to promote the revolution. He was still living in Situ's home. At this time, most overseas Chinese had a good understanding of Dr. Sun Yat sen's revolutionary organization. In addition, the increasingly corrupt Qing government in the country made most Chinese sympathetic to the organization in the United States. They hoped that a new democratic government could be established in the country. Dr. Sun Yat-sen's "Tong Meng Hui'' ( 同 盟會 ) was established at the meantime. All the Tong Meng Hui members joined Zhi Gong Tang, and established a deposit organization "Hong Men Reserve Bureau" in Zhi Gong Tang in New York. More than 300,000 US dollars were raised in less than a month after June 1911. The enthusiasm of overseas Chinese for revolution was a force that cannot be ignored No wonder that Dr. Sun Yat-sen said that overseas Chinese were the mother of revolution.

It was probably true that most of the expenses for the success of the Wuchang Revolution (October 10,1911) were prepared for them by the Hong Men An Liang Tang and Mr. Situ played an indispensable role in this. After the failure of the Huang Hua Guang Uprising in Guangzhou in April 1911, the Alliance needed money urgently. Mr. Situ sold many buildings from Vancouver to Victoria Island in Canada in a very short time. These contributed to the success of the "Wuchang Uprising".

Fig. 4 This is a map of Pearl River Estuary

Guangzhou

Nanshazhou

Kaiping

At that time, An Liang Tang was not the only "Tang'' or "Hui" ( 堂 or 會 ; unethical Chinese underground gang) in the United States. Many domestic organizations also had branches in the US. There were endless disputes between them in the early 20th century. Many Chinese other than the Chinese in ChinaTown in the United States were not willing to have anything to do with them. Although An Liang Tang was considered as a legal organization, Situ did not stop fundraising after the success of the Wuchang revolution. They successively raised a total amount of more than 14 million US dollars for the country until the end of World War II.

"Hong Men Zhi Gong Tang'' changed to "China Hong Men Zhi Gong Tang"in 1945 and Situ Meitang was elected as the chairman of the national headquarters. He returned to Shanghai to lead the establishment of "China Hong Men Democratic Party '' in April 1946 after World War II The party was formally established on September 1, 1946. He returned to the United States and published statements in major newspapers and magazines supporting the establishment of a new government by the Communist Party of China in 1948. On September 17, 1949, he returned to China to attend the second meeting of the Chinese People's Political Preparatory Conference. On September 30, 1949 he was elected as a member of the Central People's Government Committee of the People's Republic of China when he was 83 years old.

In the United States, Franklin Delano Roosevelt (FDR) served as the 32nd President of the United States from 1933 to 1945. He brought the United States out of the Great Depression (beginning in 1929) and through World War II. Unfortunately, he passed away without seeing victory at the end of World War II.

The Roosevelt family immigrated to the United States from the Netherlands in the early 17th century. Roosevelt means rose field in Deutsch. The family made their fortunes from owning the land of Manhattan in the early years. which was later divided into two parts, Hyde Park and Oyster Bay. FDR grew up in Hyde Park. His mother was also born into the wealthy Delano family. Pictured here is a tea set made by Tiffany. One can imagine the many glorious times of a bygone era. However, this family was far less politically powerful than those on the other side from Oyster Bay, which included the 26th US President Theodore Roosevelt. FDR later married his distant cousin Eleanor of

Fig. 5 FDR family silver

The silver tea set was once used by the Roosevelt Family. It was manufactured by Tiffany in the late 19th century. When the author purchased the set, there was a deep black smoke mark under the hot water tea kettle.

The tea set was designed by Edward C. Moore and is called the Repousse pattern. The entire design is full of patterns from the inside to the outside. The leaf and flower designs are full of a youthful atmosphere. It was from 1875 to 1891. Manufacturing costs about five hundred US dollars (gold was about $45 a troy ounce at that time). Tiffany also became a world-class company because of him, and he also became the president of Tiffany. Today, most of his works can be seen in the Metropolitan Museum of Art in NYC.

Fig. 6 Silver Coffee Set

This set of coffee silverware was designed and manufactured by Shreve & Co. in Boston in the early 20th century for the AD Club (Alpha Delta Phi Club, or referred to as A.D.C.) of Harvard. The design features a bison, based on ancient Greek mythology, and can still be seen on architecture throughout Cambridge today. It was designed for the inauguration of Roosevelt's fourth term (1936).

A.D. Club is a very ancient group that started in the Greek era. It is a symbol of wisdom. FDR was also a member of the club when he was at Harvard. Many celebrities in the United States also belong to this club.

Black coffee silverware is a coffee component designed for a single person. It is usually used at breakfast. It has nothing to do with the silverware for afternoon tea.

The oil painting (19''x15'') by Gail Phillips collected by the author named "Starling of the White House" was made for the book written by Starling. Colonel Edmund Starling was the secret service man for five US presidents from Woodrow Wilson to Roosevelt. The book was selected as the number one choice for the American Book Club of 1946. In the picture, one can see president Roosevelt, Joe Kennedy Sr. and Edmund Starling.

Boston is an old city in the US with a strong academic atmosphere. More than three hundred colleges are in the city or in the nearby area. Harvard University was founded here in Cambridge in 1636. In 1624, the British Puritans boarded the Mayflower and landed at the Plymouth port. The Boston Tea Party took place in1773. Three British ships (Eleanor, Dartmouth and Beaver) of the East India Company carrying 92 thousand tons of tea were destroyed and thrown into the harbor. The implication and impact were enormous. The event led to the spark of American Independence on April 19, 1775. Walking the streets of Boston today, one can still feel the city's history and culture.

At the end of the 19th century and the beginning of the 20th century, most of the immigrants in Boston came from Europe. There were few Chinese here with the exception of a few international students. The beginning of ChinaTown came after a group of Chinese workers came to Boston by railway. The first group of Chinese people came to Boston following the workers' strike in a shoe factory. The employer hired 75 Chinese from San Francisco and sent them by railway to Boston.

Oyster Bay and gained some political power and joined the two families He joined the Democratic Party and began his political career. Unfortunately, he contracted polio at the age of 39. With his strong will, he was elected as president and served for a total period of 12 years, unique in United States History.

As an only son, FDR was pampered since childhood. After entering Harvard, he joined the A.D. Club (Alpha Delta Phi fraternity club founded in 1836) and went to law school at Columbia University in New York. Without graduating from the law school, he opened a law firm immediately after he passed the lawyer's exam. He was young and did not have much business.

Mr. Situ Meitang hired him as the lawyer for An Liang Tang. FDR served him until becoming the U.S. President. He helped An Liang Tang register as a legal institution.

The An Liang Tang managed by Situ Meitang was lucky to have Roosevelt as a lawyer, as he was able to maintain the An Liang Tang as a legal organization rather than an unethical underground gang like some others in the late 19th and early 20th centuries in Chinatown. The U.S. passed legislation at this time treating Chinese immigrants unfairly, and chaotic gang disputes were one of the reasons.

Boston's ChinaTown is different from ChinaTowns in San Francisco and New York City. It has a small population and has not changed much over the years. However, it contains a rich history. Many precious documents are still preserved in the old ChinaTown for viewing. From the historical background, we can also see why in the 1900s, Mr. Situ Meitang chose to bring the founding father Dr. Sun Yat-sen here. When Situ first arrived here, he was just pushing a street vendor's cart, while collecting intelligence, but he grew stronger gradually and became the leader of the organization. He then showed up and marched to New York, where he collected fees and donations to contribute to the revolutionary cause. With his courage and vision, he transformed the old anti-Qing and restoration of the Ming dynasty organization into a legal commercial organization in the United States. In the picture, we can see the advertisement of An Liang Tang he founded in the 1930s. The real roots of his career are in Boston, although later he became the head of dozens of An Liang Tangs in the United States as well as Canada.

What this article introduces is a gold medal, made by the only gold shop in Boston's Chinatown in the 1930s. It was later purchased at a medal auction in the United States for five times

Fig. 7 An oil painting

Fig. 8 The earliest tea merchant from Boston arrived in Whampoa Island, Pazhou (today's Hong Kong)

This is a picture of the Forbes Family loading the ships in Guangdong in the 1850s. the Forbes Family is still famous in both politics and business in the US today. At that time, their business was buying and selling tea. Tea was expensive and was a necessity in the upper class then. (*)

Fig. 10 A list of some legal organizations in Boston in the 1930s.

This is an advertisement in a Chinese newspaper in the 1930s.

It is interesting that they put the Zhi Gong Tang and An Liang Tang as two separate organizations. It is possible for the purposes of fundraising and taxation. (*)

Fig. 11 "Outstanding Service" Medal

9 The Sampson shoe factory

These were the Chinese workers who worked at the Simpson Shoe Factory in Boston (North Adams Street) in 1870. There were 75 workers moved from San Francisco. This group of people became the core figures of Boston Chinatown. (*)

the price of gold; it was sold by the Situ family. The medal has the words "Outstanding Service" ( 勳勞卓著 ) as well as an 8-sided flower pattern. It is 48 mini meters in diameter and 25.65 gm in weight. On it are the words "Gift from the An Liang Chamber of Commerce of Bi Cheng in the year of Yihai" and "Chairman Meitang". The engraving was done by chiseled method and is good enough to see the strokes and brushwork of the Chinese characters. The year of Yihai is 1935. On the reverse side of the medal, there are the words "Zhengchang" and "Pure Gold", and the code name of the company may be the code name of the Guangdong gold shop. On the reverse side, there

The medal was made in 1935 in "Bi City" (Boston). The pure gold medal in eight-petal shape is 48 mm in diameter and 25.65 g in weight. The Chinese characters on the medal are made by chisel and the reverse has a tromboned hook.

Fig.

is a perfect set of hooks. This was considered as a relatively advanced method (tromboned hook) at the time, and it was also fit to the general requirement for the production of medals.

This medal was made and given in the 1930s. a turbulent time. The United States entered the economic depression after the stock market crashed in 1929, the rise of the Hitler in Germany in 1933 led to fascist chaos in Europe, the Japanese invaded Northeast China on September 18, 1931 (the 918 incident) resulting in the later "Lushan General Mobilization" and the launching of the Anti-Japanese War in 1937. Mr. Situ was not a military reservist, he was neither born as a prominent member of the government, nor did he have a prominent family background. This medal became his personal favorite, and he wore it on many occasions. As shown in his pictures, his style of wearing it was unique and different from the normal way of wearing a medal.

We can find a lot of information on this medal. for example, Boston was translated as "Bi City" ( 必 城 ）, and is believed to be a translation from Cantonese at that time. During World War II, Mr. Situ served as the leader of the Chamber of Commerce and supported domestic anti-Japanese organizations. The association has donated nearly 14 million US dollars in various forms. On average, each overseas Chinese donated nearly 1,000 US dollars. At that time, the gold price was 50 US dollar per Troy ounce of gold (31.1 gm), which was equivalent to 20 Troy ounces of gold. It was quite a large amount during a period of

12 Parade in Boston

This is a photo of women in Boston in 1940 collecting donations for the anti-Japanese war. It was said in addition to money, they also threw in their gold jewelry. The effort of the overseas Chinese for the motherland was obvious to all. (*)

recession. Unfortunately, because of the gang problem, Mr. Situ was never accepted by the then central government leader Chiang Kai-shek. After World War II, Mr. Situ retired to Hong Kong and continued to carry out activities in the name of Zhi Gong Tang. Later, he was awarded and recognized by Mao Zedong and Zhou Enlai, he became a member of the Central People's Government and a guest of honor at the founding ceremony. He was 83 years old then. He died at an old age of 87 on May 8, 1955. In 1986, the Situ Meitang Memorial Hall was built in his hometown of Kaiping.

Looking at his life, Mr. Situ might be considered a hero. History will determine whether he truly was a hero or a gang leader. His story reflects the fate of most Chinese people in the late Qing dynasty. They grew up and strived to the top amid internal and external difficulties. Just like the old saying, "No cross, no crown."

It is undeniable that Mr. Situ was able to win a place for himself in history. He was born to a poor family and had a terrible time in the country. He did not have the opportunity to receive a good education, but he was lucky,however, to meet Mr. Sun Yat-sen and President Roosevelt, and chose Boston to begin his career. As Premier Zhou Enlai said his life confirmed the aspirations of all overseas Chinese after the Opium War to work together for the Chinese nation.

13 The Situ Meitang Memorial Hall in his hometown

This is the statue of Mr. Situ Meitang located in front of his memorial museum in Kaiping, Guangdong. It was said that the Chairman Mao specially ordered to send his chair for the elderly Mr. Situ.

Fig.

Fig.

When summarizing these articles, let us look back at the connection between the Pearl River Estuary, Hong Kong, Guangdong and Macau in today's Lingding Ocean, Shenzhen's technology and nearby manufacturing industry, plus the thousand-year-old ancient capital of Dongguan and Nanshazhou's parallel large and small docks, and more unspeakable plans and achievements. In today's view of the Belt and Road Initiative and even in a very sluggish world economic environment, we can still see the unlimited future development in this area.

This is the hope and pride of Chinese people and the millions of overseas Chinese who have come from this area. This is definitely not what the people of the Pearl River Estuary could

have imagined or expected during the Opium War time, which happened more than a hundred years ago.

Recalling Lin Zexu's burned the opium in Human, Dongguan Beach in 1842, and the tragic story of the Huanghuagang Uprising in 1911, these are all told that the Chinese have developed the spirit and built the courage to move forward for eternal survival which has supported by the long history and the great culture that we all should be proud of.

* From "Images of American Chinese in Boston, 1870-1965" by Wing-Kai To and the Chinese Historical Society of New England.

Postscript

We want to show appreciation to Thomas Wang ( 王子中 ) and Joseph Wang ( 王毓希 ), father and son, who provided a lot of information and pictures about Boston. Tom is an architect who once taught at Haward and participated in the construction and design of Dalian Port and Sanya, Hainan. The Boston poster used in this article is hand-drawn by Tom. Joseph is a lawyer and the president of the Chinatown Historical and Cultural Association. I believe that with their joint efforts, they can uncover more wonderful stories of the struggle and success of the Chinese immigrants.

Reference:

1 "On Leong Tang" (On Leong Tang), also known as "On Leong Chinese Merchants Association" was established in New York in November 1893. When it was first established, it was a subsidiary of "Hong Men Zhi Gong Tang". A group that mainly aims to control the business in Chinatown. Later, this group's "Ghost Gang" combo was very obvious. At that time, they had many fierce battles with the "Xie Sheng Guild". Currently, there are still more than 20 branches with more than 30,000 registered members.

2 "Ghost Gang" can refer to "Ghost's Historical Information" by Denny Lee.

3 You can refer to the book "Organized Crime in Chinatown", which records racial racketeering activities in New York's Chinatown from 1890 to 1910 (by Jeffrey Scott, McFarland Co.)

愛國僑領司徒美堂與“勳勞卓著”金質勳章

◎ 范治南 / 何緯渝〔美國〕

滿清末年，那是一段國破家亡，民生疾苦，飽經風霜的時代。

中國南方沿海一帶，在經歷了太平天國運動後，又接連的受 到外族列強的入侵。兩次鴉片戰爭導致民不聊生。很多年輕 人為了求取較好的生活，選擇遠走他鄉。我們先前的文章， 如阿三（《東亞泉志》第15期《珍妮特號極地遠征記》） 和林先的故事（《東亞泉志》第18期《澳門文件》），也 都是發生在這個大時代中。年輕人離鄉背井，只為求得為人 的尊嚴和較好的生活。往往在他們功成名就之後，仍然能夠 不忘落葉歸根的思想。而把心思和財力貢獻給國家和民族的 想法，正如那屹立的高山，流淌的大河生生不息的永遠留在 每一個中華兒女的心中。

這篇文章中，我們將講述一個在1949年新中國成立時就已 出名的大人物和他早年在波士頓發跡的故事。

圖 1 開國大典

這幅由董希文所畫的名畫，因為政治和歷史的原因，修改多 次。在電影中，就有司徒先生站在毛主席邊上的畫面，但是 今天仍有爭議。但無論如何否認，司徒先生在參選上（1949 年 9 月）政協委員後 ，他確實有多次和毛主席、周總理會 面的照片。據說當時毛主席見到年邁的司徒先生就把他自己 的一把老沙發搬出來給他坐。後來在中山市司徒紀念館上的 銅像就是依此而作。

少年時，曾在家鄉入讀私塾數年。他做過學徒，也打過雜工。 像很多當地的人一樣，他從小學會了一些當地的武功棍棒之 術。據說在12歲那年，他已經能夠不受他人欺負。

根據記錄，他在1882年3月，在三藩市的仙會樓當廚工。

1885年，他又加入三藩市的洪門致公堂。當時很多以打工 為生的華僑群眾，為了保護自身的利益，多加入這個組織。

洪門始於國內，以反清複明為旗號，致公堂是以經商為主的 民間社團，主要以團結互助為原則，互相保護，得以生存。

1886年，他19歲的時候，在食堂打工時，一拳打死了一名 不肯付錢的食客，靠了致公堂的律師，方免死刑，最終被判 了10個月的刑期。

這之後，他就不易在飯館中找到工作，只好到處打些零工。 1894年，這一年他26歲。他隱藏自己的姓名，和他曾經犯 罪的記錄，登上了美軍的護航艦上去做廚工。到過南美洲和 歐洲等國家。他也到了波士頓。他和其他的海員朋友在波士 頓成立安良堂 ，以除暴安良為旗號。很快，這個組織在美 國東部地區，隨着鐵路的延伸發展到很多城市，也包括加拿

圖 2-1 司徒美堂 這是司徒美堂先生時 常使用的一張照片， 大約是在 1935 年的 時候拍攝的。另外一 張是和家人在同一時 期拍攝的，由李振崎 拍攝。

圖 2-2 家族照片 司徒美堂（1868年4月3日-1955年5月6日）原名羨意， 字基贊，出生於廣東省開平縣赤坎的一個貧苦的農家，6歲 喪父，靠母親撫養。12歲那年由母親向親友借得50元龍洋， 搭船隨着家中的長輩到了美國的三藩市。

圖 3-2 波士頓中國城的今昔 圖 3-1 這是哈裏森大街在 1894 年街道加寬以後的一張有名的明信片， 它記錄了在 1907 年到 1915 年的街景

明信片上可以看出當時街上的人們仍然是穿着傳統的中國服飾，在街 邊也有叫賣的推車和馬車，可以想見當年司徒先生在街旁叫賣的情景。 （*）

大的一些城市。當時的成員至少有兩萬人，遍及31個城市。

1898年，他和這幾個海員朋友，一起離開了船上的工作， 回到波士頓，正式領導安良堂。這一年他30歲。他在街上 推着小車叫賣，同時收集情報。實際上，在人們眼中，他和 流氓地痞沒有什麼大的區別。這個時候的中國城很小，只有 大約幾條街。我們仍然可以看出當時的規模。但是這也許正 是如此，反而給了他發展的機會。

1904年秋天，這一年司徒34歲，在三藩市致公堂盟主黃三 德的引薦下，會見了孫中山先生。這也成為司徒先生生命中 的轉捩點。

孫中山先生，在1894年成立興中會於檀香山。當時先生29 歲，檀香山仍屬夏威夷王國。他為了籌備革命基金，必須前 往華僑人數眾多的美國大陸活動，方有希望。他借着兄長孫 眉和他的舅父，參加了檀香山的洪門致公堂，而且得到了“洪 棍”的地位，中山先生在前往美洲的輪船上，不幸暴露了身 份，因而被關在天使島。但是靠着他的機智，和基督教會中 華人之助，他終於順利的上岸。首先，他募集到4000美元， 成立基金。在結識司徒先生後，孫中山先生就和他把致公堂 重新改組，把“反清複明”改為“恢復中華”，“創立民國”， “平均地權”等適應時代的革命組織，不再以江湖地下組織 出現，二人結識兩天之後就坐上了東行的火車，沿着鐵路走 訪了30多個堂會，孫中山先生的革命事業方能全面展開。

這張作者收藏的海報（18'' x23''）是由曾任哈佛講 師的王子中（Thomas Wang）所繪製的波士頓中 國城中哈裏斯大街（Harris Avenue）的今昔（1900 年，1928 年和 2010 年）。

Guangzhou

虎门镇 南沙洲 Dongguan Humen

Nanshazhou

Zhongshan

Macau Hong Kong

圖 4 這是一張珠江口三角洲的地圖

在這裏值得一提的是，這些先後參與的人士，都是由珠江西 岸，廣州市西南，不太大的一塊土地上來的。後來，這兒就 成為中國最大的僑鄉。

在波士頓的數月中，除了開始幾天，孫中山住在旅社外，多 數的時間，他是住在司徒的家中，或者留宿致公堂中。司徒 不僅照顧他的飲食，也做他的保鏢。在這數月間，中山先生 他深入華人社會，並且為革命事業奠定了基礎。司徒美堂也 由一個識字不多的江湖人士，變成了一個一心為革命事業努 力的中堅分子。

在這幾個月中，司徒美堂把安良堂改組成合法的組織。

Kaiping

1905年，孫中山先生離開了波士頓。隨後，司徒也離開了 波士頓。這時候，他為了開展他的安良堂，到了大都會紐約。 所以他就在紐約成立總堂，自任總理堂長。當時的人以“大 佬”稱之，有時候有些人也尊稱他為“五叔”。這一年他35歲。 同時他聘用了剛從哈佛畢業的羅斯福為法律顧問。

1910年，再邀孫中山先生前往紐約宣傳革命。他仍舊居住 在司徒家中。這時候，大多數的華人對孫中山先生的革命組 織已經有了相當的瞭解。加上國內日漸腐敗的清政府，使得 在美國的華人，多半都希望國內能成立新的民主政府。當時 孫中山先生的同盟會已經成立。在司徒和孫中山先生的共識 下，不但所有同盟會的會員都加入了致公堂。而且在紐約的 致公堂也成立了存款組織“洪門儲蓄局”。這時是1911年 6月。之後不到一個月的時間內，籌得了30多萬美元。當 時華僑對革命的熱情是一股不可忽視的力量，所以孫中山先 生說華僑是革命之母。

1911年4月，廣州黃花崗起義失敗後，同盟會急需經費。 司徒先生把加拿大到溫哥華的多處大樓迅速典押，加上各地 的籌措，籌集到的經費有力支持了武昌起義的成功。但是 在美國的堂會並非只有安良堂。許多國內的組織在美也有分 會。堂會之爭可以說層出不窮。20世紀初，在美國的許多 華人，如非必要，很不願意參加堂會。雖然安良堂算得上一 個合法的組織，司徒領導的致公堂並沒有因為武昌起義的成 功而停止籌款，他們前前後後為北伐和二戰期間捐款的總額 在記錄上有1400多萬美元。

1945年初，“洪門致公堂”改成“中國洪門致公堂”。司 徒美堂被選為全美總部的主席。抗日戰爭結束後，1946年 4月回到上海，組建“中國洪門民治黨”。9月1日正式成立。

1948年，他回到美國，在各大報刊發表擁護中國共產黨成 立新政府的聲明。1949年9月17日，他回到中國，參加中 國人民政治協商籌備會第二次會議。9月30日，他當選為 中華人民共和國中央人民政府委員會委員，當時他83歲。

在美國，人們對第32任總統羅斯福（Franklin Delano Roosevelt）的簡稱是FDR。他前後做了12年（1933-1945） 的總統。他把美國帶出了持續多年的大蕭條（1929年開始）。 這之後又走進了第二次世界大戰。不幸的是，他沒有能見到 大戰的勝利就離開了人世。

羅斯福的家族是在17世紀初，由荷蘭移民到美國的家族。

原來Roosevelt是玫瑰花園的意思。當時他們以經營土地 為商，賺到大量的利益。後來，家族分為兩部分。他在紐約

圖 5 FDR 家族銀具 這是一套羅斯福家族曾經使用過的銀質茶具，是 19 世紀末 期由蒂芙尼公司（Tiffany）製造的。作者在購得時，在熱水 壺的下面有很深的黑煙。 茶具是由愛德華 摩爾（Edward C. Moore）設計的，叫做錘 紋樣式（Repousse Pattern）。整個的設計由裏到外都是滿滿 的花紋。葉子和花的設計充滿了青春的氣息。當時（1875 到 1891）的製造費用約是 500 美金（當時黃金約 35 美元一 兩）。蒂芙尼也因為愛德華而成為世界一流的公司，愛德 華也成為了蒂芙尼總裁。今天，他的作品大多可以在紐約 大都會博物館中見到。

的哈德遜河谷的海德帕克長大。他的母親也一樣是在財力雄 厚的Delano家族出生。圖為家族的一套由Tiffany製作的 茶具，在熱水壺的下方有黑煙，可感到強烈的煙火氣息。但 是這個家族在政治上卻遠不及另一旁的羅斯福家族（Oyster Bay）。因為他們出了個Ted Rossevelt總統，FDR後來 娶了他的遠房堂姐Eleanor為妻。兩個家族又算合而為一 了。他加入了民主黨，從此他青雲直上。而且因為時勢的關 係，他共當了四任總統，一直到任上因為中風而去世，總共 有12年。在美國自華盛頓總統之後可說是絕無僅有的。

作為唯一的兒子，FDR從小養尊處優，進入哈佛後馬上 就加入A.D.俱樂部（Alpha Delta Phi fraternity club, 1836年創立的阿爾法·德爾塔兄弟會）。從哈佛畢業後，他 在紐約的哥倫比亞大學上法學院，不過沒有畢業。當時他已 經考取了律師執照，就開了一間律師事務所。年輕的他並沒 有太多的事務。司徒美堂就是在這個時候聘用了他。一直到 FDR成了美國總統之後，他才不再為安良堂服務。他把安 良堂正式註冊為美國的合法機構。

司徒美堂管理的安良堂，因為幸運的能用上羅斯福為律師， 因而能把安良堂維持是一個合法的組織，而不淪為地下的黑 幫。像一些其他的幫派，在19世紀末到20世紀初，幾十年內， 美國一次又一次的立法，對中國的移民有許多不公平對待，

圖 6 哈佛書店 A.B.C. 俱樂部售賣的黑咖啡套裝

這是一套為哈佛大學的 A.D. 俱樂部（Alpha Delta Phi Club， 簡稱 A.D.C.）黑咖啡銀器。上面蓋子有一頭衝鋒的野牛。今天， 這個代表圖騰仍可在他們在哈佛社團的房屋門上見到。當 時，該圖案是為羅斯福第四次就任總統而設計的。該銀器亦 為作者收藏。

A.D. 俱樂部是一個很古老的組織，始於希臘時代，是智慧 的象徵。羅斯福在哈佛時也是該俱樂部的會員。美國很多名 人也都出自於這個社團。

黑咖啡銀具是為單人設計的咖啡組件，通常用在早飯的時 候，和下午茶的銀器沒什麼關係。

圖 7 一幅油畫

這張由作者收藏的油畫（19'' x15''）是由蓋爾 菲利普斯（Gail Phillips）所畫。是為了在 1946 年出版的新書《白宮的斯塔林》 （Starling of the White House）中的插圖。埃德蒙 斯塔林上 校（Colonel Edmund Starling）是從伍德羅 威爾遜（Woodrow Wilson）到羅斯福任職期間，五位美國總統的保鏢。圖中可 見羅斯福、老喬 肯尼迪（Joe Kennedy Sr.）和埃德蒙 斯塔 林上校。這本書是 1946 年全美贊書會的首選。

零亂的幫派堂會之爭，也不可不說是原因之一。

波士頓是一個學術氣氛十分濃厚的都市區，附近城市有近 300多所大專院校。在美國也算是一個十分古老的城市。

哈佛大學在1636年就在這裏的劍橋市開始建校。17世紀 （1624）英國的清教徒們也乘坐五月花號，在這兒的普利 茅斯港口登陸。很多歐洲人開始移民到波士頓，更不用說在 波士頓發生的傾茶事件（1773年12月16日）。英國東印 度公司的貨輪（Eleanor Dartmount and Beaver）帶了九 萬多噸的武夷茶被燒毀丟入海中。這開啟了美國的獨立運動， 因而建立了今天的美國。如今走在波士頓的街道上，仍然可 以感受到城市的古老和文化。許多舊有的傳統仍然完美的保 留在這裏。

在十九世紀末和二十世紀初，波士頓的移民大多由歐洲來的， 不同於三藩市，這裡的中國人並不多。那時候，除了少數的 留學生外，可以說沒有太多的中國人。一直到了美國和加拿 大的東西鐵路完工之後，一批中國人才由鐵路來到這兒，才 逐漸的有了中國城的形成。最早到的一批中國人是因為一個 製鞋工廠中的工人罷工，雇主從三藩市雇傭了75名華工。 這之後才逐漸有了中國城的形成。

波士頓的中國城不同於三藩市和紐約市的中國城，人數很少。

圖 8 最早從波士頓到琶洲（現香港）的茶商

這是一張 1850 年代福布斯家族（Forbes Family）在廣東裝 船的情景。時至今日，福布斯家族仍然在政商上享有盛名。 當時他們的生意就是買賣茶葉。茶葉在當時是昂貴的物品， 也是上流社會的必需品。（*）

經過很多年，也沒有太大的變化。雖然如此，但是他卻含有 很豐富的歷史。很多珍貴的文件，仍然保留在舊有的中國城 中。回看歷史的背景，我們也可以看出，為什麼在1900年 代，這個在美國曾經有犯罪前科記錄的司徒美堂會選擇帶着 國父孫中山先生來到這裏。初來時，他只是一個推着一個街 邊叫賣的小車，同時也一面收集情報。可以說他在這兒也逐 漸成長為一個幫派的老大，他才出現進軍到紐約。他在這兒 收取保護費，募集捐款，為革命事業出力，把舊有的反清複 明的組織，改變成了一個在美國合法的商會。我們不得不看

圖 9 辛普森鞋廠

這是 1870 年在波士頓的辛普森制鞋工廠（北亞當斯大街） 的中國工人。他們是由三藩市搬來的 75 名工人。這一群人 成為了波士頓中國城最早的核心。（*）

圖 10 在 1930 年代，安良堂在波士頓的廣告

這是一張在 1930 年代時的華文報紙上面的廣告。可以看出， 致公堂和安良堂是兩個分開的機構。這時候，司徒先生已經 到了紐約市，而且也用了羅斯福律師。相信致公堂和安良堂 成為兩個分開的機構可能與稅務和募捐都有關系。（*）

出他的魄力和遠見。圖中可以看出，當時他成立的安良堂， 在1930年代的廣告。雖然他到了紐約市後，成了全美包括 加拿大的幾十個安良堂的首領，但是仍然不難看出他起家真 正的根仍然是脫離不了波士頓。

本文中介紹的是一枚金質勳章，是波士頓中國城中唯一的一 家金店在30年代打造。作者在美國的勳章拍賣中購得的， 由司徒家族出售，當時以金價的5倍購得。勳章上有“勳勞 卓著”四個字。勳章為8面花型（直徑48毫米，重25.65克）。 上面打造有“乙亥年必城安良堂工商會贈”，以及“美堂總 理惠存”等字。打造的手法使用鏨刻的方法打造的，仍然可 以看出中國字型的筆劃和筆法。乙亥年是1935年。勳章的 反面有商號“正昌”和“足金”等字樣，以及商號的代號， 可能是廣東金店的代號。反面有打造完美的套勾。這在當時 也算是較為完美先進的做法，也合乎一般製作勳章的要求。 1930年是一個動盪的時代。美國在1929年股票市場崩盤後， 進入了30年代的經濟大蕭條。歐洲的德國又有了希特勒的 興起，導致法西斯的亂局。在中國1931年的九一八事變後，

圖 11 “勳勞卓著”勳章

必城（波士頓）在 1935 年（乙 亥年）中國城製作，足金， 八面花形，直徑 48 毫米，重 25.65 克。中國字以鏨刻方法打 造，反面用套勾。

圖 12 波士頓遊行 這張照片是在 1940 年波士頓中國城的婦女為抗日戰爭募集 捐款的鏡頭。據說他們除了投入金錢外，還把手中金飾也投 入其中。華僑為祖國的抗日所做的努力是有目共睹的。（*） 日本人侵略東北。這之後的廬山總動員，在1937年開始的 全面抗戰。司徒先生不是軍人出身，也不是政府的顯要，更 沒有可以顯赫的家世背景。這枚勳章就成為了他個人十分喜 愛的東西，在很多場合都要佩戴它。佩戴的方法也不同於一

般正常的方式。在他的家庭照片中，可以看出他非常喜歡佩 戴它，而且佩戴的方法不同於佩戴勳章，也不同於懷錶，可 以說十分有趣。

這枚勳章上面傳出了很多訊息，比方說今天公認的翻譯波士 頓以“必城”稱之。相信這是當時廣東人的翻譯。在二戰期 間，作為商會的領導，支持國內抗日組織曾經有華僑抗日救 國儲備總會與多種的名義捐款，先後捐出了近1 400多萬美 元，平均每個華僑捐出1 000元美金，當時金價以50美元 一兩黃金計算，相當於20兩的黃金。在經濟蕭條的美國， 這不能不說是一筆巨大的支出。每一個華僑都出了很大的一 份力量。可惜的是，因為幫派的問題，司徒先生一直不為當 時的中央政府蔣介石所接受。二戰後老去的司徒先生退居香 港，以致公堂的名義進行活動。後來得到毛澤東和周恩來的 認可，而成為中央人民政府委員，成為開國典禮的上賓。當 時他已經是83歲。1955年5月8日，他因為腦溢血去世， 享年87歲。1986年，在他的家鄉開平建成了司徒美堂紀念館。

觀其一生，司徒先生或許可以稱為英雄。是梟雄還是英雄當 由歷史定奪。他的故事正印證了大多數在滿清末年中國人的 命運。在內憂外患苦難中成長和力爭上游的軌跡，這是中華 傳統文化的美德。

不可否認的是，司徒先生能為自己在歷史中爭得一席地位， 這得益於他的決心和機智。在沒有機會受到良好教育的他， 卻能在逆境中聯繫上孫中山先生，又聘用羅斯福做他的律 師，選擇了較少華人的波士頓起家，這就是他成功的因素。

這正如周恩來先生所說，他的一生印證了由鴉片戰爭之後， 所有中華海外子女的心聲。這不正也是今天海外華僑的心 聲，為中華民族的文化共同努力。

在為這幾篇文章做一總結時，我們再回頭看今天的伶仃洋 內的珠江口、港粵澳的鏈接，深圳的科技和附近的製造業， 加上千年古都的東莞，南沙洲的大小碼頭，和更多宏偉的 計劃和成就，在今天一帶一路的望景下，即使在十分不景 氣的世界經濟環境下，仍然不難看出在這個區域不可限量 的未來發展。

圖 13 司徒美堂紀念館

這是在廣東開平司徒美堂紀念館前司徒的銅像。他的座椅據 說是在開國大典時，毛主席見到他年邁，特別把自己的座椅 搬給他坐的。

這是作為中國人和從這兒走出的千萬海外中國人的希望和 驕傲。這絕不是百餘年前鴉片戰爭時的珠江口人所能想像和 預期的。

回想當年在1842年林則徐在東莞海灘虎門銷煙的壯舉，還 有1911年黃花崗起義的可敬可泣的故事，這都說出了中華 民族在長久的文化和歷史下所養成的不卑不亢，勇往直前的 心聲和勇氣。

後 記

本文得以完成要感謝王子中和王毓希父子所提供的很多關 於波士頓的資料和圖片。王子中是一名建築師，曾在哈佛任 教。他參與了大連港和海南三亞的建設設計。本文中使用的 波士頓海報為王子中手繪。王毓希是一名律師。如今是中國 城歷史文化會的會長。相信在他們的共同努力下，能夠發掘 出更多屬於華人奮鬥的故事。

帶 * 的圖片出自新英格蘭華人歷史學會杜榮佳（Wing-Kai To）所著《1870 年至 1965 年波士頓美籍華人圖片》（Images of American Chinese in Boston, 1870-1965）。

參考資料：

1“安良堂”（On Leong Tang ）又名“安良工商會”（On Leong Chinese Merchants Association）成立於1893 年11月於紐約。成立之初是“洪門致公堂”（ Hong Men Zhi Gong Tang ）旗下的一個團體，主要是為了控制唐人街的商業。後來，這個集團和“鬼影幫”聯手非常明顯。當時他們與“協勝公會”進行過很多激烈的鬥爭。目前仍有 20 多個分會， 有三萬多人為註冊會員。

2.“鬼影幫”可參考丹尼 李（ Denny Lee）撰寫的《龍的歲月：鬼影的歷史信息》。

3. 可以參考傑弗瑞 斯科特 麥克法蘭公司（Je rey Scott, McFarland Co.）的《唐人街犯罪組織》一書。書中紀錄1890 年到1910 年間紐約中國城中種族和敲詐的活動。

Hidden Dragons of Hunan: The 1898 Dollar and Half Dollar

Bruce W. Smith〔USA〕

CHINA-HUNAN ND(1898) One Dollar Silver Proof Pattern.

Heaton Mint Collection - NC Collection, NGC SP67

2014 Champion Auction private transaction, USD 1 million+

CHINA-HUNAN ND(1898) 50 Cents Silver Proof Pattern.

Heaton Mint Collection - NC Collection, NGC SP67

2013 Champion Auction private transaction

Until now, the origins of the Hunan Provincial Mint at Changsha have been obscure. Kann's History of Minting in China dated the opening of the mint to 1901 but notes that there are Hunan ten cent coins dated 1898 and 1899. Our most reliable source of information on the early mints in China, the annual reports of the Chinese Maritime Customs Bureau, are of little use here because Changsha was not opened as a treaty port until 1904. The first treaty port in the province, Yochow, was opened in 1899, by which time the Changsha silver coin mint was already closed.

Hunan had the reputation of being the most anti-foreign province in China. Foreigners were not allowed into its capital, Changsha, until the early years of the 1900's. Why then would Hunan purchase a foreign style coinage plant, which would require the presence of foreign workmen to set it up and a foreign supervisor to keep it running? The answer is Ch'en Paochen (1831-1900), Hunan governor during 1895-1898, and a prominent member of the 1890's reform movement in China.

Writing in the 1900 Chinese Customs Report for Yochow, Alec. W. Cross, gives a brief account of the mint:

A mint was opened in Changsha by Governor Ch'en Pao-

chen towards the end of 1897. During its two years working existence only 20 cents and 10 cents pieces were minted, the latter preponderating. I have been unable to find out the total number coined. Their fineness must be very much better than that of the subsidiary coinage of the other provinces, as they exchange for the same number of cash, proportionately, as the dollars. Dollars, preferably Hupeh, are in current use at the capital, but the obnoxious habit of "chopping" has been introducedbytheCantonesemerchants,ofwhomthereisquitea largecolonyinChangshaandHsiangtan.

The Changsha silver coin mint was closed in late 1898 or early 1899 as a result of the collapse of the "Hundred Days Reform Movement." Ch'en had been one of the leaders of the reform movement, but when the Empress Dowager returned to power and imprisoned Emperor Kuang Hsu, Ch'en was dismissed in September 1898 and replaced by Yu Lien-san. The 1901customsreportforYochow comments:

Under the enlightened governorship of His Excellency Ch'en Pao-chen, instructors were engaged to drill the Hunanese forces according to western methods, a mint was set up in Changsha, and electric light installed. On the appointment of the present governor, however, all these reforms were at once

abolished,andnothingofthekindhassincebeenattempted.

Research by Richard N. J. Wright in the Heaton Mint records reveals that Heaton received an order in April 1898 for assorted small equipment for the Hunan mint and for master dies for a dollar and half dollar. The order did not include any other dies nor any stamping machines. Since no earlier records for Hunan coins were found at Heaton, it is unclear whether the 1898 order was for additional equipment for an existing mint–supplied by some other firm–or whether this order was a supplement to an earlier order which has not been found.

Looking at the coins which were actually issued, the 20 cents appears to be struck from Heaton dies, but the 10 cents coins seem to be struck from locally prepared dies. The extremely rare Hunan 5 cents coin is clearly modeled on the Kwangtung 5 cents coins of 1889 and 1890, but with stars instead of crosses as decoration. Whether Heaton made the dies or not is unclear. The Heaton Mint collection does not contain any dies for 5, 10 or 20 cents coins, nor any examples of such coins. This brings up the possibility that the original Changsha mint was set up by someone else. Though the 5 and 20 cents coins are in Heaton style, we know from other examples that both American and German die makers copied the Heaton Mint's Kwangtung coins when supplying dies to China.

The clues to the origin of the Hunan Mint have now been found, in a small article published in the North China Herald for 15 January 1897. Published without a title, the account reads:

A dispatch received from Changsha, the provincial capital of Hunan, reports that Governor Ch'en has bought or set aside some houses in that city to be used as a mint for the coinage of silver dollars and subsidiary coins. The machinery and artisans toworkitarenowonthewayfromCantoninagunboatdetailed for the purpose, and will be unloaded at Wuchang or Hankow, whence boats sent from Changsha will take them by the TungtingLaketothatcity.

From this it seems that Governor Ch'en avoided the problem of foreigners setting up or running the mint in Changsha. Apparently the machinery and the workers were supplied by the Canton Mint, and were delivered by a Chinese gunboat.

This makes sense because Ch'en was an associate of the famous reformer, Chang Chih-tung, who had founded the Canton Mint, and was at that time Governor-General of Hunan and Hupeh provinces. Since the article is dated in the middle of January, the planning for this mint must have begun in 1896. When the Canton Mint opened in 1889, it was the largest in the world, with 90 stamping machines (compared to 16 at London's Royal Mint and about 10 at the Philadelphia Mint). In the 1890's many of those machines often sat idle as demand for the new coins was slow to develop. A survey of the number of minting machines in each Chinese mint published in the North China Herald for 23 June 1905, showed that the Canton Mint had only 80 machines at that time, and that the Changsha Mint had 4 old machines plus 36 new machines (for making 10 cash copper coins). Those four old stamping presses were probably the original machinery of the Changsha Mint, supplied by Canton.

There is still the question of who supplied the dies for the Hunan minor coins. It is possible that the Canton Mint made the dies for the 5, 10 and 20 cents coins, but for some reason did not or could not supply the half dollar and dollar dies. The Changsha Mint was already in operation when Heaton's received the order for dollar and half dollar dies in the spring of 1898. This order was apparently cancelled because of Ch'en's removal from office in September 1898.

It was only in 1974 that Richard Wright published for the first time photographs of the Hunan dragon dollar and half dollar. These two coins had never been seen before and were a stunning discovery. Wright found the coins in the reference collection of the Heaton Mint along with the master dies used to produce the coins. Combined with the April 1898 sales record, there can be no doubt that Heaton had made the dies and struck these samples in 1898. It would seem that the dies and the samples were never sent to China, no doubt due to the collapse of the reform movement and the closing of the Changsha Mint.

Just about the time Wright was doing his research, the Heaton Mint was bought by another company, which ordered all the duplicate coins in the Heaton collection to be sold. Hundreds of coins from various countries, struck by Heaton's over the previous century, went to the British coin firm Spink's, or perhaps a combination of Spink's and the American firm,

Paramount. These two companies began marketing the coins in 1975. The first Hunan coin to be offered was the mysterious dragon dollar. Paramount somehow knew that I had some information about this coin, and one of their associates, James Jelinski, brought the coin (and 14 other Chinese coins from the sale) to the Krause Publications office in Wisconsin, where I was working on the Standard Catalog of World Coins, for my examination and some free publicity. I told their representative that I knew of only one other example of this coin, the one in the Heaton Mint collection. I did not yet know about the sale of the Heaton company or its collection. Paramount claimed the coin came from the collection of an old mint master. World Coin News published a story about the coin, saying it was one of two known, and that information was also published in the Paramount auction catalog. After the sale, Richard Wright wrote to me saying that the coin was not one of two, but that there were about a dozen of the Hunan coins. I published this information, and Wright wrote again pointing out I had misunderstood his previous letter. There were not a dozen dollars and a dozen half dollars, but about a dozen in total – approximately six pieces of each coin.

The first Hunan dollar to be sold was in the Long Beach Sale of the Paramount International Coin Corporation, August 7-10, 1975, Lot 84 (pictured on the front cover of the catalog). The catalog description reads:

Hunan, 1898 Dollar, Proof. Lovely delicate lilac toning and flawless surfaces. The existence of a Hunan dollar was not even hinted at in Kann. Our research indicates that only one other specimen exists and that is permanently impounded in The Mint Birmingham Museum. This represents the first time this rarity hasbeenofferedatauction.Oneofthehighlightsofthissalethat couldapproachthefivefiguremark.

Of course Paramount, or at least Spink's, knew that there were other examples of this coin available, but at the time, no one else knew. The coin sold for $15,500 – the highest price ever paid for a Chinese coin at the time. It was an historic purchase.

This was not, however, the first example of a Hunan dragon dollar to enter a private collection. The Italian collector of Chinese coins, Guissepe Ros, somehow obtained a specimen

of the coin sometime before 1921, when a rubbing of it was obtained by the American Numismatic Society in New York. Ros never published the coin and the rubbing lay forgotten in the ANS files until I found it in 1993. In addition the 1909 annual report of the British Museum says that in 1908 a Hunan dollar was given to the museum by Major E. H. McKenzie Elliot. I have been unable to confirm the presence of this coin in the British Museum collection; perhaps this was a typographical error for Hupeh.

The next sale of a Hunan dragon dollar contained another surprise–a matching Hunan half dollar–also never seen before.

This was the NASCA Auction, December 5-8, 1977 – the first part of the Wayte Raymond Collection. It is highly unlikely these two coins were in the Raymond collection; rather they were probably consigned by Spink's or Paramount. The dollar is described as "One of the Three Known Hunan Dollars" and the half dollar is described as "Possibly Unique …… almost certainly the only collectible example in the world." Spink's and Paramount knew this was not true, but NASCA probably did not know. According to the Prices Realized list published by NASCA, the dollar sold for $23,000 and the half dollar for $12,000. There is a problem, however, as both of these coins turned up for sale again. The half dollar appeared in the Money Company sale of June 1979 (Lot 231) and the dollar showed up in the Money Company sale of January 1980 (Lot 260). Did someone buy these coins and resell them two years later or are the NASCA prices fictitious?

In the years that followed, four more half dollars and three more dollars have appeared in auction through 2008. In addition a Hong Kong museum has a Hunan dollar which has not appeared in auction and NC collection has a half dollar which apparently has not been seen in an auction. This brings the total known examples to six dollars and six half dollars – plus one of each in the Heaton Mint collection. Although all of these coins were undoubtedly struck from the same pair of dies, and probably on the same day, they can be identified because they have toned in different patterns over the past century.

1898年湖南省造七錢二分和三錢六分銀幣

◎ 史博祿〔美國〕

1898 年湖南省造光緒元寶庫平七錢二分銀質樣幣，鏡面。

喜敦造幣廠藏品—NC 藏品

直到現在，湖南長沙造幣廠具體的開辦時間仍不明了。

耿愛德在其《中國造幣史》(HistoryofMintinginChina) 一書中指出，長沙造幣廠開辦於1901年，但湖南七分二釐 卻有1898和1899的鑄造年份。我們對中國早期造幣廠的 最可靠信息來自中國海關貿易局的年度報告，但具體到長沙 造幣廠卻沒有任何有效信息，因長沙直到1904年才成為貿 易開放口岸。湖南省的第一個開放口岸是嶽州，於1899年 開放，那時長沙銀幣廠業已關閉。

湖南排外性比較強。直到20世紀初，外國人才可以進 入湖南省府長沙市。那為何當時的長沙造幣廠購買了一套 國外的造幣設備呢？這套設備肯定需要外國人組裝並有一 個外國人監管運營吧？原來，這一切與1895-1898年任湖 南巡撫的陳寶箴(1831-1900年)有關，陳寶箴也是19世紀 90年中國維新變法的主要成員。

Alec. W. Cross曾在《1900年中國嶽州海關貿易冊》 中對長沙造幣廠進行了簡單描述：

1897 年底，湖南巡撫陳寶箴開辦了長沙造幣廠。造幣 廠運營的兩年內，僅鑄造了一錢四分四釐和七分二釐，以七 分二釐為主。我無法得出造幣總數。這兩種錢幣肯定比其他 省份鑄造的輔幣成色要好，因它們可以相應兌換同等數量的 七錢二分。當時的長沙主要流通湖北壹圓銀圓，但廣東商號 打戳記的不良舊習也在湖南流行，尤以長沙和湘潭最盛。

長沙銀幣廠因百日維新運動的失敗於1898年底或 1899年初關閉。陳寶箴是維新變法的主要領導人之一，後 來慈禧太后發動政變，再次“訓政”，光緒帝被囚禁，陳寶 箴也於1898年9月遭革職，由俞廉三接任。《1901年嶽 州海關貿易冊》這樣記述：

湖南巡撫陳寶箴力推新政，鼓勵地方官員借鑒西方開 發湖南，在長沙開辦造幣廠，安裝電燈。然而新任巡撫上任

1898 年湖南省造光緒元寶庫平三錢六分銀質樣幣，鏡面。

喜敦造幣廠藏品—NC 藏品

後，這些改革立即被廢除，再無嘗試任何新政之舉措。

英國錢幣研究學者萊特(Richard N. J. Wright) 在研 究英國喜敦造幣廠檔案時披露，喜敦造幣廠於1898年4月 接到一份訂單，交運一套小型組合設備和七錢二分和三錢六 分的祖模給湖南造幣廠。訂單中不包括其他幣模和衝壓機。 因喜敦造幣廠對湖南錢幣沒有更早的記錄，因而尚不清楚 1898年湖南的訂單是為現有造幣廠購置更多設備（該造幣 廠還有其他公司供應設備）還是之前訂單（尚未找到）的追加。

仔細觀察實際發行的錢幣發現，一錢四分四釐採用了 喜敦造幣廠的幣模鑄造而成，而七分二釐則好像是採用當地 準備的幣模鑄造而成。極為稀有的湖南三分六釐則是明顯參 考了廣東1889和1890年的三分六釐圖案，只是以星星取 代了十字作為裝飾。喜敦造幣廠是否製作了這些幣模尚不可 知。喜敦造幣廠的幣模中沒有三分六釐、七分二釐和一錢四 分四釐的幣模，也沒有這些幣的實例。或許長沙造幣廠由他 人創辦。儘管三分六釐和一錢四分四釐是喜敦造幣廠的風 格，但我們從其他實例中得知美國和德國向中國提供幣模 時，會複製喜敦造幣廠製作的廣東銀圓幣模。

關於湖南長沙造幣廠的起源，在1897年1月15日的《北 華捷報》刊登的一篇無標題短文中找到了些許線索，內容 如下：

從湖南省府長沙發來的快件記述：湖南巡撫陳寶箴在 長沙購買或準備了幾間房屋，用作鑄造銀幣和輔幣的造幣廠。 造幣設備和技師專程從廣東乘坐炮艇前往，將在武昌或漢口 下船，從長沙而來的船在此接應，然後經洞庭湖返回長沙。

由此可以看出，陳寶箴好像在避免外國人在長沙組裝 設備或運營造幣廠這一問題。很明顯，造幣設備和技師由廣 東造幣廠提供，乘坐中國炮艇運送。因陳寶箴曾是廣東造幣 廠創辦人、著名改革家張之洞的部下，加上張之洞時任湖廣

總督，因而短文中的說法有一定道理。因文章寫於1月中旬， 因而造幣廠定於1896年已經開辦。1889年廣東造幣廠創 立，號稱當時世界最大的造幣廠，擁有90台衝壓機（倫敦 皇家造幣廠16台，費城造幣廠約10台）。19世紀90年代， 由於研發新幣時間緩慢，這些造幣機器常常處於閒置狀態。 1905年6月23日的《北華捷報》發佈的中國各個造幣廠造 幣機器數量調查顯示，當時的廣東造幣廠只有80台機器， 長沙造幣廠有4台舊機器和36台新機器（製造十文銅元）。

這4台舊的衝壓機可能是長沙造幣廠最初的造幣設備，由 廣東造幣廠提供。

然而，湖南輔幣的幣模來自哪裡仍是個謎。可能是廣 東造幣廠製作了三分六釐、七分二釐和一錢四分四釐的幣 模，但由於某種原因，沒有或不能提供三錢六分和七錢二分 的幣模。1898年春，喜敦造幣廠接到三錢六分和七錢二分 的幣模訂單時，長沙造幣廠已在運營，1898年9月陳寶箴 被革職，這份訂單也就隨之取消了。

萊特(Richard Wright)只在1974年第一次發佈了湖 南省造七錢二分和三錢六分圖片。之前從未見過這兩枚幣， 實屬驚人的發現。萊特在喜敦造幣廠的資料室發現了這些幣 和祖模。再加上1898年4月的銷售記錄，毫無疑問的是， 喜敦造幣廠於1898年製作了這些幣模、鑄造了樣幣。好像 這些幣模和樣幣從未送至中國，當然原因還是由於維新變法 的失敗和長沙造幣廠的關閉。

大約是萊特在喜敦造幣廠做研究的時候，喜敦造幣廠 被另一家公司購買，該公司訂購了喜敦造幣廠用作研究的所 有複品用於出售。喜敦造幣廠在過去百年為各國鑄造的數百 枚錢幣流向了英國錢幣公司Spink's，或者是Spink's與美 國公司Paramount聯合銷售。1975年這兩家公司開始推 廣營銷這些錢幣。亮相的第一枚湖南銀幣就是頗具神秘色 彩的七錢二分。不知為何，Paramount知道我對此幣有所 瞭解，這兩家公司的代表James Jelinski將這枚幣和拍到 的其他14枚中國錢幣帶到了威斯康辛(Wisconsin)的克勞 斯出版社(Krause Publications)的辦公室，讓我看看這枚 幣，同時做些免費的公開宣傳。當時我正在那編輯《世界硬 幣標準目錄》(StandardCatalogofWorldCoins)這本書。 我告訴他們的代表我只知道這枚幣的另一個實例，即在喜敦 造幣廠檔案室的那枚。當時我尚不知道喜敦造幣廠及其檔案 室的錢幣資料已經出售。Paramount宣傳他們的這枚幣來 自喜敦造幣廠一位老員工的收藏。《World Coin News》 刊登了此幣的一則故事，稱該幣是兩枚已知湖南銀幣中的一 枚，這一信息也刊登在Paramount的拍賣目錄中。拍賣會 後，萊特寫信給我，說該幣不是已知的兩枚幣中的一枚，但 湖南銀幣（七錢二分和三錢六分）各有12枚。我發表了這 一信息，但萊特又寫信給我，指出我誤解了他上封信的意思。

不是七錢二分和三錢六分各有12枚，而是七錢二分和三錢 六分各6枚，一共12枚。

第一枚湖南七錢二分是在1975年8月7日至10日的 Paramount長灘拍賣會上售出，lot 84（圖片刊在目錄封 面上）。拍賣目錄中這樣描述：

1898 年湖南省造七錢二分銀幣，精製。表面光潔無瑕， 散發淡紫色的包漿光澤。耿愛德的《中國幣圖說匯考》中沒 有提及 1898 年湖南七錢二分的存在。我們的研究顯示還存 在另一枚樣幣，但永久存放在英國伯明罕造幣廠博物館中。 這表明這是湖南七錢二分首次出現在拍賣會中，成交價有望 突破一萬美元大關。

當然，Paramount（或至少Spink's）公司知道該幣 存在另一枚實例，但在當時再無其他人知道這一事實。該幣 成交價為15500美元，是當時中國錢幣的最高拍賣價。這 創造了中國錢幣的成交記錄。

然而，這不是湖南七錢二分第一次成為私人收藏。意 大利籍中國錢幣收藏家羅斯(Guissepe Ros)於1921年前 獲得了一枚七錢二分樣幣，1921年紐約的美國錢幣學會獲 得了該幣的拓圖。羅斯從未公開過該幣，美國錢幣學會的拓 圖也被遺忘，直到1993年我找到這張拓圖。此外，1909年 大英博物館的年度報告稱，1908年E. H. McKenzie Elliot 少將贈給博物館一枚湖南七錢二分銀幣。我無法確認大英博 物館的藏品中是否有這枚幣，或許是湖北銀幣拼錯了。

湖南七錢二分銀幣第二次拍賣時也有驚喜的發現，出 現了之前從未見過的三錢六分銀幣，見於1977年12月5 日至8日NASCA 拍賣的Wayte Raymond藏品第一部分。

很有可能這兩枚幣是Raymond的收藏，而不是Spink's 或 Paramount的委託拍品。其中，七錢二分被描述為“已知 的三枚湖南七錢二分銀幣其中一枚”，三錢六分銀幣則是“可 能為僅見品，幾乎可以確定的是世界唯一一枚可供收藏之實 例”。Spink's 和Paramount均瞭解這樣描述不正確，不 過NASCA或許不知道實情。根據NASCA的成交清單，七 錢二分銀幣成交價為23,000美元，三錢六分銀幣成交價為 12000美元。然而，問題是後來又有七錢二分和三錢六分 後流入市場進行拍賣：1979年6月Money Company拍 賣了三錢六分(Lot 231)和1980年1月Money Company 拍賣了七錢二分(Lot 260)。是有人買入又在兩年後賣出嗎？ 還是NASCA編造了成交價？

之後多年又有4枚三錢六分和三枚七錢二分（2008年） 出現在拍賣會上。此外，香港博物館有1枚湖南七錢二分， 從未出現在拍賣會上；NC收藏中有一枚三錢六分，也從未 現身拍賣會。這樣，已知的七錢二分和三錢六分就各有6枚， 喜敦造幣廠又各有1枚。毫無疑問，這些銀幣都是使用同 一組幣模鑄造而成，可能鑄造於同一天。由於過去100年來， 這些錢幣已發生不同形式的氧化變色，因而可以得出以上 結論。

Li Hung Chang : His Visit to America on His Grand World Tour

Li Hung Chang's place in the history of China remains controversial even today, over a hundred years following his death. He devoted his entire life to serving the Imperial Manchu court, but at the end of his career he was banished and placed under house arrest in his native province. Moreover, contemporary Chinese scholars and historians were very critical of him: they branded him a traitor and thief and claimed he had sold out China and its people for personal political and financial gain. This extreme view has persisted through the 20th century and is taught in nearly all schools in China. Only recently, have more objective and moderate viewpoints emerged. His own quote, "To know me or condemn me will take the next millennium," has turned out to be prescient.

In this article, rather than giving a complete account of his ten-day stay in America, we discuss a group of never-before published documents and memorabilia, and the related medals, all from the estate of General Thomas Ruger, commander in chief of the U.S. North Eastern Army who headed the official

host committee created for Li's visit by the U.S. government. These materials were kept intact and well preserved by his heirs. We are grateful and fortunate to obtain them.

Li Hung Chang (1824-1901), born in Anhui province, had an extraordinary life. He passed the provincial civil service examination and soon thereafter was promoted to a higher official position by Zeng Guofan. Li established the Huai Army and ended the riots provoked by the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom. Later, he was given an important position by the Ching imperial court. Li's career skyrocketed and he became the highest officer of the frontier, the highest official position achievable by a Han person during the Ching dynasty (the Ching dynasty had no prime ministers). In his later years, he dealt with official business for the empress dowager and the prince, and initiated the Self-Strengthening Movement. After the Ching army was defeated in the Sino-Japanese War, Li was sent to Japan, where he was attacked by an assassin and was forced to sign the Treaty of Shimonoseki. The signing of the Treaty of Shimonoseki was

New York Harbor

Li Hung Chang

Grover Cleveland

Chinan Fan / William Wei-Yu Ho〔USA〕

regarded as a humiliation for the country, and severely damaged his reputation. Nonetheless, he was recognized as the most outstanding diplomat in the western world.

When Li Hung Chang began his world tour on behalf of the Imperial Manchu court in 1896 he was 73 years old and his international reputation was at its zenith. The tour began in Shanghai on March 28 and ended in Tianjin on October 3, for a total of 190 days. He was considered the first diplomat for foreign affairs in the history of China. He was welcomed in every country he visited in Europe as befitted visiting royalty, and was granted audiences with kings and rulers. In England, he was awarded the Knight Grand Cross of the Victorian Order (April 5, 1896), an honor rarely bestowed upon foreigners. When his ship, the U.S.S. St. Louis steamed into New York harbor on August 28, 1896, it was greeted with a multi-gun salute and a two-column parade of American war ships in his honor. He was officially greeted on board by General Thomas Ruger and other dignitaries.

Li Hung Chang came to America hoping to accomplish two important diplomatic tasks: to end the practices set out in the Macau Document and to secure better treatment for Chinese immigrants in America. In the mid-to late-19th century, it is estimated that as many as 225,000 Chinese indentured or contract laborers (coolies) were recruited from China to work, effectively as slaves, on the sugar plantations of Cuba (Macau Document). Of these, it is estimated that only 14,000 were able to gain their freedom, with the rest dying from lack of medical care, harsh treatment, neglect and disease. Li was successful in helping to end this exploitation of Chinese laborers.

His second diplomatic task was to persuade the American government to change its unjust treatment of Chinese immigrants as exemplified by the "Asian Exclusion Act" (enacted in 1882, and extended in1892) that restricted the granting of citizenship to Chinese to just 100 immigrants per year. (The Act was not repealed until after the Second World War.) He had also hoped that that the U.S. Federal Government would initiate fair treatment policies to protect the Chinese and their property from the frequent race riots that occurred in California. In this, he hoped to enlist the help of former President Ulysses Grant whom he had befriended during Grant's Asian trip to China. Unfortunately, by this time, Grant had passed away, and Li was unsuccessful in changing the

government's immigration policy despite his enormous personal popularity. However, he took time from his busy official schedule to personally visit Grant's as-yet unfinished tomb to pay his respects, accompanied by both Grant's son and widow Julia. He was presented with the cane that General Grant had used. To commemorate the completion and dedication of the tomb in 1897, Tiffany & Co. struck a medal (Fig. 1). On the obverse is a right-facing portrait of Grant and on the reverse is an image of the finished tomb. Today, approximately 90,000 people visit Grant's tomb each year.

During Li's visit, the Chinese Consul and Chinese-American leaders in New York organized a welcome dinner in his honor. The gala banquet was held on September 1st at Delmonico's, then considered to be the best restaurant in America. The menu for this dinner is reproduced here from the original. It is beautifully printed with the newly-adopted yellow dragon flag of the Imperial Chinese Empire crossed with the flag of the United States (Fig. 2). The dinner menu, printed in French, lists over ten courses accompanied by six different wines. It is illustrated here in its entirety for those readers interested in culinary art. An important attendee at this dinner was Yu Shi Yi, Council General of Imperial China to Cuba, who played a key role in stopping

Fig 1-1 On the obverse is a right-facing portrait of Grant and on the reverse is an image of the finished tomb

Fig 1-2 General Grant and Li Hung Chang

the practice of recruiting Chinese laborers under the Macau Document. His place card is illustrated here (Fig. 3). The name card used by Li Hung Chang is shown in Fig. 4. Interestingly, part of the inscription reads "her" Majesty the Emperor of China. Whether this was done in deference to the Dowager Empress, is not known.

On the third day of his New York stay, Grover Cleveland the 22nd and 24th President of the United States travelled from Washington D.C. to personally greet Li as there was a heat wave in the US capital, which made travelling uncomfortable. The meeting took place on Governor's Island, New York. At that time it was quite unusual and an honor for the head of state to leave Washington DC to greet a visiting foreign dignitary.

For the remainder of his visit, Li Hung Chang was the guest of the Pennsylvania Railroad (Fig. 5), which acted as host and arranged his itinerary and travel by a special train placed at his

Fig 5-1 By 1882 Pennsylvania Railroad had become the largest railroad, the largest transportation enterprise, and the largest corporation in the world. With 30,000 miles of track, it had longer mileage than any other country in the world, except Britain and France. Its budget was second only to the U.S. government.

Fig 3 Place card of Mr.Yu Shi Yi. Yu Shi Yi (18351907), Ching dynasty diplomat. He was openminded and advocated studying foreign science and culture due to his good family education since childhood. He drafted the report on the initiation of foreign affairs for the Ching court and won the appreciation of Minister of Beiyang Li Hung Chang. After being recommended by Li Hung Chang, he served as foreign ambassador for many years. He was sent to Japan and the United States to develop national industry and commerce. He published many books, including Chinese Travelers Before 1911.

Fig 5-2

George Brooke Roberts, president of the Pennsylvania Railroad from 1880-1896, was still its president in 1896 when Li Hung Chang visited American and built the railroad to become the largest in the world

Fig 2 The dinner banquet menu

Fig 4 Name card of Li Hung Chang

disposal. He was accorded the best accommodations possible.

Figures 6 and 7 show the menus for a dinner held on September 5th and a breakfast on September 6th. The meals were very elaborate and probably comparable to the best food being served in any restaurant at that time. Two interesting observations: we believe it would be impossible for any individual to partake of all the items on the breakfast menu and so assume that he would select those items most attractive to him. Also, there is

an entry Cantonese Dry Ginger listed on the dinner menu. This item was a very common snack in China at that time. Whether it was included because it was considered a gourmet delicacy in America or was a favorite of Li is not known.

A souvenir brochure was published to commemorate his trip with the Pennsylvania Railroad. At over ten pages, it contains many interesting historical facts. The cover shows Li's name

Fig. 6 The dinner menu for September 5 Fig. 7 The breakfast menu for September 6

Fig. 8 The cover shows Li Hung Chang's name in embossed gold

Fig. 9 Image of a younger Li Hung Chang Fig. 10 A complete list of Li's official entourage as well as government officials and guests

Fig. 11 The entire itinerary of the special train

in embossed gold together with the crossed flags of China and America (Fig.8). The first page shows a beautifully rendered image of a younger Li Hung Chang (Fig. 9). Of special interest is a complete listing of Li's official entourage as well as government officials and guests (Fig.10). In addition, the

brochure gives the entire itinerary of the special train showing the names and dates of the cities he visited in northeastern United States (Fig. 11). The last stop on this itinerary was Niagara Falls, which apparently impressed Li with its majesty. A fold out map charting the itinerary is reproduced here (Fig. 12).

Fig. 13-2 The original die of Li Hung Chang's portrait is now housed in the Museum Schloss Moritzburg, Zeitz, Sachsen-Anhalt, Germany. (Inv. Nr. VI G 104). Hermann Held, who made the die, was born in Zeitz in 1836 and later worked in Magdeburg. He also made the first dies for Korea (JEAN Nr. 11). Hermann Held gave these dies to the museum in his hometown of Zeitz in 1914

Fig. 12 The fold out map charting Li Hung Chang's itinerary in America

Fig. 13-1 The silver Hamburg medal with the NGC holder This medal belonged to General Ruger

Upon his departure from America, Li presented General Thomas Ruger and others with the silver Hamburg Medal. This medal was engraved by Oskar Bergmann. While this medal itself is not rare, it is one of very few that can be associated with a particular recipient (Fig. 13).

Li Hung Chang had originally planned to travel across America, partially on the trans-continental railroad. However, just then, a major race riot broke out in California making it unsafe for him to visit. Consequently, he chose to travel across Canada by rail to Vancouver where he boarded a steamship en route to China.

A minor problem occurred as this ship terminated in Yokohama, Japan, where he was to transfer to an America ship. As Li had vowed never to set foot on Japanese soil after concluding negotiations for the Treaty of Shimonoseki he ordered a wooden plank to be placed between the ships to make his transfer. He arrived in China in late September 1896.

From this glimpse of the events of his round-the world tour, we can conclude that diplomatic relations among China, the European nations and America were cordial, if not overtly friendly. If these relations could have been maintained, conceivably it could have bought time for China to enact reforms to strengthen itself militarily. However, this was not

to be. When the Boxer Rebellion broke out two years later, the conservative fraction of the Manchu court essentially declared war on all foreign nations. This decision was vigorously opposed by Li Hung Chang, who offered no aid and branded the decision as a "false edict not to be obeyed". (On his round-the world tour he had learned just how advanced and powerful the military capabilities were of each of the nations he had visited compared to China). Despite his opposition, he was recalled to the Manchu Court once more to negotiate the terms of the Boxer Indemnity Treaty. He concluded this mission and signed the Boxer Protocol from his sick bed. He died two months later on November 7th, 1901.

The Boxer rebellion and its aftermath rang the death knell for the Imperial Manchu Dynasty. Ten years later, the dynasty collapsed and China entered into the War Lord period, causing further misery and hardship for its people.

(This is the first in a series of articles on Li Hung Chang. Please note that the Journal of East Asian Numismatics will be publishing more articles on coins related to him)

Fig. 13-3 The 1890 Germany Hamburg Harbor

欽差大臣驚世之旅 記李鴻章訪美破冰之行

李鴻章

◎ 范治南/何緯渝〔美國〕 原刊載於《東亞泉志》第

紐約港口

即使已辭世百年有餘，世人對李鴻章先生（1823-1901年） 在中國近代史上的評價仍是毀譽參半。先生終其一生兢兢業 業，為清廷鞠躬盡瘁。甲午戰爭後李鴻章被革職，賦閑在家， 繁華落幕，先生輝煌的政治生涯走到盡頭。當代中國學者和 歷史學家對李鴻章功過的評價多數都很苛刻，認為李鴻章為 了個人政治與經濟利益出賣了國家和人民，甚至將貪婪賣國 的罪名加之於身。這種極端的觀點一直流傳到20世紀，而

在中國，幾乎每一所院校都會傳授給學生這樣的觀點，近年 來才湧現出較為客觀的評論，正如先生曾自述“知我罪我， 付之千載”，果然如此。

本文非為詳述李鴻章訪美十日之完整行程，而是敘說一些之 前從未公之於眾的文獻、重要歷史記錄及與之相關的紀念 章。這些均為托馬斯 羅格將軍（General Thomas Ruger） 的遺物。羅格將軍是美國東北區陸軍統帥，當時美國政府為 李鴻章的到訪而指派的接待委員會負責人。托馬斯 羅格將

格羅弗 克利夫蘭

軍的後人將他的遺物完好保存至今，我們非常幸運能夠得到 這些資料及實物。

李鴻章先生（1823-1901年），安徽人，一生可謂際遇非凡。 少年中舉，受曾國藩的提拔成立淮軍，與湘軍共同平定太 平天國之亂。之後受清皇室重用，官位扶搖直上，一直做 到封疆大臣（清無宰相），這是漢人在清朝廷中做到最高的 位置。晚年周旋于太后和親王之間，辦理洋務，直至甲午 中日戰爭，在中方戰敗之後，先生前往日本。遇刺後，被 迫簽訂《馬關條約》。《馬關條約》的簽訂被看成喪權辱國約， 先生的聲望自然也有所損傷，但在西方世界，他被譽為是 最出色的外交家。

1896年，73歲高齡的李鴻章代表清廷開始了出使歐美各國 的旅程。李鴻章此次出訪，從3月28日上海啟程到10月3日 返抵天津，歷時190天，從此他的對外知名度達到巔峰。李

此次訪美，李鴻章希望能夠順利完成兩項重要的外交使命。

第一項外交使命是希望結束對中國勞工的剝削，不再招收中 國勞工到古巴的甘蔗種植園工作（詳見澳門文件）。在總共 大約22.5萬名的新募中國勞工中，雖僅有1.4萬人獲得了自 由，其他人大多數死於缺乏醫療保護、虐待、疾病，李鴻章 還是成功終止了慘無人道的中國勞工貿易。

圖1-2 格蘭特和李鴻章 鴻章是國際公認的中國晚清外交第一人。他每到訪一個歐洲 國家都會受到熱烈歡迎，並受到皇家式的接見。（1896年4 月5日）李鴻章獲得大英帝國維多利亞女王授予的“皇家騎 士大十字勳章”，那個時代的英國很少將此勳章頒發給外國 人。1896年8月28日，當乘載包括李鴻章在內的外交使團“聖 • 路易士”號郵輪駛入紐約港，美國兩列艦隊多響禮炮齊鳴 以示歡迎。他登船後，托馬斯 • 羅格將軍即率政府要員正式 接見。

李鴻章的第二項外交使命是說服美國政府改變對中國 的移民政策，呼籲廢除排華法案《格力法》（注：Asian Exclusion Act，1882年頒佈實施，1892年補充修訂，第二 次世界大戰結束後被廢除）。該法案規定每年僅限100名中 國人移民到美國。他還希望美國聯邦政府能採取公平公正的 措施保護中國人的生命和財產免受加州不斷爆發的種族騷 亂侵害。為了完成這項任務，他希望得到美國前總統尤利塞 斯 格蘭特將軍的幫助。在格蘭特的亞洲中國之行途中，李 鴻章與格蘭特結下了深厚的友誼。可惜李鴻章到訪後格蘭特 已經辭世，儘管訪美期間深受歡迎，李鴻章最終還是未能完 成此事。在繁忙的公務行程中，李鴻章抽空拜謁格蘭特未完 工的陵墓，格蘭特的夫人與兒子作陪，格蘭特夫人將丈夫心

圖1-1 正面圖案是格蘭特的右臉側像 ，背面圖案是已竣工的陵墓

愛的遺物⸺手杖贈與李鴻章留念。格蘭特將軍的陵墓于 1897年竣工，為了表示紀念，蒂芙尼公司鑄造了一枚紀念 章（圖1），正面圖案是格蘭特的右臉側像，背面圖案是已 竣工的陵墓。目前，每年約有9萬名遊客到格蘭特將軍的陵 墓瞻仰參觀。

圖2 晚宴菜單

9月1日，大清國公使及華人領袖為李鴻章舉辦了歡迎晚宴， 設宴於當時美國最好的餐廳 Delmonaco’ s。此處列舉的晚 宴功能表是彼時功能表的還原。菜單上印有清末官方國旗黃 龍旗與美國國旗交叉（圖2 ）圖樣，字樣以法語印刷，共有 十餘道菜品，搭配六種不同種類的葡萄酒（此細節的完整描 述專供對烹飪藝術感興趣的讀者參考）。出席此次晚宴的一 名重要嘉賓是大清駐古巴總領事余思詒先生，他在廢除雇傭 中國勞工法案一事中發揮着重要的作用。圖3是余思詒先生 的列席座位卡。圖4是李鴻章當時的名片。有趣的是，有一 些卡片中寫着“中國女皇陛下”。這是否是出於對慈禧太后 的尊重，我們已無從知曉。

紐約之行第三天，美國第22、24任總統格羅弗 · 克利夫蘭 特地從華盛頓趕來接見李鴻章，由於美國首都遭熱浪襲擊， 這次旅程並不舒適。會議在紐約市總督島舉行。在那個時代， 一位國家元首離開自己的府邸親迎到訪的外國貴賓，這是非 常罕見的，也是來訪賓客的無上殊榮。

在餘下的訪美行程中，李鴻章成為了賓夕法尼亞鐵路公司 （圖5）的座上賓，這家公司作為東道主負責安排李鴻章的 行程。該公司配備一輛豪華列車專門招待李鴻章，並為其 提供最優渥的食宿條件。圖6和圖7分別展示了賓夕法尼亞 鐵路公司招待李鴻章的9月5日晚宴菜單和9月6日早餐菜單。 圖中菜品十分精緻，可與當時全美最負盛名的餐廳菜品相媲 美。透過菜單圖片我們依稀可以窺見兩個有趣的現象：無論 誰都不可能嘗遍晚宴餐單上的所有食物，因此我們推斷，李 鴻章用餐時只能挑選那些最吸引他的菜品。此外，菜單中還 寫着一種名為“廣式乾薑”的菜品，它是當時常見的中國小 吃。我們並不知道它為何出現在餐桌上，也許是因為美國人 認為它好吃，也有可能它是李鴻章喜歡享用的零食。

圖5-1 截至1882年，賓夕法尼亞鐵路公司已成為世界上最大的 鐵路公司、最大的運輸企業，並且是世界上最大的公司。除了 英法兩國，總計30000英里里程的賓夕法尼亞鐵路公司擁有比 世界上任何其他國家都要長的行駛里程。該公司的預算撥款數 額僅次於美國政府。

圖3 余思詒先生的列席座位卡。 余思詒（1835-1907年）， 清朝外交官。他從小受過 良好的家庭教育，思想開 放，主張學習外國的科學 文化，曾為清廷擬定過開 辦洋務的報告，深得北洋 大臣李鴻章的賞識。後經 李鴻章推薦，作為駐外使 節長期在國外任職。為了 發展民族工商業，後被派 往日本、美國考察。著有 《樓船日記》等書。

圖4 李鴻章當時的名片

圖5-2

喬治 布魯克 羅伯茨， 1880–1896年間任賓夕 法尼亞鐵路公司總裁， 1896年李鴻章訪美期間 依然在職。他將賓夕法 尼亞鐵路建設成世界上 最大的鐵路公司。

圖6 9月5日晚宴菜單 圖7 9月6日早餐菜單

圖8 印着“李鴻章”三個金色大字的封面

圖9 李鴻章年輕時的照片 圖10 李鴻章隨行的政府官員及朋友的名字 圖11 行程時刻記錄

為了紀念李鴻章此次的賓西法尼亞鐵路專列之行，美方還專門印發了一本李 鴻章訪美小冊子，約有十來頁，記載了許多生動有趣的史實。封面赫然 印着“李鴻章”三個金色大字，名字上端是中美國旗交叉圖樣（圖 8）， 首頁有一張李鴻章年輕時的照片（圖9），還有一頁是與李鴻章隨行的 政府官員及朋友的名字（圖10）。此外，小冊中還載有李鴻章乘坐專列 前往北美並到訪其他美國城市的名稱及行程時刻記錄（圖11）。李鴻章 北美之行的最後一站是參觀尼亞加拉瀑布，它的雄偉壯觀給李鴻章留下 了深刻的印象。圖12是李鴻章的訪美路線圖。

圖12 李鴻章的訪美路線圖

在離開美國之前，李鴻章送給羅格將軍漢堡銀質紀念 章一枚，該紀念章的雕刻師是奧斯卡 伯格曼（Oskar

Bergmann）。儘管此紀念章材質並不少見，但極少有紀念 章如它一般⸺與一次特殊的外交之行息息相關。

圖13-2 該模具的雕刻家為來自馬格德堡的赫爾曼 赫爾德。幣 面上李鴻章肖像的原裝幣模現存于德國蔡茨的莫里茨堡博物館。

赫爾曼 赫爾德（Hermann Held）1836年出生于蔡茨，曾在馬 格德堡工作。他還是首個朝鮮機鑄幣模具的雕刻家（詳見《東 亞泉志》第11期）。1914年，他將畢生所造錢幣模具悉數捐贈 給家鄉蔡茨的博物館。

圖13-1 漢堡銀質紀念章，帶 NGC 打盒。此章曾為羅格將軍所有。

圖13-3 1890年德國漢堡港

李鴻章原先打算遍訪全美，間或可乘坐橫跨美國東、西兩 岸的跨美鐵路。無巧不成書，加利福尼亞爆發了一場大規 模的種族暴動，出於安全考慮，李鴻章只好改乘去往溫哥 華的列車，再從加拿大搭船回國。途中還發生過一個小插曲， 他所乘的船隻最遠只能到達日本橫濱，抵達橫濱後他需要 轉船換乘一艘美國輪船，但他在簽訂《馬關條約》後曾發 誓堅決不再踏上日本的領土，他於是下令在船與船之間置 一木板，就這樣踏板而過。1896年9月底，李鴻章回國。

今天，當我們追溯李鴻章的世界之行，從中不難看出，晚 清中國和西方國家之間的外交關係是坦誠相待的，即便不 十分友好。倘若清廷能妥善處理，保持良好的外交關係， 那麼中國通過變革以實現軍事強盛便指日可待了。可惜事 與願違，義和團運動爆發後兩年，愚昧保守的清廷向列強 宣戰。李鴻章卻抗旨不遵，拒絕執行朝廷的參戰命令（李 在經過這趟令他大開眼界的世界之旅後，對各國之先進與

強大的軍事力量已是了然於心，相較之下，中國實難抵抗 各國列強）。然而，毫無招架之力的清 廷並沒有放過年事已高的李鴻章。

當列強步步緊逼，清廷只好再次 將李鴻章召回，命其簽訂《辛 丑合約》。走下病榻的李鴻章代 清廷簽字畫押。簽署條約後僅兩 個月時間，即1901年11月，李鴻 章憤然離世。

繼義和團運動之後餘波再起，清王朝滅亡的喪鐘早已敲響。 十年之後，搖搖欲墜的清朝大廈終於傾倒，中國進入了軍 閥混戰的時代，社會動盪不安，民不聊生。

（本文是李鴻章系列第一篇，《東亞泉志》將連載與李鴻章 有關的錢幣文章，敬請讀者關注。）

The Story and Destination of Ancient Coins Brought to the United States by Nai-chi Chang

Zhou Bian〔Shanghai〕

Nai-chi Chang [ 張乃驥 ], also known as Zhang Shuxun [ 張叔馴 ] (Fig. 1), courtesy name Qizhai [ 齊齋 ], was a real estate tycoon who lived during the early Republic of China period. Chang was a native of Nanxun Town, Zhejiang Province, and he was the seventh son of Chang Shiming [ 張 石銘 ]. Born into a family of scholars, Nai-chi Chang was erudite through paternal teaching and influence. Since there were many stone inscription rubbings and ancient paintings in his family collection, Chang was imperceptibly influenced by what he saw in his childhood and became an expert at appraising art. As Chang was particularly interested in ancient coins and eventually became a top collector of ancient Chinese coins. Ding Fubao [ 丁福保 ], a leading numismatic authority at that time, admired that Chang's collection was the most abundant in southeast China. Luo Boshao [ 羅伯昭 ], another great collector, commented that Nai-chi Chang's collection featured many unique coins, and it was quite impressive. In 1926, Chang invited many numismatists to set up the Ancient Coin Society, the first numismatic community in China. In 1927, he started the Ancient Coin Journal, which was the first published numismatic journal in China.

The courtesy name of Nai-chi Chang was Qizhai. The name came from the da qi tong bao [ 大齊通 寶 ] in his collection. Da qi tong bao was the first coin issued by Xu Zhigao [ 徐知誥 ] after founding the Southern Tang dynasty. This coin was once used as the base of a shuttlecock, so four holes were cut on the coin. Therefore, it was also called si yan da qi [ 四眼大齊 , da qi tong bao with four holes]. The coin originally belonged to Dai Baoting [ 戴葆庭 ], who bought it in Boyang County, Jiangxi Province, in 1925, and Nai-chi Chang purchased this coin from Dai. Chang cherished the coin so much that he named himself Qizhai (literally, the study housing si yang da qi). Nai-Chi Chang took his place alongside Fang Yaoyu [ 方藥雨 ] of Tianjin and Luo Bozhao of Sichuan as one of the greatest numismatists during the Republic of China period, and they were called "Chang in the south, Fang in the north and Luo in Sichuan."

In 1938, China was invaded by Japan. Nai-chi Chang and his family took refuge in Switzerland and then went to the United States. Before leaving, Chang left his business and ancient

coin collection in hands of his elder sister Zhang Zhizai [ 張 智哉 ]. When Nai-chi Chang returned to Shanghai to dispose his property in 1946 after the Second Sino-Japanese War, he selected nearly 2,000 ancient coins (including some coin-like amulets) and brought them to the United States. In the last years of his life, he ran an oriental arts company at 125 East 57th Street, New York, NY. Chang died on May 30th, 1948, in New York-Presbyterian University Hospital of Columbia and Cornell. After his death, people wondered about the whereabouts of some 2,000 coins he brought to the United States, and there was a report that Chang's wife sold these coins to a charity foundation in the United States.

Many numismatists and collectors are curious about the destination of these coins. Michael Chou, the CEO of Champion Auction and the editor-in-chief of the Journal of East Asian Numismatics, made an in-depth investigation of their whereabouts when he was in the United States in 2014. He contacted all parties concerned and explored as much as he could about these ancient Chinese coins. Thanks to his trust in me, he shared his investigation experience and relevant materials with me. Now, I will explain the process and result of the investigation.

si yan da qi

Fig. 1 Zhang Shuxun

1948-2

In February 1948, Nai-chi Chang went to the United States and brought 1,998 ancient Chinese coins. Three months later, Chang passed away. In 1950, his wife Xu Maoqian [ 徐懋倩 ] inquired with their friend C.T. Loo [ 盧芹齋 ] (Fig. 2) how to deal with

the coins, and Frank Caro, the partner of C.T. Loo, helped to take photos of one side of each coin. After that, Xu sold the coins to J.T. Tai [Tai Jun-tsei 戴潤齋 ] (Fig. 3) , also known as Dai Fubao 戴福保 , a native of Wuxi, Zhejiang Province].

Xu Maoqian knew Tai well. Nai-chi Chang was a big customer of J.T. Tai in Shanghai, and Xu often played mahjong with his wife in New York. In the 1930s, J.T. Tai opened an antique store in Shanghai; in April 1949, he moved to Hong Kong; in 1950, he immigrated to the United States. Tai was active in antique auctions worldwide from the 1960s to 1970s, and he became the most famous dealer of Chinese antique and artworks after the Second Sino-Japanese War. Tai left behind a huge legacy of nearly $30 million, which founded J. T. Tai & Company Foundation, Inc. headquartered at 18 East 67th Street, New York.

1967 2014

In 1967, J.T. Tai sold the coins to Arthur Sackler over the phone. Sackler was an American psychiatrist and famous collector. In the Smithsonian National Museum of Natural History, the Arthur M. Sackler Gallery was built under the Freer Gallery. He also donated to set up museums at Harvard University and Peking University. There were specialized exhibitions set in the Metropolitan Museum of Art and Princeton University for the Sackler collection(Fig. 4). Also, numerous special auctions were held by Christie's and Sotheby's for his collection. In 1967, Arthur Sackler made a memo note of this transaction with J.T. Tai, and Sackler had another memo in 1975 of not picking up the coins from Tai. When J.T. Tai died in 1992, Nai-chi Chang's coins were moved from J.T. Tai's office to the foundation.

Fig.4 J.T. Tai, Paul Singer (senior Chinese art collector) and Arthur M. Sackler at opening of Sackler Gallery at MET.N.Y. 1965.

In 2014, Nelson Chang, the son of Nai-chi Chang, found a copy of the photos of 1,998 coins taken by Frank Caro and gave it to Michael Chou when he visited Nelson in California. Che-lu Tseng, senior advisor of the Journal of the East Asian Numismatics, saw the copy and made comments on the coins from the photocopy of the Frank Caro's photos. In September 2014, Nelson's friend Xu Jingcan met Mrs. Y.C. Chen, the former secretary of J.T. Tai, at the party celebrating the 109th birthday of Yan Youyun in New York. Yan is the wife of famous

Chinese diploma Gu Weijun. Her birthday party was held at the Pierre Hotel in New York, and Xu, her niece, attended the party. Xu knew from Y.C. Chen that the coins were kept in the basement of the J.T. Tai Foundation, and she gave Michael Chou the contact information of Y.C. Chen when they met in December. On December 18, Michael Chou told Nelson Chang Y.C. Chen's address in a letter, and he suggested to Nelson to explain who he was and his father's collection.

Fig. 3 J.T. Tai

Fig. 2 C.T. Loo

2015

On January 22, 2015, Y.C. Chen sent an email to Nelson Chang, and confirmed that Nai-chi Chang's collection had been sold to Sackler by his wife, and the foundation had just helped to store these coins, and they were not the property of the foundation. She wanted to find some records showing the purchase of the coins. According to the email sent by Y.C. Chen, Arthur Sackler, the present owner of the coins, hadn't come to collect the coins before he passed away in 1987. In an August 12, 2015 email from Y.C. Chen to Nelson Chang, she asked Nelson to ask Michael Chou to help find an appropriate Sackler family member to receive the coins. In October 2015, Michael Chou and photographer Todd Pollock (Fig. 5) went to take photos of the coins after getting the permission of Y.C. Chen. However, there were only some 1,300 coins left, and one-fourth of these coins was missing. Hence, there were around 500 more photos (single-sided) in 1950 than photos (double-sided) in 2015,

2016

On January 8, 2016, Michael Chou met Y.C. Chen again to follow up on the affair. Here I would like to express my admiration for Y.C. Chen's professionalism. Without her concern and help, these ancient coins brought to the United States by Nai-chi Chang would have been lost.

Regarding those ancient coins left in China when Nai-chi Chang went to the United States, most of them were kept by Chang's elder sister Zhang Zhizai. When Zhang Zhizai went to Japan in 1956, she left the coins in hands of her daughter Xu Jingshu [ 徐 景淑 ] and son-in-law Gu Zhengyan [ 顧正言 ]. When Xu and Gu went to the United States, a relative of Gu helped to keep the coins. The coins were confiscated during the Great Cultural Revolution. After the Revolution, some 3,000 items were returned to the family, while others became part of the collection of the Shanghai Museum. Xu Maozhai, the elder brother of Chang's wife, once had some of his ancient coins, which also ended up in the Shanghai Museum collection.

As mentioned above, most coins confiscated from the relative of Gu Zhengyan became part of the collection of the Shanghai Museum, and others were returned to Chang's family. The coins returned to the family included three-, four- and five-character

including the famous si yan da qi in Nai-chi Chang's collection. Elizabeth Sackler, the daughter of Arthur Sackler, later found the record of the transaction and the memorandum in 1975. Then, she took possession of the coins. In December 2015, Elizabeth Sackler retrieved the coins from the J.T. Tai Foundation.

knives (qi fa hua [ 齊法化 ], qi zhi fa hua [ 齊之法化 ], and qi mo zhi fa hua [ 節墨之法化 ] and an an yang zhi fa hua knife [ 安陽之法化 ]. The family asked Michael Chou to help in the sale of these coins. Another part of the Nai-chi Chang collection was taken to Japan by Xu Jingshu, and she saved these coins in a safety deposit box at a Japanese bank. When Xu went to the United States, she gave the key to the bank deposit box to Chang's wife. However, she didn't go to Japan to get the coins. When the lease of the safety deposit box expired, these coins entered the Japanese coin market.

Gu Qian Da Ci Dian

When Michael Chou helped take the photos of the 1,300-plus coins in the J.T. Tai Foundation collection, we could see some interesting features of the coins that had been brought by Naichi Chang to the United States. According to the photos, I found that some rare coins were the plate coins of the rubbings in Gu Qian Da Ci Dian [《古錢大 辭典》, Dictionaryof AncientCoins], and there were also some

Fig. 5 Photographer Todd Pollock and Bruce W. Smith

engraved mother coins of the Song dynasty, which could testify that these coins were from the collection of Nai-chi Chang. The coins can be generally grouped as follows.

The collection featured many rare ancient Chinese coins, such as yi dang bai qian [ 壹當百錢 ] (Fig. 6), qin feng quan bao [ 乾封 泉寶 ] iron coin with Chinese characters tian fu [ 天府 ] on its reverse (Fig. 7), yong an yi qian [ 永安一千 ], bao da yuan bao [ 保大元寶 ] with tian [ 天 ], ying tian yuan bao [ 應天元寶 ] with wan [ 萬 ], huang song tong bao [ 皇宋通寶 ] with Chinese characters in a particular seal writing style, qing yuan tong bao [ 慶元通寶 ] large coin with yong [ 永 ] (Fig. 8), shaodingyuan bao [ 紹定元寶 ] large coin (Fig. 9), zhaoxingzhongbao [ 趙興 重寶 ] with dang san [ 當三 ], qian tong yuan bao [ 乾統元寶 ] 10 cash gilding large coin (Fig. 10), tai he zhong bao [ 泰和重 寶 ] with Bassa characters, and chungguotongbao [ 窻國通寶 ].

Some coins were the plate coins of the rubbings in Gu Qian Da Ci Dian, such as kaiyuantongbao [ 開元通寶 ] large coin with a star on the top of its reverse (Fig. 11) (GuQianDaCiDian [《古 錢大辭典》], 1st ed. Zhonghua Book Company, 1982. Vol. 1. p. 989), qian de yuan bao [ 乾德元寶 ] large coin (Ibid. p. 930), ying sheng yuan bao [ 應聖元寶 ] with shi [ 拾 ] (Fig. 12) (Ibid. p. 1066), bao da yuan bao [ 保大元寶 ] with tian [ 天 ] (Fig. 13) (Ibid. p. 909), xian ping yuan bao with [ 咸平元寶 ] 10 cash large coin with Chinese characters in regular writing style (Ibid. p. 845), taihetongbao [ 泰和通寶 ] 2 cash with Chinese characters in regular writing style (Ibid. p. 919) (Fig. 14), da ding tong bao [ 大定通寶 ] 10 cash large coin (Ibid. p. 710) (Fig. 15), fuchuang zhong bao [ 阜昌重寶 ] 5 cash coin with Chinese characters in seal writing style (Ibid. p. 836), and zhao na xin bao [ 招納信 寶 ] with shi [ 使 ] and a character mark on its reverse (Ibid. p. 842) (Fig. 16). The mentioned qing yuan tong bao large coin with yong was also featured on page 1055 of the book.

The coins also included some scarce coins of the Song dynasty, like da guan yuan bao [ 大觀元寶 ] and chong ning yuan bao [ 崇甯元寶 ]. Besides, it had 15 jing kang [ 靖康 ] cois, which covered diverse denominations, character writing styles, and inscriptions (Fig. 17). There were also over 30 iron mother coins of this period, such as song yuan tong bao [ 宋元通寶 ], tai ping tong bao [ 太平通寶 ], kang ding tong bao [ 康定通寶 ], qing li zhong bao [ 慶曆重寶 ], zhi he zhong bao [ 至和重寶 ], xi ning zhong bao [ 熙寧通寶 ], yuan feng tong bao [ 元豐通寶 ], yuan

Fig. 8 qing yuan tong bao large coin with yong

Fig. 9 shaodingyuanbao large coin

Fig. 10 qian tong yuan bao 10 cash gilding large coin

Fig. 6 yi dang bai qian

Fig. 7 qin feng quan bao iron coin with Chinese characters tian fu on its reverse

you tong bao [ 元祐通寶 ], shao sheng tong bao [ 紹聖通寶 ], yuan fu tong bao [ 元符通寶 ], chong ning tong bao [ 崇寧通 寶 ], chong ning zhong bao [ 崇寧重寶 ], da guan tong bao [ 大 觀通寶 ], zheng he tong bao [ 政和通寶 ], and zheng he zhong bao [ 政和重寶 ] (Fig. 18).

In terms of coins of the Southern Song dynasty, there was a pair of jian yan yaun bao [ 建炎元寶 ]. The one with characters in

the seal writing style was from Zheng Zhangsong [ 鄭丈松 ], and the other one with characters in the official writing style was from Dai Baoting. Both of them were the plate coins in the Lidai Guqian Tushou [《歷代古錢圖說》, Catalogue of Ancient Coins through the Ages]. Nai-chi Chang was known for his collection of iron mother coins of the Southern Song dynasty. During the Republic of China period, it was said that Chang used to show his iron mother coins strung together in strings,

Fig. 11 kai yuan tong bao large coin with a star on the top of its reverse

Fig. 13 bao da yuan bao with tian

Fig. 12 ying sheng yuan bao with shi

Fig. 14 tai he tong bao 2 cash with Chinese characters in regular writing style

Fig. 16 zhao na xin bao with shi and a character mark on its reverse

Fig. 15 da ding tong bao 10 cash large coin

Fig. 18 zheng he zhong bao

Fig. 17 jing kang tong bao

and people were amazed at his collection of iron mother coins, which could be confirmed by the photos of the coins. The coins included over 40 pieces iron mother coins of the this period, such as jian yan tong bao [ 建炎通寶 ] 1 cash coin (Fig. 19), shaoxingtongbao [ 紹興通寶 ] with li [ 利 ], qiandaotongbao [ 乾道通寶 ] coins with zheng [ 正 ] and tong [ 同 ], jia ding tong bao [ 嘉定通寶 ] with han shi wu [ 漢十五 ], jia ding yuan bao [ 嘉定元寶 ] with li yi wu [ 利壹五 ], jia ding zhi bao [ 嘉 定之寶 ] coins with zheng wu [ 正五 ], li yi wu [ 利壹五 ], li zhou er [ 利州二 ], and li zhou xing shi [ 利州行使 ], jia ding chongbao [ 嘉定崇寶 ], jiadingyongbao [ 嘉定永寶 ], jiading tong bao [ 嘉定通寶 ], duan ping tong bao [ 端平通寶 ] coins with hui wu xi zhong [ 惠五西中 ], ding wu bei xia [ 定伍北 下 ], ding wu bei zhong [ 定伍北中 ] and ding wu dong xia [ 定 伍東下 ], jiaxitongbao [ 嘉熙通寶 ] with wu hui xia [ 五惠下 ] and shi dong er [ 十東二 ], chun xi yuan bao [ 淳熙元寶 ] coins with li [ 利 ], tong [ 同 ], tong ba [ 同捌 ], and chun shi wu [ 春 十五 ], jiataitongbao [ 嘉泰通寶 ] coins with chun san [ 春三 ] and tong san [ 同三 ], kai xi tong bao [ 開禧通寶 ] with chun yuan [ 春元 ], shaoxiyuanbao [ 紹熙元寶 ] with han er [ 漢二 ], shao ding tong bao [ 紹定通寶 ] with chun wu [ 春五 ], sheng songyuanbao [ 聖宋元寶 ], qingyuantongbao [ 慶元通寶 ].

Da zhong [ 大中 ] coins and hong wu [ 洪武 ] coins of the Ming dynasty also held a certain proportion in the collection, which was in line with the recorded fact that Nai-chi Chang had been keenly interested in Ming coins for a period. There were 70-plus da zhong coins with different Chinese characters, such as e [ 鄂 ], ji [ 濟 ], bei ping [ 北平 ], jing [ 京 ], yu [ 豫 ], guang [ 廣 ], guang er [ 廣二 ], guang wu [ 廣五 ], gui [ 桂 ], gui yi [ 桂一 ], gui er [ 桂二 ], gui san [ 桂三 ], fu [ 福 ], er fu [ 二福 ], san fu [ 三福 ], wu fu [ 福 ], etc. As for hongwutongbao [ 洪武通寶 ], there were over 80 coins with star and moon patterns, characters of san wen [ 三文 ], san [ 三 ], wu [ 五 ], fu [ 福 ], er fu [ 二福 ], san fu [ 三福 ], wu fu [ 五福 ], gui [ 桂 ], gui yi [ 桂一 ], gui er [ 桂二 ], gui wu [ 桂五 ], guang [ 廣 ], guang er [ 廣二 ], guang wu [ 廣五 ], bei ping [ 北平 ], zhe [ 浙 ], ji [ 濟 ], yu [ 豫 ], jing [ 京 ], e [ 鄂 ] (Fig. 20), etc.

The coins of the Qing dynasty included a tian cong tong bao [ 天聰通寶 ] large coin with Manchu characters, and a xian feng zhong bao [ 咸豐重寶 ] 40 cash coin produced in Zhejiang province (Fig. 21).

Fig. 20 hong wu tong bao with e

Fig. 19 jian yan tong bao iron mother coin

Fig. 23 zheng he tong bao coin charm with "tai ping xiao da" on its reverse

Fig. 22 yong le tong bao

Fig. 21 xian feng zhong bao 40 cash coin produced in Zhejiang province

In addition to cash coins, there were some silver 1 cash coins such as da chao tong bao [ 大朝通寶 ], tai ping yuan bao [ 太平 元寶 ] and yong le tong bao [ 永樂通寶 ] (Fig. 22). Apart from Chinese silver coins, there were also some foreign silver coins, like tian zhengtongbao [ 天正通寶 ], yin daitongbao [ 銀代通 寶 ], and qing an tong bao [ 慶安通寶 ]. There were also some coins from Japan, Annan, and Korea. Regarding those coin-like amulets brought to the United States by Nai-chi Chang, most of them were inscribed with Chinese characters, such as zhou yuan [ 周元 ], zhenghe [ 政和 ], chongning [ 崇寧 ], da guan [ 大觀 ], jing kang [ 靖康 ], da ding [ 大定 ], zheng long [ 正隆 ], and tai he [ 泰和 ] (Fig. 23).

Among the existing 1,300-plus coins, there are many rare coins in Nai-chi Chang's collection, a great collector known for his numismatic collection at home and abroad during the Republic of China period. We can also see some unique and special items, which show the abundance of Chang's collection. It is not an easy thing to build such a collection. Regretfully, a part of these coins is missing, including the si yan da qi, which attracts the domestic numismatic community. However, we can know from the photos taken in the 1950s that Chang did bring the da qi tong

bo to the United States (Fig. 24). Unfortunately, it is among the missing coins, and we have no idea about its whereabouts. As time goes by, the collection's destination is clear, and the existing coins come out. It is of great significance to document the story

Fig. 24 The copy of coin photos by Todd Pollock, with notes by Tseng che-lu

Appendix

Smithsonian-Arthur M. Sackler Gallery

The Smithsonian Institution, located at 1050 Independence Ave., SW Washington, DC, has two museums of Asian art: the Freer Gallery of Art and the Arthur M. Sackler Gallery. The Sackler Gallery features both permanent and temporary exhibitions from ancient times to the present. The museum is home to an incomparable collection of art, including some of the most important ancient Chinese jades and bronzes in the world. It has many jades from Nai-chi Chang's collection which were on exhibition in England in 1935. In addition to the exhibitions on display, the galleries feature innovative programming for visitors of all ages, such as lectures, concerts, films, and podcasts that enhance a visit.

Sackler Wing, The Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York, NY

Thomas Hoving, Metropolitan Museum Director from 196777, enlarged the footprint of the building by adding North and South Wings. The board agreed the South Wing would be named The Michael C. Rockefeller Wing for the Art of Africa, Oceania and the Americas, and Hoving wanted to find a donor for the North Wing, to house the Temple of Dendur, which was given by the Egyptian government in thanks for the United States' contribution towards the Aswan Dam project. Hoving had been looking for a donor for six years, and when Sackler was asked to contribute in 1973, he counted aloud to ten and said "I'll do it, the decision only took ten seconds". Sackler invited his brothers to join, and they did. This donation clinched the Temple of Dendur for New York, as other museums wanted it. It was taken apart and sent from Alexandria to Brooklyn and then to Fifth Avenue and reassembled. To mark the opening, Hoving arranged for the inaugural exhibition in the Sackler Exhibition Hall to be of the treasures found in the tomb of Tutankhamen, which was such a success it gave rise to the term "blockbuster" exhibition. Ambassador of Egypt Ahmed Asmat Abdel-Meguib dedicated the Temple of Dendur in September 1978, after which the Sackler Wing and Exhibition Hall opened to the public, celebrated as one of the most spacious halls in New York City.

Elizabeth Ann Sackler

Elizabeth Ann Sackler (born February 19, 1948) is an American public historian and arts activist. She is the founder of the Elizabeth A. Sackler Center for Feminist Art at the Brooklyn Museum, the first museum center devoted to female artists and feminist art, located at the Brooklyn Museum. In June 2014, Sackler became the first woman to be elected Chairman by the Brooklyn Museum Board of Trustees, a position she held until June 2016. She has served as a member of the Board of Trustees of the Brooklyn Museum since 2000.

J.T. Tai

Jun Tsei Tai (1910-1992), also known as Dai Fubao, started his career in Shanghai during the Republic of China period, and then moved south to Hong Kong. He called himself J.T. Tai in the United States. Mr. Tai had helped two of America's leading collectors build up the core of the Chinese art hoards now housed in the San Francisco Asian Art Museum and the Arthur M. Sackler Gallery in Washington.

J.T. Tai and Co Foundation

J.T. Tai and Co. Foundation is a private foundation based in New York, NY, and was founded in 1983.

C.T. Loo

Ching Tsai Loo, commonly known as C. T. Loo [ 盧 芹 齋 , February 1, 1880 - August 15, 1957], was a controversial art dealer of Chinese origin who maintained galleries in Paris and New York and supplied important pieces for collectors and American museums by illegally exporting a large amount of significant state cultural relics from China. He has been called "the preeminent dealer of Chinese art and artifacts for the first half of the twentieth century," but also criticized for his illegal active role in removing antiques and archaeological treasures from China for sale to western collectors.

Frank Caro

Frank Caro was the successor of C.T. Loo. After 1949, China strictly controlled the export of cultural relics. Most of C.T. Loo's inventory in China were confiscated, so his business could only be maintained through selling the inventory in the United States and customizing Chinese style furniture. In this situation, C.T. Loo had to retire. He auctioned the inventory in New York and sold this store to his assistant Frank Caro.

Paul Singer

Trained as a psychiatrist, Dr. Paul Singer is best remembered for his wide-ranging.

Chinese art collection, which he assembled largely at a time when American contact with China was severely restricted. Born in Hungary in 1904 and raised in Austria, Singer made his first purchase of East Asian art at the age of seventeen. He collected most aggressively after he immigrated to the USA in 1939, making discoveries at art dealers, auction houses, and thrift stores alike. By the time of his death in 1997, Singer's holdings had grown to some five thousand objects, mostly Chinese works of art that he displayed in his modest twobedroom apartment in Summit, New Jersey.

眾裏尋他千百度 張叔馴攜美古錢的經歷與歸宿

◎ 周 邊〔上海〕

圖1

張家第二代收藏家、 古錢大王張叔馴

张叔驯，名乃骥，字齐斋，南浔张石铭第七子，民国房地产巨商（图1）。先生家学渊源、

家藏金石碑帖与历代古画甚丰，自幼耳濡目染，精于鉴别。尤嗜古泉，不惜巨资，广 为搜求，遂成大家。时泉界泰斗丁福保称其“藏泉之富，甲于东南”；罗伯昭曾感慨： 观其珍藏，孤品异品，层见叠出，令人望洋兴叹。1926 年，张叔驯邀钱币收藏者多人， 创办中国第一个钱币研究团体古泉学社。1927年，他又创办了《古泉杂志》，这也是中 国最早正式出版的钱币专业杂志。

四眼大齊

說起齊齋號名，1925年古泉學 家戴葆庭在江西鄱陽收得南唐 徐知誥封吳王時所鑄“大齊通 寶”一枚，因孩兒踢毽嬉在錢 上鑿四孔因名“四眼大齊”，後 歸張氏，極為珍愛遂以“齊齋” 號之。張叔馴與天津方藥雨， 四川羅伯昭在民國錢幣界有“南張北方巴蜀羅”之稱。

1938年，張叔馴一家因日軍侵華避難去了瑞士，再去美國。

臨行前將上海的生意與古錢藏品委託其姐張智哉代管。抗 戰勝利後，1946年張叔馴回上海處理他的財產，並精選了

1948年2月

張叔馴先生來滬挑選了1998枚古錢幣赴美，回美國3個月後 即當年5月份張先生去世。1950年時張先生夫人徐懋倩女 士找到友人盧芹齋（C. T. Loo，圖2），詢問如何處理這批 古錢幣的事宜。並請盧芹齋的合夥人弗蘭克 卡洛（Frank Caro）為每一枚錢幣都拍攝了正面單幅照片。其後張夫人 將這批古錢幣賣給了戴潤齋（J. T. Tai，圖3）。倆人原本就 認識，張叔馴在上海時就是戴潤齋的大客人，到紐約後，徐 懋倩也常與戴夫人一起打麻將。戴潤齋即戴福保，潤齋為其 字，無錫人。19世紀30年代，戴先生在上海開設古董店； 1949年4月南遷香港；1950年移居美國。

20世紀60至70年 代，他活躍於世界各地古董拍賣場，已成為戰後中國古董藝 術界中最知名的古董商人。戴先生身後留下了近3 000萬元

近2 000枚古錢帶去美國。在他生命的最後幾年裏，他在美 國紐約市曼哈頓東57街125號開了家東方藝術品公司。張叔 馴於1948年5月30日在紐約哥倫比亞長老會醫院病逝。張 先生去世後，其帶至美國的近2 000枚古錢的去向，現有報 道稱：張夫人將它們出讓給了美國一家慈善基金會。

對這批古錢的下落以及最終的歸宿，是許多錢幣研究者和愛 好者關心的事。冠軍拍賣總裁、《東亞泉志》總編輯周邁克 先生，2014年在美期間對這批錢幣的下落作了細緻深入的 調查，並與相關人員接觸聯繫通信，對發現和瞭解這批古錢 幣，做了開拓性的工作。承蒙他的信任，提供了調查經過與 相關資料，使我得以將這段過程敘述如下：

美金的巨額遺產 , 組成了一個由他的名字命名的戴福保基金 會（J. T. Tai & Company Foundation, Inc.），總部位於美 國紐約市東67街18號。

圖2 盧芹齋

圖3 戴潤齋

1967年

戴潤齋將張夫人賣與他的這批古錢幣，通過電話交易的方式 賣給了亞瑟 薩克勒（Arthur Sackler）。亞瑟 薩克勒，美 國醫學博士，國際著名的收藏家。在華盛頓史密森國家歷史 博物館佛瑞爾美術館的樓下，建有“亞瑟 薩克勒”冠名的 美術館，並在哈佛大學及北京大學捐建博物館，紐約大都會 及普林斯頓大學也都為其藏品專設展覽（圖4）。佳士得、蘇 富比也都為薩克勒博士的收藏品，舉辦過無數次專場拍賣。

亞瑟 薩克勒從戴潤齋處買下張叔馴這批古錢後寫下一張交 易備忘錄。時至1975年，薩克勒又寫了一張備忘錄，記錄 還沒有去拿走1967年交易的錢幣。戴先生於1992年去世， 張叔馴那批錢幣從戴潤齋的辦公室轉移到了基金會辦公室。

2014年

張叔馴的兒子張南琛先生，從弗蘭克 · 卡洛處找到當時為 1998枚錢幣拍的照片複印件，並交給了來美國加利福尼亞 家中探訪的周邁可。《東亞泉志》高級顧問曾澤祿其後也看 到了這些照片複印件，並對其中的幾枚錢幣寫文點評。同 年9月，在美國紐約舉辦的慶賀嚴幼韻女士110歲生日的宴 會上，張南琛的友人徐景燦女士遇到戴潤齋的前秘書 Y.C.

Chen（陳女士）。嚴幼韻女士是“民國第一外交家”顧維 陳女士致郵件給張南琛，確認其父張叔馴先生的錢幣已由其 母親賣給了薩克勒，戴潤齋基金會裏的這批錢幣只是代為保 管，而不是基金會的財產。同時，她希望能找到戴潤齋將錢 幣賣給了亞瑟 薩克勒的交易證明。信中還表示，錢幣擁有 人亞瑟 薩克勒已於1987年去世，生前一直未曾來取過錢 幣。2015年8月12日，陳女士再次發郵件給張南琛，告訴他 可以尋求周邁可的幫助，從薩克勒家族中找到接受這批錢幣 的合適人選。2015年10月，在征得陳女士同意後，周邁可

圖4 1965年紐約大都會博物館薩克勒展覽館開幕式上（左起） 戴潤齋、保羅 辛格爾（資深中國藝術品藏家）、薩克勒三人合影。

鈞先生的太太，她的生日宴在紐約皮埃爾酒店舉辦，徐景燦 女士作為其侄女應邀參加生日宴。徐女士在與 Y.C. Chen 的交談中得知張叔馴的錢幣保存在戴福保基金會地下室。同 年12月，徐女士與周邁可見面時告知了陳女士的聯繫方式。 12月18日，周邁可致信張南琛，告訴他陳女士通訊地址， 並建議張將自己的身份和父親的收藏情況寫信與之聯繫。

2015年1月22日

帶上加州知名錢幣攝影師陶德 波洛克（Todd Pollock，圖 5）前往存放地為張叔馴古錢幣拍照時，發現當時1998枚錢 幣只剩下1 300多枚，有1/4下落不明。1950年全部藏品相 片（單面）與2015年的相片（雙面）相比，共缺少500多 枚，其中包括那枚“四眼大齊”。之後，薩克勒的女兒伊莉 莎白 薩克勒（Elizabeth Sackler）找到了1967年的交易證 明，以及1975年的備忘錄，因此，她擁有了這批錢幣。同 年12月，伊莉莎白 薩克勒前往戴潤齋基金會取走了錢幣。

圖5 2016年，攝影師陶德（左）與《東亞泉志》高級編輯史博 祿在加州見面

2016年1月8日

陳女士與周邁可先生再次見面，跟進相關事宜。在此不得不 敬佩陳女士的敬業精神，如果沒有她對此事的關心與熱心幫 助，張叔馴攜美的這批古錢幣，至今仍是泥牛入海。

張叔馴剩留在上海的其他古錢，也幾經轉手歷經滄桑，有文 記載的經歷是：大部分留存的錢幣歸張先生的姐姐張智哉女 士保管。1956年她去日本時，委託給了自己的女兒徐景淑 與女婿顧正言；1961年徐景淑與顧正言去美國時，轉由女

婿家族的一位親戚代管。1966年開始的“ 無產階級文化大 革命”中被查抄，運動後發還了3 000枚錢幣。最後大部分 由上海博物館收藏。張先生的內兄徐懋齋手中也曾有一些張 先生的古錢，後也歸上海博物館收藏。

周邁可先生瞭解的情況是，從張智哉女婿親戚家抄走的張叔 馴先生的古錢幣，大部分作價捐獻給了上海博物館，後有部 分錢幣退還，如齊法化三字刀、齊之法化四字刀、節墨之法 化和安陽之法化五字刀，其後交由周先生處理。另有部分錢 幣由徐景淑帶到日本，存於日本銀行保險櫃。後徐景淑往美 國將保險櫃鑰匙交給張叔馴遺孀。但張太太並沒有去日本取 回這些錢幣。銀行在保險櫃租用到期後清理保險櫃，這部分 錢幣在日本流出。

周邁可先生拍攝的留存在戴潤齋基金會的1300多枚古錢的 照片，得以使我們見到了張叔馴這批錢幣真面貌。也從其中 發現的珍稀錢幣，《古錢大辭典》拓圖原物與一批宋代母錢 中，反證了這批錢幣是張叔馴先生的藏品。現將所見照片中 的錢幣分述如下：

很多的珍稀中國古錢，如：壹當百錢（圖6）、乾封泉寶背 天府鐵母（圖7）、永安一千、保大元寶背天、應天元寶背萬、 皇宋通寶九疊篆、慶元通寶背永大錢（圖8）、紹定元寶大 錢（圖9）、趙興重寶背當三、乾統元寶折十鎏金大錢 ( 圖 10）、篆書泰和重寶背巴斯巴文、窻國通寶等。

丁福保先生編著的《古錢大辭典》書中拓圖的錢幣原物。

如：開元通寶背穿上星大錢（圖11），見左圖中華書局1982

年12月第一版《古錢大辭典》上冊989頁；乾德元寶大錢， 同書930頁；應聖元寶背拾（圖12），同書1066頁；保大元 寶背天（圖13），同書909頁；鹹平元寶楷書折十大錢，同

《古錢大辭典》上冊

圖6 壹當百錢

圖7 乾封泉寶背天府鐵母

圖8 慶元通寶背永大錢 紹定元寶大錢

图9 绍定元宝大钱

圖10

乾統元寶折十鎏金大錢

圖11 開元通寶背穿上星大錢

圖13 保大元寶背天

圖15 大定通寶折十大錢

圖17 靖康通寶

書845頁；泰和通寶楷書折二錢（圖14），同書919頁；大定 通寶折十大錢（圖15），同書710頁；阜昌重寶篆書當五錢， 同書836頁；招納信寶背使押文錢（圖16），見同書842頁。 包括上述的那枚慶元通寶背永見同書1055頁等錢幣。

北宋錢中的大觀元寶、崇寧元寶極為珍罕，尤其是靖康錢

圖12 應聖元寶背拾

圖14 泰和通寶楷書折二钱

圖16 招納信寶背使押文錢

圖18 政和重寶鐵母錢

就有15 枚之多，包括小平折二，隸篆真書，元寶、通寶、 重寶文，品種齊全，蔚為大觀（圖17）。北宋鐵母有：宋元 通寶、太平通寶、康定通寶、慶曆重寶、至和重寶、熙寧通 寶、元豐通寶、元祐通寶、紹聖通寶、元符通寶、崇寧通 寶、崇寧重寶、大觀通寶、政和通寶、政和重寶（圖18）等 30 餘枚。

南宋建炎元寶一對，隸書為鄭丈松舊物，篆書得自戴葆庭藏 泉，都是丁福保《歷代古錢圖說》原品。南宋鐵母有建炎通 寶小平（圖19），紹興通寶背利，乾道通寶背正、同，嘉定 通寶背漢十五，嘉定元寶背利壹五，嘉定之寶背正五、利壹 五、利州二、利州行使，嘉定崇寶、永寶、通寶，端平通寶 背惠五西中、定伍北下、定伍北中、定伍東下，嘉熙通寶背 五惠下、十東二，淳熙元寶背利、同、同捌、春十五，嘉泰 通寶背春三、同三，開禧通寶背春元，紹熙元寶背漢二，紹 定通寶春五，聖宋元寶，慶元通寶、川三六、春五等40餘枚。 其時有人稱張先生藏“鐵母”錢以串示眾令時人驚訝，今所 見此言不虛。

這批存錢中明代大中、洪武錢占一定的比重。其中大中錢 有70餘枚，有背鄂、濟、北平、京、豫、廣、廣二、廣五、 桂桂一、桂二、桂三、福、二福、三福、五福等。洪武通寶 背有星月紋，三文、三、五，福、二福、三福、五福，桂、

桂一、桂二、桂五，廣、廣二、廣五，北平、浙、濟、豫、京、 鄂（圖20）等80餘枚。證實了張先生記載中曾有段時間極 嗜明代錢幣的史實。

清錢見有滿文天聰通寶大錢，咸豐重寶寶浙當四十（圖21） 等。

藏錢中有大朝通寶、太平元寶、永樂通寶銀質小平錢數枚。 見有天正通寶、銀代通寶和慶安通寶（圖22）外國銀錢。 還有一些日本、安南、朝鮮等周邊鄰國錢幣。發現的壓勝錢 大都為錢文錢。如周元、政和、崇寧、大觀、靖康、大定、 正隆、泰和等。圖23為政和通寶背“太平小打”壓勝錢。

從目前尚存的1 300餘枚的古錢中，我們看到了以錢幣收藏 名聞中外的張叔馴先生的珍貴藏品，見到不少的孤品異品， 得以見證民國錢幣界巨擘的實力，從中體驗集藏中的不易與 付出。令人遺憾的是，1948年張叔馴先生帶至美國這批錢 幣不知原由丟失了一部分，令國內錢幣界矚目的那枚南唐 “四眼大齊”也未在其中。但從張南琛先生收藏的1950年拍 攝的照片複印件中，“大齊通寶”赫然在目（圖24），可見 它被張叔馴先生帶去了美國，遺憾的是“四眼大齊”又在丟 失的錢幣之中，行蹤成謎。歲月滄桑，時過境遷，張叔馴先 生藏錢的最終歸宿得以清晰，尚存的藏品得以展示，將這段 歷史記錄成檔是件極有意義的事。

圖

美國史密森國家歷史博物館亞瑟 · 薩克勒展覽館

附錄

美國史密森國家歷史博物館位於美國華盛頓特區獨立大道1050 號，下設兩所亞洲藝術博物館，即佛瑞爾美術館和亞瑟 薩克 勒展覽館。薩克勒展覽館中既有臨時展覽，也有永久陳設的展 覽，展品年代囊括古今。博物館中收藏的藝術品無與倫比，其 中不乏世界上最為珍貴的中國古代玉器和青銅器。館中還有很 多出自張叔馴收藏的玉器，這些玉器曾於1935年在英國進行展 出。除了在展展品外，展覽館中還為各個年齡段的訪客設計的 創意項目，如講座、音樂會、影片和播客等，以此吸引更多的觀 眾來訪。

紐約大都會藝術博物館薩克勒展覽館

大都會博物館館長托馬斯 霍文（Thomas Hoving，任期19671977年）新建博物館北翼和南翼，擴大了博物館的展覽面 積。博物館董事會同意南翼以邁克爾 洛克菲勒（Michael C.

Rockefeller）命名，主要展出非洲、大洋洲及美洲藝術。此外， 霍文希望尋找願意出資建設北翼的捐贈者。北翼將展出埃及政 府為感謝美國幫助建設阿斯旺水壩而捐贈的丹鐸神廟。霍文花 費六年時間才找到適合的捐贈者。1971年，薩克勒在被詢問是 否願意捐贈之後，他大聲數了10個數，然後說，“我花了10秒做 出了決定，我願意捐贈。”薩克勒還邀請他的兄弟們共同進行 捐助。這一捐贈成果讓各家博物館都希望得到的丹鐸神廟被留 在了紐約大都會博物館。神廟之後被拆開，從亞曆山大港運送 至布魯克林，再運往第五大道之後進行重新組裝。為了紀念丹 鐸神廟開展，霍文在薩克勒展覽大廳組織了開幕展覽，展出了 各種圖坦卡門墓中發現的珍寶，展覽一鳴驚人。

1978年9月，埃

及大使梅吉布（Meguib）為丹鐸神廟參與開幕展，之後薩克勒 展覽館和展覽大廳開始向公眾開放，該展覽館被譽為紐約市最 寬闊的大廳之一。

伊丽莎白 薩克勒

伊丽莎白 薩克勒，生於1948年2月19日，是美國公共歷史學家 和藝術活動家，創辦了布魯克林博物館伊丽莎白 薩克勒女權 主義藝術中心，這是布魯克林博物館中第一個以女性藝術家和 女性主義藝術為主題的中心。2000年起，伊丽莎白任布魯克林 博物館監理委員會成員。2014年6月，成為布魯克林博物館監理 委員會選出的第一位女性主席，她擔任這一職位直至2016年6月。

戴潤齋

戴潤齋 (1910-1992)，即戴福保，民國時期發跡於上海後南下至 香港，至美國後改以 J.T. Tai 的雅號行天下。他幫助美國兩位頂 尖的收藏家建立了各自主要的中國藝術收藏，這些藏品現在分 別位於三藩市亞洲藝術博物館和華盛頓的亞瑟 · 薩克勒展覽館。

戴潤齋基金會

戴潤齋基金會建於1983年，位於美國紐約，為私人基金會。（J. T. Tai & Company Foundation, Inc.），總部位於美國紐約市東 67街18號。

盧芹齋

盧芹齋（C.T. Loo，1880年2月1日至1957年8月15日）是一位頗受 爭議的中國藝術品貿易商，在巴黎和紐約均有自己的展覽館。通 過從中國非法出口大量重要國家文物，盧芹齋為收藏家和美國博 物館提供了很多重要的藏品。他被稱為“二十世紀上半葉中國藝 術品和手工藝品的傑出貿易商”，但因其非法將古董和考古珍品 從中國販售至西方收藏家手中，而廣受批評。

弗蘭克 · 卡洛

弗蘭克 卡洛是盧芹齋生意上的合作夥伴。1949年之後，中國 文物出境受到嚴格管理，盧芹齋在中國兩家分店的大批庫存也 統統被查收，紅樓失去了貨源，只有靠出售原有庫存和為客戶 訂做中式傢俱來維持經營。盧芹齋元氣大傷，不得不退休。他 將紐約庫存拍賣，店面讓給助手弗蘭克 卡羅 (Frank Caro) 經營， 1952年正式返回法國定居。

保羅 · 辛格爾

保羅 辛格爾（Paul Singer）是一名精神科醫生，因其龐大的 的中國藝術品收藏而廣為人知。辛格爾從事於藝術品收藏事業 時正值美中接觸嚴格受限時期。1904年，辛格爾出生於匈牙利， 在奧地利長大，17歲時第一次購買東亞藝術品。他在1939年移 民美國，積極從事收藏事業，經常出沒於藝術品交易商、拍賣 行和舊貨商店。辛格爾於1997年去世，其藏品已有約5 000件， 其中大部分是中國藝術品，他曾在新澤西州薩米特地區簡樸的兩 居室公寓裏展出過這些藝術品。

The Coin Collection of a Famous Financier during the Republic Period: The Coins in the NC collection from the Former Central Mint Director Turpin Hsi

Zhou Bian〔Shanghai〕

The son of Nelson Chang ( 張 南琛 ) , found some handwritten and printed notes as well as some special envelopes for coin collecting when he sorted out the coins bequeathed by his father. The documents mentioned several famous figures in the financial field during the Republic period.

Chang

Notes and Envelopes

There are two types of notes. The handwritten ones were by Nelson Chang, and the printed ones were the commentary of his son.

The handwritten notes:

" ① All coins are in master catalogue Bruce Smith compiled for me in 1993. The word 'NOT' = not in the catalogue, 'C' = in catalogue.

② Matching of each coin with text in catalogue may not be correct due to more than one same coin in the catalogue. But I am satisfied that several comments will cover this coin."

The printed note:

"These are 'Modern' (machined) coins, which constitute about 1% of grandfather's collection. Grandfather Hsi was the superintendent of the Shanghai Mint (Turpin Hsi ( 席德 柄， 1891-1968) Nelson not sure, but looks like grandfather assembled the coins from the US because the envelopes look western (but it was found that these coins were brought to the

US from China). Nelson had about 100."

The "Whitman" in the notes is an American company, which is well-known for its coin packaging products. Most American coin collectors use Whitman products to collect and store the coins. The gray Whitman envelopes were produced before the 1950s.

Later in 1993, when Bruce Smith was cataloging the NC Collection, he added his notes in English to these coins. Many of the coins are the finest known with fabulous envelope toning and eye appeal.

The Origin of Coins in the Envelopes

Nelson Chang's wife was Edith Hsi ( 席與時 ), a famous socialite of the Republican era, and she was the sixth daughter of Turpin Hsi ( 席德柄 ). Edith was born in Shanghai and went to the United States during the Anti-Japanese War. Nelson Chang also came from an exceedingly wealthy family, which declined during the Anti-Japanese War. The Chang family went bankrupt after going to the United States. At this most difficult time, Edith married Nelson. Their marriage was opposed by the Hsi family, but Edith was very persistent. It is said that they borrowed from friends for the cost of their honeymoon. The coins found in Nelson's collection were in gray Whitman envelopes, which were produced from the 1930s to the 1950s. Therefore, it is supposed that these coins may have been presented by Turpin Hsi to his daughter Edith Hsi, as Nelson had

Nelson

Grey Whitman envelopes and notes

Turpin Hsi

Turpin Hsi and his wife, Huang Fengzhu Edith Hsi

not yet begun to collect coins by the time that Turpin Hsi passed away in 1968.

About Turpin Hsi

Turpin Hsi was Nelson Chang's father-in-law. Turpin Hsi, a prominent financier in the Republic period, was born into the Hsi family in Dongshan, Suzhou, Kiangsu Province. Known as the Dongting Gang in China's banking community at that time, the Hsi family was one of the foremost financial and comprador families, which included several eminent bankers and industrialists.

Turpin Hsi (1891-1968, Mandarin pinyin Xi Debing) studied in the United States in his early years and received a Bachelor of Engineering from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). Returning to China, he came to be engaged in taxation and financial work for a long time. He once served as the secretary of the Ministry of Finance during the Peiyang era, deputy director of Jianghaikou Taxation Bureau, supervisor of Jianghan Pass, General Manager of the Foo Hsing Trading Company, and Director of the Central Mint. After the Sino-Japanese War, he served as the General Manager of the Fufeng Flour Mill. Since he served as director of the Central Mint for more than eight years, he was quite influential in the financial community during the Republic times.

Turpin Hsi Collection

During his collecting hey-day, Turpin Hsi formed a collection of world coins numbering over 10,000 coins, including ancient coins from Greece, Rome, and Egypt.

Hsi's collection contained around 100 silver coins from Anhwei, Kiangnan, Chihli, Kirin, and other Chinese provinces, many of which are 10-cent and 20-cent coins and of the finest known

examples. Hsi may have brought these coins to the US in 1949 when he moved there, and it is 1% of his collection.

Due to his grandfather Xi Zhengfu's ( 席正甫 ) connection with Li Hongzhang ( 李鴻章 ) and Zuo Zongtang ( 左宗棠 ), senior officials of the Qing government, and the family's large network of banks and silver shops, many coins may have been acquired shortly after they were minted. The coins were later preserved in grey Whitman coin envelops with his handwriting in the 1950s.

According to Michael Chou, some of Hsi's coins have already been sold and others have been preserved. There is a list of the remaining coins from February 24, 2011. Some of the coins were sold around 2005. Others were offered to Michael Chou between 2008 and 2009 and some were sold at the Champion Hong Kong auction after 2009. Among them are some silver coins from Kiangnan and Anhwei, all of which are among the finest known.

About the Hsi Family

The Hsi Family Mansion

Turpin Hsi and his wife, Huang Fengzhu ( 黃鳳珠 ), once lived together in the famous Hsi Family Mansion. The mansion, located at No. 1 Dongping Road, is close to the house of President Chiang Kai Shek (No. 9 Dongping Road) and the house of Financial Minister Song Ziwen (No. 11 Dongping Road), his schoolmate when he was studied in the US. After China's War of Liberation, the Hsi Family Mansion was expropriated by the government and used as the office building for the middle school attached to the Shanghai Conservatory of Music. Now, it is a restaurant and a leading tourist attraction.

The Hsi Family Mansion

Demao Hsi

Demao Hsi ( 席德懋 ) was the elder brother of Turpin Hsi. In 1912, Demao Hsi went to Britain to study overseas. He received an MBA degree in 1916, then returned to China. Later on, he became a prominent banker just like his colleagues Xinliu Xu ( 徐新六 ) and Zutong Hu ( 胡祖同 ) in Shanghai.

Demao Hsi was the best friends with Song Ziweng ( 宋子文 ).

During the Republican of China, the Hsi family had a great impact on the financial industry. Demao Hsi served as the Deputy Director of the Central Bank, Director of the Foreign Currency Bureau, Director of the Business Affairs Bureau, General Manager of the Bank of China and Deputy of the International Fund and Currency Committee under the appointment of Song Ziweng. He managed the foreign currency affairs for a long period. In 1948, Demao Hsi became the General manager of the Bank of China.

Xi Zhengfu

Turpin Hsi is the grandson of the prominent banker Xi Zhengfu (1838-1904), the second Comprador of the Hong Kong and Shanghai Banking Corporation (1874-1904) and a native banker who was considered one of the "Four Major Compradors of the Late Qing Era".

In 1874, Xi Zhengfu, on behalf of the HSBC negotiated with the Qing government regarding the debt for the defense of Fujian and Taiwan. The Qing government agreed to borrow two million dollars from HSBC with a ten-year term payoff. Following HSBC's success in ending the financial crisis, they pushed Xi Zhengfu to be the comprador of HSBC to negotiate with the Qing Ministers Li Hongzhang and Zuo Zongtang. In order to obtain a large amount of loans, the Qing Ministers won over Xi Zhengfu by offering him the office of "Red-Topped Plume". However, Zhengfu Hsi declined taking office and going to Beijing. Instead, he reaped large profits from his relationships with the Xi Zhengfu

Qing Ministers. From 1874 to 1890, he negotiated seventeen loans with the Qing government and acquired a great number of commissions. At the same time, the business of HSBC was on the rise under Hsi's leadership.

Xi Zhengfu accumulated a huge amount of wealth throughout his comprador life. Apart from investing in the financial sector, he also invested in many properties in Pudong, Nanjing Road, and Fengyang Road. During that period, the old-style Chinese private bank in Shanghai would borrow money from foreign banks, then lend the money to small business enterprises at a very high interest rate. As Xi Zhengfu controlled the signature seal of HSBC, he was the leading lender among these private banks. Almost all the private banks invited him to join or employed his friends as assistants. Xi Zhengfu also invested in silver shops, gold shops, and pawn shops.

In 1887, Xi Zhengfu established the Xisheng Private Bank ( 協升 錢莊 ) with Yan Lanqing ( 嚴蘭卿 ). As he had very good social relationships, he brought his friends and relatives into the foreign banks, who becamethe compradors for those banks. Hsi's family was the comprador of compradors from the late 19th century to the early 20th century. 17 out of 34 banks were controlled by the family. The situation was unparalleled. Since most businessmen needed funds, they had to ask for help from the Dongting Gang. There is an old saying: "The most ruthless have to submit when facing the Dongting Gang."

Xi Zhengfu passed away in 1904. On the day of his funeral, white tents were built at each cross-road, from the Bund to the Fengyang Road, as well as at his home. White platforms were built in front of the gates of most foreign banks. Armed forces passed by Nanjing Road to escort his funeral procession. Xi Zhengfu was the only person to enjoy such privilege after his death in Shanghai.

Zhang Jingjiang

Chang's great uncle, Zhang Jingjiang, was a large financial supporter of the Chinese statesman Sun Yat-sen and one of the founding elders of Sun Yat-sen's Kuomingtang party. He is a legendary figure. Sun Yat-Sen called him "the greatest wonder of China", Chiang Kai Shek called him "the mentor of revolution", and Mao Zedong called him "a man with an economic vision".

民國著名金融家的錢幣收藏

——NC收藏中來自前中央造幣廠廠長席德柄先生的錢幣

◎ 周 邊〔上海〕

張南琛先生

美國張南琛先生（NC）的兒子在整理其父親遺贈錢幣時發 現了一些與中國錢幣有關的手寫與印刷的紙條和收藏錢幣 的專用信封。資料提及了幾位民國金融界的著名人物，引 起了我的興趣，經整理並將這些資料敘述如下。

紙條與信封

資料中比較重要的證據來自兩張紙質字條。其中手書的一 張為張南琛先生所寫，印刷字體為他儿子的注評。

翻譯成中文為：

“① 所有的錢幣都在史博祿1993 年時為我（NC）編撰的 主目錄中。“ NOT ”字樣代表不在目錄中，“C ”代表在目 錄中。

② 因為有一些同類別的錢幣不止一枚，因此目錄上每一枚 的描述並不一定完全正確，但是我很高興，目錄上的錢幣 描述可以囊括全部收藏的錢幣。”

譯成中文為：

“這些機製幣占祖父收藏的1% 。祖父席德柄（1891-1968）

是前上海造幣廠廠長（中央造幣廠之誤）。父親（張南琛） 對這些錢幣的來源並不確定，但是這些錢幣的信封看起來 像是西方的錢幣信封（信封為灰色的惠特曼信封，灰色的惠 特曼信封僅存在於上世紀 50 年代至60 年代），因此可能是 祖父在美國期間收藏的（席德柄先生1950 年至1968 年期間 在美國）, 但是後來發現這些錢幣是從中國帶過去的。父親 的這些錢幣大約有100 枚。”

文中的惠特曼（Whitman）是美國一家公司，它生產的錢 幣包裝品很著名，美國的錢幣收藏家大都用惠特曼產品收 藏錢幣。灰色的惠特曼信封大約生產於上世紀 50 年代以前。

所有席德柄先生收藏的中國錢幣後都收歸 NC 收藏。1993 年，史博祿先生（ Bruce Smith）為 NC 收藏編目時又在 信封上添加了英文筆記。席先生的這批錢幣中有很多都是 已知品相最好的，並形成了精美的包漿，味道非常好。

灰色的惠特曼信封及部分對應錢幣

信封中錢幣的來源

張南琛先生的太太為席與時。民國名媛，出生於上海，為 席德柄之女，排行第六，時稱席家六小姐。抗戰期間前往 美國後，張南琛先生的祖上也是官商大族，抗日戰爭時家 道中落了。張氏家族去美國後破產、在最困難之時席與時 嫁給了張南琛先生。他與席小姐的婚姻遭到了席家的反對。 張先生家的這些錢幣，由於是用上世紀 30 年代至 50 年代時 的灰色惠特曼信封來包裝的，因此這批錢幣被分析可能是 席德柄先生贈予女兒席與時，因為在席德柄於1968 年去世 前，張南琛還未開始收藏錢幣。後再轉至張南琛先生手中。

席與時小姐 席德柄先生 席德柄先生與夫人黃鳳珠

關於席德柄

由此引出了張南琛先生的岳父席德柄先生。席德柄先生是 中國近代著名金融家，出生在江蘇省蘇州東山席氏家族， 這個家族是中國近現代著名的金融家族和買辦家族。出了 好幾位很有影響的銀行家和實業家。被稱為當時中國銀行 界的洞庭幫。

席德柄先生早年留學美國，是麻省理工學院 (MIT) 的工 科學士。回國後長期從事財稅、金融工作。曾任北洋政府 時期的財政部秘書、江海口內地稅局副局長、江漢關監督、 復興貿易公司總經理、中央造幣廠廠長。抗日戰爭勝利後 擔任過上海阜豐麵粉廠 ( 即解放後的上海麵粉廠 ) 總經理， 其中任中央造幣廠廠長的時間較長．因而在民國金融界也 頗有影響。

席德柄收藏

席先生建立了龐大的世界錢幣收藏，藏有包括古埃及幣、 希臘幣、羅馬幣、中國近代機製幣在內的超過10 000 枚錢 幣。

在他的中國近代機製幣收藏中，大約有100 枚安徽、江南、 北洋、吉林及其他中國省份鑄造的錢幣，其中很多都是庫 平一錢四分四厘和七分二厘銀幣，且很多都是已知品相最 好的。席先生可能正是在1949 年時將這些中國錢幣帶往美 國，这些錢幣占他藏品的1% 。

他獲得這些錢幣可能是因其祖父席正甫先生與清政府高官 李鴻章及左宗棠等人的關係。此外，席氏家族還擁有龐大 的銀行和銀號網路，有可能在造幣廠鑄造完成後立即獲得

新鑄的錢幣，其後於 20 世紀 50 年代時將這些錢幣保存在帶 有手寫筆記的灰色的惠特曼信封中。

據周邁可先生的瞭解，這批錢幣中的部分已經出售，還有 部分保留了下來，参見為留下的錢幣清單。有一部分錢幣 於 2005 年出售。還有部分於 2008-2009 年間給了周邁可先 生，並於 2009 年後的冠軍香港拍賣會上拍出。其中有一些 江南和安徽的小毫子，都是已知同類銀毫中品相最好的。

關於席氏家族

席家花園

席德柄先生與其妻子黃鳳珠女士及一子七女曾居住於上海 著名的席家花園。席家花園坐落於東平路1號，临近中華民 國總統蔣介石與其夫人的居所（東平路 9 號），及席德柄美 國求學時的同學，財政部長宋子文的私宅（東平路11號）。 解放後，東平路1號這棟房子被收歸國有，成為上海音樂學 院附中的校長辦公樓，現已被出租並改建成酒家“席家花 園”，成為上海著名的旅遊勝地。

席家花園

席德懋 席德懋先生是席德柄先生的哥哥。他在1912 年自費赴英國 留學，1916 年獲商科碩士學位回國，與他同學的徐新六先 生、胡祖同先生一樣，後來都成了民國著名的銀行家。

席德懋先生是宋子文先生的得力助手。進入民國以後，席 氏家族在金融界仍有很大的影響力，其中代表人物是席德 懋、席德柄兄弟。席德懋是民國年間金融界的大腕人物， 1928 年中央銀行成立時，受宋子文之聘，曾出任中央銀行 發行局副局長、外匯局局長、業務局局長、匯兌局總經理、

中國銀行總經理，國際貨幣基金會中國代表，長期從事全 國的外匯管理工作，負責管轄中國銀行的海外分支行，於 1948 年成為中國銀行行長。

席正甫 席德柄先生是席正甫先生（1838-1904）之孫。席正甫在 1874 年至1904 年間是匯豐銀行的第二任買辦，也是晚清時 期的四大買辦之一。

1874 年，席正甫代表匯豐銀行買辦王槐山與清政府商談福 建臺灣海防借款事宜。最後，匯豐銀行以比當時高得多的 利息，借給清政府200萬兩銀10 年期借款。這筆貸款的成 功，開創了匯豐銀行政治貸款的先例，將該行從財務窘境 中解脫了出來，也使席正甫從此得勢，既當上了匯豐銀行買 辦，又受到清朝大臣李鴻章和左宗棠等的賞識。為了獲得

席正甫先生

巨額貸款，他們爭相拉攏席正甫，李鴻章還特意上書朝廷， 替他保薦官職，席正甫接受了二品銜紅頂花翎，又捐了道 臺一職。但他做官僅僅是為了抬高身價，並未赴京就任實 職，他借與清廷的關係和匯豐銀行買辦的身份，左右逢源， 得到了極大的好處。從1874-1890 年，清政府向匯豐銀行 借款17筆，絕大多數是由席正甫一手經辦，他由此得到了 大量傭金，而匯豐銀行通過席正甫的上下溝通，業務也蒸 蒸日上，為此對他優渥有加。

席正甫在長達數十年的買辦生涯中聚集了大量財產，除投 資經營金融業外，還在浦東、南京路、鳳陽路一帶購置了 眾多的房產。當時上海錢莊為了獲得流動資金，常常向外 商銀行借款，再用這部分錢放高利貸，貸給大大小小的商 號以獲取利潤。由於席正甫掌管了匯豐銀行借款的簽字蓋 章權，成為當時銀錢業炙手可熱的大紅人，幾乎所有的錢 莊都要求他加入股本，或聘用他介紹的人當助手。同時， 席正甫廣泛投資和銀行業務有聯繫的錢業、銀樓、典當、 金號。

1887

年，席正甫與嚴蘭卿合資開設了協升錢莊，他還利用 自己的社會關係，介紹親友、熟人進入眾多的外商銀行， 他的一些親屬還擔任了洋行買辦，致使席氏家族在19 世紀 末到 20 世紀初的上海灘成為風雲一時的買辦世家。當時外 商在上海開設的大小銀行34家，其中17家由席氏家族擔任 買辦，佔據了上海金融界的重要位置，這在近代中國獨一 無二。由此，洞庭東山人在上海金融業形成了一股強大的 勢力，各地商人資金短缺，非請洞庭山邦幫忙不可，因此 19 世紀末流傳着這樣一首口諺 : “徽幫人 ( 主要經商 ) 再狠， 見了山上幫，還得忍一忍。”

1904

年，席正甫壽終正寢，祭奠之日，從外灘到鳳陽路席 家，沿途各個路口都搭了白布帳棚，中外商家及一些外國 銀行的門口，都設定了壇臺路祭，公共租界巡捕還武裝護 送上祭隊伍從南京路上通過，死後在上海灘上能夠享受這 種待遇的買辦，也僅席正甫一人而已。

張靜江

張南琛先生的二叔公張靜江先生是中國政治家孫中山在財 政方面的重要支持者，也是孫中山先生創辦的國民黨的元 老之一。他是一個傳奇式的人物。孫中山稱他為“中華第一 奇人”，蔣介石稱他為“革命導師”，毛澤東稱他是“有經濟 眼光的人”。

A visit to the Jerome and Rohwer, Arkansas Japanese-American Relocation Camp Sites

◎ Katie Ameku, Momo McCloskey-Feller, Ray Feller, Steve Feller〔USA〕

Recently, we went on a great numismatic field trip to Eastern Arkansas in the United States. Supported by a grant from the Newman Numismatic Portal, the four of us embarked on a visit to Rohwer and Jerome World War II internment campsites and the Japanese-American Internment Museum in McGehee, Arkansas. Our trip took place over a long weekend in October, 2023. To start, we converged on Little Rock, the state capital, where we rented a car and drove Southeast to our bed and breakfast house in Arkansas City, very close to the Mississippi River and close to the World War II historical sites.

The campsites, two of ten created during WWII, are now memorials to the more than 15,000 mostly American citizens wrongfully interned there during the war. On February 19th, 1942, President Franklin Roosevelt issued the now infamous Executive Order 9066. This required the forced evacuation of over 100,000 people, many more than half of whom were US citizens from a western exclusion zone to relocation camps in the interior of the United States. As you might imagine, these camps had economies of their own with all sorts of numismatic remainders.

The museum in McGehee, AR located in the former railroad depot used to receive Japanese-Americans trained to there, is a treasure trove of information. We found lots of new numismatic items. These include scrip, receipts, ration books, lottery tickets, party tickets, war bonds, tokens, records, images of the camps including the canteens, memoirs about the canteen, and more. Shown here are several examples of the monies and related items from these camps as well as contemporary images of the camps themselves.

Also, shown here are images of what's at the pair of campsites today. Rohwer has the most to see including several monuments,

Fig. 2 Raffle Ticket-prizes were luggage pieces at the Rohrer/Jerome Relocation Camp .

Fig. 3 Canteen at Rohrer/Jerome Relocation camp

Fig. 1 Memorial at the Rohwer Relocation Camp Site

a small set of graves, and the original smokestack from the camp hospital. Jerome has a single dignified stone memorial and a smokestack too. Otherwise, the sites have reverted to quite peaceful farm fields.

In 1988 President Ronald Reagan signed into law an act that compensated the former residents of the camps and some family members $US 20,000 each for the wrong done to them during the war. An example of such a check is depicted here as well. $5,000 was paid to some non-citizens as well.

Overall it was fruitful, fun, and important to document a mostly unknown numismatic history; one that is vital to document.

Fig. 7 Jerome PW scrip booklet cover

Fig. 8 Jerome relocation camp ration card

Fig. 4 Camp Barracks found in Arkansas City Fig. 5 Jerome Memorial Fig. 6 Jerome Relocation Camp coop receipt

Fig. 9 Jerome PW Camp Scrip

Fig. 10 Jerome/Rohrer relocation Birthday Ball ticket

Fig. 11 $20,000 US check given to people forcibly relocated during WWII.

阿肯色州傑羅姆 - 羅威爾日裔集中營

參 觀 記

◎ 卡迪·阿梅庫、麥克洛斯基-費勒、雷伊·費勒、史蒂夫·費勒〔美國〕

圖1 羅威爾集中營遺址紀念碑

我們四人於2023年10月在美國東阿肯色州參加了一次很棒的錢幣實地 考察。受紐曼錢幣門戶網站（Newman Numismatic Portal）的贊助， 我們造訪了二戰時期位於阿肯色州麥基的傑羅姆-羅威爾集中營（圖1） （Rohwer and Jerome）和日裔集中營博物館。這次旅程在10月的一個長 長的週末進行的。我們首先在阿肯色州首府小石城集合，之後租車前往東 南方向位於阿肯色市的一家小型家庭旅館。那裏離密西西比河很近，靠近 二戰歷史遺跡。

那裏的十座集中營裏有兩座是二戰時期建造的。那裏現在豎有紀念戰爭 期間被錯誤拘留在那裏的15 000多名公民的紀念碑，當年被拘留者主要是 美國公民。羅斯福總統於1942年2月19日簽署了現如今看來臭名昭著的第 9066號行政命令。這項行政命令要求強制將10多萬人從西部禁區轉移至美 國內陸的集中營。這其中一半以上是美國公民。你可以想像，這些集中營 有他們自己的經濟體系，有着各自的錢幣遺留下來。

位於阿肯色州麥基市的博物館是一個信息寶庫。該博物館位於原來的火車 倉庫，那裏曾用來接收被運送到那裏的日裔美國人。我們在那裏發現了很 多新的貨幣類物品。這些物品有臨時憑證、收據、配給票證簿、獎券（圖 2）、團體票、戰爭債券、代幣、記錄憑證，包括食堂在內的營地圖片（圖 3）、關於食堂的回憶錄等等。這裏有一些是來自這些營地的錢財和相關物 品，還有當時營地本身的圖片。（圖4）

圖2 抽獎券 : 獎品為傑羅姆 - 羅威爾拘留營的行李

3 傑羅姆 - 羅威爾拘留營的餐廳

圖4 阿肯色州麥基市發現的軍營 圖5 傑羅姆紀念碑 圖6 傑羅姆拘留營的收據

圖7 傑羅姆拘留營的臨時憑證冊封面

圖9 羅傑姆拘留營臨時憑證

圖8 羅傑姆目錄拘留營配給卡

圖10 傑羅姆 - 羅威爾拘留營生日 舞會入場券

圖11 支付給二戰期間被迫拘留的公民 每人的2萬美元支票

此外，還有一些照片展示了這兩座集中營現在的樣子。羅威爾集中營有最多可看的東西，包括幾座紀念碑，一個小 型墳場，以及原集中營醫院的大煙囪。傑羅姆集中營則只有一座莊嚴的石頭紀念碑（圖5-圖10），還有一座煙囪。 除此之外，這些遺址已被恢復為農田，十分寧靜。

雷根總統在1988年簽書法令，為其戰爭期間的錯誤，賠償拘留營倖存者及其家人每人2萬美元。集中營遺址也展示 了一張那樣的賠付支票（圖11）。而一些非美國居民也每人獲賠5 000美元。

這趟旅程總體來說碩果累累，非常有趣，同時對記錄這一段幾乎無人知曉的錢幣歷史來說十分重要。

A Reflection on the Founding of PMG and the Early Days of Paper Money Grading

◎ Richard Stelzer〔USA〕

It is with fond memories that I look back and reflect upon my lifetime journey in the world of coins and currency. My journey started with the finding of a 1959 U.S. Lincoln Memorial Cent which marked the 50th Anniversary of the Lincoln Cent that was first minted in 1909. That coin spurred me to get interested and discover a love of history in collecting numismatic items. During my childhood, my mother worked for the local police department in Sioux Falls, South Dakota, and every Friday night she would bring me a $50 bag of pennies from the parking meters to search. One night I remember finding a 1910-S penny and the excitement of that as a young boy still carries with me to this day. Through my high school and college years, I would collect coins and currency as my funds permitted. After graduating from college, I had a brief employment period with the City Planning and Zoning Department of Sioux Falls before following my heart to become a coin dealer. I proceeded to open up a coin shop in Sioux Falls in the late 1970s and that shop still exists today. Like many collectors and dealers, my interests started as a coin collector but quickly expanded to include currency. During the 1980s and 1990s, I attended numerous local, regional and national coin shows where I met a number of lifelong friends in the numismatic industry, including Glen Jorde, a nationally known paper money dealer and collector from Devil's Lake, North Dakota, who became one of those lifelong friends. From the mid-1990s through 2004, I started to attend more and more national shows and began to expand my knowledge and interest in both United States and foreign currency. During this time, third-party grading of coins became much more popular and accepted within the collecting community due to efforts of companies such as ANACS, PCGS and NGC. Due to the popularity of the third-party grading for coins, a need arose for the third-party grading of currency within the collectibles industry as well. Recognizing this need, Mark Salzberg and Steve Eichenbaum of NGC approached Glen Jorde, who then approached me about the possibility of

starting a third-party grading service for paper money which is now known as the Paper Money Guarantee company "PMG".

In January of 2005, Glen Jorde and I then moved to Sarasota, Florida to help start PMG, thus beginning the next chapter in my life.

During the early months of PMG our emphasis was on U.S. currency, however this changed very quickly when we expanded our efforts to grading Canadian as well as other foreign currencies. Around late 2006 a major interest in the third-party grading of foreign notes occurred, specifically in Korea. This movement was spearheaded by the efforts of Nam Chong Cho, a well-known currency dealer from South Korea living in Chicago. This boom in the grading of Korean currency in 2007 and 2008 really introduced PMG and thirdparty grading into the Asian numismatic market for coins and paper money. At this time, I met Michael Chou, President of Champion Auction, who recognized the popularity and potential effect that third-party graded currency had on the Korean market and wished to expand this popularity to other Asian markets by featuring PMG graded notes at his auctions in Hong Kong and Macau. Champion Auction became the first Asian based auction company to use PMG for Chinese and Singapore notes, thus continuing to expand the PMG footprint in the Asian market. At the urging of Michael Chou, I made my first trip to Hong Kong in 2009 where I attended a seminar with Macau banknote collector Zhang An Sheng and gave a presentation on third-party grading and PMG's process of grading currency. Since my first trip to Hong Kong in 2009, I have made many more trips to Asia over the past 15 years spanning from Hong Kong, Macau, Singapore, Shanghai, Beijing and Bangkok. I even spent the entire summer of 2012 in Shanghai and Beijing interacting with Asian currency and coin dealers and collectors from the area. In 2014 I attended my first of many Macau Coin and Currency Shows as well as

seminars. During these trips I have made many friends in the Asian numismatic industry including Michael Chou, Jeffrey Wai, Nam Chong, King Lam Chan, David Chio, Charlie Chang, C.S. Wong, Winston Koike, George Lim, Zhang An Sheng, Alex Fung, Peter Yeung, Joe Lang, Jim Anderson, Adam Biagi, Colin Gullberg, Yuan Shuiqing and many others just to name a few.

Since helping to start PMG in 2005, I have witnessed and participated in the global expansion of PMG and third-party paper grading. Those changes include opening PMG offices and approximately 20 submission centers all over the world ranging from Hong Kong, Shanghai, South Korea, Singapore, Thailand, England, Germany just to name a few. I have been proud to watch and participate in PMG's expansion of thirdparty grading in the global markets, and look forward to seeing this trend continue and progress even further.

Japanese collector Winston Koike (left) and Rick Stezler (right)

The obverse of the Lincoln Cent

The reverse of the Lincoln Cent was changed from the left design to the Lincoln Memoria (right) in 1959

Group photo

Rick Stezler (left) and Chinese copper coin collector J. C. Lee

◎ 瑞克·斯特拉爾〔美國〕

回首我這一生的錢幣之旅程，這是一段美好的回憶。我的 旅程始於一枚為紀念 1909 年首次鑄造林肯像一美分硬幣 50 周年而鑄造的1959 年美國林肯像一美分紀念幣。這枚硬幣 的背面是林肯紀念堂，它激發了我收藏錢幣的興趣，並且 在這個的過程中發現了自己對歷史的熱愛。在我兒時，母 親在南達科他州蘇福爾斯市的警察局工作。每個星期五晚 上，她都會從停車收費處給我帶來一袋總額為50 美元的硬 幣，從中讓我去找自己喜歡的錢幣。有一天晚上，我發現了 一枚 20 世紀10 年代的一分硬幣。那時我還是個小男孩，那 種興奮之情至今仍縈繞在我心頭。在高中和大學期間，只 要經濟條件允許，我就會收集錢幣。大學畢業後，我曾在 蘇福爾斯市的城市規劃及分區署短暫工作過一段時間，後 來我遵從自己的意願，成為了一名幣商。20 世紀70 年代末， 我在蘇福爾斯市開了一家錢幣店，這家店至今仍然存在。像 許多收藏家和幣商一樣，我的興趣最初是從收藏硬幣開始 的，但很快擴展到了紙幣收藏領域。20 世紀 80 年代和90 年代，我參加了許多錢幣展，這些錢幣展中有地區性的， 也有全國性的，我也因此結識了許多錢幣行業同仁，並成 為終身的好友。這些好友中有包括來自北達科他州魔鬼湖 的全國知名紙幣經銷商和收藏家格倫 · 喬德（Glen Jorde）， 他也成為了我的終身好友之一。從 20 世紀90 年代中期到 2004 年，我開始參加越來越多的全國性錢幣展覽，並開始 擴展我對美國和外國紙幣的知識和興趣。在此期間，由於 ANACS 、PCGS 和 NGC 等公司所做的努力，錢幣的第 三方評級在收藏界變得更加流行，並為人們所接受。由於 人們非常歡迎錢幣第三方評級，因此收藏品行業也出現了 對錢幣的第三方評級的需求。認識到人們的這一需求後， NGC 的馬克 薩爾茨伯格（ Mark Salzberg ）和史蒂夫 艾森鮑姆 (Steve Eichenbaum) 找到了格倫 喬德和我，詢 問是否有可能創辦一個第三方紙幣評級服務機構，也就是 現在的紙幣擔保公司“ PMG”。2005 年1月，格倫 · 喬德和 我搬到佛羅里達州薩拉索塔，幫助創辦了 PMG，從而開啟 了我人生的下一個篇章。

在成立之初的幾個月裏，我們的重點是美國紙鈔，但當我 們將工作範圍擴大到為加拿大紙幣和其他外國紙幣評級 時，情況很快就發生了變化。大約在 2006 年底，外國對第 三方紙幣評級產生了濃厚的興趣，尤其是韓國。這一過程

由居住在芝加哥的韓國著名幣商 Nam Chong Cho 帶頭。 2007年和 2008 年韓國錢幣評級的蓬勃發展真正將 PMG 和第三方評級引入了亞洲錢幣和紙幣市場。此時，我遇到了 冠軍拍賣公司總裁周邁可，他意識到第三方評級紙幣在韓 國市場的受歡迎程度和潛在影響，並希望通過在其香港和 澳門的拍賣會上展示 PMG 評級的紙幣，將這種受歡迎程 度擴大到亞洲其他市場。冠軍拍賣公司成為首家在中國和 新加坡紙幣拍賣中使用 PMG 評級的亞洲拍賣公司，從而 繼續擴大 PMG 評級在亞洲市場的版圖。在周邁可的推動 下，我於 2009 年首次前往香港，參加了澳門紙幣收藏家張 安生的研討會，並就第三方評級和 PMG 的紙幣評級過程 作了介紹。自2009 年我第一次到香港旅行以來，在過去的 15 年裏，我又多次到亞洲旅行，足跡遍佈香港、澳門、新 加坡、上海、北京和曼谷。2012 年整個夏天，我都在上海 和北京與當地的亞洲幣商和收藏家進行交流。2014 年，我 第一次參加了澳門錢幣展和研討會。在這些旅行中，我結 識了許多亞洲錢幣界的朋友，其中包括周邁可、魏亨泰、 Nam Chong Cho 、陳景林、趙康池、張文嘉（Charlie Chang ）、黃志誠、溫斯頓 小池（Winston Koike）、林青 禾、張安生、馮乃川、楊彼得（Peter Yeung ）、喬伊 · 朗（Joe Lang ）、吉姆 安德森（Jim Anderson）、亞當 比亞吉（Jim Anderson）、高林（Colin Gullberg ）、袁水清等等。

自2005 年幫助創建 PMG 以來，我見證並參與了 PMG 和 第三方紙幣評級的全球擴張。這些變化包括在香港、上海、 韓國、新加坡、泰國、英國、德國等世界各地開設 PMG 辦事處和約 20 個提交錢幣的中心。我很自豪地看到並參與 了 PMG 在全球市場上擴大第三方評級的過程，並期待看 到這一趨勢繼續下去，取得更大的進步。

An Education in the Coin Business

◎ Roger Gale〔USA〕

When it comes to foreign coins and banknotes, too much is never enough.

In 1958, David Laties was approached by an industrious college friend with a curious investment opportunity. Great Britain was in the process of demonetizing its smallest circulating coin, the farthing. This friend had connections in London who offered to sell huge quantities of the discarded British coins—and for pennies on the dollar. All he needed was some capital.

Laties was 22 years old at the time. He was in graduate school at New York University, mostly to avoid making any decisions about his future. His older brothers were doctors and university professors, but he didn't have any idea what he wanted to do

for a career. What he did have was the money needed to buy the farthings. So he decided to move forward with the unusual business venture.

The farthings came in heavy crates. There were hundreds of thousands of coins. Laties and his partner sorted them by date and offered them for sale in various coin magazines. The venture was a huge success.

That transaction was the beginning of Laties' long career in the coin business. Although the name wouldn't be adopted until years later, that's when Educational Coin Company, the wholesale supplier he still owns and operates 66 years later, was born.

The business model is as simple as it is unusual. The company buys coins and banknotes in vast quantities. If the price is right, and the quantity great enough, they will buy almost anything. ("Always ask the price" is a Laties mantra.) If you wait long enough, almost any coin or banknote becomes more valuable. ECC takes the long view.

Sometimes the procurement comes from the Central Bank of a country like, say, Bosnia, which experienced high inflation after its initial independence from Yugoslavia and was left with a warehouse full of worthless paper dinars. Sometimes the company acquires stock from another company that is shuttering its doors. When the swashbuckling coin dealer Robert Bashlow, an old friend and occasional business partner, died in a hotel fire in Spain in 1979, Laties bought up his

David in library

1. buckets of coins

bulk coins

some banknotes

bricks of banknotes

world banknotes

8. Roman slabs

3. Partworks suppliers 4. drawing board

inventory of modern coins and banknotes.

Laties traveled a great deal. For decades, he went to Egypt at least once a year. In Beirut in the 1970s, he had to pay $100 for a cab to deliver him safely to the airport, lying on the floor in the backseat to avoid being shot at. He was in Kabul during the military coup that deposed the king. He once spent seven boring days in Surinam, staying at the one decent hotel in Paramaribo until he could meet with the finance minister to buy demonetized banknotes. And he spent more time in India than any other Anglo-American coin dealer, bar none.

"No one else wanted to go to India," he recalls. "They were afraid. 'Oh, you'll get sick. Oh, you'll get kidnapped.' I never had a problem in India—not once."

On each visit abroad, he made purchases. The trips to New Delhi, Darjeeling, Calcutta, and Mumbai were particularly fruitful. The Roman Empire traded extensively with India. Hoards of Roman coins were frequently found there. On his travels in southern India, Laties would buy coins and ship them home. For months, the Indian Post delivered package after package from the subcontinent to West Park, New York - a post office no bigger than a two-car garage.

One of the Roman coins Laties acquired in India was a gold Septimius Severus aureus with a portrait of Medusa on the reverse. It contained an inscription - BRIT - that had never been seen before.

When he brought the coin to the ANA office in New York, he was offered $1,000 for it; he declined. Later, he sold it at auction for $8,800 - at the time, the highest price ever paid for a Septimius Severus. It'd cost him a mere $70.

Eventually, Indian dealers caught on. When the Metropolitan Museum sold off the J.P. Morgan collection of Roman coins, the auction catalogue founds its way to India, where dealers were amazed at the fancy prices. That was the end of the country as a cheap source of Roman material.

To expand the burgeoning Ancients side of the business, Laties partnered with John Aiello, an avid coin collector and dealer, as well as an expert in ancient Greek and Roman

Republic coinage. Aiello, too, is a seasoned world traveler, with passport stamps from far-flung locales like Tashkent, NagornoKarabakh, and Yerevan. The two own Educational Coin Company jointly.

In the early days of the company, Aiello hopscotched around the world, looking for good deals on modern coins and banknotes. Often, he initiated the purchases himself, but sometimes, Lady Luck got involved.

"I went to Hungary a couple of years ago to buy some banknotes," he said in a 1991 interview with the New York Times. "It was not a very unusual or exciting purchase, but the interpreter also ran a museum for the bank and told me about crates of old bank notes from World War II that were stored in the basement. I was thrilled, and bought all 50 crates. The Hungarians were equally happy, for they badly needed the cash."

Originally based in an old bank in Kingston, New York, ECC acquired a warehouse in nearby Highland, equipped with two huge vaults, that had once been a repository for gold bullion; the previous owner, a security company, had gone bankrupt. The unassuming building is nestled between a farm and an orchard. Out back, eighteen containers are stuffed full of inventory - in addition to the warehouse space.

Today, Educational Coin Company is the world's largest wholesale supplier of modern world coins and banknotes. Its inventory is unmatched. There are some 300 million pieces, from over 180 countries, all on site and ready to ship to customers the world over: British "Old Head" pennies from the late 19th century, Greek half-notes from the 1920s, Hungarian bilpengö from the 1post-war period, Soviet kopeks from the Khrushchev era, Indonesian 10 sen banknotes from 1964, million lira coins from Turkey, colorful notes issued by Venezuela during the hyperinflation crisis of a few years agoeven coins from a leper colony in Colombia. ("The hardest ones to sell!" Laties says with a laugh.)

And that doesn't include the million ancient and medieval coins in the vaults. The vast inventory allowed Educational to thrive even during the pandemic, when the main challenge was shipping out all the orders during quarantine.

But what really separates ECC from the pack is its employees. Its staff of ten is renowned in the industry for honesty, integrity, knowledge, and exemplary customer service - as well as its creativity. It was Robin Danziger, the company's longtime sales and marketing director, who popularized the idea of putting ancient coins in NGC slabs - an idea eventually copied throughout the industry. He can attribute Roman coins by looking not at the inscription, but at the portrait; there are not many numismatists with that keen an eye.

"I've been doing this a long time, but it's still a thrill for me to handle coins that are so old," Danziger says. "I'm literally holding history in the palm of my hand."

Danziger also saw the enormous potential in shipwreck coins. He put together the company's largest purchase ever, involving

silver reales from the wreck of the El Cazador. The largest purchase was also the most profitable.

Laties and Aiello are both in their eighties, but the company is well positioned for the long haul, with numismatic wunderkind Gianni Aiello, the latter's 20-year-old son, poised to take the reins.

David Laties has seen it all in his time in the coin business, but one thing he can say for sure: Industries come and go, empires rise and fall, but money never goes out of style.

About author

Roger Gale is a historian, novelist, and collector of Byzantine coins. He lives in New York.

Robin at show Ancient coins

錢幣生意中的教益經歷

◎ 羅傑·蓋爾〔美國〕

每當我談到外國的硬幣和紙幣時， 我總是不嫌說的太多。

1958 年，戴維 拉蒂斯（ David Laties）大學時期的一位勤 奮的朋友找到他，帶來了一個令人好奇的投資機會。當時， 英國正在廢除其最小面額的流通硬幣⸺法新（farthing ）。

這個朋友在倫敦有門路，有人願意以低於市價幾分錢的價 格大量出售廢棄的英國硬幣。他所需要的只是一些資金。

拉蒂斯當時 22 歲，正在紐約大學攻讀研究生學位，還在盡 可能的避免對自己的未來做出任何決定。他的哥哥們都是 醫生和大學教授，但他不知道自己想從事什麼職業。他也 擁有購買法新硬幣所需的資金。於是，他決定繼續進行這 項不尋常的商業冒險。

圖書館裏的戴維 • 拉蒂斯

幾十萬枚法新硬幣裝在沉甸甸的箱子裏。拉蒂斯和他的合 夥人將這些錢幣按日期分類，並在各種錢幣雜誌上出售。 這項冒險獲得了巨大的成功。

這筆交易是拉蒂斯在錢幣行業漫長職業生涯的開端。雖然 他的公司在多年後才採用了 Educational Coin（ ECC）這 個名字，但他的公司就是在那時誕生的。66 年後，他仍然 擁有並經營着這家錢幣大宗銷售公司。

其商業模式既簡單又與眾不同。公司大量收購硬幣和紙幣。

如果價格合適，數量足夠多，他們幾乎什麼都會買。（拉蒂 斯人的口頭禪是“一定要問價格”）。如果等待的時間足夠 長，幾乎任何硬幣或紙幣都會變得更有價值。Educational Coin 公司決定從長計議。

有時，公司會從國家的中央銀行直接採購，比如波斯尼亞。 該國在脫離南斯拉夫獨立之初經歷了高通脹，財庫裏堆滿 了一文不值的第納爾紙幣。有時公司會從即將倒閉的另一 家公司手中收購庫存。

1979 年，傳奇幣商羅伯特 · 巴什羅 （Robert Bashlow）在西班牙一家酒店的火災中喪生。他 是拉蒂斯的好友，兩人也偶有生意往來。在其去世後，拉 蒂斯買下了他的現代硬幣和紙幣庫存。

拉蒂斯經常旅行。幾十年來，他每年至少去一次埃及。20 世紀70 年代，他為了避免遭到槍擊，不得不在貝魯特花100 美元雇一輛計程車把他安全送到機場。當時他只能躺在後 座的地上。埃及發生軍事政變廢黜國王時，他正在喀布爾。 他曾經在蘇里南無聊地呆了7天，住在帕拉馬里博唯一一家 像樣的酒店，直到他能與財政部長會面，購買廢鈔。他在 印度呆的時間比任何其他英裔美籍幣商都要長。

1. 一桶桶的硬幣 2. 散裝的硬幣

6. 一些鈔票

7. 鈔票磚

5. 世界鈔票

8. 羅馬幣

3. 用於項目的硬幣 4. 畫板

“沒有人願意去印度”，他回憶道。“他們害怕。‘哦，你會 生病的。哦，你會被綁架。’但我從來沒有在印度遇到過這 樣的問題，一次也沒有。”

他每次出國都會購買一些東西。新德里、大吉嶺、加爾各 答和孟買之行的收穫尤其富有成果。羅馬帝國與印度的貿 易往來十分頻繁，因此經常可以在印度發現大量羅馬錢幣。

在南印度之行中，拉蒂斯會購買錢幣並把它們運回家。數 月來，印度郵政不斷從次大陸向紐約西部公園的一家郵局 寄送包裹⸺這家郵局的規模還不到一個能停兩輛車的車 庫大小。

拉蒂斯在印度買到的羅馬錢幣之一是一枚背面印有美杜 莎肖像的塞普蒂米烏斯 塞維魯像金幣。它上面的銘文 “ BRIT ”是以前從未見過的。

當他把這枚幣帶到美國錢幣協會紐約辦事處時，有人出價 1 000 美元買他的這枚幣，但他拒絕了。後來，他在拍賣會 上以8 800 美元的價格將其售出，這在當時是拍賣會上塞普 蒂米烏斯 塞維魯像金幣的最高成交價格。而他此前只花了 70 美元就買下了這枚幣。

最終，印度的幣商發現了這件事。當大都會藝術博物館出 售摩根收藏的羅馬錢幣時，拍賣目錄寄送到了印度，印度 幣商對其高昂的價格感到驚訝。印度作為廉價羅馬錢幣來 源的時代也就此結束。

為了拓展新興的古錢幣業務，拉蒂斯與約翰 · 艾洛（John

Aiello）合作，後者是一位狂熱的錢幣收藏家和幣商，也 是古希臘幣和古羅馬幣的專家。艾洛也是一位經驗豐富

的環球旅行家，他的護照上蓋有來自塔什干、納戈爾諾 - 卡拉巴赫和埃裏溫等遙遠地方的印章。兩人共同經營 Educational Coin 公司。

公司成立之初，艾洛在世界各地四處奔波，尋找現代錢幣 和紙幣的好貨。通常情況下，他都是自己主動決定購買，但 有時幸運女神也會參與其中。

他在 1991 年接受《紐約時報》採訪時說：“幾年前我去匈 牙利買了一些紙幣。”“這原本並不是一次非常特別或令人興 奮的採購，但當時的翻譯人員還負責管理銀行的博物館， 並告訴我地下室裏存放着一箱箱二戰時期的舊鈔票。我非 常高興，買下了全部的 50 箱。匈牙利人也同樣高興，因為他 們急需現金。”

Educational Coin 公司最初設在紐約金士頓的一家老銀行 裏。後來，公司買下了附近高地地區（Highland）的一個 倉庫。倉庫的前所有者是一家安保公司，已經破產，裏面 有兩個巨大的保險庫，曾經用來存放金條。這座不起眼的 建築坐落在農場和果園之間。後面除了倉庫空間外，還塞 滿了18個集裝箱。

如今，Educational Coin 公司已成為全球最大的現代世界 硬幣和紙幣整售公司。其庫存量無與倫比。這裏有來自180 多個國家的約3 億枚硬幣，所有這些硬幣都在這裏，隨時 可以運送給世界各地的客戶，包括19 世紀末的英國“元老” 便士、20 世紀 20 年代的希臘紙幣、一戰後的匈牙利帕戈、 赫魯雪夫時代的蘇聯戈比、1964 年的印尼10 仙紙幣、土耳 其的百萬里拉硬幣、委內瑞拉在幾年前惡性通貨膨脹危機 期間發行的彩色紙幣，甚至還有哥倫比亞麻風病疫區的錢

展會上的羅賓 丹齊格 經 NGC 評級的古錢幣

幣（拉蒂斯笑着說：“這是最難賣出去的！”）。

這還不包括保險庫中的數百萬枚古代和中世紀錢幣。龐大 的庫存使 Educational Coin 公司在疫情期間也能蓬勃發 展，而當時的主要挑戰是在隔離期間運送所有下單的錢幣。

但真正使 ECC 傲視群雄的是該公司的員工。公司的十名 員工以誠實、正直、知識淵博、堪稱楷模的客戶服務以及 創造力而聞名業界。正是該公司的銷售和行銷總監羅賓 丹齊格（Robin Danziger）推廣了將古錢幣提交 NGC 評 級的理念，這一理念最終被整個行業效仿。他不是看銘文， 而是看肖像，就能確定羅馬錢幣的真偽。能擁有如此敏銳 目光的錢幣學家並不多。

“我做這行已經很久了，但對我來說，處理這些年代久遠 的錢幣仍然讓我感到興奮。因為我幾乎是直接把歷史握在 手中。”丹齊格說。

丹齊格還看到了從沉船上打撈錢幣的巨大潛力。他組織了 公司有史以來最大的一次收購⸺從西班牙雙桅帆船“獵 人”號上打撈的銀幣。這是該公司有史以來最大的一次收購， 也是最賺錢的一次。

拉蒂斯和艾洛都已年過八旬，但公司已做好長期發展的準 備。錢幣界的奇才，艾洛年僅 20 歲的兒子詹尼 艾洛（Gianni Aiello）將接管公司。

戴維 · 拉蒂斯在錢幣行業中見多識廣，但有一點他可以肯 定：行業有興衰，帝國也有興衰，但唯有錢幣永不過時。

關於作者

羅傑 · 蓋爾是一位歷史學家、小說家和拜占庭錢幣收藏 家，現居紐約。

Dr. Albert J. Beck (1935-2024)

◎ Stephen Album Rare Coins〔USA〕

Al was mentor to many young people in numismatics

(Image provided by Stephen Album Rare Coins)

Dr. Albert ("Al") J. Beck passed on Wednesday, June 12, 2024 in Willows, California of natural causes. He was born August 13, 1935. He is survived by his wife Nancy Beck, sister Madeline Beck, one niece and one nephew, and cousins.

Al was known for his witty personality and passion for environmental and ecological studies. He served in the US Army and later earned a PhD in zoology from UC Davis. He spent time working in Malaysia soon after, was a former instructor at Chico State University, and most recently was an independent environmental impact consultant.

He served on the Butte County Mosquito & Vector Control District Board of Trustees for many years through December 2023.

Al was a coin enthusiast and traveled widely to local, state and national shows around the country. He started a local coin shop, The Coin Lode, in the seventies and continued business under that name until shortly before his death. In later years, he focused on coins depicting animals, melding his zoology pursuits with the coin hobby. He had a loyal group of clients and was a mentor to many young people in numismatics.

Al served as the bourse chairman of the local Chico Coin Club show for many years. He belonged to many numismatic organizations, including the ANA, NCNA, CSNA, and others.

He will be sorely missed by family, friends, and colleagues.

(Originally published in CoinWeekly on July 11, 2024)

柏林世界錢幣展覽會創辦人

阿爾伯特·J·貝克博士逝世（1935-2024）

◎ Stephen Album珍稀錢幣拍賣公司〔美國〕

貝克是許多年輕人的錢幣導師 （圖片由 Stephen Album 珍稀錢幣拍賣公司提供）

阿爾伯特 貝克博士（ Albert J. Beck ，簡稱“Al ”）於 2024 年 6月12日星期三在加利福尼亞州威洛斯安然離 世。貝克博士出生於1935 年 8月13日。他的遺孀南希 貝克（Nancy Beck）、姐妹瑪德琳 貝克（ Madeline Beck）、侄女、侄子和表親們仍在世。

貝克以其風趣的個性和對環境與生態研究的熱情而聞名。他曾在美國陸軍服役，後獲得加利福尼亞大學戴 維斯分校動物學博士學位。不久之後，他在馬來西亞工作了一段時間，還曾擔任過奇科州立大學的講師，近 年來成為了一名獨立的環境影響顧問。

他在布特縣蚊蟲和病媒控制區董事會擔任董事多年，直至 2023 年12月。

貝克是一位錢幣愛好者，經常參加全國各地的地方、州和國家級的錢幣展覽。七十年代，他在當地開辦了一 家名為“ The Coin Lode”的錢幣店，並以這個名字繼續經營，直到他去世前不久。他晚年專注於以動物 為主題的錢幣設計，將自己對動物學的追求與錢幣愛好融為一體。他擁有一批忠實的客戶，是許多年輕人 的錢幣導師。

貝克多年來一直擔任當地奇科錢幣俱樂部展覽的主席。他加入了許多錢幣組織，包括美國錢幣協會、南加 州錢幣協會、加州錢幣協會等。

他的家人、朋友和同事都會深切懷念他。

原刊載於2024年7月11

日發佈的《硬幣週刊》

Kann's Paper Money Collection Found

◎ Bruce W. Smith〔USA〕

More than 30 years after his death, a portion of the paper money collection formed by the famous collector and numismatic writer, Eduard Kann, has been found. In February 1995, New York coin dealer, Andy Lustig, purchased from a used bookstore in Los Angeles a book titled "PaperMoneyinChina" by Eduard Kann. The book is a privately bound collection of five of Kann's articles on Chinese paper money published in the Central Bank of China Bulletin during 1936-1937. The book also contained about 200 Chinese notes, attached to pages with stamp hinges.

Eduard Kann was born in Austria in 1880 and went to China in 1902 apparently to work in a branch of the Russo-Chinese bank. He was stationed in Manchuria for many years, but around the time of the Russian revolution moved Tlentsin where he became manager of the Commercial Guarantee Bank of Chihli. In 1921 he became general manager of the Chinese -American Bank of Commerce, and his signature may be found on some of its notes. From 1925 to 1949 he operated a bullion and exchange brokerage business at Shanghai(though he was imprisoned for a time by the Japanese during 1941-42). From 1949 till his death in 1962 he lived in Hollywood, California. Though he authored numerous articles, Kanns most important works are his books "Currencies of China" (1926; 2nd edition 1927; reprint 1978) and "IllustratedCatalogofChineseCoins" (1954, reprint 1966), and his series of articles "HistoryOf ChinesePaperMoney" (also titled "PaperMoneyinModern China" and "CommentariesonChinesePaperMoney" ) published in 46 installments in the Far Eastern Economic Review during1957-1958. According to letters written by Kann, he originally planned to publish this as a book, but those plans apparently fell through, and it was published as a series. Shortly before his death he planned to turn over the manuscript for this book to Dr. Walter Loeb, an active paper money collector and writer, for publication possibly by the newly organized International Bank Note Society. IBNS never published the work and Loeb died in 1969.

As noted in the first issue of East Asia Journal (Ft. Wayne, IN

1982), Kanns coin collection was sold in three famous sales by Quality Sales Corporation (Kreisberg & Cohen) during 1971-1972. However, Kann had actually sold the collection to a California doctor in the 1950s and it was this doctor, who had kept the collection intact and added a few items to it, who consigned it to Quality Sales. Kann's collection of sycee ingots, the most comprehensive in existence at that time, was sold by private treaty in 1978 to the British Museum. His collection of Chinese stamps was sold at auction in February 1963 by stamp dealer J. R. Hughes. But the status of his paper money collection remained a mystery until now. Kann mentioned in a 1957 letter that his proposed book on Chinese paper money recorded 1, 800 notes, all of which he had personally seen. From his descriptions of the notes, he obviously possessed many of them as well. Whether his Collection consisted of the 200 notes found or whether there is another collection of Kann notes waiting to be discovered, is unknown.

Among the notes in the book discovered by Lustig was a previously unknown note on the Russo-Asiatic Bank. The one dollar note, from the Hankow branch, dated 8 December 1917, has the title "RUSSO-ASIATIC BANK" overprinted on a note of the Russo-chinese Bank. The basic note is listed in Pick as S512 (dated 6 June 1914 with Hankow overprinted on Tientsin), but the overprint is a new discovery. This basic note is a bit odd. According to Kann, who was manager of various branches of the Russo-Asiatic Bank at that time, the bank changed its name from Russo-Chinese Bank to Russo-Asiatic Bank in July 1910 as the result of a merger with another bank. Pick S512 with date of 1914 should not exist at all.

A photograph of the newly discovered note appears on the front page of the March 1995 issue of BankNoteReporter and in a March 13 Coin World article. Interestingly the serial number of the newly discovered note is very close to the serial number on the 1914 dated note without the overprint. When the bank closed in 1926, the Hankow branch had the smallest circulation outstanding of all the bank's China branches - only S879 (all in notes in dollar denominations).

For more information on the sale of this collection, contact Ronald Gillio, 1103 State Street, Santa Barbara, CA 93101.

耿愛德紙幣的收藏與發現

◎ 史博祿〔美國〕

著名錢幣收藏家、錢幣學家耿愛德（ Eduard Kann）去世 30 餘年後，其所收藏的部分紙幣首現（ 見本頁底部“ 編者 注”）。1995 年2月，紐約錢幣經銷商安迪 · 盧斯蒂格（ Andy Lustig ）從洛杉磯一家舊書店內購得耿愛德所著《中國紙鈔》 （Paper Money in China）一書。該書是耿愛德的私人合 訂本，收錄了1936 1937年間耿愛德在《中華民國中央銀行 （新聞簡報）》（Central Bank of China Bulletin）上發表的 有關中國紙幣的五篇文章。書中夾有200 餘張中國紙幣，分 別用郵票鉸鏈附在書頁上。

耿愛德出生於19 世紀 80 年代的奧地利，1902 年來華，任職 於華俄道勝銀行上海分行，後出任華俄道勝銀行長春分行 經理，並在東北地區生活多年。俄國十月革命前後，耿愛 德搬往天津，出任北洋保商銀行經理。1921年，耿愛德擔 任中華懋業銀行總經理，故其簽名有可能會出現在該行發 行的一些紙幣上。1925 年至1949 年間，耿愛德在滬從事金 銀和外匯經紀業務（儘管他在1941-1942 年間被日軍關押了 一段時間）。1949 年以後，耿愛德離開中國，居住在美國加 州的好萊塢，直到1962 年逝世。

耿愛德曾寫過不少錢幣學文章，其中最為出彩的要屬：1. 《中國貨幣》(Currencies of China），該書出版於1926 年， 而後於1927年推出第二版，1978 年進行了翻版；2.《中國 幣圖說匯考》（Illustrated Catalog of Chinese Coins） , 該 書出版於1954 年，1966 年重印；3. 1957-1958 年間在《遠 東經濟評論》上發表的46 期《中國紙幣史》（History Of Chinese Paper Money）系列文章，又稱《中國近代紙幣 史》（Paper Money in Modern China）或《中國紙幣評說 （Commentaries on Chinese Paper Money）。耿愛德曾 在信中表示，他原計劃將這些文章編成書出版。但後來顯 然失敗了，只能以系列文章形式進行發表。耿愛德過世前 曾考慮將此書手稿交予知名紙幣收藏家、作家沃爾特 勒 布博士（Dr. Walter Loeb），托其讓剛成立的世界紙幣協 會（IBNS）出版。不過世界紙幣協會從未出版過這部作品， 而勒布博士也於1969 年離世。

原刊載於《東亞泉志》第 19 期

欲瞭解更多有關該收藏集的信息， 請聯繫吉利奧（Ronald Gillio）。地 址：美國加州聖巴巴拉國家大道1103 號，郵編：93101。

據《東亞泉志》首期文章記載（韋恩堡市，1982 年）， 1971 1972 年間，耿愛德的錢幣藏品曾由 Quality Sales （Kreisberg & Cohen）拍賣公司在三次著名拍賣中出售。 原來，耿愛德在 20 世紀 50 年代就將藏品賣給了一位加州醫 生，正是這位醫生完好地保存了這些藏品，並在其中增加 了一些個人藏品。後來，這名醫生將耿愛德藏品委託給了 Quality Sales 。1978 年，Quality Sales 將耿愛德所藏最 完好的紋銀元寶以私人協議方式售予大英博物館。1963 年 2月，郵票商 J.R. 休斯在拍賣會上將耿愛德所藏中國郵票 售出。然而，耿愛德的紙幣收藏至今仍是個謎。1957年， 耿愛德曾在信中提及，他打算出版一本有關中國紙幣的書 籍，記錄1800 張親眼見過的中國紙幣。從他對紙幣的描述 來看，顯然曾擁有過書中的多數紙幣。耿愛德的紙幣藏品 是否僅含目前發現的 200 張紙幣？還是存在其他有待發現的 紙幣？這些都尚未可知。

耿愛德書中有一張先前不為人知的俄亞銀行（漢口）壹圓紙 幣，上印日期1917年12月8日，由原華俄道勝銀行紙幣加蓋 “ RUSSO-ASIATIC BANK”（俄亞銀行）而來。這一加 蓋俄亞銀行名稱的紙幣是剛發現的，加蓋前的華俄道勝銀 行紙幣在 Pick 目錄（世界紙幣標準目錄）中編號為 S512（上 印日期1914 年 6月6日，“漢口”字樣加蓋在“天津”上）。然 而，奇怪的是⸺據曾擔任俄亞銀行分行經理的耿愛德所 說，由於與另一家銀行合併，該行已於1910 年 7月將名稱從 先前的華俄道勝銀行改為俄亞銀行，因此這張日期為1914 年的 Pick-S512 華俄道勝銀行紙幣根本不應該存在。

這張加蓋紙幣的照片曾出現在《紙幣報告》（Bank Note Reporter）1995 年3月發行的頭版，以及同年3月13日《錢 幣世界》發表的一篇文章中。有趣的是，該紙幣的序列號 與1914 年未加蓋的紙幣序列號非常類同。1926 年俄亞銀行 停業時，漢口分行是所有其在中國的分行中發行面值最小 的銀行，只發行 Pick-S879 銀圓票。

編者注：上述1995 年發現的耿愛德紙幣藏品曾在 2008 年10月27-28日的 Bowers and Merena Auctions 拍賣會上出售。

The World-Famous American Bank Note Company

◎ Neil Shafer〔USA〕

To practically every student of world paper currencies, the name American Bank Note Company immediately brings forth a feeling of highest quality, beauty, security and popularity. This venerable printer has produced some of the world's most treasured and magnificently executed paper money.

It all came to fruition in 1858, when seven of the leading private bank note printers came together to form the single entity. Since then ABN has produced a tremendously wide range of notes, stocks and bonds, checks, documents of all sorts, in addition to other kinds of commercial printings such as calendars and office forms. During its first seven years as a company, ABN thrived on producing issues as needed for a multitude of private banks all over the country. Up to this time, work for foreign governments had been only a minor part of the business. But in 1862 the company received large orders from Greece and Colombia; since then, banks and issuing authorities from many places have availed themselves of the exceptionally high quality services offered by ABN. Yet the area where so many orders originated was predominantly Latin America.

By the mid-1860's and into the 1870's, printing in color was the norm rather than the exception, and notes made by ABN from that period are often spectacular. This is the result of lovely designs and the use of vibrant colors, singly or in striking combinations, often with remarkable effects. Another distinctive characteristic of notes produced by ABN centers on the usage of certain vignettes. At times the same vignette may be seen on a number of issues from different banks, and even from different countries. Famous historical scenes such as the landing of Columbus, individuals like the Prince of Wales and Simon Bolivar, world monarchs, historical battle scenes on land and sea, adaptations of the greatest paintings, wonderful allegories, natural landscapes, wildlife, the ever-popular trains and ships, were employed time and again. Local personalities were also used when appropriate; often portrayed were national heroes from many places.

Other major companies joined forces with ABN over the years; these included such well-known firms as National, Continental, Homer Lee, International, Franklin, Franklin-Lee and Western.

The Canadian Bank Note Company was established at Ottawa in 1897 as an affiliate. This action was thought necessary to help satisfy the increasing demand for notes for the various banks in Canada and the Caribbean area.

During much of the 20th century ABN has supplied more currency for a wider group of issuing institutions. In fact, from 1913 to mid-century ABN was the chief supplier of notes for the numerous issuing entities all over China. World War II also served to bring a number of significant orders to ABN; during that conflict and immediately afterwards, places such as Belgian Congo, French West Africa, Israel, Martinique, Morocco, Netherlands, Surinam and Turkey were supplied with currency made by this company. Many of these issues are highly sought by collectors at this time.

Around 1970 there was a significant change in banknote production. There was an unprecedented proliferation of localized security printing plants. Former ABN customers began to print their own paper money – Mexico is an excellent case in point. Yet with the introduction of new ways of printing, stronger and more sophisticated anti-counterfeiting devices such as holograms and plastic "paper," ABN was able to remain a leader in the preservation of banknote integrity and trust. That legacy continues to this day.

CHINA 1914 Bank of ChinaChihli Branch 5 Dollars

CHINA 1920 The Commercial Bank of China-Shanghai Branch One Tael

CHINA 1919 International Banking Corporation-Peking Branch 1 Dollar

CHINA 1941 Bank of Commumications 500 Yuan

大名鼎鼎的美國鈔票公司

◎ 尼爾•謝弗〔美國〕

對於學習研究世界紙鈔的人而言，一提到美國鈔票公司， 腦海中立刻想起的是：優質、精美、安全、廣受歡迎！這家 歷史悠久的印鈔公司印製過世界上最珍貴的紙鈔。

美國鈔票公司成立于1858 年，由當時 7家頂尖的私營印鈔廠 聯合成立。100 多年來，美國鈔票公司印製了大量的紙鈔、 股票、債券、支票、文書，種類繁多，此外還有其他商業 印製訂單（日曆、公司表格等）。公司成立的最初 7年，業務 主要是接受美國國內各大私營銀行的印製委託，為外國政 府承製還只是很小的業務。到了1862 年，公司接到了希臘 和哥倫比亞的大量訂單；自此，很多地方的銀行和權威發 行機構都從美國鈔票公司提供的優質服務中大大受益。但 是，當時的訂單主要還是來自拉美地區。

19 世紀 60 年代中期到 70 年代，彩色印刷成為主流，美國 鈔票公司印製的紙鈔常是絕佳之品，這主要是由於鈔票設 計精美，色彩鮮明，單色或多色亮麗組合，多屬精品之作。 另一個顯著的特色是美國印鈔公司使用的裝飾圖案。有時 候，不同的銀行，甚至不同國家在紙鈔上都使用同一圖案， 一些有名的歷史場景如哥倫布登上新大陸、歷史名人如威 爾士親王和西蒙 • 玻利瓦爾、各國帝王、歷史上有名的海 陸戰役、名畫再創造、寓言故事改編、自然風景名勝、野 生動物、久負盛名的火車和船艦等都是被反復使用的素材 主題。有時候，當地名人也可能成為素材，很多國家的英 雄人物像常常被印到紙鈔上。

1914 年（民

國三年）原

李鴻章像大

清銀行加印

中國銀行兌

換券伍圓

1941 年（民

國三十年）

交通銀行伍

佰圓

美國鈔票公司的發展過程中，先后合併了多家大型公司，其 中包括美國國家鈔票公司、美國大陸鈔票公司、美國荷馬 李鈔票公司、美國國際鈔票公司、富蘭克林印鈔造幣公司、 富蘭克林 - 李紙鈔公司和美國西方紙鈔公司等。1897年， 在渥太華成立附屬公司加拿大紙鈔公司，以滿足加拿大和 加勒比海地區不斷增長的紙鈔印製的需求。

進入 20 世紀，美國鈔票公司為更多的發行機構提供印鈔服 務。從1913 年至 50 年代，中國各家發行機構的紙鈔主要來 自該公司。二戰期間，美國鈔票公司又接到一批重要的訂 單，戰後，比屬剛果、法屬西非、以色列、馬提尼克、摩 洛哥、荷蘭、蘇里南、土耳其等都是由該公司提供紙鈔。 現在，這些紙鈔很受收藏家青睞。

1970 年前後，公司的紙鈔印製有個很顯著的變化。各地的 防偽印鈔廠大量出現，很多美國印鈔公司的客戶開始自主 印製紙鈔，當時的墨西哥就是一個典型的代表。然而，隨 着新式印刷技術的引進，更高級的防偽技術如全息技術和 塑質鈔票不斷出現，美國鈔票公司仍穩坐紙鈔印製的頭把 交椅，時至今日，仍無人可敵。

1920（民 國九年） 中國通商 銀行—— 上海通用 銀兩壹兩 1919 年 美商花旗 銀行——

北京支行 壹圓

Sun Yat Sen-Revolutionary Bonds

◎ Roger Urce, Howard A. Daniel III and Bruce W. Smith〔USA〕

Dr. Sun Yat Sen is known as the Father of Modern Asia. He can also be described as an idealist and, probably most appropriately, a frustrated Patriot. He was born in the Chinese village of Cuihen in Kwantung Province, which is near the border with Macau, on 12 November 1866. Once his basic education was completed, he left China in 1879 to join his older brother, Sun Mei, a prosperous merchant, in Hawaii. While there, Sun entered a Christian school in Honolulu, learned English and became exposed to democracy, freedom and justice.

In 1883 he went back to China and, in 1887 he entered medical school in Hong Kong. Along with his medical studies, Sun began to exchange ideas with many of other bright students and soon a core group of radicals developed and formed a study group in which they discussed revolution. Sun and his associates took their discussions seriously. Thus the seeds of revolution were sown.

After medical school, Sun did, for a time, practice as a physician, but remained loyal to his radical views and the overthrow of the Imperial Qing which had ruled China since 1644. The Dynasty, known also as the Empire of the Great Qing or the Manchu dynasty, held the emperor to the central figure of the government and thus ruled with absolute power. This was in contrast to Sun's idea of a western style constitutional type of government.

Returning to Hawaii in 1894, Sun established the Revive China Society (Hsing-chung-hui) as a first step in making China a republic. Funds were raised by assessing five dollars in dues to all members, selling stock shares and soliciting gifts which included a substantial donation from his older brother, Sun Mei. The funds were used to organize an uprising in Canton in 1895. The uprising failed.

A second uprising, in Waichou in 1900, also required capital and Sun was able to raise funds from Chinese in Hong Kong and, again, relied on his brother. This uprising also failed. In all, between 1907 and 1908 funds were raised for eight more uprising and came from Chinese in Southeast Asia, Europe, Canada, Japan and the United States. None of these uprisings were successful.

In 1904, the first military bond was issued in Hawaii.

The text reads:

"US $1 was received, to be repaid US $10 after the Army succeeds. Date 1904. Sun Yat-sen"

According to SYS Fund RaisingActivities in Hawaii (Hawaiian Journal Vol 32), "The majority of Sun' supporters were overseas Chinese from the lower middle class.......They were not wealthy, but considering their means, they were the most generous in supportingtherevolution."

Between 1900 and 1908 Sun Yat Sen was frequently in French Cochinchina and Indochina creating an organization in the Chinese communities to finance his operations in China against the Manchu Dynasty. The group was named the Tung Men Hui and included a Fund Raising Bureau. There were four branches in Cochinchina, and Indochina: Hanoi in Indochina and Cholon (a suburb of Saigon) in Cochinchina, Phnom Penh in Cambodia and Vientiane in Laos. These branches were some of the most important fund raising branches in the world.

Many French businessmen were supporting Sun in the hope they would be favored with lucrative business deals when Sun became president of China.

Sun's primary contact in Cholon was Tseng His Chou, an agent for the Bank of Indochina, or the Franco-Chinese Bank, in that city. He may have been the person responsible for commissioning the printing of the French like bonds in 1906. The bonds were likely printed locally in Saigon rather than in France as previously thought.

First Military Bond

$100 French Language Bond

Howard Daniel saw the first of these bonds in 1980 as part of the Hank Barton Collection. They are also listed in Smith-Matravers Chinese Banknotes (SM C257-1) where they are described as "More of a fund-raising device than an actual note, although the bearer is promised payment one year after the establishment of a republican government in China " The bond is signed by Sun and bears the overprint: "ONE HUNDRED DOLLARS", of which, according to S/M, three varieties are known. The test is English on one side and French on the other.

The bond, initially purchased for $10 or more would be redeemed for one-hundred dollars (piastres) by the Republic of China treasury once the new government was established in Canton.

The most common bonds are in AU or CU condition with a serial number beginning with 079, but these are considered scarce. Bonds with serials beginning with 080 and 090, for the most part, appear in lower grades and are considered rare.

When Chinese living in Singapore saw the bonds, they, too, wanted to contribute. As word spread, branches of the TMH were opened in Kuala Lumpur, Penang, Jakarta, Bangkok, Rangoon, Mandalay and other cities in SE Asia.

Sun also spent some time in the Philippines where he formed an alliance with Mariano Ponce who was representative of the Philippine National Movement opposed to the United States. Each was to support the other in their revolutionary efforts. The plan did not succeed and put Sun in risk of alienating the United States where he was still trying to solicit funds.

These pieces were sold right up to the time of the revolution in 1911, but Sun Yat Sen himself was considered persona non grata by the French since his revolutionary activities were too much like those of the Vietnamese revolutionaries trying to

English side of $100 bond

overthrow the French.

According to A Brief Illustrated History of Chinese Military Notes and Bonds, (1982) none of these bonds are cancelled and none were registered with the government and redeemed.

A 1997 Spink Auction of the Chiu Sze Hoi collection of Chinese Banknotes lists one of these bonds with a serial number of 079653 in "extremely fine, rare" with a bid range of HK 50006000 ($650-775 US at today's rates).

Another of these bonds is also listed in the 1991 Daniel K.E.Ching Sale conducted by Scott Semans in Long Beach. The description states the bond was issued in French Indochina by Sun to raise money. It is graded F-VF with two small tears and shows a minimum bid of $250. The serial number is in the 079 range.

In 1909 (ABrief History of Chinese Military Notes and BondsMrs.Ting), Sun established a bureau of the TMH in San Francisco to raise Funds for the revolution. A series of Republic of China Gold Certificates (Chung Hwa Republic Gold Bonds) were issued in denominations of 10,100 and 1000 dollars. Other reports show these bonds issued in 1894. SM lists only two denominations, $1 and $10 (C-262-1 and 262-2) and reports they were issued in 1896. Research by Bruce Smith finds the notes were actually issued in 1911 in Vancouver, Canada and later that year in San Francisco. His information is based on two sources:

Currency of 1911 Revolutionary Period by Wu Chouzhang and Gu Yanpei, 1986; Currency During the Revolution of 1911 by Ma Chuande and Xu Yuan, Shanghai 2002.

These colorful bonds, with the flag in the center, are known in 10, 100 and 1000 dollars (gold) denominations.

And contrary to Smith Matravers, there is no one dollar denomination known.

The ten dollar denomination is not common but neither is it scarce. One was offered in the Scott Semans Long Beach auction. The listing states the bond was "believed to have been issued in Havaii and/or Vancouver about 1900." It is described as "rare" with a grade of Very Fine. The minimum bid was $275.

The 1997 Spink Auction mentioned previously also lists a ten dollar bond. The catalog description states "...practically uncirculated,thusrare." The minimum bid was HKD 4000-5000.

Having the low denomination ten dollar bond was good economically because it allowed more Chinese to participate in fund drives. It is known with serial numbers as high as 26000. The piece in the Spink Auction is 14977.

The 100 dollar issue is scarce and a good value.

The thousand dollar bond is extremely rare. Bruce Smith reports only noting one in a public sale: Pacific Coast Auction Galleries, Hong Kong, September 1988. The bond, graded in fine condition, sold for $22,000.

All the bonds in this series are signed by Sun Wen (another name for Sun Yat Sen) as president, and by Lee Gnone Hap (Chinese signature Li Kung-hsia) as treasurer. Smith suspects he was an overseas Chinese, perhaps living in America. It is not known where these bonds were printed, but the United States or Canada is most likely.

One reason, again, according to Smith, these bonds are so rare is that the Chinese government redeemed them in the 1930's. Donations of $5 or more were redeemed at double the amount donated. A donation of fifty dollars netted the donor one hundred dollars.

Mrs. Ting reports, in 1935, the Ministry of Finance issued a National Currency Policy with the intention of clearing up all the debts incurred during the revolution. The Chinese National Party, the Kuomingtang, established a committee and all certificates/ bonds registered were redeemed and subsequently destroyed.

The final conflict of Sun's revolution was the Wuchang uprising in October of 1911 where a number of revolutionary factions banded together and staged a coup with the aid of the New Army which had mutinied. They took over the government house offices and the government was eventually defeated thus ending the rule of the Qing Dynasty.

Ironically, Sun Yat Sen was in the United States at the time of the uprising and only learned of its success from newspaper reporters. He returned to China in December and the new Republic of China was born on January first, 1912 with Sun elected to be its provisional president. He held that position until March of 1912 when he stepped down in the favor of Yuan Shikai in an arrangement to insure the abdication of six year old Pui, the last emperor of the Qing Dynasty.

Sun Yat Sen died from cancer on 12 March 1925 in Beijing, China.

孫中山簽發的中華革命軍軍需債券

◎ 羅傑·厄斯 、霍華德·A·丹尼爾三世

、史博祿〔美国〕

亞洲覺醒先驅孫中山（孫逸仙）是一位理想主義者，更是一 位雖屢屢受挫，但仍矢志不渝的愛國主義者。1866年11月 12日，孫中山生於廣東省翠亨村（毗鄰澳門）。在完成基 礎教育之後，孫中山於1879年來到檀香山投奔自己的富商 胞兄孫眉。之後，他進入檀香山一家基督教會學校學習英文， 正是在這裡，孫中山第一次接觸到了民主、自由及公平正義 等進步思想。

1883年，孫中山回國，四年之後（1887年），他進入香港 一所醫學院學醫。學習間隙，孫中山會同其他進步同學討論 時事，交流思想，不多久，這群激進青年成立了一個學習小 組，認真討論革命變法之事，革命的種子就此種下。

雖然畢業之後做了一段時間的醫生，但孫中山從未放棄過推 翻清政府的信念。自1644 年起，大清（或滿清）在中國建 立起來了以皇權為中心、中央絕對集權的封建專制統治。而 這種統治模式同孫中山所信仰的西方立憲製完全背道而馳。

1894年，孫中山重返檀香山，並在那裡建立了第一個革命 團體——興中會，在建立民主共和國的道路上邁出了堅實的 第一步。為籌措革命資金，興中會向每名會員收取了5美 元的會費，並開展股票銷售和徵集募捐活動，孫中山的大哥 孫眉也慷慨解囊，向興中會捐贈了大批錢款。在得到資金上 的支持之後，孫中山於1895年率領興中會同仁準備在廣州 密謀起義，事泄而敗，逃亡國外。

1900年，孫中山策劃在惠州舉行第二次起義。除了從大哥 孫眉那裡獲得資助之外，孫中山還從香港的華僑那裡募集到 了大量資金，但這次起義同樣沒有取得成功。1907-1908年 期間，孫中山先後發動了八次起義，起義經費均來自東南亞、 歐洲、加拿大、日本，以及美國等地大量華僑的慷慨資助。

但這八次起義都以失敗告終。

1904年，孫中山在夏威夷發行了第一批軍需債券。

票面上的文字為：

此券實收到美金壹圓正，本軍成功之日見券即還本息拾圓。

據《孫中山在夏威夷的資金籌集活動》（刊登於《夏威夷期刊》 雜誌第 32 期）一文記載：“孫中山的支持者大都是中低階 層的海外華僑……他們雖然並不富裕，但在支援革命一事上 卻非常慷慨，甚至願意傾囊相助。”

第一批軍需債券

1900年到1908年期間，孫中山頻繁往來於法屬交趾支那和 印度支那，並在當地的華人社區成立了同盟會，下設募款會， 用來為國內的反清運動籌集資金。孫中山在兩地一共設立了 四所同盟會分會，分別位於：印度支那的河內、交趾支那的 華埠（位於西貢郊區）、高棉的金邊以及老撾的萬象地區。 這幾所支部是當時同盟會最重要的資金來源地。

孫中山的革命主張獲得了許多法國商人的支持，他們希望能 在孫中山當上總統之後獲得一定的經濟回報。

孫中山在華埠的主要聯絡人是印度支那銀行（又名中法銀 行）的代理商周植生。孫中山有可能就是委託此人印刷了 1906年的法文版軍債券，而這種債券的印刷地很可能是西 貢而非之前所猜測的法國。

1980年，霍華德·丹尼爾首次在漢克·巴頓的收藏中見到了 這種債券。Smith-Matravers的《中國紙幣》（SM C2571）一書中曾記載：“雖然債券的持有者得到承諾說中華民 國成立一年之後將償還本息，但這種債券並非實際流通的紙 幣，而僅僅是作為募集資金之用。”債券票面上有孫中山

法文版中國革命政府 100 元軍需債券

的簽名以及“100元”字樣的印記，據《中國紙幣》一書記 載，目前這種債券共存在三種版別。英文版的軍債券一面是 英文，另一面是法文。

最初以10元認購債券的人，可在廣州新政府成立之後由中 華民國財政部返還本息共100元。

各種孫中山軍需債券中，等級為AU和CU、編號以079開 頭的雖然最為常見，但又極為稀有；以080和090開頭的 債券雖然評級較低，但大多也都比較罕見。

債券在新加坡發行的時候，當地華人紛紛出錢認購，希望能 為革命貢獻自己的一份力量。後來消息傳開，同盟會各分支 機搆又在吉隆玻、檳城、雅加達、曼谷、仰光、曼德勒等東 南亞地區相繼成立。

旅居菲律賓期間，孫中山結識了菲律賓抗美民族獨立運動的 領導人馬里亞諾·彭西。二人一拍即合，決定相互扶持對方 的革命事業。但這一計劃非但沒有成功，甚至還讓孫中山冒 了得罪美國的風險，而他當時正打算從那裡募集革命資金。

這些債券一直發行到1911年辛亥革命爆發。由於其革命行 動和越南反法革命之間極大的相似性，使得孫中山在當時成 為了法國政府的眼中釘。

據《中國軍用鈔票史略》（1982年出版）記載，這些發行 的債券既未作廢也未被政府註冊登記或償還。

1997年斯賓克Chiu Sze Hoi 中國紙幣藏品拍賣中曾經出 現了一張編號為079653 的孫中山軍用債券，“極美品，稀 有”，價格在5000-6000港幣之間（按現在匯率約為650775美元）。

英文版中國革命政府 100 元軍需債券

1991年斯科特·席曼斯於長灘舉辦的丹尼爾·K.E.陳錢幣拍 賣中也出現過一張孫中山軍用債券。拍品描述中說這是一張 孫中山在法屬印度支那發行的債券，目的是為籌措軍費。這 張債券的等級為F-VF，票面上有兩處輕微裂口，起拍價為 250美元，編號開頭為079。

1909年（據丁張弓良所著《中國軍用鈔票史略》記載）， 孫中山在三藩市成立了同盟會募款會。為籌集革命軍費，孫 中山發行了中華民國金幣券，面值為10元、100元及1000元。

不過另有記載稱這種金幣券實際發行於1894年。SmithMatravers的書中只提到有1美元和10美元這兩種面值的 金幣券 (C-262-1 and 262-2)，發行時間為1896年。而經史 博祿考證，這種債券應該發行於1911年，發行地點分別為 加拿大溫哥華和美國三藩市。這一結論來源於以下兩本書：

《辛亥革命貨幣》，吳籌中、顧延培著，1986年出版；

《辛亥革命時期貨幣》，馬傳德、徐淵著，2002年上海出版。

這批彩色的金幣券中間印有中華民國國旗，現在已知的面值 只有10元、100元和1000元（金）三種，而並沒有1元面 值的金幣券存世，這一點同Smith-Matravers的記載不符。

孫中山10元金幣券既非常見也非罕見。斯科特·希曼斯長灘

拍賣會上曾經出現過一張孫中山10元金幣券，其拍品描述 為：“可能是1900年左右發行於夏威夷或者溫哥華”，“稀 有品”，非常精美。當時的起拍價為275美元。

先前提及的斯賓克1997年拍賣會上也售出過一張這種10 元金幣券，拍賣目錄中的描述為：“幾乎未使用，故而稀有”，

起拍價為4000-5000港幣。

發行面值較低的10元債券讓更多的華僑可以參與到募捐活 動中來，這的確是一個明智之舉。目前已知10元金幣券的 最大序號為26000，而斯賓克拍賣會拍出的那張金幣券的編 號是14977。

孫中山100元金幣券為稀有品，價值較高。

孫中山1000元金幣券極為稀有。史博祿的文章中只提到一 張曾公開拍賣過的1000元金幣券：太平洋海岸拍賣公司 1988年9月份的香港拍賣會上，一張美品孫中山1000元 金幣券的售價高達22000美元。

所有金幣券上面都有中華革命党本部總理孫文及中華革命 軍籌響局會計李公俠的親筆簽名。據史博祿猜測，此人很可 能是一位美國華僑。目前尚不清楚這種金幣券的印刷地為何 處，但美國和加拿大的可能性最大。

據史博祿考證，孫中山金幣券之所以稀少是因為國民政府在 20世紀30年代曾經贖回過這種債券。認捐數額為5元及以 上金額的債券被政府以雙倍價格贖回，購買了50元金幣券 的捐贈人則收到了本息共計100元。

據丁張弓良記載，國民政府財政部曾於1935年出臺了一項 清償革命債務的貨幣政策。國民黨當局為此特設清償委員會 對登記過的債券進行償還，並對已經償還的票券進行銷毀。

孫中山的最後一次起義發生於1911年10月。在新軍的幫 助下，各大革命勢力聯合起來成功發動政變，佔領總督府， 並最終推翻了清政府在中國的統治。

頗具諷刺意味的是，起義爆發時孫中山人在美國，就連起義 勝利的消息也是從報紙上得知的。同年12月，孫中山回國， 1912年1月1日，中華民國正式成立，孫中山當選為臨時 大總統。1912年3月，末代皇帝溥儀退位之後，孫中山辭 去臨時大總統職務，讓位袁世凱。

1925年3月12日，孫中山先生因癌症在北京逝世。

100 元金幣券

1000 元金幣券

Initial Coin Minting in Korea 1886 - 1888 and Establishment of a Modern Mint with the Help of German Specialists

◎ Thomas Uhlmann〔Germany〕

The earliest coins found on Korean land came from China.1 In pre-Christian times, they were brought into the country as burial objects by Chinese settlers.2 Actual Korean coins were first minted at the end of the 10th century with the introduction and manufacture of cast coins based on the Chinese design.3 Before this, coins imported from China probably were used as money.

In Korea too, the round coin with a square hole was the main currency. This type of coin, which was produced at a number of mint facilities, was still accepted as currency until the 20th century.

The difficulties associated with a coin produced in such large numbers but with such little value were described by the first Europeans in Korea as follows:

Carl Andreas Wolter (head of the Korean branch of H.C. Eduard Meyer & Co. from 1884 – 1908): "Dollars were very rare even at that time; the currency used in Korea were the Korean copper coins. Since each dollar was worth 500 of these rather large copper coins, it can easily be imagined what payments worth a few thousands of dollars would entail. Only I know what I went through as I sold goods worth $ 2,000 at the beginning of my Korean career and was paid in this way. Porter after porter, bent under the weight of his load, came into my chamber, and I saw with disappointment how the floor of the chamber filled with stacks of coins almost two feet tall."4

Friedrich Kraus (Director of the Seoul Mint, Seoul 1885–1887): "Thecoinageof the country is in a sad state; the current coins are made from bad copper alloys, which has such a low value that you have to use a pack horse to pay even an amount of 100 to 200 Mark.At the recommendation of Mr. von Möllendorff,the government established mints as per the European system and all the machines and equipments for this were brought from Germany; but this mint has hardly beenusedtillnow,andthereisalongwaytogoasregardsmintreform."5

Further, the then value of coin currency in Korea can be pictured from reports from those days, like that of the British Vice-consul William Richard Charles. He describes the impressions of his Korean journey in the year 1884 "Life in Korea"6. Here are some extracts from the book:

1 My heartiest thanks to Prof. Hans-Alexander Kneider (Seoul) and Mr. Michael Dirauf (Staffelstein), who helped me significantly with their knowledge about the connection between Germany and Korea. Furthermore, I thank Mrs. Kerstin Otto (Director of the palace museum Moritzburg Zeitz) for problem-free access to the coin stamps from Mr. Herrmann Held and Mr. Klaus Werner (Magdeburg) for the extensive contribution of information regarding H. Held. – Christiano Bierrenbach from Heritage Auctions (Dallas), the Fritz Rudolf Künker GmbH & Co. KG (Osnabrück), the company Stack`s Bowers & Ponterio (New York and Santa Ana) and Mrs. Dr. Simone Vogt from the August Kestner museum (Hannover) for permission to depict the coins mentioned here.

2 Op den Velden – Hartill 2013, Pg.13.

3 Op den Velden – Hartill 2013, Pg. 13 – 14.

4 Wolter 1903, Pg. 3 – 4; Kneider 2010, Pg 121.

5 Kraus 1889a, Pg.72.

6 Charles 1888.

Fig. 1 1 Chon, silver, 22 mm. Fritz Rudolf Künker, Auct. 237 No. 3984.

Fig. 2 2 Chon, silver, 27 mm. Fritz Rudolf Künker, Auct. 249 no. 479.

Fig. 3 3 Chon, silver, 32.5 mm. Fritz Rudolf Künker, Auct. 254 no. 2891.

1 Catty (approx. 500 grams) silk cocoons cost 600 Cash, (1 Dollar was equal to 850Cash)7;

1Bullcostsbetween8,000and9,000Cash,acowcosts7,000Cash8; 1Cup(230–280ml)honeycosts10Cash,theCattyofbeeswaxbetween100–150 Cash.9

A hunter in the region around Anbyeon (today in North Korea) received a peace-time monthly salary of 300 Cash, 1 Catty gunpowder and 10 bullets.10 In contrast to this, the tax collector of Hamheung (today in North Korea) reported a yearly income of 390,200 Cash, whereby he reported a rise in the cloth tax of 1, 591, 645 Cash in the last year (1883).11 The salary of a teacher in the region around Jangjin and Hamheung (both today in North Korea) is specified as follows: Each student pays 50 Cash monthly, plus the costs for food, clothes, floor mats, the paper on the walls and the windows, ink and the books of the teacher.12

In relation to the English currency, Charles gave the value of 1 Cash as worth 1 Farthing (=¼ Penny).13 The value of the dollar varied from region to region. For the region around Sunan, one-dollar cost 850 Cash, for Hamheung it was 600 Cash for one dollar.

It is also clear from his report that the then situation of currency made all commercial transactions difficult. Thus, he also described his encounter with a pony caravan carrying the salary of miners amounting to 24,000 Cash.14

Under Japanese pressure, the country opened up to foreigners in 1876.15 With the blooming trade between Japan and Korea, the number of modern Japanese silver coins (issued since 1870) together with the Mexican silver pesos, which were circulated in East Asia in large numbers, with Chinese counter-stamp also increased.16

Probably to curb the circulation of foreign silver coins, efforts were made to introduce Korean silver coins in the year 1882/1883, (Fig. 1 – 3). These coins carried the denomination for 1, 2 and 3 Chon and strongly copied the design of the Cash-coins, even if the square hole was removed. In its place, there was a round, mostly green or blue enamel inlay on the back side. These pieces were also made using the casting process. Since no more of these coins were issued, it can be assumed that these coins did not meet the requirements of the market at that time. Moreover, the production costs were relatively high because of the enamel inlay, and thus production was stopped in June 1883 itself.17 At the same time, Paul Georg v. Möllendorff, the first European with influence in the Korean royal court, recognized the necessity of a currency reform (Fig. 4 and 5).

Möllendor ff , born on 17th February 1847 in Zedenik (Brandenburg), was

7 Charles 1888, Pg. 168.

8 Charles 1888, Pg. 179.

9 Charles 1888, Pg. 231.

10 Charles 1888, Pg. 283.

11 Charles 1888, Pg. 268.

12 Charles 1888, Pg. 263.

13 Charles 1888, Pg. 92.

14 Dirauf 2015, Pg. 23.

15 Kneider 2010, Pg. 62.

16 Yu-Han 1974, Pg. 6.

17 Craig 1955, Pg. 52.

Fig. 4 Paul Georg von Möllendor, Vice-minister (1882 -1885).

Fig. 5 Paul Georg von Möllendor on the way with entourage.

6 Li Hongzhang, Viceroy of Zhili.

Fig.

brought up in Görlitz and studied at law, philology and oriental studies at Halle/ Saale.

In 1869, he became an employee of Sir Robert Hart in China where he was responsible for establishing maritime customs service in the Chinese empire.18 In 1874, he took on a position at the Foreign Office of the German Empire and worked as interpreter in various German consulates and the German Embassy in Peking.19 In 1879, he met Li Hongzhang (Fig. 6). He was the viceroy of Zhili, a Chinese general and one of the most influential politicians of his time: he modernized China, especially with the help of his reforms.20 In 1882, Möllendorff came into the service of Li Hongzhang. On 18th November 1882, Möllendorff was sent by the viceroy as advisor to the Korean royal court in Seoul.21 Möllendorff reached Korea in December 1882 and had his first audience with the Korean king Gojong on 26th December.22

Being an accomplished linguist – Möllendorff was already fluent in Chinese at that time and greeted the king in Korean. With his experience in the Chinese administration, he was first entrusted with setting up the Korean customs service.23 He quickly gained the confidence of the king and was assigned many reform projects. In spite of his short employment from 1882 to 1885 in Korea, he had achieved the rank of a deputy-minister.24

Möllendorff identified the need of a coin reform as the Korean coins available until then could not compare to the blooming and reformative mints of the Chinese or the Japanese.25 He believed that a modern mint was the basis for establishing a successful economy and would contribute towards promoting trade, especially with major partners.

In March 1883, a new Korean mint was founded.26 Möllendorff was named director of this new installation on 14the March 1884 after Min–T'ae-ho and had planned to introduce a new coin system, based on 15 nominal values.27 Thus, five denominations of coins could be made from the metals gold, silver and copper each.

For a short while, it was alleged that Paul Georg von Möllendorff had embezzled 6,000 Tael, which he had received for purchasing stamping machines. This unfounded allegation was cleared up by checking the palace accounts: they found the bills which proved the correct usage of the funds for fulfilling the duties of his offices.28

The reason for Möllendorff's departure from Korea in December 1885 was something else. Due to his reform efforts and the purported goal of making Korea more independent from other powers made his position as a high official of the king untenable and thus had to leave the country29. He went to China and

18 Kneider 2010, Pg. 101.

19 Kneider 2010, Pg. 102.

20 Perkins 1998, Pg. 276.

21 Kneider 2010, Pg. 105.

22 Kneider 2010, Pg. 107.

23 Kneider 2010, Pg. 108.

24 Kleiner1983, Pg. 416.

25 Yu-Han 1974, Pg. 6 – 7.

26 Yu-Han1974, Pg. 7.

27 Yu-Han1974, Pg. 9.

28 Archive of the Federal foreign minister, R18907-001 Notice from Seoul from Butler, report to Otto von Bismarck dated 3rd April 1886, Pg. 10–12.

took up new employment as private secretary to Li Hongzhang.30

On 22nd January 1885, a contract was signed with the Korea-based German company H. C. Eduard Meyer & Co., which was going to import the machines required for the new mints to be established.31

According to Wŏn Yu-Han, the contract included the following conditions:32 Machines costing approx. 30,000 Chinese Yuan are to be imported.

The machines should be state-of-the-art.

Ifthemachinesarefoundtobeunusable,thentheymustbereplacedbysuitable machines.Anypossibleconflictsaretobejudgedbyathirdparty.

The transport costs should be as low as possible. The Korean government paid 0.85 Yuan for every 100 Yuan which the H. C. E. Meyer & Co. paid for the machines.

Themachinesshouldbedeliveredassoonaspossible.

The Korean government paid 10,000 Yuan in Mexican silver coins as advance payment, within 10 days after concluding the contract. In addition to this, the paymentof0.85Yuanforevery100Yuanworthofmachineswasalsofulfilled.

Further imports of minting machines are to be done through H. C. E. Meyer & Co.–unlessathirdpartyoffersalesserprice.

Meyer&Co.shouldnotmakeprofitsotherthanthosementionedunder§5. TheKoreangovernmentmustpaythepurchasepriceinMexicansilvercoins.

Which machines were actually delivered, is not known. In any case, these included three stamping machines, two lathes, one press, one drilling machine, two milling tools, two cutting machines, three rollers, one automatic weighing machine, one sanding machine and one Lancashire-boiler.33

The German vice-consul Hermann Budler in his letter dated 22nd January 1885 from Seoul, wrote that an advance payment of 3,000 dollars had been made and the order would be sent through telegraph from Shanghai. He assumed that the production would take about 4 to 6 months.34

In a letter dated 3rd April 1886 to Otto von Bismarck, he mentioned that he had a second order for delivering the stamping machines valued at 30,000 dollars.35

Besides delivering the machines, trained personnel also had to be brought in from Germany for setting up the mints in Korea. Thus, Friedrich Kraus arrived in Korea on 8th November 1885.36 Like Claus Diedricht and C. Riedt, he had entered Korean services at the recommendation of H. C. E. Meyer & Co., in order to install a functioning mint based on the German template.37

Diedricht was a mechanical engineer and responsible for the technical

29 Kneider 2010; Pg. 112.

30 Kneider 2010, Pg. 112 – 113.

31 Kleiner1983, Pg. 411.

32 Yu-Han 1974, Pg.7 – 8.

33 Yu-Han 1974, Pg. 8; Craig 1955, Pg.60.

34 Archive of the Federal foreign minister, R18904-005 Notice from Seoul from Butler, letter dated 22nd January 1885.

35 Archive of the Federal foreign minister, R18907-001 Notice from Seoul from Butler, report to Otto von Bismarck dated 3rd April 1886, Pg. 8 and 9.

36 Kraus 1889b, Pg. 209.

37 Yu-Han 1974, Pg. 8; Kraus 1889, Pg. 207.

implementation. Riedt was a chemical engineer and was responsible for the correct composition of the alloys. Riedt also visited the Korean mines to check the quality of the copper ore, since the Korean government gave its own copper for manufacturing the coin blanks.38

From 7th August 1875 to February 1882, Friedrich Kraus was "Mint master" of the royal Hessen mint in Darmstadt and had the requisite experience of the processes and organization of a mint.39 Due to the closure of the Hessen mint, he was available for restructuring the Korean mint. Möllendorff and Kraus must have come into contact through the H. C. E. Meyer and Co., as already mentioned. Besides the equipment, the company was finally also obligated to bring trained personnel to Korea. His mission to Korea was documented in the magazine for coin enthusiasts [Blätter für Münzfreunde] in January 1886 (Fig.7).40 Friedrich Kraus took over the post of director of the mint after Paul Georg von Möllendorff. Kraus apparently had some ideas about the design of the future currency in Korea.

He had samples made by the Prussian royal engraver Hermann Held 41 in Magdeburg for 1 Yang and 5 Mun (Fig. 8 and 9).42 These coins seemed like a copy of the coin designs introduced in Japan in 1870. The front side of the coin showed the denomination within the wreath of leaves. The backside showed two dragons; it also carried the denomination in Latin script as well as the name "Great Korea" in Chinese characters and the year (1885) as per the Chinese calendar in three characters. Furthermore, Held was also to provide the stamping machine along with the dies for the new coins.43

The numismatic estate (medals and dies) of Hermann Held is today with the Schloss Moritzburg Museum in Zeitz. Held personally handed over the coins on 13th November 1914 to the museum of his birthplace. He holds an important place in numismatics especially because of his medals for the Prussian court, but also made a number of other medals, seals and badges. Upon inspection of the Zeitz inventories, several more patrixes for the manufacture of Korean coin dies were found.

The obverse and reverse patrixes for a 5 Niang piece are still available; as also obverse patrixes for 10 Mun and for 20 Warn, a reverse patrix for 10 Warn and other patrixes for the front sides of stamps with a diameter of 19 mm (2 Mun, 1 Niang or 2 Warn) and a diameter of 16mm (1 Mun or ½ Niang). The dies for the pieces with 16 or 19 mm, as well as the obverse of the 5 Niang piece, have not been completely finished. The place for the denominations is still blank. Apparently, these tools are the base patrixes which were used for manufacturing the final die. The patrixes only show the leaf wreath and the Taeguk-symbol and were thus suitable for the manufacture of the dies for the other denominations, since the respective coins had the same diameter, but only different material.

38 Archive of the Federal foreign minister, R18907-001 Notice from Seoul from Butler, report to Otto von Bismarck dated 3rd April 1886, Pg. 9.

39 Quarg 2017, Pg. 5.

40 Blätter für Münzfreunde 130, 1886, Pg. 1204.

41 5th April 1836 to 13th November 1914.

42 Craig 1955, Pg. 60.

43 Blätter für Münzfreunde No. 131, Leipzig, 15th February 1886, Pg. 1219.

7 Extract from the Blätter für Münzfreunde.

8 1 Yang, White alloy, 24 mm. Heritage Auct. 230, 9th June 2000, No.6958.

Fig. 9 5 Mun, White alloy, 15 mm. Museum August Kest- ner, Hannover.

Fig.

Fig.

Dies of the 10 Warn piece do not have the complete year on them. Only the year for use of the die in the year 490 (Koren calendar) is given. The final year is left blank.

All patrices exhibit small cracks or signs of wear, which confirms the actual use for manufacturing the coin die.

Accordingly, all coin dies of the Korean issues from the years 1885 to 1888 can be ascribed to the medal-maker Hermann Held from Magdeburg. Unfortunately, exact connections and details between Hermann Held and others who were involved in the die making in Korea are not known. Queries in several archives for the written papers of Hermann Held have been unsuccessful.

These three German employees of the Korean mint took up their posts in Seoul in 1885 and began to produce the first designs and to set up the new mints.

Since the old buildings in the vicinity of the royal palace were too small, the new equipment had to be set up in three new buildings near the southern gate of Seoul.44 The relocation was completed in November 1886.

In the same year, the first sample strikings of the Korean coins in the 15 denominations were produced. However, the silver and the gold pieces were

Yu-Han 1974, Pg. 9.

Fig. 16 Reverse patrix 5 Niang, Steel, 32 mm. Schlossmuseum Moritzburg Zeitz, Inv.-no. VI G 119.

Fig. 17 Obverse patrix 20 Warn, Steel, 36 mm. Schlossmuseum Moritzburg Zeitz, Inv.-no. VI G 6.

Fig. 15 Reverse patrix 10 Warn, Steel, 29 mm. Schlossmuseum Moritzburg Zeitz, Inv.-no. VI G 118.

Fig. 11 Obverse patrix, Steel, 16 mm. Schlossmuseum Moritz- burg Zeitz, Inv.-no. VI G 122.

Fig. 12 Obverse patrix, Steel, 19 mm. Schlossmuseum Mo- ritzburg Zeitz,Inv.-no. VI G121.

Fig. 14 Obverse patrix 10 Mun, Steel, 28 mm. Schlossmuseum Moritzburg Zeitz, Inv.-no. VI G 120.

Fig. 13 Obverse patrix 5 Niang, Steel, 32 mm. Schlossmuseum Moritzburg Zeitz, Inv.-no. VI G 117.

Fig. 10 Die stamp of Hermann Held. Steel, 34mm. Schlossmuseum Moritzburg Zeitz, Inv.-no. VI G105.

not manufactured from the planned material: Instead, white alloy or gold-plated copper was used.

In the end, this very variegated coin system was not put to use. It became quickly clear that the conversion of the old Cash-coins into this plethora of denominations had been too much for the market.

The expensive German workforce was replaced in November 1887 by workers from the Osaka mint. Thus, the two Japanese engravers Hikotaro Inagawa and Takao Ikeda along with 23 other Japanese workers came to Korea.45 The German employees Kraus and Diedricht returned to their homeland in 1887 and Riedt followed in 1889.

Based on the previous sample pieces, the new personnel produced the first official issue of the 5 and 10 Mun pieces in copper and the 1 Warn silver piece in the year 1888. However, only a few coins were issued. It is known that 1,300 Warn pieces and an unknown number of copper coins were made.46 The total value of the issue was around 2,800 Warn.47 For comparison: the yearly salary of the chemist C Riedt was 840 Warn in his first year and 1,050 Warn in the next year.48

The value of the coins issued in 1888 was thus very low. It could not fulfil the currency requirement in Korea. It was rather a first attempt to replace the cast Cash-coins. Thus, in my opinion, it is questionable whether the Japanese workers produced this small issue. Because of the small numbers, they must be the remainder stock of the German workers, while the new Japanese team was working for the following issue from 1892 onwards.

The coins of the 1886 and 1888 series show the typical Korean Taeguk symbol

45 Craig 1955, Pg. 62.

46 Yu-Han1974, Pg. 9.

47 Yu-Han1974, Pg. 9.

48 Yu-Han 1974, Pg. 8 – 9.

Fig. 18 1 Mun, copper, 15mm. Stack's & Bowers, Hong Kong Auction, August 2012, No. 50498.

Fig. 19 2 Mun, copper, 18mm. Heritage Auction 3015 (The Dr. Norman Jacobs Collection of Japanese and Korean Coins), 7th12.9.2001, No. 244.

Fig. 20 5 Mun, copper, 24mm. Stack's & Bowers, Hong-Kong Auction, Au-gust 2016, No. 60090.

Fig. 21 10 Mun, copper, 27.5 mm. The pieces in Fig. 21-32 are all from the Heritage Auction 3015 (The Dr. Norman Jacobs Collection of Japanese and Korean Coins), 7th-12.9.2001, No. 244.

Fig. 22 20 Mun, copper, 32 mm.

Fig. 23 ½ Niang, white alloy, 15 mm.

on the avers on top. It is a modified Yin and Yang symbol, which is still used on the flag of South Korea. The denomination can be seen in the center. Two branches of Damask plum rose from the bottom along the edge. These plants symbolized the then ruling Joeson dynasty.

The coin image of the revers exhibits two dragons in the forefront (Fig. 33). The Korean dragon, called as Yong, is different from the Chinese dragon in that it has a longer beard and there are only four toes on each claw. The dragon with five toes was reserved for the Chinese emperor.49 The dragons are arranged with another Buddhist symbol: In the centre is the flaming pearl of wisdom. It symbolizes riches, happiness and prosperity. On the other hand, it stood for power over the world.50 The transcription mentions the denomination in Latin and Korean characters. Moreover, the year of manufacture is shown in the form of the year since the founding of the Joeson dynasty (1392).

In conclusion, it can be said that the coin system developed by Paul Georg von Möllendorff failed. The implementation of a reform for stamped coins was finally fulfilled in several steps by the strong Japanese influence from 1892 onwards.

The aforementioned connection between Germany and Korea in the 1880's in the field of coin minting is an example of the interest of the then German industry in developing new market areas in Asia. At the same time, it must also be recognized that the countries of South-east Asia were interested in profiting from the German experience as regards the implementation of coin minting right from the different coin stamps of the German small states up to the unified Mark of the German empire after 1870.

The contribution of German technicians in the first issue of Korean coins ranks right alongside the almost parallel work of coin stamping production by Otto Beh in Esslingen51 for the Chinese empire.

49

50

51 Dräger 2016, Pg. 82 – 103.

Fig. 26 5 Niang, white alloy, 32 mm.

Fig. 27 1 Warn, white alloy, 38 mm.

Fig. 28 1 Warn, copper gold-plated, 13.5 mm.

Fig. 29 2 Warn, copper gold-plated, 18 mm.

Op den Verlden and Hartill 2013, Pg. 367.

Op den Verlden and Hartill 2013, Pg. 368; message from Prof. Dr. Hans-Alexander Kneider dated 27th October 2017.

Fig. 25 2 Niang, white alloy, 24 mm.

Fig. 24 1 Niang, white alloy,18 mm.

5

32 20 Warn, copper gold-plated, 36 mm.

Fig. 33 Revers of the coins of the series from 1886 and 1888 with translation in German.

Thomas Uhlmann, auditor in Leipzig, volunteers in numismatics. Since 2010, he manages the coin collection of the University library of Leipzig. Due to his interest in east-Asian numismatics, he dedicates himself since 2016 to the extensive collection of over 7,000 coins of Howard Franklin Bowker in the Landes-Münzkabinett of Sachsen-Anhalt in Halle / Saale.

Literature

◊ Craig 1955: Alan D. Craig, The Coins of Korea and an Outline of Early Chi- nese Coinages. Berkeley 1955.

◊ Charles 1888: William Richard Charles, Life in Korea. London 1888.

◊ Dräger 2016: Ulf Dräger, Neue Münzen in China: Die Prägestempel der Firma Otto Beh aus Esslingen, in: Thomas Bauer-Friedrich, Christian Philipsen und Ulf Dräger (Hg.), Chinas Geld. Accompanying literature to the exhibition "Chinas Geld" in the Moritzburg Halle museum (Saale), 18th September 2016 to 29th January 2017. Documents for the Moritzburg Halle museum (Saale), vol. 10, Halle 2016, Pg.82 – 103.

◊ Dirauf 2015: Michael Dirauf, Goldrausch in Korea. Munich 2015.

◊ Kleiner 1983: Jürgen Kleiner, Paul Georg von Möllendorff – ein Preußein koreanischen Diensten, in: magazine of the German Oriental Society, 133, 1983, Pg. 393 – 494.

◊ Kneider 2010: Hans-Alexander Kneider, Globetrotter – Abenteurer – Goldgräber. Auf deutschen Spuren im alten Korea. Mit einem Abriss zur Geschichte der Yi-Dynastie und der deutsch-koreanischen Beziehungen bis 1910. Munich 2010.

◊ Kraus 1889a: Friedrich Kraus, Unsere Zeit. Deutsche Revue der Gegenwart. Monthly magazine to the encyclopedia, 1857 – 1891, vol. 1. Leipzig 1889.

◊ Kraus 1889b: Friedrich Kraus, Eine Reise nach Korea, in: Deutsche Rund- schau für Geographie und Statistik, Vienna, 1889, Pg. 207 – 219.

◊ Perkins 1998: Dorothy Perkins, Encyclopedia of China. New York 1998.

◊ Von Möllendorff 1930: Rosalie von Möllendorff, P.G. v. Möllendorff: einLebensbild. Leipzig 1930.

◊ Op den Velden – Hartill 2013: Wybrand Op den Velden and David Hartill, Cast Korean Coins and Charms. Sandy2013.

◊ Quarg 2017: Gunter Quarg, Friedrich Kraus (Darmstadt 1848–1916). Münz- meister auf drei Kontinenten, in: Numismatisches Nachrichtenblatt 66, 2017, Pg. 5–7.

◊ Wolter 1903: Carl Andreas Wolter, Korea einst und jetzt. Sonderausgabe der Mitteilungen der Geographischen Gesellschaft in Hamburg, vol. 17. Hamburg 1903.

◊ Yu-Han 1974: Wŏn Yu-Han: A Study on the Introduction of German Coinage Techniques to Korea, in: Korea Journal 14 / 11, 1974, Pg.4 –11.

Picture credits

Fig. 1 – 3: Photo by Lübke & Wiedemann KG, Leonberg. Fig. 4: Reproduction of von Möllendorff 1930 (cover).

Fig. 5: Reproduction of von Möllendorff 1930, Pg. 32.

Fig. 6: Reproduction of von Möllendorff 1930, Pg. 80.

Fig. 7: Reproduction of Blätter für Münzfreunde 2, 1886, Pg.1219.

Fig. 8: Photo from Heritage Auctions.

Fig. 9: Photo from Christian Rose.

Fig. 10 – 17, 33: Photo from Thomas Uhlmann.

Fig. 18, 20: Photo from Stack's Bowers & Ponterio.

Fig. 19, 21 – 32: Photo from Heritage Auctions.

Fig. 30

Warn, copper gold-plated, 24 mm.

Fig. 31 10 Warn, copper gold-plated, 29 mm.

Fig.

原刊載於《東亞泉志》第 11

1886-1888年間朝鮮首鑄機製幣 德國專家相助創建現代造幣廠

◎ 托馬斯 · 烏爾曼〔德國〕

在朝鮮發現的最早錢幣來自中國 1，它們是在公元前由中國移民作為隨葬 品攜帶入朝的 2。朝鮮機製幣的首鑄時間為10世紀末期，參照中國設計 引入並鑄造。3 在此之前，有時也引入中國銅錢用於日常交易。

與中國並無二致，朝鮮也使用圓形方孔錢作為主要的流通貨幣。開始仿 鑄圓形方孔錢後，大量的朝鮮造幣廠製造圓形方孔錢，直至20世紀，“方 孔兄”仍是朝鮮的主要流通貨幣。

大批量生產低面值硬幣的問題，正如首個使用朝鮮貨幣的歐洲人。

卡爾·安德莉亞斯·沃爾特（Carl Andreas Wolter，H.C. Eduard Meyer & Co.公司朝鮮分部管理人，1884 – 1908年）描述：“那時機製銀 幣還是非常稀有的，大部分朝鮮人使用銅錢。由於一錢銀幣可兌500枚體型龐 大的朝鮮銅錢，不難想像，用等價于幾千錢銀幣的銅錢付錢會是何等‘壯觀’ 的場景。只有我自己清楚，我初到朝鮮賣出價值 2000錢銀幣的貨物並收回款項 時所經歷的過程。一次又一次地搬運，重得我彎下腰，等我再次回到庫房，我 充滿絕望地看着庫房的樓梯，層層階梯上堆滿了錢幣，足有兩英尺高。”4

弗裡德里希·克勞斯（Friedrich Kraus，首爾造幣廠廠長，1885–1887年） 則說：“國家對於錢幣的管理處於糟糕的狀態，當下流通的錢幣使用劣質銅合 金製成，幣值過低，以致於人們必須使用馱馬去支付只有100至200馬克的物 品。在穆麟德先生的建議下，政府仿照歐洲系統創建了造幣廠，造幣廠所有的 機械設備都是從德國購買來的；但是時至今日該造幣廠很少用過，建造造幣廠 以期進行改革，着實任重而道遠。”5

欲知當時的朝鮮流通幣價格，可查詢保存至今的一些有關人士撰寫 的資料，比如英國副領事威廉·理查德·查爾斯（William Richard Charles），他在所著書中回憶了1884年的朝鮮之旅，書名為《朝鮮生活 紀事》6。下列句子摘自此書：

一斤（約500克）蠶絲的價格是600文銅錢（一錢銀幣相等于850文銅錢） 7 ； 一頭公牛的價格是 8000-9000 文銅錢，一頭母牛的價格是 7000 文銅錢 8 ； 一杯（230 – 280毫升）蜂蜜的價格是10文銅錢，一斤蜂蠟的價格是100 – 150 文銅錢。 9

1 誠摯感謝漢斯-亞歷山大柯耐德教授（來自首爾）、邁可·狄若夫 （來自巴德斯塔費爾斯泰因（Staffelstei））提供德國與朝鮮在硬 幣方面的關聯知識與信息，給予我莫大的幫助。另外，我還要在此 致謝克爾斯汀·奧托女士（蔡茨莫里茨堡博物館館長），使我得以免 費入館查閱赫爾曼·赫爾德先生與克勞斯·維爾納先生（來自馬德堡） 有關硬幣、郵票方面的知識以及與赫爾曼·赫爾德有關的大量信息。 感謝海瑞德拍賣行的克利斯蒂亞諾·比耶仁巴赫（來自達拉斯）、奧 斯納布呂克拍賣行、時德斯-鮑爾斯和邦地尼奧錢幣拍賣公司（紐 約和聖安娜）、來自（漢諾威）奧古斯特·克斯特納博物館的西蒙娜· 福格特博士，授予我描述文中硬幣的許可。

2 奧普·迪恩·費爾登 – 哈迪爾2013年，第13頁。

3 奧普·迪恩·費爾登 – 哈迪爾2013年，第13-14頁。

4 沃爾特1903年,第3-4頁；柯耐德2010年，第121頁。

5 克勞斯1889年，第72頁。

6 查爾斯1888年。

7 查爾斯1888年，第168頁。

8 查爾斯1888年，第179頁。

圖 1 一錢，銀幣，直徑 22 毫米，奧斯納布呂克 拍賣 237，編號 3984

圖 2 二錢，銀幣，直徑 27 毫米，奧斯納布呂克 拍賣 249，編號 479

圖 3 三錢，銀幣，直徑 32.5 毫米，奧斯納布呂克 拍賣 254，編號 2891

一名獵人在安邊郡（位於今天的北朝鮮）周邊工作，以獲得300文銅錢、 一斤火藥和10顆子彈作為每月薪酬（和平時期）。10

與之相比，在咸興市（位 於今天的北朝鮮）工作的稅務人員上報的年收入為390200文銅錢，而上 一年（1883年）布料的稅收增加了1591645文銅錢。11住在長津郡（亦位於 今天的北朝鮮）或咸興市附近的教師薪資狀況如下：每名學生每月支付50 文銅錢的學費，加上伙食、衣服、地板墊、牆紙、窗紙、墨水和教科書 等方面的花費12。

有關英國貨幣，查理斯支付的1文銅錢相等於1法新（值1／4舊便士）13。不 同地區的一錢銀幣價值不同。在順安附近區域，一錢銀幣可兌850文銅錢， 在咸興市，一錢銀幣相等于600文銅錢。

根據他在書中的描述，當時混亂的貨幣管理使得商業交易寸步難行。接着， 他還在書中描述了他曾親眼目睹馬隊馱着總共24000文銅錢的礦工薪資14。

在日本勢力的壓迫下，朝鮮於1876年被迫對外開放15。隨着日本和朝鮮日 趨頻繁的交易，現代日本銀幣（1870年起發行）和墨西哥比索銀元在東亞 大量流通，中國戳記幣在東亞的流通量亦隨之增加16。

大概是為了減少外國銀幣的流通量，1882年至1883年朝鮮當局開始鑄造 朝鮮銀幣。新鑄的銀幣面值包括一錢、二錢和三錢（如圖1、圖2、圖3所示）， 除了摒棄使用方孔，大部分沿用古錢幣的設計。為了替代移除的方孔，新 幣在圓環和錢文之間的空隙背面填充了琺瑯，大多數為綠色或藍色。雖 然沿用澆鑄工藝製造，但是由於後續不再發行，可以推斷，新幣並未滿足 當時的市場需求。此外，由於填充的琺瑯生產成本太高，1883年6月，新 幣的鑄造便暫告一段落。17在此期間，對朝鮮王朝具有相當影響力的首位 歐洲人穆麟德（圖4、圖5）意識到進行貨幣改革的必要性。

穆麟德1847年2月17日出生於采德尼克（位於德國勃蘭登堡），在格爾 利茨長大，後進入哈勒大學學習，主修法學，兼修哲學、東方學。

1869年，來到中國的穆麟德受雇於羅伯特·赫德，處理大清海關總稅務 司的海關事務18。1874年，穆德林改到德國外事處任職，並在德國駐北京 各領事館和大使館擔任翻譯19。1879年，穆麟德認識了時任直隸總督的李 鴻章（圖6），李是晚清最具影響力的政治人物之一，他宣導洋務運動，主 張通過改革振作清王朝，開啟了中國的近代化進程20。1882年，穆麟德加 入李鴻章幕僚。1882年11月18日，李鴻章派遣穆麟德出使定都漢城（今 韓國首爾）的朝鮮王朝並保薦穆麟德擔任朝鮮政府的顧問。21同年12月， 穆麟德抵達朝鮮，並於26日第一次覲見朝鮮高宗皇帝。22

具備強大語言能力的穆麟德在抵達朝鮮之前就能講一口流利的中文，抵達 朝鮮後直接用朝鮮語與高宗交流，加之在中國學到的海關管理經驗，他很 快就贏得了高宗的信任，被高宗授予管理朝鮮海關事務的職權，23 並被委

9 查爾斯1888年，第231頁。

10 查爾斯1888年，第283頁。

11 查爾斯1888年，第268頁。

12 查爾斯1888年，第263頁。

13 查爾斯1888年，第92頁。

14 狄若夫2015年，第23頁。

15 柯耐德2010年，第62頁。

16 玉函1974年，第6頁。

17 克雷格1955年，第52頁。

18 柯耐德2010年，第101頁。

19 柯耐德2010年，第102頁。

20 帕爾金斯1998年，第276頁。

21 柯耐德2010年，第105頁。

22 柯耐德2010年，第107頁。

23柯耐德2010年，第108頁。

圖 4 穆麟德（1882-1885 年）

圖 5 外出途中的穆麟德及其隨從

圖 6 直隸總督李鴻章

派管理多個改革項目。儘管在朝任職時間不長，即自1882年至1885年，穆 麟德一路頗受提拔，官至副部長 24 。

由於當時朝鮮現行硬幣跟不上中國和日本造幣廠迅速發展的步伐，穆麟德 認為在朝鮮開展一場錢幣改革是勢在必行的 25。他堅信一家現代造幣廠是 保障經濟穩步增長的基礎，有利於促進貿易發展，尤其是若欲與諸大國達 成合作，其重要性不言而喻。

1883年3月，一家全新的朝鮮造幣廠應運而生 26。1884年3月14日，穆 麟德接任閔太浩（Min–T’ae-ho），被任命為新生造幣廠的廠長，他躍躍 欲試，計劃引入一套包含15種面值的全新硬幣系統 27。 其中，五種面值的 硬幣可以分別使用金、銀、銅製成。

榮光轉瞬即逝，穆麟德不久後被指控挪用6000兩（銀）公款，這筆公款是 用來採購壓印機的。此番無憑無據的指控在核對宮廷賬目後得以澄清：結 果證明款項用途乾淨明瞭，穆麟德並無因公瀆職 28 。

出於其他緣由，諸如頻頻發起改革運動，甚至有意促使朝鮮從其他勢力中 獨立出來，穆麟德於1885年12月被迫辭去朝鮮高官之職，離開朝鮮 29。然 後，他再度回到中國，出任李鴻章的私人秘書30 。

1885年1月22日，朝鮮政府與德國公司H. C. Eduard Meyer & Co.駐 朝總部簽訂了一份合同，旨在進口建造新造幣廠所需的機器。31

依馬玉函（Wŏn Yu-Han）描述，雙方簽署合同規定條件如下：32

朝方將進口價值約 30000 元（除非特殊指定，合同中所有“銀元”皆指中國銀元） 的機器；

機器應具備世界頂尖水準； 如果進口的機器無法使用，出口方必須將之替換為完好可用的機器。倘若雙方之 間存在任何衝突，將由協力廠商裁斷； 機器運輸費用按最低限度計算，H. C. E. Meyer & Co. 公司每為機器支付 100 銀 元，朝鮮政府支付 0.85 銀元； 出口方應當儘快交付機器； 簽訂合同後十日內，朝鮮政府支付 1000 墨西哥銀元作為預付款，此外，朝鮮政 府還應支付上述 0.85 銀元，即 H. C. E. Meyer & Co. 公司每為機器支付 100 銀 元，朝鮮政府支付 0.85 銀元；

H. C. E. Meyer & Co. 負責提供所要出口的鑄幣機器，除非協力廠商提供更低的 價格；

H.C. E. Meyer & Co. 公司不得謀取第 5 條規定之外的利益； 朝鮮政府須以墨西哥銀元支付購買價款。

24柯耐德1983年，第416頁 25玉函1974年，第6-7頁 26玉函1974年，第7頁 27玉函1974年，第9頁

28德國聯邦外交部檔案，巴特勒自首爾發送的R18907-001通告， 於1886年4月3日向奧托·馮·俾斯麥彙報，第10-12頁 29柯耐德2010年，第112頁 30柯耐德2010年，第112-113頁

31柯耐德1983年，第411頁 32玉函1974年，第7-8頁

現在尚未定論哪些機器將是實際交付的機器。無論何種情況，即將交付 的機器包括三台壓印機、兩台車床、一台壓片機、一台鑽孔機、兩套磨 銑工具、兩台切割機、三個滾筒、一台自動稱重機、一個砂輪、一口蘭 卡夏鍋爐。33

德國副領事赫爾曼·巴特勒（Hermann Budler）在其寄自首爾的日期為 1885年1月22日的信中寫道：朝方已支付3000銀元的預付款，訂單將經由 電報從上海發出。巴特勒預計，生產機器將花費四至六個月的時間。34

在寫給奧托·馮·俾斯麥（Otto von Bismarck）的日期為1886年4月3日

的信中，他提到，朝方第二次訂購了價值30000銀元的壓印機35 。

除了交付機器，德方還將提供專業工作人員到朝鮮協助建造造幣廠。為 此，弗裡德里希·克勞斯於1885年11月8日抵達朝鮮36。與克勞斯·迪特裡 希（Claus Diedricht）和希·裡約德帝（C. Riedt）一樣，克勞斯在H. C. E. Meyer & Co.的舉薦下來到朝鮮工作，為仿照德國模式建造功能齊全 的造幣廠貢獻一己之力。37

迪特裡希是一名機械工程師，負責機器的安裝運行。裡約德帝則是一名 化學工程師，負責確保合金成分的準確性，除此之外，因朝鮮政府自行 提供生產硬幣坯的銅料，他還需訪問朝鮮礦山檢查銅礦的品質。38

1875年8月7日至1882年2月，因其具備造幣廠組織、建造等過程的必備經 驗，弗裡德里希·克勞斯榮膺達姆施塔特黑森州皇家造幣廠的“造幣廠大 師”稱號39。建造的黑森州造幣廠關閉後，他被派重建朝鮮造幣廠。穆麟德 與克勞斯促成了朝鮮政府與H. C. E. Meyer and Co.簽訂合同，即前文提 及的合同。據此合同，H. C. E. Meyer and Co.不僅負責提供設備，還必須 向朝鮮政府輸送專業人員。該公司的對朝任務被載於面向硬幣收藏愛好者 發行的1886年1月刊雜誌中（圖7）。40繼穆麟德之後，克勞斯接管了造幣廠 廠長一職。顯然，克勞斯對朝鮮未來貨幣的設計頗有想法。

克勞斯收藏了來自馬格德堡的普魯士皇家雕刻家赫爾曼•赫爾德 （Hermann Held）41製造的一兩幣和五文幣（如圖8和圖9所示）。42這兩種 錢幣外觀酷似1870年在日本引進的錢幣設計。錢幣的正面刻有葉子組成的 花環，環繞其間的是硬幣的面值，背面則有雙龍圖案躍然其上，此外還有 拉丁文字樣標明的面值、“大朝鮮開國”的中文字樣，以及以三種字體標注 的年份（1885年，中國日曆年）。赫爾德還支援提供壓印機和新幣模具。43 赫爾曼•赫爾德的錢幣遺產（主要為紀念章和模具）如今已珍藏于蔡茨的 莫里茨堡博物館。1914年11月13日，赫爾德將畢生所造硬幣悉數捐獻給 家鄉的博物館。曾為普魯士宮廷製造的獎章，其他數量繁多的紀念章、徽章 和印章，都足以彰顯他在錢幣學界不可替代的位置。在檢查蔡茨莫里茨堡

33玉函1974年，第8頁；克雷格1955年，第60頁。

34 德國聯邦外交部檔案，巴特勒自首爾發送的R18904-005通告， 日期為1885年1月22日的信件。

35 德國聯邦外交部檔案，巴特勒自首爾發送的R18907-001通告， 於1886年4月3日向奧托·馮·俾斯麥彙報，第8-9頁。

36 克勞斯1889年b，第209頁。

37 玉函1974年，第8頁；克勞斯1889年，第207頁。

38 德國聯邦外交部檔案，巴特勒自首爾發送的R18907-001通告， 於1886年4月3日向奧托·馮·俾斯麥彙報，第9頁。

39 庫格2017年，第5頁。

40 Blätter für Münzfreunde 130，1886年，第1204頁。

41 1836年4月5日至1914年11月。

42 克雷格1955年，第60頁。

43 Blätter für Münzfreunde第131號，萊比錫，1886年2月15日, 第1219頁。

圖 7 硬幣收藏愛好者的描述摘錄

圖 8 一两硬幣，白色合金，直徑 24 毫米，海瑞 德拍賣行 230 2000 年 6 月 9 日 , 編號 6958

圖 9 五文硬幣，白色合金，直徑 15 毫米，漢諾 威奧古斯特 • 克斯特納博物館

博物館藏品的過程中，還發現了一些鑄造朝鮮硬幣模具所使用的陽模（圖 10-圖17）。

一枚五兩硬幣的陽模正反面仍然內容清晰可見；其他內容清晰可見的還有 十文和二十圜（同“圓”）硬幣陽模的正面，十圜硬幣的反面，直徑為19毫米 的模具（二文、一兩或二圜硬幣）正面陽模，直徑為16毫米的模具（一文或 半兩硬幣）正面陽模。16毫米或19毫米模具以及五兩硬幣模具的正面尚未 完全製造完成，面值的位置還是空白。顯然，這些只是用來製造最終模具 的原始陽模。陽模上只有葉子花環和太極圖案，再加上不同面值，就可以用 同一個陽模來生產不同面值的模具，因為這些硬幣採用相同的直徑，不同 的只是材質。

十圜硬幣模具上沒有完整的年份，只注明模具使用過的年份是四百九十年 （朝鮮曆）。最終使用年份留空。

所有陽模上都有小裂紋或者磨損的痕跡，證明了硬幣模具有被實際用過。

據傳所有1885-1888年間的朝鮮硬幣模具均出自馬格德堡的製模師赫爾 曼•赫爾德之手。遺憾的是，縱使查遍赫爾曼•赫爾德的書面文件，赫 爾曼•赫爾德與參與朝鮮硬幣模具製造的其他人之間的具體聯繫細節仍 無從知曉。

這三名為朝鮮造幣廠奉獻心力的德國籍工作人員於1885年任職，在提出首 個設計方案後建造了新的造幣廠。

圖 10 赫爾曼 • 赫爾德頭像模 具，鋼製，34 毫米，蔡茨莫里茨 堡博物館，調查編號 VI G105

圖 14 陽模正面，十文，鋼製， 直徑 28 毫米，蔡茨莫里茨堡 博物館，調查編號 VI G 120

圖 11 陽模正面，鋼製，直徑 16 毫米，蔡茨莫里茨堡博物 館，藏品編號 VI G122

圖 15 陽模反面，十圜，鋼製，

直徑 29 毫米，蔡茨莫里茨堡 博物館，調查編號 VI G 118

圖 12 陽模正面，鋼製，直徑 19 毫米，蔡茨莫里茨堡博物 館，調查編號 VI G121

圖 16 陽模反面，五兩，鋼製， 直徑 32 毫米，蔡茨莫里茨堡 博物館，調查編號 VI G 119

圖 13 陽模正面，五兩，鋼製， 直徑 32 毫米，蔡茨莫里茨堡 博物館，調查編號 VI G 117

圖 17 陽模正面，二十圜，鋼製， 直徑 36 毫米，蔡茨莫里茨堡 博物館，調查編號 VI G 6

由於皇宮附近的老式建築規模太小，他們只能將新設備搬遷到首爾南大門 附近的三幢新大樓裡 44。1886年11月，新設備搬遷完成。

同年，共15種面值的首套朝鮮硬幣樣幣製造完工（圖18-圖32）。與設想 略有出入，銀幣和金幣並非按預設材質製成，取而代之的是白色合金及銅 鎏金材質（圖18-圖32）。

但是最終，這套面值種類繁多的硬幣體系並沒有被投入使用。顯而易見， 用這套多達15種面值的硬幣替代人們早已用慣的銅錢，這種做法最終未 能被市場採納。

1887年11月，工價高昂的德籍工作人員被調換成來自大阪造幣局的員工， 為此，西高太郎（Hikotaro Inagawa）、高雄池田（Takao Ikeda）等兩 名日本雕刻家及其他23名日籍員工被派往朝鮮45。德籍工作人員弗裡德里 希•克勞斯和克勞斯•迪特裡希於1887年返回家鄉，隨後希•裡約德帝於 1889年返還。

初到朝鮮的日籍員工按之前的樣品於1888年正式製造了首套五文、十文銅 錢和一圜銀幣，然而，發行的錢幣卻寥寥無幾。據說當時生產出了1300件 以“圜”為單位的硬幣以及未知數量的銅錢46。此次發行總值約計2800圜

圖 18 一文，銅質，直徑 15 毫米，時德斯 - 鮑爾斯和邦地尼奧錢 幣拍賣公司，香港拍賣行，2012 年 8 月，編號 50498

圖 20 五文，銅質，直徑 24 毫米，時德斯 - 鮑爾斯和邦地尼奧 錢幣拍賣公司，香港拍賣行，2016 年 8 月，編號 60090

44 玉函1974年，第9頁。

45 克雷格1955年，第62頁。

圖 19 二文，銅質，直徑 18 毫米，海瑞德拍賣行 3015（來自諾曼 雅各斯博士收藏的日本和朝鮮硬幣），2001 年 9 月 7 日 -12 日， 編號 244

圖 21 十文，銅質，直徑 27.5 毫米。圖 21- 圖 32 的硬幣均來自海 瑞德拍賣行 3015（諾曼·雅各斯博士收藏的日本和朝鮮硬幣）， 2001 年 9 月 7 日 -12 日，編號 244

圖 22 二十文，銅質，直徑 32 毫米 圖 23 半兩，白色合金，直徑 15 毫米

47。為了方便比較理解，可參照以下資料：化學家希•裡約德帝到朝鮮之 後第一個年頭的年薪是840圜，第二年的年薪是1050圜。48

因此，1888年發行的這套錢幣在當時所值市值非常低，充其量只能算是一 次新的嘗試，將以往銅錢換成新機製貨幣並不能滿足朝鮮的貨幣需求。由 此看來，日籍員工是否確實少量發行過該套錢幣，這點值得商榷。實際上， 日籍員工團隊製造的應該是1892年之後的錢幣，1888年製造發行的這套 錢幣是德籍工作人員製造過且剩下的存量。

1886年與1888年系列的錢幣正面正上方為朝鮮頗具代表性的太極圖徽， 代表陰與陽，在今天的韓國旗幟上仍然可以找到這樣的圖示。此外，錢幣 珠圈內為中文面值，沿頂部到底部兩邊邊緣點綴有李花（薔薇科）裝飾， 象徵着當時統治朝鮮的李氏王朝。

背面珠圈內圖案為雙蟠龍（圖33）。古朝鮮的龍較之中國的龍，龍鬚更長且 只有四爪，而在中國五爪金龍是帝王的象徵。49

硬幣上的龍圖蘊含佛教寓 意：正中的火珠寓意智慧之珠，象徵富有、快樂、繁榮。從更深層面解釋，它 代表着統治世界至高無上的權力50。錢幣上的字樣採用拉丁文和朝鮮文。 此外，錢幣上顯示的製造年份為自李氏朝鮮開國之年（1392年）起開始紀 年的年份。

總之，不難看出，穆麟德開創的錢幣系統並沒有被採納。1892年起，在日 籍員工的強大作用推動下，錢幣系統改革才得以按若干步驟逐步推行。

圖 24 一兩，白色合金，直徑 18 毫米

圖 26 五兩，白色合金，直徑 32 毫米

圖 28 一圜，銅鎏金，直徑 13.5 毫米

46 玉函1974年，第9頁。

47 玉函1974年，第9頁。

48 玉函1974年，第8-9頁。

49奧普·迪恩·費爾登 – 哈迪爾2013年，第367頁

50奧普·迪恩·費爾登 – 哈迪爾2013年，第368頁；漢斯-亞歷山 大柯耐德教授于2017年10月27日提供的信息 51德爾格2016年，第82 – 103頁

圖 25 二兩，白色合金，直徑 24 毫米

圖 27 一圜，白色合金，直徑 38 毫米

圖 29 二圜，銅鎏金，直徑 18 毫米

上文提到的19世紀80年代德國與朝鮮在造幣領域的種種聯繫僅是德國有 意開發亞洲新市場的一個例證。而與此同時，我們可以從中發現，東南 亞各國對於通過與德國展開造幣方面的合作從而獲益體現出濃厚的興趣， 包括與德國小州縣達成鑄幣方面的合作，以及1870年之後與德國尚未統 一的使用馬克地區進行的合作。

德國造幣專家協助推出第一套朝鮮硬幣，這一貢獻堪比埃斯林根 51 的奧托 拜赫公司為中國製造錢幣幣模。

作者介紹

托瑪斯•烏爾曼，萊比錫審計員，錢幣學自願研究者。自2010年起擔任萊比錫大學圖書 館的硬幣收藏管理工作。源自對於東亞錢幣學的濃厚興趣，2016年起托瑪斯投入研究哈 勒薩克森-安哈爾特德累斯頓錢幣收藏館的逾7000枚硬幣，這些硬幣均來自霍華德• 佛蘭克林•包克先生包羅萬象的收藏品。

照片來源

圖1-圖3 照片來自Lübke & Wiedemann KG, Leonberg 圖4 複製《穆麟德》1930年（封面）

圖5 複製《穆麟德》1930年第32頁

圖6 複製《穆麟德》1930年第80頁

圖7 複製Blätter für Münzfreunde2, 1886, 第1219頁

圖8 照片來自海瑞德拍賣行

圖9 照片來自克裡斯汀•羅斯

圖10-圖17、圖33 照片來自托瑪斯·烏爾曼

圖18/圖20 照片來自時德斯-鮑爾斯和邦地尼奧錢幣拍賣公司

圖19/圖21-圖32 照片來自海瑞德拍賣行

圖 30 五圜，銅鎏金，直徑 24 毫米

圖 32 二十圜，銅鎏金，直徑 36 毫米

參考文獻

◊克雷格1955年：艾倫·迪克雷格，《朝鮮硬幣及中國早期硬幣輪廓》， 柏克萊1955年。

◊查爾斯1888年：威廉·理查德·查爾斯，《朝鮮生活紀事》，倫敦 1888年。

◊德爾格2016年：伍爾夫·德爾格、涅奴·穆真發佈於中國：Die Prägestempel der Firma Otto Beh aus Esslingen，發佈 於homas Bauer-Friedrich，Christian Philipsen und Ulf Dräger (Hg.)，順附2016年9月18日至2017年1月29日莫里

茨堡博物館（哈勒）人民幣展覽文獻，莫里茨堡博物館（哈勒）文件 第10卷,哈勒2016年，第82-103頁。

◊狄若夫2015年：邁克·狄若夫、古登若曦發佈於朝鮮，慕尼黑2015年。

◊克萊納1983年：尤爾根·克萊納、穆麟德– Preußein koreanischen Diensten發佈於《德國東方學社》133，1983年， 第393-494頁。

◊柯耐德2010年：漢斯-亞歷山大柯耐德,Globetrotter –Abenteurer – Goldgräber – Abenteurer – Goldgräber. Auf deutschen Spuren im alten Korea. Mit einem Abriss zur Geschichte der Yi-Dynastie und der deutsch-koreanischen Beziehungen bis 1910，慕尼黑2010年。

◊克勞斯1889年：弗裡德里希·克勞斯、Unsere Zeit《Deutsche Revue der Gegenwart》，《百科全書》雜誌月刊，1857年-1891年， 第1卷，萊比錫1889年。

◊克勞斯1889年b：弗裡德里希·克勞斯、Eine Reise nach Korea發佈於Deutsche Rund- schau für Geographie und Statistik，Vienna，1889年，第207-219頁。

◊帕爾金斯1998年：桃樂西·帕爾金斯,《中國大百科全書》，紐約 1998年。

◊穆麟德1930年：Rosalie von Möllendorff，P.G. v. Möllendorff: einLebensbild，萊比錫1930年。

◊奧普·迪恩·費爾登 – 哈迪爾2013年：維布蘭德奧普·迪恩·費爾登 與大衛·費爾登，《鑄造朝鮮硬幣與成果》，Sandy2013。

◊庫格2017年：剛特·庫格、弗裡德里希·克勞斯（達姆施塔特1848 年-1916年），Münz- meister auf drei Kontinenten，發佈於《錢 幣學通訊》66, 2017，第5-7頁。

◊沃爾特1903年：卡爾·安德莉亞斯·沃爾特，Korea einst und jetz,Sonderausgabe der Mitteilungen der Geographischen Gesellschaft，發佈於《漢堡》第17卷，漢堡1903年。

◊玉函1974年：馬玉函：《向朝鮮引入德國硬幣技術的研究》，發 佈於《朝鮮期刊》14 / 11，1974，第4-11頁。

圖 31 十圜，銅鎏金，直徑 29 毫米

圖 33 1886 年及 1888 年系列帶德語譯字硬幣正面

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鑄造量各 200枚 售價：1398元/枚 （現場銷售/接受新款預定）

人物造型出自香港著名漫畫大師 李志清之手

世界硬幣大獎賽終身成就獎得主、 中國頂尖硬幣設計師余敏設計

《楚留香傳奇》紀念幣系列III包裝盒展示

上海辦公室

地址：上海市常德路1211號寶華大廈1808室 電話：86-21-62130771

郵箱：jeanzg1994@163.com

臺北店鋪

地址：臺北市大同區南京西路163號1樓50室 手機：886-903937339

郵箱：championghka@gmail.com

營業時間：僅限預約

香港店鋪

地址：九龍旺角砵蘭街169-173號好旺角商場219室 電話：852-61650618

郵箱：championghka@gmail.com 營業時間：每週六 13:30-17:00

Top Chinese Coins (4th Edition) Survey

March-September, 2024

'100 Greatest US Coins' by Ron Guth, former president of PCGS and senior numismatic expert, selected top US coins based on survey, providing coin collectors and enthusiasts with a better understanding of the background of these US coins. Therefore, we are preparing to conduct an in-depth and extensive survey to select the top Chinese vintage coins with a similar concept. The selection will enable coin collectors to have a better understanding of Chinese coins and enhance public interest in coin collecting, research, and exploration, thus activating the coin market. After three selections in 2010, 2011, and 2020, we launched our fourth survey in March 2024, with a focus on silver coins.

To this end, a committee for the 'Top Chinese Coins' was established. The committee has an advisory committee composed of authorities in the numismatic community, as well as a selection committee composed of renowned numismatic experts, scholars, and collectors. The survey will be made first, and the final result will be published with an integration of the opinions of the committee.

The members of the committee and the activity plan will be announced online soon.

If you want to receive the survey, please contact：

Michael Chou

Tel：86-13701793363 (Shanghai) / 852-61650618 (Hong Kong) / 886-903937338 (Taipei)

Email：mhlchou@yahoo.com

2009中國近代機製幣競選活動

弘揚中國錢幣文化 推動市場健康發展

TOP 10 of the Greatest Chinese Struck Coins Survey

評選結果 前十名中國近代機製幣如下：

1903 年（癸卯）奉天省造光緒元寶庫平一兩銀質樣幣 1900 年（庚子）京局製造光緒元寶庫平七錢二分銀質樣幣

1898 年湖南省造光緒元寶庫平七錢二分銀質樣幣

1904 年廣東省造光緒元寶庫平重一兩銀質樣幣，背鑄字

1910 年 ( 庚戍春季）雲南造宣統元寶庫平七錢二分銀質樣幣

1896 年四川楷書（缶寶 ) 光緒元寶庫平七錢二分銀幣

1890 年廣東省造光緒元寶庫平七錢二分、七錢三分反版銀質樣幣

1911 年（宣統三年）大清銀幣壹元銀質樣幣，長須龍、短須龍、大尾龍、 反 龍、曲須龍

1906 年（丙午）和 1907 年（丁未）大清金幣庫平一兩樣幣 (1904-1905 年）四川省造光緒元寶當三十銅幣，試鑄幣

組織機構

主辦：愛秀集團

協辦：美國 MGC 冠軍拍資公司 廣州國標錢幣收藏鑒定評估有限公司 上海申泉工貿總公司組委會 主任委員：孫浩 資深錢幣收藏界專家學者

副主任委員：周邁可 愛秀集團董事長暨冠軍拍賣董事長

顧問委員會主任委員：戴志強 中國錢幣學會副理事長

顧問：

周 祥 上海博物館研究員中國文物鑒定委員會委員

沈鳴鏑 上海錢幣學會副秘書長

甄偉剛 廣東集幣協會理事

張明泉 中華錢幣協會理事長

周建福 臺北市錢幣協會理事長

郭俊勝 瀋陽金融博物館及張氏帥府博物館館長，遼寧省錢幣學會常務 理事

曾澤祿 美國著名中國錢幣收藏家

媒體宣傳

上海電視臺、新浪網、新民晚報、新聞晨報、錢幣報、新聞晚報、上海

熱線、東方網等媒體均對精選活動及結果進行了隆重報道，引起熱烈的 關注。

2009 年 12 月 18 日，精選活動嘉賓參觀上海造幣博物館

Guests of the Top Chinese Coin Survey Conference visited the Shanghai Mint Museum on December the 18th, 2009

2009 年 12 月 18

日，上海精選結果發佈會上，周邁可向林青禾頒獎

Michael Hans Chou awards certificate to George Lim at the Top Chinese Coins Survey Conference in Shanghai on December the 18th, 2009

2009 年 12 月 18

日，上海精選結果發佈會上，甄偉向陳吉茂頒獎

Zhen Weigang awards certificate to Chen Chi Mao at the Top Chinese Coin Survey Conference in Shanghai on December the 18th, 2009

2009 年 12 月 18 日，精選結果發佈會在上海舉行

The

TOP CHINESE COINS 3nd Edition

《中國近代機製幣精品鑒賞》第三版

Price(售價)：US $150 Plus Postage(加郵費)

In June 2010, Top Chinese Coins Vol. 1 was published by iAsure Group and the The Journal of East Asian Numismatics (JEAN). Top Chinese Coins Vol. 1 offers an in-depth summary of the final results from the Top Chinese

2010 年 6 月，愛秀集團和《東亞泉志》出版了《中 國近代機製幣精品鑒賞》第一版。該書對60枚中國最頂 級的近代機製幣進行了全面、深入、系統的研究與展 現。其內容涵蓋高清錢幣圖像、流傳脈絡、拍賣紀錄、 市場趨勢、珍稀度解析和背景故事等，在錢幣業界引起 巨大的轟動和反響，備受讚譽，被譽為"全景式展現中國 珍稀機製幣的重要鑒賞書籍" 。

儘管因時間蒼促、經驗不足，書中存在一些缺陷和 錯誤，但仍得到讀者的肯定和欣賞。由于該書僅限量印 刷1000本，無法滿足廣大錢幣愛好者的需求。經多位資 深錢幣專家、學者、收藏家建議，愛秀集團決定在第一 版的基礎上出版第二版。第二版于 2011 年 6 月發行，相

If required, please contact Champion Auction

Frist Floor Room 50, 163 Nanking West Road, Taipei

Tel: 021-6213 0771 886-903937338

Email: jeanzg1994@163.com

web: http://jeandigital.asia/

Coins Survey, a landmark event held in the winter 2009 to search for the 10 most valuable Chinese struck coins. Coins submitted for review were judged by their rarity, historical importance, artistic appeal, condition, market value and group identity. The deluxe bound book offered details on the Top Chinese Coins Survey as well as high-quality pictures, price trends, degrees of rarity and historical context of the 60 top Modern Chinese Coins.

Top Chinese Coins, Vol. 1 had a limited print run of 1000, leaving many numismatists and enthusiasts unable to purchase a copy of their own. In response to high demand, iAsure has made certain that the second volume which was released in June 2011 will be available to a much wider audience. While Top Chinese Coins Vol. 1 included gold, silver and copper coins, the second volume highlights the great range of silver coins. Because 2010 is ancient history in numismatics and because so much has happened in the Chinese coin market in the past eleven years, it is high time for a revision. The third edition will be the same as the first edition to include gold, silver and copper coins. In addition, the new edition covers the information of top coin museums, the most expensive coin in the world, etc. This bilingual third edition will have the same beneficial effect on the market that the second edition had.

比第一版 60

枚錢幣囊括金幣、銀幣和銅元，第二版專注 于 60 枚中國近代機製銀幣，定名為《中國近代機製銀幣 精品鑒賞 銀幣版》 (簡稱《銀幣鑒賞》)。

由于2010年距離現在時間上已經非常久遠，對近代 機製幣收藏研究成果披露有限，而且中國錢幣市場在過 去 11 年發生了很多變化，現在有必要對這本書再次進行 更新。第三版將與第二版一樣採用雙語形式，而內容則 將和第一版一樣包括近代機製幣及其樣幣的金銀銅三大 類別，此外還增加了世界頂級錢幣博物館、世界上最昂 貴的錢幣等內容。相信該書第三版的出版將對讀者有所 助益。

如果需要請聯繫冠軍拍賣公司 臺北市大同區南京西路163號1樓50室

電話: 021-6213 0771 886-903937338

郵箱: jeanzg1994@163.com

網站：http://jeandigital.asia/

CHINA. Sinkiang. Mace (Miscal), AH 1295 (1878). Kashgar Mint. Kuang-hsu (Guangxu). PCGS Genuine--Holed, VF Details.

CHINA. Sinkiang. Silver Mace (Miscal) Pattern, ND (ca. 1897-1906). PCGS SPECIMEN-20.

CHINA. Sinkiang. Mace (Miscals), ND (1910). Kuang-hsu (Guangxu). PCGS MS-63. L&M Plate Coin.

CHINA. Sinkiang. 5 Mace (Miscals), ND (1910). Hsuan-t’ung (Xuantong [Puyi]). PCGS EF-45.

CHINA. Sinkiang. Sar (Tael), Year 1 (1912). Kashgar or Tihwa Mint. PCGS MS-61.

CHINA. Sinkiang. Silver Tael Pattern, AH 1324 (1906). PCGS SPECIMEN-30.

CHINA. Sinkiang. Silver Dollar Pattern, ND (1906). Kuang-hsu (Guangxu). PCGS SPECIMEN-40.

CHINA. Sinkiang. Sar (Tael), ND (1910). Tihwa Mint. Hsuan-t’ung (Xuantong [Puyi]). PCGS EF-40. L&M Plate Coin.

CHINA. Sinkiang. Ration Gold 2 Mace, 1906. Tihwa Mint. PCGS MS-65. L&M Plate Coin.

CHINA. Sinkiang. Ration Gold Mace, ND (1907). Tihwa Mint. Kuang-hsu (Guangxu). PCGS MS-63. L&M Plate Coin.

CHINA. Sinkiang. Ration Gold Mace (Miscals), ND (1907). Tihwa Mint. Kuang-hsu (Guangxu). PCGS MS-61.

CHINA. Sinkiang. Dollar, 1949. Sinkiang Pouring Factory Mint. PCGS MS-62.

Part I: Masterpieces of Scandinavian Coinage Copenhagen, Denmark • September 14, 2024

Denmark. 3 Sovereign, 1608. Elsinore Mint. Christian IV. NGC MS-62. The Finest of Three Privately Owned Examples.

Denmark. 2 Ducats, 1746. Copenhagen Mint. Frederik V. NGC MS-65H Struck from Chinese Gold.

Norway. Speciedaler, 1768. Kongsberg Mint. Christian VII. NGC MS-64H.

For one hundred years after his death in 1923, the L. E. Bruun Collection stood as a reserve for the Danish Royal Collection. Now this most famous and valuable of Scandinavian coin collections will be offered at auction by Stack’s Bowers Galleries.

The First Gold Coin Issued by Denmark. The Earliest Dated Coin of the Danish Kingdom. Unique in Private Hands.

Norway. 2 Speciedaler, ND (1661). Christiania Mint. Frederik III. NGC AU-58.

The Akershus Type. Unique in Private Hands.

Denmark. 2 Frederick d’Or, 1850. Copenhagen Mint. Frederik VII. NGC MS-69.

Sweden. Ducat, 1800. Stockholm Mint. Gustav IV Adolf. NGC MS-66H.

Denmark. Portugaloser (10 Ducats), ND (1604-1607).

Copenhagen Mint. Christian IV. NGC AU-58.

Denmark. 2 Ducats, 1746. Copenhagen Mint. Frederik V. NGC MS-65. Struck from Chinese Gold.

Norway. Speciedaler, 1848. Kongsberg Mint. Oscar I. NGC MS-65 Prooflike.

Denmark. Noble, 1496. Malmö or Copenhagen Mint. Hans. NGC AU-55.

Mish International Monetary Inc.

Mish国际钱币公司

Specialists in 专营

Pandas since 1982 1982年起发行的熊猫币

China Modern since 1979 1979年起发行的中国现代金银币

World Coins since 1964 1964年起专营世界钱币

Looking To Buy?想买？

Our inventory and knowledge has been available to both our colleagues and collector clients since coins of the People’s Republic of China first reached the world market in 1979.

自1979年中国现代金银币首次进入国际市场后，Mish 国际的员工及其藏家客户积累了丰富的库存和专业 的钱币知识。

If you are looking for a particular China coin, chances are we have it, or may be able to recover it from an original buyer we sold it to years ago at first distribution.

想买中国币？我们或许恰好有；也许多年前我们卖过，现在或许还能从原始买家手中买回来。

Looking To Sell?想卖？

In this world of instant experts and brokers, Mish International is still your best choice to handle the purchase of your prized coins in this fast-changing market. Well-capitalized, truly knowledgeable and accommodating, we buy both single pieces and major collections at fair value with no delay, no limits and no excuses. 瞬息万变的市场环境，Mish 国际仍是助您销售钱币的最佳选择。雄厚的资金实力，专业的钱币知识，出 色的协调能力，我们同时收购单枚币和大型收藏，价格合理，快速付款。

Since 1964 始于1964

Here today. Here tomorrow 携手今日 共赢明天 Mish International Monetary Inc Mish国际钱币公司

1154 University Drive

Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA

美国加州门罗帕克大学路1154号 ， 邮编94025

Phone(电话):(650) 324-9110

Email(邮箱):robert@mishinternational.com

30 Jan. – 1 Feb. 2025

Estrel Congress Center,

Berlin

The Journal of East Asian Numismatics

Bilingual (English-Chinese) Digital Quarterly

In 1994, The Journal of East Asian Numismatics (JEAN) was founded by Michael Chou, the CEO of Champion Auction and Bruce Smith, a noted numismatist. It is a professional numismatic academic journal whose mission is to educate collectors and researchers on the subjects of Chinese numismatics, culture and history.

Bruce Smith, the chief editor of JEAN, was born in 1951 in St. Louis, MO. He received his BA in history from the University of Missouri St. Louis; and his MA in China studies from Harvard University. In 1974-1977, he worked for Krause Publications as Editorial Assistant on World Coin News and as cataloger for Standard Catalog of World Coins and Standard Catalog of World Paper Money. He was a full time coin dealer 1977-1987. In 1988-1989, he studied in China as a student of China Studies in Chengchow (Zhengzhou) University, Henan province. In 1991-1993, Mr. Smith was a graduate student at Harvard University. In 1994-1998, he was the editor of The Journal of East Asian Numismatics (JEAN). Bruce Smith has been a collector and researcher of Chinese coins for over 30 years. His published research in JEAN has added immensely to the body of knowledge for Chinese coins. The first issue of JEAN was released in July 1994, and the last issue (18th issue) in 1998. Most articles were written in English, and the remainder in Chinese. The journal was distributed in over 20 countries, and remained a mainstay on many important library shelves, including the Smithsonian Institution, the British Museum, the Harvard Yenching Library, Harvard University, Yale University, Columbia University, Stanford University, Cornell University, the ANS (American Numismatic Society), and the ANA (American Numismatic Association). The journal enjoyed great popularity and many important articles were published in JEAN, including Peking Coins of 1900 by James Sweeny, More on the Hsu Shih-Chang Pavillion Medalswithengravednames and ThetruestoryofChina's1936and1937

Silver Dollars by Bruce Smith, TheApparentRelationshipbetween1897 Chekiang5CentsPatternand1899Anhwei5-CentsCirculationStrike by Tom Keener, andAForgeryofTaiwan'sOldManDollar by Dr. Che-lu Tseng. In May 2015, Michael Chou decided to start issuing the journal again starting in January 2016. The famous numismatic researcher Mr. Yuan Shuiqing will be Chinese chief editor. He is a member of the China Numismatic Society, serving as executive director of the Shenxi Numismatic Society and executive vice president of the Xi'an Collectors Association. As a numismatic researcher, he was chief editor of Collections and China Numismatics. He has published over 100 numismatic research articles and the masterpiece TheEliteofMonetaryHistoryofChina. Other distinguished contributors from home and abroad are numismatists, collectors and coin dealers, including Bruce Smith (author of Howard Franklin Bowker-Numismatic Pioneer), Colin Gullberg (Canada, author of Chopmarked Coins-A History), Chinese American senior numismatist Dr. Che-lu Tseng, Steve Feller former international banknote society editor, senior numismatic scholar of China modern gold and silver commemorative coins King L. Chan (Hong Kong), senior numismatist Chien Fu Chou (Taiwan) and CEO of Beijing Coins website Richard Guo. It will be a quarterly, bilingual e-journal, covering the latest numismatic researches, interviews with famous collectors, auction reviews, and general news. The Journal's distribution is now over 1,000, including over 3,000 in Greater China region.

Starting in 2017, The Journal of East Asian Numismatics is a co-sponsor of Krause's Coin of the Year Award Ceremony in World Money Fair, Berlin. You are welcome to subscribe, submit articles for publication, and advertise in the upcoming JEAN. The 2024 subscription is free of charge. Please send your email to jeanzg1994@163.com

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https://issuu.com/jean-digital/docs/jean33

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2024 -2025 JEAN Advertising Rate

Contact JEAN Shanghai Office

Tel: 021-62130771 Email: jeanzg1994@163.com

Add: Room 1808, Bao Hua Building No. 1211, Changde Rd.

東亞泉志

《東亞泉志》為冠軍拍賣公司總裁周邁可先生和著名錢幣學專家史博 祿先生于1994年創辦，是一本學術性錢幣研究專業雜誌。旨在讓廣大 錢幣收藏家、研究學者更深入地瞭解錢幣知識，讓世界各地的讀者更 好地瞭解中國深厚的錢幣文化。

雜誌高級編輯史博祿先生1951年生于美國密蘇裏州聖路易斯市，為密 蘇裏大學歷史系學士，哈佛大學中國研究專業碩士。1974-1977年在 克勞斯出版社任《世界錢幣新聞》助理編輯，參與《世界硬幣標準目錄》 與《世界紙鈔標準目錄》編輯工作。1977-1987年全職進行錢幣交易。 1988-1989年在中國鄭州大學留學，主修中國研究課程。1991-1993年 在哈佛大學攻讀碩士。1994-1998年任《東亞泉志》總編。史博祿先 生擁有30多年的收藏和研究中國錢幣的豐富經驗。他在《東亞泉志》 上發表的研究文獻極大地豐富了中國錢幣的知識內涵。

《東亞泉志》于1994年7月份問世，1999年停刊，發行了18期。雜誌 中大部分文章是英文，只有少部分是中文，在20多個國家發行，廣受 歡迎，長期佔據許多重要圖書館書架的顯著位置，包括美國國家博物 館史密森尼學會、大英博物館、哈佛燕京圖書館、哈佛大學、耶魯大學、 哥倫比亞大學、斯坦福大學、康奈爾大學和美國錢幣學會、美國錢幣 協會。雜誌刊發過不少有重要學術價值的文章，如托馬斯·烏爾曼寫的 《1886-1888年間朝鮮首鑄機製幣——德國專家相助創建現代造幣廠》、 史博祿寫的《袁世凱像大鬍子開國紀念幣》、范治南與何緯渝寫的《欽 差大臣驚世之旅，記李鴻章訪美破冰之行》、湯姆·基納寫的《1897年 浙江三分六厘樣幣和1899年安徽三分六厘流通幣的關係》以及曾澤祿 寫的《明代天啟通寶和崇禎通寶銅錢加蓋戳印VOC/C 探析》等。

2015年5月，周邁可先生決定于2016年1月復刊《東亞泉志》，聘請著名 錢幣研究學者袁水清先生擔任主編。袁水清，1948年生，大學金融專 科畢業，從事銀行工作30多年。中國錢幣學會會員，澳門錢幣學會學 術顧問，陝西省錢幣學會第六屆常務理事，西安市收藏協會常務副會 長。退休後，歷任《收藏》《古泉園地》《西部金融·錢幣研究》雜誌 的責任編輯，《中國錢幣界》雜誌主編。多年來他傾力于中國貨幣史和 錢幣學的研究，發表過近百篇錢幣研究文章；2012年，出版了彙集中 國古今錢幣的鴻篇巨制《中國貨幣史之最》。同時聘請國內外知名的錢 幣學者、收藏家及專業人士加入，如《霍華德·富蘭克林·包克—錢幣 學研究先驅者》作者史博祿先生、《戳記幣簡史》作者高林先生、美國 華人資深錢幣學者曾澤祿先生、國際紙鈔收藏協會前任總編輯Steve Feller、香港中國現代金銀幣資深研究學者陳景林先生、臺灣資深錢幣 學者周建福先生、美國東南亞錢幣專家亞當·比亞吉先生以及北京錢 幣網總裁郭嘉華先生等。

復刊後的《東亞泉志》為電子季刊，中英雙語。內容以披露最新錢幣 收藏研究成果、推介泉界成功人士的事蹟為主。主要欄目有學術研究、 人物專訪、鑒賞爭鳴、拍賣回顧、重要信息等。

從2017年起，《東亞泉志》加盟由克勞斯在德國柏林世界錢幣展覽會期 間舉辦的“世界硬幣大獎”頒獎活動。

《東亞泉志》2024年免費訂閱，如果需要，請把您的郵箱發到： jeanzg1994@163.com 。另外我們雜誌的網址是：http://jeandigital. asia/，敬請關注，謝謝！

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2024-2025年《東亞泉志》廣告現在接受預定！

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2021.5.30

NC Collection Auction Highlights

(100 NC Lots Setting Over 60 Auction Records And USD 18 Million Sold )

CHINA-EMPIRE 1911 One Dollar Silver, Long-Whiskered Dragon, NGC MS64, Incused Leaf, Finest Known

Starting: US $150,000

Realized: US $1,344,000

CHINA-KIANGNAN 1898 One Dollar Silver, Circlet-like Scales, NGC MS65, NC Collection, Finest Known

Starting: US $100,000

Realized: US $996,000

CHINA-KIANGNAN 1897 One Dollar Silver, herring bone edge, NGC UNC DETAILS, superb example, Hsi/NC Collection

Starting: US $50,000 Realized: US $612,000

CHINA-KIANGNAN 1898 One Dollar Silver, Reeded Edge, NGC UNC DETAILS, One of Two in Uncirculated, NC Collection

Starting: US $60,000 Realized: US $468,000

CHINA-EMPIRE 1911 (Year 3) Long Whisker

Dragon Dollar Silver, Pointed Petals, PCGS SP61, WL Collection

Starting: US $200,000

Realized: US $1,164,000

CHINA-HUPEH 1904 One Tael Set of Three Patterns in Copper and Brass, Possibly Unique, NC Collection. ( ① Brass, Large Character, NGC MS64; ② Copper, Large Character, NGC MS62 BN; ③ Copper, Small Character,NGC AU50 BN)

Starting: US $200,000 Realized: US $912,000

CHINA-REPUBLIC 1914 Yuan Shi Kai One

Dollar Silver with Signature L.GIORGI, NGC SP65, Finest Known

Starting: US $150,000 Realized: US $504,000

CHINA-EMPIRE 1906 One Tael Gold, large Clouds, Plain Edge NGC MS64, Finest Known

Starting: US $100,000 Realized: US $462,000

CHINA-CHIHLI 1907 One Tael Silver Pattern, 3 Tiny Dots On Flame-Ball Arranged in A Straight Line, NGC MS63

Starting: US $200,000

Realized: US $1,104,000

CHINA-REPUBLIC ND(1916)

One Dollar Silver with Flying Dragon, with L.GIORGI, NGC MS64, Ex. Kann Collection, Finest Known

Starting: US $200,000

Realized: US $672,000

CHINA-REPUBLIC

One Dollar Silver with Flying Dragon, hat touching rim, NGC MS64, Finest Known example, Kann/NC Collection

Starting: US $60,000

Realized: US $504,000

CHINA-REPUBLIC ND(1912) Yuan Shi Kai (Named Chin The Chuen before) One Dollar Brass Trial, NGC UNC Details, Ex. Kann Collection, Unique

Starting: US $60,000

Realized: US $462,000

Yuan Shi Kai

ND (1916) Yuan Shi Kai

Sofitel Macau Ponte 16, Rua do Visconde Paco de Arcos Macau, 6/F Promenade www.cghka.cn Consignment Deadline: 10/25

2024.12.1 CHAMPION MACAU AUCTION

No Buyers commission Auction

1897 Heaton Shanxi 50 Cent Silver, Chinese Family Collection, NGC SP63

Starting Price: USD 200,000

1884 Kirin 5 Mace Silver, NGC AU DETAILS

Starting Price: USD 60,000

CHINA-TAIPING REBEL (1850-1864) Silver Coin, Tian Guo Sheng Bao NGC AU58

Starting Price: USD 10,000

1894 German New Guinea 5 Mark PCGS PR64 CAM

Starting Price: USD 10,000

Contact us

1898 Kiangnan Circular Scale Dragon Dollar Silver, Hsi/NC Collection NGC MS62

Starting Price: USD 200,000

1862 Taiwan Pi Bao Dollar Silver Cake Bowker Collection, NGC AU DETAILS

Starting Price: USD 30,000

CHINA-EMPIRE 1907 50 Cents Silver PCGS MS62

Starting Price: USD 10,000

1900 Peking Dollar Silver, Restrike NGC MS64

Starting Price: USD 200,000

1890 Taiwan 5 Cent Silver, Bowker Collection, NGC AU55

Starting Price: USD 10,000

1898-DATED CHINA Shensi Fantasy Imitative Type 5 Cent，NGC MS63

Ex.Goodman/Chinese Family

Starting Price: USD 10,000

Manuscript of Dragon and Phoenix Dollar Signed by L. Giorgi with the Date and Name 'Hsu Un Yuen' who was from the Mint Bureau

Starting Price: USD 10,000 1 2

Room 1808, Bao Hua Building, No.1211, Changde Rd, Shanghai 200060, People's Republic of China

Tel: (86) 021 62130771 Email: championghka@gmail.com

Room 219, 2/F Ho Mongkok Shopping Centre, No.169-173 Portland Street Mongkok Kowloon, Hong Kong

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Email：championghka@gmail.com