Emerging Defense Technologies

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January 2011

Emerging Defense Technologies

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January 2011

Synopsis of global emerging defense technologies for the ground warrior

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Emerging Defense Technologies


2 January 2011

Emerging Defense Technologies

1

January 2011

Synopsis of global emerging defense technologies for the ground warrior

What’s Inside 3

Preparing for the Future

8

Analysis of Soldier Effectivenes in an MRAP

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Emerging Defense Technologies

Emerging Defense Technologies is published monthly by Defense House Publishing, P.O. Box 236, Forest Hill, Maryland, 21050, USA. Copyright © 2011. All rights reserved. No portion of this publication may be reproduced, duplicated or re-transmitted without the expressed written permission of the publisher. The Technology Briefs section of Emerging Defense Technologies is a single reference point for currently developing or developed patented scientific and engineering data of military projects or projects that have potential military application. The full reports, including all technical drawings are available separately. All reports are in the language of the country of origin with the language noted by each report. The Technology Briefs’ documents are compiled by Defense House Publishing. For information on purchasing individual documents, a complete single issue or an annual subscription, contact Defense House Publishing.

January 2011 Defense House Publishing P.O. Box 236 Forest Hill, Maryland 21050 USA Jeff McKaughan jeffm@defense-house.com 443-243-1710

January 2011

By Lieutenant General K.J. Gillespie

By Mark Hepokoski, Allen Curran, PhD, and Mark Klein of ThermoAnalystics, Inc; and Rob Smith and Vamshi Korivi, PhD, of TARDEC

14 Eye on the Future: BAE Systems look at

future vehicle design and concepts By Michael J. Sullivan

17 HMMWV Live Fire Testing 19 USMC LAV-AT 21 DoD Small Business Innovative Research 32 Calendar of Events 33 Technology Briefs

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Ammunition & Munitions Artillery Communtions, Suvreillance & Sensors Ground Vehicles Infantry Weapons Soldier Survivability & Gear Unmanned Vehicles www.defense-house.com


January 2011

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Preparing for the Future Australian Army Chief of Staff opened the recent Land Warfare conference and exhibition to discuss how he is fighting the present war and preparing for the next. By Lieutenant General K.J. Gillespie AO DSC CSM For too long, Army has accepted a narrow, project- and platform-based approach to modernization and I am very keen to progress the cooperation currently being demonstrated between Army, Capability Development Group and the Defence Materiel Organisation to ensure that our projects are delivered as capabilities and within budget guidelines. Army has lifted its game of late to adopt a more effects- and systems-based method of identifying and introducing land-force capabilities. These days, Army manages systems, not projects. I believe the structural and cultural changes we have made as part of my Adaptive Army initiative have made us a more discerning and perhaps more demanding customer. This is certainly in our interests and, I hope you agree, also in yours. I want to provide you with context on the underlying strategic rationale for Army modernization. In particular, I want to share my thoughts as to how the Army is seeking to tackle the permanent dilemma constituted by the demands of sustaining high tempo in our operations, while introducing new capabilities and building our approved future force. The recurring tension between fighting ‘the war’ while planning for ‘a war’ is familiar to all professional soldiers—and we need industry involved at key points along the continuum of interaction between the Defence Materiel Organisation, the Capability Development Group and me, as the capability manager. As I mentioned, this issue is making enormous demands even on an Army the size of our U.S. allies. Vice Chief of Staff of the US Army General Peter Chiarelli

informed me during the exercise this week of measures being implemented to purchase the best available equipment, more frequently, in lesser quantities, in order to capitalize and keep pace with rapid technological advancement. We now refer to this approach as adaptive acquisition. He also spoke of the need to develop survivable, robust and self-healing communication networks which can move information across armies and across coalitions. My assessment is that, on many of these issues, the difference between our situation and that of the US Army is a question of scale rather than substance. The nature of the problem will be familiar to all of you. You encounter it in your businesses every day. In essence, it is the tension between conducting current activities at the level of excellence required to achieve the mission and protect soldier’s lives, while maintaining a weather eye on the medium-term and longer-term future. Of necessity, this involves a process of balancing between current and future investment, and current expenditure, while simultaneously implementing continual adaptation to stay aligned with changes in the operating environment. The key elements of this dilemma as it confronts me as Chief of Army are as follows: I need to raise, train and sustain ready and relevant land forces for diverse simultaneous operations today in Afghanistan, Timor Leste, the Solomon Islands and a variety of smaller missions, while building, at the same time, an Army capable of meeting the full spectrum of threats well into the future. The definitive guidance as to the composition of that future

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is detailed for us in the 2009 Defence White Paper, and the Government has indicated the broad fiscal strategy to provide the force structure required by their strategic guidance. Overlaying all of this is the demand from the government that Defence find internal savings in order to fully fund projects forecast in the Defence Capability Plan. Under the banner of the Strategic Reform Program, the Australian Defence Organisation must find savings of $20 billion over the next 10 years. Our budgetary environment for the immediate future will almost certainly remain a zerosum game. The savings required from the Strategic Reform Programme necessitate deep organizational reform. I am pleased to say that our early work across all levels of command within Army, and in cooperation with other groups in Defence, is making real progress in unlocking these savings. The War Now, a few points about the war: We are currently involved in demanding operations against a very determined and adaptable enemy in southern Afghanistan. In our recent parliamentary debate, the government reaffirmed that our country is likely to be committed to this theater for some time to come. Although Army is providing the bulk of the forces in Afghanistan, that operation—like all of

Emerging Defense Technologies


4 our deployments—is inherently joint. I am completely candid with you in saying that Army simply could not sustain our ongoing commitments in Afghanistan and other theatres without the assistance of Navy and Air Force. And when I refer to Army, I mean our full- and part-time components. Our Reserves are vital to my sustainment campaign plan. Indeed, all of our operations are becoming increasingly multi-agency, incorporating what our allies call the comprehensive approach. In Afghanistan, our forces are simultaneously supporting a coalition counter-insurgency strategy while raising, training and mentoring the Afghan National Army 4th Brigade so that it is capable of providing security in Uruzgan Province after the coalition forces finally withdraw. That is the war. However, we cannot be so preoccupied with current operations that we become oblivious to our changing strategic environment. Nor can we neglect the longer-term thinking and investment that is required to ensure that the Army can meet the objectives required of it by the White Paper as well as provide the foundations of the Army of the second half of this century. We need to avoid the risk of tailoring our forces specifically to meet the demands of our current conflict. I am determined to maintain and improve our foundation warfighting skills, particularly in the employment of combined arms in a conventional setting. This task is clearly

outlined in our strategic guidance, and it requires us to be able to act decisively in defense of Australia’s national interests. I do not share the view of some analysts that hybrid and irregular war will define the future. The risk of conventional war between states is enduring and the government demands that we can deliver land forces capable of this level of combat. That is, it insists that the Army be capable of fighting a war—the characteristics of which may be vaguely discernible to us in 2010. But we can be certain that it will be characterized by high levels of violence and lethality and the use of networked systems of sensors and shooters. My principle task as Chief of Army is as a force generator—to generate sustainable force elements that are prepared to undertake the operations government requires of us today, and to ensure that we train, equip, adapt and adjust our structures to generate the forces that may be required in the future. My business is force generation. By the time I became chief in 2008, I was determined to review the manner in which Army was conducting our force generation. I was also convinced that our structures could be better aligned to the new ADF Joint Operational Command arrangements that had evolved in the later part of last century and the early part of this decade in response to the escalating operational tempo that commenced with Interfet. Those concerns provided the impulse for the significant structural and cultural reform that I have instituted as Chief of Army.

January 2011

While we have always run an excellent individual training system, I believed that our collective training left a good deal to be desired. I could also see no rational reason to have two separate functional commands (Training Command and Land Command) delivering different elements of what should be a seamless individual and collective training process. Moreover, our stove-piped structures were inhibiting the rapid capture and dissemination of lessons from operations back through our force generation system. In peacetime, we got away with it. But for an Army at war, we ran the risk of failure. Of course, it is absolutely right that we focus an enormous amount of our efforts into supporting our soldiers in the current fight. The Deputy Chief of the Army Major General Paul Symon maintains the Army Sustainment Campaign Plan—a living and constantly evolving document which monitors and reviews pressures on Army personnel and equipment that might present varying degrees of risk to the sustainment of our current operations. Once identified, these risks can be treated with amendments to force generation priorities, rapid acquisition of essential equipment or through a modification to force design in theatre to provide more sustainable force structures. Under the Adaptive Army reforms, we are continuing to refine the processes for the optimal generation and preparation of our force elements. During my regular tours of our operational areas and units in training, I have been very encouraged to witness, first hand, just how quickly our forces are showing the benefits of a more structured and deliberate approach to preparing for operations. Force Generation

Emerging Defense Technologies

Let me talk firstly about the changes we have made to our force generation—the purview of our forces commander. The establishment of Forces Command, under the leadership of Major General David Morrison, enabled Army to bring under a single unified command, the responsibility for individual and collective training— from our recruit and initial employment courses through to the highest standards of collective training short of mission-specific training and mission-rehearsal exercises. We call this our foundation warfighting skills—the skills needed for ‘a war’ rather than ‘the war’.

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January 2011 This single unified command structure also enables Army to weight our effort and resources to support specific training objectives at a given time of the year. This in turn has resulted in considerable cost savings compared to the training undertaken in our pre-Adaptive Army structures. These significant benefits and efficiencies associated with the formation of Forces Command were demonstrated recently on Exercise Hamel in north Queensland. Exercise Hamel was largely a freeplay, intelligence-led activity designed to test the 3rd Brigade, augmented with significant combat support and combat service support assets, in the full spectrum of operations. Consistent with our contemporary operations ‘amongst the people’, the exercise included many diverse population groups and was designed to test Army’s ability to fight and defeat a near peer and technologically adept adversary. It involved more than 6,500 soldiers and has set a new benchmark for how we instill in our soldiers the skills and knowledge to prosecute conventional operations. There were activities on this exercise that I witnessed that I had not seen conducted in my 40-plus years of service. Moreover, such are the efficiencies generated from the structural changes in Adaptive Army, the exercise was funded for under $20 million, without the requirement for me to give a single cent to the forces commander on top of his already-approved budget. Our force-generation cycle also allows us to plan with greater certainty, and more realistic lead times, the introduction into service of new capabilities and equipment

5 as we move steadily towards our approved future force. In a few short years, we will accept into service: new amphibious ships giving Australia a true amphibious capability; we are replacing our entire B-vehicle fleet and developing a new combined-arms fighting system. We will introduce new artillery systems; bring into service new helicopters and watercraft; and roll out capabilities to enhance battlefield digitization. Many of you in the audience will be involved in the procurement of this equipment. But it’s vital from Army’s perspective that we prepare and conduct comprehensive trials and introductioninto-service plans so that we can continue to modernize our force, without detriment to the sustainment of our considerable operational tempo. This is my principle challenge. A deliberate and structured force-generation cycle, with clearer and more pragmatic requirements definition, under a unified command-and-control structure, gives us the means to meet both these ends. Force Preparation We have also made real progress in the past 12 months in our force preparation, mission-rehearsal exercises and operational certification—the planned, deliberate training we undertake to provide our forces the specific skills and knowledge they require for a particular operation— or the war. Headquarters 1st Division, commanded by Major General Mick Slater, has responsibility for this key task, and

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exercises these responsibilities primarily through an organization called the Land Combat Readiness Centre. The Land Combat Readiness Centre takes soldiers through realistic, scenariobased training prior to deployment. Its adaptive warfare cell is responsible for capitalizing on the latest operational lessons and insights, and ensuring that they are formally incorporated into the very next exercise package for the next deploying force—this is what we refer to as our immediate- and short-term learning loops. I have also ensured that our Army Headquarters Battleboards have representation from operational theaters through video-conference facilities, when they are discussing rapid acquisition capability-development issues. These formal learning processes are essential to ensuring our soldiers are able to stay one step ahead of a lethal and rapidly evolving enemy. The advantages afforded by this formal, force-preparation structure are many. First, we are able to deliver the most comprehensive and realistic training possible, informed by recent events and operational reporting from overseas, prior to our deployments. The training, facilities and simulation our soldiers utilize to prepare for operations have become world class. Second, it enables me to see, through a formal certification process, what shortfalls a particular force element may need to address before they move into a specific area of operations. These shortfalls are formally reported and addressed in either further training in Australia or

Emerging Defense Technologies


6 during final in-theatre training before the commencement of operations. And finally, it provides a comprehensive auditable trail of what training our force elements have undertaken before they are force assigned. We also follow a similar process when soldiers dismount from operations and undertake post-operational administration and decompression before returning to their parent units. One of the key, albeit less tangible benefits that these recent changes herald, is that our people will now be better able to see more clearly the quality of their training. In turn, such clarity will instill in them greater confidence when they eventually reach their operational destinations. Their confidence in the training and in the other people they work with is, I think, an essential aspect to strengthening a soldier’s capacity to be more agile in their ‘thinking’ and ‘doing’ in the face of the enemy. What I appreciate most about the changes we have made to our force preparation systems is that they now recognize that Army’s IQ does not reside solely with me and Army’s senior leadership. The answers to many of the problems we face today lie in the collective knowledge of all of Army’s soldiers and officers. And we’re looking for more and more ways to harness this collective knowledge. So, our force preparation can now be informed and improved by a sectioncommander’s ideas from Tarin Kot, by a soldiers’ suggestion from an after-action review in a mission-rehearsal exercise and from post-operational reports from a unit recently returned from operations. The ability to harness and capitalise on the collective knowledge of the whole force is the key to remaining adaptive against the full spectrum of threats. A More Demanding Customer Another idea in which we’re seeking to become more agile and flexible is in the procurement of certain items of combat equipment. The structural changes we have made in Army Headquarters, under Adaptive Army, mean that, for the first time, Army has a staff division, headed by Major General John Caligari, Head of Modernisation and Strategic Planning in Army Headquarters, which is dedicated to looking forward and thinking about Army’s future. This means that we are in a far better position to be able to articulate our requirements and engage effectively

Emerging Defense Technologies

with the Defence Materiel Organisation, Capability Development Group and industry. This is certainly a positive for Army, and I hope that representatives from these organizations who are in the audience feel the same way. Having this additional staff support at hand means that Army is better able to support the information requirements of any organization involved in developing or modernizing Army capability. An example of Army’s new focus on capability risk, as opposed to project risk, is the recent discussions we’ve been having with our partners about a system of adaptive acquisition—that is, buying smaller quantities of equipment in more frequent iterations to ensure that the latest technological developments and advancements can be more rapidly provided to our soldiers as they strive to achieve their missions. This system has particular utility for equipment that has an expected life, as a consequence of wear and tear or technological advancements, of less than five years. We certainly had some success in developing new ammunition pouches in this fashion in our latest deployment cycle and plan on providing better body armor in the same fashion during the next deployment cycle. I’m very grateful for the support I am receiving for this new approach from Steve Gumley and his organization and I am determined that, together, we can continue to expand this program. More to be Done… I hope, in outlining the changes we’ve made to our force-generation and forcepreparation procedures that you can see Army is well on the path to inculcating, in a systematic fashion, adaptive responses to

January 2011

complex environments. But there is much, much more to be done. We have begun an annual review of our force structures and dispositions in Australia to ensure we are best positioned to remain within government fiscal guidance while sustaining an operational tempo which shows no signs of diminishing in the near future. This review updates our Army Objective Force and considers a wide range of factors including white paper guidance, futures concepts, threat forecasts, and deployment/respite ratios in determining the optimal force lay-down for Army in Australia. The first iteration of the Army Objective Force Handbook will be discussed at my senior advisory committee next month and endorsed as the start of Army’s journey towards Force Structure Review 2013. The work to implement this plan is one step behind and is known now in Army as Plan Beersheeba. By mid next year, I hope to have completed the review and be in a position to brief government on what changes to Army structure they might consider. I also see a real need to keep our industry partners engaged as we continue to adapt to our changing environment. For example, I believe 3 and 4G technologies offer real potential in developing our future combat communications systems. Do we need to persist with a system of vehiclebased radio stacks for communications or is it possible to move to an encryptionenabled I-phone system of applications to give our commanders all the information they need at the touch of an icon? How can I continue to harness the IQ of our organization as I alluded to earlier when less that 45 per cent of Army has regular access to the Defence Restricted Network, our most widely used IT system?

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January 2011 With more than 70,000 fans on Army’s Facebook page, I wonder whether such social networking sites offer us greater utility in communicating more regularly with our people and their families. Moreover, how much more efficient would our workplace become if all of our soldiers had access to the Defence Restricted Network (at work or remotely from home) to handle their own leave administration, pay and individual recall and notification records. We also need to constantly monitor and review the delivery of our key capabilities as we enter this significant period of modernization. As the landcombat capability advisor, I see these projects as warfighting capabilities and it’s important that Army moves to take more responsibility for modernization outcomes as these key platforms come into service. Our Defence Force must also continue to invest time, resources and human capital in growing our cyber- and spacerelated capabilities. This will impact upon Army’s capability in a way we’re yet to fully conceive. Yet an Adaptive Army should know implicitly where and how

7 technological advancements will afford it advantage on the battlefield, and where it will not. Industry has demonstrated commendable agility in helping us with rapid development and acquisitions as we have identified urgent capability requirements whilst ‘in contact’ with the enemy. I look forward to working alongside you in developing similar responsiveness as we attempt to move towards a more responsive and adaptive acquisition strategy. Conclusion So, there are clearly some real challenges ahead, including a tightly constrained fiscal environment. With the progress we have already made under the Strategic Reform Program, Army is well on the way to unlocking savings such that we can reinvest in vital high-priority, high-end capabilities earmarked by the government’s latest white paper. I have briefly highlighted the mechanisms we have implemented to move Army onto a permanent adaptive footing in

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our force generation and force preparation. No less challenging is preparing the Adaptive Army to operate with and among new and emerging technologies. Improving the sensor/shooter interface, enhancing distributed information-sharing systems, and using new web-based applications to rapidly communicate, retain and share knowledge, are but a few of the innumerable commercial and military technology innovations that we must understand and, where feasible, utilize. Army is taking greater control of its own modernization and is finding a great deal of support from all quarters to change the way we acquire capabilities in order to better support our people. We have a long way to go. We can achieve none of this ambitious agenda without defense-industry support. Events such as this conference serve to reinforce the vital need for that partnership and also to help us share the latest insights and perspectives you may have. I am very grateful for the tremendous support that all of you have given to the Australian Army through your involvement in this conference. I am delighted to declare the 2010 Land Warfare Conference open.

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January 2011

Analysis of Soldier Effectivenes in an MRAP This article is based on a paper presented at the NDIA Ground Systems Engineering and Technology Symposium and presents modeling methodology and results for a study of Soldier effectiveness in a hot environment. The effectiveness of soldiers is diminished under conditions of high heat stress. Excessive heat stress will degrade mental and physical performance capabilities and eventually cause heat casualties.The core temperature of a human body provides the “best� single physiological measure to estimate physical work capabilities during hot weather operations. Prediction of Soldier effectiveness in extreme environments can be accomplished through the use of segmental human thermoregulation models. Differences in physiological characteristics among soldiers can affect thermoregulatory response and must be accounted for when predicting effectiveness. Additionally, prediction accuracy can be improved by combining human thermoregulatory models with a complete characterization of the thermal environment. Human thermal models representing Soldiers with significant physiological differences among them were placed into a full-vehicle thermal HVAC predictive model of a mine resistant ambush protected (MRAP) vehicle.The simulation was performed to support US Army PMMRAP in its effort to improve Soldier effectiveness under conditions typically encountered on MRAP vehicles fielded in Iraq. By Mark Hepokoski, Allen Curran, PhD, and Mark Klein of ThermoAnalytics, Inc.; and Rob Smith and Vamshi Korivi, PhD, of TARDEC.

Emerging Defense Technologies

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January 2011 Excessive heat stress can degrade the mental and physical performance capabilities of soldiers to the point that it can eventually result in heat casualties. Given that heat stress is defined as “environmental and host conditions that tend to increase body temperature” [1], the core temperature of a human body provides the “best” single physiological measure to estimate physical work capabilities during hot weather operations. Fortunately, soldier effectiveness in extreme environments can be accurately predicted through the use of segmental thermoregulation models [2, 3]. These sophisticated thermal models of the human body are able to react to transient and asymmetric boundary conditions by simulating changes in blood flow, metabolic heating and sweat evaporation at the skin surface. Differences in physiological characteristics among soldiers can

9 also be accounted for since these may affect thermoregulatory response and subsequently provide a more accurate prediction of effectiveness. Heat stress can result from a combination of environmental and mission risk factors. Environmental risk factors consist of air and surrounding temperatures, air speed, humidity, and solar irradiation. Mission risk factors consist of activity level, clothing, and length of heat exposure. In light of this, prediction accuracy can be improved by combining complete characterizations of human thermoregulatory models with those of the surroundings (e.g. vehicle, building). Such coupled simulations allow the temperatures and heat rates of both the thermoregulatory models and the surroundings to be solved for simultaneously.

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Methodology A utility was developed to automate the process for building a physiological description of a non-standard (i.e., not 50th percentile) body build. Only the target body size (expressed as a percentile of the population) and the physiological description of a ‘standard man’ are required as inputs. The physiological description consists largely of a list of segments, tissues and the properties associated with them, such as segment lengths and tissue radii, thermal properties (e.g basal metabolic and blood perfusion rates, conductivity, density, specific heat, etc.), sensitivity coefficients and active thermoregulation distribution coefficients.

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January 2011

Proceedings of the 2010 Ground Vehicle Systems Engineering and Technology Symposium (GVSETS)

The utility automatically adjusts the passive system parameters of the baseline physiology [2] in proportion to known deviations from overall weight, height, and individual segment lengths of the 50th percentile male by assuming a Gaussian distribution ranging from the 1st percentile to 99th percentile and centered at the mean (50th percentile) [4]. Once a physiological description can be established, it can be applied directly to a shell-element representation of the human geometry for use by a thermal solver. Since the geometry will be automatically scaled to match the physiology upon the start of the thermal solution, it is not necessary that the geometry size and dimensions match the physiological description.

surface area (Aactual =2.20m2, AD =2.27 m2) deviated from its target value by only 4%. Model Setup Seven unique human thermal models representing Soldiers with a variety of body builds ranging from the 5th percentile to the 95th percentile were placed into a full-vehicle thermal HVAC predictive model of a Mine Resistant Ambush Protected (MRAP) vehicle. The geometry of each Soldier was customized to have a different body size and pose. Figure 1 shows the Soldier geometry with body size labels for each. All seven Soldiers were dressed in a t-shirt, briefs, desert BDU shirt and pants, and socks and shoes.

Building Physiologies From the desired body build specification and the physiological description of the standard man, the wholebody height and weight can be obtained from established anthropometric data [4]. The body fat mass (kg) for the individual can be calculated based on the following correlation valid for males of normal build [5]:

BF male = 0.685W − 5 .86 H 3 + 0 .42

(1)

The fat layer in each body segment can then be adjusted by applying a single fat adjustment factor to each fat layer in the model -- obtained by dividing the target whole body fat mass by the baseline physiology’s fat mass. Since the underlying physiological description defines tissue content for each segment by an outer tissue radius, rather than by mass, the fat layer radii were adjusted as necessary while updating the segment-level skin radii to maintain required skin thickness. Applying a similar technique to obtain the corresponding whole body weight for the desired percentile, the masses of all of the tissue layers residing under the fat layer in each segment were adjusted, until the target whole-body mass was reached. Validation of the overall technique was performed by comparing the actual whole body surface area of the resulting physiology, defined by the outer radii and lengths of each segment, with the Dubois surface area, AD, obtained from the target percentile’s height and weight.

AD = 0 .202W 0.425 H 0.725

(2)

Since the focus of this project was military in nature, the upper 5% and lower 5% of percentiles were excluded from this study in accordance with the military’s intent to accommodate no more than 90% of the general population. At the lower extreme, the 5th percentile male’s surface area (Aactual =1.49m2, AD=1.59 m2) was within 7% of its predicted value while at the upper end, the 95th percentile male’s

Figure 1: Soldier geometry labeled with body size Table 1 presents the high-level body size descriptions of the Soldiers, as well as their corresponding boundary conditions. Each Soldier was modeled with an activity level of 1.2 met, which correlates to a seated but slightly active physical state. The air velocities near each Soldier were approximated from previously obtained CFD results of the vehicle interior, while the local air temperatures were calculated automatically during the solution using a sub-volume air flow and heat transfer modeling technique [6].

Analysis of Solider Effectiveness in a Mine Resistant Ambush Protected Ground Vehicle, Hepokoski, et al. UNCLASSIFIED

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11 Proceedings of the 2010 Ground Vehicle Systems Engineering and Technology Symposium (GVSETS)

Vehicle Interior Temperatures 60

Table 1: Soldier body size and boundary conditions Air Body Size Height Weight Met Velocity (percentile) (m) (kg) Rate (m/s) 5 1.54 51.7 1.2 0.2 15 1.62 59.8 1.2 0.6 25 1.64 64.7 1.2 0.4 50 1.7 73.5 1.2 0.6 75 1.76 82.4 1.2 0.4 85 1.81 87.3 1.2 0.2 95 1.84 95.3 1.2 0.2

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Figure 3: Vehicle interior average temperatures RESULTS The objective of the simulation was to obtain physiological results for each individual Soldier in the MRAP to determine whether or not effectiveness could be maintained for the duration of the vehicle’s transient cool down period. Figure 4 provides a visualization of the Soldiers’ skin and clothing temperatures and illustrates the detail in which the temperature profiles were predicted. This snapshot represents the thermal state of the Soldiers six minutes after entering the hot vehicle. Solar Irradiance [W/m2]

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The Soldiers were placed in an MRAP model that had been initialized with a heat soak condition. The heat soak (vehicle off) was simulated from 5:00am to 6:00pm in a hot desert environment. Figure 2 shows the ambient air temperature and solar irradiance values. A transient cool down period was modeled from 6:00pm to 10:00pm. The engine was modeled at idle and a prototype air conditioning system was modeled to provide the maximum possible cooling under idle conditions (18kW of heat). Figure 3 shows average air and surface temperatures inside the vehicle during the transient cool down period. 60

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Figure 4: Surface temperatures after 6 minutes of transient cool down. Figure 5 shows the core temperature (rectal temperature) for all seven Soldiers. Soldier effectiveness can be maintained for the duration of an exercise as long as core temperature does Analysis of Solider Effectiveness in a Mine Resistant Ambush Protected Ground Vehicle, Hepokoski, et al. UNCLASSIFIED Page 3 of 5 www.defense-house.com

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Proceedings of the 2010 Ground Vehicle Systems Engineering and Technology Symposium (GVSETS)

Core Temp (rectal) 37.6 5%

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not deviate more than 1 degree in uncontrolled environments and 1.5 degrees in controlled environments. The graph shows that the largest core temperature rise was incurred by the 95th percentile Soldier. The maximum deviation in core temperature was 0.52ËšC.

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Figure 5: Transient core temperature for 7 Soldiers

Figure 6 and Figure 7 show the mean skin temperature and overall sweat rate. These plots show that the highest mean skin temperature and sweat rate were experienced by the driver and commander, the 50th and 15th percentile Soldiers, respectively. This was due to the front of the vehicle having the highest air and surface temperatures at the start of the cool down simulation.

Figure 8 and Figure 9 provide plots of overall thermal sensation and comfort based on the Berkeley Comfort Model scales. Both scales range from -4 to +4 (very cold to very hot and very uncomfortable to very comfortable, respectively). All of the Soldiers experience a thermal sensation spike when they first enter the hot vehicle. Their sensation then slowly decreases towards neutral as the vehicle cools down. Figure 9 illustrates that the Soldiers experience discomfort due to the hot environment present early in the cool down; however, their comfort improves as the air and surface temperatures drop inside of the vehicle. Also, as evidenced in the plots of core and skin temperature, the driver (50th percentile Soldier) is the hottest and least comfortable person at the beginning of the simulation.

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Analysis of Solider Effectiveness in a Mine Resistant Ambush Protected Ground Vehicle, Hepokoski, et al.

Emerging Defense Technologies

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UNCLASSIFIED


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Proceedings of the 2010 Ground Vehicle Systems Engineering and Technology Symposium (GVSETS)

within the vehicle compartment will be safe for all passengers regardless of physiological build under the simulated conditions.

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Figure 9: Overall thermal comfort

CONCLUSION The effectiveness of Soldiers with varying physiological builds was examined by simulating their thermoregulatory response when placed in an MRAP vehicle experiencing a transient cool down after an initial hot soak. Although the thermal sensation and comfort results indicate that actual Soldiers would feel hot and uncomfortable for a significant amount of time after first entering the vehicle environment being modeled, the core temperature results show that Soldier effectiveness would not be adversely affected. Furthermore, since a wide range of physiological builds were accounted for in this simulation, it can be expected that the environment

REFERENCES 1. “Heat Stress Control and Heat Casualty Management,” Technical Bulletin (TBMED) 2003; 507/AFPAM (I), U.S. Army Research Institute of Environmental Medicine. 2. Fiala, D., Lomas, K.J., Stohrer, M. 1999. “A Computer Model of Human Thermoregulation for a Wide Range of Environmental Conditions: The Passive System.” J. Appl. Physiol 87: 1957-1972. 3. Fiala, D., Lomas, K.J., Stohrer, M. 2001. “Computer Prediction of Human Thermoregulatory and Temperature Responses to a Wide Range of Environmental Conditions.” Int J. Biometeorol 45: 143159. 4. Tilley, A.R., Associates, H.D., 2002. “The Measure of Man and Woman: Human Factors in Design.” John Wiley & Sons, New York. 5. Zhang, H., Huizenga, C., Arens, E., Yu, T. 2001 “Considering individual physiological diffferences in a human thermal model.” Journal of Thermal Biology 26 (2001), pp. 401-408. 6. Han, T., Chen, K., Khalighi, B., Curran, A., Pryor, J., Hepokoski, M. 2010 “Assessment of Various Environmental Thermal Loads on Passenger Thermal Comfort.” SAE Paper 2010-01-1205.

Analysis of Solider Effectiveness in a Mine Resistant Ambush Protected Ground Vehicle, Hepokoski, et al.

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Eye on the Future

January 2011

Charger

A vehicle which can “sweat” to improve stealth is among hundreds of ideas presented to the UK Ministry of Defence from a BAE Systems study designed to show them the future.

Emerging Defense Technologies

The UK Future Protected Vehicle program aims to highlight both short and long-term technologies and concepts which can be used to boost the effectiveness of lightweight armored vehicles. The numbers give an idea of the scale of the program: 567 technologies and 244 vehicle concepts were investigated following engagement with 35 organizations. From this array of concepts, the team subsequently developed seven concept vehicles, each highlighting technologies which

could support a particular specialization. No fewer than 47 of the technologies were highlighted as being suitable for immediate pursuit. The BAE Systems team made a point of gathering ideas from as wide a spectrum as possible, including academe and industry. A series of panels identified ideas for further study, funded out of the £2 million DSTL (Defence Science and Technology Laboratory) contract. The team even engaged Shanklea

Pointer is an agile robot which can take over dirty, dull or dangerous jobs, such as forward observation to support the dismounted soldier.

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January 2011 Primary School near Newcastle, UK, where pupils were invited to participate in design classes to stimulate interest in engineering as a career. The study was managed for the MoD by DSTL. Its land strategy lead John Hunt commented: “I was very impressed by the work. Not just by the outputs, but also the inclusivity with which the study was carried out and the robust systems engineering methodology underpinning it.” “The quick-wins element was particularly pleasing as support to current operations is vital,” Hunt added. Hisham Awad, who works on emerging technologies for BAE System’s Vehicles business, commented: “BAE Systems has signaled intent for future armored vehicles programs by bidding and winning the research contracts that enable bright ideas to become new innovative and highly capable vehicles.” The team already has a contract extension to do further work and will bid for the next phase virtual prototyping work.

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The Bearer is a modular platform which can carry a range of mission payloads, such as protected mobility, air defense and ambulance.

BAE Systems’ notional artwork showing a combination concept systems in the assault of an enemy defended position. The future not the present was the driving focus to BAE’s concepts.

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Know Your History!

Tech Intell

In 1944/45 US Army technical intelligence teams fanned out across NW Europe reporting on new German armor, vehicles and weapons.

TECH INTELL Volumes 1 & 2 compile select reports including the tech reports with the original text and photos. $10.00 each or both for $18.00. Plus shipping & handling r Volume 1 132 pages, 141 illustrations perfect binding, soft cover 15cm Nebelwerfer Half-Track, Panther as M-10, Semi-Tracked Cargo Vehicle, Panther Recovery Tank, Assault Gun Disguised as U.S., Pz Kpfw IV, Model J, Panther pillbox, Light armored tracked carrier, 7.5 cm on Sd Kfz 251, Sdkfz 140/1, German Modifications of M8 a/c, and RSO with 7.5 cm, plus many, many more! r Volume 2 132 pages, 129 illustrations perfect binding, soft-cover Sd.Kfz 250/9, 2 cm on 38(t), 3.7 cm Flak 43 on Pz.IV, BIVc r/c demo vehicle, 2 cm. Flak on Pz.IV, Sd.Kfz 234/1, Sd. Kfz. 251/17, Sd.Kfz 234, SWS, Sd.Kfz 9 recovery, 38 cm rocket projector on Tiger I, AA guns on Sd.Kfz 7, Special body on Sd.Kfz. 7, Streamlined motorcycle, 8-wheel a/c with 2 cm, self-propelled gun chassis as cargo carrier, plus many, many more!

The seven concept vehicles were:

Pointer: an agile robot which can take over dirty, dull or dangerous jobs, such as forward observation to support the dismounted soldier; Bearer: a modular platform which can carry a range of mission payloads, such as protected mobility, air defense and ambulance; Wraith: a low signature scout vehicle; Safeguard: an ultra-utility infantry carrier or command and control centre; Charger: a highly lethal and survivable reconfigurable attack vehicle; Raider: a remotely or autonomously controlled unmanned recce and skirmishing platform; and Atlas: a convoy system (retrofittable if necessary) which removes the driver from harm’s way.

Sweating vehicle could use water from a diesel or fuel cell propulsion system to reduce a vehicle’s thermal signature by “sweating” it out through pores in the vehicle skin. That same water could also be reclaimed to enable soldiers to stay in the field for longer. eCamouflage will allow a vehicle to match its camouflage to its surroundings by using electronic ink - rather like a squid. Integrated biometrics will ease

the workload on soldiers in complex crowd situation such as roadblocks and riots by running video surveillance through facial recognition and behavior modeling software to spot potential troublemakers. Active protection will intercept incoming fire or disrupt targeting mechanisms while actuated spaced armor will allow a vehicle to deploy in compact mode before extending its armor to provide increased stand-off distance. A version of this is envisaged as employing electromagnetic magnets to “float” above a vehicle to provide protection from aerial threats.

Quick wins using available technology include: •

Ideas identified for exploitation include: •

January 2011

Advanced oil filtration will remove water and tiny particles from engine oil to extend to the life of the engine and eliminate oil changes; Handheld target acquisition devices integrated into the vehicle architecture will improve flexibility and capability; and Thermo-electric power generation, which uses the temperature difference between the inside and outside of the exhaust pipe, offers better fuel efficiency, more electrical power and improved stealth

Defense House Publshing P.O. Box 236 Forest Hill, MD 21050 jeffm@defense-house.com Emerging Defense Technologies

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January 2011

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HMMWV Live Fire Testing The DoD’s Inspector General office recently looked at the live fire testing of light tactical wheeled vehicles and determined that it was effective for the portions completed. The Inspector General’s objectives were to determine whether the Army effectively planned, executed, and evaluated High Mobility Multi-Purpose Wheeled Vehicle (HMMWV) live fire testing and whether DoD exercised adequate live fire test and evaluation (LFT&E) oversight of the Army’s HMMWV Program. Background This is the second in a series of reports on the Army’s efforts to develop, test, and acquire armor solutions for light tactical wheeled vehicles. The first report in the series, DoD Inspector General (IG) Report No. D-2010-039, “Recapitalization and Acquisition of Light Tactical Wheeled Vehicles,” January 29, 2010, addressed the Army’s efforts to develop and acquire the

risk reduction vehicle, or XM1166, and the next generation expanded capacity vehicle, or ECV2. They initiated these audits as a result of information gathered while conducting the audit that led to DoD IG Report No. D-2009-030, “Marine Corps Implementation of the Urgent Universal Needs Process for Mine Resistant Ambush Protected Vehicles,” December 8, 2008. Specifically, they were presented with information that led them to question the survivability testing of the HMMWV against mines and improvised explosive devices (IEDs). Live Fire Test and Evaluation LFT&E is a test process to evaluate the vulnerability and lethality of a conventional weapon or a conventional weapon system.

LFT&E provides insights into a weapon system’s ability to continue to operate or fight after being hit by enemy threat systems. Live fire testing provides a way to examine the damage inflicted on materiel and personnel and an opportunity to assess the effects of complex environments that crews are likely to encounter in combat. Conducting live fire tests is very complex, and many factors have to be considered in the LFT&E of tactical wheeled vehicles. Those factors include, but are not limited to: the type of munition used, standoff distance of the vehicle to the explosive, projectile orientation angle, shotlines, the size of the fragmentsimulating projectile (FSP), where to fire FSPs at the vehicle, soil conditions, whether to conduct a test that would cause catastrophic or significant damage to the vehicle, and differences between the individual vehicles. (An FSP is a specific fragment simulator type based on a standardized cylindrical projectile with a chiseled nose. It is designed to be fired from a gun to simplify armor testing.) Test Methodology Concerns During the audits of the “Marine Corps Implementation of the Urgent Universal Needs Process for Mine Resistant Ambush Protected Vehicles” and “Recapitalization and Acquisition of Light Tactical Wheeled Vehicles,” the Inspector General’s office interviewed vehicle survivability subject matter experts who expressed concerns about the U.S. Army Test and Evaluation Command’s (ATEC’s) live fire testing methods. Specifically, the subject matter experts were concerned that ATEC personnel: •

• Damaged from a real IED, the DoD IG has reviewed the live fire testing to see if it meets all criteria.

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used FSPs to test armored vehicles that did not accurately represent fragments from IEDs detonated close to a vehicle, incorrectly used composition-4 (C-4) as an explosive equivalent to trinitrotoluene (TNT), and performed IED tests to evaluate

Emerging Defense Technologies


18 vehicle armor protection in soil that did not represent the soil found in theater operations. Results To address the vehicle survivability subject matter experts’ concerns about ATEC’s live fire testing methods, the IG reviewed ATEC’s LFT&E planning and execution, use of FSPs, use of C-4 in lieu of TNT, and whether the soil used in live fire testing was representative of the soil found in theater operations. The IG also evaluated Director, Operational Test and Evaluation’s (DOT&E’s) LFT&E oversight of the HMMWV Program. Planning and Execution of Up-Armored HMMWV Live Fire Test and Evaluation was Effective for the Portions Completed ATEC’s live fire testing of the up-armored HMMWV was effective for the portions completed. Specifically, ATEC planned a live fire test strategy for the HMMWV Program that identified required documents needed to determine system and crew survivability. ATEC provided the required live planning documents to the Office of the DOT&E for approval and ATEC executed tests in accordance with the approved live fire test plans. ATEC has not yet completed the uparmored HMMWV LFT&E report but will provide it, upon completion, for DOT&E’s evaluation of the up-armored HMMWV LFT&E. Fragment-Simulating Projectiles Data collected by the U.S Army Aberdeen Test Center and the U.S. Army Research Laboratory (ARL) revealed that the tactic of employing artillery shells as surface-laid IEDs, as opposed to an airburst detonation, resulted in an increase in the number of the bigger fragments threatening a vehicle. An ARL representative stated that the 20 mm FSP represents the 97th percentile of fragments, by mass, from a surface-laid 152 mm artillery shell detonation. Based on ARL’s test data, the IG confirmed that the 20 mm FSP represents the 97th percentile of fragments, by mass, from a surface-laid 152 mm artillery shell detonation. The Army used a combination of FSP tests, full-up system level vulnerability tests, and modeling and simulation to determine the up-armored HMMWV’s capabilities and limitations against surface-laid artillery shellbased IED threats and other threats.

Emerging Defense Technologies

Full-up system level vulnerability tests are tests conducted on a complete system loaded or equipped with all the dangerous materials that normally would be on board in combat (including flammables and explosives) and with all critical subsystems operating that could make a difference in determining the test outcome. These tests use munitions likely to be encountered in combat. Explosive Equivalency An ATEC representative stated that, from May 2004 to November 2006, ATEC used the C-4 explosive conversion as a substitute for a TNT mine explosive when performing underbody tests of the HMMWV variants. ATEC used C-4 to support the HMMWV requirement to provide underbody protection against mine blasts to the HMMWV variants. The C-4 conversion used by ATEC created smaller sized craters during the test events than the crater sizes created by TNT mines in theater. ATEC representatives stated that they used the C-4 explosive substitute because it was the best they could do at the time. Although ATEC incorrectly used C-4 as an explosive equivalent to TNT when performing underbody mine testing, the TNT mine weight requirement in the September 2004 HMMWV operational requirements document was less than two-thirds of the mine explosive weight experienced in theater operations. By 2008, ATEC changed the testing methodology from using the C-4 explosive equivalent as a substitute for the TNT underbody mine threat to using a cast TNT mine. ARL developed cast TNT mines as threat surrogates for the actual mine. As documented in its live fire test planning documents, ATEC plans to use an approved threat surrogate during live fire testing instead of the C-4 explosive conversion in its underbody mine blast testing. Soil Testing An ARL representative stated that he discussed with officials from Developmental Test Command the possibility of conducting a study to determine whether test procedures in a new soil would be repeatable. He stated that ARL can complete this type of study. Further, the representative stated that current tests conducted in consistent soil retain a 10 to 25 percent variability in blast effect from shot to shot. ARL is also in the process of developing a comparison of the different types of soil

January 2011

that range from dense, saturated clay to loose, sifted sand. From this comparison study, ARL is working on a rough conversion factor that would allow testers to take real observed test results done in one soil condition and use that data to estimate probable results of the same test as if it had been done in another soil type. Results of tests would still need to be compared to older vehicle tests done in the current standard test soil. A representative from the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers Engineer Research Development Center provided a 2009 report which examined the detonation of explosives in soil. He also stated that the Center is in the process of conducting a soil study that will focus on the tactical implications of differences in soil conditions. The study will identify how soil conditions affect ground radar used in IED detection systems and how the depth of an IED affected the blast to vehicle underbellies. The U.S. Army Corps of Engineers Engineer Research Development Center surveyed 10 to 11 sites, and the United Kingdom team members are gathering data from five additional sites. Effective Oversight by the Director, Operational Test and Evaluation Oversight The Office of the DOT&E’s LFT&E oversight of the Army’s up-armored HMMWV was effective for the portions of the oversight process completed. The up-armored HMMWV was added to the Office of the Secretary of Defense Test and Evaluation Oversight List in 2006, and the vehicle remained under DOT&E oversight for live fire testing in 2010. DOT&E reviewed and approved uparmored HMMWV test planning documents, as required. As a part of its assessment of the survivability of the up-armored HMMWV, DOT&E originally planned to use ATEC’s HMMWV Live Fire Report. However, on April 23, 2010, DOT&E issued a memorandum to the Service test community stating that DOT&E will publish an independent report before the completion of the test agency report, if necessary to ensure the timely reporting of operational and live fire test results. Therefore, DOT&E will start its assessment of the survivability of the up-armored HMMWV whether or not ATEC has provided its HMMWV LFT&E report. The Director, Live Fire Test and Evaluation, stated that DOT&E will publish a HMMWV LFT&E report by the end of 2010.

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January 2011

USMC LAV-AT The United States Marine Corps (USMC) family of light armored vehicles (FOLAV), both as upgraded or newly built under the LAV-A2 program, shall be of a basic configuration similar to that of the existing fleet of USMC light armored vehicles (LAVs). The basic USMC LAV System configuration shall be realized in five mission role variants (MRVs) and as a joint service light nuclear, biological, and chemical reconnaissance system (JSLNBCRS) chassis. The vehicle shall have the TOW II antitank guided missile (ATGM) launcher as defined by the Combat Vehicle, Anti-Tank, Improved TOW Vehicles (ITV), M901A1 with integration modifications which shall not degrade performance. The vehicle shall provide stowage for an AN/TAS-4A (Night Vision Sight, Infrared) and an AN/GVS-5 handheld laser range finder. Anti Tank Weapon System (ATWS) The ATWS shall consist of an elevated TOW missile launcher, modified improved target acquisition system (MITAS), and elevation and azimuth drive systems

integrated on to a legacy and new build LAV AT chassis without vehicle system degradation as detailed in the modified family of light armored vehicles demonstrated performance specification (FOLAV DPS). The government desires that the ATWS have the capability of far target location with a maximum circular error probability (CEP) of 60 meters at 8 km while stationary. The ATWS shall be capable of firing the family of TOW series missiles and desires to have an integrated growth capability of firing a fire and forget missile. The system must be able to detect, recognize, identify, launch and track a missile within 60 seconds of a complete stop. The Marine Corps would like to have a system capable to detect, recognize, identify, launch and track a missile while on the love at 30 kph on a hard surface primary road. TheATWS shall be capable of maintaining the line of sight (LOS) on a stationary target to within 1.0 mils rms at operational speeds (30 kph) on hard surface primary roads. It is desirable that the ATWS shall be capable of maintaining the same LOS requirement at operational speeds up to 15 kilometers per

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hour over moderate cross-country conditions, where cross country conditions are defined as 1.5 inch rms terrain conditions. It is expected that the ATWS maintain the required Ph of the stationary system while moving at 30 kph on hard surface primary roads. The launcher shall be capable of sequentially firing two TOW missiles without reloading, the second missile shall be capable of being selected ready-to-fire as soon as the first missile has impacted the target or has been aborted. The ATWS shall be capable of powered elevation and depression while on level ground at a controlled rate of at least 12 degrees per second, although the Marines would prefer 15 degrees per second. Elevation range is expected to be between plus 25 degrees and minus 20 degrees (preferred range is between plus 35 degrees and minus 30 degrees. A fire inhibit capability shall be provided to protect crew and equipment when operating the weapon station and firing. The fire inhibit shall prevent firing when any one of the following conditions occurs;

Emerging Defense Technologies


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January 2011

A visual and audible warning will be indicated at the gunner’s station and is desired at the loader and vehicle commander stations. Both the gunner and the vehicle commander shall have a manual override capability to fire the weapon while in an inhibited condition. All communications antennas will be lowerable from controls at the gunner’s station. Protection levels cannot degrade the current stated protection levels. ATWS armor shall provide force protection equivalent to the BPUP protection level if the turret is manned or to the legacy chassis protection level if unmanned. Basically, the protection levels must match the legacy LAV AT chassis. For the turret itself it must have a ballistic cover that will protect the sight system lens, equivalent to the legacy chassis protection level for small arms fire. The turret shall be capable of continuously traversing in both clockwise and counter clockwise directions while on level ground under power at a rate of at least 35 degrees per second in full slew and track with a minimum of .009 degrees per second.

The ATWS shall have emergency electrical power, due to loss of chassis supplied power, for up to 30 minutes sufficient to successfully detect, recognize, identify, track and fire two missiles. Turret back-up systems for traverse, elevation and depression are required that a fifth percentile male can manually operate on level ground. The ATWS turret shall have the capability to actively cool the MTAS and FCS components. Gunner’s station shall have a high temp indicator to alert the gunner of a beyond spec limit temperature for the MTAS and FCS. The gunner’s station shall have a switch to manually control the active cooling of the MTAS and FCS. There is a crew of four: vehicle commander; gunner; loader; and driver. All crew positions must be accessible and interchangeable without any one crewmember existing the vehicle. The vehicle commander’s station should have provisions for independent thermal viewing, slew and cue capabilities, and override capabilities. The gunner’s station shall provide remote viewing of the thermal imaging and day sight image. The gunner’s station shall have a control panel capable of fully controlling, monitoring and operating the ATWS. The loader’s station shall have access to the stowed TOW missiles. Critical systems that support mission essential functions shall be capable of operation and unaffected by electrical transients during silent watch for two hours (four hours is preferred). Silent watch is critical system operation without vehicle engine operation. Critical systems legacy to the platform are: radios, internal lighting,

ventilation fans, and Blue Force Tracker. With MITAS integrated, the known amperage requirement for critical systems is 40 amps. The amperage requirements for the turret drive functions will be established by the contractor’s design. The LAV-ATA2 with ATWS integrated shall be capable of battery health monitoring to protect from depleting the vehicle batteries, maintaining sufficient power to re-start the vehicle engine. The LAV-AT main armament/turret system must achieve a 90 percent (95 percent is preferred) probability of mission success during 38.5 hours of operation of the AT main armament/turret electronic system while cycling three times, firing four TOW missiles and covering 155 miles of terrain described in the OMS/MP during a 48 hour mission The LAV ATWS shall meet a mean time between failure (MTBOMF) of 365 hours with a 90 percent probability of mission success. The Marines would prefer that MTBOMF meet or exceed 750 hours with a 95 percent probability of mission success. The launcher shall be capable of being loaded with a TOW missile through the existing LAV-AT loaders hatch, maintaining legacy armor protection. The launcher shall be capable of moving from a rear firing position to the reload position, be reloaded with two missiles and returning to the firing position within two minutes. The maximum height of the LAV ATA2 with the ATWS in the stowed position not be greater than 104 inches, no wider than the current turret, and not to exceed 3,600 pounds, although the Marines would prefer the turret weigh no more than 3,000 pounds.

During the EMD Phase (Phase I), the contractor shall design, integrate and deliver four ATWS’s that meet the requirements of the performance specification. Three of the four will be used for system level developmental test and initial operational test and evaluation with the remaining one used in support of integrated logistics support. The contractor shall be responsible for the integration of the ATWS into LAV-ATA2s (with BPUP armor kits applied A, B, and C). The ATWS shall be designed to allow installation into any LAV-ATA2 (new build or legacy chassis) configured vehicle. Electrical,

hydraulic and mechanical integration shall be achieved with no degradation of the baseline vehicle. The ATWS turret shall be integrated into the automotive structure in the same location as in the baseline vehicle. Structural/configuration modifications shall be minimized and shall require approval from PM-LAV before proceeding. The four ATWS production representative systems (PRS), used during the EMD phase, shall be installed on LAVATA2s by the contractor at the contractor’s facility. For these four systems, contractor personnel shall remove the current M901 turrets (if applicable) and related materials in preparation for the

ATWS installation. The M901 turrets/ materials shall be shipped to Barstow after removal from the vehicles. During the production and deployment phase (Phase II), the contractor shall manufacture, produce and provide the ATWS, materials, initial spares, equipment and deliverables in the types and quantities as specified in the contract. After completion of ATWS assembly/ kitting, the contractor shall ship the production units to the depot for installation. The installation of the remaining 114 ATWSs (118 total ATWS minus 4 EMD assets) will be performed at the Marine Corps maintenance centers.

The fire inhibit system shall prevent firing when any crew hatch is unlatched or open. The fire inhibit system shall prevent firing when the turret is in the load position. The fire inhibit system shall prevent firing when the missile is firing into an inhibited zone. All inhibit zones shall be identified and included in the fire inhibit system during development and shall be capable of being updated based on changes to the vehicle.

Emerging Defense Technologies

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January 2011

DoD Small Business Innovative Research

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DoD’s SBIR program funds early-stage R&D projects at small technology companies—projects which serve a DoD need and have the potential for commercialization in private sector and/or military markets. The program, funded at approximately $1.23 billion in FY 2009, is part of a larger (>$2 billion) federal SBIR program administered by twelve federal agencies. As part of its SBIR program, the DoD issues an SBIR solicitation three times a year, describing its R&D needs and inviting R&D proposals from small companies—firms organized for profit with 500 or fewer employees, including all affiliated firms. Companies apply first for a six-month to nine-month phase I award of $70,000 to $150,000 to test the scientific, technical, and commercial merit and feasibility of a particular concept. If phase I proves successful, the company may be invited to apply for a twoyear phase II award of $500,000 to $1,000,000 to further develop the concept, usually to the prototype stage. Proposals are judged competitively on the basis of scientific, technical, and commercial merit. Following completion of phase II, small companies are expected to obtain funding from the private sector and/or non-SBIR government sources (in “phase III”) to develop the concept into a product for sale in private sector and/or military markets. Service projects for the most current release follow.

US Army Direct Ethanol Fuel Cell PEO Ground Combat Systems wants to develop a direct ethanol fuel cell system that is capable of converting ethanol fuel into electricity in an efficient, small, lightweight, portable power system. Ethanol has a 33 percent higher energy density than methanol, the current fuel being evaluated for small soldier power systems (8000 vs. 6000 Wh/kg). Direct ethanol fuel cells have recently been receiving increased attention in the literature however, previous studies in acidic media have demonstrated only 2 or 4 electrons generated per ethanol molecule rather than the 12 that are possible when ethanol is fully oxidized resulting in poor system efficiencies. The recent development alkaline membranes that conduct hydroxyl ions (OH-) makes alkaline membrane fuel cells very attractive largely due to more facile kinetics for both the fuel oxidation and oxygen reduction reactions. The rapid kinetics makes the use of catalysts with lower noble metal contents feasible and potentially enable the cleavage of carbon carbon bonds at low temperatures. Use of ethanol as a fuel in alkaline membrane fuel cells has the potential to significantly increase the fuel utilization and fuel cell performance, lower the cost and improve safety.

PHASE I: In phase I preliminary results from a stack showing complete oxidation of ethanol to produce electrical energy at low temperature will be demonstrated. These results should support the potential to develop a 40W system which can operate at a power density over 150 mW/cm2, and system energy density over 1000 Wh/kg. PHASE II: In phase II, based on the results from the successful phase I program, two 40W direct ethanol fuel cell systems with power densities over 150 mW/cm2, and system energy densities over 1000 Wh/kg will be developed and delivered to the US Army for testing and evaluation. PHASE III: Advanced alkaline direct ethanol fuel cell technology will significantly impact both military and commercial applications, accelerating product development, particularly for lightweight low power devices. Because the market and the number of devices in the commercial sector is much larger than the military market, widespread usage of this technology will drive down the cost of devices for the military and ensure a reliable manufacturing base. The alkaline membrane technology and optimized catalysts will transition into fuel cell system technology for dismounted soldiers. Likely sources of funding if the phase III program is successful include PEO Soldier and CERDEC. Applications for the advanced direct ethanol fuel cell system include soldier power

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to complement batteries and to charge lithium-ion rechargeable batteries, significantly reducing the logistical burden (weight and volume) for the soldier by reducing the number of batteries required for extended mission time as well as a myriad of civilian electronics applications. Intelligent Vehicle Behaviors for Explosive Hazard Detection & Neutralization on Narrow Unimproved Routes Program manager-IED wants to develop an IED defeat intelligent behavior engine (IBE) that can enable low-cost, mid-sized vehicles to protect dismounted troops on deep insertion missions, capable of significantly improved remote, standoff detection and neutralization of buried IEDs on narrow, unimproved routes. PM-IED Defeat is seeking concept and prototype development efforts that demonstrate remote, standoff detection and neutralization of buried improvised explosive devices on narrow, unimproved routes. A variety of component technologies have shown value for aspects of this mission including a variety of sensors, manipulators and neutralization tools. However, currently fielded technologies have limited utility for defeat of IEDs on narrow unimproved routes during deep insertions into rugged terrain. Existing small ro-

Emerging Defense Technologies


22 bots may not be able to go the necessary long distances (10 - 30 miles) and large vehicles such as the Husky cannot traverse the rugged terrain and narrow paths. To address this need, an IED defeat (IEDD) intelligent behavior engine (IBE) is sought that can enable low-cost, mid-sized vehicles to protect dismounted troops on deep insertion missions. An IBE can be understood as a software tool that provides intelligent control for orchestrating vehicle hardware and software components towards mission goals. The IBE should be portable and reconfigurable so that it can interface seamlessly with multiple payloads, vehicles and sensors. While a highly skilled human operator may understand how to hold a sensor; where to position it; and what areas of the environment to investigate, successfully translating that skill into effective autonomous machine behavior is an open problem that requires innovation. A solution that merely integrates sensors with vehicles will not be sufficient. Rather, the IBE should focus on intelligent, adaptive software behaviors that provide standoff operation in terms of navigation, detection and neutralization. The IBE should allow the operator to initiate, monitor and sequence IEDD task elements such as scanning, digging and emplacing explosive charges. Specific areas for innovation include, but are not limited to the following: Shared control driving: On long distance dismounted patrols, users require a standoff control scheme that offers off-board, “backseat driving� capabilities. The IBE should permit operators to provide intermittent directional cues and to initiate various specific threat detection behaviors from a hand-held device that may include a visualization of nearby terrain and hazard data. Characterization and Neutralization Behaviors: The variation in threats faced by warfighters must be met with versatility in terms of robotic capacity for using multiple hazard sensors effectively. These behaviors must effectively encapsulate the skill and techniques necessary to exploit hazard sensors, marking tools, and neutralization devices including how far from a surface to scan a particular sensor, how fast to scan it, and the advance rate of the vehicle while using a particular tool. Intelligent Manipulation Control: The IBE should address general purpose manipulation skills that can be effectively used with hydraulic or electric arms to perform various reaching, scanning, sampling and digging tasks associated with the IEDD mission. The mid-sized (500-3,000 pound) vehicle en-

Emerging Defense Technologies

visioned should be off-the-shelf and capable of traversing long distances on narrow, rugged paths and of supporting skid steer hydraulic arm attachments for various implements such as arms. Effective teams will provide a means to demonstrate at least one method for sensing buried hazards and one means for neutralizing them. Proposal teams may address key elements of the IEDD mission including pressure activated devices and command detonated explosive devices. The main focus of the work is not on the vehicle but rather the ability for intelligent software behaviors and human interfaces to support effective, semiautonomous functionality that reduces workload and maximizes performance. PHASE I: Conduct study/analysis of current IEDD tools and components that can be used from a mid-sized vehicle. By the end of Phase I, develop a plan includes a list and description of proposed IEDD tools (sensors) and the strategy for behaviors that maximize performance of each tool. The plan should include an interface control strategy to support tasking and situation awareness. The implementation plan should focus on the software and hardware strategy for plug and play of each tool. PHASE II: Develop and refine the prototype toolkit in terms of hardware and software. Demonstration plug and play of subsystem components together with functionality of behaviors and operational tasking from the graphical interface. The Phase II hardware/ software solution can be defined as follows: 1) Graphical user interface, Intelligent Behavior Engines, and other systems analysis toolkit functionality will reside on a rugged field ready laptop computer 2) from inside the vehicle the laptop computer will interface outside in front of the vehicle to a portable plug and play station suitable for mount on a medium sized vehicle. The plug and play station must be designed to be field rugged and not greater than 1 cubic foot. The plug and play station will be used as the interface from the control computer to various IED detect, locate, or defeat systems. The Phase II prototype and test system should be capable of supporting a warfighter assessment of system capability including vehicle mobility, navigation behavior subsystem, communication subsystem, and hand held operator control unit with visualization and tasking software. The system will also include at least one neutralization subsystem, one manipulator subsystem, one underground imaging systems (e.g. ground penetrating radar, electromagnetic induction sensor) and one chemical analysis sensor for sweeping and/or sampling. Com-

January 2011

ponent hardware/software interfaces will be fully documented and, where appropriate, conform to open architecture/messaging standards. PHASE III: Transition to Military - The most likely path from SBIR to operational capability will be via Phase II enhancement and/ or CPP which would allow final definition of the number and type of IED defeat systems necessary, and the efficient implementation of these systems on the vehicle. At this stage of the program close interaction with PM-IED Defeat and JIEDDO will facilitate development of a robust transition plan that identifies the IED Defeat subsystems necessary, overall system delivery schedule and cost per system. A potential path to fielding will be to pursue a rapid equipment fielding exercise, where the prototype Intelligent Behavior Engine will be used to define a suite of sensors and techniques for IED detect/defeat on medium sized vehicles for rough terrain operations. As part of this user evaluation phase there is also the potential to use the system to enhance or redefine the functionality of existing IED in-road defeat systems. In parallel, Phase III transition may be facilitated via user-centric warfighter experiments to examine concepts of operation and to hone the system behavior and overall performance. Military end applications for the IBE plug and play station and development environment may include 1) improved IED defeat systems for in-road or off-road, improved tunnel defeat systems which require a robust synergism of sensor types and 3) smart munitions systems which have complex functionality and would benefit from improved data fusion using a variety of sensor modalities. Commercial Applications - A portable system laptop computer with interface station which allows a user to evaluate the synergy of subsystems in a plug and play environment while conforming to open architecture/messaging standards would have potential commercial market appeal. Such a system would reduce the development time normally associated with complex systems integration efforts. The system might find application in 1) sensor companies for evaluating new sensor products or the integration of several products together to meet special customer requirements 2) surveillance systems companies to expand the functionality and performance of surveillance systems using different surveillance sensor systems.

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January 2011 Water Generation from Atmospheric Humidity Technologies PEO Combat Support & Combat Service Support wants to develop a scalable energyefficient technology to generate potable water from atmospheric humidity in hot arid environments. This technology must be adaptable to compact, rugged, mobile, water generation systems to support soldiers deployed in field environments. Water purification technology has undergone significant advances in the past few decades, however, water sustainment on the battlefield still follows the age old practice of locating a water source, treating the water to make it potable, and then transporting the water in bulky containers to the soldiers. For the current forces over half of the sustainment requirement is the distribution of bulk liquids. As the Army evolves into a lighter and more deployable force focused on the concept of force projection water distribution becomes an even larger concern for military logistics. The ability to generate water at the point of use would reduce or even eliminate the transportation requirement and have a cascading effect on reducing the overall logistics requirement of the force. The goal is to develop a system that has the capability to generate water on demand when no traditional source (i.e. river, lake, or ocean) is available using atmospheric humidity. The Army is not interested in simple refrigeration systems but rather novel technologies that reduce the energy requirements, size, and weight of the system. Current state of the art systems use mechanical vapor compression cooling systems with or without energy recovery and desiccant humidity concentration. These systems are energy intensive, requiring on the order of 570 watt-hour per liter of water produced for ambient conditions of 70 degrees F and 40 percent relative humidity. Additionally these types of systems do not scale down well to mobile systems. The system must be able to generate potable water in sufficient quantities in all environments, including nuclear, chemical and biologically contaminated areas. The water generation units should be scalable to any size, sustainable, and generate enough water to be of use to the DoD in a timely fashion. As a baseline the system should have a production rate at least equal to the current military systems, for traditional sources, of the same size, weight, and power consumption. PHASE I: Laboratory experiments and a proof of concept benchtop breadboard system should be completed. These experiments

23 should demonstrate the capability to produce water from atmospheric humidity at 285 watt hour per liter or less at ambient conditions of 70 degrees F and 40 percent relative humidity. The system should also be able to produce water at conditions of 2 grams of water per kilogram of air at a maximum of 1140 watt hour per liter. The experiments should also demonstrate the feasibility of continuous operation. A conceptual design shall be provided demonstrating the feasibility of a 500 gallon per day system that would be transportable on a 5 ton trailer. PHASE II: Based on best design parameters discovered in Phase I build and demonstrate a demonstrator which can be used by various military and other defense and support organizations for military, humanitarian assistance, and disaster relief operations. The demonstrator will be skid or pallet mounted, produce at least 2 gallons per hour, with an onboard storage capacity of 10 gallons and be able to operate for 24 hours without any required maintenance. The system will meet the phase I energy metrics and the product water will meet Technical Bulletin Medical 577 water quality standards. PHASE III: Build scaled system to meet the needs for use at an expeditionary Army water treatment site and for humanitarian relief efforts. Create a manufacturing plan that will facilitate both product scaling and low rate initial production of both military and emergency response units. Expeditionary Wastewater Treatment Technologies PEO Combat Support & Combat Service Support wants to develop and demonstrate a high recovery, energy efficient gray and black wastewater treatment system that can be used to support a 150 person Army base camp during expeditionary operations. The current and future demands of a highly mobile, resource limited Army base camp call for new/advancements in technologies for wastewater treatment and reuse. The Army must continue to improve and optimize its water management to meet mission requirements. The need for reductions in the water supply burden of base camp operations and the safe discharge of wastewater require innovative technologies with the capability to treat gray (i.e., shower, kitchen, laundry) and black water (i.e., toilet) so that it can be discharged into the environment, thus eliminating the need for waste hauling. Shower water re-use systems (SWRS) are currently being

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employed in base camp operations to reduce water supply, however there is still a need for reducing the amount of wastewater that must be hauled from base camps. The Army has identified the following areas as key technology challenges to developing and fielding a wastewater treatment system for base camp applications; rapid start up of biological systems, the ability to adapt to widely varying load conditions, and the reduction of the system energy demand. Examples of technologies that have been identified with the potential to address the key technology challenges are: integration of biological processes with physical/chemical processes, microbial fuel cells, and hollow fiber membrane biofilm reactors. These respectively provide potential approaches to reduce the impact of variable loading and reduce volume, reduce the energy and possible export energy by capturing energy available in the waste stream and addressing all of the areas above through the efficient delivery of gases to a fixed biofilm on a physical separation media. An acceptable technology solution should be energy efficient, lowmaintenance, provide high recovery, and be operational over a wide range of temperatures (-25 F to 140 F). The system needs to meet the Army requirement to be deployable and mobile. This means the system must be set up and fully operational within 1 to 2 days. The system must also be adaptable to different and variable influent wastewater quality. Minimization of the production of any harmful discharge/by-products and any consumables needed is required; avoidance of these items is optimal. The system should be able to treat a capacity of 3,000-12,000 gallons/ day. Power requirement should not exceed 29kW and the ability to use variable power sources including alternative energy sources is desirable. PHASE I: A proof of concept laboratoryscale to breadboard unit that treats wastewater should be constructed and laboratory characterization experiments completed. Finalize a conceptual design for developing and prototyping a material system that is suitable for use by a small Army unit for expeditionary operations. PHASE II: Based on best design parameters discovered in Phase I, build and demonstrate a quarter-scale pallet/skid-mounted prototype demonstrator that can be tested in a relevant environment. The system shall produce an effluent that meets or exceeds the EPA National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System limits for secondary treatment BOD 30 mg/L, TSS 30 mg/L, pH 6-9, and

Emerging Defense Technologies


24 removal 85 percent for BOD and TSS. A final prototype demonstration will be required 12 months from the initial demonstration that incorporates any updated user requirements and design changes. The final system should not exceed a pack out volume of 416 cubic feet and should weigh less than 7,110 pounds. The unit should be easy to operate with the ability to provide unattended automatic operation, provide real time system monitoring and be self-monitoring. PHASE III: Build a commercialization scaled system to meet the wastewater treatment needs for a small unit (150 person) expeditionary base camp site and demonstrate the system in a relevant environment. Create a manufacturing plan that will facilitate both product scaling and low rate initial production of the system. Potential commercial applications of the system would include humanitarian assistance and disaster relief efforts. Development of High Power Density Final Drive for the Bradley Infantry Fighting Vehicle PEO Ground Combat Systems wants to conduct basic research into the development of a high power density final drive for the Bradley infantry fighting vehicle. Due to the installation of heavy survivability kits on today’s fleet of combat tracked vehicles, the mobility performance of these vehicles have degraded from the increased vehicle weight and many platforms no longer meet mobility requirements. Efforts are underway to recapture the lost mobility performance through mobility upgrades of the engines, transmissions, final drives, and suspension systems. The practical approach is to recover lost mobility without requiring undesirable vehicle structural changes for integration. To achieve this, higher power density solutions are necessary so that more power can be generated and transmitted within the existing or smaller space claims. The Army has put significant effort in improving the power density of engines and transmissions; however, little effort has been placed on exploring opportunities to improve the power density of final drives. As vehicle horsepower increases to overcome vehicle weight growth, it is highly desirable to upgrade the final drive systems with new technologies so that they can transmit more power within their current packaging environment. The Army is seeking innovative technology for cost effectively increasing the power density of final drive gearbox assemblies.

Emerging Defense Technologies

Innovative solutions must allow for the provision of upgraded final drives for today’s tracked vehicles that are identical in form and fit to today’s final drive assemblies, but with the ability to transmit more power. Today’s fleet of tracked vehicles would benefit by offering technology for increasing mobility performance without requiring significant changes to the surrounding final drive interfaces such as the vehicle structure, track system, or powerpack. Future Ground Combat Vehicle (GCV) design and development efforts would also benefit by offering improved final drive technology to maximize the mobility performance of this new tracked vehicle. Proposed SBIR will be concentrated on power transmission for increased torque and horsepower capacity. Research will also investigate weight savings and efficiency gains. Expected gains are an increase in power transmission from 600 hp to 800 hp and a torque capacity of 62,000 ft-lbs for a finite duration while maintaining the same space claim. A weight savings of 20 percent and a 1-3 percent efficiency gain will be target objectives. Innovative solutions that could improve power density of final drives include those for gear geometry, material selection and heat treating, coatings, lubrication, fabrication, and integration. Innovative concepts for reducing weight, improving efficiency, providing a quick driveline disconnect, reducing costs, and providing for condition based maintenance are desirable in addition to those that improve power density. PHASE I: Evaluate feasibility of three concepts for improved final drive power density; including gear design and configuration, tribology studies, and application of existing light weight or composite materials (such as aluminum or magnesium alloy housings). Perform an analysis to select the best technical approach for a Phase 2 design, build, and demonstration phase. Demonstrate performance, weight, and efficiency improvements (see above metrics) through modeling and simulation with supporting engineering analyses. PHASE II: Improve and refine, test, and apply concepts to current Bradley final drive. Analyze further, design, and produce one or more prototype final drive sets for dynamometer test and evaluation (demonstrate technology feasibility). Commercial applications where high power density geared systems are sought would benefit from this technology. For example, wind turbine power generation, mining and heavy construction equipment manufacturers would significantly benefit from

January 2011

light weight, high power density gearbox solutions with increased efficiencies. Develop commercialization plans to identify target partners (both military and commercial) and facilitate the technology transition to manufacturing. PHASE III: By partnering with a tracked vehicle platform integrator, develop, validate, and launch the higher power density final drive into Bradley combat vehicle. If successful, the technology will be adaptable to other platforms and transferable across the Army’s existing fleet of tracked vehicles as well as new tracked vehicle development. Commercial applications where high power density geared systems are sought would benefit from this technology. For example, wind turbine power generation, mining and heavy construction equipment manufacturers would significantly benefit from light weight, high power density gearbox solutions with increased efficiencies. High Efficiency Fans for Underhood Cooling of Military Vehicles PEO Ground Combat Systems wants to find highly efficient cooling fans that can be integrated for underhood cooling of military combat, tactical and commercial vehicles which will improve vehicle operational capability in hot climates. Currently many vehicles in the Army fleet are using inexpensive, low technology, automotive axial flow fans which are in the neighborhood of 43 percent efficiency (static). More advanced technology fans have been implemented into a few vehicles which are in the neighborhood of 75 percent efficient. The static efficiency of a fan is a measure of how effectively a fan moves air against the system resistance. Static pressure times the airflow rate times a constant divided by static efficiency equals fan power. If static efficiency is increased, with the same airflow and pressure coming out of the fan, then the horsepower requirement for the fan is reduced, thereby providing more power for mobility. This additional power is significant, and can contribute to upwards of 8% more horsepower to be utilized for other vehicle requirements, or for operating in hot ambient environments. With improved fan efficiencies, more power can be dedicated to powering up hills, along with accelerating along level surfaces, or powering auxiliary equipment. Additionally, better vehicle fuel economy can also be achieved by operating with more efficient fans. Building a compact fan that fits within

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January 2011 the tight space-claim of military vehicles is paramount. Military vehicles generally require a cooling system capable of maintaining engine and transmission operating temperatures within specified limits while operating continuously under full load at 0.7 Tractive Effort to Gross Vehicle Weight ratio (TE/GVW) under the maximum conditions of +120 degrees F, and the cooling system must be capable of not exceeding temperature limits while operating at rated engine power (tractive effort is the force exerted at the running gear to propel the vehicle). At the end of Phase 3, meeting this full-load tractive effort at 120 degrees F is the goal of the program for the target vehicles utilizing the fan developed under this SBIR. Two separate fans will be developed in order to target both combat and tactical vehicles. The combat vehicle planned for integration of the first fan will be the Paladin Integrated Management (PIM) vehicle, known as the PIM Paladin. The PIM Paladin is targeted for a cooling upgrade. The PIM has a Bradley powerpack with a different integrated cooling pack. Independent PIM TARDEC full-load cooling tests are upcoming within the next year. The tactical vehicle target for integration of the second fan will be Variant C of the Joint Light Tactical Vehicle (JLTV). The JLTV vehicle most closely matches the requirements of a commercial truck and thus satisfies the commercialization requirement in the SBIR goals. The SBIRs initial build will be for fans with a minimum static efficiency of 85 percent. This efficiency exceeds the efficiency of any vehicle fan known to be built. The innovative approach will attempt to meet the flowrate and pressure rise requirements while increasing the efficiency of the fan. A research and development approach will be needed in order to achieve the efficiencies required for the effort. Mixed-flow fan and accelerated vaneaxial flow fans are currently used in higher-efficiency applications (50-75 percent efficient range), however the offerer will have the freedom to explore the flow pattern that makes sense for the effort. This effort will be completed within the minimal space-claim that will allow for retrofitting into existing military vehicles. The first phase will be a study to define the efficiency and component geometry of an underhood fan using technical engineering analysis which will include a computational fluid dynamics (CFD) study. This CFD modeling will provide a defined envelope for the pressure and flow requirements of the PIM and JLTV vehicles. It will also provide details of the blade

25 and housing design of the fan. In Phase 2, an initial prototype will be built and component tested. Additional CFD modeling will occur as the phase 1 modeling will be validated, and improvements and design improvements will be analyzed. Two fans will then be provided to the government for internal testing. In Phase 3, the contractor will be provided a vehicle from the Army for integrating the fan and conducting relevant testing. Testing will focus on maintaining engine and transmission operating temperatures within specified limits while operating continuously under full load at 0.7 tractive effort to gross vehicle weight ratio (TE/GVW) under the maximum conditions of +120 degrees F. PHASE I: Complete a feasibility study and preliminary design report for a high-efficiency fan build that fits the geometry space claim defined by the government. This will include a computation fluid dynamics study which will define and develop the fan requirements. Following this study, deliver sufficient initial fan design details to the Government to allow analysis within TARDEC’s CASSI business group. PHASE II: Build an initial prototype fan, and component test the fan. Use CFD to refine the fan design. With the lessons learned from this initial prototype, design and build a follow-on fan. Complete the component testing. Make fan available for government testing. PHASE III: With the vehicles provided by the Army integrate the fan into the vehicles. Complete full-throttle, hot climate testing. If successful, complete engineering change proposal for the Army vehicle(s). Production fans can be then integrated into vehicles, as required. Commercial truck applications which more closely match with the JLTV vehicle will be explored in order to reduce the overall production costs to the government. Advanced High Voltage Optical Switches for Launchable Compact RF Warheads PEO Missiles and Space wants to develop a high voltage optical switch direct to RF conversion technology which integrates the switching light source and high voltage source within the supporting RF transmission line to form a self contained RF module that could be inserted into either the GMLRS or ATACMS missile platform. It has been shown that high voltage optical switches can be effectively integrated into a charged transmission line, at appropriate in-

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tervals, to create a direct DC to RF conversion of electrical energy in a frozen wave structure. These systems can be quite compact and effective against IED electronics and other electronic systems with the potential of long range interdiction, however they require an external high energy laser system to trigger the switching circuits, which limit the application and the size of the platform on which they could be mounted. They also require medium range high voltage sources mounted externally to the transmission lines for between pulse charging of the RF circuits, increasing the hazard and complexity of the system. The focus of the SBIR topic to create a charged transmission line with integrated optical switches that also integrates the laser trigger source onto the transmission line as well as the high voltage power supply. The final embodiment of this effort will be an integrated module that can be stacked into arrays to form high power RF modules for a multitude of applications. The modules should be of size and volume to fit within either the GMLRS or ATACMS payload bay and be totally self contained. The desired payload specifications are:

1. Total weight <200 lbs including power supply 2. A diameter less than 7.5 inches 3. A length less than 3 feet

The RF source developed under this research should operate at a frequency of either 915 MHz or 1.3 GHz and produce a minimum of 5 RF cycles. It should be able to operate for a minimum of 10 seconds with a pulse repetition rate of 1 kHz. The source should generate a nominal electric field of 50,000 V/m normalized to 1 meter. There is no preference as to the antenna pattern, gain, or beam width. PHASE I: Investigate methods for incorporating the optical source technology and high voltage source within the supporting RF transmission line. This should include a trade study with predictions as to size and volume of the proposed RF modules and a basic demonstration of the optical switching technology. The source should be designed with shock hardening in mind with plans for the final embodiment to be hardened for missile launch. PHASE II: Develop and demonstrate a standalone module and demonstrate free field RF transmission within a laboratory environment. The device should be capable of producing a frequency of 915 MHz or 1.3

Emerging Defense Technologies


26 GHz with a minimum of pulse length of 5 RF cycles. It should be able to operate for a minimum of 10 seconds with a pulse repetition rate of 1 kHz. The device should generate a nominal electric field of 50,000 V/m normalized to 1 meter. PHASE III: The final embodiment of the module developed in phase II, would be a flight hardened, drop in device, which would be test launched on either a GMLRS or other in inventory GFE missile. At this phase of development, which would result in a TRL level 5 device, demonstrations of effectiveness would be sought and demonstrations of fly ability of the source would be performed. Innovative Appliqué Attachment Methods for Army Vehicles PEO Combat Support & Combat Service Support is looking at the integration of armor packages for ground combat systems. New armor packages will be mounted to vehicle structures using successfully developed technology. The Army is in need of innovative methods of attaching Appliqué armor packages to combat vehicle structures. Many of these armor packages use non-traditional materials as a part of the package. These materials are very effective at increasing the protection level of the armor, and also reducing the weight burden on the vehicles. However, the methods of attaching these armor packages have not had a similar increase in effectiveness. The Army is looking to increase the capabilities of appliqué attachments in several areas: 1. Current attachment methods that are effective are not quick to remove. In order to make needed combat vehicle repairs the attachment methods need to be quickly removed with either simple tools or no tools. This can be an issue as typically attachment methods that can be taken off easily do not hold under the large dynamic loading conditions seen by combat vehicles. 2. Current attachment methods need to improve isolation from vehicle automotive loading. The appliqué can be more optimally designed if they do not need to endure as much structural loading. Improved methods of isolation are required. 3. There is a potential that additional appliqués can be added on top of existing appliqués. These appliqués would be daisy-chained 2 (and potentially 3) deep. Attachment methods that can be robust

Emerging Defense Technologies

enough to handle the additional weight (~100 pounds) and the resulting cantilever burden are desired. In addition, it would be desirable that a process to perform the daisy chain is highly desirable, as well. 4. The development of attachment concepts needs to be weight efficient. The Army has significant interest in increasing soldier protection while decreasing weight. The ability to meet our needs with reasonable weights is most essential to our continued success. PHASE I: Phase I should be a concept development phase. The selected contractor will be able to finalize the design parameters with the government and develop between 4 to 6 design concepts. As a part of the design downselect, a vehicle system for testing will be selected. These design concepts should be an entire panel system. The attachment method does not need to be just one type of attachment, but could be an attachment system. However, commonality is favored if and when possible. The concepts shall be developed and presented with supporting evidence for each concept, and a final evaluation. The details of the supporting evidence would be at the discretion of the contractor. However, such evidence may include (but is not limited too) engineering analysis. Material strength data, prototype (or similar design) demonstration, finite element analysis (FEA). Up to two concepts could be downselected for Phase II. PHASE II: Phase II of this program would involve the testing and further development of the two concepts developed during in Phase I. Prototypes of the downselected concept(s) shall be fabricated and tested under a battery of tests that should include structural, environmental, and ballistic testing. Additional tests may include testing the time it takes to install and remove. The parameters of the testing conditions will be based upon the vehicle system selected in Phase I. PHASE III: This system does have vast defense vehicle capabilities depending on the degree of success and the adaptability of the final solution. Many current vehicles are employing a system of appliqué armors that could benefit from better attachment methods. In addition, the commercial application of an attachment method that is robust, lightweight, and easily detachable are probably fairly significant.

January 2011

Increased Autonomous Vehicle Mission Performance Using Advanced Electrical Architectures By optimizing a small (100 pounds or less such as a Talon/Packbot) autonomous unmanned ground system’s (AUGS) power storage, generation, and distribution as well as utilizing new power sources and energy storage technology (batteries, ultra-capacitors, fuel cells, hybrid-electric), the goals of this PEO Ground Combat Systems effort are to improve the mission capability and ensure payload delivery of small unmanned ground robotic systems by: 1) Increasing AUGS power availability and mission length 2) Increasing AUGS energy storage capability 3) Increasing AUGS system efficiency Promising solutions will improve mission capability by at least 25 percent with an objective target of 40 percent, will be compact, light weight, and will be easily configurable and transferable to multiple systems. A field upgradeable kit that includes hardware and software deliverables is envisioned. Small (100 pounds or less) AUGS are increasingly important to the US Army and its military and logistical operations. Each AUGS platform has a different main purpose and AUGS platforms can be physically configured for different mission priorities and payloads. The Department of the Army, TARDEC GVPM, TARDEC IGS, the RS JPO, and the NAC are collaborating to develop practical and cost effective ways of extending mission life without extensive re-design/ modification. Early investigative studies predict that intelligent contribution from energy storage devices and improvements resulting from advanced system-level power management and control could increase the mission capability, having a positive impact across robotic system platforms. PHASE I: Phase I will result in a design concept for a configurable and scalable intelligent power management system, which can be added to a variety of AUGS platforms. Technical feasibility and commercial viability will be essential considerations in the Phase I study. PHASE II: Phase II will entail the design and development of the Phase I design concept. During the duration of Phase II, prototypes of the design concept will be built, configured, and implemented on several generic AUGS systems in bench-level technol-

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January 2011 ogy demonstrators. Objective measurements will be made with a manual or semi-automated data acquisition system. Data will be analyzed and presented at design reviews and will be captured in a final technical report. All SBIR results (including, but not limited to, designs, drawings, electrical schematics, software source code) will be delivered at the conclusion of the program. PHASE III: The results of the SBIR effort could be applied to military manned and unmanned ground vehicle systems to ensure mission payload and to extend silent watch missions. Commercial application could include autonomous robotic systems that operate in manufacturing environments and small electric vehicle systems that rely on battery operation. High-Strength, Lightweight Material for a Bridge Applications PEO Ground Combat Systems is using this SBIR to research an innovative material for use in bridge structures. This material needs to be lightweight, have high strength, high durability, good weather resistance, and high survivability. The material is desired to be used in the entire bridge structure as the main structural components. However, the material could also be used as an enhancement in conjunction with other materials, forming the main structural components. There is no restriction on whether the material is a fiber, ceramic, plastic, or other. A material solution that is only metal is not the desired result. The material has many desired properties. For ease, the material will be compared to common bridge materials such as steel and aluminum. Ideally, the material solution would allow for approximately a 50 percent (25 percent) weight reduction in comparison to a similar steel (aluminum) structure. Ideally, this material would possess similar qualities as steel and aluminum; however, have a much greater strength-to-weight ratio. This material needs to withstand a large number of fatigue cycles, both for deck wear and structural fatigue. The desired fatigue limit would be 80 percent of the ultimate stress for the given material. Ideally, the material would not sustain a single, catastrophic, brittle failure like many fibrous materials; rather a slow, ductile failure is desired for safety. Fracture toughness 25 percent (50 percent) greater than steel (aluminum) would be desired. This material needs to withstand a wide variety of climates without any degradation in performance. Climates can be defined as temperature range

27 (Ëœ-25°F up to 125°F), extended UV exposure, precipitation, sandstorms, wildlife, etc. The material would be able to withstand all climates for 20 years without needing maintenance due to corrosion. It is desired that a single, concentrated, high impact would not compromise performance of the material. In addition to the desired material properties, there are several desired attributes. If the material is used in conjunction with or attached to other materials, a solution for connecting the different materials is necessary. The desired deflection of the bridge under full load would be comparable to a similar structure made of steel or aluminum. It is desired to not increase the weight of the structure by more than 5 percent when using a deflection controlled design as compared to any other failure mode. If the material is used in conjunction with another material, it is desired that the materials have similar thermal expansion properties. Ideally, the method of producing the material and assembling the structure would be able to be done in a remote location with limited equipment. PHASE I: Design and develop the concept material along with testing. During the Phase I effort, analysis of the technical approach proposed should be conducted in detail. This analysis should include discussions with TARDEC to identify the specific requirements for application of the process to a bridge. A preliminary analysis of the potential materials and projected cost of the proposed approach should be conducted. Small scale manufacturing trials and material characterization testing may be conducted to establish basic feasibility and guide the effort to be conducted in Phase II. PHASE II: Develop, test and demonstrate concept material in a WADI bridge design. The results of the Phase I effort shall be further developed to scale-up the proposed approach and optimize the material methods. Coordination of the specific approach for optimization and scale-up effort with a WADI bridge. This development work shall be supported by necessary design and modeling effort. Manufacturing trials and material property development of increased complexity shall be conducted to evaluate the performance of the specific approach. Application of the material process to a full scale bridge shall be conducted. Fatigue testing to establish the potential benefits shall be conducted. Potential material applications shall be identified and plans for technology insertion and product development conducted. PHASE III: Material concept would be used on and in the bridging structures to

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lessen the weight of the overall bridge but could be used to reduce the weight of armor protection. The commercial potential for this material could be lightweight bridging components. Effort in this phase would involve further collaboration with the bridging manufacturers regarding design and manufacture of a specific component to which the process could be applied. Additional testing to further prove the advantages of the material and potentially qualify it for service could be performed. Advanced Rotary Diesel Engine Fuel Injection System for Unmanned and Manned Ground Vehicles PEO Ground Combat Systems wants to examine, develop, and demonstrate the use of an advanced high pressure injection system in a heavy-fuel (DF-2 and JP-8 compatibility), rotary diesel engine for unmanned and manned ground vehicle applications. There currently is a shortcoming of heavy fuel engines that have a rated power between 10 and 80 BHP and are compatible with both JP-8 and DF-2, have high power to weight and power to volume density, provide good fuel consumption characteristics, and operate over extreme climatic ranges ranging from below -25 F to 125 F ambient. Today it is difficult to adapt light-duty, automotive diesel piston engines for such applications while meeting power density, packaging, and heavy fuel needs and thus other options are under exploration. One developing technology that could potentially fit this niche market are heavy fuel, rotary diesel engines that can provide from 10 BHP to 60 BHP per rotor, have peak brake fuel consumption less than 0.5 lbm/bhp-hr, and have an engine power density of 1 hp/lbm for ground vehicle applications. A major challenge with such engines revolves around the combustion system development of which the fuel injection system presents a significant challenge due to difficult spray targeting length and time scales associated with rotary diesel combustion systems. Such combustion chamber geometry have significant challenges in properly targeting injector nozzle geometry for JP-8 and DF-2 due the time varying impingement length of each injector spray and the limitation on rotor pocket geometry for enhancing spray mixing and combustion rates without excessive liquid fuel rotor impingement. This topic will focus on developing a flexible, high pressure fuel injection system that can be integrated onto a heavy-fuel, rotary diesel

Emerging Defense Technologies


28 engine and meet the aforementioned power density, power to weight, power to volume, and climatic operating range conditions. Such a fuel system should be able to vary start of injection timing, deliver multiple injection events when necessary, and provide adequate spray formation to avoid excessive wall wetting while providing combustion characteristics amenable to both JP-8 and DF-2. PHASE I: Identify and assess fuel injection technology that will meet the performance specifications described in the description section and also provide a relevant bench top demonstration. Assessment should include any necessary zero- or multi-dimensional analysis that will aid in selecting the proper fuel injector and nozzle geometry including hole size(s) and angle(s), and the bench top demonstration should provide evidence that the injector has single and multiple injection capability at various injection durations representative of light to high load engine operating conditions and qualitatively has a spray pattern that will minimize combustion chamber wall impingement. The fuel injector should have the capability for multiple injections within the operating speed envelope of a representative rotary diesel with engine shaft speeds up to 5,500 RPM and peak injection pressures between 1000 and 2500 bar. PHASE II: Demonstrate and validate the performance of the chosen phase I fuel injection system on a rotary diesel engine through computational analysis, bench top experimentation, and relevant engine hardware demonstration with the goal of meeting the aforementioned fuel consumption target, the rated power range per rotor, and the specific power characteristics described in the description section using both JP-8 and DF-2. PHASE III: Develop a fuel injection system that can be readily integrated onto a heavy fuel rotary diesel engine for commercial vehicle or military ground vehicle use. The resulting fuel system should be available for rotary diesel engines used in future Army manned and unmanned ground vehicles or as a large vehicle auxiliary power unit ranging from 10 BHP to 80 BHP that delivers sufficient fuel consumption and specific power performance while operating on both DF-2 and JP-8. It is envisioned that this technology will be transitioned to a military rotary diesel engine manufacturer. Lithium Ion Battery Separator Development

PEO Ground Combat Systems wants

Emerging Defense Technologies

to develop an advanced lithium ion battery separator that has high temperature stability in order to increase battery safety. The electrification of tactical military vehicle technologies has been limited by the safety, performance, and excessive costs of power sources and storage devices. Lithium ion batteries have moderate energy density and power density. Lithium ion battery safety hazards, such as thermal runaway, limit their application in extreme military conditions. Residual stress and reduced mechanical properties of separators at high temperatures can lead to shrinkage, tearing, or pinhole formation, which contribute to battery failure. The Army is interested in identifying and developing innovative separator concepts for advanced lithium ion batteries which will improve safety, performance, extend the life, and reduce the cost of the separator. Grant applications must show how proposed innovations would result in significant advances in safety enhancement and cost reduction over state-of-the-art technologies. Therefore, grant applications are sought for new separator that offer high temperature stability (less than 5 percent shrinkage at 220째C or higher) and mechanical strength (tensile Strength: Less than 2 percent offset at 1,000 psi) suitable for lithium ion battery applications. Proposed approaches could involve new polymer materials or composite materials; no limitation is placed on the alternatives that could be considered as long as the temperature stability and mechanical strength goals are met. Proposed materials must also meet all of the design requirements for a lithium-ion separator (performance, thickness, porosity, cost, etc.) at room temperature. PHASE I: The contractor will develop and demonstrate the proposed concept through materials preparation, analysis and evaluation. A research study in the form of a report is expected from phase I deliverables. PHASE II: The contractor shall refine and fully characterize the separator. 5 samples (50 cm2 or larger) shall be delivered for verification and evaluation. The contractor will demonstrate proof of the concept with the fabrication and testing of 4 or more lithium-ion battery cells with produced separator material. The cells can be cylindrical or prismatic format with no less than 2Ah. The performance of the cylindrical and prismatic cells shall be tested and compared with those fabricated with commercial lithium ion battery separators. PHASE III: Separator material developed in this topic could be scale up for the automated production process for mass-pro-

January 2011

duction for commercial and military lithium ion battery applications. The results of the development of the improved separator should enable the incorporation of advanced lithium ion battery configured in a 6T and/or Group 31 configuration into new type of military vehicle systems as well as commercial electric vehicle and hybrid electric vehicles. The goal in this phase will be to initiate the manufacturing processes to produce this separator material for lithium-ion batteries and to evaluate the products for military and commercial applications. Low Cost Embedded Dust Detector (EDD) for M1 Abrams/Ground Combat Vehicle (GCV) PEO Ground Combat Systems wants to develop a low cost embedded dust detector (EDD) for M1 Abrams/GCV and commercial vehicles. The EDD will be integrated into engine to warn an operator of high dust contamination for reducing engine damage and improve vehicle operational readiness. High power density military engine used in M1 Abrams and proposed for Ground Combat Vehicle (GCV) require huge volumes of intake air in order to meet mobility and power generation requirements. Operating these vehicles in desert environments exposes the engine to extended periods of dust contamination which drives up the frequency of air filter servicing, shortening intervals between major engine overhaul/replacement and ultimately increasing operating life cycle costs. The high air flow (up to 10,000 standard cubic feet per minute, SCFM) required for M1 Abrams gas turbine engine must utilizes three air filters to trap the dust contaminants. M1 Abrams equipped with the self- cleaning pulse jet air cleaner (PJAC) provide reduced maintenance but still must be removed, cleaned and inspected on a semi-annual cycle. Non PJAC equipped M1 Abrams require more frequent servicing which can occur as often as every three months. Dust leaks into the engine can occur from the following sources, (1) low efficiency barrier filters, (2) dust falling in clean air plenum during barrier filter removal, (3) seal failures in plenum box and (4) improperly installed inlet plenum seal ring connecting air cleaner box to turbine bell mouth inlet. Thus, it is imperative that the EDD be placed down -stream of all leak sources. The turbine engine used in M1 Abrams is expensive and failures related to dust exposure are being experienced in desert theaters. An EDD will be explored and lab tested to demonstrate that it

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January 2011 can measure dust penetration and withstand the shock/vibration and operating temperatures seen in military vehicle environments. Proper placement of an EDD in the turbine engine will be critical for assuring dust particles are sensed by the EDD which will require engine manufacturer participation and coordination. Such an effort was conducted in a dust detector SBIR program in the early 2000’s. At that time design parameters included the following: (1) minimum concentration numbers going into the engine are .025 milligrams per cubic foot of AC fine dust, (2) target goal is to be able to detect 5 micron minimum dust particle size and 200 micron maximum dust particle size with an added goal to be able to measure dust particles between 1 to 5 microns, (3) it must produce a readout within 5 to 50 seconds and (4) it must operate at air flows from 500 to 10,000 SCFM for M1 Abrams. Other design parameters were established under the previous Phase II SBIR project and will be available under reference (3). The previous established design parameters will be reviewed to determine accuracy. The real time EDD in addition to specific design parameters sited above will establish the following design criteria which include, (1) maximum vacuum and pressure limits, (2) tolerance to shock, vibration and noise levels in the engine or vicinity in which it may be located which is downstream of plenum inlet seal, (3) minimum and maximum power consumption and (4) minimum intrusion of any EDD probe in clean air passage of engine inlet. Previous dust detector technology has been explored and installed in an older designed military tank but did not prove reliable and thus failed to achieve success however dust detectors are employed on foreign tanks. A new technology break through that can be integrated into the engine and provide reliability will serve both military and commercial vehicles which must operate in high dust environments and regions of the world. PHASE I: An EDD innovative concept will be designed including the development of a detailed analysis of predicted performance. The design parameters will be thoroughly investigated to determine if previously established design criteria is applicable in today’s dust detector technology and development. The EDD innovative concept will detail computational fluid dynamic (CFD) and finite element analysis (FEA) with support from engine manufacturer, M1 Abrams and vehicle developer as needed. Location of the EDD in the turbine engine will be studied to determine to establish feasibility and practicability. A breadboard design concept will

29 be proposed and demonstrated. PHASE II: The EDD concept will undergo continued development and validation. A prototype breadboard will be constructed and the operation of the prototype will be demonstrated. The location of the EDD in the AGT 1500 turbine engine will be fully evaluated to determine a location which is acceptable and functional. The location of EDD must be approved and design integrity verified as to form fit and function. All design parameter previously established in Phase I will be verified and any changes made or additions will be concurred in by responsible organizations. The prototype EDD based on Phase I work effort will concentrate on lab tests to validate the design parameters. This may include lab testing of the engine and air cleaner system as a package to expose the EDD to a simulated real world condition to harden the EDD design package. Continued development and lab test with/without engine components will be demonstrated. Necessary design changes will be incorporated to meet established EDD design criteria and environmental tests. The triggering mechanism of the EDD will be demonstrated requiring integration into the vehicle software network. This effort will require some support from responsible organizations. PHASE III: The primary Phase III military application of the EDD is the M1 Abrams which uses the AGT 1500 turbine engine requiring up to 10,000 SCFM of air flow. Also, the GCV program which is targeting a diesel engine at around 3000 SCFM would benefit by developing an EDD. Potential commercial application includes mining machines and trucks with large engines which are exposed to dust environments. Measuring Fuel Quantity in Collapsible Fabric Storage Tanks PEO Combat Support & Combat Service Support wants to develop a fuel measuring device that is capable of measuring fuel volume in collapsible fabric tanks with an accuracy of at least ± 1 percent. The Defense Energy Support Center (DESC) is responsible for fuel accountability on the battlefield. DESC is currently developing a system called fuels manager defense (FMD) that will provide real time fuel tracking and inventory management of all fuel on the battlefield. DESC has a fuel accountability accuracy requirement of ±1 percent. There are two methods that the army currently uses to measure fuel volume in collapsible fabric

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tanks used to store bulk fuel on the battlefield. Neither of these methods is capable of meeting DESC’s ±1 percent accuracy requirement. The first method is to manually measure the height of the fabric tank with a tape measure and string and then look up the corresponding volume on a table called a strapping chart. This method is labor intensive and does not meet the ±1 percent accuracy requirement. The second method, found in the fuel system supply point (FSSP), uses flow meters on the inlet and outlet of the tanks to determine tank volume by measuring the amount of fuel added to and removed from the tank. The short falls with this method are it can’t account for fuel losses from a leaking tank and over time the cumulative error in the meters results volume measurement errors of ±10 percent or greater. In an effort to find a solution that meets the ±1 percent accuracy requirement from DESC, the Army has evaluated several alternate methods for measuring fuel volume in collapsible fabric tanks over the past two years. These methods have typically used the technical approach of calculating tank volume from measurements taken at single or sometimes multiple points on the tank. Although these methods are more accurate than measuring the height of the tank with a tape measure or flow meters, none of them have been capable of achieving an accuracy level of ± 1 percent. The best case accuracy was in the ±4 percent to ±6 percent range, and that was only achievable after the tank with filled to 10 percent of its total rated capacity. The shortfalls found in the alternative methods that Army is still working to overcome are: 1. In a 10,000 gallon fabric tank, the tank has to be filled with 1,000 gallons (10 percent of rated capacity) of water before tank volume measurements stabilize. 2. Volume levels of less than 1,000 gallons in a 10,000 gallon tank were inaccurate by as much as ±20 percent. 3. From the 1,000 gallon to the 10,000 gallon volume level in a 10,000 gallon tank, accuracy in ±4 percent to ±6 percent range was typical. 4. None of the methods tested were capable of accounting high or low spots in the ground under the tank. 5. Accurate measurements of changes in tank geometry due to material relaxation over time are required. PHASE I: During phase I, develop a technique to measure fuel volume in a collapsible fabric tank to within ±1% over the full volume range in the tank. Phase I will address how to overcome the following limitations experienced with previous tank volume measuring approaches and equipment: 1. The exact size, geometry, and con-

Emerging Defense Technologies


30 struction material of a tank varies by manufacturer and tank. 2. The tank material relaxes over time changing the dimensions of the tank. 3. The ground under the tank is typically not completely level or uniform making it more difficult to accurately measure tank volume due to fuel hiding in low spots. 4. Temperature will cause the tank material to relax and change the tank geometry. 5. The tank height and geometry varies with the volume of fuel in the tank. 6. Consistently achieving a volume measurement accuracy of ±1 percent or better over the full tank volume range. 7. Small size and ease of set up and use are a priority. PHASE II: Based on the results of phase I, construct and test a prototype device capable of measuring fuel in a collapsible fabric tank. All testing and demonstration for this phase will be done with water. PHASE III: The technology developed in phase II will greatly enhance the Army’s ability to account for fuel on the battlefield. This technology will be implemented into the Army’s bulk fuel storage systems such as the inland petroleum system and FSSP that use bulk fabric storage tanks. The capability to measure volume levels in collapsible fabric tanks also has potential use in commercial and industry applications where collapsible fabric tanks are used. Small Diesel Engine for Modular Power PEO Ground Combat Systems wants to develop and demonstrate a 300-500W heavy fuel engine to provide modular power for an unmanned ground vehicle (UGV), replacing a stock battery and extending UGV mission length. Heavy fuel engines are not available commercially off the shelf at extremely low power levels (less than 1 hp). Furthermore, there are presently limits preventing the scaling down of off the shelf diesel/JP-8 engines with respect to combustion: spray, injector size, bore size, etc. Past DoD programs on small modular power generation have provided engine-generator solutions, but focused more on the development of the generator and electrical system, rather than providing an engine with a modern fuel system. Small unmanned ground vehicles (UGVs) such as the Talon and the Packbot are in need of ad-

Emerging Defense Technologies

ditional power generation to extend their mission. Some of these missions include bomb diffusing and reconnaissance missions where it is too dangerous to involve soldiers. An operational needs statement for autonomous unmanned ground surveillance Systems was produced with the threshold of 24 hours runtime at payload and objective of 72 hours. Presently these UGVs have somewhere between 2-6 hours of battery life depending on the battery chemistry and mission profile. The warfighter is in great need of UGV systems that can be operable for the entirety of the mission duration. This limited battery life restricts the missions of the UGVs and may potentially put soldiers in danger. Since the battery life varies greatly, the Army needs a small heavy fuel engine designed to be coupled with a generator that would maintain the state of charge on the batteries of the UGV; thus making the UGV a hybrid system. Maintaining the state of charge on the robots batteries would increase over all mission length significantly. However, there are system constraints because the UGVs are considered to be man portable and are used for many different missions. These UGV system restrictions include weight, noise, and space limitations. These metrics are for the engine and any and all auxiliary systems required for the engine to operate (controls, electronics, cooling, gearboxes, etc), but does not include fuel. Therefore the assembled sum of all engine parts need to be able to meet the power output requirements while meeting the volume and weight requirements simultaneously. The weight of the engine shall not be more than 7.6 kg (T), 1.6 kg (O), which is the weight of one lead acid and one Lithium Ion battery, respectively. The small engine must be able to run on DF-2 (T), both JP-8 and DF-2 (O). In addition, the system shall be considered audibly non-detectable, Level I, by MIL-STD 1474D at a distance of 800 m(T), 400 m(O) due to the nature of the UGVs’ missions. This standard describes the frequency spectrum dB levels of the unit at 30 m distance, then defines the non-detectability distance based on that data. The engine system shall have a volume no larger than 3.2L (T), 0.8L (O). This volume is crucial because the unit will replace a battery in the UGV system’s battery bay. Specific dimensions will be provided to ensure the power system will replace the vehicle battery precisely. PHASE I: Design a heavy fuel engine that meets the objectives of the above description. Use modeling and simulation to validate the design. Deliver a paper describing the accomplishments.

January 2011

PHASE II: Develop the engine designed in Phase I. Build a prototype that meets the power level and space claim provided. Validate the design and the modeling and simulation through testing. Measure the power output of the system as well as operation length. Deliver the prototype with a paper describing the conditions the system subjected to. PHASE III: The engine will be applied to an electric generator, providing power for small UGVs such as the Talon and the Packbot. Adding an engine generator would make the UGV a series hybrid. These small UGVs are used in bomb defusing activities and other reconnaissance missions too dangerous for soldiers. They have a restricted range due to their limited battery life and with an engine generator, the battery life will be extended, there by extending mission length.

Navy Active Laser Protection System PM Advanced Amphibious Assault (PM AAA) (ACAT 1) wants to develop innovative technology approaches to protect vehicle crewmen eyes from frequency-agile lasers. The proliferation of threat lasers possessing multiple wavelengths present a significant danger to ground vehicle crew members looking through direct view optics (vision blocks/ unity periscopes). The present mitigation strategy to protect vehicle crewmen against fixed frequency threats is to filter lasers through narrow band spectral line rejection at the threat laser wavelengths, attenuating incident laser energy at these wavelengths, thus preventing laser radiation from damaging the eyes. The current state-of-the-art approach used to protect against frequency-agile lasers relies on nonlinear optical materials (nonlinear absorbing dyes, nonlinear scattering suspension, etc.) which must be located at the focus of an optical system in order to obtain high fluences necessary to trigger the nonlinear mechanism. Direct view optics carries with them a host of limitations and integration issues that make incorporation of nonlinear mechanisms impractical (field of view, image quality, space claim, cost and complexity, etc.). This SBIR topic solicits new, innovative approaches to provide frequency-agile laser eye protection throughout the visible spectrum. The proposed technology should allow ample transmission of ambient visible light and be of high optical quality so as not to significantly degrade normal vision. It should

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January 2011 have a fast response time when exposed to dangerous fluence levels, sufficient to react to and block incident laser pulses to a high optical density. The technology must have a broadband response; blocking any visible wavelength (i.e. 400-700 nanometers) which has sufficient irradiance to damage eyes. The concept should be capable of changing from a high transmission state to a very low transmission state within sufficiently short time to block nearly all of the light contained in a light pulse emitted from a Q-switched laser. When harmful radiation is no longer incident, it must recover to a high transmission state in a short amount of time so that the user’s vision is not interrupted or significantly degraded after exposure. The proposal should discuss in detail the spectral transmittance in the attenuating state, activation threshold, response time, optical density in the attenuating state, and recovery time of the technology, as well as any other important technical details. If the technology is capable of exceeding any of the above requirements, the proposal should note this as well. Likewise, the proposal should note any limitations inherent to the proposed technology. PHASE I: Develop a laser protection concept designed to meet the requirements stated. Identify critical technologies for realizing this concept. Conduct theoretical analysis and limited laboratory testing on sample materials or devices to prove the feasibility of the concept. Phase I deliverables will be monthly progress reports, a final technical report, a final review and sample materials or devices. PHASE II: Develop and demonstrate a laser protection prototype system. Prototype should be built in the form, fit and function of, or integrated for use in conjunction with, common periscopes or vision blocks on ground combat vehicles. This prototype shall be tested for laser protection performance and degradation to optical system performance in a laboratory environment. Factors to be considered include, but are not limited to, optical density upon laser illumination, response time, recovery time, linear optical properties under normal daylight illumination, manufacturability, and environmental stability. Phase II deliverables will include a prototype laser protection system, interim sample materials (if applicable), test data, monthly progress reports, semi-annual progress reviews, a final review, and a final report. Depending on the work performed, the Phase II may become a classified program. PHASE III: The most likely Phase III transition path is integration of this technol-

31 ogy into the unity vision periscopes of the expeditionary fighting vehicle.

Special Operations Command Improved Tire Technology for Special Operations Vehicles USSOCOM wants to develop a high speed, true off-road ballistic tire - a tire that can provide high off-road mobility, while also being capable of running at high speeds on primary and secondary roads that also provides improved tire survivability versus terrain and ballistic threats. Current tire technology forces a trade between design for speed, design for stability and design for extreme off-road mobility. Current run-flat solutions, combined with tires and bead locks are very heavy and provide very limited mobility once hit or damaged. Zero pressure tire technology has been around for several years now but has not moved into military applications. The most significant concerns with current state of the art are weight, producibility, and cost, as well as concerns regarding performance and reliability. New tire technologies, approaches, and designs are necessary to optimize for both high speed on-road operation and for off-road operation in aggressive terrain while providing enhanced survivability and damage resistance versus gunfire and terrain. The overarching goal would be for the improved tire technology to be applicable across the full suite of the family of special operations vehicles program to include mine resistant ambush protected vehicles (MRAP variants are RG33, RG31, AUV and M-ATV), the ground mobility vehicle (the special operations forces peculiar HMMWV, currently the M1165), light transportable all terrain vehicle (side by side ATV), ATV (saddle seat), and commercial mobility vehicles (COTS vehicles such as the Toyota pickup truck). An example of the current state of the art is Tireball technology, but that technology is limited because the wheel/Tireballs cannot be replaced or repaired in the field, without special tools and procedures, short of replacing the entire wheel/tire assembly. nother example is the current application for the GMV, which is the Hutchinson VFI runflat inside a load range E wheel and tire combination (Goodyear and Michelin currently produce the tires, while the wheel is manufactured by Accuride or Hutchinson). This wheel/tire/ runflat has a weight of approximately 160

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pounds. A limitation with current run-flat solutions are that they have not been ballistically tested; the desired tire technology would be tested for survivability with a threshold of 2 shots of 7.62 x 39 mm PS Steelcore ball and an objective of surviving 2 or more shots of 7.62 x 54R LPS ball. At a minimum, the new tire must allow the vehicle to continue move for at least 30 miles with a complete loss of air pressure in any two tires, with 9 miles (primary/paved road) at 30 mph, 9 miles (secondary roads) at 21 mph and 12 miles (crosscountry) at 12 mph. A successfully developed prototype tire would be subjected to performance testing to meet a commercial or military standard such as SAE J2014. The tire prototype would also ultimately be expected to pass a standard 12,000 mile reliability, availability, maintainability, and durability test at an independent test facility. The initial application for proof of concept would be an 18 inch diameter wheel with a tire size of P275/65R18 such as used on a Toyota pickup truck. PHASE I: Conduct feasibility study to develop or determine technologies that will produce a high-speed, off-road tire that can survive terrain and ballistic threats. Explore scalability of technology. PHASE II: Develop prototype tires and conduct testing to prove technology is viable and can be used to provide a tire solution that is high speed capable (while maintaining or enhancing off-road performance) and provides increased damage resistance and survivability. Explore speed, ride quality characteristics, and performance once damaged. PHASE III: The proposed tire technologies could be directly leveraged to provide enhanced tires for commercial vehicle markets, shipping, and racing applications.

Emerging Defense Technologies


32

January 2011

Calendar of Events January 11-13, 2011 Warfighter Protection Vienna, VA www.marcusevans.com

February 6-8, 2011 Tactical Wheeled Vehicles Conference Monterey, CA www.ndia.org

March 23-25, 2011 Future Artillery London, UK www.future-artillery.com

January 12-13, 2011 Armoured Vehicle Survivability Munich, Germany www.armoured-vehicle-survivability.com

February 7-10, 2011 International Armoured Vehicles London, UK www.idga.org

March 28-29, 2011 Soldier Equipment & Technology Expo Fort Hood, Texas www.idga.org

January 24-27, 2011 Counter IED Summit Crystal City, VA www,idga.org

February 8-9, 2011 SO/LIC Symposium Washington, DC www.ndia.com

March 28-31, 2011 Annual Logistics Conference Miami, FL www.ndia.org

January 24-27, 2011 Tactical Power Summit Crystal City, VA www.idga.org

February 20-24, 2011 IDEX Abu Dhabi, UAE www.idexuae.ae

January 25, 2011 Combating Terrorism Technical Support Office Advanced Planning Briefing for Industry Washington, DC www.ndia.org

February 28-March 2, 2011 Defense Maintenance and Sustainment Summit San Diego, CA www.wbresearch.com

April 11-14, 2011 Armament Systems: Gun & Missile Systems Conference Miami, FL www.ndia.org

January 25-27, 2011 Military Engineering Brussels, Belgium www.military-engineering.com January 26-27, 2011 Marine West Camp Pendleton, CA www.marinemilitaryexpos.com January 31-February 3, 2011 Soldier Technology London, UK www.soldiertechnologyus.com February 1-3, 2011 Soldier Modernisation India 2011 New Delhi, India www.idga.org February 2-4, 2011 Munitions Executive Summit Tampa, FL www.ndia.org

Emerging Defense Technologies

March 2011 National Guard Bureau Technology Expo Crystal City, VA www.fbcinc.com March 8-9, 2011 Amphibious Operations London, UK www.idga.org March 14-17, 2011 Soldier Modernisation Asia Singapore www.idga.org March 16-17, 2011 New Concepts in Armour Engineering Haifa, Israel March 21-23, 2011 Retrograde, Reset and Redistribution Summit Washington, DC www.idga.org March 22-24, 2011 Ground Robotics Capabilities Conference Orlando, FL www.ndia.org

April 12-15, 2011 LAAD – Defence & Security Rio de Janeiro, Brasil www.laadexpo.com April 19-20, 2011 Maintenance and Munitions Group Conference Orlando, FL www.fbcinc.com April 26-28, 2011 European Armoured Fighting Vehicle Symposium Defence Academy of the United Kingdom www.cranfield.ac.uk April 27-28, 2011 Marine South Camp Lejeune, NC www.marinemilitaryexpos.com May 2011 UK Armoured Vehicles Bristol, UK www.uk-armoured-vehicles.com May 4-5, 2011 Special Forces Frankfurt, Germany www.idga.org

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January 2011

33

Technology Briefs Ammunition and Munitions  

Artillery       

      

 

 

Communications, Sensors & Surveillance

 

Ground Vehicles  

Infantry Weapons Soldier Survivability and Gear

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Emerging Defense Technologies


34

January 2011

Ammunition & Munitions Tank Fragmentation-Beam Missile Kashin Federal’noe gosudarstvennoe unitarnoe predprijatie Tsentral’nyj nauchnoissledovatel’skij institut khimii i mekhaniki (FGUP TsNIIKhM) Country of origin: Russia Language: Russian This design is for a missile that comprises a monolithic body, a base plug, a bottom trajectory detonating fuse and an explosive charge. In the ogival part of the missile there is a fragmentation unit. The fragmentation unit is installed on the end surface of the explosive charge and consists of finished destructive agents. The fragmentation unit is arranged with an axial channel filled with the explosive. The reported effect is increased efficiency of missile action. 2 drawings

Methods And Apparatus For HighImpulse Fuze Booster For Insensitive Munitions Country of origin: US Language: English A method for initiating a low-sensitivity explosive charge includes initiating a booster explosive charge within an explosive charge

Emerging Defense Technologies

cavity in a booster housing, and generating a planar detonation wave. Generating the planar detonation wave includes directing a detonation wave through the booster housing along a first waveshaper surface of a detonation waveshaper. The detonation wave is directed around the first waveshaper surface toward a second tapered waveshaper surface. After progressing around the first waveshaper surface, the detonation wave is directed along the second tapered waveshaper surface. The detonation wave changes into a planar detonation wave as the detonation wave moves along the second tapered waveshaper surface, the planar detonation wave includes a planar wave front. The planar detonation wave strikes a flyer plate coupled over the explosive charge cavity of the booster housing, and the planar wave front makes planar contact along an inner face of the flyer plate. 13 drawings Cartridge Gosudarstvennoe unitarnoe predprijatie Konstruktorskoe bjuro priborostroenija Country of origin: Russia Language: Russian This design is for a cartridge that contains case and smoke grenade. Body of grenade consists of front hollow part and the bottom attached to it. Smoke charge from red phosphorus and fuse is pressed in the body. The front part of the body and bottom is made from thin-wall plastic material. Body is made in the form of thin-wall shell with shaped driving band and local diametrical lowering at an open end surface. Smoke

charge is pressed separately to the front part of the body and to its bottom. Coaxial blind cavities in which the fuse is installed are molded in each part of smoke charge. To end surfaces of parts of smoke charge, around the fuse, there bonded are perforated gaskets bonded to each other. The reported effect is reaching versatility of the cartridge. 3 drawings Case for Propellant Charge Federal’noe gosudarstvennoe unitarnoe predprijatie Gosudarstvennoe nauchnoproizvodstvennoe predprijatie Splav Country of origin: Russia Language: Russian This design is for a case that contains housing, bottom radially conjugated to the housing, nipple, seat for ignition agent and flange. Conjugation radius of outer surface of the body to flange does not exceed 2 mm. Conjugation radius of the bottom to the body and nipple bottom diametre are equal to 0.45-1.75 and 2.2-6.1 respectively of the bottom thickness. The reported effect is development of strong case operating at pressure of more than 400 MPa. 1 drawing

Firing Brakes for Cannons or Mortars Nexter Systems Country of origin: France Language: English The invention relates to firing brake assembly for weapons of the type incorporating an actual firing brake and means to modulate

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January 2011 the function of said firing brake wherein the modulating means are in the form of a chamber equipped with a piston delimiting an upstream chamber and a downstream chamber, the upstream chamber communicating with the gun barrel by means of an upstream circuit ensuring that part of the combustion gases are taken up and a downstream chamber filled with a fluid and communicating with the firing brake by means of a downstream circuit. 2 drawings

Sknyatin High-Explosive Fragmentation Shell With Plastisol Munitions Gosudarstvennoe obrazovatel’noe uchrezhdenie vysshego professional’nogo obrazovanija Moskovskij gosudarstvennyj tekhnicheskij universitet imeni N.Eh. Baumana Country of origin: Russia Language: Russian This design describes a high-explosive fragmentation shell with plastisol munition includes body with drive belt, head or bottom exploder, charge of plastisol explosive compound of cold curing, which consists of blasting explosive, aluminum powder, liquid plasticiser and polymer. Armature attached to shell body is located inside charge of plastisol explosive. The reported effect of this invention provides the possibility of using processible plastisol explosive in shells of screwed artillery and improving conditions of shell body crushing at explosion. 9 drawing

Alva-Max Caliber Bullet Country of origin: Russia Language: Russian This design is for a bullet is formed with two in-series installed cylindrical bodies with various diameters the passage between which is ledge-shaped. On outer side of

35 cylindrical bodies there are ribs the size of which provides passage of muzzle constriction to 1 mm. Along central bullet axis there is through hole in the form of flattened cone the bigger diameter of which is located in cylindrical body of bigger diameter; at that, chamfer is made in hole on the base of cylindrical body of smaller bullet diameter. The reported effect is improving shooting accuracy, comfortable arming and reducing lead-covering of barrel. 1 drawing

Method of Removing Copper Coating From Channel Of Barrel of Rifle and Artillery Systems Gosudarstvennoe obrazovatel’noe uchrezhdenie vysshego professional’nogo obrazovanija Novosibirskij gosudarstvennyj tekhnicheskij Universitet Country of origin: Russia Language: Russian This project describes that during shooting, ammunition with copper and steel drive elements are used in turn. The reported effect is reducing toxicity level of explosive gases and improving operating conditions of combat units owing to excluding the substance for removal of copper coating from the composition of combative charge. 0 drawings Shell Designed For Securing In A Mortar And Mortar Designed For Such A Shell Country of origin: Sweden Language: English The invention relates to a shell intended for firing from a weapon, preferably a mortar weapon, the shell being designed for securing the shell in a mortar weapon in order thereby to prevent movement of the shell when adjusting the angle of elevation of the weapon. According to the invention this is achieved in that the shell comprises a locking part, the locking part forming an integral part of the shell and being designed so that the shell after ramming home is locked to a corresponding securing part in the mortar. The invention also relates to a mortar in-

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tended for firing said shell, the mortar being characterized in that the mortar comprises a corresponding securing part for locking the shell. 6 drawings

Armour-Piercing Bullet Zakrytoe aktsionernoe obshchestvo Novosibirskij patronnyj zavod (ZAO NPZ) Country of origin: Russia Language: Russian This design is of an armor-piercing bullet consisting of bimetal shell, core and inertial material. Inertial material is arranged in front of core, in internal cavity of head part of shell. Centre of mass of bullet is located at the distance of (1.52-1.56)d relative to its end. Master part of shell is arranged in the form of circular ledge with length of (0.40.5)L and thickness of (0.11-0.12)d, where L – length of its cylindrical part. Core length makes (3.05- 3.15)d, and radius of head part is (6.3-6.4)d, at the same time weight of inertial material makes (0.14-0.19) of core weight, where d - bullet caliber. Master part of shell has hardness of 160-200 HV. Density of inertial material is less than core density. Lead is used as inertial material, and core material is represented by hard alloy. The reported effect is lower force of obstacle resistance. 1 drawing

Emerging Defense Technologies


36 Projectile Rheinmetall Waffe Munition Country of origin: Germany Language: English A projectile is optionally used as a fragmentation projectile or as a projectile that utilizes a pressure wave effect created when the explosive charge explodes. The projectile contains an ejection charge, and an explosive charge arranged in a jacket that can be moved axially with respect to a fragmentation casing. The ejection charge allows the explosive charge and surrounding jacket to be pushed at least so far out of the projectile casing that, in the event of explosion, the explosive charge does not act on the fragmentation casing. In order to ensure that the jacket of the explosive charge does not develop any fragmentation effect, or develops only a small fragmentation effect, when the explosive charge is ignited, a molded part composed of plastic or a light alloy is used as the jacket. 4 drawings

also equipped with dynamic protection, with simultaneous reduction of labor intensiveness and cost of its manufacturing. 1 drawing

Grenade Gosudarstvennoe unitarnoe predprijatie Konstruktorskoe bjuro priborostroenija Country of origin: Russia Language: Russian This grenade comprises tandem cumulative explosive assembly in body, made of leading cumulative explosive assembly with safety actuating mechanism, arranged in front part of body, and main cumulative explosive assembly with safety actuating mechanism, arranged in back part of body of larger diameter, equal to caliber of grenade, protective device and delay device of main cumulative explosive assembly actuation, head contact closer and rocket engine installed in tail part of grenade. Between body of tandem explosive assembly and rocket engine there is a cylindrical adapter, which holds unit of electronic delay and pyrotechnical battery connected in gas-dynamic manner to cavity of combustion chamber of rocket engine and electrically - to head contact closer, safetyactuating mechanisms of explosive assemblies and unit of electronic delay. The reported effect is increased efficiency and reliability of grenade action on target,

Method For Ground Testing Of Guided Missile Bearing Surfaces Gosudarstvennoe unitarnoe predprijatie Konstruktorskoe bjuro priborostroenija Country of origin: Russia Language: Russian The design describes a method of testing a

Emerging Defense Technologies

January 2011

guided missile (GM) is rotated relative to an external axis, and the moment of centrifugal force in respect to the axis of the bearing surface folding is used as the aerodynamic load at opening bearing surfaces of GM. GM rotation is carried out up to the speed, when the value of the specified moment of the centrifugal force matches the value of the aerodynamic load moment. Afterwards the mechanism of the bearing surfaces opening is actuated. The value of the mentioned speed of GM rotation relative to the external axis may be calculated using a certain function. The reported effect is reduced material and time expenditures when doing tests. 1 drawing

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Artillery Ground Guided Missile System Armed Vehicle Transfer Module Otkrytoe aktsionernoe obshchestvo Voennopromyshlennaja korporatsija Nauchnoproizvodstvennoe ob edinenie mashinostroenija, Obshchestvo s ogranichennoj otvetstvennost’ju Tekhnosojuzproekt Country of origin: Russia Language: Russian This armed vehicle transfer module (TM) body flooring, external lining of its side and end walls and folds of the body roof are arranged in the form of frame with the panels fixed on it. The panels are made of plastic boarding with heatinsulating filler. Each of two folds of the body roof is arranged in the form of a monoblock panel. The panel frame is installed on the hauling unit by means of two links that are hingedly connected to the body floor. The mechanism of the folds opening is arranged in the form of a hydraulic motor, which is kinematically connected to the shaft arranged along the upper part of the body side wall. Gear wheels are fixed on shaft and contact with roller sectors fixed on inner surface of the fold frame. Joints of floor panels and body walls fixed in respect to each other are sealed. Each of folds along perimetre is sealed with a flexible profile, therefore the body in a marching state is a contained space. Headers for air intake from environment are mounted along the sides of the front or back end of the body. Headers include fans and louvers with opening folds. Similar exhaust louvers are mounted at the sides of the opposite part of the body. The reported effect of this invention provides for specified conditions of missiles handling. 6 drawings

Emerging Defense Technologies Jet Charge “Kalyazin” For Rifled Cannon Gosudarstvennoe obrazovatel’noe uchrezhdenie vysshego professional’nogo obrazovanija Moskovskij gosudarstvennyj tekhnicheskij universitet imeni N.Eh. Baumana Country of origin: Russia Language: Russian This projectile comprises body with explosive charge, nose fuse, cumulative funnel arranged between fuse and explosive charge, and detonator arranged in narrow part of funnel. Funnel is arranged in the form of body, having symmetry of rotation of N order, where N=12...30, at the same time element of funnel cross section, which is within the limits of central angle of rotation symmetry is asymmetrical relative to axis passing through centre of mass of element and axis of funnel. The reported effect is makes it possible to realise tangential motion of funnel in process of its collapse. 2 drawings

Device For Ejection Of Air Defense System Cartridge Gosudarstvennoe unitarnoe predprijatie Konstruktorskoe bjuro priborostroenija Country of origin: Russia Language: Russian This device comprises barrel with breech and gate installed in armored jacket with opening. Nozzle fixed with clutch to armored jacket is hingedly installed in armored jacket opening. Inner guide surface of armored

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jacket is arranged to provide for shock-free movement of cartridge. Reflector is installed in breech with the possibility of rotation relative to barrel, and slant is arranged on gate and reflector to provide for directed movement of cartridge into nozzle. Balance weight, inside of which cartridge ejector is installed, is fixed on armored jacket. Profile of cartridge ejector neck, facing nozzle, is arranged with the provision of unimpeded movement of cartridge case from nozzle into cartridge case ejector. Inner surface of cartridge case ejector is arranged with provision of cartridge trajectory rotation in side direction from air defense system. The reported effect is higher reliability and safety of air defense system operation by increasing speed of cartridge ejection and eliminating possibility of its ingress into elements of air defense system structure. 2 drawings Method of Removing Copper Coating from Channel of Barrel of Rifle and Artillery Systems Gosudarstvennoe obrazovatel’noe uchrezhdenie vysshego professional’nogo obrazovanija Novosibirskij gosudarstvennyj tekhnicheskij Universitet Country of origin: Russia Language: Russian During shooting, ammunition with copper and steel drive elements are used in turn. The reported effect is reducing toxicity level of explosive gases and improving operating conditions of combat units owing to excluding the substance for removal of copper coating from the composition of combative charge. Automatic Arms Otkrytoe aktsionernoe obshchestvo Kontsern Izhmash Country of origin: Russia Language: Russian This design describes arms that contain barrel fixed in casing and frame with breech mechanism, which is installed in casing. Frame has shaped slot interrelated to drive protrusion of the breech mechanism. The latter is equipped with firing protrusions, gas chamber and gas piston with the striker attached to the frame; at that, movable assemblies are mounted in the casing concentrically relative to each other, coaxially with the

Emerging Defense Technologies


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January 2011

of effect at main explosive assembly as leading cumulative charge actuates. 2 drawings

barrel and are spring-loaded. Arms include the follower located mainly on the barrel so that it can interact at least with one of firing protrusions of breech mechanism. Gas chamber of breech mechanism is extended so that there formed is annular pocket and front wall in which there are channels directed towards the barrel. Drive protrusion of the breech mechanism has the platform supported at longitudinal movement of the breech mechanism on the appropriate platform of shaped slot of the frame. Shaped slot of the frame is equipped with deactivated fixing mechanism installed with possibility of interacting with inner surface of casing equipped with an opening and longitudinal slot made in the breech mechanism. Arms contain the bush which is installed in rear part of the frame coaxially with the breech mechanism with possibility of interacting with the breech mechanism and casing. The reported effect is reliable operation of automation system and latching system. 6 drawings Guided Projectile Gosudarstvennoe unitarnoe predprijatie Konstruktorskoe bjuro priborostroenija Country of origin: Russia Language: Russian This guided projectile comprises tandem explosive assembly, including leading jet charge (LJC) and main explosive assembly (EA), and also protective device and steering linkage unit (SLU). Protective device is arranged in the form of armored disk-shaped base profiled with preferable provision of axial rigidity, where LJC is installed. Base is fixed in projectile on circular support element with support along external circuit. Base is arranged on the basis of glass-filled plastic material with density that is less than density of support element material, at the same time it is armored and profiled with structural elements and functional cavities of SLU composite parts. The reported effect is increased efficiency of tandem explosive assembly due to reduction

Emerging Defense Technologies

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January 2011

Communications, Sensors & Surveillance

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Emerging Defense Technologies

Simplifying and Cost-effective IR-RF Combat Identification Friend-or Foe (IFF) System for Ground Targets Country of origin: US Language: English Combined IR-RF combat identification friend-or-foe (IFF) system for a ground targets, such as dismounted soldiers, vehicles or military platforms comprising IR-RF interrogator mounted on a firearm and IR-RF transponder mounted on a friendly target. RF channel operates in Ka-band providing brief information about friendly targets that could be in attacked area, and if they are, develop alert signal: “Friendly soldiers are in the area�. The interrogator additionally contains RF channel receiving reflected signal that allows recognize armed foe. IR channel of the system prevents friendly fire in the case of direct sighting to a friendly soldier. 6 drawings

Vehicle-Mountable Imaging Systems BAE Systems Country of origin: US Language: English Imaging systems, methods, and vehicles having imaging systems. 41 drawings

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Ground Vehicles Military Track Laying Vehicle OAO Pribor-Kontrol Country of origin: Russia Language: Russian This design is for a vehicle containing an aluminum body of deckhouse type with pneumatic suspension and adjusted by hydraulic unit clearance, and standard special equipment kit for medical activities. In the body in the front part control compartment is located, and in the middle part medical compartment is located. Medical compartment is made with possibility to accommodate the wounded on litters in 3 tiers and equipped with device for loading/unloading of the wounded. In the aft engine compartment, power train and two board water-jet propulsors are installed. The power train includes diesel engine and hydromechanical transmission with hydrostatic steering device. The reported effect is high floatation and mobility characteristics and high volumeweight parameters inside the body thus essentially increasing mobility and might of airborne and amphibious units during accomplishment of medical challenges. 19 drawings

Emerging Defense Technologies the functions of camouflage and jamming. This allows the use of a small-caliber munition that exclusively deploys jammers. These jammers, or munitions, are preferably fired vertically upwards or laterally from the vehicle to be protected. For this purpose, the launch barrels are fitted and aligned vertically on the vehicle or the object to be protected. An adequate light flash is produced in the relevant spectrum by initiation of a pyrotechnic charge, with the initiation clocked in time and arranged offset in height, and with the light flash interfering with the aiming mechanism of the approaching warhead. Alternatively, different heights of the break-up flashes can be generated above and/or to the side of the object by a plurality of munitions. 3 drawings

Apparatus for Defeating High Energy Projectiles Country of origin: US Language: English A armor system for protecting a vehicle from a projectile, the projectile having an expected trajectory and the vehicle having a hull, is disclosed. The armor system has a modular armor subsystem configured to be mounted exterior to the vehicle hull. The

Method And Launching Apparatus For Protection Of An Object Against A Threat, In Particular A Missile, As Well As Munition Rheinmetall Waffe Munition Country of origin: Germany Language: English The present invention separates, absolutely,

Emerging Defense Technologies

January 2011

modular armor subsystem has a leading layer having metal, leading relative to the expected projectile trajectory, and an intermediate sheet-like layer having low density material, of a density less than metal, abutting a rear surface of the leading layer. The armor system also has an intermediate sheet-like layer having glass fiber material and abutting a rear surface of the intermediate low density material layer, and an intermediate sheetlike layer having metal and abutting a rear surface of the intermediate glass fiber layer. 6 drawings System Of Automatic Weapon Supply Gosudarstvennoe unitarnoe predprijatie Konstruktorskoe bjuro priborostroenija Country of origin: Russia Language: Russia This system of automatic weapon supply comprises guide neck fixed with one end at receiving window of weapon, and with its other end on magazine cartridge belt. Guide neck is arranged of two telescopically joined parts in dimensions of cartridge with link with account of clearance for passage of cartridge belt. Lower part of neck is inserted into upper part of neck fixed on weapon. Radius of necks bend in area of their connection matches horizontal axis of weapon rotation. The reported effect is an invention provides for compact structure of automatic weapon power supply system.

Protection System Including A Net Country of origin: US Language: English A net deployment system which, in one example, includes a manifold assembly including multiple weight ducts and a bladder port. A weight is disposed in each weight duct and each weight is tied to the net. A bladder is behind the net and is over the bladder port. At least one inflator charge is associated

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January 2011 with the manifold for inflating the bladder and firing the weights out of the weight ducts to deploy the net in the path of an incoming threat. 13 drawings

Armored Train Country of origin: Russia Language: Russia This design is for an armored train includes the locomotive having drive, small arms and movement and shooting control system. Armored train consists of locomotive installed on wheel pairs and equipped as drive with two jet engines installed in engine nacelles and attached to side walls of locomotive body, and armored military car, which are connected to each other with coupling and flexible cable. Movement and shooting control system consists of two parts: board part arranged in locomotive and in military car, and stationary one arranged outside them. In locomotive there mounted is vehiclemounted system of movement and shooting control, in military car there installed is at least one unit of remote-controlled small arms and shooting control drive. The reported effect is improving reliability and survivability of remote controlled arms. 10 drawing

Combat Vehicle Restraint System Conax Florida Corp. Country of origin: US Language: English A combat vehicle restraint system accommodates a wide range of soldiers, both with and without battle, arctic, or chemical gear. The restraint system includes lengthened belts and an adjustable buckle position. The belts include loops for locating and grasping the belts, and separate lap and shoulder belts with small narrowing ends to prevent

41 catching on gear. The belts are extendable from Inertial reels which are calibrated for off-road operation. The buckle engages each belt separately and includes a single action release. The buckle position is easily adjusted using an oversized knob so that a soldier may easily find and adjust buckle length in the dark, wearing heavy gloves, or with muddy slippery fingers. The latch/ unlatch mechanism and associated hardware is an open frame type to reduce or eliminate affects of mud, dust, water or other contaminants on operation. 16 drawings

Armored Maintenance Recovery Vehicle Otkrytoe aktsionernoe obshchestvo Konstruktorskoe bjuro transportnogo mashinostroenija (OAO KBTM) Country of origin: Russia Language: Russian This invention refers to armoured maintenance-recovery vehicles (MRV) made by using tank chassis with gas-turbine engine (GTE), namely T-80 tank chassis. Maintenance vehicle includes maintenancerecovery equipment, GTE, welding network with feed circuits and control circuits, GTE start-up system including starter, power supply system of consumers of chassis or welding equipment at non-operating GTE, including auxiliary gas-turbine unit (GTU), and electrical circuits connecting electric power sources and consumers. As independent power supply of welding equipment at operating GTE there used is its starter. In welding network there formed are additional feed and control circuits connected to GTE

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starter. In order to provide the possibility of switching welding equipment to GTE starter at operating GTE or to GTU at nonoperating GTE in power and control circuit there installed is switching unit and power contactors. The reported effect is improving operating characteristics of the vehicle. 4 drawings System and Method for Protecting Vehicle Occupants Country of origin: US Language: English The present invention is directed to an armor system that protects vehicle occupants from lands mines or improvised explosive devices. In the preferred embodiment, the armor system has an arc member, a membrane, reactive blocks, and a reactive block enclosure. The armor system is designed to dissipate, neutralize, and redirect explosion energy, fragments and shrapnel, thereby ensuring the safety of the vehicle occupants. 10 drawings

Apparatus For Providing Protection From Ballistic Rounds Projectiles, Fragments And Explosives Country of origin: US Language: English Armor systems for protecting against various threats, including projectiles and explosive devices. An armor system includes one or more ballistic panels, one or more wire mesh layers and a backing on a side of the armor system facing away from potential threats that helps to absorb force impacting on the first ballistic panel. The first ballistic panel includes a core that provides strength and

Emerging Defense Technologies


42 rigidity for the first ballistic panel and that distributes and dissipates force impacting on the first ballistic panel, a grinding layer comprising grinding media situated within and positioned on at least one side of the core facing towards potential threats, and a bonding layer that encapsulates the grinding layer. The one or more wire mesh layers contain the ballistic panel, increasing the durability and re-usability of the ballistic panel. 50 drawings Mine-safe Mounting Means for Components Rheinmetall Landsysteme Gmbh Country of origin: Germany Language: German Vorgeschlagen wird eine minensichere Komponentenlagerung für diverse Komponenten eines Fahrzeugs, wie eines Bergepanzers, Pionierpanzers oder Minenräumfahrzeuges etc., bestehend aus einem im / am Fahrzeugboden als auch am Fahrzeugdach befestigbaren Lagerbock mit Nutenführungen und einem Gegenlager mit Nutensteinen. Das Gegenlager dient zur Aufnahme der Komponente und deren Teile dient und mit dem Lagerbock spielfrei verspannt wird, sodass die Nutverbindung bei einer Minendetonation die Hauptkräfte aufnehmen kann. Die Nutführungen sind bevorzugt parallel ausgeführt, sodass ein paralleles Verschieben des Gegenlagers mit der Komponente erfolgt. Bei runden Nutenführungen wird das Gegenlager hingegen verdreht. 6 drawings

Emerging Defense Technologies

Externally Mounted Window System, A Bracket Therefore And A Method For Its Assembly Plasan Sasa Country of origin: Israel Language: English An externally mounted window system, a bracket therefore and a method for its assembly is disclosed. The system includes a reinforced window pane fixed in a frame. The frame has at least two brackets, each having an L-shaped section. A first arm of the L-shaped section is armored against an incoming projectile and a second arm is fitted with at least one stud projecting through and secured within an opening formed in an external wall surface. 9 drawings

Blast Mitigating Seat Country of origin: US Language: English A blast mitigating seat features a base and a seat frame. The seat frame includes a pan and a backrest including an open area for gear worn by a user. A first damping subsystem between the base and the seat frame has a first force/stroke relationship and a

January 2011

second damping subsystem between the base and the seat frame has a second force/stroke relationship. 7 drawings Infantry Impact Machine (Versions) Country of origin: Russia Language: Russian According to the version 1, the machine comprises power set, transmission, running gear, armored body, control compartment, fighting and motor-transmission compartments. A commander’s seat is located at the right side of the armored body and is equipped with the right armored wind screen, the right armored door with armored glass and elements of manual armament control, the driver’s seat is arranged at the left side of the armored body and is equipped with the left armored wind screen, the left armored door with armored glass and elements of manual motion control and hatch to fire using personal weapons, a gun layer’s seat is located at the stern of the armored body and is equipped with the stern armored door with armored glass and elements of manual armament control, and on machine roof there are the right and stern armament modules installed onto a rotary rack with hatches for firing. According to the version 2, the machine is equipped with the commander’s seat and the driver’s seat, according to the version 3 with the commander-driver’s seat. The reported effect is improved fight efficiency of the machine, its better protection and mobility, and also reduced cost and increased reliability of the machine operation as a result of using serially produced vehicles. 4 drawings

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January 2011 Vehicle Protection System Country of origin: US Language: English A structure or vehicle protection system including a removable frame on the structure or vehicle, and a net within the frame and spaced from the structure or vehicle and having a mesh size designed to disarm an incoming threat. This invention was made with U.S. Government support under DARPA contract No. HR0011-05-C-0056. The Government may have certain rights in the subject invention. 20 drawings

43 machine gun. The gun mount and ejection system includes an ejection chute assembly including a hopper positioned intermediate the uprights of a carriage supporting the machine gun. (Although this design describes a helicopter mount, much of the technology could have ground applications) 28 drawings

Ceramic Armor Component Industrie Bitossi Inc. Country of origin: Italy Language: English The present invention relates to ceramic tiles for armor. 10 drawings

Gun Mount And Ejection System Crane Naval Surface Warfare Center Country of origin: US Language: English An armament system for aircraft includes gun mount and ejection system for a

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Emerging Defense Technologies


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Infantry Weapons Arrangement for Weapon Saab Country of origin: Sweden Language: English An arrangement for a weapon including a countermass for reducing the pressure around the weapon. The countermass is enclosed in a container, which is mountable in the barrel of the weapon behind an ammunition part. The container is provided with an openable bottom with break indications. A guiding folding support, configured as an annular element, is arranged adjacent to the openable bottom on the outside of the bottom relative to the countermass container. The annular element is provided with a support member for each openable flap forming part of the bottom. Thereby, the opening area in the bottom of the counter mass container is defined by folding edges, formed in each base region of the flaps in the open state as in contact with its corresponding support member. 7 drawings

Link Chute Adapter US Navy, Crane Naval Surface Warfare Center Country of origin: US Language: English A link chute ejection adapter for conveying spent links of an ammunition belt from the receiver chamber of a machine gun to a link chute. The invention described herein includes contributions by one or more employees of the Department of the Navy made in performance of official duties and may be manufactured, used and licensed by or for the United States Government for any gov-

Emerging Defense Technologies

January 2011

Emerging Defense Technologies ernmental purpose without payment of any royalties thereon. 21 drawings

Gun Magazine Extractor Country of origin: Russia Language: Russian This gun magazine extractor includes catch and projection of magazine, pin with a slot and support screw, spring of extractor, rod and key. Rod is made in the form of frame with slots and protrusions with holes on one of its ends and with support platform located at an angle to the frame of rod, with safety lock hinged on it and having a bend on the other. Key connects the gun safety lock with the rod through slot of the pin to holes of the rod protrusions. The reported effect is achieving the possibility of quick authorized removal of magazine from the gun with one hand. 8 drawings

Shotgun Drum Magazine Country of origin: US Language: English A magazine for shotgun shells for use with a shotgun including an open frame housing having a generally flat front and a generally flat rear portion connected and separated by spacers. The flat front and flat rear portions each include an annular groove, the annular groove forming an annular path along which the shells travel. A rotatably mounted cog wheel for carrying the shells along the annular path and a coil spring for rotating the cog wheel such that shells can be manually loaded into the magazine against a force generated against the spring and automatically dispensed by the spring. 7 drawings

Lateral Restraining Device for a Backpack Country of origin: US Language: English A lateral restraining device for preventing lateral movement of a backpack including at least two vertically extending curbs situated on an anterior surface of the backpack, the curbs corresponding to a respective lateral side of the wearer and configured to grip the wearer. A convertible lateral restraining device for preventing movement of a backpack on a wearer including at least two flaps of

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January 2011 material and at least two straps, where the two flaps may be positioned in a flat position to act as a torso pad or in a rolled position secured by the straps to act as a lateral restraining device. A method of forming a lateral restraining device from a torso pad is also provided. 25 drawings Firearm With An Improved Breech Bolt Assembly Fabbrica D’armi Pietro Beretta S.P.A. Country of origin: Italy Language: English A firearm with an improved breech bolt assembly comprises a barrel, a breech bolt assembly, a body equipped on opposite sides with ports for the ejection of a cartridge case, in addition to a magazine, wherein the breech bolt assembly, which is moveable with respect to the body comprises a breech bolt-holder slide, a breech bolt equipped with a rotating locking head, cam guide rails of the relative movement between the breech bolt and slide, and also stopping means of the relative movement comprising a control pin which can be moved vertically with respect to a first control seat, charged by a recoil spring applied between the slide and the pin, said pin having a cocking handle, or reloading lever, rotatingly applied thereto, for the manual moving of the breech bolt assembly. 15 drawings

Gun Sight Configured for Providing Range Estimation and/or Bullet Drop Compensation Country of origin: US Language: English A front sight has a main body, a sight post body carrier, and a sight post body. The main body has an engagement structure for having a sight post body carrier movably engaged therewith and has a mounting structure for being attached to a weapon. The sight post body carrier is moveably engaged with the engagement structure of the main body in a manner allowing the sight post body carrier to be selectively translated at least partially along a length of the engagement structure and limiting unrestricted movement of the

45 sight post body carrier in other directions. The sight post body includes a plurality of different length sight posts. The sight post body is moveably mounted on the sight post body carrier in a manner allowing each one of the sight posts to be selectively moved to a sight post use position with respect to the main body. 9 drawings

Firearm Flash Suppressor Colt Canada Country of origin: Canada Language: English There is provided a flash suppressor for use with a firearm to attenuate muzzle flash. The flash suppressor can be used in conjunction with attachments, and provides mounting and alignment means therefore. In an embodiment, the flash suppressor comprises: a generally cylindrical body having a longitudinal axis, a muzzle end, and an exit end; a passage extending through the body and along the longitudinal axis; and a set of apertures. The passage includes: a mount portion for mounting the flash suppressor to

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the firearm muzzle; a transition portion; an intermediate portion; and a truncated conical portion having a diameter that increases toward the exit end. The transition portion joins the mount portion and the intermediate portion, and the intermediate portion joins the transition portion and the truncated conical portion. The apertures extend through the body of the flash suppressor and into the truncated conical portion, and channel propellant gases. 5 drawings Composition Material For Traumatic Missiles of Firearms OOO Proizvodstvenno-kommercheskoe predprijatie Agentstvo kommercheskoj bezopasnosti, spetsizdelija (OOO PKP AKBS) Country of origin: Russia Language: Russian This design is of a material that contains organic polymer matrix of rubber and curer and powdery metal weighting agent dispersed in the matrix. At the same time rubber is represented by a polyunsaturated rubber with double carbon-to-carbon bonds, the curer is represented by technical sulfur, and powdery metal weighting agent is represented by a metal powder with particle size from 10 to 500 micrometre. Metal powder is selected from a group of refractory metals, which are inert to sulfur at the curing temperature of polyunsaturated rubber, including tungsten, molybdenum, tantalum, zirconium, at the following ratio of components, wt parts: polyunsaturated rubber - 100.0; technical sulfur - 0.4-2.5; powdery metal weighting agent - 20-360.0; or from a group of nonrefractory heavy metals, including tin, copper, lead, bismuth and their alloys, at the following ratio of the components, wt parts: polyunsaturated rubber - 100.0; technical sulfur - 3.0-60.0; powdery metal weighting agent - 20-360.0. The reported effect is a material provides for development of a non-killing missile of firearms, which does not create a risk of severe harm to a live object and ensures its neutralization for quite a sufficient period of time.

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January 2011

Soldier Survivability & Gear Protection Device Against Action Of Mechanical Destructive Means Country of origin: Russia Language: Russian This device contains convex elements, one of the surfaces of which is spherical and leans upon the protected surface. Convex elements are made of elastic material and connected between each other by connection straps that form ribs at the outer side and grooves at the side facing the protected surface. The reported effect is increase of protection safety and elongation of the impact pulse in time. 5 drawings

rear end surfaces and a side surface extending therebetween along a height axis of the element. The carrier is flexible and each of a majority of the armor elements is bonded to the carrier at one of its end surfaces and is free of bonding to adjacent armor elements at its side surface. When the carrier has a planar orientation, at least a majority of the armor elements has their height axes essentially parallel to each other and, when the carrier is at least slightly bent, the height axis of at least one of the elements is inclined relative to the height axis of another of the armor elements adjacent thereto. 12 drawings Method of Manufacture of Pultruded Non-metallic Damage-tolerant Hard-ballistic Laminate Country of origin: US Language: English A lightweight and highly effective armor in which engineered ballistic broad goods are encased in exacting alignment within a specialized housing, composed of a polymeric composite, which is simultaneously formed around the dry broad goods by a pultrusion manufacturing process. The product finds use as protective armoring for vehicles, personal armor, siding and roofing for existing structures, and structural panels for construction of ballistic resistant structures. 5 drawings

Semi-fabricated Armor Layer Plasan Sasa Country of origin: Israel Language: English A semi-fabricated armor layer for use in production of an armor panel adapted to protect a body from an incoming projectile comprises a carrier and a plurality of armor elements. Each armor element has front and

Emerging Defense Technologies

Military Part of Directed Action Federal’noe gosudarstvennoe unitarnoe predprijatie “Rossijskij federal’nyj jadernyj tsentr - Vserossijskij nauchno-issledovatel’skij institut ehksperimental’noj fiziki (FGUP RFJaTs - VNIIEhF) Country of origin: Russia Language: Russian This design is of a military part that includes housing in which the blasting charge and fuse is arranged. Housing is double-layered; at that, outer layer is made from material which is stronger (for example high-strength alloyed steel) than inner one. Above outer layer of the housing, which is stronger, there arranged is one stronger layer (for example from high-strength alloyed steel) which forms together with the housing the additionally introduced multilayered armor providing mechanical protection of blasting charge and fuse. Layer between rear and front parts of multi-layered armor (between housing and strong layer) is made from dielectric heat-resistant porous material with low heat conductivity, which provides protection of blasting charge against action of thermal field of fire, as well as against action of electric arc appearing at contact of wires under voltage to the housing of military part. The reported effect is providing explosion and fire safety of military parts of directed action in various emergency situations, and namely at and after bullet and- fragment actions, without deterioration of fighting qualities in the specified mass-and dimensional parameters. 2 drawings

High-Performance Bulletproof Glazing Saint-Gobain Glass Country of origin: France Language: English A transparent laminated bulletproof and/ or splinter-proof structure comprising three stacks of glass sheets all connected together by adhesive interlayers, in which the first stack is adjacent to and protrudes from the

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January 2011 second stack, which is itself adjacent to and protrudes from the third stack, a liner made of bulletproof and/or splinter-proof material is bonded to the laminated structure on the free peripheral surface of the first stack, the edge and the free peripheral surface of the second stack and the edge of the third stack, and a transparent plastic sheet is bonded to the liner and to the free face of the third stack. A manufacturing process, the application of this laminated structure, and a glazing comprising it. 1 drawing Apparatus For Protecting A Target From An Explosive Warhead Country of origin: Greece Language: English A web includes strings and connectors that form ogive damagers. An ogive damager has three or more strings and three or more connectors. The connectors connect the strings to form a closed loop having an area that allows at least a tip of an ogive of a rocket to pass through the area. Each ogive damager is configured to damage the rest of the rocket. 16 drawings

Anti-Terror Lightweight Armor Plates Country of origin: Israel Language: English A lightweight armor plate having a contiguous ceramic layer that absorbs and disperses energy from a projectile. Therefore, the ceramic layer is generally considered to be the front of armor plate. The ceramic plate receives the impact of the projectile, such as but not limited to, bullets and shrapnel. In the case of bullets, for example, the tip of the bullet is deformed and the pressure load is reduced by contact with the ceramic plate. Plate further includes a hardened metal layer situated behind, and fixedly attached to, contiguous ceramic layer and designed and constructed to prevent penetration by projectile. The high plastic elasticity of this hardened metal layer completely absorbs the rest of the kinetic energy of the bullet

47 through deformation and heat. Attachment of ceramic layer and hardened metal layer is preferably by use of an adhesive. 3 drawings

Complex Method To Determine Appendage Of Ground Equipment And Armed Forces Personnel to Party of Military Action Otkrytoe aktsionernoe obshchestvo Avangard Country of origin: Russia Language: Russian This device is for sensors that equip a party with a scanning unit arranged on the ground or on the helicopter board, and identification marks are applied onto ground equipment and armed forces personnel included into

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classes “friendly troops” and “own forces” directly prior to the military action. The marks are arranged in the form of a crystal with aluminum thin-film interdigital transducer joined to a microstrip transceiving antenna of surface acoustic waves and a set of reflectors. A harmonic oscillation is formed in the scanning unit, amplified in capacity and directionally radiated in the air, caught by the microstrip transceiving antenna of identification mark, converted into an acoustic wave, providing for its propagation on the crystal surface and return reflection, the reflected acoustic wave is converted into a signal with the phase manipulation. Voltage proportional to the signal of ground equipment or a trooper appendage to one of the classes “friendly troops” and “own forces”, is directed to the party systems. The reported effect is improved validity. 8 drawings Systems and Methods for Mitigating a Blast Wave Country of origin: US Language: English In accordance with a particular embodiment of the present disclosure, a method to mitigate a blast wave includes detecting an imminent explosion that produces a blast wave. In response to this detection, the energy of a portion of this blast wave may be reduced by deploying a fluid in the path of the blast wave. 6 drawings

Body Armor Suite Cooling System US Navy, Naval Research Laboratory Country of origin: US Language: English A body cooling system is provided for utilization with a protective suit worn by a person. The cooling system includes an external air flow source that produces an air flow and blows it in free atmosphere towards an evaporative cooling apparatus. A fluid volume flows from the cooling apparatus to a conduit contained in an undersuit worn under the protective overcoat. A

Emerging Defense Technologies


48 pump circulates fluid through the conduit. The undersuit includes both an envelope, surrounding an outer surface of the conduit, and a cloth layer, situated closest to the skin, to aid in a transfer of heat from a body to the fluid flowing in the conduit. The evaporative cooling apparatus can include a radiator body having finger-like projections extending therefrom. A fluid channel is formed within the evaporative cooling apparatus for egress of the heated fluid carried away from the undersuit. 4 drawings

Rotationally Offset Penetration Resistant Articles Country of origin: US Language: English A penetration-resistant article is provided comprising two or more layers of woven fabric. The layers of woven fabric each comprise a first series of fibers aligned in a first direction and a second series of fibers interwoven with the first series of fibers and aligned in a second direction perpendicular

Emerging Defense Technologies

to the first direction. Two or more layers of woven fabric are loosely stacked together so as to permit relative slippage therebetween and are rotationally offset by an offset angle selected so as to inhibit mechanical interference between opposing adjacent surfaces of the woven fabric layers during slippage therebetween. Also provided are methods for assembling penetration-resistant articles. 7 drawings Apparatus for Providig Protection from Ballistic Rounds Projectiles, Fragments And Explosives Country of origin: US Language: English Armor systems for protecting against various threats, including projectiles and explosive devices. An armor system includes one or more ballistic panels, one or more wire mesh layers and a backing on a side of the armor system facing away from potential threats that helps to absorb force impacting on the first ballistic panel. The first ballistic panel includes a core that provides strength and rigidity for the first ballistic panel and that distributes and dissipates force impacting on the first ballistic panel, a grinding layer comprising grinding media situated within and positioned on at least one side of the core facing towards potential threats, and a bonding layer that encapsulates the grinding layer. The one or more wire mesh layers contain the ballistic panel, increasing the durability and re-usability of the ballistic panel. 51 drawings

Carrier System Country of origin: US Language: English A carrier system for use with a body armor garment that distributes the shoulder loads produced by equipment carried or worn by military or law enforcement personnel, away from the user’s shoulders and comfortably to the hips. Heavy shoulder loads, which typically cause chronic back pain and can

January 2011

lead to compression of the spine, are significantly mitigated. The carrier system has a vertical back support and a belt for securing the device around the waist of the user. In addition to alleviating shoulder fatigue and spine compression, the device is light, comfortable, durable, adjustable and easy to maintain. 3 drawings

Method and Apparatus for Protecting Vehicles and Personnel Against Incoming Projectiles BAE Systems Country of origin: US Language: English A projector of multiple skewed light planes or sheets is located adjacent a vehicle to be protected and detectors are arranged to detect the penetration of the light sheets by an incoming object, with the time intervals between the piercing of the planes defining the path of the incoming object and its expected impact time. An array of bulletfiring barrels is arranged to project bullets in an iron curtain under control of a fire control module that fires a round in a barrel above the projected flight path such that the round impacts the nose of the object and disables it. It is thus the piercing of the skewed light sheets that provides information as to the impact point of the object as well as its time of arrival so that a round can be fired to intercept the object as it arrives at the iron curtain. 9 drawings Composite Panel For Blast And Ballistic Protection The University Of Maine System Board Of

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January 2011

49

Trustees Country of origin: US Language: English A composite panel comprises a single composite layer and the single composite layer includes a thermoplastic resin matrix, reinforcing fiber, and nano-filler particles. The nano-filler particles are dispersed within the thermoplastic resin matrix to define a nano-filled matrix material. The reinforcing fiber is further disposed within the nanofilled matrix material. 15 drawings

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Emerging Defense Technologies


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January 2011

Unmanned Systems Method To Fight Armored Objects Otkrytoe aktsionernoe obshchestvo Radiozavod Country of origin: Russia Language: Russian The objective of this design is to destroy armored objects, up to 10 small-scale automated ground vehicles (SSAGV) are used, which are controlled remotely from a single mobile control station (CS). SSAGV are equipped with reactive antitank grenades, system of automated armament and movement control, facilities of navigation, reconnaissance and communication. CS is equipped with a system of SSAGV automated control, facilities of navigation, reconnaissance and communication. CS crew guides SSAGV moving out to positions, does reconnaissance of targets, their identification, designation, and also homing SSAGV armament at the target with its subsequent destruction. Small dimensions, secretive motion and terrain positioning make it possible for SSAGV to fire at armored objects from short distances. The reported effect is reduced destruction costs as a result of the efficient firing by relatively low-cost grenade launcher shots with multiple use of other complex elements, improved mobility of the complex and provision of safety as a result of remote control over destruction facilities. 0 drawings Anti-mine Robot Institut informatiki i problem regional’nogo upravlenija Kabardino-Balkarskogo nauchnogo tsentra RAN Country of origin: Russia Language: Russian This design describes an anti-mine robot that consists of multiple single-axis mobile modules delivered to demining place by means of separate transport vehicle and performing group actions, demining of individual weapons or mine fields. Single-axis mobile modules are independent and have the possibility of data exchange between them and constituent parts of multi-agent system. At that, they are equipped with navigation systems with orientation devices relative to check points and/or satellite navigation system, equipment for remote detection and identification of weapons, actuators for their marking and disposal, and neuron network devices for information processing and

Emerging Defense Technologies

command generation for actuators in group control mode. The reported effect is increasing demining efficiency of mine fields and usability of navigation systems of independent modules. 0 drawings

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