Quebec City, 30/08/2016
1
Interests and limits of metabolizable energy and net energy for evaluating poultry and pig feeds
Jean NOBLET INRA, Rennes – St Gilles, France jean.noblet@inra.fr
Jefo Poultry & Swine Tour Quebec City
30/08/2016
2
Introduction
Jefo Poultry & Swine Tour Quebec City
Jean NOBLET ‐ INRA ‐ France
30/08/2016
1
Quebec City, 30/08/2016
Energy evaluation is technically and economically important …..
3
Feed # 60% of cost of (pig, poultry, etc.) meat production Energy is the main feed cost More and more ingredients (by-products, etc.) are available; competition "feed-food-fuel"; new technologies (additives, etc.) Nutritional values of feeds: precise hierarchy within a species, between species, etc. What about DE vs ME vs NE for estimation of energy value in pigs and poultry? Jefo Poultry & Swine Tour Quebec City
30/08/2016
Energy utilization
4
Gross Energy (GE) dE
Fecal energy
Digestible Energy (DE) ME/DE
Urinary and gas energy
Metabolizable Energy (ME) k
Heat increment
Net Energy (NE) Jefo Poultry & Swine Tour Quebec City
Jean NOBLET ‐ INRA ‐ France
30/08/2016
2
Quebec City, 30/08/2016
DE & ME values in pigs
5 (INRA proposals)
• Affected by – BW and/or stage of production (and FL?) – Mill technologies (pelleting, etc.) – Supplements: enzymes, etc. • ME is standardized for N retention (50% of digested N) and CH4 losses • Feeding tables, EvaPig, prediction equations, etc. ==> More details tomorrow
Jefo Poultry & Swine Tour Quebec City
30/08/2016
ME values in poultry
6
ME in poultry: • AME vs AMEn vs TMEn vs etc.? Confusing! • Broiler vs cockerel/rooster? • Broiler vs laying hen vs duck vs turkey vs …? • Technology, enzymes, etc. What about AMEs? (at a standardized N retention percentage)
Jefo Poultry & Swine Tour Quebec City
Jean NOBLET ‐ INRA ‐ France
30/08/2016
3
Quebec City, 30/08/2016
Effect of pelleting on energy utilization in pigs and poultry Mash
7
Pellet
DE/GE in pigs, %1 Wheat-SBM diets Corn-SBM diets
(n=2)
(n=3)
88.6
*
89.2
88.4
**
90.3
70.0
**
72.5
AMEn/GE in broilers, %2 Wheat-SBM-Fat diets 1INRA
(n=4)
data; 60 kg pigs
2Pirgozliev
et al. 2016; 20-24 d broilers
Jefo Poultry & Swine Tour Quebec City
30/08/2016
Stage/species effects on AMEn/GE in poultry
8
(n=10 diets) 1
Rooster
Broiler (3-w)
Laying hen
Turkey (10-w)
65
77
87
349
AME, % GE
69.7
68.0
68.5
67.7
AMEn, % GE
69.0
65.3
66.4
64.3
AMEs2, % GE
72.6
68.9
69.9
67.9
DM intake, g/d
1Diets
based on wheat, corn, SBM and wheat DDGS; effect of stage/species: P<0.001 2AME standardised for retained N equal to 40% of N intake Cozannet et al., 2010 Jefo Poultry & Swine Tour Quebec City
Jean NOBLET ‐ INRA ‐ France
30/08/2016
4
Quebec City, 30/08/2016
9
Methods for measurement of net energy
Jefo Poultry & Swine Tour Quebec City
30/08/2016
Respiration chambers: indirect calorimetry (open-circuit) O2
CO2
O2,CO ,N2 2
10
CO2,N2
O2,
Heat production = f(O2, CO2, ….) Jefo Poultry & Swine Tour Quebec City
Jean NOBLET ‐ INRA ‐ France
30/08/2016
5
Quebec City, 30/08/2016
11
Dynamics and components of heat production
Activity HP Short term TEF Long term TEF FHP
9 8
Activity
7
TEF Heat increment
Heat production (kJ/mn)
(group of broilers)
6 5
Feed 1 Feed 2
4 3
RHP;zero activity FHP (zero activity)
2 1 0 8:25
10:05
11:45 13:25
15:05
16:45
18:25
20:05
21:45 23:25
1:05
2:45
4:26
6:06
7:46
Time
FHP= Asymptotic HP after 24 hrs of fast Jefo Poultry & Swine Tour Quebec City
30/08/2016
NE measurement
12
(in growing animals)
Net energy = ME - Heat increment
Net energy = ME - (HP - FHP)
Net energy = ME - HP + FHP
k = NE/ME
Jefo Poultry & Swine Tour Quebec City
Jean NOBLET ‐ INRA ‐ France
Net energy = RE + FHP
30/08/2016
6
Quebec City, 30/08/2016
FHP in broilers
1000
FHP = 444 BW0.70
800
FHP, kJ/d
13
(# ad lib)
600 400 200
Metabolic BW, kg0.70
0 0.00
0.50
1.00
1.50
FHP: Asymptotic HP after 24 hrs fast; zero activity Jefo Poultry & Swine Tour Quebec City
2.00
2.50
Noblet et al., 2015
30/08/2016
14
FHP and metabolic BW? b
a
Growing pig (20-110 kg)
0.60
750
Broiler (0.5-3.0 kg)
0.70
450
Growing turkey (1-20 kg)
0.70
430
Veal calf (60-265 kg)
0.85
310
FHP, kJ = a x BWb
Asymptote after a 24 hrs fast; zero activity Previous FL # 85-100% ad libitum Jefo Poultry & Swine Tour Quebec City
Jean NOBLET ‐ INRA ‐ France
INRA data
30/08/2016
7
Quebec City, 30/08/2016
NE values of pig or poultry feeds
15
"Standardized" measured NE values (on diets) are combined (regression) for calculating NE prediction equations ==> NE prediction equations are dependent on concepts and measurements conditions NE values of feeds are calculated from equations ==> NE values of ingredients in a database are directly dependent on the equation/system NE values of ingredients in different NE systems cannot be combined Jefo Poultry & Swine Tour Quebec City
30/08/2016
16
Net energy value in pigs
Jefo Poultry & Swine Tour Quebec City
Jean NOBLET ‐ INRA ‐ France
30/08/2016
8
Quebec City, 30/08/2016
17
INRA Net Energy studies (pig)
• Animal model: 45 kg boars • n=61 diets meeting the requirements and chemically variable
• • • • •
(+ 40 diets for validation in growing pigs)
ME intake # 2.3 MJ ME/kg BW0.60 Indirect calorimetry; FHP = 750 kJ/kg BW0.60 Equations NE = f(…) Evaluated in heavier and adult pigs Validated: calorimetry and growth trials
Jefo Poultry & Swine Tour Quebec City
30/08/2016
Efficiencies of utilization of ME of nutrients in pigs (kg, %) Crude protein
58
Crude fat
90
Starch
82
Dietary fibre
58
18
INRA data Jefo Poultry & Swine Tour Quebec City
Jean NOBLET ‐ INRA ‐ France
30/08/2016
9
Quebec City, 30/08/2016
Estimation of NE content
19
(pig; MJ/kg DM)
NE4 = 0.703 DE + 0.0066 EE + 0.0020 Starch - 0.0041 CP - 0.0041 CF
(RSD = 0.18)
NE7 = 0.730 ME + 0.0055 EE + 0.0015 Starch - 0.0026 CP - 0.0041 CF
(RSD = 0.17)
NEx = etc.
INRA data Jefo Poultry & Swine Tour Quebec City
30/08/2016
Comparison of energy systems (pig)* ME
DE
NE
NE/ME
Ingredients Fat
243
+
252
++
300
90
Corn
103
=
105
+
112
80
Pea
101
=
100
-
98
73
68
=
67
-
63
71
107
-
102
--
82
60
Wheat bran Soybean meal
20
* As % of the energy value of a compound feed (wheat: 67%, soybean meal: 16%, fat: 2.5%, wheat bran: 5%, peas: 5%, …)
Consequences on results of least-cost formulation (/ fat and CP)
INRA & AFZ feeding tables
Jefo Poultry & Swine Tour Quebec City
Jean NOBLET ‐ INRA ‐ France
30/08/2016
10
Quebec City, 30/08/2016
21
Performance of growing pigs according to energy evaluation system Growing Normal Low + ++
CP, % Amino acids Energy, MJ/BW gain DE 31.1 * 30.2 ME 29.9 * 29.2 NE 22.2 22.0
Finishing Normal Low + ++ 44.3 * 43.3 42.7 * 42.0 32.1 32.1 INRA data
Jefo Poultry & Swine Tour Quebec City
30/08/2016
22
Net energy value in poultry
Jefo Poultry & Swine Tour Quebec City
Jean NOBLET ‐ INRA ‐ France
30/08/2016
11
Quebec City, 30/08/2016
Net energy in poultry
23
Fraps, Schiemann, Farrell, Etc. …………………..
Carré et al., Coon/Cerrate, Choct et al., Etc. Jefo Poultry & Swine Tour Quebec City
30/08/2016
24
Efficiencies of utilization of ME of nutrients in poultry (kg, %) (literature survey)
Diets
73-76
Crude protein
60-68
Crude fat
84-90
CHO
75-78
Fraps; Schiemann et al; de Groote; Carré Jefo Poultry & Swine Tour Quebec City
Jean NOBLET ‐ INRA ‐ France
30/08/2016
12
Quebec City, 30/08/2016
Comparative utilization of ME in pigs and broilers (1) NE/ME, % Oil/fat Corn Barley Soybean meal Source
Jefo Poultry & Swine Tour Quebec City
Broiler 87(1) 75 (2) 69(3) 59(4)
G-F pig 90(1) 80(2) 77(3) 61(4)
Cerrate-Fernandez et al., 2012 (Coon group)
Sauvant et al., 2004 (INRA Tables)
30/08/2016
Diet composition and efficiency of ME in broilers diets Trial
Diet
25
26
Efficiency, %
1
18.0% CP 22.7% CP
75.1 74.8
2
2.8% Fat 9.7% Fat
74.3 75.5
No statistical difference between diets (within trial; tendency for fat) INRA data Jefo Poultry & Swine Tour Quebec City
Jean NOBLET ‐ INRA ‐ France
30/08/2016
13
Quebec City, 30/08/2016
Comparative utilization of ME in pigs and broilers (2) Diet Pigs BW, kg NE/ME, % Broilers BW, kg NE/ME, %
Normal CP
27
Low CP (+AA)
57.6 73.9
NS **
57.2 75.9
1.47 74.8
NS NS
1.46 75.0
INRA data Jefo Poultry & Swine Tour Quebec City
30/08/2016
28
Utilization of ME for NE in poultry Similar ranking but smaller range of variation of k values between nutrients (vs. pigs) => Methodological limitations? Not yet "universal" NE prediction equation Applicability to other stages, species, genotypes???? Applicability of diets equations to ingredients? ==> Conflicting conclusions!!! ==> Moving further is necessary Jefo Poultry & Swine Tour Quebec City
Jean NOBLET ‐ INRA ‐ France
30/08/2016
14
Quebec City, 30/08/2016
29
Conclusions: In pigs: High interest and no (?) limit ==> NE is widely used In poultry: further/updated studies are needed for confirming the interest of a NE system; + impact of species, stages, etc. And, first, ME should be "standardized" The hierarchy between feeds for their energy value depends on the energy system: Least cost formulation results (composition, cost, etc.) depend on energy system The importance of a "reliable" energy (and protein) system is emphasized when non conventional ingredients (co-products, high-fat, high CP, etc.) and numerous ingredients are available
Jefo Poultry & Swine Tour Quebec City
30/08/2016
Thanks:
30
- Bernard CARRE - Kees DE LANGE - Serge DUBOIS - Hervé FORTUNE - Etienne LABUSSIERE - Laurent LE BELLEGO - Gwénola LE GOFF - David RENAUDEAU - Sam SHI - Jaap VAN MILGEN - Marson WARPECHOWSKI - Etc.
jean.noblet@inra.fr
Jefo Poultry & Swine Tour Quebec City
Jean NOBLET ‐ INRA ‐ France
30/08/2016
15