Quebec City, 31/08/2016
Nutrition of pigs: achievements and perspectives
Jean NOBLET INRA, Rennes – St Gilles, France jean.noblet@inra.fr
Jefo Poultry & Swine Tour Quebec City
31/08/2016
Nutrition of pigs: introduction
2
• Feed: 55-70% of production costs of meat • Raw materials: numerous, variable, +/- costful, +/available, +/- accepted, etc. They must be characterized and ranked (/relevant criteria) • Feed: main tool for controlling/managing the performance (growth, reproduction, quality, etc.) and consequences of animal production on environment Quantify the pig requirements and the relationship feed performance • Feed: support of new technologies for nutrients and their availability (enzymes, etc.), animal health, products quality, etc. Jefo Poultry & Swine Tour Quebec City
Jean NOBLET ‐ INRA
31/08/2016
1
Quebec City, 31/08/2016
Nutrition of pigs: introduction • Environnement • Welfare and behaviour • Animal health • Climate • Genetic level • Products quality • Technical & economical efficiencies • Legislation Jefo Poultry & Swine Tour Quebec City
3
Nutritional values of feeds
Nutritional concepts Tools-methods Nutritional requirements of pigs
31/08/2016
4
Evaluation of pig feeds
Jefo Poultry & Swine Tour Quebec City
Jean NOBLET ‐ INRA
31/08/2016
2
Quebec City, 31/08/2016
Evaluation of pig feeds: concepts
5
• Amino acids: Total AA ==> Ileal digestible AA: apparent ==> standardised = international consensus
Jefo Poultry & Swine Tour Quebec City
31/08/2016
Evaluation of amino-acids (AA)
( Ileal digestion)
Non digestible losses Basal endogenous losses
Total
Apparent
Standardised
AID = (Intake – Total ileal losses)/Intake SID = (Intake – Non digestible ileal losses)/Intake Jefo Poultry & Swine Tour Quebec City
Jean NOBLET ‐ INRA
31/08/2016
3
Quebec City, 31/08/2016
Lysine content in pig feeds Diet
Total 100
SID 100
Ingredients Maize Wheat Wheat bran Soybean meal AA mixture**
29 36 68 340 4580
26 33 53 353 5180
7
* As % of the lysine content of a diet including wheat (6e%), soybean meal (16%), oil (2.5%), wheat bran (5%), peas (5%), HCl-lysine (0.10%), methionine (0.05%), threonine (0.05%), ..
** 50% HCl-lysine, 25% threonine, 25% methionine
Jefo Poultry & Swine Tour Quebec City
INRA & AFZ Tables
31/08/2016
Evaluation of pig feeds: concepts
8
• Amino acids: Total AA ==> Ileal digestible AA: apparent ==> standardised = international consensus • Energy: DE or ME ==> NE (equations); DE variable with physiological stage (at least 2), technology, supplements, etc.
Jefo Poultry & Swine Tour Quebec City
Jean NOBLET ‐ INRA
31/08/2016
4
Quebec City, 31/08/2016
9
Energy utilization Gross Energy (GE) dE
Fecal energy
Digestible Energy (DE) ME/DE
Urinary (and gas) energy
Metabolizable Energy (ME) k
Heat increment
Net Energy (NE) Jefo Poultry & Swine Tour Quebec City
31/08/2016
Energy digestibility in adult pigs and growing pigs (n=77)
10
==>At least 2 energy values in pigs ==> Available "residual" Adult pig energy
dE, %
100
80
Growing pig
- 0.64 - 0.90
60 10
15
20
25 NDF, %
30
35
40
Le Goff and Noblet, 2001 Jefo Poultry & Swine Tour Quebec City
Jean NOBLET ‐ INRA
31/08/2016
5
Quebec City, 31/08/2016
11
Effect of technology on dE in growing pigs Technology
Mash
Wheat-SBM diets (n=2)
88.6
*
89.2
Corn-SBM diets (n=3)
88.4
**
90.3
Corn (n=5)
87
**
90
Full-fat rapeseed
35
**
83
Linseed
51
**
84
(extrusion)
Pellet
INRA data Jefo Poultry & Swine Tour Quebec City
31/08/2016
Effect of enzymes supplementation on fecal digestibility in growing pigs Control
+NSP enzymes
Pigs BW, kg
58.4
-
59.1
E digestibility, %
82.7
*
83.2
N digestibility
82.4
**
83.9
DE, MJ/kg DM
15.01
*
15.10
846
*
891
ADG, g
12
6 diets (x2); 5 pigs per diet; 10 days collection INRA data Jefo Poultry & Swine Tour Quebec City
Jean NOBLET ‐ INRA
31/08/2016
6
Quebec City, 31/08/2016
Efficiencies of utilization of ME of nutrients in pigs (kg, %)
Protein
58
Fat
90
Starch
82
Dietary fiber
58
13
61 diets; 45 kg boars; 2.3 MJ ME/kg BW0.60; FHP=750 kJ/kg BW0.60 Noblet et al., 1993; 1994 Jefo Poultry & Swine Tour Quebec City
31/08/2016
Comparison of energy systems for pigs ME
DE
NEinra
Ingredients Oil
243
+
251
++
298
Wheat
101
=
102
+
105
Peas
101
=
100
-
97
68
=
67
-
63
107
-
102
--
81
Wheat bran Soybean meal
14
* As % of energy content of a compound feed (wheat: 31.5%, maize: 31.5%, oil: 2.8%, soybean meal: 16%, wheat bran: 5%, peas: 5%, rapeseed meal: 5%, …)
INRA & AFZ Tables Jefo Poultry & Swine Tour Quebec City
Jean NOBLET ‐ INRA
31/08/2016
7
Quebec City, 31/08/2016
Evaluation of pig feeds: concepts
15
• Amino acids: Total AA ==> Ileal digestible AA: apparent ==> standardised = international consensus • Energy: DE or ME ==> NE (equations); DE variable with physiological stage (at least 2), technology, supplements, etc. • Phosphorus: Total P ==> Digestible P (fecal); effects of phytase
Jefo Poultry & Swine Tour Quebec City
31/08/2016
Evaluation of pig feeds: concepts
16
• Amino acids: Total AA ==> Ileal digestible AA: apparent ==> standardised = international consensus • Energy: DE or ME ==> NE (equations); DE variable with physiological stage (at least 2), technology, supplements, etc. • Phosphorus: Total P ==> Digestible P (fecal); effects of phytase • • • • • •
Dietary fibre welfare, transit, microbiota, health, etc. Enzymes (NSPases, phytases, etc.): "bonus" or ??? Electrolytes balance Fatty acids composition C balance, LCA Etc.
Jefo Poultry & Swine Tour Quebec City
Jean NOBLET ‐ INRA
31/08/2016
8
Quebec City, 31/08/2016
Nutritional value(s) of feeds: measurement methods
17
• In vivo measurements ==> "luxurious" and "illegal" ==> Alternative methods • Wet chemistry + equations/softwares for prediction (EvaPig; etc.) • Feeding tables (INRA & AFZ 2002; etc.)
Jefo Poultry & Swine Tour Quebec City
31/08/2016
18
INRA & AFZ tables
Jefo Poultry & Swine Tour Quebec City
Jean NOBLET ‐ INRA
31/08/2016
9
Quebec City, 31/08/2016
Feeding Tables? Tables give mean values for “typical” ingredients.
Jefo Poultry & Swine Tour Quebec City
19
Soybean meal 48
31/08/2016
20
Freely available at: www.evapig.com; 15 languages Jefo Poultry & Swine Tour Quebec City
Jean NOBLET ‐ INRA
31/08/2016
10
Quebec City, 31/08/2016
21
Nutritional value of feeds: measurement methods • In vivo measurements ==> "luxurious" and "illegal" ==> Alternative methods • Wet chemistry + equations/softwares for prediction (EvaPig; etc.) • Feeding tables (INRA & AFZ 2002; etc.) • In vitro methods • NIRS methods
Jefo Poultry & Swine Tour Quebec City
31/08/2016
22
Nutritional value of feeds: measurement methods • Feeding tables (INRA & AFZ 2002; etc.) • In vivo measurements ==> "luxurious" and "illegal" ==> Alternative methods • Wet chemistry + equations/softwares for prediction (EvaPig; etc.) • In vitro methods • NIRS methods • Difficulties/limits: • Precision, repeatability, cost, delay, …. • Effects of technology ("feed mill", additives/supplements) • Effects of animal: BW & stage, genotype, health, etc.
Jefo Poultry & Swine Tour Quebec City
Jean NOBLET ‐ INRA
31/08/2016
11
Quebec City, 31/08/2016
23
Nutritional requirements of pigs Performance prediction models Precision nutrition
Jefo Poultry & Swine Tour Quebec City
31/08/2016
Nutritional requirements of pigs: situation in 1980-1990 • • •
• • •
24
"Average" nutritional recommendations A few stages of production (one sow feed!) No/not much consideration of the variability of production conditions (climate, behaviour, health, etc.) and animal variability Almost no constraint for environment protection (N, P, Cu, etc.), health (antibiotics), quality Ideal protein (AA in % of lysine; Fuller; Baker) First models (Whittemore; Black; etc.) Huge changes in potential and levels of performance of G-F pigs and sows over the last 3 decades
Jefo Poultry & Swine Tour Quebec City
Jean NOBLET ‐ INRA
31/08/2016
12
Quebec City, 31/08/2016
Nutritional requirements of pigs: factorial method
25
• Protein requirements: • "Improved" ideal protein (interactions between AA) • Dynamics of deposition (growth, gestation) or secretion (milk) of proteins (lysine) • Maintenance (low); efficiencies of AA utilization • Minerals requirements (P): maintenance (low) + deposition/secretion ( deposition/secretion of protein)
Jefo Poultry & Swine Tour Quebec City
31/08/2016
26
Composition of ideal protein in pigs Amino acid Lysine (Lys) Methionine (Met) Met+Cystine (Cys) Threonine (Thr) Tryptophan (Trp) Valine (Val) Isoleucine (Ile) Leucine (Leu) Phenylalanine (Phe) Phe+Tyrosine (Tyr) Histidine (His) Arginine (Arg)
Growing pig 100 30 60 65 18 70 55 100 50 95 32 42
Pregnant sow 100 28 65 72 20 75 65 100 60 100 30 -
Lactating sow 100 30 60 66 19 85 60 115 60 115 42 Source: InraPorc
Jefo Poultry & Swine Tour Quebec City
Jean NOBLET ‐ INRA
31/08/2016
13
Quebec City, 31/08/2016
27
Effect of CP level on performance of piglets (12 - 27 kg BW) CP, %
20.4
18.4
16.9
Feed intake, g/d
1039
1061
1048
ADG, g
661
690
663
Feed:gain
1.58
1.54
1.58
N excretion, g/d
16.4a
12.8b
10.9b
8 pigs/treatment; 1.0 g DLys/MJ NE Le Bellego and Noblet, 2002 Jefo Poultry & Swine Tour Quebec City
31/08/2016
Jefo Poultry & Swine Tour Quebec City
Jean NOBLET ‐ INRA
Performance Animal (BW) Environment
• Protein requirements: • "Improved" ideal protein (interactions between AA) • Dynamics of deposition (growth, gestation) or secretion (milk) of proteins (lysine) • Maintenance (low); efficiencies of AA utilization • Minerals requirements (P): maintenance (low) + deposition/secretion ( deposition/secretion of protein) • Energy requirements • Maintenance metabolic BW • Production: adipose, lean, foetus, milk • Thermoregulation, physical activity
Performance
Nutritional requirements of pigs: factorial method
28
31/08/2016
14
Quebec City, 31/08/2016
29
http://www.rennes.inra.fr/inraporc/ Growing pig Reproductive sow
Prediction of requirements Prediction of responses
Jefo Poultry & Swine Tour Quebec City
31/08/2016
Digestible Lys, g/MJ NE
Lysine requirement of growing pigs: effect of BW and sex Male
1.1 1.0 0.9 0.8 0.7 0.6 0.5 0.4 0.3
Female Barrow
BW, kg 25
Two-phases
45
65
85
==> ……… ==> Multiphase
Jefo Poultry & Swine Tour Quebec City
Jean NOBLET ‐ INRA
30
105 Quiniou et al., 2010
31/08/2016
15
Quebec City, 31/08/2016
Lysine requirement of pregnant sows
31
InraPorc Jefo Poultry & Swine Tour Quebec City
31/08/2016
Lysine requirement of lactating sows
32
InraPorc Jefo Poultry & Swine Tour Quebec City
Jean NOBLET ‐ INRA
31/08/2016
16
Quebec City, 31/08/2016
33
Individual variability
Jefo Poultry & Swine Tour Quebec City
.033
31/08/2016
34
BW gain, kg/d
Appetite and performance in growing pigs: highly variable! 1.3 1.2 1.1 1.0 0.9 0.8 0.7
Intake (kg/d)
0.6 1.5
2.0
2.5
31-113 kg BW Jefo Poultry & Swine Tour Quebec City
Jean NOBLET ‐ INRA
3.0
3.5
Brossard et al., 2009 31/08/2016
17
Quebec City, 31/08/2016
Differences in growth and appetite affect the lysine requirement of G-F pigs
35
30%
Frequency
25% 20% 15% 10% 5% 0% <6.0 6.5
7.0
7.5
8.0
8.5
9.0
9.5 10.0 10.5 11.0 >11.0
Lysine requirement (SID; g/kg) Brossard et al., 2009 Jefo Poultry & Swine Tour Quebec City
31/08/2016
36
Multiphase feeding vs. three-phase feeding of G-F pigs (40-130 kg BW; group and individual bases) Three-phase
Multiphase
Group
Group
Individual
ADFI, kg/d
3.05
3.07
3.05
ADG, kg/d
1.11
1.11
1.10
Protein intake, g/d
480a
433b
405b
SID lysine intake, g/d
23.8a
19.7b
17.4c
Excreted N, kg/pig
4.04a
3.54b
3.17b
Feed cost, $/100 kg gain
92.4a
89.8ab
85.3b Andretta et al., 2014
Jefo Poultry & Swine Tour Quebec City
Jean NOBLET ‐ INRA
31/08/2016
18
Quebec City, 31/08/2016
37
Conclusions & perspectives
Jefo Poultry & Swine Tour Quebec City
31/08/2016
Nutritional value of pig feeds: perspectives
38
• Which new raw materials (for protein and/or energy)? Insects ? Algae? PAP ? By-products? ==> Less competition with poultry, humans, industries, biofuels, etc. • Better quantification of the effects of technologies on changes in digestion/availability of nutrients: lysine and heat treatment, grinding/pelleting/extrusion/etc. and digestion of nutrients (energy, EE, CP, etc.) • Improvement of the degradation/digestion of dietary fiber (enzymes); effects of dietary fibre on pig physiology? • "On line" estimation of nutritional value of feeds: NIRS methods • Other values of feeds: welfare, environment, health, etc. • New methods: microbiota, nutrigenomic, etc. (weaning, fermentations, etc.) Jefo Poultry & Swine Tour Quebec City
Jean NOBLET ‐ INRA
31/08/2016
19
Quebec City, 31/08/2016
39
Nutritional requirements of pigs: perspectives - Precision nutrition (stochastic models, technologies, …) - To analyse strategies/methods for improving the efficiency of nutrients utilization (AA, Fibre, …) - Better quantification of the relationship feedperformance (reproduction, health, behaviour, …) - To include the effects of climatic environment, health status, stress, etc. - To "clarify" the (non additive) effects of the numerous substances included in a feed - To associate the conventional quantitative methods with more mechanistic approaches (nutrigenomic, …) Jefo Poultry & Swine Tour Quebec City
31/08/2016
Nutrition of pigs: introduction • Environnement • Welfare and behaviour • Animal health • Climate • Genetic level • Products quality • Technical & economical efficiencies • Legislation Jefo Poultry & Swine Tour Quebec City
Jean NOBLET ‐ INRA
40
Nutritional values of feeds
Nutritional concepts Tools-methods Nutritional requirements of pigs
31/08/2016
20
Quebec City, 31/08/2016
41
Thanks
Jefo Poultry & Swine Tour Quebec City
Jean NOBLET ‐ INRA
31/08/2016
21