Visual merchandising

VISUAL MERCHANDISING PROJECT JENNI LIINAVUORI FASHION MARKETING & COMMUNICATION, LEVEL 6, 2016-2017 MARKETING TECHNIQUES & STRATEGY 3 VISUAL MERCHANDISING ANA ADELL

CONTENT: 1. BRAND SELECTION 2. ANALYSIS

2.1 BRAND BACKGROUND

2.2 KEY YEARS

2.3 VALUES

2.4 VISION & MISSION

2.5 BRANDING 3. FIELD RESEARCH

3.1 POINT OF DSLR

3.2 WINDOW & EXTERNAL DESIGN

3.3 INTERNAL DESIGN

3.4 PRODUCTS & PLACEMENT

3.5 SWOT 4. STRATEGY

4.1 PROPOSAL 1

4.2 PROPOSAL 2

4.3 PROPOSAL 3 5. BIBLIOGRAPHY

“It was never about waving the brand like a flag, it was always about the people” – Paul Van Doren

1. BRAND SELECTION

The visual merchandising plan project will be made for Vans, an American manufacturer and retailer of footwear, apparel and accessories. I decided to choose Vans for this project due to my personal interest towards the brand as well as having the purpose of possible future career opportunities in mind.

Furthermore due to the reason I am already familiar with the brand and have already some level of understanding what the brand is about and represents gave me already a good start with this project. I also think that the store here in Barcelona could make some changes in order to perform even better and create more unique selling experience.

Information for this project was gathered both from online and offline within the field research that contained visiting the store and evaluating it with many different factors presented in the second part of the project. First I will be introduce the brand and its values and identity as a brand. After analysing the information coming from the research, a strategy and analysis for further implementation will be presented in order to create better brand image and sales here in Barcelona.

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2. ANALYSIS

2.1 Brand Background Like stated before, Vans is an American footwear manufacturer based in California. The company was founded in 1966 and started out as a shoe manufacturer but has expanded providing apparel and accessories as well (vans.com, 2016). First focused on the skate culture the brand currently creates action sport focused products also to surfers, snowboarders and BMX riders (vfc.com, 2017).

At the moment Vans has over 585 retail stores around the world as well as has own e-commerce sites for 18 different countries. Many of their shoes launched during the company’s early years have become classics and are still created and sold within many different variations. Their products are considered as high quality with an affordable price. Vans offers products for both male and female as well as for children (vfc.com, 2017).

The famous shoe brand celebrated last year it’s 50 years anniversary. Ever since the brand was launched it was focused on the youth, street and different subcultures. The brand started out by manufacturing sneakers which would be sold directly to the public. The flat sticky sole sneakers became popular among skaters in California and started to gain a recognition and name for itself (vans.com, 2016).

When the company was originally founded it had a certain target market in mind that Vans wanted to reach.

Young people who liked skateboarding, punk music and lived the urban lifestyle. They were the misfits and rebellious young people living the Californian lifestyle who wants to express their individuality and uniqueness (referralcandy.com).

As Vans started as an original skateboarding company it has evolved around other action sports which has made the brand one of the leaders of the action sports market segment. Not only focusing on action sports but also creative fields like art and music the brand is considered to be one of the largest youth culture brands (vfc.com, 2017).

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2.2 Key years 1966 Vans was founded by brothers Paul Van Doren and Jim Van Doren.

1966 Vans #44 deck shoes (now known as authentic) were born.

1976 Vans ‘’OF THE WALL’’ logo was created.

1978 Famous Sk8-Hi shoes was introduced, taking the functionality for skate purpose into a new level.

1979 The iconic Vans Slip-on was introduced.

1979 Vans had 70 stores in California and were sold through dealers nationally and internationally.

1982 Classic Slip-ons gained international recognition appearing in the movie

‘’Fast Times at Ridgemont High’’.

1984 Vans opens manufacturing plant in California.

1984 Vans files for Chapter 11 bankruptcy protection.

1987 Vans re-emerges from the bankruptcy and had paid back their 12 million dollar debt.

1993 Vans launches their first snowboard boots.

1995 Vans sponsors the music festival ‘’the Warped tour’’ for the first time.

1996 Vans started to sponsor skateboarders.

1998 Vans skateboarding park was opened in Orange, California.

2000 Vans is recognized by Forbes being one of the best small companies in America in 2000.

2001 The company buys the controlling interest of The Warped Tour. Now known as ‘’Vans Warped Tour’’.

2004 Vans launches Vans Customs, custom shoes designed by fashion designer, on their e-commerce.

2004 Vans is bought by VF Corporation with 396 million dollars.

2006 Vans launches an extensive apparel collection for both men and women.

2008 Opens first retail store in China.

2010 Vans opens ‘’House of Vans’’ event space in Brooklyn, New York.

2011 ‘’Get-N Classic, Vol.1’’ the first surf film by Vans gets released.

2011 Vans passes 1 billion dollar annual global sales the first time, being the first company originated

from skateboarding achieving such a success level.

2014 House of Vans London, an art music and skate place was opened under Waterloo Station.

2014 Vans is chosen as a brand of the year by Footwear News.

2016 Vans celebrates 50th anniversary. (vans.com, 2016)

(fundinguniverse.com) 7

2.3 VALUES

FAMILY FUN YOUTH MUSIC ART

AUTHENTICITY

INDIVIDUALITY

CREATIVE SELF-EXPRESSION

ADVENTUROUS STREET CULTURE

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2.4 VISION & MISSION

“Vans are the original action sport footwear company grounded in youth, authenticity and individual style…”

“Our purpose is to embody and represent the creativity and self-expression at the core of action sports and youth culture.” (vans.com) These statements come true when thinking of how the brand is so active being in part of the action sports and overall youth culture. The brand is driven by creative self-expression which they bring to life trough art, music, action sports and street culture.

Sponsoring, arranging different events and competitions, opening skate parks and products which can be seen on people from the music, movie, TV etc. industry that has a major influence to the young people.

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2.5 BRANDING

The Waffle Sole Paul Van Doren, one of the founders of Vans, had the desire and idea to make a shoe that would not be only affordable but also the best quality possible.

The Waffle sole was one of the key factors to the idea.

Since from the start Paul Van Doren kept developing the waffle sole and it is still used in the Vans shoes and is considered a key feature element in the shoes (rwbeyondthebox.com, 2013).

Skate culture Doren’s first idea was not to make shoes specialized for skating, but due to the affordable price and good quality the local skater chose Vans shoes because they were perfect for skating within the sticky sole.

Among the local skaters where The Z-Boys (Zephyc Competition Team), a skateboarding team which consisted one of the today’s most legendary skaters, Allen Sarlo, Jay Adams, Tony Alva and Stacy Peralta (rwbeyondthebox.com, 2013).

For the first four years Vans did not spend any money for advertising. After few years being in business Doren paid Stacy Peralta (one of the Z-Boys) to wear Vans shoes in a skate contest (thehustle.co, 2016).

Because the shoes became so popular among skater the brand started to sponsor some of the best skaters which the brand still does, among other active sports athletes like BMX-riders, surfers and snowboarders.

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‘’OFF THE WALL’’ Tony Alva and Stacy Peralta were among the first ones using the phrase ‘’off the wall’’. According to the story the two skateboarders were skating on a backyard that had an empty pool. Tony Alva was gripping with his skateboard and his board went airborne above the pool’s edge. The founder of the Z-Boys, Skip Engblom commented to that, ‘’Man, you just went off the wall’’ which later became and iconic phrase inside the skate community and which Vans later on adapted on their shoes and logo. With the ‘’off the wall’’ logo skaters were able to differentiate their style from others (rwbeyondthebox.com, 2013).

The Jazz Stripe In 1977 Paul Van Doren made a random doodle which he called as ‘’Jazz Stripe’’, it became the brand’s signature mark which was used in the now known Old Skool model, originally known as style 36 (rwbeyondthebox.com, 2013).

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Customization The Vans store offered custom colours to their customers who did not find colour they liked. The customers could ask almost any colour they would want their shoes and Paul Van Doren would make it for them. The customization is still available for the Vans customers through their e-commerce sites (rwbeyondthebox.com, 2013).

Checkerboard Kids in the 70’s and 80’s started to colour their Vans Waffle Soles, which would create a checkerboard pattern. Vans inspired with this and moved the checkerboard pattern into the shoes upper materials. The black and white checkerboard Vans Slipons became a legend and are since then one of the brand most popular models (sneakerpedia.com, 2011).

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Youth culture Vans was already known for their skate shoes but the company also started to expand on other action sport segments, like surf, BMX, snowboarding and motocross. They also started sponsoring other active sport athletes.

Not only linking their brand identity to active sports, music became also key element to connect the brand to the youth culture and for promoting the creative self-expression. In 1995 Vans started sponsoring music festival The Warped Tour where many young people went to listen their favourite punk and hiphop bands. Six years later Vans bought the controlling rights of the music festival and it is still one of the most anticipated music festivals of the summer (vans. com, 2016).

Vans embraces and promotes the action sport, music, art and street culture through supporting action sport athletes, hosting events like Vans Tripe Crown of Surfing, Vans Pool Party (skate competition), The House of Vans (event venue) and the Vans Warped Tour (vfc. com, 2017).

Vans is still driven with their roots and values. The brand has created one of the most classic and timeless shoes which haven’t lost their coolness during the years. The youth culture, active sports music and arts still keep inspiring and influencing the brand which has kept the brand so relevant to its target market.

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3. FIELD RESEARCH

3.1 Point of sale The Vans store in Barcelona is located in the heart of the Barcelona’s city center, in the gothic quarter. The street where the store is situated is one of the big shopping streets in the area. The potential consumer flow in the street is pretty high, attracting not only locals but also the many tourists. The area where the store is located is also correct when thinking about their target. Most of the people who live around the area, live the urban/ street lifestyle, they are interested about skateboarding or other active sports as well as arts and music. The street where the store is located has many other similar brand stores that are specialized on the active sports, street and youth culture.

When visiting the store the customers inside the store were mostly tourist shoppers. The shoppers varied from female and male and from individuals to families with children mostly 20-35 years old. The shoppers shared pretty similar style, casual, comfortable to more trend consciousness ones. When thinking about the high potential customer flow and people passing by the store there weren’t that many customers inside. To attract and gain more customers inside the store the window displays and outdoor merchandising could be more eye catching and attention grabbing. This will be analysed more on the following chapter.

When thinking about the brand and its position on the market the point of sale reflects to that. As the brand already has good awareness and it is situated on a busy shopping street in the center it makes it easier to get consumers to go inside the store as well as easy to the customers to visit their store. Being next to similar brands is also good decision because Vans is reaching the same target which can gain them visiting to Vans as well.

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3.2 Window dressing & external design The window displaying is very simple and balanced in symmetric terms. The store has two windows, both sides of the door. The other one has two mannequins, other wearing clothes from the men’s collection and the other one from the women’s collection.

The styling of the mannequins are really different from another which does not create a good harmony. The mannequin wearing clothes from the men’s collection represents more the Californian preppy style and the women’s more unique and street stylish.

Not only the styles does not match together but the colours are also really different. Women mannequin is wearing only black and the men mannequin light colours like light blue, grey and beige.

The other window performs better. It showcases the brands most classic shoes (Classic Lites) which some of the models are also very trendy at the moment.

The six classic shoe models are presented on top of a display table that has a background wall providing relevant information, like the technology, silhouette and construction of the shoes. The wall prevents the customer seeing inside the store. This does not matter that much due to the reason that the other window is semi open and the entrance to the store and the doors were open providing well enough vision to see inside the store. The big black Vans logo was situated above the doors.

Colours used in the windows are black, white and light brown. The white and black striped stickers goes around the windows which are colours the brand is known using, for example on their logo and other promotional materials as well as on some of their iconic products like the black and white checkerboard pattern. The black and white stripes are coherent with the brand image as well as the brown used for displaying the shoes in the window. The light brown matched also to the colours used in the interior, using a lot of wood elements and the same light brown colour.

The store visit was conducted during the day so the lighting used was not that high as maybe in the evening when it is darker. When the visit was conducted the lightning in the windows were in moderate level, focused on the products which gave more attention into them.

Like stated on the previous chapter the windows and external design of the store could be more eye catching. The styling of the mannequins needs to be more in harmony. The other window that was displaying the shoes was executed in terms of symmetric harmony and with simplicity providing also key information about the products. The ‘’wow effect’’ to catch the consumers attention was lacking though. The windows should be communicating more the brand identity, going more to the roots of the brand and not trying to appeal as boring and mainstream.

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3.3 Internal design The general design of the internal part of the store represents a garage or a basement. Wood is a common element and used a lot inside the store. From the shelves, tables, cashier and walls. The atmosphere is created with the wooden elements and pictures. The iconic black and white checkerboard is also seen in the information tables and some of the shelves.

The general lighting inside the store is not really bright, the lighting is more used to present the products which makes them pop out more from the shelves. The space is not big but the use of walls and low level tables and hangers makes it more open as well as creating an illusion of bigger space. Everything is also very well organized, not displaying too many products. For example due to having so many different variety of shoe models they are presented with one shoes for a pair. The customer has to then ask the sale assistant for their size to try them.

Walking inside the store is easy and made effortless having good amount of space between the shelves and tables. Furthermore, the walking circle inside the store has made easy for the customers. The main walking circle goes in the middle of the store which is extended to two other zones on the sides of the store, these are colder zones. Notable is also that all the shoes are displayed in the back of the store. This is due to the fact that Vans is more known of their shoes, this way they get most of the customers walk pass their other products and getting them interested of their other products.

On the walls there are some pictures and paintings about Vans, skateboarding and California lifestyle as well as some of their products. The wall behind the cashier has two screens presenting skate videos. The store uses also different communication elements like catalogues, pictures and information tables to provide information about the brand and its products. In the footwear section all the models are arranged on different sections and above the section is a moodboard combination of the model, using picture, the name of the model and keywords used about the silhouette and technical aspects. In one of the corners of the footwear section is provided with the technical aspects of the shoes, telling and showing more the technical aspects of the shoes, from the famous waffle sole, to the frontier part of the shoe.

The experience in the store was pleasant because there weren’t too many people inside the store. It was easy to move inside the store and the sales assistants were really nice with smiling and asking if we need help almost right away when entered in the store. The garage/ basement atmosphere fits with the brand and its history but could go more overboard and creative with it. It was also impressive how well organized and displayed the products were.

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entrance

window

fitting rooms

cold zone

cashier cold zone 17

window

farm zone

3.4 Products & placement The store offers products for both male and female consumers. The main focus on the apparel is though in the male consumers. Most of the shoes are unisex and provided in 16 different sizes providing shoes from infants to adults.

Classification & assortment: Male Female

Kids

Footwear: Footwear: - Low top - Low top - High top - High top - Slip-on - Slip-on - Mid top - Mid top - Original Classics - Original classics

Footwear: - Low top - High top - Slip-on - Mid top - Original Classics

Apparel: Apparel: - T-shirts - T-shirts - Sweatshirts -Sweatshirts - Shirts - Shirts & tops - Jackets -Jackets -Pants -Pants - Jeans -Shorts - Shorts -Dresses & skirts -Board shorts Accessories: Accessories: - Hats & Snapbacks - Hats - Backpacks - Backpacks - Socks -Socks - Sunglasses -Sunglasses - Wallets -Wallets - Belts -Keychains

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Product presentation Products are presented in various ways using different product display elements. Products are displayed from the floor level to the high hand reaching level.

Tables, shelves are used mostly for t-shirts that are folded, also some more special models are presented in the hangers. Hats, snapbacks and backpacks are hanged on the wall showing the front side of the products. The apparel are arranged according to the style and products that represent more the same style and would create a consist outfit are displayed next to each other. The shoes are presented in the back of wall with shelves showing only one shoe from the shoe pair. This way more products can be displayed.

Furthermore a table presenting the most iconic shoes that were also showcased in the shopping window was displayed due to their high popularity and current trendiness but also setting the section area for the footwear. The products are well organized by colours and the general feeling of the store stays clean and minimalistic when too many products are not displayed at the same time.

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Planograms

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3.5 SWOT Strength -Lighting focused on the products which bring more appeal and attraction to them.

- Clear floor plan which makes it easy to go around inside the store.

- Clean, open and organized atmosphere which makes it easy for the customer find what they are looking for.

- Wide variety of shoe models. Apparel assortment is also wide but clearly focused more on the classic products than more exclusive ones.

- Nice, helpful and welcoming customer service. Greeted when both entering and leaving from the store.

- Photos and painting reflecting the brand, its origin and values.

- Focusing on their most popular and iconic items.

-Providing information about the products with the use of ‘’information tables’’ within key words of the technical aspects, silhouette and history.

Weaknesses - Windows and interior are lacking a certain ‘’wow effect’’. Especially the outdoor merchandising is really boring and should be more creative, adventurous and expressing which are also one of the brand main values.

- The mannequins styling in the shopping window are not in balance with each other, giving mixed feeling and messages to the consumer.

- The store is not emphasising enough the street and skate culture, which is especially really big in the Barcelona market. Though the store is using photos and painting to transmit the brand values and original background it should use other elements for the Vans storytelling.

- Though the store is very well organized with a pretty minimal approach it it’s kind of boring and does not bring anything special element to the shopping experience in the store.

Opportunities - More creative, unique and eye catching approach could lead more consumers to come inside the store and generate more sales.

- Bring more exclusive products to the assortment and emphasising them more with an eye catching display to help the customers create full look.

- Bring more special decoration elements inside the store that would also make the consumers experience more interesting.

Threats - Competitors on the same street that are offering similar products and choosing them rather than Vans.

- Not transmitting the brand values and identity well enough.

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4. STRATEGY

4.1 PROPOSAL 1 Since the classic Checkerboard pattern has made yet again new comeback during the last two years Vans should emphasize it also more on the store. Now the wooden materials and light brown colour is ruling in the shop which shows lack of creativeness and uniqueness. The Checkerboard pattern could be used some of the walls and for example on the sofas and the curtains of the fitting rooms.

4.2 PROPOSAL 2 Though the store already has some elements like the pictures and paintings to showcase the brands roots and values the store needs more elements to give more unique experience to the customers. Since Barcelona is one of the biggest skateboard cities the store would be focusing on that more also on their interior designing. For example skateboards will be used as shelves and chairs.

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4.3 PROPOSAL 3 When visited the store the window displays and exterior design were not attracting the consumer’s attention enough. In order to gain more customers inside the shop the windows should be recreated.

The other window could still have the two mannequins but the styling should be more similar to others in order to create better harmony. Around the mannequins could be used some skate related decoration items as well.

The other window will be used for the same purpose as before, presenting the footwear. The display for the shoes would be a huge waffle iron where the shoes ‘’would be made from’’.

Vans would be also hiring a Barcelona based illustrator Venyason to create Barcelona and Vans related stickers to the windows and to the see through doors. The designs of Venyason are really colourful, fun, ironic and eye catching which would definitely attract the consumers attention who are walking pass the store.

Outside the store there would also be sprayed footsteps going inside the store that are coming from the waffle sole of the Vans shoes.

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5. BIBLIOGRAPHY Sources: Anon, (2017). [online] Available at: https://www.linkedin.com/company/vans [Accessed 25 May 2017].

Beyond The Box. (2013). Vans: An Authentic Story. [online] Available at: http://www.rwbeyondthebox.com/blog/2013/6/11/vans-story [Accessed 25 May 2017].

Sneakerpedia. (2011). Sneaker History: Fast Times At Ridgemont High. [online] Available at: https://blog.sneakerpedia.com/2011/08/13/sneaker-history-fast-times-at-ridgemont-high/ [Accessed 25 May 2017].

The Hustle. (2016). The Epic History of Van Shoes. [online] Available at: https://thehustle.co/thehistory-of-vans-shoes [Accessed 25 May 2017].

Vans USA - English. (2016). History. [online] Available at: https://www.vans.com/history.html#1966 [Accessed 25 May 2017].

Vans, I. (n.d.). History of Vans, Inc. – FundingUniverse. [online] Fundinguniverse.com. Available at: http://www.fundinguniverse.com/company-histories/vans-inc-history/ [Accessed 25 May 2017]. venyason. (2017). Illustration. [online] Available at: http://www.venyason.net/illustration-n5qc [Accessed 25 May 2017].

Vfc.com. (2017). Vans :: VF Corporation (VFC). [online] Available at: http://www.vfc.com/brands/ outdoor-action-sports/vans [Accessed 25 May 2017].

Word-of-Mouth and Referral Marketing Blog. (n.d.). How Vans Became The Go-To Brand For Rebels, Mavericks, And Misfits - Word-of-Mouth and Referral Marketing Blog. [online] Available at: https://www.referralcandy.com/blog/vans-marketing-strategy/ [Accessed 25 May 2017].

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Figures: Cover. (n.d.). [image] Available at: http://www.vansglobal.com/ [Accessed 25 May 2017].

Figure 1. (n.d.). [image] Available at: https://s-media-cache-ak0.pinimg.com/originals/f1/ed/5d/f1ed5d28aafd09f93c785b1ff54c4594.jpg [Accessed 25 May 2017].

Figure 2. (n.d.). [image] Available at: https://fi.pinterest.com/pin/19984792075086069/ [Accessed 25 May 2017].

Figure 3. (2014). [image] Available at: https://www.vice.com/es_co/article/as-fue-el-paso-del-vans-wafflecup-por-colombia [Accessed 25 May 2017].

Figure 4. (n.d.). [image] Available at: http://wallpapercave.com/wp/nvla7UR.jpg [Accessed 25 May 2017].

Figure 5. (n.d.). [image] Available at: https://fi.pinterest.com/pin/459015387011666625/ [Accessed 25 May 2017].

Figure 6. (n.d.). [image] Available at: https://alchetron.com/Paul-Van-Doren-876470-W [Accessed 25 May 2017].

Figure 7. (2016). [image] Available at: http://www.vans.com/history [Accessed 25 May 2017].

Figure 8. (2016). [image] Available at: http://www.vans.com/history [Accessed 25 May 2017].

Figure 9. (n.d.). [image] Available at: http://thehustle.co/the-history-of-vans-shoes [Accessed 25 May 2017].

Figure 10. (n.d.). [image] Available at: https://vansky.cz/files/styles/full_custom_user_default_1x/public/pictures/70/79/4ac0bd9bc7f0b6d8ec2842167663ae6b.jpg?itok=QMfUA1fG [Accessed 25 May 2017].

Figure 11. (n.d.). [image] Available at: http://www.innovasport.com/authentic-n28 [Accessed 25 May 2017].

Figure 12. (n.d.). [image] Available at: https://thehustle.co/the-history-of-vans-shoes [Accessed 25 May 2017].

Figure 13. (n.d.). [image] Available at: http://www.vansglobal.com/ [Accessed 25 May 2017].

Figure 14. (n.d.). [image] Available at: https://fi.pinterest.com/pin/19984792079205390/ [Accessed 25 May 2017].

Figure 15. (n.d.). [image] Available at: https://www.vans.com/custom-shoes.html [Accessed 25 May 2017].

Figure 16. (n.d.). [image] Available at: https://pillowheat.com/blogs/news/17643552-pillowheat-x-sneakersmag-under-the-radar-scene-not-herd-the-history-of-vans-print-friction-scene [Accessed 25 May 2017].

Figure 17. (2017). [image] Available at: https://www.vans.com/poolparty2017.html [Accessed 25 May 2017].

Figure 18. (2016). [image] Available at: http://www.metalinsider.net/money-talks/find-out-how-much-vanswarped-tour-blink-182-and-more-made-on-the-road [Accessed 25 May 2017].

Figure 19. (2017). [image] Available at: http://68.media.tumblr.com/c0f6c20563657b7a3d8bcad4b576524d/ tumblr_oq7w96g5GV1qhp4u1o4_1280.jpg [Accessed 25 May 2017].

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Figure 26. (n.d.). [image] Available at: https://www.sneakerfreaker.com/features/the-history-ofvans/#7 [Accessed 25 May 2017].

Figure 34. (n.d.). [image] Available at: https://fi.pinterest.com/pin/447052700482574871/ [Accessed 25 May 2017].

Figure 35. (n.d.). [image] Available at: https://www.smartdraw.com/planogram/ [Accessed 25 May 2017].

Figure 38. (2017). [image] Available at: https://www.dezeen.com/2017/02/13/supreme-checkerboard-edition-artek-iconic-aalto-stool-60-furniture-design/ [Accessed 25 May 2017].

Figure 39. (2017). [image] Available at: http://68.media.tumblr.com/139a4beb8d0fecaddfad7da3a5b404eb/tumblr_op7iveRIpZ1qhoa53o4_1280.jpg [Accessed 25 May 2017].

Figure 40. (2010). [image] Available at: http://graphicdesign.spokanefalls.edu/grad_show_2010/images/portfolio/web/pamWhite/chair.html [Accessed 25 May 2017].

Figure 41. (2013). [image] Available at: http://www.rwbeyondthebox.com/blog/2013/6/11/vans-story [Accessed 25 May 2017].

Figure 42. (2014). [image] Available at: https://designmattersatartcenter.org/proj/vans/ [Accessed 25 May 2017].

Figure 43-45. (2017). [image] Available at: http://www.venyason.net/illustration-n5qc [Accessed 25 May 2017].

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