Booklet “2� Student: Jens Pedersen Project Title: Climate Refuge // A Culturally Sensitive Model Studio: Studio Building Design Semester: E13
Result // Conclusion / Reflexion
This is the second half of the process report which describes the architectural development.
Result // Conclusion / Reflexion
Technique
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Technique - Understanding the proposed technique as a driver for form. As a point of departure for the development of the dwelling strategy, an initial focus was put on the building technique, intended for the FCM to use. Initially the building technique was considered to be casting, where it was envisioned that people would initially live in a temporary dwelling, that could be re-configured into reusable casting moulds. Tests were initially made with different mould techniques, to see which assembly technique would create good results. Next step would then be to see what morphologies of temporary and permanent structure they would be able to create. The process of this is displayed on pp. 6-7. Since the project is situated in Sweden, and one of Sweden’s main exports are wood, it was chosen to initially make the moulds out off wood. Image 2-4, were the first “hello world” experiments, where a lot was learned about the pressure you have to deal with, when casting. Two moulds would have failed if they had not been kept together by rubber bands, and the one which were not kept together with rubber bands produced poor results. Image 6 on the other hand was the first success, where a different joint technique was used, it produced fine results without rubber bands and was reusable. Furthermore it was able to produce temporary structures similar to img. 5. Further tests were conducted with this assemble technique to see if it would be able to cast a corner( which is displayed in images 9-10). It worked pretty well, but it was not possible to de-mould the interior part of the mould. However this presented some interesting potential in terms of controlling the materiality of the project. Since the wooden moulds soaked up some of the excess moist from the concrete, they became deformed as they dried. This would eventually destroy the moulds, which led to some experiments with polycarbonate as
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the main mould making material(img. 7-8). The polycarbonate produced very good results; the cast was more smooth than with wooden moulds, and the mould did not deform. The possible temporary and permanent dwellings with this techniques would be orthogonal in plan, and be able to expand according to need in every direction, giving any number of different dwelling morphologies. As mentioned in the section “Vernacular” in the 1st booklet, locally available materials were always used when building new dwellings, and as mentioned one of Sweden’s main exports is timber, making it obvious to test the potentials of wooden constructions. Reading and looking at images of Swedish vernacular architecture1,2, made it clear that the regular way of building is by using a wooden frame structure into which wall is filled. This was abstracted into the following building system:
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This building process tested through a series of models(see img. 14-17) for its ability to expand, for what type of space would be created if there was not a wall in the frame and how well it might work as an additive architecture. Choosing what technique to use is very difficult, since there are “pros and cons” for either solution. However, looking at the casting technique; it is very flexible and easy to use, but it will be hard to get the buildings up to code and it will become increasingly difficult to control the pressure within the moulds without scaffolding, when moving to 1:1 construction. Furthermore, this strategy might be more appropriate if the project dealt with immediate catastrophe management, but as mentioned it is dealing with slow-onset-
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disasters, where there will be time to plan how to migrate and settle into a new environment and vernacular. The wooden framework, requires more skill to assemble but will be easier to get up to code, since you can create hollow walls and fill them with insulation. Using this technique would also be more appropriate in terms of use of material, since it would use locally available materials. Both of the techniques present different potentials, but referring back to the segment of the vernacular, and the fact that this project is inherently about culture and self-build, it becomes clear that using locally available resources, i.e the wooden framework as the structural system, is the way to go.
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Result // Conclusion / Reflexion
Urban Situation
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1 Map of Lycksele and its surrounding terrain in scale 1:50.000. The map is a redrawn version of the one available here: http://swp.cartesia.se/ lycksele/default.aspx The landscape contours are spaced with 5 meters interval, which is information given in a private email.
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Urban Situation - Where should the FCM be situated in or around Lycksele ? The general knowledge about Lyscksele was presented in the segment labelled “Context”, and the focus of this part will be the placement of the migrants. Four different locations has been found(highlighted with red on img 19and labelled 1-4) presenting potential for urban expansion. The choices are partly based on Frei Otto’s knowledge about settlements, in which he says: “When they become etched in the Earth’s surface through repeated use, then path systems are often occupied , especially at forks in the path or at crossings.“ 3 By; “When they become...“ is meant paths or networks, so to paraphrase it; road intersections are considered urban potential, similar to what was concluded in the study of Skjern/Tarm. Two(1 and 2) of the four potential sites have been chosen solely because of major road intersections. The third(3) is chosen due to its infrastructure potential, since it is situated close to a road intersection and the rail way, which could become an important hub for the city, because it would be possible to establish a new train station there. The fourth(4) site is situated a bit to the north of Lycksele, within a small pocket of roads, where people have already started to build along the river side. In relation to the previous segment, wood is actually being manufactured in Lycksele, and is highlighted on the map. Locating the migrants near this area would be an obvious choice, since the material would not have to travel so far, and people would be able to work in the industry. But it is situated near the airport, which is considered to be undesirable to live in close proximity to. The sample areas are 1 km wide, and are all represented in a larger scale on the following pages. The main focus of this further analysis is to make an informed choice regarding which of the potential areas should be the initial testing ground. At first a thorough look at the terrain will be made, in order to see if one or more can be ruled out for having to steep of a terrain, thereby complicating the build. Looking at the different terrains(see img. 20-23), it is obvious that neither differ much from each other, meaning that neither of them have a steep terrain that would present any concerns in terms of building upon them.
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3: Second layer of infrastructure creating the final situation of pockets to be filled with architecture.
2: The first laver of new infrastructure, the new pockets are then subdivided if they are to big() highlighted in purple)
1: The initial site, with existing infrastructure pocket, which is subdivided.
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So the choice of site will be based on urban potential, which points towards site 4. It is a interesting site since it is situated within already existing urban fabric, which will have potential to become a urban hub in already existing urban fabric. Furthermore it is assumed the city is expanding in this direction already. The site will be retrofit with infrastructure, in a similar manor to what Cerda did(section “Urban studies“). The pocket is to be filled with infrastructure, not a grid, but with a “minimal-detour-network”, where the nodes of the existing network will be connected to each other, through a rationalised network similar to the “wolly paths“ studies performed by Frei Otto( a brief description of how this work); the nodes are connected with woollen threads which are then soaked in water, and as they dry the strings start sticking together. This was not performed through models but by a digital model which creates the same results4). After this initial subdivision, the new pockets will be subdivided again if they are above a certain size, leaving a series of smaller pockets, that are now ready to be fitted with architecture (see img 24). The flow within these pockets will be pedestrians only, since that is the case in the vernacular in Bangladesh. How there will be created an urban hierarchy within these pockets, will be further elaborated in the segment labelled “the Strategy“.
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Result // Conclusion / Reflexion
Formal Development
img. 25 : model studies has been a major part of the project development.
Model studies - How is the urban situation in Bangladesh ? This segment presents an analysis of the urban potential for the vernacular of Bangladesh, analysed based on the different dwelling types(see img. 2934). These were then made into models in scale 1:2000. The singular models were then tested in urban formations to understand how they would form informal- and formal networks, and to see if a certain dwelling type was better or worse at creating the informal networks. The studies are placed on the following pages(img. 35-54). Besides these initial studies, a series of further studies will be presented, such as an investigation of the Bangladeshi vernaculars ability to adapt to the Swedish climate. Furthermore a conclusion on the question; should the vernacular be copied? or learned from? follows, and in the end the framework for self-build will be presented
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HOMESTEAD TYPES
L-type: Dominant spatial enclosureimg.is33 created byimg.two perpendicular s img. 32 34
mi-private 18courtyard, program encompassed in a single structur in summer and winter breezes, blocks off neighbouring homeste sides, reduced cost through uniďŹ ed plinth/facades Negative: Courtyard on display to exterior, reduced privac
U-type: Dominant spatial enclosure from three inwardly facing room
Lycksele
Merged situation
Village outside Dhaka
img. 26-28 : overlap of urban structures, will be interesting to see what will happen. 19
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img. 35 - 39 : - If every unit is organised as the L-type, then there will be a great need of trees or other means to create clearer distinction between what is the formal network, and what is the courtyard space. - It allows for an informal network to develop, though only if the L-form is not closed. - The informal spaces are easily mistaken for a courtyard space.
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Courtyard space
Formal network
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Informal square
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img. 40 - 44 : - The parallel organisation is good at creating a clearly defined informal- and formal network without the addition of trees etc. - It does not create many informal square. - The courtyard become more of a passage than a space.
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Courtyard space img. 43
Informal square
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Formal network img. 44
Informal network 21
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img. 45 - 49 : - The U-type has very clearly defined courtyards, since they are almost always bordered by another household, thereby “closing� it of. - It has a very intricate informal network. - Creates very defined informal squares.
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Courtyard space img. 48
Informal square
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Formal network img. 49
Informal network
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img. 50 - 54 : - The mix of the three types, is very heterogeneous, and contains all the before mentioned positives and negatives.
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Courtyard space img. 53
Informal square
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Formal network network Formal img. 54
Informal network
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Through the previous models, the importance of the informal network was established. It was also learned what the different Bangladeshi types, generated in the urban context. And it was made clear that for the Bangladeshi people to have a similar everyday in Sweden, this network had to be brought forward through the architecture. The difference in climactic conditions, might make it difficult to create a similar situation in Sweden. Images 55-60 addresses this dilemma. Img. 55 shows the liveable functions of a parallel unit from Bangladesh, and how it would be there with a completely open courtyard. Img. 56 shows what would be the most obvious choice; simply cover the courtyard, making it a usable space throughout the year. This would make the dwelling introvert and block the informal passage, leaving people to use the formal network. Images 57-58, tries to deal with this problem, by suggesting a change in either the pavement, or by using the porch as a separation between what is private and semi public. It is believed that it would not work in a similar way, since there is still the threshold in the form of a door that has to be passed. Images 59 - 60 presents other solutions where img. 59 suggest to separate the covering, opening up for a passage through; this would make it perceivable as two introvert dwellings, rather than one dwelling. Img. 61 starts to suggest something correct, where the dwelling would be tied together by a roof or a separate floor. Thereby creating three different zones, where one would be climatised (the interior), semi climatized(the glass zone) Bedrooms
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Kitchen
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and a covered zone which would be the passage. This knowledge was further studied through a series of drawings(see img. 61 and 63 - 65) and a model(img. 62). It was important to understand how the strategy about having semi climatised zones and fully climatised zones, would function in section and plan. The top drawing at img. 61 displays a possible scenario for how this strategy would work in a section, which works really well, and creates a very clear gradient between the public and private, which presents some interesting potential. Image 63 - 65 presents a small investigation of possible morphologies being created by merging the L-, U- or parallel - type, with this strategy of covering the courtyard. These morphologies was further tested in a urban context, similar to the previous urban studies(see img. 66- 70).
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img. 66 - 70 : - This model is a abstract representation of the before mentioned strategy of covering the courtyards, based on the sketches at img 33, so all the households are supposed to have a roof covering their associated courtyard, which you will have to imagine. - The U- and Parallel types, are the only ones allowing informal passage. - Using the L-type alone blocks for informal passage, which drastically decreases the connectivity of the informal network. - The L-type in relation with the other types, create larger informal squares.
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Courtyard space img. 69
Informal square
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Formal network img. 70
Informal network 27
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After realising(text in relation to img. 66 - 70) that the L-shape with its climactic modifications, did not enhance the informal network, it was neglected, and the U- and Parallel types were further developed and detailed(img. 71). The different dwellings were all viewed as singular entities through which you could pass, similar to the former diagrammatic models. However when having drawn a facade(img 72), it became clear, that viewing the architecture as singular entities with one closed roof would not work, since it will appear very closed when walking around the urban space. Looking back at the urban study where the Bangladeshi types(img. 66-70) adapted to the Swedish climate, to see if a dwelling formation presented some potential, to create an appropriate situation similar to Bangladesh. Viewing the models as having no roof, there where several morphologies which presented some potential for empowering the informal network. These can however be categorized as one type of dwelling, see img. 73-74. In the case of img. 73, it is drawn as a modified U-type, since the notion of establishing these buildings as singular entities did not work. Viewing it as two L-types facing each other with a open communal courtyard,
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presented some interesting possibilities. In order to decide whether or not this would work, the same urban study was performed, which is situated on the following page(pp 28). It was chosen only to study the double L-type for its potentials. Through the study on pp 28 it was realised that this shift of how to view the dwelling types was necessary, as of now the dwellings for Sweden had always been viewed as being the same types as in Bangladesh. Instead of copying what is in Bangladesh, it was chosen to make a shift from copying and retrofitting, to learning from the principles and create something new. Since the informal network is valued the highest, it was chosen make what creates this a priority. This is where the courtyard comes into play, the courtyard is considered to be semi-public in Bangladesh and is very open, which is why it works as a passage. If this were to be covered as it has been chosen to do previously, it would cancel the notion of a semi public passage. However if it is open and shared by two households, like with the double-L, it is considered to be easier to read as a passage. Even though this switch seems appropriate it presents some issues
img. 75 : Initially placed frames and columns
img. 76 Frames in the process of being filled. The dotted lines show that there are still frames to be placed.
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img. 77 - 81 : - In difference to the previous study of this type, the courtyards are not supposed to be viewed as being covered. - Using this dwelling type, makes a very homogeneous urban fabric, when viewed from above, but how will it work at a human scale? (see morphology study on pp 29). - Makes a series of varied informal squares, could this be used to create an urban hierarchy? - Creates an intricate informal network.
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Courtyard space
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Informal square 30
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Formal network
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Informal network
in terms of the initial ambitions, where it was stated that what was created had to be able to create a multitude of different morphologies. The solution to this is found by looking back at the chosen building technique; the abstracted wooden frame(see pp 8 booklet “2”), which will be fitted into the L-form. Producing a 3D-spatial grid, with spaces that can be filled with wall, ceiling, floor or roof. Giving the same form a series of latent possibilities, to create multiple morphologies within the same framework. The process of filling the frame, will be further elaborated in the sections “Strategy” and “Construction”, where an idea of architectural components will be presented. To further elaborate on the question of homogeneity vs heterogeneity, when using the double - L as the dwelling type. There will be a high level of homogeneity when viewing the created urban fabric from above, this is not of great concern since people wont experience the city from that angle. That being said, it is expected that the city will develop and change over time, similar to the tale of Zobeide5, since the people will build there own home gradually(further explained in section “Strategy”), and has the possibility to expand or contract their dwelling within the framework of the L-type. Images 82-87 displays different possible morphologies(they are not to be viewed as one dwelling developing in sequence, but different dwellings at any given time). In conclusion it is chosen to work with the double-L type, where one open courtyard is shared by two buildings facing each other, this is to enforce the creation of an informal network in a context which is drastically different than where they came from. img. 82
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Result // Conclusion / Reflexion
Construction
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Construction - How will people assemble their dwelling? In the beginning of this booklet it was decided to work with a wooden frame construction, how this will be put together will be developed through a precedents study. The precedent should have developed a easy fabrication logic where the goal is to learn from these principles. Looking at the “Ål-cabin”, which was developed by Lund and Slaatoo back in 1967, as an entry to a competition, where the goal was to design a dwelling for the mountain sides that was easy to build and worked with a additive logic. Initially they did not win the competition, however a contractor bought the rights to the project, and started to establish a assembly line. The initial layout revolves around the minimum space required for a bed and a closet, which they estimated to be 1.5x2.1 meters, this rectangular space connects to a 1.2x2.1 meter hallway, so for every bit of hallway you will get two spaces of 1.5x2.1 meters. These spaces can be organized in sequential order along a central axis, and vary in function within the same module, which is found to be very interesting. Constructing these cabins are simple; it revolves around wooden boards that are 45*150 mm in plan, and vary in length according to placement, however many of them are the same in length. These boards are then used in different situations, where the most interesting one is how it is used to form columns, which is illustrated in img. 90. The only issue with the column is that it has a direction, and will always create rectangular plans, which is seen to be a bit restrictive(see img. 91).6,7 The principles which are interesting to learn from is how the column is used in terms of construction, and the rationale behind the module. The interesting aspect with the module is the fact that it revolves around the minimal use of a certain function, where they have chosen a universal function as their main driver; the bed. This is highly pragmatic and has been tested in a similar way through this project, by developing a series of architectural components. Instead of using a rectangular module like they did, with the Ål-cabin, it was chosen to focus on a square module, which would leave the new dwellings being omnidirectional. The chosen module size, was based on the size of a bed, and was made to be
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img. 89
img. 90 : Different drawings created by Lund and Slaatoo about the Ă…lCabin. The construction sequence is of particular interest, in relation to how to fabricate a house. And the different types of the cabin, is also very interesting since it displays the power of the strong logic put into the design of this system.
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2.1x2.1 meters. This module was tested through a series of possible uses, meaning would this module be able accommodate a kitchen, a living area, dining area, bathroom etc. All of the mentioned functions fitted into the module of 2,1x2,1 meters, and were therefore chosen to be the size between the wooden columns in the wooden framework(see img 76 - 77). The idea of the architectural components will be further elaborated in the section labelled “Strategy”. The columns in the original Ål-cabin are ingenious and present some features that will be brought forward to this project, which are the grooves where boards are inserted to create the frame for floors and ceilings. These grooves will be CNC - milled into solid timber columns that will be the structure for this project(see img. 92 and img 76 - 77). The walls will be created using the same boards that are available to make the floor/ceiling, they will be assembled using jigs, to form wall sections(see im. 93). The use of jigs is highly important, since they will make it easy for people to fill the “inbetweens” of the columns with walls, on their own(see img. 93 which represents the structure of 1 module, ready to be fitted with facade panels). Making these jigs redundant enough will require a lot in terms of development and a series sequential diagrams that explains the build process step by step. So it is a matter of logistics, giving the tools needed to build and deciding what will be given and what will be build of the dwelling ? This last and highly essential question will be further elaborated in the section labelled “The Strategy“. Returning to the use of the column, besides having a CNC-milled groove to attach floor/ceilings into. It will also have a small groove milled img. 91
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img. 92
near the edges of the column(see img 92). These grooves are made so people know where they would attach facade panels. The facade panels are initially wood, however when people might want to expand, they will be able to choose facade panels on their own in different materials (will be further elaborated in the section “Strategy�.)
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img. 93: This diagram shows the comunity centres that will be surrounded by dwellings. There are two dwellings which are in the process of being build. The dotted lines representing frames, are to indicate that people can expand or live there
Possible Dwelling
The Strategy - A brief and summarized version of how people are thought to move to Sweden and build their own dwelling. The strategy, which has taken shape through this project, would start for the Bangladeshi people, when they know there are approximately 6 months until their area or Bangladesh becomes unhabitable. They will then take contact to the Swedish government and the institute for Forced-Climate-Mirgants, a global institution, created to evaluate peoples situations. The process is divided into two consulting phases, one which deals with the architecture, and the other dealing with the construction. The initial phase starts with the migrants being assigned to an architectural consultant who will explain, that they will have to build their own home, when they come to live in Sweden. They will then explain the concept of L-shaped frame in which they are able to build their dwelling. These frames will be placed according to need, meaning if people are initially supposed to build between three frames, that is what they will get. But if the need to expand arises, they will be able to apply for more frames, thereby enabling them to expand the dwelling. Furthermore they are not supposed to exceed the frame contained within the L-shape. The next step will be to show them the architectural components, which display different possibilities of use pr. square module. Here the people will be able to choose from the components, making it possible to make an
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Community Centre
Dwelling being build
initial estimate of how much material is to be used for the initial build. The amount of available material for the initial build is based on family size. The second phase commence when people have come to start building, where they will stay at a community centre(build by the Swedish government). These community centres will be situated in the centre of the plots where people will be living(see img. 94). Initially these centres will be used as accommodation for the families who will come and build their homes. Afterwards they will function as social gathering points, become a religious building, market place or attain a different function. The centre will not be able to accommodate entire families at a time, only people that are there to build. Once they have finished the initial part of their home, they can go back and pick up the rest of their family and make the permanent move. In the beginning there are skilled Swedish craftsmen instructing the migrants how to use the different jigs and assemble their home. Then, as time goes by the need for these Swedish craftsmen will decrease(since the migrants will learn how to use the different jigs), and the FCM will start teaching others how to use them. Thereby making themselves more in charge of the reality that they are creating.
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Result // Conclusion / Reflexion
Result / Conclusion / Reflexion
Result This part of the project is a brief presentation of the results as of now. It mainly focuses on the urban aspects of the project, where it should be evident that there is a high homogeneity(img. 98) when viewed from above, thus there is a completely different situation when situated at street level(img. 97). Some of the architectural components are displayed through images 94 - 96. img. 94
img. 97
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img. 98
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Conclusion / Reflexion - What was learned ? Should something have been done differently ? Would this project work ? How would other cultural patterns be used with the same strategy ? Could it be implemented elsewhere ?
Concluding upon all the above and what was described within the first booklet is a joyous task, since it is now possible to look back at the original assignment and reflect upon what was done. I was aware of the projects scale, and that it would become quite the task to develop the project since it focussed on so many scales, from a global problem all the way down to the detail of how the single house should be assembled. This proved to be more challenging than expected, though it only made it possible for me to learn that much more. It was super interesting to learn about culture in general and how important it is to have respect for cultural living patterns, especially in the globalized world we live in, where distances are becoming shorter, and people are trying to attain a certain image of living which may not be culturally appropriate. It is important to recognize the culture and vernacular when designing for other countries, since it will make more appropriate and liveable architecture. I also learned a lot about how to construct a home on your own in timber, or at least on a principle level, which I believe will become an asset in future projects. If I were to do the project all over I would probably have formulated the assignment a little different, opening up for the possibility that it would be a thought experiment, rather than a real proposal as to how this problem could be solved. I am not stating that what I have made is wrong, I am just pointing out that if it had been a thought experiment, it might have opened up for a more abstract interpretation of the meaning of culture and architecture situated in a new context. Following this it would also have been interesting to make a futuristic proposal for how to live in the future, because the project is in some sense rooted in current living and construction paradigm, and it is trying to solve a futuristic problem. However that being said this project is to be viewed as a 1.0 version, which is trying to verbalize the problem, and then the more experimental project could be performed as a version 2.0 of the project, if it were to continue. I firmly believe that there is a series of projects that could be made about this specific problem, because when looking back through human
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history makes it evident that whenever there has been a problem, and we have been made aware of it, no one takes charge and tries to deal with it - it has always been postponed until it has gone beyond fixing before someone tries, to propose a solution to said problem. The above makes this project quite interesting because it proposes a possible solution, to future a problem, which may be applicable in the future at least in terms of principles. Since the project is inherently about people building their own dwellings, making it appear as if I am leaving the architectural choices to the layman, it is important for me to answer the question; what has your role been as an architect ? Initially I actually wanted the project to be very anarchistic and leave me with very little control of what was created. But my role got more and more specific as the project moved forward. It became my assignment to establish a framework ensuring a specific situation to arise, in this case the creation of the informal network. I see the added complexity to the basic column as an architects role, since it is very designed to give it the added functionality. And since it also tells where to mount facade panels, which will always leave the columns bare, it also has an effect on the overall aesthetics of the build entities. Is this strategy, or method, a suitable solution to the problem ? And could it be applied elsewhere? I strongly believe the project is a good solution for people migrating from Bangladesh to Sweden. Were they migrating elsewhere the architectural strategy might have been different depending on locally available resources, they would still have to build dwellings partly aided or on their own in my opinion. The urban analysis and conclusions would still be applicable. If the project should have been applicable to a more general situation, I should probably have kept developing the concrete system, where people would still build their own house. But I truly believe that in order to make a viable urban setting to live in, you have to know how people lived originally and then apply the principles of this within the new context. So it will probably be difficult to create a truly generic solution, since I believe in a cultural respect for peoples way of living. The biggest challenge of doing this project was to distance my self from the fact that I have grown up in a highly developed and rich country, where the everyday that I experience and have grown accustomed to is miles away, from what people from “at-risk� countries are experiencing. So I tried to distance my self as much from my own everyday perspective, in order to try and understand the situation they are facing, which proved difficult at times.
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Bibliography: 1 : Edenheim, Ralph, Olle Norling, Margareta Kjellin, and Roger Tanner. The Red Houses. Stockholm: Byggförlaget, 2005. Print. 2 : Janfalk, Susanna, and David Powell. Arkitektur I Sverige: Funktion, Konstruktion Och Estetik Genom Tiderna. Stockholm: Arkitekturmuseet, 2004. Print. 3 : Otto, Frei, and Berthold Burkhardt. Occupying and Connecting: Thoughts on Territories and Spheres of Influence with Particular Reference to Human Settlement. Stuttgart: Edition Axel Menges, 2009. 50. Print. 4 : Otto, Frei, and Berthold Burkhardt. Occupying and Connecting: Thoughts on Territories and Spheres of Influence with Particular Reference to Human Settlement. Stuttgart: Edition Axel Menges, 2009. 63-73.Print. 5 : Calvino, Italo, and Italo Calvino. Invisible Cities. Londres: Vintage, 1997. 39. Print. 6 : Grønvold, Ulf. Lund & Slaatto. [Oslo]: Universitetsforlaget, 1988. 33-38. Print. 7 : Grønvold, Ulf. Lund & Slaatto. [Oslo]: Universitetsforlaget, 1988. 53-59. Print.
Image List: img. 1 : (http://gillytherapy.com/wpcontent/uploads/2011/08/lifting.jpg) accessed 02-01-2014 img. 2 : own illustration img. 3 : own illustration img. 4 : own illustration img. 5 : own illustration img. 6 : own illustration img. 7 : own illustration img. 8 : own illustration img. 9 : own illustration img. 10 : own illustration img. 11 : Edenheim, Ralph, Olle Norling, Margareta Kjellin, and Roger Tanner. The Red Houses. Stockholm: Byggförlaget, 2005. 195. Print. img. 12 : own illustration img. 13 : own illustration img. 14 : own illustration img. 15 : own illustration img. 16 : own illustration
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img. 17 : own illustration img. 18 : (http://files.myopera.com/ elenioyap/albums/904385/0_-13.jpg) accessed 28/12/2013 img. 19 : own illustration img. 20 : own illustration img. 21 : own illustration img. 22 : own illustration img. 23 : own illustration img. 24 : own illustration img. 25 : own illustration img. 26 : own illustration img. 27 : own illustration img. 28 : own illustration img. 29 : privately contacted regarding this link (http:// www.panigram.com/2011/06/ exploring-bangladeshimudarchitecture/#comment-1042) accessed the 16/10/2013 img. 30 : privately contacted
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