CONSTRUCTION ANALYSIS A S S I G N M E N T
02
ABPL 20033
JEREMY BONWICK
[697718] TUTORIAL 01 . MIA WILLEMSEN
01 S T A G E
01 S T A G E
PLAN VIEW CONSTRUCTION ANALYSIS [ABPL20033] ASSIGNMENT 02
JEREMY BONWICK [697718] TUTORIAL 01 MIA WILLEMSEN
FOOTINGS AND SERVICE PIPE LAYOUT This stage encompasses the very first phase of work on the site, preparing the site for the construction process. This begins with the demolition phase where the site is cleared of existing structures, materials and vegetation before the cut and fill (excavating where needed and filling in to level) levels the site to that necessitated for the new building. The result is the blank slate from which the building can begin to be formed.
The architect’s drawings include details of the existing site’s demolition including what will be retained and what will be removed. This includes the trees which are situated across the site, most of which are retained but a small number were removed prior to works beginning. This could have been due to new built areas clashing with them or for accessibility.
SECTION A CONSTRUCTION ANALYSIS [ABPL20033] ASSIGNMENT 02
JEREMY BONWICK [697718] TUTORIAL 01 MIA WILLEMSEN
DEMOLITION EQUIPMENT AND MACHINERY The bulk of the demolition of the existing dwelling would have been completed with two front arm excavators with caterpillar tread to traverse the uneven terrain. The services and electricity to the previous dwelling would have been already disconnected. One of the excavators was fitted with a bucket for moving rubble and dirt around the site as well as dismantling the structure. Tougher areas of the building including concrete slabs were jack hammered away with a different attachment for the front arm excavator (circled in right hand image). A number skips would have been filled with waste materials from the previous dwelling to be taken away.
SUB-STAGES IN SITE PREPARATION As cut and fill is being made across the side the sides of the excavations are left at the natural angle of repose which prevents cave ins but also doe not encroach too much into the rest of the site. Pictured is the earth naturally forming quite a steep wall on the side of the cut area for the basement slab.
Existing trees to be retained, some trees on the west boundary to be removed
Existing paving removed
N 0
1
2m
GROUND LEVEL 1:50 @ A3
Excavator used in the demolition of the existing dwelling
Workers and trades are required to have access to amenities on site. This includes toilet facilities as well as a break space. Areas for rubbish, skips and a first aid box are also necessary on this scale site although a fully fledged site shed would be unlikely given the small scale of the site and the slope.
1. Approvals Seeking the necessary government documentation and approvals to begin work which is not limited to works permission but also licenses for trades and service providers and insurance. 2. Amenities/Safety Installation of necessary site amenities including toilets, break areas and a securable ‘lock-up’ for tools. Also temporary fencing at the front of the site needs to be erected as well as other safety measures such as balustrades around deep excavation and signiage with regards to site contacts and first aid procedure. 3. Demolition Beginning of demolition works removing the old dwelling and its associated rubble as well as trees and landscaping elements. 4. Leveling After the rubble is moved the land needs to be either cut or filled to reach the level needed for the works to begin — the areas for the basement needed excavation and soil is taken away from the site. Areas will be filled later to the backs of retaining walls. 5. Set Out Pegs and string are used with measuring tape to map out the boundaries and details of the new build, the basic footprint in effect, with levels taken from the site’s designated RL point.
02 S T A G E
02 S T A G E
PLAN VIEW CONSTRUCTION ANALYSIS [ABPL20033] ASSIGNMENT 02
JEREMY BONWICK [697718] TUTORIAL 01 MIA WILLEMSEN
FOOTINGS AND SERVICE PIPE LAYOUT
Trenches are dug according to the stet-out on the site which will eventually service the water and waste services of the house. The trenches run underground and then allows the pipes to protrude through the slab and into the areas required.
h
With the site cleared and leveled the service pipes which connect into the stormwater and sewage systems need to be laid in trenches. These pipes will in places run under the slab so will become inaccessible after the next stage. The positioning of the pipes is based off the architect’s drawings and needs to be as accurately placed as possible, working off the set-out pegs from the previous stage to locate where the piping should penetrate through the slab. The slab itself is also formed up in this stage with reenforcement mesh laid in place ready for the concrete to be poured.
SECTION A CONSTRUCTION ANALYSIS [ABPL20033] ASSIGNMENT 02
1
JEREMY BONWICK [697718] TUTORIAL 01 MIA WILLEMSEN
2
WATER PROOF MEMBRANE Concrete is a porous material which means it is not entirely impervious to water. To prevent water from the ground seeping up into the slab a membrane is laid over the earth as a separating layer between the building and the unconditioned outside. The water proof membrane, or vapor barrier is a plastic skin which wraps up into the outer shell of the building to create a tight and impervious seal.
3
REENFORCEMENT STEEL BARS/MESH Concrete is reenforced with steel mesh in the bottom of the slab. The reason for this lies in the properties of concrete as a material — it is strong in compression but weak in tension. This is shown in the diagram opposite where [1] shows a force applied perpendicular to side of the slab versus [2] where a vertical force (such as those loads coming from a wall system above) causes buckling and fracture. Steel which is strong in tension is placed in the bottom of the concrete to relieve that area of the concrete which is put into tension when a force is applied from the top such as in [3].
SLAB PREP DETAIL 1:10
Trenches and excavations for the pad footings which support the suspended floor in the back section of the house. Timber formwork to define the edge of the concrete slab. Structural ‘ribs’ in the slab are formed with trenches and contain steel reenforcement.
N 0
1
2m
GROUND LEVEL 1:50 @ A3
3L12TM (3 bars, low ductility, 1mm at 200mm centers)steel reenforcement bars Bars tied where they overlap
The bucket attachment on the front arm excavator was used to dig the trenches for the laying of service pipes as well as the ‘rib’ trenches for the slab pour. A roller or hand held rammer would have been used to compact the bed of sand before the waterproof membrane is laid.
0.2 mm water proof membrane (vapor barrier) 50mm compacted sand bed 3 bar, low ductility, 1mm diameter, 200mm spacing trench reenforcement mesh
100 40
Plastic Reo bar chairs give the steel mesh 50mm of clearance off the bottom of the concrete to prevent future erosion and oxidisation
500
Trench coverage (h) is measured from the top of the pipe’s diameter to the surface. This distance is dependent on the activities that will occur above — for example if a roadway is required over the pipe the h value will be 750mm, whereas if it will not ever carry vehicle loads the minimum is 300mm.
50
50
Starter bar for blockwork wall
Reenforcement bar chairs 100mm natural silty clay
SLAB PREPARATION (L-R) Steel mesh waiting to be laid in the trenches, vapor barrier laid over previously compacted sand bed (circled; bar chairs to keep the reo 50mm inside the base of the slab), timber formwork and temporary bracing behind.
03 S T A G E
PLAN VIEW
03 S T A G E
CONCRETE POUR STAGES
CONSTRUCTION ANALYSIS [ABPL20033] ASSIGNMENT 02
EN
SUI
JEREMY BONWICK [697718] TUTORIAL 01 MIA WILLEMSEN
T
SECTION A
JEREMY BONWICK [697718]
RO
GROUND FLOOR SUPPORTS
STARTER BARS
In this stage everything for the footings are completed, this includes the pouring of the concrete slab over the already laid reenforcement and the blaockwork retaining walls which form part of the building’s substructure (where they are retaining the earth behind them below ground level). The concrete is poured all at once in one slab structure, brought to site in a concrete truck and leveled by the trades on-site. The concrete will be left to cure for a time, after 28 days the mixture has reached 98% of its strength at which point the construction can move onto the retaining wall, which tie into the slab with steel starter bars.
The retaining wall and other load-baring blockwork walls around the site tie into the slab below through the use of starter bars. This steel reenforcement is shaped in an L which connects the blockwork wall into the slab, transferring lateral forces. The steel laps into the blockwork for 600mm and is held in place when the MA hollow cores are filled with cement. ST
EN
TRANSPORT TO SITE: The concrete arrives to the site in a concrete truck and is delivered to the slab location via manual wheel-barrow or via a concrete placement pump.
FFL
POUR: The pour mixture is used for a slump test to check its structural properties will be sound. The engineers drawings give a table of ideal slump test results.
Electric concrete float/power trowel
FIR
ST
FLO
OR
STO
RA
PLA
N
1:5
A3
LEVELING: Hand leveling is completed with a screen which scrapes the surface of the still plastic concrete flat. Other methods include hand trawling the surface and edges.
CURING The concrete is continually leveled with a float. After two hours the mixture begins to harden. Steps are taken to maintain the water content of the mixture as it cures — this is integral in maintaining the ratios of cement, water and aggregate in the concrete. Methods for this include cover the slab with a membrane or continually spraying it.
N
GROUND LEVEL
Second layer of SL82 (square, low ductility 8mm diameter at 200 centers)steel mesh placed 30mm below the surface of the concrete.
1:50 @ A3
EN
GE
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Plastic concrete still malleable
2m
Notches for bars N12 Horizontal bars at 400 centers.
ER
Yellow plastic caps for safety.
15.
5
RA
FFL
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COMPACTION/VIBRATION: The light patting with the screed will begin to remove air pockets. Immersion or surface vibrators are also used to remove the 5-10% of the concrete which is air pockets.
REENFORCEMENT WALL DETAIL 1:20
Tanking membrane
GE
12.
45
Backfill up to the retaining wall once its construction is completed and the concrete core has cured.
Screed
1
GA
Core filled with concrete
Concrete stump ready for sub-floor to be completed at the same time as the intermediate suspended floor.
Formwork for concrete retaining wall rebates
0
3 N16 (normal ductility, 16mm diameter) Vertical reenforcement bars
TUTORIAL 01 MIA WILLEMSEN
BE
TRY
CONCRETE BLOCK 1:10
CONSTRUCTION ANALYSIS [ABPL20033] ASSIGNMENT 02
Blockwork walls to the South, East and West act as retaining walls up to the ground level outside the building. Their structural qualities must withstand lateral forces from the resting earth as well as compressive forces from the floor and roof above.
Steel reenforcement mesh embedded in the slab
Lightly compacted free draining backfill to assist water being collected by the agi pip and not sitting against the tanking.
Blockwork with three vertical reenforcement bars and horizontal bars at 400mm centers.
Grout filled gap. Starter bars into the blockwork for 600mm
Agi pipe for drainage Concrete curing takes around 28 days to reach 98% of its strength.
Set downs are created with formwork for rebates, such as at the base of the retaining walls.
04 S T A G E
04 S T A G E
PLAN VIEW CONSTRUCTION ANALYSIS [ABPL20033] ASSIGNMENT 02
JEREMY BONWICK [697718] TUTORIAL 01 MIA WILLEMSEN
BUILDING FRAME AND STRUCTURE Construction of the blockwork walls is completed as the building moves vertically upwards. The blockwork walls are in areas left exposed as the clients wanted a solid, weighted feel to the basement level of the building, and in places timber framing is erected in conjunction with the blockwork. The waterproof membrane from the slab is brought up and tied into the blockwork to form a tight seal to the building. Steel sections including square hollow sections and a universal beam for the lintel above the garage door are also installed at this point, bolted with cleats into the slab in the case of the vertical members.
The ground floor walls feature blockwork exteriors for the most part, some of which are already in place as retaining wall in stage 03. The type of masonry block differed between less appealing concrete blocks and a patterned arrangement of split and flat-faced ashlar blocks.
SECTION A CONSTRUCTION ANALYSIS [ABPL20033] ASSIGNMENT 02
JEREMY BONWICK [697718] TUTORIAL 01 MIA WILLEMSEN
STEEL LINTEL DETAIL 1:10
Temporary bracing props Nogging
Steel sections are used for carrying loads from the 1st floor as part of the building framing. They are present as lintels above large openings such as the garage.
Door jamb stud Blocking Common Stud Bottom plate Metal bracing Tanking
STUD WALLS Lintel sits on blockwork walls Bulkhead framing to support box gutter in stage 07
Framing elements for the garage joinery to be added in stage 12
Blockwork walls bonded together with 10mm mortar joints with a ranked finish on the horizontal joints
Temporary props are used as bracing for the timber stud walls until they gain enough bracing from the structure around them.
Timber framing
Blockwork over opening 250 Steel Universal beam
LATERAL BRACING
32
0
Steel bracing strips are used to brace the framing from lateral forces (such as wind loads) which prevents the frame from twisting, warping or leaning. Top Plate
Timber framing of joinery in the garage space.
Looped fixing method ties the steel bracing to the structure Pallet of concrete blocks
Typical stud
Timber framing members are cut to size on site with a circular saw
Bracing wraps around top plate and loops back to fix into the stud with nails in typical attachment.
Scaffold to support structure and give trades access
N 0
1
2m
GROUND LEVEL 1:50 @ A3
Cavity in double-skin blockwork walls for thermal performance as a air gap
The blockwork walls are famed on one side like a brick veneer wall, with the timber studs to be used to fix a plasterboard finish to in stage 12. The cavity behind the stud walls also gives a space to run services through in stage 10.
Bucket of blockwork mortar
BLOCKWORK MORTAR The mortar for the blockwork walls differs in its ratio of cement to lime to sand depending on which blocks are used and whether it is reinforced. Unreinforced masonry — 1 : 1: 6 Reinforced — 1 : 1/4 : 3
05 S T A G E
05 S T A G E
Bondek is a sacrificial formwork which is used in the pouring of the courtyard space and underneath the concrete stairs at the entry. The metal formwork holds the concrete as it dries and remains in pace as a part of the structure. These elements are sequenced before the timber floor members are laid to allow for ease of access.
PLAN VIEW CONSTRUCTION ANALYSIS [ABPL20033] ASSIGNMENT 02
JEREMY BONWICK [697718] TUTORIAL 01 MIA WILLEMSEN
INTERMEDIATE SUSPENDED FLOOR STRUCTURE With the ground floor walls completed, the intermediate suspended floor structure has something to bear upon. The floor is arranged with steel beams, universal beams in the case of the master bedroom cantilever, which are fitted with kiln dried hardwood as nailing plates (bolted into the beam at 600mm centers) which the joists are attached to with joist hangers. The LVL joists are doubled in specific places to support the walls above, for example under the walls of the walk-in-robe which bear the added forces from the roofing members which will eventually support the skylight opening. The steel universal beams are craned into position and fixed with bolts via a welded steel plate (see detail below). To minimise crane hiring costs the structural steel for the remaining floors would have been installed at the same stage, despite being slightly out of sequence with these stages — the rest of the floor structure is able to be completed without the assistance of the crane.
SECTION A CONSTRUCTION ANALYSIS [ABPL20033] ASSIGNMENT 02
JEREMY BONWICK [697718] TUTORIAL 01 MIA WILLEMSEN
BLOCKWORK/FLOOR JUNCTION 1:20 400
F17 strength, 2 / 120x45 Kiln Dried Hardwood Bearer sits 100mm into the blockwork 250 Universal Beam Structural particle board being laid over timber and steel suspended floor structure, joints align with joists below and span perpendicular to the direction of the joist below
Blocking
Structural steel members are used in conjunction with the timber floor beams and joists where greater load carrying is required or in the case of a cantilever. The master bedroom projects out over the edge of the garage space below and a Universal Beam is used to support that projection. The floor joists transfer loads to the UB which then in turn transfers to the blockwork walls.
100
450
FLOOR LOADS/CONNECTIONS The suspended floor structure carries the loads of the upper floors and transfers them to the walls — this is achieved by bearing, where the forces are transfered downwards as in the case of the bearer sitting into the blockwork wall. Some loads are transfered laterally between members through connections such as joist hangers (right) which connect the joists which run east/west to the universal beam running north/ south, transferring forces between these members which are at 90° to each other [see floor axonometric below].
250 Universal Beam also sits into blockwork Scaffold erected around perimeter and will be in place until stage 09
Floor bearers sit into a cutout from the blockwork wall, overlapping 100mm [see detail above]
Blocking between floor joists resists lateral forces to make the floor structure more rigid
Structural particle board laid in sheets so the first floor frame can be built (in the next stage)
Kiln Dried Hardwood fixing member in UB which joists fix to with joist hangers Blocking between joists as bracing
Structural particle board allows trades to progress to the first floor
Double joists for structural support
FLOOR AXONOMETRIC 1:20 250 Universal Beam Floor Joists; 240x45 Hyspan LVL
UB Floor member
N 0
1
FIRST FLOOR 1:50 @ A3
2m
Concrete being poured over bondek formwork for the stairs
240 x 45 Hyspan Laminated Veneer Lumber (LVL) floor joists laid at 450mm centers with blocking at 1800mm centers maximum Joists doubled where increased loads are located — walls above have lintels that transfer higher loads down
Internal blockwork
Garage lintel
Forces transfered to blockwork wall 89x89 Square Hollow Section Steel stiffener plate for bracing along force loads
Blocking between joists at ends and at 1800 max centers
06 S T A G E
06 S T A G E
PLAN VIEW CONSTRUCTION ANALYSIS [ABPL20033] ASSIGNMENT 02
JEREMY BONWICK [697718] TUTORIAL 01 MIA WILLEMSEN
ROOF STRUCTURE As the particle board is laid on the suspended floor the space becomes trafficable and the carpenters can being to frame the walls for the first floor. After this process is completed work will move to the roof structure, creating the framing which will support the roof sheeting. The roof is supported firstly by roof beams which bear on the vertical steel members from below or the timber stud walls themselves where the loads are less. The LVL roof beams in-turn support the rafters which run north-south along the length of the roof over the master bedroom. Between these rafters blocking is nailed for rigidity. Once this structure is in place battens are fixed to the rafters to create the slope necessary for draining the roof once the sheeting is installed in the next stage.
After stage 05 the framing for the first floor walls can be completed, repeating the timber framing process from stage 04 with stud walls and some steel members and now extends to the back area of the site which is now ground level due to the slope of the site to the Yarra River’s valley.
SECTION A CONSTRUCTION ANALYSIS [ABPL20033] ASSIGNMENT 02
TUTORIAL 01 MIA WILLEMSEN
ROOFING MEMBERS The rafters connect into the roof beams on the edge of the roof structure with connection plates like the joist hangers seen in stage 05. The blocking in between the rafters is fixed with nails as evident by their staggered pattern. Once the roofing is on, temporary props for the first floor stud walls can be removed as the roof structure braces the building.
200 x 45 Hyspan LVL roof joists with blocking between at maximum 1800mm centers
Steel plate fixes to blocking 200 x 45 Hyspan Laminated Veneer Rafters running north/south 89 x 89 Steel Square hollow section which will house the window frame in stage 08
Temporary props/bracing to support frame work for the first floor walls Structural steel members, both horizontal and vertical are erected to carry the higher loads of certain areas of the roofing structure. The timber members are then filled in around the steel construction.
Battening for the addition of the roof cover to be fitted in Stage 07
JEREMY BONWICK [697718]
Opening left for the highlight window
Purlins/battens running perpendicular to the fall direction of the roof sheeting
ROOF DETAIL 1:10
Parapets framed up to be capped in stage 09 along with the external cladding
SKYLIGHT FRAMING DETAIL 1:10 Timber framing forms the angle of the skylight window
90 x 45 MGP10 (machine graded pine rating 10) Pine lintel over door openings
The primary roofing members, the rafters and roof beams are braced by blocking running between the rafters at intervals of 1800mm centers to increase rigidity. Steel bracing strips are also used (as used in the timber stud wall construction). Timber blocks fix the battens to the LVL roof rafters
90mm timber used to frame edges of the skylight
Batten for roof sheeting
N Roof level changes 0
1
ROOF PLAN 1:50 @ A3
2m
Double rafters used to support the structure of the skylight
300 x 45 Hyspan LVL Roof beam
Steel bracing to act against lateral forces warping the structure
200 x 45 LVL trimmer transfers the skylight load to the rafters
07 S T A G E
07 S T A G E
PLAN VIEW
Box gutter
CONSTRUCTION ANALYSIS [ABPL20033] ASSIGNMENT 02
JEREMY BONWICK [697718]
SECTION A CONSTRUCTION ANALYSIS [ABPL20033] ASSIGNMENT 02
JEREMY BONWICK [697718]
TUTORIAL 01 MIA WILLEMSEN
Box gutter with fall towards sump
TUTORIAL 01 MIA WILLEMSEN
Overflow point; in the event of heavy rainfall the sump will fill and excess water allowed to spill from this point
ROOF COVER The Klip-Lok roof sheeting is installed over the battens laid in the previous stage. This roofing system has concealed joins between the sheets which gives a clean finish. The sheets are laid running towards the box gutters which are installed after the roof sheeting. The gutters use another gradual fall to move water away and into the sump to the downpipes. The main aim of waterproofing the home begins at this point, with capping and flashing used to seal the roof sheeting. Layering is also a major technique used to prevent water entering the building, as the more materials overlap, even if not sealed, the greater the distance between where the water is and where it has to be to get into the building envelope. The roof sheeting projects over the box gutter and is folded down into a drip to direct the water into the gutter instead of back into the building.
Sump
Downpipe
The grooves and fall of the roof sheeting directs rain water into the gutter system. This house uses box gutters concealed behind parapets to collect the roof water. The gutters run along the edge of the roof and are supported by timber framing and a plywood base.
Filter stops leaves clogging the drain
The roof sheeting used is Lysaught’s KlipLok 406. The sheets interlock to form a tight seal as well as concealing the fixings to the roof battens below. Flashing is used where the sheeting is penetrated or at junctions or angle changes. Flashing cover the gaps in the material by layering and overlapping the next so that water is directed away from the gaps and/or junctions.
2°
Zinc rainwater head
400 x 400mm Sump which collects water from the box gutter and outlets to the rainwater head
90mm diameter downpipe concealed in wall cavity behind en-suit.
N 0
1
ROOF PLAN 1:50 @ A3
2m
2°
2°
2°
Flashing is used where there are break is the roof sheeting — such as the protrusion of the skylight
Roof falls are determined by the battens underneath
The gutter system is installed with the roof sheeting. Over the garage, the downpipe from the master bedroom roof distributes water onto the lower section of roof which is then directed into another box gutter and down to the storm water pipe. This strategies saves on pipes by letting water cascade towards a lower point.
Parapet and capping with drip (Stage 09) Plywood base for box gutter to sit upon
GUTTERS
Sump Downpipes are installed to carry rain water away to the stormwater system
GUTTER DETAIL 1:20
Roof sheeting fold and drip detail Battens to create roof sheeting fall
15mm Plywood substrate (Stage 09) Cladding (Stage 09)
WATERPROOFING The roof sheeting stage is the first step towards lock-up, the point where the building becomes water tight. As the roofing is installed many of the considerations are towards water proofing — the connections between roofing sheets and level changes must be impervious to water entering. A range of capping and flashing strategies are used in both this stage and in later stages to cover holes in the building fabric. Capping at sheet join The hole is not directly sealed (or plugged) rather water is moved away, by layering and slope
Parapets left uncapped until stage 09 when the capping can overlap the external wall cladding and roof sheeting
Sarking sheets are installed underneath the roof sheeting to provide a waterproof barrier and with its reflective surface back into the building it had insulation properties as well.
08 S T A G E
08 S T A G E
PLAN VIEW CONSTRUCTION ANALYSIS [ABPL20033] ASSIGNMENT 02
JEREMY BONWICK [697718]
SECTION A CONSTRUCTION ANALYSIS [ABPL20033] ASSIGNMENT 02
Load
WINDOW FRAMES
JEREMY BONWICK [697718]
TUTORIAL 01 MIA WILLEMSEN
TUTORIAL 01 MIA WILLEMSEN
WINDOW SYSTEM
LINTELS AND LOADS
The construction of the window frames is completed off-site by an external contractor with a lead time of 6-8 weeks necessary to get the custom elements made. The frame manufacturer will be working off the architect’s window schedule so the openings left in the timber (and other) framing must be to the correct scale for when the frames arrive on site. The glazing arrives separately and is fitted into the frames, this is done to avoid accidental breakage as the bulky aluminum frames are moved through the site and so the frames can be fixed to the opening. The external doors are also installed at this point, including the sculptural front door which is created from a mixture of alternating vertical slices of Vic Ash and glazed panels, probably also assembled off-site in a workshop.
Openings in the wall frame are supported by a lintel which transfers the loads applied from above to two jamb studs either side of the opening. This house uses predominantly LVL and MGP10 pine lintels except where greater loads are carried; a 300 x 90 parallel flange channel (PFC) is used to support the roof above the wide opening between the gallery and living areas.
GROUND FLOOR PLAN 1:50 @A3
As well as the windows and glazing, this stage moves towards lock-up with the addition of the external doors, including the sliding doors which open up onto the courtyard. These units, like the windows would have been prefabricated off site and brought in once ready.
Jack stud LVL lintel
The window frames sit inside the opening created by the lintel and jamb studs and does not carry any of the loads from the floor above. The aluminum frames that house the glazing are designed with a labyrinth air gap which alleviates a thermal bridge between the inside and outside, with the inner metal profile not touching the outer. The frames are detailed with a surround and capping either now or as the external cladding is installed in stage 09.
Lintel bears on jamb studs Common stud takes loads from the top plate
Metal surround detail Zinc capping Aluminum frame Glazing
MASTER BEDROOM WINDOW DETAIL 1:10
Sliding window in the bathroom. ‘Architectural Series’ aluminum frames by Rylock, powder coated in ‘Legend’. Window sills on the interior to be clad with KDHW.
The glazing for the house is lifted into the frames by the glaziers using suction cap grips or vacuum pump grips which give easy grip to the trades. The frames are installed first and then the glass lifted in and putty used to seal it in place.
GARAGE FFL 12.45
Window frames are per-fabricated off site with a lead-time of 6-8 weeks needed for construction before they are ready to install.
N 1
FIRST FLOOR 1:50 @ A3
2m
Rafter
Dressed kiln dried hardwood (KDHW) capping on interior
STORAGE
0
Roof beam
Double hung openable window Fixed pane windows
Cladding and reveal detailing to be completed in stage 09 Frame awaiting glass
Double glazed panes
Packing to accommodate frame 15mm plywood substrate which the zinc reveal fixes to Powder coated aluminum window frames with labyrinth seal to create an air gap for thermal performance and waterproofing purposes Cladding and capping to be added in stage 09
09 S T A G E
09 S T A G E
PLAN VIEW CONSTRUCTION ANALYSIS [ABPL20033] ASSIGNMENT 02
JEREMY BONWICK [697718] TUTORIAL 01 MIA WILLEMSEN
EXTERNAL WALLS The completion of this stage marks the final step in lock-up — when the building becomes water-tight. After the flat-Lock cladding is fixed to the external walls, the capping of parapets begins to close up the gaps between the roof sheeting, the windows and the cladding. Again, layering is used as the main waterproofing technique, with the capping overlapping the other material with a folded edge used to prevent capillary action. A waterproof tanking membrane is also used behind the plywood and battens for another layer of waterproofing.
GROUND FLOOR PLAN 1:50 @A3 CLADDING FIXING DETAIL 1:5
The exterior is clad predominantly in sheets of Flat Lock Zinc cladding which arrives to sit with an outer packaging to protect the finish of the material from scratches during installation. The walls above the garage are clad with Lysaght ‘MiniOrb’, ‘cortex’ colour colorbond cladding. Small areas of Kiln Dried Hardwood timber cladding is used as well as Corten accents.
SECTION A Zinc capping over the parapet, overlapping with the external cladding and roof sheeting
CONSTRUCTION ANALYSIS [ABPL20033] ASSIGNMENT 02
JEREMY BONWICK [697718] TUTORIAL 01 MIA WILLEMSEN
Substrate/Battens
Flat Lock Zinc cladding 15mm plywood substrate with battens
The cladding is not fixed directly to the structural member and instead to a plywood substrate which is supported by battens. This system gives separation to the cladding in the case of expansion or contraction, the plywood sheeting has the added property of being a form of sheet bracing for the timber stud walls. Battens to fix soffit lining to
PARAPET DETAIL 1:5
Plywood sheeting as a bracing element as well as to fix battens onto
Fixing clip with nail through to substrate below.
WATERPROOFING
GARAGE FFL 12.45
Flush finish on exterior because of concealed connector clips
STORAGE N 0
1
FIRST FLOOR 1:50 @ A3
2m
Waterproof tanking over timber framing
Water can enter the building envelope only if three scenarios are met — there is an opening, where water is present and there is a force to move that water through the opening. Water proofing strategies need only remove one of these factors to seal a fault. The main strategies for this are: — Removing the opening (such as using silicone to plug a hole in the building fabric) — Moving water away from the opening (such as the slope of a roof to drain water away) — Or Negating the force which could move the water through an opening (such as a drip which prevents capillary action moving water up and into an opening).
The structural blockwork walls which were laid in stage 03 and 04 form part of the external cladding of the building. The top exposed courses of blockwork need to be capped with folded metal sheeting, this prevents water from entering into the cavity between the double skins of blockwork or timber framed interior walls.
After the cladding is fixed the undersides of overhangs and balconies — Soffits — are also battened and fitted with finished materials. The soffit under the master bedroom is hung with villaboard sheets for example, timber soffits are also present around the different areas of the building.
Flashing extends over the surface below to increase the distance between the water and the opening, with the sloped angle moving any water away as well
SCALE: 1:5
Drip details on capping prevents capillary action (also found on the lips of gutters)
Capping strip from the cladding manufacturer to seal the base and prevent water from entering into the soffit area.
10 S T A G E
10 S T A G E
PLAN VIEW CONSTRUCTION ANALYSIS [ABPL20033] ASSIGNMENT 02
JEREMY BONWICK [697718]
SECTION A CONSTRUCTION ANALYSIS [ABPL20033] ASSIGNMENT 02
JEREMY BONWICK [697718]
TUTORIAL 01 MIA WILLEMSEN
TUTORIAL 01 MIA WILLEMSEN
SERVICES
PATHWAYS
This stage involves the roughing-in of the services including laying the pipes for the water delivery to the bathrooms and kitchen as well as gas to the kitchen. The hot water pipes are insulated on the outside to hold the heat as the water is transported to where its needed. The electrical wiring is also roughed-in at this point, with the electrician passing wires through the roof space and walls, taking the easiest route without having to cut through too many structural members. The infrastructure to support the photovoltaic solar panels is also installed with an inverter placed on the east side of the building near the hot water system.
Where possible the wires and pipes run in parallel with the timber framing and roof structure to minimise the number of times they need to pass through structural members. The electrical wiring paths are decided on by the electrician on-site, using the architects drawings to locate the lights and switches and connect them by the best means with minimal interruptions.
GROUND FLOOR PLAN 1:50 @A3
Electrical wiring is passed through the ceiling space to service lights and GPOs. The wires hang from the rafters or pass through small penetrations in the timber members.
GARAGE
Electrician’s wire clips used to fix wires to the roofing member Electrician lays wires through the ceilings and walls for the lighting
Pipes are laid for the hydronic heating system which is placed in recesses under the timber floor (which is installed in stage 12). The cavities in the floor house the heating units which need to be prepared along with the piping before the floor cover is on.
Hot and cold water pipes feed to a mixer in the shower that feeds into the shower head to be installed in stage 12
Fan exhaust pipe to the exterior from the en-suit
Structural members cut with small penetrations to accommodate wire pathways in ceilings where there is no battened cavity
Penetration through the zinc cladding for electrical wiring. Electrician’s cable ties used to collect multiple strands of wires together
Cold water pipes feeding into the hot-water boiler on the exterior of the building and insulated hot-water pipes running back into the building to feed the services
Thermostat
Wider diameter waste pipe in framing behind vanity Timber framed wall with waterproofing painted cover (not shown)
STORAGE N 0
1
2m
Electrician passes wire through the timber framing to the switch point for the overhead lights
Shower grate collects water Waste pipe outlets to sewer system
FIRST FLOOR 1:50 @ A3
Cut-out from the decorative blockwork for electrical wiring to the exterior of the building
Metal casing/housing
FFL 12.45
Concealed downpipe from roof structure passes through the wall cavity
Waste sewage pipes running through the blockwork walls and up to the first floor (plasterboard ceiling to be completed in stage 12).
Particle board floor with cover of waterproofing
Tiles over in stage 12
Plumber fixes waste pipes through the sub floor and connects to the pipes already trenched in stage 01
The switchboard is located on the west wall of the garage and links into the solar panel inverter on the eastern elevation as well as the wiring of the house
Electrical wiring for a GPO (General Power Outlet) to be installed in stage 12
The Air Handling Unit (AHU) for the air conditioning is installed in a cavity in the roof above the gallery
11 S T A G E
11 S T A G E
PLAN VIEW CONSTRUCTION ANALYSIS [ABPL20033] ASSIGNMENT 02
JEREMY BONWICK [697718]
Blue waterproofing material painted on over wet-area rated plasterboard to form a waterproof membrane
SECTION A Insulation batts throughout
CONSTRUCTION ANALYSIS [ABPL20033] ASSIGNMENT 02
JEREMY BONWICK [697718]
TUTORIAL 01 MIA WILLEMSEN
Ceramic tile underlay placed over the structural particle board as a substrate for the tiles in the gallery area. Timber joints will be used between surfaces as a visual barrier and both finishes must line up to that point
TUTORIAL 01 MIA WILLEMSEN
INTERNAL PARTITIONS AND CEILING
INSULATION
BATTENS AND SUBSTRATES
Once the services have been roughed-in the insulation can be installed around it. This stage sees everything laid in place for the finish trades to round off the construction process. This includes preparing the walls, floors and ceilings for their final fishes — battening over the timber studs where needed to fix the plasterboard, similar for the ceiling. The floor is battened where necessary such as under the floorboards at the front entrance door to achieve a flush finish to all flooring intersections throughout the house. The wet-areas are prepared for tiling with a waterproof membrane used to prevent water leakage under the tiles once they are laid.
Insulation batts are installed throughout the dwelling in the external walls, flooring cavities, ceiling and internal walls. Insulation batts are used which come in uniform sizes to fit between in common framing spacings, with less wastage than if they had to be cut down to size. The batts are installed once the external cladding is on and the building is sealed and after the services are roughed-in so that the batts fit in around them. The batts have an R-value which gives its resistance to heat-flow. R2.5 batts are a reasonably effective form of insulation.
The ceiling is battened after the insulation is installed to eventually hold the plasterboard or other ceiling finishes. The battens are laid with the finish material in mind, with their spacing dependent on the width of the materials, so that joins between sheets fall on the battens where both sheets can be fixed to.
GROUND FLOOR PLAN 1:50 @A3
Rafter Battens laid to the width of the plasterboard sheets
After the insulation has been placed in the frames, timber battens are nailed to the walls in preparation for the plasterboard in stage 12
GARAGE Water proofing painted onto bathroom floor and wall before tilling in stage 12
FFL 12.45
STORAGE N 0
1
FIRST FLOOR 1:50 @ A3
2m
Underlay for ceramic tiling in the hallway. Floor finishes level to the specified FFL of 15.50m
Insulation installation between studs
Insulation is also used in the ceiling space, complemented by the reflective surface of the sarking. The batts fit between the blocking and rafters and rest against the ceiling battens and eventually the plasterboard. Some downlights in the roof may be covered by insulation which does not pose risk if stated so on the light’s packaging. Otherwise a housing can be used.
Insulation batts are sized to fit between the 450 centers studs and noggings. Offcuts are used to pack in around vacant areas, the whole cavity needs a layer of the insulation to be effective with no gaps for heat or coolth to escape.
Waterproofing is completed on the bathroom walls
Plasterboard fixes into the batten with screws (stage 12)
BATHROOM WALL DETAIL 1:10 Insulation batts are installed in the wall framing cavities
The preparation of the walls for the final finish in the bathroom includes waterproofing the surfaces to prevent leakage in the shower and basin areas. The walls are coated in a water proofing material, either painted on over plasterboards or a waterproof sheeting. Plasterboard sheets fixed to the timber stud framing up to the top of where necessary for waterproofing behind the eventual tiled surface Any penetrations such as waste pipes in the shower floor area flashed or painted with the same waterproof paint to create a tight seal
As well as waterproofing, floors have underlays to bring everything to the Finished Floor Level (FFL)
Battening of ceilings in preparation for plasterboard
Tiling, tiling glue and grout to be added in stage 12
Waterproof membrane, painted onto the plasterboard at a designated thickness to create an impervious barrier
CONSTRUCTION ANALYSIS [ABPL20033] ASSIGNMENT 02
JEREMY BONWICK [697718] TUTORIAL 01 MIA WILLEMSEN
FINISHING TRADES In the final stage the house’s finishes are installed including all flooring, internal wall claddings and ceiling finishes. Fixtures and fitting are installed including door furniture such as door knobs and locks, light fitting such as a pendant light in the master bedroom and a series of 6 downlights in the walk-in-robe (for example), and joinery. The fireplace in the living room is finished with its stone surround and hearth. Painting is completed and the basement concrete floor is polished with a diamond bladed grinder which exposes the aggregate and smooths the surface. The pipe and wiring laid in stage 10 is finally connected up to the relevant lights, tap fittings and shower heads.
Joinery installed in the walk-in-robe by carpenters Plastic wall GPO plates installed and connected to wiring from stage 10
Large format porcelain tiles laid in the bathroom
Light switches installed
Bathroom fixtures and fittings installed and connected up to appropriate pipes for hot and cold water and sewage waste
Internal doors hung from hinges screwed into the door frame
N Timber floorboards laid over particleboard. 0
1
FIRST FLOOR 1:50 @ A3
2m
12 S T A G E
PLAN VIEW
Carpet floor finish in the bedroom and walkin-robe, laid after the joinery is in place to minimise material Ceramic tiles in the gallery and entry way
Hydronic Heating panel to be installed 100mm off finished floor level
Plasterboard is fitted onto the battens prepared in the previous stage. The joints in the sheeting is smoothed over with plasterboard joint mixture. After drying, the surfaces need to be painted as unlike other wall and ceiling claddings, the plasterboard is not the finished product. A professional painter is seen using a longarmed roller (right) to paint the ceiling.
In the wet-areas the floors and walls are covered with tiles, with cut-outs made for the pipes into the wall and out to the sewage system. The tiles are laid with tile glue as a fixant to the waterproofed base with gaps between which are grouted. Tap-ware is then installed with capping included to cover the roughly cut penetrations in the tiles.
In addition to the plasterboard finish there is a timber cladding of Kiln Dried Hardwood laid in a vertical pattern in certain areas such as the wall running behind the en-suit and walk-in-robe. The blockwork is left exposed in places as well as a finished wall texture at the client’s request.
SECTION A CONSTRUCTION ANALYSIS [ABPL20033] ASSIGNMENT 02
Plasterboard hung from ceiling battens
JEREMY BONWICK [697718] TUTORIAL 01 MIA WILLEMSEN
JOINERY
GPO plastic cover plate
Built-in joinery is completed to the specifications in the drawings. This includes the bathroom cabinetry, vanities and kitchen benches. The kitchen is also fitting with its stove-top and tap fittings along with the cabinetry
Skirting added before carpet is laid in the master bedroom Florescent tube lights installed to where the electrical wiring had already been placed
Nails concealed by interlocking pattern in floorboard profile
Toilets and basins plumbed into the pipes laid in stage 10
GPOs installed by electrician Secret nail flooring creates a seamless finish
FLOORING FINISHES The flooring is one of the last elements to be completed inside the house as it is most prone to damage during construction from the number of trades walking around the space. The floor finishes; carpet in the bedroom, ceramic tiles in the gallery, porcelain tiles in the en-suit, timber floorboards in the living area (amongst others) and polished concrete in the basement area, are protected by tarps once laid especially if painting still needs to be completed
PAINT CO.
12 S T A G E
Roller garage door mechanism installed
Ceramic tiles Floorboards cut for concealed hydronic heating