Name: ____________________ Period: ______
ECOLOGY CHAPTERS 21-23 LIVING THINGS IN THE ENVIRONMENT Habitats Organisms
need __________, __________, __________, other things to __________, __________, and __________, in their habitat Several __________ occur in __________ W hy do different organisms live in different habitats? _________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________ An organism __________with both the __________and the __________parts of its habitat
Biotic Factors The
__________parts of the __________
Name
biotic factors in our environment: _________________
Abiotic Factors __________ parts •__________-for plants and for drinking •__________-photosynthesis •__________-to breathe! •__________-adapt to local temps •__________-influences what grows here Levels of Organization __________-members of one __________in a __________ •__________-a group of the same organisms __________-all the __________populations living __________in an area •They MUST __________for it to be a __________
Ecosystem A ll
of the __________including __________and __________ factors in an area
Ecology The
study of how __________ __________interact with each other and their __________
HOW ARE THESE ORGANIZED? Most
members @ bottom, least @ top
POPULATIONS How do you determine the size of a population? ________________- count them all ________________- look for signs of life __________- estimate by counting sm all area then multiplying ___________________________- paint/tag then come back later to locate
Changes in Population Size __________________
(BR) •Number of ________ in a given year __________________ (DR) •Number of __________ in a given year Population Statement •If Birth Rate>Death Rate, population size ___________ •IF Death Rate>Birth Rate, population size ___________
Immigration and Emigration __________________
- moving __________ a population __________________ - _____________ a population
W hy would species move into or out of a population?
___________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________ Limiting Factors An ________________ __________ that causes a population to ____________ ____________ ___________- the ___________ popul ation that’ s able to be __________ in an area •__________________ •__________________ •__________________
Why would food, water, space, and weather limit the growth of a
population? _______________________________________________ _________________________________________________________
INTERACTIONS AMONG LIVING THINGS Adapting to the environment Natural Selection
•Individuals that are _________________ for their environment will ________ _________________________________________
Niche
•The __________ of an organism in its _____________ •Each organism has a _______________________ that are suited to the area
Competition _____________ ______________
organisms to _____________ as they try to
use the same _______________ W hy can’ t species occupy the same niche? ____________________________ _______________________________________________________________
Predation W hen
one organism ____________________________________
• ____________-the one that ________________ • ____________-the one __________________
W hat will happen when the predator population is larger than the prey population? _________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________
Symbiosis The relationship between ____________________ that ___________ at least
_________ of the species
Relationship
Species 1 Species 2
Example
Mutualism Commensalism Parasitism
COMMUNITIES Succession a
series of ______________________________________
Primary Succession •Series of changes that occur in an area where ________________________ •Formed from ____________________________ •First growth is _____________________________
Secondary Succession W here
changes occur in an area that _____________________________ Occurs more _________________ then primary succession Caused by __________________________ and ______________________ •Think of some examples: ______________________________________
ENERGY FLOW IN ECOSYSTEMS Energy Roles Each
organism in an _______________ fills a role as either _______________ ________________________________________ Determined by how it ________________________ or how it ______________ with other organisms
Producer
_______________________________________
Consumer
_______________________________________ Examples:
•__________________ -eats plants •__________________ -eats only meat •__________________ -eats meat and plants •__________________ -carnivore that feeds on dead organisms Decomposer
__________________ and _______ organisms and ___________________________
Energy flows from _______________________ ________________- series of events in which one organism ________
_____________________________________ Symbol:
represents “ _______________________”
________________:
many __________ ____________in an ecosystem
ENERGY PYRAMID- W hat happens to the energy available as you go up the pyramid?
CYCLES OF MATTER Water Cycle
Evaporation
__________________
goes to
__________________
Condensation
__________________
goes to
__________________
Precipitation Falling
__________ droplets (__________________________)
Carbon and Oxygen Cycle Carbon
and oxygen are __________ and linked together. Producers, consumers and decomposers play roles in recycling carbon and oxygen * Plants take in ___________ and give out _________ ______________ *Plants take in _________ and give out _________ DURING THE _________ via photosynthesis *Animals breathe in _________ and breathe out _______________
Nitrogen Cycle Nitrogen
is removed from ____________________, into _________ _____________ and then back into __________
BIOGEOGRAPHY The study of _________________ Organisms were ________ millions of years ago from ______________ Remember Darwin’ s findings! _____________________________________ What was Pangaea? _____________
________________________________ Means of Dispersal ___________________________________ How can animals dispers e another s pecies? •Deposit them in their ________ •Carry it on their ________________________ to another area Limits to Dispersal ____________________________________________________________ •How do this effect spreading of species? ___________________________ _____________________________________________________________ There are six major biomes on Earth ______________________________ ______________________________ ______________________________ ______________________________ ______________________________ ______________________________ Factors that determine the biome: ______________________ ( _________________ and _________________)
RAIN FOREST Temperate rain forest •Moderate temperatures (Northwestern US) •Very large trees (cedars, redwoods) Tropical rain forest •Found close to the equator •Very W arm and humid all year long •Upper la yers of the trees in the rainforest: canopy •Lower la yers, smaller trees, mostly shade: understory •Millions of species of plants and animals
DESERT
Area that receives less than _________________________________________ More _________________ than _________________ each year Very ________ during the day, very _________ at night How would plants and animals have to be adapted to live here? ______________ _________________________________________________________________
GRASSLAND
Also known as ______________________ Populated by __________________________________ _________________- grassland that is close to the equator _________________________ are common, also has very rich __________ _________________ in the world found here: elephant, bison, antelope, zebra, rhinoceros, giraffe, kangaroo
DECIDUOUS FOREST
Deciduous trees-__________________________________
Examples: Oaks and maples Temperatures ________________________________________ Growing season is 5-6 m onths Variet y of plants based on ________________ W hat else would t here be a v ariety of??? ______________________________ _________________ of birds takes place _________________ of animals that stay-rely on __________ ______________ in their bodies
BOREAL FOREST
Also known as the ____________ (Russian name) Far North, dominated by _______________________ trees __________________________________- produce ________ and _______ Animals eat seeds-squirrels, insects, birds, some beavers, moose,
snowshoe hares- mostly herbivores
Large predators: wolves, bear, lynx, owls
How would the needles be adapted? ___________________________
_________________________________________________________
TUNDRA Extremely _________________, ____________________ most area of the Earth Receives about the same precipitation as a _________________ _________________ - frozen soil throughout year
Shallow ponds/marshy area in summer
Plants
_____________________________________________ Animals _________________ dominate, bi rds , caribou, fox, wol ves, hares
BIOMES/ECOSYSTEMS Areas not included in a biome: _________________
- climate changes with ____________________ (going
up into the sk y) _____________________________ •_________________ and _________________ •Emperor penguins, polar bears, leopard seals
FRESHWATER ECOSYSTEMS Streams and Rivers Variet y
of life from ___________________________ to _________________ Very small streams (__________________________) join to form _________ ______________ that dump into _______________
Ponds and Lakes Characterized
by _________________ Lake is _____________ than a pond
MARINE ECOSYSTEMS Estuary locati on where __________________ meets _________________ environment _________________: crabs , worms, cl ams, fish Breeding grounds Intertidal Zone _________________ Sudden c hange in _________________ (also where high/low tides occur)
Neritic Zone The
region over the ___________________________________ _________________ can take place, coral reefs, _______________________ of species here
Open Ocean _________________
-only area for light to get thru _________________ -totally dark; squid
ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUES W hat is the best way to make use of Antarctica?
Use the resources? Build resorts? Leave it be? _______________________________
_______________________________________________________________ Resource Use
_________________ - sun, wind, freshwater, trees _________________ -c oal, oil Population Growth Human population growing _________________ How does this effect the environment? ________________________________ Pollution _______________________________________________________________
Types: _________________________________________________________
MAKING ENVIRONMENTAL DECISIONS Decisions made at different levels: _____________________________________ W hat level would these be at:
W alking to a friends: ___________________________ Dispos al of town t ras h: ___________________________ Oil drilli ng on a wildli fe refuge: ___________________________ Protection Earth’ s atmosphere: ___________________________ To balance opinions on what to do, ___________________________weigh out the ___________ and _________________ of a proposal
DECISION MAKING Costs and Benefits _____________________________________________________________ Consider This! A state is deci ding whether to allow l ogging i n a park •Economic- _____________________________________________________________ •Recreational/Scenic- _____________________________________________________
W ould the benefits of drilling for oil in Antarctica outweigh the costs? ________ _______________________________________________________________
FORESTES AND FISHERIES Forest
Resources _______________ trees are planted to _____________ those _____________
Logging
Methods- Pros and Cons of each??
Fisheries
An area with a ________________________of valuable _________ organisms
Strategies
_______________ -ban some, limit # caught ________________________________________-chemic als, types of nets ________________________________________-raisi ng of fi sh, replac es natural habitat, can lead to increase pollution ________________________-mostl y harvested f or f ood, introduce people to different types of fish
BIODIVERSITY
Definition: _________________________________________________________ Valued for
Economic Value •_______________ •_______________ •_______________ •_______________
Ecological Value •All species are ________________________________________ •__________________________- species that influences all the other species in an ecosystem
Extinction of a Species
_____________________________________________________ of a species
Endangered Species
Species in _____________________________________________ in future
Threatened Species
Species that could become __________________________ How has the number of species becoming extinct changed in the last few centuries? _____________________________________________________ W hat has caused this? ___________________________________________
Threatened
by
1. ____________________________- loss of natural habitat •_____________________________- splitting up habitats, isolation 2. ____________________-illegal hunting or remov al of wildlife 3. ____________________- - pollutants force wil dlife to l eav e area or di e 4. ____________________- - “ ____________________-”alter the ecosystem by taking over a niche of a species _______________
Protected By 1. ____________________ Mating
of animals in ____________________ •Care for the young then ____________________ 2. ____________________ •Protection of ____________________species •____________________Convention on International Trade-in the E.S.A
3. Habitat Preservation •Protect the _______________________________ •Started in 1872 in __________________________ (world’ s 1st national park) •____________________way to protect and preserve biodiversity
W hy would this be most effective? _______________________________ ___________________________________________________________