One tree 2013

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ONE TREE CONSTRUCTION WEEK 2013

AZRUL | ZELIN | TOMOHIRO | AIMAN | RAVJEET | DANIEL


ONE TREE CONSTRUCTION WEEK 2013

AZRUL | ZELIN | TOMOHIRO | AIMAN | RAVJEET | DANIEL


CONTENTS 01 Introduction 02 Brief 03 Precedent Studies 04 Bridges 05 Design 06 Experiment Attachment A B C

Meeting @ Jonathan Office Presentation to Article 25 Design Template


01 Introduction Construction

Week 2013


Introduction On the Friday 20th September 2013, we were poll and devided in small groups of Projects for Construction week 2013. The team members are: Zelin Huang, Azrul Haqimi Othman, Ravjeet Singh, Shazrin Aiman Suhaimi, Tomohiro Himeno and Daniel Culqui. The last year ‘One Tree’ project members also were help to monitor us; Alex and Charan. Fixings and finishing. We need to ensure that this project are realistic in what we can deliver so as to not leave things unfinished on site. We also need to commit to material provided and work within the economy of means at the start of the project, while being ambitious with design aspirations and turning the ‘economy of means’ from a perceived difficulty into an architectural merit. ‘One tree’ is a project related to using basic tools and nature’s wood to solve an issue (brief) based on what a tree can be derived to a structure.


Team Members

Zelin Huang 1218055

Azrul Haqimi Othman 1322509

Ravjeet Singh Virdee 1328591

Shazrin Aiman Suhaimi 1315956

Tomohiro Himeno 1308198

Daniel Culqui 1326183


Timeline / Schedule

SEPTEMBER / OCTOBER 2013 Sunday

Monday

Tuesday

Wednesday

Thursday

Friday 20

Saturday 21

Introduction of Precedent studies Construction week/poll Study about bridge Q&A session with Alex principle Study on wood structure and connections

22 Precedent studies

23

26

Site visit / investigation Finalising design of the bridge prototype Study about bridge Choosing tree to be cut principle down Presentation 1 to Article 25 at AVA Study on wood structure Meeting/Presentation Meeting/Presentation Visit to the wood and connections with Jonathan @1800h with Jonathan @1800h factory at his office at his office Options for bridge prototype / design

29 Preparation for camping days.

Options for bridge prototype / design

25

24

30 Preparation / cleaning the propose site

Cutting down the parts Finalizing design (components / parts of of the trees for tree to be cut) components

Options for bridge prototype / design

1

2

3

27

28

Finalising design of the Preparation for camping days. bridge prototype Preparing checklist for the camping

4

Finalizing design (components / parts of tree to be cut)

5

Prepare the main Build up the main Finalising the bridge on Presentation 2 to Article Documentation prototype / column and prototype / column with platform and connection 25 at AVA supporting members supporting members Cleaning the site / campsite Prepare the platform panel and connectors Documentation Photograph session

Prepare the foundation

Camping Day


02 Brief

Article 25 Brief


Article 25

www.article-25.org Article 25 is an operational UK registered charity that designs, builds, and manages projects to provide better shelter wherever there is disaster, poverty, or need. -

Aimed to put high-quality design expertise into charitable, humanitarian and development work, putting long-term shelter solutions on the agenda.

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Believed to adequate and dignified shelter is a basic human right, and shelter provision should not stop after the immediate humanitarian response to a disaster.

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Took vulnerability out of the equation and help people take the first steps to building secure and sustainable livelihoods, through skills training and strengthening local economies.

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Belived the Millennium Development Goals cannot be achieved without adequate built responses for those in need.

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Achieving the MDGs will require schools for education, clinics and hospitals for healthcare, and homes for stable refuge.

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Disasters and poverty can be catalysts to ‘build back better’, but too often short-term and temporary shelters become permanent and people remain unable to fully recover and rebuild their livelihoods.

But good buildings last, and can be an integral part of the community for years, creating a truly sustainable project. With Article 25’s not-for-profit support a built solution can be provided that is cost-efficient, maximises utility, uses local resources and employs local people in the building process.


Brief Article 25 is working in Afghanistan to assist the country to deliver 70,000 classrooms that are needed to get children back into education. Many sites in Afghanistan are affected every year by flooding and other natural disaster that require rapid response design. We are looking to develop a rapid response bridge design that can be easily constructed by local communities in an emergency. Task Explore fundamental construction principles in international development. Design and built a series of prototype components that would form key structural parts of a bridge from materials entirely sourced from a tree or woodland. - A rigorous design process is essential. - A collaborative approach is expected. Different teams should explore different parts of the bridge; foundation, primary structure, balustrade, raft floor, etc. - Innovative use of the components of a tree is expected. - Design must extend beyond any obvious or predictable solutions Output - Prototype structures - Performance testing structures - Report produced to Article 25 specifications Resources - Woodlands - Access to workshop - Access to hardware store ` Article 25 Input - To provide briefing documentation - To provide an informal critique midway through workshop period


03 Precedent Studies Afghanistan

Flickr: Madame Knipse Afghanistan - bridge over troubled water?


Panjshir River, Panjshir Province, Afghanistan


Afghanistan Capital – Kabul Area – 652, 230 km2 Population – 31, 108, 077 Density – 42.5/km2 Geography – Desert, Landlocked Mountains, Religion – Islam Provinces – 34 Climate – -15C ~ 35C


Provices 1. Badakhshan 2. Badghis 3. Baghlan 4. Balkh 5. BamyAan 6. Daykundi 7. Farah 8. Faryab 9. Ghazni 10. Ghor 11. Helmand 12. Herat

13. Jowzjan 14. Kabul 15. Kandaha 16. Kapisa 17. Khost 18. Kunar 19. Kunduz 20. Laghman 21. Logar 22. Nangarhar 23. Nimruz 24. Nurestan

25. Oruzgan 26. Paktia 27. Paktika 28. Panjshir 29. Parvan 30. Samangan 31. Sare Pol 32. Takhar 33. Wardak 34. Zabul


Vegetation & Geography There are various type of trees in Afghanistan on various geographical conditions. On the north east of the country, there are more mountains and hills. Some river starts from here, lots of village and city near these area. Big trees such as pines, conifer and chestnuts can be found here. On the South-west side of the country are desert area. Small trees, cactus, dry shrubs can be found here. Down here are the image of the vegetation (type of trees) referring to geographical condition.


Vegetation & Geography Afghanistan Land Cover


Vegetation & Geography View of the Korengal Valley, Kunar Province. Image shown the type of geography and vegentation of the province.


Vegetation & Geography Climate - Arid to Semi-Arid - Dry hot cloudless summer - Severe winters (dry-cold) Soil Condition - Acid / Semi-Acid climatic condition - Mostly clay loam to sand loam - Soil pit, Calcium, Carbonate content are high - Water holding capacity low - Permeability & Infiltration rates are high Type of Trees - Pinus Roxburghii - 30-50m tall - 2m diameter - Local building purpose - Cedrus Deodara - 40-50m tall - 3m diameter - Building (durable)


Environmental Issue Deforestation - - -

Used as hiding places / Collecting Nuts for export / wood for fire usage Harvesting by Timber Mafia – Smuggle timber Business Erosion, Floods, no land for vegetation

Wildlife - Lots of Endangered Species – Animal & Tree - Snow Leopard, Wild Goat, Imperial Eagle Pollution - Nuclear waste by Pakistan – dumped in southern Afghanistan - Domestic & Industrial waste – Lack of Waste management, improper hospital waste management, Poor sewage management - Polution from after war / bombing area


04 Bridges

Structure & Analysis


Types of Crossings Afghanistan

Primitive improvised crossings ere is a need for locals to gain knowledge which would aid them in creating more stable crossings. Flooding is common in the region therefore it is important that locals can use local materials and tools to quickly build bridge structures. Environmental factors force locals to build dangerous structures in order for them to continue going about their daily lives. Lack of skills and funds mean locals have no other choice. Conclusion Our aim is to design and test a bridge type using only hand tools and materials that can be locally sourced. We aim to provide a solution to the problem by analysing various structures in order to better understand what the most efficient solution will be.


Existing Bridge Structure Arched bridges can vary their span but they cannot be built in a modular form. This type of beam bridge is the quickest and easiest to use for a short crossing. However in order to increase its span it would require additional supports. It is also prone to environmental damage.’ This type of bridge can be built using locally sourced timber however the amount of structural members mean it would take additional time to erect Conclusion The size of the structural components will be determined by the size of the timber that can be cut using hand tools. As a result, a modular system will be required and a bridge which uses relatively thin components is to be sought.


Existing Bridge Structure This bridge is modular thus the span can be varied by simply building the necessary amount of modules. It also uses structural components that can be worked on using simple hand tools. For larger spans, concrete would be required for reinforcement. As a result, formwork would be needed along with cement mixers. These require tools and skills which locals may not have access to. A structure which uses column supports allows for longer spans. Column supports also elevate the bridge platform which helps avoid dangers below such as a rushing current from a river. Conclusion Dependant on the urgency of the situation, the complexity of the bridge type required will vary. As our brief demands a relatively quick solution for unexpected disaster relief, we will require a design for one module comprising of a number of simple to produce components.


Existing Bridge Structure The advantage of this bridge type is that it combines short lengths of timber to produce a sturdy bridge. The disadvantage is that it uses a large amount of material thus the amount of work required to produce it is great. Additional time would allow for the platform of the bridge to be chiselled and made flat however as the time frame to build the bridge would be limited, our design should not waste time on such finishing and should use a more primitive method that functions safely. A concrete bridge would take time to erect and would require formwork thus this type is not an option. If however time was not limited then exploring the possibilities of concrete would be advantageous as the durability of the structure would increase dramatically. Conclusion As time is one of the limitations we are restricted to timber as the main construction material. However with a greater amount of time we would explore more complex designs that may integrate different materials such as concrete for greater durability, safety and greater spans.


Analysis of Bridge Types Beam Bridge

A beam bridge or girder bridge is the simplest of all bridge types which requires a rigid beam and two supports, one on each end. As the beam bends under loading it is affected by compressive forces above and tensile forces on the under side. To prevent this a rigid beam is necessary. The greater the span the greater the beam must be, particularly the height of the beam. Compressive Forces

Weight is applied to either end to counteract the bending at the centre. The beam must be strong in both compression and tension to resist twisting and bending under load. Although the simplest, it has the least span. Though to an extent when bending occurs the bridge is subjected to both compressive and tensile forces.


Analysis of Bridge Types Truss Bridge

A truss bridge is more complex version of the beam bridge. It has the added advantage of being able to dissipate forces along the truss work. It directs the load from one point to a much wider area. This therefore allows for longer spans than the previous type.

Tensile Forces Compressive Forces

Truss bridges are kept strong by the stiffness of the structure. All the beams/members work together to spread out the load.


Analysis of Bridge Types Arched Bridge

This simple structure has been used architecturally for over 2000 years. The tensile forces are virtually non existant as the structure undergoes mainly compression. The down side to this type of structure is that it is unstable up until the point where both sides meet and join in the middle. As a result there would be a need for scaffolding until the final centre piece is placed.

Compressive Forces Resistance From Ground

A successful arched bridge requires firm foundations to allow all the members to push back against each other. The arch needs to be within a thrust line to stay rigid. The thrust line can be found by hanging a line across the gap and mirroring it (dotted line).


Analysis of Bridge Types Suspension Bridge

The cables in a suspension bridge are held under tension which are supported by piers which are subject to compressive forces. Suspension bridges can achieve very large spans. However due to their complex design and construction, this type of bridge would be the most costly.

Tensile Forces Compressive Forces Suspension bridges allow for the longest spans. The bed of the bridge can be continuous and is held up by cables stretched between piers. In this bridge type the cables connect vertically off another cable supported by the piers.


Analysis of Bridge Types Cable-Stayed Bridge

A cable stayed bridge uses a single pier which bears the entire load of the cables. Although able to achieve lesser spans than the previous suspension bridge, this type of bridge is ideal for shorter spans and it offers all the advantages plus benefits such as using less steel cable, being quicker to construct as well as costing considerably less than a suspension bridge. Tensile Forces Compressive Forces

Similar to the suspension bridge, cables held under tension connect to a single pier allowing them to support the platform beneath. As steel cables are required to be held under high tensile forces, this bride type, similar to the suspension bridge type would not be viable as they would require heavy machinery in order to do so.


Possibilities & Limitations In Afghanistan the most frequent natural disaster that occurs is flooding. Ideally the bridge type to span such disasters would be a suspension or cable stayed bridge as they can span the water without having the need for any components to touch it, for example columns. As such a bridge types are difficult to produce without the aid of heavy machinery one must consider one of the other bridge types. Some of the main limitations that prevent the use of more complex bridges can be seen below: Time - In a disaster situation time is limited therefore a quick solution is required to cross dangerous terrain to allow locals to access food work and other vital necessities. Funding - In rural areas where many have little means for funding such a project there is a need for a low cost solution. As a result there will be limitations on materials and tools needed to build the bridge in order to keep the costs to a minimal. Resources - For communities which have no access to heavy machinery or the skills to operate complex tools there will need to be a restriction in our design to limit construction tools to basic hand tools. Labour - A bridge design that requires minimal labour will be sought in order to reduce the time frame of its construction. As a result of the above, the most appropriate bridge type and on that we aim to explore in further detail is an adaptation of the truss bridge.


Materials & Details The reason we have chosen to use wood as our primary choice of building material is due to the fact that it is a material that is easily sourced and can be managed with basic hand tools. An abundance of trees mean that it is cheap to acquire and a sustainable source of material. Coppicing forests can be beneficial if done correctly thus having a positive impact on the environment. Timber can be easily split along its grain which retains its natural strength, more so than sawing the timber in half. This can be achieved using a simple wedge, a log splitting axe and a sledge hammer. Working wood along its grain ensures minimal effort is used. Timber is particularly strong across its grain therefore using it for components like the platform is ideal. Using the branches for pegs mean that there is minimal wastage of the tree used. It also has the added benefit of being able to withstand weathering, to some extent even strengthening the bridge. For example as moisture enters the pegs used for joints, they expand tightening their lock. The problem with timber is that it may contain knots which pose as weaknesses in the material. These were once either the base of a side branch or a dormant bud.


Materials & Details Connections & Joints

On Site Requirements - Easy to carve using hand tools only - Must not be time consuming - Strong enough to endure heavy loads - Must be durable Dado Joint This joint will be useful when constructing a railing for the bridge as timber can lock into place. However for structural components it is not a viable option as it is weak.

Dovetail Joint As the amount of contact is increase through added surface area, this joint is stronger without the need for glue. The disadvantage is that it is time consuming to carve using simple hand tools.

Dowel and Butt Joint An effective joint which will be fast to produce. In the open environment this joint may increase in strength as moisture will cause the dowel to expand and create a tighter lock.

Half Lap Joint An easy joint to produce which increases the surface area of contact which will add friction and strengthen the joint. Requires simple chisel to carve.


Materials & Details Connections & Joints

Butt Joint Simplest of all joints means that it is quickest and easiest to produce. However it lacks structural integrity thus cannot be an option. Miter Joint Very similar to the butt joint however the only difference is its aesthetics. As a result one must rule out the use of this joint in a bridge structure.

Mortise and Tenon Joint A pocket is created into which the tenon is inserted. This type of joint has the advantage of durability however requires a lot of skill and time to produce.

Tongue and Groove Joint This type of joint is ideal for the platform of the bride where the timber can lock together without the need for glue however this would be time consuming to produce.


Materials & Details Connections & Joints

We have concluded that a combination of half lap and dowel joint will provide sufficient support for our bridge and will be tested on site for confirmation. Time permitting we may decide to further reinforce these joints with the use of rope. A half lap joint will maximise surface area on which contact between both timbers is made whilst the dowel insertion will make sure the two pieces will not come apart under various loading. This joint will be quick to produce using a hand chisel, hammer, hand drill and a knife for sharpening the dowel. With additional resources this joint can be further improved with the addition of glue. Another simple method for strengthening the joint would be to use a nail gun to bolt the two pieces of timber together. Alternatively a small hole can be drilled and a nut and bolt would secure the joint and provide maximum durability.


 



Timber Construction Process

 

    Stage 1: Cut down tree

Cut Cut Down Down Tree Tree

 

Stage 2: Split timber in half

Split Two SplitTimber TimberInto Into Two

 Cut Down  Split Timber Into Two Tree

 Stage 3: Split timber into SplitTimber Timber Into Split manageable sectionsInto

ManageableSections Sections Manageable

mber Into Two

Split Timber Split Tim Manageable Managea

Stage 4: Use tools to create joints

UseTools Tools To Tocreate create Use Joints Joints

Split Timber Into Manageable Sections

S M

Chisel AA Half Half Lap Lap Chisel

Use Tools To create Chisel A Half Lap Once One OneUnit Unit IsIsCreated, Created, Simply Simply ••Joints Once

RepeatAnd And Assemble Assemble Units Units To To Form Form AA Repeat Structure Stage 5: Chisel half lap joint Stage 6:Structure Use wooden pes to strengthen joints Use Wooden Pegs To Create A Fram Chisel A Half Lap Joint • Once One Unit Is Created, Simply Joints Process SimpleAAnd And Can Be Be Carried Carried Use Wooden Pegs To Strengthen Create Framed Unit ••Process IsIs Simple Can Repeat And Assemble Units To Form A OutWithout Without The Use UseA OfFramed Heavy The Of Heavy Use Wooden Pegs To Out Create Unit Structure Strengthen Joints Machinery Machinery Strengthen Joints • Process Is Simple And Can Be Carried FramedUnit Unit AAFramed Stage 7: Create one framedOut unit Without The Use Of Heavy • A Few Trees Can Can Produce Produce Entire Entire • A Few Trees which can be replicated. Machinery Structure (Primary && Secondary Secondary Structure (Primary Created, Simply Create A Framed Unit Structure,Joints, Joints, Balustrades, Balustrades, Cladding Cladding )) Structure, ble Units To Form A


05 Design

Concept / Structural / Prototype Studies


Study on Concept / Structural Design Objective

In the initial conceptual thinking. We focus on a design method is considered suitable for this project. This approach is closely related to security, construction and materials.

Structural Systems Different bridges have different structural systems, what type of structure is more suitable for this project? According to the characteristics of this project, such as construction technology, material properties, and ultimately we chose the triangular truss structure and this triangular structure can be very good with the project specified material: wood.


Study on Concept/Structural

A

After the study, we chose the basic structure system for this project - triangular truss.

Final structural prototype

According to the study of structural elements, we optimize a basic structural unit “A”, with “A” as the basic unit according to the needs of different situations, different geographical environment and materials can be combined with different forms of bridge.


Study on Concept/Structural

A

Structures and Materials Divided a tree into four parts, to obtain the desired components of a structural unit A. Detail 1

Detail 1

Connecting Node Simple way to connect to various nodes of the bridge, drilled holes in the component intersect, then fixed cork, which is a traditional solid wood structure practical connection technology.

Detail 1



Study on Concept / Structural Prototype Studies

Structural Prototype - A According to the length of the bridge needs to duplicate the same structural unit “A�.

Form of Bridge Using the basic structural unit obtained by the different directions of rotation of stitching to obtain the form of the bridge. Fix the connection node and the node between the base bridge unit use the same technique as detail 1.


Prototype Studies Prototype 1 - Form

Cro

ss A

rea

Assemble - 1 Connecting structure “A� through the top, forming a quadrilateral pyramid bridge unit. Depending on the length of the bridgerepeat producing and connecting cone unit.

One Bridge Unit

Bridge Plan


Prototype Studies Prototype 1 - Study Model

Detail 1

Detail 1


Prototype Studies Prototype 2 - Form

Cro

ss A

rea

Assemble - 2 Connecting structure “A� through the bottom, forming a inverted triangle bridge unit. Depending on the length of the bridgerepeat producing and connecting cone unit.

One Bridge Unit

Bridge Plan


Prototype Studies Prototype 2 - Study Model

Detail 1

Detail 1


Prototype Studies Prototype 3 - Form

Cro

ss A

rea

Assemble - 3 Use horizontal structural members, connecting the two parallel structural unit, forming a Triangular body bridge unit. Depending on the length of the bridge repeat producing and connecting cone unit.

One Bridge Unit

Bridge Plan


Prototype Studies Prototype 3 - Study Model

Detail 1

Detail 1


Prototype Studies

Multi-function Form | Bridge & Shelter

Cro

ss A

Cro

She

rea

ss A

lter

rea

Composite design In addition to the basic functions as a bridge, this structural unit can also be considered as a temporary shelter, the need for auxiliary emergency circumstances.

One Bridge Unit

Cross Area Shelter Cross Area

Bridge Plan


Prototype Studies

Multi-function Form | Bridge & Shelter

Cro

ss A

rea

She

lter

One Bridge Unit Cross Area

Bridge Plan

Shelter


Prototype Studies Multi-function Form

More possibilities..... In addition to the combination of the book shows, depending on the rotation of the connection, technology, this structure prototype may develop more different design patterns.


Possibilities Prototype 1 Repetition Design can be repeated to accommodate length of bridge depending on number of trees used. Length Design can be repeated to accommodate length of bridge depending on number of trees used. Usage Design can be used as a shelter, a single unit can be modified to create a small shelter for 1 person or more. Variation Design can be varied using a single ‘A’ unit. Assembled bridge can be disassembled to create another bridge prototype. Recycling Design material can be recycled for daily use; firewood, hedge, fence Material The wood can be carved using basic tools and can be modified to suite different components.


Limitations Prototype 1 Height Design can be limited by the height of the tree and this can affect the length needed to create its components. Depth The depth of the gully / river to cross can have a limitation of the length, design and the construction method of the bridge. Foundation The soil of the ground can create a problem as it will determine the depth of the foundation and main structure of the bridge. Erosion The amount of people crossing the bridge can create the side soil / foundation to degrade and erode by usage and also natural conditions; rain or flood. Durability The type of tree used to create the bridge can determine its durability and the strength of the joints and components.


Possibilities Prototype 2 Repetition Design can be repeated to create length needed / span platform. Length Design can be repeated to accommodate length of bridge depending on number of trees used. Usage Design can be used as a shelter, a single unit can be modified to create a shelter and bridge can also be used to fish depending on location. Variation Design structure can be used to create different structure principle. Recycling Design material can be recycled for daily use; firewood, hedge, fence Material Design can be used for any daily purpose by the user.


Limitations Prototype 2 Height Design can be limited by the height of the tree and this can affect the length needed to create its components. Depth The depth of the gully / river to cross can have a limitation of the length, design and the construction method of the bridge. Foundation The soil of the ground can create a problem as it will determine the depth of the foundation and main structure of the bridge. Erosion The amount of people crossing the bridge can create the side soil / foundation to degrade and erode by usage and also natural conditions; rain or flood. Durability The type of tree used to create the bridge can determine its durability and the strength of the joints and components. Usage The platform width of the bridge is limited to 1 to 2 persons per time.


Possibilities Prototype 3 Repetition Design can be repeated to create length needed / span platform. Length Design can be repeated to accommodate length of bridge depending on number of trees used. Usage Design can be used as a shelter, a single unit can be modified to create a shelter and bridge can also be used to fish depending on location. Variation Design structure can be used to create different structure principle. Recycling Design material can be recycled for daily use; firewood, hedge, fence, shelter Material Design can be used for any daily purpose by the user.


Limitations Prototype 3 Height Design can be limited by the height of the tree and this can affect the length needed to create its components. Depth The depth of the gully / river to cross can have a limitation of the length, design and the construction method of the bridge. Foundation The soil of the ground can create a problem as it will determine the depth of the foundation and main structure of the bridge. Erosion The amount of people crossing the bridge can create the side soil / foundation to degrade and erode by usage and also natural conditions; rain or flood. Durability The type of tree used to create the bridge can determine its durability and the strength of the joints and components.


Possibilities Prototype 4 Repetition Design can be repeated to create length needed / span platform. Length Design can be repeated to accommodate length of bridge depending on number of trees used and neccessary distance. Usage Design can be used as a shelter, the foot path can also be used as a raft in a case of emergency. Variation Design can be used to create different bridge using same components of bridge. Recycling Design material can be recycled for daily use; firewood, hedge, fence, shelter Material Timber from bridge can be crafted for value and can be used as trade material after bridge used.


Limitations Prototype 4 Height Design can be limited by the height of the tree and this can affect the length needed to create its components. Depth The depth of the gully / river to cross can have a limitation of the length, design and the construction method of the bridge. Foundation The soil of the ground can create a problem as it will determine the depth of the foundation and main structure of the bridge. Erosion The amount of people crossing the bridge can create the side soil / foundation to degrade and erode by usage and also natural conditions; rain or flood. Durability The type of tree used to create the bridge can determine its durability and the strength of the joints and components.


Possibilities Prototype 5 Repetition Design can be repeated to create length needed / span platform. Length Design can be repeated to accommodate length of bridge depending on number of trees used. Usage Design can be used as a shelter, a single unit can be modified to create a shelter and bridge can also be used to fish depending on location. Variation Design structure can be used to create different structure principle. Recycling Design material can be recycled for daily use; firewood, hedge, fence, shelter Material Design can be used for any daily purpose by the user. Usage The walking space of the bridge can be used by 2 people and if added more paths it can be used for more pedestrians.


Limitations Prototype 5 Height Design can be limited by the height of the tree and this can affect the length needed to create its components. Depth The depth of the gully / river to cross can have a limitation of the length, design and the construction method of the bridge. Foundation The soil of the ground can create a problem as it will determine the depth of the foundation and main structure of the bridge. Erosion The amount of people crossing the bridge can create the side soil / foundation to degrade and erode by usage and also natural conditions; rain or flood. Durability The type of tree used to create the bridge can determine its durability and the strength of the joints and components. Local Sources Design can limited by local source trees, if the area does not have enough trees it can be a problem to create the bridge.


Concept Image through Afghanistan’s geographic


06 Experiment

Limekiln Forest, Crowborough, East Sussex


Site Investigation Shave Wood, Boarshead East Sussex, United Kingdom Region – South East England Area – 1,709 km2 Population – 800, 200 Geography – Hilly District – 6 Climate – -18C ~ 38.5C


Site Investigation Shave Wood, Boarshead  

 

 

 

 

 


Shave Wood, Boarshead

Rainfall in East Sussex


Easy to split

Resistance to decay

Good strength

Great strength

Strength

Durability

Good shock resistance

Tolerates a wide range of conditions

Soil Type

Hold Screws and Nails

Prefers sandy or acidic soils

Purple brown with rough white spot on the shoots

Grey in colour knobbly on older growth

Twig

White & Papery bark with black cracks or fissures

Old trees develop a network of ridges which spiral up the tree

Pale Green

Short Stalk

Bark

Triangular with ‘double Teeth‘

Oval

Description

18-25m

20-30m

Deciduous

Deciduous

Average height

Broadleaf

Broadleaf

Type of Tree

Birch

Beech

Birch

Family Name

Sweet Chestnut

Shave Wood, Boarshead

Vegetation

Easy to sand and nail

Lightweight but strong

Likes sandy sites, withstand sand exposure and drought well

Strong twig which are yellow brown in colour

Scaley plates with large fissures

Green Grey

Long needles in pairs, usually slightly twisted

18-45m

Evergreen

Conifer

Pine

Corsican Pine

Easy to sand and nail

Lightweight but strong

Thrives on mineral soil and sand low in nutrients

Green brown in colour and hairless

Orange brown scales when young, Deeply fissures with age

Dark Green Grey

Thich slightly twisted in pairs

12-36m

Evergreen

Conifer

Pine

Scots Pine


Vegetation

Shave Wood, Boarshead

Sweet Chestnut Tree

Corsican Pine

Birch

Scots Pine


Site Visit

Introduction and Brief On 25th September 2013, we took a train from London Bridge National Rail station to Eridge station near Crowborough town. On site, Jonathan already wait for us there. we going through the land first as introduction to the forest.

Walked from the main gate of the land.

The wet forest has lots of mushrooms and berries.

Explaination on type of trees in the forest.

Brief on the project.

Jonathan showing us the soil condition of the site.

The proposed site.


Site Visit

Choosing and Cut the Tree After the introduction and brief by Jonathan, we picked a tree to be cut and a guy (proffesional wood cutter) come and cut down te chosen tree.


Site Visit

Visit to Timber Factory The we visit a timber workshop (around 250 meter from the land). We all together took the tree-cutter’s pickup lorry and go to his father workshop. There they show to us how to process the tree from beginning, the machine, the type of timber and the construction process using timber.


One Tree | Bridge Day 1 | Construction Material

We start our camping days / construction the bridge by cleaning the surrounding site. We organized the work task and the area for security and health precaution. We manage the size of the structures and using axe-splitter to cut a trunk into two.

We not only used the tree that been cut before, using dead branches helps us to minimize cutting down a new tree. Using an axe-splitter to split a small branches to use as the platform.

Then we decide which way to put the platform. We create a small experiment to check whether which way are slippery and dangerous to the users. The inside part are more grip than the bark side.


One Tree | Bridge Day 2 | Joints and Foundations

Using mallet and chisel, we make a joints on the main trunk for the ‘A’ prototype. Using hand drill, a hole was made for the dowel joint.

For foundation, we make a gully and studs to support the main platform from moving / preventing from erosion.

Holes were dig for the foundation until reached the lime soil to support the main ‘A’ structure.


One Tree | Bridge Day 2 | Main Structure

After complete preparing the first main structure, we stand the first post the of structure to the foundation.

Using safety ropes to support the main structure from fall of.

Using pegs at the joint helps the structure stand strong. Then we proceed on preparing the second structure and platforms.


One Tree | Bridge Day 3 | Platofrms

After splitting the branches to make the platform, we measured and arranged the branches for the platform.

Using chisel and mallet again to create the joints to the crossing member of the structure. Secondary platform structure been added for security.

Then we arranged all the platforms and preparing supporting rail for platform’s top so the branches will not slip away.


One Tree | Bridge Day 4 | Main Structure

Its raining on the last day, so we take extra percautions on every job we do. Drilling hole to the main structure and preparing the pegs for jointing.

Again, using the same process, we stand up the second structure. Using the rope helps up to support the structure before fixing it.

We locked the structure at the top beam using the same principle of dowel joints.


One Tree - Bridge


One Tree | Bridge Limitations

Using small numbers of tree as possible for construction material.

No electricity, so wisely use the battery-based hand drill for making the hole fot connections.


One Tree | Bridge Basic tools

Basic tools that we used for the construction. Axe-splitter, Hand saw, machete, mallet, chisel, shovel, measure tape and hand drill. Tools were from UEL workshop and Jonathan’s.


Camping Experience Camp site

Having breakfast and group meeting before went to construction site.

Sharing stories and experience. Cooking food for dinner near camp fire.


Camping Experience Camp site

King of the mushroom.

Timber stove.

Drying the gloves.

Drying the shoes near fire.

Storm kettle.


Camping Experience Construction site

Cleaning the site.

Quick rest & discussion before proceed to next work.

Various task and different area of work.

Drilling the top beam with minimum battery energy.

Enjoying the sunny day.

Another quick rest.

Splitting the tree.

Chiseling the platforms.


One Tree 2013 Team


Attachment A

Introduction / Brief at McDowell & Benedetti Architects


Introduction

McDowell & Benedetti Architects McDowell+Benedetti was formed by Jonathan McDowell and Renato Benedetti in 1996. The practice has established a growing reputation for design excellence across an unusually diverse range of projects of different types and scales. We believe this breadth of experience enriches our approach. The practice has won a number of prestigious awards and international competitions. Our work has been published widely in the UK and abroad, in books and periodicals, and the design and construction of our Castleford Bridge was the centrepiece of a Channel 4 TV documentary series in 2008. The partners have established wider public profiles including roles at CABE, the RSA, as RIBA client design advisors and competition assessors, on local authority Design Review Panels, and lecturing and teaching regularly in the UK and abroad. We highly value our wide range of public and private clients, many of whom we have developed long-standing relationships with over several projects. We strongly believe in the value that open collaboration and team-working bring to our projects. We are passionate about creating uplifting places for people to enjoy, looking for simple and straightforward solutions that use natural light and enduring materials to create beautiful spaces which exceed our clients’ expectations.


Introduction to the Project McDowell & Benedetti Architects

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Introduction Brief Brief Make a useable crossing over the gully at an appropriate point, using only nearby timberand other natural resources. Materials Sweet Chestnut, Scots pine, Corsican pine (thinnings). Clay, rock, clay pigeon shards and old branches. Clear gully bottom nearby and remove waste/brash to habitat piles or ‘dead hedge’ along boundary. Consideration Structure: Perhaps not a great challenge but how it is acting? Material: Make most of the particular characteristics of different species, sizes of timber; every action has a consequence - how to maximise the long term benefit, its sustainability? Construction: Appropriateness to the materials and tools available, skills & time available. Durability: How to make it last? Will it just decay or could it improve/live? Safety/Risk: How safe should it be (for small children etc), and how much challenge and jeopardy is appropriate? Possibilities - Creating a place of special character, dramatize the topography perhaps? - A place to linger, sit, shelter, observe/hide, play, climb, make music? - How will it affect the ‘anatomy’ and use of the wood - paths , views - What can the gully be? - animal track, path, - Could it catch water to create a pond?


Background information Shave Wood, Boarshead

Location: Part of Limekiln/Park Wood, Limekiln Forest Road, Boarshead, near Crowborough, East Sussex. Latitude 51°03’55”N. Longitude 0°11’58”E OS Grid reference: TQ 542 318 Nearest postcode: TN3 9LQ Within the High Weald Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty (AONB). Property:

7 acres (2.8 ha). Approx 250x125m. Bounded by Byway to West and track to East. Boundary marked by Blue paint markings on trees and on row of stakes along southern boundary.

Travel:

Off A26 at Boarshead then 1.5km along Boarshead Lane. Eridge Station approx 3km with regular trains from London Bridge.

Access:

From Boarshead Lane, through locked gate onto Limekiln Forest Road track (Restricted Byway) for 250m and then further locked gate onto gravel track which accesses all of east perimeter of wood. A mud track within the boundary also runs up west edge adjacent the Byway.

Topography/ soil: Gently sloping down (about 10m) towards NE; elevation 135-145m OD. Well drained. Series of gullies (probably drainage channels) cross the site. Acidic top crust (approx pH 4) sandy loam over Wealden clay base. Trees:

Predominantly coppiced Sweet Chestnut and planted Scots Pine, Larch and more recent Corsican Pine. Also self-seeded Birch and some Oak, Beech, Yew, Willow, Rowan, Holly and Hazel. Bracken, heather, bilberries, brambles. Chestnut stools are several hundred years old but coppiced so trunks generally around 30-40 years old.

Wildlife:

Signs of deer, badgers, various species of birds.

History: Classified as ‘Plantation on Ancient Woodland Site’ (PAWS)- i.e. has always been forest, originally ancient woodland but latterly cultivated plantation. Chestnut coppiced originally to supply poles for local hop farms, but hop industry has largely disappeared. Softwood planted for timber. Was part of larger wood until recently sold off in small parcels.


Background information Shave Wood, Boarshead

Our Aims: Recreation for family (enjoying natural setting), conservation management, increasing biodiversity. We aim to broaden the range of species, and particularly encourage permaculture/woodland food opportunities. Shave Wood: property/access Initial works include thinning to promote broadleaf trees, clearing deadwood/brash into habitat piles and thickening hedging around perimeter, some planting of native species, bracken clearing. Nearby facilities: Boarshead Inn pub 1.5km to NW, BP garage/ shop on A26 at Boarshead. Lynne’s Organic farm 500m to E. Town of Crowborough 3km to south. D EA SH AR BO OAD R

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Locked gate 1


Rules & Guidance Shave Wood, Boarshead

Generally: Try to ensure any actions improve the wood in the long term and avoid damaging it. Gates:

Keep both gates locked and key safe.

Access:

Keep within Shave Wood boundary or on gravel track and Byway. All the woodland around is privately owned and there is no ‘right to roam’.

Project locations: Anywhere within the boundary except within the central area marked on map or blocking the mud track. Using dead wood: OK to forage any dead timber (plenty everywhere) but preferably not from log piles/stacks or the perimeter ’dead hedge’ being formed. Other resources: Fine to dig for clay (especially if enlarging the ‘pond’ and make any positive use of the clay pigeon litter (discs, cartridges, etc) that is everywhere. There is no significant water on site. Cutting timber:

OK to selectively prune/thin branches of chestnut, pine or birch trees but consult before cutting any over 100mm dia. Do not cut any of the scarcer hardwoods: beech, oak, yew, etc.

Fires:

Fine to use any dead wood around as fire wood but ensure fires do not damage vegetation and are completely extinguished.

Food:

OK to forage for anything (chestnuts, mushrooms, berries etc) but ensure you know it’s edible before doing so!

Timber waste:

Preferably drag any unused brash (brushwood) to boundary where ‘dead hedge’ is being formed (to create good habitat and mark boundary). Stack any bigger timber anywhere for firewood, etc use.

Waste:

Bury any compostable waste but remove anything else from site. OK to excrete anywhere off main paths and away from central area but please bury with at least 100mm earth cover.


Location Map

Shave ShaveWood, Wood: Boarshead location maps Turn off A21 to A264 at Pembury

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6

Eridge train station

Boarshead

SHAVE WOOD

Turn off to east signed ‘Boarshead’ BOARSHEAD INN PUB PETROL STATION

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TIMBER YARD

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GATE 1 GATE 2

SHAVE WOOD

LYNNE’S ORGANIC FARM


Site Plan

Shave Wood site plan

Shave Wood, Boarshead

CAMP

BRIDGE


Emergency Route Shave Wood, Boarshead


Preliminary Design McDowell & Benedetti Architects

On 23rd Spetember 2013, we have a brief / presentation to Jonathan as the owner of the land at his office. After a warm welcome & thorough brief by Jonathan about his land and bridge projects, we discussed about our ideas with him and asked various questions about the project. Everyone in the team got really involved in the question and answer process. As a team we really appreciated his advice on construction method and appropriateness of a design in relation to constraints of the project. By the end of the meeting, we had a confirmation for a meeting with him as well as Alex at the site in Sussex for the next morning. Diagram below are some of the preliminary idea and concept of bridge for the project.


Attachment B Presentation to Article 25


Presentation Article 25

On 27th September 2013, we presenting our idea to Article 25 as the main consultant for this project. Topics covered in the presentation: - Brief of Article25 project - Site context of Afghanistan/ climactic & topography studies - Site context of East Sussex site/ climactic & weather; topography studies - Research on existing bridge concepts - Research on timber construction and jointing methods/ vernacular - Design Idea - of the modular structure - single unit - Possibilities of the modular structure Presented our presentation, and every one of us got to present our slides and ideas. The representatives from Article25 was very surprised with how compressive our presentation was. There were also very attentive & supportive of our proposal. Additionally, we also discussed about ideas and how to go about the report - which they wanted to have diagrams of how the modular structure would work and/or a how-to pamphlet. We also exchanged contacts for future enquiries regarding the project. Satisfied for now & pumped for the actual construction of our modular bridge idea before proceed to the proposed site.


Presentation Article 25


Attachment C

Design Template for Bridge


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CROSSBE AM I ST O BE AM PL ACE DACROSSGUL L Y , SE CONDAR YBE AM MAYBEPL ACE DI FRE QUI RE D

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L I F TPRI MARYS T RUCT URALF RAME UNT OPL ACE

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S E CURET OPJ OI NTWI T HPE GAGAI N T OS E CURES T URDI NE S S

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S E CURECROS SBRACI NGUNT OPRI MARY S T RUCT URET OS T RE NGT HE NF RAME BRI DGEF ORME D


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