German WWII Tunnels Ho19 & Ho20 - The Occupation Detectives Special Edition

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Ho19 & Ho20 Project


Introduction

On a cold rainy morning in 2015, we were given access to a tunnel complex in the harbour area of St Helier Jersey. As we passed the entrance gate, we were soon greeted by a collection of stencils for road signs and a fair amount of astroturf. The tunnel had signs of significant damp issues, and a constant sound of dripping could be heard echoing through the site. As we approached the first junction, a wall had been put in place, probably to reduce the amount of water leaking into the first 30 meters of the tunnel. At this point we realised the complex was much more substantial than we had imagined. We were hooked and needed to secure more permanent access to document the tunnel and produce this book. With the help of the Department of Infrastructure and Jersey Property Holdings, we agreed on a research licence to make this Publication.

In May 2016 we received the long-term licence to study and share the Tunnels History. From our research, the Germans had listed Ho19 as a Power Station and Ho20 as Mount Bingham Connecting Tunnel. At this point, the original German plans have not been found, either having been destroyed or are in the hands of a private collector. We base a lot of the dates and facts from local diaries, maps and German papers from the Washington, French, Russian and Jersey archives.

Work on the tunnel started in July 1943 by the Organisation Todt (OT) firm of “Riechert” and later in 1943 by OT firm “Hellenbart” under the command of the Naval Harbour Construction HQ, which was at number four Commercial buildings. The Todt Organisation was a Third Reich civil and military engineering group named after its founder, Fritz Todt, an engineer and senior Nazi figure. The organisation was responsible for a huge range of engineering projects both in pre-World War II Germany, in Germany itself and occupied territories from Jersey to the Soviet Union during the war. It was notorious for using slave and forced labour.


The German Navy perhaps thought that as the main source of power was from a civilian power station and a secure tunnel housing a power plant would keep the harbours crane operational no matter what. The CIOS book “Jersey’s German Tunnels� by Michael Ginns, MBE (ISBN 978-0-9550086-1-0) states that between August and November 1942 there was correspondence about an installation of an electric motor in the Tunnel. This included how much power was needed to run it 14 hours per day. We are not too sure if this was to power for the mining operation or if it was for the harbour power. It also records that in 1943, two French MAN generators arrive on the island for the eventual placement in Ho19, but they had both been sabotaged at the Renault Factory. The book, however, suggests that after the lining is done in 1943 the tunnel is abandoned and left in the same condition, it is found today. We have had the opportunity to work in the tunnel for well over a year and can evidence this tunnel was still being worked on in May 1944 and was used right up to Liberation in May 1945.

On the 18th November 1943 the Organisation Todt requested the closing of the road on Mount Bingham for work to be carried out. Photo below, courtesy of Jersey Heritage, Photo By J. Bull.

The road closure request was to fix the potential of a collapse due to how close the first 20 meters of the tunnel had been mined to the road above. The OT Firm Theodore Elche was employed to line the tunnel. Wooden shuttering was installed in the tunnel and concrete was poured directly from the road above.

Like many bunkers where the shuttering was is still very evident


One thing that is not very clear is when the work in Ho20 was done. There are date stones in the tunnel indicating work is still going on in May 1944 and from interviews with islanders, who were there, the tunnel had two steel doors with two armed guards in place, even on liberation day. Ho20 seemed to have started o life as a planned connecting tunnel that went all the way through Mount Bingham, but it looks like they stopped mining

This is an RAF photo from February 1945.


Ho19 & Ho 20 Maintenance When we started this in May 2016, it is important to note that all but the first 25 meters of the tunnel was severely flooded and had not been used since the 1950’s. The first section is actively used by The Department for Infrastructure, who have been very supportive of our work and huge thanks go out to them for this. The rest of the 200 meters of the tunnel is now our responsibility, and for every hour of research we get done, there is an equal hour of maintenance required. The majority of our part of the tunnel is a cave complex and water is always moving through the hard rock. Below is an album of photos of our efforts to get the flooding under control and we then built a more robust system for drainage. Our original plan, though rewarding, was to move the water in buckets manually. We then setup a suction system that slowly brought down the levels and finally two motorised pumps.


Some of the work to get it dry!


From the first dry walk in maybe 30+ years


The Research Our first stage of research is to document all the remaining original features of the tunnels as well as recording graďŹƒti left by the Germans and forced labours. The second stage will produce a 3d map and video of the entire site. For each documented area we will use a simple dot on the map to record its location. This may jump around as we find more and more. To assist our work in the tunnel, we have installed a straightforward and temporary lighting system which was funded by our tours on www.jerseywartours.com

We will use this icon to indicate where we are in the Tunnels

Each area of documentation we will assign a number, which will be prefixed with the Tunnel is was found. If you have info, ideas or corrections, please include this in the subject line of an email to info@jerseywartours.com

This document will be live and will often be updated.


Ho19-001-Doors The original doors for this tunnel are missing from an interview with locals alive at the time they were described as being solid blast doors that got removed in the scrap drive of the 50’s. They were initially placed one meter inside the tunnel which would have provided some shelter to the


Bob Le Sueur (96) has been helping us with some research and mentioned he had a little anecdote about Ho19. Bob risked death during the Occupation by helping to shelter an escaped Russian slave worker at the insurance offices where he worked. We visited him to record a story he had from Liberation day when he passed Ho19 for the first time. He kindly gave up his time for an interview with us all done from his home in St Clement.

IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII We have yet to find a photo of the Tunnel taken during or just after the war. The below was taken from across the road by the Germans, most likely to avoid the photo showing


Ho19-002-Electrical Boards The electrical boards ran the entire length of the tunnels. It carried power and had light units installed at various points. After the mining stages and the removal of the pit props, which would have been put in place to support the tunnel during drilling.

There are very few traces left of any light units or cable. The condition of the boards through the tunnel varies from ok to poor. Some bakelite cable holders are still in place, minus the cable retaining part. The stalactites are slowing moving some of the boards. the stalactites are slowing moving the boards. Some bakelite cable holders are still in place, minus the top cable retaining part. the stalactites are slowing moving the boards. Some bakelite cable holders are still in place, minus the top cable retaining part.


Ho19-003-Passover Board To carry the electricity over to the other side of the tunnel, the electrician has used small wood blocks to attach the electrical boards. All but one of these boards have since fallen and rotted away. The black paint the electrician has used to mark the root is still visible on the roof.


Ho19-004-Map Below is a map that looks to have been drawn using the same paint the electrician has been using. The bottom left of the map you can see the word “Reeper" just off centre the words “Cafe” and what we initially believed to be “Heime” (home in German). The map gave us plenty to work on, and we were determined to find out where this was. In the next few pages, we will break down the map in sections and show you our findings.


Let's start with “Reeper" a quick google search of “Reeper German Map” got us back Reeperbahn, Hamburg, Germany.

And it’s a good match, no sign of a cafe from this view but we are on the right track (image care of Apple maps). Next step was to see what it looked like in 1944 and below you can see we found it on the corner of an RAF photo, also notice the vast damage from the recent aerial bombings.


Roughly overlaying the photo with the map, we can see we may indeed have found it.

So let's move on to “Cafe” and “Heime” our progress so far has been watched online via facebook and one of our followers pointed out it's not “Heime” but “ Cafe Heinze" which is also found in this area.


Cleaning up the photo above, we can match up the location of “Cafe Heinze� and also the domed building we see on the left-hand side of the photograph.

Now we need to look at the building with the two spikes. Directly across the road from where Cafe Heinze would have been, if it had survived the war, we found this building below.


So putting this research back on the map we found, we have positive results from all three sites. We are happy to say this was indeed Reeperbahn, Hamburg, Germany. We can only guess that the German electrician or Guards were having a chat about places to visit and drew this map of Cafe Heinze.


Ho19-005-Pencil Marking 1 Probably linking back to the electricians planning of the cable route, we can see some pencil marks on this section of wall.


Ho19-006-Date Marking 1 The Electrical board throughout the tunnel was held up by metal supports that had been cemented into small drill holes in the tunnel walls. Some of the boards have fallen due to deterioration, and now the cement anchors can be seen. On this one, you can see the worker has left their initials “JC�. The smaller initials seem to be a first attempt they were not happy with. They also left an important date making of the 14th of May 1944. The date is more evidence of the tunnel being worked on well after the majority of forced labour was removed from the islands. This date is also well after the lining of the tunnel had been completed. We think that the original tunnel plans of a walk through and a power station were abandoned and instead lights, electricity and ventilation got added to allow the storage of equipment, most probably munitions.


Ho19-007-Buried Rail In the middle of this section of tunnel, there is a buried section of rail. It appears to be attached to something. It could be a turntable. Due to its position, it could have well been a turntable. At this point, we will not be digging this up. The area has been polluted and any extensive archaeology digging will be agreed with the States of Jersey in the third stage of our project.


Ho19-008-The start of a side tunnel There is evidence of the Germans starting a tunnel in the direction of the railway tunnel that runs next to Ho19 (the orange rectangle on the photo below).


Ho19-009-JC Marking Below is the second appearance of the JC initials marking and as before this is in the cement used to anchor the electricity board.


Ho19-010-Large Black Marking Below is graďŹƒtied on the wall and is either s.144 or 5.1.44 (5th of Jan 44) which is much more probable and ties into the other dates found so far.


Ho20-001-Trailer Below is a trailer that was abandoned in the tunnel but we are having trouble dating it or working out what it was. It seems to be either a large pump or generator trailer. There are positive and negative connections at the rear. It also has one Canadian tire, and one British War Department issued tire. If you recognise what it may have been, please get in touch info@jerseywartours.com



Ho20-002-Blast holes In this area of the tunnel are two deep blast holes that have been drilled but not blown. The tunnels were made by the OT drilling a series of holes (see diagram below) with pneumatic drills. The length of the drill bits varied but these two holes are about two meters deep. These drill bits frequently became blunt and had to be replaced or resharpened. The power came from compressors situated at the entrance, operating 24hours a day, seven days a week. When the drilling of the holes was completed, each one was packed with nitroglycerin and exploded. Forced labour was then used to clear the rock. They would have used long steel rods to pull down loose rock and pickaxes used to smoothen the walls.


Ho20-003-Red 256 Written on the wall in this area is the number 256 in red chalk. It is unclear what this was for.


Ho20-004-Impact Damage This part of the wall shows a small amount of impact damage from something hitting and lodging into the wall. The rock is clean so this implies it was after the blasting stage of the construction. There is something metal lodged into the hole. Our best guess is this is part of a drill bit for a pilot hole. There is also a chance this is a bullet, but at this time a drill hole is more likely.


Ho20-005-Ventilation System The Tunnel seems only to have a ventilation system in Ho2o linked to the outside via the main entrance. During the scrap drive in the 50’s almost all of the ventilation pipes and their supports had been removed. We can find traces of how it ran through the tunnel and above on the map we have highlighted its route. The two cylinders indicate where there was a pump system.


Ho20-006-Initials YH & GH The wall here has two sets of initials engraved into it. We guess that in various areas of the tunnel, the forced labours were given rest brakes and used their tools to leave a mark. The top is Y H, and the bottom one is G H.


Ho20-007-Luis Nell We found the below engraving, which would have been hidden by the ventilation pipes. It reads

LUIS A NELL 9-1913 ESPANIA 27-4-44 We have Investigated the list of known forced workers graves in Jersey and there is no trace of Luis.


14

8

13 9 10

Ho20-008-Black Numbers There are a series of black numbers, with a dotted circle, painted on the walls in Ho20. The reason for them is unclear. It could be to do with the mining or simply numbers indicating where equipment was kept.


Ho20-009-RR Marking The Electrical board throughout the tunnel was held up by metal supports that had been cemented into small drill holes in the tunnel walls. Some of the boards have fallen due to deterioration, and now the cement anchors can be seen. On this one, you can see the worker has left their initials “RR�.


Ho20-010-PA Marking The Electrical board throughout the tunnel was held up by metal supports that had been cemented into small drill holes in the tunnel walls. Some of the boards have fallen due to deterioration, and now the cement anchors can be seen. On this one, you can see the worker has left their initials “PA�.


Ho20-011-LE Marking The Electrical board throughout the tunnel was held up by metal supports that had been cemented into small drill holes in the tunnel walls. Some of the boards have fallen due to deterioration, and now the cement anchors can be seen. On this one, you can see the worker has left their initials “LE�.


Ho20-012- BY & JM The wall here has two sets of initials engraved into it. We guess that in various areas of the tunnel, the forced labours were given rest brakes and used their tools to leave a mark. The top is BY, and the bottom one is JM.


Ho20-013-Detonators On 8th September 2016, we found some suspected unexploded ordnance in the tunnel, a phone call to Stuart (Ordinance Disposal Officer) at police HQ and he popped down to assess. What we had found were plugs or caps that are put into the end of drill holes, the holes would have been filled with nitroglycerin. Our suspicion became increased when we noticed small wires coming out the side. Luckily for us, the holes were dry and not packed. Stuart told us he was responsible for clearing a similar setup in Ho8 (Jersey War Tunnels) and many of the holes there were still packed with nitroglycerin! All plugs were safely removed from Ho19 that night with Kimberley and I learning an awful lot while helping Stuart do his thing.

A massive thanks go out to the Explosive Ordinance Disposal Officer Stuart Elliot of the States of Jersey Police. WWII Sites in Jersey always have the risk of the unexploded ordnance being found, if you find or see anything suspicious, please contact the police on 01534 612612. They have a page on what to do here.


As you can see with this detonator the rod is still in a excellent condition.


Ho20-014-Red 244 Written on the wall in this area is the number 244 in red chalk. It is unclear what this was for.





Ho20-015-Chalkboard In this section of tunnel we have some black squares painted on the walls. Our thinking on these are that they were used as a chalkboard to mark what was being kept here. Probably something that changed often making the need of a chalkboard.





Ho20-016-Hearts In the electric board cement anchoring the electrician has etched in to the cement two heart shapes





Ho20-017-Pit Prop Staples These are giant staples that would be used to secure pit props during the tunnel digging.


Ho20-018-Markings 


These are marking we believe to have been made by the forced workers used to mine this tunnel. These marines have been etched in to the dirt in the wall and not in to the rock.

What looks to be counting.


This looks to be “Franco” or “France”

At the top “Granada “ the city in Spain maybe, the other two words below are not readable.


Our first full 3d Scan click the photo to tour the tunnel

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We have to have to give the biggest shout out and thanks to Simon from www.hi-impact.co.uk. He has given as all a unique way of seeing the work done in this tunnel and this scan will be a vital tool for the ongoing research.

We will be booking them again next year to track the progress.


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This edition was updated on the 1st of December 2017

If you want to get involved or support this project please think about becoming a member

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