ثانية قبل بدء الكون - الأب سامي حلاّق اليسوعيّ

Page 1


W bñI ¿ÖÑ_Ç `D7 s dA Ç vH 6 Ç u Ëb O7 ÇÐU

m L[ .VD(1 &P K b 7 J 7l EU :1 .> LS2 l9G JE O . L _ JD k m

0

A m

dG

G /

:

cP

q 1& (! G M$0 .9 G

+ )

G G

1

G GPE K

GP #

, p

1

o

0 ,

b

5 2$ !

Gh fB 2 m

m

C

Y 9 9 O 7b . O Jc1 .lH / .1 ? 9 J2 O L R Jc1 Lr / .1 J . .u 7 2 .e c8 O Jc1 7 c 2\ . 8 . 9P ? .< l9H O O Jc1 L\ Lr b .1 .f .8 .2 mDM9O 7 O Jc1 7lL ZlH O .c k v P MH Tc9 O 7 O Jc1 71Kc . kF L9 J c mDM9O LS2 .l9G 7O 1 . L9 l k .2 . 9 O ; L\ J b .8 .2 .1 .f 7 2 SH Jc1 P? . 9 O 7 O 1 . L9l k 7 Jc 7 > .>M .2 . 9O 7 O J P . 9O 7 O Jc1 q @2 $

q G K.!

q Gh 2F.

@V

G 2, (1

q q j.

&

q G K .!

q

/ E

&

VG

,$ G

IO

48 / E 24

J (F

q

1

G

1

G C

O.

,

@ 1 1

q

@.

b

Gh

i

G

/!

G )# f

J

Gh

1$ G 2

1

G

( G

J

-

5

-

,

J G.(

0.

#

10

(

20

q @ 1 0

(1

h

,%

G

2

$

G

fh

#

(1

(

-

C 3

J G.(

q

h

-

G

50

-

q

@

,

2&

$ G

Q ,(

G A q

%

G g 1$ G 2

G )#

,b

(

Gh

!$ Gh J G

100 / E 50 )1

f

$ G

/!

( G d

# I

( Gh

J

#

G 2

J

G

q @ 1

200

h ,Q.

G Q ,(

(

q

@ 1&

200 / E 100 )1

$ Gh

q

1

@Oh

7

G 2&

G Q ,(

# I

$ G Q ,( (

250

-

G

G 2

-

(

-


q

@71c12\

-8 /Jc# /

E f .>L$ G O.c1O

7 (O

500

Jc1

-

G 2& .2$ G %_c# 2l9H9O 7(O 1000 Jc1 q .,8 /Jc# / E .? G 2k f.1Lu G 72P& O.c9Oh ,H.\ Gh IQ .?E Gh q q @71b .(V G IQ.< G "2q .$ 71c12\ G q O.>.$ G v19O 02 Gh L .>M G %_c# "!E91O 7(O 5.000 A .(; C 2k @3t.u G /!b :($O)

q

G

G

)# 7b.(V$

f .P&) G O.>h Q .;B %_c# 2l9H9O 7(O 50.000 Jc1h q q q .,c(U 29 G 71F .1$1u G J .l!H$ G Zc1 /r29O )u h ,VQ $ G @7(O 200.000 Jc1 2l9H9Oh ,f .P&) G nr q q 2&.1!$ G HQ .r0 .$ L$9P9Oh ,791$# 70h.( G J .0 .l( G /r29Oh /!b

@7(O

q !"> C ?7#Jr# 71 .9t / E L0Lr9 G GK+ Jc1 7> .D )# "+ q , .#k .$b 70q J1D.9 G J .& .0J G -(!c8 .# .#k .$8 Qt .c0 .bk .2\& G J .0 GK,t q q .G ->.1 71q E1P$ Gh ,7r1!H G 7;Q .t .+ f .P&) G fE d.r0 L0Lr9 G @U m L0Lr8 d# .((u$0 m1th ?f .P&) G u G s!G GP .$!k @ ., L1G -1 .1eh m q VQ $ G /!b -1k srE0 f C f .P&) G d1\9P0 .$k .b .>L& f C GK,t q q -!th C jK G ,f .P&) G "c> jK G .# ?A .$P G 2k .+ .$t u G J.u!# 5 q "+h ?7c12\! hJb / E d.E90 ,"rc G -E(# PE 7r1!H G /!b u G q 29 G J /D .P9 G Zc1 gK+ ?u G 2XL8 f .P&) G fhJ1 7r1!H G q q @ .,1!b OL8 f C 71,12 G b GQh $ G dh .E9O q q n o 2k .,l1(V8 %8h QO .V# IJb )# b GQh $ G gK+ :c$> Jr p q "1 ,-F GM> C "P!P8 2k "# .u9$ G H .9u G "uR KG #8 / .,&E @H G.1 C @b GQh $ G )# J .q .1 m L0Lr9k

Q G Y 0[E

/!b + .r

.,(# 70 .f

Gh ,71q Yr G ML[ :/ h $ 8

G

7q .2 G


2kh @)0L1<t

k

J .$,2#

i

71E1P$ G 7& .0J G / E 7,>.$ q

71b .kJ

7r0L\

G

/

G

G J

Lq C

E

H

.# .,8 / G

H

q

s\($ G 3PE1 7? .c$ G %99k

%V H

Lb %91O

.u1Oh

f

7f z

G

q

q

Jr $

,S

%91Oh @ ., 7P1(u

s!\(0 L1Pl8 "t

H

.9u

fC

m

m 1t

f

.128h

70QhLY 7lP!l

71O .O $ G %1+ .l$

G

5 )# "t /!b 7q .2

m

G

)b m!9H8 2+h @%1+ .l$ q

%8 Jrk J m b p

2S

,A

.1 .9th

g

K+

G g

,7r1!H

G

H

u

2k

.9u

G

G :f

V

L

Gh

7 $ 0J r

G

2q lP!l

G

7q .2 G

.V(

G V

Lb

7U .G L_& 7,>h )#

,

m

Lb

:7< .< G

7q .2 G

K, .,DLR 2k 2O .O $ G q

.!O C

H

n

V

Lb

q

q

.$9 .# )eQ.0

Gh

jC ,

J$9c8h @2q 8.+ 0

b G Qh C

Zc1 3cU .,XLb

G

.\& d1O.9

G

"V 0 h

E

Zc2

G

G U

K+

G G q O

-Pl& W(! L1Pl8 )# L<t C

@7(1c# @F .9& / q

711 .9u

.1P

q

,

q

q

q

7!Yc#

G

.,1!b

:71& .< G

U

G

,

"1!E9

G

. V & 7 O G QO

G

%,kh 7,12 .1 7r!c9$

G

q

q

G

q

q

,b

.$c9O G

d

@2q $!c %91O .,1kh

7,12

,

q

V

.!O $ G

,y

= 1D

G fE

q

q

q

q

M0 / Y.X.$

dG

H

fC

2k

"$c!

G

.+ 0

J

b GQh

Gh

$ G 2q .1

.9t /!b .,1k O .$9b / G

o

K+ 2k :!$p c9O Gh @-1nh C G.P& GLk

G

%

H

@IJF .l @7r1!H

.,Yc1 /

E

G q f

2k

#1h

f

q

.P&) G 7& .u# 71 .uR)

,IQ

q

Lu #

Q

.uk $ G Zc1

/cP8 7q .2 .k @v Kt :P1 7r1rE

q

q

%90 s$c9

G G

K+h @gQhOh 7r1!H G 2k

f

- & G Qh O 2 k L$ 0

fC

G

)u @LG! G .,Yc1 Zq .(0

G

H

.9(1Oh

q

.P&) G 7& .u#

c GQOE

q

2k s$c9

G

-1!b @72!U 7m !9t 2k ILlD LlE0 3r<# "V& "<#

@IL# "t 2k Jm 0 GM9# s$c1 )u

k h , GQ G

J$9c0h @7c12\ .1

f

.P&) G 7q 0c J0J> q

M

K+ 2k @72E$ G /!b 7$F .r

G G

9

m

L# .,Pl& 7\r(

m

L\

G

#1

Q

.cR +Q .r

7q .2

f

q

q

M

:7c1 L

k

q

%0Jr8

G G

Lb

V q

G

L[

:7P# .H q

G

. G $ G /! b

G I

7q .2

G

G

L\

M

/! b

K+

G G


q O .$9b / .1 v Ph ,f.u G / E 71E1P$ G 70DL G f.u0 f C )u$0 q

.$

q

L2b IRQ .2 G 71E1P$ G J .1VHS Gh ,J0J? G J,c G U.V& /!b @Q .$Y$ G GK+ 2k I0Q .9 G

/ E iL2u G % .c G J .& .0O IL_(

M>.# %0Jr8 :7OO .P

7q .2 G

G

q q IQ .R) G %99Oh ,iLG C / E 7& .0O )# m!9H8 IL_( G gK+ @7,12 G 71Yq m O .c91 Gh

,Zc1

q

.,Yc1

)#

70J1D.9 G

J . & . 0J G

IL_&

HQ .r8

/ E

q

@ .,(b 70.1O! G J .& .0J G J GL_& q

q

d1\9P0h ,7,12 G Y.X.# %,8 sF .;h )$Y98 2+h :J .rE!$

G

@-8 .#.!c# d1O.8 "> C )# .,1 E Y.>L G +Q .r G o q -1k L_( G J .,>hh ,7 .l\ G Q.[ 2k d GM0 / 7,12 G J.+ / fE q

/!bh @7r1!H G J.+ / :-$O G )#

L1 < t m

2k

f .(; / G

m!9H0 6 m

q

m

m

,-11 C

q 5 5 71Yq 2k 28.+ / 21Lb m &#

d#

q dh C

q

q

s1 .O J.+ / )1 G -&E @7b.(9#

.+

)1 / G

-1 .S8

H .9u G

)#

GK+h

%eL G

@J .$P G

q

.,(u h ,Y.X.$ G d.D 711Lc .1 J .219u G Zc1 JQJU Jrk @7,12 G JD G h

.,(11

q q

.( h @712(> C J .l &$ m

l S .29q G

l hC

q

7 $ > L8

.,912 .e 2k

q q q )$X bLS$ G Q GO )b QJU ,y2,12 G K.!9 Gh 71E1P$ Gz :-$O G q @y71E1P$ G 7kLc$ G 7b.O.#z 7!P!O q J.+ / b 0\& G 2k %+ .P0 f C .+ H .9u G GK+ )# g .G.9& .# m q q )1$!P$ G )1<D .2 G O.,> -1k Lk .Y98 ,jJ1D.8 J.+ /h "1 ,2qLR m q q 5 ;7,12 G 71Yq g .?8 2& .$0E mq.# O .?0E "12O 2k O.,1 Gh )11E1P$ Gh m q q q X .lE! h , .(9r\(# 2k 2,12 G K.!9 G a .r0) .(qLR A .(1 C g .(290 mq.#

@ .(9c12[ d .$> /!b

10


­ ± ­ d UF*Ç æU Ç dE w r UF Ç

q q ,71>. .(u9 G IQ.< G /9Dh ,f .P&) G iJ 2b. G Q.,^ K(# q q @71(0O 7m f2V1 g2\V8 h C 71(0O IL_& f.u G / E f .P&) G IL_& :& .t q q gLb .S# )b - 0G )#h -1k f .P&) G L2c0 jK G Q .[) G .+ )0J G f .th q q 7c12\ G 2k f .P&) G 7& .u# OJE0 jK G .+h ,-8 .k .S9t Gh -8 ._D 0#h q k q 3> G. G c.!P G .Y0 C - OJE0h ,VQ $ G gK+ /!b gO.>h 7!bh 8 q Zc1 "t C -1!b eLE1k ,O .$? G /9Dh J .8 .2( Gh J .& G.1E G g .?8 q q J .& G.1D )# 7, ! G eO .r8 - OJE0h ,LG! G .,Yc1 - "!E0h e.E! G o 2k -9_D 0# )u$0 .# GK+ @Q .?R $ G Q .$;h VQ $ G J .?9(# )#h q )u$0 .# GK+h ,2q .2 Gh .,(# "F GM G ,70J1D.9 G L1e J .& .0J G k o J .v& .v0Jv G %v1v .vcv8h %v0Jvrv G Jv,vcv G J .vcv0LvSv8 2vk .vYv0 C -v9v_vD 0v# q q q f .P&) G J .1t.!O d1$> %_(0 )0J .k @ .,8 .OQ .$#h 70J1D.9 G q M.$P$ G ,e GLE Gh d 0E G J .& .G 2k .,l(V0h ,7c12\ G g .?8 q q q jK G .+ ,7, ! G h C ,- ) G f .th @j.1&J Gh SJr$ G ,Y.($$ Gh IL_(k @ .,# GL9D G /!b f .P&) G %eL0h ,7c12\ G b.rD )$Y0 r q j C ,Theocentrism - ) G 70Q.E# :& .t % .c G / E %0Jr G f .P&) G q n n @f.u G Q.E# u G "c?8 .,& C

Jrk ;IL_( G gK+

2k H 0r& G "VD ,7Y,( G

13

LVb 70 GJ1

2k


HLf G 2k c .(+h .(+ Humanism 71q (Pn & $ G 70q Lul G J GQ .1q 9 G JL,^ q q q / E - ) G 70Q.E# )# % .c G / E f .P&) G IL_& : .E8h ,2q 1hQh $ G .13?0QJ8 f .P&) G Q .Uh ,Anthropocentrism f .P&) G 70q Q.E# 7r0L\ .1 7c12\ G / E fhL_(0 LS2 G Jc0 % h @u G dJ1 f.u G Q.E# IL_( G gK+ :;JD Ch @% .c G / E .,1 L_(0 y2q (0J G f .P&) Gz f .t 29 q G k Lq #h , .13?0QJ8 NLS G GK+ L,^h @7c12\ Gh f .P&) G )11 .GLR q q q q q q @ .(# .0 C 2k .,,> G.& 29 G 71,12 G 7#R $ G / E iO C /9D IOJc9# "D GL$1

q G

71&.u .,9& .u# Jrl8

VQ $G ,S.u1&L1.t

,Q.E$ G .,&q E @f.u G Q.E# 2+ J .& .0J G d1$> 2k VQ $ G q q n 2lk @ .,1!b T1c0 )# 7#JGh .,9#JG 2k "u G , ., .D QhJ0 "u Gh 3t G.u Gh e.?( Gh L$r Gh Q$S G u G s!G ,71q 1 .9u G s!H G 7Vq q q /v!vb A2vYv9v @@@)v1v(vPv Gh e .v0 $ Gh %vO G.v$v!v J .v# 0vb f.vuv9v z ye 0_ Gh Q.( G )11 "Vl8h ,"1! Gh Q .,( G /!b %uE9 ,VQ $ G ,s0Le) G h C S.?$ G J .& .0O 2kh @)18-17 ,14 :1 v8( i.r1 .2k .e 7\28L$ G 3t G.u Gh e.?( G J .1q !$b MLP# 2+ VQ $ G q q @7(1c# 7, 1 h C 7(1c# q Q1 h Q$S G d.D QhJ8 VQ $ G f C S.u1&L1.t mS9t G )1D ,A .Yl G a .S9t G d#h @70q q Q.E$ G .,9& .u# VQ $ G JJrk ,Quc G f.u G GK+ 2k Aq 2R / .,& #th :E2U C "1 , GQk.E# VQ $ G Jc8 % gO.>h 70 .e .$k _(# Ak .Yk f.u G GK+ Jc0 % h @L2u G 2k 2+ .(9# 0 G F2U C "1 ,-9#JGh jqLS2 G )F .u G Q.,_ 72O .($ G A G.> $ G 7,1,8 2+ k q .+ f .P&) G O.>h )u0 % GPE : / G&O jLS2 G Lul G /!b ML\0 q q q q @-1k -9!b "c h ,iLG C 7m !c O.>.# f.u .k ,f.u G O.>. QL2$ G H .1 )#h ,S .O $ G GK+ /!bh @f .P&* / -8 GK O.>.# f.u G 14


b

LG 7!q .b .1D .> .$9D 2l(& .((u$0 / s\($ .1!# .,(# "t .E0 29 L?$ )10 0# 2k LG 3t .t 2k L_( K+ 2k .P&) F2U Jr @3t .u )10 01 .?( $ J> 3b -1k ar0 3b J0JR 3b -1 .9& -!,?0 .t 2(2bL0 2+ .(9# 0 .u! J1 $ :$V @7c12\ LU .(b .?8 -,> -2bL .P&) JV8 $ J? .<# /!b @ .uO .1 2u .u /!b LD -1!b LE )!b -2bL0 )# JE8 7c12\ /!b LD J2c9P0 -9& .VD -(b "0M0 LO mS9u0 J1P 71 J> 2k -!GJ1O .$ /9D LU .u )# M> .,& $ @J2c /!

i

C

I m

O

h d

J GQ

j

k q I QP I

G g

f

G g

C

y

f

f

G

H

G

q

H

h e

G

Gh ,

Gz

G

H

h ,g

o

q

G

,

G

f m

G

g

q

q ,dh

G i

G

C

G

Q

G

q

Gh ,

G

l

Q ,

q j

G f

i

C

l

,

G

G

Q

fC

q

G JG

q

q dh

G

q

q

G d

G

h

Ch

)d n

,

h

h gQ G

(

q

i

h

C

q

q

o

J

p

G

YG

;f

G

A

Gh

9q 0b 7c12[ L1f8 / .u / .P&) L_& L1f8 7q 0b 7($1+ LD LU Jb 7q 0b :E2U #k 7r1!H .1 .,l# )# .q 0\& 2 R "t L S8 .( .u .$b "+ .?98 .E$ 2k .P&) 711Lf Humanism 71(P& $ :!c> @ .r 6 /!b J0J,9 - > .0 -1!b Jrl .1 .# J,# 7& .u# -9\b %!c 2k Lf .P& J> @-9& .u# /!b ak .E1 JV0 J 7lP!l )# .& @-9tLc# 2k -!$c9P0 0O L1G .1>. .(u9 7lP!l K+ J Jr @ J(O .$b Positive philosophy 71cX. "r c 7Y2q )# :!l0 2R 71r1rE1 Lr8 / 2+ %!c .?& )# 70 .f J2# 70M#L .c1 $ Jc29P8 .PE .& .r dYH0 / Jc2 .1e d# @71b.X.# :P1 .,!t K+ $ .V r 3 7O .X.# -& @ .Y0 .1b.X.# LS2 %P? F2U M#L M # - 9 # L t J P? K , L G $ .29b / .# @71$!b / )1 .?# )0J / .1r0M1k .91$ / 2$9(8 2,k @@@2D L /9D 7b.(9# ! LP# .$,1 .U )# .13$!b Jt #9 )u$0 q

-

,

E

h

H

e

f

YG

G

E

h

f

G

q iO Ch

q

I

AG m

,

q

A m

M

q

G

G

G

m

G

G

h

m

k

,Q

f

h

,J

G

fC

F

q

b

C

G

h

I

q

G

k

k

k

h ,f G

G

n

hO IO

Ch

q

G

H

G

G f

d

E

hh

h

k

n

G g

k

J

p

h

G

G

G

h

q

H

GQO Y

g

Q

r

q

h

G

n

q

,

q

G

q j

C

G

G

i

E hC

G M

hC

q

G

G

G

J GQ

f

,i

M

h

,

15

G

G

q C ,j

G

G

q

G

q

C

q

E

q

A GQ

G

G f g

k

:

h ,

h ,H

G

Gh

q

E

,

n

M

O

q

G

h e Gh

q

q

h

q

m

q jC

G O

k

h

A m

G C

g

G

h

G


q Q .29b / G )1b 2k .$+KG C 71cX. G 7lP!l G ZkL8 v K @71Q .Y9# q q / E iO C .$# ,@F .9( G s12\8h HQ .?9 G A GL>(1 2q $!c G Q GLr G J(b r n :)0L# C Y.1R k q

OhJD

/ 0GJ8 7c12\ .1

/!bh ,)$p 1,$ G

q

k q hC

/

2+ f.u G 2k -9& .u$k ;]1 G.X

7& .u#

@)JQ .u0O( y .,u .#h

q

"GJ9 G 2k -rE1 f .P&) G Y .(9q G ,

f .P&) Gz @- dYH8 f C 7c12\ G q IL\1P! 70Q .$c9O / G .,8 0$D 2k 711Lf G 7k .r< G L1ul9 G GK+ O .Oh k q / 0f9O G 7c12\ G d 0f9O G / E 2b .P$ G :,>.8h ,% .c G /!b n k @I E ,%> .(# ,J .1 .e ,Y GL# : GLF .> m k q q k q "c> I.r G s\(# )# .q 0\& G Am2R "t / E L_( G fE , .1& .; o k ,s\($ G GK+ 3PE2k @2q c12\ G e ._( G -1!b 2(1 .O .O C m(c G q , .,1$P0 .$t H .f G 7c0LR h C ,7c12\ G 7c0LR f .P&) G LV9G G q q n /E 7c12\ G 2k L0 % h @ym1cY G "t #0 j.r Gz :71 .9 G IQ .2c .1 7c12\

q

.+ CJ1h @7c12\ G -$,9!8

, 7 . r $ G g K + 2k @2q ,12 G fR G.9 G

L_ (

7c0LR

/

G

G

h -

/

q

J 1O

3 2t .0.q f.u0 f C / E /cO

J1c0

v K

q

-9!c> 7m #R C 2k "GO /9D

2+h ,7c12\ G

L0 J 8

k

iLG C

@ GK+ .,!t #0

7c0LR mS9u0

h

@7,12 G %!b .+h Jm 0J> %!b / E a .S9t / G GK+ 2k "Yl G O.c0h

m

. 9 .u J c9P8 , &

k

L11f9

.1k .t

h

q

k GL1; #8

1

VQ

$ 7, 2

q f C 71P(#hL G J .> .?9D / G

71cX.

7lP!l

G

G ,

d\9P8

q

1

G %!

b

%

G 2k L GQ jK G H .\H G q O GJ29O / G / E f .P&) G :ckO 29 G IL_( G gK+ ,f.u G / E 71& 0rc G .,8L_&

G

q

L;&8

#

32P1

q

%

.c

G "12O 2k ,f .P&) G -1G C g .?8h 7c12\ G g .?8 m(c G 7OQ .$#h q q q Q.,^ / E iO C %!c G Q.\8 f C J11 @)u$# QJq L2t #1 d 0f9O / Gh m 7($1,

16


2

k f .P&) G 7& .u# )b IL_(

q

G gK+

c8 .# 2k :uuR IJ0J> LU .(b

-(!

Ecology

, .,9& .u# VQ $ G / E J1c1 71q ,12 G %!b L,^h @f.u G q e.!c G "^ 2k -Pl( .,E(# IL1<t J GR .19# G f .P&) G )# 3EP0h m q q @71cX. G .,9lP!kh 71>. .(u9 G

7q

@ 1& G.1

E

Gh

71q 8 .2(

T1c0 f #1 71q E "$

G A . 1D $ G

G J . (F . u G q fC

Zc1 ]28Q G

q

71q $!c

/E

GPE

K .E1 C

71q ,12

)#

G

n

b Jph

%!

q Y.( F$P8 29 G 7$_& $ G SQJ0 .+h q mq jK G c.!P G v!P0h .,S1c0 29 G I .1E G

)#

c9P0h .$(0 f Ch ,-u!P0

Y G.& $ G k .[ .28Q G

OQ GO

2

:(1q 1h

G J .O GQJ G

. $ (0h

J .0

fC

@-1

k 7 (# . u

d1\9P0 / 71q & G.1E q

7q .\ G

G

71q 8 .2(

G hC

G

k

q

q ,iLG C Y G.& #1 ]28L0 g.$(k @iLG C 718 .2&h 71& G.1D Y G.& #1 GJ0JR m m m m 5 q HLY& ,v P %,l& 2u h @7Pk .($ G -# G.q fh .c9 G )# .> 2k %90h k k q : .\P2# 0<#

7l1<th 71q !2? G J GQJE($ q 9l G ,2

3 Sc

3?0 @7D .P$ 7c12\

GPE

@

q

G

d($9O

.$ &

G

"#

q G OJ?98h

G IL1<t

.t 7P1 .1

k

J GL1?S Gh G b GQh $ Gh

J0J? G .$(1

k

%0

3Sc

q

q

t "t C Jc1 -!t d1\r

7 k . <t

G

7#L, G f .Ve $ G p

E

/

q

.,& $

Wq .(91O

#?!0 m1t k

a Lc 0

Mb .$

, .Y0 C H .FK G VLr(8

L M? G 2k

@I 0

\f9Oh

k

.c1\q .,1k .(cXh @

Lkp G.9$ G 3Sc G

H .FK G

q G f $ ,VLr(0 )

q

2

n

q G OJb f(k ,Mb .$ G )# q G V GLr& G dq.9& f C .((u$0h

,H .FK G O.>.1

3 Sc G

Jr G v!,9P0 )# c .(+ f.u0 f C

.((u$0 ,KhJE G )# 7;Q .u G gK+ d($ h @IL0M? G 2k jK OJb

@

n

71q $t d# GOL[ J0 GM91O d1\r "

q f C VL9l(

k

7 Mc(# IL0M> .(0J

h ,H .FK G

)#

q

q

-(

k

n G Q .YH G

Zc1 21L& q

)

q

uh

.1L+

fC

,Mb .$ G

J GQJE($ G

q Gh eL, G Mb .$ G ]rP1Oh ,7!0.[ IJ$ Y.? G "$E98 m pq q F2U C -!t #0 jK G Mb .$ G OJb f $ ,3Sc G 2l9H0 ) h @ .,1 .1& C

)1

1 Z0L$

17


32P1 GOkhJE# @T1c .1 H .FK Gh Mb .$ Gh 3Sc!

F$P0 q fC

y2q ,11 fR G.8z .,(1D KJE1k @H .FK G O.>h

q h ,Qk .(8 fhJ1 %90 q

/

q fh .c9 G f C "<$ G GK+ .(

FXq .0

7 L .^ 79q&# 7c0LR 2+ m1cY "t #0 .r .f 7c0LR 2+ 7 .U JR s$b LG 7c0LR .O /!b / L$9P8 ) q .,1k slR C 29 G s[ .($ G 2lk @2,12 .9 .c9 7c0LR q , 0 +

,

k

,

q j

G

G ,H q

q

h

C

Ch

q

C i

C

S

m

q

G

C

fR G

E

qq

G

hC

fh

G

q

h

G

q

Yq , .,$,9!8 29 G LO G.u G O .1 Ch 70L2 G J GL9?$ G /!b f .P&) G q .b.> J.$8 JQ .U .,& $ ,ILR .2# L1e 7m r0L\1 J GLq 9?$ G /!b q q 29 G .,(# 7Y0L$ G LU .(c G )# ihJc G 32P1h ,2b GL$ G FR 32P1 q k k n o )# d1\r G 2$E0 .,O GL9k G f .t 29 Gh ,T.D.! 7!,O 7P0Lk :& .t q o @ .,1 f! G H .V8 29 G V GL# $ G /

k

q

.

q q I .1E G Q.,^ WhLR 7m qJ1 SQJ0 %!b 7,12 G %!b fE k q SQJ0h ,A .0M1l G %!b :e.!c G )# GOJb -k.lU 2k %Y0 .+h

@ +.$&h

dO .28

,O .UQ $ G %!b ,VQ $ G ahL^ SQJ8h , .1>. .1? G ,7q .\ G q ,A .1$1u G ,)@@@IQ GLD ,Q .\# C ,M .0Q( Qr\ G dJ28 SQJ0h q q q J .1& .u#E SQJ8h ,7b GQM G , .,8 .1b.&h 71F GKf G LU .(c G SQJ8h

gK+ d1$> /!b 7,12 G %!b J$9c0h @@@f G.1E Gh J .8 .2( Gh VQ $ G q L1; #9! .>k P.$& ML9r0h , .,OQJ0 29 G 7,l G I .1D ]$& OJq E1 e.!c G @

7,12

G

)1(

"# G.

,L1V& L1$O Q.9tJ G d> GQ ,d .?$ G GK+

,7v 0Q.v O

2

c G d1$> )11 dO .29$ G

k J .#.!c$ G

)#

J0M$

m qq q ,7v 1vqP 0v G ,e.v !v cv G 7v 1v !v t ,)v0Lv Sv 8 7vcv # .v > J GQ.v Sv (v # ,7v1vv8 .vv2vv(v G

q

@1983

18

)1(


e.1 G J .#R C )#

7,12

G A .$!b

mq.#

q

q

R b f ;Jq E9 (k ,7c 2\ G b 7, 2 G A . b u9 D q gK f C c h VQ $ G b T c ,LS1 p .c .k . VHR Pq q q < JD k GJ9 v K . E f #1 F P jK G Q .[) G VQ $ G q Lb .S G gK h ,7 q c ImQ U u8 k .P8 9 G Lb .S G OJb . 2 G > Zc1 k 7 q b X h . 2 G > Zc1 k 7 q 8 GP ,7Yq . 9 Lb .S h , . l V8h Lb .S G gK LVD . h .D GP(k iLG $ G q k q :Y G C 7c1Q C k . l V f C . u , .Y C 7, 2 G . .Yq b c\ G Am2

)

+

.

0 %,&

1

%! 0

- 0

2

/!

"

$

0

(1 #

, & .

2

# 2+

0

.

1

.

.#

$

2

&

((

%!

0

%,

$0

2+

%+

2

$

2

+

$0

0 )1

3 @ 1

, & .

$

, (

$!

%

-

)0.

, 1(

2

1

1 0

@ 1

+

.&

/!

1

( #

(

0

)#

@

1

0

/!

)1 !

$

q

q . t ,7 q c G 7 D . G H .?b) G .+ dh $ G Q.cS G q q I. D #9 Zc21 . Yc1 L;&8 9 G G c IL 2u G O GJb $ G A . c G , G c G gK 7R .S G _D / , q c G D h C 8 .2 Q > m q G c G m 9H 7O GQO k s q c9 .k IM?c I . E G f C G lS9t Gh . q h I . E G Q ^ d . 9D G mcX b mSu SQO 1

$!

1$!

1

)1#

(

)# @

,

"# .

+

"# .

2

+

!

#

"# . !

.

2

)1 #

5 2& . 1

@

#

$

@ + .$ &

1

1

.,

$!

5 2

&

1

(

.

$

)

0

7 q c G 7k .r< G Q cS G GK O .O Jqh 7r< G .+ 2& .< G Q.cS G q q b mu8 I . E G f C 28 Q q \9 G 7 q L_ k . k q QhO d GM /h q q q . XL9c8 9 G J .2rc G . k hO \H98 . Ch , . Q ^ K G l k q 7r; dD .l9 G GK @9 8h GJ rc8 JR C Wm . C L .9 E d 0G q q q d \9P / . t fEh 9D e G J .2rb \H8 q 9 O = D , 2r9P .1 k v P q 9 O m t .r2P aLc f C ,

1$ !

.

)

%

)#

1

,

&

@

.

2

0

#

+

1

+

8 )1

(

)#

(

/

(

@ ,1

/

@

%,#

,&

0

8 (# .$(

+ .,

1

.1

-

$&

2

% 1

@

% 1

&

1

1

"

#

$

&

q

q

7S I . E G f C f kLc A . c .k a.H G .+ = .< G Q.cS G q q q 7 G Dh 7 q 8 .2 .bk G C c . f Ch ,7 P1 A .l9G 0 7 1 .q . Ch k fR G 9 G H H O . X GLr Gh ,7 .; L _8 h Q GL 9O .1 VLr 8 k .r2P aLc f C . u /h , . L e Y G C V GLr G E jOq& h q , 2 G m . L eh HqJ Gh JO $ Gh d GMf .t 7 q Lq 2 G J . G E G L <t . ,

+

1

1& .1 .

#

+ 1

.

1

"

&

!

&

0

.&

1

,

((

$0

$!

@

(+

.,

&

1&

+ 1

,

!

)

.&

0

19

$

&

& .1

,&

(

/

)#

0

1

2 1

@ 2+

#


7$0Jq .cR .V& / .,(# s20 % .S 01 )# :l9G .r& .,8 .?D "$E8 0[ .,1k 3V9(8 .EU .+LtK8 )# Q1 .+ -(# 7c> / s0L[ Lr& / @ .+J1U .0Lt @ .P&) "ck )# "1 7c12\ "# .b q

Q

Ch

T

U

n

E

Q

h

d

h

,

,e

C

G

O

G

iQ

Q

VG

f

h

,

G

J

G

P

G

G

q

.q 3PE1 L1P8 7c12\ .k @7;Q .u G 3qL8 d1 GL G Q cS .1 J,S& .# .cS K+ L20 @ .lt L<t % .1E .q $ 7 0 . V 9 q/ 70 .( LE L S 2 ) 1 1 Q k. ( 8 ) # -& 2c0 / -E1L / F1 L L9u0 / =1D @@@71#.;L? @ .rD / -Pl& /(k )0LG! /(k .&

.+

f

e

G g

q

, vvv O vvv

Q

vvv vvv

G

G

q

Gh

, vvv h

Q

q

vvv vvv G

h

.

IA

H vvv

vvv G

I

: vvv

vvv vvv G

G hC i

vvv vvv

vvv

q

q

C

h

,

E

G

G

G

G

vvv vvv

vvv

q

K

Gh

k

C

G

C

GPE

u )b %!c M?b /!b )+L28 Lb .S$ K+ .+ 71b.X.$ .O $ @71cX. 7lP!l 2bJ8 .$t .13b.X.# @ .,k .S9t JU 2k .+ L1<t .1R ",?0 %!c 7kLc$ 718 K K+ - .r8 K .$k @ .Y0 2kLc# ., 718 K LU .(c 7c12\ 2k .P&) L8 m 1 t . 0

f

q

fC

G

q

q

G S

G

,

q

G

O

h

G

,I

G g

j

G

A

q

G

fE

q

q

C f

g

k

G

C

C

Gh

q

?

,

q

Qh O

G

f

G

,

G

G

Gh

G QhO i

h

7c 2\ G k f .P ) G 1

2

&

QhO

9D 71c12\ .P&) .1D )1<D .2 )# L1<t L0 CJ2 3PE1 L1P8 2+ .2( .1E .1D -2S8 71b .$9> / 6 .l[ $ 2q .1 /!b "Yl# /t $ "l\ .k @7Pk . Gh fh .c9 G 8 .(0 @@@ .$? .tK .r 2k .O .l9$ .P&) L+ .^ : .& Jq @-(# .q.l8 /& $ )0LG! .PD /!b .19# .P .k @ .(# .0 2k LS9& 29 7$ .c )# J0JR .$b .l9 7,k Qk .(9 .c98 7,k @Qk .(9 .c9! LP# .+ .V9q / @ .,(11 .# 2k Qk .(98 .P .1 L; #9P8 .,1!b 2Yr8 )1D @ LG /

q

h

,

q

q

G

#

,d

d

f

G

h ,J

fC

G

G hC fG

G

P

d

G hC A

I

h

q

q

G hC I

k

b

I

q

O

i

G I

,

AG

G

,b

J

fh

G

G

,b

G

fh h

20

G

M

Gh

J GR m

k

Gh

G f

G H

q

C

G

($

G

G

q

k

O

b

G

q

q jO h

G

G

i

C


E

q :2& G.1

)# J

.b GLV

q O G.$ G

/!

71c12\ q

k GQ G

d$9?$ .1

G

G 2

k IL+ ._

b IL\1P

G J Gh

L<

L#

q

q j

G g

&8

d$9?$

G

K+ RL28h q

9

)#

G

L S2

2

.

@@@T.

.1>. .(u9

G

L9 2

. uE

A $

G

/!

G

7 b G QM

q Gh , 1

Gh ,A $ Gh ,dh

Dhh

-

G

q

2R v K

.

d$9?#

H FP

b IL\1P

G 2

X GQ $

"

>C

q q G : 1 h

$G

G

7

. b G.& C m!9H$1

@ ,

OC

d.

.t

-&E @-

)F

q

f .& . q fR G.

9

q

k GO

D

H.!

.RQE .(1 E eJr0

f C -&

P(> A .(1 C d#h 7c12\ G d#

) # /( 2

G

: P1

< 9 P#

lk

.P

K+

G

q

q

9D

u

)

g

G /

fC -

i

1 d9$90

@

Y G.&

K

q G A

.tK

q

O

$ G Qk .(0

JE& K

.((u$0

fC

q q

G Y.( G f

j

Lr& / G L\H

q

Jr 9

G "

. .u

J (F A2 m

R

Yl1h

"

$G

k

b GJF .O

q .1

/!

q

t L#J8

-

JQ

.Vk

q

,Q.

\9

G

G

$ ,7r!\#

Pl &

V

Lq c0

LS2 G Q(? G F2U C Jr

b 7r!\# 7\!O 71& .P&) G :2P9t G q

,2

q ,2 1

q j

/!

k

2

G

q

@VQ

YD

Q.

G )

@V G

e

fE

u$0 /h @2q D q jK G 2q ,12 G fR G.9 G

e.r0

Y .( G

G

q

.29b / G GK+

.c8 7r0L[h f .P&) G

j

/!b

JF . P

LG $ G

)# Q

-!#

q

Gh fh .c9 G

@Qk .(9

IO 1

.,1!b A .Yr

c?0

-!

#R

cS

H.

A GQh

q ,2

>. .(u9

:ckJ& Gh

G

7E q

@ 1

G G

k

.,t .2R ]Er8 .(lO "$c9O G 2q b .(V G J1V .k @ .,(# IO.b / 7m r0L\1h Ke

AG

Q

JV#

.,(# L2t $ G d1$>

b

/!

. O$G

c $

L1fV

q

b

R

I

. D$G

K f 98

i q

"

b

A 1 G

Yr9 7!P!P

/!

J

.Vv#h

.

J #

2

k q @ GO ,# A2 QO v

7 .

q , 1F $ G

2

9

t F2V0h

/!

2

. O $ G :8 .#

c $

q

G

J

q G Q. 1

J9# Gh

\

q G %

@@@Q.1

.1 .vfv Gh Qvrv\v G

\

,

;

L fV

.E2

G

Y

G

.q

. O$G

c $

G q

k

Ke .,& $ .rD /

gD G

.E2

Gh Q

2

R

A2v

O

Q

@I 1

K+ O .\V8 Jv,v#

:f

.\Eq

.\1E$

q

!G

J v

,

GPE

J1D.

,J

G g

k

Yr8h

9

q

. OC

G c $

.

G J & G.1 q

t

"v

E .k

cl .v1h

,"v v v

.

@@@g 1$ G

7DhL\# 71& .P&) G q

"

2r9P# 71 .uRE q

21

q

(k

f

J0J,9

,

G

K+

G

.

e #C


2k

K .E1 $ G

(

LVE 8

Ecology

/

11 q

7 , 2 G

#

@A .r2

7 #P h

/(c$1

G

)$Y98 Ecology 71,12 G @VQ $ G J GhL; IQ GOE )PD 2k "1 ,71$!c q

q

1

(

q

7 E G

J . F .u G

q

IQ GOE

$,#h ,J .(F .u

G J1 .

@g 0b C

GPE

G gK

+7 q

(

g . 1LX

jK G

/!b .(1Yqh

,H .FK G

)PD .,90 .e 71O .1Oh 70O .V9q G q

q

q

! q

HLH8

1

1 q

@VQ $ G

7 > GM

$

.V9q / .1 )0J )11 .r! "

,O G

.u 0

f

1

L G

A

fC

-1!b

"> C )#

1 q

7 <2c G

G

k

.

1

q jK G

.$

2k

7c 2\ G

IQ GO) G

Mb .

,7

&

IQ GOE

7

h

&

q

f . h .c9

0

/

( 2k

A. 1

%!c

@ .,F .r1 "> C )#

q

)PE0

,v K

q

Gh

!

A .r

G

G

GK

k

.VGh ,"1

, .U

22

n

&

+O .2

# O.>h

@2(28

f C dJ1

o

GJ&

G "

A .r

fE

f C f .P ) G

p

+ %+ .P0 2u h

)0J G @A GJb

Gh

q

1 h&P#

@ .,# GL9D Gh )1& G.qh fC

1& .P&) G

/!b .(rlR C

G

$ G /!b .($uD

c .1 2l9u& .((u$0 / %90 .(+ @L1$Y 2q 0G $ Jc2 q

$

. 1 Mb .

f .P ) G

- .$c9O G

J GhL<

( @ .0k P&# .+O.>h .(

Lt K 9

-$,9!9O

#

h C %! G

q

"<#

.XL h .b > J

q

3 \98 IQ GO) Gh

n n

0

IL M? G

/!b @70Q GOE 71 h&P# 2+

J GQ .29b G

! $,# , .,1 E g .29& / Gh .,90 .bQh

H .FK G

IL9k Jc1

G

X :f 1 .

k

@)#M G )#

q

f2(0 @%!c

fC 2

Gh

/ fh .c8 A .r

1& .P&) G

,3PDh 7

q


ÊU u ;Ç ÓdN 5 7

...

?VQ $ G

)b

F\O

L S2

G /l9G G . KJE1O

71q ,12 G 71q Yr G b GQh C )1(

11

....................................................

13

............................

23

...................

35

...................................

45

.............................

53

.............................

71

................................................................

73

..........................

7 ,12

LU .c$

L_ &

q

71Yq F2V8 7,12

2k %

G

.c

G -1

mq G.#

:0 G h

-2

)1 -3

)1(

:0 G h

d .r# /!b J ._D 0# -4

)2(

:0 G h

d .r# /!b J ._D 0# -5

%0Jr G

J,c

7r1!H

......................................

71& .<

v8( 7\rP

f .P&) G

107

..................................

117

...............................................................

129

.....................................

JPl8

IJ0J? G 357

G 70 GhL G -3

G 2k f .P&) G QhO

)9-1 :3 G

G -1

G 2k f .P&) G 7& .u#

7r1!H

7c12\

7c12\

/ h $ G 70 GhL G -2

v8( s!H!

........................................

71q 1 .9t b GQh C )2(

G 2k f .P&) Gh

v8( s!H!

)25 - H 4 :2 95

G f .P&) G

q G 71Yq g .?8 ILU .c# A GQBh

)B4 :2-1 :1 85

A GJ+) G q GP .# :7#Jr#

...............................................................................

7r1!H

G -4

7,1\G

U 0H G -5

G h C A .>L G -6


141 143 157 167 175 189 197 199

223 233 245 247 255

%1+

$

0

., #

0

1

1!

-1

$

-2 -3

. .

....................................................

1

.......................................

-

&

/

..........................................

$

.

"1 !

., # /!

1!

/!

"1

1

.+

..........................

#

.

)+

&

-2

&

-3 -4

+

0

"1

..............................................................

q I.G $ G b GQh C )5(

7r H G q t d I q G $ G F P G Y P LP h u G 7 q Q E f ;L a O f 0 E .t A .bOh - e . E .t A .bOh VQ $ G 269 q q P Jr G 1 7 E P G 7 q , 2 G jqM Oq $ G Q P Lkh q OL G cQ .2 281 1!

...........................................

1

.........................

.

0

.

$

.

"

0

#

.$&

$

-1

1

...................................................................

.....

-4 -5

G b GQh C )4(

7 .t G e l b J .X GL9bE .uRE E8 - 7r H G b u G th f .P ) G L 2c9 G o 7c 2\ G Jp 0 Ml .9l 7 .t G - d . S 0ehO .t - v LR - th ,f .P ) G

...............................

7q

)#

7 .t.

..............................................................

1

209

M G e l h 7r H G .l G Zc1 J JE8 - I Q .9 Gh . > 8 .uO) G VQ $ Gh A . P G 7c 2\ .1 9q 0bh f .P ) G A .>L G E I .O # G )#

............................................

...

O C b GQh C )3(

q

71O .

.............................................................

.

0 .

#

$

-1 -2 -3

.................................................................

)1

..........................

293 295 307 313

0

1

)1

1

&

...................................................

..................................

1

1

$

2

J .& .0J!

7,12 Gh 70q J1D.9 G

......................................................

-4

#

q

71,11

b GQh C )6(

L e f . O $ G -1 7, 2 Gh e 0O) G -2 1

0

1

...................................................................

358

1 1

7 (

q

71# .9H

G

7qQ.

G


319 321

......................................................................

2

339 353 353 353 354

k L Sb

................

7P1FL G d> GL$ G Zc1 d> G L G - C q7 P Ll G d> GL G - H 7 q M u ) G d> G L G - L

.........................................................

...................................................

................................................

..............................................

359

.rE!# )7( sE!$ G sE!$ G

J

.(9#R $ 71q H0Q .9 G QhK? G :1 o SO .P G Q9tJp 1(1 .1 .2 G 7 .OQ :2 e 0P! 2q $ .c G e.1 .1 d .l9D / G

..................

71q ,12 G

71q 1Lc G

1

0 1!

&

$

$

&

$



Turn static files into dynamic content formats.

Create a flipbook
Issuu converts static files into: digital portfolios, online yearbooks, online catalogs, digital photo albums and more. Sign up and create your flipbook.