SO YOU WANT TO DESIGN A REEF? Master Plan for the Redondo Beach Dive Site
University of Washington Landscape Architecture 503 Studio, Spring 2018 Edited by Jess Vetrano
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS Rus Higley Mike Racine Jim Trask Randy Williams Jessica Lotz Katy Kachmarik
Fred Andrews Matt Mahoney Thomas Pool Tom Mumford Morgan Eisenlord Mackenzie Gerring
Megan Deither Billie Swalla Sean McDonald Si Simenstad Carlos Lopez Mark Ganter
John Blair David Winfrey Todd Hunsdorfer Steve Krueger
CONTENTS I. INTRODUCTION
II.
4 V.
REEF DESIGN
Project Origins Project Process
1 2
BACKGROUND RESEARCH
4
Developing Initial Concepts Interim Charrette Reef Master Plan Illustrative Perspective Images Physical Model
Gathering Information Visualizing Findings Analyzing Reef Precedents Establishing Goals
III.
SITE ANALYSIS
5 9 16 19
20
Site Context Site Analysis
21 25
IV. MATERIALITY
28
Digital Explorations Physical Explorations
29 32
34 35 37 39 41 47
VI. UPLAND OPPORTUNITIES
48
Considering Upland Impacts Upland Precedent Analysis Upland Phase One Upland Phase Two Upland Long Term Possibilities
49 50 55 57 59
VII. IMPLEMENTATION
60
Budget Phasing Community Involvement Construction Documents
61 62 62 64
Contents
i
ii
Redondo Beach Dive Site Master Plan
PROJECT TEAM Studio Instructors Iain Robertson Brooke Sullivan
Studio Participants Jess Vetrano Rachel Wells Fatema Maswood Julia Brasch Ellie Lange Malin Weiss-Anderson Darin Rosellini
Contents
iii
I. INTRODUCTION
PROJECT ORIGINS Fifteen years after taking a landscape architecture studio Rus Higley,
Like many recreational divers in Puget Sound, Mike Racine, President
director of the Marine Science and Technology Center (MaST) at
of the Washington Scuba Alliance (WSA) was concerned about the loss
Redondo and a faculty member at Highline College, contacted us, the
of dive sites in the region as old pilings and debris were removed by
Department of Landscape Architecture at the University of Washington
DNR during Sound cleanup operations. Mike successfully spearheaded
with a request: Would you be interested in developing a design for
efforts by WSA divers and the City of Des Moines to obtain $500,000
an artificial reef in Puget Sound? Yes, indeed! But why landscape
funding the Washington State Capitol Budget for construction of a new
architecture? Because, as Rus explained, in the design studio that he
artificial reef which would be developed in conjunction with removal of
took with Associate Professor Iain Robertson all those years ago he
old tires and other debris from the locale. Mike’s efforts resulted in a win
learned that landscape architects know how to design facilities that use
for divers, the city, Puget Sound marine life, and the Puyallup tribe who
art and design to explain science and that, he believed, was a crucial
harvest geoduck in the area.
ingredient to bring a potential artificial reef project to life.
The city of Des Moines, recognizing the value of recreational diving has
As a research and recreational diver and manager of the MaST Center,
installed on-shore facilities for divers and fishers and repaired the storm-
Rus has developed deep knowledge of the marine conditions at
damaged beach boardwalk. The city, and Des Moines Art Commission
Redondo Beach, a location considered to be one of the best recreation
led by Fred Andrews, was interested in making further improvements to
dive sites in Puget Sound. Through his pioneering work at MaST he has
diving and other facilities in the area.
assembled a team of teachers and researchers and which enhances the Redondo Beach location’s value as an educational as well as a recreational dive site.
`
Introduction
1
PROJECT PROCESS The success of these long and imaginative collaborations set the scene for seven talented graduate and undergraduate landscape architecture students and faculty Iain Robertson & Brooke Sullivan to work with the stakeholder groups on the project and so a UW Spring Quarter 2018 landscape architecture studio, The Octopus’s Garden Reef Studio, began. UW Landscape Architecture has a long history of successful collaborations with community groups and has developed plans and designs for diverse facilities throughout the region and beyond, but never an underwater reef. We were excited, but were we out of our depth? The imaginative but practical design ideas and proposals produced by the students indicate that they have risen to the challenge and developed an excellent design for the Redondo Reef. As is typical of our landscape architecture studios this report--detailing how others might successfully develop artificial reefs--adds, with a flourish, far more than our clients had expected from our class. This report and our design drawings are a testament to the effectiveness of the design process we use in landscape architecture studios to engage actively with our clients, to bring in research expertise from across the university, to imagine and test different approaches to the problem, and to create products that elegantly serve the community and stretch the imagination. But most of all this work is a testament to the talent and efforts of the seven students in this studio Julia Brasch, Ellie Lange, Fatema Maswood, Darin Rosellini, Jess Vetrano, Malin WeissAnderson and Rachel Wells.
2
Redondo Beach Dive Site Master Plan
Introduction
3
II. BACKGROUND RESEARCH
GATHERING INFORMATION As landscape architecture students, we were not particularly familiar with the workings of the sea having spent most of our time designing upland sites. Therefore, this project required quite a bit of initial information gathering to help us get up to speed with marine science. Beyond scouring the library and internet for books, journals, websites, and other resources, we also received conversational lectures from members of the MaST staff, professors from the University of Washington, and researchers from Friday Harbor, among others. We also attended several events that helped broaden our knowledge of marine systems.
MaST Center Kick Off Meeting At the beginning of May, we traveled down to the Redondo site to meet Rus Higley and the rest of the MaST staff, tour the site, and get answers
Nearshore Restoration in Puget Sound On April 7th, 2018, Dr. Tish Conway-Cranos of the Estuary and Salmon Restoration Program in the Department of Fish and Wildlife spoke to a group at MaST on ongoing restoration projects in the Salish Sea watershed. The lecture provided case studies of coastal dearmoring, restoration projects, and the role of sediment movement between freshwater and saltwater systems. We left with a stronger understanding of connections between ecological systems, and looking at the link between the nearby Redondo Creek and Puget Sound with a new sense of possibility.
Climate Science on Tap: Climate Change Impacts in Puget Sound
to some initial questions we had generated. They filled three, massive
In early April, a few of us attended an event hosted by Cascadia Climate
white boards with information in response to the fifty questions we
Action regarding the future of Puget Sound in the face of changing
sent to them, which offered a great starting point for us in moving our
climates. The event included three scientists who acted as panelists
investigation forward. We also were able to gather hundreds of photos
and provided overviews of their work combating the adverse ecological
of the existing site conditions, which helped us greatly when performing
effects of climate change before fielding audience questions. These
much of our analysis and design in Seattle.
scientists included Christopher Krembs, Iris Kemp, and Lynne Barre.
Background Research
5
Redondo Animal Identification Overview By mid-April we had established some initial ideas about types of species and habitat needs, but needed further guidance from the MaST experts. On Monday, April 16th, 2018 Jessica Lotz and Katy Kachmarik from the MaST center visited us in studio to discuss what species currently populate the Redondo reef. Within this discussion, Jess and Katy provided an overview of what habitat each species prefers, as well as which species they would like to prioritize in the new reef.
WSA Diver Meeting At the end of April, we attended a diver meeting with members of Map from WSA Diver Meeting
Washington Scuba Alliance. At this meeting, we gathered substantial information regarding the existing conditions of the site, and were able to get feedback about some of our initial ideas for the future reef design. A major outcome of this meeting was an accurate site map to work off of for the existing reef structures, underwater systems, and other relevant information. We also were granted a better understanding of which types of new reef structures would be best for diver needs. The informationfilled map that was generated in collaboration with the divers from this event is included to the left.
6
Redondo Beach Dive Site Master Plan
Friday Harbor Visit On Saturday, April 21st, 2018 we took the ferry from Anacortes to Friday Harbor, Washington in order to visit the University of Washington’s Friday Harbor Laboratories. These labs host both faculty and researchers from across the globe to study marine ecosystems. This visit allowed us to test the knowledge we had gathered thus far against experts in oceanography, nearshore and deep-sea ecology, bull kelp ecosystems, and many others. We also were able to observe how many different types of materials support marine life, which inspired many of the materiality decisions we made when designing the final reef and are displayed to the right. Based on what we observed and learned at Friday Harbor Labs, our understanding that the best form for supporting maximum marine life includes complex, textured surfaces with many ‘hidey holes’ was confirmed. We also gained an understanding of how tidal flows might
Images of Material Observations from Friday Harbor
influence our reef site.
Background Research
7
Puyallup Tribe Meeting
American Construction Company Visit
We attended a meeting with WSA members, a Puyallup Tribe Shellfish
After studying reef organisms and requirements and brainstorming, we
Biologist, and a Water Quality Planner/Project Manager at King County’s
visited American Construction Company in Tacoma, the contractor for
Land and Water Resources Division to discuss the Poverty Bay and
Saltwater State Park, to better understand how underwater features
Redondo Creek water quality concerns of these stakeholders. We
were constructed and what types of things added cost. This trip helped
learned that the tribe shellfish biologist was primarily concerned with
us propose design strategies that are realistically within our budget.
impaired water quality at the site because shellfishing is often closed
The budget available does not account for as much structure as would
6 months a year due to bacteria levels, and the water quality planner
be ideal for diving and habitat maximization, so we are recommending
was concerned about both the level of sediment and bacteria being
augmenting rock with reclaimed, inert materials like precast concrete,
contributed by the creek. This meeting made clear to us the importance
shoreline riprap, and quarry discards, which also aid in wayfinding,
of addressing the stream and its contribution to the water quality of
making distinctive dive features, and is environmentally conscientious.
the area in our design proposal, and inspired us to think about ways of addressing water quality that could result in multiple benefits for all stakeholders.
8
Redondo Beach Dive Site Master Plan
VISUALIZING FINDINGS As designers, we understand things best visually. Therefore, to make sense of all of the background information, we decided to make a series of graphics that illustrate the complex biological and social systems we have been studying. These graphics are also intended to serve as educational materials for the MaST center, which will help explain these DIVER EXPERIENCE DIAGRAM LA 503 || Reef Studio systems to the general public, making them part of the reef project as
Diver Experience Figure 1 is intended to summarize all of the information we have gathered about what affects a diver’s underwater experience, as well as what policies are in place to dictate how and where reef structures can be placed.
3950 University Way NE, Seattle, WA 98105
well. jvetrano@uw.edu
Figure 1. Diver Experience MaST Pier +12 high tide 0 mean lower low tide
5-15’ summer visibility 30-40’ winter visibility
20’ minimum distance between structure + surface
-3 low tide
15’ maximum structure height
under -90’ is aphotic/ “no sunlight” zone
50’ minimum distance between structures
under -60’ beginner recreational diving zone
under -130’ advanced recreational diving zone
Background Research
9
Figure 2. Species Depths + Substrates
0 Cockles
Mud Snail
Geoduck
Sand Dollar
Olympia Oyster
Pacific Oyster
Barnacle
Sea Urchin
Nudibranch
Mussel
Sea Cucumber
Wolf Eel
Giant Pacific Octopus
Abalone
Gunnel
Anenome
Red Octopus
30
Rockfish species
Bull Kelp
Juvenile Salmon
20
Juvenile Herring
10
40 50 60 70 80 90
D E P T H
6 - 90
100
10 - 100 ft
200
ft
300
0-300
0 - 300 ft
0 - 350
400 500 600
0 -600
0 -600
0 - 600
700 0-740
800 900
Puget Sound Max. Depth = 928 ft
EELGRASS 10
+
+
Redondo Beach Dive Site Master Plan
ROCKY
+
+
SANDY//
Human Diver
Salmon
Human Diver
SalmonHake Pacific
Pacific Hake
River Otter
Halibut
Pacific Market Squid
Pacific Market Squid
unknown
a given species may be found within, while its location along the x axis indicates the type of environment it is typically found in.
California Sea Lion
California Sea Lion
0 -600
River Otter
Sixgill Shark
Sixgill Shark
Shrimp species
Shrimp species
corresponds to the range of depths
Stubby Squid
Stubby Squid
0 -600
nearshore and marine ecosystems within Puget Sound. Length of line
0 -330
80-500
0 -600
Figure 2 visualizes key species of
30-300 0 -330
0 -600
Halibut
Harbor Seal
Harbor Seal
Orca
Orca Herring
Herring Jellyfish
Jellyfish
Dungeness Crab
Dungeness Crab
Clams
Clams
Sculpin
Sea Stars
Sculpin
Sea Stars
Cockles
Cockles
Mud Snail
Mud Snail
Geoduck
30-300
Species Depths + Substrates
80-500
unknown 0 -650
0 - 700
0 -650
0 - 700
66-900
66-900
+
SANDY/ SANDY/ /MUDDY /MUDDY
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
++
+
OPEN OPEN WATER WATER Background Research
11
Figure 3. Food Web of Common Redondo Species
SEA LIONS
SALMON
SHINER PERCH ROCKFISH
FOOD WEB OF COMMON REDONDO SPECIES
SEALS
SIXGILL SHARK
STUBBY SQUID FLOUNDER
GUNNEL
SEA ANEMONE
SCULPIN
GIANT PACIFIC OCTOPUS
RED ROCK CRAB DUNGENESS CRAB
WORMS
SHRIMP
CLAMS
WOLF EEL
LINGCOD
KELP CRAB
SEA STARS
SMALLER SEA STARS
BARNACLES SEA URCHINS
MUSSELS
MACRO-ALGAE ZOO-PLANKTON
DIRECT FOOD CONNECTIONS
PREDATOR
INDIVIDUAL FOOD CONNECTIONS
INFLUENTIAL SPECIES
PREY PHYTOPLANKTON
12
Redondo Beach Dive Site Master Plan
LA 503 II Reef Studio 3950 University Way NE, Seattle, WA jvetrano@uw.edu
Food Web
Habitat Renderings
The food web displayed in Figure 3 illustrates the species that are
Figure 4 and Figure 5 are illustrations of marine life, and indicate
currently in Redondo along with species that we want to emphasize in
relationships between species living within four different habitats
our reef design. Many of the listed species are diver favorites and divers
present in the area surrounding the artificial reef. Marine plant and
want to see more of these species in the reef. This food web shows the
animal life is interdependent and shaped by the edges and interactions
feeding relationships within a community of Redondo species and how
of benthic and pelagic substrates and species. The goals of the reef
they relate to each other. If the circle is larger with more rings, it means
are to support the rich life of Puget Sound’s nearshore ecology with an
that it is an influential species in the web and without it, the ecosystem
emphasis on smaller organisms.
would be extremely different. The solid lines are main food sources while the dotted lines are secondary food sources for those species. While this food web emphasizes important connections within the Redondo ecosystem, it only illustrates a small quantity of life in the area and it doesn’t cover all connections throughout Redondo for reasons of clarity and complexity.
Megafauna Near Redondo Kelp and sandy habitat in Redondo host a dynamic community of larger species. Kelp habitat provides places for species to live and a place for them to feed. The edge condition between sandy and kelp habitat offer diversity for species like fish, crab and eels to both live and feed.
Smaller Life + Meiofauna Near Redondo Larger rock, gravel, and sandy habitat host a variety of the smaller life that dive sites around Redondo are known for. An artificial rocky reef with a high degree of 3D complexity creates textured habitat, attracting meiofauna that then attract megafauna.
Background Research
13
Figure 4. Megafauna Near Redondo Reef
MEGAFAUNA NEAR REDONDO
Kelp Crab
Rock Fish
Salmon Juvenile Salmon
Sea Star Lorem ipsum
Wolf Eel Sea Urchin
Sculpin Dungeness Crab Flounder
Lingcod
KELP & ROCK HABITAT 14
Redondo Beach Dive Site Master Plan
SAND HABITAT
PaciďŹ c Sand Lance
Figure 5. Smaller Life + Meiofauna Near Redondo Reef
Phytoplankton
Mussels Sea Lettuce Turkish Towel
Acorn Barnacles
Hydroid
ROCKY HABITAT
Giant Acorn Barnacle
Plumose Anenome
Sea Pen
Gunnel Nudibranch
Sea Star SANDY HABITAT Background Research
15
ANALYZING REEF PRECEDENTS It is important to understand what has already been done and learn from other’s successes and failures rather than starting from scratch. Therefore, we spent time at the beginning of this process researching and collecting examples of places where artificial reefs have been installed elsewhere throughout the world. Notable things we discovered when researching these precedents were that there are few, if any, examples of artificial reefs being constructed from completely natural materials; many examples incorporate aspects of art, often using artist-designed pieces for the actual structures; and many of the reef designs exist in warmer climates. The following precedents are representative of the projects that provided us with the most inspiration for our own reef design process.
Reef Design Lab Melbourne, Australia, www.reefdesigab.com Modular Artificial Reef Structure: 3D printed reef structures designed for coral reef restoration. Eco Engineering: Complex textured seawall tiles, digitally-designed, used in habitat restoration and wave attenuation.
16
Redondo Beach Dive Site Master Plan
Bull Kelp Restoration Project
Isla Mujeres Underwater Museum
Hornby Island, British Columbia
Isla Mujeres, Cancun, Mexico
Nile Creek Enhancement Society in British Columbia is experimenting
This underwater museum was created by Jaime Gonzalez Cano, the
with recolonizing Bull Kelp (Nereocystis luetkeana) by collecting sori
director of the national Marine Park, to help the reef recover from the
(reproductive structures) from wild kelp and growing them in their lab to
negative impacts of pollution, over-fishing, and global warming.
gametophyte stage. Sporophytes are then grown on string, which divers wrap around an experimental pipe lattice. This method is still being developed, but shows great promise, as transplanted kelp have started to reproduce and recolonize the structure.
The project is composed of 500 permanent sculptures made from ocean-safe materials. These represent an interesting incorporation of art and artificial reef design.
Background Research
17
Alabama Gulf Coast Artificial Reef Project
Suan Olan Artificial Reef + Dive Site
Alabama, U.S.A., AL Dept. of Conservation’s Marine Resources Division,
This diver training site utilized pre-built concrete components to
U.S. Army Corps of Engineers
construct an interactive dive site including large rings for swim throughs,
Alabama has one of largest artificial reef programs in the world. While
buoyancy rings, and structures to encourage diverse marine life.
new structures are typically limestone aggregate or oyster shells, in
The Island of Koh Tao received assistance from the Thai Department of
the past, obsolete battle tanks, cars, culverts, and concrete bridge
Marine and Coastal Resources for funding and construction.
rubble among others were intentionally sunk to become artificial reef structure. There are a total of 30 inshore fishing reefs, five of which are experimental dual-purpose sites, providing excellent inshore fishing while improving oyster production on nonproductive relict oyster reefs. In addition, seven gas production platforms have been enhanced with limestone rock attracting fish pads. 18
Redondo Beach Dive Site Master Plan
Koh Tao, Thailand
ESTABLISHING GOALS We established the following Mission Statement, Goals, and Objectives
»» Goal 3: Incorporate capacity for data collection and citizen science
in coordination in collaboration with our clients and other participants at
»» Objective 1: Establish transects
the interim design charrette to help guide our design process.
»» Objective 2: Perform freshwater quality sampling design
Mission Statement The Redondo Beach Dive Site will enhance permeability between
»» Objective 3: Test a variety of materials for viability in use of future reefs »» Goal 4: Engage wider Des Moines community through arts, education,
upland and underwater environments by creating opportunities for
other socio-cultural enhancements
public recreation, shoreline access, and environmental integrity while
»» Objective 1: Activate seawall through the incorporation of ADA
incorporating stakeholder needs and desires through the design of an artificial reef and associated upland improvements.
Goals »» Goal 1: Maximize diver experience »» Objective 1: Designate as official dive site through DNR »» Objective 2: Provide on-shore amenities (bathrooms, showers, seating, staging area, access)
accessibility, seating, other public uses »» Objective 2: Designate locations for community-designed art »» Goal 5: Propose a cost-effective, implementable reef design »» Objective 1: Seek bids under $250,000 »» Objective 2: Utilize recycled materials over quarry rock where possible »» Objective 3: Encourage community participation in construction process where possible
»» Objective 3: Establish diving routes for beginner, intermediate, advanced divers »» Goal 2: Maximize habitat diversity, particularly for targeted species »» Objective 1: Integrate complexity in reef materiality »» Objective 2: Create habitat for targeted species (wolf eel, octopus, chinook, rockfish, bull kelp, etc.) »» Objective 3: Improve water quality via targeted design interventions (e.g. rain gardens, stream daylighting, etc.)
Background Research
19
III. S ITE ANALYSIS
Figure 6. Salish Sea Context
SITE CONTEXT
Salish Sea + Surrounding Basin
Salish Sea Context The Salish Sea is an inland sea and network of coastal waterways including the southwestern edge of British Columbia in Canada and the northwestern corner of Washington in the U.S. A bi-national unified marine ecosystem, it is one of the largest and most biologically rich inland seas in the world. As human populations in the sea’s drainage
Desolation Sound
basin have increased, the health of this ecosystem has been impacted, especially marine water quality and marine species population health. Str ait of Ge org ia
St
ra
it o
f J ua
n de Fuca
Puget Sound
SITE
ModiďŹ ed from: Map of Salish Sea & Surrounding Basin, Stefan Freelan, WWU, 2009
Site Analysis
21
e uff
South Puget Sound Context
Creek Shed
r
Seattle
Redondo Creek Basin
Redondo Beach Dive Site is located in the southeastern corner of Puget
SEACREST PARK
1 m i
le
b
Figure 7. South Puget Sound Context
Sound. It is in the City of Des Moines in King County, Washington. Figure 7 is meant to illustrate its proximity to other existing and proposed dive
Impervious Surface
sites in the area, as well as where all of the nearby dive shops are. Three call out illustrations set to a one mile buffer provide context regarding
Redondo Creek
the Redondo Creek-shed, the road classifications surrounding the site, and the topography and the bathymetry of the area.
er
le
b
Road Class
uff
Interstate
1 m i
Major Arterial SALTWATER STATE PARK
Renton
Watershed Context Figure 8 depicts the existing conditions of the freshwater and estuarine
Burien
environment around the dive site. Stormwater discharge outfalls,
Sea Tac
Local
and points at which the creek is culverted, preventing fish passage,
Minor Arterial
e uff
r
Topography
Washington Department of Fish and Wildlife, Redondo and Cold Creek
Tukwila
Puget Sound
have historically supported populations of coho salmon. The textured
1 m ile
b
are identified with pink and red circles, respectively. According to the
white overlay on Redondo Creek and Poverty Bay indicate its status as
Des Moines
a Category 5 stream under the Washington Department of Ecology’s
Kent
50’ Contours
Water Quality Assessment and 303(d) list. Category 5 indicates “polluted
SITE
waters requiring a water quality improvement project.” This listing is primarily for bacteria levels. Sea level rise projection data is courtesy of Climate Central, an independent organization of leading scientists and
Auburn Federal Way
journalists researching and reporting the facts about climate change and
LES DAVIS STAIRS
TITLOW BEACH
its impact on the public.
LEGEND Dive Shop/School Proposed/Existing Reef + Dive Site
Tacoma
Central Puget Sound Watershed
SUNNYSIDE BEACH
22
Redondo Beach Dive Site Master Plan
0
0.75
1.5
3 Miles
°
Figure 8. Watershed Context LEGEND Dive Site Boundary Redondo Creek basin boundary Des Moines City boundary Stormwater discharge point Culvert, total ďŹ sh blockage Coho salmon presence (presumed) Polluted waters (bacteria) requring Improvement Project (WA Dept. of Ecology)
Existing shoreline Approx. water level: 2 ft sea level rise Approx. water level: 8 ft sea level rise Approx. water level: 16 ft sea level rise Streams Ephemeral Streams
Ba
y
Lake/wetland
Category 5 Impaired Waterbody
t
y
r ve
Po
ndo Cre e k Redo
Approx. water level: 16 ft sea level rise Approx. water level: 8 ft sea level rise Approx. water level: 2 ft sea level rise
ree ld C Co
k
0.1
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8 Miles
Steel L a ke
Site Analysis
23
110
Figure 9. Site Analysis
28
0T
H
190 180
8T
S
ST
H AV E S
1S
T
ST
15
0 180
28
VE S 1 0T H A
S
70
80 9TH
9TH
PL
AVE
S
S
180 170
8TH S
13 0
AVE
160 150 0 14 120
RED OND
2N
D
ST
110 10 0
28
50
R S CH D
S
90 80 60
A O BE
40 120
WOOTON PARK
20
SALTY’S PARKING LOT
30
SALTY’S RESTAURANT
90
10
MaST CENTER & AQUARIUM
10
130
10
17 0
R E D O N D O WA Y S
CITY OF DES MOINES PARKING LOT
LEGEND Stairs
VI
EW
Current Dive Lines
Low/High Tide
90
0 -12
Stormwater Outfalls Beginner Diver Depths
110
-70
0 -14
0 -13
SO UN S D
Site Boundary
Stormwater Stream Sea Grass
120 100
80
d Transition
0 13
BOAT LAUNCH
0 -11
Stream
-90
-100
ver Depths
DR
10
-80
Outfalls
Pedestrian Walkway Parcels
100
200 Feet
Noted Dive Features
170
Redondo Beach Dive Site Master Plan
Redondo Underwater River
160
50
150 140
S 283RD ST
0
80
24
Gravel-Sand Transition
60
Features
50
°
nderwater River
180
Walkway
SEASONAL BATHHOUSE REDONDO BEACH PIER
70
ide
60
ary
0
-10 -20 -30 -40 -50 -60
ve Lines
120 100
SITE ANALYSIS Figure 9 illustrates existing conditions and features both on land and in the water related to diving. The map also shows the existing dive lines that connect to the many existing dive features identified by the local dive community. Existing upland dive amenities currently only includes parking and a seasonal bathroom and shower facility. As indicated by the red circles, there are also many stormwater outfalls that feed into Puget Sound in this location, which highlights how connected the aquatic systems are with those happening upland. This information is overlayed with the proposed boundary of the new rocky reef to illustrate what portions of the existing site will be altered moving forward. In addition to the creation of rocky reef material, key areas of interest in creating a new dive site are water access, diver amenities, protection of eelgrass (Zostera marina L.) and nearshore vegetation, and the improvement of water quality. The following pages include imagery of the existing conditions at Redondo Beach, both underwater and on shore.
Site Analysis
25
Sunken, disintegrated VW Beetle frame (top left), dashboard (bottom left), and axle (right) (Images courtesy of Randy Williams)
Sunken Pipe Boat (Image courtesy of Randy Williams)
26
Redondo Beach Dive Site Master Plan
Sunken Tires (Image courtesy of Randy Williams)
Existing Access Point Over Sea Wall
Existing Staircase Used To Access Reef
MaST Center and Aquarium
Existing Buried Redondo Creek Outfall
Existing Buried Redondo Creek Drain
Existing Gazebo at Wooton Park
Existing Boat Launch and Fishing Pier
Existing Crosswalks leading to MaST Center From Parking Lot
Existing Gazebo at Wooton Park
Site Analysis
27
IV. MATERIALITY
Cu RECYCLED, REPURPOSED, RECLAIMED, AND AMENDED We propose diverting waste stream stone and concrete to construct the majority of the structure. The reef will primarily utilize rip-rap from seawall de-armoring, discarded cast concrete structures, and temporary materials. Budget that would have gone towards purchasing mined quarry stone can be redirected to some purpost-built cast structures made with ocean-safe, eco-friendly concrete. Reclaimed Rip Rap
DIGITAL EXPLORATIONS
Culverts
Culverts
Recycled, Re-purposed, Reclaimed, + Amended We propose diverting waste stream stone and concrete to construct the majority of the structure. The reef will primarily utilize rip-rap from seawall de-armoring, discarded cast concrete structures, and temporary materials. Budget that would have gone towards purchasing mined quarry stone can be redirected to some purpose-built cast structures made with ocean-safe, eco-friendly concrete. Examples of how reclaimed rip rap and culverts, both at the time of implementation and once life has established are displayed above.
Materiality
29
Textured Concrete
Attach to smooth concrete surfae to add structure.
Re-purposed concrete, as displayed to the left, can be manipulated for 3-dimensional complexity, as it can be too smooth for successful habitat formation without additional texturing. Possibilities are breaking, drilling
Perforated surface with holes of many sizes, encouraging diverse habitat.
holes, and surface amendments to expose aggregate. Materials from seawall de-armoring include a mix of granite, basalt and concrete. Stone surfaces can also be amended by texturing, drilling holes, and inserting temporary materials, such as wood, that will create habitat as they decay.
Textured Concrete
Repurposed concrete can be manipulated for 3-dimensional complexity, as it can be too smooth for successful habitat formation without additional texturing. Possibilities are breaking, drilling holes, and surface amendments to expose aggregate. Materials from seawall de-armoring include a mix of granite, basalt and concrete. Stone surfaces can also be amended by texturing, drilling holes, and inserting temporary materials, such as wood, that will create habitat as they decay..
Amended + Purpose Built The images to the right display what amended or purpose built materials could look like, both broadly and in detail. Inexpensive reclaimed concrete can become more viable habitat with surface texturing. Magnesium Oxide Concrete, while more expensive than Portland Concrete is an order of magnitude stronger, more light-weight, and carbon-sequestering, to list only at few of its benefits. The material is ocean-safe and does not leach lime. Materials like glass can be cast in place in the material with a lower likelihood of shrinkage during the curing process, inexpensively adding textural richness.
Textured Concrete Detail
Textured Concrete
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Redondo Beach Dive Site Master Plan
Ocean-Safe MagOx Concrete Repurposed catch-basin with seed tile surface texturing
Cast 3D Seed Tiles Cast 3D Seed Tiles Detail
Inexpensive reclaimed concrete can become more viable habitat with surface texturing.
Glass bottles are both an abundant waste stream product and a desirable habitat for many smaller organisms
Ocean-Safe MagOxwhile Concrete Magnesium Oxide Concrete, more expensive than Portland Concrete is an order of magnitude stronger, more light-weight, and carbon-sequestering, to list only at few of its beneďŹ ts. The material is ocean-safe and does not leach lime. Attach to smooth Materials like glass can be cast in place in the concrete surfaematerial to with a lower likelihood of shrinkage during the curing process, inexpensively adding textural add structure. richness.
Perforated surface with holes of many sizes, encouraging diverse habitat.
Mixed Materials: Concrete + Seed Tile
Materiality
31
PHYSICAL EXPLORATIONS In order to explore the potential for casting as a way to generate complex forms, we created three small casts using plaster and a selection of natural materials. Our intention in using natural materials is that they will inevitably decompose when placed underwater. While they remain, they will provide habitat and nutrients to marine species, and once they decompose the marine habitat will expand due to the crevices that once surrounded each natural feature. While the models we created were of a very small scale, there are meant to just be representative of the forms this type of fabrication can create. We imagine that the actual installations would be much larger, and that they could be tiled to cover unused manholes or other recycled forms. The natural content of all of these materials would conform with the strict guidelines set forth by the DNR, and pose no danger to the marine life that would inhabit each form.
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Redondo Beach Dive Site Master Plan
Materiality
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V. REEF DESIGN
DEVELOPING INITIAL CONCEPTS Following a period of background research, including site analyses, material studies and expert interviews, we proposed individual concepts for reef improvements. A selection of these design concepts are provided to the right. In general, the conceptual designs we presented explored how structural and material complexity create desired habitat for a range of biological life and improved the diver experiences. More specifically, several proposed options explored the provision of natural and artificial forms, and diver circulation patterns. Additionally, several designs explored mixing rigid rock with found, reclaimed, reused or recycled materials. These initial concepts were free flowing, and did not find themselves bound by the parameters of budget. We were free to explore broad sweeping changes that would enhance the reef in both the near and longer term. Thus, explorations into the role of runoff from Redondo Creek, and the potential for the reef to serve as a source of biological life and to mitigate impacts of global change began to appear in the discussions. From several of these big ideas came three more refined proposals that were explored more fully for the mid-term charrette.
Reef Design
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Figure 10. Alternative 1: Twelve Piles
Figure 11. Alternative 2: Circular Arrangement
MaST Center
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Redondo Beach Dive Site Master Plan
Figure 12. Alternative 3: Linear Arrangement
INTERIM CHARRETTE For the charrette we presented three design schemes. One represented the initial plans for the reef that involved the placement of twelve rock piles (Figure 10), and two alternatives that we developed which introduced a circular scheme (Figure 11) and a linear scheme (Figure 12). The schemes we created were formed separately in two teams of three people. The intent of presenting three alternatives to the associated stakeholders was to establish a hybridized version to push forward that was based in the goals of those who would actually be implementing and using the reef. For the design charrette we asked people from the diver community, city of Des Moines, Scuba Alliance, art commission and many others to attend to help narrow down our plans to move forward. We decided to combine parts of both schemes to have circular diving paths with linear piles. The conversation moved towards materiality and what materials we were looking at utilizing in our designs instead of just using rock for our structures. Our charrette team proposed recycled and ceramic materials which were well received and highly considered with our visitors. We were left with good ideas to move forward with to inform our final design. Everyone left the design charrette enthusiastic, excited about our work and wanting more.
Images of the Design Charrette Team
Reef Design
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Figure 13. Proposed Master Plan -50
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Redondo Beach Dive Site Master Plan
Figure 14. Sections of Proposed Master Plan
Figure 15. Reef Structural Features
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Repurposed Concrete, Textured + Amended with Cast Surfacing
2 CIRCULAR ROUTES
REEF MASTER PLAN This reef master plan was derived from what was developed in the initial
to aid in wayfinding while creating a variety of route opportunities. At
stages and then tested at the interim charrette. It represents a hybridized shallower depths, materials are smaller to support a larger array of version of the alternatives we presented at the charrette, carrying
marine life but the structures themselves are of larger footprints. As you
forward the most successful ideas to create our preferred master plan.
move deeper and construction costs increase, structures are made of
Our main idea with this plan is the creation of complex, linear structures
larger materials and the structures compose smaller footprints.
that support a diversity of marine species while creating an exciting diver experience. These linear structures are placed in a circular arrangement
As shown in Figure 15, the structures are composed to assist with Reef Design
39
wayfinding. Each destination is intended to have a distinct theme and/
Bull kelp restoration is also a proposed component of this master plan.
or scale so each reef area is unique and identifiable. The “arms” of
There are several methods to consider with bull kelp restoration, which
each structure work as directional indicators, guiding divers to the
include:
next structure along the designated route. The structures are arranged
»» Seeding ropes in an area known to have bull kelp - San Juan Islands,
in overlapping circular routes, which together form a system of clear routes that provide safe and directive guidelines for a rich and varied diving experience. Depending on how materials are procured and when adequate funding is available, these structures can be laid out in a variety of ways to accommodate client desires. Two of these arrangements can be seen in Figure 16. Figure 16. Route Alternatives
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Redondo Beach Dive Site Master Plan
among others »» Collaboration with Puget Sound Restoration Fund or other restoration organizations and experts »» Student/citizen designed and monitored restoration efforts on which studies and papers might be published.
Figure 17. View of Potential Shallow Depth Reef Structures
ILLUSTRATIVE PERSPECTIVE IMAGES
A
To help visualize what the future reef might look like, we developed a series of perspective images that illustrate reef conditions at a variety of depths. The included views are displayed on the site plan in Figure 13, and represent what structures might look like at shallow (Figure 17), intermediate (Figure 18), and deep (Figure 19) depths, as well as how one of the connections might be formed (Figure 20). It is important to remember that the exact materials for these reef structures have yet to be procured. Therefore, the views displayed in the following graphics will not look exactly the same as the future dive site. They do, however, display the reuse of many recycled forms, an aspect we do hope is retained when the site plans are implemented.
Shallow Perspective This vision of the reef (Figure 17) shows what a diving experience might look like in 5-10 years with bull kelp restoration. It is also a chance to imagine how reclaimed materials can be used for wayfinding and naturalistic design features. This scenario uses a reclaimed manhole, rip rap, and basalt scraps to create a unique diving feature that still utilizes a majority of natural rock.
Intermediate Perspective This view imagines what a reef structure composed of a combination of reuse concrete rubble, concrete catch basins, and basalt columns may look like after several years underwater. A variety of sizes of recycled Reef Design
41
Figure 18. View of Potential Intermediate Depth Reef Structures
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Redondo Beach Dive Site Master Plan
Figure 19. View of Potential Deep Reef Structures
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Reef Design
43
Figure 20. View of Potential Connector Reef Structures
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Redondo Beach Dive Site Master Plan
concrete material serve to create interstitial spaces of various sizes, establishing habitat for a wide range of Puget Sound marine life. Basalt columns are an example of a distinctive structural component that could serve as wayfinding to divers of the site.
Deep Perspective Figure 19 displays how the reef structure might look in the deepest portion of the site. This view incorporates recycled bottles from the existing bottle field, which is currently at a very similar depth, as part of a vertical structure which could be created from a reclaimed man hole or other similar structure. Materials used at this depth are larger to support larger marine life while the footprint of the structure is smaller.
Connector Structure Perspective Figure 20 displays a view of the reef is a transition point between reef structures using reclaimed manholes that have a texture applied to the surface to create different habitat spaces. This transition piece acts as wayfinding for divers to locate the next reef structure while also supplying habitat for divers to enjoy.
Reef Design
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46
Redondo Beach Dive Site Master Plan
PHYSICAL MODEL We developed a physical, three dimensional model of the Redondo Beach Dive Site and our proposed reef structures to help people understand how the site feels without having to be a registered diver. As a result, this model will serve as an excellent educational tool for the MaST Center to use to describe marine life and diver experiences. Some images of this model are included above. Reef Design
47
VI. U PLAND OPPORTUNITIES
CONSIDERING UPLAND IMPACTS As designers, we are attuned to the connections between systems. At the Redondo reef site, we found that a strong design integrating diver experience, ecological health, and habitat restoration necessitated exploring how waterfront and freshwater creeks meet Poverty Bay to create a complex, interdependent ecosystem. We expanded our study area beyond the reef site to assess water quality issues and the ongoing effects of climate change as important factors in the site’s future. Based on our observations, we arrived at three scales of interventions, from a low-impact option that integrates a variety of green stormwater infrastructure into the existing waterfront, to an intensive approach that takes climate modeling for sea level rise into account, identifying areas of concern and proposing a framework plan. While these proposals are suggestions for a later phase of the project, we believe that seriously considering environmental impacts and the effects of climate change along the waterfront and upland area surrounding Redondo Beach are significant aspects of designing a reef and caring for the marine life in Poverty Bay.
Watershed Connections Redondo Creek emerges as a trickle (top right) or a roar (bottom right) from a culvert beneath the boardwalk at Redondo Beach. The stream, piped for a short length beneath paved streets, parking lots, and the
Redondo Creek Spilling into Puget Sound as a Trickle (top) or a Roar (bottom)
boardwalk, is only one suggestion of the larger watershed and complex systems that Poverty Bay and the dive site at Redondo are embedded in. Upland Opportunities
49
• Will be a multi-functional public space • Brings public awareness to local waterways • Simulates natural function to restore creek function, but protect city infrastructure Lexington is using a public-private partnership model to fund, construct, and maintain this future town asset
UPLAND PRECEDENT ANALYSIS To understand how Redondo Beach might respond to future potential issues, such as increased pressures from human development and sea level rise, we looked at the following precedents to guide our proposed upland opportunities. The first two precedents are long-range planning
5/25/2018
initiatives implemented by other cities that are dealing with the same future issues as Des Moines.
Town Branch Commons, Lexington, Kentucky Town Branch Commons is a daylighting project for Town Branch Creek that: »» Will be a multi-functional public space »» Brings public awareness to local waterways »» Simulates natural function to restore creek function, but protect city infrastructure Lexington is using a public-private partnership model to fund, construct, Images and design by SCAPE
Images and design by SCAPE
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Redondo Beach Dive Site Master Plan
and maintain this future town asset.
Coastal Resilience Solutions For Boston Boston is implementing a sea level rise strategy that includes: »» Phased construction to address financial and functional constraints »» Raised, but floodable public spaces to preserve real estate and add public resources »» Some areas with naturalized coastlines and some with sea walls to direct water to prepared spaces The East Boston Resilience strategy is part of several wider Boston initiatives to make the city more climate ready including Imagine Boston 2030 and Go Boston 2030
Images From: Coastal Resilience Solutions For East Boston And Charlestown Report
Upland Opportunities
51
Individual Site Strategies
1
INTERTIDAL ZONE
Intertidal Zone
2
The following five precedents represent individual site strategies for cost effective, multi-functional solutions in response to sea level rise. Incorporating aspects of these precedents in the upland of Redondo Beach are essential in preparing the area for the unimaginable. Figure 21 displays the consequences of projected sea level rise intervals on the Redondo Beach area. The current Redondo seawall is indicated for reference.
Nisqually National Wildlife Refuge, South Puget Sound
Curl Cur
Restored intertidal ecologies • Provide many opportunities for quality public recreation • Absorb large amounts of water and provide a cushion against storm surges • Improve water quality • Provide important habitat for nearshore organisms including salmon, eelgrass, and orcas • Both partial and full coastline restoration provide extensive benefits and may cost less than traditional sea walls
Shorelin changin damag • Gradu and spr • Can s • Conta prevent • Larger benefic
For more information see: Coastal Hazards Resilience Network Puget Sound Nearshore Ecosystem Recovery Project Shore Friendly King County’s Strategic Climate Action Plan
Figure 21. Projected Sea Level Rise
Mean Tides
Extende the Pug attracti
For more State of K Preparin Integrate Puget So
2018 rise: 0’ Mean Tides
Current
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Redondo Beach Dive Site Master Plan
5WATERSHED WATERSHED WATERSHED WATERSHED 333NEARSHORE 3NEARSHORE 4COASTAL NEARSHORE NEARSHORE SPACES SPACES SPACES SPACES 444 COASTAL COASTAL COASTAL TERRACING TERRACING TERRACING TERRACING555
222SHORELINE 2SHORELINE SHORELINE SHORELINE
E
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Curl Curl Curl Curl Curl Curl Beach Curl Beach Curl Beach Boardwalk, Beach Boardwalk, Boardwalk, Boardwalk, Greater Greater Greater Greater Sydney, Sydney, Sydney, Sydney, Australia Australia Australia Australia
Shorelines Shorelines Shorelines Shorelines areare the are the are most the most the most visible most visible visible indicators visible indicators indicators indicators in in in in changing changing changing changing sea sea levels sea levels sea levels and levels and are and are and often are often are often the often the most the most the most most damaged damaged damaged damaged infrastructures infrastructures infrastructures infrastructures a • Gradual • Gradual • Gradual • Gradual infrastructural infrastructural infrastructural infrastructural changes changes changes changes protect protect protect protect property property property property and and spread and spread and spread spread investment investment investment investment over over over time time over time time • Can • Can • Can still • still Can be still be valued still be valued be valued valued public public public resources public resources resources resources • Contamination • Contamination • Contamination • Contamination and and infrastructure and infrastructure and infrastructure infrastructure damage damage damage damage is is is is scas preventable preventable preventable preventable with with with planning with planning planning planning ovide de • Larger, • Larger, • Larger, • Larger, thicker thicker thicker thicker sea sea walls sea walls sea walls are walls are not are not are always not always not always always thethe most the most the most most beneficial beneficial beneficial beneficial or or cost or cost or cost effective cost effective effective effective approach approach approach approach
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Watershed
Hans Hans Hans Tavsens Hans Tavsens Tavsens Tavsens Park, Park, Park, Copenhagen, Park, Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark Denmark Denmark Denmark
Trinity Trinity Trinity River Trinity River River Park River Park Park Design, Design, Park Design, Design, Dallas, Dallas, Dallas, Texas Dallas, Texas Texas Texas
Thornton Thornton Thornton Thornton Creek Creek Creek Water Creek Water Water Quality Water Quality Quality Channel, Quality Channel, Channel, Channel, Seattle Seattle Seattle Seattle
Consider Consider Consider Consider floodable floodable floodable floodable nearshore nearshore nearshore nearshore spaces spaces spaces spaces • Serve • Serve • Serve •as Serve as flexible as flexible as flexible flexible or or public or public or public spaces public spaces spaces spaces • Protect • Protect • Protect • Protect property property property property and and infrastructure and infrastructure and infrastructure infrastructure byby directing by directing by directing directing floodwaters floodwaters floodwaters floodwaters • Enable • Enable • Enable • Enable healthier healthier healthier healthier waterways waterways waterways waterways alongside alongside alongside alongside human human human human habitation habitation habitation habitation • Give • Give • Give sewers • Give sewers sewers sewers and and other and other and other infrastructures other infrastructures infrastructures infrastructures time time time totime to to to process process process process large large large amounts large amounts amounts amounts of of water of water water of water • Work • Work • Work independently • Work independently independently independently or or in or in concert or in concert concert in concert with with with other with other other other infrastructure infrastructure infrastructure infrastructure
Urban Urban Urban terracing Urban terracing terracing terracing protects protects protects protects buildings buildings buildings buildings and and and and infrastructure infrastructure infrastructure infrastructure from from from flooding from flooding flooding flooding • Provides • Provides • Provides • Provides community community community community recreation recreation recreation recreation space space space space • Helps • Helps • Helps •water Helps water water quality water quality quality quality byby filtering by filtering by filtering filtering pollutants pollutants pollutants pollutants • Can • Can • Can be • be Can done be done be done indone in stages in stages stages in stages • Necessary • Necessary • Necessary • Necessary urban urban urban infrastructure urban infrastructure infrastructure infrastructure can can be can be can be be interwoven interwoven interwoven interwoven with with with coastal with coastal coastal coastal and and riparian and riparian and riparian riparian assets assets assets assets • Emphasizes • Emphasizes • Emphasizes • Emphasizes connections connections connections connections between between between between Sound Sound Sound and Sound and and and upland upland upland upland
Urban Urban Urban salmon Urban salmon salmon salmon populations populations populations populations can can be can be can recovered be recovered be recovered recovered bybyby by daylighting daylighting daylighting daylighting urban urban urban streams urban streams streams streams and and and and • Improve • Improve • Improve • Improve water water water quality water quality quality quality in in thein the community the incommunity the community community and and the and the and thethe Puget Puget Puget Sound Puget Sound Sound Sound • Provide • Provide • Provide • Provide flood flood flood control flood control control control • Enable • Enable • Enable • Enable scientific scientific scientific scientific study study study study • Decrease • Decrease • Decrease • Decrease nitrogen nitrogen nitrogen nitrogen pollution pollution pollution pollution • Need • Need • Need •initial Need initial initial investment, initial investment, investment, investment, butbut generally but generally but generally generally require require require require less less less maintenance maintenance less maintenance maintenance than than than gray than gray gray infrastructure gray infrastructure infrastructure infrastructure • Can • Can • Can be • be Can done be done be done indone in stages in stages stages in stages
Extended Extended Extended Extended boardwalks boardwalks boardwalks boardwalks give give give thethe give residents the residents the residents residents access access access access to to to to ForFor more For more For more information more information information information see: see: see:see: thethe Puget the Puget the Puget Sound Puget Sound Sound and Sound and serve and serve and serve as serve as a as community a community as a community a community Coastal Coastal Coastal Resilience: Coastal Resilience: Resilience: Resilience: Puget Puget Puget Sound Puget Sound Sound Sound attraction attraction attraction attraction ForFor more For more For more information more information information information see: see: see:see: State State State of Knowledge: State of Knowledge: of Knowledge: of Knowledge: Climate Climate Climate Change Climate Change Change in Change Puget in Puget in Puget in Sound Puget Sound Sound Sound Preparing Preparing Preparing Preparing forfor a Changing for a Changing for a Changing a Changing Climate: Climate: Climate: Climate: Washington Washington Washington Washington State's State's State's State's Integrated Integrated Integrated Integrated Climate Climate Climate Response Climate Response Response Response Strategy Strategy Strategy Strategy Puget Puget Puget Sound Puget Sound Sound Nearshore Sound Nearshore Nearshore Nearshore Partnership Partnership Partnership Partnership
Coastal Terracing
Floodplains Floodplains Floodplains Floodplains by by Design by Design Design by Design Denmark’s Denmark’s Denmark’s Denmark’s floodable floodable floodable floodable public public public spaces public spaces spaces spaces
2100 5’
2050 2050 2050 2050 1.5’ 1.5’ 1.5’ 1.5’
Current Current Current Current Seawall Seawall Seawall Seawall
2170 8’
ForFor more For more For more information more information information information see: see: see:see: Floodplains Floodplains Floodplains Floodplains by by Design by Design Design by Design Puget Puget Puget Sound Puget Sound Sound Partnership Sound Partnership Partnership Partnership Washington Washington Washington Washington Department Department Department Department of Ecology of Ecology of Ecology of Ecology TheThe Nature The The Nature Conservancy Nature Conservancy Conservancy Nature Conservancy
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ForFor more For more For more information more information information information see: see: see:see: American American American American Rivers: Rivers: Rivers: Daylighting Rivers: Daylighting Daylighting Daylighting Streams Streams Streams Streams Naturally Naturally Naturally Naturally Resilient Resilient Resilient Communities Communities Communities Resilient Communities Washington Washington Washington Water Water Water Trust Trust Trust Washington Water Trust
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Figure 22. Upland Concept Phase One
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UPLAND PHASE ONE
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The first phase of the upland redevelopment responds to the lack of walkability, the high traffic speeds, and the aging and insufficient diver amenities, while also setting up the basis of a system aimed at improving water quality feeding into Puget Sound. We are proposing a new, raised boardwalk be installed north of the MaST Center and Salty’s to enhance the pedestrian environment and
Non-Infiltrating Raingarden Feeding Into Existing Sewer System
slow traffic speeds, while introducing ADA access across the seawall. An important feature is the creation of a bioretention buffer between
Section of Proposed Boardwalk
the traffic lanes and the stormwater drains. This buffer would act to
Clear Panels in Boardwalk to Light Plants Below
clean stormwater runoff prior to feeding into the existing sewer system. It would also enhance the aesthetics of the area and create further
ADA Ramp
separation between vehicle and pedestrian traffic. This intervention
Raingarden Plantings
would not alter the seawall in any way, and simply builds around it. Deep Bench
Other proposed interventions of this phase include: Stairs
»» Bioretention areas installed within the existing park and parking lot without altering existing amenities »» Year-round shower and bathroom facilities at the existing bathhouse
Plan of Proposed Boardwalk
B
»» Benches installed within the parking lot »» Historic dive bell installed within the parking lot »» Secure gear cage installed on beach
Rain Garden in Wooton Park by Gazebo
Upland Opportunities
55
Figure 23. Upland Concept Phase Two 90
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UPLAND PHASE TWO The long term phase for Redondo Beach redesign offer future constraints and opportunities for the City of Des Moines. Our goals in this longer term phase are to enable a healthier water ecology for people and other life to enjoy both under and above water, while preserving infrastructure capital and property to the extent possible using current scientific projections of the future environment.
»» Connect the rain gardens installed in Phase 1 as a method of stream daylighting for Redondo Creek »» Assist in restoration of salmon in Redondo Creek to the extent possible »» Repaint the parking lot at Salty’s to preserve the number of spaces, despite some stream daylighting there
Notable design features and intentions:
»» Connect natural spaces along the water and in the park to be a more cohesive and desirable recreation space for Des Moines
»» Install diver showers in the parking area »» Create a more natural and less damaging sea wall using vegetation, terracing, berms, and wave breaks to allow water into areas that can be flooded to protect areas where flooding would cause damage
A
Rain Garden
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Section of Proposed Streetscape on Redondo Way
Upland Opportunities
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lm sa
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Figure 24. Upland Long Term Possibilities
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Source: Esri, DigitalGlobe, GeoEye, Earthstar Geographics, CNES/Airbus DS, USDA, USGS, AeroGRID, IGN,
UPLAND LONG TERM POSSIBILITIES This concept, which engages long-term sea level rise projections
depicted in tan and green. These help to attenuate and absorb incoming
for what the Poverty Bay coast can expect to see within 200 years,
fluxes of water from the bay, in addition to cleaning freshwater runoff
responds to the inevitable threat of land and property encroachment
draining into Poverty Bay via the stream. This vision also includes
by the sea. The black dotted line indicates projections for where the
the concept of flood-adapted park spaces, a solution that has been
shoreline may be given 8 feet of sea level rise, currently projected for
proposed by innovative landscape architects for various scenarios and
around 2170, while the gray dotted line indicates projections for where
locations. Flood-adapted park spaces could take the form of terraces
the shoreline could be given 16 feet of sea level rise, currently projected
at a higher elevation, overlooking the floodplain and stream, that allow
for sometime after 2200. While a heightened seawall to keep the
for recreational use as parkland while also functioning as a flood buffer
water away represents a short-term solution, it is one that will become
for higher-elevation development. In very large storm or flood events,
impossible to maintain in the long term as storm surges increase in size,
the floodplain could become inundated, and the park space would act
quantity, and intensity.
as an additional buffer to prevent flooding of property. This concept
This concept imagines a way to alleviate such impacts and costs by engaging the ongoing and inevitable inward march of the sea by restoring the stream and its surroundings to a more natural form. In this illustration, the stream is completely day-lit, its floodplain restored, and it is allowed to contribute sediment to surrounding mudflats and a
allows for the built-in flexibility to respond to changing and accelerating natural phenomena at the land-sea interface while also supporting stronger ecological health and imagining greater opportunities for public recreation and ecological education. Sources: Climate Central, Michael Van Valkenburg Associates
natural, de-armored shoreline. In allowing the stream to function more naturally, low-lying areas form, such as the mudflats and floodplains
Upland Opportunities
59
VII. I MPLEMENTATION
Table 1.
Estimated Contractor Construction Budget
BUDGET To ensure this project could be successfully implemented, we considered budget, phasing, community involvement and construction documentation. An important consideration for this project was mitigation, and opportunities to reduce negative impacts were explored involving the chosen materiality and construction methods.
Contractor Estimate Overall, it is important to see this reef succeed, and to do so we need to make the budget stretch as far as possible. Meeting with the contractors helped us be more realistic with our design recommendations. Table 1 was developed based on our conversations with the contractors and illustrates an estimate for costs associated with constructing the reef entirely of new rock, and includes transportation, environmental, and labor costs as well as material costs. Our earlier designs were much more elaborate, but understanding how
Quanitity
Unit Measure
Unit Price (Labor and Materials)
Total Price
Mobilization and Demobilization
1
Labor
$ 30,000.00
$ 30,000.00
Turbidity, Debris Boom, & Environmental Controls
1
Labor
$ 20,000.00
$ 20,000.00
Furnish & Install Cobble Ramp (>2' boulders)
50
Tons
$ 140.00
$ 6,500.00
Furnish & Install Quarry Rock Mounds (> one man rock)
30
Tons
$ 230.00
$ 6,500.00
Furnish & Install 1-2' boulders in mounds
350
Tons
$ 100.00
$ 35,000.00
Furnish & Install 2-4' boulders in mounds
1400
Tons
$ 90.00
$ 130,000.00
$ 228,000.00
costs were generated now allows us to plan for maximization of reef habitat and budget. We were able to estimate the amount of new rock we could buy based on our meeting with the construction company, and are now able to suggest some creative ways to stretch the budget further, which include the following: »» Phasing »» Reclaimed and recycled materials »» Community involvement
Implementation
61
Reclaimed + Alternative Materials Our meeting with contractors allowed us to conclude that new rock of any size is more expensive than using reclaimed rocks. This led to our recommendation to purchase less of the new, full-priced materials and prioritize reclaimed and re-purposed materials along with other nontraditional options like reef safe concrete. As a strategy
»» Contractors or construction companies working on large projects who may have acquired excess material over time »» Reef safe concrete is another option that could be explored as a way to incorporate custom or artistic components to the reef structures.
PHASING
for stretching the budget further, we recommend using large pieces,
While obtaining recycled and reclaimed materials is extremely cost
including non-focal point concrete features, to add volume to piles by
effective, it makes the creation of a construction schedule more difficult
placing these features under smaller, more habitat friendly rocks.
as you can not pinpoint when appropriate materials might become
We also determined that reclaimed and modified materials, in addition to expanding the budget and being more environmentally friendly, would ease diver navigation through the incorporation of unique features that assist in wayfinding. Examples of what this might look like were explored in the “Materiality” Chapter. Sources of reclaimed rock could include, but are not limited to: »» Quarry waste »» Reclaimed rip rap (sea wall, river, riparian dearmoring projects, or other shorelines structural deconstruction) Reclaimed or rejected concrete structures (culverts, manholes, catch basins, pipes, vaults, junction boxes, grade rings, etc.) could also serve as an excellent source of more affordable material. These materials could be sourced from: »» Municipal utilities upgrading systems (non wastewater, non highway) »» Precast concrete companies (many pieces are rejected for minor defects and can often be purchased at a discount or may be donated)
62
Redondo Beach Dive Site Master Plan
available. Therefore, we have incorporated flexibility in our reef design to allow portions to be built out under differing time frames. This will allow time for existing reef structures to be phased out gradually, and for the new reef to be built out gracefully in their place based on when funds and materials are available. We have created a phasing plan to identify which reef structures should be prioritized for the initial construction. This plan is illustrated to the right in Figure 25.
COMMUNITY INVOLVEMENT The community has been an important stakeholder throughout this process, and their contributions to this project should be expressed through its built form. As we did not have sufficient time to adequately engage the various associated communities in the creation of detailed components within the reef, we aimed to create a design that would serve as a base to be built upon in the coming years. We hope that
Figure 25. Phasing Plan
Phase 1 Phase 2 Implementation
63
future engagement efforts will help design and place the following amenities throughout the dive site and associated upland area: »» Community art (e.g. schools, tribes, etc.) »» Memorial art or installation (e.g. veterans, tribes, or other identified communities) Beyond serving as a recreational amenity for divers, we hope the reef’s utility can extend upland to many other user groups. The dive site’s proximity to the MaST center makes it an excellent opportunity to incorporate community data collection and research. Overall, we hope the reef will serve as an educational tool for the entire Redondo community, starting with the donation of the physical model created for this project to the MaST center.
CONSTRUCTION DOCUMENTS The following construction documents were developed to assist with the DNR permitting process and act as a first step in identifying pile locations, sizing, and materiality. Due to our recommended inclusion of recycled materials, the exact specifications of what will be constructed cannot be predicted at this point. Therefore, these construction documents are intended to identify the general location and layout of our reef design, while incorporating flexibility to account for material variability.
64
Redondo Beach Dive Site Master Plan
REDONDO BEACH DIVE SITE OCTOPUS'S GARDEN
PROJECT ADDRESS 28203 REDONDO BEACH DR S., DES MOINES, WA. 98198
LARCH 503 + ROBERTSON & SULLIVAN OCTOPUS'S GARDEN
PROJECT TEAM UNIVERSITY OF WASHINGTON - DEPARTMENT OF LANDSCAPE ARCHITECTURE 6/16/2018 PREPARED IN LA DESIGN STUDIO SPRING QUARTER 2018 LARCH 503 STUDIO - IAIN ROBERTSON & BROOKE SULLIVAN DARIN ROSELLINI, FATEMA MASWOOD, JESS VETRANO, RACHEL WELLS, ANNA- MALIN WEISS ANDERSON, ELIZABETH LANGE FOR FURTHER INFORMATION CONTACT IAIN ROBERTSON AT IAINMR@UW.EDU
OWNER WASHINGTON SCUBA ALLIANCE 31811 PACIFIC HWY S #B307 FEDERAL WAY, WA 98003
PROJECT DESCRIPTION WSA DIVING REEF IS A DESIGN BY LARCH 503 STUDENTS TO SERVE THE DIVING COMMUNITY, IN WASHINGTON SCUBA ASSOCIATION (WSA). THE DESIGN IS A DIVING REEF OFF OF REDONDO BEACH IN DES MOINES, WA. THERE ARE SEVERAL PHASES THAT ARE BEING RECOMMENDED UPLAND AND FOR THE REEF. THE REEF IS OFF THE SHORE OF REDONDO BEACH, THERE IS A PARKING LOT AND UPLAND PARK.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
DATE: 6/16/18 SHEET #
1/8
L000 Implementation Implementation
65 65
28203 REDONDO BEACH DR S., DES MOINES, WA 98198
REDONDO BEACH DIVE SITE
REVISION #:
90%
Site Boundary CHECKED BY:
- L000 - COVER SHEET - L002 - EXISTING CONDITIONS - L100 - REEF CONSTRUCTION PLAN - L200 - COORDINATE LAYOUT PLAN - L201 - SECTION & DETAILS - L202 - LARGE SECTIONS - L300 - VEGETATION PLAN - L400 - TRANSECTS & MITIGATION PLAN
DRAWN BY:
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
LEGEND SITE BOUNDARY
-70
-60
-50
-40
-30
-20
-10
0
-80 -90
EXISTING DIVE DESTINATIONS
10
LARCH 503 + ROBERTSON & SULLIVAN OCTOPUS'S GARDEN
CURRENT ROPES THROUGH SITE
SEAWALL
SALTY'S
MaST
DATE: 6/16/2018 SHEET #
2/8
L001 66
Redondo Beach Dive Site Master Plan
28203 REDONDO BEACH DR S., DES MOINES, WA 98198
REVISION #:
CHECKED BY:
REDONDO BEACH DIVE SITE
DRAWN BY:
100 %
REDONDO BEACH DRIVE S
-20
-10
LEGEND
0
PHASE 1 ROCK
-90
PHASE II ROCK
10
MANHOLE TIE DOWN DIVING ROUTES (NOT A BUILT ITEM) DESTINATIONS
DRAWN BY:
100%
RECYCLED PROCESSED CONCRETE MEMORIAL SITE
SALTY'S
DATE: 6/16/2018 SHEET #
3/8
L100 Implementation Implementation
67 67
28203 REDONDO BEACH DR S., DES MOINES, WA 98198
-30
LARCH 503 + ROBERTSON & SULLIVAN OCTOPUS'S GARDEN
-40
REVISION #:
-50
CHECKED BY:
-60
REDONDO BEACH DIVE SITE
-70 -80
COORDINATES
-20
-10
0
P1-E
BK-D
-90
P1-F
47.350678 -122.324807
P1-H
10
P1-G P1-H
P2-D
P2-C
WM
MH-J
P1-F MH-O
MH-N
P1-G MH-I MH-H
MH-M MH-L
P2-E
WM MH-G P2-B
47.21055,-122.193317
MH-A MH-B BK - C
P2-C
47.21172,-122.193267
P2-D
MH-C MH-D
P2-A
P1-B P2-E
MH-A
47.350101 -122.324716
MH-B
P1-C
47.349731 -122.326006
47.3495041 -122.325048
47.21003,-122.192965 47.205959,-122.19311 47.21037,-122.193103
MH-G
47.21049,-122.193126
MH-H
47.21099,-122.193103
MH-I
47.21108,-122.193124
MH-J
47.21176,-122.193194
MH-K
47.21081,-122.193288
MH-L
47.21113,-122.193259
MH-N
BULL KELP COORDINATES
47.21106,-122.192964 47.21018,-122.192961
MH-M
ABBREVIATIONS
47.21069,-122.193429 47.21122,-122.192953
MH-D
MH-F
TD-A
47.21179,-122.193321 47.21113,-122.193443
MH-C
MH-E
BK - A
47.21082,-122.193114 47.205999,-122.193246
P2-F
MH-E
47.21297,-122.193757
P2-B
BK - B
47.349917 -122.326741
47.21100,-122.193205
P1-A
TD-B
MH-F P1-D
47.21159,-122.193148
P2-A
P1-E
MH-K
P2-F
47.205994,-122.193122 47.21063,-122.193056
47.21142,-122.193214 47.21145,-122.193278
MH-O
47.21155,-122.193421
TD-A
47.205896,-122.193056
TD-B
47.21070,-122.192921
TD-C
47.21243,-122.192976
DATE: 6/16/2018
PHASE 1 INSTALLATION P1
68
PHASE 2 INSTALLATION P2
MANHOLES
BULL KELP SITE
TIE DOWN SITE
MN
BK
TD
Redondo Beach Dive Site Master Plan
WAR MEMORIAL SITE WM
BK- A
47.205842, -122.193065
BK-B
47.21953, -122.192935
BK-C
47.21118, -122.192931
BK-D
47.21312, -122.192957
SHEET #
4/8
L200
28203 REDONDO BEACH DR S., DES MOINES, WA 98198
-80
-30
LARCH 503 + ROBERTSON & SULLIVAN OCTOPUS'S GARDEN
-40
-50
100%
-60
-70
47.350704 -122.327144
47.205938,-122.193012
REVISION #:
P1-D
CHECKED BY:
P1-C TD-C
47.21160,-122.192966 47.21062,-122.192990
REDONDO BEACH DIVE SITE
P1-B
DRAWN BY:
P1-A 47.350923 -122.325706
BASALT COLUMNS OR OLD CONCRETE LIGHT POSTS
6-10 MAN ROCK 2 MAN ROCK
ROUND MANHOLE PLACED ON SIDE (LENGTH SHOULD NO MORE THAN 5')
12'-15' 1 MAN ROCK 9'-11'
WAR MEMORIAL PIECE (TO BE DESIGNED)
LARCH 503 + ROBERTSON & SULLIVAN OCTOPUS'S GARDEN
12'-15'
12'-15'
DAMAGED/RECYCLED MANHOLE TIEDOWN (3) REQUESTED FROM DIVING INSTURCTORS
10'-12' 10'-12'
HEAVY BLOCKS TO HOLD PVC PIPEING.
12'-15'
REVISION #:
CHECKED BY:
DATE: 6/16/2018 SHEET #
5/8
L201 Implementation Implementation
69 69
28203 REDONDO BEACH DR S., DES MOINES, WA 98198
2'
OPTION 1: ROPE TO HOLD BULL KELP
REDONDO BEACH DIVE SITE
OPTION 2: SEED SOAKED BULL KELP FROM BLAKELY ISLAND
DRAWN BY:
100%
5'
SHEET #
70 Redondo Beach Dive Site Master Plan REVISION #:
CHECKED BY:
10%
LARCH 503 + ROBERTSON & SULLIVAN OCTOPUS'S GARDEN
Placeholder -- This graphic is still being completed
DATE: 6/16/2018
6/8
L202
28203 REDONDO BEACH DR S., DES MOINES, WA 98198
REDONDO BEACH DIVE SITE
DRAWN BY:
SECTION B
SECTION A
ALGAE GRADIENTS
-70
-60
-50
-40
-30
-20
-10
0
-80
LARCH 503 + ROBERTSON & SULLIVAN OCTOPUS'S GARDEN
-90 10
OPTION 1 BULL KELP POTENTIAL RED ALGAE RESTORATION
POTENTIAL BROWN KELPS
DATE: 6/16/2018 SHEET #
7/8
L300 Implementation
71
28203 REDONDO BEACH DR S., DES MOINES, WA 98198
'SEED ROPE' BY SINKING A KELP RICH AREA, BLAKELY ISLAND IN SAN JUAN AND TRANSPORT FOR INSTALLATION. (METHOD TO BE APPROVED BY PROJECT BIOLOGIST.)
REVISION #:
2)
ALGAE GRADIENTS
CHECKED BY:
RESTORATION PROCESS -SORI (REPRODUCTIVE STRUCTURES) ARE COLLECTED FROM WILD KELP -GROWN TO GAMTOPHYTE STAGE -SPOROPHYTES RE GROWN ON STRING WHICH GETS WRAPPED AROUND A PIPE -MONITORED TO OBTAIN
DRAWN BY:
1)
REDONDO BEACH DIVE SITE
OPTION 2 BULL KELP
100%
2 OPTIONS FOR INSTALLATION OF BULL KELP:
TRANSECTS
MITIGATION
-70
-80
-60
-30
-40
-50
-20
TRANSECT 3
-90
TRANSECT 2 TR-B50
TR-B60
TRANSECT 4
-10
0
-80
-70
-60
-50
-40
-30
-20 -10
0
-90
TRANSECT 1 TR-B85
-60
-85
-50
LARCH 503 + ROBERTSON & SULLIVAN OCTOPUS'S GARDEN
TR-B40
-40
TR-A85
TR-A40 TR-A40
TR-A40
TR-B40
47.205844 -122.193046 47.21347 -122.193027
TRANSECT 2 TR-A50
TR-B50
47.205863 -122.193109 47.21400 -122.193224
TRANSECT 3 TR-A60
TR-B60
47.205889 -122.193229 47.21401 -122.193438
TRANSECT 4 TR-A85
TR-B85
47.205998 -122.193640 47.21347 -122.193775
MITIGATION OF SITE TO BE APPROVED BY DNR AND CLIENT. REQUIREMENTS DETERMINED BY PERMIT.
REVISION #:
CHECKED BY:
DATE: 4/13/18 SHEET #
8/8
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Redondo Beach Dive Site Master Plan
28203 REDONDO BEACH DR S., DES MOINES, WA 98198
TRANSECTS TRANSECT 1
REDONDO BEACH DIVE SITE
DRAWN BY:
100%
TR-A60