So You Want to Design a Reef?

SO YOU WANT TO DESIGN A REEF? Master Plan for the Redondo Beach Dive Site

University of Washington Landscape Architecture 503 Studio, Spring 2018 Edited by Jess Vetrano

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS Rus Higley Mike Racine Jim Trask Randy Williams Jessica Lotz Katy Kachmarik

Fred Andrews Matt Mahoney Thomas Pool Tom Mumford Morgan Eisenlord Mackenzie Gerring

Megan Deither Billie Swalla Sean McDonald Si Simenstad Carlos Lopez Mark Ganter

John Blair David Winfrey Todd Hunsdorfer Steve Krueger

CONTENTS I. INTRODUCTION

II.

4 V.

REEF DESIGN

Project Origins Project Process

1 2

BACKGROUND RESEARCH

4

Developing Initial Concepts Interim Charrette Reef Master Plan Illustrative Perspective Images Physical Model

Gathering Information Visualizing Findings Analyzing Reef Precedents Establishing Goals

III.

SITE ANALYSIS

5 9 16 19

20

Site Context Site Analysis

21 25

IV. MATERIALITY

28

Digital Explorations Physical Explorations

29 32

34 35 37 39 41 47

VI. UPLAND OPPORTUNITIES

48

Considering Upland Impacts Upland Precedent Analysis Upland Phase One Upland Phase Two Upland Long Term Possibilities

49 50 55 57 59

VII. IMPLEMENTATION

60

Budget Phasing Community Involvement Construction Documents

61 62 62 64

Contents

i

ii

Redondo Beach Dive Site Master Plan

PROJECT TEAM Studio Instructors Iain Robertson Brooke Sullivan

Studio Participants Jess Vetrano Rachel Wells Fatema Maswood Julia Brasch Ellie Lange Malin Weiss-Anderson Darin Rosellini

Contents

iii

I. INTRODUCTION

PROJECT ORIGINS Fifteen years after taking a landscape architecture studio Rus Higley,

Like many recreational divers in Puget Sound, Mike Racine, President

director of the Marine Science and Technology Center (MaST) at

of the Washington Scuba Alliance (WSA) was concerned about the loss

Redondo and a faculty member at Highline College, contacted us, the

of dive sites in the region as old pilings and debris were removed by

Department of Landscape Architecture at the University of Washington

DNR during Sound cleanup operations. Mike successfully spearheaded

with a request: Would you be interested in developing a design for

efforts by WSA divers and the City of Des Moines to obtain $500,000

an artificial reef in Puget Sound? Yes, indeed! But why landscape

funding the Washington State Capitol Budget for construction of a new

architecture? Because, as Rus explained, in the design studio that he

artificial reef which would be developed in conjunction with removal of

took with Associate Professor Iain Robertson all those years ago he

old tires and other debris from the locale. Mike’s efforts resulted in a win

learned that landscape architects know how to design facilities that use

for divers, the city, Puget Sound marine life, and the Puyallup tribe who

art and design to explain science and that, he believed, was a crucial

harvest geoduck in the area.

ingredient to bring a potential artificial reef project to life.

The city of Des Moines, recognizing the value of recreational diving has

As a research and recreational diver and manager of the MaST Center,

installed on-shore facilities for divers and fishers and repaired the storm-

Rus has developed deep knowledge of the marine conditions at

damaged beach boardwalk. The city, and Des Moines Art Commission

Redondo Beach, a location considered to be one of the best recreation

led by Fred Andrews, was interested in making further improvements to

dive sites in Puget Sound. Through his pioneering work at MaST he has

diving and other facilities in the area.

assembled a team of teachers and researchers and which enhances the Redondo Beach location’s value as an educational as well as a recreational dive site.

`

Introduction

1

PROJECT PROCESS The success of these long and imaginative collaborations set the scene for seven talented graduate and undergraduate landscape architecture students and faculty Iain Robertson & Brooke Sullivan to work with the stakeholder groups on the project and so a UW Spring Quarter 2018 landscape architecture studio, The Octopus’s Garden Reef Studio, began. UW Landscape Architecture has a long history of successful collaborations with community groups and has developed plans and designs for diverse facilities throughout the region and beyond, but never an underwater reef. We were excited, but were we out of our depth? The imaginative but practical design ideas and proposals produced by the students indicate that they have risen to the challenge and developed an excellent design for the Redondo Reef. As is typical of our landscape architecture studios this report--detailing how others might successfully develop artificial reefs--adds, with a flourish, far more than our clients had expected from our class.

This report and our design drawings are a testament to the effectiveness of the design process we use in landscape architecture studios to engage actively with our clients, to bring in research expertise from across the university, to imagine and test different approaches to the problem, and to create products that elegantly serve the community and stretch the imagination. But most of all this work is a testament to the talent and efforts of the seven students in this studio Julia Brasch, Ellie Lange, Fatema Maswood, Darin Rosellini, Jess Vetrano, Malin WeissAnderson and Rachel Wells.

2

Redondo Beach Dive Site Master Plan

Introduction

3

II. BACKGROUND RESEARCH

GATHERING INFORMATION As landscape architecture students, we were not particularly familiar with the workings of the sea having spent most of our time designing upland sites. Therefore, this project required quite a bit of initial information gathering to help us get up to speed with marine science.

Beyond scouring the library and internet for books, journals, websites, and other resources, we also received conversational lectures from members of the MaST staff, professors from the University of Washington, and researchers from Friday Harbor, among others. We also attended several events that helped broaden our knowledge of marine systems.

MaST Center Kick Off Meeting At the beginning of May, we traveled down to the Redondo site to meet Rus Higley and the rest of the MaST staff, tour the site, and get answers

Nearshore Restoration in Puget Sound On April 7th, 2018, Dr. Tish Conway-Cranos of the Estuary and Salmon Restoration Program in the Department of Fish and Wildlife spoke to a group at MaST on ongoing restoration projects in the Salish Sea watershed. The lecture provided case studies of coastal dearmoring, restoration projects, and the role of sediment movement between freshwater and saltwater systems. We left with a stronger understanding of connections between ecological systems, and looking at the link between the nearby Redondo Creek and Puget Sound with a new sense of possibility.

Climate Science on Tap: Climate Change Impacts in Puget Sound

to some initial questions we had generated. They filled three, massive

In early April, a few of us attended an event hosted by Cascadia Climate

white boards with information in response to the fifty questions we

Action regarding the future of Puget Sound in the face of changing

sent to them, which offered a great starting point for us in moving our

climates. The event included three scientists who acted as panelists

investigation forward. We also were able to gather hundreds of photos

and provided overviews of their work combating the adverse ecological

of the existing site conditions, which helped us greatly when performing

effects of climate change before fielding audience questions. These

much of our analysis and design in Seattle.

scientists included Christopher Krembs, Iris Kemp, and Lynne Barre.

Background Research

5

Redondo Animal Identification Overview By mid-April we had established some initial ideas about types of species and habitat needs, but needed further guidance from the MaST experts. On Monday, April 16th, 2018 Jessica Lotz and Katy Kachmarik from the MaST center visited us in studio to discuss what species currently populate the Redondo reef. Within this discussion, Jess and Katy provided an overview of what habitat each species prefers, as well as which species they would like to prioritize in the new reef.

WSA Diver Meeting At the end of April, we attended a diver meeting with members of Map from WSA Diver Meeting

Washington Scuba Alliance. At this meeting, we gathered substantial information regarding the existing conditions of the site, and were able to get feedback about some of our initial ideas for the future reef design. A major outcome of this meeting was an accurate site map to work off of for the existing reef structures, underwater systems, and other relevant information. We also were granted a better understanding of which types of new reef structures would be best for diver needs. The informationfilled map that was generated in collaboration with the divers from this event is included to the left.

6

Redondo Beach Dive Site Master Plan

Friday Harbor Visit On Saturday, April 21st, 2018 we took the ferry from Anacortes to Friday Harbor, Washington in order to visit the University of Washington’s Friday Harbor Laboratories. These labs host both faculty and researchers from across the globe to study marine ecosystems. This visit allowed us to test the knowledge we had gathered thus far against experts in oceanography, nearshore and deep-sea ecology, bull kelp ecosystems, and many others.

We also were able to observe how many different types of materials support marine life, which inspired many of the materiality decisions we made when designing the final reef and are displayed to the right.

Based on what we observed and learned at Friday Harbor Labs, our understanding that the best form for supporting maximum marine life includes complex, textured surfaces with many ‘hidey holes’ was confirmed. We also gained an understanding of how tidal flows might

Images of Material Observations from Friday Harbor

influence our reef site.

Background Research

7

Puyallup Tribe Meeting

American Construction Company Visit

We attended a meeting with WSA members, a Puyallup Tribe Shellfish

After studying reef organisms and requirements and brainstorming, we

Biologist, and a Water Quality Planner/Project Manager at King County’s

visited American Construction Company in Tacoma, the contractor for

Land and Water Resources Division to discuss the Poverty Bay and

Saltwater State Park, to better understand how underwater features

Redondo Creek water quality concerns of these stakeholders. We

were constructed and what types of things added cost. This trip helped

learned that the tribe shellfish biologist was primarily concerned with

us propose design strategies that are realistically within our budget.

impaired water quality at the site because shellfishing is often closed

The budget available does not account for as much structure as would

6 months a year due to bacteria levels, and the water quality planner

be ideal for diving and habitat maximization, so we are recommending

was concerned about both the level of sediment and bacteria being

augmenting rock with reclaimed, inert materials like precast concrete,

contributed by the creek. This meeting made clear to us the importance

shoreline riprap, and quarry discards, which also aid in wayfinding,

of addressing the stream and its contribution to the water quality of

making distinctive dive features, and is environmentally conscientious.

the area in our design proposal, and inspired us to think about ways of addressing water quality that could result in multiple benefits for all stakeholders.

8

Redondo Beach Dive Site Master Plan

VISUALIZING FINDINGS As designers, we understand things best visually. Therefore, to make sense of all of the background information, we decided to make a series of graphics that illustrate the complex biological and social systems we have been studying. These graphics are also intended to serve as educational materials for the MaST center, which will help explain these DIVER EXPERIENCE DIAGRAM LA 503 || Reef Studio systems to the general public, making them part of the reef project as

Diver Experience Figure 1 is intended to summarize all of the information we have gathered about what affects a diver’s underwater experience, as well as what policies are in place to dictate how and where reef structures can be placed.

3950 University Way NE, Seattle, WA 98105

well. jvetrano@uw.edu

Figure 1. Diver Experience MaST Pier +12 high tide 0 mean lower low tide

5-15’ summer visibility 30-40’ winter visibility

20’ minimum distance between structure + surface

-3 low tide

15’ maximum structure height

under -90’ is aphotic/ “no sunlight” zone

50’ minimum distance between structures

under -60’ beginner recreational diving zone

under -130’ advanced recreational diving zone

Background Research

9

Figure 2. Species Depths + Substrates

0 Cockles

Mud Snail

Geoduck

Sand Dollar

Olympia Oyster

Pacific Oyster

Barnacle

Sea Urchin

Nudibranch

Mussel

Sea Cucumber

Wolf Eel

Giant Pacific Octopus

Abalone

Gunnel

Anenome

Red Octopus

30

Rockfish species

Bull Kelp

Juvenile Salmon

20

Juvenile Herring

10

40 50 60 70 80 90

D E P T H

6 - 90

100

10 - 100 ft

200

ft

300

0-300

0 - 300 ft

0 - 350

400 500 600

0 -600

0 -600

0 - 600

700 0-740

800 900

Puget Sound Max. Depth = 928 ft

EELGRASS 10

+

+

Redondo Beach Dive Site Master Plan

ROCKY

+

+

SANDY//

Human Diver

Salmon

Human Diver

SalmonHake Pacific

Pacific Hake

River Otter

Halibut

Pacific Market Squid

Pacific Market Squid

unknown

a given species may be found within, while its location along the x axis indicates the type of environment it is typically found in.

California Sea Lion

California Sea Lion

0 -600

River Otter

Sixgill Shark

Sixgill Shark

Shrimp species

Shrimp species

corresponds to the range of depths

Stubby Squid

Stubby Squid

0 -600

nearshore and marine ecosystems within Puget Sound. Length of line

0 -330

80-500

0 -600

Figure 2 visualizes key species of

30-300 0 -330

0 -600

Halibut

Harbor Seal

Harbor Seal

Orca

Orca Herring

Herring Jellyfish

Jellyfish

Dungeness Crab

Dungeness Crab

Clams

Clams

Sculpin

Sea Stars

Sculpin

Sea Stars

Cockles

Cockles

Mud Snail

Mud Snail

Geoduck

30-300

Species Depths + Substrates

80-500

unknown 0 -650

0 - 700

0 -650

0 - 700

66-900

66-900

+

SANDY/ SANDY/ /MUDDY /MUDDY

+

+

+

+

+

+

+

+

++

+

OPEN OPEN WATER WATER Background Research

11

Figure 3. Food Web of Common Redondo Species

SEA LIONS

SALMON

SHINER PERCH ROCKFISH

FOOD WEB OF COMMON REDONDO SPECIES

SEALS

SIXGILL SHARK

STUBBY SQUID FLOUNDER

GUNNEL

SEA ANEMONE

SCULPIN

GIANT PACIFIC OCTOPUS

RED ROCK CRAB DUNGENESS CRAB

WORMS

SHRIMP

CLAMS

WOLF EEL

LINGCOD

KELP CRAB

SEA STARS

SMALLER SEA STARS

BARNACLES SEA URCHINS

MUSSELS

MACRO-ALGAE ZOO-PLANKTON

DIRECT FOOD CONNECTIONS

PREDATOR

INDIVIDUAL FOOD CONNECTIONS

INFLUENTIAL SPECIES

PREY PHYTOPLANKTON

12

Redondo Beach Dive Site Master Plan

LA 503 II Reef Studio 3950 University Way NE, Seattle, WA jvetrano@uw.edu

Food Web

Habitat Renderings

The food web displayed in Figure 3 illustrates the species that are

Figure 4 and Figure 5 are illustrations of marine life, and indicate

currently in Redondo along with species that we want to emphasize in

relationships between species living within four different habitats

our reef design. Many of the listed species are diver favorites and divers

present in the area surrounding the artificial reef. Marine plant and

want to see more of these species in the reef. This food web shows the

animal life is interdependent and shaped by the edges and interactions

feeding relationships within a community of Redondo species and how

of benthic and pelagic substrates and species. The goals of the reef

they relate to each other. If the circle is larger with more rings, it means

are to support the rich life of Puget Sound’s nearshore ecology with an

that it is an influential species in the web and without it, the ecosystem

emphasis on smaller organisms.

would be extremely different. The solid lines are main food sources while the dotted lines are secondary food sources for those species. While this food web emphasizes important connections within the Redondo ecosystem, it only illustrates a small quantity of life in the area and it doesn’t cover all connections throughout Redondo for reasons of clarity and complexity.

Megafauna Near Redondo Kelp and sandy habitat in Redondo host a dynamic community of larger species. Kelp habitat provides places for species to live and a place for them to feed. The edge condition between sandy and kelp habitat offer diversity for species like fish, crab and eels to both live and feed.

Smaller Life + Meiofauna Near Redondo Larger rock, gravel, and sandy habitat host a variety of the smaller life that dive sites around Redondo are known for. An artificial rocky reef with a high degree of 3D complexity creates textured habitat, attracting meiofauna that then attract megafauna.

Background Research

13

Figure 4. Megafauna Near Redondo Reef

MEGAFAUNA NEAR REDONDO

Kelp Crab

Rock Fish

Salmon Juvenile Salmon

Sea Star Lorem ipsum

Wolf Eel Sea Urchin

Sculpin Dungeness Crab Flounder

Lingcod

KELP & ROCK HABITAT 14

Redondo Beach Dive Site Master Plan

SAND HABITAT

PaciďŹ c Sand Lance

Figure 5. Smaller Life + Meiofauna Near Redondo Reef

Phytoplankton

Mussels Sea Lettuce Turkish Towel

Acorn Barnacles

Hydroid

ROCKY HABITAT

Giant Acorn Barnacle

Plumose Anenome

Sea Pen

Gunnel Nudibranch

Sea Star SANDY HABITAT Background Research

15

ANALYZING REEF PRECEDENTS It is important to understand what has already been done and learn from other’s successes and failures rather than starting from scratch.

Therefore, we spent time at the beginning of this process researching and collecting examples of places where artificial reefs have been installed elsewhere throughout the world.

Notable things we discovered when researching these precedents were that there are few, if any, examples of artificial reefs being constructed from completely natural materials; many examples incorporate aspects of art, often using artist-designed pieces for the actual structures; and many of the reef designs exist in warmer climates.

The following precedents are representative of the projects that provided us with the most inspiration for our own reef design process.

Reef Design Lab Melbourne, Australia, www.reefdesigab.com Modular Artificial Reef Structure: 3D printed reef structures designed for coral reef restoration.

Eco Engineering: Complex textured seawall tiles, digitally-designed, used in habitat restoration and wave attenuation.

16

Redondo Beach Dive Site Master Plan

Bull Kelp Restoration Project

Isla Mujeres Underwater Museum

Hornby Island, British Columbia

Isla Mujeres, Cancun, Mexico

Nile Creek Enhancement Society in British Columbia is experimenting

This underwater museum was created by Jaime Gonzalez Cano, the

with recolonizing Bull Kelp (Nereocystis luetkeana) by collecting sori

director of the national Marine Park, to help the reef recover from the

(reproductive structures) from wild kelp and growing them in their lab to

negative impacts of pollution, over-fishing, and global warming.

gametophyte stage. Sporophytes are then grown on string, which divers wrap around an experimental pipe lattice. This method is still being developed, but shows great promise, as transplanted kelp have started to reproduce and recolonize the structure.

The project is composed of 500 permanent sculptures made from ocean-safe materials. These represent an interesting incorporation of art and artificial reef design.

Background Research

17

Alabama Gulf Coast Artificial Reef Project

Suan Olan Artificial Reef + Dive Site

Alabama, U.S.A., AL Dept. of Conservation’s Marine Resources Division,

This diver training site utilized pre-built concrete components to

U.S. Army Corps of Engineers

construct an interactive dive site including large rings for swim throughs,

Alabama has one of largest artificial reef programs in the world. While

buoyancy rings, and structures to encourage diverse marine life.

new structures are typically limestone aggregate or oyster shells, in

The Island of Koh Tao received assistance from the Thai Department of

the past, obsolete battle tanks, cars, culverts, and concrete bridge

Marine and Coastal Resources for funding and construction.

rubble among others were intentionally sunk to become artificial reef structure. There are a total of 30 inshore fishing reefs, five of which are experimental dual-purpose sites, providing excellent inshore fishing while improving oyster production on nonproductive relict oyster reefs.

In addition, seven gas production platforms have been enhanced with limestone rock attracting fish pads.

18

Redondo Beach Dive Site Master Plan

Koh Tao, Thailand

ESTABLISHING GOALS We established the following Mission Statement, Goals, and Objectives

»» Goal 3: Incorporate capacity for data collection and citizen science

in coordination in collaboration with our clients and other participants at

»» Objective 1: Establish transects

the interim design charrette to help guide our design process.

»» Objective 2: Perform freshwater quality sampling design

Mission Statement The Redondo Beach Dive Site will enhance permeability between

»» Objective 3: Test a variety of materials for viability in use of future reefs »» Goal 4: Engage wider Des Moines community through arts, education,

upland and underwater environments by creating opportunities for

other socio-cultural enhancements

public recreation, shoreline access, and environmental integrity while

»» Objective 1: Activate seawall through the incorporation of ADA

incorporating stakeholder needs and desires through the design of an artificial reef and associated upland improvements.

Goals »» Goal 1: Maximize diver experience »» Objective 1: Designate as official dive site through DNR »» Objective 2: Provide on-shore amenities (bathrooms, showers, seating, staging area, access)

accessibility, seating, other public uses »» Objective 2: Designate locations for community-designed art »» Goal 5: Propose a cost-effective, implementable reef design »» Objective 1: Seek bids under $250,000 »» Objective 2: Utilize recycled materials over quarry rock where possible »» Objective 3: Encourage community participation in construction process where possible

»» Objective 3: Establish diving routes for beginner, intermediate, advanced divers »» Goal 2: Maximize habitat diversity, particularly for targeted species »» Objective 1: Integrate complexity in reef materiality »» Objective 2: Create habitat for targeted species (wolf eel, octopus, chinook, rockfish, bull kelp, etc.) »» Objective 3: Improve water quality via targeted design interventions (e.g. rain gardens, stream daylighting, etc.)

Background Research

19

III. S ITE ANALYSIS

Figure 6. Salish Sea Context

SITE CONTEXT

Salish Sea + Surrounding Basin

Salish Sea Context The Salish Sea is an inland sea and network of coastal waterways including the southwestern edge of British Columbia in Canada and the northwestern corner of Washington in the U.S. A bi-national unified marine ecosystem, it is one of the largest and most biologically rich inland seas in the world. As human populations in the sea’s drainage

Desolation Sound

basin have increased, the health of this ecosystem has been impacted, especially marine water quality and marine species population health.

Str ait of Ge org ia

St

ra

it o

f J ua

n de Fuca

Puget Sound

SITE

ModiďŹ ed from: Map of Salish Sea & Surrounding Basin, Stefan Freelan, WWU, 2009

Site Analysis

21

e uff

South Puget Sound Context

Creek Shed

r

Seattle

Redondo Creek Basin

Redondo Beach Dive Site is located in the southeastern corner of Puget

SEACREST PARK

1 m i

le

b

Figure 7. South Puget Sound Context

Sound. It is in the City of Des Moines in King County, Washington. Figure 7 is meant to illustrate its proximity to other existing and proposed dive

Impervious Surface

sites in the area, as well as where all of the nearby dive shops are. Three call out illustrations set to a one mile buffer provide context regarding

Redondo Creek

the Redondo Creek-shed, the road classifications surrounding the site, and the topography and the bathymetry of the area.

er

le

b

Road Class

uff

Interstate

1 m i

Major Arterial SALTWATER STATE PARK

Renton

Watershed Context Figure 8 depicts the existing conditions of the freshwater and estuarine

Burien

environment around the dive site. Stormwater discharge outfalls,

Sea Tac

Local

and points at which the creek is culverted, preventing fish passage,

Minor Arterial

e uff

r

Topography

Washington Department of Fish and Wildlife, Redondo and Cold Creek

Tukwila

Puget Sound

have historically supported populations of coho salmon. The textured

1 m ile

b

are identified with pink and red circles, respectively. According to the

white overlay on Redondo Creek and Poverty Bay indicate its status as

Des Moines

a Category 5 stream under the Washington Department of Ecology’s

Kent

50’ Contours

Water Quality Assessment and 303(d) list. Category 5 indicates “polluted

SITE

waters requiring a water quality improvement project.” This listing is primarily for bacteria levels. Sea level rise projection data is courtesy of Climate Central, an independent organization of leading scientists and

Auburn Federal Way

journalists researching and reporting the facts about climate change and

LES DAVIS STAIRS

TITLOW BEACH

its impact on the public.

LEGEND Dive Shop/School Proposed/Existing Reef + Dive Site

Tacoma

Central Puget Sound Watershed

SUNNYSIDE BEACH

22

Redondo Beach Dive Site Master Plan

0

0.75

1.5

3 Miles

°

Figure 8. Watershed Context LEGEND Dive Site Boundary Redondo Creek basin boundary Des Moines City boundary Stormwater discharge point Culvert, total ďŹ sh blockage Coho salmon presence (presumed) Polluted waters (bacteria) requring Improvement Project (WA Dept. of Ecology)

Existing shoreline Approx. water level: 2 ft sea level rise Approx. water level: 8 ft sea level rise Approx. water level: 16 ft sea level rise Streams Ephemeral Streams

Ba

y

Lake/wetland

Category 5 Impaired Waterbody

t

y

r ve

Po

ndo Cre e k Redo

Approx. water level: 16 ft sea level rise Approx. water level: 8 ft sea level rise Approx. water level: 2 ft sea level rise

ree ld C Co

k

0.1

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8 Miles

Steel L a ke

Site Analysis

23

110

Figure 9. Site Analysis

28

0T

H

190 180

8T

S

ST

H AV E S

1S

T

ST

15

0 180

28

VE S 1 0T H A

S

70

80 9TH

9TH

PL

AVE

S

S

180 170

8TH S

13 0

AVE

160 150 0 14 120

RED OND

2N

D

ST

110 10 0

28

50

R S CH D

S

90 80 60

A O BE

40 120

WOOTON PARK

20

SALTY’S PARKING LOT

30

SALTY’S RESTAURANT

90

10

MaST CENTER & AQUARIUM

10

130

10

17 0

R E D O N D O WA Y S

CITY OF DES MOINES PARKING LOT

LEGEND Stairs

VI

EW

Current Dive Lines

Low/High Tide

90

0 -12

Stormwater Outfalls Beginner Diver Depths

110

-70

0 -14

0 -13

SO UN S D

Site Boundary

Stormwater Stream Sea Grass

120 100

80

d Transition

0 13

BOAT LAUNCH

0 -11

Stream

-90

-100

ver Depths

DR

10

-80

Outfalls

Pedestrian Walkway Parcels

100

200 Feet

Noted Dive Features

170

Redondo Beach Dive Site Master Plan

Redondo Underwater River

160

50

150 140

S 283RD ST

0

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24

Gravel-Sand Transition

60

Features

50

°

nderwater River

180

Walkway

SEASONAL BATHHOUSE REDONDO BEACH PIER

70

ide

60

ary

0

-10 -20 -30 -40 -50 -60

ve Lines

120 100

SITE ANALYSIS Figure 9 illustrates existing conditions and features both on land and in the water related to diving. The map also shows the existing dive lines that connect to the many existing dive features identified by the local dive community. Existing upland dive amenities currently only includes parking and a seasonal bathroom and shower facility. As indicated by the red circles, there are also many stormwater outfalls that feed into Puget Sound in this location, which highlights how connected the aquatic systems are with those happening upland.

This information is overlayed with the proposed boundary of the new rocky reef to illustrate what portions of the existing site will be altered moving forward. In addition to the creation of rocky reef material, key areas of interest in creating a new dive site are water access, diver amenities, protection of eelgrass (Zostera marina L.) and nearshore vegetation, and the improvement of water quality.

The following pages include imagery of the existing conditions at Redondo Beach, both underwater and on shore.

Site Analysis

25

Sunken, disintegrated VW Beetle frame (top left), dashboard (bottom left), and axle (right) (Images courtesy of Randy Williams)

Sunken Pipe Boat (Image courtesy of Randy Williams)

26

Redondo Beach Dive Site Master Plan

Sunken Tires (Image courtesy of Randy Williams)

Existing Access Point Over Sea Wall

Existing Staircase Used To Access Reef

MaST Center and Aquarium

Existing Buried Redondo Creek Outfall

Existing Buried Redondo Creek Drain

Existing Gazebo at Wooton Park

Existing Boat Launch and Fishing Pier

Existing Crosswalks leading to MaST Center From Parking Lot

Existing Gazebo at Wooton Park

Site Analysis

27

IV. MATERIALITY

Cu RECYCLED, REPURPOSED, RECLAIMED, AND AMENDED We propose diverting waste stream stone and concrete to construct the majority of the structure. The reef will primarily utilize rip-rap from seawall de-armoring, discarded cast concrete structures, and temporary materials.

Budget that would have gone towards purchasing mined quarry stone can be redirected to some purpost-built cast structures made with ocean-safe, eco-friendly concrete.

Reclaimed Rip Rap

DIGITAL EXPLORATIONS

Culverts

Culverts

Recycled, Re-purposed, Reclaimed, + Amended We propose diverting waste stream stone and concrete to construct the majority of the structure. The reef will primarily utilize rip-rap from seawall de-armoring, discarded cast concrete structures, and temporary materials. Budget that would have gone towards purchasing mined quarry stone can be redirected to some purpose-built cast structures made with ocean-safe, eco-friendly concrete. Examples of how reclaimed rip rap and culverts, both at the time of implementation and once life has established are displayed above.

Materiality

29

Textured Concrete

Attach to smooth concrete surfae to add structure.

Re-purposed concrete, as displayed to the left, can be manipulated for 3-dimensional complexity, as it can be too smooth for successful habitat formation without additional texturing. Possibilities are breaking, drilling

Perforated surface with holes of many sizes, encouraging diverse habitat.

holes, and surface amendments to expose aggregate. Materials from seawall de-armoring include a mix of granite, basalt and concrete. Stone surfaces can also be amended by texturing, drilling holes, and inserting temporary materials, such as wood, that will create habitat as they decay.

Textured Concrete

Repurposed concrete can be manipulated for 3-dimensional complexity, as it can be too smooth for successful habitat formation without additional texturing. Possibilities are breaking, drilling holes, and surface amendments to expose aggregate.

Materials from seawall de-armoring include a mix of granite, basalt and concrete. Stone surfaces can also be amended by texturing, drilling holes, and inserting temporary materials, such as wood, that will create habitat as they decay..

Amended + Purpose Built The images to the right display what amended or purpose built materials could look like, both broadly and in detail. Inexpensive reclaimed concrete can become more viable habitat with surface texturing.

Magnesium Oxide Concrete, while more expensive than Portland Concrete is an order of magnitude stronger, more light-weight, and carbon-sequestering, to list only at few of its benefits. The material is ocean-safe and does not leach lime. Materials like glass can be cast in place in the material with a lower likelihood of shrinkage during the curing process, inexpensively adding textural richness.

Textured Concrete Detail

Textured Concrete

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Redondo Beach Dive Site Master Plan

Ocean-Safe MagOx Concrete Repurposed catch-basin with seed tile surface texturing

Cast 3D Seed Tiles Cast 3D Seed Tiles Detail

Inexpensive reclaimed concrete can become more viable habitat with surface texturing.

Glass bottles are both an abundant waste stream product and a desirable habitat for many smaller organisms

Ocean-Safe MagOxwhile Concrete Magnesium Oxide Concrete, more expensive than Portland Concrete is an order of magnitude stronger, more light-weight, and carbon-sequestering, to list only at few of its beneďŹ ts.

The material is ocean-safe and does not leach lime.

Attach to smooth Materials like glass can be cast in place in the concrete surfaematerial to with a lower likelihood of shrinkage during the curing process, inexpensively adding textural add structure. richness.

Perforated surface with holes of many sizes, encouraging diverse habitat.

Mixed Materials: Concrete + Seed Tile

Materiality

31

PHYSICAL EXPLORATIONS In order to explore the potential for casting as a way to generate complex forms, we created three small casts using plaster and a selection of natural materials. Our intention in using natural materials is that they will inevitably decompose when placed underwater. While they remain, they will provide habitat and nutrients to marine species, and once they decompose the marine habitat will expand due to the crevices that once surrounded each natural feature.

While the models we created were of a very small scale, there are meant to just be representative of the forms this type of fabrication can create.

We imagine that the actual installations would be much larger, and that they could be tiled to cover unused manholes or other recycled forms.

The natural content of all of these materials would conform with the strict guidelines set forth by the DNR, and pose no danger to the marine life that would inhabit each form.

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Redondo Beach Dive Site Master Plan

Materiality

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V. REEF DESIGN

DEVELOPING INITIAL CONCEPTS Following a period of background research, including site analyses, material studies and expert interviews, we proposed individual concepts for reef improvements. A selection of these design concepts are provided to the right.

In general, the conceptual designs we presented explored how structural and material complexity create desired habitat for a range of biological life and improved the diver experiences. More specifically, several proposed options explored the provision of natural and artificial forms, and diver circulation patterns. Additionally, several designs explored mixing rigid rock with found, reclaimed, reused or recycled materials.

These initial concepts were free flowing, and did not find themselves bound by the parameters of budget. We were free to explore broad sweeping changes that would enhance the reef in both the near and longer term. Thus, explorations into the role of runoff from Redondo Creek, and the potential for the reef to serve as a source of biological life and to mitigate impacts of global change began to appear in the discussions. From several of these big ideas came three more refined proposals that were explored more fully for the mid-term charrette.

Reef Design

35

Figure 10. Alternative 1: Twelve Piles

Figure 11. Alternative 2: Circular Arrangement

MaST Center

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Redondo Beach Dive Site Master Plan

Figure 12. Alternative 3: Linear Arrangement

INTERIM CHARRETTE For the charrette we presented three design schemes. One represented the initial plans for the reef that involved the placement of twelve rock piles (Figure 10), and two alternatives that we developed which introduced a circular scheme (Figure 11) and a linear scheme (Figure 12). The schemes we created were formed separately in two teams of three people. The intent of presenting three alternatives to the associated stakeholders was to establish a hybridized version to push forward that was based in the goals of those who would actually be implementing and using the reef.

For the design charrette we asked people from the diver community, city of Des Moines, Scuba Alliance, art commission and many others to attend to help narrow down our plans to move forward. We decided to combine parts of both schemes to have circular diving paths with linear piles. The conversation moved towards materiality and what materials we were looking at utilizing in our designs instead of just using rock for our structures. Our charrette team proposed recycled and ceramic materials which were well received and highly considered with our visitors. We were left with good ideas to move forward with to inform our final design. Everyone left the design charrette enthusiastic, excited about our work and wanting more.

Images of the Design Charrette Team

Reef Design

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Figure 13. Proposed Master Plan -50

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Figure 14. Sections of Proposed Master Plan

Figure 15. Reef Structural Features

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Repurposed Concrete, Textured + Amended with Cast Surfacing

2 CIRCULAR ROUTES

REEF MASTER PLAN This reef master plan was derived from what was developed in the initial

to aid in wayfinding while creating a variety of route opportunities. At

stages and then tested at the interim charrette. It represents a hybridized shallower depths, materials are smaller to support a larger array of version of the alternatives we presented at the charrette, carrying

marine life but the structures themselves are of larger footprints. As you

forward the most successful ideas to create our preferred master plan.

move deeper and construction costs increase, structures are made of

Our main idea with this plan is the creation of complex, linear structures

larger materials and the structures compose smaller footprints.

that support a diversity of marine species while creating an exciting diver experience. These linear structures are placed in a circular arrangement

As shown in Figure 15, the structures are composed to assist with Reef Design

39

wayfinding. Each destination is intended to have a distinct theme and/

Bull kelp restoration is also a proposed component of this master plan.

or scale so each reef area is unique and identifiable. The “arms” of

There are several methods to consider with bull kelp restoration, which

each structure work as directional indicators, guiding divers to the

include:

next structure along the designated route. The structures are arranged

»» Seeding ropes in an area known to have bull kelp - San Juan Islands,

in overlapping circular routes, which together form a system of clear routes that provide safe and directive guidelines for a rich and varied diving experience.

Depending on how materials are procured and when adequate funding is available, these structures can be laid out in a variety of ways to accommodate client desires. Two of these arrangements can be seen in Figure 16.

Figure 16. Route Alternatives

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Redondo Beach Dive Site Master Plan

among others »» Collaboration with Puget Sound Restoration Fund or other restoration organizations and experts »» Student/citizen designed and monitored restoration efforts on which studies and papers might be published.

Figure 17. View of Potential Shallow Depth Reef Structures

ILLUSTRATIVE PERSPECTIVE IMAGES

A

To help visualize what the future reef might look like, we developed a series of perspective images that illustrate reef conditions at a variety of depths. The included views are displayed on the site plan in Figure 13, and represent what structures might look like at shallow (Figure 17), intermediate (Figure 18), and deep (Figure 19) depths, as well as how one of the connections might be formed (Figure 20).

It is important to remember that the exact materials for these reef structures have yet to be procured. Therefore, the views displayed in the following graphics will not look exactly the same as the future dive site.

They do, however, display the reuse of many recycled forms, an aspect we do hope is retained when the site plans are implemented.

Shallow Perspective This vision of the reef (Figure 17) shows what a diving experience might look like in 5-10 years with bull kelp restoration. It is also a chance to imagine how reclaimed materials can be used for wayfinding and naturalistic design features. This scenario uses a reclaimed manhole, rip rap, and basalt scraps to create a unique diving feature that still utilizes a majority of natural rock.

Intermediate Perspective This view imagines what a reef structure composed of a combination of reuse concrete rubble, concrete catch basins, and basalt columns may look like after several years underwater. A variety of sizes of recycled Reef Design

41

Figure 18. View of Potential Intermediate Depth Reef Structures

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Redondo Beach Dive Site Master Plan

Figure 19. View of Potential Deep Reef Structures

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Reef Design

43

Figure 20. View of Potential Connector Reef Structures

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Redondo Beach Dive Site Master Plan

concrete material serve to create interstitial spaces of various sizes, establishing habitat for a wide range of Puget Sound marine life. Basalt columns are an example of a distinctive structural component that could serve as wayfinding to divers of the site.

Deep Perspective Figure 19 displays how the reef structure might look in the deepest portion of the site. This view incorporates recycled bottles from the existing bottle field, which is currently at a very similar depth, as part of a vertical structure which could be created from a reclaimed man hole or other similar structure. Materials used at this depth are larger to support larger marine life while the footprint of the structure is smaller.

Connector Structure Perspective Figure 20 displays a view of the reef is a transition point between reef structures using reclaimed manholes that have a texture applied to the surface to create different habitat spaces. This transition piece acts as wayfinding for divers to locate the next reef structure while also supplying habitat for divers to enjoy.

Reef Design

45

46

Redondo Beach Dive Site Master Plan

PHYSICAL MODEL We developed a physical, three dimensional model of the Redondo Beach Dive Site and our proposed reef structures to help people understand how the site feels without having to be a registered diver.

As a result, this model will serve as an excellent educational tool for the MaST Center to use to describe marine life and diver experiences. Some images of this model are included above.

Reef Design

47

VI. U PLAND OPPORTUNITIES

CONSIDERING UPLAND IMPACTS As designers, we are attuned to the connections between systems. At the Redondo reef site, we found that a strong design integrating diver experience, ecological health, and habitat restoration necessitated exploring how waterfront and freshwater creeks meet Poverty Bay to create a complex, interdependent ecosystem. We expanded our study area beyond the reef site to assess water quality issues and the ongoing effects of climate change as important factors in the site’s future.

Based on our observations, we arrived at three scales of interventions, from a low-impact option that integrates a variety of green stormwater infrastructure into the existing waterfront, to an intensive approach that takes climate modeling for sea level rise into account, identifying areas of concern and proposing a framework plan.

While these proposals are suggestions for a later phase of the project, we believe that seriously considering environmental impacts and the effects of climate change along the waterfront and upland area surrounding Redondo Beach are significant aspects of designing a reef and caring for the marine life in Poverty Bay.

Watershed Connections Redondo Creek emerges as a trickle (top right) or a roar (bottom right) from a culvert beneath the boardwalk at Redondo Beach. The stream, piped for a short length beneath paved streets, parking lots, and the

Redondo Creek Spilling into Puget Sound as a Trickle (top) or a Roar (bottom)

boardwalk, is only one suggestion of the larger watershed and complex systems that Poverty Bay and the dive site at Redondo are embedded in.

Upland Opportunities

49

• Will be a multi-functional public space • Brings public awareness to local waterways • Simulates natural function to restore creek function, but protect city infrastructure Lexington is using a public-private partnership model to fund, construct, and maintain this future town asset

UPLAND PRECEDENT ANALYSIS To understand how Redondo Beach might respond to future potential issues, such as increased pressures from human development and sea level rise, we looked at the following precedents to guide our proposed upland opportunities. The first two precedents are long-range planning

5/25/2018

initiatives implemented by other cities that are dealing with the same future issues as Des Moines.

Town Branch Commons, Lexington, Kentucky Town Branch Commons is a daylighting project for Town Branch Creek that: »» Will be a multi-functional public space »» Brings public awareness to local waterways »» Simulates natural function to restore creek function, but protect city infrastructure Lexington is using a public-private partnership model to fund, construct, Images and design by SCAPE

Images and design by SCAPE

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Redondo Beach Dive Site Master Plan

and maintain this future town asset.

Coastal Resilience Solutions For Boston Boston is implementing a sea level rise strategy that includes: »» Phased construction to address financial and functional constraints »» Raised, but floodable public spaces to preserve real estate and add public resources »» Some areas with naturalized coastlines and some with sea walls to direct water to prepared spaces The East Boston Resilience strategy is part of several wider Boston initiatives to make the city more climate ready including Imagine Boston 2030 and Go Boston 2030

Images From: Coastal Resilience Solutions For East Boston And Charlestown Report

Upland Opportunities

51

Individual Site Strategies

1

INTERTIDAL ZONE

Intertidal Zone

2

The following five precedents represent individual site strategies for cost effective, multi-functional solutions in response to sea level rise.

Incorporating aspects of these precedents in the upland of Redondo Beach are essential in preparing the area for the unimaginable.

Figure 21 displays the consequences of projected sea level rise intervals on the Redondo Beach area. The current Redondo seawall is indicated for reference.

Nisqually National Wildlife Refuge, South Puget Sound

Curl Cur

Restored intertidal ecologies • Provide many opportunities for quality public recreation • Absorb large amounts of water and provide a cushion against storm surges • Improve water quality • Provide important habitat for nearshore organisms including salmon, eelgrass, and orcas • Both partial and full coastline restoration provide extensive benefits and may cost less than traditional sea walls

Shorelin changin damag • Gradu and spr • Can s • Conta prevent • Larger benefic

For more information see: Coastal Hazards Resilience Network Puget Sound Nearshore Ecosystem Recovery Project Shore Friendly King County’s Strategic Climate Action Plan

Figure 21. Projected Sea Level Rise

Mean Tides

Extende the Pug attracti

For more State of K Preparin Integrate Puget So

2018 rise: 0’ Mean Tides

Current

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Redondo Beach Dive Site Master Plan

5WATERSHED WATERSHED WATERSHED WATERSHED 333NEARSHORE 3NEARSHORE 4COASTAL NEARSHORE NEARSHORE SPACES SPACES SPACES SPACES 444 COASTAL COASTAL COASTAL TERRACING TERRACING TERRACING TERRACING555

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Coastal Terracing

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Figure 22. Upland Concept Phase One

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The first phase of the upland redevelopment responds to the lack of walkability, the high traffic speeds, and the aging and insufficient diver amenities, while also setting up the basis of a system aimed at improving water quality feeding into Puget Sound.

We are proposing a new, raised boardwalk be installed north of the MaST Center and Salty’s to enhance the pedestrian environment and

Non-Infiltrating Raingarden Feeding Into Existing Sewer System

slow traffic speeds, while introducing ADA access across the seawall.

An important feature is the creation of a bioretention buffer between

Section of Proposed Boardwalk

the traffic lanes and the stormwater drains. This buffer would act to

Clear Panels in Boardwalk to Light Plants Below

clean stormwater runoff prior to feeding into the existing sewer system.

It would also enhance the aesthetics of the area and create further

ADA Ramp

separation between vehicle and pedestrian traffic. This intervention

Raingarden Plantings

would not alter the seawall in any way, and simply builds around it.

Deep Bench

Other proposed interventions of this phase include: Stairs

»» Bioretention areas installed within the existing park and parking lot without altering existing amenities »» Year-round shower and bathroom facilities at the existing bathhouse

Plan of Proposed Boardwalk

B

»» Benches installed within the parking lot »» Historic dive bell installed within the parking lot »» Secure gear cage installed on beach

Rain Garden in Wooton Park by Gazebo

Upland Opportunities

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Figure 23. Upland Concept Phase Two 90

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UPLAND PHASE TWO The long term phase for Redondo Beach redesign offer future constraints and opportunities for the City of Des Moines. Our goals in this longer term phase are to enable a healthier water ecology for people and other life to enjoy both under and above water, while preserving infrastructure capital and property to the extent possible using current scientific projections of the future environment.

»» Connect the rain gardens installed in Phase 1 as a method of stream daylighting for Redondo Creek »» Assist in restoration of salmon in Redondo Creek to the extent possible »» Repaint the parking lot at Salty’s to preserve the number of spaces, despite some stream daylighting there

Notable design features and intentions:

»» Connect natural spaces along the water and in the park to be a more cohesive and desirable recreation space for Des Moines

»» Install diver showers in the parking area »» Create a more natural and less damaging sea wall using vegetation, terracing, berms, and wave breaks to allow water into areas that can be flooded to protect areas where flooding would cause damage

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Upland Opportunities

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Figure 24. Upland Long Term Possibilities

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Source: Esri, DigitalGlobe, GeoEye, Earthstar Geographics, CNES/Airbus DS, USDA, USGS, AeroGRID, IGN,

UPLAND LONG TERM POSSIBILITIES This concept, which engages long-term sea level rise projections

depicted in tan and green. These help to attenuate and absorb incoming

for what the Poverty Bay coast can expect to see within 200 years,

fluxes of water from the bay, in addition to cleaning freshwater runoff

responds to the inevitable threat of land and property encroachment

draining into Poverty Bay via the stream. This vision also includes

by the sea. The black dotted line indicates projections for where the

the concept of flood-adapted park spaces, a solution that has been

shoreline may be given 8 feet of sea level rise, currently projected for

proposed by innovative landscape architects for various scenarios and

around 2170, while the gray dotted line indicates projections for where

locations. Flood-adapted park spaces could take the form of terraces

the shoreline could be given 16 feet of sea level rise, currently projected

at a higher elevation, overlooking the floodplain and stream, that allow

for sometime after 2200. While a heightened seawall to keep the

for recreational use as parkland while also functioning as a flood buffer

water away represents a short-term solution, it is one that will become

for higher-elevation development. In very large storm or flood events,

impossible to maintain in the long term as storm surges increase in size,

the floodplain could become inundated, and the park space would act

quantity, and intensity.

as an additional buffer to prevent flooding of property. This concept

This concept imagines a way to alleviate such impacts and costs by engaging the ongoing and inevitable inward march of the sea by restoring the stream and its surroundings to a more natural form. In this illustration, the stream is completely day-lit, its floodplain restored, and it is allowed to contribute sediment to surrounding mudflats and a

allows for the built-in flexibility to respond to changing and accelerating natural phenomena at the land-sea interface while also supporting stronger ecological health and imagining greater opportunities for public recreation and ecological education.

Sources: Climate Central, Michael Van Valkenburg Associates

natural, de-armored shoreline. In allowing the stream to function more naturally, low-lying areas form, such as the mudflats and floodplains

Upland Opportunities

59

VII. I MPLEMENTATION

Table 1.

Estimated Contractor Construction Budget

BUDGET To ensure this project could be successfully implemented, we considered budget, phasing, community involvement and construction documentation. An important consideration for this project was mitigation, and opportunities to reduce negative impacts were explored involving the chosen materiality and construction methods.

Contractor Estimate Overall, it is important to see this reef succeed, and to do so we need to make the budget stretch as far as possible. Meeting with the contractors helped us be more realistic with our design recommendations. Table 1 was developed based on our conversations with the contractors and illustrates an estimate for costs associated with constructing the reef entirely of new rock, and includes transportation, environmental, and labor costs as well as material costs.

Our earlier designs were much more elaborate, but understanding how

Quanitity

Unit Measure

Unit Price (Labor and Materials)

Total Price

Mobilization and Demobilization

1

Labor

$ 30,000.00

$ 30,000.00

Turbidity, Debris Boom, & Environmental Controls

1

Labor

$ 20,000.00

$ 20,000.00

Furnish & Install Cobble Ramp (>2' boulders)

50

Tons

$ 140.00

$ 6,500.00

Furnish & Install Quarry Rock Mounds (> one man rock)

30

Tons

$ 230.00

$ 6,500.00

Furnish & Install 1-2' boulders in mounds

350

Tons

$ 100.00

$ 35,000.00

Furnish & Install 2-4' boulders in mounds

1400

Tons

$ 90.00

$ 130,000.00

$ 228,000.00

costs were generated now allows us to plan for maximization of reef habitat and budget. We were able to estimate the amount of new rock we could buy based on our meeting with the construction company, and are now able to suggest some creative ways to stretch the budget further, which include the following: »» Phasing »» Reclaimed and recycled materials »» Community involvement

Implementation

61

Reclaimed + Alternative Materials Our meeting with contractors allowed us to conclude that new rock of any size is more expensive than using reclaimed rocks. This led to our recommendation to purchase less of the new, full-priced materials and prioritize reclaimed and re-purposed materials along with other nontraditional options like reef safe concrete. As a strategy

»» Contractors or construction companies working on large projects who may have acquired excess material over time »» Reef safe concrete is another option that could be explored as a way to incorporate custom or artistic components to the reef structures.

PHASING

for stretching the budget further, we recommend using large pieces,

While obtaining recycled and reclaimed materials is extremely cost

including non-focal point concrete features, to add volume to piles by

effective, it makes the creation of a construction schedule more difficult

placing these features under smaller, more habitat friendly rocks.

as you can not pinpoint when appropriate materials might become

We also determined that reclaimed and modified materials, in addition to expanding the budget and being more environmentally friendly, would ease diver navigation through the incorporation of unique features that assist in wayfinding. Examples of what this might look like were explored in the “Materiality” Chapter. Sources of reclaimed rock could include, but are not limited to: »» Quarry waste »» Reclaimed rip rap (sea wall, river, riparian dearmoring projects, or other shorelines structural deconstruction) Reclaimed or rejected concrete structures (culverts, manholes, catch basins, pipes, vaults, junction boxes, grade rings, etc.) could also serve as an excellent source of more affordable material. These materials could be sourced from: »» Municipal utilities upgrading systems (non wastewater, non highway) »» Precast concrete companies (many pieces are rejected for minor defects and can often be purchased at a discount or may be donated)

62

Redondo Beach Dive Site Master Plan

available. Therefore, we have incorporated flexibility in our reef design to allow portions to be built out under differing time frames. This will allow time for existing reef structures to be phased out gradually, and for the new reef to be built out gracefully in their place based on when funds and materials are available. We have created a phasing plan to identify which reef structures should be prioritized for the initial construction.

This plan is illustrated to the right in Figure 25.

COMMUNITY INVOLVEMENT The community has been an important stakeholder throughout this process, and their contributions to this project should be expressed through its built form. As we did not have sufficient time to adequately engage the various associated communities in the creation of detailed components within the reef, we aimed to create a design that would serve as a base to be built upon in the coming years. We hope that

Figure 25. Phasing Plan

Phase 1 Phase 2 Implementation

63

future engagement efforts will help design and place the following amenities throughout the dive site and associated upland area: »» Community art (e.g. schools, tribes, etc.) »» Memorial art or installation (e.g. veterans, tribes, or other identified communities) Beyond serving as a recreational amenity for divers, we hope the reef’s utility can extend upland to many other user groups. The dive site’s proximity to the MaST center makes it an excellent opportunity to incorporate community data collection and research. Overall, we hope the reef will serve as an educational tool for the entire Redondo community, starting with the donation of the physical model created for this project to the MaST center.

CONSTRUCTION DOCUMENTS The following construction documents were developed to assist with the DNR permitting process and act as a first step in identifying pile locations, sizing, and materiality. Due to our recommended inclusion of recycled materials, the exact specifications of what will be constructed cannot be predicted at this point. Therefore, these construction documents are intended to identify the general location and layout of our reef design, while incorporating flexibility to account for material variability.

64

Redondo Beach Dive Site Master Plan

REDONDO BEACH DIVE SITE OCTOPUS'S GARDEN

PROJECT ADDRESS 28203 REDONDO BEACH DR S., DES MOINES, WA. 98198

LARCH 503 + ROBERTSON & SULLIVAN OCTOPUS'S GARDEN

PROJECT TEAM UNIVERSITY OF WASHINGTON - DEPARTMENT OF LANDSCAPE ARCHITECTURE 6/16/2018 PREPARED IN LA DESIGN STUDIO SPRING QUARTER 2018 LARCH 503 STUDIO - IAIN ROBERTSON & BROOKE SULLIVAN DARIN ROSELLINI, FATEMA MASWOOD, JESS VETRANO, RACHEL WELLS, ANNA- MALIN WEISS ANDERSON, ELIZABETH LANGE FOR FURTHER INFORMATION CONTACT IAIN ROBERTSON AT IAINMR@UW.EDU

OWNER WASHINGTON SCUBA ALLIANCE 31811 PACIFIC HWY S #B307 FEDERAL WAY, WA 98003

PROJECT DESCRIPTION WSA DIVING REEF IS A DESIGN BY LARCH 503 STUDENTS TO SERVE THE DIVING COMMUNITY, IN WASHINGTON SCUBA ASSOCIATION (WSA). THE DESIGN IS A DIVING REEF OFF OF REDONDO BEACH IN DES MOINES, WA. THERE ARE SEVERAL PHASES THAT ARE BEING RECOMMENDED UPLAND AND FOR THE REEF. THE REEF IS OFF THE SHORE OF REDONDO BEACH, THERE IS A PARKING LOT AND UPLAND PARK.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

DATE: 6/16/18 SHEET #

1/8

L000 Implementation Implementation

65 65

28203 REDONDO BEACH DR S., DES MOINES, WA 98198

REDONDO BEACH DIVE SITE

REVISION #:

90%

Site Boundary CHECKED BY:

- L000 - COVER SHEET - L002 - EXISTING CONDITIONS - L100 - REEF CONSTRUCTION PLAN - L200 - COORDINATE LAYOUT PLAN - L201 - SECTION & DETAILS - L202 - LARGE SECTIONS - L300 - VEGETATION PLAN - L400 - TRANSECTS & MITIGATION PLAN

DRAWN BY:

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

LEGEND SITE BOUNDARY

-70

-60

-50

-40

-30

-20

-10

0

-80 -90

EXISTING DIVE DESTINATIONS

10

LARCH 503 + ROBERTSON & SULLIVAN OCTOPUS'S GARDEN

CURRENT ROPES THROUGH SITE

SEAWALL

SALTY'S

MaST

DATE: 6/16/2018 SHEET #

2/8

L001 66

Redondo Beach Dive Site Master Plan

28203 REDONDO BEACH DR S., DES MOINES, WA 98198

REVISION #:

CHECKED BY:

REDONDO BEACH DIVE SITE

DRAWN BY:

100 %

REDONDO BEACH DRIVE S

-20

-10

LEGEND

0

PHASE 1 ROCK

-90

PHASE II ROCK

10

MANHOLE TIE DOWN DIVING ROUTES (NOT A BUILT ITEM) DESTINATIONS

DRAWN BY:

100%

RECYCLED PROCESSED CONCRETE MEMORIAL SITE

SALTY'S

DATE: 6/16/2018 SHEET #

3/8

L100 Implementation Implementation

67 67

28203 REDONDO BEACH DR S., DES MOINES, WA 98198

-30

LARCH 503 + ROBERTSON & SULLIVAN OCTOPUS'S GARDEN

-40

REVISION #:

-50

CHECKED BY:

-60

REDONDO BEACH DIVE SITE

-70 -80

COORDINATES

-20

-10

0

P1-E

BK-D

-90

P1-F

47.350678 -122.324807

P1-H

10

P1-G P1-H

P2-D

P2-C

WM

MH-J

P1-F MH-O

MH-N

P1-G MH-I MH-H

MH-M MH-L

P2-E

WM MH-G P2-B

47.21055,-122.193317

MH-A MH-B BK - C

P2-C

47.21172,-122.193267

P2-D

MH-C MH-D

P2-A

P1-B P2-E

MH-A

47.350101 -122.324716

MH-B

P1-C

47.349731 -122.326006

47.3495041 -122.325048

47.21003,-122.192965 47.205959,-122.19311 47.21037,-122.193103

MH-G

47.21049,-122.193126

MH-H

47.21099,-122.193103

MH-I

47.21108,-122.193124

MH-J

47.21176,-122.193194

MH-K

47.21081,-122.193288

MH-L

47.21113,-122.193259

MH-N

BULL KELP COORDINATES

47.21106,-122.192964 47.21018,-122.192961

MH-M

ABBREVIATIONS

47.21069,-122.193429 47.21122,-122.192953

MH-D

MH-F

TD-A

47.21179,-122.193321 47.21113,-122.193443

MH-C

MH-E

BK - A

47.21082,-122.193114 47.205999,-122.193246

P2-F

MH-E

47.21297,-122.193757

P2-B

BK - B

47.349917 -122.326741

47.21100,-122.193205

P1-A

TD-B

MH-F P1-D

47.21159,-122.193148

P2-A

P1-E

MH-K

P2-F

47.205994,-122.193122 47.21063,-122.193056

47.21142,-122.193214 47.21145,-122.193278

MH-O

47.21155,-122.193421

TD-A

47.205896,-122.193056

TD-B

47.21070,-122.192921

TD-C

47.21243,-122.192976

DATE: 6/16/2018

PHASE 1 INSTALLATION P1

68

PHASE 2 INSTALLATION P2

MANHOLES

BULL KELP SITE

TIE DOWN SITE

MN

BK

TD

Redondo Beach Dive Site Master Plan

WAR MEMORIAL SITE WM

BK- A

47.205842, -122.193065

BK-B

47.21953, -122.192935

BK-C

47.21118, -122.192931

BK-D

47.21312, -122.192957

SHEET #

4/8

L200

28203 REDONDO BEACH DR S., DES MOINES, WA 98198

-80

-30

LARCH 503 + ROBERTSON & SULLIVAN OCTOPUS'S GARDEN

-40

-50

100%

-60

-70

47.350704 -122.327144

47.205938,-122.193012

REVISION #:

P1-D

CHECKED BY:

P1-C TD-C

47.21160,-122.192966 47.21062,-122.192990

REDONDO BEACH DIVE SITE

P1-B

DRAWN BY:

P1-A 47.350923 -122.325706

BASALT COLUMNS OR OLD CONCRETE LIGHT POSTS

6-10 MAN ROCK 2 MAN ROCK

ROUND MANHOLE PLACED ON SIDE (LENGTH SHOULD NO MORE THAN 5')

12'-15' 1 MAN ROCK 9'-11'

WAR MEMORIAL PIECE (TO BE DESIGNED)

LARCH 503 + ROBERTSON & SULLIVAN OCTOPUS'S GARDEN

12'-15'

12'-15'

DAMAGED/RECYCLED MANHOLE TIEDOWN (3) REQUESTED FROM DIVING INSTURCTORS

10'-12' 10'-12'

HEAVY BLOCKS TO HOLD PVC PIPEING.

12'-15'

REVISION #:

CHECKED BY:

DATE: 6/16/2018 SHEET #

5/8

L201 Implementation Implementation

69 69

28203 REDONDO BEACH DR S., DES MOINES, WA 98198

2'

OPTION 1: ROPE TO HOLD BULL KELP

REDONDO BEACH DIVE SITE

OPTION 2: SEED SOAKED BULL KELP FROM BLAKELY ISLAND

DRAWN BY:

100%

5'

SHEET #

70 Redondo Beach Dive Site Master Plan REVISION #:

CHECKED BY:

10%

LARCH 503 + ROBERTSON & SULLIVAN OCTOPUS'S GARDEN

Placeholder -- This graphic is still being completed

DATE: 6/16/2018

6/8

L202

28203 REDONDO BEACH DR S., DES MOINES, WA 98198

REDONDO BEACH DIVE SITE

DRAWN BY:

SECTION B

SECTION A

ALGAE GRADIENTS

-70

-60

-50

-40

-30

-20

-10

0

-80

LARCH 503 + ROBERTSON & SULLIVAN OCTOPUS'S GARDEN

-90 10

OPTION 1 BULL KELP POTENTIAL RED ALGAE RESTORATION

POTENTIAL BROWN KELPS

DATE: 6/16/2018 SHEET #

7/8

L300 Implementation

71

28203 REDONDO BEACH DR S., DES MOINES, WA 98198

'SEED ROPE' BY SINKING A KELP RICH AREA, BLAKELY ISLAND IN SAN JUAN AND TRANSPORT FOR INSTALLATION. (METHOD TO BE APPROVED BY PROJECT BIOLOGIST.)

REVISION #:

2)

ALGAE GRADIENTS

CHECKED BY:

RESTORATION PROCESS -SORI (REPRODUCTIVE STRUCTURES) ARE COLLECTED FROM WILD KELP -GROWN TO GAMTOPHYTE STAGE -SPOROPHYTES RE GROWN ON STRING WHICH GETS WRAPPED AROUND A PIPE -MONITORED TO OBTAIN

DRAWN BY:

1)

REDONDO BEACH DIVE SITE

OPTION 2 BULL KELP

100%

2 OPTIONS FOR INSTALLATION OF BULL KELP:

TRANSECTS

MITIGATION

-70

-80

-60

-30

-40

-50

-20

TRANSECT 3

-90

TRANSECT 2 TR-B50

TR-B60

TRANSECT 4

-10

0

-80

-70

-60

-50

-40

-30

-20 -10

0

-90

TRANSECT 1 TR-B85

-60

-85

-50

LARCH 503 + ROBERTSON & SULLIVAN OCTOPUS'S GARDEN

TR-B40

-40

TR-A85

TR-A40 TR-A40

TR-A40

TR-B40

47.205844 -122.193046 47.21347 -122.193027

TRANSECT 2 TR-A50

TR-B50

47.205863 -122.193109 47.21400 -122.193224

TRANSECT 3 TR-A60

TR-B60

47.205889 -122.193229 47.21401 -122.193438

TRANSECT 4 TR-A85

TR-B85

47.205998 -122.193640 47.21347 -122.193775

MITIGATION OF SITE TO BE APPROVED BY DNR AND CLIENT. REQUIREMENTS DETERMINED

BY PERMIT.

REVISION #:

CHECKED BY:

DATE: 4/13/18 SHEET #

8/8

L400 72

Redondo Beach Dive Site Master Plan

28203 REDONDO BEACH DR S., DES MOINES, WA 98198

TRANSECTS TRANSECT 1

REDONDO BEACH DIVE SITE

DRAWN BY:

100%

TR-A60