DS[10] w1482663 Jessmine Bath
Strategic Repor t Branching Systems
Contents
01.0 Introduction 02.0 Design Development 02.1 Design Studio Brief 02.2 Project Intent 02.3 Site Analysis
03.0 Legislative Framework 03.1 Legislative Frameworks 03.2 Master Planning 03.4 Building Regulations 03.5 Sustainable Development
04.0 Project Management 04.1 Stakeholder Analysis 0 4 . 2 P r o j e c t Te a m 04.3 Programme Delivery
05.0 Procurement & Cost 05.1 Procurement Strategy 05.2 Finance 05.3 Cost 0 5 . 4 Va l u e
06.0 Conclusion
[1]
01.0
Introduction
[2]
Strategic Report_Branching Systems
Satellite Imagery: Google Maps [Accessed January 2020] A look at Auroville from above, making visible the dense forest the development has conceived.
[3]
DS[10]
AUROVILLE
DS10 believe that architecture should be
The site is located in Auroville a concept
With the site being located in India, there
joyful and that architects should think
based on human unity and sustainable
is an analysis of the legislative frameworks
like makers and act like entrepreneurs.
living, in an area of 2 000 hectares,
surrounding the master planning exercises
The studio follows a work-flow based
envisaged as a self-contained township,
to resurrect Auroville, combined with UK
on
a
physical
digital
model
with four major functional zones with the
regulations, to achieve a more in depth
with
digital
following programmatic intent: economic,
study of factors governing the projects
tools, for analysis, formal generation and
residential, cultural and institutional areas,
intent.
fabrication.
with provision for green belt areas weaved
experimentation,
and tested
into its fabric, and encompassing its area, Valuing a combination of conceptual
at the centre a Peace Area to reconnect
bravery matched with architectural reality,
all zoned areas. From a development
and seek an architecture of playfulness
management
perspective
and beauty which responds intelligently to
planning
Auroville
its environment, and sits within the wider
unique approach, therefore within this
cultural and environmental context.
report
a
for
the
master
emphasises
comprehensive
analysis
a
of
these differences will be highlighted to Technology is only useful if it is helping to
make visible the pioneering practices of
save the planet.
Auroville, and how the implementation of the forest branching master plan connects to Auroville’s aims.
01.0_Introduction
[4]
KEW GARDEN OAK Photography: Author [2019] Image Sampling, photography of an oak tree at Kew Gardens, native to England. Abstracting the density in the trees branching formation, demonstrated through scaled circles based on tonal value. Strategic Report_Branching Systems
[5]
02.0
Design Development
[6]
BRIEF 01 Students
BRIEF 02 formal
Students will find a site that they can visit
arrangement and operation of plants
and that they feel they can improve upon
in
in sustainable terms.
their
will
look
ecosystems
at
the
through
study
trips to Kew Gardens as well as natural photography and drawings. These studies
This could be an empty housing block
will be informed by their parametric
that could be massively improved in
models and creatively expressed through
terms of occupation density or solar gain
their physical models.
or converting to community living, it could be a mining operation that works
Through rigorous physical and digital
in an unsustainable arena like cement
experiments you will explore the physical
manufacture that could be re-purposed
and assembly potentials of the material
into community housing or even a coal
to find novel applications, structures
factory chimney that could be re-purposed
and
into a solar chimney to make electricity.
geometry
and
combining
these
experiments with the research into plants to understand the systems at place that organise and hold together plants and make them operate as living processes.
Strategic Report_Branching Systems
[7]
The inspiration for this body of work
The oak tree inspired this research project,
exists in the complex formations found
having looked up at the branching
in tree branching. It is fascinating to
network holding up the canopy, its
observe the geometry formed and the
patterns became fascinating, igniting a
rationale for this. Achieving a heightened
consideration towards the mathematical
aerodynamic system, to the positioning of
algorithms governing its form.
the branching, with optimal solar gain. The initial translation of the branching The branching can be seen as fractal,
system to diagrams and physical models,
with each branch migrating into two or
saw the network being abstracted as
more as it moves through space. The
to simplify the complex geometries to
thickness of the trunk, with Leonardo Da
understand key factors governing its form.
Vinci’s deduction, equalling the sum of all branches thickness at a particular distance
The exploration led to a computational
from the initial tree trunk. These analyses
based process achieving a more accurate
have been taken forward, to create a
translation
structurally ergonomic design, forming
branching systems. Physical modelling
from its environment, and taking into
tasks where undertaken alongside digital
consideration what presently exists on-
modelling to produce a catalogue of
site.
branching formations.
of
the
complexities
of
Sources: Abarim Publications. (2015). Kochâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Snowflake Or Triangle: Proof Of Infinity Around Limit. < h t t p : / / w w w. a b a r i m - p u b l i c a t i o n s . c o m / KochProof.html#.VOvx_i7SQ8I> Mandelbrot, B. B. (1983). The fractal geometry of nature.
02.1_Design Studio Brief
Wei, D., Liu, Q., Zhang, H. et al. (2013). Boxcovering algorithm for fractal dimension of weighted networks. Sci Rep 3, 3049. <https:// doi.org/10.1038/srep03049>
[8]
Strategic Report_Branching Systems
[9]
02.1_Design Studio Brief
[10]
Sources: Balfour, Lady Eve. (1943). The Living Soil. Soil Association Ltd, 2006. Fukuoka, Masanobu. (1978). The One-Straw Revolution. Rodale Press. Kumar, Satish. (2013). Soil, Soul, Society : A New Trinity for Our Time. Leaping Hare Press McDonough, William; Braungart, Michael. (2002). Cradle To Cradle: Remaking The Way We Make Things. North Point Press, New York. More, Sir Thomas. (1516). Utopia. Penguin Books 1984, London. Strategic Report_Branching Systems
[11]
02.2 Project Intent Within the anthropocentric age, human
The
positioning
of
is
The pathways meander through the forest,
connection to nature diminishes, our
completely re-thought, as 3m wide blocks
allowing for cycle and pedestrian routes,
relationship becomes that which perceives
must house a complex of varying intent.
connecting the city.
natural systems as a separate entity to
The circulation space, for example, is
ourselves. Seen in our regulated cities,
placed on the exterior of the modules,
Positioning of housing, schools, hospitals,
compartmentalizing the soil and the
making a space, often hidden or regarded
offices, shops, are stacked upon one
human, with tarmac engulfing the city.
as mere amenity, into a celebrated
another, with offset stacking to provide
The only opportunities allowing the soil
architectural
terraces,
to breathe are cramped / pruned gardens,
can move through the forest canopy re-
densely populated (30m tall maximum)
found attached to individual houses,
establishing a connection to our natural
structure, and ensuring sun light is able to
and, the grass covered parks with little
environment.
the
pass through the architecture to maintain
opportunity for any other species to thrive.
ethos of the project, where as little
light reaching all parts of the existing
disruption to the existing forest is made.
forest. Additionally, the height limitation
feature,
Whilst,
programme
where
residents
maintaining
BRANCHING CITY searches to reconnect
of
30m
breaking
was
up
an
considered
otherwise
to
provide
human habitation with that of the forest.
â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;We cannot isolate one part of life from
viewing platforms of the forest, whilst not
To achieve this, master-planning exercises
anotherâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;
overreaching the canopy ensuring the
based on the location of existing trees,
Masanobu Fukuoka
design is not oppressive to the forest.
allowing a densely populated forest to coexist with the city. 02.2_Project Intent
[12]
BRANCHING CITY Master Plan
Strategic Report_Branching Systems
[13]
https://vimeo.com/429508317
02.2_Project Intent
[14]
Strategic Report_Branching Systems
[15]
https://vimeo.com/433945379
02.2_Project Intent
[16]
Strategic Report_Branching Systems
[17] Satellite Imagery: Google Maps [Accessed January 2020] A look at Auroville from above, making visible the dense forest the development has conceived.
Imagery ©2020 Maxar Technologies, TerraMetrics, Imagery ©2020 CNES / Airbus, Landsat / Copernicus, Maxar Technologies, Map data ©2020
500 m
02.3 Site Analysis The site exists in an area of 2 000 hectares, envisaged as a self-contained township, with four major functional zones with the following programmatic intent: economic, residential, cultural and institutional areas, with provision for green belt areas weaved into its fabric, and encompassing its area, at the centre a Peace Area to reconnect all zoned areas. From a development management
perspective
planning
Auroville
for
the
master
emphasises
a
unique approach, therefore within this report The vision behind Auroville’s afforestation efforts is to recreate the indigenous forest known as the ‘Tropical Dry Evergreen Forest’. A forest in which a large percentage of its species have medicinal properties documented in the local traditional health care systems.
a
comprehensive
analysis
of
these differences will be highlighted to make visible the pioneering practices of Auroville, and how the implementation of the forest branching master plan connects to Auroville’s aims.
Sources: CO2 Earth. Daily CO2. Available at < https:// www.co2.earth/daily-co2> Global Forest Watch. Available at: <https:// www.globalforestwatch.org/> Global Mean CO2 Mixing Ratios (ppm): Observations. Available at < https://data.giss. nasa.gov/modelforce/ghgases/Fig1A.ext.txt> Government of Puducherry website. Available at <https://www.py.gov.in/knowpuducherry/ history.html> Suvrat Kher. (Nov, 2009). Mapping India: Land Degradation and Desertification. Available at <http://suvratk.blogspot.com/2009/11/ mapping-india-land-degradation-and.html> Space Applications Centre, India Space Research Organisation, Government of India. Desertification and Land Degradation Atlas of India (Based on IRS AWiFS data of 2011-13 and 2003-05). Available at <https://www.sac.gov.in/ SACSITE/Desertification_Atlas_2016_SAC_ISRO. pdf> Mapping Information, OpenStreetMap. Available at: <https://www.openstreetmap. org/#map=5/54.910/-3.432> NASA. Global Climate Change : Vital Signs of the Planet : Carbon Dioxide. Available at:<https://climate.nasa.gov/vital-signs/carbon-dioxide/> NASA. Video: Super HD view of global carbon dioxide. Available at <https://climate.nasa.gov/ climate_resources/142/video-super-hd-viewof-global-carbon-dioxide/>
02.3_Site Analysis
[18]
AUROVILLE Through vigorous site analysis, looking at the usage of the land and environmental conditions
[i.e.
forested
land
and
watershed], the most appropriate site location within Aurovilleâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s complex was determined.
The site location was then analysed at a more detailed scale, looking at the specific location of trees to establish a suitable master plan based on branching systems.
Important forested land Watershed Private land Farm land Temple land Existing villages
Buildings Roads Existing tree cover Existing water bodies Topography
Site location
Sources: Auroville city area - Land Suitability and Land Use proposal. [Feb 16, 2016]. Available at <https://www.auroville.org/contents/3954> [Accessed January 2020] Strategic Report_Branching Systems
[19]
02.3_Site Analysis
[20]
MASTER PLANNING PROCESS
1. Forest Density
The density of the tree canopy was first analysed on site, through digital softwareâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s [rhino / grasshopper], to understand the existing site conditions and design accordingly.
2. Point Placement
Once the density was understood, the tree placement and point placement was undertaken. With the points positioned in the void spaces between the trees.
3. Point-Cloud
Between the points paths are connected, creating a network weaving through the forest fabric to find the less dense spaces.
Strategic Report_Branching Systems
[21]
4. Wanted Path
Outlining voronoi studies, the wanted path for the branching system acts to determine the direction of the branching curves.
5. Potential Paths
The varying branch formations, based on a point system containing between 10004000 points.
6. Branching Master Plan
The chosen branching route for dwellings to populate.
02.3_Site Analysis
[22]
Strategic Report_Branching Systems
[23]
03.0
Legislative Framework
[24]
03.1 Legislative Frameworks
UK National Planning Policy Framework (NPPF) Social Objectives
Economic Objectives
-Supporting community development
-Providing a responsive development to
applications to be in accordance with
-Provisions for varied housing types, to
enhance the current economy
the development plan, including local
ensure all community member needs are
-Supporting
and neighbourhood plans, development
met
productivity and innovation
strategies produced by local authorities,
-Accessibility
or elected parties in correlation with the
provided
Planning Law
-Requiring
planning
permission
support
and
services
terms
of
-Through implementation of thoughtful
infrastructure provisions
Sustainable Development
Environmental Objectives
-A brief outline of sustainable development
-Protecting natural, build and historic
objectives as outlined in the NPPF, with
environment
the objective aiming to meet current
-Improvement of biodiversity
needs whilst enabling future needs to be
-Mitigating
met, without compromising the overall
pollution is minimised, natural resources
development strategy
are not exhausted and climate change is
sustainable
in
land use with coordination with necessary
planning location
-The
growth,
development
goals
can be compartmentalized into three
negative
practices,
to
taken into consideration -Low carbon economy
categories, giving a brief overview of what the goals of the UK legislative framework entails:
Strategic Report_Branching Systems
Sources: National Planning Policy Framework. Ministry of Housing, Communities and Local Government. Available at: <https://www.gov.UK/guidance/ housing-optional-technical-standards>
[25]
Land Acquisition
UNESCO Convention 1972
The present Act: Right to Fair Compensation
Indian Laws
and Transparency in Land Acquisition, Rehabilitation and Resettlement Act 2013
-1977 India ratified UNESCO Convention with regards to Cultural and Natural
Enactment
:
Aug-Sep
2013;
Heritage
Commencement: 01 January 2014 -Laws present which are relevant to the Eminent Domain:
Auroville proposal are as follows:
-State acquires the right to ownership of
1. Biological Diversity Act, 2002
private or common land
2. Environmental Protection Act, 1986
-Implies right of state to claim property
“Municipal authority” defined.—In this
for state use
Act the expression “municipal authority” includes
-If undertaken must be for ‘Public Utility’
A municipal corporation or a body of
or ‘Public Purpose’
municipal commissioners constituted by, or under the pro -
-Eminent domain denies right of masses
Visions of, any law or enactment for the
to common property
time being in force.
-Constitution of India provides the right to every owner to state there case before being deprived of his right to his property
Sources: The Government Building Act, {1899}. Government of India. Available at:<https://www.india.gov.in/ gsearch?s=building+regulations&op=Search>
03.1_Legislative Frameworks
Town and Country Planning Department Puducherry. Available at:https://cdn.s3waas.gov. in/s3ddb30680a691d157187ee1cf9e896d03/ uploads/2018/03/2018030910.pdf>
[26]
Auroville Forest
03.2 Master Planning
Auroville Founders
Auroville Foundation Act
Within an anthropocentric age, notable
Planning Team of the Auroville Founda-
In 1988, the Government of India passed
figures Sri Aurobindo and Mirra Alfassa
tion
the Auroville Foundation Act, an impor-
(the Mother) diagnosed our contempo-
tant milestone in the development of
rary paradigm as an evolutionary crisis,
Chief Architect of Auroville : Mr. Roger
Auroville. The Act has provided statutory
to be resolved through a manifestation of
Anger
support in preparing the Master Plan.
a universal consciousness, translated into human unity and a unified relationship
Urban Advisor : Shri G. Dattatri
with the earth. Envisaged as a township with an ultimate population of 50 000,
Town and Country Planning Organisation,
currently the population stands at a total
Government of India, Chief Planner : Shri
of 2814 residents, with international ori-
D.S. Meshram, Shri J.B. Kshirsagar and
gins of over 35 nationalities.
Shri M.L. Chotani
Master Plan Preparation:
Government of India
(Auroville Foundation + Town and Coun-
Government of Tamil Nadu
try Planning Organisation + the Union Ministry of Urban Development and
Government of Puducherry
Poverty Alleviation) UNESCO (passing five Resolution at its Residents Assembly of Auroville
General Conferences to express its support to the establishment and promotion of Auroville)
Strategic Report_Branching Systems
Sources: Auroville Master Plan. Available at: https://www. auroville.info/ACUR/master plan/index.htm
[27]
Auroville Foundation
Governing Board
Advisory Council
Former Special Secretar y Chairman for Government of India
Dr. Kireet Joshi
Dr. Kireet Joshi
Former Governor of Rajasthan, Former Union Minister Dr. D.P. Chattopadhyaya (renowned scholar)
Member of Parliament Former High Commissioner of India to UK
Chairman
Environmental Economist Prof. Norman Myers
Chairman, Sar vodaya Shramdan Movement of Sri Lanka Dr. A.T. Ariyaratne
Dr. L.M Singh
KingNoted Educationalist & Writer Former Secretar y General of Lok Sabha Dr. Subhash C. Kashyap
Chief Architect of Auroville & Member of Club of Budapest Mr. Roger Anger
Maharaja of Puri Mr. Dibya Singh
Long-time Associate of Auroville Mrs. Jyoti Madhok
IAS (Ex-officio), Director (UNESCO Unit) Ministr y of Human Resource Development Mr. D.P. Singh
IAS (Ex-officio), Joint Secretar y & Financial Advisor to Ministr y of Human Resource Dev. Mr. Sanjay Narayen
03.2_Master Planning
Dr. Mar y E.
[28]
Development of the Auroville Master Plan As per guidelines outlined by the Urban Development Plans Formulation and Implementation (UDPFI), through the Institute of Town Planners of India (ITPI) and published via the Ministry of Urban Development. Planning Stages are as follows: 1. Perspective Master Plan Initial
broad
Government
plan, of
based
India
upon
planning
policies, and land use guidelines, from transportation to scale of amenities.
2. Development Plan Building upon the Perspective Master Plan, the developed plan aims to focus upon reviewing in detail the logistics of
the
plan.
Through
providing
greater information and data, whilst collaborating with community bodies.
3. Annual Plan (Implementation Plan) The Annual Plan, working from the Development plan
with
Plan,
is
information
a
detailed regarding
ongoing and new developments to be implemented during the financial year. Strategic Report_Branching Systems
[29] 1 9 6 8 A u r o v i l l e ’s I n a u g u r a t i o n 5000 people 124 nationalities Placing a hand full of earth at Auroville’s
90
19
19
80
70 19
19
60
centre [Matrimandir]
1 9 6 6 A u r o v i l l e ’s E n d o r s e m e n t
1988 Auroville Foundation Act
Unanimous endorsement at the General
Government of India Act no. 54, dated
Conference of UNESCO
September 1988
Auroville Master plan On 28th February 1968 Auroville was
the
conceived, a township project intending
Government of India and the Director of
to unite. The main aims of Auroville’s
Town and Country Planning (Tamil Nadu)
development is to bridge the gap between
being present. The plan was conceived by
‘urban’ and ‘rural’ areas, to create a plan
Auroville working groups, with assistance
in which both can work symbiotically. With
from the Town and Country Planning
high urbanisation trends seen in India, the
Organisation of the Indian Ministry. In
implementation of a different methodology
order to ensure all residents of Auroville
of town planning is imperative to improve
could participate in the plan the approved
the
Master Plan is available to all on the
unsustainable
paradigm
currently
available. Auroville aims to take care of its
Urban
Development
Department
website.
natural environment, having grown much of the current forest land, creating dense beautiful forestry populating much of Auroville.
The
Master
Plan
for
Auroville
was
approved by the Government of India (HRD Ministry) at a meeting held in New Delhi (14/02/2001) with representatives of
03.2_Master Planning
Sources: Auroville Master Plan. Available at: https://www. auroville.info/ACUR/master plan/index.htm
[30]
Aerial Map of Auroville, Savitri Bhavan [available at <http://savitribhavan.org/savitribhavan-map/>}
Existing Scenario : Development & Annual Plans â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;There should be somewhere upon earth a
Four Principal Zones:
place that no nation could claim as its sole property, a place where all human being
Residential Zone
of goodwill, sincere in their aspiration,
International Zone
could live freely as citizens of the world,
Industrial Zone
obeying one single authority, that of the
Cultural Zone
supreme Truthâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; The Mother (Mirra Alfassa) Site
This section of the master plan goes on
The site, located 6km north of Puducherry
to explain the population demographic of
and 160km south of Chennai, on the south-
Auroville, and analyses the siteâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s qualities
eastern coast of India, intends to manifest
and constraints.
human unity, offering itself as an open
Leading to the section outlining the
experiment for an evolving humanity.
economic strategy of Auroville, explaining
The initial state of the site was desertified
the regeneration of land at the heart
land, barren with little vegetation (See
of its development, with introduction
Figure 00). The land with its topography
of manufacturing sectors of modern
and climatic characteristics provided a
equipment,
set of constraints for its development,
construction which focuses on use of
normally considered unsuitable for urban
renewable
development, but in the case of Auroville
building materials.
agricultural
energy
and
sectors
and
appropriate
seen as an opportunity. With densely populated areas surrounding the site,
Outlined in figure 01 is a breakdown of
the regeneration of the land, through
the institutions / projects existing within
agriculture, water harvesting, building
Auroville.
technologies etc. acts as a benefit to local residents of Puducherry.
Strategic Report_Branching Systems
[31]
Annadana
A u rov i l l e Buildin g C e n tre
Hall of C ulture
South Asian network, protection of genetic
AVB C - Fe r ro ce me n t
Indian arts and cultural activities
resources in India and South Asia
Research and training in ferrocement technology
K alamitr a
Aureka
AVB C - E ar th
Cultural
Research and manufacturing of windmills
Construction, research and training in
promotion of dance, exhibitions, concerts
and metal products
earth construction and manufacturing of
and theatre, both Indian and Western
programmes
for
artists,
AURAM equipment Auroville Archives
AVB C - A rch ite cture
Palmy r a
Collection and storage of archival material
Innovative design and construction of
Reclamation of water and degraded lands,
related to Auroville
built environment
tank rehabilitation and soil conservation, afforestation, documentation and training
A u r o v i l l e â&#x20AC;&#x2122;s F u t u r e Integrated
urban
Centre
planning
and
city
networking
Centre for Scientific Research
for
Development
for
Physical Education
Pitch an dikulam
Physical education for youth of Auroville
Bio-Resource Centre for Medicinal herbs
and surrounding villagers and village
and plants, tree nurseries
oriented programmes
CSR - Main Training
S r i A uro bin do In te rn atio nal I nsti t u te
centre
protection management
for
through and
environmental refrigerant
renewable
energy
solutions
Ce n t re
of
In dian
Studie s
an d
Re s e a rc h in In dian C ulture
Research
Library and resource centre on Indian
covering philosophical, educational and
culture
psychological dimensions
CSR - Biogas Research, development and manufacturing
H a r ve s t
of biogas technology
Promotion
of
CSR - Water & Sanitation
aquaculture,
organic
Low maintenance wastewater treatment
environmental
systems, root zone treatment plants
groundwater studies and environmental monitoring
[Figure 01]
Sources: Auroville Master Plan. Available at: https://www. auroville.info/ACUR/master plan/index.htm 03.2_Master Planning
of E ducatio n al Re se arch (SAI I ER)
water
harvesting,
agriculture
education,
and
including
in
integral
education,
[32]
03.3 Building Regulations Development Promotion Regulations
The regulations specified in the master plan for Auroville cover four areas,
Zoning and development Permissible Land Use
promotion regulations:
the
d. Master Plan means the Master Plan
a. All developments in the Master Plan
sub-
of Auroville formulated by the Residents
Area shall conform to these regulations.
section (1) of section 10 of the Auroville
Assembly as per clause 19 (2) of the
Foundation Act 1988.
Auroville Foundation Act and approved
b. No land, premises or buildings shall
by the Governing Board to ensure the
be changed or put to any use not in
development of Auroville as planned.
conformity with zoning regulations which
a.
Auroville
Foundation
b.
Foundation established
Development
is
means under
defined
and
are to be seen as part of these regulations.
understood as the carrying out of building, engineering, mining or other activities in,
e. Prescribed Authority means the authority
over or under the land, or the making
decided by the Auroville Foundation for
of any material change in the use of any
operation and implementation of Master
building or land.
Plan including Development Promotion Regulations.
c. Residents Assembly shall have the same meaning as assigned to it in the Auroville
f. F.A.R. (Floor Area Ratio) means total
Foundation Act, 1988.
floor area on all floors divided by the total site area multiplied by 100.
Strategic Report_Branching Systems
[33]
Procedure For Development
a. Any person intending to carry out
c.
Development
proposals
development on any land shall make
considered only if the development is:
considering
a written proposal to the prescribed
i. In conformity with the requirements of
received, may:
authority with such plans and particulars
these regulations.
i.
as may be required.
ii. In conformity with the applicable
modifications
building
necessary or
rules/regulations
will
or
be
other
d.
The
prescribed
Approve
feedback
the as
authority, that
may
after be
proposal
with
may
considered
be
such
b. No person shall commence or carry
provisions of the National Building Code
ii. Return the proposal for re-submission
out any development unless he or she has
as may be specified.
with additional particulars, or
received the written approval from the
iii.
prescribed authority.
environmentally appropriate as may be
Effectively
eco-friendly
and
iii. Refuse approval giving reasons for such refusal.
decided in each case.
To form a coherent approach to legislative frameworks, the UK regulations have been implemented, due to accessibility to relative documents.
03.3_Building Regulations
Sources: Auroville Master Plan. Available at: https://www. auroville.info/ACUR/master plan/index.htm
[34]
Par t M4[2] Categor y 2 : Accessible & Adaptable Dwellings
Education Facility
Part M as part of UK building regulations,
Further to outlining the dimensions for an
was referred to, ensuring accessible access
approved ramp, the document presents
for the design approaching education
a graph [figure 02] representing the
facilities and common parts of branching
correlation between the gradient of ramp
city.
and maximum length of ramp flight.
Page 12 of the Approved Document
â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;Flights within a communal approach route
M
have a minimum clear width of 1200mmâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;
states
the
regulatory
guidelines,
explaining the compliance requirements
[in accordance with Part M].
for approach routes. As shown in the adjacent diagram, the The Document refers to clear opening
approach route is a width of 2000mm
width
localised
exceeding the minimum clear width for
direction
communal approach zones.
[850mm],
obstruction
or
removing change
of
proceeding 2m length, and communal approach zones with a minimum clear width of 1200mm or 1050mm [where localised obstructions exist].
Strategic Report_Branching Systems
Sources: The Building Regulations 2020, Access to and use of buildings, Approved Document. {e.d. 2016]. HM Government. Available at < https://www.gov.UK/government/publications/ access-to-and-use-of-buildings-approveddocument-m>
2000mm
13000mm
4000mm
2000mm
2000mm
[35]
2000mm
2200mm 2200mm
2200mm 2200mm 1100mm
03.3_Building Regulations
[36]
1.5m
1m 10m
1m
12m
1m
15m
Strategic Report_Branching Systems
[37]
Private Dwelling
‘Flights within a private approach route have a minimum clear width of 900mm’ [in accordance with Part M].
Therefore as shown in the adjacent diagram, the approach route is a width of 1500mm exceeding the minimum clear width.
Additionally, the gradient of the ramp is based on the clear space surrounding the dwelling, which can be a length of
[Figure 02]
between 10-15m as per guidelines, with a rise of 1m.
‘Every landing is a minimum 1200mm long, clear of any door swing’ [in accordance with Part M].
As detailed, the provisions for accessibility follow the landing provisions, exceeding the minimum of 1200mm long and reaching 4000mm.
03.3_Building Regulations
Sources: The Building Regulations 2020, Access to and use of buildings, Approved Document. {e.d. 2016]. HM Government. Available at < https://www.gov.UK/government/publications/ access-to-and-use-of-buildings-approveddocument-m>
[38] Wheelchair Adaptable Bathroom
â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;The
bathroom
provides
a
minimum
1500mm clear turning circleâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; [In accordance with Part M].
As
outlined
in
Part
M,
[figure
00]
demonstrates provisions for a wheelchair adaptable bathroom within the dwellings of
branching
city.
Provisions
include
1500mm turning circle, 450mm clearance around wc, 350mm clearance around basin and 1500x800mm shower area.
Additionally,
to
bathroom
provisions,
access to the bathroom is considered in accordance with Part M. Ensuring clear width of the door meets standards, and
1500mm
1200mm
Strategic Report_Branching Systems
1500mm
350mm 350mm
450mm 450mm
800mm 1500mm
1800mm
1500mm
850mm
corridor widths meet guidance.
[39]
1500mm 850mm
750mm
1500mm
800mm
1200mm
Wheelchair Adaptable Bedroom
As per Part M clear access zones are specified to meet wheelchair accessible guidelines.
This includes clear access route from door way to window being a minimum of 750mm. Providing a turning circle of
1500mm
diameter
for
wheelchair
manoeuvring.
Clearance from door swing is negated in the plan of a typical branching city dwelling as a sliding door is placed.
Additional considerations to corridors as per diagram 2.3, demonstrating minimum widths of between 900-1200mm.
03.3_Building Regulations
[40]
Approved Document B :
Fire Safety
Vo l u m e 1 - D w e l l i n g s
As stated in Approved Document B,
As shown in the diagram on the adjacent
‘Blocks of flats with a top storey more than
page, the placement of sprinklers in
11m above ground level (see Diagram
based on the diameter at which the
D6) should be fitted with a sprinkler system
water reaches. Once diameter around
throughout the building in accordance
the sprinkler head was diagrammatically
with Appendix E.’
deduced, the positioning of the sprinklers followed a methodology as to align to
Therefore, with dwellings in branching city
interior walls, and sit equidistant from
reaching a maximum height above ground
each sprinkler head.
of 30m, sprinklers become necessary to allow for.
Further provisions of fire strategy are to be taken in the planning of branching
Also outlined in Part B, is the provision for
city, with fire resistance of doors and walls
sprinklers being negated in common parts
based on methodologies of fire safety as
areas which are ‘fire sterile’
outlined in Approved Document B.
‘Sprinklers should be provided within the
Additionally to fire resistance, escape
individual flats, they do not need to be
routes are important to provide safe
provided in the common areas such as
dwellings within branching city. Hence
stairs, corridors or landings when these
staircases exist at the exterior of dwellings,
areas are fire sterile.’
acting as satisfactory fire escape routes.
Strategic Report_Branching Systems
Sources: The Building Regulations 2010, Approved Document B : Fire Safety. {e.d. 2019]. HM Government. Available at < https://www.gov. UK/government/publications/access-to-anduse-of-buildings-approved-document-m>
[41]
EQ
EQ
EQ
EQ
EQ
EQ
EQ
EQ
EQ
EQ
EQ
EQ
EQ
EQ
EQ
EQ
EQ
EQ
03.3_Building Regulations
EQ
EQ EQ
EQ
EQ
EQ
EQ
[42]
03.3 Sustainable Development As outlined in the NPPF the following 3 objectives are mentioned to make clear the overarching objectives for sustainable development.
a) an economic objective
b) a social objective
c) an environmental objective
Helping
economy
Supporting vibrant healthy communities,
Protecting and enhancing our natural
through supporting growth, innovation
ensuring sufficient number and range of
environment,
helping
and improved productivity, identifying and
homes, meeting needs of present and
biodiversity,
minimising
coordinating infrastructure provisions.
future generations.
pollution.
In accordance with the NPPF, branching
The
city looks to in-cooperate economic
sustainable
the
criteria of this objective most sufficiently,
objectives
varying dwelling sizes in branching city,
as the premise of the project is based
the implementation of robust sewage
with
interconnected
on forest protection, and possibility for
infrastructure, route systems, opportunities
based on number of inhabitants. With
enhancement of the natural environment
for expansion of the city through the
the connectivity of the modules, this
within the cities of the future. Additionally
forests fabric, and the improvement of
gives relative ease to future inhabitants
to master planning exercises to weave
human settlement organisation as per
of branching city whom may need to
around the forest, the project is positive
Aurovilleâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s philosophies.
alter the arrangement of the dwelling
to the natural environment in materiality,
blocks. Additionally, as shown through
with inspiration for Aurovilleâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s building
implementation of Part M, dwellings,
centre [AVBC}, the choice for materials
services
follows
to
strengthen
of
the
sustainability
through
implementation
of
objectives
modules
and
social exists
being
communal
based in
spaces
in
to
improve
waster
and
Environmentally branching city fits the
appropriate
practices
with
branching city have the opportunity to
sustainable intent, from bamboo weaving
be wheelchair accessible, making the
to hemp insulation.
proposal socially inclusive.
Strategic Report_Branching Systems
Sources: National Planning Policy Framework. Ministry of Housing, Communities and Local Government. Available at: <https://www.gov.UK/guidance/ housing-optional-technical-standards>
[43]
Auroville Sustainable Objectives
-Mixed
densities,
referring
to
the
Village Settlements
introduction of varying land use, allowing
-Encroaching urban development often
for dense tree cover, connecting the rural
affecting valuable agricultural land
/ natural to the urban / human -Urbanisation -Auroville is arranged with an optimised
surrounding
village
settlements causing ‘islands of poverty’
mix of densities, from its central point (the
Matrimandir),
the
surrounding
-The
dissociation
between
village
programme is a combination of urban
and urban developments, with village
forms and amenities, then surrounded by
settlements bearing no improvement in
the Green Belt, a fertile zone utilized for
housing, sanitation or quality of life, even
research purposes in the food production,
with close proximity to urbanised areas
forestry management, soil conservation, and water / waste management Tr e n d s i n U r b a n G r o w t h -Intent to maintain a clear and transparent
As outlined on Auroville’s website, urban
socio-economic framework, based on
growth can be seen as undesirable when
the clear direction set out by Auroville’s
the following effects come to fruition:
founders -Degraded Urban Areas
Auroville
Building
Centre
-International and national bodies being
( AV B C )
in favour of urbanisation, as an engine of
The Auroville Building Centre is an
development
organisation
designed
to
ensure
appropriate building technologies and
-Development leading to unsustainable
architecture practices are implemented
practices regarding the use of limited
within Auroville. A huge focus of AVBC
natural resources
is
rammed
earth
construction
and
ferrocement, with training and teaching
-Hence planners must aim to establish a
facilities within the centre. The group
symbiotic relation between the urban and
works with international bodies to inform
rural landscapes
and conduct training in these building technologies, these organisations include : International Ferrocement Information Centre (IFIC) (Bangkok), University of Grenoble (France).
03.4_Sustainable Development
[45]
04.0
Project Management
[46]
04.1 Stakeholder Analysis
The
stakeholders
associated
with
branching city exist at global and local scales,
due
Aurovilleâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s
to
the
existing
association master
plan.
with The
stakeholders diagram demonstrates the complex relationship between varying impacting or impacted bodies whom would hypothetically be involved in the resurrection of branching city.
The key objectives of branching city can be simplified to three points, reforestation & preservation, permaculture farming and housing. The alleviating problems being tackled can be categorised as follows, desertification, deforestation, air pollution, poverty, biophobia, animal displacement, flooding, food scarcity and agriculture pollution. Therefore, it can be deduced that the problems facing humanity and the planet in the anthropocentric age transcend human suffering and exist in the non-human, hence the stakeholders diagram makes provision for non-human entities effected by the architectural proposal.
Strategic Report_Branching Systems
[47]
04.1_Stakeholder Analysis
[48]
INVESTING BODIES
Government of India
NGOs
Ministr y of Agriculture
National Biodiversity Authority
Similarly to the arrangement of Auroville it
Connecting desertification, deforestation,
Sharing similar intent to the animal welfare
is likely that funding for the project would
food scarcity and agricultural pollution.
board and ministry of environment &
need to come not only from governmental
forest.
organisations but also non-governmental
Ministr y of Housing & Pover ty Alleviation
organisations,
including
charities
and
Institute of Forest Management
other notable organisations with similarly
More inclined to negating the effects
climatic and humanitarian intent. With this
Ministr y of Rural Development
of deforestation, however within this
in mind the following three NGOs have
Connected to poverty, deforestation, and
paradigm
include
been considered as likely funding parties
flooding
desertification, animal displacement and
willing to contribute to the resurrection of
agriculture pollution, with slash & burn
branching city.
Ministry
of
Environment
&
associating
factors
agricultural practices depleting forests.
Forest
- UNESCO
Associating desertification, deforestation,
Wildlife Institute
air
animal
Sharing similar intent to the animal welfare
displacement, flooding and agricultural
board and ministry of environment &
pollution.
forest.
pollution,
biophobia,
- Conserve
- Environmentalist Foundation of India
Animal Welfare Board
Indian
Council
Similarly to the ministry of environment &
Research & Education
forest, the animal welfare board connects
Again with the intents of previously
to the same problems however is more
mentioned
heavily invested in animal displacement.
research
&
of
government education
Forestry
bodies, forest
the
council
are less inclined to managing forestry Central Pollution Control Board
practices and reforesting, although would
With connection to many of the problems
be interested in branching city in-terms of
outlined, the central pollution control
educational opportunities for inhabitants
board
and visitors.
focuses
on
polluting
bodies,
therefore making branching city a proposal aligning with aims of reducing human pollution through re-thinking methods of construction and living, whilst improving air quality through re-forestation,
Strategic Report_Branching Systems
[49]
I N H A B I TA N T S
Human
Non-human
Families
Soil
Including a wide rage of age ranges,
Often
architectural
Branching city protects the fabric of the
branching city sits in a similar demographic
proposals, soil sits at the forefront of
forest, working to maintain a healthy tree
to Auroville, with a diverse age range.
branching city, with the initial idea for the
cover spanning the city.
Race and nationalities coming together to
project stemming from soil desertification
coexist in harmony with humanity and the
instigated by deforestation. Therefore,
Native Animal Species
natural environment.
with
branching
As the forest becomes a substantial part of
city, a new model for cities is formed,
branching city, native animal species are
Land Owners
demonstrating a means to allow soil the
able to coexist within a human settlement.
Through site studies in becomes clear that
space to breath and flourish, with resilient
As to not disturb the flight patterns of
there are existing land owners within the
natural systems able to reach a point of
native birds the maximum height for the
Auroville township, therefore effects of
balance.
stacked dwellings only reaches a point
E x i s t i n g Tr e e C o v e r disregarded
the
in
construction
of
the construction of branching city must be considered from their perspective.
exceeding the height of the canopy and Air
central branching points, minimising the
Air is a key inhabitant of the environment,
opposing nature of the architecture.
Farmers
with forest preservation being a key
Farming lands nearby to the proposed site
element to branching city, air quality in
are considered. In terms of the construction
this re-imagined city becomes balanced
process aiming to minimise negative
by the diversity of tree species, animals
effect,
and humans, coexisting and breathing.
i.e.
transporting
construction
materials posing the problem of blocking routes.
Water In a monsoon climate water exists in excess,
Local Community With
the
neighbouring
during these times flooding becomes township
of
a possibility for disaster. However, with
Puducherry, local community may be
branching cities master planning exercise
effected in terms of a new wave of visitors
aiming to leave as little footprint on the
to branching city, most likely effecting
forest as possible, there is a great deal
the local economy positively, although
of soil left uncovered, meaning flooding
may be perceived by some community
becomes much less of an issue, compared
members as a nuisance or imposition on
with the water-run off produced from
local infrastructure.
concrete paved streets typical of modern cities.
04.1_Stakeholder Analysis
[50]
0 4 . 2 P r o j e c t Te a m
Branching Cities scale motivates a project
Consultants
C o n s t r u c t i o n Te a m
team with numerous consultants to assist in more detailed design stages, ensuring
With
multiple
programmatic
intent
Due to the scale of the project, construction
the resurrection of the city is as per
[private dwellings, communal dwellings,
is likely to not only fall under the role of
regulations, and exceeding the minimum
education facilities, services, amenities]
contracting firms, but also to unskilled
for regulatory factors aligning with the
as part of branching city, a number of
labourers, most likely residents / visitors
ethos of the project.
consultants would be necessary for the
to Auroville. Additionally, as Auroville
project to become fully detailed, meeting
has achieved the means of creating
All parties involved in the construction
regulations to get to a point of practical
sustainable communities, the resources
of branching city would need to follow
completion.
/ institutions on site would join roles
regulations as per CDM 2015, when following UK guidelines.
Architects Role
As
the
project,
principle
architects
for
the
principals. Especially due to extensive
infrastructural, due to the project taking
knowledge on existing site conditions, the
on the form of a city, the organisation
method of construction should align with
towards this would need to be extensive.
already acquired information.
In
conjunction
with
infrastructure, Local Suppliers are an important means
project
intent of the project, therefore much
to achieving the sustainable goals of
programme, liaising with the client body
deliberation on how to achieve the most
branching city. With reduced polluting
and consultants to respond to varying
environmentally
of
factors, in terms of less distance for
implementation challenges throughout
construction,
services
transporting materials for construction,
the projects work stages. This includes
would be necessary.
transcend
responsibilities
Substantial consulting bodies would be
sustainability plays a huge role in the
would
the
designer
of construction and assist with design
works
of
conscious
materiality
means
and
matched with sustainable felling practices.
collaborating information given by the multitude of consultants involved in the
Furthermore,
with
the
materiality
of
project, and translating this information
branching city being timber / bamboo,
to drawings.
the fire strategy and fire resistance means are massively important in achieving a
Once on site the principal contractor will take much of the responsibility of the project. Although it is likely for the architect to have a guiding role throughout practical completion stages, in terms of further detailing or advising on site issues or building regulations.
Strategic Report_Branching Systems
safe and cohesive design.
[51]
Branching City Auroville Client Body Agent
D e s i g n Te a m
CDM Coordinator
C o n s t r u c t i o n Te a m
[Principal Designer]
Principal Contractor
Architect
Sub Contractor
[Consultants]
Local Suppliers
Structural Engineer
Unskilled Labourers
Mechanical Engineer
Services Engineer
Environmental Engineer
Sustainability Consultant
Facade Consultant
Fire Consultant
Acoustician
Breeam Consultant
Planning Consultant
04.2_Project Team
[52]
0
1
2
3
4
5
RIBA Plan of Work 2020
The RIBA Plan of Work organises the process of briefing, designing, delivering, maintaining, operating and using a building into eight stages. It is a framework for all disciplines on construction projects and should be used solely as guidance for the preparation of detailed professional services and building contracts.
Strategic Definition
Preparation and Briefing
Concept Design
Spatial Coordination
Technical Design
Manufacturing and Construction Handover
Stage Boundaries:
Stage Outcome
The best means of achieving the Client Requirements confirmed
Stages 0-4 will generally be undertaken one after the other. Stages 4 and 5 will overlap in the Project Programme for most projects. Stage 5 commences when the contractor takes possession of the site and finishes at Practical Completion. Stage 6 starts with the handover of the building to the client immediately after Practical Completion and finishes at the end of the Defects Liability Period. Stage 7 starts concurrently with Stage 6 and lasts for the life of the building.
Planning Note: Planning Applications are generally submitted at the end of Stage 3 and should only be submitted earlier when the threshold of information required has been met. If a Planning Application is made during Stage 3, a midstage gateway should be determined and it should be clear to the project team which tasks and deliverables will be required. See Overview guidance.
Procurement: The RIBA Plan of Work is procurement neutral – See Overview guidance for a detailed description of how each stage might be adjusted to accommodate the requirements of the Procurement Strategy. ER
Employer’s Requirements
CP
Contractor’s Proposals
at the end of the stage
Prepare Client Requirements
during the stage
Develop Business Case for feasible options including review of Project Risks and Project Budget
Project Strategies might include: – Conservation (if applicable) – Cost – Fire Safety – Health and Safety – Inclusive Design – Planning – Plan for Use – Procurement – Sustainability See RIBA Plan of Work 2020 Overview for detailed guidance on Project Strategies
Core Statutory Processes
Ratify option that best delivers Client Requirements
Project Brief approved by the client and confirmed that it can be accommodated on the site
Prepare Project Brief including Project Outcomes and Sustainability Outcomes, Quality Aspirations and Spatial Requirements Undertake Feasibility Studies Agree Project Budget
Architectural Concept approved by the client and aligned to the Project Brief
Architectural and engineering information Spatially Coordinated
The brief remains “live” during Stage 2 and is derogated in response to the Architectural Concept
Agree Project Brief Derogations
Source Site Information including Site Surveys
Undertake Site Appraisals
Prepare Project Programme
Undertake Design Reviews with client and Project Stakeholders
Prepare Project Execution Plan
Prepare stage Design Programme
Undertake Design Studies, Engineering Analysis and Cost Exercises to test Architectural Concept resulting in Spatially Coordinated design aligned to updated Cost Plan, Project Strategies and Outline Specification Initiate Change Control Procedures Prepare stage Design Programme
No design team required for Stages 0 and 1. Client advisers may be appointed to the client team to provide strategic advice and design thinking before Stage 2 commences.
Strategic appraisal of Planning considerations
Planning Building Regulations Health and Safety (CDM)
All design information required to manufacture and construct the project completed Stage 4 will overlap with Stage 5 on most projects
Prepare Architectural Concept incorporating Strategic Engineering requirements and aligned to Cost Plan, Project Strategies and Outline Specification
Review Feedback from previous projects
during the stage:
Develop architectural and engineering technical design Prepare and coordinate design team Building Systems information Prepare and integrate specialist subcontractor Building Systems information Prepare stage Design Programme
Rectify defects
Resolve Site Queries as required
Complete initial Aftercare tasks including light touch Post Occupancy Evaluation
Building handover tasks bridge Stages 5 and 6 as set out in the Plan for Use Strategy
Submit Building Regulations Application
Carry out Construction Phase Plan
Discharge precommencement Planning Conditions
Comply with Planning Conditions related to construction
ER
Pre-contract services agreement
Implement Facilities Management and Asset Management Undertake Post Occupancy Evaluation of building performance in use Verify Project Outcomes including Sustainability Outcomes
Comply with Planning Conditions as required
Adaptation of a building (at the end of its useful life) triggers a new Stage 0
Comply with Planning Conditions as required
Prepare Construction Phase Plan Submit form F10 to HSE if applicable Tender
Appoint design team
Undertake review of Project Performance
Inspect Construction Quality
Prepare and submit Planning Application
Appoint client team
Hand over building in line with Plan for Use Strategy
Undertake seasonal Commissioning
Undertake Commissioning of building
Building used, operated and maintained efficiently
Stage 7 starts concurrently with Stage 6 and lasts for the life of the building
Monitor progress against Construction Programme
Review design against Building Regulations
ER CP
Appoint contractor
CP
Appoint contractor
CP
Appoint contractor
Appoint contractor
Appoint Facilities Management and Asset Management teams, and strategic advisers as needed
Appoint contractor
Contractor-led
ER
Preferred bidder
Client Requirements
Project Brief
Project Brief Derogations
Signed off Stage Report
Manufacturing Information
Business Case
Feasibility Studies
Signed off Stage Report
Project Strategies
Construction Information
Site Information
Project Strategies Outline Specification
Updated Outline Specification
Final Specifications
Project Budget Project Programme
Cost Plan
Procurement Strategy
Updated Cost Plan Planning Application
Residual Project Strategies Building Regulations Application
Responsibility Matrix
Core RIBA Plan of Work terms are defined in the RIBA Plan of Work 2020 Overview glossary and set in Bold Type.
‘The RIBA Plan of Work organises the
Based upon the guidelines, as per RIBA
process of briefing, designing, delivering,
2020 document [as shown above], an
maintaining,
a
abstraction of the work flow has been
building into eight stages. It is a framework
translated to my own academic year.
for all disciplines on construction projects
Demonstrating correlations between the
and should be used solely as guidance for
stages of work under taken by myself and
the preparation of detailed professional
the stages outlined by the RIBA.
using
services and building contracts.’ To demonstrate, a programmatic diagram The RIBA Plan of Work 2020 outlines 8
has been produced, compartmentalizing
work stages, reflecting upon the phasing
the processes throughout this academic
of design from briefing to conceptualising
year to achieve a finalised design.
and to a final physicality.
Strategic Report_Branching Systems
Practical Completion certificate including Defects List
Feedback on Project Performance
Feedback from Post Occupancy Evaluation
Final Certificate
Updated Building Manual including Health and Safety File and Fire Safety Information as necessary
Feedback from light touch Post Occupancy Evaluation
Asset Information
Further guidance and detailed stage descriptions are included in the RIBA Plan of Work 2020 Overview.
04.3 Programme Delivery
and
Building Manual including Health and Safety File and Fire Safety Information
If Verified Construction Information is required, verification tasks must be defined
Information Requirements
operating
Manufacture Building Systems and construct building
Agree route to Building Regulations compliance
Management Contract Construction Management
at the end of the stage
Finalise Site Logistics
Obtain pre-application Planning Advice
Option: submit outline Planning Application
Building handed over, Aftercare initiated and Building Contract concluded
There is no design work in Stage 5 other than responding to Site Queries
Initiate collation of health and safety Pre-construction Information
Traditional
Information Exchanges
Manufacturing, construction and Commissioning completed
Source pre-application Planning Advice
Design & Build 1 Stage Design & Build 2 Stage
Use
Prepare Building Manual Specialist subcontractor designs are prepared and reviewed during Stage 4
See Planning Note for guidance on submitting a Planning Application earlier than at end of Stage 3
Procurement Route
7
Projects span from Stage 1 to Stage 6; the outcome of Stage 0 may be the decision to initiate a project and Stage 7 covers the ongoing use of the building.
If the outcome determines that a building is the best means of achieving the Client Requirements, the client proceeds to Stage 1
Core Tasks
6
© RIBA 2020
May
April
March
February
January
December
November
October
24/09
02/10
15/10
22/10
29/10
05/11
12/11
19/11
27/11
03/12
10/12
15/12
21/12
07/01
14/01
21/01
28/01
04/02
11/02
18/02
25/02
04/03
11/03
18/03
26/03
02/04
14/04
22/04
29/04
06/05
15/05
18/05
20/05
04.3_Programme Delivery FINALISED PORTFOLIO
STRUCTURAL / DETAILED DESIGN
BUILDING MATERIALS
S TAGE 3 : S PATIA L CO O R DINAT IO N INFRASTRUCTURE DESIGN
FINALISED DESIGN CONCEPT
DESIGN ITERATIONS
MASTER PLANNING EXERCISE
STAGE 2 : CO NCE PT DE S IGN
SITE SPECIFIC ANALYSIS
DESIGN CONCEPT ESTABLISHMENT
ESTABLISHED RESEARCH AREA
FORMATION OF DETAILED SCRIPTING
STAGE 1: PR EPAR ATION & BR IEF
PHYSICAL & DIGITAL MODELLING
COLLABORATION OF RESEARCH
DETAILED RESEARCH OF BRANCHING SYSTEMS
NATURAL SYSTEMS GEOMETRY RESEARCH
STUDIO BRIEF
[53]
S TAGE 4 : T E CHNIC A L DE S I G N
[54]
Strategic Report_Branching Systems
[55]
05.0
Procurement & Cost
[56]
05.1 Procurement Strategy
The RIBA Plan of Work outlines the
In essence the basis for procurement
procurement stages, categorising them
strategy is based on cost, time and quality.
into:
Although, these a simplified factors with
1. Traditional
a more in depth list of determining
2. Design & Build 1 Stage
elements:
3. Design & Build 2 Stage
-Cost Certainty
4. Management Contract
-Competitive Fee
5. Contractor-led
-Client Responsibility -Flexible Design
Strategic Report_Branching Systems
These categories of procurement are
-Time Certainty
them translated to work stages, detailing
-Construction Time
the time scale for appointment of client
-Quality of Construction
team to design team and finally, the
-Quality of Design
appointment of contractor.
-Project Scale [Responsibility / Risk]
Procurement routes are project specific,
To
establishing a route most suitable based
procurement method for the resurrection
on the type of proposal and the balance
of branching city, all procurement methods
of advantages to disadvantages.
have been analysed.
determine
the
most
suitable
[57]
TRADITIONAL
DESIGN + BUILD
MANAGEMENT
Traditional procurement is the most commonly
Design + Build, sees the role of the architect
This procurement method sees the client
used procurement method. The approach is as
attenuated, and the contractors responsibilities
appointing a managing coordinator at early
follows: with tender documentation [drawings,
increase.
stages of the design process.
schedules] being completed by the consulting
appointed by the client, is the both design and
body.
construct the project.
The
main
contractors
role,
as
The management contracting defines the employment
of
principal
contractors
and
The architects, and other consultants would be
There is a contraction of roles, seeing the
subcontractors and early stages of the project,
selected by the client. Once tender packages
contractor obtaining the role of designer. With
meaning
are completed the drawings are communicated
agreed upon time and cost implemented by the
construction can be made in conjunction with
to contractors. Contracting agents submit
client.
the design process as completed by architects
tenders, leading to their appointment, with
assessment
of
risk
defined
by
and other consulting bodies.
leading factors determining the choice based
It is likely for the project to require further
upon principals of cost, time and quality.
consulting, therefore the client / contractor
A D VA N TA G E S
would
With earlier collaboration between design
Proceeding the appointment of contractors, construction
commences,
with
appoint
these
roles
to
specialist
consultants or design teams, where required.
design
team, specialist consultants and contractors, the overall design is able to reach a state
consultants [architects] maintaining an involved
A D VA N TA G E S
of cohesion is faster time. Leading to the
role in the project, and on site. The architects
For the client, time and cost would be benefited,
commencement of construction in faster time,
role becomes that of an inspector, reviewer, and
with time being lessened due to non-delayed
with packages going out to construction prior
producer of necessary details / amendments to
construction, although dependant on scale of
to tender.
drawings. Acting as the construction contract
design intent. Cost becomes more certain for
administrator, liaising with client, contractor,
the client, as the contractor understands the
D I S A D VA N TA G E S
and other consulting bodies.
details of the design and construction.
Inflating cost is the greatest risk, as cost is established at later stages. It becomes important
A D VA N TA G E S
D I S A D VA N TA G E S
With the presence of the architect from design
Quality
to construction, the initial design intent is more
procurement projects, as the design may be
feasible to maintain. Additionally quality would
compromised in order to sustain cost and
be improved, as the principal designer exists on
time. Most frequently this method becomes
site reviewing works, ensuring construction is
advantageous on infrastructure projects, in
completed to standard.
which design less involved.
D I S A D VA N TA G E S Due
to
contractors
being
appointed
proceeding the production of tender packages, the construction time is uncertain. Also, with detailed tender drawings being produced prior to contract establishment the time can be increased.
05.1_Procurement Strategy
often
suffers
for the client to maintain involvement in the in
design
+
build
project to ensure cost does not exceed what is expected.
[58]
Contract Profile
MANAGEMENT/
COST
DESIGN + BUILD To establish the procurement route for
In terms of cost the most valued criteria
branching city, analysis of the proposals
for branching city would be overall value
Based upon the contract profile analysis, it
ethos in terms of cost, quality and time
for money. This is due to the ethos of the
seems most fitting to propose a contract
was undertaken [please see adjacent
proposal aiming for a cohesive design,
with both management, and design +
diagram].
with
build procurement routes.
an
environmentally
conscious
approach, leading to low cost becoming not the aim but still desired. With the use
Design + build procurement in proposed
of local materials and traditional methods
due to characteristics of the project being
of construction combined with modern
fluid in terms of roles of contractor and
methods, the cost implication would be
designer. The project would follow the
uncertain.
initial path of overall master plan, leading to opportunities for client based design alterations throughout the course of
TIME
construction. Management procurement Due to the scale of the project it is likely
is proposed as the scale of the project
for the time to span over many years,
compels a need for overall management
with relative phasing stages. Therefore
bodies to organise the various sections of
the overall completion of branching city
the master plan design.
would be a substantial amount of time, although it is still ideal for the earliest possible start upon site.
QUALITY
With a combination of human-centric cohesion
and
ecologically
thoughtful
design, the project aims to achieve the highest possible level of quality. Ensuring as little maintenance as possible is necessary for residents, and quality during the build facilitates a process inclined to methodically work, meaning less disruption on site, in extension less disruption to the existing forest.
Strategic Report_Branching Systems
[59]
C2
C1
C3
Q3
T1
Q2
T2
Q1
COST
TIME
QUALITY
05.1_Procurement Strategy
T3
C1
Lowest Capital Expenditure
1
2
3
4
5
C2
Cost Certainty
1
2
3
4
5
C3
O v e r a l l Va l u e f o r M o n e y
1
2
3
4
5
T1
Earliest Star t on Site
1
2
3
4
5
T2
Contract Certainty
1
2
3
4
5
T3
Shor test Contract Period
1
2
3
4
5
Q1
Highest Quality Design
1
2
3
4
5
Q2
Client Led Design
1
2
3
4
5
Q3
Contractor Led Design
1
2
3
4
5
[60]
Strategic Report_Branching Systems
[61]
05.2 Finance
Introduction
due to branching city being located in Auroville, a self-sustaining community of
Financing
branching
be
sorts, resources existing in the immediate
established in a similar manner to that
vicinity of the site will be utilised. This
of Auroville. To organise an outline for
includes the Auroville Building Centre,
financing
budget
which specialises in both education of
plan would need to be proposed, with
sustainable construction methods and
the responsibility falling to the master
practicing these methods upon the site of
plan design team, primary stakeholders
Auroville. Therefore with assistance from
and notable members of the Aurovilleâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s
these existing Auroville organisations,
planning organisation. To establish a more
with substantial resources, the amount of
detailed budget an analysis of the types
funding needed for construction will be
of construction processes to be used
reduced.
strategy
an
city
would
initial
would be necessary, including traditional construction approaches characterised by
Risk Associated with Funds
vernacular architecture, combined with modern methods of construction and
Risks associated with the resurrection of
master planning. Additionally to analysis
the project can be categorised as follows:
of construction, acquisition of funds is likely to take time within the governmental
1. Uncontrollable Risk
organisations and NGOs likely to fund the
Characterised by unknown events caused
project.
on site for example. Although, due to the already populated site, the risk is lessened
Acquisition of Funds
as there has already been extensive analysis of the land, mitigating risk
Outlined in the stakeholder analysis is
associated with unknown site conditions.
the parties involved in the fruition of branching city. This includes governmental
2. Speculative Risk
organisations with aligning ideologies,
Referring to
whom would be inclined to offer funds to
contractual roles exceeding the roles
assist in the erection of the project. Also,
outlined in the agreed contract. However,
NGO groups, previously involved in the
in the case of branching city, it seems
fabrication of Auroville would be apart of
likely for these risks to be lessened with
branching cities funding. Of course, due
the introduction of contractual assistance
to
from Aurovilleâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s building centre.
05.2_Finance
the risks associated with
[62]
05.3 Cost
To establish a detailed cost estimation,
In terms of material acquirement, with
a quantity surveyor would need to be
locally sourced timber / bamboo products
appointed. Leading to the establishment
being the most substantial part of the
of a cost plan, based on the cost of
build, cost should be attenuated.
a concentrated block of dwellings in branching city, and translating this to the
To minimise cost implications a phasing
overall area available for construction
system
based
and
allowing for funds to be in-cooperated
appropriate land availability as part of
through this process, giving more time to
Aurovilleâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s complex.
achieve sufficient funds for completion,
on
acquired
funding
would
need
to
undertaken,
whilst instigating a timely start on site. Due to the scale and complexity of branching city, cost would need to be
Overall due to the multi programmatic
compartmentalised to the study of the
design of branching city, an extensive cost
individual dwelling. Proceeding to the cost
evaluation is an important factor in ensure
implications associated with structural
there is not an exponential growth of cost.
loads based on stacking height.
A proposed cost evaluation can be determined as follows: -Feasibility Study -Material Study -Detailed Design -Tender Evaluation -Contract Evaluation
Strategic Report_Branching Systems
[63]
0 5 . 4 Va l u e
Valuation of a project is governed by
E N V I R O N M E N TA L
SOCIAL
ideologies and implications to stakeholders
The most prominent value imposed by the
In keeping with the social ideologies
that the project imposes. The value of
master plan and proposal of branching
of Auroville, branching city promotes
branching city can be determined by two
city, is its environmentally conscious
social cohesion. The city acts an a social
predominant factors: environmental and
approach. The system the project is based
condenser, with overlapping systems of
social.
on not only takes inspiration from natural
programme, intertwined with routes and
systems to determine its formation, but
infrastructure,
Value management [VM] initiates an
proceeds to achieve a sustainable living
often found in our cities or places of
overall value assigned to the project
environment, which sees natural methods
dwelling. The dismissal of hierarchy, allows
based on key factors as follows:
of sewage treatment utilised, permaculture
for a vibrant international community to
-Cost [an understanding of the initial cost
growing, and the utilisation of local
dwell in branching city, connecting to the
implications when evaluating the effect
natural materials for construction [timber
already prosperous living in Auroville,
this may have on future maintenance or
/ bamboo]. The stakeholder groups, as
housing over 5000 people at this time.
disruption to construction]
previously mentioned, already advocate
Also, with the self-sufficiency of the
environmental
approach,
proposal, cohesion amongst settlers of the
associated problems likely arise]
therefore would demonstrate support for
city is to be expected, as the coordination
-Function [looking at the performance
a project such as branching city, aiming
of infrastructure and growing regions
of the proposal, and its value from the
to re-think how we live in cities, and
would be under the management of the
perspective of stakeholders]
determining an alterer city paradigm,
population of branching city, combined
intertwined with the forest physically and
with guidance from the existing groups of
through systems of infrastructure.
Auroville.
a multitude of factors, based on the
-Programme
[outlining
possible
time
Value engineering [VE} sees the value of a project, and aims to analyse how to achieve the most value for money [VfM]. This looks at finding an optimum balance between construction cost and overall quality of production.
05.3_Cost_05.4_Value
design
/
dismissing
a
hierarchy
[64]
Strategic Report_Branching Systems
[65]
06.0 Conclusion
Branching City re-thinks the paradigm
Through considerations taken from RIBA
Overall this strategic report has enabled
of the city, seeing the master plan for
work standards, it was an intuitive study
myself to contemplate the project through
architectural intent weaving through the
to perceive the organisation of this year of
a realistic eye, understanding exterior
fabric of an existing forest.
MArch study in terms of RIBA work stages,
effects governing how the project could
demonstrating to myself the correlations
be constructed and constraints often
found.
applicable to architectural design when
The large scale project has been extremely interesting to contemplate in terms of
designing outside of the educational
legislative consideration, national planning
Procurement for the project was most
constructs, stakeholder analysis
and
enlightening, as the scale of branching
funding / valuation estimation, Through
city gave certain levels of difficulty in
this brief outline of possible routes to
understanding the most viable routes
see branching city come to fruition, it has
for procurement. Upon deductions lead
been insightful to determine the effects of
by diagrammatic analysis, it became
legislative frameworks upon design.
comprehensively clearer the roles of cost, time and quality in the ethos / strategy of
On
reflection
of
the
stakeholders
analysis, it was interesting to determine
branching city. Leading to a procurement strategy being deduced.
the categories [Government Agencies, NGOs, Human and Non-Human], most
Leading
from
procurement
not worthy non-human, which through
finance
and
contemplation made more clear effects of
relative
factors
design on wider inhabitants of our planet,.
proposal of branching city. To understand
cost to
strategy,
management consider
for
were the
the value the proposal holds, from the eye of the stakeholder, was interesting in terms of appreciating the project from varying perspectives, bringing to light factors governing the plausibility of the proposal achieving sufficient funding, leading to the erection of branching city.
paradigm.
[66]
Strategic Report_Branching Systems
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