Revista chemscience

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TEAM: 8 GROUP:119 Jessica María Cavazos Santos 1795153 Daniela Alejandra Vega Garza 1815112 Daniel Alejandro Rodríguez González 1806751 José Antonio Toledo Ortiz 1796138

INTRODUCTION……………………………………………..3 CHEMESTRY AND OTHER SCIENCES…........……………4 ELEMENTS AND COMPUNDS IN DAILY LIFE……………6 COLORING DRAWINGS…………………………………...

EVOLUTION OF SCIENTIFIC THEORIES…………………..

CHEMICAL BOND IN SUBSTANCES USED IN INDUSTRY……………………………………………………

CROSSWORD………………………………………………..

EDITOR’S OPOINION/CONCLUSION…………………..

Life consists of all living things and nonliving things, but the question that everybody is asking is what are made all the things in life? How things related to chemistry?

This articles will help you to understand a little bit more about it in a chemical way with a few articles explaining diverse topics about how some things related chemistry and why are they related.

Chemistry is the science of matter at or near the atomic scale. (Matter is the substance of which all physical objects are made.).

Chemistry deals with the properties of matter, and the transformation and interactions of matter and energy.

Central to chemistry is the interaction of one substance with another, such as in a chemical reaction, where a substance or substances are transformed into another.

Chemistry primarily studies atoms and collections of atoms such as molecules, crystals or metals that make up ordinary matter. According to modern chemistry it is the structure of matter at the atomic scale that determines the nature of a material.

BIOLOGY The relationship between chemistry and biology is succinctly embodied in the often-cited statement “cells obey the laws of chemistry.” In this context, it is also relevant to reflect on the opening lines of the famous paper by Watson and Crick: “We wish to suggest a structure for the salt of deoxyribose nucleic acid (DNA).

This structure has novel features which are of considerable biological interest”

AGRICULTURE IT IS USE FOR Formulation of fertilizer. Proper amount of fertilizer will determine your optimum yield in crops which in turn gives you more profit.

2. Application of pesticides.

Knowledge in chemistry will help you determine the right dosage, right chemicals to apply in controlling pest in your crops, thus minimizing the loss in your profit.

3. Formulation of vitamins, feeds ratio and vaccines for animals needs at least basic knowledge in chemistry.

4. Understanding the biological and physiological process of all domesticated livestock's and plants are all based on the basic knowledge in biology and chemistry.

MEDICINE Chemical reactions guide many biological processes and dysfunctions in the body's organic molecules cause many medical disorders, such as hemophilia, which stems from the lack of a specific organic compound in the blood. Poisoning is another example where chemical reactions can have adverse effects on the human body and its functioning.

The links between chemistry and medicine are complex and result in countless specific applications such as: The study of covalent bonds applies to the comparison of water versus fat-soluble vitamins along with the synthesis of the drug Novocain.

The study of Lewis structure rules and ionic bonds applies to the analysis of free radicals in biology.

PHOSPHORUS Phosphorus works out together with calcium to maintain bones and teeth strong, both need to be balanced so our body can have a good function of this elements. Like any other thing balance is needed. Referring to this if your body has too much calcium your body does not absorb the amount of phosphorus needed and vice versa. If our body is not balanced it can be a cause for Hypophosphatemia or hyperphosphatemia.

POTASSIUM What is its importance?

Potassium is important in our body due that it has a role mainly in nerve impulses, fluid balance, and muscle contraction. Also, potassium is an electrolyte which is helpful at conducting electricity in our body.

After all this uses of potassium in our body it has more! Potassium regulates blood pH level this is useful when after doing any kind of exercise and loosing electrolytes, we should get the minerals that we lost.

Did you know consuming Potassium‌ -Can help our body to maintain a good quantity of sodium, due to this our body can manage a normal blood pressure?

- In balanced levels helps our body with our contracting muscles and with this to protect our heart from any disease?

-In excess and can cause feelings of body weakness, and in very drastic cases it can cause dizziness, mental confusion, low blood pressure and irregular heart rhythm?

-In very low levels can make you have cardiovascular problems, low blood pressure and wrong salt balance?

NEW WORDS: Hypophosphatemia occurs when your body has a low level of phosphorus. Some of its symptoms and effects are the low blood levels, fatigue and weak muscles that can guide you into much bigger problems such as muscle pain due to soft bones.

Hyperphosphatemia in the contrary occurs when your body has a high level of phosphorus compared to normal quantities.

Symptoms go from red eyes to constipation, vomiting, and diarrhea.

NITROGEN Our body needs Nitrogen for making different proteins for hair, skin, nails and more important blood and DNA also contain nitrogen. The body works with amino acids taken from food that contains protein such as meat, fish, eggs, milk and many other legumes or fixed nitrogen already contained in our body. When nitrogen is in our body helps to make new proteins or chemicals according to what the body needs.

Deficiency of nitrogen in our body in not extreme cases mainly affects hair loss and muscle weakness.

When the body uses proteins and acids there is material that the body does not use and this is converted into ammonia and later converted into urea so an excess in nitrogen intake could cause an elevation on ammonia and urea levels.

SODIUM How it works?

Distributed throughout the body, salt is very diverse in body fluids from blood, sweat, and tears to urine. Sodium is absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract, with water in it. It is the major mineral in the fluid component of blood, and in the fluids that bathe or cover cells. Without enough sodium, all these fluids would lose their water, causing dehydration, low blood pressure, and death.

There is a way in which we can know if our sodium levels are right this is made by , blood vessels and brain that send a signal direct to the kidneys to retain as much sodium as the body needs; also it fills your thirst sensation so water can be in balance with sodium.

By taking in much more sodium than we need. The major consequences lead to a rise in blood pressure, which augments the risk of heart attack.

Current guidelines say no adult should consume more than 2,300 mg of sodium a day, and that people with hypertension, all middle-aged and older adults, and all African Americans should consume no more than 1,500 mg a day.

Name Water

Compound Name Hydrogen Oxide

Table Salt

Sodium chloride

Name Water

Sugar

Compound Name Hydrogen Oxide

Sucrose Table Salt

Baking Soda Sugar

Baking Soda

Bleaching Powder

Bleaching Powder

Sodium chloride

Sodium bicarbonate Sucrose

Sodium bicarbonate

Calcium oxy chloride

Calcium oxy chloride

Uses Water is vital for all living organisms and species to survive; it is used for drinking as a solvent.

Used for making our food to taste different, used in Uses Water is vital for all living our daily diet. organisms and species to For itsweets to survive; is used for(referring drinking as afood) solvent.used in our daily life Used for making our food to diet. taste different, used in our dailyUsed diet. mainly in food as a For sweets (referring to food) powder used in our dailyfor life preparing diet.

Used mainly .inOther food as aapplications bread powder for preparing bread . include it for Other applications include it for extinguishers. extinguishers.

As a tool for cleaning and As a tool disinfecting waterfor andcleaning and products such as fruits and and disinfecting water vegetables that were not products such as fruits steriiized before. and vegetables that were not steriiized before.

JOHN DALTON’S THEORY Dalton stated that tiny particles called atoms are form elements. Different elements would have atoms of different sizes and mass. According to him atoms were unique, as they couldn't be created, divided or destroyed by chemical process. The later discovery of nuclear fusion and nuclear fission altered this viewpoint, though these were nuclear and not chemical reactions. The discovery of isotopes subsequently proved that elements can be identical in chemical structure but different in weight.

1. All matter is made of tiny particles called atoms.

2. Atoms are neither created nor destroyed in chemical reactions.

3. Atoms of different elements combine in whole number ratios, a nd more than one ratio is possible for a given combination of elements.

4. Each element is made of a different kind of atom, and the atoms of different elements have different masses.

Atoms in the same element are NOT uniform. Since the type of element is determined by the number of protons, atoms of the same element can have varying numbers of neutrons and still be the same element.

Number two is known to be false because atoms have been split into subatomic particles: protons, neutrons, and electrons.

He bases his research on the: Law of Definite Proportions Law of Multiple Proportions Law of Conservation of Mass

Plum pudding model (J.J. THOMPSON) Thomson discovered the electron by experimenting with a Crookes, or cathode ray, tube. He demonstrated that cathode rays were negatively charged. In addition, he also studied positively charged particles in neon gas. Thomson realized that the accepted model of an atom did not account for negatively or positively charged particles. Therefore, he proposed a model of the atom which he likened to plum pudding. The negative electrons represented the raisins in the pudding and the dough contained the positive charge.

Thomson's model of the atom did explain some of the electrical properties of the atom due to the electrons, but failed to recognize the positive charges in the atom as particles. His atom is composed of electrons surrounded by a soup of positive charge to balance the electrons' negative charges, like negatively charged "plums" surrounded by positively charged "pudding".

J.J. Thomson was "wrong" because he assumed that the electrons and the positive charge of an atom were all one uniform blob of matter.

RUTHERFORD Ernest Rutherford, a former student of J.J. Thomson, proved Thomson's plum pudding structure incorrect. Rutherford with the assistance of Ernest Marsden and Hans Geiger performed a series of experiments using alpha particles.

Rutherford aimed alpha particles at solid substances such as gold foil and recorded the location of the alpha particle "strikes" on a fluorescent screen as they passed through the foil. To the experimenters’ amazement, although most of the alpha particles passed unaffected through the gold ] foil as expected, a small number of particles were deflected at an angle, and a few ricocheted straight back. Rutherford concluded that the atom consisted of a small, dense, positively charged nucleus in the center of the atom with negatively charged electrons surrounding it. The discovery of the nucleus is considered to be Rutherford's greatest scientific work.

The model described the atom as a tiny, dense, positively charged core called a nucleus, in which nearly all the mass is concentrated, around which the light, negative constituents, called electrons, circulate at some distance, much like planets revolving around the Sun. Rutherford said that electrons are arranged in orbits around the nucleus, but the electrons are really scattered in orbitals.

NIELS BOHR Neils Bohr, a student of Rutherford's, developed a new model of the atom. He proposed that electrons are arranged in concentric circular orbits around the nucleus. This model is patterned on the solar system and is known as the planetary model. The theory could not account for the spectra of atoms more complex than hydrogen. The theory does not give any information regarding the distribution and arrangement of electrons in an atom. It does not explain the experimentally observed variations in intensity of the spectral lines of the element.

The quantum theory of the period between Planck's discovery of the quantum (1900) and the advent of a full-blown quantum mechanics (1925) is often referred to as the old quantum theory.

Erwin Schrรถdinger Erwin Schrรถdinger, an Austrian physicist, took the Bohr atom model one step further. Schrรถdinger used mathematical equations to describe the likelihood of finding an electron in a certain position.

This atomic model is known as the quantum mechanical model of the atom. Unlike the Bohr model, the quantum mechanical model does not define the exact path of an electron, but rather, predicts the odds of the location of the electron. This model can be portrayed as a nucleus surrounded by an electron cloud. Where the cloud is most dense, the probability of finding the electron is greatest, and conversely, the electron is less likely to be in a less dense area of the cloud. Thus, this model introduced the concept of sub-energy levels.

INDUSTRIES

CEMENT Cement is a finely ground inorganic material mixed with water, forming a paste that forge and hardens through reactions and processes of hydration and, once hardened retains its strength and stability even under water.

Bond: Covalent Physical state at room temperature: 30 째 C Soluble in water: This material is not soluble in water but in spite of that it is very tough under the water.

Volume stability: not expansive.

Heat of hydration: very exothermic. It is clear a lot of heat quickly.

Very resistant to sulphates and very good durability and resistant to acidic compounds

IRON Iron is the most used of all the metals, including 95 % of all the metal tonnage produced worldwide. Thanks to the combination of low cost and high strength it is indispensable.

Type of bond: Ionic Physical state: solid Electrical conductivity: (1.0) Solubility in the water: the metals couldn’t dissolve in the water because the water has no enough strong for interact with the water.

Iron properties Iron is a lustrous, ductile, malleable, silver-gray metal (group VIII of the periodic table). It is known to exist in four distinct crystalline forms. Iron rusts in damp air, but not in dry air. It dissolves readily in dilute acids.

DANIEL: In this magazine we made a summary of some topics we saw on the semester, we remembered what we saw, so this will help us in our exam and in the next semesters, the topic I research for was the relationship of chemistry with other sciences and I remembered and learned new things about how chemistry is important in all fields and in our daily life. All stages were important, in some we used things we learned in junior high, and in some other stages we learned new things that help us realize how many of our daily things work and how important chemistry is in everything we do.

JESSICA: In this magazine we wanted to show all the things we learn during the first semester of high school and the perfect way to do it was doing a magazine where you can read a little summarize about it and play some games, we hope that this knowledge help us in our life's one day . All the things we saw this semester are important because we learn something new about what is surround us and how does it really works.

DANIELA: In this whole semester throughout all the units and topics we saw I now know that Chemistry Is related to a lot of others studies in science and not only studies but the daily life and our own body such as compounds that are used in different products that we throughout the days use without even thinking about it. Also, elements we need for our body to make the essential processes to maintain us healthy. For this we also learned how was the periodic table and understanding its arrangement made with all those elements and atoms that take part of our whole world and help us understand it. What I also learned is that there are innovative materials from which the future will be made, and from which scientists can make even more and more discoveries that would be part of the chemistry community, but the entire world.

Elements and compunds. (n.d.). Retrieved November 24, 2015, from http://www.webmd.com/vitamins-supplements/ingredientmono-851potassium.aspx?activeingredientid=851&activeingredientname=potassium Salt and your health, Part I: The sodium connection - Harvard Health. (n.d.).

Retrieved November 24, 2015, from http://www.health.harvard.edu/newsletter_article/salt-and-your-health Blood Urea Nitrogen: What it is & Why is Yours High (or low). (n.d.). Retrieved November 24, 2015, from http://www.metaboliceffect.com/blood-urea-nitrogenwhat-it-is-why-is-yours-high-or-low/ IMAGES: http://myecoach.com/online/resources/11260/modern_periodic_table.jpg http://lh6.ggpht.com/mtRHikCgzZo/T1aoMwnggGI/AAAAAAAA1e4/eLnpkvDzJ80/scienze_15.JPG ?imgmax=640 http://www.supercoloring.com/sites/default/files/styles/coloring_full/public/cif/ 2010/03/chemistry-coloring-page.jpg