The X Factor - Volume 5 (1996)

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of Iditorial:

Annable Iditor: Development

St Johnston BrendaMarshall :.layneSwanson Graham(oleman.

Glenday,lain Reid, Richmond,Ben Way

Wendy Kwok Picture Research: SophieMortimer [ontrolltr: ieniorProduction TerenceStrongman llarketing: lohn Balmond lleadof [irrulation; ChrisJenner

ACKNOWLEDGEMET{TS : ludith Massey,Montague Keen, Richmond, David Guyatt,Tim Col @1993DigidWu ounuinHighflaps%opynght f'lenzel/Saence Phot lrbnry.InsetPeter Pkture Stone.

Roblalbot/Iony andhs. liketo thankall tfiostwhohelped i .X factor. : Professor Hans Redoish.

Yincent

Drhckf,ater,Bnivtn Hams.

Sbekfui+ Jeffrry

BuitdingtG

n 1992, Dr K. Eric Drexler marched into a US Senate Committee meetins and re made an astonishing announcement. According to Drexler, all the problems of the rvo rl d- lam ir r e.pol l rrti o n . lif'e-threatening cliseaseand poverty - could soon be over.

The ker', say'sDrexler, lr,ill be 'nanonrachines' (nano comes from the flreek for drvarf). These tiny, rlolecule-sizedmachines- rvhich Dr-exlercalls assemblers- can be ]lrogramlnecl to produce other n:uroln:rchines.Ultimatell', humans rvoulclno longer have to build anlthing. Assemblersrvoulcldo it fo r l l rer r rar r t ur nat ic a l l r. u s i rrg

cheap, natural materials.

'With the assembler,you'cl be able to take reactive molecules, put them in specific places,and control chemical svnthesisto build up complex structures,' Drexler explains.

"si*::s*lAt_g"n"rlllJt

In fact, nanotechnolog,v had first been proposed lt hen Drexler was jr-rsta bov. As lons ago as 1959, the Nobel prize-u'inning physicist Richarcl Feynman stated that rvhen manipulation of individual atoms is possible,the scientist'rvill have figured out hor'vto synthesize absolutely anything.'

A The micromechonic componenls used in nonolechnology ore smoll enough to be shown next fo o fly's leg. Scienlistsore olreody creoting obiects from individuql otoms (inser).

Humans wor.rld r-ro longer suffer from heart disease.because assemblers could move around and scrape clean clogged arteries.

Humans r,r,ould no longer be poor, because assemblers could manufacture

everything that they

could ever possibly want. And assemblers could clean up the environment

bv absorbins

.:ii:,:,:.

pollution and breaking it down into its original elements: lead and carbon. US economist David Friedman has envisaged a world where, 'food machines would be provided as a free amenity' and 'raw materials, except for very large objects like planets,will cost a l mos tz er o. . .

In short, nano-utopia could be just around the corner. It sounds too good to be lrue: plenty of food to go round, good health, a rool over everyone'shead, and as much leisure time as you want.

R EO RDE RI NG

g j 5

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M O tE C U tES

It is not surprising that Drexler's ideas have been met with scorn by some other scientists.After all, what he was proposing was almost like playing God. And yet nanotechnology, the science that D re x ler has helpe d l o c re a l e .i s based on ideas that are already well acceptedin other scientific areas, such as genetics.

It was about 8Qyears ago when Drexler first began to wontler whether scientistscould manufacture things the way that does . ' S ome d me i n 1 9 7 6 , king seriously about what you design protein molecules and

) Nonotechnologistsenvisoge o future in which micro-robotsore smoll enough to irovel rhrough the bloodstreom,os depicted in fhe 1987 lilm lnnerspacelinsel), where they con corry our inlernol body repoirs. other biomolecules,' he has said.

If human cells could reproduce according to a genetic blueprint inherited from our parents, he mused, why could molecules not be programmed to do the same?

'ltea in a similar way?

One of Drexler's earliest ideas was to cut out the 'middle man' '

betlveen grass and beefsteak.

C a l l e d t h e 'M e a t M a c h i n e ',

speciallyprogrammed assemblers, lhese raw materlals\vould eventuallyturn into fresh beell ,.-.4 ..:a.

Scepticsmieht stop and think about how this sane process happens in nature. The cow eats grass.di gestsi t arrd ttrrrrsi t inlo muscl ew i thorrt arrvi ntcrve r r t ion from outside. Its own molecules, like Drexler's assemblers,are programmed to create a particular product. \Ahich is more unD el l evaD l ei

:SJJJ:$jS*3H***cJ:_ A few years after Drexler began to develop his radical and unsettling ideas about changing and re-assemblingmolecules in different forms, scientistsmoved nanotechnology a step further.

The Scanning Tunnel Microscope (STM), which has a tip only one atom wide, was designed

structures, and to make atoms behavei n certai n w ays.The next stage was to think about what they could do with their discoveries, D rexl er' s pl an w asthat ti ny assemblerswould work to control other tiny tools, like pistons and . cogs.W orki rrgi n partnershipwit h hundreds, perhaps even millions, of other assembl ers. they w o uld build structures and products atom by atom.

_- MOTE C U LE d

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N o

: rrl 1!S1 at IBM's ResearchLabs. It r'orl,s br 'pushing things around iiiie a cue hirting billiard and snooker balls,' saysRiehard Palmer" a professor of physics at thr L-nirersin'of Birmingham.

D:storering that scientistscould p'-.:l et,rms off the tip when they

33 lt

M IC R O .E N GIN E E R IN G

lfs effects will be felr fhroughout so(iety - from medicine l o m q n u fociur:ng to h e ol i ng th e environmenf l' '

:-:

rearrange atoms in new and different ways.Compare this to modern manufacturing methods, which move huge groups of atoms (in the form of sheet metal, or nuts and bolts) around to build machines, and such techniques start to look crude and inflexible.

l':.:'

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att,echti --he:,ro,".. '-' :he nrrg1rl!Lrrp-. >-ir:----tr:.:erljzei

ther carild p lacc ai',:-l: '". her er e: : her rn'anie(i ir,'" . \ ie rr re ar: lrter. I B\ l s c r ent i> : s lrsed an ST\I ro arrln{c

.l-i 3;'-,1115

of renon to iorm rhe IB\I 1,-'i,'.

Br-rilcling on these discorelies. other scientists realized that ir ria-s r-rorr'phlsicalh' possible to

Scientistsbegan to imagine how much more detailed manufacturing could be if single molecules could be assembled quickly and easily into the right structures.

In addition, they realized that raw materials are also made out of molecules.Just as when the atoms in grass,air and water are rearranged to create beef, so could the carbon atoms in graphite be rearranged to make a diamond.

Br. norv, Drexler's ideas were beginning to look lessand less far-fetchecl.h-r theory, scientists alreadv hacl the abilitv to create ditferent materialsout of ranc o m p o n e nts.to moY eatoms arorrnd to form different

C ON TR OL

As Drexler once said, anyone who makesvogurt i s demonstratingt hat self-replication rvorks. It is a short step from the growth of penicillin and other moulds to the idea that properly charged and controlled molecules could build a house, or a car. A nd i nsteadof bui l di n g it out of crude materials that are difficult and expensive to create, assemblerswould work with ' natural molecules.

As genetic engineers have alreadydiscovered.it is perfectly possible to grow a new living being

i-'r-.-of a single cell. as in in riLro ic-:'r:iization( [\T) treatments.Food 3-neticistshar-ealso found waysto 'grori' anirnalsand vegetablesfiom odginal molecules. \anotechnology takes those ideasfurtheq becauseit can be r-rsedin so many different rvavs.

One of the most important areas rvill be in medicine. Like the tiny sp a c es hipir r t he 1 9 6 6m o ri e Fantastic Volage,assemblers lr,'ill be able to mo\re around the body and digest or eliminate malfunctioning cells. They will be able to iclenti!,' problems in the bloodstream, the lungs or the heart, and report back to controlling computers.

Scientistsare already r'vorking on materials called polymers, lvhich can be etched with tiny lines by a very small microscope. These can then be placed around damaged tendons inside the bodv, where th e y help t he t end o n to g ro rr a g a i n along the grooves.

Looking

further

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.9

RE P A IR S

H UM A N

I

=

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into the ftiture,

scientists believe that assemblers

d

cou ld re pa ir the d am age , lor t c ll frostbite to frozen human heacls.

\ ullPor t t h e n r . \ a n o r e c h n o l o q r

(lr-crrrn:.RecirLrseanr countrr, coulcl

Those involved in the science of

r r ' iil har e : r r i t a l l l a l i t ( ) l t l l r i n nr : Lk ing s u r - c t h : r t t ] - i e h e 'l r 1 ' a l c i n as gooc l a c o n c l i t i o n a : p o s : i b i e ,

crcilt{' iin\ r2r\\'nraterial, thev rioulcl not nced to go to \{ar to

clvon ics be liere that s c ier r t is t sir r the future will find a rva,vto brine

In fhct. nanotcchnologl

fi-ozen heads back to life, and rvill elen be able to gro\,v ne\{ bodies to

flght their neighbor-rr for its resoLlr'ces.'In the past,' Drexler

coulcl

cl-iange societv bevoncl oul rlilclcst

sirvs,'only' somebod;'lvho ltas verv rich could zrf{ord a specialll'

itili]!*!ffi

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A CAUIIOUS flbh *tedde, who *oricd ecgireering qnd is o moior fi$rG ir tle cryonks movemeil,,',,,,::-: Gry.â‚Źfsg s rnorre csutious yierv of. ". *dmology.

'The serious rimffit Sresfion d lhis pgtaf ,ir for hng b*i* *ke to &*dop m**rdog1r srd whar is *e best drd far gFtling fhere,' soys rlksrllilc. rAo lE *rorked ot ftre Icrcl: Fdo Alo ksâ‚Źorch Center in (dfrnic" o hd+srre of, new nesccd- Thcrc's still o teg.f

craftcd thing. Norv anvolle carl have it, because rve have the porver to rearrange evervthins.'

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Brit not evervthing in the salclen

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of nano-r.rtopia is rosr'. Dt'exler's critics argtre that the n a n o t e c h n o l o g i s t s c o n r e n i e n tl v gloss or,er hou- asscnrblers receive t h e i r i n s t l r r c r t i o n s . i r n c l h o ri th e l

bir of scienlists the literctrrii.,'but the ones who,,:.r-: knew whol's going on oll seem lo ogree ffiot this is o developmeni whkh connot be svoided.'

are fuellccl.

T h e c l i f T c l c n c c b c t r 'c c r l i r co \\' i u r c l t l r e \ I e : r r \ l . i r h : r r c l r tl r a t th e c o r r 'l t a ' 1 . 1 t . L l k , , f l : t t . . r n c1i s gelt cti c.111\ -l)l i, r r'trrttrt-.r-tl tr I 91'1-111'.

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{ The Mobile Robot Loborqtory ot MIT hos produced o number of robot insecls designed fo perform simple tosks during lfie course of their nonote<hnology reseorch. cell is that the cell is

prjrrar\

alreadr alire. Can an assembler cr(dlr d lirirtg crea tur e in a laboratc,rr i Eren Richard Feynman thinks the:e ha-r been too much talk of Lri,-,pi.l:'Ther' Isupporters of nan',:echnologrt follow all the app.i:ent precepts and forms of sc:e:r:rfic investigation, but they're )eth inses II....1:.- .(-.)n s ent ial. ' __'_^_''___ --"'

Cirics claim that molecular r:.1:r-ripliiation cannot take place at t-l' -rrt :eIItPerature, as atoms are r',, , --;r:.i:rble.

They point out that lht :anrous 35-xenon IBM logo :r-,i ::. r de ir r a r ac uu m u s i n g i n e rt ::, ,:::slrr supercool conditions.

L',:ics hare also argued that :--('--.i- r r \ c or r idjust a s e a s i l y rr'-rst chaosas build a perfect

33 1t Ns n o t e c h n o l o g y l o o ks f e o s i b l e b u t i s b o re l y o u t o f t h e d re o mi n g s t o g e . . . T he re q re hur d l e s , b o f h te ch n i co l o n d e c o n o mi c

nanotechllologr to create terri$ring 1te1'.\\'ar .rachiues?

The US has alreacll callecla hish level Senatemeeting to cliscussthe possibilityof dissolvingenenr\ tanks with nano-bots.

Scientistshave alreadr considered the risks associatecl with nanotechnologr', and concluded that its benefits outweigh possible drawbacks. For' example, scientistscould set a limit on the number of replications an assemblercould perform.

In any case,the benefits we rvill s e e fro m nanotechnol ouyi rr the foreseeable futr-rreare more likely to come from the development of tiny medical i rrs tru m e n l sengagedi n repai ri ng cells than from self-assembling spacerockets and houses.

Drerler himself has said, 'For an indlrstrial replicator designed .. :.. ., u I . I.uel and raw ^ .. | | rPqldtq rrt \4 t d -r

be as likely as a car - just by acciclent, in the garage - being able to wean itself from its diet of gasoline and transmission fluid arrd go out and l i re on tree sa p in the l ' i l d.'

NO

TU R N IN G

BACK

tecilnolr'r!,-1.Hum.rn n:ilrtre berr : r.hat it is. ho ri d o rre k nor . t har

n.rter-r:rls.fol that to accidentally ' : 1' 11ir l o : r l e r r l i e r r o r t l r a t 's a b l e t o

\-et rrould Einstein have progressed u itl-r l-ristheor-r'of r-elatir-iq.if he could have foleseen Hiroshima ancl \agasaki? As n'ith Pandora's box. the licl is already off rrarrol echrrol ogr and al l i ts po ssible ramifications.There is no turning back. Our only hope is that we can continue to use nanotechnology for the greatergood of Mankind.

A nd for al l thosew ho fi nd t he concept too incredible to accept, nanotechnol ogyi s taken very seri ousl yby mul ti nati onal corporations and government researchbodies. One report estimates that the industrv could be rvorth f40 billion bv the 1'ear F- 20 10.C l el rrl \.l hel ' e i s nrrl re

rr'arlike nations \\'ould not use

s ur t ir . e in r r a n r r e . r r e l l . t h a t x - o u l d

to i t tharr sci errcefr.,i orr.

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IT HAS SuCCEsSFUttY tocATEDWATERIN ARID IAND AND PTNPOINTED THELOCATTON OF OtL, GOID AND oTHERPREcIoUSMINERATS. RESEARCH sHows THATDOWSTNGWORKS,BUTAREWE ANY CLOSER TO UNDERSTANDIruC WUV?

owsing could be the onlv area of the paranormal that is commercially important. x It has a practical use, and its ..iccess rate can be measured and . ,strc1.This is r,hy Hans-Dieter 3tiz. :r phlsics prof'essor at the .r:i:' ig \l:rximilians University in " l.l .: .:r, be ca me i nv olv ed. He ', -r ' I :, r krrorr' pleciseh' horv .

regions. These are areas rvhere rvater supplies are inadequate, unreliable, impure and available only seasonalll'.The team also operates u'here surface lvater sources or shallorvwells are too distant to be used.

AMA Z ING

SUCCESS

Aicl agencies have had limited

. i-i_i , , ,L rlcllo c at e r r . at er 70 - :. t', , ,,' ,11 'O c k - s t f e\ \ ' lldes ef t .

success using orthodox means to locate ground &'ater running

deep

belorv the surface in geologicallv . -

-

:- a i, ] iLr lt c t ior t r |it l- i '

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clifficr-rlt areas. Schroter's dowsing, on the other hand, has been

\ -r ('tl-lll.ltl\"\

spectacrrlarlv successful.

Over- a large, clrv area of Sri I . ; r nk a. i r 'h e l e n t : r p s a n d \ - e g e t a t i o n

:':.

.

. c h r - o t e r - 's - . . r t ' l: n 't f e r r ' c l L L e s S - r . , : : : ir ': . 1 c ctLj t r l r 'c 1 l - t o s u p l t h . . . . . , . . . . T l - r c S 'r L C C ct:i:L t e \ \ . i \ ' . . t . , " t r r 'ar , - t : : - . T l r c -

resultsastonishedpeople like Dr Hansjorg Elshorst,the GTZ manager, and Professor Hans Berckhemer, head of the earth sciencesdepartment at the.fohann \Abll-gan g Goethe-Urriversity.

These were not wells that could have becn sunk anl.where in order to tap the vast underground reservoirs, called aquifers. On the contrary, these boreholes l.radto be drilled into fractured rock formations where \\,ater rllns at a considerable depth tl.rrouel'r narro\r-cracks,or fissules.In such conditions, a nornral failure rate shoulclbe rr.ellabove 5() per cent.

The nronetarr sari nq:rr 'eLe huge. si l rceti re al tel nati ve r r - ouid have i nrohed tcn tl ntesthe cost . purnpi ng anclpul i fvi nq \fa t er f r om ., : .r r r r- ktl l .,t. rr. Tl rt:

.tL c teS S i S

{ lr is in regions like the lorgely feolureless terroin of Third World counlries thot Hqns Schriiter (inset) cnd his teom look for wofea Normol methods of detecfing low-lying sources of woier hove led to o lot of expensive foilures. The successrole of Schriiter's dowsing discoveries hos been of greot benefit to

so :

people living in these semi:orid qreos.

DOWSING

not a fluke because it has been re p e a t edby S c hr ot e r' sl e a m i n Namibia, the Sinai, Kenya, the Yemen, Niger, the Congo and the Dominican Republic.

Schroter's abilities pose a huge challenge to orthodox science. He has been able to pinpoint with a precision measured in centimetres rather than metres, not just where to drill, but to what depth. He has also found water sources that assllre a sufficient yield for local requirements.

AN CI E NT

that dowsing was practised well before this time.

In the US, it is sometimes called water-witching and has frequently been associatedwith the occult. Despite charges that it is sophisticated self-delusion or fraud, dowsing is more widely practised than many would imagine.

World-famous psychic Uri Celler is reputed to have earned huge fees adr-isinginternational mineral companies where to drill for valuable resources.He dowses Llsinga map, concentrating on each area of the map until he feels that a particular area will prove a rich source of oil, gold or minerals.

Geller sometimes dowses from the air, flying over an area alrd tuning in to r-ibrationsu'hich indicate the presence of minerals in the grour-id below.

A RT

The phenomenon of dowsing was first mentioned in Gerrrran textbooks on mineral development back in the 15th century. There is even evidence - from wall p a i n tings .s t elaeand ma n u s c ri p ts-

Wing Commander Beadon also tells of how he was accusedof being a spy by a large oil company after he told them where to drill for oil. The advice he gave them about where to drill was so accurale they refused to believehii know l edgew asobtai ned thro ugh clowsing alone.

Beadon believes the ability to dowse is within us all, but that there are those who have a special talent for it. This talent, he says,originates in the more intuitive, riqht-side of the brain.

FOR WATER

Ferr'archeologists deny that has been used to discover dorr'sir-rg the precise location and outline of long-buried buildings. Even water companies in the UK quietly acknorr'ledgehaving used dowsers.

It has even been suggestedthat there are vast resen'es of oil beneath \\'indsor Castle.

Wing ComrnarrderClive Beadon dou-sedusing a map of the area around the Castle, a pendulum and a small sample of oil. He predicted that there would be between 220 and340 m i l l i o n l i tres of oi l i n a si te near the Castle. But drilling, Beadon says,could damage London's underground water supplies, so we may have a long wait to find out if he is risht.

:E

.9

-

E

have Hundrcds of inr,estip4atiotrs been conducted into dorvsitrgover the past 150 'r'cnrs.Until thc r-estrlts of Betz's tesl.swcre publishcclitr 1995,none hacl provicleclsufficient evidence to or,errvhelm the deeplv e rttr enc lt eddot t lr l . o l tc i t ttti s ts .

Trvo reasons are put forrvzrrclbl' clorvsingpractitior)elsfirr past failed expcrinrents.One is that, lvhile the technique of dou,sirtg can tireoreticallvbe learned and

$

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We m u st occepf d owsin g q s o fqct. lf is useless to work e xp e r im e n fs merely to Prove its exisfence - it exists Ch o r l e s R i c h e t ,F r e nchScie n ttst

,, practised b1'anvone, deglecs ol' skill virrv hueclr,, and tnauv clorvsers will set results rto better than one rvould expect chance to provicle.

The sccond, rrore contloversial,

Tl're most puzzline and

The An-rerican Societl ol

reason is that if donsing is a

c . r nt lo\ c r '\ i i r l d o r t s i r r r l p r a c t i c c i r

l ) o t r 's e r s g i r e t h e f e l l , r r r i t r : ;

branch of the parartorrnai, as most

loczrting a hiclclen object br,

e x p l a n a t i o n o f ' r n n p c l r r r 's i r tu :'\Ia p

practitioners belier,c, then it

srrspenclinu ir pendulum

involves extra-sensorv laculties that

m:rp. \\'hcn the clirection of the pc t t t I t t lt t t t r '. r r r i t r g . r l t c l s . i t

\ - r . r r L r o c l s b l r t i r 'i t h a p e r t c lr r l r r r n .

lie outsicle the undcrstanclins

of

o\rcr a

clonsing is bcst yrelfirmccl not \\'ith O r r e r r a r i s t o o v c r - l r L rt h e n r a p

modern science. Paranormal

inclicates tl-rc spot u'hele the cibjei:t

t r i t l r . Ll t i , l , l i r i , l r r r :

faculties rarclv shor'r,up u,ell in

is hiclclen. Actuallv being neal the

l e c t a n g l e : r t h o u g h t h i : g l i d ca u b e

rt ilrr,r

laboratory tests.

site in qucstion is unnecess:lr\'.

m e n t a l l r p i c t r . u 'c c l .o l i m : i g i ne cl ) .

':.1 .

THEBETZRESULTS In 1995, Professor Hons-Dieter Betz published o 73-poge onolysis of his dowsing experimenfs in lhe Journal of Scie ntific Exploralion. Success roles, often fwice os greot os lhose expecled using orthodox melhods of woter explorotion, were recorded over severctl yeors in l2 countries.

In o bock-up lest, o pipe wos ploced on lhe ground floor of q born ot rondomly defermined positions. Dowsers on the floor obove hqd ro locole the pipe.

Out of 9OO tests of 43 dowsers. the probobility wos one in l,O0O ogoinst o chonce explonotion for the discovery of the pipe. Hons Schriifer's lesl score wos one in 1,70Oogoinsl chonce.

Unlike eorlier tesfs, neither dowser nor experimenter knew where lhe woler pipes were hidden.

In o second series of sirictly controlled iesls in field conditions (right), the <umulofive results from 40 dowsers rose lo o million to one ogoinsl chonce expectotion. Still more remorkoble is thor only l3 of these dowsers oblqined significonl resuhs, which meqns thqt ftreir success role wos even higher.

I

o T

{

Hons Schriiter demonslroles

Africon woler

to

eng.ineering sludenls

how lo combine the orfhodox methods of ground wofer

locofion

wirh rhe more mysterious

lechniques

of dowsing.

The dorvserthen asksrvhich rectangleson the grid n'ill contain the best sites for clrillins a \vater well. The pendulum will supplv the answer.'

PENDUT UM

PION EE R

The most celebratedpractitioner of dowsing by studying the movements of a pendulum was Cambridge academic Tom C. Lethbridge, who began his studies in the 1930s.

At first, Lethbridge was convinced that the rods were responding to subtle electromagneticfields. But in a lengthy series of trial and error experiments, he found that the iength of the penduh-rm determined what substancewould be fbuncl. He created a table of verv precise measurements sholving, fbr example, that a 22-inch length would reveal the existenceof silver or lead, while iron clemanded a 32-inch stretch, but sulphur a mere 7 irrches.

Stranger still, thoueh, the pendulum would react to different emotions and attributes, with a d i l l e re n t l errgth for l emi ni ne (2 9 i n ) and mascul i ne(24 i n) objects,including human or allimal remains.

Stephen Scammell,another Enslish dowser, has published the results of a lifetime's experimental work in dowsing. He saysdowsing was used in World War II to detect unexploded bombs. He has since been employed to locate buried mines. Scammell'spendulum scale differs fiom Lethbridge's, but in neither case have the experimer-rtal conditions been rigorous enough to make the claims scientifically acceptable.One thing is clear from an abundance of often conflicting evidence: dor,vsingr'r,illnot rvork lurlessthe dou'serconcentr-ates his mincl on the desireclobject.

Some scientistshave suggested that successfuldowsers' hypersensitivity to minor clues, or abi l i ry to respond to some rrnkrrow nearth-energyradi at ions. may tri gger mrrscul artw i tch es w hi ch move the rods. B ut ro ds ar e often coveredi n thi n tubesor cotton reels, used as grips, and are not touched di rectl y.A l so lhis theory cannot account for the w i del y practi sedart of map dowsing by per-rdulum.

E N E R GY

R A D IA TION

Most theories assume some sort of earth cnergv emissions or electromagnetic

field. But,

contrary to accepted laws of physics, the force and reliability of the rods' movements seem to be u n r e l a t e d t o t h e d e p t h o f t he material detected.

Most dowsers believe the phenomena lo be a kind of paranormal

uift, depending

on a

direct link between the thought processes and the object being sousht. The fact that many dorvsers Llse no instruments, only their outstretchecl fingers, tends to

) In the Solomon lslonds, Uri Geller's dowsing resulted in the successful mining of gold ond diomonds. Driving over on oreo (inset) is often enough for him to pinpoint o locqtion.

suggestthat the rod movements are psychokinetic, affected by that part of the mind which has the powef to senseundetected emanations of energy from the buried object.

MIN D

OVER

MA T T ER

More orthodox methods of detection have been employed by a former Scottish Astronomer-Royal, Professor Vincent Reddish of Edinburgh University. His results, published in I'he D-Forcein 1993, certainlv conlirm the existence of

a clowsing force, based on controlled but unsupervisedtests.

But Reclclishconcluded that it rvas no more a mind-phenomenon than graviry or magnetism is, and was not necessarilybeyond the bounds of physics.

Reddish suggeststhat there is a radiation field which surrounds underground objects such as water pipes and cables.He hypothesizes

t h a t s n b a t o r l i c p a r t i c l e s . r r h i ch h e calls 'dorr'sons . attach thetlseh'es to the objects. and can be detected

'c I

o

'tr l

b r d o r r 's e ts .

Hol-ever. mrrcl.r of ihis is Lrnprovelr ancl Profes:or Recldish's conclnsions ale b:rseclon a strictly

22 tll

I

.\tW e or e deoling wir h q r eol for ce/ os r eol os gr ovity qnd m qgne ti s m VincentReddish, Professor of Astronomy, Unlversiiy of Edinburgh

n\

,,

limited range of tests and conditions. But these testscannot account tbr the detecti on st t ccesses of rvater explorers like Har-rs Schroter or the distant abilities of' map dowsers.

Perhaps Schroter's greatest clairn to fame will prove to be his role in forcing the sceptical scier.rtihc establishment to devise a rvider range of dowsing trials. Then rve might be able to understancl rnore about the conditions rtuder rvhich dowsingworks, atrd detertnine r,vhetherit is a mental or physicalphenomenort

:

SFIOOTII{G Txr camERA NEvER uEs, BUT DO NUMEROUS

ffi,,

'ffi n 13 March 1993,Stephen Woolhouse saw something very strange in the sky.

It drifted silently above farmland behind his house in Bispham, re Lancashire. Like many before him, Stephen had become witness to the world's most enduring mystery. But, thankfull,v,he had one ad\rantageover most who see UFOs - a video camera loaded with tape and readv to shoot.

He filmed the glowing object before it u,as sl'allowed up by the darkening skies.

Is such evidence really proof of visiting extraterrestrials? In these days of sciencefiction blockbusters and hi-tech wizardry, even the most humble camera can produce anazing results. UFOs are also ripe for exploitation, as the furore over the Roswell alien ar-rtopsv fbotage shows.A picture simply cannot be taken at face value. It has to be thoror-rghh'investigatedby skilled researchers.

Alcl that is uhere the problems start.

In the earlr. davsof the UFO mystery, it r'l,as often assumed that if the imaee looked like

a UFO, then it wasa UFO. Such cases were considered good publicity for the subject.

This naive approach was courting disaster,and that came in February 1962 thanks to a teenage boy from Sheffield, Eneland. AIex Birch reported that he and some friends had seerr a formation of dark objects above their garden. They also succeeded in taking a photograph of this alien fleet - even though it rvent urlseen bv the rest of the citv.

The obiecr, recorded on

P H OTOGR A P H IC

Woolhouse (inset) in

r, A bright light hovers obove formlond in Loncqshire,Englond. o comcorder by Stephen ,i11

P R OOF?

For a time, Birch and his father were treated like heroes.Inr,'itedto London, they metwith officials from the British Air Ministry, who filed a report. AIex then addressed an expectant audience launching the British UFO ResearchAssociation.

This was one of the most talked about photographs in years.Unfortunately, nobod,v carried out any meaningful investisation into

1993, wos 26 km from the neoresl oirporl, buf hod no floshing lights ond mode no sound.

Anolysis of individuol frqmes hos yet to provide'r o sotisfocfory explonolion.

jii: iiiii

,*

) Tle infomous Alex Birch ptro*qroph

of 1962 wos

hooxed by poiniing block blcbs on fo o pone of gloss. The only ofher elemenl of the photogroph is s few iree bronches, so

Sffi 1r

s =

!

phorogrophic onolysts hod nothing fo help iudge fhe siie of the 'UFOs' or their distonce from the comero. '.Ihe X Factor reproduced ,hr.,own version of the Birch plotogroph (inser) ro show thqt once there is q icme

of reference in lhe

shot, such os o building, cnclysts con more eosily define size qnd distonce.

-(_) -g

Of course if ir possible to fske IUFO phologrophsl, The cdoge fhot the comero connot lie wqs disproved os soon os it wqs invented

â&#x201A;Ź

Nick Popg,rr

!

= :o o

Secretoriot(Air Stoff)2A

lr:r'rr'::

o

''UFF

E E o o

p

the smattering of dark blobs otr a grainv picture of the sky:Like so manv others before it, the case entered UFO folkl<-rre as an unsolved myster)'.

This one, however,wasall too solvable.Ten yearslater, the now adult Alex Birch clecicled to confess.The photograph r,vasa trick. He h:,rclpainted a fen crude UFOs on to a sheet ol slass.propped this up in the sarden and r>lrotri{r'apheclthe skr'. Tl-re restrlt vaguelv floating in rt'ricl:rir'. :'r'.cDblcrl \l)irceshiPS

The Alex Birch revelation stung the UFO c o m r n r r r r i q . ( i r r i d e l i r r e s\ ^ c r e s e t u p t o i r r ve sti gate photographic constantly

cases,and these have been and improvcd.

refined

It soon

became obvious that m:rny photos of rvhat purported

tci be UFOs r,vcre reallr' no sttclt

thing. There wcre other hoaxes. of course.

But most of the confitsion stetnmecl from what are trorr' tet'tnecl 'acciclctltlrl firkes'.

A canrera rr'olks muclr like the htttnatr eye, lecolcLing rr hr,rtii 1lreseut brtt open to clecepr i o n . - \ r r ' l i g h t c a r r e l l i l e a r s t r a r ) g e .e sp e ci a l l ,v r 'h c : r . h i r i n , : t i r r o L L g h n r i s t - f i 1 l e c ls k i e s. If a - , . . r . : r c . .r . r 'c 'e c 1 i 1l or o l e c l i n t o b e l i e v i n g th i s i s

.-

e sg

., L-F(). ijrelr a canrera rr-ill fare tro belter.

ONE

MOMENT

IN

TIME

Ir tact. rl camera calr at times be a liability r.hen fhcecl l'ith bccause

the

puzzling objects. This is

eve records

time

florving

rror-mallv but the camera 'freezes' an instant into one single shot. A common ex:rmple of 4 o

a r r a c c i d e n t a l l a k e i s p l o d u c e d h r a b i r r l fl r 'i r r g

o

thror-rgh thc scene. The shutter may be open

5

fbr.just a fraction of a seconcl zrncl,in that

:

moment, the bird's'nings can transfornt into a deceptive imitation of a saucerlike craft.

Involving a photographic

expert tt'ho can

r e c o g n i z e s u c h p r o b l e r u s i s n o t v a r ) a u to m a l i c first step by,'UFOlogists. Thev can eliminate

other causes of rnisperception, notably the

climbing fronr the trees and sucking a phlmc

v This'UrO',.".yT on

lens flare. l'hich happcns lvhen a photograph

film ot Williometfe Poss

i. r.tkcrr.rl rriglrt a rr d t her e is ar r or dinar l. hut

of snorv ir-rits rvake. More rernarkzrble still rvas the fact that thrce separate imascs of the UFO

br.ish r. lisht sou lce in t he pic t ur e.

were on thc one print. It \vas as if the crzrft

roodsisnrl"t*T.tl"a

Horr er er. afier vears of wrestling r,r,ith the often (li\nppointing outcome to their studies,

had dematerialized and rematerializeci serelal

from o moving vehicle.

times during the fel,vhundredths

The movemenl of o

inr esti,qato|shave learned never to sa,vnever

that the camera shutter \{ersopen.

lub,,Lrt a L-FO photograph.

Around

o{'a seconcl

5,000

Becarrse of'the impeccablc crcdentials of

ph,,togr-:rphic cases have been researched

the n itness, this case r'l.astaken verv seriousl)'.

.lcrr ):> the rr'orld atrd a very small number -

Photographic llrrsazine er,en conductccl an investigirtior'l - not in an attempt to pl'o\.e or

oc-r'irapsone in a hundred - really seem tc) The m a jor it r ar c a m ix lur c " . ' trr.slll,rine d. ,)i .r(ciclentai fakes, trickcr,v zrnd confusion.

NEVER

SAY NEVER

clisprove that the ()llject \\.asa UFO, brrt usins

fhe comero-shoke,

t1-reoptical ancl lthlsical characteristics of thc carrera to ciedrrce the :rppr<txirnate sirape,

conclusive onolysis

size and speecl of' the

Ercrt rr'hen a case appears to be irrefutable,

rn'stcr-ious olr-jec t.

-c-" L-FO experts would leap to its deferrce .,'rthout trepidation. This is rvell illustrated bv

all carc. oI plrototllrplric

Unfortr-rnatelr'. as in

.r case in the US where the cameraman - rvho ',.,rihes to remain anonymous - \{as a

anall-sis, some assrunp-

ir,, )chemist with a Ph.D and a big reputation :, , lose. certainly not a typical hoaxer. In \, ,\cnlber 1966, the scientist was drivinp;

For

r'vas flving,

.1.r',,!rthe Williamette Passin Oregon hoping

some distance frorn the

a

::rke photographs of a snorv-decked peak.

carnera. But in the UFO

5

tions had to be madc. example,

it

rvas

assumed that the UFO and rvas at

H.. patience was relarded by the sisht of a i.r.ilge object zipping sk;m,ards and he

world, nothing is neces-

rr'-:rtcd institrctivelv to capture it on film.

In 1993, r'esearcher Iru,in \{eicler announced tire results of a startlitrg llc\r investigationinto the Oregorr pl-rotograph.

Tl:c

photograph

was extraordinary.

, i.:,rr;r-ecl to sh ow a f lat - bot t om ed

It dis c

sarih'u,hat it seems.

${fint hls L

lGF

the tlStlqlld ilq7*rirc,glo\rir€ tu*rdc.rhe rnosf €bFdF o beseen ar |lre ra' rhe eddr's lsizon bgE, ftc tmognified lmoges {f;e obied npvirg io rhe lc*tf } rcneen b A.p by o fiodrof ft dugEs &eobn i2; onci a+drtren ':l occ#ttes quru . Seo*ds l*r, crod*rer iti'dsftoks

pd

the sornero

{31rd heqds hlo spoce { }.

Frrofessor

€r"a xcsbe., ;*"* rt-

in Oregon, wos simply o

€4 direcrion rhe wcy these l'..we cokuk*ed th€f:'if l*rey were teri :&om tle shuttle, the biggesl went fiom.!!@$ 2,5oo mph 14,0123kmlh] in one serd*.'

'.'

t

I

= q:.â&#x201A;Źl;-"";T;l .H " *. es q pryilmm

ffidF*%k-*+

-

ft t*l

,W,.,

g "e$.' ',' . + ,;:,....i

.

He admitted that he at first believed it really did show a UFO. His suspicions were aroused, however, by a trip to the area and the sight of something in the landscape that might have looked like a UFO under very specific conditions. Various experiments followed, taking pictures from moving cars and using different shutter speeds.

Eventually, he established the likely truth the UFO was in fact a road sign, and the triple image was a result of the actions of the camera and the speed of the car.

UFOlogists were stunned by this news, but few could deny the remarkable tenacity of Weider's investigation. He has proven that few UFO photographs, however strange,are immune to eventuaiexplanation.

THE

33 1B

Photogrophs qre poor evidence becouse lhere qre so mqny things \Me cqn do to te ch n i co l l y p ro d uce imoges ColonelWendelleStevens.

USAF

NU ,'

It

shown thot the obiect (mognified) is some fype of lorge, unknown crofi. :.;, Sceplics, however, remoin

U N EX PT A IN E D

There are some UFO photographs, however, that cannot be explained. On 16 January 1958, the Brazilian naval vessel Alrnirante Saldanha was carrying a team of scientists to a weather station on Trindade Island - an uninhabited rock in the South Atlantic - when a UFO appeared low above the ocean. It flew past the ship, circled the island and headed awayin full view of dozens of people. One of them was the expedition photographeq who took a sequenceof shots clearlv depicting the object.

The Brazilian captain immediatelr'ordered that the negativesbe processed.and the film u.ashanded oler to the miiitanr'. After

tts*' , cg

Y Computer onolysis of the phorogroph loken al Trindode lslond in 1958 hos

some deliberation, the government released the film and stated that they were unable to account for what was on it. Subsequent computer enhancement of the photographs has also yielded no conclusive answers.

Despite this, scepticshave still denounced the photograph as a mirage. So, as in most s other cases,the search continues for more = evidence. UFOlogists are pwzzled because E .9 most of the strong photographic casescome p from many years ago. There have been very o few in recent times, despite a huge increase

in camera ownership. Is this because and accidental fakes are now so

eliminated that only the few t.rrly ,trung. casesget l eft behi nd? . _ During the 1990s,there has been a rapid increasein the number of video films showing UFOs. Most are casesof mistaken identity bri6 to date, the film taken bv Stephen

near Blackpool in 1993has resistedall to resolve ir. Attempts to find a source rvere carried out by the Aromalies Research Organization An airship was one possibility, , helicopter. Local air-traffic m indicated that neither were Dresenton day and the'caseremains unsolved.

MOR E

E V ID E N C E

NEEDED:

Intriguing as the evidence may be, it comes down to little more than a light in sky. Such an inconclusive phenomenon never establish final proof of alien visi there are many storieswhere witnesses they have been taken inside a UFC ultimate photographic evidence wgli close-up shots of a spacecraft's'i Sadly, such proof is lacking, and UFOlogists are beginning to wonder if such evidence will ever be found.

reffiffiffiK BrorocIST RUPERTSrrnronAKE'S RADICAL IDEAS MIGHT BE THE KEY TO UNDERSTANDING MANY PARANoRMAL PHENOMENA. IS THIS WHY HE INFURIATES SOME FELLOW SCIENTTSTS? upert Sheldrake's interest in biology was encouraged from an early age. Growing up in a family home full of assorted plants and .-+.+!:.i:::;:E animals, his initial curiosity was supported by his father who, as a herbalist, was eager to share his fascination and knowledge of nature with his son.

From these beginnings he has subsequently gone on, in a controversial careero to challenge curent biological theory. Through his work with the Association for the Scientific Study of Anomalous Phenomena, he is a major advocate for research into the paranormal.

Ten years of studying plant development at Cambridge University, followed by four years working in agricultural research in Hyderabad, India, opened the biologist's eyes to an alternative view of nature.

In his 1981 book A Neut Scimceof Life, Sheldrake set out a theory that attempts to explain many paranormal phenomena. It is still seen ,rs heresy by some orthodox scientists.

Criticism, however, has made Sheldrake more determined to prove his ideas. In 1994, his book SeuenExperiments That Could Changethe Worldwas published. It is the research resulting from this book that he is most keen to discuss.

EHEE$IAKE

?dtkff= cnangq$g

{ Seyen Experiments hos been creditedos on , exercisein scientific :

World fls"T""d'**

philosophy qs well qs on insight into lhe moteriol world.

'' When did you first become disillusioned with trqditionol scienfificvqlues?

There was alwaysa senseof rlonder and mvsterv about biology in our home, not the conviction tirat we've got it all wrapped up. The more I studied, the more I realized that biology at school and unirersity is dominated by the idea that all of nature is r-rothing more than mechanisms. The result is that anvthing that doesn't fit into a physicstextbook or engineering processesis considered unscientific.That means that the so-called paranormal is outlan'ed from science.

However, there's a lot about livir-reorganisms that isn't explained by physics,and this area interestsme, preciselybecauseit's rejectecior ignored.

Where did rhe ideo for your book Seven Experimenfs come from?

I wanted to investigate the kind of phenomena that can't be explained b,vrnainstream science. In particular, I'm looking at the extraordinary powers of animals, such as pets that develop telepathic bonds with their owners and know when they are returning home, how pigeons home, how termites organize themselves.In humans, I'm interested in the senseof being stared at and why people who have lost limbs sometimes still feel they are there. These are fascinating phenomena but totally outside the remit of mainstream science. I thought it time they were properly investigated. Western science can be very conservative and insular at times - money is not made

available for certain kinds of research, while some things are just deemed irrelevaut or unimportant.

If your area of interest straysfrom 'normal' scientific pursuits, or if your research challenges the laws of the established scientific paradigm, it becomes very difficult to gain funds and credibility. SeuenExperiments is my attempt to remedy this situation.

The book hos been billed os /DlY'science why is it importont thqt onyone should be oble lo colrY out your exPerimenfs?

Whqf will your reseqrch into onimqls prove?

For generations pet owners have been noticing unusual abilities in their animals, and they've always been dismissed by smart-alec sceptics.There's no reason why we should believe armchair scepticsrather than the empirical evidence in these matters. I think this work will liberate a lot of pet owners from the scepticism and even ridicule they receive when they try and explain their experiences. It will open the way for new work which could be an immenselv fruitful and exciting area of research. We could learn an auful lot about animals for a start.

If we research the history of science, many of the i n n o v at ionswer e m a d e b y g; gi Will we leqrn onyfhing qbout amateurs. Charles Darwin. for ffi ffi ourselves from reseqrch inlo example, never had an academic haae always Mechanists post or government grant. The Pets? feared, and still fear, that to I think we will. If we acceptthat people who are most free to do admit the reality of anything ani mal shave tel epathi cpow ersit such research are the amateurs 'mysterious'in the realm of will make it easier to recognize that who have nothing to lose, not life would be to abandon the human beings have these powers science students who have to do certaintiesof science too. We've been brought up to projects arrryay, most of whom believe these things don't exist and probably won't go on to become â&#x201A;Ź @ have been discouraged at every turn professional researchers.If â&#x201A;Ź â&#x201A;Źg from recognizing or using them, so science is to be liberated from \re are probablv the least sensitivecreatures on earth. it's going to be hard for its current strait-jacket, Traditiorral people - Australian aboriginals, Indian peoplewithin that strait-jacketto do it. villagers - u,ho har,en't had their cultures shaped by Whor results hqve been ochieved so fqr? s'picallr'\\'estern valties are much more sensitive to these things and take them for granted.

There is a sreat deal of circumstantialer-idencethat pets have telepathic bonds with their owners. I'm collecting the details of such casesand putting them on a computer database.We now have over 1,500 cases about 800 from the UK, the rest from Germany, France, Switzerland and the US. They cover mainly dogs and cats, but some casesinvolve parrots, snakes,guinea pigs and horses.

How mony cqses do you need to turn circumstontiql evidence into

the bosis for scienfific foct?

All casesare useful. If you take individual stories then it's an anecdotal and scientists just dismiss anecdotes. If you collect hundreds of thousands of these stories and you make sure they fall into a series of categories - similar stories told by different people from all over the world who have no reason to make them up - then certain patterns of behaviour begin to emerge.

This is particularly evident in the tests pet owners have been conducting on their animals - traits and characteristicsdevelop that become hard, sometimes impossible to ignore.

One of your experiments tests people lo see if they cqn sense when they ore being stqred or. Why does this inlerest you?

Many people have had this experience. It's extremely common, but almost completely unresearched by psychologistsand parapsychologists.There's a huge potential for research here because it tells us something about the nature of our minds - if we can influence people just by looking at them, I think it may also tell us something about the nature of our perception. I visited parapsychologistsin the US and encouraged people to take up this research. Some did and now similar tests are being carried out at universities in Edinburgh and Hertfordshire.

Whqt results hqve been obtoined?

In Se.uen ExperimentsI suggest a simple test people can do, working in pairs. People are stared at or ignored in random sequences,without their knowledge. There have been over 7,700 results sent to me. If it wasjust chance, people would be right 50 per cent of the time. In these 7,700 tests people have, on average, been right 53.7 per cent of the time, This may not seem much, but statisticallyit is hugely significant - it means that there is only a 1 in 200 probability that the results were due to chance fluctuations. ..i

Whqt explqins rhe obility lo sense when you ore being stqred qt?

Since animals seem to be sensitive to being stared at as well, I'm sure this sensein humans could have an ancient biological root. It would be useful for an animal to know when a predator was eyeing it as a potential meal, so there would be a strong evolutionary advantage in the development of this kind of sensitivity.In humans there are certain periods in development when it becomes important to know who is looking at you - the development of a

sexual identity in early adolescence,for example. In other situations, like Bosnia where there is constant threat and danger, the feeling of being watched can come on very strongll'. Manv people think it's saved their lives. They suddenlr,sense danger and change direction for no good reason,just as a sniper's bullet ricochets off a wall or rock.

Why ore your ideqs oftocked by fellow scientists?

Some of the rnost sensitiveareas in the sciencesare to do with understanding the nature of life. What I'm saying is that the so-called laws of nature are more like habits, able to change and mutate over time.

They weren't all there engraved in the ether at the Big Bang. Rather, the whole of nature has evolved and all the laws of nature have evolved too, and they're continuing to evolve. This undermines the foundations of Western science and philosophy, the things considered to be incontestable truths.

Are your ideos becoming more generqlly qccepted?

Mainstream science has, if anything, become more conservative over the last ten years because funding has been cut. This has made scientistsless adventurous, and there is a tremendous air of discontent within the scientific world as a result. A lot of people are longing for a new chapter. I often compare the present state of science to Russia under fl-eonid] Brezhnev - if you wanted to get on in the world you paid lip service to the prevailing orthodoxy, but it didn't necessarilymean you believed it.

Attitudes are changing. You just need to look at the millions of people in Britain alone who go to alternative practitioners. I don't know if science will open up gradually over a generation or suddenly like the Berlin Wall coming down, but it will nannen.

S ffi

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eneath the pavenient lar a nrassi|e c a ch e of hu m an le nr ains . The

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c o nstruction

c o\ e r v

c r ew

r r olk ing

at

X Shinjuku - Tokyo's bustiins ancl prestigious redevelopment site - staggerecl back, speechless.

Nervsof the appallirrediscoverv in 1989 swept across Tokyo like a tidal rvave.Unable to conceal the truth any longer, the.|apanese government rvasfinally forced to acknowledse the most terrible secret of' \4iorld \4lar II. Just metres ar,vay from the construction site la,vthe wartime laboratory of Lieutenant General Shir6 Ishii, father ofJapan's top-secrerbiological rvarf'are(BW) programme - Unit 731.

The human guinea pigs r.rsedin Unit 731's experiments were taken from the base in llanchuria to Tokvo for further stud1,. .\t the close of the lr'ar,the bodies were hur-

in

I ! ) S 9 . F o r - 1 {) r e a r s . .

L- r r i i 7 . 1 1 t l r , , r L l i . l , r r , t i r i i i r . rentaineci .Japan s ntost closeir gnalclecl secret,

TWISTED

GENIUS

Tl-re u'ork of' thc unir could har,e rernainecl untold h:rd it not been fbr the discovervin a seconcl-hand bookshop of n o te s made br rr nri l i rrrr offi cer from U ni t 731. The documents meticlllouslvdetailed. the biological experiments, and providecl undeniable proof that humans rvere the test subjectsused by Shir6 Ishii and his team.

The young Ishii u'as a brilliant and grandiose Army microbiologist. A flamboyant personality, he soon attracted the

a A Unir 73I porhologisr outopsies o humon guineo pig ofter o germ worfore field fesr. For 4O yeors, fhe bustling streefs of Shinluku (inset) hid the bodies of hundreds of such humqn ond onimol fesl subiects.

l

attention of senior officers, and was assuredrapid promotion. Alisning himself with ultra-nationalists in the.|apanese \tlar Ministry. Ishii pushed hard for the develo p m ent of biolog i c a lw e a p o rrs .

W hen J apan i n v a d e d M a n c h u ri a i n ii saw his opportunity. It was at ig3r, trhii Be ilnhe. 70 k m o u ts i d e H a rb i n . th a t h e began his vile experiments on human subjects. Given a large annual budget ancl 300 men, his first command was assignedthe co v er nam e ' T ogo U n i t' .

FAC T O RI E S

OF

D E AT H

Known locally as the 'Zhong Ma Prison Camp', the Unit 731 facility was built by C h i nes e[ or c ed lab o u r.A t th e c e n tre o f th e co m pound. a la rg c b u i l d i n g k n o w n a s 'Zhong M a Cas t le 'h o rrs e dp ri s o n e rsa rrd a h u m an ex per im e rrll a h o ra to rv .T h o s e c h o se n f or hum an le s ti rrgrv e rel e fe l rc d to a s 'ma r ut as ' - logs . N rrmb e ri n g u p w a rd s o f 5 0 0 . t he pr is one l s ra n g e d fro rn ' b a n d i ts ' a n d ' c r im inals ' t h ro u g h to ' s u s p i c i o u sp e rso n s ' .T o t heir s ur p ri s e .th e y w e re rv e l l fe d and exercised regularly, but even this small humanity was inhumane. Healthy specimens were vital for good scientific results.

'tr o

The experiments conducted ahnost de$ belief. \Arhen Ishii wanted a human brain to experiment upon, guarclsrvere assigned to acqr-rirethe orsan. Grabbing a prisoner, the guards lvor-rld hold him dorvn, ivhile another cleaved open his skr,rllrvith an axe.

The organ was clumsily removed and rushe d to Ishii's laboratory, and the remains of the sacrificed prisoner were disposeclo[' i n the camp crematori um.

Ishii's first BW experiments focused on contagious diseases such as anthrax and plague. In one test,Chineseguerrillaswere injected with plaeue bacteria. Twelve days later, the infectecl prisoners r,verewrithins rvith temperatures of 40'C. One inf'ectecl victim miraculouslv survived fcrr 19 clavs before he rvasciissecteclalive.

I !

o

GR U E S OME

E X P E R IME N TS

In later tests,prisoners were poisoned with phosgene gas, others injected with potassium cyanide. Some subjects bucked under 20,000 volts of electriciw. Those who sur,vived were later disposed of by lethal injections or autopsied while alive. Every death was closely observed and meticulously recorded by unit members.

The quality of Ishii's work - and the force of his personality ensured a grow i ng empi re. B y 1939, he was able to relocate to a massive, dedicated facility.

Rivalling in size Nazi Germany's notorious Auschwitz-Birkenau death camp, Unit 731'snew headquarters was located at Pinsfan, Manchuria.

The Pingfan compound was 6 km sq, and housed the administrative br-rildinss,

$

n -ff

A Bound hond ond foot, o Chinese lobourer is dissected without onoeslhetic. 'He knew it wos over for him so he didn'r srruggle,' recolls rhe Unir 731 porhologist obove, who wishes lo remoin ononymous.

'But when I picked up the scolpel, thot's when he begon screoming.'

This wos iust one fype of experimenl

corried

out ol lhe biologicol worfore

boses (inset).

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's

by the notorious Nazi, Dr Josef Mengele, naked prisoners were placed in sub-freezing temperatures. They would then have their limbs beaten nith sticks until they rcsorrnded rvi th a hard. hol l ow ring signifying the freezins process was complete . Later, the bodies were 'defrosted' br a rangc of expel i mental techniques.

In lris book, I'-a,cLorie.s of Death, Sheldon Harris, a California State University history prof'essor,clctails manv other experiments, inclucling suspending sr.rbjects upside down to determine hon' long it took for them to choke to death. Ah.r'rostir-rdescribablewas the practi seol i nj ct ti rru ai r i rrto prisor r er s to test for the onset of embolisms - and an excruciating death rvasassured.Others had horse urine injected into their kidneys.

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C OV E R IN G

UP

TH E

-t

TR U TH

Lacking anv gr.rilt, Ishii regularly produced scientilic papers giving the results of these

laboratories, barracks, a plison fol hunan

hidcous experimenls. Circulated through-

test subjects, ancl an 2rLrtolls\'-clissecting

out

br-rilding. Three giant fumaccs hanclled the

(a 1B

dispos:ilof caLcasses.

A canrp nt \Iukder-r h o usecl -\meri can, Bri tish. -\ustralian ancl \crr' Zcaland p risonel s of w ar.

H ere. too, experi rre nts \\' ere perfor-nrecl in secret.

Fr-ostbite cxperi-

I c u f h i m o p e n fro m th e c h e s f t o t h e sfo mq ch q n d he screomed terribly. This wos oll in o doy's work f o r t h e su rg e o n s Anonymous Pothologist, UnitZ3 I

Enrps

lltel tt2ttl ol l

w as

a

l):rrticularly impormilitary tant project. Frostbitc cleg-r-ircled efficiencv during thc bitter- \'Ianchurian winters. Echoing sirnilal rr'ork conducted

the Japanese medical and scientific c o r r r m u n i t r . t h e p a p e r s c l a i m e d t h e te sts were carried out on monkeys. Despite this ploy, it was an open secret that humans \^crc thr rcal subiects.

By the close of \trorld \{ar II, Ishii - by then ranked a l,ieutenant G.eneral - bound his suborclinates to ar) orlh

and Ishii and his men returned

''

!n one document,

included sows for

o diogrom (right) showed 2l test

proctising ompulofions ond hooks for storing

:::::::::::::::: : PROg*

orgons removed during dissections.No 'log' lucky enough to survive BW lests rwere

731's work remoins incolculoble, olrhough eslimoles ore in the tens of thousonds.

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either dissecfed or shot.

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On the ad wirh 1984, o o boi::i

escoped deoth - those

home in

obscuritv. The chilling u.*., ini, " "i 731 remained hiclden from public scrutiny.

But in the militarv and intelligence communiq, nothing is eter forgotten. Despite Isl ri i ' s precaul i ons.N l i ed i rrrel l i gencehad large dossiers on the leading Japanese microbiologists. The US believed they were

{ The rools used by Unit 731's doclors

o f se cr e cy.

Pingfan ancl the other sites rvere destroyed,

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terrible plipgrs reveoled

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reports on folol

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way behind the Japanese in biological rvarfa re. US m ilit ar y s tra re g i s lasp p re c i a re drh e tacticalbenefits- biologicalagenlscould be i n tr oduc ed int o a w a r z o n e c o v e rtl y In . F a c t.

Ish ii had done t h i s o n a n u m b e r o f o c c a si onsin China and e l s e w h e re .

The A llies wer e d e s p e l a teto a c q u i re th e e xp er t is eand k no w -h o wo f ts h i i ' sre s e a rc h .

Detailed records of the human experimentation were especially sought. Hindered at home by social repulsion to such activities, human experimentation data was viewed as the jewel in the crown. At the encl of th e war , s c ient i s ts fro m F o rr D e tri c k , Maryland - the US's top secret BW facility - ra c ed t o int er v i e w J a p a n e s ete c h n i c i a n s .

Ba rely one of t he m s to p p e d to c o n s i d e r th e et hic al im plic a ti o n s .

THE

S E CRE T

OF

G;

SE C R ET S

H a v ing as s es s edt h e fa c rs .a n i n re l l i g e n c e ca b lec oldly inlor m e d rh e Wa r D e p a rrm e n l i n W as hingt on D C th a r th e ' fo re g o i rrg i n fo r m at ion warra n ts c o n c l u s i o n th a t [rh e] J apanes eB W g ro u p h e a d e d b y Is h i i did violate rules of land warfare'. The message added coldly, 'This expression of opinion is not a recommendation that [the] group be charged and tried as such.'

Anxious to block the Soviets acquiring Ishii's expertise and records, the US discusseda secret deal. Bur a major obstacle had to be otercome. [l was the darkest 'secret of secrets'.Returning AIlied POWs re c ount ed har r ow i n g ra l e s o f b i o l o g i c a l e xp er im ent at ion ru th l e s s l y c o rrd u c re d upon them. If thesesloriesrverereporred by the press, the public would bray for blood.

There was only one option: cover-up.

Prosecutors at the Tokyo War Crimes tria l s wer e war ned n o r to i n v e s ti g a te to o

A In on otlempt

to

remove oll froce of U ni r 73I,

S hi r6 l shi i

ordered the

deslruclion of every

x

reseorch focility or the end of the wor.

The fomilies of those who died of the honds of Unir 731 ore only now being told obout lhe otrocities. After heoring occounts of Chinese lobourers being forlured on speciolly builr beds (inset), mony fomilies ore now seeking retribution.

deeply. Allied PO\\'s \\'ere s\\'orlt to secrecy and cynically forgotten. Bv 1948, immunity from prosecution was offered to all members of Ishii's unit in exchange for data and co-operation. The biggest cover-up of the war had commenced, and was to Iast four decades. With the discovery of the bodies hidden beneath Tokyo in 1989, the true story began to leak out. Eventually, former Allied servicemen started telling of their ordeals.

'Damn right I remember,'JosephGozzo snapsangri l y. A former avi ati on e ngineer living in San.|ose, California, Gozzo had glassrods inserted in his rectum during his internment. Gozzo is understanclably resentful. 'I can't believe our government Iet them get awaywith it,' he say's.

OFFIC IA T

E N QU IR Y

Ex-POW Frank James, sharecl his memories with a US Hor-rse of Representatives sub-committee in 1986. '\Ve were just pawns,' he reflected. '\{e alwaysknew there was a cover-up.' Another prisoner, Max McClain, remembers lining up for injections with his br-rnk-mate,George Hayes.

Two days lateq Hayes complained, 'Mac, I don't know what those sons of bitches gave

V Mony Unif 731 rest subiects were infecled wifh onthrox, o highly infectious diseose which produces pcinful block skin ulcers, blood poisoning ond o fever rhor kills nine out of ten suff,erers. Anthrox experimenls involved fying subiecrs io stokes ond exploding porceloin onlhrsx bombs neorby to see how effecfively ihe diseose spreod by o controlled explosion.

me, but I feel like crap.' That evening Hayes was dissected by the 'boys at the morgue', McClain remembers bitterly.

The House of Representativeshearing lastedjust half a day. Only one of 200 US survivors was permitted to testif. Incredibly, the chief archivist for the US Army restified, sa)4ngthat files and documents provided by Ishii were returned to Japan in the 19b0s.

They had not bothered to make copies.

In an attempt to cover their embarrassment, the US and Japar-resegovernmeltts d e n i e d th a t a tro c i ti e s had occurred.

Despite this, a body of official informarion became public. A file from General Douglas MacArthur's headquarters states that the investigation of Unit 731 was 'under direct.foint Chiefs of Staff order'.

The document continues, 'The utmost

secrecy is essential in order to protect the i nterestsof the U ni red S tatesand to guar d against embarrassment.' The official secrecy R nal l yw i l ted i n I993 w hen U S Def ense S ecretaryW i l l i am P erry.under i ntensepub. lic pressure.promised ro declassifi,records of World War II biological experiments.

TH E

TE GA C Y

citizens once more

'o

C ON TIN U E S

Many of those i nvol vedi n theJapan eseBW experiments became successful after the lvar.A number held senior universitypostsin the fi el d of medi ci ne,arrd one heade dup a l eadi rrgJaparresepharmaceuri calcompany.

Others gai ned posi ti ons rangi ng f r om Presidentof rheJapan Medical Association, through to Vice Presidentof the renowned Green Cross Corporation. Ironically, one member from the frostbite team even became a major player in the frozen food industry.

Unrepentant, Shird lshii died in 1959.

Before he was through. lshii was ro have an even more profound effect o n lhe A l l i es. The accepranceof hi s w ork meant that the taboo <in tMman experimenration - agreed duri ng the 1925 Geneva C onventi on - evaporal ed.U S ancl Br it ish became

guinea

pigs, this time at the cynical hands of their own governments, and on home soil.

.9 !

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In the next issue,INSIDE STORY examineswhat the US and British gouernmentslearned,from Lfnit 731, and inuestigatesthesecretexperiments being carried out on membersof thepubkc.

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TH E SEVE NW O N D E R S .

OF THE WORLD. BUT IS IT SIMPTYAN EMPTYTOMB OR HAS IT YET TO GIVE UP Att OF ITS SECRETS? uilt out of six and a. half million tonnes of rock and shaped ,to fise 146.5 metres into the skv. the Great *r&{**r** Pyramid contains more masonry th a n all t he c ath e d ra l s . c h u rc h e s a n d chapels in England combined. For more than 4,50Oyearsit has remained one of the largest buildings ever to be constructed on a the face of the earth.

Egyptologists say that the Great Pyramid w a s br r ilt by t he A n c i e n t Eg y p ri a n s i n 2 .5008C.r or r ghly a r th e s a me l i me a s th e Sphinx and the other two p1'ramids at the Giza comptex. \Arhat is norv rr{)\11)L!} -iunder dispute is why the Great I Pyram idwasbr r ilt .

may S..t.t chamber -

H I-TE CH

S O TU T ION

In March 1993, Rudolf Gantenbrink, a Cerman engineer, set out to find the a n s\ v erHe . is t he in v e n to r o f U p u a u t 2 - a US$250.000 remote-controlled robot mounted with a video camera. He sent his robot up 'a ventilation shaft e xte r r ding s out h fro m th e Q u e e n ' s Chamber, a room deep inside the Great Pyramid. Upuaut 2 (which means 'The

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.

PARANORMAL POWER A number of visitors hove reporled stronge goings-on inside the Greot Pyromid. The first reports cqme from Nopoleon who hod o disfurbing experience there in ihe | 8fh century. ln 19O3, occultist Aleister â&#x201A;Źrowley speni o night of his honeymoon inside lhe King's Chomber. Af*er reoding o mystic inconlotion, Crowley reporled being bofhed in lilac light. No noturol light con penetrqte fhe chomber.

New Age reseorchers speculofe thot the light wos cqused by rhe pyromid shope somehow octing like on omplifier of 'cosmic energy', rqther like rhe life force described in Chinese ocupuncture.

These slories hqve creoted o thriving blqck morket, where tourisis bribe fhe ormed guords into leffing fhem spend rhe night inside the pyromid.

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Opener of tl're \\ar' in ancient Eg,vptian) tralellecl tiO metles along the cramped e0cn-i r 2rjcm ,iirafr befbre its path was blockeclbr a lirnestone'cloor-'.Gantenbrink rr'asamazeclto see on his TY n-ronitor that the door' had nvo copper handles and there rvasa gap betweetr the door and the floor. Gantenbrink had fbund an undiscor ered chamber inside the Grear Pyramid.

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The Great Pyramicl is a fanrastic piece of engineering, notjust becauseof its bulk, bllt becauseof the exactnessin hor,vit was built.

The faces of the pvramid point to trr-re north, south, east and nest r.vithincredible accuracy- there is onll' a 0.015 per cent rnargin of error. Toda.V,gettins this kincl of accuracyrvould require a laser theodolite, a map accufal e to w i thi n ten mcl fe\. engineers, astronomers and master stonemasons.

The baseforms almost a perfect sqlrareeach side is over 230 metres in length, and the difference befiveen the longest and shorl estsi desi s onl l 25 cm. The col ' ner .ar s e less than a degree off from beine perfect right-angles of 90'. These enuineering masterpieceswere achievedwithout pulleys, wheels or the sophisticated cutting tools that toda,v'sengineers take fbr granted.

IN S IDE THE PYRAM I D The mony shcfts, chombers qnd possoges inside rhe Greor Pyromid mcrke it unique omongsl oll Egyption Pyromids. The King's Chomber (l ) ond the Glueen'sChcmber (2) hove yielded no riches. Whot lies

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behind the door of the secret chomber (3) could prcvide fhe onswerg to oll of the

i

pyromid's mysferies.

1..,.gronife found in the

â&#x201A;Źhomber, is the evidence

found thot

indicotes rhe pyrcmid wos o tomb. The Glueen" Chomber wos never lhe

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wife.

lt got its

nqme becouse of the Arob cuslom of burying

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6â&#x201A;Źd A The door, found by

of rhe pyromid.

Egypfologisrs believe lhot there moy be o slotue of Khufu behind the door, signifying rhe Phorqoh's ofterlife iourney lo the heovens ond immortolity.

in tombs wirh

'*(,

Upuouf 2 (inset), is close lo the south foce

women

So, rvhy did the builders insist on such precision? \Ahat did they have in mind that requir.ed a pregision that the human eye c a n n o l e v e n d e re c l ?

Egyptologists believe that . the Great P y ra n ri d a n d i ts c o m pani ons w ere constiucted for one single purpose: as burial tombs for the Pharaohs.

The three pyramids on the Ciza plateau

R ,,ere bui l t duri rrg the foul th dyr r ast y (2631-21948C). The Great Pvramid was built by the Pharaoh Khufu, the second largest by his brother Khafre, and the third

by Menkaure, son of Khufr.r. This attributi on ori gi rrated from tl re (,r' eek lr ist or ian Herodotus, rvho had been told this some 2,000 vearsafter ther rverebuilt.

In 820. the Caliph AI Mamoun was l epor tccl l r rl re fi rsr ro penetrarethe G r eat Pu'amid. Inside. he found ver,vlittle - no boclies.no treaslrre,no tools and no hierogh pl ri c i rrscri pti onson any part of t he prr-ar.r-rid.

All he discovered,was an emptyj sal cophagrrs ! i n the K i rrg' sC hamb er .

EXPL OSIVE

EVIDENCE

Though many tried to find evidence inside the pyrami d, i t w as not unri l 1837. When British explorer Colonel Howard VySe searched the interior of the Great Pyramid, that anything of significance was found. He blasted his way through the rock above the King's chamber with eunpowder and, in doing so, discovered four sealed chambers.

On the walls of the highest of these car-ities, he discovered red painted hierogll,phic graffiti which included the name of Khufu.

This gave the Egyptologists the r,itai clue

.9

they needed, To them, the hieroglyph showed that the pyramid had been built by th e P har aohl( huF u.So th e e mp ty s a rc o p h agus provedphar the Pyramid was Khu[u's tomb. They say that the pyramid was probably ransacked shortly after it was built which is why the pyramid was empty.

Doubts have been cast, however,on the a u th ent ic it yof t hes eh i e ro g l y p h i c sA . u th o r 'A[ Hancock claims: Graha+n the end of a costly and generally fruitless digging seaso n , V y s e. . .s t um ble d u p o n th e fi rs t i n c o n trovertible proof that Khufu was the builder of the Great Pyramid, guarantding that his efforts would be well rewarded.'

Acc or ding t o Han c o c k th e h i e ro g l y p h i c s ra i sea num ber of inc o n s i s te n c i e s : r The hieroglyphic graffiti was the only si g n of K huf u' s na m e to b e fo u n d a n y where in the Pyramid o They were located in an obscure and hidden part of the building

ffi# 1rr This engineer hos got the ideo thot lhere is something b e h i n d f h e d o or. B u t i t i s o l l imo g i n o t i o n . N o ch q mb e r hos been discovered Dr GunterDyer,Egypiologist

. The,v nere foru-rd in a chamber rvhere o rrlvV v s ehad ac c e s s . Severai of the hieroglyphs were painted upside-down,some were unrecognizable and others were misspelt or written in bad grammar.

This may point to the possibility that Vyse forged the hieroglyphics to jt*ti$ the costs o f h i s ex pedit ion, th o u g h Eg y p to l o g i s ts hotly dispute this.

Graham Hancock and fellow author Ro b er t B auv al belie v e th * l th e l ru e ' p u rpose of the Great Pyr4imid can be found by first looking at the stars.

Because of a phenomenon called precession, caused by the wobble of the earth o n i ts ax is . t he c ons te l l a ti o n sc h a n g e th e i r positions in a cycle which takes 25,980 years to complete. Using computer reconstructions of the positions of the stars in ' t" th e sk ies abov e t he p l ra m i d s i n 2 .5 0 0 e c .

Bauval and Har-rcock sarv that one bf the so u th er n s haf t s oI th e Gre a t P y ra mi d !

pointed directly to the star Sirius (associated with the L,gyptiangoddesslsis). The other southern shaft pointed to the lowest of the three stars located in the belt of Orion, a constellation belieled to be the home of ' the god Osiris, wl{o brought civilization to the Nile Valley in a remote era called Zep Tepi, u'hich means First Time.

Bauval ar-rd Hancock b el i eve these al i gnmel tts \rere no accident.The pr-ramid builders, tl-rer. fee1, ir-itentionallr' rnade the C r eat P ;' rami d so thar i rs

internal passageways alignedwith the stars. : T+IE ORION CONNECTION .*tu]::t!r@s'ry|ir1l.rj].i1l5!,.lll:ll..'.j1M]:#";sM::ss@

The link between the Giza Pyramids ancl Orion was further cemented when Bauval n oti cecl thar the thi rd and smal l esrpyramid was out of line with the other two.

L o oki ng at the bel t of Ori on. he sarvrhat i rs three starsw ere al so off-set i rr exactl y the same way. He realized that the three Giza pyramids could be a symbolic representation of these stars.

The angle of Orion's belt, however, did not exactly match the layout at Giza. Coing back to their computer, Bauval ancl Hancock ''found 'that the only time the stars on the belt of Orion perfectly matchecl the position

of the pyramids was ...9

V Gontenbrink hos donoted on updoted model of Upuout to the Egyplion oufhorities ond offered to troin Egyprions.fo use it. The new robol con view inside the chomber with o speciolly-fined fibre opfic comero.

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V Egyprologists soy thot ony treosure fhe Greot Pyromid moy hove. siored wqs sfolen soon cfter it wos built becouse the pyromid

in 10,500ec. Bauval and Hancock believe th a t th i s s u g g e s tsth a t al rJroughthe rhree pyramids were completed around 2,500sc, th e p l a n n i n g o f th e e nri re Gi za compl ex took place 8,000 years earlier, perhaps in the form of lorv platforms. The plans rvere handed down from gdneration to generation until the era came when the builders could align the internal shafts ro their i m p o rta n I s ta rs .

wcs so obviously o speciol lomb. The loter

THE

Phoroohs leorned to

In their book KeeperoJ Genesis,Bauval and H a n c o c k c o n c l u d e d t h at: o T h e p l a n n e rs o [ G i z a bui h the pyrami ds a n d th e Sp h i n x b e causerhey w anted a longJasting marker that would inspire many future generations to investigate 'i lts purpose. r The positioning of the

hide their tombs, such os Tulonkhomen (below) wlqose .-' a.

mummy ond lreosure remoined uhdiscovered unril 1922.

V ER G F

OT

D IS C OV E R Y

monuments use the 'common language' of the stars.

So any culture can deduce thefunction of the pyramids at Giza so long as they u n d e rs to od the movements o f th e s t ars.

I The pyramids have 'pi...rsional co-ordinates' (such as shafts in the Great $ramid) which allow researchersto pin down specificdates.

E r The Giza complex has con! =-9 c e a l e d store rooms w hi ch d c o n ta i n the ul ti mate mesE sage the pyramid builders .9 w a n te d to passon.

Bauval arld Har-rcock believe that UaRina is on the threshold of fully understanding the first three conclusions and is ready to see .what the ancient Egyptians left for future generarions to discover. Where are these hidden store rooms? Rudolf Gantenbrink may have got tantalizingly close when he took his robot J+e#

;K tr i e':=j

tfr@

A door is uselesswithout som ething behind if. A door '. musl hove q purpose RobertBouvol,Author

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_trs,

to the 'door' in the southerlt shaft of the Queen's Chamber. Dr Zasvi Hawass, Director of the Giza plateau,'"*.ltras announced that, with the help of thie.

Amtex Corporation of Canada, a new robot w i l l be senr up rhe sha f t in an attempt to opel t rhe secretchamber .

Alternatively, the investigation of the man-madechamber befw een rhe Sphinx's pawscould reveal the answer. \Arhateverthe case.perhapsfinally. some of the mysteri es surroundi ng t he *. - * Great Pyramid will be resolved] Hd

l.