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Chesed, Din, and Tiferes by Rabbi Shmuel Reichman
The Jewish Home | JANUARY 5, 2023 Think. Feel.Grow. Chessed, Din, and Tiferes
The Guiding Principles of Reality
By Rabbi Shmuel Reichman
Sammy lived in a strange world. From the moment one entered adulthood, the government placed a special belt on them, one that was impossible to remove. This belt served to keep everyone in order. If someone defied a law, or misbehaved, the belt immediately administered an electric shock. The worse the offense, the stronger the shock. Everyone’s private lives were monitored closely, so there was no escaping punishment.
Sammy, though, was bright and creative. And most of all, he was tired of living in such fear and submissiveness. He finally decided that he was going to do something about it. But he had one problem: there was no way to dismantle the belt without triggering an alarm that would notify the police. For months, Sammy tried to think of different ways to circumvent the belt’s alarm. But one day, the miraculous occurred. Sammy’s belt malfunctioned. He couldn’t believe it! Maybe the battery ran out too soon, or maybe the government had lost control of him, but Sammy didn’t care; he was finally free!
At first, Sammy felt inclined to break the law. “Anarchy and chaos, here I come!” he happily thought to himself. Every time he broke the law, he relished the freedom he now had. But after a week of this, he began feeling bad about himself and started giving it some thought. He realized that deep down he really did want to be a good person; he wanted to do the right thing. The government had decided that the belts were necessary; society had gotten so out of hand that there was no other way to keep peace and order. Only by limiting people’s free will could they ensure everyone’s safety. But Sammy realized that even without the belt, he still wanted to do the right thing, through his own choice.
Weeks went by, and Sammy’s life went on as usual. One day, as he was walking home, a police car stopped right next to him, and an officer opened the door. “Hi, Sammy, can you please come with me?” Startled and confused, Sammy nervously went with the officer, who took him straight to the police headquarters. “Oh no,” Sammy thought. “They must know that my belt is broken! What if they decide to make an example of me? What if they lock me up! My life is over!”
The officer walked Sammy to a strange room filled with thousands of monitors. In the center stood the chief of police. “Hi Sammy, it’s great to finally meet you,” he said. “I know you’re probably scared and confused. Please don’t be. You have nothing to worry about. I want to show you something.”
On the monitor, Sammy saw a video of…himself. It was the day his belt malfunctioned. What did this mean? What was happening?
“For the past few weeks, your belt has been out of service. But this wasn’t a mistake. In fact, it was the opposite. You see, the belts are not ideal, they are only a means to an end. Years ago, they were a necessity. Free will had to be taken away for the greater good. But I believe that we are getting closer to the point where the people themselves can be trusted to make their own decisions, where their lives and choices are once more determined by their own free will. So we decided to use you as our prototype, to see what would happen if we deactivated your belt. And you know the rest of the story.
Creating the World with Din
In our previous article, we explained the following fundamental Torah principle: The Arizal, Ramchal, Vilna Gaon, and many other Jewish thinkers explain that every process contains three stages: • The first stage is the high, the inspiration, an experience of perfection and clarity. • Next comes the second stage: a complete fall, a loss of everything that was experienced during the first stage. • Then there is the third stage, a return to the perfection of the first stage. However, this third stage is fundamentally different from the first. It is the same perfection, the same clarity, but this time it’s a perfection and clarity that you have earned. The first time it was given to you, now you have
worked to build it for yourself.
This principle sheds light onto another enigmatic Midrash (see Rashi, Bereishis 1:1). Chazal explain that originally, Hashem created the world with strict din (justice). In such a world, one would get exactly what they deserved; if they sinned, they would be punished instantaneously. However, Hashem saw that the world could not be sustained with strict justice, so He added rachamim (mercy), enabling people to do teshuvah. This account seems extremely odd.
How can it be that Hashem made a “mistake” — that He originally wanted to create the world with din but then changed His mind? One only changes their mind when they receive new information. (For example, you would change your mind if you originally decided not to go to the store on Monday, because you thought it was closed on Mondays, but then later found out that the store was, in fact, open on Mondays.) Is it possible that Hashem did not already know that the world could not survive without rachamim?
The Maharal explains this Midrash according to the principle we have developed throughout this chapter (Gur Aryeh, Bereishis 1:1). In an ideal world, man would be judged according to absolute truth, absolute din and emes. In such a world, we would receive immediate punishment for any sins, and we would experience a world of clear cause-and-effect.
However, the purpose of this world is to earn our perfection and build our connection with Hashem, creating our share in Olam Haba. This is built on the concept of din: Justice means that you get what you deserve. Just as we receive our share in Olam Haba because we earned and deserve it, we should also receive full and immediate punishment for our sins because we earned and deserve it. (In truth, our share in Olam Haba is actually built off of chessed. Through chessed, Hashem gives us the ability to earn our share in Olam Haba. Thus, the principle of din, of earning our Olam Haba, actually rests on the foundation of chessed (“Olam chessed yibaneh — the world is built on chessed”).
However, in such a world, humanity could not survive. This is due to the fact that we need free will in order to earn our share in Olam Haba; and because we have free will, we are likely to sin. (The very existence of free will allows for the possibility (and likelihood) of sin.) If we were punished with full force the moment we sinned, no one would survive. As a result, humanity needs the ability to do teshuvah without getting punished right away.
And, on the flip side, if we were punished the moment we sinned, our free will itself would be diminished. If people knew that the moment they sinned, Hashem would punish them, they would be much less likely to make mistakes. (Imagine getting struck by lightning the moment we sinned. We would be a lot less likely to make mistakes, but this would also seri-
ously weaken our free will.)
As a result, Hashem mixed rachamim with strict din.
However, this is not so simple. How can Hashem mix rachamim with din if din appears to be “absolute,” all or nothing?
With din:
• We get exactly what we deserve. • We receive it right away. • There is no way of avoiding the consequences.
Rachamim, however, requires non-exactness; it therefore completely contradicts din. You either get exactly what you deserve, or you don’t – there can’t be a middle ground!
But the Ramchal provides an incredible explanation. The beauty of rachamim is that it doesn’t reject din, it creates a harmony (tiferes) that allows for 100% din and 100% rachamim (Mesilas Yesharim, chap. 4).
With rachamim:
• We get exactly what we deserve, but not all at once (gradation). This enables us to handle the consequences and keep moving forward. (For example, instead of receiving the brute force of a giant boulder, the boulder will be broken up into many smaller pebbles and a small child will throw them at him one at a time.) • We receive the punishment following the sin, but only if we don’t take advantage of the opportunity for teshuvah. • We receive the consequences, but if we do teshuvah, then retroactively, there are no consequences to receive, as teshuvah undoes the damage itself. Once a person does teshuvah, they become a different person, and the punishment is no longer necessary or applicable.
This is the unique balance between din and rachamim (and is the greatest paradigm of chessed, din, and tiferes). When the Midrash says that Hashem originally intended to create the world with pure din, that was the ideal, the goal. Hashem then created a world that also contains rachamim, to enable that original vision to come to fruition. It is only through rachamim that we are able to utilize the
middah of din and earn our share in Olam Haba. Once Hashem added rachamim to the world, the world itself became our “rechem” (womb).
The Process of Life
This is the process of life. The ideal is revealed, taken away, and then remains as our goal as we journey through life, trying to recreate that ideal. The key is to be inspired by the goal, not discouraged by the struggle. We must understand that our
Rabbi Shmuel Reichman is the author of the bestselling book, “The Journey to Your Ultimate Self,” which serves as an inspiring gateway into deeper Jewish thought. He is an educator and speaker who has lectured internationally on topics of Torah thought, Jewish medical ethics, psychology, and leadership. He is also the founder and CEO of Self-Mastery Academy, the transformative online self-development course based on the principles of high-performance psychology and Torah.
After obtaining his BA from Yeshiva University, he received Semicha from Yeshiva University’s RIETS, a master’s degree in education from Azrieli Graduate School, and a master’s degree in Jewish Thought from Bernard Revel Graduate School. He then spent a year studying at Harvard as an Ivy Plus Scholar. He currently lives in Chicago with his wife and son where he is pursuing a PhD at the University of Chicago.
To invite Rabbi Reichman to speak in your community or to enjoy more of his deep and inspiring content, visit his website: ShmuelReichman.com.
