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Delving into the Daf by Rabbi Avrohom Sebrow
Delving into the Daf
Something Fishy
By Rabbi Avrohom Sebrow
It is a staple at most Shabbos tables: fish. Gefilte fish is most popular, but other varieties persist as well. The prices of fish along with many other staples have risen modestly recently.
This shouldn’t crimp the Shabbos menu too much. Gefilte fish will still be the o-fish-al appetizer of Shabbos. However, what if we would, heaven forbid, experience a sharp increase in the price of fish? Would it still be the sole of the Shabbos table? Should people extend themselves to obtain their carp, being at the mercy of fishmongers – hook, line, and sinker? Should they seek out a loan shark to borrow money? Also, what is the Talmud’s view on price regulation? Do we believe in laissez-faire, or is some oversight needed? Were the Sages concerned at all with food prices? Mullet over for a second, then read the rest.
The Gemara in Taanis (15) rules that we do not start a series of fasts due to lack of rain on a Thursday. When people start buying food for Shabbos on Thursday and for the after fast dinner, this may cause a dramatic rise in prices. Merchants may wonder at the sudden and unexpected heavy demand on Thursday and assume there is a shortage coming. They will, in turn, raise prices. To prevent this, the series of necessary fasts for rain start on a Monday.
The sages were indeed concerned about food prices.
The Gemara relates an interesting incident (Bava Basra 96a). There was a time when birds used for korbanos became exceedingly expensive. Each pair of birds sold for a gold dinar. A gold dinar at that time represented about a month’s salary for the average person. Women who had recently given birth could hardly afford to purchase them for the korbanos they were required to bring.
Rabban Shimon ben Gamliel cried fowl and declared, “I will not go to sleep tonight until the price drops dramatically.” He went to the beis midrash and declared that any woman who hitherto would have brought five korbanos is now free as a bird to just bring one; she may bring the others if she so chooses. (This is a rather simplistic interpretation; see the Gemara for all the technical details.)
After Rabban Shimon’s declaration, the price of the birds swooned dramatically – to a hundredth of the original price. According to Rashi in Kerisus, Rabban Shimon ben Gamliel instituted an emergency, limited-time measure to bring down the price of the birds. He felt that b’nos Yisrael were being taken advantage of financially and were not getting proper tweetment. Perhaps some would chicken out of buying their korbanos. After the temporary measure, however, they were able to wing it. We can certainly conclude that the rabbis did, at times, see fit to intervene and lower the bill; they didn’t duck the issue.
However, was that measure only for the birds, or can it be applied to fish as well? The question was posed to the Tzemach Tzedek (the Rishon). It seems that hundreds of years ago, the gentiles of that place knew that the Jews had the halibut of buying fish for Shabbos and cod raise the prices without suffering a drop-off in sales. When the prices increased dramatically, the Jews realized that something was fishy. Some were in favor of instituting a temporary ban on the purchase of fish for Shabbos to cause the price to sink.
Others, however, referred to the Gemara in Beitzah (16a) that the money one spends on Shabbos and yom tov are not deducted from one’s yearly allotment. So, they reasoned, what difference does it make if the fish is expensive? Since they are buying it for Shabbos, their money will be returned to them in one way or another through Divine intervention and they will remain afloat.
The Tzemach Tzedek ruled that a boycott was in order. Just as Rabban Shimon ben Gamliel curtailed the offering of korbanos, we may temporarily curtail the mitzvah of oneg Shabbos. This would be true even if eating fish on Shabbos is a mitzvah d’Oraysa, as some argue (see the Shulchan Aruch HaRav). However, for halachah l’maaseh we hold that eating fish is just one manifestation of the mitzvah of oneg Shabbos. One can fulfill the biblical mitzvah of oneg Shabbos with other dishes as well. So a boycott is certainly in order to bring the price of fish down.
As to the argument that the money spent on Shabbos will be returned: The Tzemach Tzedek said that it is fine and well for people who have the money to lay out. However, a poor person who does not have the money to spend now will not be able to buy the fish, even though there is a guarantee that the money will be returned to him later. Since these poor people were floundering, a temporary ban on buying fish for Shabbos was proper.
One interesting point that can be made from the above story is that the Tzemach Tzedek agreed that one should continue buying fancy food for Shabbos even if it is above one’s means. That money will be returned to him somehow that year.
I heard the following caveat from R’ Reuven Feinstein, shlita: One cannot buy a $1,000 bottle of wine and expect the money to be returned, if that is above one’s means. However, a food that is indeed within one’s means and suddenly becomes expensive may continue to be purchased without suffering any net loss in his income that year. This fits with the above story. Apparently, the fish started out as affordable but was subject to the whims and manipulations of the gentile merchants.
Just one note: There is no way to tell how the Shabbos expenditures will be repaid to each individual. Perhaps the individual might be saved from losing his wallet. Perhaps there was a decree that he should sell six cars one week and now he will sell seven. But one way or the other, Hashem will pay him pack for the money he spends to honor Shabbos.
I’m sorry if I packed puns into this article like sardines. But it was done on porpoise for selfish reasons, to serve as a red herring to get all of my talmidim to read this article. (So please don’t carp about the puns.)
