Wildlife viwing along landscape edges in their natural habitat

W ILDLIFE VIEWING ALONG LANDSCAPE EDGES IN THEIR NATURAL HABITAT

CADES COVE/ GREAT SMOKY MOUNTAIN NATIONAL PARK/ TENNESSEE Wildlife

JIALIN DU/ CLEMSON UNIVERISTY/ TERMINAL PROJECT Committee Matthew Powers Martin Holland Paul Russell

OUTLINE

INTRODUCTION

LITERATURE REVIEW

RESEARCH METHOD

RESULTS

▪ Site Inventory

▪ Background ▪ Problem Statement

▪ Literature Map

▪ Research Questions

▪ Bodys of Knowledge

▪ Research Goals

DESIGN APPLICATION

▪ Case Study

▪ Design Guidelines

▪ Concept ▪ Site Design

BACKGROUND

Wildlife viewing, once the domain of dedicated enthusiasts, or “specialists” (Duffus& Dearden, 1990) has become the most important outdoor recreation and travelling aim in the United States, especially in National Parks.

Brooks falls viewing platform http://www.lightinghomes.net/gallery/brooks-falls.html

INTRODUCTION| LITERATURE REVIEW| RESEARCH METHOD| RESULTS| DESIGN APPLICATION

PROBLEM STATEMENT WILDLIFE JAMS

VISITOR SAFETY

BROKEN HABITAT

https://fineartamerica.com/featured/yellowstone-bison-jam-bruce-gourley.html Yellowstone NP

http://whereisthewildlife.com/wwl-blog/ Grand Teton NP

htthttp://biobook.kuensting.org/bb/ecology/human_impact.htm

Visitors stop in the middle of the road

Photographers and animal lovers

Human behavior and vehicles

because of the animals in the way,

come to national parks to watch

influence the habitat a lot es-

taking pics, which sometimes cause

wildlife in the wilderness inside the

pecially the human edges and

a 30 minutes traffic jam or more.

predators’ territory.

boundaries.

INTRODUCTION| LITERATURE REVIEW| RESEARCH METHOD| RESULTS| DESIGN APPLICATION

RESEARCH QUESTIONS

▪

What’s the conflicts between human edges and wildlife

viewing?

▪

What kinds of observation ways people do in national parks

now?

▪

Could there be a new model of observation system that

could get closer to wildlife which is easier and safer without disturbing wildlife’s daily life?

▪

How to find the places different species would like to show

up? http://www.visitmysmokies.com/blog/smoky-mountains/8-shocking-secrets-cades-cove-wont-believe/ Cades Cove, Great Smoky Mountains NP

INTRODUCTION| LITERATURE REVIEW| RESEARCH METHOD| RESULTS| DESIGN APPLICATION

RESEARCH GOALS

A new pattern of wildlife viewing in national parks and state parks.

▪ Rearrange wildlife viewing methods. Visitors could get closer to wildlife and see more species during the trips.

▪ Redefine wildlife viewing areas. Save time on the way and get rid of wildlife jams.

▪ Remediate widlife habitat. Protect wildlife habitat and restore habitat fragmentations during the process of developing viewing areas along human edges. http://www.visitmysmokies.com/blog/smoky-mountains/8-shocking-secrets-cades-cove-wont-believe/ Cades Cove, Great Smoky Mountains NP

INTRODUCTION| LITERATURE REVIEW| RESEARCH METHOD| RESULTS| DESIGN APPLICATION

LITERATURE REVIEW WILDLIFE VIEWING ALONG LANDSCAPE EDGES IN THEIR NATURAL HABITATS

The Interaction between Edges / Boundaries with Wildlife Habitat Wildlife viewing and wildlife jams

Wildlife viewing experience in their natural habitat

Focal animals along edges

Focal animals habitat protection

National Park Landscape and focal animals

INTRODUCTION| LITERATURE REVIEW| RESEARCH METHOD| RESULTS| DESIGN APPLICATION

THE INTERACTION BETWEEN EDGES / BOUNDARIES

WHAT ARE EDGES& BOUNDARIES? Transition zone (ecotone )/buffer zone.

WHAT ARE THE CHANGES NEAR EDGES? Edges bring more wildlife communities and ecotones in natural habitat. Increased edge abruptness tends to increase movement along an edge, whereas less edge abruptness favors movement across the edge.

WHAT PROBLEMS WILL HUMAN EDGES CAUSE? Straight, simple with hard edges, such as a road, a bridge and a fence, traffic collisions, wildlife jams like “bison jam”, “bear jam”, influence the natural habitat.

Dramstad, Wenche E., Olson, James D. & Forman, Richard T.T. (1996) Landscape Ecology Principles in Landscape Architecture and Land-Use Planning. 27-33

INTRODUCTION| LITERATURE REVIEW | RESEARCH METHOD| RESULTS| DESIGN APPLICATION

WILDLIFE VIEWING EXPERIENCE IN THEIR NATURAL HABITAT WHAT TYPES OF WILDLIFE VIEWING METHODS ARE BEING USED NOW? Static: Viewing platforms Wildness Mobile: Vehicle-based platforms Aircraft Boat-based platforms Remote platforms (like TV/ webcams) Underwater protective cages WHAT ARE VISITORS’ OPINIONS ON DIFFERENT VIEWING PLATFORMS? The abundance and species richness Approachability /closeness of observation /ease of viewing /waiting time Animals not seen before and uniqueness species Interesting behavior like social interaction, body maintenance and general locomotion.

HOW TO CREATE WILDLIFE NATURAL HABITATS? Cover (shelter) from weather and predators Food and water for nourishment Space to obtain food, water, and to attract a mate

INTRODUCTION| LITERATURE REVIEW | RESEARCH METHOD| RESULTS| DESIGN APPLICATION

NATIONAL PARK LANDSCAPE AND FOCAL ANIMALS

WHERE ARE WILDLIFE NATURAL HABITATS IN NATIONAL PARKS? Resources: USGS, National Park Service annual reports & GIS WHAT ARE FOCAL ANIMALS’ NATURAL HABITAT? Black bear (For Example) : Food: They feed on both plants and animals.

Habitat: Black bears prefer large expanses of uninhabited woodland or swampland with dense cover.

Dens: They build dens in cavities of live trees, hollow logs, caves, rock outcroppings, cavities in the ground, or in a thicket.

Time: Black bears den entry occur from the end of November to early January and emerge from dens in March or early April.

Yellowstone Bison: Conserving an American Icon in Modern Society P.J. White, Rick L. Wallen, and David E. Hallac

INTRODUCTION| LITERATURE REVIEW | RESEARCH METHOD| RESULTS| DESIGN APPLICATION

CASE STUDY YELLOWSTONE NATIONAL PARK, WY, USA

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CASE STUDY KATMAI NP, AK, USA

INTRODUCTION| LITERATURE REVIEW| RESEARCH METHOD | RESULTS| DESIGN APPLICATION

CASE STUDY PHILLIP ISLAND NP, VIC, AUSTRALIA

INTRODUCTION| LITERATURE REVIEW| RESEARCH METHOD | RESULTS| DESIGN APPLICATION

CASE STUDY KRUGER NP, MPUMALANGA, SOUTH AFRICA

INTRODUCTION| LITERATURE REVIEW| RESEARCH METHOD | RESULTS| DESIGN APPLICATION

CASE STUDY MAI PO MARSH, HONG KONG, CHINA

INTRODUCTION| LITERATURE REVIEW| RESEARCH METHOD| RESULTS| DESIGN APPLICATION

CASE STUDY

INTRODUCTION| LITERATURE REVIEW| RESEARCH METHOD| RESULTS| DESIGN APPLICATION

INTRODUCTION| LITERATURE REVIEW| RESEARCH METHOD| RESULTS| DESIGN APPLICATION

DESIGN GUIDELINES

Reduce Edge disturbance

Half- underground

Off- road Vehicle

Human Behaviour

Soft Boundary

Viewing Platform

Wildlife Webcam

Topography

Off- road Trails

Wildife viewing cafe

INTRODUCTION| LITERATURE REVIEW| RESEARCH METHOD| RESULTS| DESIGN APPLICATION

CADES COVE GREAT SMOKY MOUNTAIN NATIONAL PARK/ TENNESSEE

Within Great Smoky Mountains Nation-

al Park lies a treasured setting known as Cades Cove. It is an isolated valley located in the Tennessee section of the Great Smoky Mountains National Park, USA. As one of the most famous place for wildlife viewing, Large numbers of white-tailed deer are frequently seen, and sightings of black bear, coyote, ground hog, turkey, raccoon, skunk, and other animals are also possible.

--National Park Service

INTRODUCTION| LITERATURE REVIEW| RESEARCH METHOD| RESULTS| DESIGN APPLICATION

CADES COVE VIEWS Visitors could do wildlife viewing, hiking, camping, biking and driving in the cove.

National Park Service

INTRODUCTION| LITERATURE REVIEW| RESEARCH METHOD| RESULTS| DESIGN APPLICATION

CIRCULATION An 11-mile, one- way loop circles the cove. Visitors pull over to view animals. Traffic is heavy during the tourist season in summer and fall and on weekends year-round.

https://parkplanning.nps.gov/document.cfm?parkID=382&projectID=23304&documentID=25277 Cades Cove Opportunities Plan, National Park Service

INTRODUCTION| LITERATURE REVIEW| RESEARCH METHOD| RESULTS| DESIGN APPLICATION

TOPOGRAPHY The mountains and treelines that follows the edge of the Cove provides panoramic vistas of the open meadows. These open meadows provide habitat for a wide variety of wildlife.

https://parkplanning.nps.gov/document.cfm?parkID=382&projectID=23304&documentID=25277 Cades Cove Opportunities Plan, National Park Service

INTRODUCTION| LITERATURE REVIEW| RESEARCH METHOD| RESULTS| DESIGN APPLICATION

HYDROLOGY Thirty-four streams enter the cove from the surrounding mountains and crisscross the valley floor, provide rich habitat for wildlife.

https://parkplanning.nps.gov/document.cfm?parkID=382&projectID=23304&documentID=25277 Cades Cove Opportunities Plan, National Park Service

INTRODUCTION| LITERATURE REVIEW| RESEARCH METHOD| RESULTS| DESIGN APPLICATION

FOCAL ANIMALS Black bear / White tail deer / Coyotes / Beavers / Bobcats Most popular animals people want to see in Cades Cove according to National Park Service

INTRODUCTION| LITERATURE REVIEW| RESEARCH METHOD| RESULTS| DESIGN APPLICATION

SITE SELECTION

k c a Bl

r a Be

e t i h W r e e D l i Ta

Overlap

e t o oy

C

r e v ea

B

t a c ob

B

USGS Data

INTRODUCTION| LITERATURE REVIEW| RESEARCH METHOD| RESULTS| DESIGN APPLICATION

SITE INVENTORY

INTRODUCTION| LITERATURE REVIEW| RESEARCH METHOD| RESULTS| DESIGN APPLICATION

SITE INVENTORY

INTRODUCTION| LITERATURE REVIEW| RESEARCH METHOD| RESULTS| DESIGN APPLICATION

CIRCULATION

500’

INTRODUCTION| LITERATURE REVIEW| RESEARCH METHOD| RESULTS| DESIGN APPLICATION

TOPOGRAPHY

INTRODUCTION| LITERATURE REVIEW| RESEARCH METHOD| RESULTS| DESIGN APPLICATION

VEGETATION

500’

INTRODUCTION| LITERATURE REVIEW| RESEARCH METHOD| RESULTS| DESIGN APPLICATION

EDGES/ PATCHES

500’

INTRODUCTION| LITERATURE REVIEW| RESEARCH METHOD| RESULTS| DESIGN APPLICATION

STEPPING STONES

500’

INTRODUCTION| LITERATURE REVIEW| RESEARCH METHOD| RESULTS| DESIGN APPLICATION

CONCEPTUAL DEVELOPMENT

Reuse Edge Habitat

Network Connectivity&Circuitry

Remediate Broken Interior Habitat

Mitigate Human Hard Edges

INTRODUCTION| LITERATURE REVIEW| RESEARCH METHOD| RESULTS| DESIGN APPLICATION

MASTER PLAN

INTRODUCTION| LITERATURE REVIEW| RESEARCH METHOD| RESULTS| DESIGN APPLICATION

STRATEGIES MANAGEMENT: ( Suggestions for NPS) Peak time: 6.15- 8.15 10.01-10.31 Restricted number of visitors: 1500 people/ day Open time: 9:00am- 7:00pm (10 hours) Free Shuttles: 15 seats × 10 Waiting time: 6 mins Stops: 8 Private vehicles: 40$ ORIENTATION/ EDUCATION: Driving is not the right way to view animals.

Best ways: shuttle - biking- walkinghunting cart Focal animals location maps.

Safety knowledge.

INTRODUCTION| LITERATURE REVIEW| RESEARCH METHOD| RESULTS| DESIGN APPLICATION

STRATEGIES

-Vehicles are all on the loop road.

-Move parking lots next to the loop road.

-Bike lane in place of drive way inside the interior habitat.

-Add more pull over parking space.

-Webcam center guides people where to view wildlife.

INTRODUCTION| LITERATURE REVIEW| RESEARCH METHOD| RESULTS| DESIGN APPLICATION

REARRANGE VIEWING METHODS

Webcam Center

INTRODUCTION| LITERATURE REVIEW| RESEARCH METHOD| RESULTS| DESIGN APPLICATION

REDEFIEN VIEWING AREAS USGS Data

Black Bear

Whitetail Deer

Beavers

Coyotes

Bobcats

INTRODUCTION| LITERATURE REVIEW| RESEARCH METHOD| RESULTS| DESIGN APPLICATION

BLACK BEAR

Diet: Acorns, berries, carrion, corn, fish, frogs, fruits, grasses, grubs, honey, insects, larvae, leaves, nuts, peanuts, reptiles, roots, seeds, small mammals, soybeans and wheat.

Habitat: wood areas.

INTRODUCTION| LITERATURE REVIEW| RESEARCH METHOD| RESULTS| DESIGN APPLICATION

BLACK BEAR

INTRODUCTION| LITERATURE REVIEW| RESEARCH METHOD| RESULTS| DESIGN APPLICATION

WHITE TAIL DEER

Diet: shoots, leaves, cacti (in deserts), prairie forbs, and grasses. They also eat acorns, fruit, and corn Habitat: short- grass areas.

INTRODUCTION| LITERATURE REVIEW| RESEARCH METHOD| RESULTS| DESIGN APPLICATION

WHITE TAIL DEER

INTRODUCTION| LITERATURE REVIEW| RESEARCH METHOD| RESULTS| DESIGN APPLICATION

COYOTE

Diet: deer, sheep, rabbits, rodents, birds, amphibians and insects.

Habitat: short- grass areas.

INTRODUCTION| LITERATURE REVIEW| RESEARCH METHOD| RESULTS| DESIGN APPLICATION

COYOTE viewing stand

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BEAVER

Habitat: They prefer slow, wide waters near trees.

Diet: trees, shrubs, grasses and crops.

INTRODUCTION| LITERATURE REVIEW| RESEARCH METHOD| RESULTS| DESIGN APPLICATION

BEAVER

viewing platform &half-underground construction

INTRODUCTION| LITERATURE REVIEW| RESEARCH METHOD| RESULTS| DESIGN APPLICATION

BOBCAT

Habitat: wood areas, forest edge and swampland environments.

Diet: rabbits, chickens, geese, deer and small rodents.

INTRODUCTION| LITERATURE REVIEW| RESEARCH METHOD| RESULTS| DESIGN APPLICATION

BOBCAT Bobcat viewing tree stand

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REMEDIATE BROKEN INTERIOR HABITAT

Wildlife Corridor

INTRODUCTION| LITERATURE REVIEW| RESEARCH METHOD| RESULTS| DESIGN APPLICATION

NETWORK CONNECTIVITY&CIRCUITRY Hiking Trails

INTRODUCTION| LITERATURE REVIEW| RESEARCH METHOD| RESULTS| DESIGN APPLICATION

MITIGATE HUMAN HARD EDGES

Dirt road bike lane in place of roadway

INTRODUCTION| LITERATURE REVIEW| RESEARCH METHOD| RESULTS| DESIGN APPLICATION

CONCLUSION

A new pattern of wildlife viewing in national parks and state parks.

▪ Rearrange wildlife viewing methods.

▪ Redefine wildlife viewing areas.

▪ Remediate widlife habitat.

Site Design Cades Cove Great Smoky National Park National Parks and State Parks

INTRODUCTION| LITERATURE REVIEW| RESEARCH METHOD| RESULTS| DESIGN APPLICATION