W ILDLIFE VIEWING ALONG LANDSCAPE EDGES IN THEIR NATURAL HABITAT
CADES COVE/ GREAT SMOKY MOUNTAIN NATIONAL PARK/ TENNESSEE Wildlife
JIALIN DU/ CLEMSON UNIVERISTY/ TERMINAL PROJECT Committee Matthew Powers Martin Holland Paul Russell
OUTLINE
INTRODUCTION
LITERATURE REVIEW
RESEARCH METHOD
RESULTS
▪ Site Inventory
▪ Background ▪ Problem Statement
▪ Literature Map
▪ Research Questions
▪ Bodys of Knowledge
▪ Research Goals
DESIGN APPLICATION
▪ Case Study
▪ Design Guidelines
▪ Concept ▪ Site Design
BACKGROUND
Wildlife viewing, once the domain of dedicated enthusiasts, or “specialists” (Duffus& Dearden, 1990) has become the most important outdoor recreation and travelling aim in the United States, especially in National Parks. Brooks falls viewing platform http://www.lightinghomes.net/gallery/brooks-falls.html
INTRODUCTION| LITERATURE REVIEW| RESEARCH METHOD| RESULTS| DESIGN APPLICATION
PROBLEM STATEMENT WILDLIFE JAMS
VISITOR SAFETY
BROKEN HABITAT
https://fineartamerica.com/featured/yellowstone-bison-jam-bruce-gourley.html Yellowstone NP
http://whereisthewildlife.com/wwl-blog/ Grand Teton NP
htthttp://biobook.kuensting.org/bb/ecology/human_impact.htm
Visitors stop in the middle of the road
Photographers and animal lovers
Human behavior and vehicles
because of the animals in the way,
come to national parks to watch
influence the habitat a lot es-
taking pics, which sometimes cause
wildlife in the wilderness inside the
pecially the human edges and
a 30 minutes traffic jam or more.
predators’ territory.
boundaries.
INTRODUCTION| LITERATURE REVIEW| RESEARCH METHOD| RESULTS| DESIGN APPLICATION
RESEARCH QUESTIONS
▪
What’s the conflicts between human edges and wildlife
viewing? ▪
What kinds of observation ways people do in national parks
now? ▪
Could there be a new model of observation system that
could get closer to wildlife which is easier and safer without disturbing wildlife’s daily life? ▪
How to find the places different species would like to show
up? http://www.visitmysmokies.com/blog/smoky-mountains/8-shocking-secrets-cades-cove-wont-believe/ Cades Cove, Great Smoky Mountains NP
INTRODUCTION| LITERATURE REVIEW| RESEARCH METHOD| RESULTS| DESIGN APPLICATION
RESEARCH GOALS
A new pattern of wildlife viewing in national parks and state parks.
▪ Rearrange wildlife viewing methods. Visitors could get closer to wildlife and see more species during the trips. ▪ Redefine wildlife viewing areas. Save time on the way and get rid of wildlife jams. ▪ Remediate widlife habitat. Protect wildlife habitat and restore habitat fragmentations during the process of developing viewing areas along human edges. http://www.visitmysmokies.com/blog/smoky-mountains/8-shocking-secrets-cades-cove-wont-believe/ Cades Cove, Great Smoky Mountains NP
INTRODUCTION| LITERATURE REVIEW| RESEARCH METHOD| RESULTS| DESIGN APPLICATION
LITERATURE REVIEW WILDLIFE VIEWING ALONG LANDSCAPE EDGES IN THEIR NATURAL HABITATS
The Interaction between Edges / Boundaries with Wildlife Habitat Wildlife viewing and wildlife jams
Wildlife viewing experience in their natural habitat
Focal animals along edges
Focal animals habitat protection
National Park Landscape and focal animals
INTRODUCTION| LITERATURE REVIEW| RESEARCH METHOD| RESULTS| DESIGN APPLICATION
THE INTERACTION BETWEEN EDGES / BOUNDARIES
WHAT ARE EDGES& BOUNDARIES? Transition zone (ecotone )/buffer zone. WHAT ARE THE CHANGES NEAR EDGES? Edges bring more wildlife communities and ecotones in natural habitat. Increased edge abruptness tends to increase movement along an edge, whereas less edge abruptness favors movement across the edge. WHAT PROBLEMS WILL HUMAN EDGES CAUSE? Straight, simple with hard edges, such as a road, a bridge and a fence, traffic collisions, wildlife jams like “bison jam”, “bear jam”, influence the natural habitat.
Dramstad, Wenche E., Olson, James D. & Forman, Richard T.T. (1996) Landscape Ecology Principles in Landscape Architecture and Land-Use Planning. 27-33
INTRODUCTION| LITERATURE REVIEW | RESEARCH METHOD| RESULTS| DESIGN APPLICATION
WILDLIFE VIEWING EXPERIENCE IN THEIR NATURAL HABITAT WHAT TYPES OF WILDLIFE VIEWING METHODS ARE BEING USED NOW? Static: Viewing platforms Wildness Mobile: Vehicle-based platforms Aircraft Boat-based platforms Remote platforms (like TV/ webcams) Underwater protective cages WHAT ARE VISITORS’ OPINIONS ON DIFFERENT VIEWING PLATFORMS? The abundance and species richness Approachability /closeness of observation /ease of viewing /waiting time Animals not seen before and uniqueness species Interesting behavior like social interaction, body maintenance and general locomotion. HOW TO CREATE WILDLIFE NATURAL HABITATS? Cover (shelter) from weather and predators Food and water for nourishment Space to obtain food, water, and to attract a mate
INTRODUCTION| LITERATURE REVIEW | RESEARCH METHOD| RESULTS| DESIGN APPLICATION
NATIONAL PARK LANDSCAPE AND FOCAL ANIMALS
WHERE ARE WILDLIFE NATURAL HABITATS IN NATIONAL PARKS? Resources: USGS, National Park Service annual reports & GIS WHAT ARE FOCAL ANIMALS’ NATURAL HABITAT? Black bear (For Example) : Food: They feed on both plants and animals. Habitat: Black bears prefer large expanses of uninhabited woodland or swampland with dense cover. Dens: They build dens in cavities of live trees, hollow logs, caves, rock outcroppings, cavities in the ground, or in a thicket. Time: Black bears den entry occur from the end of November to early January and emerge from dens in March or early April. Yellowstone Bison: Conserving an American Icon in Modern Society P.J. White, Rick L. Wallen, and David E. Hallac
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CASE STUDY YELLOWSTONE NATIONAL PARK, WY, USA
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CASE STUDY KATMAI NP, AK, USA
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CASE STUDY PHILLIP ISLAND NP, VIC, AUSTRALIA
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CASE STUDY KRUGER NP, MPUMALANGA, SOUTH AFRICA
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CASE STUDY MAI PO MARSH, HONG KONG, CHINA
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CASE STUDY
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DESIGN GUIDELINES
Reduce Edge disturbance
Half- underground
Off- road Vehicle
Human Behaviour
Soft Boundary
Viewing Platform
Wildlife Webcam
Topography
Off- road Trails
Wildife viewing cafe
INTRODUCTION| LITERATURE REVIEW| RESEARCH METHOD| RESULTS| DESIGN APPLICATION
CADES COVE GREAT SMOKY MOUNTAIN NATIONAL PARK/ TENNESSEE
Within Great Smoky Mountains Nation-
al Park lies a treasured setting known as Cades Cove. It is an isolated valley located in the Tennessee section of the Great Smoky Mountains National Park, USA. As one of the most famous place for wildlife viewing, Large numbers of white-tailed deer are frequently seen, and sightings of black bear, coyote, ground hog, turkey, raccoon, skunk, and other animals are also possible. --National Park Service
INTRODUCTION| LITERATURE REVIEW| RESEARCH METHOD| RESULTS| DESIGN APPLICATION
CADES COVE VIEWS Visitors could do wildlife viewing, hiking, camping, biking and driving in the cove.
National Park Service
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CIRCULATION An 11-mile, one- way loop circles the cove. Visitors pull over to view animals. Traffic is heavy during the tourist season in summer and fall and on weekends year-round.
https://parkplanning.nps.gov/document.cfm?parkID=382&projectID=23304&documentID=25277 Cades Cove Opportunities Plan, National Park Service
INTRODUCTION| LITERATURE REVIEW| RESEARCH METHOD| RESULTS| DESIGN APPLICATION
TOPOGRAPHY The mountains and treelines that follows the edge of the Cove provides panoramic vistas of the open meadows. These open meadows provide habitat for a wide variety of wildlife.
https://parkplanning.nps.gov/document.cfm?parkID=382&projectID=23304&documentID=25277 Cades Cove Opportunities Plan, National Park Service
INTRODUCTION| LITERATURE REVIEW| RESEARCH METHOD| RESULTS| DESIGN APPLICATION
HYDROLOGY Thirty-four streams enter the cove from the surrounding mountains and crisscross the valley floor, provide rich habitat for wildlife.
https://parkplanning.nps.gov/document.cfm?parkID=382&projectID=23304&documentID=25277 Cades Cove Opportunities Plan, National Park Service
INTRODUCTION| LITERATURE REVIEW| RESEARCH METHOD| RESULTS| DESIGN APPLICATION
FOCAL ANIMALS Black bear / White tail deer / Coyotes / Beavers / Bobcats Most popular animals people want to see in Cades Cove according to National Park Service
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SITE SELECTION
k c a Bl
r a Be
e t i h W r e e D l i Ta
Overlap
e t o oy
C
r e v ea
B
t a c ob
B
USGS Data
INTRODUCTION| LITERATURE REVIEW| RESEARCH METHOD| RESULTS| DESIGN APPLICATION
SITE INVENTORY
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SITE INVENTORY
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CIRCULATION
500’
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TOPOGRAPHY
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VEGETATION
500’
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EDGES/ PATCHES
500’
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STEPPING STONES
500’
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CONCEPTUAL DEVELOPMENT
Reuse Edge Habitat
Network Connectivity&Circuitry
Remediate Broken Interior Habitat
Mitigate Human Hard Edges
INTRODUCTION| LITERATURE REVIEW| RESEARCH METHOD| RESULTS| DESIGN APPLICATION
MASTER PLAN
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STRATEGIES MANAGEMENT: ( Suggestions for NPS) Peak time: 6.15- 8.15 10.01-10.31 Restricted number of visitors: 1500 people/ day Open time: 9:00am- 7:00pm (10 hours) Free Shuttles: 15 seats × 10 Waiting time: 6 mins Stops: 8 Private vehicles: 40$ ORIENTATION/ EDUCATION: Driving is not the right way to view animals. Best ways: shuttle - biking- walkinghunting cart Focal animals location maps. Safety knowledge.
INTRODUCTION| LITERATURE REVIEW| RESEARCH METHOD| RESULTS| DESIGN APPLICATION
STRATEGIES
-Vehicles are all on the loop road. -Move parking lots next to the loop road. -Bike lane in place of drive way inside the interior habitat. -Add more pull over parking space. -Webcam center guides people where to view wildlife.
INTRODUCTION| LITERATURE REVIEW| RESEARCH METHOD| RESULTS| DESIGN APPLICATION
REARRANGE VIEWING METHODS
Webcam Center
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REDEFIEN VIEWING AREAS USGS Data
Black Bear
Whitetail Deer
Beavers
Coyotes
Bobcats
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BLACK BEAR
Diet: Acorns, berries, carrion, corn, fish, frogs, fruits, grasses, grubs, honey, insects, larvae, leaves, nuts, peanuts, reptiles, roots, seeds, small mammals, soybeans and wheat. Habitat: wood areas.
INTRODUCTION| LITERATURE REVIEW| RESEARCH METHOD| RESULTS| DESIGN APPLICATION
BLACK BEAR
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WHITE TAIL DEER
Diet: shoots, leaves, cacti (in deserts), prairie forbs, and grasses. They also eat acorns, fruit, and corn Habitat: short- grass areas.
INTRODUCTION| LITERATURE REVIEW| RESEARCH METHOD| RESULTS| DESIGN APPLICATION
WHITE TAIL DEER
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COYOTE
Diet: deer, sheep, rabbits, rodents, birds, amphibians and insects. Habitat: short- grass areas.
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COYOTE viewing stand
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BEAVER
Habitat: They prefer slow, wide waters near trees. Diet: trees, shrubs, grasses and crops.
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BEAVER
viewing platform &half-underground construction
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BOBCAT
Habitat: wood areas, forest edge and swampland environments. Diet: rabbits, chickens, geese, deer and small rodents.
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BOBCAT Bobcat viewing tree stand
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REMEDIATE BROKEN INTERIOR HABITAT
Wildlife Corridor
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NETWORK CONNECTIVITY&CIRCUITRY Hiking Trails
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MITIGATE HUMAN HARD EDGES
Dirt road bike lane in place of roadway
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CONCLUSION
A new pattern of wildlife viewing in national parks and state parks. ▪ Rearrange wildlife viewing methods. ▪ Redefine wildlife viewing areas. ▪ Remediate widlife habitat.
Site Design Cades Cove Great Smoky National Park National Parks and State Parks
INTRODUCTION| LITERATURE REVIEW| RESEARCH METHOD| RESULTS| DESIGN APPLICATION