Graduate Thesis | Eco-Effective Regenerative High-rise Buildings

ECO EFFECTIVE HIGH-RISE BUILDINGS

2019 2020

Master of Architecture College of D | A | A | P University of Cincinnati

JIANNA JIYEON LEE

thesis TITLE Eco-Effective Regenerative High-rise Buildings in Benefit of Nature and the Growth of Resilience of a City

Professors: Michael McInturf / Elizabeth Riorden Student: Jianna Jiyeon Lee

2

DAAP | SCHOOL OF ARCHITECTURE

THESIS | FALL 2020

3

aBSTRACT How can we make skyscrapers environmentally friendly? And what novels will eco architecture bring us in the future? The growing public concerns and awareness of environmental and social problems related to contemporary architecture and industry have led many architects, business leaders, and communities to adopt sustainable practices that remain in effect over the long term. Such strategies aim for ‘green design’, the notion of ‘eco-footprint’, in reducing resource consumption, energy use, pollution, and waste. As a discretion to a new approach to green architecture, an eco-effective regenerative building would not only restore and improve the environment by using renewable sources to generate energy but would also promote the health and well-being of occupants by adaptive design. On the one hand, plant materials such as trees, shrubs, and greenery in the design process spur the potential of architectural strategies that activate sustainable environments and can increase the ecological resilience of the community. Some might argue that the overtly green design is too bland and unadventurous.

It can be equally critical to acknowledge that ‘green design’ is ‘green dressing’. However, the bottom line implies that architects who are willing to challenge the experiential paradigm often lead potential for a shift to genuine green opportunism. For the optimistic cause of architectural sustainability, this study focuses on environmentally progressive, ecoeffective design solutions that support the high-rise building development of mixed-use density to provide necessary physical and technical support for sustainable architecture.

Fig. A : Personal Collage, Urban Habitat for Trees, Birds, and Humans

aCKNOWLEDGEMENT The earth is a big birdhouse and symbolizes human beings as birds living within it. Through this image, the “birdhouse” seeks to harmonize the relationship of various living species in a confined space and aims for human beings to maintain a healthy balance with the natural environment.

In order to find a technical solution for this symbolic space and the environment where humans and nature coexist, various methods can be devised to determine what needs to be done for the “birdhouse”. Based on knowledge and imagination, design and technology will lead to the improvement of environmental problems and will further suggest specific ideas for a desirable future of the global environment. The goal is to form a new symbiotic relationship between nature, society, and technology to create a bright future in coexistence with the environment.

I would like to thank Michael, who gave me a starting point in sustainable architecture, Elizabeth and Ming, who guided me to study the relationship between high-rise buildings and wind, Edward and Vincent, who presented developmental focus critics, Mara, who gave me an insight of organic building typology, Eric, who addressed essential building code and zoning of the city of Chicago, William, Aarati, Ryan and Simon, who helped me construct this paper. Thank you very much for all the architects, engineers, artists, scholars, and experts for their help in making this possible.

Last but not least, I can’t be more than appreciated enough my beloved family for their unlimited and unconditional support and love.

Fig. B : Personal Collage, Birdhouse

CONTENTS 1.0 | INTRODUCTION 1.0.1 | Research Questions | p.10-11 1.0.2 | Aims and Objectives| p.12-13

2.0 | PRECEDENTS 2.0.1 | Bosco Verticale | Stefano Boeri Architectti | p.14-15 2.0.2 | One Central Park | Jean Nouvel Atelier | p.16-17 2.0.3 | Valley, Amsterdam | MVRDV | p.18-19

3.0 | SITE ANALYSIS 3.0.1 | Urban Waterfront Development | p.20-21 3.0.2 | Chicago Central Area Plan | p.22-25 History of Chicago Plan Green Chicago Commitment to Environment

3.0.3 | Chicago Lakeside Master Plan | SOM | p.26-27 3.0.4 | 400 Lakeshore Drive & DuSable Park | p.28-29 Physical Description

3.0.5 | Chicago Wind and Climate Analysis | p.30-31 3.0.6 | City of Chicago Building Code for Height and Area Limitation | p.32-33 3.0.7 | Economic Height | p.34-35 3.0.8 | Chicago Wind and Climate Analysis | p.36-39

4.0 | DESIGN PROCESS 4.0.1 | What is Eco-effective Regenerative High-rise Building? | p.40-45 It It It It It

is an architectural device that promotes coexistance of architecture and nature. is a renewable cycle of energy to the urban environment. reduces urban polllutions. mitigates urban sprawl. is a multiplier of biodiversity.

4.0.2 | Types of Trees and Shrubs in Chicago, IL | p.46-47 4.0.3 | Irrigation System | p.48-49 4.0.4 | Green Wall / Facade | p.49-50 4.0.5 | Green Roof | p.51 4.0.6 | Solarglass PV Panel | p.52-53 4.0.7 | Wind Turbine / Wind Design | p.54-57 4.0.8 | Wind Simulation (Wind Tunnel Testing) | p.58-61 4.0.9 | Site Plan | p.62-67 4.0.10 | Building Typology | p.68-73 4.0.11 | Building Design Concept | p.74-77 4.0.12 | Final Design Development | p.78-85 4.0.13 | Building Program | p.86-87 4.0.14 | Wind Turbine | p.88-89 4.0.15 | Final Site / Floor Plan | p.90-93 4.0.16 | Final Physical Model | p.94-95 4.0.17 | Atmospheric Perspective | p.96-99

5.0 | CONCLUSION | REFERENCES |

p.100-101

p.102-110

1.0 | introduction The global rapid urbanization is an incontrovertible reality. Now more than half of the world’s population live in urban areas – increasingly in highly dense cities (Ritchie, Urbanism). [1] From Lagos to Lahore, Seoul to Sao Paulo, economic, political, and social dynamics are driving people into cities in great numbers (UN DESA 2008: see also Urbanization Indicators). [2] It is predicted that more than 80 % of the world population will live in a urban center, whereas the majority of rural center indicate less than 20% by 2050. [3] However, it was not until the 20th century that urbanization around the world had rapidly accelerated within the last few centuries. It’s clear that more of us live in cities than at any point in human history.

Even though cities occupy only one to three percent of total land area in each country, they consume 78 percent of the total energy used in the world. [4] The rapid urban growth results in problems, accordingly, associated with population density – substantially such as urban heat island effects, excessive waste, poorer ecosystem quality, loss of privacy, direct sunlight, and reduction of physical and mental wellbeing. [5] Since many of the cities are made of thick, impermeable asphalt and concrete, they absorb great amount of heat, forming heat island effects in urban space. In addition, cities are places where various human activities, traffic, and industries are occupied, being responsible for 70 percent of greenhouse gas emissions which has significant impact on global warming. [6] Therefore, urban spaces will be a significant starting point to make changes with positive consequences, not only for the populous but also in the fight against global climate change.

Fig. 1.0.A : . Urban and Rural Population Change to 2050 (UN World Urbanization Prospects, 2018)

[1] Ritchie, Hannah & Roser, Max. Urbanization - https://ourworldindata.org/urbanization [2] Carirns, Stephen (2018). Future Cities Laboratory (Indicia). Lars Müller Publishers, 240 pages [3] Ritchie, Hannah & Roser, Max. Urbanization - https://ourworldindata.org/urbanization [4][5][6] Carirns, Stephen (2018). Future Cities Laboratory (Indicia). Lars Müller Publishers, 240 pages

10

DAAP | SCHOOL OF ARCHITECTURE

However, the unprecedented urbanization does not need to equal polluted concrete urban sprawl. Density, nevertheless, which many leading architects of the twentieth century have demonstrated, can be designed and designed well. It can be the ultimate test of intelligent design and, at its best, generate compact and livable urban environments that make our lives greener, healthier, and sustainable for current and future generations (Cairns, 2018). [7]

SELECTION CRITERIA

Fig. 1.0.B : Percentage of Population Living in urbanized Areas in Particular Country

• The global rapid urbanization is an incontrovertible reality. Now more than half of the world’s population live in urban area – increasingly in highly dense cities

• Density can be designed well and intelligently to generate a compact and livable environment in which human beings rejoice in a healthy and productive life in harmony with nature.

1.1 | RESEARCH QUESTIONS • How can architecture become

environmentally friendly?

• How can architecture be an alternative to solving the environmental problems that existing architecture has entailed?

• Why is the ecological building

performance and sustainable design regarded as a significant aspect

in the current era?

• How can we create environments and buildings less vulnerable to nature?

• How can we create architecturally bioclimatic conditions of high-rise

buildings for healthy and liveable cities?

Fig. 1.0.C : Image illustrates high-rise buildings

[7] Carirns, Stephen (2018). Future Cities Laboratory (Indicia). Lars Müller Publishers, 240 pages

THESIS | 2020

11

1.2 | AIMS AND OBJECTIVES The objective of the study has started off questioning how to incorporate nature to a building system as a part of ecological performance, and what types of benefits that a new type of natural-artifacial combination can offer. Related projects are collected to analyze the impact of the buildings on the environment and architectural design, linked with maintenance and resilient factors. Various architectural strategies to activate building envelope with vegetative materials: stacking layers of gardens to balcony is researched and applied to the design process.

Ideas for overhangs and protrusions to place plant materials are suggested as a buffer around building enclosed spaces. In addition, the study introduces environmental architecture aimed at maximizing the use of natural energy, instead of using fossil fuels, and producing electricity using sunlight or wind to create a pleasant environment. In that sense, Green Building refers to an eco-friendly building that gives sustainability to the built domains by preserving the natural resources, harmonizing humans and the environment, securing comfort, saving energy, reducing waste, and expanding recycling. From the growing public concerns and awareness of the environment and for the optimistic cause of architectural sustainability to foster livable and viable urbanism, environmentally progressive design solutions that support the high-rise building are explored.

Fig. 1.2.A : Facade of Green Cast, Japan by Kengo Kuma, 2011

12

Fig. 1.2.B : Green Cast, Japan by Kengo Kuma, 2011

DAAP | SCHOOL OF ARCHITECTURE

Fig. 1.2.C : ‘Ring Around Tree’ kindergarten, Tokyo, Japn by Tezuka Architect

SELECTION CRITERIA • Architecture with plant material aims for the coexistence of human and natural environment.

• The visual and physical linkage with the elevated garden alters the atmosphere in and out of the building.

• Environmentally progressive design solutions that support the high-rise building are explored.

Fig. 1.2.D : Arario Museum in SPACE, Designed

by Swoo- Geun Kim, South Korea

THESIS | 2020

13

2.0 |precedents 2.0.1 BOSCO VERTICALE | STEFANO BOERI ARCHITECTTI Vertical Forest in Milan, Italy, was selected as one of the world’s ten tallest buildings by the Emporis Skyscraper Award. The Emporis Skyscraper Award is the prestigious award for the best building for over 100m of skyscrapers, completed every year since 2000. It was ranked second. Known as its brand-named Bosco Verticale, it is rare for two highly structured buildings, 76m (262 ft, 18 floors) and 110m (367 ft, 26 floors), respectively. The trees, shrubs and covered plants used in the apartments are characterized by 480 mediumsized trees, 300 small trees, and 11,000 covered plants and 5,000 shrubs covering the entire building surface. [1] The area of natural greenery forms gardens and terraces, fulfilling the interior green space of the apartment.

The main idea behind the formation of vertical forest is that eco-friendly plant materials are applied to skyscrapers, opening the possibility of environmental regeneration and biodiversity.

The key to the biological architecture applied to the building is to create a lush garden with plants for each unit of the apartment. Italian architect Stefano Boeri saids during CNN interview in Nov 2019: “The ability to enlarge green surface inside and around our city is one of the most efficient ways to try to reverse climate change.

So, a vertical forest is one of the possible ways to enlarge biological surfaces, in the horizontal and the vertical. The solution not only comes from gardens: why not also the side of the building?” [2]

The architect’s aggressive attempts to reconstruct the urban environment in the city of Milan, where air pollution is among the highest in European cities, through such novel attempts are thoughtful in building a sustainable natural green environment within an urban space.

Fig. 2.0.1.A : The first vertical forest in Millan, Italy

[1] Vertical Foresting. https://www.stefanoboeriarchitetti.net/en/vertical-foresting/ [2] The Architect Transforming Cities Into ‘vertical Forests’. https://www.cnn.com/style/article/riba-vertical-forest-stefano-boeri/index.html

14

DAAP | SCHOOL OF ARCHITECTURE

Fig. 2.0.1.B : 117 meters tall mixeduse tower in Switzerland

Fig. 2.0.1.D : Trees, shrubs, and flowers

Fig. 2.0.1.C : 54-meter-tall mixed-use tower located within the Paris

Fig. 2.0.1.E : Terrace

Fig. 2.0.1.G : Irregation system and vegetation plan

THESIS | 2020

Fig. 2.0.1.F: Vertical Forest Plan Eco-friendly construction and renewable energy applied to the building are another premium of the vertical forest. It applies solar panels to power the building and produces and utilizes renewable energy using wind photovoltaic energy. Water used in rainwater, toilets, and kitchens is also reused as watering plants in the garden.

In line with the Green Building Council’s gold certification given by the US Green Building Council, it has many functions - such as oxygen supply and humidity done for the pollution in the city of Milan.

15

2.0 |precedents 2.0.2 ONE CENTRAL PARK | JEAN NOUVEL ATELIER

“A flower for each resident, and a bouquet to the city” -Bertram Beissel, Ateliers Jean Nouvel One-Central Park is a green building planned and built as part of the sustainable Sydney 2030 project. Built in Sydney, Australia, the poject is a 116-meter residential complex. A distinctive feature of this building is that it has a horizontal botanical garden on each terrace from 2nd floor to 33rd floor with vine cables. [1] The building was designed, planned and completed in 2013 by French architect, Jean Nouvel, who is known as the Architect of Light, and by Botanist, Patrick Blanc, at the French National Institute of Science. [2] The lower level is a residential complex with coexisting neighborhood living facilities, and the upper level is occupied by residential facilities. The gardens are managed individually by each unit resident, and the vertical modular gardens formed on exterior walls are by the maintenance. OneCentral Park has similarities with the eco-friendly apartment, Bosco Verticale in Milan, Italy, in terms of its terrace and landscaping. However, the structure and operation system of the public vertical park formed on the outer wall is different. It is said to be “a cliff-like building in nature, as if cut off one side of the Blue Mountain range and placed in one of the cities.” Another impressive feature of OneCentral Park is a heliostat which is installed in the upper penthouse of the building as a cantilevered structure. [3] It is an architectural reflector that acts as a mirror on the upper and lower part of the building, and extends the natural light by using reflection and refraction to the shaded space.

Fig. 2.0.2.A : Performance of Heliostat Mirrors on rooftop and cantilever structure

Fig. 2.0.2.B : Heliostat consisting of mirror

[1] One Central Park, Park Lane, and The Mark Technical Paper, Published by WATPAC Construction [2] The World’s “best Tall Building” Is Jean Nouvel’s High-rise Jungle in Sydney, Chris Bentley - https://archpaper.com/2014/11/the-worlds-best-tallbuilding-is-jean-nouvels-high-rise-jungle-in-sydney/ [3] One Central Park, Park Lane, and The Mark Technical Paper, Published by WATPAC Construction

16

DAAP | SCHOOL OF ARCHITECTURE

Fig. 2.0.2.C : Activated green facade

Fig. 2.0.2.D : Horizontal and vertical sky garden

Fig. 2.0.2.E: Cantilever structures 42 meters off the side of the east tower with LED lightings and mirror reflectors

Fig. 2.0.2.F : Central Park precinct, which was masterplanned by London office Foster + Partners.

THESIS | 2020

17

2.0 |precedents 2.0.3 VALLEY, AMSTERDAM | MVRDV In the last two decades, the Zuidas region of Amsterdam has been developed into the international business center in the Netherlands, but the benefits for residents have been reduced in these developments. Therefore, the purpose of the development of project Valley is to improve the shortcomings of the city by transforming the Zuidas region into a more livable and complete city center. [1] The plan is to introduce a large number of residents and introduce additional public facilities within the next decade. The project was created with the aim of realising a multifunctional building, which included a mixed program of offices, residences and amenities, covering a total floor area between 50,000m2 and 75,000m2. [2] Three of the highest elevations found in the valley can reach up to 100 meters. The building consists of 196 apartments and seven-storey offices. The parking space on the third basement floor can accommodate 375 vehicles and offers a variety of retail and cultural facilities.

The first floor pedestrian walkways, along with several shops, terraces and roof gardens, cross to the center of the valley and are surrounded by the Central Tower. Internationally renowned landscape architect Piet Udolf designed all the plants and kept it green throughout the year. [3]

Fig. 2.0.3.B : Fifth Floor Plan Layout

Fig. 2.0.3.A : Valley in Zuidas, Amsterdam / Mixed use, Offices, Residential, Cultural, Bar-restaurant

Fig. 2.0.3.C : Section Planter

[1] , [2] Valley. https://www.mvrdv.nl/projects/233/valley [3] Valley. Architect Magazine. https://www.architectmagazine.com/project-gallery/valley_1_o

18

DAAP | SCHOOL OF ARCHITECTURE

Fig. 2.0.3.D : Mixed-use retails malls at street level

Fig. 2.0.3.E : Towers pushed to edges

Fig. 2.0.3.F : The Grotto

Fig. 2.0.3 G : The Terraces

Fig. 2.0.3.H : The Public Valley

Fig. 2.0.3.I : The Terraced Tower

Fig. 2.0.3.J : Distributed Program

THESIS | 2020

19

3.0 |SITE ANALYSIS 3.0.1 | URBAN WATERFRONT DEVELOPMENT The waterfront is used as a phrase meaning coastal roads such as land adjacent to the sea, rivers, lakes, etc. facing the city, but today it is more used as a spatial construct meaning that provides the citizens with the pleasant natural environment of the sea or rivers. Douglas M. Wrenn, an author of Urban Waterfront Development, said that the waterfront should be considered not only in terms of the location of the water resources in the city, but also in terms of urban context. [1] It is understood from the interrelationship between the water front and city. The creation of a waterfront space can be a measure of the emotional and intellectual level of urban residents living in a waterfront city, and plays a role of enhancing the city image.

The characteristics of waterfront mirrors are as follows: First, as a natural space, there is a spatial value that includes nature-friendly elements such as the ocean, lake, water surface, and water flow. Second, it is possible to spread the atmosphere that promotes the emotional development and intellectual level of city members for enhancing the city image. Third, the waterfront makes the city beautiful by providing a resting place. Fourth, the waterfront can create a visual landmark of the city and enhance the beauty of the city with interesting elements related to water. Likewise, waterfront provides the ground necessary to enrich one’s life, including people’s values, mindsets and emotions.

Fig. 3.0.1.A : Chicago River Waterfront

Fig. 3.0.1.B : Aerial View of Lake Shore Drive, Lake Michigan, Chicago, IL

[1] Douglas M. Wrenn. Urban Waterfront Development. Published by Urban Land Inst; 1st edition (March 1, 1983), 219 pages

20

DAAP | SCHOOL OF ARCHITECTURE

Fig. 3.0.1.C : Chicago Lakefront, 1938

Fig. 3.0.1.D : The Big Shift, 2015 Chicago Architecture Biennial © Port

THESIS | 2020

21

3.0 |SITE ANALYSIS 3.0.2 | CHICAGO CENTRAL AREA PLAN

History of Chicago Plan Chicago was first discovered by French explorers and missionaries in 1673 and was promoted to city in 1833. At that time, the population was about 4,000 in 1840, but it made rapid progress to 1 million in 1890 and 3 million in 1930. [1] Chicago has developed into a metropolis as nowadays because of the importance of its geographic location on the continent.

Fig. 3.0.2.A : World’s first skyscraper, Home Insurance Building, Chicago erected in 18841885

Since the mid-1860s, it has built Illinois and Michigan canals and railroad networks to serve as a distribution center for livestock, grain, and timber produced to nearby areas. [2] Chicago now has become a central state connecting the eastern and western regions, evolving from its industrial roots.

After the Great Chicago Fire on October 8, 1871, construction of wooden buildings was banned within the city’s boundaries. Instead, rebars began to be used, and in 1882 a 10-story building, the world’s first skyscraper, was created. As the most remarkable city planner of Chicago, Daniel Burnham was centeral and published inn 1909. Burnham was a Chicago-born architect and urban planner who presented innovative waterfront planning, a park and green space system throughout the city that were never introduced in US urban planning at the time. [3] The Chicago Plan is attractive urban planning that combines the beauty, convenience and economics of the city, bringing together people, machines, animals and nature to contribute to the welfare and efficiency of citizens.

[1] Chicago Deomographics, 2000 Census Data [2] “Illinois & Michigan Canal”. Illinois Department of Natural Resources [3] Hines, Thomas S. Burnham of Chicago: Architect and Planner. University of Chicago Press. p. 360.

22

DAAP | SCHOOL OF ARCHITECTURE

Representing Chicago’s fame is the architecture called Chicago style, and the city is both a museum and a workbook for contemporary architecture. Renowned architects took a pragmatic approach to commercial and industrial architecture to create early skyscrapers, demonstrating American creativity in design and style.

Fig. 3.0.2.B : Location of The Illinois and Michigan Canal

THESIS | 2020

23

3.0 |SITE ANALYSIS Green Chicago Commitment to Environment

Central Area Open Space

Open spaces and rich landscaping make the Central Area livable and help to attract business and visitors. Chicago’s lakefront park system is known worldwide. In the 21st century, it will also become known for its outstanding continuous riverfront open space.

Fig. 3.0.2.C : Chicago Central Area Open Space Oppor-

24

DAAP | SCHOOL OF ARCHITECTURE

Approved by the Chicago Plan Commission in 2003, The Central Area Plan is a guide for continued economic success, physical growth, and environmental sustainability in downtown Chicago. [4] The City of Chicago aims for the Central Area to stand as a model of the relationship between environment and economic sustainability. It will be a beautiful central city with high quality air, water and land, and a place where people will want to invest, work, play, and live. The three fundamental goals of this plan - directing growth to a central city composed of dynamic mixed-use districts; emphasizing transit and creating and enhancing open spaces and waterfronts - are part of a broader environmental policy with direct benefits to the region. [5]

Strengthen the Lakefront as Chicago’s great public space

Develop the Chicago River as a premier public place and continuous park system

Create the next generation of parks and plazas

Complete the framework of richly landscaped streets and boulevards

Fig. 3.0.2.C : Chicago Central Area Open Space Opportunities

Fig. 3.0.2.D : Ensure transit and inter-city access to the Central Area to provide a clear alternative to driving and create new parks, green ways and a continuous river-walk [4] Central Area Plan. https://www.chicago.gov/city/en/depts/dcd/supp_info/central_area_plandraft.html [5] Waterfronts and Open Spaces. Expand and connect waterfronts and Open Spaces to create great public spaces. City of Chicago. https://www. chicago.gov/

THESIS | 2020

25

3.0 |SITE ANALYSIS 3.0.3 CHICAGO LAKESIDE MASTER PLAN | SOM

Fig. 3.0.3.A : Chicago Lakeside Master Plan, Designed by © SOM

Chicago Lakeside Development is a proposed construction on the former site of US. Steel’s Southworks steel mill as a award winning master plan for 589 acres consisting of 13,575 residences, 17,500,000 SF of retail, and 125 acres of park space [1] . The project is led in cooperation with Skimore, Owings and Merrill LLP (SOM) and Sasaki Associates, Inc.,. The site is located at a remarkable waterfront in 10 miles away from downtown Chicago, which is also adjacent to Chicago’s south side neighborhood.

The project is a model of sustainable plan to create diverse communities, connect to public transit, and establish a vibrant mix of uses. One of the major goals of the project is to achieve an extensive neighborhood park system for all residents to live within a 3-minute walk to a park [2]. Central park will potentially be used as biofiltration gardens, jogging/walking path, plaza, Fig. 3.0.3.B : Extensive Neighborhood playgrounds with sculptures.

Park System [1], [2] Chicago Lakeside Development, Monterrubio Hernandez - https://www.slideshare.net/LuisMonterrubioHernandez1/chicago-lakeside-development-lm-032414

26

DAAP | SCHOOL OF ARCHITECTURE

Fig. 3.0.3.C : Existing rail infrastructure connects Lakeside’s neighborhood directly to downtown Chicago, © SOM

Residential Neighborhood

Mixed-Use Neighborhood

Market Common

Fig. 3.0.3.D : Lakeside master plan approved by City of Chicago, 2010 © SOM

Markets commonly entails retail and entertainment destinations with a variety of housing options and community gathering. Residential neighborhoods are located to north side of slip having a Lakefront access [3]. It is ideal for higher densities organized along a central linear park. The North slip near lakefront provides boat access and docking to the neighborhood with full range of uses. South side of the slip is envisioned of mixed-use neighborhood or a wall park forming a s northern edge. [4] [3], [4] Chicago Lakeside Master Plan, Designed by SOM. https://www.som.com/projects/chicago_lakeside_master_plan Chicago Lakeside Developent, Monterrubio Hernandez - https://www.slideshare.net/LuisMonterrubioHernandez1/chicago-lakeside-developentlm-032414

THESIS | 2020

27

3.0 |SITE ANALYSIS 3.0.4 400 LAKESHORE DRIVE & DUSABLE PARK The site is situated in the engaged surrounding at DuSable Park located in Chicago. The rectangular peninsula is an estuary at which north of Chicago River and Great Lake Michigan meet. Undeveloped and overgrown lakefront parcel located east of the former Spire site and Lake Shore Drive, the 3.44 acre space of DuSable Park has been a part of the city-approved Planned Development. DuSable Park is named after Jean Baptiste Point DuSable who was the first non-native settler of Chicago in 1700s, born in Haiti of Africa and French Descent. After he moved to Chicago in early 1772, he established a trading post at what is now Pioneer Court located on the north bank of the Chicago River. [1] He sold his property in Chicago in 1800s, since then, Chicago has been turned into incredibly different place with 3 million residents and numerous skyscrpaers lining the lakeshores, coming a long way since the Great Lake regions was first claimed by American government as its own. [2] Currently DuSable Park is fenced-off with limited access due to a suspected contamination with radioactive thorium caused by Lindsay Light Factory. [3] After receiving funding from EPA for remediation of the site, Chicago Park District started to clean up the soil by going through several soil tests with Shelbourn Development. It is reported that the remediation had been completed in 2012. [4] Although 71 design proposals have never been implemented over 30 years, DuSable park is still left as a potential development area. Now MCL, a private development corporation, acquired the DuSable Park site, granting the park to Chicago Park District, looking for development. [5] A specific attraction is encouraged and recommended to activate DuSable Park that can connect with the Riverwalk and Lakefront trail as a platform for public amenities.

Fig. 3.0.4.A : DuSable Park

Fig. 3.0.4.B : Connectivity around DuSable Park

[1] Dusable Park. Chicago District - https://www.chicagoparkdistrict.com/parks-facilities/dusable-park#History [2] Dusable Park. Chicago District - https://www.chicagoparkdistrict.com/parks-facilities/dusable-park#History [3] Dusable Park. https://fotp.org/issues/initiatives/dusable-park [4] Dusable Park. Chicago District - https://www.chicagoparkdistrict.com/parks-facilities/dusable-park#History [5] 30 Years and 71 Failed Ideas To Develop DuSable Park. Nausheen Husain - https://www.chicagotribune.com/news/ct-graphics-dusable-park-history-htmlstory.html

28

DAAP | SCHOOL OF ARCHITECTURE

Lake

Slip Ogden

Ch

ica go R iv er

PHYSICAL DESCRIPTION

Mich

igan

Fig. 3.0.4.C : DuSable Park Physical Context

Fig. 3.0.4.D : DuSable Park Topography

•Approx. latitude and longitude: 41.9°, -87.6° •Dimensions: - Ogden slip. approx. 770 ft - Lake Michigan harbor. approx. 420 ft - North bank of Chicago River. approx.740 ft •Topography: The terrain near the edge of lake Michigan shows a slope. The surface of the plot rises gradually from east to west to a height of about 20 feet, then drops abruptly before meeting the lower level of Lake Shore Drive.

Parts of the park had been used to store construction materials on flatbed trucks for the nearby condo construction [6].

•Access: Pedestrian access is planned by a continuous Riverwalk along the southern edge of the plot. The paved road is extended about 30 ft into the plot [7].

•Budget: The estimated cost of developing the 3-acre park came in between $4 and $10 million. The Park District´s reluctance to develop the park has

Fig. 3.0.5.E : The latest idea: Floating Museum

[6][7][8] http://www.saic.edu/~lpalmer/site.htm#Exist

THESIS | 2020

29

3.0 |SITE ANALYSIS 3.0.5 CHICAGO CITY ZONING Zoning consists of regulations that control buildings to place on a property. Buildings cannot be built in a random manner, but every property situated in one zoning district of one kind or another. [1] Therefore, when designing the building, it will be arranged by function according to the prescribed land use and legal regulations of the area. Zoning is manipulated by a City Council by which each district shape physical characteristics in the context of the neighborhoods.

Zoning is about land use. It tells what type of property can be built in the district, or how dense or big the building can be. That is why some districts allocate high-rise towers around downtown areas whereas others promote residential, mixed-use commercial buildings near walkable streets or insulate industrial corridors at the outskirts of the city. The maps below show Chicago’s zoning districts. All districts fall within one of the twelve categories [2]:

Fig. 3.0.5.A: Chicago City Zoning interactive map (Color scheme: red for Planned Development, green for residential, blue for commercial and yellow for industrial)

Fig. 3.0.5.B: Chicago City Zoning, project site in red area represents Planned Development (PD)

[1][2] 2nd City Zoning - https://secondcityzoning.org

30

DAAP | SCHOOL OF ARCHITECTURE

Residential (R) Houses and apartment buildings only on these parcels. No stores, offices, or factories allowed.

Schools, churches, police stations and the like are acceptable though.

Business(B) From bodegas to big boxes, these districts are for stores and offices. B districts promote walkable storefronts and shopping centers. To promote mix-use neighborhoods, above-ground floor apartments are allowed.

Commercial (C) C districts are geared towards commerce but allow a wider variety of businesses than B districts, especially car-oriented places like strip malls and drive-through banks. Above-ground floor apartments are usually still allowed.

Downtown (D) Downtown zoning districts can only be found in the Loop and its environs. They’re what makes it legal to build high-rise offices and apartments downtown. Oddly, the Downtown Service (DS) districts in this category also cover the South Loop warehouse area between the Dan Ryan and the Chicago River.

Manufacturing (M) Factories, warehouses, freight, junkyards: all the heavy-duty places that still occupy Chicago’s industrial corridors. These districts range from nondescript warehouses (M1) to hardcore factories (M3).

Planned manufacturing districts (PMD) There are ourteen special zoning districts that protect industry from encroachment by commercial and residential buildings. Unlike other districts, parcels in PMDs cannot be rezoned to non-industrial uses, so they take zoning decisions out of aldermen’s’ hands.

Planned development (PD) Tall buildings, hospital campuses, and other large developments that must be negotiated with city planners. Developers gain freedom in building design (read: they can bend the zoning rules,) but must work within the city to ensure projects gel with and benefit the neighborhood.

Transportation district (T) Bits of land designed to protect roads, bus ways, bike trails, and rail lines. Only a handful of properties in town are zoned this way.

Parks and Open Space (POS) Protects land set aside for public parks, open space, beaches, and cemeteries.

(2nd City Zoning - https://secondcityzoning.org)

THESIS | 2020

31

3.0 |SITE ANALYSIS 3.0.6 CITY OF CHICAGO BUILDING CODE FOR HEIGHT AND AREA LIMITATION Why do we regulate the height of buildings? Before answering this question, let’s first imagine a city without height restrictions. Without the restrictions, landlords will try to raise the building as high as they can if conditions and capabilities allow. Usually it is related to the developer’s perspective to maximize profits from larger FAR (Floor Area Ratio) that a building can have as it becomes taller – which means, in otherwise, higher allowable FAR impacts on higher land and property value. [1] But if all such demands are accommodated, the city’s landscape will be greatly undermined by competitively tall buildings. It also negatively affects the lives and health of citizens.

Houses and schools, except for the upper floors of tall buildings, are difficult to secure enough sunlight and ventilation, and streets where people walk and live will be significantly in the shade. Therefore, the state should induce rational use of individual lands through city planning and regulations since the land use is a resource that affects all our life.

Fig. 3.0.6.A: Single Ownership and Multiple Ownership Permitted Development. Source: Plan for Rezoning the City of New York. Harrison, Ballard & Allen, 1950.

Fig. 3.0.6.B: Maximum allowable building heights, Municipal Code of Chicago, Chapter 13-48

[1] Floor Area Ratio. https://www.planning.org/pas/reports/report111.htm

32

DAAP | SCHOOL OF ARCHITECTURE

City of Chicago’s regulations on maximum height and land area have been relaxed as shown in the current building code below. It defines that most of the I-A construction type - which is commonly found in high-rise buildings and Group I occupancies (Institutional Group, IBC, Chapter 3) is remarked as ‘NL’ (Not Limited) for residential, business, mercantile, and the other occupancy classification as listed.

[2]

In terms of the construction type, this depends on Fire Resistance Rating Requirement for Building Element found in Section 601 International Building Code (IBC).

[3]

Typically high-rise building is

categorized as Type I-A construction in which building elements listed are noncombustible materials with designated 3hr rating exterior walls, 3hr structural wall, 2hr floor/ceiling assembly, and 1 ½ hr. roof protection and so forth.

[4]

Based on the provisions provided in IBC as below, the appropriate

construction type and the materials shall be selected, conforming to the minimum requirements of Use and Occupancy classification, which is also defined in IBC, Chapter 3.

Fig. 3.0.6.D: Fire-Resistance Rating Requirements for Building Elements (Hour), Chapter 6, IBC 2015

Fig. 3.0.6.C: Area limitations – Multi-story buildings, Municipal Code of Chicago, Chapter 13-48

Fig. 3.0.6.E: Fire-Resistance Rating Requirements for Exterior Wall based on Fire Separation Distance, Chapter 6, IBC 2015

[2] Building Code Organization, City of Chicago. City Of Chicago Home https://www.chicago.gov/ [3] [4] International Building Code (2015) Digital Codes Library Icc - https://codes.iccsafe.org/

THESIS | 2020

33

3.0 |SITE ANALYSIS 3.0.7 ECONOMIC HEIGHT The purpose of the analysis is to discuss the technical and economic determinants of the skyscrapers and their height. According to Building the Skyline: The Birth and Growth of Manhattan’s Skyscrapers, authored by Jason M. Barr (2016), there are two perspectives to analyze the economic aspects of high-rise building. The first is to directly track the costs and benefits from high-rise construction. This is a viewpoint of developers, which is called the return on investment (ROI) approach. The concern faced by the developers is how to construct a building to maximize the profits or returns from the investment. [1] The second is called the economic approach which provides a simple demand and supply of the skyscrapers and looks at the statistical correlates of height and other variables such as population growth, gross domestic product, and income inequality. [2] Generally, this approach allows to see how the economic factors have driven the height of the building.

In particular, the demand and supply of high-rise offices and residential facilities are prominent in urban areas and new urban districts which have strong aspects of international cities due to their rapid economic growth. Thus, skyscrapers are considered as a solution to an economic problem to accommodate as many people as possible in the same location, especially when the land price per unit area is expensive or land is scarce, but its population is large.

Also, building skyscrapers replaces dozens of ordinary buildings, which leads to eco-friendly strategies to obtain more green spaces taking over the lands and reducing transportation and transportation costs to and from buildings.

Fig. 3.0.7.A: US Population and number of 90m or taller buildings (Manhattan, NY, Barr 2016)

Fig. 3.0.7.B: The tallest building heighvt and average height (Manhattan, NY, Barr 2016)

[1] [2] Jason.M.Barr (2016). Building the Skyline: The Birth and Growth of Manhattan’s Skyscrapers

34

DAAP | SCHOOL OF ARCHITECTURE

Nevertheless, there is also a problem. First, money must be available for the large projects.

Even though where all the money sources come from varies – private finances to government subsidiaries – many of the skyscraper projects are taking place in major metropolitan cities undergoing rapid economic and population growth. Besides, skyscrapers are vulnerable to disasters such as fire, wind and earthquakes. It is also pointed out that skyscrapers make urban spaces too bleak. In view of the advantages and disadvantages, nowadays, high-rise developments are created in a rigorous manner, under the integrative support of the government and communities with bold planning and implementation while focusing on the safety and ecofriendliness at the same time as the global environmental issues and concerns grow. The data set below contains information the height and number of skyscrapers completed in Manhattan from 2005 to 2014 (Barr, 2016). The architectural interaction between Chicago and New York has been led from the past to present as Zukowsky (1984) wrote the relationship of two cities in his book, The Capitals of American Architecture: Chicago and New York: [3]

“Chicago and New York—these are often thought to be the two great superpowers of American architecture. Architects consider each city to have its own style, its own way of shaping its local environment, its own individualistic contributions to the history of architecture. Yet these contributions were not developed in isolation. Throughout the 19th and 20th centuries there has been, and still is, a considerable amount of competitive interactions between architects, contractors, and developers in both cities (p.12).” [4] Looking at the graph below, we can see the notable correlation between New York and Chicago over the course of the years from 1885 to the recent era while New York was [5] consistently building more and taller than Chicago.

The evidence of “skyline competition” is found in both cities, which impacts on elasticity of height markets in response to the cities’ economic growth.

2

Fig. 3.0.7.C: The lot size of the tallest building (Manhattan, NY, Barr 2016)

Fig. 3.0.7.D: Top Graph: MA(5) of number of skyscraper completions in New York and Chicago, 1885 to 2007. Bottom Graph: MA(5) of height of tallest building completed each year in New York and Chicago, 1885 to 2007.

[3] The Birth & Growth Of Manhattan’s Skyscrapers https://buildingtheskyline.org/ [4][5] Jason Barr (2010) Skyscrapers and Skylines: New York and Chicago, 1885-2007

THESIS | 2020

35

3.0 |SITE ANALYSIS 3.0.8 CHICAGO WIND AND CLIMATE ANALYSIS

This is annual wind statistics for Chicago Near North Side in Illinois, United States.

While Chicago is widely known as the “Windy City”, it is not the windiest city in the United States. Some of the windier cities recorded by the NOAA/NCDC are Dodge City, Kansas, at 13.9 mph (22.3 km/h); Amarillo, Texas, at 13.5 mph (21.7 km/h);[1] and Lubbock, Texas, at 12.4 mph (20 km/h). [2] Chicago is not significantly windier than any other U.S. city.

For example, the average annual wind speed of Chicago is 10.3 mph (16.6 km/h); Boston: 12.4 mph (20.0 km/h); Central Park, New York City: 9.3 mph (15.0 km/h); and Los Angeles: 7.5 mph (12.1 km/h). [3]

Fig. 3.0.8.A : Chicago Near North Side

Fig. 3.0.8.B : Chicago wind direction, speed, and air temperature [1] Enloe. “U.S. Climate Extremes - Extremes - National Centers for Environmental Information (NCEI)”. www.ncdc.noaa.gov.

[2] “WeatherDB - A Research Engine”. wind-speed.weatherdb.com.

[3] Dellinger, Dan (2004-01-04). “Wind - Average Wind Speed - (MPH)”. National Climatic Data Center. Retrieved 2008-11-25.

36

DAAP | SCHOOL OF ARCHITECTURE

The wind experienced at any given location is highly dependent on local topography and other factors, and instantaneous wind speed and direction vary widely. The windier part of the year lasts for 7.1 months, from October 1 to May 6, with average wind speeds of more than 11.4 miles per hour with the highest speed of 14.4 mph. The calmer time of year lasts for 4.9 months, from May 6 to October 1. [4]

YEAR AVERAGE

JAN

FEB

MAR

APR

MAY

JUN

JUL

AUG

SEP

OCT

NOV

DEC

Fig. 3.0.8.C. Monthly Wind Roses, Chicago Near North Side [4] https://weatherspark.com/y/14091/Average-Weather-in-Chicago-Illinois-United-States-Year-Round

THESIS | 2020

37

3.0 |SITE ANALYSIS The climate of Illinois has four distinct seasons, each of which has extremely variable weather conditions in different parts of the state, and between months or years as a result of varying air masses and storm systems. [5] Polar jet streams are formed over Illinois during fall and winter, which creates the movement of a low-pressure storm system characterized by clouds, winds, and precipitations. [6] Major temperature contrasts are seen north and south. Average annual temperatures of Illinois range from 48°F (north) to 58°F (south), with highs ranging from 57°F (north) to 67°F (south). [7] Chicago’s urban climate tends to be warmer by 2°F, due to the urban heat island effect caused by buildings, roads, pavement, traffic and industrial activities.

[8] Lake Michigan largely influences the climate of Illinois, especially the Chicago area with a large thermal mass that promotes moderate temperature - cooler summer and warmer winter.

Fig. 3.0.8.D: Illinois Average Monthly Wind Speed (mph) [5][6][7][8] State Climatologist Office for Illinois. https://stateclimatologist.web.illinois.edu/climate-of-illinois/

38

DAAP | SCHOOL OF ARCHITECTURE

Fig. 3.0.8.E: Average Wind Speed (mph) for Illinois, 1991-2000 (Dec-Feb, Left / Mar–May, Right), State Climatologist Office for Illinois

Fig. 3.0.8.F: Average Wind Speed (mph) for Illinois, 1991-2000 (Jun-Aug, Left / Sep–Nov, Right), State Climatologist Office for Illinois

THESIS | 2020

39

4.0 |DESIGN PROCESS 4.0.1 What is Eco-effective Regenerative High-rise Building?

Eco-effective regenerative building is an architectural device that promotes coexistence of architecture and nature.

Fig. 4.0.1.A : Ecological Buildng Concept Personal Artwork

Fig. 4.0.1.B : Ecological Building Concept Personal Artwork

The concept of an eco-effective building is encapsulated by global environmental conservation, pleasant harmony with surrounding environment, energy saving and circulation, humancentered design, biodiversity, well-being and economic concepts.

40

DAAP | SCHOOL OF ARCHITECTURE

The eco-effective building aims for concentration of living, culture, working, and food production which is completely covered by an array of trees, shrubs, and flowers. It incorporates nature to the architectural environment in urban fabric and promotes biodiversity of the ecosystem.

THESIS | 2020

41

4.0 |DESIGN PROCESS Eco-effective building is a renewable cycle of energy to the urban environment.

4.0.1 Vertical Green is a renewable cycle of energy to urban environment.

Fig. 4.0.1.C : Renewable Cycle of Energy, Personal Artwork (Referenced by Stefano Boeri’s Bosco Verticale)

Vertical green high-rise buildings promote sustainable design by using renewable cycles of energy. It uses a passive solar panel system for energy saving and circulation and reduces the consumption of resources by recollecting water and using surrounding natural or renewable materials.

42

DAAP | SCHOOL OF ARCHITECTURE

Eco-effective high-rise building reduces urban pollutions.

Fig. 4.0.1.D : Eco-friendly High-rise Building, Personal Artwork (Referenced by Stefano Boeri’s Bosco Verticale)

Vertical Green reduces the pollution of the urban environment by a green facade filtered by plants and trees. It brings positive benefits to the external and interanl environment; such as oxygen production, air temperature mitigation, dust absorption, pollution reduction, and BVOC (Biogenic Volatile Organic Compound) production.

THESIS | 2020

43

4.0 |DESIGN PROCESS Eco-effective highrise building mitigates urban sprawl.

Fig. 4.0.1.E : High-rise Building as An Anti-sprawl Device (Referenced by Stefano Boeri’s Bosco Verticale)

Ecological high-rise building provides an alternative urban environment which can prevent urban sprawl by concentrating livings, working, and cultures in dense cities. It creates new landscape and skyline by constituting living closely to trees, shrubs, and plants within the city; such condition is generally found in suburban residential areas with gardens.

44

DAAP | SCHOOL OF ARCHITECTURE

Eco-effective highrise buildings are a multiplier of biodiversity.

Fig. 4.0.1.F: Eco-effective Building as A Multiplier of Biodiversity (Referenced by Stefano Boeri’s Bosco Verticale) Ecological high-rise building multiplies urban biodiversity providing habitat of the variety of life, not only resided by humans but also nested by 100 different plant species, birds, pet animals and insects. It encourages ecological productivity of the building with incorporated mix of vegetation, agricultural soil, and organic matters in green roof and vegetable gardens.

THESIS | 2020

45

4.0 |DESIGN PROCESS 4.0.2 Types of Trees and Shrubs in Chicago, IL

Fig. 4.0.2.A : Types of Trees and Shrubs in Chicago

This analysis of trees and shrubs in the Chicago region of Illinois is based on the study conducted by USDA (United States Department of Agriculture). The most common species are European buckthorn (28.2%), boxelder (5.5%), green ash (5.5%), black cherry (4.9%), and American elm (3.4%) [1] .

46

DAAP | SCHOOL OF ARCHITECTURE

Fig. 4.0.2.B : Chicago Urban Tree Species Composition,2010

Whether or not plants are suitable for growing from high building conditions and the sitespecific effects of Chicago’s seasons, temperatures, and winds should be examined by botanists and landscape architects.

THESIS | 2020

47

4.0 |DESIGN PROCESS 4.0.3 IRRIGATION SYSTEM

Fig. 4.0.3.A : A greywater filtration system (used with water that has gone down the sink or shower) ensures the trees are adequately watered.

48

DAAP | SCHOOL OF ARCHITECTURE

According to the analgesias of the first Vertical Forest in Milan, Italy, it has a centralized automated irrigation system that governs the distribution of water to the plant organisms. A series of probes are conducted by remotely controlled computerized device and sensors that are monitoring humidity of the plants. [1] Depending on the data, the amount of water is supplied to the plants in the activated system. Energy center located underground powers groundwater collectors and irrigation tank that collects water from air conditioning and rainwater harvesting.

Fertilization is carried out simultaneously with watering with chemical nutrients for plants’ growth. [2]

4.0.4 GREEN WALL / FACADE The “green wall” or “vegetated facade” is defined as a system in which plants grow on a vertical surface, such as a building facade, in a controlled fashion and with regular maintenance [3] . It is an eco-friendly landscaping method that coats building walls with various plants that adhere well to the walls. Green wall is also being actively tried in various countries that pursue symbiotic cities because it prevents the heat island effect in the city and improves the energy efficiency of buildings.The term “Green-wall” began with Patrick Blanc, a French botanist and world-class vertical gardener, who is aforementioned co-inventor of One Central Park, Sydney with Atelier Jean Nouvel. As the master of green wall design, he created a work of art by constructing a lush Vertical Garden like a jungle by using the colors of various plants. Until that time, as Green Wall was difficult and complicated to make, it was not widespread. However, the way Patrick Blanc spread the Green Wall system was because he devised a simple and efficient way.

Fig. 4.0.4.A : Diagrammatic representation of varying types of green walls (CTBUH Technical Guide Green Walls in High-Rise Building) [1] Stefano Boeri.Vertical Forest. Published by Corraini Edizioni 160pages, Apr 15, 2016 [2] Elena Giacomello & Massimo Valagussa (2015). Vertical Greenery: Evaluation the High-Rise Vegetation of the Bosco Verticale, Milan.Council on Tall Buildings and Urban Habitat [3] Wood, Bahrami, Safarik, 2014. CTBUH Technical Guide, Green Walls in High-Rise Buildings ewmurrey.com/sculptural-elements-landscape-

THESIS | 2020

49

4.0 |DESIGN PROCESS

Fig. 4.0.4.B : Patrick Blanc’s Vertical Garden system. (Image Source from University of Washington)

Fig. 4.0.4.C : Vertical Garden at Aboukir, Paris by Patrick Blanc

In terms of its installation, the felt layer is first formed so that the plant roots adhere well to the wall. After installing tubular steel frame on the existing building wall, the second felt layer of about the inserted 1/2 “ thick pvc pipe is connected to the root of the plant to build a water irrigation system from which water nutrients drip from top edge of the wall. [4] Many designers around the world are actively advocating green wall because of the many positive effects the design brings, purifying the bleak city surrounded by the asphalt and concrete. Green Wall is a good alternative design solution to meet both green, aesthetic and efficiency.

[4] Gardens That Grow on Walls. Kristina Shevory - https://www.nytimes.com/2010/05/06/garden/06vertical.html

50

DAAP | SCHOOL OF ARCHITECTURE

Fig. 4.0.5.A : Green Roof System

4.0.5 GREEN ROOF Rooftop greening can change the impression of dwelling from the outside or improve the landscape from the inside, depending on the characteristics of the architecture. It also goes beyond just the landscape to create a practical park or garden. Green roof can be expected to improve not only the landscape but also the insulation effect. From the city perspective, the heat island effect is alleviated by causing solar reflection and evaporation of vegetation layers, and it has the advantage of reducing the noise of the city. It is important to thoroughly plan drainage and waterproofing facilities for roof gardening to prevent plant roots from rotting or invading to building structures. [5] It is preferable to use natural soil that is rich in organic matter, which helps to increase plant diversity.

[5] Green Roofs, https://greenerheights.wordpress.com/category/green-roofs/ Tolderlund, Lella (2010) Design Guidelines and Maintenance Manual for Green Roofs in the Semi-Arid and Arid West - Greening Epa https://www. epa.gov/greeningepa Moisture Control Guidance for Building Design, Construction and Maintenance, U.S.Environmental Protection Agency (2013), Indoor Air Quality (iaq) http://www.epa.gov/iaq/moisture

THESIS | 2020

51

4.0 |DESIGN PROCESS 4.0.6 SOLARGLASS PV PANEL

The two major pillars of renewable energy are solar and wind. Solar and wind energy are not fuel, but technology. Features of technology demonstrates that it is getting better and getting cheaper as time progresses. Alternative energy is on the rise. As one of solar panel technologies leads, Tesla, renown electric car company, unveiled Solarglass Roof panel and PowerWall 2, a battery that stores electricity. It’s not a huge blue, clunky solar panel we used to imagine, but an elegant new design product with great aesthetics that does not look different from a typical roof. Tesla’s Solarglass Roof has four designs - Texture, Slate, Smooth, and Tuscan - all of which have the advantage of look like an ordinary roof design. [1]

Fig. 4.0.6.A : Ordinary households can store and use solar energy freely.

[1] Solarglass Roof: Tesla. https://www.tesla.com/solarroof, https://www.roofcostestimator.com/bipv-solar-shingles-vs-pv-solar-panel-costs/

52

DAAP | SCHOOL OF ARCHITECTURE

Fig. 4.0.6.B : Tesla Solar Roof, and PowerWall 2, a battery that stores electricity.

Fig. 4.0.6.C : Tesla’s Solarglass Roof has four designs - uscan, Slate, Texture, and Smooth

The Solarglass Roof is made of transparent tempered glass, which is three times more durable than conventional roof tiles and has the highest rating in hail test (Class 4), fire test (Class A) and windproof test (Class F), which has proven excellent durability. [2] The special coating technology developed with 3M makes the energy conversion efficiency much higher than conventional solar panels. The weight is reduced to 1/3 compared to existing roof tiles, so it is easy to transport and install. As an example of architectural design using solar modules, Freiburg Town hall in Germany takes the “green building” concept with 100% self-sufficient energy. Building facade made of vertically integrated, semi-transparent solar panels, which are installed on sun-exposed frontiers. [3]

Fig. 4.0.6.D : Freiburg Town hall’s innovative solar module louver system on building facade, Germany [2] https://news.energysage.com/tesla-solar-roof-price-vs-solar-panels/ , Photovoltaic Renewable Energy. http://prengy.com/solarpv.php [3] Solar Modules For New City Hall Of Freiburg https://a2-solar.com/en/new-city-hall-of-freiburg/

THESIS | 2020

53

4.0 |DESIGN PROCESS 4.0.7 WIND TURBINE Wind power is a renewable energy source that uses wind from nature. It is a pollution-free energy source, using wind turbine, or alternatively referred to as a wind energy converter, which is a device that converts the wind’s kinetic energy into electricity. By deploying a wind turbine to the building structure, wind reacts to the building to harness energy, which turns into a new concept of eco-friendly building.

Fig. 4.0.7.A : Solar Wind Bridge

54

DAAP | SCHOOL OF ARCHITECTURE

Fig. 4.0.7.B : Building’s design helps to enhance its sustainability by reducing its energy dependency.

Fig. 4.0.7.C : Windturbine Anara tower, Dubai

THESIS | 2020

Fig. 4.0.7.D : Bahrain World Trade Center

55

4.0 |DESIGN PROCESS 4.0.7 WIND TURBINE

Fig. 4.0.7.E: Pearl River Tower and deployed wind turbines installed on two levels, Guangzhou, China designed by SOM

56

DAAP | SCHOOL OF ARCHITECTURE

Pearl River Tower, located in Guangzhou, China is one of the prominent examples of deploying wind turbines turbine into the building structure. [1] The building is designed for wind to easily pass in and around the building as the curved façade invites the wind through. Four wind turbines are installed on two levels at the recessed void space for wind turbine to generate and harness the energy from the prevailing wind.

Shanghai tower is another striking super high-rise building in Shanghai’s Pudong area that completes the development of the Lu Jia Zui central financial district. [2] The tower has been designed as a soft vertical spiral structure with wind-taming design strategy in deciding the building typology. Tower’s profound twist expression is based on the geometry which is affected by horizontal/vertical profile and rate of twist. The understanding of building performance is identified by wind tunnel testing results which is required set out in Section 6.6 of ASCE. [3]

Fig. 4.0.7.F: Shanghai Tower & Shanghai World Financial Center, planned and designed by Gensler [1] Pearl River Tower – Sustainable Design http://www.som.com/projects/pearl_river_tower__sustainable_design [2] [3] Aleksandar Sasha Zeljic (2010) Shanghai Tower Façade Design Process. Gensler technical paper delivered at the 2010 International Conference on Building Envelope Systems and Technologies (ICBEST 2010) held in Vancouver, Canada

THESIS | 2020

57

4.0 |DESIGN PROCESS 4.0.8 WIND SIMULATION (WIND TUNNEL TESTING) When it comes to designing tall buildings, it is essential for architects and engineers to consider wind as one of the most important factors due to the impact that wind forces (or wind loads) have on a building as it becomes taller. [1] Generally, the forces of the wind are much stronger as one goes higher As a strong wind passes through and around the tall building, vortices are being created at the areas of low pressure on the opposite side of the structure, which causing great amount of suction forces that pull the buildings and make them swaying back and forth. [2] The noticeable shaking motion gives a significant impact on the comfort of the inside of the building as well as directly influences to the safety of structure and occupancy.

Given all the phenomenon that wind can cause to a tall building, it is essential for architects and engineers to test with a 3D model of a tall building at the design stage to assess the potential impact of wind to the structures before the actual construction begins. They can quickly explore how air moves between and around the tall building through wind simulation and identify any issues or hazards caused by the moving air. The wind simulation tells where the dangerous gusts, vortices, or wind pressure are formed between and around the building. For the test, the simulation based on Autodesk Flow Design has been conducted in order to make better design decisions early in the process and to develop an optimized building typology that can mitigate the impact of high wind loads.

Fig. 4.0.8.A: Wind tunnel testing with Chicago Lake Shore Drive 3D urban model [1] [2] THE B1M (2018). How Tall Buildings Tame the Wind (The Definitive video Channel for Construction). https://www.theb1m.com/

58

DAAP | SCHOOL OF ARCHITECTURE

While the average annual wind velocity of Chicago is 10.3 mph (16.6 km/h), the maximum wind velocity at Navy Pier, Chicago is reported as 51 mph on September 28, 1945 from the north, and the maximum average hourly velocity was 41 mph at 6 p.m. [3] In a storm day of 28-29 May, 1947, which was characterized by slashing rain, squall winds from the north and northeast, accompanied maximum wind velocity of 32 mph, raising the lake level notably along the shore. [4] In addition, with a consideration of wind velocity at a certain height of a tower, the graph shown at Fig. 4.0.8.B extracted from Meteorological Tower Data Compilation and Analysis, Oakland University (2008), reflects that wind speed increases as a tower goes high. It shows, for example, that the wind velocity at 1,500 ft tower height is approximately 15 ~23 knots (17~26 mph). Based on the observations, the wind velocity on the project site is set to 0 to 60 mph (30m/s, 52 kt) as a maximum speed in order to conduct the wind simulation.

Fig. 4.0.8.B: Example Diurnal Variations of Wind Velocity and Elevation of Wind Tower Hub Heights, Meteorological Tower Data Compilation and Analysis, Oakland University (2008)

[3] [4] A Letter from the Chief of Engineers, United States Army (1952) Illinois Shore of Lake Michigan, Beach Erosion Control Stud, p26-27y

THESIS | 2020

59

4.0 |DESIGN PROCESS Results acquired from the simulation represent a significant reduction of wind forces and cladding pressure after adjusting the degree of twist and increasing the porosity – “cutting out” parts from the structural surface and allowing air to flow through and around the building.

A minimum distance between tall buildings also needs to be observed as a higher pressure has on between the two towers when the distance becomes shorter as shown at Fig. 4.0.8.E. Therefore, it is essential to keep the appropriate distance between tall buildings to mitigate the air pressure. Some urban design regulation specifies 25m (80 ft) as a minimum distance, yet the required distance should increase as the buildings becomes taller. [5] As CTBUH (Council of Tall Building and Urban Habitat) suggested for the scenario of dense building arrangement, rounded and curved tall building and diagonal arrangement help to reduce the problem of closeness. [6]

Fig. 4.0.8.C: Wind simulation velocity (up) and Test with model with two towers configuration having porosity at the designated level (down, vertical plane) [5] [6] CTBUH Research Paper, Kheir Al-Kodmany (2012). Guidelines for Tall Buildings Development. University of Illinois

60

DAAP | SCHOOL OF ARCHITECTURE

Fig. 4.0.8.D: Wind simulation model with single tower configuration having porosity at the designated levels (Top view)

Fig. 4.0.8.E: Wind simulation model two towers configuration at wind velocity ranged from 0 to 30 (m/s)Meteorological Tower Data Compilation and Analysis, Oakland University (2008)

THESIS | 2020

61

4.0 |DESIGN PROCESS 4.0.9 SITE PLAN

The 3.2-acre parcel of DuSable park, east of Lakeshore drive, will be planned as a natural ecological park. In terms of the morphology, it will adapt to the local topography and climate, conforming to natural organic forms. Referencing the beautifully constructed 20-acre expanse of Maggie Daley Park located just to the east of Millennium Park, it introduces green space to seek harmonious continuity of nature and surrounding built environment. [1] The other 2.7acre at the west side of Lakeshore Dr will assumedly be occupied by two residential and office towers housed with mixed-use retail podium.

Fig. 4.0.9.A : Maggie Daley Park Master Plan and Playground, by Michael Van Valkenburgh Associates, Inc

[1] What Is Maggie Daley Park? Michael Norris - https://urbanmatter.com/chicago/what-is-maggie-daley-park/

62

DAAP | SCHOOL OF ARCHITECTURE

Fig. 4.0.9.B: Milennium Park (above) vs Maggie Daley Park (below)

THESIS | 2020

63

4.0 |DESIGN PROCESS

Fig. 4.0.9.C: Maggie Daley Park Master Plan and Playground, by Michael Van Valkenburgh Associates, Inc

64

DAAP | SCHOOL OF ARCHITECTURE

Fig. 4.0.9.D : Landscape Conceptual Design

Fig. 4.0.9.E : Site Plan Conceptual Diagram

THESIS | 2020

65

4.0 |DESIGN PROCESS

Fig. 4.0.9.F : Site Sketch

66

DAAP | SCHOOL OF ARCHITECTURE

Fig. 4.0.9.G : Site Plan

THESIS | 2020

67

4.0 |DESIGN PROCESS 4.0.10 BUILDING TYPOLOGY

Fig. 4.0.10.A : Buildig Footprint The south bound area of the site will be 116,500 sq, and the total area of building foot print is estimated as 50,000 sq to 60,000 sq.

Fig. 4.0.10.B : Basic Volume The basic massing of the building will be composed by two vertical structures of condominium housed by ground podium consisting retails.

68

DAAP | SCHOOL OF ARCHITECTURE

Fig. 4.0.10.C : Green Space The eco park and the project building is connected from south bound to north. The green space will be occupying 142,000 sq with trees and public spaces for entertainment and activities.

Fig. 4.0.10.D : AXIS / CONNECTION The connections are maintained from the project site to the main six access points which are the site-specific locations that I surveyed earlier. The axis expands mainly from south bound to north bound of Lake Michigan and also opens to east and west direction.

THESIS | 2020

69

4.0 |DESIGN PROCESS

Fig. 4.0.10.E : Building Front

Fig. 4.0.10.F : Building Typology

Fig. 4.0.10.G : Conceptual Site Perspective (Initial Concept)

70

DAAP | SCHOOL OF ARCHITECTURE

Fig. 4.0.10.H: Building Section (Initial Concept) Mainly the overall building is composed by two vertical structures of mixed-use office space at the lower level and condominium on top of the office level, which are housed by ground podium consisting retails.

THESIS | 2020

71

4.0 |DESIGN PROCESS

Fig. 4.0.10.I : Top View 1 (Physical Model)

Fig. 4.0.10.J : Top View 2 (Physical Model)

Fig. 4.0.10.K : Top View 3 (Physical Model, Initial Concept)

72

DAAP | SCHOOL OF ARCHITECTURE

Fig. 4.0.10.L: Side View, Physical Model (Initial Concept) THESIS | 2020

73

4.0 |DESIGN PROCESS 4.0.11 BUILDING DESIGN CONCEPT

Fig. 4.0.11.A : Building Facade Design Initial Concept, Level 1

Fig. 4.0.11.B : Building Facade Design Initial Concept, Level 2

74

DAAP | SCHOOL OF ARCHITECTURE

Fig. 4.0.11.C : Building Facade Design Initial Concept, Level 3

Fig. 4.0.11.D : Building Facade Design Initial Concept, Level 4

THESIS | 2020

75

4.0 |DESIGN PROCESS

Fig. 4.0.11.E : Built Environment Initial Perspective 1

Fig. 4.0.11.F : Ecological Park near Waterfront, Initial Perspective 2

76

DAAP | SCHOOL OF ARCHITECTURE

Fig. 4.0.11.G : Built Environment Initial Perspective 3

Fig. 4.0.11.H : Built Environment Initial Perspective 4

THESIS | 2020

77

4.0 |DESIGN PROCESS 4.0.12 FINAL DESIGN DEVELOPMENT

Fig. 4.0.12.A: Conceptual Building Typology, Modified Concept (The building is designed to conform the impact of high wind forces, and the building performance is examined by conducting wind simulation.)

78

DAAP | SCHOOL OF ARCHITECTURE

Fig. 4.0.12.B: Building Footprint Ideology, Triangle and Quad-angle Building Typology

Fig. 4.0.12.C: Rounded corner and curved hypotenuse create a base footprint of two towers, tapering as they go higher and are twisted them at an exponential ratio. The spacing of towers is considered based on a minimum distance specified as 25m (80ft) between tall buildings. (CTBUH Research Paper, Kheir Al-Kodmany (2012). Guidelines for Tall Buildings Development. University of Illinois)

Fig. 4.0.12.D: Floor Plan Concept

THESIS | 2020

79

4.0 |DESIGN PROCESS

Fig. 4.0.12.E: Building typology design development reiteration process in which a model twisting at identical ratio has been applied

Fig. 4.0.12.F: Structure and form composition based on the design solutions that can mitigate the high windload

80

DAAP | SCHOOL OF ARCHITECTURE

Fig. 4.0.12.F: 432 Park Avenue: Exploration of Openings. Chiara Pozzuoli (2019). The Art of Shaping the Building Envelope for a Wind and Climate-Aware Design

Fig. 4.0.12.G: 432 Park Avenue Building Wind Simultation conducted by Simscale. The simulation shows how double story openings at five levels help reducing wind pressure.

THESIS | 2020

81

4.0 |DESIGN PROCESS

Fig. 4.0.12.H: Two towers and podium concept with low height

Fig. 4.0.12.I: Two towers and podium concept with height adjustment

82

DAAP | SCHOOL OF ARCHITECTURE

FINAL

Fig. 4.0.12.J: Final Adjusted Model viewed from north Lake Michigan

Fig. 4.0.12.K: Final Adjusted Model viewed from north Lake Michigan with water color

Fig. 4.0.12.L: Final model concept in perspective view

THESIS | 2020

83

4.0 |DESIGN PROCESS

Fig. 4.0.12.M: Podium typology (above) and views from different directions (below)

84

DAAP | SCHOOL OF ARCHITECTURE

Fig. 4.0.12.N: Maximize view

Fig. 4.0.12.O: Maximize view

Fig. 4.0.12.P: Maximize separation

Fig. 4.0.12.Q: Aerodynam-

THESIS | 2020

85

4.0 |DESIGN PROCESS 4.0.13 BUILDING PROGRAM

Fig. 4.0.13.A: East tower / program diagram

Fig. 4.0.13.B: West tower / program diagram 86

DAAP | SCHOOL OF ARCHITECTURE

Fig. 4.0.13.C: Section Plan THESIS | 2020

87

4.0 |DESIGN PROCESS 4.0.14 WIND TURBINE

Fig. 4.0.14.A : Wind turbines that are deployed to the double story openings

88

DAAP | SCHOOL OF ARCHITECTURE

THESIS | 2020

89

4.0 |DESIGN PROCESS 4.0.15 FINAL SITE / FLOOR PLAN

Fig. 4.0.15.A : Site Plan

90

DAAP | SCHOOL OF ARCHITECTURE

THESIS | 2020

91

4.0 |DESIGN PROCESS

92

DAAP | SCHOOL OF ARCHITECTURE

Fig. 4.0.15.B : Ground Lobby Floor Plan and Floor Area

THESIS | 2020

93

4.0 |DESIGN PROCESS 4.0.16 FINAL PHYSICAL MODEL

Fig. 4.0.16.A : Virtual Physical Model, Front View (Final Concept)

94

DAAP | SCHOOL OF ARCHITECTURE

Fig. 4.0.16.B: Virtual Physical Model, Side View (Final Concept) THESIS | 2020

95

4.0 |DESIGN PROCESS 4.0.17 ATMOSPHERIC PERSPECTIVE

Fig. 4.0.17.A : Built Environment Perspective Final 1

96

DAAP | SCHOOL OF ARCHITECTURE

THESIS | 2020

97

4.0 |DESIGN PROCESS 4.0.17 ATMOSPHERIC PERSPECTIVE

Fig. 4.0.17.B : Built Environment Perspective Final 2, Ground Level Lobby Entrance 98

DAAP | SCHOOL OF ARCHITECTURE

THESIS | 2020

99

5.0 |CONCLUSION

After the era of modernization, the development of high-rise buildings has become more pronounced to solve the overcrowding issue caused by rapid urbanization. Due to the urban trend associated with globalization, the construction of high-rise buildings has been carried out mostly in two ways. The first is the case of developing in a densified urban center, and the second case of constituting the central district of a new city. In both cases, skyscrapers serve as an important criterion for determining the value of the building itself and its immediate surrounding areas. For this reason, it is very important to assign appropriate functions and roles through the multi-dimensional scale review in the initial plan of skyscrapers. In urban terms, modern skyscrapers are required to become more self-sufficient vertical cities capable of performing independent urban functions with complex characteristics, out of the onedimensional-buildings subordinate to the city. Moreover, interest in environmentally friendly solutions in skyscrapers is institutionalized and led by the United States. Especially the US Green Building Council has established and operated the LEED Certification system, encouraging environmentally progressive architecture that uses renewable sources to generate energy; that uses passive techniques for ventilation and illumination; that incorporates, maintains, and recycles greenery, water, and waste; that advances the use of environmentally conscious construction techniques; and that fosters livable and viable urbanism (Gissen, “Big & Green,�

2002). This timely demand is not simply achieving competitive heights or aiming for economic gains; yet identifying how to realize environmentally sensitive, sustainable tall buildings that can perform a net function to solve the contemporary urban and environment problems. Research has shown how large and small design elements must be thoroughly and deliberately planned from the initial design stage in order to realize the sustainable skyscrapers.

100

DAAP | SCHOOL OF ARCHITECTURE

Fig. 5.0.A : Comprehensive Final Design Works

THESIS | 2020

101

REFERENCES PUBLISHED BOOKS & ARTICLES Aiello, Carlo. “eVolo: Skyscraper for The XXI Century” Aleksandar, Sasha Zeljic (2010). “Shanghai Tower Façade Design Process”. Gensler technical

paper delivered at the 2010 International Conference on Building Envelope Systems and

Technologies (ICBEST 2010) held in Vancouver, Canada Blanc, Patrick (2012). “The Vertical Garden: from nature to the city”. W.W.Norton, New York.

208 pp Boeri, Stefano (2016). “A Vertical Forest”. Corraini Edizioni Publisher. 160 pp Boeri, Stefano. “A Vertical Forest”. https://www.stefanoboeriarchitetti.net/en/urban-forestry research/ Broto, Carles (2016). “Vertical Gardens: design guide & 42 case studies”. Links International;

Har/Psc edition 256 pages Browning, William.D (2005). “Green Office Buildings: A Practical Guide to Development.”

Washington, D.C.: ULI – the Urban Land Institute, p 366 Carirns, Stephen (2018). “Future Cities Laboratory (Indicia)”. Lars Müller Publishers, 240 pages Dellinger, Dan (2004-01-04). “Wind - Average Wind Speed - (MPH)”. National Climatic Data

Center. Retrieved 2008-11-25.

Douglas M. Wrenn. “Urban Waterfront Development”. Published by Urban Land Inst; 1st edition

(March 1, 1983), 219 pages Edwards, Brian (2010). “Rough Guide to Sustainability.” Published by RIBA Publishing, p294 Frearson, Amy (2012). “Green Cast by Kengo Kuma and Associates.

https://www.dezeen.com/2012/06/18/green-cast-by-kengo-kuma-associates Garreta, Ariadna Alvarez (2004). “Skyscraper Architects.” Published by: Atrium Group de ediciones publications, S.L.

102

DAAP | SCHOOL OF ARCHITECTURE

Giocomello, Elena and Valagussa (2015). “Vertical Greenery: Evaluating the High-Rise Vegetation

of Bosco Verticale”, Milan. Council on Tall Buildings and Urban Habitat (CTBUH) Gissen, David (2002). “Big & Green: toward Sustainable Architecture in The Twenty-first

Century”, published by Princeton Architectural Press, p.192 Grüntuch-Ernst, Almut (2019). “Hortitecture: The Power of Architecture and Plants”. Jovis

Publisher, 288p Hamzah, T.R & Yang, Ken (2002). “Groundscrapers +Subscrapers”. Academy Press; 1 edition,

260 pp Hernandez, Monterrubio (2014). “Chicago Lakeside Development”. https://www.slideshare.

net/LuisMonterrubio Hernandez1/chicago-lakeside-developent-lm-032414 Hines, Thomas S (2008). “Burnham of Chicago: Architect and Planner”. University of Chicago

Press. p. 360.

Husain Nausheen(2016). “30 Years and 71 Failed Ideas To Develop Dusable Park”.

https://www.chicagotribune.com/news/ct-graphics-dusable-park-history-htmlstory.

html Hyde, Richard (2000). “Climate Responsive Design.” Published by E & FN Spon, p241 Jason M. Barr (2016). “Building the Skyline: The Birth and Growth of Manhattan’s Skyscrapers”.

Published in the United States of America by Oxford Press, p437 Janson M. Barr (2010) “Skyscrapers and Skylines: New York and Chicago, 1885-2007”. P 42 Killa, Shaun (2008) Harnessing Energy in Tall Building: Bahrain World Trade Center and Beyond.

https://global.ctbuh.org/resources/papers/download/464-harnessing-energy-in-tall buildings-bahrain-world-trade-center-and-beyond.pdf Koolhaas, Rem (2000). Mutations: Rem Koolhaas, Harvard Project on the City. ACTAR, Arc-en Rêve; First Edition edition. 720 pp Koziarz, Jay (2017). “Long-delayed Rehab of Chicago’s DuSable Park Moves Forward”. https://

chicago.curbed.com/2017/7/20/16003284/chicago-downtown-dusable-park-clean-up plan Mozas, Javier (2013). “The Office on the Grass – The Evolution of the Workplace.” Published by

a+t architecture publishers, p159 Nowak, David (2013). “Urban Trees and Forests of the Chicago Region, USDA” THESIS | 2020

103

Palsson, Karsten (2017). “Construction and Design Manual. Public Spaces and Urbanity”.

Park, Sun-min (2018). Kim Swoo Geun (1931-1986) https://www.architectural- review.com/

essays/reputations/kim-swoo-geun-1931-1986/10027149.article Riera Ojeda, Oscar (2008). “Sasaki: Intersection and Convergence. ORO editions”, 336 pp Ritchie, Hannah & Roser, Max (2018). “Urbanization” – https://ourworldindata.org/urbanization Shevory, Kristina (2010). “Gardens That Grow on Walls”. https://www.nytimes.com/2010/05/06/

garden/06vertical.html Tezuka Architects (2011). “Ring Around a Tree”. http://www.tezukaarch.com/english/works/

education/ring-around-a-tree/ Tolderlund, Lella (2010). “Design Guidelines and Maintenance Manual for Green Roofs in the

Semi-Arid and Arid West - Greening EPA”, p.59 https://www.epa.gov/greeningepa Uffelen, Chirs Van (2011). “Façade Greenery: Contemporary Landscaping”. Braun Publishing,

176 pp Wood, Bahrami, Safarik (2014). “CTBUH Technical Guide, Green Walls in High-Rise Buildings”,

p.213 Williams, Adam (2015). “Greenery-clad Bosco Verticale Named Best Tall Building Worldwide”.

https://newatlas.com/ctbuh-2015-best-tall-building/40419/ Yang, Ken (1996). “The Skyscraper Bioclimatically Considered. Wiley - Academy; 1 edition”,

269 pp

104

DAAP | SCHOOL OF ARCHITECTURE

FIGURES Fig. A: Personal Collage, Urban Habitat for Trees, Birds, and Humans Fig. B: Personal Collage, Birdhouse Fig.1.0.A : Urbanization. Hannah Ritchie-Max Roser - https://ourworldindata.org/urbanization Fig.1.0.B : Urbanization. Hannah Ritchie-Max Roser - https://ourworldindata.org/urbanization Fig.1.0.C : Personal Artwork Fig.1.2.A & Fig.1.2.B : Green Cast By Kengo Kuma and Associates, Amy Frearson - https:// www.dezeen.com/2012/06/18/green-cast-by-kengo-kuma-associates Fig1.2.C : Tezuka Architects: Ring Around a Tree, https://www.designboom.com/architecture/tezuka-architects-ring-around-a-tree Fig1.2.D : Arario Museum, https://www.sothebys.com/en/museums/arario-museum https:// www.arariomuseum.org/main.php Kim Swoo Geun (1931-1986), 2018 22 January - https:// www.architectural-review.com/essays/reputations/kim-swoo-geun-1931-1986/10027149. article Fig. 2.0.1.A : Greenery-clad Bosco Verticale Named Best Tall Building Worldwide. Adam Williams - https://newatlas.com/ctbuh-2015-best-tall-building/40419/ Fig. 2.0.1.B : Il Secondo Bosco Verticale Nascerà A Losanna. https://www.stefanoboeriarchitetti.net/notizie/il-secondo-bosco-verticale-nascera-a-losanna/Fig. 2.0.1.C : https://www. stefanoboeriarchitetti.net/en/project/foret-blanche/ Fig. 2.0.1.C : 54-meter-tall mixed-use tower located within the Paris Fig. 2.0.1.D : Trees, shrubs, and flowers, La Forêt Blanche Et La Cour Verte. https://www. stefanoboeriarchitetti.net/en/project/foret-blanche/ Fig. 2.0.1.E : Terrace , Bosco Verticale. https://www.architecture.com/awards-and-competitions-landing-page/awards/riba-international-awards/riba-international-awards-2018/2018/ bosco-verticale Fig. 2.0.1.F : Vertical Forest Plan, Towering ‘vertical Forest’ Social Housing Meets Global Challenges in the Netherlands. https://www.fca-magazine.com/features/product-specific-features/1225-stefano-boeri-architetti-towering-vertical-forest-social-housing-meets-global-challenges-in-the-netherlands Fig. 2.0.1.G : Irregation system and vegetation plan, Quite Literally Green Towers in Milan. https://www.home-reviews.com/24551 Fig. 2.0.2.A : Performance of Heliostat Mirrors on rooftop and cantilever structure, The Other Centra(l) Park - http://modernistarchitecture.blogspot.com/2013/09/the-other-centralpark.html Fig. 2.0.2.B : Heliostat consisting of mirror, Ctbuh Names One Central Park “best Tall Building Worldwide” For 2014. Evan Rawn - https://www.archdaily.com/565799/ctbuh-namesone-central-park-best-tall-building-worldwide-for-2014?ad_medium=gallery Fig. 2.0.2.C, Fig. 2.0.2.D, Fig. 2.0.2.E, Fig. 2.0.2.F : Jean Nouvel’s Sydney Towers Boast Vertical Gardens and a Huge Sunlight Reflector, Amy Frearson - https://www.dezeen. com/2014/10/10/one-central-park-sydney-jean-nouvel-vertical-gardens/ Fig. 2.0.3.A : Valley. https://www.mvrdv.nl/projects/233/valley

THESIS | 2020

105

Fig. 2.0.3.B, Fig. 2.0.3.C : Mvrdv Breaks Ground on Mixed-use “valley” To Inject Life Into Amsterdam’s Business District, Patrick Lynch - https://www.archdaily.com/879113/mvrdvbreaks-ground-on-mixed-use-valley-to-inject-life-into-amsterdams-business-district?ad_medium=gallery Fig. 2.0.3.D-Fig. 2.0.3.J : Mvrdv Breaks Ground on Mixed-use “valley” To Inject Life Into Amsterdam’s Business District, Patrick Lynch - https://www.archdaily.com/879113/mvrdvbreaks-ground-on-mixed-use-valley-to-inject-life-into-amsterdams-business-district?ad_medium=gallery Fig. 3.0.1 A : Chicago River Waterfront, Chicago Skyline. Chicago Downtown And Chicago River With Bridges https://www.constructionspecifier.com/network-at-csi-master-specifiers-retreat-in-chicago/ chicago-skyline-chicago-downtown-and-chicago-river-with-bridges/ Fig. 3.0.1.B : Aerial View of Lake Shore Drive, Lake Michigan, Chicago, IL. 945 Best Chicago Images in 2020: Chicago, Chicago City, My Kind Of Town. https://www.pinterest.com/rsmpkns12/chicago/ Fig. 3.0.1.C : Chicago Lakefront, 1938. https://www.loc.gov/pictures/item/2007660861/ Fig. 3.0.1.D : The Big Shift: Chicago Architecture Biennial. https://www.porturbanism.com/ worthe-big-shift-chicago-architecture-biennial The Big Shift imagines a scenario wherein Chicago embraces the latent potential of its lakefront by proposing a dramatic, yet conceptually simple infrastructural transformation. The ‘shift’ would be predicated on the reconfiguration of LSD – changing its alignment and sinking portions of it in order to reduce its adverse impact on pedestrian and bike access to the lakefront.

Fig. 3.0.2.A : World’s first skyscraper, Home Insurance Building, Chicago erected in 18841885. William Le Baron Jenney Architecture Design Visual. http://satuwarna.me/home-insurance-chicago/gallery/19289/william-le-baron-jenney-architecture-design-visual/ Fig. 3.0.2.B : Location of The Illinois and Michigan Canal. A Major U.S. Canal Begins Operations in a “long-promised Event”- https://transportationhistory.org/2019/04/10/a-major-u-scanal-begins-operations-in-a-long-promised-event/ Fig. 3.0.2.C, Fig. 3.0.2.D : Central Area Plan. https://www.chicago.gov/city/en/depts/dcd/ supp_info/central_area_plandraft.html Fig. 3.0.3.A : Chicago Lakeside Master Plan, Designed by SOM. https://www.som.com/projects/chicago_lakeside_master_plan Fig. 3.0.3.B : Extensive Neighborhood Park System. Luis M. Monterrubio (2014). Chicago’s Lakeside Development Fig. 3.0.3.C : Existing rail infrastructure connects Lakeside’s neighborhood directly to downtown Chicago, SOM. https://www.som.com/projects/chicago_lakeside_master_plan Fig. 3.0.3.D : Lakeside master plan provides a strong framework to build a neighborhood to live, work, and play. SOM. https://www.som.com/projects/chicago_lakeside_master_plan Fig.3.0.4.A : Long-delayed Rehab Of Chicago’s Dusable Park Moves Forward. Jay Koziarz https://chicago.curbed.com/2017/7/20/16003284/chicago-downtown-dusable-park-clean-upplan Fig.3.0.4.B : Personal Artwork, Connectivity around DuSable Park Fig.3.0.4.C: DuSable Park, Google Map Image 106

DAAP | SCHOOL OF ARCHITECTURE

Fig.3.0.4.D: DuSable Park Topography http://www.saic.edu/~lpalmer/site.htm#Existe Fig.3.0.4.E: 30 Years and 71 Failed Ideas To Develop Dusable Park. Nausheen Husain - https:// www.chicagotribune.com/news/ct-graphics-dusable-park-history-htmlstory.html Fig. 3.0.5.A : Chicago City Zoning interactive map (Color scheme: red for Planned Development, green for residential, blue for commercial and yellow for industrial). 2nd City Zoning - https:// secondcityzoning.org Fig. 3.0.5.B: Chicago City Zoning, project site in red area represents Planned Development (PD). 2nd City Zoning - https://secondcityzoning.org Fig. 3.0.6.A: Single Ownership and Multiple Ownership Permitted Development. Source: Plan for Rezoning the City of New York. Harrison, Ballard & Allen, 1950.

Fig. 3.0.6.B: Maximum allowable building heights, Municipal Code of Chicago, Chapter 13-48 Fig. 3.0.6.C: Area limitations – Multi-story buildings, Municipal Code of Chicago, Chapter 1348 Fig. 3.0.6.D: Fire-Resistance Rating Requirements for Building Elements (Hour), Chapter 6, IBC 2015 Fig. 3.0.6.E: Fire-Resistance Rating Requirements for Exterior Wall based on Fire Separation Distance, Chapter 6, IBC 2015 Fig. 3.0.7.A: US Population and number of 90m or taller buildings, Manhattan, NY. (Barr 2016) Fig. 3.0.7.B: The tallest building height and average height, Manhattan, NY. (Barr 2016) Fig. 3.0.7.C: The lot size of the tallest building,Manhattan, NY. (Barr 2016) Fig. 3.0.7.D: Top Graph: MA(5) of number of skyscraper completions in New York and Chicago, 1885 to 2007. Bottom Graph: MA(5) of height of tallest building completed each year in New York and Chicago, 1885 to 2007. Barr (2010). “Skyscrapers and Skylines: New York and Chicago, 1885-2007” Fig. 3.0.8.A : Chicago Near North Side. Personal Artwork Fig. 3.0.8.B : Reference data collected from windfinder.com. Personal Redesigned Artwork Fig. 3.0.8.C : Monthly Wind Roses, Chicago Near North Side data collected from windfinder. com. Personal Redesigned Artwork Fig. 3.0.8.D: Illinois Average Monthly Wind Speed (mph). State Climatologist Office for Illinois. https://stateclimatologist.web.illinois.edu/climate-of-illinois/ Fig. 3.0.8.E: Average Wind Speed (mph) for Illinois, 1991-2000 (Dec-Feb, Left / Mar–May, Right), State Climatologist Office for Illinois Fig. 3.0.8.F: Average Wind Speed (mph) for Illinois, 1991-2000 (Jun-Aug, Left / Sep–Nov, Right), State Climatologist Office for Illinois Fig. 4.0.1.A : Ecological Buildng Concept Personal Artwork Fig. 4.0.1.B : Ecological Buildng Concept Personal Artwork Fig. 4.0.1.C : Renewable Cycle of Energy, Personal Artwork (Referenced by Stefano Boeri’s Bosco Verticale) Fig. 4.0.1.D : Eco-friendly High-rise Building, Personal Artwork (Referenced by Stefano Boeri’s Bosco Verticale) Fig. 4.0.1.E : High-rise Building as An Anti-sprawl Device (Referenced by Stefano Boeri’s Bosco Verticale)

THESIS | 2020

107

Fig. 4.0.1.F: Eco-effective Building as A Multiplier of Biodiversity (Referenced by Stefano Boeri’s Bosco Verticale) Fig. 4.0.2.A : Types of Trees and Shrubs in Chicago. Types of Trees in Chicago, Referenced

by Chicago Regional Trees Initiative http://chicagorti.org/ & Nowak, David (2013). Urban Trees and Forests of the Chicago Region, USDA Fig. 4.0.2.B : Chicago Urban Tree Species Composition, (2010). Nowak, David (2013). Urban Trees and Forests of the Chicago Region, USDA Fig. 4.0.3.A : A greywater filtration system (used with water that has gone down the sink or shower) ensures the trees are adequately watered.

Fig. 4.0.4.A : Diagrammatic representation of varying types of green walls. CTBUH Technical Guide Green Walls in High-Rise Building Fig. 4.0.4.B : Patrick Blanc’s Vertical Garden system. Image Source from University of Washington - Gardens That Grow on Walls Kristina Shevory - https://www.nytimes.com/2010/05/06/ garden/06vertical.html Fig. 4.0.4.C : Vertical Garden at Aboukir, Paris by Patrick Blanc. Sculptural Elements in Landscape and Garden Design, Tanya Wilson - http://matthewmurrey.com/sculptural-elementslandscape-garden-design/ Fig. 4.0.5.A : Green Roof System. https://greenerheights.wordpress.com/category/greenroofs/ Fig. 4.0.6.A : Ordinary households can store and use solar energy freely. Solarglass Roof: Tesla. https://www.tesla.com/solarroof Fig. 4.0.6.B : Tesla Solar Roof, and PowerWall 2, a battery that stores electricity. Кровля С Солнечными Батареями От Илона Маска. Автором Kornelik- Kornelik - http://integralrussia. ru/2016/11/04/krovlya-s-solnechnymi-batareyami-ot-ilona-maska/ Fig. 4.0.6.C : Tesla’s Solarglass Roof has four designs - uscan, Slate, Texture, and Smooth.

Solarglass Roof: Tesla. https://www.tesla.com/solarroof Fig. 4.0.6.D : Freiburg Town hall’s innovative solar module louver system on building facade, Germany Fig. 4.0.7.A : Solar Wind Bridge. Efficient Reuse Of Highways - Evolo: Architecture Magazine - http://www.evolo.us/solar-wind-bridge-efficient-reuse-of-highways/ Fig. 4.0.7.B : Building’s design helps to enhance its sustainability by reducing its energy dependency. http://amaay.com/our-services/building-integrated-wind-turbines/ Amaay! provides solutions to public and private organizations to help them enhance their sustainability through state of the art consultancy and research across Europe.

Fig. 4.0.7.C : Anara Tower: Dubai’s Titanic Turbine-shaped Superstructure - http://grinhome.blogspot.com/2011/03/anara-tower-dubais-titanic-turbine.html Fig. 4.0.7.D : Killa, Shaun (2008) Harnessing Energy in Tall Building: Bahrain World Trade Center and Beyond. https://global.ctbuh.org/resources/papers/download/464-harnessing-energy-in-tall-buildings-bahrain-worldtrade-center-and-beyond.pdf Fig. 4.0.7.E: Pearl River Tower and deployed wind turbines installed on two levels, Guangzhou, China designedby SOM. Pearl River Tower – Sustainable Design. https://www.som.com/projects/pearl_river_tower__sustainable_design

108

DAAP | SCHOOL OF ARCHITECTURE

Fig. 4.0.7.F: Shanghai Tower & Shanghai World Financial Center, planned and designed by Gensler. Shanghai Tower: Projects. https://www.gensler.com/projects/shanghai-tower Fig. 4.0.8.A: Wind tunnel testing with Chicago Lake Shore Drive 3D urban model Fig. 4.0.8.D: Wind simulation model with single tower configuration having porosity at the designated levels (Top view) Fig. 4.0.8.E: Wind simulation model two towers configuration at wind velocity ranged from 0 to 30 (m/s)Meteorological Tower Data Compilation and Analysis, Oakland University (2008) Fig. 4.0.9.A : Maggie Daley Park Master Plan and Playground, by Michael Van Valkenburgh Associates, Inc. https://www.mvvainc.com/project.php?id=61&c=parks Fig. 4.0.9.B: Milennium Park (above) vs Maggie Daley Park (below). Visuals.by.jack. Chicago Downtown from Instagram Fig. 4.0.9.C: Maggie Daley Park Master Plan and Playground, by Michael Van Valkenburgh Associates, Inc. https://www.mvvainc.com/project.php?id=61&c=parks Fig. 4.0.9.D : Landscape Conceptual Design.

Fig. 4.0.9.E : Site Plan Conceptual Diagram Fig. 4.0.9.F : Site Sketch Fig. 4.0.9.G : Site Plan Fig. 4.0.10.A : Building Footprint Fig. 4.0.10.B : Basic Volume Fig. 4.0.10.C : Green Space Fig. 4.0.10.D : Axis / Connection Fig. 4.0.10.E : Building Front View (Initial Concept) Fig. 4.0.10.G : Conceptual Site Perspective (Initial Concept) Fig. 4.0.10.H: Building Section (Initial Concept) Fig. 4.0.10.I : Top View 1 (Physical Model) Fig. 4.0.10.J : Top View 2 (Physical Model) Fig. 4.0.10.K : Top View 3 (Physical Model, Initial Concept) Fig. 4.0.10.L: Side View, Physical Model (Initial Concept) Fig. 4.0.11.A : Building Facade Design Initial Concept, Level 1 Fig. 4.0.11.B : Building Facade Design Initial Concept, Level 2 Fig. 4.0.11.C : Building Facade Design Initial Concept, Level 3 Fig. 4.0.11.D : Building Facade Design Initial Concept, Level 4 Fig. 4.0.11.E : Built Environment Initial Perspective 1 Fig. 4.0.11.F : Ecological Park near Waterfront, Initial Perspective 2 Fig. 4.0.11.G : Built Environment Initial Perspective 3 Fig. 4.0.11.H : Built Environment Initial Perspective 4 Fig. 4.0.12.A: Conceptual Building Typology, Modified Concept (The building is designed to conform the impact of high wind forces, and the building performance is examined by conducting wind simulation.)

Fig. 4.0.12.B: Building Footprint Ideology, Triangle and Quad-angle Building Typology Fig. 4.0.12.C: Rounded corner and curved hypotenuse create a base footprint of two towers, tapering as they go higher and are twisted them at an exponential ratio. The spacing of towers is considered based on a minimum distance specified as 25m (80ft) between tall buildings. (CTBUH Research Paper, Kheir Al-Kodmany (2012). Guidelines for Tall Buildings Development. University of Illinois) Fig. 4.0.12.D: Floor Plan Concept

THESIS | 2020

109

Fig. 4.0.12.E: Building typology design developmet reiteration process in which a model twisting at identical ratio has been applied Fig. 4.0.12.F: Structure and form composition based on the design solutions that can mitigate the high windload Fig. 4.0.12.F: 432 Park Avenue: Exploration of Openings. Chiara Pozzuoli (2019). The Art of Shaping the Building Envelope for a Wind and Climate-Aware Design Fig. 4.0.12.G: 432 Park Avenue Building Wind Simultation conducted by Simscale. The simulation shows how double story openings at five levels help reducing wind pressure.

Fig. 4.0.12.H: Two towers and podium concept with low height Fig. 4.0.12.I: Two towers and podium concept with height adjustment Fig. 4.0.12.J: Final Adjusted Model viewed from north Lake Michigan Fig. 4.0.12.K: Final Adjusted Model viewed from north Lake Michigan with water color Fig. 4.0.12.L: Final model concept in perspective view Fig. 4.0.12.M: Podium typology (above) and views from different directions (below) Fig. 4.0.12.N: Maximize view Fig. 4.0.12.O: Maximize view Fig. 4.0.12.P: Maximize separation Fig. 4.0.12.Q: Aerodynam Fig. 4.0.13.A: East tower / program diagram Fig. 4.0.13.B: West tower / program diagram Fig. 4.0.13.C: Section Plan Fig. 4.0.14.A : Wind turbines that are deployed to the double story openings Fig. 4.0.15.A : Site Plan Fig. 4.0.15.B : Ground Lobby Floor Plan Fig. 4.0.16.A : Virtual Physical Model, Front View (Final Concept) Fig. 4.0.16.B: Virtual Physical Model, Side View (Final Concept) Fig. 4.0.17.A : Built Environment Perspective Final 1 Fig. 4.0.17.B : Built Environment Perspective Final 2, Ground Level Lobby Entrance Fig. 5.0.A : Comprehensive Final Design Works

110

DAAP | SCHOOL OF ARCHITECTURE

THESIS | 2020

111