Bserv by Lai Jia Yi

SCHOOL OF ARCHITECTURE, BUILDING & DESIGN Bachelor of Science (Honours) in Architecture

BUILDING SERVICES (BLD 61403) Project 2 CASE STUDY AND DOCUMENTATION OF BUILDING SERVICES SYSTEM

Tutor Mohamed Rizal Mohamed

Chong Yee Ching 0316102

Tan Chee Siang 0315159

Kelvin Fong Jia Zheng 0317166

Tan Ling Rong 0315645

Lai Jia Yi 0315957

Tan Chiew Nee 0303531

 

 CHAPTER 1

ABSTRACT

CHAPTER 2

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

CHAPTER 3

INTRODUCTION TO BUILDING

CHAPTER 4

LITERATURE REVIEW

SECTION 4.1 MECHANICAL VENTILATION SYSTEM

3-4 5 6-12

SECTION 4.2 AIR CONDITIONING SYSTEM

13-30

SECTION 4.3 FIRE PROTECTION SYSTEM

31-35

SECTION 4.4 MECHANICAL TRANSPORTATION SYSTEM

36-47

CHAPTER 5

MECHANICAL VENTILATION SYSTEM (CASE STUDY)

SECTION 5.1 INTRODUCTION

48 48

SECTION 5.2 SUPPLY VENTILATION SYSTEM

49-53

SECTION 5.3 EXHAUST VENTILATION SYSTEM

54-58

SECTION 5.4 COMPONENTS

59-66

SECTION 5.5 CONCLUSION

CHAPTER 6

AIR CONDITIONING SYSTEM (CASE STUDY)

SECTION 6.1 INTRODUCTION

SECTION 6.2 HVAC BUILDING AUTOMATION SYSTEM

SECTION 6.3 CHILLED WATER AIR CONDITIONING SYSTEM

70-71

SECTION 6.4 COMPONENTS

72-83

SECTION 6.5 AIR COOLED MULTI SPLIT UNIT SYSTEM

84-86

SECTION 6.6 CONCLUSION

87-88

CHAPTER 7

FIRE PROTECTION SYSTEM (CASE STUDY)

SECTION 7.1 INTRODUCTION

SECTION 7.2 IOI BOULEVARD FIRE PROTECTION SYSTEM OVERVIEW

SECTION 7.3 ACTIVE FIRE PROTECTION SYSTEM

91-112

SECTION 7.4 PASSIVE FIRE PROTECTION SYSTEM

113-131

SECTION 7.5 CONCLUSION

132

CHAPTER 8

133

MECHANICAL TRANSPORTATION SYSTEM (CASE STUDY)

SECTION 8.1 INTRODUCTION

133

SECTION 8.2 ELEVATOR

134-135

SECTION 8.3 EMERGENCY

135-139

SECTION 8.4 LIFT MOTOR ROOM

140-142

SECTION 8.5 SCHEMATIC DIAGRAM OF ELEVATOR

143

SECTION 8.6 ESCALATOR

144-146

CHAPTER 9 CONCLUSION

147-148

CHAPTER 10 REFERENCES

149-151

4.1 Mechanical Ventilation System (Literature Review) 4.1.1 Introduction 4.1.1.1 Ventilation It is defined as the provision of fresh air into a room or a building, also known as the process of changing air in an enclosed space. It usually happen between the internal air and the external air of a building.

Ventilation

Natural Ventilation

 

Mechanical Ventilation

Process of supplying and removing air through an indoor space by natural means. Uses outdoor air flow caused by pressure differences between the building and its surrounding.



Process of replacing air by removing internal air and supplying fresh air in a space with the use of mechanical devices. Supply of fresh air is through ductwork or fans.

4.1.1.2 Mechanical Ventilation System It’s a type of ventilation system which uses the mechanical devices to keep fresh air circulating in an internal space and also one of the services system introduced to help in maintaining a certain level of comfort in an internal space. This system functions incorporating the usage of mechanical devices like the fans and ductwork to circulate the air throughout a building envelope. Mechanical system does the job of heating, cooling and maintaining the humidity level of a space. Regular inspection and maintenance is often needed to keep this system operating well.

4.1 MECHANICAL VENTILATION SYSTEM (LITERATURE REVIEW)

Figure 4.1.1 Diagram above shows one of the example of mechanical ventilation system. Source: ("Ventilation, Home Pride Contractors ", 2016)

4.1.2 Functions of mechanical ventilation system Fresh air supply

Removal of pollutants



It helps to get rid of the contaminated stale air while extracting the internal air out from a space.



It constantly draws in external air that’s less polluted and less water vapor into the internal space when it’s operating.

Circulation of air



It keeps the circulation of air on going throughout the internal space with the pressure difference created by the devices involved.

4.1 MECHANICAL VENTILATION SYSTEM (LITERATURE REVIEW)

4.1.3 Comparison of Mechanical ventilation system to Natural ventilation

Figure 4.1.2: Schematic diagram above shows the use of natural ventilation and also mechanical ventilation system in a house/building. Source: (Long, 2014)

Mechanical Ventilation

Natural Ventilation

Provide fresh air into space with help of mechanical devices

Through the use of openings like windows, doors.

Maintenance needed

Maintenance not needed

Operates on electricity and human supervision

Happens naturally and uncertain

Ventilation can be done all the time

Ventilation is done periodically based on weather and nature restrictions

Use of mechanical devices

Rely on building envelope

Time used can be controlled

Free and not controllable

4.1 MECHANICAL VENTILATION SYSTEM (LITERATURE REVIEW)

4.1.4 Advantages and importance of mechanical ventilation system 1. It helps to reduce noise and air pollution when big openings are not encouraged for natural ventilation in a building located at congested and busy area. 2. It’s controllable as it can be switch on or off depends on situation or the user’s need. 3. It helps to maintain the internal humidity of a space or building regardless of the outdoor weather. 4. It helps to preserve the content of fresh air circulating in a building. 5. It helps to disperse the concentration of bacteria.

4.1.5 Types of mechanical ventilation system: 4.1.5.1 Supply ventilation system It is a system which the fresh air is drew in with the use of mechanical inlet and then the internal air is withdrew through the existing openings in a building envelope naturally. It involves the use of fan to bring the air from the outside into the internal space, the air flew out through holes, fan ducts and vents. It’s usually used to supply fresh air into one room or more than that.

Figure 4.1.3: Schematic Diagram above shows how the air is drew into the house though the central supply fan, the positive air pressure in the internal space forces the air to flow out through the opening of the building envelope. Source: ("Whole-House Ventilation | Department of Energy", 2016)

4.1 MECHANICAL VENTILATION SYSTEM (LITERATURE REVIEW)

The inlet is normally placed or installed at the roof top to encourage air from the upper level to be drawn in, it should not be located too close to the outlet to prevent the escape of air. The incoming air can be filtered before being directed into the internal rooms. This system can usually be found in use in areas like living spaces, public malls and interior rooms of a building. The advantages of this positive pressure created in the internal space also help to guard upon radon and other problems caused by negative pressure. Fan or a series of ductwork is used to keep the air circulating the internal space of a building. 4.1.5.2 Exhaust ventilation system It is a system which uses the natural inlet, openings in a building envelope to draw in fresh air from the outside and extracting the stale air through mechanical devices. Mechanical devices like the central exhaust fan is installed at the ceiling or rooftop to help removing the stale air from the internal space.

Figure 4.1.4: Schematic Diagram shows the circulation of air in a space with the application of exhaust ventilation system. Source: ("Whole-House Ventilation | Department of Energy", 2016)

The exhaust fan above creates negative pressure on the internal space causing the internal air to move closer to the fan and at the same time drawing the external air in through the openings on the building envelope like the windows. Single fan is connected to the central exhaust point to help expelling the air out from the building internal. Passive vents or the building openings would require a higher pressure in order to draw the air in naturally.

4.1 MECHANICAL VENTILATION SYSTEM (LITERATURE REVIEW)

This system is usually used at the kitchen, internal toilets and basement. The devices usually used by this system including exhaust fan, surface mounted fan, remote mounted in line fan, and ventilator. This system provides continuous low level back ground ventilation, the slight negative pressure in the building prevents moisture and condensation which in a way resist the growth of mould. 4.1.5.3 Balanced/combined ventilation system It’s a type of ventilation system at which the inlet and outlet are both operating mechanically, which means that the air is supplied in and extracted with the help of mechanical devices. Hence, causing the pressure level in the internal space to remain at neutral.

Figure 4.1.5: Schematic Diagram shows the operation of the balanced ventilation system in a building. Source: ("Whole-House Ventilation | Department of Energy", 2016)

The internal space of a building can be ventilated with the use of two different sets of ductwork and also fan system. It’s not affected by the outdoor weather and is known as a more efficient ventilation system. The extract fan used is usually slightly smaller than the inlet fan to create a slight pressurization of the air inside the building to prevent dust, draughts and noises. The ventilation can be done at multiple points at which the house pressure is also balanced. It’s often found in area that is hardly accessible where natural ventilation is not easily promoted and applied. For example, the basement, theatres and crawl spaces.

4.1 MECHANICAL VENTILATION SYSTEM (LITERATURE REVIEW)

One positive side about this system is it has a controlled air flow rates, inlet air can also be filtered before being directed to the interior spaces.

4.1.6 Comparison of supply system, exhaust system and balanced system Ventilation system Supply ventilation system

Advantages -

Exhaust ventilation system

Balanced ventilation system

Disadvantages

Simple and inexpensive to install. Allows better control of the air entering the house. Minimize outdoor pollutants in the internal living space as incoming air can be filtered.

Appropriate for cold climates. Simple system and easily to be installed. Prevents moisture into the internal spaces.

No pressurization in internal space. Allows the use of filter to remove dust and pollen from outside air. Appropriate for all climates.

Can cause moisture problem in cold area. Does not remove moisture from the incoming air.

Not appropriate for hot climates. Can draw in pollutants into internal space. Cause noises. Expensive installation as it requires two sets of ductwork and fans. Will not temper and remove moisture from incoming air.

4.1 MECHANICAL VENTILATION SYSTEM (LITERATURE REVIEW)

4.2 Air Conditioning system 4.2.1 Introduction There has been an increasing concern on thermal comfort and indoor air quality of buildings in the recent decades. Likewise, thermal comfort is mainly related to the condition of occupants with the thermal environment, as well as the indoor air quality to keep contaminants gaseous below certain level. In the current study, the review of the available services which is used in Malaysia tropical climate to enhance the thermal comfort was conducted. Based on the finding, it concluded that thermal comfort range is higher than the international standards due to the hot-humid climate in Malaysia. (Daghigh, 2015) It makes a building essential to use the application of air conditioning system so that it could improve the thermal comfort and indoor air quality for occupants. Differ from mechanical ventilation system which withdraw air from an enclosed space, air-conditioning is considered as an active system which extract heat from interior and transfer it outside, with the aid of electrical supply and sometimes water supply in a large scale building.

Air conditioning system is a device to provide the heating, cooling and ventilation requirements of a building over a range of ambient conditions specific to the building location. It is designed to cope with the maximum value of each of these requirements: (Billy, 2000)    

To maintain the human thermal comfort level by controlling temperature and humidity in air. To remove internal heat gain produced by building services and occupants To provide cool environment control for equipment and processes. To prevent smoke, dust and haze from outdoors to protect human health.

By manipulating the air temperature, humidity level, air movement and air purity in a building, human comfort level could be easily achieved. There are three types of air-conditioning system that’s commonly used to accommodate with users need. 1. 2. 3. 4.

Window Air Conditioning System Split Air Conditioning System Centralized Air Conditioning System Packaged Air Conditioning System

From what we’ve analyzed from our case study building, we’ve found that centralized air conditioning system is the most effective method to ensure thermal comfort level to the occupants in the medium to large scale building. However, Split Air Conditioning System is also found in the individual shop units to enable individual climate control settings of each zone to provide the utmost in comfort to commercial building settings. Like others, centralized air conditioning systems are made up of two major cycles, refrigerant cycle and air cycle.

4.2 AIR CONDITIONING SYSTEM (LITERATURE REVIEW)

4.2.2 Major Cycles in Air conditioning system 4.2.2.1 Refrigerant cycle Refrigerant cycle is a process to remove heat through the evaporator to the condenser outside. (ASHRAE, 2008) The air conditioner uses the principles of simple physics which is known as phrase conversion of liquid into gas which absorbs heat. The principles of Refrigeration are as follows: (Hoffman, 2006)  

Liquid absorb heat when changed from liquid to gas. Gases gives off heat when changed from gas to liquid.

The refrigerant is applied to air cooling cycle, whereas compressed gas would liquefy at a given point and release a large amount of latent heat from within the gas. When pressure on liquid is lowered, it vaporizes back to gas, large amount of latent heat will then absorbed and turn gas into liquid. (Wang, 2000) For an air conditioning system to operate with economy, the refrigerant must be used repeatedly. Hence, all air conditioners use the same cycle of compression, condensation, expansion and evaporation in a closed circuit. The same refrigerant is used to move the heat to cool and to expel the heat in another area.

Figure 4.2.1: Schematic diagram shows the process of refrigerant cycle and its components. Source: (“Compressors & Refrigerants”, 2016).

There’s a chemical compound found in the air conditioning system which could easily changes its states from liquid to vapor and vice versa. In addition to it, there are mainly four components used in an air conditioning system, the compressor, condenser, expansion valve and evaporator.

4.2 AIR CONDITIONING SYSTEM (LITERATURE REVIEW)

Process of Refrigerant cycle 1. Refrigerant flows through the compressor, which raises the pressure of the refrigerant. 2. Next the refrigerant flows through the condenser, where it condenses from vapor form to liquid form, giving off heat in the process. The heat given off is what makes the condenser "hot to the touch." 3. After the condenser, the refrigerant goes through the expansion valve, where it experiences a pressure drop. 4. Finally, the refrigerant goes to the evaporator. The refrigerant draws heat from the evaporator which causes the refrigerant to vaporize. The evaporator draws heat from the region that is to be cooled. The vaporized refrigerant goes back to the compressor to restart the cycle. The average air conditioning system is comprised of these components. a. Compressor

b. Condenser

Compress the refrigerant vapor from evaporator and pumps the refrigerant throughout the system.

Rejects heat absorbed by evaporators. The refrigerant changes from a vapor to liquid state in the condenser and it will reject great amount of heat.

Source: (“Air Compressor & Eastwood Auto Restoration”, 2016).

Source: (N, 2015).

c. Expansion valve

d. Evaporator

A valve which regulates liquid refrigerant into the evaporator.

Provide heat absorbing surface.

Source: (Shelby, 2016).

Source: (“Evaporator & Water Evaporator, Liquid Evaporator, Evaporator Plant”, 2016)

4.2 AIR CONDITIONING SYSTEM (LITERATURE REVIEW)

Rejects heat absorbed by evaporators. The

4.2.2.2 Air Cycle

Figure 4.2.2: Schematic diagram shows the air cycle between room and air handling unit (AHU). Source: (“Drexel Education”, 2016).

Air cycle is a process to distribute treated air into the room that needs to be conditioned. Treated air means the air supply to the room is typically filtered through air cleaners to remove dust and pollen particles. This is done by first absorbing the latent heat inside the room and transferred it to the chilled water at the Air Handling Unit (AHU). The air is then mixed with fresh air from outside and blow through the cooling coil to provide a lower temperature and cooler air supply to the indoor. Distribution of air can be either through ductwork or chilled water pipes. (ASHRAE, 2008) There are mainly four componets required to run the system, such as air handling unit(AHU), air filter, blower fan, ductwork.

Figure 4.2.3: Schematic diagram shows the components used during air cycle. Source: (“3 Building Space Conditioning & Global CCS Institute”, 2016).

4.2 AIR CONDITIONING SYSTEM (LITERATURE REVIEW)

4.2.3 Windows Air conditioning system

Figure 4.2.4: The photo above shows windows air conditioner. Source: (“Air Conditioner & Components”, 2016).

Window unit air conditioner is an expensive alternative to central system, which is only suitable for small room as they operate less efficient to the space. It is usually installed at the window openings or wall. There are two compartments used to run the windows air conditioner, one unit in the room side and outside. In between them there’s an insulated partition barrier used to enclose the gap between two units. (Wang, 1999)

Figure 4.2.5: Schematic diagram shows the components in windows AC unit. Source: (“Electrical & Wiring”, 2016).

It is basically divided into three various parts:   

Refrigeration components Air circulation and ventilation components Control system components

4.2 AIR CONDITIONING SYSTEM (LITERATURE REVIEW)

4.2.4 Split Unit Air Conditioning System

Figure 4.2.6: The photo above shows indoor outdoor unit of split unit air conditioning system and its control component. Source: (“Ductless Air Conditioner & Heat Pumps”, 2016).

In every split unit air conditioning system, it consists of two units, an outdoor unit which function is condenser, together with one or several indoor units which serves as an evaporator. These units are connected by copper tubing.

Figure 4.2.7: Schematic diagram shows the operation of split unit system and the components. Source: (“Split air conditioner”, 2010).

4.2 AIR CONDITIONING SYSTEM (LITERATURE REVIEW)

4.2.4.1 Components in split unit system 4.2.4.1a Outdoor Unit

Figure 4.2.8: Schematic diagram shows the outdoor unit and its operation. Source: (“Systems”, 2016).

The outdoor unit contains important components such as compressor, condenser and expansion valve. The aluminum fins covered on the condenser would increase the rate for heat to diffuse from the refrigerant. Propeller fan would draws in the surrounding air over the compressor and condenser to cool down the system.

4.2.4.1b Indoor Unit

Figure 4.2.9: Schematic diagram shows the indoor ceiling unit of the system. Source: (“Systems”, 2016).

4.2 AIR CONDITIONING SYSTEM (LITERATURE REVIEW)

Indoor unit can be wall or floor mounted or accommodated within a suspended ceiling. A fan is used to draw room air across the evaporator to provide necessary cooling. Chilled air is then output via directional slots. These slots are adjusted to keep the cold airstream away from the room occupants so that cold draughts are avoided. The chilled air mixes with the room air outside the occupied zone. The mixed air eventually diffuses throughout the room to create the cooling effect. (Charles,2012)

4.2.4.1c Copper Tubing

Source: (â&#x20AC;&#x153;Air Conditioning Buyer Guideâ&#x20AC;?, 2015).

Copper tubing is used to connect the indoor and outdoor unit while covering in insulated protection layer. There are basically two pipes, one pipe to supply the refrigerant to the cooling coil and the return pipe from refrigerant to the compressor.

4.2.4.2 Types of Split Unit Air Conditioning System

4.2 AIR CONDITIONING SYSTEM (LITERATURE REVIEW)

a. Split unit without outside air (ductless)

Figure 4.2.10: Schematic diagram shows ductless split system in a building. Source: (“Panasonic Australia Blog”, 2015).

Ductless split system provides no supply of renew fresh air to the interior, the existing indoor air is then recycled and recirculated.

b. Split unit with outside air (ducted)

Figure 4.2.11: Schematic diagram shows ducted split system. Source: (“Panasonic Australia Blog”, 2015).

Ducted split system has an outdoor unit and a concealed indoor unit, deliver air through ducting pipes (usually concealed in ceiling) into each room via vents on the floor, wall or ceiling. It has larger capacity as compared to ductless system.

4.2 AIR CONDITIONING SYSTEM (LITERATURE REVIEW)

c. Variable refrigerant flow (VRF)

Figure 4.2.12: Schematic diagram shows the variable refrigerant flow system Source: (Team, 2012).

It is also known as multiple split unit system, connected to several indoor units at once. It uses refrigerant as the cooling medium rather than chilled water.

Types of VRF system:   

Master and slave system Zoned control units Variable refrigerant volume system

Master and slave system One outdoor unit is connected to several indoor units. Difference between master and slave is that master unit control all the units at once while slave unit only control to itself. Zoned control units One outdoor unit connected to several indoor units. However each of the indoor unit can function separately to adjust the temperature. Variable refrigerant volume system Similar to master and slave system, one outdoor unit is connected to several indoor units. However it has the ability to provide total versatility to each indoor unit to cool each other.

4.2 AIR CONDITIONING SYSTEM (LITERATURE REVIEW)

4.2.5 Centralized Air Conditioning System Central Hydronic air conditioning systems are also called central air conditioning systems. In a central hydronic air conditioning system, air is cooled or heated by coils filled with chilled or hot water distributed from a central cooling or heating plant. It is mostly applied to large-area buildings with many zones of conditioned space or to separate buildings. (Shang, 2000) A centralized air conditioning system of a building, is illustrated in Fig. 4.2.13.

Figure 4.2.13: Schematic diagram shows the centralized air conditioning system in a building. Source: (‘’Direct Expansion’’, 2016)

A centralized air conditioning system consists of an air system, a water system, a central heating/cooling plant, and a control system. 4.2.5.1 Air system

Figure 4.2.14: Schematic diagram shows the AHU bringing outside air into the building. Source: (“Electrical Wiring”, 2016).

4.2 AIR CONDITIONING SYSTEM (LITERATURE REVIEW)

An air system is sometimes called the air-handling system. The function of an air system is to condition, to transport, to distribute the conditioned, recirculating, outdoor, and exhaust air, and to control the indoor environment according to requirements. The major components of an air system are the air-handling units, supply/return ductwork, fan-powered boxes, space diffusion devices, and exhaust systems. (Wang, 2000)

a. Air Handling Unit

In the Air Handling Unit, the air is filtered, heated or cooled, and the humidity is regulated to the required level. Source: (Aeron, 2016).

An air-handling unit (AHU) usually consists of supply fan(s), filter(s), a mixing box, and cooling coil. It is the primary equipment of the air system. Compress vapor from evaporator and pumps the refrigerant throughout the system. Components in the Air refrigerant Handling Unit: Source: http://www.eastwood.com/blog/tag/air-compressor/

Blower Fan

To propel air for distribution. Source: ("Source 1 & AO Smith Motors", 2016)

Cooling coil

Cooling Coil is used to cool and dehumidify the air. Source: ("Source 1 & AO Smith Motors", 2016)

4.2 AIR CONDITIONING SYSTEM (LITERATURE REVIEW)

Compress the refrigerant vapor from

Filter

Panel Filter

Fiberglass Filter

HEPA Filter

Filters are to remove particles and contaminants of various sizes from the air. The type of air filter being used will very much depend on the application of the system. Source: ( “Air Pure Product”, 2010), (“Kochfilter”, 2012), (“Space Filter Product”, 2013)

Humidifier

Mixing Box

Compress the refrigerant vapor from evaporator and pumps the refrigerant throughout the system. Source: http://www.eastwood.com/blog/tag/air-compressor/

During winter, the humidity level of the air can be low hence causing discomfort to the occupants. The humidity of the air is increased by using the humidifiers. Source: (“Stan's Heating and Air Conditioning”, 2016).

b. Fan Power Box Compress the refrigerant vapor from evaporator and pumps the refrigerant throughout the system. Source: http://www.eastwood.com/blog/tag/aircompressor/

This box has air inlets that is attached to the dampers. This is the place where the outside air and the return air are mixed to provide the correct proportion of air to be distributed to the space that is to be conditioned. Source: (“DEDV & HVAC”, 2016).

Compress the refrigerant vapor from evaporator and pumps the refrigerant throughout the system. Source: http://www.eastwood.com/blog/tag/aircompressor/

Fan Power VRV Terminals are for heating and cooling perimeter zones Source: (“VIZ Graphics”, 2016). 4.2 AIR CONDITIONING SYSTEM (LITERATURE REVIEW)

c. Ductwork

Source: (“Custom Sheet Metal Fabrication”, 2016).

Passes the air from AHU to the room that needed to be air conditioned. There are mainly two kind of ductwork equipped to the air handling unit: Return Air Duct(from rooms): A duct carrying air from a conditioned space to the mixing air duct or plenum unit. Air Supply Duct (to rooms): A duct that carries conditioned air from air supply units to room diffusers or grilles.

Figure 4.2.15 shows HVAC diagram and its component. Source: (Stanley, 2016).

4.2 AIR CONDITIONING SYSTEM (LITERATURE REVIEW)

An AHU conditions the outdoor/recirculating air, supplies the conditioned air to the conditioned space, and extracts the returned air from the space through ductwork and space diffusion devices. A fan-powered variable-air-volume (VAV) box, often abbreviated as fan-powered box, employs a small fan with or without a heating coil. It draws the return air from the ceiling plenum, mixes it with the conditioned air from the airhandling unit, and supplies the mixture to the conditioned space. Space diffusion devices include slot diffusers mounted in the suspended ceiling; their purpose is to distribute the conditioned air evenly over the entire space according to requirements. The return air enters the ceiling plenum through many scattered return slots. Exhaust systems have exhaust fan(s) and ductwork to exhaust air from the lavatories, mechanical rooms, and electrical rooms. (Wang, 2000)

4.2.5.2 Water System The water system includes chilled and hot water systems, chilled and hot water pumps, condenser water system, and condenser water pumps.

Figure 4.2.16 shows schematic diagram on how the cooling tower function in a water system. Source: (â&#x20AC;&#x153;Chilled water air conditioningâ&#x20AC;?,2016).

The purpose of the water system is (1) To transport chilled water and hot water from the central plant to the air-handling units, fan-coil units, and fan powered boxes (2) To transport the condenser water from the cooling tower, well water, or other sources to the condenser inside the central plant. In Figs 4.2.16, the chilled water is cooled in chillers and then is distributed to the cooling coils of various air-handling units. The temperature of the chilled water leaving the coil increases after absorbing heat from the airstream flowing over the coil. Chilled water is then returned to the chillers for recooling through the chilled water pumps. After the condenser water has been cooled in the cooling tower, it flows back to the condenser of the chillers. The temperature of the condenser water again rises owing to the absorption of

4.2 AIR CONDITIONING SYSTEM (LITERATURE REVIEW)

the condensing heat from the refrigerant in the condenser. After that, the condenser water is pumped to the cooling towers by the condenser water pumps. 4.2.5.2a Cooling Tower

4.2.5.2b Air Handling Unit

A cooling tower is a heat rejection device, which extracts waste heat to the atmosphere though the cooling of a water stream to a lower temperature.

The AHU takes in outside air, reconditions (filtered and either heated or cooled) it and supplies it as fresh air to the air conditioned room.

Source: (“FRP COOLING TOWERS & SYSTEMS”, 2014)

Source: (“American Chillers and Cooling Tower Systems”, 2014).

4.2.5.2c Condenser Water Pump

4.2.5.2d Chiller Compress the refrigerant vapor from evaporator and pumps the refrigerant throughout the system.

Compress the refrigerant vapor from evaporator and pumps the refrigerant throughout the system. Source: http://www.eastwood.com/blog/tag/aircompressor/

Its function is to supply heating, ventilation and air conditioning systems to the area where it is installed. These systems control the temperature of the surrounding area by heating and cooling water.

Source: http://www.eastwood.com/blog/tag/aircompressor/

A chiller is a machine that removes heat from a liquid via a vapor-compression or absorption refrigeration cycle. Source: (Shah, 2016)

Source: (Shah, 2016) http://www.rotechpumps.com/condenser-water-pumps

Compress the refrigerant vapor from evaporator and pumps the refrigerant throughout the system. Source: http://www.eastwood.com/blog/tag/aircompressor/

4.2 AIR CONDITIONING SYSTEM (LITERATURE REVIEW)

4.2.6 Packaged Air Conditioning System A packaged unit (PU) is a unitary, self-contained air conditioner which enclosed all the important in a casing. It has similar size with the room air-conditioner, however in a larger size with fixed capacities. Packaged units can be classified according to their place of installation as rooftop packaged units, indoor packaged units, and split packaged units. Among these units, the rooftop packaged units are most widely used in commercial buildings. (Wang, 2000) 4.2.6.1 Rooftop Packaged Units

Figure 4.2.17: Schematic diagram of rooftop packaged air conditioning system and its components Source: ("Rooftop Package Unit - AE 390 A6 HVAC Selection", 2016)

A rooftop packaged unit is mounted on the roof of the conditioned space, as shown in Fig 4.2.17. It is usually enclosed in a weather proof outer casing. The mixture of outdoor air and recirculating air is often conditioned in the rooftop packaged unit and supplied to the conditioned space on the floors below. (Wang, 2000)

4.2.6.2 Indoor Packaged Units

Figure 4.2.18: Schematic diagram of typical indoor packaged units.

4.2 AIR CONDITIONING SYSTEM (LITERATURE REVIEW)

Source: (Wang, 2000)

Indoor Packaged unit is usually installed indoors inside a fan room or machinery room, as shown in Fig 4.2.18 on above. A small or medium-size indoor packaged unit may sometimes be floor-mounted directly inside the conditioned space with or without connected ductwork, such as the indoor packaged unit in computer rooms. (Wang, 2000) 4.2.6.3 Split Packaged Unit

Figure 4.2.19: Schematic diagram of split packaged unit. Source: (Wang, 2000)

It is sometimes called a split system, which divide packaged unit into an indoor air handler and an outdoor condensing unit. The outdoor unit is usually placed on the rooftop, on a podium, or some other adjacent place. Indoor air handler and outdoor condensing unit is connected by refrigerant pipes. 4.2.6.3 Comparison between Packaged air conditioning system and Split Air Conditioning System Packaged Air Conditioning System Lower energy efficiency which typically have SEER rating from 10 to 18. It has all the components in one box. Cheaper installation as it is only installed outside.

Split Air Conditioning System Energy Efficiency

Greater energy efficiency possibilities which have SEER ratings from 13 to 23.

Space Efficiency

Outdoor and indoor units are installed in different location. Labor cost more.

Price

4.2 AIR CONDITIONING SYSTEM (LITERATURE REVIEW)

4.3 Fire Protection System 4.3.1 Introduction The purpose of fire protection is to safe guard human lives, preserve material assets and save the environment from devastation. Fire engulfs homes made out of wood easily, but heavy timber can resist fire fairly. Steel on the other hand, is non-combustible. But its malleable properties makes it expand and shrink fast under change of temperatures. During fire, steel will expand fast due to heat contributing to the collapsation structures, walls can also be damaged by the quick expansion of steel framing. Concrete is a fire resistant material, perfect for modern structures to counter damage caused by fires. But its porous properties will sustain damage and lose its strength under large fire. Masonry on the other hand is made up of dense clay burned in fire. It provides one of the best resistance to heat and will retain its structural integrity. Glass and plastics on the other hand is vulnerable in fire and get damaged quickly. Fire protection system can be categorized into two classifications: active fire protection system and passive fire protection system. Active fire protection system is simply the method or the procedure of preventing a building from fire burning by using either manual or automatic operated fire mechanical system such as fire alarms, detectors, hose reels, fire telecoms, Co2 fixed installation, sprinklers etc. Passive fire protection system on the other hand delays the speed of combustion and smoke spreading and at the same time protecting the escape routes in order to prolong the time taken to escape. This system can be done by modifying and altering the architectural elements with fire resistances characteristic. That is why planning is important and fire safety factors must be a concern at the design stage of building. The selection of materials, compartmentalization of building and installations of emergency guidance such as floor plans and signs are crucial for a safe evacuation. (Gregory, 2014) The following pages presents basic components of fire protection system and their theory in use.

4.3 FIRE PROTECTION SYSTEM (LITERATURE REVIEW)

4.3.2 Active Fire Protection System Overview Sprinkler System

Sprinkler system is a water supply system running along the ceilings in the building. It consist of the main pipe and distribution pipes to individual valves known as sprinkler heads. The sprinkler head is activated by heat from fire, when the fire burns the rubber in the sprinkler head burns out and release the pressurized water inside, putting out the fire below.

Figure 4.3.1 Sprinkler Head Source: http://www.melonfire.org

Hose Reel System

The hose reel system is intended for the occupants/ firemen to use during early stages of fire and it compromises a hose reel pump. It is connected to the wet riser which is fully pressurized at all times for emergency usage. When it is used, the pressure of the pipe will drop below the field adjusted setting of the pressure switch. This will trigger the pump to come into operation automatically to provide a constant supply of water. It can deliver a large amount of water than conventional fire extinguisher, making it the key element of saving lives and put out fires.

Figure 4.3.2 Fire Hose Source: http://www.rnwservices.com.au/

Water Riser System

Wet riser system is found is buildings with several floors. It is a vertical pipe installed in building for firefighting purposes. It is used to supply water when fire occurs. It is permanently charged with water from a pressurized supply to ensure that water wouldnâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;t run out when needed, and fitted with landing valves on various floors. The need of a wet riser system is that fire department can quickly access to backup of water supplies to put out fires.

Figure 4.3.3 Wet Riser Source: http://www.highrisefirefighting.co.uk/wr.html

Fire Alarm System

One of the important element is fire protection system is the fire alarm system. It is the one of the first to respond and alert the occupants of a fire emergency. A fire alarm system is an integration of fire detection, alarm and bells to detect and warn occupants through glaring visuals of red light and loud ringing. These alarms may be activated via smoke detectors, heat detectors and manual activation devices such as manual call points or pull stations.

Figure 4.3.4 Break Glass Alarm Source: http://weltuk.com/FIRE-ALARMS

4.3 FIRE PROTECTION SYSTEM (LITERATURE REVIEW)

Fire Suppression System

Fire protection system are used to protect rooms with high fire risk. It is a series of cylinders with Co2 which suppresses fire in a confined room. It is more appropriate for sensitive areas such as electrical room or computer rooms with wirings because conventional water sprinkler system might damage and conduct electricity and poses danger to the firemen/ occupants.

Figure: 4.3.5 Co2 Suppression Source: https://www.osha.gov/SLTC/etools/evacuation/image s/firesupp.jpg

Fire Extinguisher System

Fire extinguisher is commonly seen in areas which are distant with main fire suppression system such as hose reel or water hydrant. It is great for small fires as it is portable and user friendly. There are two main types of fire extinguishers: stored-pressure and cartridge-operated. In stored pressure units, the expellant is stored in the same chamber as the firefighting agent itself. Depending on the agent used, different propellants are used. With dry chemical extinguishers, nitrogen is typically used; water and foam extinguishers typically use air.

Figure 4.3.6 Fire Extinguisher Source: http://www.northerntool.com/

4.3 FIRE PROTECTION SYSTEM (LITERATURE REVIEW)

4.3.3 Passive Fire Protection System Emergency Light

An emergency light is a battery-backed lighting device that switches on automatically when a building experiences a power outage. Emergency lights are standard in new commercial and high occupancy residential buildings

Figure 4.3.7 Emergency Light Source: http://www.archiexpo.com

Emergency Sign

Fire escape sign usually reads â&#x20AC;&#x153;KELUARâ&#x20AC;? meaning exit in Malaysia. It directs the path to a safety area, usually open area or fire staircases. It is often installed with emergency light within with bright neon green to provide clear visual guide for occupants during fire.

Figure 4.3.8 Exit Sign Source: http://www.kumpulanprotection.com

Emergency Floor Plan

A floor plan shows the possible evacuation routes in the building. It is color coded and uses arrows to indicate the designated exit. A room containing hazardous materials is indicated by the flame symbol. Usually found near exits to emergency staircases. It is a visual guide for the occupants to choose the right path to safety.

Figure 4.3.9 Floor Plan Source: http://www.highrisefirefighting.co.uk/wr.html

Fire Staircase Figure 4.3.10 Source: http://www.high risefirefighting.c o.uk/wr.html

A fire staircase is an emergency exit, usually at the back of the building separated by fire resistance walls. It provides a method of escape in the event of fire or other emergency that makes the stairwells inside a building inaccessible. The law stated that along the way of fire staircase there should be no inhibition objects. The fire door shall remained closed but not locked at all times.

4.3 FIRE PROTECTION SYSTEM (LITERATURE REVIEW)

Fire Roller Shutter

In the event of a fire, any Fire Resistant Roller Shutter that has been left in the open position is automatically closed by a thermally actuated thermal link mechanism. When the temperature of the fusible link reaches a pre-determined temperature, it activates, to rapidly close the roller shutter. Fire Resistant shutters are one of the most effective methods of resisting the intense heat applied to one side of a large area door to the other, without excessive distorting and without affecting the fire integrity of the door.

Figure 4.3.11 Fire Roller Shutter Source: http://www.glideaway.co.nz/

Fire Rated Door

Figure 4.3.12 Fire Rated Door Source: http://uttara.all.biz/

Fire Rated Wall

Figure 4.3.13 Source: http://www.nrc-cnrc.gc.ca/

Compartmentation

Figure 4.3.14 Source: http:/www.structuresla.org

A fire door is a door with a fire-resistance rating. It is used as part of a protection system to reduce the spread of fire and smoke between separate compartments of a structure. All fire door must be installed with the appropriately fire resistant fittings, such as the frame and door hardware, for it to fully comply with any fire regulations. Fire doors are usually built along the escape routes and fire escape stairâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s corridors to ensure safety while the occupants are escaping A firewall is a fire resistant barrier used to preclude the spread of fire for a rated period of time. Firewalls can be used to subdivide a building into separate fire areas and are constructed in accordance with the locally applicable building codes. Firewalls are a part of a passive fire protection system. Fire barrier walls are typically made of drywall/gypsum board partitions with wood or metal framed studs. They are typically continuous from a floor below to a floor or roof above, or from one fire barrier wall to another fire barrier wall, having a fire resistance rating equal to or greater than the required rating for the application. Smoke Curtain According to UBBL, all fire risk area should be allocated evenly and separately for the building to reduce fire spreading from one point to another point. UBBL states that Boiler rooms, laundries, repair shops involving hazardous materials, storage area in large quantities, liquefied petroleum gas storage, linen room, transformer rooms, and flammable liquid store shall be seperated from the other area of occupancy in which they are located by fire resisting construction of elements of structure of FRP to be determined by local authority based on the degree of hazard.

4.3 FIRE PROTECTION SYSTEM (LITERATURE REVIEW)

4.4 Mechanical Transportation System 4.4.1 Introduction The mechanical transportation of people and goods is an energy-using service which needs the designer’s attention at the earliest stages of building design. Standards of service rise with expectations of quality by the final user and with the provision of access for disabled people. The principles of transportation systems are outlined and reference is made to movement between buildings. The common types of transportation system are that integrate in modern buildings are elevators, escalators and travellators.

Figure 4.4.0 elevator Source: (“Kaplanlawyers”, 2015).

Figure 4.4.1 escalator Source: (“Dentonlawfirm”, 2015).

Figure 4.4.2 travellator Source: (“Gulfelevators”, 2012).

Literature review based on 

ELEVATOR -An elevator or lift is a type of vertical transportation that raising or lowering people or goods between floors (levels, decks) of a building, vessel, or other structure.



ESCALATOR -An escalator is a type of vertical transportation in the form of a moving staircase – a conveyor transport device for carrying people between floors of a building.



TRAVELLATOR -A travellator is a slow moving conveyor mechanism that transports people across a horizontal or inclined plane over a short to medium distance.

4.4 MECHANICAL TRANSPORTATION SYSTEM (LITERATURE REVIEW)

4.4.2 Elevator Elevator is an example of vertical transportation system, which use for raising and lowering people or goods to different floors of building. Vertical transportation is a requirement of any building which exceed 4 storeys to overcome the concentrated of human flows within certain periods of the working day. According to the ByLaw 124 of UBBL 1984, an elevator is needed to provide in a non-residential building which exceeds 4 storeys above or below the main entrance. It is also essential in the building which less than 4 storeys if the access of the elderly and disabled is required. By-Law 124 of UBBL 1984- Lift For all non-residential buildings exceeding 4 storeys above or below the main access level at least one lift shall be provided.

___________________________________________________________________________________ Elevators can be classified into 4 main types of hoist mechanisms which are: Traction elevator

Hydraulic elevator

Climbing elevator

Pneumatic elevator

_____________________________________________________________________________________ Various types of elevators can be classified from the main hoist mechanism of Traction elevator:

Traction elevator

Machine room (MR) traction elevator

Machine room-less (MRL) traction elevator

Geared Traction Gear-less Traction Elevator Gear-less Elevator Gear-less _____________________________________________________________________________________________ Traction Elevator Traction Elevator

Various types of elevators can be classified from the main hoist mechanism of Hydraulic elevator:

Hydraulic elevator Machine room-less (MRL) hydraulic elevator

Holed Hydraulic elevator

Holeless Hydraulic elevator

Roped Hydraulic elevator

4.4 MECHANICAL TRANSPORTATION SYSTEM (LITERATURE REVIEW)

4.4.2 Traction Elevator Traction elevators are lifted by ropes, which pass over a wheel attached to an electric motor above the elevator shaft. They are used for mid and high-rise applications and have much higher travel speeds than hydraulic elevators. A counter weight makes the elevators more efficient by offsetting the weight of the car and occupants so that the motor doesn't have to move as much weight. Traction Elevator Machine room (MR) traction elevator Gear-less Traction Elevator Gear-less Traction Elevator

Machine room-less (MRL) traction elevator

Geared Traction Elevator Gear-less Traction Elevator

Figure 4.4.4 gear-less machine Source: (“mitsubishielectic”, 2015).

4.4.2.1 Gear-less Traction Elevator

Figure 4.4.3 schematic diagram of gear-less traction elevator Source: (“usf”, 2013).

Gearless traction machines are low-speed (low-RPM), high-torque electric motors powered either by AC or DC. The traction sheave is connected directly to the shaft of the traction motor, and the motor rotation (speed) is transmitted directly to the traction sheave without any intermediate gearing. Gearless traction elevators can reach speeds of up to 20 m/s (4,000 ft/min)

4.4 MECHANICAL TRANSPORTATION SYSTEM (LITERATURE REVIEW)

Traction Elevator Machine room (MR) traction elevator Gear-less Traction Elevator

Machine room-less (MRL) traction elevator

Geared Traction Elevator Gear-less Traction Elevator

Figure 4.4.6 geared machine Source: (“mitsubishielectic”, 2015).

4.4.2.2 Geared Traction Elevator Geared traction machines are driven by AC or DC electric motors. Geared machines use worm gears to control mechanical movement of elevator cars by "rolling" steel hoist ropes over a drive sheave which is attached to a gearbox driven by a high-speed motor. These machines are generally the best option for basement or overhead traction use for speeds up to 3 m/s (500 ft/min) Figure 4.4.5 section diagram of geared traction elevator (Source: (“Xinda”, 2014).

4.4 MECHANICAL TRANSPORTATION SYSTEM (LITERATURE REVIEW)

Traction Elevator Machine room (MR) traction elevator Gear-less Traction Elevator Gear-less Traction Elevator

Machine room-less (MRL) traction elevator

Geared Traction Elevator

Machine room-less (MRL) traction elevator becoming the most popular choice for mid-rise building. 

creates more usable space



use less energy (70-80% less than standard hydraulic elevators) uses no oil (assuming it is a traction elevator) all components are above ground similar to roped hydraulic type elevators (this takes away the slightly lower cost than other elevators; significantly so for the hydraulic MRL elevator can operate at faster speeds than hydraulics but not normal traction units

   

Figure 4.4.8 Differences of MR and MRL elevator (Source: (“kone”, 2015).

4.4.2.3 Machine room-less (MRL) traction elevator Machine-Room-Less Elevators are traction elevators that do not have a dedicated machine room above the elevator shaft. The machine sits in the override space and is accessed from the top of the elevator cab when maintenance or repairs are required. The control boxes are located in a control room that is adjacent to the elevator shaft on the highest landing and within around 150 feet of the machine.

Figure 4.4.7 Schematic diagram of MRL traction elevator (Source: (“archtoolbox”, 2015).

4.4 MECHANICAL TRANSPORTATION SYSTEM (LITERATURE REVIEW)

4.4.3 Hydraulic Elevator Hydraulic elevators are supported by a piston at the bottom of the elevator that pushes the elevator up as an electric motor forces oil or another hydraulic fluid into the piston. The elevator descends as a valve releases the fluid from the piston. They are used for low-rise applications of 2-8 stories and travel at a maximum speed of 200 feet per minute. The machine room for hydraulic elevators is located at the lowest level adjacent to the elevator shaft. Hydraulic elevator Machine room-less (MRL) hydraulic elevator Holed Hydraulic elevator

Holeless Hydraulic elevator

Roped Hydraulic elevator

With holed hydraulic systems, the elevator car is mounted on a piston that travels inside a cylinder. The cylinder extends into the ground to a depth equal to the height the elevator will rise. As hydraulic fluid is pumped into the cylinder through a valve, the car rises. As the fluid returns to the reservoir, the car descends. This system is often called Inground hydraulic. 4.4.3.1 Holed Hydraulic elevator Advantages     

Usually the lowest material cost application. Accommodates front and rear openings in any configuration. No extensive pit or overhead is required. Available for both low and high capacity cars. Of all the application types, this equipment package is the easiest to install.

Disadvantages 



 Figure 4.4.9 Holed hydraulic elevator (Source: (“schumacherelevator”, 2014).

Areas with frequent seismic activity will have the greatest risk of oil contamination. The jack must go down into the ground roughly the same distance as the desired travel Drilling a jack hole is expensive and may be nearly impossible in certain structural or geologic conditions.

4.4 MECHANICAL TRANSPORTATION SYSTEM (LITERATURE REVIEW)

Hydraulic elevator Machine room-less (MRL) hydraulic elevator Holed Hydraulic elevator

Holeless Hydraulic elevator

Roped Hydraulic elevator

Holeless hydraulic consists of pistons mounted inside the hoist way to raise and lower the car. This is especially a solution for buildings built in bedrock, a high water table or unstable soil conditions locations that can make digging the hole required for a conventional hydraulic elevator impractical. Holeless hydraulic systems use a direct-acting piston to raise the car. 4.4.3.2 Holed Hydraulic elevator Advantages 

 

No jack hole is required. This eliminates the cost of drilling and the risk of oil contamination. Accommodates front and rear openings in any configuration. Available for both low and high capacity cars.

Disadvantages 

  Figure 4.4.10 Holeless hydraulic elevator (Source: (“schumacherelevator”, 2014.

Usually requires more overhead than an In-Ground project. The greater the travel, the greater the overhead must be. Requires a wider hoist way for the jacks. The material cost is typically higher than that of an InGround package.

4.4 MECHANICAL TRANSPORTATION SYSTEM (LITERATURE REVIEW)

Hydraulic elevator Machine room-less (MRL) hydraulic elevator Holed Hydraulic elevator

Holeless Hydraulic elevator

Roped Hydraulic elevator

Roped hydraulic elevator extends the rise of the holeless elevator to 18 meters (60 ft), without the need for a belowground cylinder. Roped hydraulic elevator systems have the piston attached to a sheave which has a rope passing through it. One end is attached to the car while the other is secured at the bottom of the hoist way. Also, roped hydraulic systems require a governor because the rope is holding the car up. 4.4.3.3 Roped Hydraulic elevator Advantages 



No jack holes are required even though the travel can be as great as 100 feet. Accommodates front and rear openings in any configuration. Available for both low and high capacity cars. No extensive pit or overhead is required. Large platform designs and high capacity projects can be accommodated. Disadvantages

 

Requires a wider hoist way for the jacks and roped equipment. The installation time is greater than that of an In-Ground application.

Figure 4.4.11 Roped hydraulic elevator (Source: (“schumacherelevator”, 2014).

4.4 MECHANICAL TRANSPORTATION SYSTEM (LITERATURE REVIEW)

Traction elevator

Hydraulic elevator

Climbing elevator

Pneumatic elevator

4.4.4 Roped Hydraulic elevator A climbing elevator is a self-ascending elevator with its own propulsion. The propulsion can be done by an electric or a combustion engine. Climbing elevators are used in guyed masts or towers, in order to make easy access to parts of these constructions, such as flight safety lamps for maintenance. Climbing elevators are often used in work and construction areas.

Figure 4.4.12 Climbing elevator (Source: (“electricalknowhow”, 2013).

Traction elevator

Hydraulic elevator

Climbing elevator

Pneumatic elevator

4.4.5 Roped Hydraulic elevator

Figure 4.4.13 Pneumatic elevator (Source: (“electricalknowhow”, 2013).

Pneumatic elevators are raised and lowered by controlling air pressure in a chamber in which the elevator sits. By simple principles of physics; the difference in air pressure above and beneath the vacuum elevator cab literally transports cab by air. It is the vacuum pumps or turbines that pull cab up to the next floor and the slow release of air pressure that floats cab down. They are especially ideal for existing homes due to their compact design because excavating a pit and hoist way are not required.

4.4 MECHANICAL TRANSPORTATION SYSTEM (LITERATURE REVIEW)

4.4.6 Escalator An escalator is a type of vertical transportation in the form of a moving staircase – a conveyor transport device for carrying people between floors of a building. The device consists of a motor-driven chain of individually linked steps that move up or down on tracks, allowing the step treads to remain horizontal. Besides, escalator provide an immediate means of transportation which mean it able to continuously conveys to move large number of people. Unlike elevator, no waiting time required during peak times. An escalator can function as a normal staircase when its power down. The speed of the escalator is varies between 0.45m/s to 0.7m/s and the width of the tread is varies between 600mm to 1200mm. _____________________________________________________________________________________ Single bank with traffic in one direction

Single bank with interrupted traffic in one direction

This arrangement is used mainly in smaller department stores to link three sales levels. It requires more space than the interrupted arrangement.

This arrangement is somewhat inconvenient for users, the spatial separation between up and down travel is ideal for leading customers past strategically placed advertising displays.

Parallel Layout with interrupted in two way direction

Criss-cross Layout with traffic in two way direction

This arrangement is used mainly in department stores and public transport buildings with a heavy traffic volume. This arrangement is economical, since no inner lateral claddings are required.

This arrangement is used mainly in big department stores, office buildings and public transport objects where efficient travel of persons between floors is of high importance.

Figure 4.4.14 escalator arrangement (Source: (“electricalknowhow”, 2013).

4.4 MECHANICAL TRANSPORTATION SYSTEM (LITERATURE REVIEW)

Escalator Part Diagram

________________________________________________________________ Figure 4.4.15 escalator components (Source: (“robsonferensic”, 2011).

4.4 MECHANICAL TRANSPORTATION SYSTEM (LITERATURE REVIEW)

4.4.7 Travellator Travellator is a slow moving conveyor mechanism that transports people across a horizontal or inclined plane over a short to medium distance. Moving walkways can be used by standing or walking on them. They are often installed in pairs, one for each direction. The moving surface normally are cover with reinforced rubber belt or series of linked steel plate running on the roller.

4.4.7.8 Pallet type travellator A continuous series of flat metal plates join together to form a walkway - and are effectively identical to escalators in their construction. Most have a metal surface, though some models have a rubber surface for extra traction. Figure 4.4.16 pallet type travellator (Source: (“sidekickboobs”, 2010).

4.4.7.9 Moving belt type travellator These are generally built with mesh metal belts or rubber walking surfaces over metal rollers. The walking surface may have a solid feel or a "bouncy" feel.

Figure 4.4.17 moving belt type travellator (Source: (“Ibiza”, 2008).

Both types of moving walkway have a grooved surface to mesh with comb plates at the ends. Also, nearly all moving walkways are built with moving handrails similar to those on escalators.

4.4 MECHANICAL TRANSPORTATION SYSTEM (LITERATURE REVIEW)

5.0 Mechanical Ventilation System Case Study in IOI Boulevard 5.1 Introduction IOI Boulevard is a commercial building of 5 floors which consists of individual shop units that serve different purpose of retailing, F&B and private offices. Because of its spatial planning of having separated shop units, each of the unit has their own ventilation system installed. The shop units are all attached to one another hence inlet and outlet for natural ventilation are not encouraged, at this point mechanical ventilation system plays an important role to keep the interior spaces of the building comfortable and safe for the users. Besides, it has a central mall in between blocks of building that sometimes host event and activities which ventilation system is needed to keep the common area ventilated.

Types of the mechanical ventilation system applied in IOI Boulevard consists of below: Supply Ventilation System

a. Supply air grille/fan b. Pressurized stairwell system

Exhaust Ventilation System

a. Exhaust air grille/fan - Utilities room exhaust system

5.0 MECHANICAL VENTILATION (CASE STUDY)

5.2 Supply ventilation system a. Supply air grille/fan Itâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s the supply ventilation system applied at which central fans are installed to a building to bring in the external air and then supply the fresh air through air grille into an internal space. In IOI Boulevard, circular air grille can be seen installed at most of the beams surrounding the central mall. Location: Central mall

Figure 5.1: The figure above shows the ground floor plan drawings of IOI Boulevard. The highlighted area in green is where the air grille can be found. Source: IOI Boulevard.

As to accommodate the function of the central mall which sometimes used to host events, this space is also often used by the workers and visitors as waiting zone, supply ventilation system is installed at this area to keep the space ventilated at all time when itâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s crowded to maintain the content of fresh air.

5.0 MECHANICAL VENTILATION (CASE STUDY)

Figure 5.2: The photo on the left shows the central mall of IOI Boulevard where events and activities are held.

Rows of circular supply air grille are installed around, they are linked to a ductwork thatâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s connected to a central supply fan.

Figure 5.3: The photo on the left shows the central mall of IOI Boulevard when events and activities took place and crowded by people.

Mechanical ventilation is needed to ensure the comfort of the users and to keep the air circulating well within the space.

Figure 5.4: The photo shows a closer view on the circular supply air grille installed to the ceilings.

The fresh air will flow through the connecting ductwork and expel out through the air grille.

The fresh air is generated at the central supply fan by drawing in external air and distributing it to the spaces needed through a series of cylindrical ductwork and air is passed out through the air grille. The open concept at the central mall allow the dispersal of stale air out from the building to maintain the air quality of the space.

5.0 MECHANICAL VENTILATION (CASE STUDY)

Analysis and Observations: This supply ventilation system is not switched on at all times, itâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s only functioning when large events are being held at that particular space and the central mall also relies on the natural cross ventilation when the mechanical ventilation system is not operating, maintenance work of once every three month is carried out by the services management worker to ensure the workability of the fans and ductwork.

b. Pressurized stairwell system Pressurized stairwell system is very commonly found in high rise building, itâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s applied for the purpose of providing a route for escape when fire happens. The pressurized space prevent the smoke from entering hence provide a smoke free escape route for the occupants and users. As IOI Boulevard is a commercial building that often need to accommodate large amount of workers and also visitors, this type of mechanical ventilation is highly needed to ensure the safety of all users when emergency fire occurs. Location: Unit stairwell

Figure 5.5: The figure above shows where the pressurized staircase system is applied, the highlighted area in green shows the location of the involved staircases.

5.0 MECHANICAL VENTILATION (CASE STUDY)

According to UBBL Clause 202 Pressurized system for staircases. All staircases serving buildings of more than 45 meters in height where there is no adequate ventilation are required shall be provided with staircase pressurization system designed and installed in accordance with MS 1472.

Figure 5.6: Schematic diagram above shows the section of a typical pressurized system stairwell. (As similar to IOI Boulevard) Source: ("Building Operation WebHelp", 2016)

IOI Boulevardâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s feature as a commercial building led to the use of many staircases as alternative route and also as fire escape route for the occupants. This system is applied in the stairwell in IOI Boulevard by having the air constantly supplied into the space through a central fan, pressure relief damper is installed at each level to help reducing the pressure. The pressure reduces when the fire rated door is pushed open. According to UBBL Clause 198 â&#x20AC;&#x201C; 202 Ventilation for staircase at each floor or landing with a minimum of 1sqm opening per floor. In building less than 3 storeys, staircase may not be ventilated if access via ventilated lobbies at all floors except the top most and; if building 18m high or less with top most floor ventilated at top most with 5% of area of enclosure. Building higher than 18m to be mechanically ventilated if not naturally ventilated at every floor or landing.

5.0 MECHANICAL VENTILATION (CASE STUDY)

Figure 5.7: The photo on the left shows the pressure relief damper installed on the wall near to the staircases.

Some of them are dusty and not functioning well already.

Figure 5.8: The photo on the left are the fire rated doors at each level of the building.

The door will affect the pressure and causes it to drop when opened, sufficient air supply is needed to ensure the pressure remains as same to prevent the entry of smoke.

Analysis and Observations The supply fan is switched on 24 hours to maintain the pressure in the stairwell. From what we have observed, some of the pressure relief dampers are either dusty or not functioning well, this might due to the poor management and cleaning. It will affect the overall performance of pressurized system and even causes completion when fire or emergency occurs.

5.0 MECHANICAL VENTILATION (CASE STUDY)

5.3 Exhaust ventilation system a. Exhaust air grille/fan In IOI Boulevard, it is a commercial building that host more than 100 of shop units. The shop units are all attached to one another and it doesnâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;t allow openings and fenestrations to be made at too many sides, due to this issue exhaust ventilation system is applied in each of the shop unit to ensure the quality of internal air in each unit. Some of the restaurants use a more complex and advanced exhaust system in order to remove the stale air from the kitchen and public toilets. Location: Individual shop unit

Figure 5.9: The figure above is the ground floor plan of IOI Boulevard, the highlighted area in green shows the location of all the ductwork used by each of the shop units. Source: IOI Boulevard

5.0 MECHANICAL VENTILATION (CASE STUDY)

Figure 5.10: The photo on the left shows the back alley of the building. A series of ductwork can be spotted connecting out from each of the shop units.

Due to its function as commercial building, the exhaust system applied is not centralized but is made individually depending on the shopâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s usage.

Figure 5.11: The photo shows the exhaust ventilation system used by one of the unit which serves the purpose as a restaurant in IOI Boulevard.

Shops with usage as restaurants or cafĂŠ has a more complex exhaust system that helps to remove the heat produced from cooking activities in the kitchen. The exhaust ductwork opening is connecting all the way up to the roof where the exhaust fan would be placed.

Analysis and Observations: Most of the ventilation system in this commercial building function mechanically, they rely highly on exhaust grille and fan system in order to expel the stale air from the internal spaces as natural ventilation is not encouraged in such a packed area. The arrangement of ductwork is in order and done systematically to ensure highest efficiency of the dispersal of contaminated air. The exhaust ventilation system applied is more on traditional method which only one or two outlet are involved in withdrawing the stale air.

According to UBBL Clause 99 cooking facilities in residential building 2) Where a common vertical kitchen exhaust riser is provided, the riser shall be continued up to a mechanical floor or roof for discharge to the open, and shall be constructed with fire resisting material of at least 2 hours rating with BS476: Part 3.

5.0 MECHANICAL VENTILATION (CASE STUDY)

Location: Basement carpark

Figure 5.12: The highlighted route in green is where the placement of the cylindrical ductwork that function as an exhaust ventilation system.

Figure 5.13: The photo shows the space in the basement carpark where the cylindrical aluminum ductwork can be spotted.

As the air condition underground is usually hot, humid and stuffy, the exhaust ventilation system helps to remove the air out. The ductwork connects from the internal part of the carpark and direct outwards to the entrance and exit of the basement to expel the air.

5.0 MECHANICAL VENTILATION (CASE STUDY)

Location: Garbage room, Fire sprinkler room, Gen set room

Figure 5.14: The highlighted area in green shows the location of the rooms with the application of exhaust ventilation system.

Figure 5.15: The photo shows the garbage collection room in IOI Boulevard where application of exhaust ventilation system can be spotted.

The exhaust ductwork in the garbage room is connected to the main ductwork that direct out to the external space. It helps to remove contaminated air and odors from the garbage room.

5.0 MECHANICAL VENTILATION (CASE STUDY)

Figure 5.16: The exhaust system found in the fire sprinkler room.

The function of the exhaust system here is to remove the water vapor and reduce the humidity that caused by the escape of water vapor from all the pumps. It is to prevent condensation of bacteria and the growth of mould in the piping system.

Figure 5.17: A large exhaust fan found in the Gen set room, attached to the external wall of the room which links to a square grille outlet.

The usage of the exhaust fan in this room is to maintain the humidity and also internal room temperature, it helps to remove the heat generated from the machinery out of the room through the exhaust fan.

Analysis and Observation: For what we have observed, only two sets/series of exhaust ductwork been used to remove the stale air from the underground basement which is very obviously not sufficient enough for such a large building. The condition at the basement carpark is not comfortable as well because of the heated air accumulated down there. The exhaust system in the fire sprinkler room is well planned and organized, same goes to the exhaust fan in the gen set room. They are both in good condition and functioning well. Maintenance of once every 3 months need to be done to maintain the quality and efficiency of these system as they are both placed at rooms with critical and important usage.

5.0 MECHANICAL VENTILATION (CASE STUDY)

5.4 Components Fan

a. Propeller fan b. Axial fan

Ductwork a. Cylindrical aluminum ducting b. Galvanized ductwork

Diffuser

Damper a. Fire damper b. Pressure relief damper

a. Circular jet outlet b. Square air diffuser c. Single grille air outlet d. Rainproof louvers air outlet

5.4.1 Fan Fan serves the purpose of removing hot, humid and polluted air, itâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s often used to bring in outdoor air to encourage ventilation and cool the internal spaces of a building. Itâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s one of the important component involved in a mechanical ventilation system in order to complete the air circulation cycle of a system. Besides, fan helps to keep the fresh air circulating within a space.

a. Propeller fan - Usually used without ducting -

Remove large amount of air

Low cost of installation

This propeller fan is found at the fire protection room, it functions as an exhaust fan for the room where it helps to remove the water vapour escaped from the water pump and reduce the humidity in the room to prevent condensation of bacteria and also the growth of mould in the room. Similar fan is also found at the main water supply room which plays the same role as well.

Figure 5.18: The photo shows the exhaust fan installed to the wall.

5.0 MECHANICAL VENTILATION (CASE STUDY)

Exhaust fan found in the elevator control room at the upper floor of IOI Boulevard, itâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s connected to a temperature thermostat, it will be switched on automatically once the detector detected a high temperature in the room. It plays the role of removing the hot air from the control room to prevent overheating of the wire and mechanical components in the room.

Figure 5.19: The photo above is the exhaust fan while the picture below shows the temperature thermostat connected to it.

Propeller fan is installed to the roof top at the central mall, it is part of the exhaust ventilation system where it helps to disperse the stale air accumulated at the public space. Figure 5.20: The fan is installed to the rooftop of the central mall.

Itâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s switched on all the time to encourage the flow of fresh air into the internal spaces.

5.0 MECHANICAL VENTILATION (CASE STUDY)

b. Axial fan - Consist of an impeller with blades of aerofoil section rotating inside a cylindrical casing. -

The axial fan is found to be used at the basement car park of IOI Boulevard, its high speed movement of the blades serves the active cooling purpose.

It removes the heated air away in the basement and draw cooler air over. Itâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s used at the basement carpark in IOI Boulevard as the air movement underground is usually slower and not well circulated, with the high speed rotation of inner blades, hot air can be removed faster hence maintaining the temperature of the underground space.

Air flows in a direction of parallel shaft

Figure 5.21: The photos shows the axial fan at the basement car park.

5.4.2 Ductwork It serves the function of channelling air into a room or out from a room, ductwork comes in different shapes and sizes which will also affect the efficiency and sustainability. They are usually made from aluminium, copper and galvanized materials. Itâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s often connected to the central supply fan or central exhaust fan of the mechanical ventilation system.

5.0 MECHANICAL VENTILATION (CASE STUDY)

a. Cylindrical aluminium ducting

Cylindrical aluminium ducting is seen at the basement carpark, it functions to remove hot air out from the underground space and disperse them to the upper level. Its cylindrical shape works more efficiently as less frictional force is created within the circular shape. Figure 5.22: Cylindrical ductwork found near to the entrance and exit of the basement carpark.

b. Rectangular galvanized ducting

Rectangular ducting made from galvanized material can be seen installed at the back alley of the building. They serve the purpose of channelling air out from the internal space of each unit.

Figure 5.23 and figure 5.24:A series of ductwork can be seen at the back alley of IOI Boulevard, each shop unit has their own mechanical ventilation system installed separately.

5.0 MECHANICAL VENTILATION (CASE STUDY)

The figure above is the ground floor plan of IOI Boulevard, the highlighted area in green shows the location of all the ductwork used by each of the shop units.

5.0 MECHANICAL VENTILATION (CASE STUDY)

5.4.3 Damper Damper is the valve that serves the purpose of regulating the air flow inside a ducting or other air handling equipment. It also help to regulate the internal temperature of a room. The operation time can be controlled with the use of thermostat system.

a. Fire damper

Fire damper can be seen installed at a higher level on the external walls in the stairwell and also each unit of the shops. It is to prevent the fire from spreading out to the building next to it.

Figure 5.25: Fire damper is seen installed at one of the higher ceiling outside of the elevator control room at level 3A.

b. Pressure relief damper

This type of damper is found used at the stairwell besides every shop unit in IOI Boulevard. It acts as a pressure relief damper which helps to reduce the pressure created by the supply ventilation pressured staircases system. Figure 5.26: Pressure relief damper photo taken at Level 1 next to unit staircase.

5.0 MECHANICAL VENTILATION (CASE STUDY)

5.4.4 Diffuser It’s the mechanical devices that usually located at the end of a ductwork system which air is been released from. It’s a typical outlet used for air to release from the connecting ductwork. They come in different sizes and shapes which serve different functions as well.

a. Circular jet outlet

It’s the mechanical components at the end of a ducting, these can be found at the central mall of IOI Boulevard at which they are used to diffuse the air supply coming from the internal ducting that connect to the central supply fan.

Figure 5.27: The photo of circular jet outlet taken at the central mall of IOI Boulevard.

b. Square air diffuser

This particular square air diffuser functions as a medium to supply chilled air into the rooms. It is found in the meeting room of one of the office in IOI Boulevard.

Figure 5.28: The photo taken of the square air diffuser installed on the ceiling in a meeting room of an office.

5.0 MECHANICAL VENTILATION (CASE STUDY)

c. Single grille air outlet

This serves as an outlet for the hot air drew by the exhaust fan in the utility rooms like the telekom room, elevator control room, and electrical supply room in IOI Boulevard to prevent overheating from damaging the mechanical devices in these rooms.

Figure 5.29: This photo is taken outside of the sprinkler room at underground, itâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s connected to the exhaust fan inside.

d. Rainproof louvers air outlet

It also acts as outlet for humid air drew out from the water supply room as well.

As the stairwells are all located in between the shop units, not many openings can be made where these louvers allow the wind flow through the stairwell while providing a more aesthetic exterior faĂ§ade of the stairwell. The louvers used above the escalator at the central mall allows more ventilation down to the underground to maintain the air quality and comfort level beneath.

Figure 5.30: The louvers in the first photo are used to draw in external air naturally to provide ventilation into the stairwell of the building while in the second photo, the louvers encourage more wind flow down along the escalator to the basement parking.

5.0 MECHANICAL VENTILATION (CASE STUDY)

5.5 Conclusion Based on our observations, personal experiences and analysis, the mechanical ventilation system used at IOI Boulevard is at satisfactory. The systems used are more on basic and traditional, the system planning is not done very efficiently as the exhaust ventilation system itself only in the basement carpark is not sufficient enough to maintain the temperature at a comfortable level for the users. The air at the underground is rather stuffy and humid, we believe this is caused by the lack of use of a better and more innovated ventilation system. The type and number of axial fan used were not enough to accommodate the large space of the basement parking. On the other side at the upper floor of the building, the supply air grille/fan ventilation system plays a good role in keeping the central mall ventilated throughout the day. The exhaust system installed to each unit are also working well and in good condition, the ductworks are also arranged in neat and systematic manner along the back alley, the ventilation inside the shop units is much better compared to the other spaces in the building like the carpark and management office. In conclusion, well planned ventilation system with better technology and efficiency can be proposed to be installed in the building for example a balanced ventilation system could be done at the basement to provide better quality of incoming air by filtering them through the system applied.

5.0 MECHANICAL VENTILATION (CASE STUDY)

6.0 Air Conditioning System Case Study in IOI Boulevard 6.1 Introduction IOI Boulevard are separated into three compartment, which are The Palette, retails and office suites. It consists of 5 storeys of retails and office suites and 2 storeys of basement car parks. The building is air conditioned by Chilled Water Air Conditioning System and Air Cooled Split Unit System. Chilled water air conditioning system employs water chillers, which uses water as its refrigerant, remove heat from the water which is circulated through components to absorb heat from the space. Normally chilled water air conditioning system is commonly used in application that need large cooling capacity such as shopping mall, commercial and industrial buildings. Reasons that IOI Boulevard chose this system are because it replace gas refrigerant with water to avoid pollution to the air, so that its environment friendly. It is energy saving as the chiller will not be activated until the temperature of the water reservoir reaches above a certain temperature. Low maintenance required compared to other system as it only requires to replace the filters and during pipe leakage, water lost instead of refrigerant that is harmful to the environment. Visually pleasant because of the absent of the large indoor and outdoor units, replace by diffusers that are mounted to the ceiling. Air cooled multi split units provides no supply of renew fresh air to the interior, the existing indoor air is recycled and recirculated. In every split unit air conditioning system, it consists of an outdoor unit which function as condenser and several indoor units which serves as an evaporator. The outdoor compressor unit pumps and cools the systemâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s refrigerant through the copper lines to the indoor unit. The fan inside the unit turns and distributes the cool air throughout the air. Cool air is heavier than warm air, therefore the cooled air drops, while the warmer air rises. The warm air is retrieved through the indoor unit and removed along with condensation that may have collected inside the unit back out to the compressor through the copper lines. IOI Boulevard adopted split units for the retails because it provide individual control of room temperature settings. It is also energy and cost savings, with individual control it can achieve greater efficiency at lower costs. Aesthetic wise, it has a broad indoor unit that would allow matching of style with any interior space that also allows flexible installation where retails space are limited.

6.0 AIR CONDITIONING SYSTEM (CASE STUDY)

6.2 HVAC Building Automation System (BAS) The chilled water air conditioning system adopted in IOI Boulevard office blocks is designed to operate by BAS. This is to allow the building owners to have more control over the heating or cooling units. The building owner can monitor the system and respond to alarms generated by the system from local or remote locations. The system can be scheduled for occupancy or the configuration can be changed from the BAS. Sometimes the BAS is directly controlling the HVAC components. Depending on the BAS different interfaces can be used. A Building Automation System distributes cooling capacity in the form of chilled water using the computer networking of electronic devices designed to monitor and control the mechanical to multiple building which is necessary for IOI Boulevard that have different blocks of office suite units through a network of pipes for use in process cooling. BAS can read the room temperature, chilled water supply and return temperature, pressure and flow rates. It collects data, perform analysis schedules equipmentâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;sâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; operations and provides interfacing to other services like fire alarm monitoring. The BAS system is adopted because efficient operation of building systems, and reduction in energy consumption and operating costs, and improve life cycle of utilities as compared to traditional air cooled air conditioning system. The BAS controls the A.H.U., chiller plant and distribution network via interfacing wiring connected to the equipment respectively.

6.3 Chilled Water Air Conditioning System Chilled Water Air Conditioning System are serving the office suites units.

Figure 6.1: The photo shows the air diffusers found in the office suites to distribute air from A.H.U.

Figure 6.2: The photo shows the square air diffusers mounted to the ceiling.

6.0 AIR CONDITIONING SYSTEM (CASE STUDY)

6.3.1 Refrigerant cycle Refrigerant cycle begins with the evaporator where a water as a refrigerant flows over the tube bundle of the evaporator and evaporates, absorbing heat from the chilled water circulating through the bundle. The water is then drawn out and flow through the compressor, which raises the pressure of the refrigerant. Then, the refrigerant flows through the condenser where it condenses the vapour to liquid form, giving up its heat to the cooling water. The high pressure refrigerant passes through the expansion device that reduces its pressure and temperature as it enters the evaporator. The refrigerant flows over the chilled water coils absorbing more heat and complete the cycle. The evaporator draws heat from the region that is to be cooled. The vaporized refrigerant goes back to the compressor to restart the cycle.

Figure 6.3: Schematic diagram shows the refrigerant cycle. Source: (â&#x20AC;&#x153;Go Green Heat Solutionsâ&#x20AC;?, 2016).

6.0 AIR CONDITIONING SYSTEM (CASE STUDY)

6.3.2 Air Cycle The air cycle of air conditioning system also involves, A.H.Us. The AHUs are located at the A.H.U room at its respective floors. Conditioned air from the AHU is supplied to the space via a ductwork system, the duct is constructed of rectangular metal sheet. The treated air is distributed and discharged to the space by square ceiling mounted diffusers after flowing through the duct. Air is returned after passing through the ceiling, then it is mixed up with fresh air around the space before entering the cooling coil. Fresh air is drawn into the AHU through an air grille that connects the AHU room to the external building. This fresh air grille can be adjusted manually with a volume control damper which control the amount of fresh air entering the AHU room. Mixture of air is filtered through the air cleaners to remove dust and pollen particles, then further absorb the latent heat inside the space and transferred to the chilled water at the Air Handling Unit, the air is cooled before passing through the diffuser into the supply air duct system. BAS used will monitor the condition of the filter, once the condition of the filter reaches a certain level it will activate the alarm in the system to indicate the need of cleaning filters.

Figure 6.4: Schematic diagram shows the air cycle in a building. Source: (NIDSH, 1991)

6.0 AIR CONDITIONING SYSTEM (CASE STUDY)

6.4 COMPONENTS 6.4.1 Cooling Tower

Figure 6.5: The figure shows the elevation of the building with the indication of cooling tower location. Source: IOI Boulevard.

Cooling towers are heat rejection device used to transfer heat to the atmosphere. Cooling towers in IOI Boulevard used to evaporation of water to reject the process heat and the working water is cooled to be pumped to the refrigeration machine where it cools the condenser coil. TX-S series cooling towers are employed in IOI Boulevard located at the rooftop. It is an induced draft cross-flow, film filled, FRP multi-cell rectangular cooling tower designed for the equipment cooling. Its design saves space, light weight, blends easily with architectural designs and offers low operating costs. ("TX Series S Class", 2016)

Figure 6.6: The photo shows the cooling tower.

Figure 6.7: shows the view into the cooling tower.

6.0 AIR CONDITIONING SYSTEM (CASE STUDY)

6.4.2 Fan assembly and Air inlet louvers The fan assembly is used to draw or force the air through the tower. The draft of air generated cools down the water inside the tower. The air inlet louvers and screen used for this type of cooling tower is to contain the recirculating water effectively and reduces the formation of algae inside the cooling tower. With the two pass louver system, the water droplets are captured on the inward sloping pass, eliminating splash out problems. The louver design also block the water away from sunlight to eliminate the risk of algae formation and evaporation of water. Eventually, the maintenance and treatment cost are substantially reduced.

Figure 6.8: Shows the view of fan assembly inside the cooling tower.

Figure 6.9: Air inlet louvers outside the cooling tower.

6.4.3 Condenser Water Pump Unit

Figure 6.10: The figure shows the elevation of the building with the indication of condenser water pump unit location. Source: IOI Boulevard.

6.0 AIR CONDITIONING SYSTEM (CASE STUDY)

A set of device by using mechanical forces to move the condenser water. The condenser water pump unit connects the chiller to the cooling tower by supply and return piping. Water cooled in the tower is transfer to the chiller, which add heat to the water and send back to the tower to repeat the process again.

Figure 6.11: The photo shows the condenser water pump unit.

6.4.4 Water tanks

Figure 6.12: The figure shows the elevation of the building with the indication of water tanks location. Source: IOI Boulevard.

6.0 AIR CONDITIONING SYSTEM (CASE STUDY)

Water make up tank is located beside the cooling tower at the rooftop. This is to adopt condenser water system if there are any water loss due to cooling tower operation and others. The water supplied from the tank is being supplied to the cooling tower basin. And for the expansion tank, it is utilize in the close piping system that adopted in the IOI Boulevard, it is to allow water expansion and contraction due to the changes in temperature therefore, density changes. It is made up of Fiberglass Reinforced Polyester (FRP), and a PVC tubing for level indication and pipe connecting to the chilled water return pipe.

Figure 6.13: Photo shows the water tank located on the rooftop.

6.4.5 Chillers

Figure 6.14: The plan shows basement plan with the indication of the plant room. Source: IOI Boulevard.

6.0 AIR CONDITIONING SYSTEM (CASE STUDY)

Device that removes heat from a liquid via absorption refrigeration cycle, it consists of evaporator, compressor and condenser, it cooled down the water flow through pipes in buildings, as well as cooling down the building. Aqua edge 19XR single stage series chillers are used in IOI Boulevard, it is a high-efficiency semi hermetic centrifugal chiller, and it was chose based on its low energy consumption during part load and full load operation and low maintenance cost. They are located in the chiller plant room at the basement, the chiller units are switched on during the day as the AC would be cut off during the night, it is also to reduce energy consumption because there will be no heat flow of human and sun light during the night as the office blocks are closed at night, unlike the split units used in the retails that would switched on at different timing. (America, 2016)

Figure 6.15: Photo shows Chiller located in the plant room.

6.4.6 Chilled Water Pump Unit

Figure 6.16: The plan shows basement plan with the indication of the chilled water plant unit. Source: IOI Boulevard.

6.0 AIR CONDITIONING SYSTEM (CASE STUDY)

The system used in IOI Boulevard include normal pumps and valves located beside the chiller. It functions to return warm water to the chiller and also pumps the chilled water to every A.H.U room. The pressure gauge enables visual verification of the state of the water refrigerant in the water line, upstream of the thermostatic expansion valve. It also enables the detection of humidity in the circuit.

Figure 6.17: Condensed and chilled water supply/ return collects the water from A.H.U and sent to cooling tower.

Figure 6.18: Pressure gauge and temperature sensor is placed at the pump unit

6.4.7 Control Unit

Figure 6.19: The plan shows basement plan with the indication of the control unit. Source: IOI Boulevard.

Chilled water system is determined by a series of controls. It is located beside the chiller plant room, a small room accommodating all the control units. The chilled 6.0 AIR CONDITIONING SYSTEM (CASE STUDY)

water system is controlled by BAS system. The control for the chiller is automated which monitor and control the operation system of the condenser water pump, chilled water pump and cooling tower. In order to start up the system, first of all, start the chiller. Once the chiller are signalled, the motorized valve of the cooling tower will be switched on, then the contact is activated. After the activation, the condenser water pump will start. Once the chiller detects a flow in the chilled water system, it will start automatically. Then, the fan assembly for the cooling tower will start. After the water system is in operation, it will regulate the compressor to full or partially load based on total cooling load required based on the demand.

Figure 6.20: The photo shows the Control unit for Building Automation System.

Figure 6.21: The photo shows the Individual control panel.

6.4.8 Air Handling Unit (A.H.U.) An Air Handling unit is a packaged component that is found in both all-air and air-water HVAC systems. The basic function of it is to take in outside air, re-condition it and supply it as fresh air to a building. When all the exhaust air are removed, it creates an acceptable indoor air quality. Although AHUs are typically selected from a manufacturerâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s catalogue and delivered to the site as a unit, a large HVAC systems may use built up AHUs that are custom designed and assembled for a given project.

Figure 6.22: The photo shows the air handling unit in the mechanical room.

6.0 AIR CONDITIONING SYSTEM (CASE STUDY)

The A.H.U in IOI Boulevard is situated in the mechanical room, where supply duct, return duct and chilled water ducts can be found. There is also a control box (fig 6.17) installed with pumps, which controls and monitors the operation of A.H.U, which detects the air flow rate using the common control components including temperature sensors, humidity sensors, sail switched, motors and controllers. When the air flow rate is enough to maintain the temperature, it will signal the building management system, thus reduce the air flow to conserve energy.

Figure 6.23: the photo shows the control panel in mechanical room.

The size of Air Handling Unit is normally designed based on the building scale. In our case study building, a medium size AHU unit is used due to the open air building layout which doesnâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;t require much active cooling system.

Figure 6.24 Figure 6.25 Figure above shows the Ground and first floor plan of IOI Boulevard and the location of the mechanical room. Source: IOI Boulevard

An A.H.U is normally placed at each floor to ensure sufficient air supply to the shop lots around the place. It is kept inside the mechanical room together with ductwork and diffusers. There are different types of configuration for an A.H.U such as incline, double deck, side by side, U-shaped and L-shaped. In our case study, the A.H.U is an Inclined- supply mixed air.

6.0 AIR CONDITIONING SYSTEM (CASE STUDY)

Figure 6.26 shows the A.H.U section of inclined- supply mixed air. (Source: (â&#x20AC;&#x153;Eclimate Notebookâ&#x20AC;?, 2016).

Depending upon project needs, an air handling unit will normally include a fan, a filter and a cooling coil (when cooling is required), as basic requirement. Air handling unit (AHU) comprises of:

6.4.8.1 Air Filter An air filter is used to clean the incoming air by filtering out the pollen particles, dust and air pollutants before releasing to the air in order to protect the fan and coil in the A.H.U unit. The filters in IOI Boulevard is replaced regularly to ensure proper function of the system. Keeping the systen ckeab can improve the efficiency of the entire system. In our case study, fiberglass material is used due to its lower in cost. These disposable fiberglass consist of a one-inch-thick sheet of spun fiberglass providing maximum airflow while catchinf lint dust and large debris. However, these filters do not improve air cleanliness. Layered fiberglasses are reinforced with metal grating that supports the fiberglass to prevent failure and collapse. (Winterland, 2009)

Figure 6.27

Figure 6.28

6.0 AIR CONDITIONING SYSTEM (CASE STUDY)

Figure 6.27 and 6.28 shows the Fiberglass Filter used in the air handling unit.

6.4.8.2 Blower Fans

Figure 6.29 shows Blower Fan.

The blower fans are used to circulate the air in the system. A blower is in an Air Handling unit, placed at the beginning and end of the AHU and the ductwork. It is often augmented by fans in returning air duct, pushing the air into A.H.U to cool down again. A thermometer is found inside to control the blower fan so that it will turn on when the temperature is increasing.

6.4.9 Ductwork and Diffusers Ductwork is the collective name for the air distribution conduits used in HVAC system. It contain supply air from an air handling unit to the terminal through diffusers (delivery devices within the zones); return air (being recycled from a zone back to the AHU); outdoor air (being brought into a building to assist with IAQ); exhaust air (being channelled out of the building for IAQ or pressurebalance purposes); and relief air (return air that is not currently needed for system balance and is being conducted to the outdoors). (MnEEB, 2015) The ducts are series of sectioned conduits, or tubes, manufactured from tin, or sheet metal, fiberglass or flexible plastics. In our case study, tin air duct is used.

6.0 AIR CONDITIONING SYSTEM (CASE STUDY)

Figure 6.30

Figure 6.31

Figure 6.30 and 6.31: The photo shows the supply ductwork which brings in the fresh air from outside to the A.H.U, and return ductwork which recycle air from a shopping lots back to A.H.U.

Figure 6.32: The photo shows diffusers located on the ceiling of delivery zone.

Silhouette diffusers are commonly seen in the interior of IOI Boulevard. This rectangular diffusers are the most common one installed around the perimeter of a room. The blades are fixed and the trim sits below the ceiling line.

6.0 AIR CONDITIONING SYSTEM (CASE STUDY)

Figure 6.33

Figure 6.34

Figure 6.27 and 6.28: The plan shows Ground floor and second floor plan with the indication of the silhouette diffusers. Source: IOI Boulevard.

Whether to place an A.H.U envelope or outside the envelope is worthy of consideration. The decision can substantively impact energy efficiency and maintainability. Units for interior installation (in a mechanical room) is chosen for this building because it provides adequate access for regular maintenance, refurbishment, and ultimate replacement for unit in each floor. Other than that, placing an AHU indoor could also get to the safest reasonable solution that will still allow building to be effectively utilize in ways that are both efficient and safe as the wall has been well treated with fire-resistance rated barrier.

. According to UBBL section 41(2) Mechanical ventilation and air-conditioning. Any application for the waiver of the relevant by-laws shall only be considered if in addition to the permanent air-conditioning system there is provided alternative approved means of ventilating the air-conditioned system failing, not less than the stipulated volume of fresh air specified hereinafter shall be introduced into the enclosure during the period when the air-conditioning system is not functioning.

6.0 AIR CONDITIONING SYSTEM (CASE STUDY)

6.5 AIR COOLED MULTI SPLIT UNIT SYSTEM The multi split unit system consists of an outdoor unit which can connects up 5 indoor units. It forces heated and cooled air through ducts that then deliver it to various parts of the space via registers. Ductless multi split systems don't use ducts at all. Instead, one or more outdoor units are mounted outside the home, and one or more indoor blower units are installed inside it. Suction lines, refrigerant lines and power cables run between the indoor and outdoor components. At the very most, small holes must be drilled into walls to make these connections. Indoor units may be mounted high up on walls, on ceilings or on floors. Multi split systems may be controlled by remote temp controls for added convenience. This not only optimizes comfort but saves on running costs by only heating or cooling rooms as required. Retails, management office, security rooms and some services room are air conditioned by Air Cooled Multi Split Unit System.

Figure 6.35: Air cooled multi split units in management office of IOI Boulevard.

Figure 6.37: Split unit located inside Telekom room.

Figure 6.36: Air cooled multi split units in retails in IOI Boulevard.

Figure 6.38: Split unit located inside the garbage disposal room.

6.0 AIR CONDITIONING SYSTEM (CASE STUDY)

6.5.1 Outdoor unit The outdoor unit is usually located in the rear or side the retails in IOI Boulevard, all the outdoor units were secured by cages to prevent from stealing. The outdoor unit is where the heat from inside the shop lots is dispersed. It contains the compressor, condenser coil and a fan. The heat absorbed from your homeâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s air is transferred to the refrigerant and then pumped to the outdoor unit. As this heat is absorbed and moved by the refrigerant to the outdoor coil, it passes through the compressor. The compressor in the air conditioning system has the primary job of moving the refrigerant throughout the system. This is important as the refrigerant can be reuse to cool the space. The refrigerant is compressed to a higher pressure, and moved through the outdoor coil known as the condenser. As the refrigerant passes through the condenser, a fan delivers ambient air across the condenser coil causing it to cool. As the process completes, the heat from the inside is dispersed to the air outside, rear alley of the retailsâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; blocks. The refrigerant is then pumped back indoors and the whole process repeats.

Figure 6.39: The photo shows the Outdoor unit outside the retails were secured by cages.

Figure 6.40: Outdoor unit at the basement car park for the Telekom room to prevent overheating.

The outdoor units located behind the alley was to maintain the aesthetic of the retails blocks themselves because it would not be appealing to have large amount of outdoor unit to be located at the front where people approach to the units. For thermal wise, the heat discharged by the outdoor units creates an uncomfortable environment as the temperature of the surroundings rise and obstruct the comfort of the users of the retails. 6.5.2 Indoor unit It is the indoor unit that produces the cooling effect inside the room or the office. There is a great variety of choice of indoor unit being launched in the market nowadays. The indoor unit houses the evaporator coil or the cooling coil, a long blower and the filter. After passing from the expansion coil, the chilled Freon fluid enters the cooling coil. The blower sucks the hot, humid 6.0 AIR CONDITIONING SYSTEM (CASE STUDY)

and filtered air from the room and it blows it over the cooling coil. As the air passes over cooling coil its temperature reduces drastically and also loses the excess moisture. The cool and dry air enters the room and maintains comfortable conditions of around 25-27 degree Celsius as per the requirements. According to UBBL Third schedule, section 41(2) Mechanical ventilation and air-conditioning. The air inlet should be at high level with extraction points at low level. Recirculation arrangements should not be provided. The incoming air should be filtered and air conditioned (the temperature being capable of adjustment with mechanical requirement within the range 20 â&#x20AC;&#x201C; 24 degree Celsius). Control over humidity of the air in the rooms should be provided to ensure that it will be within the range of 55% to 65%.

Figure 6.41: Different types of indoor units are adopted in one of the retails.

Figure 6.42: Same type of indoor units are adopted in one of the retails.

There are a lot of choice of indoor units launched in the market nowadays, based on different location and needs, the specific units can have their own choice of design for the specific space. For example in one of the organic shop visited, it uses three different types of indoor units which are wall mounted unit, ceiling cassette unit and ceiling suspended unit. The retail based on the space requirement to select the units, while for the cafĂŠ shown in figure 6.36, it used only ceiling cassette unit in the retail itself which shows that the large range of options of indoor units fulfill the requirement for different space usage.

6.0 AIR CONDITIONING SYSTEM (CASE STUDY)

6.6 Conclusion

The air conditioning system planned in IOI Boulevard are well designed, because it uses chilled water air conditioning system for the office blocks and multi split unit system for the retails’ blocks according to respective needs. The market of multi split air conditioning system is rapidly increasing, it provides a lot of advantages:       

Cost effectiveness. Split air conditioning systems work well in situations where rooms only need to be cooled at certain times. It complied the needs of the individual unit that only required in the spaces where it’s needed and when it’s needed. Cost on its own. The individual retails will take care of their own electric bills based on their usage instead of sharing the maintenance and electric bills with the other retails which might cause a problem for retails that use for different duration. Easy installation. Since there is no ductwork to install, the units are easy to set up. The indoor unit can be away from the outdoor condenser, yet the only space required is a small hole in a wall for the copper tubing and control wiring. Easy maintenance because have washable filters and require only routine cleaning periodically. Outdoor units are designed for easy access for maintenance and repair. Simple control. Split units come with a remote control, and temperature control is easy and convenient. Visual aesthetic brought out by different types of indoor units that blend well into indoor decor. There is no need to block your windows, either. The outdoor components can be installed under a window or near a patio without disturbing anyone. Quiet operation. The indoor units of these systems are typically quiet enough for individual businesses.

There are several disadvantages that need to be reconsidered. 



Costs of maintenance and application will alter by time, because certain series of spare parts would not be available due to replacement of new technologies. It is estimated that purchasing and installing these air conditioners is twice as expensive as installing a window or wall air conditioner and 30% higher than installing central air conditioning. Installation of the split system air conditioners is also not easy. It need to have an HVAC professional to do the installation, otherwise it may cause wastage of more energy and improper temperature control.

And Chilled water air conditioning system adopted for office blocks also provide quite an amount of benefits to the office blocks, such as: 

Cost Effectiveness, chilled water cooling system can save energy costs by utilizing the latest high-efficiency equipment. Water is better at absorbing heat than air, plus it is plentiful and cheap; eliminating the need to use costly refrigerants can contribute greatly to the overall cost savings.

6.0 AIR CONDITIONING SYSTEM (CASE STUDY)

 

Safety, it is fundamentally safe compared to chilled air system due to the use of non-toxic, chemically-stable water as the refrigerant; chillers don’t require that potentially-hazardous refrigerants be circulated throughout a building in close proximity to occupants. Quiet operation, another advantage offered by chillers is they operate at much quieter levels than air cooling systems. The flow of water through the system is less susceptible to the expansion and contraction that causes air to affect mechanical components such as ducts and vents.

But there are also disadvantages that we should keep in mind, like: 



Cost for installation and maintenance. Chillers utilize external cooling towers to transfer heat to the atmosphere, and these structures can be costly to build. They don’t need to be located immediately adjacent to the building that holds the operational machinery, but they do utilize valuable real estate which adds to the cost. Leaks are likely to be a problem for chilled water air conditioning system compared to the multi split unit system used in retails because it used a refrigerant based system compared to split unit that required a relatively small amount of refrigerant compared to the centralized system.

In conclusion, the HVAC Building Automation System and Air Cooled Multi Split Unit System of IOI Boulevard has complied with all the By Laws stated in UBBL section 41 which are the guild lines for mechanical ventilation and air conditioning set by the government to be followed by blocks. With sufficient facilities and regular maintenance planned and designed for the retails and office blocks, this ensure the thermal comfort of the environment in IOI Boulevard.

6.0 AIR CONDITIONING SYSTEM (CASE STUDY)

7.0 Mechanical Ventilation System Case Study in IOI Boulevard 7.0 Introduction

Figure 7.1 Diagram of fire combustion Source: (Fire Triangle, 2016)

Fire is a chemical reaction known as combustion. It is defined by the rapid oxidation of a combustible material accompanied by release of energy in the form of heat. In order for ignition to occur, the presence of both a fuel and a heat energy source is required. When the two come together, with the appropriate proportions, either by a lack of separation or by some type of active interaction, a fire occurs. (Cuthbert, 2015) The probability of occurrence of ignition within a room or a compartment depends upon a number of parameters, including: 1. Heat or ignition sources present and the available ignition energy; 2. Flash point of flammable liquids in the compartment; 3. Flammability limit of combustible vapours released from the fuel; 4. Ignitability characteristics of fuels that are near ignition sources; 5. Critical temperatures of materials in the compartment; 6. Separation or arrangement of fuels and heat sources; 7. Building management characteristics (housekeeping, maintenance, inspection, training and security of the building). During its life, a fire goes through four distinct stages, usually characterized in terms of the average temperature of compartment gases: fire initiation or ignition which is defined as the onset of combustion; the pre-flashover or growth period during which the fire is localized to a few burning objects; the post-flashover or fully-developed stage during which the fire engulfs the whole compartment; and the decay stage. The transition from the growth stage to the fully-developed stage is known as flashover. These typical fire stages are shown in Figure. Fire protection consist of methods to prevent fire from turning destructive and also to minimize the impact of the uncontrolled fire to reduce harm or damage. (George V, 2008)

Figure 7.0.2 Diagram chart of Fire Combustion Source: (Los Angeles Fire Dept, 2008)

7.0 FIRE PROTECTION SYSTEM (CASE STUDY)

7.1 IOI Boulevard Fire Protection System Overview

Figure 7.2 Site view of IOI Boulevard

IOI Boulevard is a commercial building with hundredths of shop lot units. It houses mostly offices with restaurants and merchants at the ground floor. Restaurant in IOI Boulevard poses the highest risk for fire but under well maintenance IOI boulevard has no history of fire since its opening. The road around IOI Boulevard is congested at peak hours, this will slow down the time of fire trucks and personnel to react in the event of fire. The fire hydrants surrounding the building are sometimes blocked by illegally parked car, causing delay of rescue if fire indeed breaks out. The nearest fire department station is 1.2km away, around 3 minutes of reaction time to save and rescue. Being a big sized building with integrated shop lots and offices, IOI Boulevard has quite a complete array of active and passive fire protection system.

7.0 FIRE PROTECTION SYSTEM (CASE STUDY)

7.2 Active Fire Protection Active fire protection is the process of protecting a building from fire with methods that use the action of moving parts. These systems can be automatic, or operated manually, but they require some sort of action in order to work. There are some examples of active fire protection would be building sprinkler systems and fire alarm systems. These systems are an extremely important part of protecting property and the lives of the people within. In the following diagram show the progress of how active fire protections are worked and proceeded in IOI Boulevard:

7.0 FIRE PROTECTION SYSTEM (CASE STUDY)

7.2.1 Smoke Detector

Figure 7.3 Smoke Detector found in IOI Boulevard

Figure 7.4 Diagram of Smoke Detector details Source: (Fire Detection system, 2000)

Authority requires every big building to provide smoke detector for fire protection active design for safety requirement. Smoke detectors are mostly placed on the ceiling that beneath the basement area, which are parking area in IOI Boulevard. The fire alarm control panel will be automatically triggered when detectors has sensed smoke in that particular room and area. There are two types of smoke detector, Ionization Detector & Photoelectric Detector. For our case study, which is IOI Boulevard, Ionization Detector is used for whole building. In an Ionization smoke detector, there is an ionization chamber with two plates. The battery will then send voltage to these plates, charging one of them positive and the other one negative. When smoke enters in between these plates, it disrupts the ionization process between the 2 plates, cutting off the current between these two plates, triggering the alarm. According to UBBL 1984 Section 153: Smoke detectors for lift lobbies. (1) All lift lobbies shall be provided with smoke detectors. (2) Lift not opening into a smoke lobby shall not use door reopening devices controlled by light beam or photo-detectors unless incorporated with a force close feature which after thirty seconds of any interruption of the beam causes the door to close within a preset time.

7.0 FIRE PROTECTION SYSTEM (CASE STUDY)

7.2.3 Covered Smoke

Figure 7.5 Covered Smoke for Smoke Detector

Some rooms in IOI Boulevard consist a lot of dust and smoke such as Restaurant shoplots and car workshops which requires cover for smoke detector, its function is to prevent the smoke detector from activating due to presence of excessive dust and smoke. Analysis The law states that each shop lot unit in IOI Boulevard require at least one smoke detector. The smoke detectors are also installed at the entrance. IOI Boulevard is a smoke free area, occupants are not allowed to smoke indoors or else it might trigger the smoke detector. The smoke detectors are mostly installed indoors side by side with sprinkler unit to put out fire at first instance.

Figure 7.6 Location of Smoke Detectors in Ground Floor Plan. Source: IOI Boulevard

7.0 FIRE PROTECTION SYSTEM (CASE STUDY)

7.2.4 Triggers

Figure 7.7 Break Glass Alarm Trigger

Figure 7.8 Location of Trigger in emergency exit. Source: IOI Boulevard

There are two types of triggers, break glass alarm and also manual call point, it can be found at emergency evacuation route, nearby corridor, emergency staircase and exit door in IOI Boulevard. The occupants have to break the protective glass and press the button inside it. It is easy for the occupants to trigger the emergency alarm to alert other people to escape. By breaking the glass and pressing the button, it will activate the trigger which will send a warning signal to the central control panel to cut off the electricity power supply, and ringing the alarms to warn the nearby people. Analysis Break glass alarms are usually placed at the stairs to easily allow people to trigger the break glass when there is fire emergency. Especially on those hotel room floors, the fire alarm break glass are specially prepared in the emergency staircase.

Figure 7.9 Location of Triggers in Ground Floor Plan. Source: IOI Boulevard 7.0 FIRE PROTECTION SYSTEM (CASE STUDY)

7.2.5 Fire Intercom System

Figure 7.10 Fire Intercom

Figure 7.11 Placement of Fire Intercom in emergency exit.

There are one Fire Intercom System presents in each emergency escape of the building. The fire Intercom System will connect the line to the fire control room. When the Fire Intercom System receives a call, the alert lamp will flash at the Master Control Panel and an audible signal can be heard. To turn off the audible signal, simply lift the Remote Handset. There is also a Fault Indicator Unit, which is used to indicate the type of fault from the Master Control Panel. When the master control console has no incoming call, there will be an outgoing call straight to the fire station. Fire station will have to contact the fire control room immediately to contact to the management office. Analysis The fire intercom system are mostly placed at the staircase, in any case of emergency, immediate alert can be sent to the master console via telecom, the occupants does not have to travel all the way to the security room to alert the securities. It is an efficient way of declaring emergency in the event of fire.

Figure 7.12 Location of fire intercom system in Ground Floor Plan

7.0 FIRE PROTECTION SYSTEM (CASE STUDY)

7.2.6 Alarm Bell

Figure 7.13 Fire Alarm Bell

Figure 7.14 Placement of Fire Alarm Bell in emergency exit.

According to UBBL 1984 Section 237: Fire alarms. (1) Fire alarms shall be provided in accordance with the Tenth Schedule to these By-laws. (2) All premises and buildings with gross floor area excluding car park and storage areas exceeding 9290 square meters or exceeding 30.5 meters in height shall be provided with a two stage alarm system with evacuation (continuous signal) to be given immediately in the affected section of the premises while an alert (intermittent signal) be given in adjoining section. (3) Provision shall be made for the general evacuation of the premises by action of a master control. The alarm bell is a device that creates loud alert sound. Its functions by means of an electromagnet, consisting of coils of insulated wire wound round iron rods. Once electric is applied, the current will flow through the coils. The rods will then become magnetic and attract a piece of iron attached to a clapper. Once the clapper hits the bell, it will create a repetitive loud ringing sound to alert occupants of emergency. Each shop lot unit is equipped with an alarm system near the main entrance.

Figure 7.15 Location of fire alarm bell in Ground Floor Plan.

7.0 FIRE PROTECTION SYSTEM (CASE STUDY)

7.2.7 Main Fire Control Panel

Figure 7.17 Main Fire Control Panel

The Central Command Center also named as Fire Alarm Control Panel or Fire Alarm Control Unit, is the system panel of a fire alarm system in IOI Boulevard. It control and receive information and data from all the sensors designed to identify changes related to fire, monitors their functioning integrity and provides for automatic control of equipment, and transmission of data needed to prepare the facility for fire based on a programmed order. The center can also supply electricity to activate any connected sensor, transmitter, control or relay.

7.0 FIRE PROTECTION SYSTEM (CASE STUDY)

7.2.8 Fire Hydrant

Figure 7.18 Fire Hydrant found near IOI Boulevard

Figure 7.19 Details drawings of Fire Hydrant. Source: (Madehow, 2013)

The Fire Hydrant allows firefighters to gain water supply easily and efficiently for firefighting purposes. The fire hydrant is usually installed at the open space area, so that it will be convenient for firefighter to utilize the hydrant during emergency. Firefighters will first connect a hose to the hydrant, the valve is then opened to of the hydrant to release high pressured water to blast out. The water from the fire hydrant can be further pressurized for longer distance water shooting, firefighters will connect the hose to a fire truck which contains pump, and the pump will then boost the water pressure, causing pressurized water to shoot out from the hose attached to the truck.

Figure 7.20 Picture depicting Fire hose attaching to fire truck from water hydrant. Source: (Alamy, 2008)

Figure 7.21 Picture depicting how car parked near to water hydrant will inhibit firemenâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s work Source: (Dan Shevlin, 2005)

7.0 FIRE PROTECTION SYSTEM (CASE STUDY)

Analysis In this case study, the distance between each water hydrant is averagely 20m. The water hydrant surrounds IOI Boulevard, allowing firemen to access to water at all points. Most of the hydrants are placed at the end of every lane so that it is easy for firefighter to find and utilize it efficiently. But the road around IOI Boulevard is congested at peak hours, the fire hydrants are also too close to car parks, causing blockage of accessing the water if the car park too close.

Figure 7.22 Location of Fire Hydrant in Ground Floor Plan.

According to UBBL 1984 Section 225: Detecting and extinguishing fire. (1) Every building shall be provided with means of detecting and extinguishing fire and with fire alarms together with illuminated exit signs in accordance with the requirements as specified in the Tenth Schedule to these By-laws. (2) Every building shall be served by at least one fire hydrant located not more than 91.5 metres from the nearest point of fire brigade access. (3) Depending on the size and location of the building and the provision of access for fire Appliances, additional fire hydrant shall be provided as may be required by the Fire Authority.

7.0 FIRE PROTECTION SYSTEM (CASE STUDY)

7.2.9 Pump Controlling System

Figure 7.23 Fire Pump Room

Figure 7.24 Location of Fire Pump Room in Lower Ground Floor Plan Source: IOI Boulevard

The pump controlling system in IOI Boulevard uses diesel to run and operate instead of electricity because electricity might not work during a fire. The pumps will then pump the water stored in the tank to all sprinklers and wet risers. Types of Pumps found in water pump room: Jockey Pump

The Jockey Pump usually are connect and work together with a Fire Pump. Hence, to prevent the Fire Pump from running all the time, Jockey Pump is there to maintain and control a certain amount of pressure by elevating it to a specific level when not in used. The Jockey Pump will also prevent water drainage during a fire emergency when water rushes into the pipe.

Figure 7.25 Jockey Pump

Figure 7.26 Automatic Jokey Pump Process

Figure 7.27 Detail drawings of Jockey Pump

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Duty Pump

Duty Pump pressurizes the water in the system in order to maintain the system in running order when the pressure pipe goes down. However, in case of a fault where duty pump fails to work, the Standby Pump will be activated automatically.

Figure 7.28 Duty Pump

Standby Pump

Functions the same as the Duty Pump. When the Duty Pump is under maintenance or stop working, the Standby Pump will act as a backup. Usually the Standby Pump can be controlled by a control panel where it can be switched off manually.

Figure 7.29 Standby Pump

Control Valve

Control valve is located at the primary water pipe. It controls the flow of water from the pumps.

Figure 7.30 Control Valve

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7.2.10 Water Tank & Suction Tank

Figure 7.31 Water Tank for Fire Fighting

The Water Tank stores the water which provide by the government SYABAS for all the existing sprinklers and wet risers in the building. The water level indicate the level of water in the water tank to ensure there is enough capacity of water inside in case for emergency usage. During a fire emergency, when the sprinklers are triggered, water will be transferred from the suction tank to the pumps and the pumps will pressurize the water to all the sprinklers. Similarly, the wet riser tank also stores water enough for all the wet risers. When the wet risers are turned on, the water will flow to the pumps, pressurized upwards to the wet riser, supplying water to those that are activated. According to UBBL 1984 Section 247: Water storage. (1) Water storage capacity and water flow rate for firefighting systems and installations shall be provided in accordance with the scale as set out in the Tenth Schedule to these By-laws. (2) Main water storage tanks within the building, other than for hose reel systems, shall be located at ground, first or second basement levels, with fire brigade pumping inlet connections accessible to fire appliances. (3) Storage tanks for automatic sprinkler installations where full capacity is provided without need for replenishment shall be exempted from the restrictions in their location.

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7.2.11 Wet Riser and Hose Reel system

Figure 7.32 Placement of Hose Reel in shop lot unit Source: IOI boulevard

Figure 7.33 Hose Reel found at the back staircase

The hose reel is found at the back of the shop lot unit, nearing the fire staircase. Occupants of the building can use it for firefighting at the early stages of fire. It is connected to the wet riser which is fully pressurized at all times for emergency usage

According to UBBL 1984 Section 248: Marking on wet riser, etc. (1) Wet risers, dry risers, sprinkler and other fire installation pipes and fittings shall be painted red. (2) All cabinets and areas recessed in walls for location of fire installations and extinguishers shall be clearly identified to the satisfaction of the Fire Authority or otherwise clearly identified. According to UBBL 1984 Section 231: Installation and testing of wet rising system. (1) Wet rising systems shall be provided in every building in which the topmost floor is more than 30.5 meters above fire appliance access level. (2) A hose connection shall be provided in each firefighting access lobby. (3) Wet risers shall be of minimum 152.4 millimeters diameter and shall be hydrostatically tested at a pressure 50% above the working pressure required and not less than 14 bars for at least twenty-four hours. (4) Each wet riser outlet shall comprise standard 63.5 millimeters instantaneous coupling Fitted with a hose of not less than 38.1 millimeters diameter equipped with an approved typed cradle and a variable for nozzle. (5) A wet riser shall be provided in every staircase which extends from the ground floor level to the roof and shall be equipped with a three-way 63.5 millimeters outlets above the roof line. (6) Each stage of the wet riser shall not exceed 61 meters, unless expressly permitted by D.G.F.S but in no case exceeding 70.15 meters.

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Analysis The fire Hose Reel is a very important component which is intended for the users of the building. All the hose reels can actually deliver much more water than portable extinguishers, and given that it contains a large amount of water source makes it a key device that could save many lives and the building in a fire system. The hose length should be at least 45 meters made of reinforced rubber. The hose reel can be found along the corridors at the back fire staircase.

Figure 7.34 Location of Hose Reel System in Ground Floor Plan.

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7.2.12 Sprinkler

Figure 7.35 Upright Sprinkler

Figure 7.36 Diagram of how Sprinkler function. Source: (NFPA, 2015)

According to UBBL 1984 Section 226: Automatic system for hazardous occupancy. Where hazardous processes, storage or occupancy are of such character as to require automatic sprinklers or other automatic extinguishing system, it shall be of a type and standard appropriate to extinguish fires in the hazardous materials stored or handled or for the safety of the occupants. There are actually two types of sprinkler provide in IOI Boulevard, which are Upright Sprinkler and Recessed pendant sprinkler that placed at different area for different uses. Wet pipe sprinkler systems are installed in basement car park than all other types of fire sprinkler systems because they are the most reliable. They are simple, with the only operating components being the automatic sprinkler heads. The water is supplied by the sprinkler tank located in the water pump room. 7.2.13 Upright Sprinkler Water is projected upwards from the Upright Sprinkler and has a built in deflector that deflects water downwards. Water is sprayed in a circle motion because of to the deflector. The Upright Sprinklers are usually built in inaccessible areas such as mechanical room that contains obstructions such as ducts or areas that are lack of ceiling for the pipe to be built into. IOI Boulevard uses automatic upright sprinkler which is activated by heat. The flames will burn off the rubber valve in the sprinkler head, causing the pressurized water to eject out.

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Figure 7.37 Location of Upright Sprinklers in Lower Ground Plan.

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7.2.14 Recessed Pendant Sprinkler

Figure 7.38 Recessed Pendant Sprinkler

Figure 7.39 Details of Recessed Pendant Sprinkler

The Recessed Pendant Sprinkler shoots water downwards from the ceiling and shoots out water in a circle motion (just like Upright Sprinkler). These types of sprinklers are much more common and are used in almost any type of rooms that are accessible such as office, hotel room, and the lobby. Since the Recessed Pendant Sprinkler is built on the ceiling, the connecting pipes will be hidden in the ceiling to avoid unattractive appearance. IOI Boulevard installs these recessed sprinkler at public corridors and also interior of the shop lot units.

Figure 7.40 Location of Recessed Pendant Sprinkler in Ground floor Plan. Source: IOI Boulevard

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7.2.15 Fire Sprinkler Control Valve (Alarm Gong System)

Figure 7.41 Sprinkler Alarm

Figure 7.42 Alarm Gong System

According to UBBL 1984 Section 228: Sprinkles valves. (1) Sprinkler valves shall be located in a safe and enclosed position on the exterior wall and shall be readily accessible to the Fire Authority. (2) All sprinkler systems shall be electricity connected to the nearest fire station to provide Immediate and automatic relay of the alarm when activated. During a fire, the water pressure in the fire system will increase as long as the pumps are working. Once the water pressure reaches a certain point, the Alarm Gong that is connected to the system will detect it, and then it will send an alarm to alert the nearest Fire Station about the fire. The Fire Sprinkler Control Valve is attached to the Suction Tank and the pipes to all the sprinklers exist in the building. It is used to switch on or off the existing sprinklers. Occasionally the technicians in IOI Boulevard will turn the sprinklers for inspection purposes, the control valve will be activated.

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Figure 7.43 Alarm gong system working Source: (Potter, 2016)

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7.2.16 Carbon Dioxide Suppression System

Figure 7.44 Carbon Dioxide Suppression System found in Telekom room

Figure 7.45 Details Diagram of Carbon Dioxide Suppression System Source: (G. Jean, 2009)

In IOI Boulevard, Carbon Dioxide Fire Suppression system is used for fire protection in sensitive areas. Pressurized Carbon Dioxide and Halon are stored in all the cylinder tanks. They are usually installed in facilities room such as mechanical room and electrical room that consist of electrical apparatus that will cause danger to the occupants in the building. When it is on fire, the system will detect it and the tanks will release carbon dioxide, creating a layer of cover by gas that reduces the oxygen level in that confined space. Fire needs oxygen to burn, thus eliminating oxygen would be a great way to put out fire gently.

Figure 7.46 Location of Carbon Dioxide Suppression System in Lower Ground Floor Plan. Source: IOI Boulevard 7.0 FIRE PROTECTION SYSTEM (CASE STUDY)

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7.2.17 Fire Extinguisher

Figures 7.47 Types of Fire Extinguishers Source: (Y.Q.Liang, 2012)

Figure 7.48 Dry Powder Extinguisher found at back exit.

Figure 7.49 Placement of Fire Extinguisher in emergency exit.

According to UBBL Section 227: Portable extinguishers. Portable extinguisher shall be provided in accordance with the relevant codes of practice and shall be sited in prominent positions on exit routes to be visible from all directions and similar extinguishers in a building shall be of the same method of operation . An active fire protection device that is used to control small fire, the Fire Extinguisher is made to be portable, so that when the building is on fire, and the main fire devices such as hose reel are far from reach, fire extinguisher will be the best choice. In IOI Boulevard, dry powder extinguishers are used for service. Dry powder extinguishers are similar to dry chemical except that they extinguish the fire by separating the fuel from the oxygen element or by removing the heat element of the fire triangle. However, dry powder extinguishers are for Class D or combustible metal fires, only. They are ineffective on all other classes of fires.

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Analysis Dry powder extinguishers is not recommend for interior use because it may damage the electrical and mechanical equipment. The management should provide another type of fire extinguisher such as CO2 extinguisher because it is safer and better for use on electrical appliances and it is also non-residual, making them ideal for use in office environment than other types of fire extinguishers.

Figure 7.50 Location of Fire Extinguishers at Ground Floor Plan.

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7.3 Passive Fire Protection System Passive fire protection is the use of fire barrier systems that are integrated into the structure of a building. Their purpose is to contain fires and slow the rate at which they spread. This is achieved by creating fire-resistant walls, floors and doors etc. IOI Boulevard has quite an excellent passive fire protection system. Below are the components that we found and researched throughout our case study

Passive Fire Protection System Fire Escape Command and Control Center Emergency Exit Signage Emergency Light Emergency Floor Plan Fire Evacuation Route Fire Staircase Fire Rescue Access Emergency Speakers

Fire Barriers Fire Barrier Gate Fire Rated Door Fire Rated Wall Smoke Curtain Separation of Fire Risk Area

Fire Control Smoke and Heat Ventilation

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7.3.1 Command and Control Center

7.51 Location of Command and Control Center

The command and control center in IOI Boulevard is located at the Ground floor and is at the back alley. It is integrated with security alarm, CCTV and mechanical transport controls. The control room is operated 24/7 with minimum 4 personals on board.

According to UBBL Section - 238. Command and Control Center Every large premises or building exceeding 30.5 metres in height shall be provided with a command and control centre located on the designated floor and shall contain a panel to monitor the public address, fire brigade communication, sprinkler, water flow detectors, fire detection and alarm systems with a direct telephone connection to the appropriate fire station by-passing the switchboard.

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7.3.2 Emergency Speakers

Figure 7.52 Speaker found around IOI Boulevard

The function of the command center is to contact the nearest fire department if there is a fire, they will then trigger alarm to warn occupants of the building to evacuate to safety. The command center also has access to speakers which will give emergency warnings. They are also responsible for operation of roller shutter in car parks to prevent spread of flames. All of these requires electricity. But fire devastates electrical wires, in the case of blackout, the command center are still supplied with backup electricity by the Gen-set room. The room is fire protected and is located at the basement. It provides electricity for vital parts of the building such as lights for corridor and control units to work.

Figure 7.53Location of Gen set room Source: IOI Boulevard

Figure 7.54 Gen set runs by diesel.

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7.3.3 Emergency Exit Signage

Figure 7.54: â&#x20AC;&#x153;Keluarâ&#x20AC;? sign from Syarikat Econlite

The emergency exit signage is found above the fire rated door at the back of each shop lots. The sign directs occupants to the back alley where firemen can access for search and rescue. As seen in photo, most of the exit sign in IOI Boulevard is not litted to save electricity, but this might compromise the safety of the occupants if emergency strikes although there has been no reports of fire happened before. According to UBBL 1984 Section 172: Emergency exit signs. (1) Storey exits and access to such exits shall be marked by readily visible signs and shall not be obscured by any decorations, furnishings or other equipment. (2) A sign reading "KELUAR" with an arrow indicating the direction shall be placed in every location where the direction of travel to reach the nearest exit is not immediately apparent. (3) Every exit sign shall have the word "KELUAR" in plainly legible letters not less than 150 millimetres high with the principal strokes of the letters not less than 18 millimetres wide. The lettering shall be in red against a black background. (4) All exits signs shall be illuminated continuously during periods of occupancy. (5) Illuminated signs shall be provided with two electric lamps of not less than fifteen watts each. Back Alley (Rescue Access for Firemen)

Figure 7.55 Location of Emergency Exit Sign Source: IOI Boulevard 7.0 FIRE PROTECTION SYSTEM (CASE STUDY)

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7.3.4 Emergency Light

Figure 7.56 Location of emergency lights in a shop lot unit/ Emergency Light found beside smoke detector

Emergency light in IOI Boulevard functions automatically during power failure due to fire, it is fitted with charged battery to illuminate along exit access pathways leading to exits, exit stairs, aisles, corridors, ramps, and at the exit discharge pathways that lead to a public way. The level of illumination and quality and consistency of emergency illumination are important for the building occupants’ safety during fire escape. Fire protection engineer is not always the primary consultant to design or specify an emergency lighting system, but they works closely with architects and electrical engineers to ensure the system is adequately distributed and located in places that will help occupants safely evacuate a building during an emergency. Emergency lighting is an important component of a building’s emergency systems but according to Mr. Yuvaraj, they seldom do maintenance for lighting as the probability of faulty emergency lights are low and they don’t have the time and budget to do full checking of the building. Emergency light illuminates fire escape staircase below during emergency Louvers for natural light and ventilation

Figure 7.57 Escape stairs top floor.

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Analysis The diagram beside indicates the setting up of emergency lights around IOI boulevard. As observed the lights are installed in lift lobbies, fire staircases and along the interior corridor to aid occupants in escaping to safety during fire during to heavy smoke/ power failure.

12 meters

Figure 7.58 Ground Floor Emergency Lights Source: IOI Boulevard

Emergency light found in escape route near elevator access. The distance between each emergency light is roughly12 meters. Adequately litting up the passageway during blackout for occupants in basement to escape to ground floor

More emergency lights found in basement parking floor

Figure 7.59 First Floor Emergency Lights Source: IOI Boulevard

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7.3.4 Emergency Floor Plan

Figure 7.60 Location of emergency lights in a shop lot unit/ Emergency Light.

Emergency floor plans are found beside escape fire doors on every floor. The floor plan states mechanical transportation such as lifts cannot be used during fire due to risk of power failure and occupants get trapped inside the lift. The yellow area indicates escape area and the red area indicates exit staircase. The floor plan also indicates the location of fire extinguisher and break glass alarm system.

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7.3.5 Fire Evacuation Route

Figure 7.61 Fire escape route (MACRO) Entire building Ground Floor

One of the most crucial aspects in passive fire protection is the design of the building. The design of IOI Boulevard is made up of 8 blocks. 6 blocks on the outer ring with front facing outwards, and 2 blocks in the middle with the front facing inwards. This enables a ring of back escape route for occupants to escape during fire. The fire staircase are all located at the back of the building. In a case of fire, occupants can choose the fastest and safest exit to the main road. The fire engines and fire personnel are also able to access through the back alley.

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Back Alley (Rescue Access for Firemen)

Figure 7.62 Fire escape route (MICRO) Individual shop lot units on First Floor and above

Individual shop lot units in IOI Boulevard are designed with double exits, one located at the front, the other at the back to allow occupants to escape from one if the other is blocked from hazards or fire. The evacuation route of the building are protected with fire wall and door to slow down the spreading of flame and are also equipped with emergency lights and vents to allow safe travel to ground floorâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s open space. According to UBBL 1984 Section 178: Exits for institutional and other places of assembly In buildings classified as institutional or places of assembly, exits to a street or large open space, together with staircases, corridors and passages leading to such exits shall be located, separated or protected as to avoid any undue danger to the occupants of the place of assembly from fire originating in the other occupancy or smoke therefrom. According to UBBL 1984 Section 169: Exit route. No exit route may reduce in width along its path of travel from storey exit to the final exit. IOI Boulevard conforms to UBBL rule in which all the exits are directed to the back alley or the corridor in front which is open space. The passageway is protected from fire and smoke. The width of the escape path is not reduced to prevent clogging of human traffic during escape.

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7.3.6 Fire Staircase

Figure 7.63 Fire Staircase for Ground Floor (Back Exit)

Fire staircases are vertical escape component of evacuation route, easily accessible from the inside and outside of the building. It is designed for emergency escapes while also allowing firemen to enter the building in an event of fire, it is often wide enough to allow for safe and quick escape. In the case of IOI Boulevard, 2 fire staircases are found in a single unit of shop lot, one at the front and another at the back. 2 staircases allows users to choose the safest escape route during the case of emergency.

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1.6m 1.5m

Figure 7.64 Fire Staircase for Ground Floor

The architect design the fire staircases in IOI Boulevard to be well ventilated and illuminated by natural lighting during the day to save energy cost. The fire staircases are made up of reinforced concrete. The front staircase are covered with anti-slip ceramic tiles (commercial customers sometimes use this staircase) while the back staircase are cement rendered and are rarely used by the occupants but both of the staircases plays an important role in the event of fire. Our conduct of this trip found out that the escape staircases in IOI boulevard fits into the requirement of UBBL. The width of the staircase is roughly 1.5m while the landing is 1.6m. The staircases are not blocked with any materials or damaged as it is well maintained by the technical units. They sweep through the floors every night to make sure everything is under checked. According to UBBL Section 165: Exits to be accessible at all times (1) Except as permitted by-law 167 not less than TWO separate exits shall be provided from each storey together with such additional exits as may be necessary According to UBBL Section 168: Staircases (1) Except as provided for in by-laws 194 every upper floor shall have means of egress via at least two separate staircases. (2) Staircases shall be of such width that in the event of any one staircase not being available for escape purpose the remaining staircases shall accommodate the highest occupancy load of any one floor discharging into it calculated in accordance with provisions in the Seventh Schedule to these Bylaws. (3) The required width of staircase shall be the clear width between walls but handrails may be permitted to encroach on this width to a maximum of 75 millimetres (4) The required width of a staircase shall be maintained throughout its length including at landings. (5) Doors giving access to staircases shall be so positioned that their swing shall at no point encroach on the required width of the staircase or landing. 7.0 FIRE PROTECTION SYSTEM (CASE STUDY)

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7.3.7 Fire Rescue Access

Figure 7.65 Back entrance of IOI Boulevard. The road is wide enough for fire truck to get into the back alley of the building.

Figure 7.66 Back Alley of IOI Boulevard

Figure 7.67 Front Entrance of IOI boulevard, facing LDP 7.0 FIRE PROTECTION SYSTEM (CASE STUDY)

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Fire rescue access is an approved route by the authorities through IOI Boulevard that is cleared for the use of fire trucks. IOI Boulevard has a 8m wide back alley to allow two way flow of vehicles for services and stock loading. It is also a route for fire trucks to pass through therefore the securities always ensures no one parks at the back of the shop lot. There are two main entrances into the building, one from the front and another through the back. The nearest fire station is 1.2km away, close to home in case of a fire.

Figure 7.68 Puchong Wawasan Branch Fire department that is in charge of the area

Figure 7.68 1.2km Fire truck route

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7.3.8 Fire Roller Shutter

Figure 7.69 Fire roller shutters found in basement Source: IOI Boulevard

Fire roller shutter is a metal shutter that prevents flame and smoke from spreading across the building. It is deployed at areas with high risk of fire. Fire roller shutter can be found in basement area of IOI Boulevard, it is under electric operation from commands in the office. It can be found near services area and surrounding the car park to prevent flames from spreading inwards. Water sprinkler can be found near the shutter to decrease the chances of fire spreading. The role of security team in IOI Boulevard is to prevent any car from parking under the gate to prevent damage. The car also inhibits the roller shutter from complete closing which allows the spread of fire.

Figure 7.70 Water sprinkler can be found beside the roller shutter

Figure 7.71 Electric Motor that controls the shutter

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7.3.9 Fire Door

Figure 7.72 Location of Fire Resistant Door in emergency exit. Source: IOI Boulevard

Figure 7.73 Fire Resistant Door

Fire resistant doors are used to separate compartments in building to stop the spreading of fire. It suppresses the fire by restricting the flow of oxygen and spread of flames. In the case of IOI Boulevard, the doors are placed at the entrance of the fire staircase, protecting the evacuating occupants during emergency. According to UBBL 1984 Section 162: Fire doors in compartment walls and separating walls (1) Fire doors of a appropriate FRP shall be provided. (2) Openings in compartment walls and separating walls shall be protected by a fire door having a FRP in accordance with the requirements for that wall specified in the Ninth Schedule to these Bylaws. (3) Openings in protecting structures shall be protected by fire doors having FRP of not less than half the requirement for the surrounding wall specified in the Ninth Schedule to these Bylaws but in no case less than half hour. (4) Openings in partitions enclosing a protected corridor or lobby shall be protected by fire doors having FRP of half-hour. (5) Fire doors including frames shall be constructed to a specification which can be shown to meet the requirements for the relevant FRP when tested in accordance with section 3 of BS 476:1951. UBBL Section 164 (1) All fire doors shall be fitted with automatic door closed of the hydraulically spring operated type in the case of swing doors and of wire rope and weigh type in the case of sliding door.

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Figure 7.74 Double leaf door 1600mm x 2100mm at the basement

Figure 7.75Sign reads â&#x20AC;&#x153;Always close fire rated doorâ&#x20AC;?

IOI Boulevard uses single leaf door of 900mm x 2100mm for shop lot units and double leaf door of 1600mm x 2100mm for services room such as gen set room, electrical room, and Telekom room. All the doors are from Otmgroup. The fire doors are rated to withstand up to 1 hour of fire, allowing enough time for fire personnel to put out the flame before it spreads. The doors are closed by default because an automatic door closer hinge is installed to fulfill the requirements of By-law Section 164(1). The reason is to inhibit flame and smoke. There are no barricades or blockage found near the doors as the security will do a routine check and clear the path as maintenance.

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7.3.10 Smoke Curtain

Figure 7.76 Smoke curtain and controller

Smoke curtain is made up of incombustible fabric to inhibit the spreading of fire and smoke. It is installed at the entrance of services door which is prone to combustion such as the garbage disposal, Telekom room, Gen set room and TNB room. During the event of fire, if any of the service room sparks and is on fire, the smoke detector inside the service room will detect the smoke and the smoke curtain will automatically be released and rolled down. There are two layers or protection, the first would be fire rated door, to allow fire personnel to access and put out the fire, the second layer is the smoke curtain, to retain the smoke and fire inside the room, prevent it from spreading outwards. According to UBBL - SECTION 161 (1) Any fire stop required by the provision of this Part shall be so formed and positioned as to prevent or retard the passage of flame.

Figure 7.77 Location of smoke curtain Source: IOI Boulevard 7.0 FIRE PROTECTION SYSTEM (CASE STUDY)

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7.3.11 Separation of Fire Risk Area

Figure 7.78 Fire Prone Areas Source: IOI Boulevard

Compartmentalization or also known as separation of fire risk area is implemented in buildings with high fire risk facilities. In the case of IOI Boulevard, 4 rooms of high fire risk - garbage disposal room, Telekom room, gen set room and TNB room are separated with fire wall, doors and smoke curtain. The rooms are also equipped with high pressure cylinders of CO2 fire suppression system. These areas are the most fire protected. The technicians do a maintenance checkup once a week to ensure the systems are all in order.

Figure 7.79 Indicator is present outside rooms which are separated and locked. Green = normal, Red = Error/Fire

Figure 7.80 Telekom room with the most circuits of thin wires are one of the area with high fire risk. The room is kept cool with air-conditioning to prevent overheat of electrical chips.

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7.3.12 Smoke and Heat Ventilation

Figure 7.81 Louvers for ventilation and light beside fire staircase

Figure 7.82 Cross Section - smoke escapes from the side Source: http://www.nationaldomelightcompany.co.uk/smoke-vents

Figure 7.83 Close up of the louvers

According to statistic, victims of fire often die from smoke. Fire churning up building produces black smoke which suffocates and chokes humans. It can also reduce vision range causing panic. Therefore it is important to channel the smoke to prevent it from cumulating and suffocating people who are trying to escape. The fire door and staircase are one of the less fire prone area to escape but the smoke from the lower ground will travel up and cumulate if the smoke arenâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;t able to vent out through stack ventilation. The architect of IOI Boulevard tackle this problem by installing louvers beside the fire staircases to allow the air to ventilate. The louvers are also able to break off and removed easily by fire personnel to access the inaccessible upper floors in a case of huge fire. There are no mechanical ventilation present at the fire staircases of IOI Boulevard, only passive ventilation. According to UBBL - SECTION 200 Ventilation of Staircase enclosures in buildings exceeding 18 metres. (1) Permenant ventilation at the top of the staircase enclosure of not less than 5% of the area of the enclosure and in addition at suitable intervals in the height of the staircase a mechanically ventilated shaft to achieve not less than 20% air charges per hour to be automatically activated by a signal from the fire alarm panel;

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7.4 Conclusion In conclusion, after 2 site visits and comprehensive studies, we have concluded that the fire protection system in IOI boulevard is complete and fully in active operation. The architect abide by UBBL Law (Part VII - Fire Requirements) in terms of designing efficient passive fire protection systems. The management team also done its part well by maintaining the active protection system in good condition. The only unfavorable condition for fire safety of this building is the condition of the surrounding road, it is congested in peak hour and that might hinder the full efficiency of fire rescue team when they arrives. The fire hydrants are blocked and the back alleys of IOI Boulevard is parked with cars, blocking the way for fire trucks to pass through. However this can be solved by stern authority by the MPSJ council or the management. To summarize, the building provides 2 main escape routes from the shop lots. Each shop lot unit contains 2 fire staircases which are protected by fire walls and doors with good ventilation and lighting. These will aid the occupants in evacuating to safety which is the ground floor open area at the back alley. The building is also open to fire rescue units for quick and safe rescue at the upper floors. UBBL also states that all building must be provided with smoke detectors and fire alarms. Each shop lot units has their individual unit of alarm, detectors and sprinklers. They are also equipped with dry powder extinguisher located at the front door in case of small fire which the occupants themselves can react at the instant the fire started. The command Centre also well equipped with fire control panels which can be activated by securities on duty to alert occupants of fire. A built in speaker system also allows the management to conduct warnings of which block and escape route the occupants need to evade and evacuate. The basement car parks are segregated to prevent spreading of flames. It also have an extensive array of sprinklers to put out fires. It is connected to the Puchong Wawasan branch Fire department to provide immediate and automatic relay of the alarm of where it is located so the fire personnel can react in the shortest time. Service rooms constituting high risk of fire such as Telekom, TNB and garbage disposal area are compartmentalized and isolated with heavy fire protection measures. Each of the rooms are barricaded with fire doors, smoke curtain and fire walls with installed Co2 suppression units which puts out fire at fast instances. Our analysis affirms that the fire protection system in IOI Boulevard is up to par with requirements for the authorities. This is further proved by no reports or history of fire has been happened since its opening.

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8.0 Mechanical transportation Case Study in IOI Boulevard 8.1 Introduction After completed the literature review, which provides the general understanding of the mechanical transportation system. The report will further research on the mechanical transportation by conducting the case study of the real-life building, which is the IOI Boulevard. The case study will identify the type of components and the operation systems which used in the building along with supporting information such as UBBL requirement and schematic diagram of the system for the further elaboration. Self-analysis will be included based on the observation on the mechanical transportation of the IOI Boulevard. _____________________________________________________________________________________

8.1.1 Mechanical Transportation System Supplier

Figure 8.0 Potensi Terus Official Website (Source: (â&#x20AC;&#x153;pti-eleavatorâ&#x20AC;?, 2006)

Figure 8.1 Potensi Terus company contact sticker found in the lift

All the mechanical transportation systems in that used in IOI Boulevard building are supplied by the same company, which is Potensi Terus Industries SDN. BHD. Potensi Terus is an authorized distributor of all kind of mechanical transportation, like elevator, escalator and travellator. Beside it also provide one-stop total service for the lift and escalator installation, maintenance and servicing, repair. There is two types of mechanical transportation that Potensi Terus supplied for the IOI Boulevard, which is the elevator and escalator.

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8.2 Elevator IOI Boulevard is an office building which consisted of 6 different blocks, which is Block A,B,C,D,E and F. With the total of 7 floors, elevator is a requirement to install in the building to carry people or goods to the different levels. There are total 60 geared traction elevators installed in the IOI Boulevard and all the elevator are the passenger lift. Amount of the elevators installed is depend on the size the building block. The operating hour for the elevator will start from 0800 until 2200. 2 elevators are grouped together at one entrance. By-Law 124 of UBBL 1984, it stated that for all non-residential buildings which exceeded 4 stores above or below the main access level should provide at least one lift.

Figure 8.3 ground floor plan with the position of elevator

Analysis: There is no service lift can be found in the IOI Boulevard. The IOI Boulevard use the normal passenger lift to function as a service lift to carry goods. The reason is because IOI Boulevard is an office building which mean no heavy goods and items will be transfer through different level frequently. So, passenger lift are the only type lift used in IOI Boulevard.

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8.2.1 Lift Entrance

Figure 8.4 view in to the entrance of elevator

The 2 passenger lifts from the same entrance are separated. Due to the reason of privacy for the different company office and reduce the congestion of one lift. Both lift transfer people to every floors but enter to different office units.

________________________________________________________________ 8.3 Emergency 8.3.1 Emergency Staircase

Figure 8.5 cut out plan with the indication of the staicase

Figure 8.6 exit logo which linked to the emergency staircase

Staircase was installed opposite the lift which allow the occupants easier to access to different floors if the lift is power down or after the operating hour.

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8.3.2 Emergency Signal Panel

Figure 8.6 location of the control center

Figure 8.7 emergency panel which found in the control center

The command and control center in IOI Boulevard is located at the ground floor level. The emergency signal panel was installed in the control room, each of the red LED bulbs represent each of the elevator. The LED bulb light up when emergency happened and it allow the technician to take action immediately.

8.3.3 CCTV

Figure 8.8 CCTV in the lift

Figure 8.9 monitors which link to CCTV are installed at the command center

CCTV is installed in every lift shaft and operated 24/7. The CCTVs are integrate with the command and control center which for the security purpose.

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8.3.4 Emergency Alarm and Intercom System

Figure 8.10 interphone is installed at the lobby

Figure 8.11 alarm and intercom button

Emergency alarm button is provided inside the lift shaft which allow the passenger alert the alarm and transfer emergency signal to the command and control center. Besides, an intercom button is also provided inside the lift shaft which connected to the interphone located at the ground floor entrance. The intercom system allow the rescuer to communicate with the passenger who trapped inside the lift.

8.3.5 Ventilated Holes By-Law 151 of UBBL 1984- Ventilation to lift shaft Lift shaft shall be provided with vents of not less than 0.09 square meter per lift located at the top of the shaft. Where the vent does not discharge directly to the open air, the lift shafts shall be vented to the exterior through a duct of the required FRP as for the lift shafts.

Figure 8.12 ventilated holes inside the lift

Ventilated holes allow air flow through into the lift car from the lift shaft. It prevent passenger inside suffocate when inside the enclosed lift car or when the lift power down.

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8.3.6 Smoke Detector By-Law 153 of UBBL 1984- Smoke detector for lift lobbies (1) All life lobbies shall be provided with smoke detectors

Figure 8.13 smoke detector located at the lobby ceiling

If fire happened, fire indicator will illuminate, a buzzy will ring. The elevator will home to the ground floor, where the main entrance of the building, to allow passengers to leave the building immediately.

8.3.7 Emergency Power Control Panel By-Law 154 of UBBL 1984- Emergency mode of operation in the event of main power failure (1) On failure of main power of lifts shall return in sequence directly to the designated floor, commencing with the fire lifts, without answering any car or landing calls and park with doors open. The emergency power control panel will be switch on when there is a cut-off in electricity or the main control system panel is not function. The genset will be generated immediately as a backup power supply, the car will be land at the ground floor and door is opened to allow user to leave the car.

Figure 8.14 emergency control panel is installed beside main panel

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8.3.8 Air vent

8.3.9 Fire Door

Figure 8.16 fire door which access to fire staircase

Figure 8.15 air vent at lobby waiting area

Fire door is located beside the lift, which help the victim to escape from the fire easily when the elevator power down.

Air vent is installed to provide ventilation to the lift lobbies and in case of fire.

8.3.11 Floor indicator

8.3.10 Passenger lift capacity

Figure 8.17 the capacity load are mark inside the lift panel

All of the passenger lift in the IOI Boulevard have the same capacity which able to carry load of 750kg (11 persons)

Figure 8.18 floor indicator outside the lift landing

Floor level indicator are located besides the lift opening of every floor.

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8.4 Lift Motor Room

Figure 8.20 door of lift motor room

Figure 8.19 location of the lift motor room

The two geared traction machine which grouped together are installed into same lift motor room. Every lift motor room are located at the highest floor of each blocks of the building.

8.4.1 Geared Traction Elevator

8.4.2 Lift System Control Panel

Figure 8.22 lift control panel which connected to geared machine

Figure 8.21 geared machine

Geared traction elevators are used in the IOI Boulevard, This design utilizes a mechanical speed reduction gear set to reduce the rpm of the drive motor (input speed) to suit the required speed of the drive sheave and elevator (output speed).

Each of the lift consisted of one control system panel which control the operation of the elevator. The control panel indicate the movement, speed and position of the car.

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8.4.3 Geared Machine Component

Figure 8.23 Drive motor

Figure 8.25 Gear box

Figure 8.27 Deflector sheave

Figure 8.24 Overspeed governor

Figure 8.26 Manual wheel

Figure 8.28 Drive sheave

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8.4.4 I-Beam

8.4.5 Safety Cover and Sign

Figure 8.29 I-beam found on the ceiling

Figure 8.30 wire cover found on the floor

An I-beam is installed on the top of the traction machine which allow the technician to hang on it. It is easier to shift the machine or repairing.

All the wires connect to the traction machines are fully covered and protected to prevent damage of the wires.

8.4.5 Mechanical Fan

Figure 8.31 mechanical fan found inside the lift motor room

The mechanical fan is installed in the motor room. It help to radiate the heat from the motor room to outside when the traction machine overheat.

8.4.6 Ventilation Opening

Figure 8.32 opening found are also found inside the lift motor room

The mechanical fan is installed in the motor room. It help to radiate the heat from the motor room to outside when the traction machine overheat.

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8.5 Schematic Diagram of Elevator 3000mm

Interphone

Landing door height 2300mm

Floor indicator & call button

3600mm

1300mm

1100mm

Figure 8.33 Front view of passenger lift with indicating components & dimension

Landing door width

Lift Motor Room 3600mm 7th Floor 6th Floor

Shaft

2100mm Car

5th Floor 4th Floor 2900mm

3rd Floor 2nd Floor 1st Floor

Pit

Ground Floor Basement B1 Basement B2 Pit depth

Figure 8.34 Schematic diagram of the dimension & position of the MMR elevator 2400mm

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8.6 Escalator There is total 8 escalators can be found in the IOI Boulevard, which located at the ground floor level and connected to the basement B1 and basement B2. Due to the reason of upper floor levels are office used purpose, therefore the escalators are only use in the public area such as ground floor and car park basements. The escalator are allocated 2 pairs of escalators which located at both end of the ground floor courtyard. The capacity of each escalator are able to withstand of 4800 person per hour at the speed of 0.5 minute per second with a travel height range until 6 meters.

Figure 8.35 Location of escalator

Figure 8.36 location of the escalator on the ground floor

8.6.1 Escalator arrangement

Figure 8.37 Parallel Layout with interrupted in two way direction

This arrangement is economical and reduce the space wastage, since no inner lateral claddings are required.

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8.6.2 Escalator component

Figure 8.38 Direction indicator

Figure 8.39 Step thread

Figure 8.40 Safety sign

Figure 8.41 Control panel Controls stop/start operation and also supplies electric power to the Drive Unit.

Figure 8.42 Truss Assembly of structural steel that supports the weight and load of an escalator

Figure 8.43 Sensor The escalator will start moving when the sensor is sense the human movement

Riser

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8.6.2 Escalator component

Figure 8.44 Comb A section or steel plate with teeth that mesh with the Step cleats at the boarding and landing areas, to prevent fingers, feet or foreign objects from getting caught between the moving Steps and Floor Plate.

Figure 8.45 Landing plate

Figure 8.46 Moving Handrail A handhold that moves along the top of the Balustrade in synchronization with the Steps.

Figure 8.47 Skirt Guard The lowest panel within the Balustrade, located immediately below the Inner Deck and adjacent to the Steps at a slight gap from the Steps

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CONCLUSION

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CONCLUSION

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References

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References

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References

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