Jibachha's handook of animal husbandry

Jibachha's

Handbook of Animal Husbandry Dr. Jibachha Sah

B.V.Sc & A.H., M.V.Sc (T.U.) Laboratory Training, NDDB, Gujarat, India Director

Jibachha Veterinary Hospital Research & Training Center (P.) Ltd. Bharatpur-5, Narayangarh, Chitwan, Nepal

Dr. Prabhakar Kumar Shah

B.V.Sc & A.H. (P.U.), M.V.Sc (Medicine, AFU) Research Co-ordinator

Jibachha Veterinary Hospital Research & Training Center (P.) Ltd. Bharatpur-5, Narayangarh, Chitwan, Nepal

Jibachha Publishing Bharatpur-5, Narayangarh, Chitwan, Nepal Copyright material Jibachha’s Handbook of Animal Husbandry

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Jibachha's Handbook of Animal Husbandry Edited by: Dr. Jibachha Sah and Dr. Prabhakar Kumar Shah Copyright @ 29 September 2016, Jibachha Publishing All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without the prior written permission of the publisher.

Published by Jibachha's Publishing Bharatpur-5, Lankupul, Naryanagarh, Chitwan, Nepal.

E-mail: Jibachha@yahoo.com, vhrtc@yahoo.com

ISBN:

Price: Rs. 3,750/- (S.C.) | 85 $ (S.C.)

Rs. 4,750/- (H.C.) | 100 $ (H.C.)

www.vhrtc.com.np www.facebook.com/vhrtc Printed at: A quality printing house

Quality Press

Bharatpur-10, Chitwan, Nepal.

Tel: 056-526701 E-mail: qualitypress14@gmail.com

Copyright material ii ii

Jibachha’s Handbook of Animal Husbandry

Preface Animal Husbandry plays a major role in providing employment especially self-employment with high participation of women in Nepal. Livestock products also play a main role in export earnings. This sector provides full time occupation in some cases at the location itself with better utilization of human resources. It provides balanced nutrition in the form of milk, egg and meat besides farm power.

In Nepal, various veterinary institutions spread over the country provide veterinary health services and play a major role in increasing the production potentialities of the livestock and poultry. There is an increase in cross bred population and decrease of unproductive animals with the implementation of cross breeding programs.

This concise handbook attempts to provide 23 chapters; basic information on animal husbandry, zoological classification, anatomy and physiology, nutrition, genetics, breeding, care and management, forage and fodder production, cattle, buffalo, sheep, goat, horse, poultry, rabbit, fish, dog, cat, dairying production and project plans.

This handbook has been compiled from the standard text book, journals and various resources, authors do not claim all the originality of text in the book. In this book compilation is based on syllabus of veterinary technical school and competitive exams.

So this book will be very useful for institutional students, teachers, extension workers, veterinary undergraduate students and also for researchers.

This is our 40th book on veterinary and animal husbandry; more than 31 books are in Nepali language. Amongst these best seller approaches more than 30,000 copies.

We would like to acknowledge Professor Dr. Shyam K. Shah (AFU, Rampur), Professor Dr. Jagat Lal Yadav (AFU, Rampur) and Professor Ramashish Sah (AFU, Rampur) for their contribution in their respective major subjects Animal reproduction, Animal nutrition and LPM respectively.

The authors feel the responsibility of presenting the pioneer handbook dealing with livestock husbandry and trusts that error, omissions and criticism will be called to his attention in order that later edition may be improved. Of course a multitude of issues are not covered in the book and we welcome your input regarding topics for future tips.

Dr. Prabhakar Kumar Shah B.V.Sc & A.H. (P.U.), M.V.Sc (Medicine, AFU) Research Co-ordinator 29 September, 2016

Dr. Jibachha Sah B.V.Sc & A.H., M.V.Sc (T.U.) Laboratory Training, NDDB, Gujarat, India Director

Jibachha’s Handbook of Animal Husbandry

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Abbreviations

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Animal Breeding Division Asian Development Bank Agriculture and Forestry University Agriculture Perspective Plan Central Bureau of Statistics Common Property Resources Dairy Development Corporation Department of Food Technology and Quality Control Department of Livestock Services Food and Agriculture Organization Gross Domestic Product Hazard Analysis and Critical Control Points International Fund for Agricultural Development International Non-governmental Organization Land Management Plan Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry Ministry of Agriculture Development Ministry of Finance Nepal Agricultural Research Council National Cooperative Development Board National Dairy Development Board Non-governmental organization National Livestock Breeding Center Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development Office International des Epizooties (World Organization for Animal Health) United Nations Conference on Environment and Development World Trade Organization

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ba

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ABD : ADB : AFU : APP : CBS : CPRs : DDC : DFTQC : DLS : FAO : GDP : HACCP : IFAD : INGO : LMP : MAF : MoAD : MoF : NARC : NCBD : NDDB : NGO : NLBC : OECD : OIE :

UNCED : WTO :

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Table of Contents Preface Abbreviations

iii iv

SECTION 1

1-134

Animal husbandry

1.8 1.9 1.10

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1.11 1.12

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1.4 1.5 1.6 1.7

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1.3

History and introduction of animal husbandry Importance of animal husbandry in Nepal 1.2.1 Role and specialization of working animal Livestock population and production in Nepal (2009-2013/14) Organizational structure of livestock service in Nepal Scope of livestock production in Nepal Role of livestock in Nepalese economy The different native livestock breeds in Nepal 1.7.1 Characteristics of indigenous cattle breed 1.7.2 Characteristics of indigenous buffalo breed Historical background of livestock development in Nepal Constraints to livestock production in various-ecological zones in Nepal Major critical areas to improve production rate of livestock Economic value of livestock farming Livestock herding system in Nepal 1.12.1 Transhumant system 1.12.2 Sedentary system 1.12.3 Stall-fed system Types of grazing system of livestock in Nepal Constraints for livestock improvement Strategies for livestock improvement Livestock feeding system in Nepal 1.16.1 Limitation associated with feeds and feeding

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1.1 1.2

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1.13 1.14 1.15 1.16

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7 7 9 10 10 11 11 12 13 13 15 15 15 16 17 19 20 20 22 v v

1.21 1.22

1.23 1.24 1.25 1.26 1.27 1.28

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1.29 1.30 1.31 1.32

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1.20

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1.19

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1.17 1.18

1.16.1 Constraints in animal production Economics of feeding dairy cow Utilization of waste in animal feeding 1.18.1 Fruit waste as livestock feed 1.18.2 Vegetable wastes as livestock feed Impact of climate change in dairy cattle 1.19.1 Steps to counteract heat stress Factor affecting health of animals 1.20.1 Sign of good health in animal 1.20.2 Sign of illness in animal Bio-diversity conservation in Nepal Importance of integrated crop-livestock farming system in Nepal 1.22.1 Advantages of integrated farming 1.22.2 Constraint of integrated farming Constraints of livestock technology adoption in the farmer's field Major challenges in livestock research and development in Nepal National and social implications of draught animal farming and crop production in Nepal Advantages of local cattle over crossbreeds or exotic cattle in mountain farming systems National Livestock policy in Nepal Organic livestock farming opportunity and constraint in Nepal Functions of national veterinary services in Nepal Rangeland policy in Nepal Factors influencing livestock productivity Relation of livestock with agriculture, forestry and environment Animal welfare and its implication in livestock industry in Nepal

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22 22 24 24 26 28 29 31 31 33 34 36 37 37 38 39 40 42 42 45 48 49 50 53 55

1.38 1.39 1.40 1.41 1.42 1.43 1.44 1.45 1.46 1.47

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1.48 1.49 1.50 1.51

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1.37

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1.36

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1.35

Opportunities and constraints of increasing milk production and productivity in Nepal Livestock population distribution and its role in Nepalese farming system Role of mixed crop-livestock farming systems for soil fertility in Nepal Strategies for sustainable management of livestock in mixed-crop livestock farming systems History of dairy development and dairy related institution in Nepal Dairy Development Policy (DDP) in Nepal Role of livestock as a tool for poverty reduction in Nepal History of rangeland development in Nepal Rangeland and their types Livestock marketing in the context of W.T.O. in Nepal Trend of livestock development over the last decade in Nepal Livestock service related act/rules in Nepal Constraints and opportunity for commercialization of goat and buffalo meat sector in Nepal Policy and strategy on farm Animal Genetic Resource (AnGR) in Nepal Major constraint in rangeland conservation in Nepal Indigenous grass species in Himalaya grassland of Nepal Difference between Rangeland and Pastureland Credit and insurance policy in livestock development in Nepal 1.51.1 Constraint in livestock insurance policy implementation in Nepal Regulatory mechanism for quality improvement of the livestock industry in Nepal Economic value chain of goat meat production in Nepal Scope of biogas in livestock farming National priorities based on AnGR among animal species, breeds in Nepal

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1.34

1.52

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1.53 1.54 1.55

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58 60 62 64 66 68 70 71 72 73 75 79 80 83 85 86 87 88 90 92 94 96 98

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1.60 1.61

1.62 1.63 1.64 1.65 1.66

1.67 1.68

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1.69

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1.59

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1.58

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1.57

Renewable energy and its application in the livestock industry of Nepal Pastoral practices in transition: Animal husbandry in high mountain region in Nepal Pastoral development and management in the himalayas region in Nepal 1.58.1 Forage development through integrated management planning The roles of the public and private sectors in livestock services delivery in Nepal Livestock extension system in Nepal, their strength and weakness Animal well-being and stress management 1.61.1 Importance of shade in stress management 1.61.2 Environmental parameters and their effects on immune function Rule, regulation and standard to establish feed industry in Nepal Feed standard guide Problems associated with buffalo farming in Nepal Gender needs, roles, analysis, gender sensitive planning, gender mainstreaming in livestock development Outcomes, outputs and programs of Agriculture Development Strategy (ADS) in Nepal 1.66.1 Indicator of ADS impact and livestock & fisheries program Outline of the World Trade Organization (WTOs), Sanitary and Phytosanitory (SPS) measures Technical Barrier to Trade (TBT), Trade related aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (IPRs) agreement Introduction to OIE, its objectives, function, structure, standard setting procedures and different standards as set in Terrestrial Animal health code and Aquatic animal health code Advantages of livestock models in translational medicine over rodent models

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1.56

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1.70

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99

100 104 104 105 108 110 112 113 115 116 117 118 120 122 122 125 126

128

1.72 1.73

Precision livestock farming technologies for welfare management in intensive livestock systems Project design for the control of an infectious disease of farm livestock Breeding plan for goat increasing meat production

SECTION 2

Taxonomy of farm animals

2.4 2.5 2.6

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2.3

Definition of Taxonomy Zoological classification of farm animal 2.2.1 Characteristic of Bos indicus cattle 2.2.2 Difference between Bos taurus and Bos indicus cattle Definition of domestication 2.3.1 Characteristics of domestic animals Difference between ruminant and non-ruminant Indigenous and exotic livestock genotypes based on climatic region in Nepal Glossary of farm animal terms

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2.1 2.2

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1.71

SECTION 3

Anatomy and physiology of farm animals Anatomical position for animals Skeleton system 3.2.1 Articular system 3.2.2 Classification of bones 3.2.3 Bone types 3.2.4 Physiology of bone formation 3.2.5 Calcium homeostasis 3.2.6 Chemical composition of bones 3.2.7 Functions of Bones 3.2.8 Bone marking 3.2.9 Difference between compact and cancellous bones 3.2.10 Dentition

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3.1 3.2

129 130 132

135-146 135 136 139 140 141 141 142 143 145 147-258 148 150 152 153 157 157 159 161 161 162 163 164

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Muscular system 3.3.1 Muscle and their main function 3.3.2 Sliding filament theory of contraction of skeletal muscles 3.3.3 Rigor mortis and muscle fatigue 3.3.4 Body cavities 3.3.5 Body fluids 3.3.6 Diffusion and osmosis 3.3.7 Membranes and their types 3.3.8 Tissue, its kinds and basic histological structure Digestive system 3.4.1 Digestive system of ruminant 3.4.2 Digestive system of nonruminant 3.4.3 Introduction to peritoneum 3.4.4 Role of enzymes and hormones in digestive systems Respiratory system 3.5.1 Avian respiration Urinary system 3.6.1 Dietary electrolyte balance in cattle (DEB) Reproductive system 3.7.1 Male reproductive organs and their function 3.7.2 Structure and function of the female reproductive system 3.7.3 Structure and function of the bovine placenta 3.7.4 Mammary gland Endocrine system 3.8.1 Glands 3.8.2 Hormones 3.8.3 Endocrine glands of the body, hormones and their physiological functions Nervous system 3.9.1 Structure of Neuron 3.9.2 Functions of the nervous system 3.9.3 Central nervous system 3.9.4 Cranial nerves

3.6 3.7

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3.8

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3.11

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3.10

3.9.5 Physiology of nerve impulse (action potential) 3.9.6 Reflex 3.9.7 Cerebrospinal fluid Circulatory system 3.10.1 Foetal circulation 3.10.2 Animal blood 3.10.2.1 Normal complete blood count values for cattle, sheep and goats 3.10.3 Avian blood 3.10.4 Common sites for blood collection 3.10.5 Blood circulation (Pulmonary circulation and Systemic circulation) 3.10.6 Blood coagulation 3.10.7 Blood pressure and pulse 3.10.8 Blood supply to the heart and conduction system 3.10.9 Blood vessels 3.10.10 Erythrocytes: formation, maturation and fate (Life span of RBC) 3.10.11 Synthesis of hemoglobin 3.10.12 Immunity and defense mechanisms 3.10.13 Leucocytes: formation, their classification, and role of leucocytes in immunity 3.10.14 Thrombocytes: formation and fate Lymphatic system 3.11.1 Structure and functions of lymph nodes Integumentary system 3.12.1 Skin and its appendages: structure and functions; temperature regulation in animals and birds Sensory system 3.13.1 Physiology of hearing and balance 3.13.2 Physiology of smell and taste 3.13.3 Physiology of sight

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3.13

224 225 226 227 228 229 231 232 233 233 234 235 237 238 239 242 242 244 246 248 249 251 252 254 255 256 258

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SECTION 4

259-306

Animal genetics

4.4 4.5

4.6 4.7 4.8 4.9 4.10

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4.11

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4.3

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4.2

Cell structure 4.1.1 Animal cell 4.1.2 Plant cell 4.1.3 Difference between animal cell and plant cell Cell division 4.2.1 Mitosis 4.2.2 Meiosis 4.2.3 Difference between mitosis and meiosis 4.2.4 Difference between cell and tissue Mutation 4.3.1 General characters of mutation Traits Genetic variability and its causes 4.5.1 Causes of genetic variability 4.5.2 Factors that decrease genetic variability 4.5.3 Genetic response and factors affecting genetic response 4.5.4 Different types of genetic evaluation Phenotype Phenotypic variation Genotype 4.8.1 Difference between genotype and phenotype Gene Heredity 4.10.1 Types of heredity Mendelian law 4.11.1 Law of Segregation (the "First Law") 4.11.2 Law of Independent Assortment (the "Second Law") 4.11.3 Law of Dominance (the "Third Law") Lethal factor 4.12.1 Typical lethal factor associated condition in cattle Sex chromosome

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4.12 4.13

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259 259 263 263 264 264 266 269 270 270 272 273 273 273 274 275 275 277 278 279 279 279 280 281 281 282 283 284 284 285 285

4.27 4.28 4.29 4.30

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ba

4.31 4.32 4.33 4.34 4.35 4.36

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4.22 4.23 4.24 4.25 4.26

Heterozygous and homozygous Difference between species and breed Implantation Multiple alleles Linkage and crossing over Sex determination system Structural chromosomal aberrations Difference between qualitative and quantitative inheritance Sex influenced and sex limited characters Hardy-Weinberg law Gene interaction, epistasis and multiple alleles Cytoplasmic inheritance Definition of Chromosomal: deletion, duplication, inversion and translocation Chromosomal inversion and translocation Difference between a mutation and a mutagen Genetic environment interactions and genetic environment correlations Difference between mutagenic and teratogenic substance Definition of monohybrid, dihybrid and polyhybrid Factors affecting genetic change Difference between dominant and recessive genes Genetic aspects of reproduction traits Undesirable recessive traits in dairy cattle Description of Mendel's hybridization experimentsmonohybrid and dihybrid crosses Genetic recombination and segregation Total performance index (TPI) Jersey performance index (JPI) Difference between a gene, an allele and a chromosome Comparison between an allele and a gene

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4.14 4.15 4.16 4.17 4.18 4.19 4.20 4.21

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4.37 4.38 4.39 4.40 4.41

286 286 286 286 287 287 289 291 292 292 293 293 293 293 294 294 296 296 297 297 298 298 299 302 302 303 303 304

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4.46 4.47

SECTION 5

Animal breeding

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5.2

Animal breeding policy in Nepal 5.1.1 Breeding policy: 2055, For cattle and buffalo 5.1.2 Implementation constraint of animal breeding in Nepal 5.1.3 Traits of economic importance of cattle in Nepal 5.1.4 Economic traits of buffalo in Nepal Selection methods 5.2.1 Performance testing 5.2.2 Pedigree selection 5.2.3 Progeny testing 5.2.3.1 Precaution needed for effective progeny testing program 5.2.4 Show ring selection 5.2.5 Tandem selection 5.2.6 Different steps of a selection programme 5.2.7 Selection, selection response, selection limit, selection differential 5.2.8 Methods and basis of selection 5.2.9 Factors influencing the effects of selection 5.2.10 Gene action, additive and nonadditive Choosing traits for selection 5.3.1 Selection goals 5.3.2 Heritability

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5.1

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4.44 4.45

Difference between allele and locus Difference between additive and non-additive genetic patterns Difference between genetic value and breeding value Why do forensic labs analyze non-coding DNA and not genes?

Why do DNA fingerprints analyze non-coding DNA and not genes?

Glossary of genetic terms

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4.42 4.43

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5.3

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304 304 304 305 305 305

307-376 307 309 310 311 313 314 314 315 315 316 316 317 318 318 319 321 322 322 323 323

5.7 5.8 5.9

5.10

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5.11 5.12 5.13

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5.6

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5.4 5.5

5.3.3 Variability of the trait 5.3.4 Correlated traits 5.3.5 Adaptation traits Factors affecting breeding efficiency Breeding system 5.5.1 Inbreeding 5.5.2 Outcrossing 5.5.3 Crossbreeding systems 5.5.4 Terminal crossing 5.5.5 Rotational crossing 5.5.6 Roto-terminal crossing 5.5.7 Grading up 5.5.8 Linebreeding 5.5.9 Hybrid vigor 5.5.10 Cloning 5.5.11 Formation of a gene pool Heritability 5.6.1 Concept of repeatability Constraint of animal genetics conservation in Nepal 5.7.1 Method of genetic resource conservation in animal Principles of mating systems Definition, scope and importance of biotechnology 5.9.1 Application of biotechnology tools in animal improvement In vitro fertilization, cloning and genetic marker technology Reproduction parameters in dairy cattle Hormone and heat synchronization using hormone Endangered livestock of Nepal, long-term plan for their conservation Principle of animal breeding Measure of breeding efficiency 5.15.1 Factor affecting breeding efficiency

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5.14 5.15

325 325 326 326 327 327 327 328 329 329 329 329 330 330 330 331 331 332 332 333 334 335 337 341 342 342 344 346 348 349

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5.25

5.26 5.27 5.28

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5.29 5.30

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5.20 5.21 5.22 5.23 5.24

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5.18 5.19

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5.17

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5.16

5.15.2 Captive breeding, their purpose, importance and risk Heritability and repeatability estimates for reproductive trait in cow Breeding values, measure of genetic and phenotypic relationships Calculating estimated breeding value Conservation (ex-situ / in-situ) and management of genetic resources in Nepal Selection of elite bull through breeding plan Open nucleus breeding scheme Estimation of breeding values of dairy cow Animal behaviour and its importance Variation and causes of variation, important of heredity and environment Animal breeding, importance and its scope in livestock improvement 5.25.1 Objective of animal breeding 5.25.2 Selection of breeding male for natural service 5.25.3 Management of bull Model for upgrading of local cattle by use of frozen semen and a nucleus breed unit Advantages of using artificial insemination (AI) in livestock breeding program Genetic parameters for the selection of poultry maintained for different purposes Breeding plan for avoiding inbreeding in sheep/goat Breeding plan for genetic improvement of sheep/goat 5.30.1 Individual flocks 5.30.2 Group flocks 5.30.2.1 Selection in group breeding schemes Breeding management of sheep and goat Terminology used in breeding program

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SECTION 6

377-400

Breed of cattle & buffalo

SECTION 7

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6.4 6.5 6.6

Nepalese indigenous cattle breeds Yak & Chauri Indian milk cattle breed 6.3.1 Milch breeds/Milk breeds 6.3.2 Dual purpose breeds 6.3.3 Draught breeds Exotic dairy breeds Nepalese indigenous buffaloes breeds Indian buffalo breeds

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6.1 6.2 6.3

Animal reproduction 7.2 7.3 7.4 7.5 7.6

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7.7 7.8

Different types of reproductive hormones and their functions The Estrous cycle Heat detection 7.3.1 Estrous synchronization The role of the male in reproduction Sign of heat Heat detection efficiency equations 7.6.1 Percentage of possible heats detected 7.6.2 Percentage of breedable heats detected Heat detection index Ovulation 7.8.1 Ovulation period Puberty 7.10.1 Puberty in the female 7.10.2 Puberty in the male 7.10.3 Age of Puberty 7.10.4 Factors affecting the attainment of puberty

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7.1

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7.10

377 381 383 383 385 389 391 395 397

401-480 401 409 410 411 412 413 417 417 417 418 419 419 420 421 422 422 422

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7.16

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7.19 7.20 7.21

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7.15

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7.12 7.13 7.14

Spermatogenesis 7.11.1 Difference between Spermatogenesis and Spermiogenesis 7.11.2 Morphology of spermatozoa 7.11.3 Semen abnormality related terms 7.11.4 Average semen volume in different animals Gametogenesis Fertilization Gestation period 7.14.1 Abnormality during the pregnancy and prenatal period Pregnancy diagnosis 7.15.1 Method of pregnancy diagnosis 7.15.2 Steps of rectal palpation in cattle 7.15.3 Modern technique for pregnancy diagnosis Parturition 7.16.1 Stages of parturition 7.16.2 Role of hormone in parturition 7.16.3 Twinning Retained placenta Postpartum recovery Artificial insemination 7.21.1 Advantage and disadvantage of AI 7.21.2 Artificial equipments 7.21.3 Artificial insemination technique 7.21.3.1 Thawing of semen 7.21.3.2 Loading the Al gun 7.21.3.3 Inseminating the cow 7.21.3.4 Artificial Insemination timing in cattle 7.21.3.5 Cow artificial insemination record 7.21.3.6 Advantage of AI over natural breeding 7.21.3.7 Conception rate Semen collection 7.22.1 Artificial vagina method (AV)

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7.22

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7.28 7.29 7.30

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7.26 7.27

SECTION 8

Animal nutrition

Composition and classification of feedstuff 8.1.1 Carbohydrate 8.1.1.1 Carbohydrates classification 8.1.1.2 Properties of carbohydrates 8.1.1.3 Structure of carbohydrates 8.1.1.4 Functions of carbohydrates 8.1.1.5 Types of carbohydrates 8.1.2 Proteins 8.1.2.1 Characteristics of proteins 8.1.2.2 Properties of proteins 8.1.2.3 Protein classification 8.1.2.4 Structure of proteins 8.1.2.5 Function of proteins 8.1.2.6 Types of proteins 8.1.3 Amino acid 8.1.3.1 General properties of amino acids 8.1.3.2 Functions of amino acids

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8.1

Pu

7.23 7.24 7.25

7.22.2 Electro-ejaculation 7.22.3 Semen evaluation method 7.22.3.1 Determining sperm numbers with a hemocytometer Factor affecting libido and semen quality in breeding bull Factor affecting survival of spermatozoa Factor affecting fertility during artificial insemination in cow Embryo transfer (ET) Factor affecting repeat breeding in cattle and their remedial measure Anoestrus in cattle, cause and remedial measure Cystic ovarian disease (COD) in cattle Glossary of reproductive terms

459 460 462 463 466 467 469 470 472 476 479

481-610 481 481 482 483 484 485 485 487 488 488 489 491 493 493 494 494 495

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8.1.3.3 Classification of amino acids 8.1.3.4 Structure of amino acid 8.1.4 Lipids 8.1.4.1 Characteristics of lipids 8.1.4.2 Types of lipids 8.1.4.3 Structure of lipids 8.1.4.4 Function of lipids 8.1.5 Minerals 8.1.5.1 Classification of minerals 8.1.5.2 General function 8.1.5.3 Macroelements 8.1.5.4 Microelements 8.1.6 Vitamins 8.1.6.1 Water-soluble vitamins 8.1.6.2 Fat-soluble vitamins Formulation of ration 8.2.1 Types of ration 8.2.2 Feeding standards 8.2.3 Desirable characteristics of a good ration 8.2.4 Thumb rules of feeding cattle, buffaloes, sheep and goat 8.2.5 Principles of ration formulation for different classes of animals 8.2.6 Method of ration formulation 8.2.6.1 Pearson square method 8.2.6.2 Trial and error method 8.2.6.3 Linear programming (LP) method 8.2.7 Formulation of milk replacer and calf starter 8.2.8 Classification of concentrate 8.2.9 Classification of roughage 8.2.10 Difference between concentrate and roughages 8.2.11 Difference between concentrate & non-roughage 8.2.12 Energy rich feed ingredients 8.2.13 Protein rich feed ingredients

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8.3

Difference between essential and non essential nutrients Feed additive and group of feed additive used in animal feed 8.2.16 Difference between feed supplement and feed additives 8.2.17 Feed additives and their benefit 8.2.18 Protein sources in cattle feeding 8.2.19 Energy source in cattle feeding 8.2.20 Ration formulation for a cow weighing 450 kg and producing 20 kg/day of milk (4% butter fat) 8.2.21 Usage molasses for livestock Classification of nutrients 8.3.1 Water 8.3.2 Carbohydrates (CHO) 8.3.3 Fats 8.3.4 Proteins 8.3.5 Minerals 8.3.6 Vitamins Enzyme 8.4.1 Characteristics of enzymes 8.4.2 Classification of enzyme 8.4.3 Structure of enzymes 8.4.4 Function of enzymes Feed analysis 8.5.1 Proximate analysis 8.5.2 Crude protein determination in feed and forages 8.5.2.1 Macro-Kjeldahl method 8.5.3 Detergent fiber analysis 8.5.4 Measuring the dry matter content of forages 8.5.4.1 Hand squeeze method 8.5.4.2 Microwave method 8.5.5 Determine yield of forages 8.5.6 Classification of feed

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8.2.14 8.2.15

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8.11 8.12 8.13 8.14 8.15 8.16 8.17

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Factor affecting digestibility intake Anti-nutritional factor in feedstuff Digestion in nonruminant Digestions in ruminant Total mixed ration (TMR) 8.14.1 Guidelines for nutrient concentrations in TMRs UMB (Urea molasses block) preparation Difference between starch equivalence and net energy Difference between digestible energy and metabolizable energy Difference between fecal energy and energy partitioning Difference between anabolism and catabolism Difference between calorie and heat increment Difference between true protein and urea Definition of TDN (Total digestive nutrition) system and their advantage and disadvantage Partitioning and repartitioning agents and their uses in animal feeding

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8.18 8.19 8.20 8.21 8.22

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8.8 8.9 8.10

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8.7

Energy 8.6.1 Basic units of energy 8.6.2 Measures of energy and energy utilization Use of urea (NPN) in ruminant feed 8.7.1 Factors affecting the use of NPN sources as ruminant feed 8.7.2 Use of NPN and bypass protein in ruminant diets 8.7.3 Constraints to application of the bypass protein technology 8.7.4 Methods to improve the nutritive value of rice straw 8.7.5 Method of urea treatment 8.7.6 Practical guidelines for use of rice straw as ruminant feed 8.7.7 NPN compound and mechanism of NPN utilization in ruminant Feed source available for livestock in Nepal Feeding balance concentrate mixure for cattle

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577 577 578 580 580 581 581 582 584 584 585 586 587 588 589 592 596 602 603 605 606 607 607 607 607 608 608 608

is hi ng

SECTION 9

611-712

Dairy farm management

Housing system management of cattle and buffalo 9.1.1 Selection of site for farm building 9.1.2 Factors to be considered while designing a livestock farm 9.1.3 Designing the animal building for production and product control 9.1.4 Housing system 9.1.5 Dairy cow building 9.1.5.1 Milking barn or parlour 9.1.5.2 Floor space requirements 9.1.5.3 Feeding and watering space requirements 9.1.5.4 Dimensions of feed manger 9.1.6 Cleaning and sanitation of dairy farm Calf pen house for young stock 9.2.1 Feeding 9.2.2 Feeding dairy cattle and buffalo 9.2.3 Daily nutrient requirements for maintenance, pregnancy and lactation for cattle and buffalo 9.2.4 Nutrient requirements of pre-ruminant cattle and buffalo calves 9.2.5 Daily nutrient requirement for growing dairy animals 9.2.6 Feeding dairy calves 9.2.6.1 Feeding dairy calves from birth to three months 9.2.6.2 Feeding dairy calves from three months to maturity 9.2.6.3 Feeding schedule (g) for calves up to three months of age 9.2.6.4 Example of the growth production ration for a 200 kg animal 9.2.6.5 Feeding dry calf starters and roughages 9.2.6.6 Ration schedule for dairy animals from three months to maturity 9.2.7 Calves deworming and vaccination program Feeding dairy cows

Ji

ba

ch ha

9.2

Pu

bl

9.1

9.3

611 611 612 613 614 615 618 618 618 619 619 621 623 623 624 625 626 629 629 630 632 634 634 634 636 637

Jibachha’s Handbook of Animal Husbandry

xxiii iiixx

Feeding dry cows Feeding for reproduction Care and management of pregnant animals 9.6.1 Steaming up Care and management of cow after parturition Care and management of lactating animals Care and management of work bullocks Care and management of breeding bull Care and management of calf 9.11.1 Colostrum feeding 9.11.2 Creep feeding 9.11.3 Milk replacer 9.11.4 Weaning of calf 9.11.5 Calf health Care and management of heifer Feeding systems of dairy cattle Cattle age determination 9.14.1 Teeth method 9.14.2 Horn method 9.14.3 Tail brush method Farm animal identification 9.15.1 Advantage of identification Restraint of farm animals 9.16.1 Rope squeeze 9.16.2 Burley method Castrations 9.17.1 Banding method 9.17.2 Burdizzo method 9.17.3 Surgical castration BCS (Body condition score) 9.18.1 System of body condition scoring in dairy cattle 9.18.2 Economic characters in dairy cattle

9.15 9.16

ba

9.17

ch ha

9.12 9.13 9.14

Pu

bl

9.7 9.8 9.9 9.10 9.11

is hi ng

9.4 9.5 9.6

Ji

9.18

xxiv xxiv

Jibachha’s Handbook of Animal Husbandry

639 639 640 640 641 643 644 645 646 648 650 650 651 651 652 654 657 657 663 663 663 668 669 671 672 675 675 677 679 681 681 683

Basic farm recording system Vaccination schedule Dehorning/disbudding 9.21.1 Electric or butane hot dehorning 9.21.2 Chemical method Drenching Ringing Animal behavior 9.24.1 Feeding behavior 9.24.2 Breeding behavior 9.24.3 Behaviour during sick 9.24.4 Excite by seeing strangers 9.24.5 Abnormal behaviours 9.24.6 Maternal-offspring behaviour 9.24.7 Resting behaviour Common vices of dairy animals Hoof trimming Culling of Animals Milking method Farm waste by-product management Poultry waste management

ch ha

9.25 9.26 9.27 9.28 9.29 9.30

Pu

bl

9.22 9.23 9.24

is hi ng

9.19 9.20 9.21

SECTION 10

Forage and fodder

Classification of grass 10.1.1 Forage 10.1.2 Fodder 10.1.3 Difference between fodder and forage crop 10.1.4 Salient features of forage crops 10.1.5 Limitations/constraints of forage crops production 10.1.6 Important characteristics of good forage crop 10.1.7 Important characteristics of good fodder crop

Ji

ba

10.1

684 687 688 688 689 690 691 692 693 693 694 694 694 694 695 695 700 704 705 708 710

713-806 713 713 714 715 715 716 716 716

Jibachha’s Handbook of Animal Husbandry

xxvvxx

is hi ng

10.8 10.9 10.10

ch ha

10.11

bl

10.7

Classification of forage crops Importance and scope of fodder production in Nepal Constraints/limitation of fodder production Imortance of fibre for rumen health Factor affecting the chemical composition of fodder/ forages Classification of feedstuff 10.7.1 Feed resources in Nepal Types of forage Role of NGO's, INGOs and NARC in the pasture/range development in Nepal Major limitations and constraints in forage seed production in Nepal Fodder tree 10.11.1 Types of fodder 10.11.2 Fodder trees and their lopping cycle in Nepal 10.11.3 Estimated foliage production of fodder trees 10.11.4 Nutritive value of some species of fodder tree leaves from the mid-hills of Nepal 10.11.5 Recommended grass/legumes for the hills 10.11.6 Importance of fodder tree species in Nepal 10.11.7 Indigenous fodder tree species 10.11.8 Exotic fodder tree species Agroforestry and silvipasture system and its importance in Nepal 10.12.1 Silvipasture Conservation of fodder/forage 10.13.1 Hay 10.13.2 Silage Plant poisoning in pasture and their management Strategies for pasture/rangeland improvement in Nepal 10.15.1 Type of rangelands according to the ecological belt in Nepal 10.15.2 Constraint (Problems) in improvement

Pu

10.2 10.3 10.4 10.5 10.6

10.12

ba

10.13

Ji

10.14 10.15

xxvi xxvi

Jibachha’s Handbook of Animal Husbandry

717 719 720 721 722 724 725 726 727 729 730 730 731 733 735 737 738 738 740 743 745 745 746 747 753 755 756 756

is hi ng

Ji

ba

10.23

ch ha

10.22

Pu

bl

10.16 10.17 10.18 10.19 10.20 10.21

10.15.3 Importance of rangelands/grassland Factors affecting the nutritive value of range forage Factors affecting forage intake by range ruminants Definition of annual and perennial forage Difference between legumes and grasses Difference between annuals, biennial and perennial grass Common annual legumes and their cultivation 10.21.1 Berseem (Trifolium alexandrinum) 10.21.2 Cowpea (Vigna unguiculata) 10.21.3 Lucerne (Medicago sativa) 10.21.4 Stylo (Stylosanthes guianensis) 10.21.5 Soybean (Glycine max) 10.21.6 Bean (Lablab purpureus) 10.21.7 Vetch (Vicia sativa) 10.21.8 Kudzu (Pueraria lobata) 10.21.9 Centro (Centrosema pubescens) Common annual cereal fodder and their cultivation 10.22.1 Oat (Avena sativa) 10.22.2 Sorgum (Sorghum bicolor) 10.22.3 Maize (Zea mays) 10.22.4 Teosinte (Mexican teosinte) 10.22.5 Bajra (Pennisetum glaucum) 10.22.6 Deenanath (Pennisetum pedicellatum) Common annual cereal grass and their cultivation 10.23.1 Napier (Pennisetum purpureum) 10.23.2 Guinea grass (Panicum maximum) 10.23.3 Para grass (Brachiaria mutica) 10.23.4 Blue buffel grass 10.23.5 Rhodes grass (Chloris gayana) 10.23.6 Blue panic (Panicum antidotale) 10.23.7 Molasses (Melinis minutiflora) 10.23.8 Paspalum (Paspalum dilatatum)

758 759 762 763 764 764 765 765 766 766 767 767 768 769 770 771 772 772 773 773 774 774 775 776 776 776 777 778 778 779 779 780

Jibachha’s Handbook of Animal Husbandry

xxvii iivxx

is hi ng

ba

ch ha

Pu

bl

10.24 Cultivation of fodder crops on marginal lands and terrace risers 10.25 Role of community forest in livestock development 10.26 Factor affecting natural grassland productivity in Nepal 10.27 Method of pasture and range development 10.28 Government policy and program for pasture development in Nepal 10.29 Scope of forage and pasture seed production in Nepal 10.30 Managing the terai grassland in Nepal 10.31 Principle of grass seed production 10.32 Tree for fodder and fuel in Nepal 10.33 Problem affecting pasture and rangeland management in Himalayan region of Nepal 10.34 Khoriya (Shifting) cultivation and their useful in livestock farming system in Nepal 10.35 Nursery management of fodder tree species 10.36 Quality management of seed and methods of estimation 10.37 Definition of stratification, inoculation and scarification of seed 10.38 Method of seed inoculation 10.39 Propagation of fodder trees and its importance 10.40 Importance of fodder trees and shrubs for livestock and farmers 10.41 Estimation of crop carrying capacity 10.42 Differences between manure and fertilizers 10.43 Differences between mixed cropping and intercropping 10.44 Major pet forage species for intensive use in Nepal

SECTION 11

Goat

Taxonomy Economic importance of goat farming in Nepal 11.2.1 Scope of goat farming

Ji

11.1 11.2

xxviii Jibachha’s Handbook of Animal Husbandry xxviii

781 782 783 784 785 787 789 790 791 793 794 795 797 799 799 801 802 802 803 804 804

807-866 807 807 808

is hi ng

11.3

11.6 11.7

ba

11.8 11.9 11.10

ch ha

Pu

11.4 11.5

Constraint of goat farming Reasons for preference of goat over sheep or large ruminants in Nepal 11.2.4 Points to be considered during goat farm construction 11.2.5 Advantages of goat farming/utility of goats 11.2.6 Twelve steps for starting goat farming 11.2.7 Difference between sheep and goat Indigenous goat breeds of Nepal 11.3.1 Growth characteristics of indigenous goat breeds 11.3.2 Reproductive parameters of indigenous goat breeds Exotic goat breed Goat management 11.5.1 Managing a pregnant doe 11.5.2 Housing management 11.5.3 Grazing system 11.5.4 Feeding management 11.5.5 Creep ration 11.5.6 Flushing ration Identification of goat Castration 11.7.1 Surgical method 11.7.2 Burdizzo (Emasculatome) method 11.7.3 Elastrator method Dipping Vaccination Breeding 11.10.1 Breeding method Artificial insemination in goat Effect of photoperiod controlling reproductive seasonality in sheep and goats Deworming Goat marketing channel in different ecozone of Nepal Internal parasites of goat & sheep

bl

11.2.2 11.2.3

11.11 11.12

Ji

11.13 11.14 11.15

810 810 810 811 812 813 813 817 817 818 824 824 824 827 829 832 832 833 836 836 836 837 838 840 840 843 847 853 854 855 856

Jibachha’s Handbook of Animal Husbandry

xxix xixx

is hi ng

Sheep

Taxonomy 12.1.1 Anatomy of Sheep 12.2 History of sheep farming in Nepal 12.3 Importance of sheep farming in Nepal 12.3.1 Advantage of sheep farming 12.3.2 Constraint of sheep farming in Nepal 12.4 Indigenous sheep breeds of Nepal 12.5 Exotic sheep breed 12.6 Feeds 12.7 Factors affecting wool quality and quantity 12.8 Physical and chemical properties of wool 12.9 Difference between fur, wool and hair 12.10 Daily water requirements 12.11 Shearing 12.12 Effect of external parasites on sheep

Ji

ba

ch ha

12.1

Pu

SECTION 12

bl

11.16 External parasites of goat & sheep 11.16.1 Ticks 11.16.2 Lice 11.16.3 Sheep ked (ticks) 11.16.4 Mange/Mites 11.16.5 Fleas 11.17 Benefits of goat milk over cow milk 11.18 Method of body condition scoring of sheep and goats 11.18.1 Lumbar region 11.18.2 Rib cage 11.18.3 Sternum

xxxxxx

Jibachha’s Handbook of Animal Husbandry

857 857 858 859 859 860 861 862 862 862 862

867-892 867 868 869 870 870 871 871 875 878 884 885 886 887 887 892

is hi ng

SECTION 13

893-918

Horse

13.12 13.13 13.14 13.15 13.16 13.17 13.18 13.19

bl

13.6 13.7 13.8 13.9 13.10 13.11

Pu

13.3 13.4 13.5

Taxonomy Horse breed 13.2.1 Some popular breeds of horses Identification of horse Horse marking Restraint of horse 13.5.1 Physical restraint Dentition Weight measurement Importance of horse Categories of horse breed Management of pregnant mares and foals Breeding season of horses, estrus cycle in mares and breeding time Feeding horses Standards for the housing and care of horses Method of selection of horse Use of horse/mule in Nepal Difference between horse and mule Selection criteria of horse and mules Advantages of spaying and castrating horses Glossary of horse related terms

ch ha

13.1 13.2

SECTION 14

ba

Poultry

Introduction and anatomy Taxonomy Importance of poultry and poultry products Scope of poultry production in Nepal Constraint in poultry production in Nepal

Ji

14.1 14.2 14.3 14.4 14.5

893 893 895 895 896 897 898 900 900 901 902 903 905 907 911 913 914 915 915 916 916

919-992 919 920 920 922 923

Jibachha’s Handbook of Animal Husbandry

xxxi ixxx

is hi ng

Importance of chicken meat External and internal body parts of a chicken 14.7.1 Parts of digestive system of a chicken 14.7.2 Reproductive organ of chicken 14.7.3 Formation of egg shell

14.8 14.9

Indigenous poultry breeds of Nepal Exotic poultry breed class 14.9.1 American class 14.9.2 Asiatic class 14.9.3 English class 14.9.4 Mediterranean class System of poultry rearing 14.10.1 Construction of chicken house Feeding 14.11.1 Vitamins and trace minerals 14.11.2 Broiler feed 14.11.3 Layers feed 14.11.4 Feed composition 14.11.5 ISI specifications in diet for chicken 14.11.6 Practical levels of nutrients in the diet of chicken 14.11.7 Practical levels of amino acids in the diet of chicken 14.11.8 Mineral sources and their mineral contents 14.11.9 Maximum level of inclusion of feed ingredients in poultry diets Watering 14.12.1 Drinking-water quality Hatchery management Sex identification of chicks Chicks management 14.15.1 Brooding temperature Layers management 14.16.1 Selection of good layers 14.16.2 Egg shell deformities

ch ha

14.11

Pu

14.10

bl

14.6 14.7

14.12

ba

14.13 14.14 14.15

Ji

14.16

xxxii xxxii

Jibachha’s Handbook of Animal Husbandry

923 925 925 927 928 929 930 930 933 935 939 940 945 946 946 947 947 950 958 959 960 961 962 964 965 966 968 969 971 972 972 974

14.22

14.23

is hi ng

14.20 14.21

bl

14.19

Pig

Taxonomy Advantage of pig farming Economic importance of pig Constraints in piggery development in Nepal Starting pig farming in Nepal Indigenous pig breeds of Nepal Exotic pig breed Comparison between native and exotic breed of pig 15.8.1 Production performance of indigenous and commercial pig breeds 15.9 Pig rearing system in Nepal 15.10 Site selection for pig housing 15.11 Pig housing

Ji

ba

15.1 15.2 15.3 15.4 15.5 15.6 15.7 15.8

975 976 980 981 982 982 983 984 984 986 987 988 988 989 990

993-1040

ch ha

SECTION 15

Pu

14.17 14.18

14.16.3 Egg shell structure Moulting Artificial Insemination (AI) in bird 14.18.1 Semen collection 14.18.2 Technique of AI in bird Effects of photoperiod on poultry performance and immune system Poultry farm management Disease control 14.21.1 Biosecurity and eradication 14.21.2 Internal parasites 14.21.3 External parasites Vaccination schedule 14.22.1 Vaccine handling and storage 14.22.2 Vaccination procedure guide Poultry related glossary of term

993 994 995 996 997 999 1004 1007 1007 1007 1009 1010

Jibachha’s Handbook of Animal Husbandry xxxiii iiixxx

is hi ng

Ji

ba

ch ha

Pu

bl

15.12 Feeding 15.12.1 Feed and water requirement for pigs 15.12.2 Diets for sow gestation and lactation 15.12.3 Dietary nutrient requirements of growing pigs allowed ad lib feed (90% dry matter) 15.12.4 Formulation of swine feed rations using the Pearson square method 15.13 Factors influencing nutrient requirements in pigs 15.14 Breeding 15.15 Selection of gilt 15.15.1 Criteria for herd replacement 15.15.2 Breeding gilt 15.15.3 Swine gestation table (115 Days), if bred Jan 1–April 30 15.15.4 Swine gestation table (115 Days), if bred May 1– August 31 15.15.5 Swine gestation table (115 Days), if bred September 1– December 31 15.16 Artificial insemination 15.16.1 Identification of oestrus 15.16.2 Timing of AI & method 15.17 Pig management 15.17.1 Pig castration 15.17.2 Pig identification 15.17.2.1 Tagging 15.17.2.2 Notching 15.17.2.3 Tattooing 15.17.2.4 Recording 15.18 Health management 15.18.1 Vaccination 15.18.2 Deworming 15.19 Marketing channel of live pig and pork meat in Nepal 15.20 Pig farming terminology

xxxiv Jibachha’s Handbook of Animal Husbandry xxxiv

1013 1013 1014 1015 1017 1018 1020 1021 1021 1022 1022 1023 1024 1026 1026 1027 1028 1028 1029 1029 1030 1034 1036 1037 1037 1037 1039 1039

is hi ng

SECTION 16

1041-1062

Rabbit

ch ha

Pu

bl

Introduction Taxonomy Body part of rabbit Scope for rabbit farming and it's national importance The advantages of rabbit farming Limitation of rabbit farming Major breed of rabbit Sexing of rabbit Handling and restraint of rabbits Housing Feeding Breeding Behavior Estrus cycle and breeding time Economic importance of rabbit production Major diseases of rabbits, their prevention and treatment 16.16.1 Snuffles 16.16.2 Overgrown teeth 16.16.3 Hairballs (Trichobezoars) 16.16.4 Uterine tumours 16.16.5 Myxomatosis 16.16.6 Calicivirus 16.16.7 Coccidiosis 16.16.8 Ear mites 16.17 Slaughtering and skinning techniques of rabbits 16.18 Techniques of preparing rabbit houses (hutch) 16.19 Techniques of preparing rabbit feed

1041 1041 1042 1043 1044 1044 1045 1046 1047 1048 1049 1050 1050 1051 1053 1054 1054 1055 1055 1056 1056 1056 1057 1057 1058 1060 1061

Ji

ba

16.1 16.2 16.3 16.4 16.5 16.6 16.7 16.8 16.9 16.10 16.11 16.12 16.13 16.14 16.15 16.16

Jibachha’s Handbook of Animal Husbandry

xxxv vxxx

is hi ng

SECTION 17

1063-1094

Fisheries

bl

ch ha

17.13 17.14 17.15

Taxonomy Differentiation between fish culture and aquaculture History of fish farming in Nepal Scope of fish culture in Nepal Economic importance of fish Fish farming system in Nepal Anatomy of fish and their function Select site for fish farming Types of fish pond Types of water quality in fish pond Different types of fresh water fishes Common fish species found in Nepal 17.12.1 Indigenous fish 17.12.2 Exotic species Characteristics of brood fish Differentiation of male and female brood fish Difference between monoculture and polyculture fish farming Calculating fertilization rate, hatching rate and fry survival rate Importance of water quality in fish culture Types of net used in aquaculture Improved fodder grass used in grass carp Hormones used in brood fish Liming fish pond Harvesting methods of fish from pond Gillnet Integrated fish culture Effect of pH and temperature on pond water Methods of dead fish's preservation

Pu

17.1 17.2 17.3 17.4 17.5 17.6 17.7 17.8 17.9 17.10 17.11 17.12

17.16

Ji

ba

17.17 17.18 17.19 17.20 17.21 17.22 17.23 17.24 17.25 17.26

xxxvi Jibachha’s Handbook of Animal Husbandry xxxvi

1063 1063 1064 1064 1064 1065 1066 1067 1069 1070 1070 1072 1072 1074 1077 1077 1078 1078 1079 1080 1081 1081 1081 1082 1084 1084 1085 1086

is hi ng

SECTION 18

Dairy production

18.3

ba

18.4

Pu

18.2

Milk production in Nepal 18.1.1 Scope of milk production in Nepal 18.1.2 Constraint in milk production in Nepal 18.1.3 Strategic measures to reduce dependence on imported milk in Nepal Clean milk production 18.2.1 Steps in clean milk production Milk 18.3.1 The composition of milk Dairy products preparation 18.4.1 Butter 18.4.2 Dahi (Curd) 18.4.3 Cheese 18.4.4 Ice cream 18.4.5 Khoa 18.4.6 Paneer 18.4.7 Kulfi Nepalese standardization of milk Factors affecting the milk composition and its quality Theory of milk secretion Method of pasteurization Milk processing

ch ha

18.1

Ji

18.5 18.6 18.7 18.8 18.9

bl

17.27 Importance of artificial breeding (AI) in aquaculture 17.28 Diseases of fish 17.28.1 Common parasitic diseases 17.28.1.1 Protistan parasites of fishes 17.28.1.2 Common metazoan parasites of fishes 17.28.2 Common fungal diseases 17.28.3 Common bacterial diseases 17.29 Fodder grasses used for fish in Nepal

1087 1088 1088 1088 1089 1092 1093 1094

1095-1152 1095 1096 1096 1097 1101 1102 1103 1103 1104 1104 1108 1109 1111 1113 1114 1116 1117 1119 1120 1120 1121

Jibachha’s Handbook of Animal Husbandry xxxvii iivxxx

Physicochemical properties of milk Flavours and off flavours of milk Sanitization of dairy plant utensils and equipments Pasteurization and homogenization of milk, packing and distribution of milk Testing of milk quality 18.14.1 Platform tests 18.14.1.1 Organoleptic evaluation 18.14.1.2 Clot on boiling test (COB) 18.14.1.3 Milk Testing - Alcohol Test 18.14.1.4 Sediment test 18.14.1.5 Minutes Resazurin Test 18.14.2 Determination of activity (titrable acidity) of milk 18.14.3 Determination of fat in milking 18.14.4 Determination of S.N.F. (Solid Not Fat) and total solids of milk Bacterial test in milk Commonly used dairy sanitizers in dairy plant Use of detergents and sanitizers in dairy industry Procedure for cleaning and sanitizing of dairy utensils Difference between true protein and crude protein Milk marketing definitions Adulteration test in milk Milk borne disease

ch ha

18.15 18.16 18.17 18.18 18.19 18.20 18.21 18.22

Pu

bl

18.14

is hi ng

18.10 18.11 18.12 18.13

SECTION 19

ba

Dog & cat

Introduction Dog and Cat breed Dog and cat breeding 19.3.1 Estrus cycle and mating in dogs 19.3.2 Estrus cycle and mating in cats 19.3.3 Care of pregnant bitches and queens

Ji

19.1 19.2 19.3

xxxviii Jibachha’s Handbook of Animal Husbandry xxxviii

1122 1123 1127 1129 1131 1132 1132 1133 1134 1134 1137 1138 1139 1141 1143 1144 1145 1147 1148 1148 1149 1150

1153-1166 1153 1153 1155 1155 1156 1157

is hi ng

19.4 19.5 19.6 19.7

19.3.4 Care of puppies and kittens Vaccination of dog & cat Schedule of routine deworming : canines Clinical information on dogs Practical tips for feeding

SECTION 20

1167-1174

Miscellaneous

Longevity of various animals Terms by species or taxon Suggested space and housing guidelines for fully mature farm animals 20.4 Urine volume and specific gravity 20.5 Typical composition of buffalo milk and cow milk 20.6 Weights and measures equivalents and conversions 20.7 Percentage, ppm, and ppb Conversions 20.8 Temperature equivalents and conversions 20.9 Average number of sperm per ejaculate 20.10 Time between coitus and arrival of sperm in the fallopian tube 20.11 Fertile life of sperm

ch ha

Pu

bl

20.1 20.2 20.3

SECTION 21

Animal Husbandry Model Question – Answer SECTION 22

1158 1159 1162 1164 1164

1171 1172 1172 1173 1173 1174 1174 1174 1175-1200

1201-1215

Ji

ba

PROJECT PROPOSAL ON DAIRY FARM

1167 1168 1170

Jibachha’s Handbook of Animal Husbandry xxxix xixxx

xl xl

Jibachha’s Handbook of Animal Husbandry