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street art Mcs ARK2 / group11 / 2012
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This project concerns the design of a zero energy housing complex at the coast of Limfjorden, west of central Aalborg. The occupants in the area share a common house, laundry and storage spaces as well as outside social and optional facilities. Furthermore shared access streets foster relations between the occupants, creating a sense of neighbourhood. The project is developed on the basis of the general theme of this semester “Sustainable Architecture”. It is the goal to combine sustainable living conditions with architectural quality. Providing good indoor climate, security, a sense of belonging and richness of life – the qualities of a home.
Mcs ARK2 Sustainable Architecture Department of Architectural, Design and Media Technology, Aalborg University, 2012 Project period: 27.02.2012 – 30.05.2012 Number of reports: 7 Page numbers: 75 Architectural supervisor: Camilla Brunsgaard Technical supervisor: Anna Joanna Marszal Camilla Brink Harck Eleni Karagiannidou Jibo Chen René Therkelsen
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Contents introduction 5 methodology 6 strategy 8 tools 9 d w e l l i n g 11 types 12 u s e r / u s a g e 1 4 analysis 17 passive means 23 active means 28 vision 31 the in-between concept 32 a r c h i t e c t u r a l c r i t e r i a 3 3 basic design 34 technical loop 35 the apartment 36 technical loop 37 the living street concept 38 urban criteria 40 housing in row 41 l a y e r i n g 4 2 detailed design 43 masterplan 44 d a y l i g h t 4 5 wind simulations 46 development 47 layers 48 materials 49 material study 50 technical loop 51 presentation 54 outro 66 appendix 67 references 75 illustrations 76
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introduction
Ill. 1
This paper deals with the design of a sustainable housing complex at the coast of Limfjorden, west of central Aalborg, Egholm faergevej. The design both concerns the urban scale of a housing area and the architectural scale of individual dwellings. It is well documented that high density, along with multifunctional city structures, decreases the use of energy, due to it’s often compactness and the less use of private cars. However, in Denmark almost 50% of living consists of single family dwellings spread over big areas, which result in a higher energy consumption and bigger transportation costs [Kristensen 2007]. This is a dilemma that will be tried to be resolved in this project design [study guide]. The building complex in this project should be designed to fulfil the 2020 energy demand, without the use of renewable energy production but only with energy efficiency measures. Furthermore, the building complex should meet the zero energy goals on an annual basis, when building and energy
use (heating, water, cooling, user related) and renewable energy resources are included [Requirements for energy neutrality – M.Sc. 2Ark (2012)]. It is not sufficient to focus only on the standardized principles of sustainability that can be calculated. The architectural, more indefinable aspects that provide another, equally important, degree of well being and shape life should be considered from the very beginning of the project design [Albjerg, 2008]. Integrated design tools are meant to be used as a strategy to create a dwelling complex that combines sustainable living conditions with architectural quality. Providing good indoor climate, security, a sense of belonging and richness of life – the qualities of a home.
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methodology Architecture Light
Dwelling
Passive technologies
Tectonics Urban space
Sun - and wind conditions
PROJECT The user
Sustainability Renewable energy producing technologies Context Zero Energy buildings
Functions
Ill. 2
integrated design process
The conventional definition of integrated design is that project team members from all disciplines work together early and often throughout the project design process. IDP was first used by Canada’s C-2000 program and IDEAS Challenge competition to describe a more holistic approach to building design in the early 1990s [Heiselberg 2007]. While compared to the traditional design process, IDP mobilizes both architects and engineers in an interdisciplinary aspect and utilizes the iterative process from the conceptual design to the final detail design. Rather than just the architect creating a design and then passing it on to the engineers to continue the constructional and HVAC design one by one. Roughly the iterative process exists of five phases: project idea, analysis, sketching, synthesis and presentation which in this report will be expressed by three main phases: program, process and presentation. The process, though, should not be seen as a linear process where the different phases are finished before the next
starts but as ongoing loops between the phases. Integration allows the design to embrace a variety of fields. In this project different parameters, all the time, are considered, not for an obsession for architectural products, not for an obsession to follow certain design styles and fashions, but for a need for quality both in design and final in everyday life. Integrated design in all stages is used as a method to produce a holistic and sustainable solution with respect to environment and human behaviour and comfort. Mary-Ann Knudstrup’s model illustrates the variety of parameters which are going to be considered in the integrated design process [Knudstrup 2005].
case studies:
In the program case studies are used for research, mainly on the subject of sustainability. Case studies are used to get inspiration and create a common reference catalogue in the group.
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literature studies:
Literature studies are used to gain information about subjects that have been researched by others. The reason for doing these studies is to gather specific knowledge on different topics, for instance passive and active technologies in terms of zero energy building design. When using this method it is important to be critical when choosing source and references.
mapping:
Mapping is used as a method for registration of the building site and the surrounding areas [Lynch 1960]. Also registrations of specific weather conditions as for instance sun and wind are studied. Beside these analytical registrations a more phenomenological approach is also used to illuminate the character of the site. The phenomenological approach allows for a registration of the visual experiences of the area while working through it. The area hereby are sensed and experienced through our own bodies.
sketching:
Sketching is used as a method throughout the whole
process. The method is used both for communicating and share ideas in the group. Also it will be used as a generator for getting and develop ideas. Modeling is used as a 3d sketching tool.
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strategy
I l l . 3 the three steps in the design strategy
Design strategy for zero e n e rg y b u i l d i n g c o n c e p t s
In order to create a low-energy building complex a certain design strategy is defined which is based on the method of the ‘Kyoto Pyramid’, a strategy that has been developed for the design of low energy buildings in Norway [Heidelberg 2007]. The main benefit is that it focuses on the importance of reducing the energy load before adding systems for energy supply. Thus, the design mainly operates in three phases: Reduce, optimize and produce. First step is to reduce the energy load by implementation of passive design solutions. The second step is to implement renewable energy technologies whereas the goal of the final step is to produce local energy (Becker, AC2: 15). This method produces buildings that are less expensive because of reduced mechanical equipment and energy needs. In addition the used equipment does not have to fight such huge loads. Also it is often successful among occupants when the building design requires a minimum effort of mechanical technologies and user controls to achieve a good indoor climate (Heiselberg 2007).
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tools
brainstorm:
Brainstorms are used to generate ideas and develop a common understanding in the group of different notions.
spreadsheets:
A month-average spreadsheet is used in the first stages of the design process to get an initial idea of the total energy consumption of the design. To evaluate min and max temperature at the scale of a single apartment a 24h-average spreadsheet is used.
eco techt:
Eco techt is used for daylight calculation and evaluation. Also daylight simulations can be done in Bsim in the scale of a single apartment.
vasari:
Vasari is used for wind simulations of the area.
Bsim
Bsim is used for documenting the indoor climate in the scale of a single apartment.
Be10
Be10 is used for documenting the total energy consumption of the design.
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dwelling
Ill. 4
A house is a home when it shelters the body and comforts the soul [Phillip Mottiff]. The Danes are in love with their homes, and use much of their funds and time in their home. It is not only a place to sleep and eat, it is the family core and the foundation of our lives, as well as a stage of the individual. In Denmark, more than 40 percent of all dwellings are single family houses, while more than 80 percent of the population desires to live in either a single family house or a row house, attracted by qualities such as privacy, influence, green areas and light. The first single family houses appeared in the late nineteenth century and their context and basic characteristics did not change until today : a house surrounded or situated in a yard on the outskirts of cities. [Kristensen, 2007]
Suburban living allows for an expression of individualisation through architecture and design. There is ample space which could be used to facilitate hobbies or to invite guests over without disturbing the neighbours. It is a very child-friendly environment and allows for alternate living opportunities [Brunsgaard, 2011]. Living on the suburbs, in a single family house, is related with living closer to nature and openness, as the private yard provides this quality. There is a high level of privacy, a high level of isolation at the same time that the neighbourhood feeling is strong. People get attached to their neighbours because they share the same qualities, there is a guarantee for understanding and no cultural surprises. In general people with the same life style or values try to live closely or in groups. With in mind it gives sense that these kind of dwelling are “friends” [Ærø, 2002]. Therefore the task will be to apply these qualities of individualization, openness and relationship with nature to a more dense context.
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types
Ill. 5
Ill. 6
Ill. 7
Today people in Denmark can be said to live in four main types of dwellings and neighbourhoods with different qualities; the open-low, dens-low, open-tall and dense-tall dwelling type. The following section will describe qualities within each of these four cases.
open-low:
Row housing: Popularity +++ density +++ Sustainability +++
Single family house: Popularity +++++ density + Sustainability +
This type denotes the detached family house with own garden. Today there are 1.1 million single-family houses in Denmark out of a total 2.6 million dwellings. Singlefamily houses are thus the most common type of housing [Housing in Denmark, p. 26]. It seems that the reason why single-family houses are so popular are because of the high degree of freedom this housing type provides. Unlike other housing types the single-family houses make few constrains in terms of how people can decorate and use their homes. The home becomes a private sphere for the family life. This housing type focus on the individual [Kirsten 2007].
dense-low:
This type denotes the terraced house where individual and collective aspects are combined. Access is via a common courtyard, which contain spaces for stay and playgrounds. On the other side of the dwelling there is exit to a private courtyard. The dwellings are often smaller than the singefamily houses, but instead provide more shared facilities as for example laundry service and common rooms. This dwelling type forms the basis for the creation of a social network between the occupants [Ærø 2002].
open-tall:
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Ill. 8
Ill. 10
Ill. 9
Housing Block: Popularity + density +++++ Sustainability +++
This type denotes the modern block building constructed with prefab building elements. Typically each apartment is provided with a balcony and with large areas of recreational areas nearby. Also there is a short distance to supermarkets and public institutions. Both of them often integrated in the housing [Ærø 2002].
City centre block: Popularity +++ density ++++ Sustainability +++
This type denotes the dwelling in the dense city block structure. This is often small dwellings, which fits today’s most general user group; the young singles and young couples. With considerations of sustainability this dwelling type supports the ideal of the compact city life [Ærø 2002].
conclusions
Both the dense-low and dense-tall dwelling types are examples of existing dense building design. The denselow dwelling type forms the basis for the development of a social network between the occupants as well as a height degree of human activity in the dwelling area which are qualities that evolve from the density of the area. Qualities which this project will aim for. Thus the challenge is to bring these qualities together with qualities from the singlefamily house to create sustainable dense dwellings in a human scale.
dense-tall:
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user / usage
I l l . 11
user group
Because the open-low dwelling type is the most popular housing in Denmark our user group has been chosen to consist of people normally living in single-family houses. From this group of people two different user profiles have been developed. The family, consisting of two adults and either one or two children. The parents go to work five days a week from approximately eight o’clock in the morning to four o’clock in the afternoon. In the weekends they spend more time home but also often go on trips with the children to experience things together as a family. The children go to public institutions and are away from home in the same time period as the parents. Daily, the family is cooking at home. The family wants to take advantage of the nature in the area as well as the large amount of leisure activities and nearby facilities of the dense city. The middle-aged couple. They both have part time jobs. In their spare time they spend a lot of time on their hobbies.
Daily, they are cooking at home. In the weekends they would like to relax and enjoy the qualities of the nature surrounding them, without moving out of the dense city.
functional demands
This project strives to create a good and healthy indoor climate. The perceived indoor air quality therefore has been chosen to fulfil category A. According to WHO’s definition indoor climate consists of five points [rockwool]. In the creation of a good indoor climate this project focuses on three of the five points: Visual indoor climate / daylight Atmospheric indoor climate Thermal indoor climate The table indicates the functional demands to be fulfilled in the design. The Danish Building Regulations [BR10, chapter 6] has been used as point of departure in the development of these demands and not as rules to follow .
N
Livingroom S-SW Master NE Bedroom NE Bedroom O ff i c e
NE
Kitchen
S-SW
Entrance Outdoor
S-N S-SW
+++++
mp r T e nte Wi
erT mm Su
igh he om
Na Me tura ch l an ica
Da y Fa ligh cto t r %
Pri va Qu cy itn ess
ea
3
Ro
Bathroom
Ar
Or
ien
tat
l
ion
t
mp
15
2,8m
24-26 C
24 C
N
2,4m
22-26 C
21-24 C
2%
M
3-5%
20
+
12
+++
2%
N
2,8m
22 C
21 C
9
+++
2-3%
N
2,8m
22 C
21 C
9
+++++
2-3%
N
2,8m
24 C
24 C
12
+
3-5%
N/M
6m
22-26 C
21-24 C
2
+
2%
N
6m
22-26 C
21-24 C
++
-
N
-
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Ill. 12
the importance of user related behaviour
The development of low energy buildings results in an increasing importance of the occupant’s behaviour [Brunsgard 2012]. Most people are not aware of their physical and mental needs. People often just follow their instincts when evaluating whether or not they feel comfortable and then they react on that. The possibility for the user to adjust and have an impact on the indoor climate therefore often makes the inhabitants more satisfied with the indoor comfort [Velux 2010]. Evaluations and calculations of zero-energy buildings are often done for a very specific use of the building. This calculation mirrors a scenario, which can only be obtained by making a total mechanical controlled building. Thus, there are two possibilities of creating and evaluating the indoor climate. One is to make the building completely mechanically controlled and teach the users to live within this envelope. The second is to meet the diversity of different user behaviours and develop calculations, containing a sensitivity analysis for different user cases.
Hereby, create a more realistic evaluation of the building’s energy consumption and indoor environment.
conclusions
This project deals with the challenge of combining the sustainable creation of high density housing and the more suburban housing qualities, which our user group likes. It is the goal to minimizing the user’s consumption of resources but at the same time, also to fulfil the needs of the users. The project is developed for two different user profiles. A family of three or four persons and a middle aged couple. In the creation of a good indoor climate this project focuses on the visual, atmospheric and thermal indoor climate. Also it should be possible for the user to adjust and have an impact on the indoor climate to meet the diversity of different users.
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analysis
Ill. 14
infrastructure
The city of Aalborg is rapidly changing into a dynamic, competitive and cultural city. However, as a suburban city, the need for dwelling is competing the need for quality in every day life. Although this project is dealing with a non dense area of the city, the sense and qualities of it are tempting. The percentage of open urban spaces versus the built environment is obvious on this map. Also obvious is the way the site is hanging on the edge of both the city’s dense area and the natural scape. Like most European cities, the urban fibber in Aalborg is dense on and around the old city centre, and organically structured. On the second “ring� around the city centre some of Hippodamus rules are visible but they fade away towards the suburbs. Here, on the edge between exploit city scape and pure untouched nature, another quality is experienced. The scenery is constituted by low height buildings most of them hosting sports and cultural activities, low greenery and pedestrian routes. The noise from the artificial environment is limited and the openness towards the fjord, dominant.
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existing dwellings
Ill. 15
access / facilities / flow The following is based on own registrations.
Although on the edge, the plot is not isolated. The access from the city center is easy through the city’s road network and a combination of soft routes for bikers and walkers. The car circulation is mild, taking place mostly in the starting and ending of the working scedule, causing no polution or noise. There are a lot of parking places and the possibility to place a parking arena. The connection with the public transportation network is sufficient also. And, although on the edge, the plot is not lacking any comforts as surrounded by sport, cultural and educational building complexes that, along with the natural element on the scenery, form a very prominent, very tempting and attractive environment for the development of dwelling facilities. The flow of people is dense on the water front along a natural path. The circulation comes to stopping points, benches, pointing directly to the open, northern, view.
Though behind the existing dwellings there is a big area og grass planes with few children playgrounds that seems unused and deserted, perhaps due to the high level of exposure.
conclusions
Educational and sport activities are located close to the site, meaning that there is no need for applying schools, kindergarten etc. in the plot. The daily necessities are within a bike ride’s distance. It is observed that the big open areas behind the existing dwellings are without activity. Such a scenario should be avoided in the new plot, activity should be present everywhere or in a not too far distance.
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Ill. 16
views / wind / sun
microclimate
On this plot, the very prominent view towards the fjord is totally reversed to the sunlight and the solar radiation from the southern sun. Hence, placing big windows to enjoy the quality of a relaxed view is obstructed by the heat losses from the North. Same, in the South, where there is no view, an attractive space should be developped to fulfill the humans’ innermost need for sunlight.
conclusions
The view to the sea and the liquid element in general is subjectively a nice, calm experience in all cases. But, when it comes to basic principals of designing, the decisions are not obvious.
Ill. 17
The whole area is an unabstracted site, with low density of buildings, totaly exposed to the wind. Away of the city center with no air and noise polution. The vegetation is low but the few trees on the West are pines, meaning that they keep their leaves all winter, blocking the sunlight but blocking the wind also. The water front ends right next to the plot, meaning that Talles buildings should be places in the north of the plot however that leaves little room for views to the water. Existing vegetation can be used to protect against the western wind.
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Ill. 18
I lIll.l .1 19 9
Ill. 20
Ill. 21
qualities / materials
It is not obvious to talk objectively about qualities, as architecture is immensely depended on the users and the usage of it. When it comes for dwelling, the common sense dictates that, nature and views can have a huge affect on quality and every day life. Experiencing the openness of an non-dense environment is a serious chapter that can affect one’s decision for establishing or not. Living close to nature, at the same time that one has access to all the necessary facilities, is more than preferable. On the site, the natural element is preeminent. The concrete presence is discreet and eliminated in low density traffic network. Most constructions look like raised from the ground. Even belonging to bigger complexes, the buildings here leave a huge amount of open air spaces for the every day life to extend to. Human scale and activity is also visible in the construction method of all buildings around the plot, where low tech materials are used.
Materials and elements, like wooden columns and beams, stone walls to support the ground and brick alleys that make the construction look like evolved from the site, and the site itself constitutes an extend of the constructions. On the North, the low greenery and the boats’ masts, break the same time that underline the landscape’s horizontality. Wood and stone constructions answer the rocky environment with respect. Element of contrast: the concrete industrial background scenery across the fjord on the east coast of Nørresunby. Element of contrast, the steel fences around private properties on the east border of the plot, surrounding the swimming pool. It is wished to enhance this contrast. The coming building should interact with the feeling of the site and its materials. Is there something out there, in the middle of a calm field? This barely untouched or barely touched piece of land seems like resting still and peacefully, waiting to be explored rather than exploited. We ask... What does this site want to be?
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conclusions
The site hosts and neighbours with a variety of places for activities for the every day life to extend to, as well as with outdoor spaces with different quality. Shops, schools, kindergartens and fitness centres are placed next to the area or in a short bike ride’s distance. Therefore there is no need to introduce commercial functions in the area, but a common room for meetings and social interactions can be applied to strengthen communication in the created community. The waterfront contributes to life in the area. People tend to take a walk or a run along the water or marina. Water can be used to create a good and healthy climate in the area and have functional purposes for cooling or drainage. The most interesting views are towards the water in north direction and to the east, where there is no existing building obstructing the view but only an open air bath.
Ill. 29
As the sun comes from South there is an advantage in placing the tallest buildings most towards North. There is a challenge in organizing the buildings in the area to get most benefit of the sun while maintaining exciting views. However it should be considered that people tend to thrive the most where there is sun. The wind from Southwest is strong therefore wind protection should be applied in the shape of the building itself and vegetation. The place has some maritime qualities and the area itself seems untouched and peaceful. Tall grass and tress gives the place a sense of serenity that should be respected. This project is to retain and evolve from the surrounding maritime character and qualities of untouched nature. Bringing life to the area by designing a dense building complex should not undermine the qualities of the site but be in balance with the site.
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passive means
Best
Ill. 35, orientation and compactness
The way the building relates to the context and microclimate is crucial for the final energy use of the building complex. The following section presents passive and active means which are to be used in the design of the building complex. According to the ‘Kyoto Pyramid’ strategy implementation of passive design solutions are done before implementing renewable energy technologies.
a. passive heating solar heating
The sun is the only passive mean for heating up a building. Its intensity varies with latitude and sky clearness and its feasibility depends on the relationship between solar energy received and heating load of the building. The solar heating through windows is based on the greenhouse effect; the temperature elevation in an enclosed space with glazed aperture exposed to the sun. The temperature increases due to glazing’s transmission of inward solar heat gain and suppression of outward convective heat loss. It requires 3 components: an absorbing surface to convert solar radiation into thermal mass, a space to be heated and an optional medium for heat storage [Ibid].
Wo r s t The apartments should have the largest window area towards South as South windows give best performance for winter heating due to the low altitude of the sun. The lower and shorter path of the winter sun does that the east and west facades do not receive much radiation. The surfaces of the building complex therefore can be oriented 15-20o towards east or west. A southeast rotation for some early morning sun or a southwest rotation for some afternoon sun.
thermal mass materials
For stabilization of daytime temperatures, decrease of peak daytime temperatures, solid elements of the building envelope can perform heating as well as cooling through thermal mass. Materials of high thermal mass can absorb solar heat and reradiate it to the interior when the temperature has passed, likewise it can be used for night cooling. Thermal mass have to be 0,1-0,15m thickness and more important have a big surface area, for each m2 glazed area toward south at least 3m2 exposed to direct solar radiation [Ibid]. Walls that is expoesed to the directly sunlight from south in the apartments should be made of dark thermal mass
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Ill. 36
Ill. 38
Ill. 37
Thermal mass and sunspace principle
materials, that can absorb the heat and reduce temperature extremes giving higher indoor comfort.
sunspace
Is a combination of direct and indirect gain approaches. A sunspace is like a buffer zone that can reduce the heat loss. Heat is transferred to the main living room e.g. through doors and vents. The rest is absorbed in the solid elements: a common masonry wall and floor space. The objective is that it provides the sufficient thermal mass to absorb the heat and release it later keeping the sunspace from freezing in winter. Venting is required to prevent overheating therefore a natural convection loop is encouraged with vents or openings in floor and ceiling level. If the sunspace though is not used correctly it can contribute to great energy loss [Ibid]. In the building complex a sunspace can be used in the entrance zone to create a buffer zone between cold air outside and warm air inside and hereby reduce heat loss. Because it is used as an entrance zone the danger of occupants to heat the sunspace up in the winter months is reduced.
insulation and thermal bridges
Walls, roofs and opaque parts of the building must be insulated to reduce heat loss in winter and to reduce heat gain during the warmest days. Building envelope insulation performance is highest if a complete seamless layer of insulation eliminates thermal bridging, air infiltration and condensation – making the building air tight. Insulation can be on the internal or external surface. Internal insulation makes the room respond quickly to heating. External insulation for making the temperatures less fluctuating but is longer to heat up and cool down – is therefore most used for buildings with significant solar gains. The same can be said about roof insulation where more insulation is needed as it is here the biggest exposure occurs. [Brophy , 2011]. As a result of the Danish building regulation the level of insulation has reached its optimum, it id not effective to apply more comparing the price and efficiency. The thickness due to insulation has resulted in window areas
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Ill. 39
heavily insulated building
Ill. 40
plants for not shading
winter sun Living space towards South
Service and circulation space towards North
prevailing winds
Green space: shelter + pleasant environment
Ill. 41
green space
access road
house and garden
that can be used as sitting areas as they are a space in themselves. New insulation materials such as vacuum insulation is being more used as 40mm of vacuum insulation is the same as 200mm mineral wool. [Lehrskov, 2011]
b. passive cooling
Just like in the case of heating the micro climate is essential for the cooling conditions. Vegetation can provide ground protection from solar radiation and contribute to air direction and velocity making natural ventilation more efficient. Likewise building form and layout is one of the beginning parameters for passive cooling. [Marszal, 2011]
shading types
Shading systems are one of the biggest means to control solar radiation together with the window sizes and properties. Usually you distinguish between permanent and movable shading devices. Permanent: Overhangs and roof protection are efficient and have little effect on views. They allow the low winter sun to enter while blocking high summer sun. Can also be seen in the shape of horizontal louvers that compared to the
b u ff e r s p a c e ( d e c i d u o u s p l a n t s )
overhang have the advantage of reducing structural loads and minimize collection of hot air next to window area. On the south faรงade of the building complex some overhang are probably necessary. This need could be combined with the need for outside space for each apartment to the south. Movable: They respond dynamically to the weather if used in phase with the thermal conditions. Interior blinds, exterior blinds, louvers, louvers between glass layers provide protection against direct radiation, gives privacy, glare control, insulation and interior aesthetics. However such devices can obscure the view and pass on absorbed radiation to the room. Exterior louvres or blinds are the most energy effective though they require maintenance and obscure views. Movable devices should especially be used on the south faรงade of the building to make it possible for the user to adjust the directly sunlight inside the different apartments.
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Ill. 43 external blinders
Ill. 42
Ill. 44
protective glazing
lack of control compared to mechanical ventilation that contrary requires electricity. Most used natural ventilation methods are cross ventilation and cross ventilation using the stack effect.
Today the quality of windows is so high that the window areas can be divided more equally to all orientations. The best ways to decrease heat loss through glazing is by choosing glazing with low-E coating, argon or krypton for the air cavity, triple glazing. When used, reflective coating can make a sunny day look dark. Special glazing with special coating can improve U-values, but also, g-values are altered, so the result could be poor daylight conditions, depending on reflection, absorption and transmittance properties of the glazing.
natural ventilation
Natural ventilation can be utilized and improved by the microclimate and likewise by the building’s layout. An open plan with a proper distribution of windows is preferable for natural ventilation. Restriction of air flow should be avoided so the positioning of interior partitions should help channel the air through the building. Larger spaces should usually be placed on the windward side. Natural ventilation should supply and remove air to an indoor space in order to remove pollutants and prevent humidity. One disadvantage of natural ventilation is the
Cross ventilation is based on openings in two or more walls, or wall and roof. It works because of wind induced pressure difference between the openings, so it is entirely wind driven. It works in a depth up to five times longer than the floor to ceiling height, but is difficult to keep in control which can be improved by blocking with a door. Stack ventilation works based on thermal buoyancy. Fresh air comes in the same way as in cross ventilation and as the polluted air gets hotter by the thermal buoyancy it is exhausted through the high ceiling or chimney. It gives steady ventilation with high efficiency. It should be possible to create cross ventilation in every apartment to create natural ventilation in the summer period. In the winter period, though, mechanical ventilation will be necessary due to the cold outside air.
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W <5H
Ill. 45
cross ventilation, stack ventilation
daylight
As it can be seen a lot of the energy optimizing means can result in deep compact buildings to decrease the heating demand, but it is important that the building depth does not get too big as it will result in a higher artificial lighting demand. Therefore buildings of less depth and big room height together with proper distribution of windows desirable to reduce electricity for lighting and the comfort.
Ill. 46
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active means
Ill. 47 PVâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s integrated in the roof, EnergyFlexHouse by Henning Larsen Architects
solarcells
Photovaltic technology is a decentralized electricity generating system that can provide the buildingâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s own energy requirements directly from sunlight. Solar cells can be integrated into the design in many ways, as part of the facade or roof material. The most efficient solar panels is the Mono-crystaline silicon panels, the second most efficient is the polycrystalline that produces almost as much energy and are cost effective. [Brophy , 2011] In the northern hemisphere solar panels are the most efficient when oriented towards South with a slope of around 45 degrees, while an orientation of the building within -30 to 30 degrees performs almost as well as for directly south facing. It is important that the panels are not shadowed as it drastically decreases efficiency. [BPS, 2011] Solar thermal panels: Like PVâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s solar thermal panels can be integrated on the building facades. Solar thermal panels can contribute to the buildings energy supply in connection with heating and hot water. With solar thermal panels for
hot water usage, the district heating usage can be decreased in the summer months, where the panels can give up to 90% of needed water heating. [Lehrskov, 2011] Low temperature district heating with a low distribution loss is an alternative to heat pumps, that is efficient and cheap. Such systems are made with a flow temperature of 50 C and a return temperature of 25 C, which reduces the distribution loss. In Low energy housing, where the usage of hot water is big, it will often demand more energy than the room heating. New projects therefore have effective heat recovery connected to the drainage of the shower. [Ibid] By choosing an effective strategy for ventilation with short pipe leadings and low pressure losses, the need for ventilation can be minimized. It is an advantage to have a central zone where the exhaust and the inlet of air is placed thereby reducing the length of the pipes and reducing noise. There are advantages in choosing a ventilation system with a high heat recovery up to 90% that has a low electricity usage. The inlet air can be heated by the recovery of the exhaust air, through the district heating. [Ibid]
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conclusions
Solar radiation and thermal mass are to be used as means for passive heating of the building complex. In be10 more specific use of these passive means are tested throughout the design. Means for passive cooling will be shading and natural ventilation. Also these will be tested in be10. Furthermore hand calculations of the needed ventilation rate in the apartments are to be used to determine natural as well as mechanical ventilation rate in the apartments. As an active mean this project works with implementation of PVâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s in the building design from the very beginning of the design. The goal is that the PVâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s will not be something that is added when the design is done but a part of the design. Likewise solar thermal panels can be added to contribute to heating.
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31
vision
How to combine the creation of high density housing with the creation of good life conditions for human beings? How to take advantage of the climate of the context to provide apartments with good daylight qualities and indoor climate while at the same time reducing the need for supplied energy?
People talk about their houses as their homes, a place, where they seek protection, rest, peace and cosines [Gyldendal 2011]. But what define a home?
First and foremost the art of building, architecture, meets the basic human need for safety and security. Buildings separate people from the surrounding world and provide human shelter [Gympel 2005: 6]. Overall, sustainable architecture is about creating balance between human settlement and nature and hereby ensure future generations living conditions. This project strives to combine energy neutrality with the development of good life conditions for human beings in the creation of sustainable architecture.
To create a home the envelope must provide indoor spaces with climatic as well as aesthetic qualities that allow the human body to feel comfortable. This project therefore aims for an architecture that evolves from functional human needs. Uncritical material expansion and abundance in the creation of a specific formal expression should not be an approach for the design development. It is a goal that the building complex fits into the Scandinavian architectural tradition and relates to its surroundings while expressing honesty in construction. Further to this, materials should support the environmental aspect of sustainability by being local, long lasting and having an aesthetic patina.
In order to meet the energy neutrality the building complex should work with and not against its surroundings. Whereas energy neutrality can be measured and calculated it is more difficult to define richness of human lifestyle.
The required density of the housing area in this project, could considered as an advantage, that, when working along and not against the design, can make the dwellings relate to each other, creating a sense of neighbourhood.
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the in-between concept
Ill. 47
Ill. 48
Concretization of the threshold as an in-between space, creates a setting for welcomes and farewells, and is therefore the translation of hospitality into architectonic terms. The threshold creates the conditions for social contacts as the walls create the conditions for privacy. And they are both equally necessary. Entrance, porches and other in-between spaces, consist the join between two worlds. Creating intermediate spaces, that belong to either the private or public domain is the key to eliminate the sharp division between areas with different territorial claims. Although on the administrative level, these in-between spaces, are equally referred to both sides. That is to say that is wholly acceptable for both sides, that the â&#x20AC;&#x153;otherâ&#x20AC;? is using the space. [Herzberger 1991]
detail, the window that allows them to keep in touch with this semi-public space and extend their home beyond the front door.
On Die Drie Hoven, home for the elderly, the hallway serves as a street in a building, with the dwelling units situated in pairs. Along this street, the porch-like areas which belong to the dwelling but are still part of the street, consist a space for the residents to look after as it was their own space, but still accessible to passengers. The love and caring that residents invest in this space, hinges on a minor
In a multi- family house the emphasis should not lie exclusively on the to prevention of inconvenience from neighbours. Special attention must be paid to the spacial disposition, which may be conducive to the social contacts, expected to exist, among occupants of the same building. [Herzberger 1991] On Documenta Urbana Dwellings, the staircases have been designed with the maximum of light and openness in mind. Although care has been taken to ensure privacy on the terraces, neighbouring families are not fully isolated form each other. Incidentally, in the exterior spaces, children play and neighbours sit and talk. The staircase looses some of the no manâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s land feeling and acquire a communal space, furnished by the residents, where the atmosphere from the home is penetrate.
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architectural criteria
Ill. 49
Ill. 50
-The aim is to create an entrance space for the apartments that serves as a meeting point among residents -This space is on the south to benefit from the good conditions and offer a quality living space -The entrance space and the apartments consist a repetitive module that forms a linear building mass -The entrance space serves up to 5 apartments to reassure economy in design and to consist a high activity space -On the ground floor all public functions are placed. Such as the living rooms of the maisonettes, the common houses with the necessary laundry rooms and all indoor and outdoor recreational areas -Inside the apartments, a zoning of the functions is desired. Hence, placing the more public functions as the living room and kitchen on the south and degrading as we move deeper in the apartment until the most public, the bedroom zone, the south facade of the building is turned into the most transparent one, while the north facade is the most “closed” and massy. This also helps to prevent heat losses from the cold North. -The zoning also evolves from the temperature inside the apartment, as the southern living rooms
accumulate solar gain, where the bedrooms, placed on the north, consist the colder zone -Except for the houses on ground floor that enjoy a semi-private garden, all apartments upstairs have south semi-balconies. This semi-private terms refers to the possibility of residents to “close” and separate their space as much as they want, with plants or light partitions
34
basic design
Ill. 51
Ill. 52
the access space
From the beginning of the semester, special attention was given to the access to the dwellings. How could we create a space that is more than entrance, that consists a meeting point, an interaction point, a space to make people happy when leaving or returning home? To reassure privacy, this space should serve not more than 3 to 5 apartments per floor, hence, this space should be repeated in every cluster of apartments. It was from the beginning considered as a reproduction of the ground area, a piece of land in upstairs level, connecting the apartments and all together with the ground level. Explorations on the feeling on this space, the openness, the size, the distance from the actual entrance as well as the distance from the ground showed that it should be an openair unheated space, a terrace, an extension of the ground towards the sky and an extension of the apartments towards the ground.
Ill. 53
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technical loop
Ill. 55
Ill. 54
Ill. 56
density
concrete elevator. To protect from the strong wind, thought, the staircases and corridors are â&#x20AC;&#x153;wrappedâ&#x20AC;? in a semi-transparent material, like steel grid. The use of glass at that point is unacceptable due to high expenses of both the material and the construction, as the glass needs high-tech joints.
For economical reasons the core should serve as many apartments as possible without jeopardizing the architectural qualities. Also, a gap between the apartments is unacceptable due to energy losses. The module should be as dense as possible and the north wall should protect the apartments without cuts. Calculations on energy consumption along with the designing of adequate daylight conditions, indicated that the best solution wants the core to serve four apartments per floor. This way all apartments have sufficient daylight conditions and the clusterâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s energy consumption in lower than 20KWh/m2 per year. Exploration of the possibility for the core to consist an indoor space, led to a dead end due to the required energy for heating in winter time. If an unheated but indoor space, the core is more of a fuss, a problem, a shadow in the cluster, a loss of energy. So the core and the corridors to the entrance spaces, are open-air spaces, running around and supported by the
ground floor
Ill. 57
Calculations on monthly average spread sheet indicated that the energy consumption of the cluster remains in acceptable levels if one unit of the ground floor is extracted so that a void is left that consists a passage. If insulated adequately, the apartment above the passage can maintain the overall consumption.
36
the apartment
Ill. 58
Ill. 59
However, the volume studies indicated that optimal shape of one apartment, in terms of energy use, would be a rectangle, the light and ventilation conditions would not be acceptable. Hence, a square configuration was adopted, in a way that fulfils all regulations but also our criteria for good indoor climate. Following a grid of 3 times 3 meters, the apartment is a repetitive unit, sharing its entrance space with the neighbouring, mirrored one. Both of them are connected with the core through a bridge. For the 115m2 houses,the living room is oriented towards south, gaining the most from the solar radiation, as its flooring and walls are dark, solar absorbing materials such as concrete and marble. The kitchen and the entrance space, as well as the access to the mezzanine, are situated in the middle of the volume, and constructed by light materials such as white wood. This way, this zone that does not have solar gain, reflects the indirect light. The wood, as a non transmittant material is not affected by the lack of high temperatures. The northern zone that hosts the bedrooms, consists the most private zone of the unit, with two bedrooms and an inbetween space in the middle. This reading corner, promotes
cross ventilation for the whole unit and lays somewhere between semi private and semi public. All internal walls are made by insulated panels hooked on a light wooden skeleton as well as the slab that forms the mezzanine. All installations are grouped between the apartments, in cores, and the wardrobes are integrated to the panels. The situation is a bit different for the 80m2 apartments as the entrance is done from the North. On the public zone of the house, the living room is again oriented toward south, the kitchen lays in the middle, where at the North corner, the users can place their dining or a reading table. The zone of bedrooms is situated on the side with the master bedroom on the South, a guest room or office on the North and the bathroom between them. Again all wardrobes are integrated in the walls between neighbouring apartments and all installations are grouped.
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technical loop
Ill. 61
indoor climate
In a 24-hour average spreadsheet an evaluation of the indoor climate of a single 115 m2 apartment at ground floor was performed. The study was used to investigate if there would be overheating in the apartment during summer time. From the calculation it can be concluded that the apartment will not be overheated. By use of natural ventilation, in summer time, the maximum temperature will occur in July and will be 25 oC [see appendix ill1] To create a good indoor climate the temperature should not exceed 26 oC when the activity level of the occupants are 1,2 met and they wear summer cloth [CR1752]. The ventilation rate is set to 5,9 h-1 due to hand calculation of the needed air change rate for thermal comfort [app]. The calculation though also shows that the ventilation rate can be lowered to 1,5 h-1 and the maximum temperature will still be below 26 oC. According to the requirement, we have to fulfil the need for daylight factor which is not lower than 2%. As the simulation shows, all places are higher than 2% except for the corner next to the entrance. But this is the bathroom position, and it is reasonable to put on mechanical lighting.
displacement
Sketches of different displacements of clusters of apartments have been done to investigate how this action could create variation in the facades as well as the urban paths. At the same time it has been estimated which impact this displacement has on the energy consumption in a month-average spreadsheet [app ill2]. We have looked at respectively 4, 2 and 1 meters of displacements. The study indicates that the energy consumption of the building complex as a unit does not change very much when displacing the clusters up to 4 meters. Engineering design at that time though indicated that only a very limited displacement was possible. Although the energy consumption was unaffected with bigger displacement, the grouping of the installations for the kitchen and bathroom formed in cores between the apartments, dictated that only a displacement of 2 meters would be possible. Furthermore, the displaced apartment drops shadows and blocks the view for the neighbouring one. Consequently, this solution was not developed.
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the living street concept
Ill. 64
Ill. 65
Beyond our frond door lays a world we have little influence, where we feel threatened rather than at home. There is a growing feeling that the street beyond our frond door is a hostile place. Surely is better to go back to the optimistic concept of the reconquered street, where the street is again conceived as the place where social contact between residents can established : a communal living
The concept of the living street is based on the idea that the inhabitants have something in common, they expect something from each another. This feeling revolves around everyday social interaction. Dwelling units function better if they are sited on a living street, whose well function depends on how receptive they are. Whether the atmosphere inside the homes can blend with the atmosphere outside is determined by the planning and detaining of the neighbourhood. [Herzberger 1991]
room.
According to Herman Hertzberger the parameters that devaluate the street concept are: -the increase in motorized traffic -The inconsiderate organization of access areas, therefore, the indirect and impersonal access routes such as galleries and elevators (the inevitable products of high rise construction) which diminish contact with the street level. -The decrease in the population density, therefore, the increase in dwelling space per inhabitant which leads to breadth of the street. Todayâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s streets are emptier then those of the past. It is important to deal with these factors, and create on the level of spacial organization and by the use of architectonic means, the conditions for a viable street area where the street serves as a communal extension of the dwellings.
On Haarlemmer Houttuinen housing, the North side accommodates the rear wall and traffic, so the emphasis lies on the living street on the south. This living street is accessible only to the residents and as itâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s unusually narrow for the modern standards, creates a situation reminiscent of the old city. The result is a zone that provides space for the ground level terraces of the floor dwellings. The entrances to the upper dwellings, located on public balconies overlooking the street are transparent turning the space underneath to fully utilizable for bicycles and childrenâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s play.
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Ill. 66
To be a good architect you must like the human, because Architecture is about the frame for human life [Ralph Erskine]
According to Jan Gehl, the development of urban spaces should departure from human senses and movement. Human nature is to move slowly and on food and the path a person follows is mainly linear and forward. Although with great difficulty a person can move backwards or to the side. Consequently, homo sapien’s senses are oriented forward. Working in human scale, is translated into creating safe urban spaces for people on food with respect to the possibilities and limitations of human body. Events in the ground or lower floors can be perceived by an observant, within a hundred meter distance. On ground floor, one can always go closer and experience with all senses. On the contrary, actions on the higher floors are not easy to be perceived from the ground level. And the higher, the more difficult it is. In fact the connection between the street level and the upper floors is lost after five stories because human’s eyes cannot perceive details; people cannot be recognized or contacted.
A Ground floor with mainly vertical façade rhythm makes the walk more eventful. Moving from column to column, the walk seems shorter – reverse to the feeling when walking along horizontal oriented facades. When “open” and active, a façade makes the pedestrian walk slowly, while the head has a tendency to turn against the facades. A study, made on the University of Melbourne, of 17 different residential streets, shows that the highest activity level is found in the old residential streets with closely placed townhouses and small definite outside terraces between house and sidewalk. The most active spaces were in front of the gardens or around fences and gates. Apparently, people love to sit outside and follow how life unfolds around the area. The density of the population and consequently, the density of buildings is essential for many people to circulate in the area and the street to become a vivid holder [Gehl 2010].
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urban criteria
Ill. 67
-The aim is to create street, unfolded together and in parallel with linear buildings. This street would host the circulation to and from the dwellings and be supported by the life on the complex -The access to the apartments starts from this street -The maximum streetâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s width should be 15 meters in order to remain connected with the building facades and to provide the desirable feeling of a neighbourhood -The minimum streetâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s width is 12 meters in order to avoid shadowing the south facades, hence the everyday spaces of apartments -This street should not host motorized traffic, but should give the opportunity to circulate by bikes. In addition, somewhere around the core, a parking place for bikes should be designed -For all above reasons and considering Jahn Gehlâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s theory on urban and street design, the average building height is determined on three and four floors -A taller building, of maximum 5 floors, is placed next to the sea front, to accumulate the view. According to house market, these apartments would probably consist the most luxurious ones -So, as all apartments cannot enjoy views towards
the fjord, the view should be reproduced inside the plot. Consequently, a green zone is unfolded in parallel to the building, on the North outline, for the bedrooms of the 115m apartments to look at. This nature space would provide views and protect from noise pollution -The North outline hosts also the motorized traffic and parking for vehicles -For collecting the rain water in pots, a stream or a small lake is predicted, in the plot. This would create a scenographic effect, and bring the residents closer to the water element. In connection with the greenery, the water could affect the microclimate, and used in natural cooling -Finally, as the wind study commands, some evergreen vegetation is predicted on the west barrier, to protect from the wind.
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housing in row
Ill. 68
Is like a taboo in housing projects when it comes for row or terrace houses. Usually in architectural discussions, the row houses consist an example to avoid. The decision of whether architecture should evolve from the inside function or respond to the external visions lays in multiple parameters. However placing dwellings next to each other leads to some clear advantages. In the floor plans above and during the experimentation with different configurations, some qualities were recognized when designing a terrace house complex: -The rows protect the innermost open air space clearly dividing the space into small passages -A street is developed in the void between the rows, fed by the circulation to and from the dwellings. On this sketch, the core is situated inside a semi public yard, rather than the public street -Repetition and rhythm to the whole complex -Same orientation for all units or a few alternative, equally effective solutions -Zoning in the apartment scale that reflects to the exterior spaces. For example the ground area outside the North, bedroom, windows should host some vegetation for
Ill. 69
noise reduction, privacy and a nice view. -Same qualities for all units. For example all bedrooms have a view towards the North green area -Economy in materials as an additive system is developed for the movable parts of construction However the bet is to create the circumstances that reason this choice and make it the best solution for a housing project. In this floor plan all the dilemmas are visible. In the next step of designing, the two rows are facing each other so a communal space is developed on the inside street. The street becomes a spine where the cores are leading the circulation on the upper levels. The circumstances then, might not be totally equal for all apartments but the feeling of a communal neighbourhood is stronger which is surely beneficial for the open air spaces.
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layering
Ill. 70
The buildings have to be optimized according to the microclimate and relate to the siteâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s phenomenological character. Hence, elements in the area such as the water and the high grass can be used. The site is addressed as layers in a section where each layer reflects and adopts the character that helps develop architectural qualities. In this section the zoning works like this starting from the sea coast: -The tallest building is situated next to the sea to enjoy the most of the fjord -In every building the north bedrooms enjoy all the views where the southern living rooms all the sun -The terraces and balconies are developed in two meters zone outside the building outline, providing shelter from the excess sun -A green area reassures the privacy between circulation and gardens, but the level of privacy is determined by user -Next layer is the street. Paths and stopping and peopleâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s circulation in general are hosted here. This zone develops the sequence of public and private spaces, consists the most vivid space of the complex. This inner street space is actually a filter, between the entrance to the
dwellings and the public roads of the area. In the section above, is clear how the street is engaged with the building facade in a reciprocal relationship -Prediction of evergreen vegetation to protect the north windows (bedrooms) of the next building volume from noise, to reassure privacy and to offer view towards a quality green area -The harvested rain water in this zone, could work in many ways such as scenography, reflection of sky light and passive cooling. It also could consist some kind of barrier for the circulation to be eliminated in the street area, not too close to bedroom zone
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detailed design
Ill. 70
the street
To reproduce the feeling of a neighbourhood, the space between the building raws should host the circulation to and from the entrance spaces between dwellings. This inner, protected street does not exceed the 15 meters width, to maintain the visual and maybe acoustical contact with the exterior spaces on upper floors. The circulation is floating around the cores, where some parking spots for bikes can be placed. And this is the only vehicle that can access this street. Sequence of privacy : road outside the plot, main circulation access inside the plot, inner street, core, entrance spaces, apartment. The position of the cores varies to achieve better visual connection and better flow of the pathways. These cores protect the visitors from the wind, as they are cladded with a semi transparent material around a wooden skeleton that also underlines the construction method discussing with the light structure of the balconies. As this light structure is semi transparent, the only element that drops a black shadow on the street is the concrete elevator.
Ill. 71
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masterplan
Ill. 72
Ill. 73
hyldemosen herlev
plan that, providing a good transition from publicity to semi-publicity and finally privacy, the street as the space in-between public and privacy, emphasizes the neighborhood feeling. In a dwelling is very important the sequence of privacy to give a feeling of protection and ownership as well as the possibility for life to expand towards more public spaces. Named territoriality...
This dwelling complex from Tegnestuen Vandkunsten won the 1st prize in international competition for the Healthy House â&#x20AC;&#x153;Das Haus gesundeâ&#x20AC;?. The buildings are arranged in clusters on both sides of a main road that consists the access and the parking. Between the rows there is no motorized circulation. Pathways connect the dwellings with the small lake. The street between the buildings that hosts the access, is clearly reflected to the buildings, by the slop of their roofs. This crescendo of the construction, underlines the significance and high bustle of the street, in contradiction to the other, lower, calm side of the slop that answers to the natural element. All dwellings are two or three floor terraced houses constructed by prefab concrete elements. Facades and roofs are highly insulated timber frame structures. What we can learn from the master plan of hyldemosen is that it has a quite clear tree-like structure, arranging by a main road and then goes into different small streets. This clear sequence might reflect to our vision for the master
Although an unusual technique, jumping from a stable 1:100 situation to a 1:500 one, is not an unorthodoxical way of working. According to the architectural scale, the sequence of privacy is forming the application. On the design of the master plan, the story is told by the openness of spaces in terms of publicity and privacy. More specifically, the clusters inside the plot behave like closed units, protecting the street inside from the main circulation. Compared to the main road of the plot, the streets inside the clusters are private. Sequentially, and as we move deeper in the cluster, the entrance spaces are more private where the street becomes public. There is a degradation of publicity and an augmentation of privacy until the apartment level and even inside that. Evidently the built environment shaped from the void, the open air spaces.
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daylight
１５ １５ Ill. 74
Ill. 75
One building Orientation: Different orientations of the building were tested in Be10. Rotation of the building more than 15o to either east or west is not preferable to fulfill the 2020 demand. The rotation of 15o was used to mark a grid in which the urban design could evolve. [appendix ill3] In between buildings: A study was made of the shadows created by the building masses. To use solar radiation for passive heating in winter it is important that the south facades of the apartments are not shadowed. If the building units are three stories high there should be 15 m between the buildings to avoid shadowing the south façades until November. A building mass of four stories need a distance of 18 m. Thus, the conclusion can be all buildings are in a range of rotation up to 15 o in plan for solar heat gain and keep certain distance for avoiding shadow, which both contribute to the optimal cases for daylight. And for the section, taller building mostly places on the north of the site so that it won’t shade others.
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wind simulations
For the wind study, according to the local climate, the wind mostly comes from west and south-west which needs to be taken into consideration for the master plan. In spring and winter, strategy against strong wind from south-west is needed; while in summer time, it is better to bring the west wind as much as possible into the site for nature ventilation. Different position and orientation of the building blocks have been tried to test in two situations. On illustrations of wind simulations, the left columns simulates the south-west winter wind and the right one, the western summer wind. [ill76, ill77, ill78] After several cases compared and analyzed, case no.2 [ill77] was selected to develop further because it has a good wind simulation result as well as a more clear traffic structure that might fits our vision for the master plan.
Ill. 76
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development
Ill. 77
The aim is to provoque a residential feeling, thus, a compact and clear idea is need for the master plan. Our intention is to simply divide the site in two parts connected with a main road, the east part of the housings standing in row and the west part is rotating in certain degree to give shelter from the wind. [ill79] Our endeavor is to rotate the west part of the buildings by 15, 30, 45 degree etc, to see how the site behaves in southwest wind simulation, in spring and winter time. However, while rotate too much [ill81], it will somehow reduce the west wind to get into the plot in the summer time. According to the daylight analysis, 15ยบ of rotation consequently can be seen as a balance in between daylight and wind simulation, the passive energy aspects. Ill. 78
48
layers
ill79 layer one, sand. Soft, as transition materials from earth to others
i l l 8 0 l a y e r t w o , n a t u r e vitality
and flexibility
Besides the building mass, next step is to define and create other vain spaces for the master plan. Different spaces from publicity to privacy have been defined by layers on the ground with certain materials. For instance, by entering to the site, people firstly get in touch with sand as the playground, and then it continues for the grass as some transition to the main road with the stone underneath, offering a flexible feeling but also the sense of direction guiding. And the pavage for the street is timber. By contrast with stone, it indicates that spaces have been turning to more private and closely. Whatâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s more, there is greenery everywhere which can provide you a high quality of living district and perform as landscapes for the view.
ill81 layer three, stone with rough feeling and wandering interest
ill82 timber has regular tecture that indicates direction as well as a warm sense
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materials
Ill. 84 Casting almost no shadows
Ill. 85 Synthesis of oppositions
Ill. 83 Enjointment of concrete with light structure
I l l . 8 7 D o u b l e h e i g h t i n t e r i o r, t h e mezzanine tells the story
I l l . 8 8 Ti l e s f r o m r e u s e d w o o d
Ill. 86 Steel semi transparent wrapping Ill. 89 Hand cast concrete
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material study
Concrete is used as the bearing structure of the building and also as a thermal mass material. With its long lasting properties it will be like a constant in the area. Casting the concrete is considered as non high tech precedure, hence the construction of theis complex, would be simple with no need of special and expensive means. In addition, concrete is a local material, used in construction for years, also for years it exists in Aalborgâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s industrial character. Concrete is expressed mainly indoors. Wooden cladding embraces the concrete structure, also local and low-tech material, in connextion with the maritime atmosphere of the area. On the inside of apartments, as described in the design process, the materials reflect the functional and temperature zoning with concrete on the living room, wood tiles on the kitchen zone and deck on the bedrooms. For the window frames, steel is used, a material found once again in the light structures like balconies together with wooden beams.
51
technical loop U and G values
To create passive heating you want a low u-value and a high g-value, while it is reverse in summer when you want to create passive cooling. Different values were tested in the Be10 to find a good balance. The best solution is to use windows with a u-value of 0,71 and a g-value of 0,52. [app ill4]
passive cooling
Different overhang lengths to avoid direct sunshine were tested in Be10. An overhang length of 1,8 meters that keep the direct sunshine out of the apartments in June is preferable. Different solar shadings were also tested in Be10. Shading of the south windows along the roof of the 115 m2 apartments together with the upper windows of the 115 m2 ground floor apartments have got a value of -0,4. The minus indicates that the shading is controlled automatically and is only active in the summer period. For the other south windows and doors there is a manually controlled inside curtain so the value is set to 0,8. [app ill5]
i m p l e m e n t a t i o n o f P V ’s
To investigate if the area of PV’s on the building complex of eight 115 m2 apartments rotated to southwest produce enough energy to gain energy neutrality. A hand calculation is made from the method in ‘BPS 128_solceller i byggeriet’ [app PV hand calculation]. Energy neutrality: Energy from PV’s > building related energy use + user related energy use 26244,0 kWh pr.y > 6635,5 kWh pr.y + 13760,0 kWh pr.y 26244,0 kWh pr.y > 20395,5 kWh pr.y From this calculation it became clear that PV’s on the building complex of 80 m2 apartments was also needed. The roof was therefore tilted to 15 degrees. With this action the idea of adding a window line towards north in the upper 80 m2 apartment occurred. This solution allows the diffuse northern light into the apartments and creates a better daylight factor inside. It was also investigated if the area of PV’s on the building complex of eighteen 80 m2 apartments rotated to southwest produce enough energy to gain energy neutrality. In this calculation though it became clear that the electricity use pr. household had to be set lower than the 115 m2 households in order to obtain energy neutrality.
Energy neutrality: Energy from PV’s > building related energy use + user related energy use 52488,0 kWh pr.y > 9972,7 kWh pr.y + 20790,0 kWh pr.y 52488,0 kWh pr.y > 30762,7 kWh pr.y A study was made to illuminate which impact different users have for the needed area of PV’s: To determine the area A the following equation is used: A = ((F / (E ∙ D)) ∙ 100) / B Where: F is the electricity use E is the solar radiation: 1080 kWh/m2 D is the assessment of the system factor: 0,75 B is the assessment of the module efficiency: 15 % Users with a very low electricity use can lower the need for square meters of PV’s with more than 50 % compared to the square meters needed if the users have a very high use of electricity. Thus the users have a relative large impact on the needed square meters for PV’s. Things that can be done to gain a low user related electricity use are: To use A+ labeled appliances Intelligently control of the apartments to minimize the standby hours. To use gas cooker
52
Bsim results:
The 115 double height apartment was chosen to simulate. As the worst case it was assumed that the double height apartment in the middle of the 6 stories building near the water would be the worst case, as it is the one most Bsim - process exposed to solar radiation. [ill84]
The 115 m2 double height apartment was chosen to simulate. As the worst case it was assumed that the double height apartment in the middle of the 6 stories building near the water would be the worst case, as it Bsim - process is the one most exposed to solar radiation.
Without natural ventilation: The 115 m2 double height apartment was chosen to simulate. As the worst case it was assumed that the Without natural ventilation doubleappartment: height apartment in the middle of the 6 stories building near the water would be the worst case, as it 115 is them2 one most exposed to solar radiation. 115 The fiapartment: rst test was done without any type of solar-shading Without natural ventilation The first test was done without any type of solar-shading and no natural ventilation. Only minimum and no natural ventilation. Only minimum requirement requirement for infiltration and with all the heat-loads applied and an orientation with straight South-North. 115 m2 apartment: for infiltration and with all the heat-loads applied and an The CO2 level in thermal zone 1 (living room/kitchen) was satisfactory with an average of 597 ppm peaking The first test was done without any type of solar-shading and no natural ventilation. Only minimum in May, which mightwith be a result of the big volume. However there was a big degree of overheating. 4666 orientation straight South-North. requirement for infiltration and with all the heat-loads applied and an orientation with straight South-North. hours a year the temperature of thermal zone 1 was over 26 C, which is a massive number. As it can be seen
Bsim - process the after February with the increasinglywas longsatisfactory sun hours [appendix]. Theproblems CO2 levelarises in thermal zone 1 (living room/kitchen) with an average of 597 ppm peaking The 115which m2 double apartment simulate.there As the worst it was that 4666 the in May, mightheight be a result of thewas big chosen volume.toHowever was a bigcase degree of assumed overheating. First simulation doublea height apartment in the the 61 stories building near the would be theAs worst case, it hours year the temperature of middle thermalofzone was over 26 C, which is awater massive number. it can be as seen is the one most exposed solar radiation. the problems arises after to February with thelevel, increasinglyMax longCO2 sun hours Average CO2 level, [appendix]. Overheating, ppm ppm Hours > 26 C Without natural ventilation First simulation Thermal zone 1 597,0 698,4 4666 Thermal zone 2 629,9 838,2 3354 115 m2 apartment: Average CO2 level, Max CO2 level, Overheating, ppm ppm Hours > 26 C The first zone test was and no natural ventilation. Thermal 1 done without any type of solar-shading 597,0 698,4 Only minimum 4666 requirement for andpollution with all the heat-loads and 800 an orientation with straight South-North. Thermal 2 infiltration 629,9 3354 As it can zone be noted the internal in thermal zoneapplied 2 exceeds ppm,838,2 and thereby not fulfilling the atmospheric demands as well as the thermal. The CO2 level in thermal zone 1 (living room/kitchen) was satisfactory with an average of 597 ppm peaking in May, which might a result ofrate the of big5.9 volume. However theretowas bigitdegree overheating. 4666 The calculated naturalbeventilation h was then inputted see ahow wouldofaffect. It is assumed As it can be noted the internalofpollution in thermal zone exceeds 800 ppm, and thereby not fulfilling hours a year the temperature thermal 1 was over226 a massive number. canthe bethe seen that natural ventilation can be used fromzone the end of April tillC, thewhich end ofisSeptember – so thisAs willit be atmospheric demands as well as the thermal. the problems arises afterthe February the increasingly sun hours [appendix]. ‘summer season’ where natural with ventilation is applied.long More specifically the time of the day natural
Thermal zone 1: The CO2 level in the big thermal zone (living room/ kitchen) was satisfactory with an average of 597 ppm peaking in May, which might be a result of the big volume. However there was a big degree of overheating. 4666 hours a year the temperature of thermal zone 1 was over 26 C, which is a massive number [ill85]. As it can be seen, the problems arises after February with the increasingly long ventilation wasnatural used was from the morning the evening. The ventilation rate of 5.9till h was then inputted to see how it would affect. It is assumed sun hours. [ill86] [appendix ill5, ill6] Firstcalculated simulation that natural ventilation can be used from the end of April till the end of September – so this will be the Overheating with natural ventilation Averageventilation CO2 level,is applied.Max CO2 level, ‘summer season’ where the natural More specifically the timeOverheating, of the day natural ppm ppm Hours > 26 C ventilation was1 used was from the morning till the evening. Thermal zone (big room) Thermal zone 1 597,0 698,4 4666 Thermal zonewith 2Jan natural ventilation 629,9 838,2 3354 Overheating Feb Mar Apr May Jun
I Hours l l . 8> 26 5 1 (big room)21 Thermal zone C
66
157
0
14
91
As it can be noted in thermal thereby not fulfilling the Janthe internal pollution Feb Marzone 2 exceeds Apr800 ppm, and May Jun atmospheric 157 0 14 91 Hours > 26 demands as well 21 as the thermal. 66 C Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec The calculated natural ventilation rate of 5.9 h was then inputted to see how it would affect. It is assumed 337 56 14 Hours > 26 97 114 9 that natural ventilation can be used from the end of April till the end of September – so this will be the C ‘summer season’ where the natural ventilation is applied. More specifically the time of the day natural Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec ventilation was used was from the morning till the evening. Hours > 26 97 114 9 337 56 14 C Overheating with natural ventilation
Ill. 86
As it can be noted the internal pollution in thermal Thermal2 zone 1 (big room) 800 ppm, and thereby not fulfilling the zone exceeds Jan demands Feb Mar as the Aprthermal. May Jun atmospheric as66 well Hours > 26 21 157 0 14 91 C The calculated natural ventilation rate of 5.9 h was then inputted to see how it would affect. It is assumed that Jul Aug Sep Oct the end Nov Dectill natural ventilation can be used from of April Hours > 26 97 114 9 337 56 14 C end of September – so this will be the ‘summer season’ the where the natural ventilation is applied. More specifically the time of the day natural ventilation was used was from the morning till the evening. With natural ventilation: Natural ventilation erased most of the overheating in the summer period. That was not enough, thought, especially considering the overheating that appears in the winter months specifically October and March. There were still way too many hours of overheating [App ill7,ill8].
Ill. 84
It could be seen that the overheating in July took place in the middle of the months, where the highest degree was in the middle of the day lasting till late evening and the whole night slowly decreasing. Which might be because of the thermal mass reradiating heat it has absorbed. From these results, it was assumed that solarshading in high summer is needed, especially in the middle of the day, while natural ventilation, if possible, could be applied at night time also, with less efficiency. However, summer was not the worst case, but march and October. The results shown that for the worst day in October, there is a need for solar-shading from around 12 0’clock till dinner time [app ill9]. The impact on thermal zone 2 is radical, though there is There overheating, is a need for solar-shading fromthe aroundatmospheric 12 0’clock till dinner time. still but comfort is satisfying the Therefromwill be focused on decreasing the Theredemands. is a need for solar-shading around 12 0’clock till dinner time. Thermal zone 2 (northin part) overheating thermal zone 1 as it will affect thermal zone Apr May Jun 2Thermal alsozone [ill87] [app Feb ill10]. Mar 2 Jan (north part) 0
Hours > 26 C
Jan
0
Feb 0
Hours > 26 C Jul Hours >26 C
0 Aug
71 Jul
Hours >26 C
0
Mar 0 Sep 50
Aug 71
0
Apr 0 Oct 0
Sep 50
0
May 0 Nov 0
Oct 0
63
Jun 63 Dec 0
Nov 0
0 Dec
0
0
The impact on thermal zone 2 is radical, though there is still overheating, but the atmospheric comfort is With solar shading satisfying the demands. There will be focused on decreasing the overheating in thermal zone 1 as it will InThe the beginning simple solar-shading (internal curtains) impact on thermal zone affect thermal zone 2 also. 2 is radical, though there is still overheating, but the atmospheric comfort is satisfying the demands. There will be focused on decreasing the overheating in thermal zone 1 as it will was applied to all the South windows, extending their use affect thermal zone 2 also. period to include March and October, the result was as With solar shading Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun follows [ill88] [app ill11]: Hours>26 Cshading 21 66 curtains) was 4 applied to all the 0 South windows, 2 extending 83 In the solar beginning simple solar-shading (internal With their use periodJan to include March and October, Mar the result was as follows: Feb Apr May Jun In the beginning simple solar-shading (internal Hours>26 C 21 66 curtains) was 4 applied to all the 0 South windows, 2 extending83 their use periodJul to include March and October, Sep the result was asOct follows: Aug Nov Dec Hours>26 C
Ill. 88
Hours>26 C
99 Jul
86 Aug
99
3 Sep
86
49 Oct
3
49 Nov
49
14 Dec
49
14
This improved the overheating hours but is still insufficient. It did however severely decrease the This improved the overheating hours but is still insufficient. overheating hours in March, making February the month with the most overheating. ItThisdid however severely overheating hours improved the overheating hours but isdecrease still insufficient. the It did however severely decrease the February chart: overheating hours in March, making February the month with the most overheating. February chart:
Still overheating occurs especially outside the time it is active, especially in February and November.
53
It was tried to adjust the especially shutters tooutside only bethe active hours 12-17 which increased the overheating Still overheating occurs timeinitthe is active, especially in only February and November. hours with 40 hours a year. It was tried to adjust the shutters to only be active in the hours 12-17 which only increased the overheating The solar-shading adjusted to work all year meaning that the shutters on the top window are permanent hours with 40 hourswere a year. activating when the temperature inside exceeds 25 C. This was necessary in order to fulfill the demands of The solar-shading were adjusted to work all applied year meaning that thesouth shutters on thethereby top window are permanent thermal indoor environment. Curtains were to the bottom window, still ensuring some activating whenshutters the temperature inside exceeds 25 C. This was necessary in order to fulfill the demands of daylight when are closed. thermal indoor environment. Curtains were applied to the bottom south window, thereby still ensuring some daylight when shutters are closed. Bsim - presentation
in March, making February the month with the most overheating. As it can be seen [app12] there is additional need for solarshading mid day of February, to decrease overheating and decrease the uncomfortable temperatures in nighttime. It was then tried if the simple shading were applied to the external instead of internal would help but the result was it only make the overheating worse making it
Hours>26 C Hours>26 C
Aug 39
Jul
Hours>26 C
0
Mar 66
21 Jul
Ill. 89
66
Feb
36 Aug
39
0
0
0
0
36
0
May
Oct
Sep
0
Nov 0
30 30
Dec 40
0
Hours>26 C
I Hours>26 l l . 9 1C
14 Dec
40
14
Still overheating occurs especially outside theespecially time it is active, especially in February November. Still overheating occurs outside the and time shutters It was tried to adjust the shutters to only be active in the hours 12-17 which only increased the overheating are active, in February and November. Still overheating occurs especially outside the time it is active, especially in February and November. hours with 40 hours a year. Trying toadjust adjust the shutters activate only during the It was tried to the shutters to only be active in to the hours 12-17 which only increased the overheating The solar-shading were adjusted to work all year meaning that the shutters on the top window are permanent hours with 40 hours a year. hours to 17:00, only25increased thein overheating hours activating 12:00 when the temperature inside exceeds C. This was necessary order to fulfill the demands of thermal indoor environment. Curtains were to the bottom window, still ensuring some The solar-shading were adjusted to work allapplied year meaning that thesouth shutters on thethereby top window are permanent inactivating 40 when hours per year. daylight are closed. whenshutters the temperature inside exceeds 25 C. This was necessary in order to fulfill the demands of thermalsolar-shading indoor environment. Curtains were applied to the bottom south window, thereby still ensuring some The devices adjusted to work all year daylight when shutters are closed. meaning that the shutters on the top window are permanent Bsim - presentation and active when the temperature inside exceeds 25 C.season. In the final Bsim simulations the natural ventilation had to have long working hours, in the summer Bsim - presentation Ventilating most of the day meaning vents would have to be open in the house till late. This was discovered That isin thenecessary in order to fulfill the demands of thermal very process, meaning the facade did not change muchlong accordingly. A solution be toseason. apply In thelate final Bsim simulations the natural ventilation had to have working hours, in thecould summer shutters or amost newof kind shading method towould facade but to that withtill the concept and the openness Ventilating theof day meaning vents have becould open interfere in the house late. This was discovered indoor environment. Curtains were applied to the bottom to the surroundings. However with the applied settings the result was as follows: very late in the process, meaning the facade did not change much accordingly. A solution could be to apply south thereby some when shutters orwindow, a new kind of shading method tostill facadeensuring but that could interfere with daylight the concept and the openness Thermal zone 1 to the surroundings. However with the applied settings the result was as follows: shutters are closed. Average CO2 level: 544,5 ppm Thermal zone 1 Overheating: Average CO2 level: 544,5 ppm
Also the natural ventilation had to have long working Overheating: hours, in Jan the summer season. Ventilating most of the Feb Mar Apr May Jun Hours>26 C 0 0 have to 0 be open 0 in the house 1 22 day meaning vents would till Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun late. This was discovered in the0 process,1 Hours>26 C 0 0 very late 0 22 Jul Hours>26 C
Aug 28
Jul Hours>26 C Thermal zone 2 Thermal zone 2
Sep 30
Aug 28
Oct 2
Sep 30
Nov 0
Oct 2
Mar 0
Aug
Dec 0
Nov 0
0 Dec
0
0
30
2
0
0
35 Jul 35
0
31 31
0
Jun
May 0
0
33 Dec
0 Nov
0
33 Jun
Nov
Oct
0
0
0
0
0 Dec
May
Oct
Sep
0 0
0 Apr
22 Dec
Nov
Apr
Sep
Aug
0 0
0
Jun 1
Nov
Oct 2
Mar
Aug
May 0
Oct
Sep 30
0
0
Apr 0
Sep
Feb
Jul
Jun
Nov
Oct 0
Jul
Hours>26 C Thermal zone 2 Jan Hours>26 C
Apr
Sep
Feb 0
Thermal zone 2 Jan Feb Thermal : [app ill16]Mar Overheating: zone2
Other shading devices: Venetian (internal): 476 hours above 26 C Screen (internal): 476 hours above 26 C. Curtain (internal) 476 hours above 26 C. As it could be seen on the result only use of normal solarshading devices was insufficient, shutters that could completely close out the sun when it is peaking Shuttersneeded were applied,[app from March to October: was ill13]. Therefore shutters were applied, from March to October, to the top south window, for Shutters were applied, from March to October: Jan Feb [ill89] Mar[app ill14]. Apr May Jun architectural reasons 21
Jan Hours>26 C
Hours>26 C level: 518,0 ppm 28 Average CO2 Jul Aug 28 Average CO2 level: 518,0 ppm
Based on this for further investigating shading was done with internal applied shading was used as it gave the best result.
Jan
meaning the facade did not change much accordingly. A solution could be to apply shutters or a new kind of shading method to facade but that could interfere with the Average CO2 level: 544,5 concept theppm openness to the surroundings. Thermal zoneand 1 Overheating: However with Average CO2 level: 544,5the ppm applied settings the result was as Overheating: follows: Jan Feb ill15] Mar Apr May Jun Thermal zone 1:0 [app Hours>26 C 0 0 0 1 22
I Overheating: lHours>26 l . 9 0C
Simple internal: 476 hours above 26 C. Simple external: 514 hours over 26 C. Simple integrated: 509 hours over 26 C.
Hours>26 C
In the -final Bsim simulations the natural ventilation had to have long working hours, in the summer season. Bsim presentation Ventilating most of the day meaning vents would have to be open in the house till late. This was discovered In thelate final simulations the natural ventilation had to have working hours, in thecould summer very in Bsim the process, meaning the facade did not change muchlong accordingly. A solution be toseason. apply Ventilating theof day meaning ventstowould have becould open in the house This was shutters or amost newof kind shading method facade butto that interfere withtill thelate. concept and discovered the openness very in the process, meaning thethe facade didsettings not change much was accordingly. A solution could be to apply to thelate surroundings. However with applied the result as follows: shutters or a new kind of shading method to facade but that could interfere with the concept and the openness Thermal zone 1 to the surroundings. However with the applied settings the result was as follows:
0 Dec
0
0
54
55
presentation
In the following the design of the passive housing complex in Aalborg West will be presented. The design consists of 208 apartments; 120 apartments of 80 m2 and 88 apartments of 115 m2. The total building percentage is just above 80 %. The users of the housing area are families with up to two children and middle-aged couples. The dwelling area has additional common spaces such as laundry rooms, storage spaces, a common house, sports facilities, parking and outdoor areas.
56
masterplan
The master plan is generated through several parameters in terms of urban context, technical consideration and aesthetic aspect, consisting with different levels of publicity and privacy from the common space to housing. Referring back to the solar heat gain and wind study, the plot is arranged with buildings rotating against strong wind from south-west, and most housing primarily faces to the south for capturing solar heat gain as much as possible. The distance between different buildings is generated from the study to avoid shadowing.
57
58
building types
Two buildings are combined as one cluster, facing each other and sharing staircases, corridors formed as bridges and elevators. Different layouts have been applied into North and South apartments in order to keep the good orientations for living. In the diagram, the degradation of the colour indicates the sequence in height from light-sort to darker-tall. Light and medium represent three floors and four floors respectively, while the darker is for six floors apartments that have been placed only at the North of the site to enjoy the view but not to shade the plot.
59
t r a ff i c a n d c i r c u l a t i o n
The main road arriving to the site is Egholm Faergevej. Then the motorized traffic is directed to the plot, by another two-car-wide road that goes around the site, and provides access to the parking spots along with the possibility for the service track to circulate. In diagram, the dotted line illustrated a tree-like pedestrian passage from central way to get into each cluster. From the apartment to the road, all minimized routes and circulations make it more convenient to get the car and drive it out of the site leaving the complex unaffected by air and noise pollution, making it a more environmental but also user friendly solution
recreational areas
Recreational areas have been defined for different themes inside the plot and attractive movements are designed along the pedestrian passage. At the bottom, the playground performs as an entrance for the site with big grassland, greenery and sculptures etc. The central common house in the heart of the plot provides the functional quality for gathering, and also serves as a landscape architecture with an accessible roof that offers a vantage point or a relaxation area. Sports facilities like a basketball terrain have been placed on the North, on a spot protected from the western wind. And all of these are arranged by a tortuous stone road reflecting the design not only by creating recreation areas, but also connect them to form an adventurous passage.
60
ground floor
The wooden deck forms the exterior spaces and hosts the cores to the inner street. Around the cores a bicycle parking is prevented. The street hosts all activities and serves a lot of purposes. Respectively, it sets back to leave place for greenery, and create public or private gardens as it can be seen in front of the facades. The South facades are always more open than the North with big glass doors unifying the interior and the exterior. The access to these apartments is done by the deck level, directly through a common entrance space that can be seen as a secondary, shared, terrace. Both types of apartments are zoned with the bedroom zone to the North, and living room to the South. The materials applied on the zones are working not only with scale and feeling but also with temperature, solar gain and reflection of daylight as explained in the design process.
An interesting spot is the south study room - guest room of the 80m apartment, that can be unified or separated by the more public spaces as wish. When designing for older people, special attention should be given to multifunctional spaces. Finally, the common spaces are placed on the sides of the building volumes with laundry and other facilities.
upper floors
The interesting part of the first floor plan is the mezzanine of the 115m apartment and how it communicates with the entrance space, to create an extra shared terrace. This is a characteristic only the ground floor apartments enjoy. On second and third floor the units are repeating. The upper slabs are tilted according to zoning, so a skylight is formed, following also the demands for PVâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s implementation.
61
62
elevations 80m volume
When working with elevations, we tried to raise a discussion between opposite facades of buildings. The story of the illustrations goes as follows: Up left is the north facade of the shortest building and below this, the South facade of the taller one. This way, we present exactly what one can experience from the inside of the living street. The connection of the entrance spaces and the core in the middle. It was quite challenging to answer to the publicity of this living street at the same time that the North facade commands for minimized openings. However, by zoning and reflecting the inner function, to the actual facade, we managed to blend the openness and publicity, together with the demand for privacy and protection. On the lower part of page, the South facade of the tall volume, reflects publicity and openness. However, the challenge was to blend all materials together without excess expression.
63
64
e l e v a t i o n s 11 5 m v o l u m e
On the upper part of the page, the North elevation of the tall building. The challenge here was to raise a feeling of tranquillity, to underline the private function behind the facade without designing a monotonic surface. The differentiation in the windows helped a lot to create a harmonious, yet talkative result. This facade represents the close function of bedrooms and it somehow consists a back for the open, South, other side of this building that we saw on the previous pages. On the lower part, the right opposite elevation, the South facade of the lower building. It is about an almost functionalistic approach to creating facades. The form evolved from the function and the result is reflecting the cause and denotes what lies behind the envelope.
65
66
cross section
This section was chosen to show the most interesting part of the solution, the living street and the sequential relation of the horizontal elements towards vertical. The building volumes seem like hanging one from the other, supporting each other, creating a unit that cannot work independently. At the same time, the significance of the core and the air corridors, is underlined as it furnishes the void between the mass. The core becomes a functional but also a sculptural element of this living street. If the street network can be translated into a two dimensional tree diagram, then the core definitely consists the vain of circulation on the third dimension. It is also important the role of the greenery in the whole design as it is the second vertical element that forms the space around it. Open air spaces are formed nonviolently be extracting pieces of the deck and placing vegetation almost anarchically. Finally, the outline of the buildings, and particularly the shape of roofs, is underlined in this drawing, indicating once again the discussion between opposite building masses.
67
Asphalt sheet (three layers) Glass wool 450mm Wooden board Timber facade attached to concrete structure Reinforced concrete 220mm Vapour barrier Compressed glass wool tiles Mechanical instalations Ventilation Plaster board for ceiling
Wooden board 120x280 Steel hollow section 40x40 UPN 180 IPE 140
construction
Detail in 1:20. The drawing represents a section along the North facade of the tall building, in the middle, most public window. Starting from the upper slab, the insulation is dominant and forms the thickness of final layer. A lot of wads and inbetween pieces are needed for the joint with the windows, where the insulation is never unprotected, but always covered with vapour barrier and/or leca. Where needed a glass wool tile or a board is added to finish the joint. Interesting part of construction, the middle, steel slab, always supported by the concrete load bearing walls and hosting the mezzanine. The wooden facade is attached to the concrete construction through a wooden structure and finally with steel elements. The final thickness of walls, adds to the architectural feeling, forming sitting places and other interesting spaces.
68
69
70
Presentation
71
Overall intro to the presentation
In the following the design of the passive housing complex in Aalborg West will be presented. The de consists of 208 apartments; 120 apartments of 80 m2 and 88 apartments of 115 m2. The total buildin percentage is just above 80 %. The users of the housing area are families with up to two children and middle-aged couples. The dwelling area has additional common spaces such as laundry rooms, storage spaces, a common h sports facilities, parking and outdoor areas. Be10
The aim of this project is to design a zero energy housing complex on an annual basis. The strategy to achieve this goal is to firstly create a complex that meets the requirements of low-energy class 2020 j application of energy efficiency measures. Parameters for passive heating are the orientation of the building units and use of concrete as thermal mass. Parameters for passive cooling are natural cross ventilation, overhangs and solar shadings. Furthermore the size of the window areas and their u and values are desided from the goal of fulfulling the 2020 demand. Different window scenarios are teste Be10. Secondly solar cells will be implemented to create energy neutrality. Be10 has been used to document the energy consumption of the housing complex. A calculation has been done on respectiv building unit of eight 115 m2 apartments and a building unit of eighteen 80 m2 apartments.
The following tables show the results of the Be10 calculation. It can be seen that both building units a energy neutral and that they without solar cells fulfill the 2020 energy frame. See appendix for documentation of the numbers used in the Be10 calculation [app. ].
First step: meet the requirements of low-energy class 2020 by application of energy efficiency measu Energy Heat Heating of Cooling performance demand, room, kWh/m2 without PV’s, MWh year kWh/m2 year 19,70 1,04 1,20 17,10 0,00 0,00
115 m2 80 m2
final calculations
0,00 0,00
Second step: energy neutrality by implementation of solar cells Heat
Energy
Heating of
Cooling
room, kWh/m2 demand, performance The aim of this project is to design a zero energy housing year MWh without PV’s, complex on an annual basis. The strategy to achieve kWh/m2 year 115 m2 -29,90 1,04 1,20 0,00 this goal is to firstly create a complex that meets the 80 m2 -46,20 0,00 0,00 0,00 requirements of low-energy class 2020 just by application The housing complex should have a good and healthy of energy efficiency measures. indoor environment with focus on the atmospheric, thermal Parameters for passive heating are the orientation of and visual indoor climate. To document the indoor climate the building units and use of concrete as thermal mass. Parameters for passive cooling are natural cross ventilation, dynamic simulations in Bsim has been done together with Presentation daylight simulations in Velux. overhangs and solar shadings. Furthermore the size of the Overall intro to the presentation Simulations in Bsim indicated that the natural ventilation window areas and their u and g-values are desided from In the following the design of the passive housing complex inDifferent Aalborg Westwindow will be presented. The design had the goal of fulfulling the 2020 demand. Bsim to have long working hours, in the summer season. consists of 208 apartments; 120 apartments of 80 m2 and 88 apartments of 115 m2. The total building Bsim Ventilating most of athe meaning ventswithwould to scenarios tested inTheBe10. The housing complex should have good day and healthy indoor environment focus on thehave atmospheric, percentage isare just above 80 %. users of the housing area are families with up to two children and thermal and complex visual indoor climate. Togood document the indoor climate dynamicwith simulations in Bsim has been The housing should have a and healthy indoor environment focus on the atmospheric, middle-aged couples. bedoneopen inwiththe house tillin Velux. late. This was discovered very late Secondly, solar cells will be implemented to create energy together daylight simulations thermal and visual indoor climate. To document the indoor climate dynamic simulations in Bsim has been The dwelling area has additional common spaces such as laundry rooms, storage spaces, a common house, simulations in Velux. indone thetogether process, meaning theventilation facade notworking change neutrality. Be10 been areas. used to document the energy sports facilities, parkinghas and outdoor Simulations in with Bsimdaylight indicated that the natural had todid have long hours, inmuch the summer season. Ventilating of thethat daythe meaning vents would have tohave be open the house till late. was Simulations in Bsimmost indicated natural ventilation had to longinworking hours, inor theThis accordingly. A solution could be to apply shutters asummer new consumption of the housing complex. A calculation has discovered very latemost in theofprocess, facade notto change much accordingly. solution could Be10 season. Ventilating the day meaning meaning the vents woulddid have be open in the house till Alate. This was be to apply shutters a new kind ofmeaning shading method tofacade. thenot facade. However with the applied settings the kind of shading method to the However with the discovered very late or in the process, the facade did change much accordingly. A solution could been done on respectively a building unit of eight 115 result was asshutters follows:or a new kind of shading method to the facade. However with the applied settings the to apply The aim of this project is to design a zero energy housing complex on an annual basis. The strategybe to 2 2 the result was as follows: machieve apartments building of eighteen 80 m result wasby assettings follows: this goal is toand firstlyacreate a complexunit that meets the requirements of low-energy class applied 2020 just Thermal zone 1 application of energy efficiency measures. Parameters for passive heating are the orientation of the apartments. Thermal zone 1 building units and use of concrete as thermal mass. Parameters for passive cooling are natural cross Average CO2 level : 544,5 ppm zone 1 The following tables show the resultsthe ofsize theof the Be10 ventilation, overhangs and solar shadings. Furthermore window areas and their uThermal and g- CO2 level Average : 544,5 ppm Overheating: values are desided from the goal of fulfulling the 2020 demand. Different window scenarios areAverage tested in CO2 level : 544,5 ppm calculation. It can be seen that both building units are Be10. Secondly solar cells will be implemented to create energy neutrality. Be10 has been used toOverheating: Overheating: documentneutral the energyand consumption of the without housing complex. A calculation has been done on respectively a energy that they solar cells fulfill the Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Hours>26 C 0 Feb 0 Mar 0 Apr 0 May 1 Jun 22 building unit of eight 115 m2 apartments and a building unit of eighteen 80 m2 apartments. Jan 2020 energy frame [appendix]. Hours>26 C 0 0 0 0 1 22 The following tables show the results of the Be10 calculation. It can be seen that both building units are energy neutral and that they without solar cells fulfill the 2020 energy frame. See appendix for Hours>26 C First step: meet the requirements of low-energy class 2020 documentation of the numbers used in the Be10 calculation [app. ].
Jul
Aug 28 Aug 28
Sep 30 Sep 30
Oct 2 Oct 2
Nov 0 Nov 0
Dec 0 Dec 0
0
Jan
Feb 0 Feb 0
Mar 0 Mar 0
Apr 0 Apr 0
May 0 May 0
Jun 0 Jun 0
33
Jul
Aug
Sep
Oct
Nov
Dec
Jul
35 Aug 35
31 Sep 31
0 Oct 0
0 Nov 0
0 Dec 0
Jul
Hours>26 C
byFirstapplication of energyofefficiency step: meet the requirements low-energy classmeasures: 2020 by application of energy efficiency measures Thermal zone2 Thermal zone2 Thermal CO2 zone2 Average level: 518,0 ppm Cooling Heating of Heat Energy Average CO2 518,0 ppm room, kWh/m2 demand, performance Average CO2 level: 518,0level: ppm Overheating: year MWh without PV’s, Overheating: Overheating: kWh/m2 year 115 m2 80 m2
19,70 17,10
1,04 0,00
1,20 0,00
0,00 0,00
Second step: energy neutrality by implementation of solar Second step: energy neutrality by implementation of solar cells cells:
115 m2 80 m2
Energy Heat Heating of Cooling performance demand, room, kWh/m2 without PV’s, MWh year kWh/m2 year -29,90 1,04 1,20 -46,20 0,00 0,00
Jan Hours>26 C Hours>26 C Hours>26 C Hours>26 C Daylight Daylight
0,00 0,00
0
33 0 0
72
73
outro
At the end is not an exaggeration to state that the final design grows from the function. In this project function both relates to human needs and environmental protection. Interior arrangement, orientation, materials etc. All is determined from the goal of sustainable living. The users of the area will be families and elderly couples and hereby the dwelling complex embraces three generations in a sense of neighbourhood feeling. With the common access streets between the building complexes, the dwelling area encourages people to meet each other on the move. Some of the apartments have gardens to the street level which also contributes to aliveness. The activity in the street is partly created by the necessary movement of people and partly by the need for outdoor activity. This activity is supported by the common access that concentrates people around the streets. In the centre of the site there is a more open and freely developed green area with recreational use which hosts more optional and social activities. The central space is a green line through the area that ends on the waterfront and link the area to the body of water which characterizes the specific site. Design process The overall aim for this project was to combine energy neutrality with the development of good life conditions for human beings. Even early in the process simple calculations were done in a month-average spreadsheet. In general, Be10 calculations were used to document that the final design meets the zero energy goal. As the design was developing the need for more advanced tools for simulations, as the BSim, raised. The calculations were walking in parallel to the development of the design.
Thus the process all the time went back and forth between sketching and calculating. The development of good life conditions is all about creating indoor spaces with climatic as well as aesthetic qualities that allow the human body to feel comfortable. The indoor climate in the apartments has been evaluated through dynamic simulations in Bsim of the indoor CO2 level and temperature. A 24-average spreadsheet was used to estimate if overheating would be a problem. The simulations on BSim, though, should have come earlier. The large window areas towards south made it difficult to avoid overheating and should have been redesigned in order to avoid overheating. More overhangs or a reduction of the window area could have been solutions. A new loop of sketching on the facades should have been started to develop the design. All the time the design has been evaluated and changed according to different parameters within overall themes such as energy consumption, indoor climate, daylight and human scale. Working in a group it natural for develop an integrated design environment, where different members of the group have the responsibility to research and illuminate specific parameters. Many times the parameters lock each other and the group members must combine their creativity to end up to good solutions. It could also be interested in a process like that, to actively make sure that members handle different parameters through the process. In practice though it is more about getting the different specifications to work together and understand each other early in the process so that a healthy academic but also a simulation of a professional environment would develop.
Gc = (4 ∙ 1) + (115 ∙ 0,1) = 15,5 olf
appendix
74
Converting it to m3/h:
-1
Converting it to h : Natural ventilation hand calculation ural ventilation Following, the average air change rate for the ventilation al ventilation
Now the required ventilation rate according to CO2 is calculated from this equation:
are determined. The calculations are done on a 115 m2 average air change rate for the ventilation are determined. The calculations are done apartment atrate ground floorventilation and with 4are occupants. To save erage change forwith the The calculations are will done ment atair ground floor and 4 occupants. Todetermined. save energy, natural ventilation be energy, natural ventilation will be implemented in the Now the required ventilation rate according to CO2 is calculated from this equation: t at ground floor and with 4 occupants. To save energy, natural ventilation will be e summer period. In the winterinperiod it is period more energy efficient use mechanical summer period. Where, the winter itNow is more where: the requiredto ventilation rate according to CO2 is calculated from this equation: ummer period. In the winter period more energy efficient to use energy efficient to usehave mechanical ventilation to avoid n mechanical is the ventilation rate required for comfort (m3/h) the cold outside air would to it beisheated. Now the required ventilation rate according to CO2 is calculated from this equation: external air.be heated. q is the pollution (m3/h) e cold heating outsidethe air cold would have to C the concentration of CO2 in the indoor air: 0,1 % = r climate where: Atmospheric indoor climate: 0,001 [BR10] limate where: Thefor required rate for a good environment Ci therate of CO2(m in3/h) the supplied air: ation rate a goodventilation indoor environment willindoor bencalculated from inconcentration CR1752. is theconstants ventilation required for comfort where: 3 3 rate required will be calculated from constants in CR1752. The pollution 0,035% = 0,00035 [CR1752, p. n is the ventilation for comfort (m /h)24] on rate for a good indoor environment will be calculated from constants in CR1752. is theispollution (m /h) es comprise the occupants and the building. Theqventilation rate calculated 3to fulfill q is the pollution (m /h) comes from the occupants and the building. The ventilation C n CO2 the indoor 0,1 %(m = 30,001 comprise the % occupants and the building. The ventilation ratethe isconcentration calculated tooffulfill is the rateinrequired for air: comfort /h) [BR10] eans that of the occupants will be A dissatisfied the indoor airventilation quality [CR1752, C with the concentration of in the indoor air: 0,035 0,1 % one = 0,001 [BR10] 3CO2 the concentration of CO2 in the supplied air: % = 0,00035 [CR1752, p. 24] rate 15 is calculated to fulfill category which Cmeans that The calculation is based on the fact that person with i q the indoorisair thequality pollution (m /h) ns that 15 % of the occupants will be dissatisfied with [CR1752, C the concentration of CO2 in the supplied air: 0,035 % = 0,00035 [CR1752, p. 24 i 15% of the occupants will be dissatisfied with theC indoor activity level 1,2 met produce a CO2 level of 19 l/h the concentration of CO2 in the indoor air: 0,1 % = 0,001 [BR10] air quality [CR1752, p. 23]. [CR1752, p. 26,oftable concentration CO2 in[CR1752, p. Ci the concentration CO2 A.6]. in the The supplied air: 0,035 %of = 0,00035 The calculation is based on the fact that one person with activity level 1,2 met produce a CO2 l ation rate for comfort can be calculated from the equation: The required ventilation rate for comfort can be the aironcannot 0,1% = 0,001 according to Thecalculated calculation is based factexceed that one with activity level 1,2BR10. met a CO2 [CR1752, p. 26, table A.6].concentration Thethe concentration ofperson CO2 in theatmosphere air cannot exceed 0,1 produce % = 0,001 acc on ratefrom for comfort can be calculated from the equation: the equation: The of CO2 in the is [CR1752, p. 26, table A.6]. The concentration of CO2 in the air cannot exceed 0,1 % = 0,001 BR10.The Thecalculation concentration of CO2 in the atmosphere is 0,035 % = 0,00035 according to CR1752. is based on the fact that one person with activity level 1,2 met produce aaC 0,035% = 0,00035 according to CR1752. Now the required ventilation rate according to CO2 is calculated from this equation: BR10. The concentration of CO2 inconcentration the atmosphere is 0,035 % air = 0,00035 according [CR1752, p. 26, table of CO2 in the cannot exceed 0,1to%CR1752 = 0,00 First,A.6]. q is The determined for four persons: First q is determined for four persons:
BR10. The concentration CO2 in the atmosphere is 0,035 % = 0,00035 according to CR1 First q is determined for fourofpersons:
Where: First q is determined for four persons: Qc is the ventilation rate required for comfort (l/s) Now the required ventilation rate can be determined: where: Gc rate is the sensoryfor pollution e ventilation required comfortload (l/s)(olf) entilation rate required for comfort (l/s) Cc,i is the desired perceived indoor air quality (dp): 1,0 ventilation rate can be determined: 3 e sensory pollution load (olf) Now the n is required the ventilation rate required for comfort (m /h) dp [table A.5 CR1752] Now the required ventilation be determined: ensory pollution load (olf) is A.5] the pollution (m3/h) rate can -1 e desired perceived indoor air quality (dp):q 1,0 dp [table Cc,o is the perceived outdoor air quality at air intake Converting h indoor : C (dp): the concentration of CO2itrate intothe air: 0,1 % = 0,001 [BR10] perceived indoor air quality (dp): 1,0 dp [table A.5] the required can be determined: eesired perceived outdoor airdp quality air intake 0,1 Now dp [table A.9] ventilation (dp): 0,1 [tableat A.9 CR1752] C the concentration of CO2 in the supplied air: 0,035 % = 0,00035 [CR1752, p. 24] i airventilation qualityItatcan airbe intake (dp): 0,1 [table eerceived ventilation effectiveness: assumed theassumed air is A.9] entirely mixed and then the εv outdoor is the effectiveness: It that can dp be -1 Converting it to h : mixed and then the entilation effectiveness: Itiscan be assumed that the air is entirely that theisair entirely mixed and then the lation effectiveness 1,0 Converting it to h-1: ventilation The calculation is based on the fact that one person with activity level 1,2 met produce a CO2 leve ion effectiveness is 1,0 effectiveness is 1,0
s:
-1
Pollution occupants: 4 ∙ 1 [table A.6 CR1752]
Converting it toThe h : concentration of CO2 in the air cannot exceed 0,1 % = 0,001 accord [CR1752, p. 26, table A.6]. BR10. The concentration of CO2 in the atmosphere is 0,035 % = 0,00035 according to CR1752.
Thermal First q is determined for four persons:indoor climate
Thermal indoor climate We know that the air change rate which is required Thermal indoor climate according to atmospheric indoor climate is 0,9 h-1. Now it We know that the air change rate which is required according to atmospheric indoor climate is Thermal indoor climate will appear if the thermal indoor climatetorequires a higher climate We know that the air change rate which is required according atmospheric it will appear if the thermal indoor climate requires a higher air change rate. Theindoor thermal indoo Gc = (4 ∙ 1) + (115 ∙ 0,1) = 15,5 olf air change rate. The thermal indoor climate is found as an it will appear if the thermal indoor climate requires a higher air change rate. The thermal ind foundWe as know an outdoor temperature C andisan indoor according temperature on 22 C to get a worst ca that the air change on rate16which required to atmospheric indoor clima 0,1) = 15,5 olf Converting it to m3/h: outdoor temperature on 16 Cindoor and an indoor temperature on a worst found as an outdoor temperature on 16 C and an temperature on 22 C to get Now theFollowing required ventilation rate can be determined: equation is used: it will appear if the thermal indoor climate requires a higher air change rate. The thermal i ) = 15,5 olf 22 C to get a worst case scenario. The equation is used: Following equation is used: found as an outdoor temperature on 16 C and an indoor temperature on 22 C to get a wo Following equation is used:
/h:
Pollution building: 115 ∙ 0,1 [table A.8 CR1752]
Converting it to h-1:
Converting it to h-1:
Internal heat load for 24 h, Φi, døgn:
Internal heat load for 24 h, Φi, døgn: Internal heat load for 24 h, Φ døgn: of 76 W in 100 % of the time Pers 4 i,pers
= 304 W
2 Equip 2,8 = 322 W Pers Internal heat 4 pers offor 76 24 W in % :of the time = 304 W load h, 100 ΦW/m i, døgn 2of 76 W in 1002 % of the time Pers 4 pers = 304 Light 8 W/m in 30 % of the time =276 W Equipment 2,8 W/m = 322 WW 2 Equipment 2,84W/m = 322 WW Pers pers of 76 W in 100 % of the time = 304 2 Equipment = 322 W Thermal indoor climate 2,8 W/m
We know that the air change rate which is required according to atmospheric indoor climate is 0, it will appear if the thermal indoor climate requires a higher air change rate. The thermal indoor c found as an outdoor temperature on 16 C and an indoor temperature on 22 C to get a worst case
75 8 W/m2 in 30 % of the time
=276 W
uipment W + light W) = (304 W + 322 W + 276 W) ∙ 24 hours = 21648 Wh
diation (24 hours) in August, 2 windows, Φsun, døgn: (pers W + equipment W + light W) = (304 W + 322 W + 276 W) ∙ 24 hours = 21648 Wh
Total solar radiation (24 hours) in August, 2 windows, w: Φsun, døgn: p. 44] m2 [AZEC_07b, Φsun, døgn=g ∙fβ ∙ fshade ∙ fshadow ∙ fglas ∙ Awin ∙ Isun
w: South window: m2 [AZEC_07b, 44] [AZEC_07b, p. 44] I = 862p.W/m2 sun
Φsun,døgn=0,52 ∙0,9 ∙0,6 ∙0,8 ∙0,9 ∙5 ∙5m2∙862=4357 Wh North window: Isun = 211 W/m2 [AZEC_07b, p. 44] 80 Wh =Φ4837 =0,52 Wh ∙0,9 ∙1,0 ∙0,9 ∙0,9 ∙6 m2 ∙211=480 Wh sun,døgn
e to transmittance , Ht: Total:
1 – b)
4357 Wh + 480 Wh = 4837 Wh
Converting it to m3/h: 5,9 h-1 ∙ 115 ∙ 6 = 4046 m3/h Converting it to l/s: (4046 m3/h / 3600) ∙ 1000 = 1124 l/s l/s pr. m2: 1124 l/s / 115 m2 = 9,8 l/s pr. m2 This value is very high and reflects the needed air change rate in a worst case scenario when all four people are home and all equipments and light run. This value is therefore not used in the Be10 calculation but used as a starting point for simulations of the indoor climate in Bsim. In Be10 a lower value of 1,2 l/s pr. m2 is used.
Openings for natural ventilation: Heat loss due to transmittance , Ht: Ht = At ∙ U ∙ (1 – b) 2 From the previous calculations the occupants should be the transmission area (m ) able to open the envelope to create a ventilation rate of 9,8 Where: 2 2 the transmission coefficient (W/m K) the transmission area (m ) l/s pr. m2 in a worst case scenario in the summer period. At 2 the temperature factor for thecoefficient building component U the transmission (W/m K) This demand is used to determine size of openings as well as the height in which they should be placed. In Aalborg b the temperature factor for the building component 2 o the wind direction is dominant form southwest. This 5+6)m ∙ 0,71 ∙ (1-0) = 22,0 W/ C 2 2 ∙ (1-0) = 22,0 W/oC2 = (25+6)m ∙ 0,71 direction H 6) + (9 ∙ 6)t, window – 6 + (9 ∙ 6) + (3 ∙ 6))m ∙ 0,1 ∙ (1-0) = 174 m ∙ 0,1 ∙ (1-0) = 17,4 W/oC is therefore used to determine the windward and Ht,walls = ((9 ∙ 6) + (9o ∙ 6) – 6 + (9 ∙ 6) + (3 ∙ 6))m2 ∙ 0,1 ∙ (1- leeward [AZEC_11, p. 25]. W/C + 17,4 W/K = 39,4 W/2 C 0) = 174 m ∙ 0,1 ∙ (1-0) = 17,4 W/oC Windward: 0,35 Ht, total = 22,0 W/C + 17,4 W/K = 39,4 W/oC to ventilation, Hv1: Leeward: -0,4 V ∙ n Heatloss due to ventilation, Hv1: Hv1 = δ ∙ Cp ∙ V ∙ n Vref is found for terrain type: open flat country [AZEC_07a, p. 15] Where: the air density (1,2 kg/m2) δ the air density (1,2 kg/m2) Vref = Vmeteo x k x ha (m/s) specific heat capacity of air (1005 J/kg oC) o Cp 3 specific heat capacity of air (1005 J/kg C) Vref = 6 m/s x 0,68 x 30,17 (m/s) = 4,92 m/s Volume (m ) 3 V Volume (m -1) air change rate n = 1 hrate of n = 1 h-1 n airofchange
m2 ∙ 1005 J/kg C ∙ (115 ∙ 6 )m3 ∙ 1 h-1 = 832140 J/h oC Hv1 = 1,2 kg/m2 ∙ 1005 J/kg C ∙ (115 ∙ 6 )m3 ∙ 1 h-1 = 832140 J/h oC
A natural ventilation sheet [cd-rom] is used as a tool to estimate the size of openings and their location. The leeward opening is placed higher than the windward opening so the ventilation is created by a combination of thermal buoyancy and wind pressure. It is the goal to get a Now all the factors can be inserted in the formula presented mass balance of 0. tors canabove, be inserted the formula presented above, and the average air change and theinaverage air change is found: The resultisisfound: to have an opening in the south facade of 1,2 2 m at a height of 0,12 m. and an opening in the north facade of 0,52 m2 at a height of 0,6 m.
o m3/h: = 4046 m3/h
o l/s: 3600) ∙ 1000 = 1124 l/s
76
PV hand calculation[BPS 128, p. 20] Pv’s on building complex of eight 115 m2 apartments rotated to southwest A: Total area of the PV’s 36 ∙ 6 = 216 m2 B: Assessment of the module efficiency Monocrystallized, tightly packed: 15 % C: Installed power (A ∙ B) / 100 = (216 ∙ 15) / 100 = 32,4 kWpeak D: Assessment of the system factor Optimal facility with high efficiency inverter: 0,75 E: Solar radiation Angle of PV’s are 15o and the buildings are rotated to the south west (30o): 1080 kWh/m2 kWh pr. year = C ∙ D ∙ E =32,4 kWpeak ∙ 0,75 ∙ 1080 kWh/m2 = =26244,0 kWh pr. yr. The building complex should meet the zero energy goal on the annual basis. The zero balance includes both the building related energy use (heating, cooling, domestic hot water and ventilation) and user related energy use (appliances, cooking). Building related energy use [Be10] Without PV’s the building has a total energy performance of 19,2 kWh/m2 pr. yr. or 16588,8 kWh pr. yr. Without the primary energy factor of 2,5 for electricity and heat [BR10] the energy performance will be: (16588,8 / 2,5) = 6635,5 kWh pr. yr. Estimation of the user related energy use (household): Electricity use pr. household [SBi_2005-09]: From table 14 an average value for storey dwellings is 1720 kWh. The lowest 25% even use a value of 1155 kWh. Total for 8 households: (8 ∙ 1720 kWh) = 13760,0 kWh p.yr. Energy neutrality: Energy from PV’s > building related energy use + user related energy use 26244,0 kWh pr.y > 6635,5 kWh pr.y + 13760,0 kWh pr.y. 26244,0 kWh pr.y > 20395,5 kWh pr.y OK!
Pv’s on building complex of eighteen 80 m2 apartments rotated to southwest A: Total area of the PV’s (54 ∙ 9) – (3 ∙ 3 ∙ 6) = 486 - 54 = 432 m2 B: Assessment of the module efficiency Monocrystallized, tightly packed: 15 % C: Installed power (A ∙ B) / 100 = (432 ∙ 15) / 100 = 64,8 kWpeak D: Assessment of the system factor Optimal facility with high efficiency inverter: 0,75 E: Solar radiation Angle of PV’s is 15o and the buildings are rotated to the south west (30o): 1080 kWh/m2 kWh pr. year = C ∙ D ∙ E = =64,8 kWpeak ∙ 0,75 ∙ 1080 kWh/m2 = =52488,0 kWh pr. yr. The building complex should meet the zero energy goal on the annual basis. The zero balance includes both the building related energy use (heating, cooling, domestic hot water and ventilation) and user related energy use (appliances, cooking) Building related energy use [Be10] Without PV’s the building has a total energy performance of 17,1 kWh/m2 pr. yr. or 24931,8 kWh pr. yr. Without the primary energy factor of 2,5 for electricity and heat the energy performance will be: (24931,8 / 2,5) = 9972,7 kWh pr. yr. Estimation of the user related energy use (household): Electricity use pr. household: From table 14 an average value for storey dwellings is 1720 kWh. The lowest 25 % even use a value of 1155 Wh. Total for 18 households: (18 ∙ 1155 kWh) = 20790,0 kWh pr. yr. Energy neutrality: Energy from PV’s > building related energy use + user related energy use 52488,0 kWh pr.y > 9972,7 kWh pr.y + 20790,0 kWh pr.y 52488,0 kWh pr.y > 30762,7 kWh p y.
OK!
77
Analysis of the impact of different users onthe area of PV’s A = ((F / (E ∙ D)) ∙ 100) / B
A study was made to illuminate which impact different users have for the needed area of PV’s: To determine the area A the following equation is used:
Where:
A = ((F / (E ∙ D)) ∙ 100) / B Where:F
is the electricity use E is the electricity is theusesolar radiation: 1080 kWh/m2 D is the solarisradiation: the assessment 1080 kWh/m2 of the system factor: 0,75 the system factor: B is the assessment is theofassessment of0,75 the module efficiency: 15 %
F E D B
is the assessment of the module efficiency: 15 %
The lowest 5 % The lowest 25 % Average The highest 25 % The highest 5 %
Building related Electricity use, Area of PV’s / m2 energy use, 115 m2 apart. / kWh 115 m2 apart. / kWh 6635,5 8 ∙ 744 = 5952 103,6 6635,5 8 ∙ 1155 = 9240 130,7 6635,5 8 ∙ 1720 = 13760 167,9 6635,5 8 ∙ 2061 = 16488 190,3 6635,5 8 ∙ 3282 = 26256 270,7
Users Users with a very low electricity use can lower the needuse for square meters ofthe PV’sneed with more with a very low electricity can lower forthan 50 % compared to the square meters needed if the users have a very high use of electricity. Thus the users have a square meters of PV’s with more than 50 % compared to relative large impact on the needed square meters for PV’s. Things that can be done to gain a low user related theuse square electricity are: meters needed if the users have a very high use -
of electricity. Thus the users have a relative large impact on To use A+ labeled appliances the neededcontrol square forto minimize PV’s. Things that can be done Intelligently of themeters apartments the standby hours. toTogain a cooker low electricity use are: use gas To use A+ labeled appliances Intelligently control of the apartments to minimize the standby hours. To use gas cooker
78 Masterplan
hyldemosen herlev This dwelling complex from Tegnestuen Vandkunsten won the 1st prize in international competition for the Healthy House “Das Haus gesunde”. The buildings are arranged in clusters on both sides of a main road that consists the access and the parking. Between the rows there is no motorized circulation. Pathways connect the dwellings with the small lake. The street between the buildings that hosts the access, is clearly reflected to the buildings, by the slop of their roofs. This crescendo of the construction, underlines the significance and high bustle of the street, in 24-average result contradiction to the other, lower, calm side of the slop that answers to the natural element. All 115 m2 apartment dwellings are two or three floor terraced houses constructed by prefab concrete elements. Air change rate: 5,9 h-1 Facades and roofs are highly insulated timber frame structures. Choosen month: July tu = 21 C What we can learn from the master plan of hyldemosen is that it has a quite clear tree-like structure, arranging by a main road and then goes into different small streets, which may fits our If the ventilation air has same temperature as outdoor air vision for the master plan that providing a good transition from publicity to semi-publicity and 24-average ti = 22,2 C finally privacy; street as the space in-between public and privacy somehow emphasized the Temperature variation Δt = 5,5 C importance for this closely neighborhood feeling. (public and privacy diagram) Max. temperature timax = 25,0 C
IVision l l . 1of master plan
On total the energydesign of the master plan, the story is told by the openness of spaces in terms of publicity consumption, kWh/m2 y and privacy. More specifically, the clusters inside the plot behave like closed units, protecting the street inside from the main circulation. Compared to the main road of the plot, the streets inside 44,0 the clusters are private. Sequentially, and as we move deeper in the cluster, the entrance spaces are more private where the street becomes public. There is a degradation of publicity and an augmentation of privacy until the apartment level and even inside that. Evidently the built environment shaped from the void, the open air spaces. 43,7
Rotation, deg. Energy performance, kWh/m2 year Heat demand, MWh ill5 Big room, thermal zone 1 0 17,4 2,24 Daylight 15 19,8 2,88 (diagram: rotation) 43,4 22,0 3,58 One building30 75 of passive solar heating’ 26,8 6,45 ‘Implementation 28,2 7,46 Orientation:90 105 Energyof 7,50building more than 15 o Different deg. orientations the building were tested inHeat Be10. Rotation of the Rotation, performance, kWh/m2 year27,2 demand, MWh displacement, m 165 21,12020 demand.2,24 7,06 4 east 2 1 0 17,4 0 or west to either is not preferable to fulfill the The rotation of 15 o was used to 20,9 I lmark l . 2a grid180 15 2,88 6,79 in which the urban design could 19,8 evolve. 30 Energy performance, kWh/m2 22,021,1 Heat 3,58 7,06 Rotation, 195 demand, 255 75 26,827,2 6,45 7,50 deg. year MWh 90 28,228,2 7,46 7,46 270 0 17,4 2,24 105 27,226,8 7,50 285 6,45 19,8 2,88 15 165 21,1 7,06 30 22,0 3,58 180 20,9 6,79 195 21,1 7,06 75 of the windows: 26,8 6,45 U and g-values 255 27,2 7,50 90 28,2 7,46 270 28,2 7,46 27,2 7,50 To create105 passive heating you want a low26,8 u-value and a high6,45 g-value, while it is reverse in summer when you 285 165 passive cooling. Different21,1 want to create values were tested7,06 in the Be10 to find a good balance. The best 180 6,79 solution is to use windows with a u-value20,9 of 0,71 and a g-value of 0,52. 195 of the windows: 21,1 7,06 U and g-values 255 27,2 7,50 ill6when North To create270 passive heating g-value you want Heating a low u-value and aCooling high g-value, is reverse in summer you part, thermal zone 2 U-value of room Total itenergy performance 28,2 7,46while want to create values tested inyear the to find kWh/m2 year werekWh/m2 kWh/m2 yeara good balance. The best 285 passive cooling. Different 26,8 6,45Be10 solution is to use windows with a u-value of 0,71 and a g-value of 0,52. 2-layer ill3 Rotation of1,4building energy glass 0,66 11,5 0,0 28,3 2-layer Cooling Total energy performance 24,5 Energy glass U-value 1,1 g-value 0,60Heating of room 7,6 0,0 kWh/m2 year kWh/m2 year kWh/m2 year 3-layer 2-layer glass Energy 0,9 0,48 6,8 0,0 20,2 energy glass 1,4 0,66 11,5 0,0 28,3 3-layer 2-layer Energy glass Energy glass 1,1 0,60 7,6 0,0 24,5 Velux 0,71 0,52 3,3 0,0 19,8 3-layer 43,5
Energy glass
0,9
0,48
‘Implementation of passive cooling’ 3-layer
6,8
0,0
20,2
Energy glass
Velux 0,71 0,52 19,8 Different overhang lengths to avoid direct 3,3 sunshine were0,0tested in Be10. An overhang length of 1,8 meters that keep the direct sunshine of the apartments in June is preferable. ill4 U and Gofvalues ofoutwindows ‘Implementation passive cooling’
Month number Altitude angle, deg.sunshine Lengthwere overhang, HeatAn demand, MWh DifferentDay overhang lengths to avoid direct tested m in Be10. overhang length of 1,8 meters 111 2,89 3,68 thatApr keep the direct sunshine out of the46,08 apartments in June is preferable. Jun 172 57,95 1,88 2,88 Month
Day number
Altitude angle, deg.
ill5AprPassive 111 cooling means 46,08
Length overhang, m 2,89
Heat demand, MWh 3,68
ill7 Thermal zone 1, with natural ventilation Friday 12.07.2002
Different solar 172 shadings were also tested in Be10. Shading along the roof of the 115 m2 Jun 57,95 1,88 of the south windows 2,88 2 apartments together with the upper windows of the 115 m ground floor apartments have got a value of -0,4. The minus indicates that the shading is controlled automatically and is only active in the summer period. For Different solar shadings were also tested in Be10. Shading of the south windows along the roof of the 115 m2 the other south windows and doors there is a manually2 controlled inside curtain so the value is set to 0,8. 30 29 28 27 26 25 24 23 22 21
apartments together with the upper windows of the 115 m ground floor apartments have got a value of -0,4.
The minus indicates that the shading is controlled automatically and is only active in the summer period. For ‘Implementation of PV’s’ the other south windows and doors there is a manually controlled inside curtain so the value is set to 0,8. ‘Implementation of PV’s’ 1
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ill12 Simulation on Thursday 07.02.2002 ill16 Thermal zone 2, with all solar shading
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Be10 calculations The following text documents some of the values used in the Be10 calculation. Ventilation: Infiltration q50 = 0,6 h-1 [Rockwool] Converting it to m3/h: 0,6 h-1 ∙ 115 ∙ 6 = 414 m3/h Converting it to l/s: (414 m3/h / 3600) ∙ 1000 = 115 l/s l/s pr. m2: 115 l/s / 115 m2 = 1 l/s pr. m2 Infiltration calculated from the equation in Be10-manual: 0,04 + 0,06 ∙ 1 l/s pr. m2 = 0,0024 l/s pr. m2 Mechanical ventilation in winter: The infiltration is added to the mechanical ventilation in winter in the Be10 calculation. From BR10 the air change rate in the apartments cannot be lower than 0,3 l/s pr. m2: qm, winter = 0,3 l/s pr m2 + 0,0024 l/s pr. m2 = 0,3024 l/s pr. m2 Mechanical ventilation in summer: It is assumed that the mechanical ventilation is controlled automatically in combination with use of natural ventilation. Therefore there is a reduction of the mechanical ventilation in the summer. The total ventilation rate in the summer though cannot be lower than the ventilation in winter. qm, summer = 0,2 l/s pr. m2 Internal heat gain: People (W/m2) : Number of persons (4 apartments of 4 people and 4 apartments of 3 people): (4 ∙ 3) + (4 ∙ 4) = 12 + 16 = 28 pers. Average value of watt pr. person with an activity level of 1,2 met is 76 watt [24-avarage spreadsheet]: 28 ∙ 76 = 2128 W Pr. m2: 2128 W / 864 m2 = 2,5 W/m2
Equipment (W/m2): Electricity use pr. household [SBi_2005-09]: 340 kWh + 11 kWh/m2 ∙ 115 m2 + 350 kWh/pers. ∙ 4 pers. = 340 kWh + 1265 kWh + 1400 kWh = 3005 kWh Wh: 3005 kWh ∙ 1000 = 3005000 Wh W: 3005000 Wh / 3600 = 835 W W pr. m2: 835 W / 115 m2 = 7,2 W pr. m2 This value though is very high compared with an analysis made in the Sbi_2005-09 of the electricity use in different kinds of households [Sbi_2005-09, table 14]. An average value for storey dwellings is 1720 kWh instead of our 3005 kWh. The lowest 25 % even use a value of 1155 kWh: Wh: 1155 kWh ∙ 1000 = 1155000 Wh W: 1155000 Wh / 3600 = 321 W W pr. m2: 321 W / 115 m2 = 2,8 W pr. m2 Using this value in the Be10 calculation, we should keep in mind that the users of our building then should have a low electricity use relative to the average electricity use of households in DK. DHW (domestic hot water): [Sbi_2005-09, table 50, p. 41] From the table it can be seen that the average DHW value is 71 m3. In this calculation though we use the value for the 25% lowest households, which is 39 m3 pr. yr: l. pr. yr: 39 m3 ∙ 1000 = 39000 l. pr. yr. 8 apartments: 8 ∙ 39000 l. pr. yr = 312000 l. pr. yr. Pr. m2: 312000 l. pr. yr. / 864 m2 = 361 l. pr. yr. pr. m2 VBV (for two days) l. pr. day: 312000 l. pr. yr / 365 days = 855 l. pr. day l. pr. 2. Day: 855 l ∙ 2 days = 1709,58 l. pr. 2. Day
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Key numbers_Eight 115m2 apartments See the whole Be10 calculation on the attached cd-rom.
Key numbers_Eighteen 80m2 apartments See the whole Be10 calculation on the attached cd-rom.
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references
lAlbjerg, i t e rN.a(2008) t u r eKlima : og Arkitektur. Copenhagen:
CR1752. 1998. Ventilation for buildings. European Committee for Standardization
Kunstarkadamiets arkitektskoles forlag
BPS 128. 2000. Solceller I byggeriet. BPS-publikation 128
Brunsgaard, C. (2012) Occupants in Low Energy Houses. Aalborg University: AC lecture 6, slide 3
Marszal. A. Modelling of Natural and Hybrid ventilation. Aalborg University: AZEC_11
DS490 (2007) Lydklasseifikation af boliger. Charlottenlund: Dansk Standard
Marszal. A. Buildings Microclimate, Building form and layout. Aalborg University: AZEC_07a
Förster, W (2006) Housing in the 20th and 21th Centuries, Prestel, München: Germany
Gehl, J. 2010. Byer for mennesker.
Gyldendal. 2011. Den store dansk. Available: http://www.denstoredanske.dk/. [2012, 23-04-2012] Gympel, J. 2005. Arkitekturens historie- fra antikken til i dag. Copenhagen: Book Service Hansen, E. K. (2012) Dayligh, Energy and Architecture. Aalborg University: AC lecture 12 Heiselberg, P. (2007) Integrated Building Design, Department of civil Engineering, Aalborg University
Becker, L. 2012. Space, Light and environment. AAU. AC2: 15
website:
Eco-house, skejby by Vandkunsten. Web: http://www.vandkunsten.com/public_site/webroot/cache/ project/file/okohusskejby.pdf
Hertzberger, H. (1991) Lessons for students in architecture, Uitgerverij 010 publishers, Rotterdam
Komforthusene. Web: http://www.aart.dk/projects/?cat=4&id=59&view=projectd ata
Knudstrup, M-A. (2005) Pandoras Boks - Arkitektur som Integreret Design. Aalborg University: Aalborg Universitetsforlag.
Requirements added to the study guide, Mail from Marszal, requirements for energy neutrality – M.Sc. 2Ark (2012)
Kristensen, H. (2007) Housing in Denmark. Copenhage: Centre for Housing and Welfare – Realdania Research Lynch, Kevin. (1960) The Image of the City: The IMT Press Lauring, M. From ecological houses to sustainable cities. Architectural minds Lehrskov, H. (2011) Energi + Arkietektur. Copenghagen: Solar City Copenhagens forlag
Study guide. Web: http://www.studieweb.aod.aau.dk/ digitalAssets/40/40481_2ma-ark-studievejledning-f2012_ rettet-23.02.12_kwr.pdf Tinggården by Vandkunsten. Web: http://www.vandkunsten.com/public_site/webroot/cache/ project/file/tinggaardenI.pdf
Marszal, A. (2012) Passive zone concepts. Aalborg University: AZEC lecture 8b, slide 32
Velux. 2010. Daylight and Architecture. Web: http:// da.velux.com/arLB/Documents/PDFs/DA13_complete.pdf
Migayrou, F. (2002) Particularities of the Minimum in ArchiLab’s Futurehouse, Thames & Hudson, London
SBi_2005-09. Available: http://vbn.aau.dk/files/14395277/ SBi_2005-09.pdf
World Commision on Environment and Development (1987) The ’Brundtland-Report’ Our Common Future, Oxford University Press.
Rockwool. Avaiable: http://www.rockwool.dk/ r%C3%A5d+og+vejledning/lavenergiguiden/nybyg/ anvisninger/t%C3%A6thed+og+test
Ærø, T. (2002) Boligpræferencer, boligvalg og livsstil, Ph.d afhandling, 1. Udgave Brophy, V. (2011) A green Vitruvius, Earthscan Marszal, A. (2012) Integrated design of buildings, Per Heiselberg, 11-02-2008
[http://www.ebst.dk/bygningsreglementet.dk/br10_02_ id5175/0/42]
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illustrations
All illustrations are from personal file except for: ill2 Own illustration [Knudstrup, M-A. Aalborg University] ill3 Own illustration [Heiselberg, P. 2007. Integrated building design. Aalborg University] ill4, ill5 Own illustration [Michael Lauring, Dwellings, plan and ideals, lecture for Aalborg University] ill6 Own illustration [Marie Frier Sustainable tectonics, Lecture for Aalborg university] ill7 http://www.boligsiden.dk/salg/147964094/ ill8 http://inspirationskatalog.dk/projekter/ tilgaengelighed/2009/indvendige-elevatorer-i-50erbebyggelse-i-husum ill9 http://dsu-odense.blogspot.com/2011/08/kronikbymidte-som-i-aarhus.html ill36, ill37 Own illustration [Mads Dines Petersen, Architecture, Space and Environment] ill39 Own illustration [Ellen Kathrine Daylight, energy and architecture AAU] ill 47, ill48, ill64, ill65, ill66 [Hertzberger, H. (1991) Lessons for students in architecture, Uitgerverij 010 publishers, Rotterdam] ill72 http://www.vandkunsten.com/dk/Projekter/Projekt/ Beskrivelse/hyldemosen/166-8.p ill73 http://www.fluxstudios.com/products_ fortisarborwoodtile_specsanddetails.html ill83, ill84 [Design and art in Greece magazine, issue #35, (2004)] ill85 http://xaxor.com/design/42568-sofia-tsiraki-the-housebox-in-koukaki.html ill86 http://buzzelldesign.com/