Neo-Hydrological Sandscape by Jielin Chen

CHEN JIELIN, 10/06/2016, MLA, THE UNIVERSITY OF HONG KONG

The desert shall rejoice and blossom as the rose. Isaiah 35:1,7

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MASTER OF LANDSCAPE ARCHITECTURE

2015-2016

NEO-HYDROLOGICAL SANDSCAPE RECLAMATION OF DESERT OASIS WITH QANAT AS FRAMEWORK

THE UNIVERSITY OF HONG KONG DIVISION OF LANDSCAPE ARCHITECTURE FACULTY OF ARCHITECTURE MASTER OF LANDSCAPE ARCHITECTURE 2015 | 2016

submitted by CHEN JIELIN thesis supervisor Mak, Vincci W.S.

//NEO-HYDROLOGICAL SANDSCAPE

ABSTRACT The macroscopic background of my major concern delves into the ongoing degeneration process of this hydrological system, and the accompanied further desertif ication. This project takes Tarim basin - Taklimakan Desert and the downstream of Tarim River running through it - as a significant example, Since 1950s, in order to develop the local economy, people at that time ceaselessly logged large amount of local Populus trees and turned large area of wasteland into artifical farmland oases, the area of reclaimed farmland increased dramatically. The blind agricultural development and reckless resources practice which exploit water, forests, grasslands and subsoil that provoke droughts, desertification and ongoing collapse of the the ecosystem alongside the downstream of Tarim. Thus, for local government ,what actually can be done to relief the tension between rigid demand of development and scarce of water resource? The original water resource of the whole tarim river , is the large amount of snow on top of Tianshan Mountain melt by the monsoon come from west every year in spring. However, with 55% of water actually wasted by evaporation from plain reservoir and shallow level of groundwater, very few can be consumed by farmland.

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My solution is inspired by the ancient underground canal system called Qanat, which has served people living in similar climate condition for centuries and proved to be quite successful in preventing the evaporation process of water by store water underground, condensing moisture in the air and integrating into the natural ecosystem. This thesis intend to optimize the ancient water conservancy facilities according to the local context, form a self-sustained, smart system and utilize it as backbone/framework to provoke and update the local pattern of development. Thus rigid demand of urbanization and recovery of endangered ecosystem should be able to be accomplished at the same time. Furthermore, the effectiveness itself is also promotional. The surplus volume of saved and harvested water can be used to benefit the downstream area as a benign chain reaction and eventually effect the whole downstream region. The methodology itself is also representative within similar condition and is also replicable. This experimental operation can provide a promising solution to the crisis of water globally and pattern of urbanization within similar areas. Since this certain type of framework is based on the local topography and water accumulation path, the growth and form of urbanization should also follow certain guide which has already been set up by nature. Moreover, due to the feature of high dependence on water, this certain kind of urbanization should be bond along with the guarantee of ecosystem safety, stable of groundwater level. Otherwise the demand of development should never be able to gain all the benefits. Actually this is not challenging to achieve since the framework - qanat - itself has rather high capability of integrating into nature and live in harmony for centuries. Together with the nourish of produced water, multiple ways of development should be considered instead of single production structure - agriculture. Favorable factors like abundant amount of solar energy and adjacency to popular travel spots, it is naturally to develop light industry and tourism industry, thereby adjusting the single structure of economy, stimulating local employment and economic development. Therefore, the goal of utilizing Qanat system as a framework to stimulate and re-organize local industrial and social structure, develop a smart system and paradigm for the whole downstream region and bring benefits as benign chain reaction should be promising to accomplish.

//NEO-HYDROLOGICAL SANDSCAPE

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PROJECT STATEMENT

Since UNESCO has already claimed in the 1950s that the problem of fresh water shortage could hit half the world’s population by 2050. And the sign of this coming catastrophe is quite significant along the desert belt in Northwest China. Take my site as instance, the downstream region of Tarim River in east Xinjiang Province, which is pincer threatened by Taklimakan and Kumtag Desert on both sides, which is also the largest shifting-sand desert zone in the world. The macroscopic background of my major concern delves into the ongoing degeneration process of this hydrological system, and the accompanied further desertification. The foreshadowing of this tragic process started with the victory of liberation war. After PRC was founded, the people’s liberation army started to station in Xinjiang, for the sake of political and social stability, and of course, economical development. AT that time, Xinjiang was so economic backward with extreme poverty and scarce in all kinds of supplies, except water, since it has the largest inland river in China. Since it was quite urgent to develop the local economy, so the central government ambiciously planned and developed 223 clusters of collective farmlands in Xinjiang, all managed by people’s liberation army. Among them, 6 was located alongside the downstream of Tarim River, from No.31 to No.36. During the epoch of Great Leap Forward, it has been recorded that 189 plain reservoirs and more than 400 water pumping stations were built from 50s to 90s. People at that time were so faithful of the water supply in the river and assumed that they could use ceaselessly. They actually succeeded during that time, logging large amount of local Populus trees and turn large area of wasteland into artifical farmland oases, the area of reclaimed farmland increased dramatically from 351,200 hectares in 1949 to 776,600 hectares in 1994. But the success was temporary, the blind agricultural development and reckless resources practice provoke the collapse of the hydrological ecosystem. It was the blind agricultural development and reckless resources practice which exploit water, forests, grasslands and subsoil that provoke droughts, desertification and ongoing collapse of the the ecosystem alongside the downstream of Tarim. The end of downstream shifted from Taitema Lake to Daxihaizi Reservoir, decreased 320 kilometres. And the 6 mission fields reduced to 4 due to the lack of water. Abandoned farmland has become desertificated without protection of the once exist populus forest. And the threaten of sandstorm has even extended to oasis in the south. However, the rigid demand of development still exist, and some local government officials even still privately reclaim new farmland for the sake of money, althrough it has been forbiddened by the central government. The new farmland need more water for irrigation, which is of course hardly available even with mining of groundwater, so newly reclaimed fields has to be abandoned. This phenomenon is actually a vicious circle and can never be broken without take measures. So the central government took several measures as response to this mess situation. First is the ecological water transport from 2000, in order to save the endangered green cor-

HKU

MASTER OF LANDSCAPE ARCHITECTURE

2015-2016

ridor of downstream, but ironnically the farmlands alongside usually try to steal the water and disrupt the saving plan for the sake of saving their own ass. Another measure is improve the irrigation technique, for instance drip irrigation, but this provoke another problem, that the new technic requires more electric power, which is currently hard to achieve without explore new resources, so also difficult to imply. So this seems to be a deadlock, and what actually can be done to relief the tension between rigid demand of development and scarce of water resource? As a matter of fact, the original water resource of the whole tarim river actually remain unchanged for millions of years, is the large amount of snow on top of Tianshan Mountain melt by the monsoon come from west every year in spring. So the total amount of water resource is actually guaranteed by natural. With the farmlands alongside upstream and downstream consume 90%, there is still 0.86 billion cubic meters of water available for downstream. However, the consume structural of this part of water is surprisingly irrational, only 0.127 billion is netly consumed by farmland, 55% is actually wasted by evaporation from plain reservoir and shallow level of groundwater. Such being the case, the mess is clarified and the problem seems not unsolvable at all. I was enlighted by the wisdom of the ancients living in desert for generations, they created a kind of underground canal system which called Qanat in Iran and Iraq, and Kariz in Turpan. This kind of infrastructure has served people living in similar climate condition for centuries and proved to be quite capable of integrating into the natural ecosystem. It can on one hand collect limited precipition, often as form of rainstorm in just one or two days all year round, prevent the evaporation process of water by store water underground and adjust the level of ground water, on the other hand it can also harvest moisture in the air, not only as convey conduit of water. Through drainage, condensation, and aspiration, The catchment tunnels and shafts can harvest atmospheric water vapor and store it in the subsoil before it disappears with the high evaporation ratio. Once trapped under the sands, this water becomes available to irrigate and cultivate fields. So the qanat also work as water production devices and form a continuous autocatalytic water cycle. And near Qanat, the humidity level may reach up to 80 percent and can help provoke the regeneration of native ecosystem. So introduce this infrastructure system into this place can be quite promising and I took the No.31 military mission field as operation field to practice this approach. With Qanat system as backbone, the supply of water can be guaranteed and furthermore the rigid demand of development can be accomplished. And with the rich resource of solar energy of this region, the problem of electric power can also be solved. The out of date idea of development has to be updated. This experimental operation can provide a promising solution to the crisis of water globally and pattern of urbanization within similar areas. Since this certain type of framework is based on the local topography and water accumulation path, the growth and form of urbanization should also follow certain guide which has already been set up by nature. Moreover, due to the feature of high dependence on water, this certain kind of urbanization should be bond along with the guarantee of ecosystem safety, stable of groundwater level. Otherwise the demand of development should never be able to gain all the benefits. Actually this is not challenging to achieve since the framework - qanat - itself has rather high capability of integrating into nature and live in harmony for centuries.

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// CONTENTS 00 Abstract 01

Project Statement

Research & Design Methodology

09 Forewords 11 Atlas 16

Desertification : A global phenomenon

Desert belt & Oasis necklace

An introduction of Tarim Basin & Lop Nor

A brief history of Great Leap Forward in Xinjiang

Xinjiang Production and Construction Corps

Research on hydrological sandscape

Sectional study of Tarim Basin

Documenting downstream Tarim River

Local economies - rigid demand

Pilot policies & tentative academical ideas

Vicious circle of development

Major hydrological conflict

Survival culture under certain climate circumstances

Documenting Qanat

Nature of Qanat

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Field of operation

Mechanism of Qanat system

Growth of framework

Seasonal operation mechanism

Construction detail

Sustainable development with Qanat system as backbone

Provoke of urbanization - correspond to local context

Urbanized cluster growth pattern catalogue

Prototypes of influence on local life style

Ecological recovery paradigm

Mechanism of groundwater adjustment

Benign chain reaction of development

Conclusion - A win-win situation

88 Appendix 88

I- On site Material Qualities

II- Flow accumulation simulation

III- Inventory of native salt-tolerant plants

Illustration credits

93 Bibliography

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Flocks of sheep beside Taitema Lake

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“I’ll place my mind inside your sympathy“ - Smultronstället (Ingmar Bergman)

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Atlas P.11

Basen Formation P. national scale

Ecological system P. taklamakan desert scale

downstream Tarim River region

Social Formation P.

mission field scale

Urb

Legend GIS cartography/Simulation Morphology/Water low f Simulation Field trip Model making Document research Technical essay Parametric Modeling Process Knowledge transfer

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national scale

Infrastructure intervention P.

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Urbanization Pattern P.

ban scale (Qanat system intervented) Technic intervent P.

Human scale

Micro&Macro P.

autocatalytic water cycle scale

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Foreword

Myth of an old Playa

Image of Lop Nor when I am not there

“I felt myself in fairyland out on the waters of that lake sanctuary, on which no boat had ever moved before! It was dead still now; the surface of the water was like a mirror. Some way off ducks were swimming...My dream that it might once in my life be granted me to navigate by boat the ‘wandering lake’... and I had every reason to be thankful for this...But Lop-nor is a good sized piece of water, and to cross it for 15 or 20 miles in open canoes would have been a risky undertaking.” “How strange it felt to wake on the morning of May 21 and know that we were bound straight for my old ruined city Loulan, which I had been fortunate enough to discover on March 28,1900! Would it really be granted me to see this place, so important in history, politics, war and commerce, for the third time - after thirty-four years?” - “The Wandering Lake“ Sven Hedin

Potash Lake & What used to be #6

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Silk Road #7

Aerial image of Lop Nor in 1972 #8

The myth of Lop Nor and Lou Lan Kingdom has long provoken my curiosity since I was a teenager. Before I set off this long thesis journey, it was a place full of myth, terror and wonder to me.From the silk road, the Ear of the Earth, to the Sea of Death, to the mysterious disappearance of Chinese famous plant pathologist and explorer. This area was once so prosperous due to the god rewarded water resource, and also has been extremely barren due to peopleâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s greed and ignorance. It is the dramatic epic-like history, and the extreme and precious environment and full of miracles attract countless scholars to devote themselves into the discovery, research and protection of this place.

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Ruins of Lou Lan Kingdom #9

Suspected last note of Peng Jiamu #10

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ATLAS It has been reported that about 90% of Chinaâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s grasslands are experiencing different degrees of degradation and desertification; 40% of Chinaâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s major wetlands are facing threats of severe degradation(Jonathan Silvertown, 2010). And largescale afforestation efforts in China have failed to solve the desertification problem, due to unsuitable choices of vegetation types and neglect of adaptation(Shixiong Cao, 2008). Since wetland is composed of hydrology, biogeochemical cycling and diverse biota, it is one of the ecosystems with important environmental functions on the earth. A wetland without being disturbed by unusual natural and human activities should be in health statue since its diverse species, complex structure,function integration and stability of resisting disturbance.

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If disturbance is beyond the repairing ability of wetland environment, it will consequently lead to the deterioration of its health condition and degeneration of its normal functions. This principle also suit for the old playa of Lop Nor and Tarim river with massive volume of water. This project takes Taklimakan and its eastly adjacent Kumtag Desert as a significant example, which is at the westernmost of the expansive desert belt in Northern China and also the largest shifting-sand desert in the world. And 85 percent of its total area consists of mobile, crescent-shaped sand dunes that may reach a height of 100 to 200m. However, these two massive deserts were originally divided by Tarim River, the largest inland river, and Lop Nor, which used to be one of the largest playas in the world with area of 5000 km2. Together with northern Kongqi River, eastern Shule River and Southern Qiemo River, the entire wetland and river system has nourished the local ecosystem since miocene epoch, i.e. for millions of years. Besides, perennial freshwater springs on the alluvial fans that spread outward from mountain-foot to Tarim basin floor are annually fed by snow melt from mountain top. All these prerequisites led to the spread out oases on both sides of the rivers and lush aquatic biota, forming green corridors alongside rivers with important ecological significance, which has been formed as early as 4,000 years ago, supporting a distinct eco-region, the ancient Tarim Basin Deciduous Forest. The prosperous natural landscape also made this place part of the arteries of the ancient Silk Road and gave birth to the ancient East-West economic and cultural transport hub city, the ancient Loulan(also known as Niya).

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Desertification

A global phenomenon

Since UNESCO has already claimed in the 1950s that the problem of fresh water shortage could hit half the worldâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s population by 2050. This man-caused disaster is coming along together with a global trend of degeneration of wetland system and accompanied desertif ication. Desertification has influence on large areas of dryland all around the world and is also a dominant cause of pressure in social and economic activities. Within the context of climate change, stimulated by the increasing demand of global food supply and sustainable maintenance of ecosystems, multiple approach of understanding the triggers and feedbacks of global desertification should be provoked.

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Xinjiang Uighur Autonomous Regionâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Global Trade Quota Distribution Global Water Stress Comparation

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Desert belt & Oasis necklace

According to the aerial mappimg image from google earth, the bubbles of deserts linked together like a necklace in northern china is quite noticeable and really hard to be ignored. At the very western end of this desert belt is the juxtaposed Taklimakan desert and Kumtag desert. This desert belt provides steady source of sand storm and is seriously impacting the normal production and living of adjacent areas, even in remote scale. Central and local government has long been suffering from dealing with this tricky environmental problem, although several policies and measures has been taken, but with limited success and effectiveness.

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The question of how to fundamentally solve this chronic illness has been discussed for years and some Chinese scholars even come up with quite bold vision of prospective. Among them, one is the theory of introducing water from Bohai Sea into inland China and nourish the deserts alongside the way. However, this proposal has a lot of unpredictable ecological consequences and the performance is also difficult to predict and handle. Fortunately, the oasis necklace surrounding the Taklimakan Desert provides barrier for the adjacent outside areas. However, the necklace is not holistic and has been teared off on the eastern side, where the resource of water has been cut off by blind artificial land-practice and the previous green corridor has been seriously

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Desert belt & Oasis necklace

endangered. According to local governmentâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s recent regional planning, they intend to fix up the broken oasis necklace and enhance the economic and social status of the downstream Tarim region, by construct a transportation hub at the end of Tarim river and try relatively hard to restore the ecological environment, regardless of the cost.

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introduction Tarim Basin & Lop Nor

Tarim Basin was originally evolved and formed at the end of Oligocene epoch, The topographic pattern of Tarim Basin evoluted to â&#x20AC;&#x153;high west-low eastâ&#x20AC;? mode, so Lop Nor became the lowest point and catchment area of Tarim Basin. Lop Nor lake was originally mainly applied from Tarim River, Qiemo River, Peacock River and Ruoqiang River in West and Southwest, but lack of resource in North, East and South. It once dried up and disappeared once during the end of Pliocene epoch. Because of gentle and humid climate, in 1.5 GSSP Lop Nor reached up to more than 2*104km2 again. In the middle of Pleistocene epoch, influenced by neotectonic activities, the most parts of the northern Lop Nor Lake had started to rise, graben-faults and hollows occured in parts of northern area, which was the premise for forming and storage of brine potash. Desert was also formed in east and west of Lop Nor, and water level shallowed. At the end of Pleistocene epoch, Peacock River and Tarim River formed delta in the Loulan area, water flowed into Lop Nor from southwest side of the delta, sometimes from north. The two rivers also diverted several times. In early Holocene epoch, Lop Nor dried up again due to cool and dry climate. During 3000 a BP - 3600 a BP, Lop Nor was filled up twice, fishing, hunting and farming activities appeared in Loulan Area, the ancient Loulan gradually formed. Area of Lop Nor was 8426km2 at that time. In 1500 a BP, Peacock River and Tarim River diverted several times on west side of Lop Nor, formed more than 10 Paleochannels, caused the demise of Ancient Loulan. area of Lop Nor reduced to 4183 km2 after three obvious reduce of water level. During AD 400 - 1911, the development of agriculture from Tang Dynasty to

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Qing Dynasty contributed to the shrink of Lop Nor. In 1921, Peacock River and Tarim River diverted again towards north, f l ew into Lop Nor from north Iron river, formed the modern Lop Nor. And maximum area reached up to 2919 km2.In 1952, Puhui Dam was built, leaded Tarim River into Taitema Lake. Since then, only Peacock River flew into Lop Nor, lake area reduced to 1440 km2. In 1971, rapid agriculture development from 1950s to 1960s caused the area reduced to 339 km2. And finally in 1973, the interception of Peacock River in Akesupu caused the completely dried up of Lop Nor.

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A brief history of

Great Leap Forward in Xinjiang

The foreshadowing of this tragic process started with the victory of liberation war. After PRC was founded, the peopleâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s liberation army started to station in Xinjiang, for the sake of political and social stability, and of course, economical development. At that time, Xinjiang was so economic backward with extreme poverty and scarce in all kinds of supplies, except water, since it has the largest inland river in China. Since it was quite urgent to develop the local economy, so the central government ambigiously planned and developed 223 clusters of collective farmlands in Xinjiang, all managed by peopleâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s liberation army. Among them, 6 was located alongside the downstream of Tarim River, from No.31 to No.36. During the epoch of Great Leap Forward, it has been recorded that 189 plain reservoirs and more than 400 water pumping stations were built from 50s to 90s. People at that time were so faithful of the water supply in the river and assumed that they could use ceaselessly. They actually succeeded during that time, logging large amount of local Populus trees and turn large area of wasteland into artifical farmland oases, the area of reclaimed farmland increased dramatically from 351,200 hectares in 1949 to 776,600 hectares in 1994. the main crops are cotton and Korla Pear. At the same time, construction of numerous factories with the purpose of usurping natural resources happened competitively. But the success was temporary, the blind agricultural development and reckless resources practice provoke the collapse of the hydrological ecosystem. It has been more frequently claimed that it was the inappropriate agricultural development and reckless resources practices which exploit water, forests, grasslands and subsoil that provoke droughts, desertification and

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ongoing destruction of Lop Nor wetland system. It was from Tang Dynasty that people began to use extravagant way to irrigate farmlandsďź&#x152;unwisely built dams and plain resevoirs. But it is during the Great Leap Forward, the construction became more intensified and eventually led to the complete dry up of Lop Nor and the endanger of green corridor alongside the downstream Tarim River. it was the blind agricultural development and reckless resources practice which exploit water, forests, grasslands and subsoil that provoke droughts, desertification and ongoing collapse of the the ecosystem alongside the downstream of Tarim. The end of downstream shifted from Taitema Lake to Daxihaizi Reservoir, decreased 320 kilometres. And the 6 mission fields reduced to 4 due to the lack of water. Abandoned farmland has become desertificated without protection of the once exist populus forest. And the threaten of sandstorm has even extended to oasis in the south. This series of inappropriate land management has led to increasing competition over environmental resources among man and nature, therefore instable and large-scale migrations of man and wild animals accured. At the same time, the historical reckless development activities led to five times of diversions of downstream Tarim River. Each timeâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s diversion caused drastic changes to the downstream ecological environment, degeneration of green corridors and sharp cutoff of biodiversity. Moreover, due to the lack of drainage in the basin floor, salt has accumulated over large areas, salinization gradually took place, biota communities declined from Hygrophyte to Halophyte and Psammophyte, with fragmented plant patches remain on site. Even the original

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tough and vital Populus euphratica forest have basically lost the natural regeneration ability. The area of Poplar forest decreased by 69.6%, meadow degraded by 140,000 hectares, causing the obstacle of biological migration path, severely threating the native wildlifes. Aspiorhynchus laticeps, known as living fossil and only distributed in Tarim River, has already basically disappeared in downstream. The invisible connection of migration has been cut off and migratory birds like Larus ichthyaetus has been forced to divert its migration route. Wild Bactrian camel (Camelus ferus), which is currently nationally protected and has high adaptability to extreme arid environments and only distributed in Central Asia, its population and scope of activities have decreased significantly since the middle of 19th century.

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Xinjiang

Production and Construction Corps

After PRC was founded, the people’s liberation army started to station in Xinjiang, for the sake of political and social stability, and of course, economical development. At that time, Xinjiang was so economic backward with extreme poverty and scarce in all kinds of supplies, except water, since it has the largest inland river in China. Since it was quite urgent to develop the local economy, so the central government ambigiously planned and developed 223 clusters of collective farmlands in Xinjiang, all managed by people’s liberation army. Among them, 6 was located alongside the downstream of Tarim River, from No.31 to No.36. During the epoch of Great Leap Forward, it has been recorded that 189 plain reservoirs and more than 400 water pumping stations were built from 50s to 90s. People at that time were so faithful of the water supply in the river and assumed that they could use endlessly. Some scholars also claimed that the location of Tarim Basin, which is farther from the ocean than almost any place on Earth and causes the complete cutting off from Asian monsoon, has also contributed to droughts and desertification. It is true that the region originally belongs to xeric ecoregion and evaporation caused shrinking did naturally happen historically. However, the arid climate has never naturally been absolute, and humid climate has historically occured once in a while, and the period is approximately 4-5 decades. The last humid climate occured 4 decades ago, which means the next humid period is already on its way coming to us. Furthermore, naturally happened droughts were within the scope of self-digest capacity of local ecosystem. The presence of upstream rivers, playas and steady supply of underground

Xinjiang Production and Construction Corps #30

- 27 Reclamation of wasteland #31

Melon harvest on “wasteland“ #32

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water has played and still partially playing crucial role of regulating local climate. It was originally a virtuous circle and should be a relatively stable state of equilibrium without the reckless interventions of human activities. In view of this, the human activities and hegemonic interventions, especially in modern times, has been the biggest culprit of the recession of local ecosystems. However, the rigid demand of development still exist, and some local government officials even still privately reclaim new farmland for the sake of money, althrough it has been forbiddened by the central government. The new farmland need more water for irrigation, which is of course hardly available even with mining of groundwater, so newly reclaimed fields has to be abandoned. This phenomenon is actually a vicious circle and can never be broken without take measures. So the central government took several measures as response to this mess situation. First is the ecological water transport from 2000, in order to save the endangered green corridor of downstream, but ironnically the farmlands alongside usually try to steal the water and disrupt the saving plan for the sake of saving their own ass. Another measure is improve the irrigation technique, for instance drip irrigation, but this provoke another problem, that the new technic requires more electric power, which is currently hard to achieve without explore new resources, so also difficult to imply. So this seems to be a deadlock, and what actually can be done to relief the tension between rigid demand of development and scarce of water resource?

HKU

MASTER OF LANDSCAPE ARCHITECTURE

2015-2016

Research on hydrological sandscape

As a matter of fact, the original water resource of the whole tarim river actually remain unchanged for millions of years, is the large amount of snow on top of Tianshan Mountain melt by the monsoon come from west every year in spring. So the total amount of water resource is actually guaranteed by natural. With the farmlands alongside upstream and downstream consume 90%, there is still 0.86 billion cubic meters of water available for downstream. However, the consume structural of this part of water is surprisingly irrational, only 0.127 billion is netly consumed by farmland, 55% is actually wasted by evaporation from plain reservoir and shallow level of groundwater. Nowadays, this place is haunted by the loss of resilient nature. The historical Lop Nor Playa, described by Sven Hedin as Fairy Lake, has completely dried up 4 decades ago due to the cutting off of water resource. And Tarim, the mother river for people in Xinjiang(especially southern Xinjiang), once destinated in Taitema Lake in

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Solar Radiation of the Same Latitude

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Vegetation Coverage of the Same Latitude

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eastern Tarim Basin with total length of 2634m, has decreased to 2179m after being cut off at Tikanlik in 1960, and Daxihaizi has become the new terminal lake of Tarim. The current distribution of water resources throughout Tarim River is extremely uneven due to the still functioning reservoirs and farmlands alongside upstream. With five to six billion cubic meters of water contributes to upstream, only one billion contributes to midstream, while the downstream is almost depleted, merely trace amount of residual water still seasonally flows to downstream, and the condition is quite unstable. The remote landscape influence of downstream declination has been deduced to be both ecological and economical severe. It has already led to degeneration of green corridor, which originally acted as biological migration path for wild animals, natural barrier avoiding the combination of Taklimakan and Kumutage deserts, and protective shield for national highway which economically and politically linking North and South Xinjiang, mainland and frontier together. Unfortunately, the assassination of ecosystem is still on going, great eco-threats and crises are directly heading towards the southeastern urban and rural areas at the end of Tarim River. Sandstorms would be even more rampant, affecting normal production and life of people living there. They would even potentially have to encounter forced migration, repeating the tragedy of Loulan and ancient Lop Norers(ironicly used to live by fishing)’ Abu Dan Villege(ironicly means Lush place).And needless to say the wildlifes which has already been profoundly affected. Indirect influences of the degradation can be even more astounding. Since the whole landscape mechanism act as chain reactions, as Thomas Jefferson said, “if one link in nature’s chain might be lost, another might be lost, until the whole of things will vanish by piecemeal.” Furthermore, the crisis might also ultimately involves politics. As we know that Xinjiang has been a politically sensitive area since 1992, maintaining local political stability has always been a tricky task for the government. And since healthy and stable economic development is a crucial premise, the obstacle of shielded link which has effectively supported the local economic activities will ultimately influence social development of relevant areas.

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Sectional study of

Tarim Basin

Original tectonic movement caused the special pattern of topography and premise for evaporation and forming brine potash deposits and other mineral materials.Influenced by neotectonic activities, the most parts of the ancient northern Lop Nor had to rise, graben-faults and hollows occurred in parts of northern area, which was the premise for forming and storage of brine potash under the ground. Because of the process of tectonic formation, the underground of Tarim Basin is quite rich in mineral resources and underground water.

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Documenting downstream

Tarim River

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Documenting downstream

Tarim River

The current distribution of water resources throughout Tarim River is extremely uneven due to the still functioning reservoirs and farmlands alongside upstream. With five to six billion cubic meters of water contributes to upstream, only one billion contributes to midstream, while the downstream is almost depleted, merely trace amount of residual water still seasonally flows to downstream, and the condition is quite unstable. With the farmlands alongside upstream and downstream consume 90%, there is still 0.86 billion cubic meters of water available for downstream. However, the consume structural of this part of water is surprisingly irrational, only 0.127 billion is netly consumed by farmland. According to the statistic of water consumption alongside the downstream Tarim River region, it is surprising that 55% of water volume is actually wasted by evaporation from plain reservoir and shallow level of groundwater.

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Local economies

- rigid demand

The rigid demand of development still exist, and some local government officials even still privately reclaim new farmland for the sake of money, althrough it has been forbiddened by the central government. The new farmland need more water for irrigation, which is of course hardly available even with mining of groundwater, so newly reclaimed fields has to be abandoned. This phenomenon is actually a vicious circle and can never be broken without take measures. So the central government took several measures as response to this mess situation. First is the ecological water transport from 2000, in order to save the endangered green corridor of downstream, but ironnically the farmlands alongside usually try to steal the water and disrupt the saving plan for the sake of saving their own ass. Another measure is improve the irrigation technique, for instance drip irrigation, but this provoke another problem, that the new technic requires more electric power, which is currently hard to achieve without explore new resources, so also difficult to imply.

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Pilot policies & tentative academical ideas

The central government and local people have started to take several measures as response to this mess situation.

Some local peasants tried to steal groundwater for pressing this urgent problem. However this measure is illegal and once has been found, has to pay extra fee for the consumption of groundwater. And the use of groundwater might lower the groundwater level and impact the relevant vegetation growth and add burden to the already endangered ecosystem.

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The central government has lead the ecological water transport from 2001 for 16 times, in order to save the endangered green corridor of downstream. The sum volume of transported water has reach up to 4.6 billion cubic meters. And some benign effect is noticeable, like the increase of animal and plants, and optimization of salted field. However, ironically the farmlands alongside usually try to steal the water and disrupt the saving plan for the sake of saving their own ass. This kind of farce has happened for several times and almost one third of the water volume has been stolen. The interruption could seriously influence the process of ecosystem recovery, but at the same time still could not fundamentally solve the problem of scarce of water.

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Another measure is to improve the irrigation technique, for instance drip irrigation, but this provoke another problem, that the new technic requires more electric power, which is currently hard to achieve without explore new resources, so also difficult to imply.

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Vicious circle of development & Major hydrological conflict Since the demand of development is quite rigid for that region, but at the same time idea of development still stays on the level of single agriculture industrial structure pattern. some local government officials even still privately reclaim new farmland for the sake of money, althrough it has been forbiddened by the central government. The new farmland need more water for irrigation, which is of course hardly available even with mining of groundwater, so newly reclaimed fields has to be abandoned. This phenomenon is actually a vicious circle and can never be broken without take measures.

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Survival culture under certain climate circumstances

Due to the special climate circumstance with premium wind and sand storm, the tradition of housing and storage underground had been formed since the beginning of field reclamation during the Great Leap Forward. It has been proved that environment of underground housing was much more gentle than the outside atmosphere. It has merit to store vegetables for a long time and more comfortable for human to live in.

Working on underground housing #58

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Constructing underground housing #59

Front door of typical underground housing #60

Exisitng old underground housing #61

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Documenting Qanat

Qanat is a gently sloping underground channel with a series of vertical access shafts. It both serves as conduit of water and water harvesting machine. This kind of water infrastructure has served people in arid areas for centuries and I was enlighted by the wisdom of the ancients living in desert for generations. The primary applications of qanats are for argiculture, like irrigation, cultivation, and drinking water supply. Other applications include microclimate adjustment, like cooling and ice storage. The Qanats are called Kariz in Dari (Persian) and have been in use since the pre-Islamic epoch. It is estimated that more than 20,000 Qanats were in use in the 20th century. The oldest functional Qanat which is more than 300 years old and 8 kilometers long is located in Wardak, Afghanistan and is still providing water to nearly 3000 people. The Qanats distribute globally in many countries, they all share similar climate circumstance and lo-

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Documenting Qanat

Qanat in Persia and Turpan #66

cated near equatorial or in secluded inland, like Afghanistan, India, China, Iraq and Iran. One of the oldest and largest known qanats is in the Iranian city of Gonabad, and after 2,700 years still provides drinking and agricultural water to nearly 40,000 people. Its main well depth is more than 360 meters and its length reaches up to 45 kilometers.

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Nature of

Qanat

It proved to be quite capable of integrating into the natural ecosystem. It both serves as conduit of water and water harvesting machine. It can on one hand collect limited precipition, often as form of rainstorm in just one or two days all year round, prevent the evaporation process of water by store water underground and adjust the level of ground water, on the other hand it can also harvest moisture in the air, not only as convey conduit of water. Through drainage, condensation, and aspiration, The catchment tunnels and shafts can harvest atmospheric water vapor and store it in the subsoil before it disappears with the high evaporation ratio. Once trapped under the sands, this water becomes available to irrigate and cultivate fields. So the qanat also work as water production devices and form a continuous autocatalytic water cycle. And near Qanat, the humidity level may reach up to 80 percent and can help provoke the regeneration of native ecosystem.

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Field of operation

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Mechanism of

Qanat system

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Field of

Operation

So introduce this infrastructure system into this place can be quite promising and I took the No.33 and No.34 mission field as operation field to practice this approach. With cotton farming as basic and the only dominant industry, this mission field possesses 19.89 kilo hectares of farmland, within which 16.91 kilo hectares are for cotton farming. The single industrial structure plus the inescapable truth of scarce of water, nearly 17 thousands of people working and living there is suffering from vicious circle of instable agricultural production. With Qanat system as backbone, the supply of water can be guaranteed and furthermore the rigid demand of development can be accomplished. And with the rich resource of solar energy of this region, the problem of electric power can also be solved. The out of date idea of development has to be updated.

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Mechanism of

Qanat system

Partial amount of water in the existing plain reservoir will be gradually shifted into underground reservoirs, in order to prevent large amount of evaporation waste. The Shafts, which may reach a depth of 150m, help regulate temperature and pressure, in addition to internal air circulation, to favor humidity absorption. Vertical shafts are drilled every four to eight meters to connect the tunnel with the earth surface, and to allow removel of soil during the dig. Excavated earth is piled around these pores, creating characteristic mounds that mark the tunnelâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s path. The tunnels work as water production devices and form a continuous autocatalytic water cycle. Moreover, while humidity in the desert remains at a low level between 0 to 5 percent. Near Qanat, the humidity level may reach up to 80 percent. The moisture once trapped under the sands, it will becomes available water resource to irrigate and cultivate fields. The Qanat system is realized to capture along their lengths the microflows of water from within the rocks and sand in order to create open-air water. And the catchment tunnels and shafts, through drainage, condensation, and aspiration, harvest atmospheric water vapor and store it in the subsoil before it disappears with the high evaporation ratio. The decision of route path is generated according to the topography. With orographically determined points of outlet in irrigated fields, water may flow without eroding the floor of channels or transporting detritus or sand that could block the canal. So the slope should be kept within 1 to 3 degrees. Since the stormwater within one year often concentrated in a day or two in the summer, with abundant amount of water and forming surface runoff, eroding the top soil. Another merit of this infrastructure system is to harvest this precious water resource and store it for other period of time during the year.

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Growth of framework

The framework should be constructed step by step, according to different areaâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s topographical and urbanized context. Within the first 5 years, framework of Qanats adjacent to the existing reservoir and urbanized area should be constructed in the first place. While alongside the line of shafts, micro-climate can be adjusted and vegetation can be nourished, the framework can extend into the desertificated area in the next 5 years. Over the next decade, urbanization can be provoked into the once desertificated zone as form of clusters, while ecosystem has also come back to life. New types of development should be introduced during the first two decades and outdated development pattern should be abandoned. During the next two decades, while the ecosystem has been stabilized, new type of development, or urbanization can be nourished, people living there will eventually be able to get rid of old living style and adjust to a more sustainable and heathier way of living. Tourism and light industry like solar energy industry should be able to relief the burden of agriculture and also provoke new employment opportunities and attract people from other places. Since the feature of Qanat framework is capable of integration with nature, the paradigm of urbanization of this region should also be natural friendly and sustainable. Without skyscrapers and dense car circulation, it should be kept as ecological efficient and fit for the water production mechanism. HKU

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Seasonal operation mechanism

Since the original water resource of the whole tarim river actually remain unchanged for millions of years, is the large amount of snow on top of Tianshan Mountain melt by the monsoon come from west every year in spring. The water circulation throughout the year should be seasonal and the control of underground infrastructure should also be flexible enough to adapt to the water level change of outside hydrological circumstance. Every underground reservoir should be equipped with sluices, in order to adjust the water level with come and go of water volume and store enough water for other usage during different time period. When water comes from upstream of Tarim River, sluices will be opened to allow water come in until the water level reach up to its highest point. Then the sluices towards upstream will be closed while the other side still keep opening for usage alongside downstream. When autumn comes and water volume begins to decrease, some reservoirsâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;sluices will be completely shut down for emergent use while others keep on serving. This condition will continue until the coming of next spring.

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Construction detail

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Sustainable development with Qanat system as backbone

The optimized underground water infrastructure should form a self-sustained, smart system and utilize it as backbone/ framework to provoke and update the local pattern of development. to stimulate and re-organize local industrial and social structure. As framework, or backbone, the qanat system will eventually be able to series connect different layers of elements as a whole, like the ecological layer, economical layer, social layer. And then the framework should anchor them on to the ground and accomplish simultaneously development.

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Provoke of urbanization - correspond to local context

Together with the nourish of produced water, multiple ways of development should be considered instead of single production structure - agriculture. Favorable factors like abundant amount of solar energy and adjacency to popular travel spots, it is naturally to develop light industry and tourism industry, thereby adjusting the single structure of economy, stimulating local employment and economic development.

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Urbanized cluster growth pattern catalogue

This experimental operation can provide a promising solution to the crisis of water globally and pattern of urbanization within similar areas. Since this certain type of framework is based on the local topography and water accumulation path, the growth and form of urbanization should also follow certain guide which has already been set up by nature. Moreover, due to the feature of high dependence on water, this certain kind of urbanization should be bond along with the guarantee of ecosystem safety, stable of groundwater level. Otherwise the demand of development should never be able to gain all the benefits. Actually this is not challenging to achieve since the framework - qanat - itself has rather high capability of integrating into nature and live in harmony for centuries.

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Prototypes of influence on local life style

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Since this infrastructure framework expend itself like vine roots and reach to almost every corner of the artif icial land-practice area. It also has its merit to benignly inf luence the daily life of local people. So several prototypes are developed in order to explain the integration of the framework itself with the daily life of local people, explain how the framework could do to optimize peopleâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s living condition and how could it integrate with social and economical activities.

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Firstly, it can provide more suitable outdoor space for people to have public activities and commercial activities, for instance provide sub-underground plaza and underground streetmarket. The underground reservoir also has potential to become community space for public activities. Secondly, with the help of new technique, the construction and maintenance safety issue will also be able to be solved, with insert of elevator and cooperation of solar energy.

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Third, the irrigation method can also be improved with the collaboration of Qanat system, since most of the conduit has become underground already and the evaporation problem is also solved. Forth, since the underground framework is also connected with upground houses, it can help adjust the indoor microclimate and also create sub-underground space for the building itself, as storage or for other uses

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Ecological recovery paradigm

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Mechanism of groundwater adjustment

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Benign chain reaction of development

The successful storage of water volume of upstream region should definitely influence the downstream. And it is like a benign chain reaction. Since the surplus volume of saved and harvested water of upstream can be used to benefit the downstream area as a benign chain reaction and eventually effect the whole downstream region. Once this framework can be accomplished, 80% of the previous evaporation volume will be saved and another 20% can also gain to the harvest bucket. 30% amount of the water can be stored besides the rigid demand of water for irrigation and other industrial usage. This saved amount of water will be able to serve as ecological usage or can be transported to the next urbanized cluster. Thus it is easy to deduce the rest from this. All in all, the merit of this framework can be passed from upstream to downstream, and eventually can benefit the whole downstream Tarim River region. Thus rigid demand of urbanization and recovery of endangered ecosystem should be able to be accomplished at the same time. The methodology itself is also representative within similar condition and is also replicable. - 79 -

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Conclusion

A win-win situation

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Underground Street Market

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Underground Reservoir

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// APPENDIX

I- On site Material Qualities

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II- Flow accumulation simulation

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// ILLUSTRATION CREDITS The arrangement of the image is from left to right and from top to bottom. Unless otherwise stated, all drawings, collages, photographs and photo editing were produced by the author. #6 Wikipedia: The Free Encyclopedia. Wikimedia Foundation, Inc. 30 January 2016. #7 CHINA-SILK-ROAD-MAP. Retrieved from http://www.issuu.com. 30 January 2016. #8 Baidu Baike: Retrieved from http://www.baidu.com. 09 June 2016. Web. #9 Baidu Baike: Retrieved from http://www.baidu.com. 09 June 2016. Web. #10 Baidu Baike: Retrieved from http://www.baidu.com. 09 June 2016. Web. #30 Xinjiang Production and Construction Corps Annals Compilation Committee. #31 Xinjiang Production and Construction Corps Annals Compilation Committee. #32 Xinjiang Production and Construction Corps Annals Compilation Committee. #30 Xinjiang Production and Construction Corps Annals Compilation Committee. #58 www.picturechina.com.cn #59 www.xinhuanet.com #60 http://www.qhjy.gov.cn/ #61 www.panoramio.com #66 http://mlife2006.pixnet.net

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// BIBLIOGRAPHY Li, BaoGuo, et al.“High precision topographic data on Lop Nor basin’s Lake“Great Ear”and the timing of its becoming a dry salt lake.”Chinese Science Bulletin 53.6 (2008): 905-914. Hong, Zhang, et al. “A preliminary study of oasis evolution in the Tarim Basin, Xinjiang, China.” Journal of Arid Environments 55.3 (2003): 545-553. Songqiao, Zhao, and Xia Xuncheng. “Evolution of the lop desert and the lop nor.” Geographical journal (1984): 311-321. Hedin, Sven A, and F H. Lyon. The Wandering Lake. New York: E.P. Dutton & Co, 1988. Print. Ramawat, Kishan Gopal, ed. Desert Plants: Biology and Biotechnology. Springer Science & Business Media, 2009. Novacek, Michael J. The biodiversity crisis: losing what counts. New Press, 2001. Blackmore, Stephen. Gardening the Earth: gateways to a sustainable future. Royal Botanic Garden, 2009. Ladle, Richard J., and Robert J. Whittaker, eds. Conservation biogeography. John Wiley & Sons, 2011. Bennett, Bradley C. “Key Topics in Conservation Biology. Edited by David W Macdonald and Katrina Service. Malden (Massachusetts): Blackwell Publishing. $64.95 (paper). xviii+ 307 p; ill.; index. ISBN: 1‐4051‐2249‐8. 2007.” The Quarterly Review of Biology 82.4 (2007). Silvertown, Jonathan W., and Joanna Freeland. Fragile web. Natural History Museum in association with The Open University, 2010. Wuerthner, George. Keeping the Wild: against the domestication of earth. Island Press, 2014. Buckley, Patrick H. “Silenced Rivers: The Ecology and Politics of Large Dams.” (2003): 285-287. Ci, Longjun, and Xiaohui Yang. Desertification and its control in China. Beijing: Higher Education Press, 2010. Sato, Kuniaki, and Yoshiaki Iwasa, eds. Groundwater Updates. Springer Science & Business Media, 2012. Angelakis, Andreas N., et al. “Evolution of Water Supply Through the Millennia.” Water Intelligence Online 11 (2012): 9781780401041. Anuradha Mathur, Dilip da Cunha. “Design in the terrain of water.” [Brooklyn, New York] : Applied Research + Design Publishing, (2014). 9781941806241. D’Odorico, P., Bhattachan, A., Davis, K. F., Ravi, S., & Runyan, C. W. (2013). Global desertification: drivers and feedbacks. Advances in Water Resources, 51, 326-344. Reynolds, J. F., Smith, D. M. S., Lambin, E. F., Turner, B. L., Mortimore, M., Batterbury, S. P., ... & Huber-Sannwald, E. (2007). Global desertification: building a science for dryland development. science, 316(5826), 847-851. Schlesinger, W. H., Reynolds, J. F., Cunningham, G. L., Huenneke, L. F., Jarrell, W. M., Virginia, R. A., & Whitford, W. G. (1990). Biological feedbacks in global desertification. Science(Washington), 247(4946), 1043-1048. 王富葆, 马春梅, 夏训诚, 曹琼英, & 朱青. (2008). 罗布泊地区自然环境演变及其对全球变化的响应. 袁国映, 袁磊. “罗布泊历史环境变化探讨.” 地理学报 53.S1 (1998): 85-91. 李保国, 马黎春, 蒋平安, 段增强, 孙丹峰, 邱宏烈, ... & 武红旗. (2008). 罗布泊 “大耳朵” 干盐湖区地形特征与干涸时间讨论. 科学通报, 53(3), 327-334.

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罗超, 彭子成, 杨东, 刘卫国, 贺剑峰, & 刘桂建. (2006). 新疆罗布泊地区的环境演化. 自然杂志, 28(1), 37-41. 白友良. (2013). 罗布泊西北缘 72.4~ 51.0 kaB. P. 气候与环境变化 (Master’s thesis, 兰州大学). 黄玉华, 校佩曦. “新疆罗布泊东延地区——阿其克谷地生态地质环境现状及保护措施初探.” 西北地质 38, no. 3 (2005): 87-92. 薛亚东. (2014). 基于红外相机的库姆塔格沙漠地区野骆驼活动规律和适宜生境研究 (Doctoral dissertation, 中国林业科学研究院). 陈瑾. (2009). 新疆罗布泊地区柽柳属 (Tamarix) 植物根际土壤中可培嗜盐古菌多样性研究 (Master’s thesis, 新疆师范大学). 高丽君, 袁磊, & 于谦. (2003). 罗布泊野骆驼自然保护区野双峰驼的分布与生态环境的关系. 新疆环境保护, 25(1), 9-12. 王筠. “罗布泊地区红柳沙包孢粉组合特征与环境变化研究.” Master’s thesis, 河北师范大学, 2010. 关统伟. “新疆罗布泊盐湖放线菌多样性及多相分类 [D].” PhD diss., 四川农业大学, 2012. 王常贵, 张佃民, 1985. 罗布泊干涸后罗布荒原植被演化的特点. 干旱区研究, 1, p.003. 李廷祺. “新疆罗布泊地区钾盐矿床远景规模的遥感地质研究.” 国土资源遥感 3, no. 1 (1991): 29-33. 马青山, 蔺卿, 徐康宁, & 高亚平. (2007). 阿尔金山羌塘高原水资源开发及罗布泊钾盐矿建设的设想. 干旱区地理, 6, 002. 宣之强, 焦鹏程, 刘成林, 孙小虹, & 李文学. (2011). 新疆罗布泊钾盐矿床成因类型探讨. 化工矿产地质, 33(1), 21-26. 刘成林, 王弭力, 焦鹏程, and 陈永志. “罗布泊盐湖钾盐矿床分布规律及控制因素分析.” 地球学报 30, no. 6 (2009): 796-802. 霍有光. (2014). 实施陆海统筹引渤入疆恢复罗布泊生态环境建设工程的探讨. 西部学刊, (1), 5-9. 陈河平, 陈新晓. “大井法单井抽水试验确定给水度方法在罗布泊钾盐矿的运用.” 西部探矿工程 25, no. 4 (2013): 128-129. 焦鹏程, 刘成林, 王弭力, 陈永志. “罗布泊地区现代地质生态环境恶化及调水改善的思考 [R].” 第六届世界华人地质科学研讨会和中国地质学会二零零五年学术年会论文摘要集 (2005). 羅布泊科學考察與硏究 = Lop Nur scientific investigation and research/ 中國科學院新疆分院羅布泊綜合科學考察隊 ; 夏訓誠主編. 罗布泊和古楼兰之谜 = Lop Nur and the mystery of the ancient Loulan/ 李江风. 中国沙漠及其治理 = Desert in China and Its Management/ 吴正主编. 罗布泊自然保护区: 新疆罗布泊野骆驼国家级自然保护区综合科学考察报告 = Lop Nur Nature Reserve: Comprehensive Scientific Survey of Wild Camel National Nature Reserve in Xinjiang Lop Nor/ 主编袁国映, 张宇 ; 副主编袁磊. 新疆罗布泊红柳沙包与环境研究 = Research on the relationship between tamarix cone and environmental change in Lop Nur region of Xinjiang / 赵元杰 ... [et al.]编著. 罗布麻的综合利用 = Comprehensive Utilization of Apocynum: 绿化, 纺织, 造纸, 医药, 烟茶 / 《罗布麻的综合利用》编写组编. 罗布泊盐湖钾盐资源 = The Potash resource of Lop Nor Salt Lake/ 王弭力,刘成林[等]著. 中国科学院学部西北干旱区生态环境建设与可持续发展咨询考察组. “新楼兰工程——塔里木河下游及罗布泊地区生态重建与跨越式发展设想.” 地球科学进展 18, no. 6 (2003): 819-830. 罗布人·绿洲文化变迁的人类学研究:以喀尔曲尕乡个案为例 = Luo Bu man ·Anthropology Study of Oasis Cultural Change: A Case Study of the Dakar song Ga Township/ 艾比不拉·卡地尔著, 雷琳編译穿越绝地 : 罗布泊腹地神秘探险之旅 = Crossing the lifeless zone / 高建群著. 最後的羅布人 = The last Luobu Man/ 楊鐮著.

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THE UNIVERSITY OF HONG KONG DIVISION OF LANDSCAPE ARCHITECTURE FACULTY OF ARCHITECTURE MASTER OF LANDSCAPE ARCHITECTURE 2015 | 2016

NEO-HYDROLOGICAL SANDSCAPE RECLAMATION OF DESERT OASIS WITH QANAT AS FRAMEWORK Thesis Booklet June 2016

thesis supervisor

Mak, Vincci W.S. submitted by CHEN JIELIN contact: janinejl@connect.hku.hk

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2015-2016

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//NEO-HYDROLOGICAL SANDSCAPE

HKU

MASTER OF LANDSCAPE ARCHITECTURE

2015-2016