Logbook Week 3: Knowledge Map:
E-learning session Structure of the building: 1. Strut and tie 2. Slab/plate 3. Panel (shear diaphragm)
Strut: A slender element design to carry load parallel to its long axis. The load produces compression. (One type of reinforced materials). Figure 1 and Figure 2.
Tie: A slender element design to
carry load parallel to its long axis. The load produces tension. Beam: It is generally a horizontal element designed to carry vertical load using its bending resistance. Figure 3.
Footing and foundation: Foundations are the substructures of the building and their function is to safely transfer all loads acting on the building structure to the ground. They are used to hold the adjacent part (soil). Dead loads on the foundation are equipment, while the life loads are wind, earthquake, furniture and people.
Slab and plate: A wide horizontal element designed to carry vertical load in bending usually supported by beams. Figure 4.
Foundation and settlement: Settlement is that buildings compress the earth beneath them and the buildings tend to sink a little to the earth.  When the settlement is even: The bearing capacity of the soil is not exceeded, so the building structure is safe.  When the settlement is uneven: Cracking occur with differential
settlement. Shallow and deep foundation: Shallow foundation are used where soil conditions are stable where the required soil bearing capacity is adequate close to the ground, so that the load is vertically transferred to the ground.
Figure 5 shallow foundations Different footings: Pad footing: Point load over a wider area of ground.
Figure 6 Pad footing Strip footing: When loads from a wall or a series of columns is spread into linear manner.
Figure 7 Strip footing Raft foundation It increases the stability by joining those strips together.
Figure 8 Raft foundations Deep foundation is used when soil conditions are unstable or where the soil bearing capacity is inadequate.
Figure 9 Deep foundations Different types of foundations: End bearing piles: Extend to rock and soil to
support the building loads. Friction piles: Relying on resistance of the surrounding earth to support the superstructure. Others 1. Long timbers, steel or concrete members 2. Drilling into the ground and fill with concrete. 3. Retaining walls and foundation walls. Bricks: Mansonry: Units of natural or manufactured products, mortar acts as bonding agent. Bond: Pattern or arrangement Course: horizontal row of mansonry units. Mortar: The mixture of cement or lime.
Bricks can be made by three different methods: 1. Extruded and wire-cut 2. Machine moulded 3. Handmade bricks
Ductility (low) Flexibility (low) Porosity (medium) Density (medium) Conductivity (low)
School building and construction site visit: The brick is the shape of 230x110x76(mm), so that in this arrangement, it left 10mm space for mortar joint.
Property of bricks: Hardness（medium） Fragility (high)
The new architectural building was designed into the direction of north; this design prevents the building from direct sunshine.
The cantilever beam plays an important role on supporting the first floor, those beams are
normally made of steels, and they can afford the weight of slab because of their strong compressing ability. On the picture above, there are two types of cantilever; one is mentioned at the bottom of the slab, the other is made to support the plate of balcony or some other exterior structures.
Cricket pavilion uses the reinforced materials such as timber, concrete and part of mansonry materials stairs to set up their structure. Timber are made into the bottom part of the ceiling while steel did the upper part, that’s because steel has greater stability when exposed under negative weather condition than timber. Steel is also the main material for strut members, like columns and beams, because they undergo
compression.
The exterior wall of this building is made of bricks, it can be considered as a unique design among those modern buildings. Most part of this building is likely to be made into frame and skeletal structure except for the ground floor that was piled by bricks only. The taller part seems to be piled with bricks after setting up the frame structure, so that the stability can be guaranteed.
Art building The steel structure on the right-hand side is made into triangular shape, which is stable and even. The two buildings are designed to L shape, the exterior columns and beams help to stabilize and fix the structure of them.
Underground car park
The car park was designed perfectly without beams; the advantage of this design is that the net height of the underground is able to increase. The thick columns are made of pre-cast concrete, the upper parts spread out instead of common cylinder shape, this action effectively and efficiently support the weight of the slab.
Queen Elizabeth Olympic Park
Construction in London Olympics
Bridge Hampden Park Bridges are connected by a narrow diagonal span over Carpenters Lock at the center of Olympic Park.
Main stadium The main stadium was designed to go from 80000 seats to 25000 seats after the games, it can considered as a sustainable way of using sport facilities, this action minimized the economic loss after the Olympics.
Material uses Fabric membrane roof Spectator facilities
In the legacy park, two bowls are created on either side of the lock linking the upper park concourse with the lower level of towpath and waterways.
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Cable-net Pre-cast concrete Hopkins-designed building change to lighter steel cable net design because of poor ground conditions, it saves steel materials at the same time.
Glossary: Strut: A slender element design to carry load parallel to its long axis. The load produces compression. (One type of reinforced materials). Tie: A slender element design to carry load parallel to its long axis. The load produces tension. Beam: It is generally a horizontal element designed to carry vertical load using its
bending resistance. 4. Foundations are the substructures of the building and their function is to safely transfer all loads acting on the building structure to the ground. 5. Settlement is that buildings compress the earth beneath them and the buildings tend to sink a little to the earth. 6. Pad footing: Point load over a wider area of ground. 7. Strip footing:When loads from a wall or a series of columns is spread into linear manner. 8. Raft foundation It increases the stability by joining those strips together. 9. Deep foundation is used when soil conditions are unstable or where the soil bearing capacity is inadequate. 10. Friction piles: Relying on resistance of the surrounding earth to support the
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superstructure. Mansonry: Units of natural or manufactured products, mortar acts as bonding agent. Bond: Pattern or arrangement Course: horizontal row of mansonry units. Mortar: The mixture of cement or lime.
Reference lists: 1. Carport Construction, http://www.adampease.org/C onstruction/carport/ 2. Shallow foundations, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ Shallow_foundation 3. Floor Construction, http://www.homedesigndirec tory.com.au/construction/foo
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tings-floor-construction.php Raft foundation, http://www.superrafts.co.za/ services.htm Driven piles, http://www.agra.com/drivenpiles/ David Bond, Olympic legacy hard to define, July 2012, http://www.bbc.co.uk/blogs/d avidbond/2012/07/how_much _will_the_olympics_be.html London 2012 Olympic Stadium, http://2012olympicsgameslo ndon.blogspot.com.au/2012/0 1/london-2012-olympics-stad ium.html In Pictures: RIBA awards 2011, http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/e ntertainment-arts-13437089